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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Shakespeare's Family, by Mrs. C. C. Stopes
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Shakespeare's Family
+
+Author: Mrs. C. C. Stopes
+
+Release Date: August 14, 2008 [EBook #26315]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SHAKESPEARE'S FAMILY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Josephine Paolucci, Janet
+Blenkinship and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+at http://www.pgdp.net. (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Archive/Canadian
+Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+SHAKESPEARE'S FAMILY
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: William Shakespeare from the Drocshout painting now in
+the Shakespeare Memorial Gallery at Stratford-on-Avon.]
+
+
+
+
+SHAKESPEARE'S FAMILY
+
+
+BEING
+
+
+A Record of the Ancestors and Descendants
+of William Shakespeare
+
+
+WITH
+
+_SOME ACCOUNT OF THE ARDENS_
+
+
+BY
+
+MRS. C. C. STOPES
+
+AUTHOR OF
+"THE BACON-SHAKESPEARE QUESTION ANSWERED," "SHAKESPEARE'S WARWICKSHIRE
+CONTEMPORARIES," "BRITISH FREEWOMEN," ETC.
+
+
+LONDON
+ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C.
+NEW YORK
+JAMES POTT & COMPANY
+1901
+
+
+Transcriber's note: Minor typos have been corrected. Footnotes have been
+moved to the end of the chapter. Letters that are preceeded by a caret
+(^) are superscripted in the text.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+When I was invited to reprint in book-form the articles which had
+appeared in the _Genealogical Magazine_ under the titles of
+"Shakespeare's Family" and the "Warwickshire Ardens," I carefully
+corrected them, and expanded them where expansion could be made
+interesting. Thus to the bald entries of Shakespeare's birth and burial
+I added a short life. Perhaps never before has anyone attempted to write
+a life of the poet with so little allusion to his plays and poems. My
+reason is clear; it is only the genealogical details of certain
+Warwickshire families of which I now treat, and it is only as an
+interesting Warwickshire gentleman that the poet is here included.
+
+Much of the chaotic nonsense that has of late years been written to
+disparage his character and contest his claims to our reverence and
+respect are based on the assumption that he was a man of low origin and
+of mean occupation. I deny any relevance to arguments based on such an
+assumption, for genius is restricted to no class, and we have a Burns as
+well as a Chaucer, a Keats as well as a Gower, yet I am glad that the
+result of my studies tends to prove that it is but an unfounded
+assumption. By the Spear-side his family was at least respectable, and
+by the Spindle-side his pedigree can be traced straight back to Guy of
+Warwick and the good King Alfred. There is something in fallen fortune
+that lends a subtler romance to the consciousness of a noble ancestry,
+and we may be sure this played no small part in the making of the poet.
+
+All that bear his name gain a certain interest through him, and
+therefore I have collected every notice I can find of the Shakespeares,
+though we are all aware none can be his descendants, and that the family
+of his sister can alone now enter into the poet's pedigree with any
+degree of certainty.
+
+The time for romancing has gone by, and nothing more can be done
+concerning the poet's life except through careful study and through
+patient research. All students must regret that their labours have such
+comparatively meagre results. Though sharing in this regret, I have been
+able, besides adding minor details, to find at last a definite link of
+association between the Park Hall and the Wilmcote Ardens; and I have
+located a John Shakespeare in St. Clement's Danes, Strand, London, who
+is probably the poet's cousin. I have also somewhat cleared the ground
+by checking errors, such as those made by Halliwell-Phillipps,
+concerning John Shakespeare, of Ingon, and Gilbert Shakespeare,
+Haberdasher, of London (see page 226). I hope that every contribution to
+our store of real knowledge may bring forward new suggestions and
+additional facts.
+
+In regard to his mother's family, I thought it important to clear the
+earlier connections. But it must not be forgotten that until modern
+times no Shakespeare but himself was connected with the Ardens. Yet,
+having commenced with the family, I may be pardoned for adding to their
+history before the sixteenth century the few notes I have gleaned
+concerning the later branches.
+
+The order I have preferred has been chronological, limited by the
+advisability of completing the notices of a family in special
+localities.
+
+Disputed questions I have placed in chapters apart, as they would bulk
+too largely in a short biography to be proportionate. Hence the Coat of
+Arms and the Arden Connections are treated as family matters, apart from
+John Shakespeare's special biography. I have done what I could to avoid
+mistakes, and neither time nor trouble has been spared. I owe thanks to
+many who have helped me in my long-continued and careful researches, to
+the officials of the British Museum and the Public Record Office, to the
+Town Council of Stratford-on-Avon and Mr. Savage, Secretary of the
+Shakespeare Trust, to the Worshipful Company of the Haberdashers, for
+allowing me to study their records; to the late Earl of Warwick, for
+admission to his Shakespeare Library, and to many clergymen who have
+permitted me to search their registers.
+
+                    CHARLOTTE CARMICHAEL STOPES.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+                       PART I
+
+CHAPTER                                                 PAGE
+
+   I. THE NAME OF SHAKESPEARE                              1
+
+  II. THE LOCALITIES OF EARLY SHAKESPEARES                 4
+
+ III. LATER SHAKESPEARES BEFORE THE POET'S TIME           10
+
+  IV. THE SHAKESPEARE COAT OF ARMS                        17
+
+   V. THE IMPALEMENT OF THE ARDEN ARMS                    24
+
+  VI. THE ARDENS OF WILMECOTE                             35
+
+ VII. JOHN SHAKESPEARE                                    50
+
+VIII. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE                                 61
+
+  IX. SHAKESPEARE'S DESCENDANTS                           87
+
+   X. COLLATERALS                                        110
+
+  XI. COUSINS AND CONNECTIONS                            113
+
+ XII. CONTEMPORARY WARWICKSHIRE SHAKESPEARES             118
+
+XIII. SHAKESPEARES IN OTHER COUNTIES                     132
+
+ XIV. LONDON SHAKESPEARES                                142
+
+
+                     PART II
+
+   I. THE PARK HALL ARDENS                               162
+
+  II. THE ARDENS OF LONGCROFT                            183
+
+ III. OTHER WARWICKSHIRE ARDENS                          188
+
+  IV. THE ARDENS OF CHESHIRE                             196
+
+   V. BRANCHES IN OTHER COUNTIES                         213
+
+      TERMINAL NOTES                                     222
+
+      INDEX                                              239
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+                                                        PAGE
+PORTRAIT OF WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE               _Frontispiece_
+
+SHAKESPEARE'S ARMS                                        17
+
+OLD HOUSE AT WILMECOTE, BY SOME SUPPOSED TO BE
+    ROBERT ARDEN'S                             _To face_  35
+
+PRESENT VIEW OF SHAKESPEARE'S BIRTHPLACE             "    55
+
+THE GUILD CHAPEL, FROM THE SITE OF NEW PLACE         "    67
+
+THE CHANCEL, TRINITY CHURCH                          "    83
+
+SHAKESPEARE'S EPITAPH                                     84
+
+ANNE HATHAWAY'S COTTAGE                        _To face_  88
+
+ANNE SHAKESPEARE'S EPITAPH                                90
+
+SNITTERFIELD CHURCH                            _To face_ 113
+
+NORDEN'S MAP OF LONDON, 1593                         "   142
+
+WARWICK CASTLE                                       "   162
+
+SWAN THEATRE (BY DR. GAIDERTY)                       "   214
+
+THE BEAR GARDEN AND HOPE THEATRE                     "   216
+
+SWAN THEATRE                                         "   216
+
+
+    When, from the midst of a people, there riseth a man
+    Who voices the life of its life, the dreams of its soul,
+    The Nation's Ideal takes shape, on Nature's old plan,
+    Expressing, informing, impelling, the fashioning force of the whole.
+
+    The Spirit of England, thus Shakespeare our Poet arose;
+    For England made Shakespeare, as Shakespeare makes England anew.
+    His people's ideals should clearly their kinship disclose,
+    To England, themselves, the more true, in that they to their
+        Shakespeare are true.
+
+
+
+
+Shakespeare's Family
+
+
+
+
+_PART I_
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+THE NAME OF SHAKESPEARE
+
+
+The origin of the name of "Shakespeare" is hidden in the mists of
+antiquity. Writers in _Notes and Queries_ have formed it from Sigisbert,
+or from Jacques Pierre,[1] or from "Haste-vibrans." Whatever it was at
+its initiation, it may safely be held to have been an intentionally
+significant appellation in later years. That it referred to feats of
+arms may be argued from analogy. Italian heraldry[2] illustrates a name
+with an exactly similar meaning and use in the Italian language, that of
+Crollalanza.
+
+English authors use it as an example of their theories. Verstegan
+says[3]: "Breakspear, Shakespeare, and the like, have bin surnames
+imposed upon the first bearers of them for valour and feates of armes;"
+and Camden[4] also notes: "Some are named from that they carried, as
+Palmer ... Long-sword, Broadspear, and in some respects Shakespear."
+
+In "The Polydoron"[5] it is stated that "Names were first questionlesse
+given for distinction, facultie, consanguinity, desert, quality ... as
+Armestrong, Shakespeare, of high quality."
+
+That it was so understood by his contemporaries we may learn from
+Spenser's allusion, evidently intended for him, seeing no other poet of
+his time had an "heroic name"[6]:
+
+    "And there, though last, not least is Aëtión;
+    A gentler shepherd[7] may nowhere be found,
+    Whose Muse, full of high thought's invention,
+    Doth like himself heroically sound."
+
+If the parts of the name be significant, I take it that the correct
+spelling at any period is that of the contemporary spelling of the
+parts. Therefore, when spear was spelt "spere," the cognomen should be
+spelt "Shakespere"; when spear was spelt "speare," as it was in the
+sixteenth century, the name should be spelt "Shakespeare." Other methods
+of spelling depended upon the taste or education of the writers, during
+transition periods, when they seemed actually to _prefer_ varieties, as
+one sometimes finds a proper name spelt in three different ways by the
+same writer on the same page. "Shakespeare" was the contemporary form of
+the name that the author himself passed in correcting the proofs of the
+"first heirs of his invention" in 1593 and 1594; and "Shakespeare" was
+the Court spelling of the period, as may be seen by the first official
+record of the name. When Mary, Countess of Southampton, made out the
+accounts of the Treasurer of the Chamber after the death of her second
+husband, Sir Thomas Heneage, in 1594, she wrote: "To William Kempe,
+William Shakespeare,[8] and Richard Burbage," etc.
+
+I know that Dr. Furnivall[9] wrote anathemas against those who dared to
+spell the name thus, while the poet wrote it otherwise. But a man's
+spelling of his own name counted very little then. He might have held
+romantically to the quainter spelling of the olden time as many others
+did, such as "Duddeley," "Crumwell," "Elmer."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] _Notes and Queries_, 2nd Series, ix. 459, x. 15, 86, 122; 7th
+Series, iv. 66; 8th Series, vii. 295; 5th Series, ii. 2.
+
+[2] See Works of Goffredo di Crollalanza, Segretario-Archivista dell'
+Accademia Araldica Italiana, which were brought to my notice by Dr.
+Richard Garnett.
+
+[3] Verstegan's "Restitution of Decayed Intelligence," ed. 1605, p. 254.
+
+[4] Camden's "Remains," ed. 1605, p. 111.
+
+[5] Undated, but contemporary. _Notes and Queries_, 3rd Series, i. 266.
+
+[6] Spenser's "Colin Clout's Come Home Again," 1595.
+
+[7] It was a fashion of the day to call all poets "shepherds."
+
+[8] "Declared Accounts of the Treasurer of the Chamber," Pipe Office,
+542 (1594). See my English article, "The Earliest Official Record of
+Shakespeare's Name."--"Shakespeare Jahrbuch," Berlin, 1896, reprinted in
+pamphlet form.
+
+[9] "On Shakespere's Signatures," by Dr. F.J. Furnivall, in the _Journal
+of the Society of Archivists and Autograph Collectors_, No. I., June,
+1895.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+THE LOCALITIES OF EARLY SHAKESPEARES
+
+
+We find the name occurs in widely scattered localities from very early
+times. Perhaps a resembling name ought to be noted "in the hamlet of
+Pruslbury, Gloucestershire,[10] where there were four tenants. This was
+at one time an escheat of the King, who gave it to his valet, Simon
+_Shakespeye_, who afterwards gave it to Constantia de Legh, who gave it
+to William Solar, the defendant." If this represents a 1260
+"Shakespere," as there is every reason to believe it does, this is the
+earliest record of the name yet found. This belief is strengthened by
+the discovery that a _Simon Sakesper_ was in the service of the Crown in
+1278, as herderer of the Forest of Essex,[11] in the Hundred of
+Wauthorn, 7 Edward I. Between these two dates Mr. J. W. Rylands[12] has
+found a Geoffrey Shakespeare on the jury in the Hundred of Brixton, co.
+Surrey, in 1268.[13]
+
+The next[14] I have noted occurs in Kent in the thirteenth century,
+where a John Shakespeare appears in a judicial case, 1278-79, at
+Freyndon.
+
+The fifth notice is in the north.[15] The Hospital of St. Nicholas,
+Carlisle, had from its foundation been endowed with a thrave of corn
+from every ploughland in Cumberland. These were withheld by the
+landowners in the reign of Edward III., for some reason, and an inquiry
+was instituted in 1357. The jury decided that the corn was due. It had
+been withheld for eight years by various persons, among whom was "Henry
+Shakespere, of the Parish of Kirkland," east of Penrith. This gives,
+therefore, really an entry of this Shakespere's existence at that place
+as early as 1349, and an examination of Court Records may prove an
+earlier settlement of the family.
+
+There was a transfer of lands in Penrith described as "next the land of
+Allan Shakespeare," and amongst the witnesses was William
+Shakespeare,[16] April, 21 Richard II., 1398.
+
+In the "Records of the Borough of Nottingham,"[17] we find a John
+Shakespere plaintiff against Richard de Cotgrave, spicer, for deceit in
+sale of dye-wood on November 8, 31 Edward III. (1357); Richard, the
+servant of Robert le Spondon, plaintiff against John Shakespere for
+assault. John proves himself in the right, and receives damages, October
+21, 1360.
+
+The first appearance yet found of the name in Warwickshire is in 1359,
+when Thomas Sheppey and Henry Dilcock, Bailiffs of Coventry, account for
+the property of Thomas Shakespere,[18] felon, who had left his goods and
+fled.
+
+Halliwell-Phillipps[19] notes as his earliest entry of the name a Thomas
+Shakespere, of Youghal, 49 Edward III. (1375). A writer in _Notes and
+Queries_[20] gives a date two years later when "Thomas Shakespere and
+Richard Portingale" were appointed Comptrollers of the Customs in
+Youghal, 51 Edward III. (1377). This would imply that he was a highly
+trustworthy man. Yet, by some turn of fortune's wheel, he may have been
+the same man as the felon.
+
+In Controlment Rolls, 2 Richard II. (June, 1377, to June, 1379), there
+is an entry of "Walter Shakespere, formerly in gaol in Colchester
+Castle."[21] John Shakespeare was imprisoned in Colchester gaol as a
+perturbator of the King's peace, March 3rd, 4 Richard II., 1381.[22] At
+Pontefract, Robert Schaksper, Couper, and Emma his wife are mentioned as
+paying poll-tax, 2 Rich. II.[23]
+
+The Rev. Mr. Norris,[24] working from original documents, notes that on
+November 24 (13 Richard II.), 1389, Adam Shakespere, who is described as
+son and heir of Adam of Oldediche, held lands within the manor of
+Baddesley Clinton by military service, and probably had only just then
+obtained them. Oldediche, or Woldich, now commonly called Old Ditch
+Lane, lies within the parish of Temple Balsall, not far from the manor
+of Baddesley.
+
+This closes the notices of the family that I have collected during the
+fourteenth century. The above-noted Adam Shakespere, the younger, died
+in 1414, leaving a widow, Alice, and a son and heir, John, then under
+age, who held lands until 20 Henry VI., 1441. It is not clear who
+succeeded him, but probably two brothers, Ralph and Richard, who held
+lands in Baddesley, called Great Chedwyns, adjoining Wroxall. Mr. Norris
+says that no further mention of the name appears in Baddesley, but one
+notice of the property is given later. Ralph and Joanna, his wife, had
+two daughters--Elizabeth, married to Robert Huddespit, and Isolda,
+married to Robert Kakley. Elizabeth Huddespit, a widow, in 1506 held the
+lands which Adam Shakespeare held in 1389.
+
+The family of Shakespeare appears in the "Register of the Guild of
+Knowle,"[1] a semi-religious society to which the best in the county
+belonged:
+
+    1457. Pro anima Ricardi Shakespere et Alicia uxor
+    ejus de Woldiche.[25]
+
+    1464. Johanna Shakespere.
+          Radulphus Shakespere et Isabella uxor ejus et
+            pro anima Johannæ uxoris primæ.
+          Ricardus Schakespeire de Wroxhale et Margeria
+            uxor ejus.
+
+    1476. Thomas Chacsper et Christian cons. sue de
+            Rowneton.
+          Johannis Shakespeyre de Rowington et Alicia
+            uxor ejus.
+
+    1486. 1 Hen. VII. Thomæ Schakspere, p aiaei.
+          Thomas Shakspere et Alicia uxor ejus de
+            Balsale.
+
+Mr. Yeatman has studied the Court Rolls of this period. It is to be
+wished he had published his book in two volumes, one of facts and one of
+opinions. He says that the earliest record of the Court Rolls of
+Wroxall[26] is one dated 5 Henry V. (1418). It is a grant by one
+Elizabeth Shakspere to John Lone and William Prins of a messuage with
+three crofts. (The same Rolls tell us that in 22 Henry VIII. Alice Love
+surrendered to William Shakespeare and Agnes his wife a property
+apparently the same.)
+
+In 1485 John Hill, John Shakespeare and others, were enfeoffed in land
+called "Harveys" in Rowington, and John appears as witness in 1492 and
+1496.[27]
+
+There were Shakesperes at Coventry and Meriden in the fifteenth century.
+John Dwale, merchant of Coventry, left legacies by will to Annes Lane
+and to Richard Shakespere, March 15, 1499.[28]
+
+Among the "foreign fines" of the borough of Nottingham,[29] Robert
+Shakespeyr paid eightpence for license to buy and sell in the borough in
+1414-15. The same Robert complains of John Fawkenor for non-payment of
+the price of wood for making arrows. And French[30] tells us there was a
+Thomas Shakespere, a man at arms, going to Ireland on August 27, 18
+Edward IV., 1479, with Lord Grey against the king's enemies.
+
+John Shakespere, a chapman in Doncaster,[31] paid on each order 12d.
+Among the York wills, John Shakespere of Doncaster mentions his wife,
+Joan, 1458. In the same year Sir Thomas Chaworth leaves Margery
+Shakesper six marks for her marriage.[32]
+
+In 1448, William Shakspere, labourer, and Agnes, his wife, were legatees
+under the will of Alice Langham, of Snailswell, Suffolk.[33]
+
+A family also belonged to London. Mr. Gollancz told me of a certain
+"William Schakesper" who was "to be buried within the Hospital of St.
+John of Jerusalem, in England," in 1413.[34] On reference to the
+original, I found there was no allusion to profession, locality or
+family. He left to an unnamed father and mother twenty shillings each,
+and six shillings and eightpence to the hospital. The residue to William
+Byrdsale and John Barbor, to dispose of for the good of his soul; proved
+August 3, 1413. There was also a Peter Shakespeare who witnessed the
+deed of transfer of the "Hospicium Vocatum le Greyhounde, Shoe Alley,
+Bankside, Southwark, February 16, 1483."[35]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[10] Coram Rege Roll, St. Barthol., 45 Henry III., Memb. 13, No. 117.
+_Notes and Queries_, 5th Series, ii. 146.
+
+[11] Fisher's "Forest of Essex," p. 374. _Notes and Queries_, 9th
+Series, ii. 167.
+
+[12] Records of Rowington.
+
+[13] Coram Rege Roll, 139, M. 1, 52-53 Hen. III.
+
+[14] Roll of 7 Edward I.: "Placita Corone coram Johanne de Reygate et
+sociis suis, justiciariis itinerantibus in Oct. St. Hil. 7 Edward I.,
+_apud_ Cantuar." See also _Notes and Queries_, 1st Series, vol. xi., p.
+122. Mr. William Henry Hart, F.S.A., contributes a note on the subject
+and gives the entry.
+
+[15] _Notes and Queries_, 2nd Series, vol. x., p. 122.
+
+[16] _Notes and Queries_, 6th Series, iv. 126.
+
+[17] "Records of the Borough of Nottingham," by Mr. W. Stevenson.
+
+[18] See Dr. Joseph Hunter's MSS., Addit. MSS., Brit. Mus. 24,484, art.
+246.
+
+[19] In Shakespeare's "Life," prefixed to the folio edition.
+
+[20] _Notes and Queries_, J. F. F., 2nd Series, x. 122; see "Rot. Pat.
+Claus. Cancellariæ Hiberniæ Calendarium," vol. i., part i., p. 996.
+
+[21] _Notes and Queries_, 5th Series, i. 25.
+
+[22] Close Rolls, 4 Richard II.; _Notes and Queries_, 7th Series, ii.
+318.
+
+[23] _Yorksh. Archæological Journal_, vol. vi., p. 3. Lay-Subsidies,
+206/49, Osgodcrosse, West Riding.
+
+[24] _Notes and Queries_, 8th Series, vol. viii., December 28, 1895;
+"Shakespeare's Ancestry," by the Rev. Henry Norris, F.S.A.
+
+[25] Mr. W. B. Bickley's "The Register of the Guild of St. Anne at
+Knowle," 1894. Mr. Bickley, in the _Stratford-on-Avon Herald_, November
+9, 1895, shows that "Woldiche," "Oldyche" and "Oldwich" are the same,
+being a farm in the hamlet of Balsall, in the parish of Hampton in
+Arden, and about three miles from Knowle.
+
+[26] Mr. Yeatman's "Gentle Shakespeare," p. 135.
+
+[27] Mr. J. W. Ryland's "Records of Rowington."
+
+[28] Proved May 26, 1500, Somerset House; Moone, f. 2.
+
+[29] Stevenson's "Transcript of Records of the Borough of Nottingham."
+
+[30] French's "Shakespeareana Genealogica," p. 350, and 39/48 "Ancient
+Miscellanea Exchequer," Treasury of Receipt, Muster Roll of Men at Arms
+going with Lord Grey. At Conway, 18 Edward IV., August 24.
+
+[31] Records of the House of Grayfriars. _Yorksh. Archæological
+Journal_, vol. xii., p. 482.
+
+[32] _Notes and Queries_,6th Series, iv. 158.
+
+[33] "Camden Soc. Publ.," 1851, _Notes and Queries_, 6th Series, vi.
+368.
+
+[34] Commissary Court of London Wills, Reg. II., 1413, f. 12.
+
+[35] The deed is preserved at Cordwainers' Hall.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+LATER SHAKESPEARES BEFORE THE POET'S TIME
+
+
+In the sixteenth century there were Shakespeares all over the country,
+in Essex, Staffordshire, Worcestershire, Nottingham,[36] but chiefly in
+Warwick.
+
+There the family had spread rapidly. But it is only the first half of
+the century that concerns us at present. There have been Shakespeares
+noted in Warwick, Alcester, Berkswell, Snitterfield, Lapworth, Haseley,
+Ascote, Rowington, Packwood, Beausal, Temple Grafton, Salford, Tamworth,
+Barston, Tachbrook, Haselor, Rugby, Budbrook, Wroxall, Norton-Lindsey,
+Wolverton, Hampton-in-Arden, Hampton Lucy, and Knowle.[37]
+
+Most students, recognising Warwickshire as the ancestral home of the
+poet's family, exclude the town of Warwick from the field of their
+consideration, and select the Shakespeares of Wroxall, partly because
+more is known about them, and partly because what is known of them
+suggests a higher social status than is granted the other branches. From
+the "Guild of Knowle Records" we learn that in 1504 the fraternity was
+asked to "pray for the soul of Isabella Shakespeare, formerly Prioress
+of Wroxall,"[38] that the name of Alice Shakespere was entered, and
+prayers requested for the soul of Thomas Shakespere, of Ballishalle, in
+1511; and in the same year Christopher Shakespere and Isabella, his
+wife, of Packwood, Meriden, are mentioned. The name of "Domina Jane
+Shakspere" appears late in 1526. She is often spoken of as another
+Prioress. Now, it is important to notice that Dugdale mentions neither
+of these ladies. He records that D. Isabella Asteley was appointed July
+30, 1431, and that D. Jocosa Brome, daughter of John Brome,[39]
+succeeded her. She resigned in 1524, and died on June 21, 1528.
+
+Agnes Little was confirmed Prioress November 20, 1525, and at the
+dissolution of the house a pension of £7 10s. was granted her for life.
+The rest of her fellow nuns were exposed to the wide world to seek their
+fortunes. Now Dugdale, with all his perfections, occasionally makes
+mistakes. He either mistook Asteley for Shakespeare, or another
+Shakespeare prioress intervened between the two that he mentions. The
+"Guild of Knowle Records" give unimpeachable testimony as to the
+existence and date of the Prioress, Isabella Shakespeare. In the edition
+of Dugdale's "Warwickshire" by Dr. W. Thomas, 1730, and the edition of
+his "Monasticon," published 1823, there is mentioned in a note that a
+license for electing to the office was granted Johanna Shakespere,
+Sub-Prioress, September 5, 1525. So she might have had the empty title
+of Domina, without the usual pension allowed to the Prioress on
+dissolution.[40]
+
+After the name of Domina Johanna Shakspere in the Knowle Records occur
+those of Richard Shakspere and Alice, his wife; William Shakespere and
+Agnes his wife; Johannes Shakespere and Johanna his wife, 1526; Richard
+Woodham and Agnes his wife, who was the sister of Richard. This Richard
+Shakespere was probably the Bailiff[41] of the Priory, who shortly
+before the Dissolution collected the rents and held lands from the
+Priory. He, however, was replaced in his office by John Hall, who
+received a patent for it on January 4, 26 Henry VIII. Among the tenants
+of the dissolved Priory were mentioned[42] "Richard Shakespeare,"
+"William Shakespeare," and "land in the tenure of John Shakespeare,
+demised to Alice Taylor, of Hanwell, in the county of Oxford."
+
+Mr. Yeatman[43] transcribes a grant of land in Wroxall by the Prioress
+Isabella Shakespere to John Shakespere and Elene, his wife, in 23 Henry
+VII. (Richard Shakespere on the jury).[44] But there seems to be some
+error in the date, as the "Guild of Knowle Records" distinctly state
+that Isabella the Prioress was either dead in 19 Henry VII. or had
+retired from office.
+
+Elena Cockes, widow, late wife of John Shakespere, and Antony, her son,
+appear about this land in a court held by Agnes Little, Prioress of
+Wroxhall, April 21, 25 Henry VIII. William Shakespeare and Agnes were
+concerned in it, Alice Lone, and many other connected names. A Richard
+Shakespere was on the jury, and a Richard Shakespere was appointed
+Ale-taster. The Subsidy Rolls do not give a John resident in Wroxall at
+any date, but in 14, 15, and 16 Henry VIII. John, senior, and John,
+junior, were resident in the adjoining village of Rowington, and in 34
+and 37 Henry VIII. there was one John Shakespeare there. In 16 Henry
+VIII.[45] there was a Richard Shakespere in Hampton Corley. The name
+also occurs at Wroxall in that year and in Rowington in 34-5 Henry VIII.
+There were also a Thomas and a Lawrence (mentioned as a cousin in a will
+of a John Shakespere, 1574), at Rowington at that time, and the name of
+William appears repeatedly in Wroxall. A Robert Shakespere was presented
+for non-suit. Rev. Joseph Hunter[46] gives a rental of Rowington 2
+Edward VI. Among the free tenants of Lowston End was John Shakespere; at
+Mowsley End, Johanna Shakespere, a widow, who seems to have died 1557,
+as her will, though lost, is mentioned in the index at Worcester; a
+William Shakespere and a Richard Shakespere are also mentioned. In 3
+Elizabeth Thomas Shakespere held a messuage in Lowston. In Rowington End
+John Shakespere held a cottage called "The Twycroft," and Richard
+Shakespere a messuage in Church End at the same time. In the reign of
+Edward VI. a Richard Shakespere was on the jury for Hatton, a Court in
+the Manor of Wroxall. The Wroxall Parish Registers begin too late to be
+of any use (1586). The Wroxall Court Rolls mention in 1523, Richard of
+Haseley; 1530-36, Richard and William; 1547, Ralph of Barston.
+
+Ralph[47] Shakespere was on the jury for Berkswell November 11, 4 Edward
+VI. and 5 Edward VI. In 1560 Laurence was presented, because he
+overburdened the commons with his cattle. John is mentioned in a
+transfer of property. Mr. J. W. Ryland gives us invaluable help in his
+publication of "The Records of Rowington." John Shakespeer and Robert
+Fulwood, gent., are mentioned as feoffees in the will of John Hill of
+Rowington, September 23, 1502. John Shakespeare elder and younger are
+frequently mentioned in the Charters of Rowington as feoffees or as
+witnesses, and a John had a lease of the Harveys for twenty-one years in
+1554. A Joan Shakespeare, widow, and her son Thomas, lived at Lyannce in
+Hatton in 1547. In the Rental of Rowington, 1560-1, there are mentioned
+Thomas, William, John and Richard. Mr. Hunter mentions a Richard
+Shakespeyre, at Mansfield, co. Notts, about 1509; a Peter, in 1545; and
+a John at Derby, 36 Henry VIII. A Richard Shakespere was assessed at
+Hampton Carlew 16 Henry VIII.; Richard Woodham and Richard Shakspere had
+a farm at Haseley. The Haseley Registers begin in 1538, and are
+interesting for the fact that they record on October 21, 1571, the death
+and burial of "Domina Jane," formerly a nun of Wroxall, who would seem
+to have been the last sub-prioress, probably connected with Richard
+Shakespere, the Bailiff. In 1558 a Roger Shakespere was buried--by some
+supposed to be the old monk of Bordesley[48]--who received 100s.
+annuity.
+
+The earliest Shakespeare will at Worcester, proved at _Stratford_, was
+that of Thomas Shakespere, of Alcester, 1539, who left 20s. each to his
+father and mother, Richard and Margaret. He had a wife Margaret and a
+son William.[49] Among other Worcester wills is that of Thomas
+Shakespere of Warwick, shoemaker, May 20, 1557, who left his wife Agnes
+lands in Balsall for life; his daughter Jone, wife to Francis Ley, £4;
+to his sons Thomas and John 4 nobles each; and his son William was to be
+his heir. Richard Shakysspere of Rowington, weaver, June 15, 1560, left
+his property to his sons Richard and William. His brothers-in law John
+and William Reve were executors and Richard Shakespeare was a witness.
+In 1561 this William Reve in his will left a sheep to Margaret
+Shakspere, and in 1565 Robert Shakespeere of Rowington made his will.
+
+But among all these Shakesperes we cannot certainly fix upon any one
+that is directly connected with our Shakespeare. It seems _almost_
+certain that John Shakespeare was son of Richard Shakespeare, of
+Snitterfield. And yet many doubt it on grounds worthy of consideration,
+which are treated later in the notice of John Shakespeare. Mr. Yeatman
+found that an Alice Griffin, daughter of Edward, and sister of Francis
+Griffin of Braybrook, married a Shakespeare. He takes it for granted
+that she married Richard of Wroxall, and that it was he who came to
+Snitterfield. We must beware of drawing definite conclusions, of making
+over-hasty generalizations. We only collect the bricks to help future
+investigators to build the edifice.
+
+The Sir Thomas Schakespeir, Curate, of Essex, Bristol and London, who
+died 1559, is treated later among the Essex Shakespeares.
+
+There is one curious mention of the name which no student seems to have
+worked out. A certain Hugh Saunders, _alias Shakespere_,[50] of Merton
+College, Oxford, became Principal of St. Albans Hall in 1501. He was
+Vicar of Meopham, in Kent, Rector of Mixbury, Canon of St. Paul's, and
+Prebendary of Ealdstreet, in 1508; and Rector of St. Mary's,
+Whitechapel, in 1512. He died 1537. Now, such an alias was common at the
+time, when a man's mother was of higher social station than his father.
+We may therefore, seeing he was somehow connected with Shakespeare,
+imagine Hugh Saunders' mother to have been a Shakespeare. He is styled
+"vir literis et virtute percelebris."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[36] "George Shaksper complains against Agnes Marshall that she detains
+two rosaries," June 18, 1533.--"Common Trained Soldiers in Nottingham,"
+Peter Shakespear, etc., 1596-97. Stevenson's "Nottingham Records."
+
+[37] Halliwell-Phillipps' "Outlines," vol. ii., p. 252.
+
+[38] Guild of Knowle Register.
+
+[39] John Brome was Lord of the Manor of Baddesley Clinton, but was
+murdered in the porch of the Church of the White Friars, London,
+November 9, 1468, leaving a wife, Beatrice, three sons and two
+daughters, one of whom was Jocosa. His son Thomas succeeded, and died
+without heirs, and his second son Nicholas then inherited the property.
+Eight of his children are registered in the guild of Knowle. His
+son-in-law was Sir Edward Ferrers, who married Constance, to whom the
+property afterwards came. Their son was Henry Ferrers, the great
+Warwickshire antiquary, who succeeded at sixteen, and was Lord of the
+Manor for sixty-nine years ("Baddesley Clinton," Rev. H. Norris, p.
+234).
+
+[40] Nam Licentia concessa fuit Johanne Shakespere Sub priorisse ad.
+eligend., 5 Sept., 1525; et 20 Nov., 1525, Agnes Little confirmata fuit
+Priorissa de Wroxall. Vac. per resign. Joc. Brome. Dugdale's
+"Monasticon," ed. 1823, vol. iv., p. 89, and "Warwickshire," ed. 1730,
+p. 649.
+
+[41] "Valor Ecclesiasticus," 26 Henry VIII. (1535).
+
+[42] Ministers' Accounts, April 24, 28 Henry VIII., and Augmentation
+Books, Public Record Office.
+
+[43] Yeatman's "Gentle Shakespeare," pp. 138-142.
+
+[44] Court Rolls, General Series, Portfolio 207, No. 99.
+
+[45] Addit. MSS., Brit. Mus. (24,500).
+
+[46] Mr. Yeatman's "Gentle Shakespeare," p. 142.
+
+[47] Court Roll, No. 10, p. 207.
+
+[48] Nash's "Worcestershire," vol. ii., account of Tardebigg. See
+Augmentation Books, October 14, 1539, 233, f. 8.
+
+[49] Hunter's "Prolusions," p. 9.
+
+[50] Wood's Colleges. Fasti Oxoniensis, Bliss, 1815. Wood, Antiq. Oxon.,
+L. 2, 341. Boase, Reg. Univ. Oxon. Newcourt's "Repertorium."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+THE SHAKESPEARE COAT OF ARMS
+
+
+[Illustration: NON SANZ DROICT.]
+
+None of the family seem to have risen above the heraldic horizon till
+John Shakespeare applied for his coat of arms. Into the contest over
+that application it is well to plunge at once, and thence work backwards
+and forwards. Four classes of writers wage war over the facts: the
+Baconians, like the late Mr. Donnelly, who deny everything; the
+Romanticists, who accept what is pleasant, and occasionally believe
+manufactured tradition to suit their inclinations; the agnostic
+Shakespeareans, like Halliwell-Phillipps, who really work, but believe
+only what they can see and touch, if it accords with their opinions; and
+the ingenuous workers who seek saving truth like the agnostics, but
+bring human influences and natural inferences to bear on dusty records.
+Now, Halliwell-Phillipps does not scruple to affirm that three
+heralds,[51] the worthy ex-bailiff of Stratford, and the noblest poet
+the world has ever produced, were practically liars in this matter,
+because they make statements that do not harmonize with the limits of
+his knowledge and the colour of his opinions. From his grave the poet
+protests--
+
+    "Good name in man or woman, dear my lord,
+    Is the immediate jewel of their souls.
+    Who steals my purse steals trash....
+    But he who filches from me my good name
+    Robs me of that, which not enriches him,
+    But leaves me poor indeed."
+
+    _Othello_, Act III., Scene 3.
+
+We must therefore at least start inquiry with the supposition that these
+men thought they spoke truth. There was no reason they should not have
+done so. Sir John Ferne[52] writes: "If any person be advanced into an
+office or dignity of publique administration, be it eyther
+Ecclesiasticall, Martiall or Civill ... the Herealde must not refuse to
+devise to such a publique person, upon his instant request, and
+willingness to bear the same without reproche, a Coate of Armes, and
+thenceforth to matriculate him with his intermarriages and issues
+descending in the Register of the gentle and noble.... In the Civil or
+Political State divers Offices of dignitie and worship doe merite Coates
+of Armes to the possessours of the same offices, as ... Bailiffs of
+Cities and ancient Boroughs or incorporated townes." John Shakespeare
+had certainly been Bailiff of Stratford-on-Avon in 1568-9; the draft
+states that he then applied for arms, and that the herald, Cooke, had
+sent him a "pattern." Probably he did not conclude the negotiations
+then, thinking the fees too heavy, or he might have delayed until he
+found his opportunity lost, or he might have asked them for his year of
+office alone. No doubt John Shakespeare was deeply impressed with the
+dignity of his wife's relatives, and wished, even then, to make himself
+and his family more worthy for her sake. The tradition of this draft, or
+the sight of it, may have stimulated the heart of the good son to honour
+his parents by having them enrolled among the _Armigeri_ of the county.
+John had appeared among the "gentlemen" of Warwickshire in a government
+list of 1580.[53]
+
+The Warwickshire Visitations occur in 1619, after the death of the poet,
+without male heirs, and are no help to us here. In the first 1596 draft
+the claims are based on John's public office, on a grant to his
+antecessors by Henry VII. for special services on marriage with the
+daughter and heir of a gentleman of worship (_i.e._, entitled to
+armorial bearings). Then a fuller draft was drawn out, also in 1596,
+correcting "antecessors" into "grandfather." Halliwell-Phillipps only
+mentions one at that date, but Mr. Stephen Tucker,[54] Somerset Herald,
+gives facsimiles of both. Halliwell-Phillipps calls these ridiculous
+assertions, and asserts that both parties were descended from obscure
+country yeomen. The heralds state they were "solicited," and "on
+credible report" informed of the facts. We must not forget that all the
+friends intimately associated either with the Ardens or the Shakespeares
+(with the exception of the Harts) were armigeri.
+
+Nobody now knows anything of that earlier pattern, nor of the patents of
+the gifts "to the antecessors." But seeing, as I have seen, that sacks
+full of old parchment deeds and bonds, reaching back to the fifteenth
+century, get cleared out of lawyers' offices, and sold for small sums to
+make drumheads or book-bindings, and seeing that this process has been
+going on for 400 years, it does not seem to me surprising that some
+deeds do get lost. Generally, it is those we most wish to have that
+disappear. Lawyers do not, as a rule, concern themselves with historical
+fragments, but with the soundness of the present titles of their clients
+and their own modern duties. (I do think that historical and antiquarian
+societies should bestir themselves to have old deeds included among the
+"ancient monuments of the country" and entitled to some degree of
+protection.)
+
+We must also consider how illiterate the inhabitants of the country were
+in the reign of Henry VII., how the nation was bestrid by officials of
+the Empson and Dudley type, and we have reason to believe that various
+accidents, intentional or otherwise, caused many an old grant to
+disappear at that period.
+
+It has struck me as possible that John Shakespeare may have intended
+ancestors through the female line. The names of his mother and
+grandmother are as yet unknown, and the supposition has never been
+discussed. But in support of John Shakespeare's claim, and in opposition
+to Halliwell-Phillipps's contradiction, we can prove there _were_
+Shakespeares in direct service of the Crown, not merely as common
+soldiers, though in 28 Henry VIII. (1537), Thomas, Richard, William and
+another Richard were mentioned as among the King's forces.[55]
+
+But one Roger Shakespeare was Yeoman of the Chamber to the King, and on
+June 9, 1552, shared with his fellows, Abraham Longwel and Thomas Best,
+a forfeit of £36 10s.[56] This post of Yeoman of the Chamber was one of
+great trust and dignity; it was the same as that held earlier by Robert
+Arden, of Yoxall, the younger brother of Sir John Arden, and the
+election to it suggested either inherited favour, Court interest, or
+signal personal services. His ancestors might have been also the missing
+ancestors of John Shakespeare. He himself may be the Roger who was
+buried in Haseley in 1558, supposed by some to have been the monk of
+Bordesley. He may also have been the father of Thomas Shakespeare, the
+Royal Messenger of 1575, noticed later.
+
+This record proves nothing beyond the inexactitude of
+Halliwell-Phillipps's sweeping statements, but it gives us a hope that
+something else may somewhere else be found to fit into it and make a
+fact complete. One of the facts brought forward as a reason for the
+grant of arms to John Shakespeare was "that he hath maryed Mary daughter
+and one of the heires of Robert Arden in the same countie, Esquire."
+"Gent" was originally written, and was altered to "Esquire."[57]
+
+Some have doubted that the grant ever really took place, but Gwillim, in
+his "Display of Heraldrie," 1660, notes, "Or, on a bend Sable, a tilting
+Spear of the field, borne by the name of Shakespeare, granted by William
+Dethick, Garter, to William Shakespear the renowned poet." Shakespeare's
+crest, or cognizance, was a "Falcon, his wings displayed, Argent,
+standing on a wreath of his colours, supporting a speare, gold." His
+motto was, "Non Sans Droict."
+
+It is said there were objections made to this pattern on the ground that
+it was too like the old Lord Mauley's.[58] Probably they were only notes
+of a discussion among the heralds, when it was decided that the spear
+made a "patible difference," and a résumé of the qualifications was
+added.
+
+This was answered on May 10, 1602, before Henry Lord Howard, Sir Robert
+Sidney, and Sir Edward Dier, Chancellor of the Order of the Garter: "The
+answere of Garter and Clarencieux Kings of arms, to a libellous scrowle
+against certen arms supposed to be wrongfully given. Right Honorable,
+the exceptions taken in the Scrowle of Arms exhibited, doo concerne
+these armes granted, or the persons to whom they have been granted. In
+both, right honourable, we hope to satisfy your Lordships." (They
+mention twenty-three cases.) "Shakespere.--It may as well be said that
+Hareley, who beareth gould, a bend between two cotizes sables, and all
+other that (bear) or and argent a bend sables, usurpe the coat of the
+Lo. Mauley. As for the speare in bend, is a patible difference; and the
+person to whom it was granted hath borne magestracy, and was justice of
+peace at Stratford-upon-Avon. He married the daughter and heire of
+Arderne, and was able to maintaine that estate" ("MS. Off. Arm.," W. Z.,
+p. 276; from Malone).
+
+It has struck me that the attempt to win arms for his father was in
+order to _continue_ them to his mother.
+
+In the Record Office I found the other day a note that explains what I
+mean: "At a Chapitre holden by the Office of Armes at the Embroyderers
+Hall in London Anno 4^o Reginæ Elizabethæ it was agreed, that no
+inhiritrix eyther mayde wife or widdow should bear or cause to be borne
+any Creast or Cognizaunce of her Ancestors otherwise than as followeth.
+If she be unmaried to beare in her ringe, cognizaunce or otherwise, the
+first coate of her Ancestors in a Lozenge. And during her Widdowhood to
+Set the first coate of her husbande in pale with the first coate of her
+Auncestor. And if she mary one who is noe gentleman, then she to be
+clearly exempted from the former conclusion."[59]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[51] Cooke, Dethicke and Camden.
+
+In the description of England prefixed to Holinshed's Chronicles it is
+stated:
+
+"A gentleman of blood is defined to descend of three descents of
+nobleness, that is to saie, of name and of armes both by father and
+mother" (p. 161). "Moreover as the King doth dubbe Knights and createth
+the barons and higher degrees, so gentlemen whose ancestors are not
+knowen to come in with William Duke of Normandie (for of the Saxon races
+yet remaining wee now make none accompt, much lesse of the British
+issue), doe take their beginning in England, after this manner in our
+times. Whosoever studieth the lawes of the realme, whoso abideth in the
+Universitie giving his mind to his booke, or professeth physicke and the
+liberall sciences, or beside his service in the roome of a captaine in
+the warres, or good counsell given at home, whereby his commonwealth is
+benefited, can live without manuall labour, and thereto is able and will
+beare the port, charge, and countenance of a gentleman, he shall for
+monie have a cote and armes bestowed upon him by heralds (who in the
+charter of the same doo of custome pretend antiquitie and service, and
+manie gaie things) and thereunto being made in good cheape be called
+master, which is the title men give to esquires and gentlemen, and
+reputed for a gentleman ever after" (Ed. 1586, pp. 161-2).
+
+The same is repeated in "The Commonwealth of England and Maner of
+Government thereof," by Sir Thomas Smith, London, 1589-1594, Chap. XX.
+
+In a contemporary play, quoted by John Payne Collier, the herald is made
+to say:
+
+    "We now are faine to wait who grows in wealth,
+    And comes to beare some office in a towne,
+    And we for money help them unto armes,
+    For what can not the golden tempter doe?"
+
+            ROBERT WILSON: _The Cobbler's Prophecy_.
+
+
+
+[52] Sir John Ferne in "The Glory of Generositie," 1586.
+
+[53] State Papers, Dom. Ser., Eliz., cxxxvii. 68. The gentlemen and
+freeholders in the countye of Warwick. Among the freeholders of
+Barlichway, John Shakespeare, father of William and Thomas Shakespeare,
+69. In Stratford-on-Avon John Shaxspere, and at Rowington Thomas
+Shaxpere, April, 1580.
+
+[54] "Miscellanea Genealogica et Heraldica," 2nd Series, 1886, vol. i.,
+p. 109, since published in a volume.
+
+[55] The Musters. Archers of Rowington and Wroxall, S.P.D.S.
+
+[56] State Papers, Domestic Series, Edward VI., vol. xiv., Docquet.
+
+[57] Nichols's "Herald and Genealogist," vol. i., p. 510, 1863; and
+"Miscel. Gen. et Herald.," Series II., vol. i., p. 109.
+
+[58] See the papers in the Bodleian Library, Ashmol. MS. 846, art. ix.,
+f. 50 _a_, _b_. "The answers of Garter and Clarencieux Kings of Arms, to
+the Scrowle of Arms, exhibited by Raffe Brookesmouth, caled York
+Herald," wherein they state that there is "a patible difference."
+
+[59] State Papers, Domestic Series, Eliz., xxvi. 31, 1561.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+THE IMPALEMENT OF THE ARDEN ARMS
+
+
+In the later application to impale the Ardens' arms in 1599, the 1596
+draft is repeated in only slightly altered terms. "Antecessors" is
+changed to "great-grandfather," and the dignity of Mary Arden's family
+further elucidated. Some writers consider that, following a custom of
+the day, John Shakespeare treated as _his_ antecessors his wife's
+ancestors. The word "_great-grandfather_" tends to exclude this notion,
+as may be seen later, but the word "grandfather" would imply, if this
+had been intended, that Thomas Arden himself had had the grants. It has
+always been supposed that Brooke, York Herald, had exhibited some
+complaint against this grant also, as he very possibly did.[60] He was
+severely critical of the heraldic and genealogic matter in Camden's
+"Britannia," and very bitter at the slighting way the author speaks of
+heralds. He wrote a book called "The Discoveries of Certaine Errours in
+the edition of 1594," which he seems to have begun at once, as on page
+14 he states, "If the making of gentlemen heretofore hath been greatly
+misliked by her Majestie in the Kinges of Armes; much more displeasing,
+I think, it will be to her, that you, _being no Officer of Armes_,
+should erect, make and put down Earles and Barons at your pleasure." It
+must have been peculiarly galling to him that by the influence of Sir
+Fulke Greville, afterwards Lord Brooke, Camden was advanced over his
+head to the dignity he himself desired. After being appointed, for
+form's sake, Richmond Herald for one day, Camden was made Clarenceux,
+October 23, 1597, between the first and second Shakespeare drafts. This
+probably decided Brooke to publish his "Pamphlet of Errors," which, as
+he dedicated it to the Earl of Essex, "Lord General of the Royal Forces
+in Ireland," must have appeared in 1599. He wrote another book against
+Camden, which was forbidden to be published.
+
+The draft for the impalement is also heavily corrected, probably in
+comparison and discussion. Of the Shakespeare shield a note adds: "The
+person to _whom it was granted_ hath borne magistracy in
+Stratford-on-Avon, was Justice of the Peace, married the daughter and
+heir of Arderne, and was able to maintain that estate." The Heralds
+first tricked the arms of the Ardens of Park Hall, Ermine a fesse chequy
+or and az., but scratched them out, and substituted a shield bearing
+three cross crosslets fitchée and a chief or, with a martlet for
+difference.
+
+I put forward several suggestions concerning this question in an article
+in the _Athenæum_.[61]
+
+The critical strictures against the Shakespeare-Arden claim are best
+summed up by Mr. Nichols:[62]
+
+1. That the relation of Mary Arden to the Ardens of Park Hall was
+imaginary and impossible, and those who assert it in error. 2. That the
+Ardens were connected with nobility, while Robert Arden was a mere
+"husbandman." 3. That the Heralds knew the claim was unfounded when they
+scratched out the arms of Arden of Park Hall, and replaced them by the
+arms of the Ardens of Alvanley, of Cheshire. This was equally
+unjustifiable, but as the family lived further off, there was less
+likelihood of complaint.
+
+Now we must work out the case step by step on the other side.
+
+Robert Arden, of Park Hall, spent his substance during the Wars of the
+Roses, and was finally brought to the block (30 Henry VI.,[63] 1452).
+His son Walter was restored by Edward IV., but he would probably be
+encumbered by debts and "waste"; at least, he had but small portions to
+leave to his family when he made his will[64] (31 July, 17 Henry VII.,
+1502). Besides his heir, Sir John, Esquire of the Body to Henry VII., he
+had a second son,[65] Thomas, to whom he leaves _ten_ marks annually; a
+third son, Martin, who was to have the manor of Natford; if not, then
+Martin and his other sons--Robert, Henry, William--should each of them
+have _five_ marks annually. This is an income too small even for younger
+sons to live on in those days, so it is to be supposed the father had
+already either placed them, married them well, or otherwise provided for
+them during his life. Among the witnesses to the will are "Thomas Arden
+and John Charnells, Squires." Thomas, being the second son, might have
+had something from his mother Eleanor, daughter and coheir of John
+Hampden, of Great Hampden, county Bucks. This Thomas was alive in 1526,
+because Sir John Arden then willed that his brothers--Thomas, Martin,
+and Robert--should have their fees for life. Henry, and probably also
+William, had meanwhile died, though a William seems to have been
+established at Hawnes, in Bedfordshire. Seeing that Sir John was the
+Esquire of the Body to Henry VII., it seems very probable that his
+brother Robert was the Robert Arden, Yeoman of the Chamber, to whom
+Henry VII. granted three patents: First, on February 22, 17 Henry VII.,
+as Keeper of the Park at Altcar,[66] Lancashire; and second, as Bailiff
+of Codmore, Derby,[67] and Keeper of the Royal Park there; the third[68]
+gave him Yoxall for life, at a rental of £42--afterwards confirmed.
+Indeed, Leland in his "Itinerary" mentions the relationship,[69] and the
+administration of Robert's goods proves it.
+
+Martin's family became connected with the Easts and the Gibbons, and his
+name and arms appear in the "Visitations of Oxfordshire." Where
+meanwhile was Thomas? There is no record of any Thomas Arden in
+Warwickshire or elsewhere, ever supposed to be the son of Walter Arden,
+save the Thomas who, the year before Walter Arden's death, was living at
+Wilmecote, in the parish of Aston Cantlowe, on soil formerly owned by
+the Beauchamps. On May 16, 16 Henry VII., Mayowe transferred certain
+lands at Snitterfield to "Robert Throckmorton, Armiger, Thomas Trussell
+of Billesley, Roger Reynolds of Henley-in-Arden, William Wood of
+Woodhouse, Thomas Arden of Wilmecote, and Robert Arden, the son of this
+Thomas Arden." This list is worth noting. Thomas Trussell, of an old
+family, is identified by his residence.[70] He was Sheriff of the county
+in 23 Henry VII. No Throckmorton could take precedence of him save the
+Robert Throckmorton of Coughton, who was knighted six months later.[71]
+
+These men were evidently acting as trustees for the young Robert Arden.
+Just in the same way this same Robert Throckmorton was appointed by
+Thomas's elder brother, Sir John Arden of Park Hall, as trustee for his
+children, in association with John Kingsmel, Sergeant-at-Law, Sir
+Richard Empson, and Sir Richard Knightley.[72] That a man of the same
+name, at the same time, in the same county, retaining the same family
+friends, in circumstances in every way suitable to the second son of
+Walter Arden, should be accepted for that man seems just and natural,
+especially _when no other claimant has ever been brought forward_.
+
+But we _know_ this Thomas Arden was Mary Arden's grandfather; this
+Robert was her father; this property, that tenanted afterwards by the
+Shakespeares, and left by Robert's will to his family.
+
+As the deed of conveyance of the premises at Snitterfield from Mayowe to
+Arden has been often referred to, occasionally quoted, but never, so far
+as I know, printed _in extenso_, I should like to preserve the copy. It
+may save trouble to future investigators, and help to clear up the
+connection between the Shakespeares and the Ardens. It certainly
+strengthens very much Mary Arden's claim to connection with the Ardens
+of Park Hall, and her descent from "a gentleman of worship," a claim the
+heralds allowed.
+
+"Sciant presentes et futuri quod ego Johannes Mayowe de Snytterfeld
+dedi, concessi, et hac presenti carta mea confirmavi, Roberto
+Throkmerton Armigero, Thome Trussell de Billesley, Rogero Reynoldes de
+Henley in Arden, Willelmo Wodde de Wodhouse, Thome Arderne de Wylmecote,
+et Roberto Arderne filio eiusdem Thome Arderne, unum mesuagium cum suis
+pertinenciis in Snytterfeld predicta, una cum omnibus et singulis terris
+toftis, croftis, pratis, pascuis et pasturis eidem mesuagio spectantibus
+sive pertinentibus in villa et in campis de Snytterfeld predicta cum
+omnibus suis pertinenciis; quod quidem mesuagium predictum quondam fuit
+Willelmi Mayowe et postea Johannis Mayowe et situatum est inter terram
+Johannis Palmer ex parte una et quandam venellam ibidem vocatam
+Merellane ex parte altera in latitudine et extendit se in longitudine a
+via Regia ibidem usque ad quendam Rivulum, secundum metas et divisas
+ibidem factas. Habendum et tenendum predictum mesuagium cum omnibus et
+singulis terris Toftis, Croftis, pratis, pascuis, et pasturis predictis,
+ac omnibus suis pertinenciis prefatis Roberto Throkmerton, Thome
+Trussell, Rogero Reynoldes, Willelmo Wodde, Thome Arderne et Roberto
+Ardern heredibus et assignatis suis de capitalibus dominis feodi illius
+per servicia inde debita et de jure consueta imperpetuum. Et ego vero
+predictus Johannes Mayowe et heredes mei mesuagium predictum cum omnibus
+et singulis terris Toftis Croftis, pratis, pascuis et pasturis
+supradictis ac omnibus suis pertinenciis prefatis Roberto Throckmerton,
+Thome Trussell, Rogero Reynoldes, Willelmo Wodde, Thome Arderne et
+Roberto Arderne heredibus et assignatis suis contra omnes gentes
+Warrantizabimus et defendemus imperpetuum.
+
+"Et insuper sciatis me prefatum Johannem Mayowe assignasse, constituisse
+et in loco meo posuisse dilectos michi in Christo Thomam Clopton de
+Snytterfeld predicta gentilman et Johannem Porter de eadem meos veros et
+legitimos Attornatos conjunctim et divisim ad intrandum vice et nomine
+meo in predictum mesuagium cum omnibus et singulis premissis et
+pertinenciis suis quibuscunque et ad plenam et pacificam seisinam pro me
+ac vice et nomine meo inde capiendam et postquam hujusmodi seisina dicta
+capta fuerit ad deliberandam pro me ac vice et nomine meo prefatis
+Roberto Throkmerton, Thome Trussell, Rogero Reynoldes, Willelmo Wodde,
+Thome Arderne et Roberto Arderne plenam et pacificam possessionem et
+seisinam de et in eodem mesuagio ac omnibus et singulis premissis,
+secundum vim, formam et effectum huius presentis carte mee. Ratum et
+gratum habens et habiturus totum et quicquid dicti attornati mei vice et
+nomine meo fecerint seu eorum alter fecerit in premisses. In cuius rei
+testimonium huic presenti carte mee et scripto meo sigillum meum
+apposui. Hiis testibus Johanne Wagstaffe de Aston Cauntelowe Roberto
+Porter de Snytterfield predicta Ricardo Russheby de eadem, Ricardo
+Atkyns de Wylmecote predicta, Johanne Alcokkes de Newenham et aliis.
+Datum apud Snytterfield predictam die lune proximo post festum
+invencionis Sancte Crucis Anno Regni Regis Henrici Septimi post
+conquestum Sexto decimo."[73]
+
+Mr. Nichols' second objection was that in records he is styled
+"husbandman"; but the word is an old English equivalent for a farmer, in
+which sense it is often used in old wills and records. And in the
+examination of John Somerville,[74] Edward Arden's son-in-law (also of
+high descent), he stated "that he had received no visitors of late, but
+certain 'husbandmen,' near neighbours." The Arden "husbandman" of
+Wilmecote in 1523 and 1546[75] paid the same amount to the subsidy as
+the Arden Esquire of Yoxall[76] in 1590, when money was of less value.
+
+Mr. Nichols' third assertion, that the heralds scratched out the arms of
+the Ardens of Park Hall, because they _dared_ not quarter them with
+those of the Shakespeares, shows that he omitted certain considerations.
+That family was under attainder then.
+
+Drummond[77] exemplifies many arms of Arden, and traces them back to
+their derivation. He notices that the "elder branch of the Ardens took
+the arms of the old Earls of Warwick; the younger branches took the arms
+of the Beauchamps, with a difference. In this they followed the custom
+of the Earls of Warwick." The Ardens of Park Hall therefore bore ermine,
+a fesse chequy, or, and az., arms derived from the old Earls of Warwick;
+and this was the pattern scratched out in John Shakespeare's quartering.
+But the reason lay in no breach of connection, but in the fact that Mary
+Arden was an heiress, not in the eldest line, but through a _second
+son_. A possible pattern for a younger son was three cross crosslets
+fitchée and a chief or. As such they were borne by the Ardens of
+Alvanley, with a crescent for difference. They were borne without the
+crescent by Simon Arden of Longcroft,[78] the second son of the next
+generation, and full cousin of Mary Arden's father. It is true that
+among the tombs at Yoxall the fesse chequy appeared, but there is
+evident confusion in their use. Martin Arden of Euston was probably in
+the wrong to assume when he did the arms of his elder brother; William
+Arden of Hawnes, if the sixth son, county Bedford, bore the same arms as
+those proposed for Mary Arden, and it is implied that Thomas, her
+father, had borne them. In the Heralds' College is the draft:
+"Shakespere impaled with the Aunceyent armes of the said Arden of
+Willingcote" (volume marked R. 21 outside and G. XIII. inside).
+
+If the three cross crosslets fitchée were the correct arms for Thomas
+Arden as the second son of an Arden, who might bear ermine, a fesse
+chequy or, and az., the crescent would have been the correct difference,
+but it had long been borne by the Ardens of Alvanley, in Cheshire, who
+branched off from the Warwickshire family early in the thirteenth
+century. The heralds therefore differenced the crosslets with a martlet,
+usually, but by no means universally, the mark of cadency for a fourth
+son at that time.[79] Thus, Glover[80] enumerates among the arms of
+Warwickshire and Bedfordshire: "Arden or Arderne gu., three cross
+crosslets fitchée or; on a chief of the second a martlet of the first.
+Crest, a plume of feathers charged with a martlet or." If heraldry has
+anything, therefore, to say to this dispute, it is to support the claim
+of Thomas Arden to being a cadet of the Park Hall family, and thereby to
+include Mary Arden and her son in the descent from Ailwin, Guy of
+Warwick, and the Saxon King Athelstan. Camden and the other heralds were
+only seeking correctness in their draft of the restitution of the
+Ardens' arms. The hesitation as to exactitude among the varieties of
+Arden arms was the cause of the notes. See "The Booke of Differ.," 61;
+see "Knights of E.I.," folios 2, 28, etc., on the draft.
+
+It has been considered strange that, after the application and even
+after the grant (preserved in MS. "Coll. of Arms," R. 21), no use
+thereof can be proved, though the heralds added to the former grant:
+"and we have lykewise uppon an other escucheon impaled the same with the
+auncient arms of the said Arden of Wellyngcote, signifying thereby that
+it maye and shalbe lawfull, for the said John Shakespeare, gent., to
+beare and use the same shields of arms, single or impaled, as aforesaid,
+during his natural lyfe, and that it shalbe lawful for his children,
+issue, and posterity, to beare, use, quarter, and shewe the same with
+their dewe difference, in all lawfull warlyke faites and civill use"
+(_Ibid._, G. XIII.).
+
+John Shakespeare did not live long after his application, dying in 1601.
+
+Whether or not the grant of the impaled Arden arms was completed before
+his death, there is no record of his using them. Whether his son ever
+used the impalement we do not now know, but it does not appear on any of
+the tombs or seals that have been preserved. But the Shakespeare arms
+have been certainly used.
+
+William Shakespeare was mercilessly satirized by his rivals, Ben Jonson
+and others,[81] about his coat of arms; but it was the recognition of
+his descent that secured him so universally the attribute of "gentle."
+As Davies, addressing Shakespeare and Burbage in 1603, says:
+
+    "And though the stage doth stain pure gentle blood,
+    Yet generous ye are in mind and mood."[82]
+
+We must not forget there would be possible ill-feeling among the
+families of the Arden sisters, when the youngest, whom they had probably
+always pitied and looked down on, because of her comparatively
+unfortunate marriage, should have the audacity to think of using the
+arms of their father, to which they had never aspired.
+
+[Illustration: OLD HOUSE AT WILMECOTE, BY SOME SUPPOSED TO BE ROBERT
+ARDEN'S.
+
+_To face p. 35._]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[60] He tried in every way to prove Camden wrong, but his bitterness
+only hurt himself. His strictures were confuted before the highest
+authority.
+
+[61] August 10, 1895, p. 202.
+
+[62] "Herald and Genealogist," vol. i., p. 510, 1863; and _Notes and
+Queries_, Series III., vol. v., p. 493.
+
+[63] Dugdale's "Warwickshire," p. 925.
+
+[64] Preserved at Somerset House, 8 Porch.
+
+[65] Dugdale places the sons in another order.
+
+[66] Pat. Henry VII., second part, mem. 30, February 22.
+
+[67] Same series, mem. 35, September 9.
+
+[68] Pat. 23 Henry VIII., September 24, first part, mem. 12.
+
+[69] "Arden of the court, brother to Sir John Arden of Park Hall."
+"Itinerary," vi. 20, about 1536-42.
+
+[70] Sir Warine Trussell held Billesley 15 Edward III. The will of Sir
+William Trussell of Cublesdon, 1379, mentions a bequest to his cousin,
+"Sir Thomas d'Ardene" ("Testamenta Vetusta," Sir N. H. Nicolas, vol. i.,
+p. 107). William Trussell was made a brother of the Guild of Knowle
+1469, and there is an entry in 1504 of a donation "for Sir William
+Trussell and for his soul": "To Thomas Trussell, farmer of the said
+Bishop of Worcester; in Knowle for the Worke-silver 4/4" (37 Henry
+VIII., Report. "Register of the Guild of Knowle," Introduction, p.
+xxvi., by Mr. W. B. Bickley). Alured Trussell, born 1533, married
+Margaret, daughter of Robert Fulwood, and their daughter Dorothy married
+Adam Palmer, Robert Arden's friend. French thinks that the wife, either
+of Thomas or of Robert, was a Trussell.
+
+[71] His son George succeeded him in 1520. Edward Arden, of Park Hall,
+was brought up in his care, and married Mary, his son Robert's daughter.
+
+[72] See p. 184.
+
+[73] Deed of Conveyance of Premises at Snytterfield. (Transcribed from
+the Miscellaneous Documents of Stratford-on-Avon), vol. ii., No. 83.
+
+[74] State Papers, Domestic Series, Elizabeth, 1583, clxiii., 21.
+
+[75] In the Subsidy Rolls 15 Henry VII., Thomas Arden was assessed on
+£12, and Robert Arden on £8 (192/128). Subsidy, Aston Cantlowe, March
+10, 37 Henry VIII., 1546, Robert Arden, assessed on property valued at
+£10; Walter Edkyns, £10; John Jenks, £6; John Skarlett, £8; Thomas
+Dixson, £8; Roger Knight, £8; Richard Ingram, £6; Thomas Gretwyn, £5;
+Margaret Scarlet, £5; Richard Edkyns, £6; Robert Fulwood, £5; Nicholas
+Gibbes, £5; Richard Green, £5; William Hill, £5 (Mr. Hunter's
+"Prolusions," 37, note). Thomas Arden of Park Hall at the same time was
+assessed on £80; but Simon Arden was only assessed on £8 (192/179).
+
+[76] French, "Genealogica Shakespeareana," p. 423; and Nichols' "History
+of Leicestershire."
+
+[77] H. Drummond's "Noble British Families," vol. i. (2).
+
+[78] See Fuller's "Worthies of Warwickshire."
+
+[79] "The several marks of cadency which have _of late years_ been made
+use of for the distinction of houses ... for the second son a crescent,
+the third a mullet, the fourth a martlet" (Glover's "Heraldry," vol. i.,
+p. 168, ed. 1780).
+
+[80] _Ibid._, vol. ii., ed. 1780.
+
+[81] In the "Return from Parnassus," 1606, Studiosus says of the
+players:
+
+    "Vile world that lifts them up to high degree,
+    And treads us down in grovelling misery,
+    England affords these glorious vagabonds
+    That carried erst their fardels on their backs
+    Coursers to ride on through the gazing streets,
+    Sweeping it in their glaring satin suits,
+    And pages to attend their masterships.
+    With mouthing words that better wits have framed,
+    They purchase lands and now esquires are made."
+
+                ACT V., SC. 1.
+
+The satire in "Ratsey's Ghost" also may refer to Shakespeare, though
+Alleyn and others might be intended.
+
+Freeman, in his "Epigrams," 1614, asks:
+
+    "Why hath our age such new-found 'gentles' found
+    To give the 'master' to the farmer's son?"
+
+But his high praise of Shakespeare elsewhere shows he does not refer to
+him.
+
+[82] John Davies of Hereford's "Microcosmus, The Civil Warres of Death
+and Fortune."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+THE ARDENS OF WILMECOTE
+
+
+It is unfortunate that we know so little about Thomas Arden, Mary
+Shakespeare's "antecessor." A quiet country gentleman he seems to have
+been, marrying for love, and not for property, or his wife's descent
+might have helped us to clear his own. I do not think she was a
+Throckmorton, but I think she was very probably a Trussell, which Mr.
+French also suggests. Joane was a Trussell name, and Billesley held some
+attraction to the family. We are not sure of anything about Thomas
+except the purchase of Snitterfield, the year before Sir Walter Arden's
+death, and his payment of the subsidies in 1526 and 1546. It is probable
+he was the "Thomas Arden, Squier," who witnessed the will of Sir Walter
+in 1502; it is _possible_ he was the Thomas Arden who witnessed the will
+of John Lench[83] of Birmingham in 1525, though it is more likely that
+this latter Thomas was his nephew, the heir of Park Hall. Thomas of
+Wilmecote is supposed to have died in 1546, but no will has been
+discovered. Probably he had handed over his property to his son in his
+lifetime. There is no trace of another child than Robert.
+
+Robert was probably under age when his father purchased Snitterfield,
+and hence the need of trustees in association with the purchase. On
+December 14 and 21, 1519, Robert Arden purchased another property in
+Snitterfield from Richard Rushby and Agnes his wife,[84] and he bought
+also a tenement from John Palmer on October 1, 1529.[85] One of his
+tenants was Richard Shakespeare. He and his tenant were both presented
+for non-suit of court in 30 Henry VIII.
+
+He contributed to the subsidy in Wilmecote in 1526 and 1546. We know no
+more of his first wife than we know of his mother. She might have been
+either a Trussel or a Palmer. But we know that he had seven[86]
+daughters, who all bore Arden family names: _Agnes_, who married first
+John Hewyns, and secondly Thomas Stringer, by whom she had two sons,
+John and Arden Stringer; _Joan_, who married Edmund Lambert, of
+Barton-on-the-Heath, who had a son, John Lambert; _Katharine_, who
+married Thomas Edkyns of Wilmecote, who had a son, Thomas Edkyns the
+younger; _Margaret_, who married first Alexander Webbe of Bearley (by
+whom she had a son Robert), and secondly Edward Cornwall; _Joyce_, of
+whom there is no record but in her father's settlement and will;[87]
+_Alice_, who was one of the co-executors of her father's will, but of
+whom there is no further record; and _Mary_, the other executor, who
+married John Shakespeare. The exact dates of their birth are not known.
+Robert may be supposed to have been married about 1520, and it is
+probable that Mary was born about 1535. It is _likely_ that she was of
+age when made executor in 1556, but not at all _necessary_.
+
+Robert Arden married again when his family had grown up--probably in
+1550--Agnes Webbe, who had been assessed as the widow of Hill of Bearley
+on £7, in 37 Henry VIII., 1546. On July 17, 1550, Robert Arden made two
+settlements of the Snitterfield estates, probably upon his marriage.[88]
+In the first,[89] he devised estates at Snitterfield in trust to Adam
+Palmer and Hugh Porter, for the benefit, after the death of himself and
+his wife, of his three married daughters--Agnes, Joan and Katharine. In
+the second, a similar deed,[90] in favour of three other
+daughters--Margaret (then married to Alexander Webbe of Bearley), Joyce
+and Alice. Mary is not mentioned, probably because the Asbies estate was
+even then devoted to her.
+
+Robert Arden, sick in body, but good and perfect of remembrance, made
+his last will and testament[91] November 23, 1556, and he must have died
+shortly after. This will of itself answers the question as to his
+worldly position, and as to the meaning of the word "husbandman" in his
+case. The wage of a working "husbandman" at the time was from 25s. to
+33s. a year.[92] His will discloses property on a level with many
+"_gentlemen_" of his time and his county. It gives a strong suggestion
+that Mrs. Arden was not on the best of terms with her stepchildren.
+Robert bequeathed his soul "to God and the blessed Lady Saint Mary, and
+all the holye company of heaven," and his body to be buried in the
+churchyard of Saint John the Baptist at Aston Cantlowe. "Also I
+bequeathe to my youngest daughter Marye all my land at Willincote
+caulide Asbyes, and the crop upon the grownde sown and tythde as hitt is
+... and vi^li xiii^s iiii^d of money to be paid her or ere my goodes be
+devided. Also I gyve and bequeathe to my daughter Ales, the thyrde parte
+of all my goodes moveable and unmoveable in fylde and towne after my
+dettes and leggessese performyde, besydes that goode she hath of her
+owne all this tyme. Allso I give and bequethe to Agnes my wife vi^li
+xiii^s iiii^d upon this condysion that she shall sofer my dowghter Ales
+quyetly to ynjoye half my copyhold in Wyllincote during the tyme of her
+wyddewoode; and if she will nott soffer my dowghter Ales quyetly to
+occupy half with her, then I will that my wyfe shall have but iii^li
+vi^s viii^d, and her gintur in Snytterfelde. Item, I will that the
+residew of all my goodes, moveable and unmovable, my funeralles and my
+dettes dyschargyd, I gyve and bequeathe to my other children to be
+equaleye devidide amongeste them by the descreshyon of Adam Palmer, Hugh
+Porter of Snytterfelde, and Jhon Skerlett, whom I do orden and make my
+overseers of this my last will and testament, and they to have for their
+peynes takyng in this behalfe xx^s apece. Allso I orden and constitute
+and make my full exequtores Ales and Marye my dawghters of this my last
+will and testament, and they to have no more for their paynes takyng now
+as afore geven to them. Allso I gyve and bequethe to every house that
+hath no teeme in the paryche of Aston, to every house iiii^d. Thes being
+witnesses Sir William Bouton Curett, Adam Palmer, Jhon Skerlett, Thomas
+Jhenkes, William Pytt, with other mo." Proved at Worcester, December 16,
+1556, by Alice and Mary Arden. It is interesting to learn from the
+inventory the nature of the furniture, and the prices of the period.
+There were eleven "painted cloths" in the various rooms, the substitutes
+for ancient tapestry even in good homes.
+
+The value of the goods, movable and unmovable, independently of the
+landed property, was calculated to be £76 11s. 10d. This was a large sum
+for the period. Probably even then the goods were worth much more, as
+the prices entered are relatively low for the date. Certainly it is
+necessary to multiply the value by ten to translate it into modern
+figures, and that would give a good estimate for the saleable value of a
+houseful of furniture now.
+
+After her sister's and her stepmother's legacies of £6 13s. 4d., after
+the payment of 4d. to every family in the parish, and of 20s. to the
+overseers, all debts being paid, Alice was to have a third--that is, the
+third that by old English law belonged to the dead. She would thus have
+at least £13 worth in kind, along with her interest in Snitterfield and
+what goods "she had of her own." The others would have about £5 each. It
+may be noted the widow was left no furniture or goods. She may have
+claimed the widow's third, though the effect of her jointure was to
+disturb the law of dower. She seems to have had furniture of her own.
+She evidently stayed on in her husband's home, and apparently brought
+her own children there.
+
+Mary Hill was married to John Fulwood, November 15, 1561, at Aston
+Cantlow. Agnes Arden, widow, made her will in 1578. The opinion that
+there was no great friendliness with her husband's family is
+strengthened thereby, yet there was not the absolute estrangement some
+writers have supposed. Halliwell-Phillipps states that she does not
+mention a member of her husband's family. She left legacies to the poor,
+to her godchildren, to her grandchildren, and the residue to her son and
+son-in-law in trust for their children. She left twelve pence to John
+Lambert, her stepdaughter Joan's son, and twelve pence to each of her
+brother Alexander Webbe's children, one of whom, at least, was the son
+of her stepdaughter Margaret. She left nothing to any of her
+stepdaughters, and nothing to any of the young Shakespeares. The
+overseers were Adam Palmer and George Gibbs; so she had been able to
+keep friendly with her husband's friend. The witnesses were Thomas
+Edkins (a stepdaughter's husband), Richard Petyfere, and others. She was
+buried on December 29, 1580, and the inventory of her goods was taken
+January 19, 1580-81. The low rate at which it is calculated is
+remarkable. "Item 38 sheep £3; fivescore pigs £13 4s.," etc. The sum
+total was £45. The will was proved on March 31, 1581.
+
+The friendliness between the Shakespeares and the other Arden families
+seems to have been unstable. Aunt Joan's husband, Edmund Lambert, of
+Barton-on-the-Heath, and their son John, through rather sharp practice
+for cousinly customs, became owners of Asbies. There is a hazy suspicion
+even about the bonâ fides of the Edkins. Agnes had settled rather far
+off at the home of the Stringers, in Stockton, co. Salop. In February,
+1569, Thomas Stringer devised to Alexander Webbe his share of
+Snitterfield. John Shakespeare was one of the witnesses to the
+indenture. Alexander Webbe, it is true, made John Shakespeare, his
+brother-in-law, the overseer of his will at his death in 1573.
+
+Joyce Arden and Alice Arden seem both to have died unmarried, without
+leaving a will. There is no further mention of Alice, the wealthier of
+the two maiden sisters, resident at Aston Cantlow, neither has there
+hitherto been made any suggestion concerning Joyce, and her death does
+not appear in the parish registers. Now, it was an exceedingly common
+custom of the time for poorer single relatives to enter into the service
+of wealthier members of the family; for "superfluous women" even, who
+were not poor, to go where they were wanted in other homes. Might she
+not have gone in such a capacity to one of the houses of the Ardens of
+Park Hall? In Worcestershire, near Stourbridge, there is a parish called
+Pedmore, and a hall of the same name, then inhabited by the Arden
+family. The registers there record the death of a "Mistress Joyce Arden"
+in 1557, to whose family there is no clue: and I cannot but think she
+was Shakespeare's aunt, as the Joyce of Park Hall was married.
+
+The Webbes[93] gradually bought up the reversionary shares of the other
+Arden sisters in Snitterfield, and held the whole as tenants under Mrs.
+Arden, widow. But the story of the Shakespeares' transfer is so
+curiously mixed up with their other actions that they must be taken
+together, in order to get a contemporary view of the matter. We find
+that John Shakespeare had apparently pinched himself in 1575 to purchase
+two houses in Stratford-on-Avon for £40, believed to be in Henley
+Street[94]. By 1578, for some reasons not explained, he was excused his
+share in municipal charges[95], and by a will of "Roger Sadler" Baker in
+that year, we know that he was in debt to him, and under circumstances
+that necessitated a security. "Item of Edmund Lambert and ---- Cornish
+for the debte of Mr. John Shakesper v^li[96]." John Shakespeare
+mortgaged Asbies to Edmund Lambert for a loan of £40 on November 14,
+1578[97], the fine being levied Easter, 1579, the mortgagee treating the
+matter as a purchase[98].
+
+There is a curious complexity caused by a lease of the same property
+being apparently granted to George Gibbes, and a double fine
+levied[99]--_i.e._, parties brought in who were strangers to the title;
+and a double fine appears to have been levied for technical purposes
+when the estate was entailed[100]. These other names were Thomas Webbe
+and Humphrey Hooper[101]. The mortgage loan was made repayable at
+Michaelmas, 1580, when the lease commenced to run, and things seemed to
+have been made safe for the Shakespeares. Then they proceeded to sell a
+parcel[102] of the Snitterfield property to Robert Webbe for £40 on
+October 15, 1579. The description is worded loosely: "John Shakespeare
+yeoman and Mary his wife ... all that theire moietye, parte and partes,
+be yt more or lesse, of and in twoo messuages," etc. The indenture is
+long[103], and written in English, and would seem to have been signed at
+Wilmcote[104].
+
+A bond was drawn up on the 25th of the same month, carrying a penalty of
+twenty marks against the Shakespeares if they infringed the above
+conditions, also signed in the presence of Nicholas Knolles, the Vicar
+of Auston or Alveston[105]. Another deed, the final concord,[106] is
+drawn up in Latin: "in curia domine Regine apud Westmonasterium a die
+Pasche in quindecim dies anno regnorum Elizabethe ... vicesimo secundo
+... inter Robertum Webbe querentem et Johannem Shackspere et Mariam
+uxorem ejus, deforciantes _de sexta parte duarum partium duorum
+messuagiorum_ ... idem Robertus dedit predictis Johannis et Marie
+quadraginta libras sterlingorum." On this sale Robert Webbe paid a fine
+of 6s. 8d. for licence of entry to the Sheriff of the County.[107]
+
+Now, this apparently second sale has puzzled many Shakespeareans, as
+well as the "fraction." Even Halliwell-Phillipps[108] supposes that
+"John Shakespeare had some small interest in Snitterfield of his own,"
+which he parted with for £4, and that "Mary Shakespeare was entitled
+to a share through an earlier settlement." Others have thought, however,
+that the first was but a draught deed of the indenture, the £4 the
+earnest money, and the "final concord" for £40 the conclusion of the
+whole. This is supported by the absolute indefiniteness of the first as
+to part or parts in two messuages, and by the apparent definiteness of
+the second. But the peculiar wording has further puzzled many writers.
+In referring to Robert Arden's settlements, we find that one tenement is
+settled upon three daughters, and the other tenement settled upon other
+three daughters, Mary's name not being mentioned. How, then, was she
+empowered to sell any share? It could only be by inheritance or by gift
+from some of her other sisters. The course of events showed it was not
+of free gift. But Joyce and Alice had apparently vanished from the
+scene. If they left no will, their shares would be divisible into equal
+parts among their surviving sisters by common law, and through her
+fraction of their shares Mary Shakespeare could step in as part owner of
+Snitterfield. Now, it is quite possible that the first sale of 1579 was
+an indefinite sale of Mary's share of Joyce's portion; and it is
+possible that Alice died in that year, and increased the share of her
+sisters, so that the two portions were treated together in the deed of
+1580. Seeing that the two portions of the property had long been held
+together by the Webbes, it is quite natural to read "the sixth part of
+two" rather than "the third of one," as each sister originally read her
+share. Now, if Mary had lost both of her sisters, it is quite natural to
+read her share as "the sixth part of two _parts_ or portions of two
+tenements." This has not yet been thus simply explained. But it is not
+strictly correct; for while the share of the first sister would bring
+Mary "the sixth part of one part of two tenements," the death of the
+second sister should have secured her the _fifth part_ of one part of
+two tenements, plus the fraction already inherited by the second from
+the first, or, more simply, the fifth part of two parts of two
+tenements. It was near enough, however, for all practical purposes, and
+Robert Webbe seems duly to have handed over the money to John
+Shakespeare. Robert Webbe's eagerness to buy, and the Shakespeares' need
+of the money, seems to have determined the price. Forty pounds was a
+large sum for such a fraction of the whole. Robert Webbe's readiness may
+be accounted for, because he was on the eve of marriage. There was a new
+settlement[109] of estates at Snitterfield on the occasion of his
+marriage to Mary, daughter of John Perkes, September 1, 23 Elizabeth,
+and an agreement between Edward Cornwall[110] (stepfather to Robert
+Webbe) and William Perkes, respecting an estate in Snitterfield, and a
+proviso against any claim from the Ardens.
+
+But it was not from the Ardens that any difficulty arose. Before the
+death of Mrs. Agnes Arden, she was called to support her claim and that
+of all her stepdaughters, based on a supposition of entail, against the
+descendants of the Mayowe who had sold his property to Thomas and Robert
+Arden in 1501. Being described as old and infirm, a Commission was
+directed to Bartholomew Hales, Lord of the Manor of Snitterfield, and
+Nicholas Knolles, Vicar of Alveston, to take her deposition concerning
+it, in July, 1580.[111] She died in December of that year; and in 1582
+John Shakespeare,[112] and his brother Henry, and Adam Palmer, with
+others, were called on to give evidence in the case between Thomas
+Mayowe and Robert Webbe, before Sir Fulk Grevyle, Sir Thomas Lucy,
+Humphrey Peto, and William Clopton, Commissioners. Their depositions in
+support of the deed of transfer seem to have been sufficient, and we
+hear no more of Mayowe. The newly-married couple settled down on the
+inheritance of the Ardens, and the old home of the Shakespeares.
+
+Concerning Mary Arden's special inheritance at Asbies, there is a sadder
+story to tell. Whether John Shakespeare could read or not, he was
+certainly not a Latin scholar, and though not ignorant of many points of
+common law, was not up to all the technicalities used at times to
+confuse the truth. It is evident that there had been some verbal
+agreement between him and Edmund Lambert on which he relied, but that
+the written deed was all that John Lambert accepted.[113] On selling the
+main portion of his wife's property at Snitterfield, John Shakespeare
+seems to have walked right off with the money to Edmund Lambert, of
+Barton-on-the-Heath, to redeem his mortgage, and reinstate himself as
+owner of Asbies, free to grant a lease or sale on his own terms. But
+through a quibble, which "was not in the bond," Edmund Lambert refused
+to accept this until certain other debts were also paid. Thereby he
+gained the shelter of time, which "was in the bond," and put Shakespeare
+at a legal disadvantage, though it is evident from the later papers that
+a verbal agreement had taken place to extend the time, seeing that the
+money had been tendered. We may be sure that the property was worth more
+than £40 in hard cash to either, and more, in romantic associations, to
+the Shakespeares. For it was a part of Thomas Arden's original property.
+How he came by it, no one is sure. French[114] suggests it might have
+been given him by the Beauchamps of Bergavenny, who had intermarried
+with the Ardens, and had been more than once known to have been in
+friendly relations. The guardian of Robert Arden, his grandfather, had
+been the Lady of Bergavenny, and Elizabeth Beauchamp was godmother to
+Elizabeth Arden, daughter of Walter and sister of Thomas, whom we take
+to be the Thomas of Aston Cantlow.
+
+Edmund Lambert died in 1587, and his son John seems to have been
+threatened by the Shakespeares with a law-suit for the recovery of
+Asbies, and proposed as a compromise to pay a further sum of £20,
+thereby securing Asbies as by purchase. To this, however, the consent,
+not only of Mary, but of William, her heir, was necessary, and the poet
+is supposed to have come down to Stratford on the occasion to act with
+his parents. But probably there was some other hitch: the £20 may have
+been held to be covered by the "other debts," which already had done
+service for Edmund Lambert; or the Shakespeares weighed their desire to
+have back the land, which they probably then wished, with their growing
+family, to farm themselves. Nothing seems then to have been settled, and
+they were too poor to risk the perils of a great law-suit. Doubtless,
+with sad hearts and bitter retrospect, they regretted their unlucky
+purchases in 1575, which seemed to have pinched them so, and wished at
+least they had been contented with the half, with the one tenement in
+Henley Street that formed part of their residence. For, had they only
+spent £20 then instead of £40, they could have repaid their hard-dealing
+relative not only the smaller mortgage, but the "other debts," out of
+the £40 they received for Snitterfield from the more liberal Robert
+Webbe.
+
+Finding John Lambert even harder to deal with than his father, John
+Shakespeare brought a Bill of Complaint against him in the Court of
+Queen's Bench,[115] 1589, by John Harborne, attorney, in which his wife
+and son are mentioned. Nothing seems then to have been done. On November
+24, 1597, backed by their son's influence and money, John and Mary
+Shakespeare, plaintiffs, without associating their son's name, made a
+formal complaint to the Right Honourable Sir Thomas Egerton,[116]
+stating that Edmund Lambert was to hold it only until repaid the loan,
+that the money had been duly tendered to him on the agreed date, that he
+had refused it, and that his son John holds the land still, and makes
+secret estates of the premises, the nature of which they cannot
+describe, as the papers have been withheld them; that their papers and
+evidences are open to the court. They add further that "the sayde John
+Lamberte ys of greate wealthe and abilitie, and well frended and allied
+amongst gentlemen and freeholders of the county ... and your saide
+oratores are of small wealthe and very fewe frendes and alyance in the
+said countie. They pray a writ of subpoena to be directed to John
+Lambert to appear in the Court of Chancery."
+
+John Lambert, pointing out the uncertainty and insufficiency of the
+plaintiff's bill, also that the bill had _already been exhibited against
+him_ in the same court, and he had fully answered it, asserts that the
+arrangement was a deed of sale, with the conditional proviso that if
+John Shakespeare should pay £40 on the Feast of St. Michael the
+Archangel, 1580, to Edmund Lambert, in Barton-on-the-Heath, the bill of
+sale should be void. He did not pay the money on the day, and therefore
+his father was legally seized of the estate.
+
+To this John and Mary Shakespeare replied, and again explained that the
+money was tendered at the date, and that Edmund Lambert refused to
+receive it unless other moneys also were paid, of which no condition had
+been fixed; that on the death of Edmund, John had stepped into
+possession, and refused to hear anything from them.[117] John Lambert
+had another quibble, that John Shakespeare had exhibited two bills
+against him, one in his own name, and one associating his wife's. On
+July 5, 1598, July 10, 1598, and May 18, 1599, further steps were taken,
+but still no decision was reached. Therefore, on June 27, 1599, a
+commission was appointed to examine both parties. In the Index Trin.
+Term, 41 Elizabeth, there is the entry "Shackspeere contra Lambert," but
+the page that contained further notice is lost.
+
+On October 23, 1599, another entry of the case is recorded: "Yf the
+defendant show no cause for stay of publicacion by this day sevenight,
+then publicacion ys granted"; but nothing more has come to us. Probably
+delay helped the more powerful, certainly possession proved nine-tenths
+of the law, and the expenses of legal action even then were
+paralyzing.[118] It is strange that the fate of Asbies as a property is
+unknown. There are traces of its being in the possession of Adam Edkins
+in 1668, of one John Smith after him, and of Clement Edkins in
+1699,[119] but the name seems to have vanished, and with it all
+remembrance of the boundary of the inheritance of the Ardens of
+Wilmcote.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                     MARY ARDEN'S FAMILY.
+
+                     Walter Arden, = Eleanor, 2nd dauther and coheiress
+of Park Hall, 16th in descent from | of John Hampden of
+ the Saxon Sheriff Ailwin. See his | Great Hampden, co. Bucks.
+ tomb at Aston _juxta_ Birmingham. |
+   |----------|-----------------------|--------|-------|--------|---------|------|
+   |          |                       |        |       |        |         |      |
+Sir John.     Thomas, = wife       Martin.  Robert.  Henry.  William.  Alicia.  Margaret.
+              2nd son | unknown
+             Of Aston |
+             Cantlow; |
+               bought |
+             Snitter- |
+           field 1501.|
+                   Robert Arden = 1st wife unknown
+                                | 2nd wife, Agnes Webbe,
+                                | widow of W. Hill
+    |---------------|-------------|------------|------------|----------|----------|
+    |               |             |            |            |          |          |
+1st dau.,       2nd dau.,     3rd dau.,    4th dau.,    5th dau.,  6th dau.,  7th dau.,
+Agnes Arden,    Joan Arden,   Katharine    Margaret     Joyce      Alice      Mary
+m. 1st, John    m. Edmund     Arden, m.    Arden, m.    Arden.     Arden.     Arden,
+Hewyns:         Lambert, of   Thomas       1st,                               m. John
+ |  |           Barton-on-    Edkins, of   Alexander                          Shake-
+Thomas.         the-Heath     Wilmecote.   Webbe, of                          speare.
+Margaret.          |             |         Snitterfield;                         |
+2nd, Thomas     John Lam-     Thomas       2nd,                                  |
+Stringer.          bert.       Edkins.     Edward                                |
+ |  |  |                                   Cornwall                              |
+Ellice.                                    (had a son,                           |
+John Stringer.                             Robert                                |
+Arden Stringer.                            Webbe, m.                             |
+                                           Mary                                  |
+                                           Perkes).                              |
+                                                                                 |
+  |------------|----------|------------|---------|---------|---------|-----------|
+  |            |          |            |         |         |         |           |
+Joan,      Margaret,   William      Gilbert,   Joan,     Anne,    Richard,    Edmund,
+b. 1558;   b. 1562;  Shakespeare,   b. 1566;   b. 1569;  b. 1571; b. 1573;    b. 1580;
+d. infant. d. infant.  the poet     d. 1611.   d. 1646.  d. 1579. d. 1612.    d. 1607.
+                      b. April 23,   _s.p._                        _s.p._      _s.p._
+                       1564; d.
+                     April 23, 1616.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[83] See "Survey of Birmingham," 1553, Clement Throckmorton, p. 3,
+edition by Mr. W. B. Bickley.
+
+[84] Stratford Miscellaneous Records, No. 436.
+
+[85] _Ibid._
+
+[86] Halliwell Phillipps mentions Elizabeth Skerlett as an eighth,
+surely in error.
+
+[87] I believe that I have found the register of her death in
+association with the Ardens of Park Hall, see p. 41.
+
+[88] This supposition is strengthened by the language of the lease which
+Mrs. Arden granted her brother of a farm in Snitterfield, May 21, 1560,
+of which "estate was made to me the said Agnes by my late husband in the
+fourth year of the raigne of the late King Ed. VI., 1550;... now in
+tenure of Richard Shakespeare, John Henley, and John Hargrave."
+
+[89] See Records of Stratford-on-Avon.
+
+[90] _Ibid._
+
+[91] Worcester Wills. Consistory Court.
+
+[92] See Sir George Nichols' "History of the English Poor Law."
+
+[93] See "Release from Thomas Stringer of Stockton, co. Salop, to
+Alexander Webbe of Snitterfield, _husbandman_, 12th Feb., 11 Eliz.,
+witness John Shaxpere," confirmed after the marriage of Margaret to
+Edward Cornwall, October 16, 18 Elizabeth. "A transfer from John
+Shakespeare and Mary his wife" of her shares of Snitterfield, 21 Eliz.,
+for £4; 15 Oct., 22 Eliz., for £40; and 23 Eliz., 6s. 8d. "Release from
+Thomas Stringer and Thomas Edkins to Robert Webbe, 23rd Dec., 21 Eliz."
+"A grant from Edmund Lambert and Joane his wife to Robert Webbe of their
+interest in Snitterfield, 2nd May, 23 Eliz." (Stratford-on-Avon
+Records).
+
+[94] Stratford-on-Avon Miscellaneous Papers.
+
+[95] Chamberlain's Accounts, Stratford-on-Avon.
+
+[96] Worcester Wills.
+
+[97] Reply of John Lambert in 1597, Chancery Proceedings.
+
+[98] Note of the fine (Halliwell-Phillipps' "Outlines," ii., 11 and
+202).
+
+[99] _Notes and Queries_, 8th Series, vol. v., pp. 127, 296, 498.
+
+[100] West's "Symboleography Concords," pp. 10, 11.
+
+[101] Halliwell-Phillipps, "Outlines," ii. 202. Wilmcote Fines, Hilary
+term, 21 Eliz.
+
+[102] Halliwell-Phillipps points out that it is for £4, which is an
+evident error ("Outlines," ii. 179).
+
+[103] _Ibid._, p. 179.
+
+[104] "Sealed in the presence of Nycholas Knooles, Vicar of Auston."
+
+[105] Halliwell-Phillipps, "Outlines," ii. 182. Dugdale, Alveston.
+
+[106] _Ibid._, ii. 176.
+
+[107] Warr. Fines. "In onere Georgii Digbie Armigeri Vicecomitis
+comitatu prædicti de anno vicesimo tercio Regine Elizabethe, fines de
+Banco anno vicesimo secundo Regine Elizabethe pro termino Pasche," etc.
+"Recepta per me Johannem Cowper sub vice comitem."
+
+[108] Halliwell-Phillipps, "Outlines," ii. 179.
+
+[109] Stratford-on-Avon Miscellaneous Documents.
+
+[110] _Ibid._
+
+[111] Stratford Miscellaneous Papers.
+
+[112] _Ibid._
+
+[113] Court of Chancery Records.
+
+[114] French, "Genealogica Shakespeareana," p. 484.
+
+[115] Coram Rege Rolls, Term Mich., 31 and 32 Elizabeth; also
+Halliwell-Phillipps, ii. 11.
+
+[116] Chancery Cases, 40-41 Elizabeth, S.s. 24 (21), Stratford, P. R.
+O.; also Halliwell-Phillipps, ii. 14.
+
+[117] Chancery Papers, S.s. 24 (21), Stratford, _in dorso_, "40-41
+Eliz."; Halliwell-Phillipps, ii. 204.
+
+[118] _Notes and Queries_, 8th Series, v. 127, 296, 478.
+
+[119] Halliwell-Phillipps, ii. 205.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+JOHN SHAKESPEARE
+
+
+Richard Shakespeare was in tenure of the property at Snitterfield, which
+Robert Arden settled on his wife and daughters July 17, 4 Edward VI.,
+Adam Palmer and Hugh Porter being trustees. On November 26, 1557, he,
+along with the executors of Robert Arden and Thomas Stringer, was
+returned as indebted to the late Hugh Porter of Snitterfield. On
+September 13 he prised the goods of Richard Maydes, and on June 1, 1560,
+of Henry Cole, of Snitterfield. He is believed to have been the father
+of John, Henry, and possibly of Thomas Shakespeare.
+
+John Shakespeare must have come to Stratford-on-Avon, probably from
+Snitterfield, some time before 1552, for in that year he is described as
+a resident in Henley Street, and fined for a breach of the municipal
+sanitary regulations, along with Humphrey Reynolds and Adrian Quyney,
+twelvepence a piece.[120] This relatively large sum implies that he must
+have been even then a _substantial_ householder. The determination of
+the house he then dwelt in becomes interesting in its bearing on the
+tradition as to the poet's birthplace. Nothing is recorded of John for
+the next few years, but he seems to have prospered in business, trading
+in farmers' produce. In a law-suit of 1556, with Thomas Siche of Arscot,
+Worcester, he was styled a "glover." In that year he bought from George
+Turner a freehold tenement in Greenhill Street, with garden and croft,
+which is not mentioned in any of his later transactions, and from Edward
+West a freehold tenement and garden in Henley Street, the eastern half
+of the birthplace messuage. Each of these was held by the payment of
+sixpence a year to the lord of the manor and suit of court. Whether he
+had previously lived in this eastern tenement, or in the western half,
+as a tenant has not been absolutely decided.
+
+He was summoned on the Court of Record Jury this year, and was party to
+several small suits, in all of which he was successful. In 1557 he was
+elected ale-taster, and curiously enough he was amerced for not keeping
+his gutters clean, in company with Francis Harbage, Chief Bailiff,
+Adrian Quyney, Mr. Hall, and Mr. Clopton. He is believed to have married
+Mary Arden in 1557. The registers of Aston Cantlow, where it is likely
+that Mary was married, do not begin so early. She was single at the time
+of her father's death in 1556, and on September 15, 1558, "Jone[121]
+Shakespeare, daughter to John Shakespeare, was christened at Stratford
+by Roger Divos, minister." In 1558 John Shakespeare was elected one of
+the four Constables of the town,[122] and, in 1559, one of the affeerors
+or officers appointed to determine the imposition of small arbitrary
+fines. In 1561 he was elected one of the Chamberlains, as well as one of
+the affeerors. He remained Chamberlain for two years, and apparently so
+well did he discharge his financial duties in that office that he was
+called on to assist later Chamberlains in making up their accounts. It
+is generally supposed that he could not write, because in attesting
+documents he made his mark. But I am not sure that this habit is a
+certain sign of his ignorance of the art. Camden himself chose a _mark_
+as a signature based on his horoscope. (See his letter to Ortelius,
+Sept. 14, 1577.)
+
+In 1561 Richard Shakespeare of Snitterfield died, and his goods were
+administered by his son, "John Shakespeare, _Agricola_, of
+Snitterfield," Feb. 10, 1561-62.[123] Many doubt that, even if he had
+any interest in Richard's property, such a description would have been
+given of the Chamberlain of Stratford-on-Avon. It must not be forgotten
+that there had been a John Shakespeare presented and fined twelvepence
+on October 1, 1561, in Snitterfield Court, but he may have been the
+Stratford John. In the description of a neighbouring property in 1570,
+we learn that there was a "John Shakespeare of Ingon," a farm in the
+neighbourhood of Snitterfield; and John Shakespeare of Ingon was buried
+September 25, 1589, according to Mr. Halliwell-Phillipps.[124] Hence
+arose reasonable doubts of the identity of John of Stratford with John,
+the heir of Richard Shakespeare of Snitterfield. Still, the evidence is
+much stronger in support of his identity than against it.
+
+On December 2, 1562, the Stratford baptismal register records the
+christening of "Margaret, daughter of John Shakspere." At the making up
+of the Chamberlain's accounts for 1562-63 in January, 1563-64, the
+Chamber was found in debt to John Shakespeare 25s. 8d., as if he had
+been the finance Chamberlain of the two. Both of his daughters were dead
+when, on April 26, he christened his firstborn son William. That summer
+the plague raged in Stratford; the Council meetings were held in the
+garden, to avoid infection, and collections were made among the
+burgesses for the relief of the poor, to each of which John Shakespeare
+contributed.
+
+In 1565 he was chosen alderman, and not only rendered the Chamberlain's
+accounts, but seems to have borne their financial liabilities, as in the
+accounts for the year is noted, "Item, payd to Shakspeyr for a rest of
+old det £3, 2, 7-1/2," the sum which was really entered as a debt in
+favour of the acting Chamberlains. The following year he again made up
+the accounts for the Chamberlains, and the Chamber was found to be in
+debt to him 6s. 8d., a sum that was not repaid until January, 1568.
+
+From the number of petty actions for debt in which he appeared, either
+as plaintiff or defendant, one would believe that the business men of
+Stratford did not care to pay up until they were obliged to do so. In
+1566 there occurs an interesting suit, which shows that John Shakespeare
+was even then acquainted with the Hathaways. In two actions against
+Richard Hathaway--one for £8, and one for £11--John Shakespeare had been
+security, and his name was substituted in the later proceedings for that
+of the defendant.
+
+On October 13, 1566, his son Gilbert was christened.
+
+In 1567 he was assessed on goods to the value of £4[125] for the subsidy
+3s. 4d.; and in another entry on £3, 2s. 6d. This was not at all a small
+entry for a tradesman of the time. Everyone tried to make his estimate
+as small as possible, as men do to-day, when taxes depend on it. He was
+nominated that year, though not elected, to the post of High Bailiff, to
+which office, however, he was elected on September 4, 1568. In the
+precepts that he issued he is styled "Justice of the peace and Bailiff
+of the Town."[126] In the Chamberlain's accounts of January 26, 1568-69,
+there is mentioned, "Item to Mr. Balyf that now is 14/-," a sum not
+explained or accounted for; and in 1570 the Chamberlains "praye
+allowance of money delivered to Mr. Shaxpere at sundry times £6," during
+their year 1569-70, as if he had been doing work for the town.[127] On
+April 15, 1569, another daughter Joan was christened; and on September
+28, 1571, his daughter Anna. After his year of office, John Shakespeare
+was always called "Master," a point to be remembered in determining the
+meaning of various little records in a town where others of the name
+came to reside. In 1571 he was elected Chief Alderman, and in 1572 he
+attained what may really be considered as his chief honour. "At this
+Hall yt is agreed by the asent and consent of the Aldermen and burgeses
+aforesaid, that Mr. Adrian Queney now bailif and Mr. John Shakespeare,
+shall at Hilary term next ensuing deale in the affairs concerninge the
+commen wealthe of the Borroughe according to their discrecions." This
+was an important consideration to devolve on the shoulders of a man if
+he could not read or write, and it very probably involved a visit to
+London.[128] In 1574, March 11, his son Richard was born; and in 1575 we
+find the locality of his house in Henley Street determined by William
+Wedgewood's sale, September 20, to Edward Willis for £44, of his two
+tenements "betwyne the tenement of Richard Hornbee on the east part, and
+the tenement of 'John Shakesper yeoman' on the weste part"--the street
+on the south, and the waste ground called Gilpittes on the north. This
+shows, therefore, that the east tenement of the birthplace was then in
+his occupation, and that somehow he was entitled yeoman. But in October
+he himself also bought two houses for £40 from Edmund and Emma Hall, the
+locality not specified. One of these has been supposed by some to have
+been the birthplace, or perhaps both, seeing that later entries make
+John Shakespeare responsible to the lord of the manor for 13d. for his
+western tenement, and the garden or toft to the west of it, as against
+the 6d. due for his eastern tenement.
+
+[Illustration: PRESENT VIEW OF SHAKESPEARE'S BIRTHPLACE.
+
+_To face p. 55._]
+
+We must then face the question, either John Shakespeare owned the
+birthplace in 1552, and resided in it until he added the wool-shop in
+1556; or he rented the wool-shop in 1552, which he purchased in 1556; or
+he rented the birthplace in 1552, which he purchased in 1575 from the
+Halls. Under whatever circumstances he secured these, both remained free
+to him during all his financial difficulties, and descended to his son.
+But these uncertainties create the doubt that remains in the mind of
+some, _Was the poet really born in the birthplace which tradition has
+assigned to him, or not?_ To me it seems that the balance of all
+considerations remains in favour of the birthplace. It is hard to
+account for a purchase in 1575 (that evidently galled him) of any other
+premises save those in which he resided. Little is known of John
+Shakespeare or his family during 1576 and 1577, but in 1578 begin the
+records of his temporary poverty, which I have noted under the account
+of his relations to his wife's relatives. For the Town Council,
+doubtless in consideration of his past services, excused him paying 3s.
+4d., as his share of "the furniture of the pikemen," etc.; and, along
+with Mr. Robert Bratt (the poorest member of the Corporation), he was
+excused the 4d. a week imposed on the aldermen for relief of the poor.
+Then came the mortgage of Asbies in 1578-79.[129] The following year he
+again left unpaid his share of the levy for armour--3s. 4d.; and he
+began, probably through shamefacedness, not to show himself at the
+Halls, though the State Papers still enter him among the gentlemen and
+freeholders of Warwickshire. But another influence began to affect his
+circumstances prejudicially about this time, and that is, the evil
+fortunes of his brother Henry of Snitterfield. How his biographer, in
+the "Dictionary of National Biography," could call this brother "_a
+prosperous farmer_," I know not.
+
+In 1574 there had been a free fight, wherein blood was drawn, between
+him and Edward Cornwall, who afterwards became the second husband of his
+brother's sister-in-law, Margaret Webbe, _née_ Arden. In the year 1580
+there was an extra long series of actions against him for debt; threats
+of excommunication for withholding tithes; fines for refusing to wear
+the statute caps on Sunday; fines for not doing suit of court.
+Altogether he seems to have been a high-spirited fellow, who brought on
+himself, through lack of prudence, much of his ill-luck, and who had the
+unfortunate knack of involving other people in his troubles.
+
+In 1582 both brothers were summoned as witnesses in support of Robert
+Webbe against the Mayowe appeal.
+
+In November of that year John's eldest son William, of whom no earlier
+direct mention had been preserved, added to his embarrassments by a
+premature marriage, and in the following year John was made a
+grandfather by the birth of Susanna Shakespeare. In 1584 the twins
+Hamnet and Judith were added to his anxieties. About this time the
+Stratford Records notice how a John Shakespeare was worried by suits
+brought against him by John Brown, in whose favour a writ of distraint
+was issued against Shakespeare in 1586. But the answer was returned that
+"he had nothing whereon to distrain."
+
+There are several reasons for believing that this John was not the
+poet's father. The prefix Mr. is not used in the entries; it is certain
+that he retained his freeholds in Henley Street all his life, and if he
+had "no goods whereon to distrain," he could hardly have been received
+as sufficient bail at Coventry, on July 19 of that year, for Michael
+Price, tinker, of Stratford-on-Avon, or as security for his brother
+Henry's debts. In 1586 he was removed from his office of alderman.[130]
+
+Just in the year of the death of Edmund Lambert, when the possession of
+money would have given him power to have renewed his efforts to regain
+Asbies, Henry Shakespeare became a defaulter, and Nicholas Lane, by
+Thomas Trussell, his attorney, sued John Shakespeare in his place, 1587.
+William Court was his attorney in a weary case, which must have led both
+sides into heavy costs, over the recovery of £22.[131]
+
+On September 1, 1588, he paid a visit to John Lambert at
+Barton-on-the-Heath, in the vain hope of inducing him to surrender
+Asbies; instituted proceedings against those who owed him money in
+Stratford, and, in 1589, against Lambert in the Queen's Bench at London,
+probably acting in the latter case through William. From the inquisition
+post-mortem of the Earl of Warwick, in 1590, we know Mr. John
+Shakespeare still owned the two houses in Henley Street.
+
+In 1592 Mr. John Shakespeare appraised the goods of two important
+neighbours--of Ralph Shawe, wool-driver, July 23, and Henry Field,
+tanner, August 21. Thomas Trussell, the attorney, drew up the inventory,
+and denominated his associate as Mr. John Shaksper, _Senior_, for no
+clear reason, but possibly to distinguish him from the shoemaker John.
+The attestation is witnessed only by a cross. During this year Sir
+Thomas Lucy and others were drawing up the lists of Warwickshire
+recusants[132] that had been "heretofore presented." Among these they
+included several members of the sorely-oppressed family of the Ardens of
+Park Hall, and in Stratford-on-Avon "Mr. John Shackspere" and eight
+others. Probably some friendly clerk, wishing to spare them fines,
+added: "it is sayd that these last nine coom not to Churche for feare of
+process for debte." But it is quite possible it might refer to John
+Shakespeare the shoemaker, who, having been Master of the Shoemakers'
+Company, _might_ have been called "Mr."[133] In the earlier undated
+draught from which this was taken the Commissioners state: "wee suspect
+theese nyne persons next ensuinge absent themselves for feare of
+processes, Mr. John Wheeler, John his son, Mr. John Shackespeere," etc.
+
+Away up in London in 1593 the tide was beginning to turn for the family
+through the efforts of the poet and the affection of the Earl of
+Southampton.
+
+In this year Richard Tyler sued a John Shakespeare for a debt, but it is
+not at all certain it was not one of the others of the name. In a case
+brought by Adrian Quyney and Thomas Barker against Philip Green,
+chandler, Henry Rogers, butcher, and John Shaxspere, in 1595, for a debt
+of £5, the absence of a trade after Shakespeare's name has made Mr.
+Halliwell-Phillipps suppose that he had retired by this date. A John
+Shakespeare attested by a cross the marriage settlement of Robert
+Fulwood and Elizabeth Hill in 1596, which represents probably the name
+of the poet's father. In 1597 he sold, to oblige his neighbour, George
+Badger, a narrow strip of land at the western side of his Henley Street
+garden, 1-1/2 feet in breadth, but 86 feet in length. For this he
+received £2 10s., and his ground-rent was reduced from 13d. to 12d., the
+odd penny becoming Badger's responsibility. He also sold a plat, 17 feet
+square, in the garden, behind the wool-shop, to oblige his neighbour on
+the other side, Edward Willis.
+
+The application made for coat-armour, initiated in 1596, ostensibly by
+John Shakespeare, but really by William Shakespeare, as well as the
+Lambert case, dragged on through the later years of the century.
+
+That he had not lost credit with his fellow-townsmen may be seen by
+John's latest recorded piece of work.
+
+Early in 1601 an action was brought by Sir Edward Greville[134] against
+the Corporation respecting the toll-corn; and John Shakespeare, with
+Adrian Quyney and others, assisted to draw up suggestions for the use of
+the counsel for the defendants. On September 8 of that year the funeral
+of the old burgess took place at Stratford-on-Avon, but there is no
+trace now left of any sepulchral monument or memorial of any kind. No
+will or inventory, or even inquisition post-mortem, has come down to us.
+
+It is quite possible that the Henley Street houses were entailed upon
+his eldest son, or that he may have bought up all rights during his
+father's lifetime to such an extent that "inheritance" could hardly be
+talked of. He seems to have indeed supported all the family, as there is
+no trace[135] of any of them, except Edmund the player, engaging in any
+trade or profession. Whether his mother resided in Henley Street or at
+New Place is not clear. There is nothing further known of her save the
+register of her burial: "September 9th, 1608, Mayry Shaxspere Wydowe."
+
+No sepulchre or memorial of her has come down to our time. We only know
+that somewhere in the consecrated ground by Stratford Church lies the
+dust of John Shakespeare and Mary Arden, the parents of the poet.
+
+[Illustration: SHAKESPEARE'S BIRTH-HOUSE BEFORE THE RESTORATION IN
+1857.]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[120] Stratford-on-Avon Chamberlain's Accounts, April 29, 6 Edward VI.
+
+[121] Stratford-on-Avon Baptismal Register.
+
+[122] All these references are from the Chamberlain's Accounts, and
+accounts of the Halls at Stratford-on-Avon. Those who have not had
+access to them may refer to Halliwell-Phillipps's "Outlines," i. 29; ii.
+179 _et seq._
+
+[123] Worcester administration bonds, 1561. _Notes and Queries_, 8th
+Series, xii. 413.
+
+[124] This statement is, however, evidently erroneous.
+
+[125] Roll for Stratford, Longridge MS.
+
+[126] Stratford Borough Records.
+
+[127] The first notice of municipal employment of players appears during
+his year of office, the Queen's Company and that of the Earl of
+Worcester having performed before the council. A case was tried at the
+Warwick assizes, Easter, 11 Elizabeth, concerning the tithes of
+Rowington, and John Shakespeare, of Stratford-on-Avon, was on the
+jury.--Ryland's "Records of Rowington."
+
+[128] See Chamberlain's accounts for "the expenses of Mr. Queeney in
+London," also for the expenses of the dinner given to Sir Thomas Lucy
+and others, at which Quiney and Shakespeare presided.
+
+[129] In 1579 he buried his daughter Anne "with the pall and the great
+bell." On May 3, 1580, his youngest child Edmund was christened.
+
+[130] "At this halle William Smythe and Richard Court are chosen
+Aldermen in the places of John Wheler and John Shaxspere, for that Mr.
+Wheler doth desire to be put out of the company, and Mr. Shaxspere doth
+not come to the Halles when they be warned, nor hath not done of long
+tyme."--Borough Reports. It is noteworthy that he was never fined for
+absenting himself as others were.
+
+[131] Controlment Rolls, 29 Elizabeth, Stratford-on-Avon.
+
+[132] State Papers, Domestic Series, Elizabeth. It may be noted that
+there was no Mrs. Shakespeare among the recusants. Other wives were
+noted, as Mrs. Wheeler.
+
+[133] It remains a fact that John Shakespeare, shoemaker, is heard of no
+more in Stratford-on-Avon, and shortly afterwards his house was tenanted
+by another man.
+
+[134] Stratford Corporation Records.
+
+[135] Halliwell-Phillips is in error in stating that Gilbert was a
+London haberdasher.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
+
+
+William Shakespeare was thirty-seven when he became head of the family
+in 1601. His previous life must have been a stirring one, though we know
+only too little about it. Still, certain inferences may be soundly based
+on known facts. He must have been educated at the Stratford Grammar
+School, free to the sons of the burgesses, a high-class school for the
+time. Its head-master had a salary then double that of the Master of
+Eton. A taste for learning had certainly imbued William's spirit even in
+early years, but he doubtless warmly shared in the difficulties of his
+father's life, and knew the anxieties of debt, the oppression of the
+strong hand--the "cares of bread," as Mazzini calls it--and the
+sickening weariness of the law's uncertainty and delay. Most of his
+relatives were farmers, and his actions show that he would gladly have
+followed the same course of life, with the relaxation of field sports,
+of course, if he could have attained his desire. But the genius within
+him was to be welded by fiery trials, and he was driven on a course that
+seemed at discord with his nature, and yet led to its own fulfilment. In
+the enthusiasm of a first love, he married early, not, it must
+emphatically be noted, over-early for the custom of the period, when the
+means of support were assured, but over-early, as it would then have
+been considered, solely from a financial standpoint. He had no assured
+means of support. His hope of securing his inheritance of Asbies was
+fading. He did not marry an heiress. Many vials of wrath have been
+poured on the devoted head of Anne Hathaway by those who do not consider
+all sides of the question. Harrowing pictures of the relations of young
+Shakespeare and "his aged wife" are drawn, even by such writers as Dr.
+Furnivall. Now, it is a well-known fact that almost all very young men
+fancy girls older than themselves, and it is an artistic fact that a
+woman under thirty does look younger, and not older, than a man of the
+same age, if she has led a natural and simple life. It is much more than
+likely that the well-grown, responsible eldest son of anxious John
+Shakespeare looked quite as old as Anne Hathaway, seven years his
+senior, especially if she was slight and fair and _delicate_, as there
+is every reason to believe she was. And the masterful spirit marks its
+own age when it goes forth to woo, and determines to win the first real
+fancy of his life. It must not be forgotten, in association with the
+situation, that Richard Hathaway of Shottery (for whom John Shakespeare
+had stood surety in 1566) had made his will on September 1, 1581, and
+died between that time and July 9, 1582, when it was proved, leaving his
+daughter Agnes, or Anne, the small but very common marriage portion of
+£6 13s. 4d. A break had come into her home life; doubtless she went off
+to visit some friends, and the young lover felt he could not live
+without his betrothed, and determined to clinch the matter.
+
+Much unnecessarily unfavourable comment has been made on the peculiar
+circumstances of the marriage. People forget the complexity of religious
+and social customs of the time, the binding force of betrothals, the
+oppression of Catholics. In Robert Arden's settlement of July 17, 1550,
+he speaks of his daughter Agnes as the _wife_ of Thomas Stringer, though
+she did not marry him until October 15, 1550.[136] The perplexity is
+increased by the entry of the marriage license of a William Shakespeare
+and Anne Whately of Templegrafton, the day previous to that of William
+Shakespeare and Anne Hathaway of Stratford, November 28, 1582.[137] It
+all seems possible to explain. Travelling was inconvenient on November
+roads; Will set out for the license alone, as bridegrooms were often
+wont to do, when they could afford the expense of a special license. He
+might give his own name, and that of his intended wife, at a temporary
+address. The clerk made an error in the spelling, which might have been
+corrected; but meanwhile discovered that Shakespeare was under age, was
+acting without his parents--that the bride was not in her own home, and
+that no marriage settlement was in the air. No risk might be run by an
+official in such a case; the license was stayed; sureties must be found
+for a penalty in case of error. So poor Will would have to find, in
+post-haste, the nearest friends he could find to trust him and his
+story. And who so likely to ask as Fulk Sandells and John Richardson,
+friends of the Hathaways--the one supervisor, and the other witness to
+the will of Anne's father Richard? They might have been at Worcester
+market with him.
+
+They were both "good men" in the financial sense, and their bond for £40
+was accepted at the Bishop of Worcester's Registry in support of the
+assertion that there was no impediment against this marriage by ground
+of consanguinity or pre-contract. If this were all right, and if the
+bride's friends were willing, by which must have been intended her
+mother and brothers, then the marriage might be solemnized. It was
+clearly a question in which the woman's friends were the proper parties
+to summon. The bond of John Shakespeare would not then have been good
+for £40, and the would-be bridegroom had nothing of his own. The place
+where they were married has not yet been discovered; it is quite
+possible to have been at "a private mass," as was the case in another
+marriage with a similar bond at the same registry.[138] But they were
+married somehow, and William probably brought home his fatherless bride
+to his father's house, and there her little portion of £6 13s. 4d. might
+go the further. But a wife and a family of three children sorely
+handicapped a penniless youth, not yet of age, bred to no trade, heir to
+no fortune, whose father was himself in trouble.
+
+The after-date gossip of wild courses, deer-stealing, and combats with
+Sir Thomas Lucy, are, I think, quite unfounded on fact. I have discussed
+this fully in my article in the _Athenæum_[139] on "Sir Thomas Lucy,"
+and in my chapter on "The Traditional Sir Thomas and the Real."[140] It
+is much more than likely Shakespeare was concerned in the religious
+turmoil of the times, was somewhat suspected, and was indignant at the
+cruel treatment of Edward Arden, head of the house, the first victim of
+the Royal Commission[141] in 1583.
+
+Eventually he went to London, probably with introductions to many people
+supposed to be able and willing to help him. There were both Ardens and
+Shakespeares in London, and many Warwickshire men, and they thought that
+some place might be found even for him, the landless, unapprenticed,
+untrained son of a straitened father. But there were so many in a
+similar case. It is evident he succeeded in nothing that he hoped or
+wished for. His own works prove that. He was unable to act the
+gentleman, but was determined to play the man. He may have dwelt with,
+and certainly frequently visited, his old Stratford friend Richard
+Field, the apprentice, son-in-law, and successor of Vautrollier, the
+great printer. In his shop he learned not only much technical detail of
+his art, but refreshed his education--or, rather, went through another
+course, reading with a new inspiration and a kindled enthusiasm.
+
+I have shown elsewhere how very much his mental development owed to
+books published by Vautrollier and Field,[142] sole publishers of many
+Latin works, including Ovid, of Puttenham's "Art of Poetrie," of
+Plutarch's "Lives," and many another book whose spirit has been
+transfused into Shakespeare's works. We know that he had tried his hand
+at altering plays, at rewriting them, and making them popular; we know
+that he had translated them upon the stage before 1592, because of
+Greene's notice then published by Chettle, of "the upstart crow."[143]
+And he probably had written some. But his first firm step on the
+staircase of fame was taken in the publication of his "Venus and Adonis"
+by his friend Richard Field in April, 1593, and his first grip of
+success in his dedication thereof to the young Earl of Southampton. The
+kindness of his patron between 1593 and 1594 had ripened his admiration
+into love; and the dedication of the "Rape of Lucrece" in the latter
+year placed the relations of the two men clearly before the world. A
+careful study of the two dedications leads to the conviction that the
+"Sonnets" could only have been addressed to the same[144] patron. A
+study of the poems and sonnets together shows much of the character,
+training, and culture of the author--love of nature, delight in open-air
+exercise and in the chase, sympathy with the Renaissance culture, and a
+moral standard of no common order.
+
+In his first poem he shows how preoccupation preserves Adonis from
+temptation; in the second how the spiritual chastity of Lucrece is
+triumphant over evil. The one poem completes the conception of the
+other, and both lead into the sonnets. In these the author explains much
+of his thought and circumstance--
+
+    "Alas, 'tis true, I have gone here and there,
+    And made myself a motley to the view;
+    Gor'd mine own thoughts, sold cheap what is most dear,
+    Made old offences of affections new."
+
+    "Oh, for my sake do you with Fortune chide,
+    The guilty goddess of my harmful deeds,
+    That doth not better for my life provide
+    Than public means, which public manners breeds."[145]
+
+Southampton did not only chide with Fortune, but took her place. Through
+his stepfather, Sir Thomas Henneage, who had succeeded Sir Christopher
+Hatton in 1589[146] as Vice-Chamberlain of the Royal Household, he was
+able to assist the players, and Shakespeare is for the first time
+recorded as having played twice before the Queen, at Greenwich on St.
+Stephen's Day, December 26, 1594, and on Innocents' Day, December 28 of
+the same year.[147] On the latter day at night, amid the turmoil of the
+Gray's Inn revels, Shakespeare's play of the "Comedy of Errors" was
+represented by his company, doubtless through the interest of the Earl
+of Southampton, then a student at Gray's Inn. At his coming of age in
+October, 1594, the young nobleman would be the better able to assist his
+poet. Tradition has reported that he gave Shakespeare a large sum of
+money, generally said to be £1,000.
+
+[Illustration: THE GUILD CHAPEL, FROM THE SITE OF NEW PLACE.
+
+_To face p. 67._]
+
+However it was, the tide of Shakespeare's fortunes turned with his
+introduction to the Earl of Southampton, and his exertions during the
+remaining years of the century began to tell in financial returns. It is
+significant that the first known use to which he put his money was the
+application for the _coat of arms_. In that same year fortune gave him a
+cruel buffet in the death of his only son.[148] Nevertheless, he went on
+with his purchase of the largest house in his native town; so that, if
+the bride of his youth had waited long for a home of her own, he did
+what he could to make up for the delay by giving her the best he could
+find.[149] That he was cautious in his investments was evident. He had
+seen too much suffering through rashness in money affairs not to benefit
+by the experience. Thereby he made clear his desire for the
+rehabilitation of himself and family in the place where he was born. By
+1598 we have irrefragable testimony to the position he had already
+taken, alike in the world of letters as in the social life of Stratford.
+In the autumn of that year appeared the perennial advertisement of
+Meres, the Professor of Rhetoric at Oxford, Master of Arts of both
+Universities, who ranks him among the first of his day, as an epic and
+lyric poet, and as a writer of both tragedy and comedy. "As the soule of
+Euphorbus was thought to live in Pythagoras, so the sweet wittie soul of
+Ovid lives in mellifluous and honey-tongued Shakespeare.... As Plautus
+and Seneca are accounted the best for Comedy and Tragedy among the
+Latins, so Shakespeare ... among the English is the most excellent in
+both kinds for the stage ... witness his 'Gentlemen of Verona,' his
+'Errors,' his 'Love's Labour's Lost,' his 'Love's Labour Wonne,' his
+'Midsummer Night's Dream,' and his 'Merchante of Venice'; for tragedy
+his 'Richard II.,' 'Richard III.,' 'Henry IV.,' 'King John,' 'Titus
+Andronicus,' and 'Romeo and Juliet.'"[150]
+
+On the other hand, the Quiney correspondence shows the estimation in
+which his fellow-townsmen held him--that he had money, that he wanted to
+invest, and was already styled "master." He was considering the policy
+of buying "an odd yard land or other" in Stratford, when Richard Quiney,
+who was in the Metropolis, was urged by his brother-in-law, Abraham
+Sturley, to induce Shakespeare to buy one of the tithe leases. "By the
+friends he can make therefore, we think it a fair mark for him to shoot
+at; it obtained, would advance him in deed, and would _do us much
+good_." Richard Quiney was in the Metropolis at the end of 1598 on
+affairs of the town, trying to secure the grant of a new charter, and
+relief from subsidy; but either on his own account, or the affairs of
+the town, he applied to Shakespeare for a loan. As there are no letters
+of Shakespeare's extant, and this is the only one addressed to him, it
+is worth noting very specially. It could hardly have been sent, as it
+was found among the Corporation Records. Mr. Halliwell-Phillipps
+suggests that Shakespeare may have called to see Quiney before the
+letter was sent off, and given his reply verbally.
+
+"Loveinge contreyman, I am bolde of yow, as of a ffrende, craveinge yowr
+helpe with xxx^li uppon Mr. Bushells and my securytee, or Mr. Myttons
+with me. Mr. Rosswell is nott come to London as yeate, and I have
+especiall cawse. Yow shall ffrende me muche in helpeing me out of all
+the debettes I owe in London, I thancke God, and muche quyet my mynde,
+which wolde nott be indebeted. I am nowe towardes the Cowrte, in hope of
+answer for the dispatch of my buysness. Yow shall nether loase creddytt
+nor monney by me, the Lord wyllinge; and nowe butt persuade yourselfe
+soe, as I hope, and you shall nott need to feare, butt, with all hartie
+thanckefullness, I wyll holde my tyme, and content yowr ffrende, and yf
+we bargaine farther, you shal be the paie-master yowrselfe. My tyme
+biddes me hastene to an ende, and soe I comitt thys (to) yowr care, and
+hope of yowr helpe. I feare I shall nott be backe thys night ffrom the
+Cowrte. Haste. The Lorde be with yow and with us all, Amen. From the
+Bell in Carter Lane the 25th October, 1598. Yowrs in all kyndeness Ryc.
+Quyney.
+
+"To my loveinge good frend and contreymann Mr. Wm. Shackespere deliver
+thees."[151]
+
+And Shakespeare then befriended the man whose son was to marry his
+daughter. The reply seems to have been as prompt as satisfactory, for on
+the very same day Quiney wrote to his brother-in-law Sturley, who
+replied on November 4: "Your letter of the 25th of October came to my
+hands, the last of the same at night per Greenway,[152] which imported
+that our Countryman Mr. William Shakespeare would procure us money;
+which I will like of, as I shall hear when and where and how; and I pray
+let not go that occasion, if it may sort to any indifferent conditions."
+
+It is evident that Shakespeare had at some time or other associated
+himself with Burbage's company. Now, James Burbage, "was the first
+builder of playhouses" who had planned in 1576, and in spite of evil
+report and professional rivalry, of municipal and royal restrictions,
+legal and other expenses, had successfully carried on "The Theatre" in
+Finsbury Fields. In 1596 he had purchased the house in Blackfriars,
+against the use of which as a theatre was sent up to the Privy Council a
+petition, which Richard Field signed.[153] The Burbages let this house
+for a time to a company of "children," but eventually resumed it for
+their own use, and in it placed "men-players, which were Hemings,
+Condell, Shakespeare," etc. On Burbage's death in 1597, there was a
+dispute about "The Theater" lease, and his sons transferred the
+materials to Southwark, and built the Globe in 1599. On the rearing of
+the Globe at heavy cost, they joined to themselves "those deserving men
+Shakespeare, Hemings, Condell, Philips and others, partners in the
+Profits of what they call the House, but making the leases for
+twenty-one years hath been the destruction of ourselves and others, for
+they, dying at the expiration of three or four years of their lease, the
+subsequent yeares became dissolved to strangers, as by marrying with
+theire widdowes, and the like by their children." (See the papers
+concerning the shares in the Globe, 1535: 1. Petition of Benfield,
+Swanston and Pollard to the Lord Chamberlain Pembroke (April). 2. A
+further petition. 3. The answer of Shank. 4. The answer of C. Burbage,
+Winifred, his brother's widow, and William his son. 5. Pembroke's
+judgment thereon (July 12). 6. Shanke's petition (August 7). 7.
+Pembroke's final decision.)[154]
+
+Burbage, Shakespeare, Condell, Hemings had been housekeepers with four
+shares each. These originally died with the owner, but in later years
+could be inherited. Shakespeare's income therefore arose from:
+
+1. Possibly some small sum allowed him by Richard Field and the
+publishers for various editions of his poems, as well as the liberality
+of the Earl of Southampton on their account.
+
+2. Direct payments by the proprietors for altering and writing plays.
+Shares in their publication he never seems to have had.
+
+3. His share as a player of the money taken at the doors.
+
+4. His share as a partner in the house of the money taken in the
+galleries, etc.
+
+5. His share of royal largesse in performances before the Queen, or
+similar gifts from noblemen.[155]
+
+6. His share of performances in various performing tours.
+
+And thence he acquired money enough to buy New Place; to appeal to the
+heralds for his father's coat of arms, and to pay the costs; to contest
+the Lamberts' claim through successive applications for Asbies; and to
+buy land and tithe leases. The death of his only son Hamnet did not
+deter him in his earnest efforts to regain social position, and to
+restore the fortunes of his family. An almost exact parallel may be
+found in the efforts and aims of Sir Walter Scott. But Shakespeare,
+having borne the yoke in youth, had acquired the experience and prudence
+necessary to steer himself past the dangers of speculation and the
+rashness of exceeding his assured income, which proved fatal to the less
+severely-trained novelist.
+
+In May, 1602, he purchased from the Combes for £320 about 107 acres of
+land near Stratford-on-Avon, of which, as he was not in the town, seisin
+was granted to his brother Gilbert. On September 28, 1602, Walter Getley
+transferred to him a cottage and garden situated in Chapel Lane,
+opposite the lower gardens of New Place, quite possibly intended for the
+use of his brothers. It appears from the roll that he did not appear at
+the Manorial Court in person,[156] then held at Rowington, there being a
+stipulation that the estate should remain in the hands of the lady of
+the manor, the Countess of Warwick, until he appeared to complete the
+transaction with the usual formalities. On completing these, he
+surrendered the property to his own use for life, with remainder to his
+two daughters, a settlement rearranged afterwards in his will. It is
+mentioned as in his possession in a subsequent subsidy roll of the
+town.[157]
+
+The only time in which he touched politics and State affairs he was
+unfortunate. There is no doubt he must have trembled at the time of the
+Essex Conspiracy, not only for his friend Southampton's life, but even
+for his own; for Philips, the manager of his company, was called before
+the Privy Council to account for the performances of the obnoxious play
+of "Richard II."
+
+The danger passed. Probably the Privy Council thought it futile to
+attack the "Puppets." Nevertheless, after fulfilling their engagements
+they hastened from the Metropolis.[158] Some of his company went to play
+in Scotland, as far north as Aberdeen.[159] I am inclined to think
+Shakespeare went with them. The scenery in "Macbeth"[160] suggests vivid
+visual impressions, and the favour of James VI. must have been secured
+_before_ his accession to the throne of England, for almost the first
+act the King did on his arrival at the Metropolis, May 7, 1603, was to
+execute a series of Acts that practically gave his company a monopoly.
+
+     "Pat. I., Jac. I., p. 2, m. 4. Pro Laurentio Fletcher et
+     Willielmo Shakespeare et aliis.[161]
+
+     "James by the grace of God, etc., to all Justices, Maiors,
+     Sheriffs, Constables, Hedboroughs, and other our Officers
+     and lovinge Subjects, Greetinge. Knowe ye that wee, of our
+     Speciall Grace, _certeine knowledge_ and mere motion, have
+     licensed and authorized, and by these presentes doe license
+     and authorize theise our Servaunts, Laurence Fletcher,
+     William Shakespeare, Richard Burbage, Augustyne Philippes,
+     John Hemings, Henrie Condell, William Sly, Robert Armyn,
+     Richard Cowly, and the rest of their Associates Freely to
+     use and exercise the Arte and Facultie of playing Comedies,
+     Tragedies, Histories, Enterludes, Morals, Pastoralls,
+     Stage-plaies, and such others like as theie have alreadie
+     studied or hereafter shall use or studie, as well for the
+     Recreation of our loveinge Subjects as for our Solace and
+     Pleasure, when wee shall thincke good to see them, during
+     our pleasure; and the said Commedies, Tragedies, Histories,
+     Enterludes, Moralls, Pastoralls, Stage-playes, and
+     suchelike, to shewe and exercise publiquely to their best
+     Commoditie, when the Infection of the Plague shall decrease,
+     as well within theire nowe usuall House called the Globe
+     within our Countie of Surrey, as also within anie Toune
+     Halls or Moute Halls, or other convenient Places within the
+     Liberties and Freedom of anie other Cittie, Universitie,
+     Toune or Boroughe whatsoever, within our said Realmes and
+     Dominions.
+
+     "Willing and commanding you and everie of you, as you tender
+     our Pleasure, not onelie to permit and suffer them herein,
+     without anie your Letts, Hindrances, or Molestations, during
+     our said Pleasure, but also to be aiding and assistinge to
+     them if anie Wrong be to them offered, and to allow them
+     such former Curtesies as hath been given to men of their
+     Place and Qualitie; and also what further Favour you shall
+     shewe to theise our Servaunts for our sake, Wee shall take
+     Kindlie at your Handes. In witnesse whereof, etc.
+
+     "Witnesse our selfe at Westminster the nynetenth Daye of
+     Maye.
+
+     "PER BREVE DE PRIVATO SIGILLO."
+
+     [The privy seal for this issued on May 17.]
+
+As James made more stringent the laws concerning "vagabonds," as he took
+from the nobles the power of patronage of players, reserving it only for
+the Royal Family, this passport gave enormous power to the players,
+favoured by the King in Scotland.
+
+Shakespeare's early patron, the Earl of Southampton, had been released
+from the Tower on April 10, and had gone to meet his new Sovereign,
+doubtless speaking a good word for the company of players. His later
+patron, the Earl of Pembroke, was recalled to Court favour. The King
+visited him in his royal progress August 30 and 31, 1603, and held his
+Court at Wilton, Winchester,[162] and Basing during most of October,
+November,[163] and December, during which time the players were summoned
+on December 2. "To John Hemyngs on 3rd December, for a play before the
+King, by the King's men at Wilton, and for coming from Mortlake in
+Surrey, £30."[164]
+
+On March 15, 1603-1604, the King's players were summoned to the
+Triumphant Royal Procession, received robes for the occasion, and took
+rank at Court[165] with the Grooms of the Chamber. Henceforth
+Shakespeare's genius revelled in the opportunities fortune had made for
+him, and in the taste he had himself educated. The world appreciated his
+work the better "that so did take Eliza and our James."[166] The snarls
+of envy witnessed his success; the eulogiums of admirers perpetuated his
+appreciation. On May 4, 1605, Augustine Phillips died, leaving by will
+"to my fellow William Shakespeare a thirty-shilling piece in gold." In
+July of that year (July 24, 1605) Shakespeare completed his largest
+purchase, in buying for £440 the unexpired term of the moiety of the
+tithe-lease of Stratford, Old Stratford, Bishopton, and Welcombe.
+
+In that year John Davenant took out the lease of the Crown Inn at
+Oxford, where the following year his son William was born. Gossip,
+supported, if not originated, by himself, suggests that William Davenant
+was the son rather than the godson of Shakespeare, an unfounded slander
+disposed of by Halliwell-Phillipps.
+
+On June 5, 1607, Susanna Shakespeare married Dr. Hall. Elizabeth, their
+only child, and the only grandchild Shakespeare saw, was born in
+February, 1607-1608, and in September of that year John Shakespeare's
+widow--Shakespeare's mother--died.
+
+It is probable Shakespeare returned home to his mother's funeral, as he
+was chief godfather on October 16 to the William Walker of Stratford to
+whom he bequeathed 20s. in gold in 1616. In 1608 and 1609 Shakespeare
+instituted a process for debt against John Addenbroke and his security
+Hornebie. His attorney was his cousin, Thomas Greene, then residing,
+under unknown conditions, at New Place. In the latter year he instituted
+more important proceedings concerning the tithes. The papers of the
+complaint by Lane, Green, and Shakespeare to Lord Ellesmere in 1612,
+concerning other lessees, give details of the income he derived
+therefrom.[167]
+
+In 1610 he purchased 20 acres of pasture-land from the Combes to add to
+his freeholds. The concord of the fine is dated April 13, 1610, and, as
+it was acknowledged before the Commissioners, he is believed to have
+been in Stratford at the time. In a subscription list drawn up at
+Stratford September 11, 1611, his name is the only one entered on the
+margin, as if it were a later insertion, "towards the charge of
+prosecuting the Bill in Parliament for the better repair of Highways." A
+Parliament was then expected to meet, but it was not summoned till long
+afterwards. In 1612 Lane, Green, and Shakespeare filed a new bill of
+complaint concerning the tithes before Lord Ellesmere.
+
+In March, 1613, he made a curious purchase of a tenement and yard, one
+or two hundred yards to the east of the Blackfriars Theatre. The lower
+part had long been in use as a haberdasher's shop. The vendor was Henry
+Walker, a musician, who had paid £100 for it in 1604, and who asked then
+the price of £140. Shakespeare, however, at this raised price secured
+it, leaving £60 of it on mortgage. The date of the conveyance deed is
+March 10, 1613,[168] probably signed on the 11th, on which day it was
+enrolled in the Court of Chancery. Besides the witnesses to this
+document, there was present Henry Lawrence, the scrivener who had drawn
+it up, who unfortunately lent his seal to the poet, which still exists,
+bearing the initials "H. L."
+
+Shakespeare is believed to have written two plays a year while he was a
+shareholder. On June 29, 1613, the Globe Theatre was destroyed by fire
+while the history of Henry VIII. was being enacted. Burbage, Hemings,
+Condell, and the Fool were so long in leaving the theatre that the
+spectators feared for their safety. It is not known whether this fire
+would prove a loss to him. In June of that year a malicious piece of
+gossip was circulating in Stratford against the good name of
+Shakespeare's daughter, Susanna Hall. The rumour was traced to a man
+called Lane, who was summoned to appear before the Ecclesiastical Court
+at Worcester on July 15, 1613. He did not venture to appear, and he was
+duly excommunicated for perjury.
+
+It was the custom for the Corporation then to make complimentary
+offerings of wine to those whom they wished to honour, and thus they
+honoured an itinerant preacher, quartered at New Place, in the spring of
+1614, with a quart of sack and another of claret, and this has been
+supposed to prove that the poet had turned Puritan. John Combe, one of
+the chief men of the neighbourhood, died in July, 1614, leaving
+Shakespeare £5. Shakespeare would probably never receive it. The will,
+dated January 28, 1612-13, was not proved till November, 1616. It is
+clear, however, that these men were friendly at that time, and that the
+mock elegy, attributed to Shakespeare, could not then have been written,
+or, if written, was only laughed at. The Globe Theatre was rebuilt at
+great cost that year. Chamberlain, writing to a lady in Venice, said: "I
+hear much speech of this new playhouse, which is sayde to be the fayrest
+that ever was in England" (June 30, 1614).
+
+In the same year, William Combe, the new Squire of Welcombe, attempted
+enclosure of some of the common fields, a design resisted by the
+Corporation. This scheme materially affected Shakespeare through his
+tithes, and much discussion has been waged over the true meaning of
+the entries of his cousin, Thomas Green, the Town Clerk of
+Stratford-on-Avon, and his attorney. Unfortunately, these are badly
+written, and the composition is dubious; but to my mind it seems clear
+that Green meant to say that Mr. Shakespeare could not bear the
+enclosing of Welcombe.[169]
+
+In the opening of 1615-16 Shakespeare found himself "in perfect healthe
+and memorie--God be praised"; and yet, for some reason, he wished to
+make a new will, "revoking all other wills," and his solicitor, Francis
+Collins of Warwick, drew up a draft. Halliwell-Phillipps thinks this was
+done in January, and that it was intended to have been signed on the
+25th of that month. I own that the date, erased to be replaced by
+"March," looks to me more like "February." An important difference it
+would be, because in January he might not have known that his daughter,
+Judith Shakespeare, aged 32, had made up her mind to marry Thomas
+Quiney, aged 28. By February 25 she had already done it. On February 10,
+1616, Thomas Quiney was married, at Stratford-on-Avon, to Judith
+Shakespeare without a license, an irregularity for which both the
+parties were summoned to appear[170] before the Ecclesiastical Courts
+some weeks afterwards, and threatened with excommunication, but probably
+the fact of Shakespeare's illness and death would act as an excuse in
+high quarters.
+
+Though it seems to me that the will must have been drawn up before
+Judith's marriage, the possibility of such a change of state is clearly
+considered. There is no sign of indignation at the later date of the
+signing of the will, and £300 was a large portion; and there are no
+alterations in his bequests to her, except a curious one. The first
+bequest was originally intended to have been in favour of "_my sonne
+and_ daughter Judith," but the "sonne" was erased. Of course, this
+possibly arose from the scrivener intending to start with the Halls. But
+the less important bequests came first. One hundred and fifty pounds was
+to be paid to Judith within a year, in two instalments, the £100 in
+discharge of her marriage portion, and the £50 on her surrendering her
+share in the copyhold tenement in Stratford-on-Avon (once Getley's) to
+her sister, Susanna Hall. Another £150[171] was to be paid Judith, or
+any of her heirs alive at the date of three years after the testator's
+death. If she had died without issue at that date, £100 thereof was to
+go to Elizabeth Hall, and £50 to his sister Joan and her children. If
+Judith were alive, the stock was to be invested by the executors, and
+only the interest paid her as long as she was married, unless her
+husband had "assured her in lands answerable to her portion."
+
+Sister Joan was to have £20, the testator's wearing apparel, and a
+life-rent in the Henley Street house, under the yearly payment of one
+shilling. Five pounds a piece were left to her sons. Elizabeth Hall was
+to have all the plate, except his broad silver-gilt bowl, which he left
+to Judith. Ten pounds he left to the poor, his sword to Mr. Thomas
+Combe, £5 to Thomas Russell, £13 6s. 8d. to Francis Collins. Rings of
+the value of 26s. 8d. each were left to Hamnet Sadler, William Reynolds,
+gent., Antony Marsh, gent., Mr. John Marsh; and in interpolation "to my
+fellows, John Heming, Richard Burbage, and Henry Condell," and to
+William Walker, his godson, 20s. in gold.
+
+To enable his daughter Susanna to perform all this, she received "the
+Capital Messuage called New Place, wherein I now dwell, two messuages in
+Henley Street, and all my Barns, Stables, Orchards, Gardens, Lands,
+Tenements and hereditaments whatsoever lying in Stratford-upon-Avon, Old
+Stratford, Bishopton, and Welcombe, in the County of Warwick"; and "that
+Messuage in Blackfriars in London near the Wardrobe wherein one John
+Robinson now dwelleth."
+
+The descent was to be to her sons if she had any, failing whom to the
+sons of his grand-daughter Elizabeth, failing whom to the sons of his
+daughter Judith, failing whom "to the right heires of me William
+Shakespeare for ever."
+
+Item interpolated: "I give unto my wife my second-best bed, with the
+furniture."
+
+Everything else to his "sonne-in-law John Hall, gent., and to his
+daughter Susanna, his wife," whom he made executors.
+
+Thomas Russell, Esq., and Francis Collins, gent., were to be overseers.
+There were several witnesses. It was proved June 22, 1616, by John Hall,
+at Westminster, but the inventory is unfortunately lost.
+
+Much discussion has taken place over Shakespeare's legacy to his wife.
+It may very simply and naturally have arisen from some conversation in
+which a reference had been made to giving her "the best bed." But that
+was the visitor's couch. "The second-best" would have been her own, that
+which she had used through the years, and he wished her to feel that
+that was not included in the "residue." That was to be her very own. As
+to any provision for her, it must have taken the form of a settlement, a
+jointure, or a dower. There is no trace of the first or second. But the
+English law then assured a widow in a third of her husband's property
+for life and the use of the capital messuage, if another was not
+provided her. The absence of all special provision for Mrs. Shakespeare
+seems to have arisen from her husband's knowledge of this and his trust
+in the honour of Mr. John Hall, and the love of his daughters for their
+mother. It also supports my opinion of her extreme delicacy of
+constitution. She was not to be overweighted by mournful
+responsibilities.
+
+The indefiniteness of the residuary inheritance leaves room for surmise.
+A curious reference, not, it seems to me, hitherto sufficiently noted,
+occurs in the Burbage Case of 1635. Cuthbert, Winifred, the widow of
+Richard, and William his son, recite facts concerning their father
+James, who was the first builder of playhouses. "And to ourselves we
+joined those deserving men, _Shakspere_, Hemings, Condell, Phillips, and
+others, _partners[172] in the profittes of that they call the House_;
+but _makeing the leases for twenty-one yeares hath been the destruction
+of ourselves and others_, for _they dying at the expiration of three or
+four yeares of their lease, the subsequent yeeres became dissolved to
+strangers, as by marrying with their widdowes and the like by their
+children_."
+
+If Shakespeare's "lease" had not then expired, which seems to me
+implied, it would have been "dissolved to a stranger" in the person of
+Dr. Hall.
+
+Some ready money would be required for the carrying out of the will.
+Three hundred pounds left to Judith, and £73 13s. 4d. in smaller
+bequests, would certainly run up to £400 by the payment of debts and
+funeral expenses. The eagerness to leave all land to his own children is
+another proof of Shakespeare's earnest desire to found a family.
+
+Shakespeare did not immediately die after the signing of his will.
+Probably the devoted care of his wife and daughters and the skill of his
+son-in-law soothed his dying moments. But one cannot but have a lurking
+suspicion of maltreatment through the crude medical notions of the time:
+of bleeding when there should have been feeding; of vile medicines when
+Nature should have been supported and not undermined by art. At all
+events, Dr. John Hall had not the happiness and honour to record the
+name of his illustrious father-in-law in his book of "Cures."[173] This
+was the one great failure of his life.
+
+[Illustration: THE CHANCEL, TRINITY CHURCH.
+
+_To face p. 83._]
+
+The April 23 on which Shakespeare closed his eyes completed his cycle of
+fifty-two years, according to ordinary reckoning. But strangely enough
+there is entered on his tombstone "Ætatis 53," and this suggests that he
+had been born on April 22. No records of his funeral have come down to
+us, but it must have made a stir in his native place. He was a native of
+the town, known to all in his youth, and loved by many. Yet, on the
+other hand, he had offended all the traditions of the borough. He had
+descended from the safe levels of trade to the vagabond life of a
+"common player," especially detested in Stratford-on-Avon (see notes);
+he had made money somehow in the city, and had returned to spend it in
+his native town, but he had never taken office, and had never been "one
+of them." And at the end he was to be buried in the Chancel, the select
+spot for nobles and prelates and "great men." Verily the tongues of the
+gossips of Stratford would wag on April 25, 1616. The authorship of the
+doggerel lines on his tomb has been attributed to various people.
+Probably they were a part of the stock-in-trade of the stone-cutter,
+that satisfied Shakespeare's widow as expressing a known wish of her
+"dear departed." Rude as they are, they have fulfilled their end:
+
+    "Good Frend, for Jesus' sake forbeare
+    To digg the dust encloased here;
+    Bleste be the man that spares thes stones,
+    And curst be he that moves my bones."
+
+Meanwhile Shakespeare's friends had been planning a monument to be
+placed on the northern wall of the Chancel. The bust is said to have
+been prepared from a death-mask, and to have been sculptured by one
+Gerard Johnson, son and successor of the Amsterdam tomb-maker, whose
+place of business lay between St. Saviour's Church and the Globe
+Theatre. He may be presumed to have frequently seen Shakespeare in his
+lifetime. The exact date of its erection is not known, but it would seem
+to have been some time before 1623, as Leonard Digges refers to it in
+his poem prefixed to the First Folio, "To the Memorie of the deceased
+Authour, Maister W. Shakespeare":
+
+    "Shakespeare, at length thy pious fellowes give
+    The World thy Workes--thy Workes, by which outlive
+    Thy touche thy name must; when that stone is rent,
+    And Time dissolves thy Stratford monument,
+    Here we alive shall view thee still."
+
+Crude and inartistic as it is, the bust must have had some likeness in
+its earlier days to have satisfied critical eyes; but it has passed
+through so many vicissitudes, and suffered so much restoration, that the
+likeness may have entirely vanished by this time. Nevertheless, it
+remains a witness to the affection of the surviving, and a witness,
+Puritans though they were, that it was on account of the power of _his
+pen_ that he deserved special remembrance.
+
+Upon a mural tablet are other verses, which would seem not to have been
+composed by his own friends, as they speak of Shakespeare's lying
+"within this monument." Whoever wrote them, the family accepted them,
+and the world has endorsed them:
+
+[Illustration]
+
+William Camden had finished his "Britannia" by 1617 (commenced in 1597),
+printed in 1625. He says of Stratford Church: "In the chancel lies
+William Shakespeare, a native of this place, who has given ample proof
+of his genius and great abilities in the forty-eight plays he has left
+behind him."
+
+It is evident that the First Folio, 1623, was _intended_ by his
+"fellows" at the Globe to stand as their monument to his memory, built
+of the plays that had become their private property by purchase. The
+verses that preface it, written by W. Basse, suggest that Shakespeare
+should have been buried by Chaucer, Spenser, Beaumont, in the Poets'
+Corner of Westminster Abbey. But the author withdraws his wish.
+
+    "Sleep, Brave Tragedian, Shakspere, sleep alone
+    Thy unmolested rest, unshared cave
+    Possess as Lord, not tenant to thy grave," etc.
+
+Archy's "Banquet of Jests," printed in 1630, tells of one travelling
+through Stratford, "a town most remarkable for the birth of famous
+William Shakespeare." In the same year is said to have been written
+Milton's memorable epitaph (printed 1632), a noble testimony from the
+Puritan genius to the power of his play-acting brother:
+
+    "What needs my Shakspere for his honoured bones,
+    The labour of an age in pilèd stones?
+    Or that his hallowed reliques should be hid
+    Under a star y-pointing pyramid?
+    Dear son of memory, great heir of fame,
+    What needst thou such weak witness of thy fame?
+    Thou, in our wonder and astonishment,
+    Hast built thyself a live-long monument," etc.
+
+By 1651 had already been suggested an annual commemoration of his life
+in Samuel Sheppard's "Epigram on Shakspere," verse 6:
+
+    "Where thy honoured bones do lie,
+      As Statius once to Maro's urn,
+    Thither every year will I
+      Slowly tread and sadly turn."
+
+The State Papers even show the appreciation of his age.[174] But I was
+pleased to find that the first recorded _student_ of Shakespeare was a
+woman. On January 21, 1638,[175] Madam Anne Merrick, in the country,
+wrote to a friend in London that she could not come to town, but "must
+content herself with the study of Shakespeare and the 'History of
+Women,'" which seem to have constituted all her country library. The
+Judges of King Charles I. reproached him with the _study_ of
+Shakespeare's Plays.[176]
+
+These records also contain a bookseller's (Mr. Moseley's) account[177]
+for books, probably provided to Lord Conway, among which are "Ben
+Jonson's poems, 6d., Beaumont's poems, 6d., Shakespeare's poems, 1/-,"
+etc.
+
+Other references to Shakespeare's works occur in the same records. But
+as this is not intended as a literary biography, I forbear to reproduce
+them now.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[136] Bearley Registers.
+
+[137] Worcester Marriage Licenses.
+
+[138] Francis Throgmorton, son and heir of Sir John Throgmorton, of
+Feckenham, to Anne Sutton, alias Dudley, daughter of Sir Edward Sutton,
+June 3, 1571. See my "Shakespeare's Warwickshire Contemporaries," p.
+111.
+
+[139] See July 13, 1895, p. 67.
+
+[140] "Shakespeare's Warwickshire Contemporaries," ii., p. 12. Sir
+Thomas had no park, and Justice Shallow bore no resemblance to him, etc.
+
+[141] _Ibid._, vi., p. 48; also _Athenæum_, February 8, 1896, p. 190.
+
+[142] "Shakespeare's Warwickshire Contemporaries," i. Richard Field,
+Stratford-on-Avon Press.
+
+[143] Greene's "Groatsworth of Wit."
+
+[144] See my articles "The Date of the Sonnets," _Athenæum_, March 19
+and 26, 1898, pp. 374, 403, and "Mr. W. H.," August 4, 1900, p. 154.
+
+[145] Sonnets CX. and CXI.
+
+[146] See my English article (reprinted) "The Earliest Official Record
+of Shakespeare's Name," "Shakespeare Jahrbuch," vol. xxxii., Berlin,
+1896.
+
+[147] Declared Accounts, Treasury Chamber, Pipe Office, 542.
+
+[148] August 11, 1596 (Stratford Burial Register).
+
+[149] William Underhill, the Lord of Idlicote (by Barton-on-the-Heath),
+conveyed New Place to Shakespeare at Easter, 1597, and died in July of
+that year. His son Fulke died without issue, and his brother Hercules,
+who succeeded, being under age, did not complete the transfer till 1602.
+
+[150] Meres' "Wit's Treasury," second part of "Wit's Commonwealth."
+
+[151] From the original at the birthplace, Stratford-on-Avon.
+
+[152] Greenway was the Stratford carrier.
+
+[153] State Papers, Dom. Ser., Eliz., cclx. 116.
+
+[154] The Burbage and Benfield Case, the Lord Chamberlain's Papers,
+1635, P.R.O. See also Halliwell-Phillipps, "Outlines," i. 312, and
+Fleay, "Hist. of Stage," p. 325.
+
+[155] See Accounts of Treasurer of the Chamber, etc.
+
+[156] Halliwell-Phillipps, "Outlines," i. 205; ii. 19. Court Rolls of
+Rowington.
+
+[157] State Papers, Dom. Ser., Eliz., Subsidy List., 1605.
+
+[158] The title-page of "Hamlet" (Stat. Reg., July 26, 1602) implies
+that the company had been travelling to Oxford and Cambridge.
+
+[159] See Dibden's "History of the Edinburgh Stage."
+
+[160] See my own paper on "The Scottish and English
+Macbeth."--"Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature," 1897.
+
+[161] Rymer's "Foedera," V. xvi. 505.
+
+[162] Nichols's "Progresses of James I.," vol. i.
+
+[163] See Letters and Proclamations in State Papers, Domestic Series, of
+the time.
+
+[164] Dec. Acc. Treasurer of the Chamber (November, 1603-4).
+
+[165] Halliwell-Phillipps, "Outlines," i. 212.
+
+[166] Ben Jonson's verses, 1623, folio.
+
+[167] Fleay's "Life of Shakespeare," p. 7.
+
+[168] This deed is preserved in the Guildhall Library, and an account of
+it appears in the _Antiquary_, New Series, iv. 204.
+
+[169] See Dr. Ingleby, "Shakespeare and the Welcombe Enclosures."
+
+[170] Worcester Bishops' Books.
+
+[171] Justice Shallow tells Anne Page that his cousin Slender will
+maintain her as a gentlewoman: "He will make you a hundred and fifty
+pounds jointure."--_The Merry Wives of Windsor_, III., 4.
+
+[172] See Halliwell-Phillipps, "Outlines," i. 312.
+
+[173] See next chapter, p. 98.
+
+[174] See Dr. Ingleby's "Century of Praise," and my own
+"Bacon-Shakespeare Question Answered."
+
+[175] State Papers, Domestic Series, Charles I., 409 (167).
+
+[176] J. Cooke's appeal to all rational men, 1649.
+
+[177] _Ibid._, 478 (16).
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+SHAKESPEARE'S DESCENDANTS
+
+
+William Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway, of a respectable family,
+supposed to be of Shottery. He had three children: Susanna, and Hamnet
+and Judith, twins. The boy died young, in 1596, _before_ the grant of
+arms was completed. Anne Hathaway is described as of Stratford in the
+marriage bond, but so were Fulk Sandells and John Richardson, the
+bondsmen, known to be of Shottery. Indeed, the village lay within the
+parish of Stratford.
+
+Gwillim mentions arms,[178] "Sable, a bugle, or hunter's horn, garnished
+and furnished argent. This coat-armour is of very ancient erection in
+the church of Rewardine, in the Forest of Dean in Gloucestershire, and
+pertained to the family of Hatheway of the same place." Again he says,
+"Paleways of six, Argent and sable, on a bend Or, three pheons[179] of
+the second, by the name of Hatheway."[180]
+
+The Hathaways from whom Anne Shakespeare descended have not been proved
+to be of the Gloucestershire stock, nor is it absolutely certain to
+which of the three Shottery families she belonged. In the Warwickshire
+Survey (Philip and Mary) it is stated that John Hathaway held part of a
+property at Shottery, called Hewlands, by copy of Court Roll dated April
+20, 1542. He was possibly the same as the archer of that name, mentioned
+in the Muster Roll 28 Henry VIII., and was probably father of the
+Richard befriended by John Shakespeare in 1566. The Stratford registers
+record the birth of Thomas, son of Richard Hathaway, April 12, 1569;
+John, February 3, 1574, and William, November 30, 1578. Anne Hathaway,
+we know, from the words on her tombstone, must have been born before the
+register commenced (1558). There is not another Agnes, or Anne, recorded
+that could represent the legatee of Richard Hathaway's will of
+September, 1581. To his eldest son, Bartholomew, he left the farm,[181]
+to be carried on with his mother; to his second and third sons, Thomas
+and John, he left £6 13s. 4d. each; to his fourth son, William, £10; to
+his daughters, Agnes (or Anne) and Catherine, £6 13s. 4d., to be paid on
+the day of their marriage; and to his youngest daughter, Margaret, £6
+13s. 4d. when she was seventeen. Witnessed by Sir William Gilbert, clerk
+and curate of Stratford.
+
+The farm was not a freehold; Bartholomew did not become its owner until
+1610, when he purchased it from William Whitmore and John Randall.
+Richard Hathaway mentions in his will his "shepherd, Thomas Whittington
+of Shottery." This man died in 1601, and by his will bequeathed to the
+poor "Forty shillings that is in the hand of Anne Shaxspere, wife unto
+Mr. Wyllyam Shaxspere, and is debt due to me." It was a common custom of
+the days before savings-banks, for poor earners to deposit their savings
+in the charge of rich and trustworthy friends, and this little link
+seems to associate Anne Shakespeare doubly with that particular family
+of Hathaways.
+
+[Illustration: ANNE HATHAWAY'S COTTAGE.
+
+_To face p. 88._]
+
+Shakespeare does not mention any of his wife's relatives in his will,
+but that does not necessarily imply coldness of feeling. Dr. John Hall,
+his son-in-law, was made overseer of Bartholomew Hathaway's will in
+1621, and in 1625 he was one of the trustees at the marriage of Isabel,
+his granddaughter, the daughter of Richard Hathaway of Bridge Street. A
+Richard is mentioned in the registers as being baptized in 1559 (but it
+is not clear that he was the son of this Richard or of Bartholomew), who
+became a baker in Bridge Street, an important member of the Town
+Council, and Constable in 1605. He was elected High Bailiff of Stratford
+in 1526, and was styled "gent." Many of the name are buried in Trinity
+Church, Stratford.
+
+In the rather remarkable testament of Thomas Nash,[182] first husband of
+Shakespeare's only granddaughter, Elizabeth, he left £50 to Elizabeth
+Hathaway, £50 to Thomas Hathaway, and £10 to Judith Hathaway. His wife
+also remembered them, as will be afterwards shown. William Hathaway, of
+Weston-upon-Avon, in the county of Gloucester, yeoman, and Thomas
+Hathaway, of Stratford-upon-Avon, joiner, were parties to the New Place
+settlement of 1647.
+
+All this shows that the Shakespeares were not ashamed of their mother's
+relatives. We do not know anything about Anne Shakespeare after her
+husband's death until we reach the record of her own, "August 8th, 1623,
+Mrs. Shakespeare."[183]
+
+Tradition says that she earnestly desired to be buried in her husband's
+grave. The survivors were not able to secure this, but they buried her
+as near him as they could. Her daughter Susanna's grief is recorded in
+touching lines, probably Latinized by Dr. Hall, placed on her tombstone:
+
+[Illustration]
+
+     "Thou, my mother, gave me life, thy breast and milk; alas!
+     for such great bounty to me I shall give thee a tomb. How
+     much rather I would entreat the good angel to move the
+     stone, so that thy figure might come forth, as did the body
+     of Christ; but my prayers avail nothing. Come quickly, O
+     Christ; so that my mother, closed in the tomb, may rise
+     again and seek the stars."[184]
+
+Of Anne Shakespeare's children we have already spoken. Susannah was born
+May 26, 1583, Hamnet and Judith, February 2, 1584-85. Hamnet--surely the
+model of Shakespeare's sweet boys--had died on August 11, 1596. So the
+name Shakespeare had glorified was doomed to die with himself, and was
+not to be borne by lesser men. His property the poet could and did
+devise.
+
+Much discussion has taken place concerning the poet's views of his
+younger daughter and her marriage. I do not think these views at all
+supported by his will. Three hundred pounds was a very large portion
+indeed at the time. It was demised to her doubtless before her marriage,
+but it was not altered in relation to her after her marriage. It would
+be hard indeed to believe that such a ceremony, even without a license,
+could be performed in the gossipy town of Stratford without the news of
+it somehow reaching the father's ears, if there had been any attempt
+really to deceive. There is no reason to imagine Shakespeare disapproved
+of the alliance. The young man came of an old Stratford family. It is
+possible, however, that the poet foresaw a certain degree of instability
+of character in the youth, and therefore wished to make his will act as
+a marriage settlement that would secure his daughter from starvation.
+The second half of his bequest might only be touched by her husband, if
+he had settled on her land of equal value. This Thomas Quiney does not
+seem to have done.
+
+Richard Quiney had died 1601-2, and his widow Elizabeth kept a tavern,
+in which she was probably at one time assisted by her younger son
+Thomas. In December, 1611, she conveyed a house to William Mountford for
+£131, and Judith Shakespeare was a subscribing witness. But neither she
+nor her future mother-in-law signed their names, nor even the customary
+cross, but a strangely-penned device of their own. Thomas Quiney lived
+in a small house in the High Street until after his marriage. It was
+probably his wife's money that enabled him to lease the larger house on
+the other side, called "The Cage," and to start therein business as a
+vintner.
+
+At first he was successful. He was made a burgess in 1617, and was
+Chamberlain from 1621 to 1623. His accounts for the latter year are
+headed by a French proverb, as to the happiness of those who become wise
+through the experience of others, that might have had an opposite
+meaning to his contemporaries. It shows us that he could not only read
+and write English, but at least a little French. By 1630 he was involved
+in lawsuits, left the town council, and tried to dispose of the lease of
+his house. In 1633 Dr. Hall and Thomas Nash acted as trustees for his
+estate. His fortunes seemed to have become worse and worse. In 1652 he
+went to the Metropolis, where his elder brother Richard was a thriving
+grocer in Bucklersbury, in company with Roger Sadler. Richard, in
+August, 1655,[185] made a will, in which he left, besides handsome
+provision for his children--Richard, Adrian, Thomas, William and
+Sarah--his brother Thomas £12 a year for life, and £5 for the expenses
+of his funeral, out of his messuages at Shottery. The Quiney coat of
+arms is entered among those of the London burgesses at Guildhall,[186]
+"Mr. Quiney of ye Red Lyon in Bucklersbury."
+
+The family of Thomas Quiney and his wife Judith was not a large one. In
+the year that the poet died they christened their eldest son, "Shaksper,
+filius Thomas Quyny gent.," November 23, 1616. But the child died in a
+few months. On May 8, 1617, was buried "Shakespere, filius Thomas Quyny,
+gent."
+
+On February 9, 1617-18, "Richard filius Thomas Quinee" was baptized, and
+on January 23, 1619-20, "Thomas, filius Thomas Queeny." These lads may
+have followed to the grave their grandmother, Mrs. Shakespeare, and
+their uncle, Dr. Hall; and they may have been present at the marriage of
+their cousin, Mrs. Elizabeth Hall, to Mr. Thomas Nash. But they died
+within a month of each other, probably of some infectious fever, the
+younger first--"Thomas filius Thomæ Quiney, Jan. 28th, 1638-9";
+"Richardus filius Tho. Quiney, Feb. 26th, 1638-9." There were no other
+children, and no prospect of more, and these early deaths affected the
+devolution of the poet's property, as may hereafter be seen.
+
+Unfortunately, we know nothing concerning Dr. John Hall before his
+marriage to the poet's elder daughter Susanna on June 5, 1607, he being
+then thirty-two and she twenty-five. He cannot have been the son of Dr.
+John Hall, of Maidstone, Kent, whose translation of Lanfranc's
+"Chirurgerie," with portrait of the translator, appeared in 1565. He
+would have been an eminently suitable father, distinguished alike in his
+art and his character, author of "The Court of Virtue," and many
+metrical Bible translations; but he died in 1566, and the Stratford Dr.
+John Hall was born in 1575. Halliwell-Phillipps[187] suggests that he
+may have been connected with the Halls of Acton, Middlesex, because he
+left his only daughter his "house and meadow at Acton." A John Hall was
+married in that parish, it is true, on September 19, 1574,[188] to
+Margaret Archer. But he had a daughter Elizabeth christened on June 5,
+1575, about the very date at which the Stratford "John" must have been
+born. Any connection, therefore, must have been further off than filial,
+and the name is too common to be easily followed.
+
+There were Halls in Worcester,[189] in Rowington, and in Coventry, and
+it may be remembered that a John Hall supplanted Richard Shakespeare as
+Bailiff of the Priory of Wroxall during the last year of its existence.
+There was a Richard Hall of Stratford in the list of the gentry 12 Henry
+VI., 1433. There was also a Richard Hall, gentleman,[190] of Idlicote,
+in the sixteenth century, who seems to have moved about a good deal, as
+there is a record of "Elizabeth, daughter of Richard Hall, Generosus,
+bapt. February 14th, 1560," at Idlicote, and of "Maria filia Richardi
+Hall, Generosus, March 17th, 1561," in Stratford. I have not traced any
+of the name of John christened in Idlicote or elsewhere at the date.
+
+The Idlicote Halls were suspected recusants, as may be proved by the
+search made in their house when Edward Arden was dragged away from Park
+Hall in 1583.[191] There was a "Mr. Hall" Alderman of Stratford 1558,
+and in 1575 Edmund Hall and Emma his wife sold two messuages to John
+Shakespeare. Were they contemplating going abroad at the time? They are
+not further referred to in Stratford records. In a manuscript of the
+British Museum a table is sketched of the Halls of Henwick in Hallow.
+John Hall of Henwick had a son Thomas, who married, first, Anne,
+daughter of William Staple, and, second, a daughter of Hardwick. He had
+at least two sons, John, who married Margaret, daughter of William
+Grovelight, of London, and Edmund, who married Emma, daughter of
+----(?). John had Edward, Anne, Elizabeth, and Emma, and the descendants
+of Edmund are not entered.[192] Catholicism might have been a reason for
+realizing their property and going abroad.
+
+Now, John Hall expressly calls himself a Master of Arts, though his name
+is not recorded in the Books of the English Universities. He would not
+have done so had he not taken his degree. It possibly might have been in
+Paris, and he might have followed it up with foreign study. This would
+quite accord with his appearance in Stratford after the death of
+Elizabeth. A Warwickshire gentle origin[193] may somewhat account for
+the degree of intimacy he seems to have had with the county families,
+both Puritan and Catholic. His fame as a physician rapidly spread. He
+resided in a house in Old Town, on the way from the church to the
+chapel. His only daughter, Elizabeth, was baptized at Stratford on
+February 21, 1607-8,[194] during her grandfather's (William
+Shakespeare's) life. His name occurs in the town records in 1611,[195]
+among the supporters to a Highway Bill, and he leased from the
+Corporation a small stretch of wooded land on the outskirts of the town
+in 1612. He must have remained on friendly terms with his father-in-law,
+as he and his wife Susanna were left residuary legatees and executors of
+Shakespeare's will, which he proved in June of that year, in the
+Archbishop of Canterbury's Registry at London.
+
+He shortly afterwards moved to New Place, beside his mother-in-law,
+where the vestry notes of February 3, 1617-1618, record him as resident.
+He was elected a Burgess of Stratford in 1617, and again in 1623, but
+was excused from taking office on account of his professional
+engagements. On April 22, 1626, Mr. Thomas Nash married his daughter,
+Mrs. Elizabeth Hall. Hall gave the church a costly new pulpit, and in
+1628 was appointed a borough churchwarden, in 1629 a sidesman, and in
+1632 was compelled to become a burgess, and was soon after fined for
+non-attendance at the council meetings.
+
+In 1633 he was made the Vicar's churchwarden, and in that year the
+Vicar, Thomas Wilson, induced him to join in a Chancery action against
+the town. He was already in trouble with his fellow councillors, who in
+October of that year expelled him for his "breach of orders, sundry
+other misdemeanours, and for his continual disturbance at our Halles."
+Evidently Dr. John had opinions of his own, and had the courage to
+express them. He was a deeply religious man, and, though he has been
+supposed to have shown Puritan tendencies in later life, it was a
+Puritanism that did not eschew Catholicism. His was a religion of
+constant reference to the Unseen. He was always a helper of those in
+trouble for conscience' sake; and probably this was the reason he
+supported the unpopular Vicar.
+
+Shortly after, in 1635, there was a petition sent up from the
+Corporation of Stratford for their wives to have the pew in Stratford
+Church occupied by Dr. Hall, his wife, and his son-in-law and his wife.
+Each family had a pew at each side of the church, while there was not
+room for the burgesses' wives to sit or kneel in. It was true that the
+said Mr. Hall had been a great benefactor to the church, and the Bishop
+of the diocese had appointed him his pew; but his family were asked to
+choose which of their large pews they preferred to keep, along with Mrs.
+Woodward and Mrs. Lane, so that they might allow the aldermen's wives to
+have the other.
+
+John Hall died on November 25, 1635, and was buried next day in the
+chancel of the parish church, though he had already disposed of the
+lease of the tithes purchased by his father-in-law.
+
+The burial register of the next day describes him as "Medicus
+Peritissimus." By a nuncupative will, he left a house in London to his
+wife, a house in Acton and a meadow to his daughter Elizabeth, and his
+study of books to his son-in-law Thomas Nash. The manuscripts he would
+have given to Mr. Boles had he been present, but Nash was to keep them
+and use them as he pleased. It is probable that Mr. Boles was Richard
+Boles, Rector of Whitnash, not far from Stratford--an eccentric person,
+a writer of epitaphs, who had set up his own in his church while he yet
+lived.[196]
+
+On the monumental slab of Dr. Hall is a shield of arms: "Sable, three
+talbots' heads erased or" for Hall, impaling Shakespeare or on a bend
+"sable, a spear of the first, the point steeled." "Here lyeth ye Body of
+John Hall, gent: Hee marr: Susanna ye daughter and coheire of Will:
+Shakespeare, gent., Hee deceased Nov^r 25, Anno 1635, aged 60.
+
+    "Hallius sic situs est, medica celeberrimus arte
+      Expectans regni Gaudia læta Dei;
+    Dignus erat meritis qui nestora vinceret annis,
+      In terris omnes, sed capit æqua dies;
+    Ne tumulo quid desit adest fidessima conjux
+      Est vitæ comitem nunc quoq. mortis habet."[197]
+
+It has been thought that this proves the epitaph was not written until
+after Mrs. Hall's death. She may have wished the words set up, to
+determine her resting-place; or Mr. Boles may have helped Thomas Nash
+with the Latin.
+
+After his death his son-in-law, Thomas Nash, came to reside at New
+Place, and took the position of head of the family. Indeed, in one of
+his letters he speaks of "Mrs. Hall, my mother-in-law, who lives with
+me." But the house and everything in it, saving the study of books,
+belonged to Mrs. Hall, of course.
+
+We know nothing of the nature or the fate of the bulk of these
+manuscripts, though many have longed to trace them. Possibly among them,
+though it is not likely (being in bound volumes) were two notebooks of
+Dr. John Hall's observations, from which James Cooke, a physician
+introduced later to Mrs. Hall, translated the materials for a little
+book entitled, "Select Observations on English Bodies; or, Cures both
+Empericall and Historicall Performed on very Eminent Persons in
+Desperate Diseases, first written in Latine by Mr. John Hall, Physician
+living at Stratford-on-Avon in Warwickshire where he was very famous, as
+also in the counties adjacent, as appears by these observations, drawn
+out of severall hundreds of his as choycest, now put into English for
+common benefit by James Cooke, practitioner in Physick and Surgery,
+1657." Cooke, in the introduction, relates the strange manner in which
+he became possessed of them, Mrs. Hall not knowing they were in her
+husband's handwriting, and, believing they were part of a poor scholar's
+mortgage, transferred them to him with other books. Cooke used the books
+as guides in his own practice, and then expanded the contractions,
+translated and published them, "being acquainted with his apothecary."
+It is no slight compliment to a physician to have his cures published
+twenty-two years after his death, and to have them run through more than
+one edition. Cooke mentions: "Mr. John Hall had the happiness to lead
+the way to that practice almost generally used now by the most knowing
+of mixing scorbutics to most remedies." It is to Cooke we owe
+information concerning Hall's education abroad; concerning the
+physician, his relative, on terms of intimacy with Mrs. Hall, who
+introduced him to New Place; and concerning the "other book" of Dr. John
+Hall, also prepared for the press. We wonder what it contained.
+
+The book published by Cooke records only _cures_. We are inclined to
+echo, "Where are they that were drowned?" Doubtless Hall had attended
+his father-in-law in his last illness, but his skill and affection were
+not sufficient to save him. And because of this failure, we do not know
+the symptoms shown by the poet after the traditional "merrymaking with
+Ben Jonson and Drayton," when later gossips say he "drank too much." The
+earliest _dated_ cure is 1617. But is it too much to imagine that the
+undated illness of Drayton, recorded in "Obs. XXII.," occurred at the
+same time as the death of the poet? Was he at any later time ill in
+Warwickshire, and likely to be attended by Dr. John Hall? "Mr. Drayton,
+an excellent poet, labouring of a Tertian, was cured by the following
+treatment." Let us suppose it was April, 1616, and it may account for
+the poet's illness, otherwise than by over-drinking.
+
+In "Obs. XIX." Hall mentions without date an illness of his wife, Mrs.
+Hall. "Obs. XXXVI." concerns his only daughter, and supports my opinion
+of a constitutional delicacy of Anne Hathaway and her family. It is not
+insignificant that her grandchild should suffer from "tortura oris," or
+convulsions of the mouth, and ophthalmia. She was cured of one attack on
+January 5, 1624. In the beginning of April she went to London, and on
+returning on the 22nd of the same month, she took cold, and fell into
+the same distemper, which affected the other side of her face. This
+second time, "By the blessing of God, she was cured in sixteen days."
+But on May 24 of the same year she was struck down with an erratic
+fever. Sometimes she was hot, by-and-by sweating, again cold, all in the
+space of half an hour. Her father's treatment again healed her; "the
+symptoms remitted daily till she was well, thus was she delivered from
+death and deadly diseases, and was well for many years." Many other
+familiar names occur in this volume--"Mrs. Queeny," Mrs. Smith, Mr.
+Wilson, Mrs. Throgmorton, Mrs. Sheldon, Mrs. Greene, John Nason, the
+Underhills, Mrs. Baker, Dr. Thornbery, Bishop of Worcester (aged
+eighty-six on February 1, 1633), Mrs. Combe, Katherine Sturley, "Mrs.
+Grace Court, wife to my apothecary." In "Obs. LXIV." he speaks of
+treating "the only son of Mr. Holyoake, which framed the dictionary."
+"Obs. LXXXII.," Book II., records the restoration from the gates of
+death of Mr. John Trapp, minister; and Obs. "LX.," Book II., gives an
+account of Hall's own dangerous illness in 1632, when his anxious wife
+sent for two physicians, who pulled him through; and he records his
+prayer to God on the occasion. We must not forget that this was the date
+of his quarrel with the Corporation.
+
+The death of the young Quineys in 1638-39 affected the details of the
+poet's will; for it may be remembered the property was settled on
+Susanna Hall and her heirs male, failing whom, on the heirs male of
+Elizabeth Hall, failing whom, on the heirs male of Judith, in default of
+such heirs male, on the right heirs of William Shakespeare for ever. The
+failure in the heirs male of Judith therefore entitled Elizabeth Nash to
+the full inheritance as heir-general, and within a few weeks after the
+unexpected death of her cousins, Susanna Hall, widow, joined with Mr.
+and Mrs. Nash, May 27, 1639, in making a new settlement of Shakespeare's
+entails on Mrs. Hall for life, after whom on Mr. and Mrs. Nash, and _the
+longer liver of them_, after them, to the heirs of their body, and in
+default of such, to the heirs of the said Elizabeth. Should she die
+first without heirs, the property was secured to the _heirs and assignes
+of the said Thomas Nash_, a reversion certainly not fair to Joan Hart,
+the poet's sister, and her children. Still, it all seemed too far off to
+consider. To this document Mrs. Hall appended her signature and her
+seal, with the arms of Shakespeare impaled with those of Hall.
+
+Thomas Nash seemed to have believed this fully settled everything on
+himself, and that he was likely to outlive his mother-in-law and his
+wife, for on August 20, 1642, he executed, without his wife's sanction
+or knowledge, a mysterious will, that afterwards led to trouble.
+
+The importance of New Place, the largest house in the town, and the
+liberality and loyalty of its owners, were curiously signalized in the
+following year. Queen Henrietta Maria, in July, 1643, marched from
+Newark to Kineton by way of Stratford, where she was reinforced by
+Prince Rupert and 2,000 men. She held her court for three days[198] in
+Shakespeare's house, probably accompanied by only her immediate personal
+attendants. On July 13, the Queen and Prince Rupert moved off to meet
+the King in the vale of Kineton near Edgehill.[199]
+
+Thomas Nash died on April 4, 1647, and was buried in the chancel beside
+Shakespeare. "Heere resteth ye body of Thomas Nashe Esq. He mar.
+Elizabeth, the daug. and Heire of John Halle, gent. He died Aprill 4, A.
+1647. Aged 53.
+
+    "Fata manent omnes, hunc non virtute carentem
+      ut neque divitiis, abstulit atra dies
+    Abstulit at referet lux ultima; siste, viator,
+      si peritura paras per male parta peris."
+
+The coat of arms was double quarterly of four, First, 1 and 4 argent on
+a chevron between three ravens' heads erased azure, a pellet between 4
+cross-crosslets sable, for Nash; 2 and 3 sable a buck's head caboshed
+argent attired or, between his horns a cross patée, and across his mouth
+an arrow, Bulstrode. Second, 1 and 4, for Hall, 2 and 3 Shakespeare.
+
+When the notable will was opened, and proved in the following June, the
+widow declined to follow out its provisions as concerned her own
+property, which Thomas Nash had treated as if entirely his own. "Item, I
+give, dispose and bequeath, unto my Kinsman Edward Nash, and to his
+heires and assignes for ever, one messuage or tenement with the
+appurtenances comonly called or knowne by the name of The New Place ...
+together with all and singular howses, outhowses, barnes, stables,
+orchards, gardens, etc, esteemed or enjoyed as thereto belonging ...
+also fower yards of arable land meadowe and pasture ... in old
+Stratford, and also one other tenement with the appurtenances in the
+parish of ---- London; called or known by the name of the Wardropp, and
+now in the tenure of one ---- Dickes."
+
+Mrs. Nash had soldiers quartered on her at New Place during the very
+month of her husband's death, one of whom was implicated in the robbery
+of deer from the park of Sir Greville Verney on April 30, 1647. But she
+did not fail in legal knowledge of what she ought to do under the
+unexpected provisions of her husband's will, of which she was left sole
+executrix and residuary legatee. She and her mother combined in levying
+a fine on the property,[200] and reconveying it to the sole use of her
+mother and herself, and their heirs for ever. She was not yet
+thirty-nine years of age, and did not feel inclined even then to take it
+for granted she would not marry again, even if Edward Nash agreed, as he
+could be made to agree, that his inheritance could only come to him on
+her decease without issue.
+
+But Edward Nash did not like her proceedings, and filed a Bill in
+Chancery on February, 1647-48, against Elizabeth Nash, and other
+legatees, to compel them to produce his uncle's will in court, and
+execute its provisions. Mrs. Nash admitted its contents, but averred the
+testator had no power to demise property which had belonged to her
+grandfather, and had been left to herself. She explained that her mother
+was still living, and that in conjunction they had levied the fine. She
+only disputed that part of her husband's will concerning her own
+property, and mentioned her deeds and evidences. Her answer was taken by
+commission, at Stratford, in April, 1648, and in June it was ordered
+that the defendants should bring into court the will and other
+evidences, and the writ was personally served on Mrs. Nash.
+
+The will of Thomas Nash was produced before the Examiners in Chancery in
+November, but Mrs. Nash defied all orders concerning the other
+"evidences," as may be seen from the affidavit filed at the Six Clerks'
+Office in December, 1649. She was brave in her determination that her
+own rights and her mother's should not be assailed, and she was perhaps
+prudent in her opinion that the fewer papers that were produced the
+shorter time would the suit last. No replication or decree is recorded.
+The litigation apparently terminated in a compromise, doubtless hastened
+by Mrs. Nash's second marriage. Perhaps Edward Nash by this time
+realized the injustice or the impracticability of his claim. The only
+further allusion to it occurs in Lady Barnard's will.[201] She directs
+her trustees to dispose of New Place with the proviso "that my loving
+cousin, Edward Nash, Esq., shall have the first offer or refusal
+thereof, according to _my promise formerly made to him_."
+
+Elizabeth Nash married Mr. John Barnard, of Abington, Northamptonshire,
+at Billesley, a village four miles from Stratford, June 5, 1649, where
+the Trussels resided. Why did she go there to be married? A puzzling
+question indeed, which cannot be answered by the register, as it is
+lost. Whether her marriage weakened her mother's health, or whether the
+state of her mother's health had hastened her marriage, we know not; but
+a month later, on July 11, 1649, Mrs. Hall died, and, being buried
+beside her husband on the 16th, _made his tomb complete_. The Latin
+scholars of the family were all gone, and it is not too much to suppose
+that Elizabeth herself, Shakespeare's grandchild, composed her mother's
+epitaph:
+
+"Here lyeth the body of Susanna, wife of John Hall, gent., the daughter
+of William Shakespeare, gent. She deceased the 11 day of July, Anno
+1649, aged 66.
+
+    "Witty above her sex, but that's not all,
+    Wise to Salvation was good Mistress Hall,
+    Something of Shakespeare was in that, but this
+    Wholly of him with whom she's now in blisse.
+      Then, passenger, hast nere a tear
+        To weep with her that wept with all
+      That wept, yet set herself to chere
+        Them up with comforts cordiall?
+      Her love shall live, her mercy spread
+      When thou hast nere a tear to shed."
+
+A lozenge bore the arms of Hall and Shakespeare impaled. In the early
+part of last century these verses were erased to make space for the
+record of the death of one Richard Watts, who owned some of the tithes
+and had the right to be buried in the chancel. But they, fortunately,
+had been preserved by Dugdale;[202] and in 1844 the Watts record was
+erased and Mrs. Hall's verses restored.
+
+Her death limited Shakespeare's descendants to two--Judith Quiney,
+daughter, and Elizabeth Barnard, granddaughter. A fine was levied on New
+Place in 1650, in which John Barnard and Henry Smith were made trustees
+to the settlement of 1647, instead of Richard Lane and William Smith. In
+1652 a new settlement was made, devising it to the use of John Barnard
+and his wife, and the longer liver of them, to the heirs of the body of
+Elizabeth, failing whom to any persons she might name. In default of
+such nomination, the property was to go to the right heirs of the
+survivor. A fine was again levied on this settlement. Mr. John Barnard
+was knighted by Charles II. in 1661. The Stratford Register of 1661-62
+records the death of Elizabeth's aunt, Judith, "uxor Thomas Quiney,
+gent., Feb. 9th, 1661-2." The use of the word "uxor" is no certain proof
+that he was alive at the time.
+
+Judith's death, at the age of seventy-seven, left Lady Elizabeth Barnard
+the poet's sole survivor. She had no children by her second marriage,
+about which we have no other detail. It has been surmised that it was
+not a happy one. Sir John Barnard was a widower, and had already a
+family. There is no mention of this family in Lady Barnard's will, and a
+limitation to the barest law and justice towards her husband, whom she
+did not leave her executor. The will was drawn up on January 29,
+1669-70, and she died at Abington in February. "Madam Elizabeth Bernard,
+wife of Sir John Bernard, Knight, was buried 17th Feb., 1669-70."[203]
+No sepulchral monument was raised in memory of the granddaughter and
+heir of Shakespeare, but she probably lay in the same tomb as her
+husband, who died in 1674. A memorial slab still remains to his memory
+in Abington Church, but the place of his burial is unknown, and the
+vault below this stone is used by another family.
+
+By his death his wife's will[204] came into force, written while she was
+still "in perfect memory--blessed be God!--and mindful of mortality."
+She recounted the settlement of April 18, 1653, to which the trustees
+were Henry Smith, of Stratford, gent., and Job Dighton, of the Middle
+Temple, London, Esquire. Henry Smith, her surviving trustee, or his
+heirs, six months after the death of her husband, Sir John Barnard, was
+to sell New Place, giving the first offer to her loving cousin, Edward
+Nash, and the money was to be used in legacies. Her cousin, Thomas
+Welles, of Carleton, in county Bedford, was to have £50 if he be alive,
+and if he be dead, her kinsman, Edward Bagley, citizen of London, was to
+receive the amount. How she was connected with these men I have been
+unable to find out. "Judith Hathaway, one of the daughters of my
+kinsman, Thomas Hathaway, late of Stratford," £5 a year or £40 in hand.
+Unto Joane, the wife of Edward Kent, another daughter of the said Thomas
+Hathaway, £50, failing whom to her heir, _Edward Kent the younger_, at
+his coming of age. To this same Edward Kent she left £30 for his
+apprenticeship. To Rose, Elizabeth, and Susanna, three other "daughters
+of my kinsman, Thomas Hathaway, £40 a piece." Henry Smith was to have £5
+for his pains, and Edward Bagley to be residuary legatee. "To my
+kinsman, Thomas Hart, the son of Thomas Hart, late of Stratford, all
+that my other messuage or Inne commonly called the Maydenhead, with the
+next house thereto adjoining, with the barne belonging to the same, now
+in the occupation of Michael Johnson; to Thomas Hart and his heirs,
+failing whom to his brother George Hart and his heirs," failing whom to
+her own right heirs for ever. She made her "loving kinsman Edward
+Bagley" executor, "in witness of which I set my hand and seal." It may
+be seen that she retained absolute power of the poet's purchases, but
+justly left his inheritance from his father John to his sister's
+descendants. But she did no more than justice.
+
+It is not clear how the connection is traced between her and her other
+legatees, but it is very noticeable her preference for the Hathaway
+connections to those of the Shakespeare side.
+
+Ere she died the poet's Blackfriars tenement had been reduced to ashes
+in the Great Fire of 1666. What right in it or its site remained,
+accrued to Edward Bagley, "citizen of London," her executor and
+residuary legatee, who proved her will, March 4, 1669, though it is
+stated to have been sold in Shakespeare's Biography in the Dictionary.
+
+Edward Nash did not buy New Place, after all. It was bought by Sir
+Edward Walker, at one time Secretary of War to Charles I., and then
+Garter King-at-Arms. Halliwell-Phillipps states[205] it was sold by the
+"surviving trustee," but Sir Edward Walker's own will[206] puts it a
+little differently. He left to his dear daughter Barbara, wife of Sir
+John Clopton, various bequests, among which appear "A yarde land in
+Stratford field I bought of _Mr. Hall_, of the value of £12 10s. by year
+... fyftly Land I bought of Sir John Clopton in the mannor of Clopton,
+of the yearely value of £10. Sixtly 4 yard land lying in Stratford and
+Bishopton fields which I bought of _Mr. Bagley_, and a house called the
+New Place, situated in the Towne of Stratford upon Avon, of the yearely
+value about fyfty fyve pounds ... my deare daughter and her husband Sir
+John Clopton, sole executors, 30th June, 1676." He died early the
+following year, and his will was proved March 10, 1676-77.
+
+Thus, the property Shakespeare had put together became dispersed shortly
+after his family became extinct, and New Place came back to the heirs of
+the Cloptons, from whom it was purchased. I had hoped we might find
+something from the will of Edward Bagley, but he died intestate,[207]
+and the administration mentions nothing of interest to Shakespeare.
+
+It is therefore quite clear that the whole period covered by
+Shakespeare's life and that of his descendants was 105 years, _i.e._,
+from 1564 to 1669, and that _no lineal descendants can survive_. Yet, as
+if in illustration of the methods of fabrication of tradition, when it
+is desired, I have heard of many of the name who boast a _lineal descent
+from the poet_; and of one even who boasts of having inherited not only
+_the Shakespeare's_ dinner-service, but his _teapot_! Yet that the
+presence of the name is a certain bar to the descent, as above shown, no
+such claimants seem to have taken the trouble to find out, as they
+easily might do. I am told that in Verona, by the tomb of Romeo and
+Juliet, a modern visitor has described himself as "Shakespeare,
+_descendant_ of the poet who wrote the play." William Shakespeare's
+poems alone are his posterity.
+
+Even under another name they are not to be accepted.[208] In the
+_Cambridge Chronicle_ obituary, January 1, 1842, appears: "Died on the
+28th ult. at Exning, Suffolk, aged 87, Mrs. Hammond, mother of Mr. Wm.
+Hammond, of No. 8, Scots Yard, Cannon Street, London, Indigo Merchant.
+The deceased was one of the few remaining descendants of Shakespeare."
+So lately as June, 1857, there was recorded the death of William
+Hammond, Esq., of London, "one of the last lineal descendants of
+Shakespeare."
+
+Dr. Bigsby says that Colonel Gardner, descendant of the Barnards, had
+some Shakespeare letters, and claimed descent from Lady Elizabeth
+Barnard.[209]
+
+A correspondent remembered to have seen when a boy the Shakespear Inn,
+Lower Northgate Street, Gloucester, kept by an old gentleman named
+Smith. Outside the passage to the inn was a signboard, "The Shakespear
+Inn, by William Smith, descendant from and next of kin to that immortal
+bard."[210]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+   JOHN SHAKESPEARE'S FAMILY.
+
+                          Richard Shakespeare, = wife uncertain,
+       farmer, of Snitterfield, held land from |
+       Robert Arden, Mary Arden's father.      |
+                                               |
+       -------------------------------------------------
+       |                  |                            |
+     Thomas.            John, = Mary Arden.         Henry.
+       |           eldest son |
+     John                     |
+   b. March 10, 1581-2        |
+                              |
+      ------------------------------------------------------------------
+      |      |     |          |                 |          |          |
+     Two     |  Gilbert     Joan, = William   Anne,     Richard,   Edmund,
+    daus.,   |  b. 1566;  b. 1569;  Hart.     b. 1571;  b. 1573;   b. 1580;
+      d.     |  d. 1611.  d. 1646.            d. 1579.  d. 1612.   d. 1607.
+   infants.  |
+             |
+          William, = Anne
+          the poet.| Hathaway.
+                   |
+     --------------------------------------------
+     |                      |                   |
+   Susanna, = John       Hamnet,             Judith, = Thomas
+   b.1583;  | Hall.      b.1585;       b.1585; twin  | Quiney.
+   d.1649.  |            d.1596.       with Hamnet,  |
+            |                               d.1662   |
+            |                                        |
+   Elizabeth, m. 1st, Thomas Nash;      ---------------------------
+   2nd, Sir John Barnard, b.1607-8;     |            |            |
+          d. _s.p._ 1669.                 |            |            |
+                                   Shakespeare,   Richard,      Thomas,
+                                        b.1616;   b.1617;       b.1619-20;
+                                        d.1617.   d.1638-9.     d.1638-9.
+                                                    _s.p._           _s.p._
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[178] Gwillim's "Display of Heraldry," p. 315.
+
+[179] _Ibid._, pp. 378, 420.
+
+[180] Hathaway is also a name in the Beverston Registers (_Notes and
+Queries_, Fifth Series, xii., 101).
+
+[181] French, "Shakespeareana Genealogicæ," p. 376.
+
+[182] Will dated August 26, 1642, proved April 4, 1647. He also left
+rings to his uncle Nash and his aunt, his cousin Sadler and his wife,
+_his cousin_ Richard Quiney and his wife _his cousin_ Thomas Quiney and
+his wife.
+
+[183] Stratford Burial Registers.
+
+[184] The inscription would imply that she was born in 1556; but, as in
+her husband's case, it may be she was reckoned as sixty-seven very
+shortly after completing her sixty-sixth year, or even before she
+completed it, as was done in the case of Lady Joyce Lucy. We may note,
+at least, that Shakespeare, fifty-three in 1616, is only seven years
+younger than one reckoned sixty-seven in 1623.
+
+[185] Henry Waters, "Genealogical Gleanings."
+
+[186] See coats of arms of the burgesses, Guildhall MS. 491.
+
+[187] "Outlines," i. 219.
+
+[188] Acton Registers.
+
+[189] See Worcester Wills and Marriage Licenses.
+
+[190] See List of Noblemen and Gentlemen of Warwick, 1577, by Henry
+Ferrers; Nichols's "Coll. Top. et Gen.," vii., p. 298, and State Papers,
+Dom. Ser., Eliz., 137 (38).
+
+[191] State Papers, Dom. Ser., Eliz., lxiii. 55.
+
+[192] The arms of these Halls were three talbots' heads erased sable,
+between nine cross-crosslets azure. Shakespeare's son-in-law bore the
+talbots' heads only, which may merely have been a mark of cadency. A
+suit in Chancery in the time of Elizabeth was brought by Giles Fletcher,
+LL.D., Joan his wife, and Phineas his eldest son, against John Hall (not
+the physician) concerning the site of the manor of Henwick and the land
+of Hallow. In the chapel is a mural monument to Edward Hall, Esq., who
+married Anna, eldest daughter of Sir Paul Tracey, having by her four
+sons and seven daughters. He died September, 1616, aged fifty-four.
+Addit. MSS., Brit. Mus., 19,816.
+
+[193] It has been suggested by Mr. A. Hall that he might have been son
+of the John Hall who married Elizabeth Carew, niece to Sir Nicholas
+Throckmorton. He had a son of the name.
+
+[194] Stratford Registers.
+
+[195] Miscellaneous Documents and Corporation Records,
+Stratford-on-Avon.
+
+[196] _Notes and Queries_, Fifth Series, vii. 287.
+
+[197] Dugdale's "Warwickshire Antiquities," ed. 1656, p. 518. This may
+be translated thus: "Here is the dust of Hall, most famous in medical
+art, awaiting the glorious joys of the Kingdom of God. Worthy was he to
+have surpassed Nestor in well-earned years, in every land, but impartial
+Time has snatched him away. Lest anything be wanting to the tomb, his
+most faithful spouse is there, and he has the companion of life now also
+in death."
+
+[198] Sir Hugh Clopton to Theobald.
+
+[199] Halliwell-Phillipps, "Outlines," ii. 108.
+
+[200] Easter Term, 23 Car. I.
+
+[201] Somerset House, 96, Alchin, also in Juxon.
+
+[202] "Warwickshire Antiquities," ed. 1656, p. 518.
+
+[203] Abington Parish Registers.
+
+[204] Somerset House, 96, Alchin, also in Juxon.
+
+[205] Halliwell-Phillipps, "Outlines," ii. 119.
+
+[206] Somerset House, 36 Hale.
+
+[207] Admin., October, 1686; Somerset House.
+
+[208] _Morning Herald_--Obituary.
+
+[209] _Notes and Queries_, Fifth Series, VII. 287. But she had no
+children, as proved both by the registers and the wills. She was Sir
+John Barnard's second wife.
+
+[210] _Ibid._, 519. Smith really descended from the Harts.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+COLLATERALS
+
+
+John Shakespeare had other sons than William. There were three--Gilbert,
+Richard and Edmund. These all died comparatively young, and none of them
+was married.
+
+Edmund, the youngest child of John and Mary Shakespeare, seems to have
+been the only one who followed his eldest brother to London. He also
+chose the stage as a profession, but we never hear of any success. From
+London registers we know that on August 12, 1607, in the parish of St.
+Giles', Cripplegate, was buried "Edward, the base-born son of Edward
+Shakespeare, Player," and that on December 31 of the same year was
+buried within the Church of St. Saviour's, Southwark,[211] "Edmund
+Shakespeare, Player," "with a forenoon knell of the Great Bell."[212]
+The poet paid every honour he could to his brother.
+
+Gilbert, born two and a half years after William, seemed often to have
+been his practical helper and representative in Stratford-on-Avon. Some
+writers have imagined that because the clerk added the word "adolescens"
+to the burial entry in 1611 of "Gilbert Shakespeare,"[213] that it could
+not have been this Gilbert, but some other, probably a young son of his.
+But there is no record of a marriage, of the birth of any child, of the
+death of his wife, or of his own death, if this entry be given another
+translation than the natural one. We may well imagine the clerk did not
+fully understand the meaning of the word. Shakespeare often satirizes
+the ignorant use of learned terms at his time. There is no saying what
+hazy notions might have floated through the writer's brain of the age or
+position of the defunct. He would be no worse than a Mrs. Malaprop if he
+intended "adolescens" to represent "deeply regretted."
+
+Of the last surviving brother, Richard, born 1573, we know nothing,
+except that he died February 12, in the year 1612-13.[214]
+
+The negative evidence of the registers is supported by the negative
+evidence of the Shakespeare wills; there is no mention of a Shakespeare
+in the wills of William Shakespeare (so anxious to perpetuate his family
+and his name) or in those of his descendants.
+
+We may therefore hold it as proved that there are no collateral lines of
+Shakespeares descending from the poet's brothers, and therefore none
+entitled to bear John Shakespeare's famous coat of arms without a new
+grant. Yet we find some bearing the arms, and many claimants of such
+descent. Sir Thomas Winnington asks if the Shaksperes of Fillongly are a
+branch of the poet's family, as the well-known armorial bearings appear
+on the tomb of George Shakespeare, who died there in 1690.[215]
+
+The Rev. Mr. Dyer wrote to Mr. Duncombe from Coningsby, November 24,
+1756: "My wife's name was Ensor, whose grandmother was a Shakespeare,
+descended from the brother of everybody's Shakespeare."[216] Such claims
+may be explained by a natural error. Another John Shakespeare has often
+been mistaken for ours, and real pedigrees have been traced back to him.
+
+But there _were_ collateral descents from Shakespeare's sister. The only
+person who might have impaled the new Shakespeare arms, had he himself
+borne arms to make this possible, was William Hart, the hatter, who
+married Shakespeare's sister Joan, and who lived in Shakespeare's old
+house in Henley Street, and died a few days before the poet.[217] The
+pedigree of the Harts is printed in French's "Shakespeareana
+Genealogica,"[218] and need not be repeated here. The Rev. Cornelius
+Hallen[219] also gives a genealogical table of the various connections,
+and thus provides us with the collateral descent nearly up to date.
+
+Though the early members of this family seem to have been content with a
+very modest position and very unromantic occupations, the later members
+have become more ambitious.
+
+The Harts thought of contesting the will of Lady Barnard, who, with her
+mother, Mrs. Hall, had cut off the entail, or rather altered, as they
+thought, the proviso of Shakespeare's will regarding his heirs. But, as
+she left them the Henley Street house, and a contest for more would have
+been attended with certain expense and uncertain results, they on full
+consideration let the matter drop.
+
+Even from this family sprang claimants for lineal descent. On a
+tombstone in Tewkesbury appears: "In Memory of John Hart, the sixth
+descendant from the poet Shakespeare, who died January 22, 1800, aged
+45," etc.
+
+[Illustration: SNITTERFIELD CHURCH.
+
+_To face p. 113_]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[211] Registers of St. Saviour's, Southwark.
+
+[212] Churchwardens' Accounts, St. Saviour's, Southwark.
+
+[213] Stratford-on-Avon Registers.
+
+[214] Stratford-on-Avon Registers.
+
+[215] _Notes and Queries_ December, 1865, Third Series, viii. 501.
+
+[216] _Ibid._, Sixth Series, xii. 424.
+
+[217] April 17, 1616.
+
+[218] P. 296.
+
+[219] See "Descent of Hallen and Shakespeare."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+COUSINS AND CONNECTIONS
+
+
+It is certain that Shakespeare had many cousins on the Arden side. A
+notice of the Stringers, the Lamberts, the Edkins, and the Webbes has
+been already given. The Hart family, as has also been noticed, provided
+a large number of relatives not of the name.
+
+On the Shakespeare side the poet _may_ have had cousins, though we are
+not able to prove their descent from records at present in hand. More
+than one family claim to have descended from cousins, and presumably
+from Shakespeare's grandfather Richard. But we must not forget there
+were other Richards at his time. The Richard of Wroxall, Mr. Yeatman
+insists, must be the same as the Richard of Snitterfield, though it
+seems hardly possible, seeing we find the one officially associated with
+the Priory of Wroxall 26 Henry VIII., 1535,[220] and the other presented
+for non-suit of court at Snitterfield 20 and 22 Henry VIII.; for
+infringing the rights of pasture there, October 1, 1535; and receiving a
+legacy from a friend that suggested continued residence: "Unto Richard
+Shakespere of Snytfield my foure oxen which are now in his keeping"
+(will of Thomas Atwode, _alias_ Tailor, of Stratford-on-Avon, 1543).
+Three successive Richards lived in Rowington. One, "Richard Shakysspere,
+of Rowington, Weyver," died in 1560, and mentioned his sons William and
+Richard in his will drawn up the year before, on June 15, and proved on
+June 30 (goods prised by John Shakspere and Richard Sanders). Another
+Richard of the same place made a will in 1591 and died in 1592, whose
+children were John, Roger, Thomas, William, and Dorothy Jenkes; his
+wife's name was Joan. There was also a grandson, Thomas, son of
+John.[221] Another Richard died in 1614,[222] whose eldest son was
+William. But each of these Richards, from his family and connections,
+can be proved to be a different man from the Richard of Snitterfield. We
+are reasonably sure that our John was the son of the latter, if he
+administered his goods after his death in 1560-61[223]; and if so, we
+are sure that Henry also was his son, as Henry was the brother of John.
+This is mentioned in the Declaration of 1587,[224] when Nicholas Lane
+proceeded against John as surety for his impecunious brother Henry.
+Henry was also summoned with John to appear as witness in the Mayowe and
+Webbe case, 23 Elizabeth. He had a wife called Margaret, whose death
+immediately follows his own in the Register of Snitterfield;[225] but we
+are not sure that he had any children. "Henry Sakspere was buryed the
+29th day of Dec., 1596." "Margaret Sakspere, widow, being tymes the wyff
+of Henry Sakspere, was bured ix Feb., 1596." It is quite probable that
+when Robert Webbe married and settled in Snitterfield, or Edward
+Cornwall came into power there, that Henry moved thence.[226] Just about
+the time we find in the Registers of Hampton-on-Avon or Bishop Hampton,
+"Lettyce, daughter of Henry Shakespeare of Ingon,[227] bapt. June 4th,
+1583." "Jeames, son of Henry Shakespeare, bapt. Oct. 15th, 1585." Yet he
+appears as one of "the pledges" at the baptism of Henry Townsend, of
+Snitterfield, September 4, 1586. "Jeames Shakespeare, of Ingon, buried
+Oct. 25th, 1589,"[228] is also mentioned by Malone. This is the correct
+reading of the "Joannes" mentioned by Halliwell-Phillipps as being
+buried in the same place so near the same date as September 25, 1589.
+
+A William Shakespeare appears once in Snitterfield as prising the goods
+of John Pardu in 1569; but we do not know his age and residence, and
+there is no clue to any relationship with him.
+
+A William prised the goods of Robert Shakespeare of Wroxall, 1565, and
+the goods of John Shaxper of Rowington, 1574.
+
+An Anthony occurs among the billmen of Snitterfield in the muster book
+of 1569. John Shakespeare of Rowington, who held land at Wroxall 22
+Henry VIII., had a son Antonio, rather an unusual name. Tradition says
+the poet had an uncle or grand-uncle, Antonio. But we must beware of
+using tradition as a staff to lean upon. No Anthony appears in any
+family papers. An Antony Shaxspeare married Joane Whitrefe at Budbrook
+(in which parish is Hampton Corley), November 14, 1573; and in the
+Register we find: "Henrie Shackspere sonne of Shackspere and Joane his
+wife, baptized 24th March, 1575." "Elizabeth, daughter to Antony
+Shaksper of Hamton, baptized Feb. 10th, 1583," in the Stratford
+Registers; and "Henry, son of Antonio Shakespeare, buried June 18th,
+1583," in Clifford Chambers. This wandering makes his life rather
+confusing to us.
+
+Thomas Shakespeare _might_ have been an uncle. Thomas was presented as a
+regrator or forestaller of barley and wheat at Snitterfield Court, held
+April, 1575. A Thomas, probably the same, appears in Stratford Records
+between 23 and 28 Elizabeth. He was sued for the price of malted barley
+in 23 Elizabeth. He had a son named John, baptized at Snitterfield March
+10, 1581-2. Of this child we know nothing further, but I make a
+suggestion in a later chapter that may interest readers.
+
+There was a Johanna Shakespeare,[229] whose burial record in
+Snitterfield, in 1595, makes no allusion to any male relative. She might
+have been an aunt, a great-aunt, or even a grandmother of the poet, and
+the widow of Richard. Similar entries of wives and widows have been
+found in the neighbourhood. Joan was an important name in John
+Shakespeare's eyes, and he gave the name to two of his daughters.
+
+Richard had probably a daughter who became Mrs. Green. A "Thomas Green,
+_alias_ Shakespeare," was buried in Stratford-on-Avon, March 6, 1590. He
+was probably the father of Thomas Green, solicitor, in whose "Diary and
+Correspondence" we find allusions to his cousin Shakespeare: "My cosen
+Shakspeare has commyng yesterday to towne; I went to see him how he
+did."[230] Jovis, Nov. 17.
+
+It was he who conducted the Addenbrooke prosecution (1608), at which
+time, we know not for what reason, he appears to have been living in
+Shakespeare's home, New Place, in Stratford-on-Avon.
+
+There might have been an indefinite number of cousins by marriage among
+the Hathaways. I only mention this now in relation to one strange
+example of the desire of association somehow with Shakespeare. In the
+catalogue of the Shakespeare Library of Warwick Castle is the title of a
+book written by a Hathaway clergyman of Tewkesbury, said to be "a
+descendant of Anne Hathaway," ignoring the fact that _Anne Hathaway_ was
+_Mrs. Shakespeare_. Yet he might after all have been a cousin twice
+removed.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[220] See "Valor Ecclesiasticus," Warwickshire, at Dissolution, Henry
+VIII.
+
+[221] Worcester wills.
+
+[222] _Ibid._
+
+[223] Admin. Bond at Worcester.
+
+[224] "Henricus Shaksper, frater dicti Johannis," February 1, 29
+Elizabeth, 1587.
+
+[225] Snitterfield Registers.
+
+[226] Henry had a fight with Edward Cornwall, and drew blood, October
+12, 1574. See Halliwell-Phillipps, "Outlines," vol. ii., p. 209.
+
+[227] Ingon is in the parish of Hampton-on-Avon.
+
+[228] Malone's "Life," vol. ii., p. 23, ed. 1821.
+
+[229] "Johana Shaxspere mortua est et sepulta January quinto, anno
+1595." No record has been found of the death of Richard's wife, if this
+be not she.
+
+[230] Green's "Diary," Nov. 17, 1614, Stratford-on-Avon Records. See
+also Ingleby's "Shakespeare and the Enclosure of Welcombe." Thomas Green
+was a Councillor of Middle Temple and a solicitor. (See Quyney's Town
+Accounts, January and February, 1600-1.) He was appointed Steward of the
+Court of Record, Stratford-on-Avon, on September 7, 1603. There was no
+Town Clerk then, and the Steward did the duties until the Charter
+granted to the town by James I., July 8, 1610, created the office of
+Town Clerk. He held part of the remainder of the tithes, the half of
+which were held by Shakespeare.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+CONTEMPORARY WARWICKSHIRE SHAKESPEARES
+
+
+Outside the immediate family of the poet there were many contemporaries
+in Warwickshire, who may have been connected in some far-off degree.
+
+There was the John Shakespeare, shoemaker, who came to Stratford about
+1580, probably as apprentice or journeyman of Roberts, the shoemaker, in
+whose house he dwelt till 1594, and whose daughter Margery he
+married.[231] He became Member of the Company of Shoemakers and
+Saddlers, paying £3, in 1580, and Master of the Shoemakers' Company, and
+was elected Ale-taster for the town in 1585. He paid 30s. for his
+freedom January 19, 1585-86, and became Constable in the autumn of 1586.
+His wife was buried on October 29, 1587, but he must shortly afterwards
+have married again, as he had three children christened[232] in the
+parish church. On February 17, 1587, he was in receipt of Thomas Oken's
+money, and in 1588 became guardian to Thomas Roberts's sons. The poet's
+father, after 1570, was always mentioned as Mr. John Shakespeare; this
+other appears simply as John, or John the Shoemaker, or Corvizer, or
+some other epithet (see Records of Stratford-on-Avon). Hunter thinks
+that he was the third son of Thomas Shakespeare, a shoemaker, of
+Warwick, who held land under the manor of Balsall, and mentioned in his
+will, 1557, four children--William, Thomas, John and Joan, ux. Francis
+Ley, mentioned in Warwick registers.
+
+This John of Stratford seems to have left the town before 1595, as his
+house was inhabited by others then, and no further mention appears of
+him in record or register.
+
+Beside John Shakespeare's _double_ of Stratford-on-Avon, there was a
+John Shakespeare of Clifford Chambers, a village a mile or two out of
+Stratford, who has also been confused with him. He married there, on
+October 15, 1560, Julian Hobbyns, widow. He sued William Smith, of
+Stratford, for debt, in 1572; and in the will of John Ashwell, of
+Stratford, 1583, it is stated that "John Shakespeare, of Clifford
+Chambers, was in his debt." It is quite probable he was the John often
+in debt, who had "no goods to seize," in Stratford-on-Avon, generally
+supposed to be the poet's father.
+
+Other notices of the name, besides the Henry and Antonio
+above-mentioned, appear in the Clifford Registers. Charles Malary and
+Alice Shakespeare were married in 1579. Katharine Morris, servant to
+John Shakespeare, was buried in 1587; Julian Shakespere buried July 22,
+1608; John Shakespere buried October 20, 1610. His will was proved at
+Gloucester in 1611. These latter dates set the question of identity at
+rest.
+
+An agricultural John was in occupation of Ingon in 1570.[233] I believe
+him to be our John, the brother and surety of Henry. We must not forget
+that as Ingon was so near Snitterfield, John of Ingon _may_ be the John
+Shakespeare, _Agricola_, of Snitterfield, who administered Richard's
+goods, and was fined, October 1, 1561, at the Snitterfield Court. And
+there are many Johns of Rowington, fully entered in Mr. Rylands'
+"Records of Rowington."
+
+Just as his father had _doubles_, so had William. There was a William
+Shakespeare drowned in the Avon, and buried at St. Nicholas, Warwick,
+July 6, 1579.[234] The world would not have known what it had lost had
+this fate overtaken "our Will," but it makes us shiver now as we think
+of it, even as a past possibility. It has been thought that this youth
+was the son of Thomas Shakespeare, shoemaker, of Warwick, and brother of
+John the shoemaker of Stratford. But he seems rather young for that
+relationship.
+
+Another contemporary William seems to have been in a small way of
+business as a farmers' agent, sometimes as a lender, and sometimes as a
+borrower. Among the Shakespeare manuscripts at Warwick Castle are
+preserved bonds for 2s. 6d. for a quarter of a year's use of £5 by
+William Shakespeare in 1620, 1624, and 1626. Another of "three quarters
+of oats to Will Shakespeare for a quarter's use of £5 due upon the 10th
+of May last, 1621," and some for the sale of malt.[235]
+
+It has seemed to me much more than probable that this was the William
+who sued Philip Rogers in the Court of Record at Stratford-on-Avon,[236]
+in 1604 for the price of a strike of malt sold and other money due. "The
+declaration filed by William Shexspere" in the Court has been accepted
+by Halliwell-Phillipps and all the Baconians as concerning the poet.
+But, in the first place, any such declaration at that date would then
+have designated our Shakespeare "gent."; in the second, he would have
+employed his cousin, Thomas Greene, as his attorney, and not William
+Tetherton, and Thomas Greene would have spelt his name otherwise than it
+is written. In the third place, there is no corroborative testimony that
+the poet ever sold malt, and there is concerning this contemporary
+William.
+
+The early registers of Rowington are lost, but we have shown from the
+wills that there were Shakespeares there bearing this Christian name.
+The Richard of Rowington who died in 1561 mentions a son William in his
+will. The second Richard of that place had a son William mentioned in
+the will of 1591. The third Richard and his wife Elizabeth had four
+sons--William, Richard, Thomas, John, and a daughter Joan. William had
+worked as a labourer without wages on his father's property, with
+expectation of succeeding to it. But some years before his father's
+death he went, with his father's permission, out to service, and married
+a certain Mrs. Margery. His father was incensed against him, and left
+the little property to his youngest son, John, November 13, 1613, proved
+in 1614.[237] Legal proceedings were commenced in 1614 at Worcester by
+William about the property of his mother, Elizabeth. A Chancery suit
+between the brothers was instituted in the Star Chamber,[238] and the
+case was heard at Warwick, in 1616, before four Commissioners, one of
+whom was Francis Collins, gent., the overseer of the will of the poet.
+William the plaintiff was then about forty years old. This is probably
+the same man who felt injured by his family while supported by his
+wife's money in his lawsuits. The mark of a William Shakespeare is found
+on a roll of the Customs of the Manor of Rowington, confirmed by the
+jury in 1614. Was he the same? And if not, which of these was the
+William Shakespeare whose name appears in the list of the trained
+soldiers of Rowington,[239] taken before Sir Fulke Greville at Alcester,
+September 23, 1605, erroneously by some believed to be the poet?[240]
+
+There is preserved a petition of William Shaxsper, Richard Shuter, and
+others of Rowington, co. Warwick, to the Committee for the Safety of
+Coventry and Warwick. About St. Andrew's Day they had some sea-coal
+which lay at Barford, near Warwick, which they had sold to Lady Lucy,
+but the soldiers of the city finding fuel scarce, had burnt £5 10s.
+worth of it. They pray satisfaction for their coals. Underwritten by Mr.
+Basnet is an order to pay this sum, April, 1646.[241]
+
+A William Shakespeare, of Hatton, married Barbara Stiffe in 1589; styled
+"gent." at baptism of his daughter _Susannah_, 1596. John Weale granted
+to Job Throgmorton the cottage in which William Shakespeare dwelt at
+Haseley, March 4, 1597.[242]
+
+In the Star Chamber proceedings is the notice of a fine levied "inter
+Willielmum Shackespeare et Georgium Shackespeare, quer. et Thomam
+Spencer, arm. Christopherum Flecknoe et Thomam Thompson deforc. de octo
+acris pasturæ cum pertinentiis in Claverdon, alias Claredon, 12 Jac. I.
+(1615)."[243]
+
+I have collected these illustrations in order to show that the name
+William was not by any means rare in the Shakespeare family, and to
+account for some of the errors made concerning descents.
+
+In 1589, also in the Star Chamber proceedings, we find there is a case
+brought by "Mary Ruswell against John Vale and Katharine his wife, and
+Aylese Shackspire." This Alice Shakespeare was John Vale's mother-in-law
+and a widow. Is it not possible she might be the sister "Alice
+Shakespeare" referred to in the Griffin will?
+
+In most of the Warwickshire districts where the name is found in the
+earlier half of the sixteenth century it is found in the latter half,
+and also in the seventeenth century, though sometimes branches migrated
+to new neighbouring localities. It would be impossible to work out every
+family in detail in a work such as this.
+
+And yet some notices are necessary to complete the rapid survey. The
+Shakespeares appear in two groups, one north and east of
+Stratford-on-Avon, as at Ingon and Snitterfield. One family had settled
+at Tachbrook, nine miles north-east by east from Stratford. There was
+baptized "Roger, son of Robert Shakespeare, 21 April, 1557." Robert was
+a weaver, and was probably son of Richard Shakespeare, of Haseley,
+weaver, in the reign of Henry VIII. He had also a son John, born 1574; a
+daughter, Alice, buried 1559; another, Isabel, baptized 1560.
+
+Roger married Isabel Parkins in 1592, and Alice Higgins in 1595, and
+seems to have had a son, John, not in the register. But on April 22,
+1628, Elizabeth Shakespeare, the daughter of John and Christian his
+wife, was baptized, and on April 4, 1630, Judith Shakespeare, the
+daughter of John and Christian Shakespeare. Later generations of the
+families of Roger, John, and Walter are recorded there.[244]
+
+A few Shakespeares have been found in Alcester. But the older centre lay
+further north. By far the greatest number of names are found in the
+villages to the west of a line drawn between Coventry and Warwick,
+including Meriden, Hampton-in-Arden, Berkswell, Knowle, Balsall,
+Kenilworth, Packwood, Lapworth, Baddesley Clinton, Wroxall, Haseley,
+Hatton, Rowington, and Budbrooke.
+
+The early parish registers of Wroxall are lost, and only begin with
+1586.
+
+    On Dec. 9, 1588, Fraunces Shaxper ... was buried.
+    May 29, 1592, Nicholas Shaxper and Alice Edmunds m.
+    March 25, 1593, Peter, fil. Nicolas and Alice Shaxper, bap.
+    Nov. 17, 1594, Susannah, daugh. of Nicolas and Alice Shaxper, bap.
+    Sep. 17, 1595, Elizabeth, ux. William Shaxper, buried.
+    Sep. 10, 1596, Cornelius, fil. Nic. and Alice Shaxper, bap.
+    Feb. 3, 1599, Annah, dau. of Nic. and Alice Shaxper, bapt.
+    April 9th, 1600, Annah, dau. of Nic. and Alice Shaxper, buried.
+    June 15th, 1603, Hester, dau. of Nic. and Alice Shaxper, bapt.
+                (No Registers from 1604 to 1641.)
+    1641, Peter Shakspeare buried.
+    May 17th, 1642, William Smith and Catherine Shakspere, m.
+    Sept. 25, 1645, Nicolas Shakspere buried.
+    May 16th, 1665, Ralf Stokes and Margaret Shakspeare m.
+    Jan. 26, 1670, Robert Shakespeare and Ann Averne m.
+    Oct. 4, 1678, Jane, dau. of Robert Shakespeare the elder, buried.
+    March 29, 1681, Robert, fil. Richard Shakespeare and his wife, bapt.
+    May 30, 1714, Ann, ux. Robert Shakespeare, buried.
+    May 13, 1719, Robert Shakespeare buried.
+
+From the Hatton and Haseley Registers, which recorded the death of Roger
+Shakespeere, 1558, and of Domina Jane, 1571, we also find:
+
+    Isabel, uxor Thomas Shakspere, formerly wife of John Tybotes,
+        buried April 4, 1570.
+    Nov. 5, 1570, Katharine Shakespere, filia Nicolas Shakespere, bapt.
+    Jan. 6th, 1579, Elizabeth, dau. of Nicolas Shakespere, bapt.
+    Jan. 6th, 1589, William Shakespere and Barbara Stiffe, married.
+    March 25, 1593, Peter, son of Nicolas and Alice Shakespeare, bapt.
+    Sept. 8, 1593, Thomas, son of Nicholas and Elizabeth Shakspere, bapt.
+    March 14, 1596, Susannah, dau. of Wm. Shakspere, gentleman, and
+        Barbara, bapt. (March 6th, 1597. This child was buried.)
+    July 23rd, 1598, Katherine, dau. of Wm. and Barbara Shakspere,
+        baptised.
+    Sep. 21, 1606, Thomas Shaxper buried.
+    Dec. 26, 1607, Nicholas Shaksper of Busall buried.
+    Jan. 26, 1607, Elizabeth Shaksper of Busall buried.
+    Aug. 28, 1608, Marie, daughter of Thomas Shaxsper, bapt.
+    Feb.--, 1610, Barbara, wife of Mr. William Shakspere, buried.
+    Jan. 20, 1612, John Hastings and Susanna Shaxper, married.
+
+The parish registers of Haseley and of Hatton are mixed.
+
+There are many Shakespeare wills preserved in Lichfield. Christopher
+Shakespere of Packwood, August 31, 1551, proved August 15, 1558,
+mentions a wife Isabel, and sons, Richard, William, Roger, Christopher,
+and John, and daughters Alice and Agnes; Elizabeth Shakspere of St.
+Werbergs, Derby, 1558; Roger Shakspere of Tachbrook, August 2, 1605;
+wife Alice and son John; William Shakespeare of Coventry, shoemaker,
+March 18, 1605-6; Administration of John Shakespeare's goods, 1606;
+Thomas Shakespeare of Packington Parva, April 28, 1610, had a wife,
+Phillip, and sons, George (who was to have Coleshill lands), Thomas,
+Andrew, and a daughter, Alice Croft; Anne Shakespeare of Knowle's will,
+1743.
+
+There has been a group entered in the Calendar in relation to the
+Shakespeare and Ensor connection (Nichols's "Herald and Genealogist,"
+vol. ii., p. 297):
+
+    Thomas Shakespeare of Coventry, admin. 1693.
+    George Shakespeare of Fillongley, will 1700.
+    Sara Shakespeare of Pen,        admin. 1712.
+    Thomas Shakespeare of Arley,      "    1720.
+    William Shakespear of Coventry,   "    1724.
+    William Shakespear of Arley,      "    1729.
+    George Shakespear of Coleshill,   "    1734.
+    Anne Shakespeare of Coventry,     "    1751.
+    George Shakespeare of Fillongley, "    1754.
+    Mary Shakespeare of Aston,        "    1768.
+
+
+There was an administration granted to Elizabeth Shakespeare, widow, of
+the estate of Roger Shakespeare, of Chesset Wood, in the parish of
+Hampton-in-Arden, April 15, 1597.
+
+John Shakespeare, of Knowle, Warwickshire, left to his eldest son,
+Henry, £5, and to each of his children £5--John, Elizabeth, Henry,
+Thomas; to his granddaughter, daughter of John, £5; his property he left
+to his youngest son, John, 33 Charles II., September 30, 1681.[245] A
+William Shakespeare,[246] of Knowle, is mentioned in 12 George II., as
+"tenant to the precipe."
+
+The will of Robert Shakespeare, of Wroxall, March 19, 1565, shows that
+he had a son Nicolas, that another Nicolas owed him money, and that his
+goods were prised by a William Shakespeare. John Shaksper, of Wroxall,
+labourer, leaves his goods between his son Edward and his wife; mentions
+his sister Alice, his brother Woodam's children, his cousin, Laurence
+Shaxper, of Balsal, or Beausal, his brothers, William and Nicolas, and
+his daughter, Alice Windmiles, December 15, 1574.
+
+William Shakespeare, of Wroxall, husbandman, in his will, dated November
+17, 1609, left legacies to brothers and sisters not named.
+
+John Shakespere of Budbrooke, left his best suit to Nicolas Shakespeare;
+to his father-in-law, Thomas Burbidge, his best boots; to Mary
+Shakespeare, two shillings; to Isabel Poole, late servant to Nicolas
+Shakespeare, ten shillings. Anne Burbage, now the wife of William
+Shotteswell, sole executrix, December 28, 1642.[247] He was buried
+December 30, 1642.[248]
+
+Nicolas Shakespeare,[249] of Budbrooke,[250] being aged and weak, leaves
+£4 to the poor; £10 to his mother-in-law, Penelope Parkes; £40 to his
+brother-in-law, Richard Parkes; £10 to his cousin, Richard Naso; £10 to
+William Sattlewell, of Packwood. Residue to his dear wife Marie, sole
+executrix, October 23, 1655.
+
+John Shakespeare,[251] yeoman, of Lapworth, made his will October 30,
+1637; proved by his wife Dorothy 1638. He had no children, and his
+nephew, John Twycross, came in for most of his possessions. He left his
+brother Christopher sixpence a week. Christopher's son John, and his two
+grandsons, John and Thomas, had each twenty shillings. There was another
+brother not named, whose three sons, Edward, William and Thomas, and
+three daughters were to have £3 6s. 8d. each. Edward's two sons had also
+legacies. The testator also mentions his sister, Catharine Shotteswell,
+Catharine, Elizabeth, Winifred, Humphrey, Thomas, and John Shakespeare.
+Overseers, John Fetherston, of Packwood, Esq., and John Shaxpere, of
+Ringwood. Dorothy Shakespeare left no will. Letters of administration
+were granted to her nephew, Antony Robbins, July 13, 1655.[252] In the
+table of benefactions in Lapworth Church (near Knowle) it is recorded
+that John Shakespeare and John Twycross gave each two shillings a year
+to the poor of Lapworth and Packwood. "Humphrey Shakespeare gave twenty
+shillings to the poor of this parish, and the like to the poor of
+Rowington, 1794."
+
+Thomas Shakespeare, of Lapworth, fuller, February 21, 1655, desires to
+be buried in Rowington. He leaves to his kinsman, Richard Shakespeare,
+of Kenilworth, his implements and £5; to his kinsman, Thomas
+Shakespeare, of Lapworth, £5; to his kinsman and godson, Thomas
+Shakespeare, of Rowington, £5; to his kinsman, Richard Shakespeare, £6
+13s. 4d.; to his kinswoman, Mary Shakespeare, £5; to his kinsman, John
+Shakespeare, £5; to his brother William's son's daughter Elizabeth,
+sixpence, if demanded; to the poor of Rowington, forty shillings. The
+executrix was his kinswoman, Elizabeth Shakespeare, and the overseers,
+Thomas Sly, of Lapworth, and his kinsman, Thomas Shakespeare, of
+Whittlygate in Rowington; proved May 18, 1658.[253]
+
+It may be seen that Rowington was the central source of most of these
+Shakespeares. Besides those already mentioned, we may note that there
+was a case of John Shakesper _versus_ William Skinner, farmer, of the
+Church of Rowington; an answer of William Skinner to the Bill of
+Complaint; a document relating to Thomas Shakespeare, of Rowington,
+1571, marked "Skinner"; and another concerning John Shakespeare. John
+Shaxper of Rowington's will was drawn up in 1574.[254] He left his
+property called Madywattons, at Shrawley, to his son George, with
+remainder to his daughter Annis, and £20 to his son Thomas. He left
+legacies to his brothers Nicolas and Thomas and his Aunt Ley, the
+midwife. His wife's name was Eleanor. His goods were prised at £8 6s.
+8d. by Thomas and William Shaxper, among others. The will of Richard
+Shakespere, of Rowington, November 13, 1613, which caused so much
+heartburning, showed that his son William had a son John, and that his
+son Richard had four sons (Thomas, William, Richard and John). Thomas
+and John's children are not mentioned. Another will[255] in the same
+year of Thomas Shakespeare, of Mowsly and Rowington, October 13, 1613,
+mentions sons--John, Thomas and Richard; and daughters--Eleanor, Joan
+and Annis. John had two sons--William and John. John Shakespeare de le
+Hill, Rowington, made his will January 20, 1652; his wife was Mary; his
+children, William, John, and Margaret Vernon.
+
+The Shakespeares from the Register of Rowington, printed by Mr. Rylands,
+are given in the notes.
+
+In 1593 Thomas Shakespeare and Florence, his wife, with her sister,
+Alice Grace, sued Thomas Grace[256] and John Harding for certain lands
+not specified, settled by their father on them. Thomas Shackspeare, of
+Rowington, was assessed for the subsidy of 1597.[257] Thomas Shaxper,
+senior, of the same place, in 7 Jac. I., 1610. A survey of Crown lands
+in Warwickshire, 4 Jac. I., 1607, in the Land Revenue Office shows
+Thomas, George, Richard and John as holding property there. A Thomas
+Shakespeare was presented in 1632.[258]
+
+Thomas Shakespeare, of Rowington, _temp._ John Pickering, Lord Keeper,
+and Maria, his wife, daughter and heir of William Mathews, deceased,
+filed a bill in Chancery concerning various tenements in Hatton,
+Shrawley, Rowington, Pinley and Clendon.[259] Hil., 16 Elizabeth, Hugo
+Walford, Quer., and Thomas Shakspere and Marie, his wife, defendants,
+concerning cottage and 5 acres of land in Norton Curlew. Easter, 20
+James I., Thomas Shakespere, Quer., and John Hall and Joyce, his wife,
+defendants, of 12 acres of land in Rowington, which were sold to the
+said Thomas Shakespeare, 41 Elizabeth.[260] There was a license granted
+to a Thomas Shakespeare, aged twenty-three, to pass beyond the sea, June
+13, 1632, to the Low Countries, to serve as a soldier.[261] At a court
+of the Queen's Majesty, Henrietta Maria, Thomas Shakespere paid a fine
+of 6s. 8d. for admission to lands surrendered by himself, to himself and
+others, 1647.
+
+Among the manuscripts of the Free Library at Birmingham there remains a
+fine, 7 Charles I., between Adrian Shakspere, Quer., and Thomas Green
+and Anna, his wife, about land in old Fillongley; a bond for £40 of
+Adrian Shakespere, of Meriden, yeoman; and another fine, Easter, 26
+Charles II., between Thomas Brearley, gent., and Thomas Shakspeare,
+gent.
+
+There were Shakespeares also still at Baddesley Clinton. In the Diary of
+Henry Ferrers of that place, we find him speak of "napkins received from
+Henry Shakespeare, Nov. 4th, 1620"; of "Peeter Shakespeare, Nov. 5." "I
+ow Shakespeare none, Nov. 6th." "Henry Shakespeare sent his boy for a
+mark for his napkin. Nov. 12th, 1628-9." "Shakespeare of Kingswood, Feb.
+4th." "Shakespeare of Rowth(?), Feb. 18." "John Shakespeare came hither
+about his court."[262] This is the Henry Ferrers who wrote the Catalogue
+of all the Noblemen and Gentlemen resident in Warwick in 1577-78.[263]
+
+There is a tombstone on the walls of Rowington Church:
+
+     "In memory of John Shakespeare, of Baddesley Clinton, and
+     Mary his wife, who died, he, August 26, 1722, 61; she,
+     September 3, 1722, 56.
+
+     "They were lovely and pleasant in their lives, and in their
+     deaths they were not divided."
+
+There seems to have been a large number of Shakespeares in the town of
+Warwick.
+
+A John Shakespeare was assessed 1d. a week for relief of the poor, 1582,
+in Market Place Ward, and a Thomas Shakespeare at the same time in West
+Street Ward.[264]
+
+In the inquisitions post-mortem of Ambrose Dudley, Earl of Warwick, 32
+Elizabeth, a Thomas Shackspere was one of the witnesses.
+
+A Thomas Shakespeare had a grant from Mr. Henry Ferrers of two
+messuages, one orchard, four gardens, and four acres of pasture in
+Warwick for £80, Michaelmas, 39 Elizabeth, 1597.
+
+There was a Thomas Shakespeare--probably the same--who married on June
+21, 1598, Elizabeth Letherbarrow, daughter of the Mayor of Coventry. He
+became Bailiff of Warwick November 1, 10 Jac. I., 1613. The only notice
+of the name in the "Visitation of Warwickshire" in 1619 is that of
+"Thomas Shakespeere, gent., one of the principal Aldermen of Warwick."
+
+It is not clear whether or not he was the son of Thomas Shakespeare, the
+shoemaker, who held land of the manor of Wroxall, and died in 1557,
+leaving William, Thomas, John, and Joan, ux. Francis Ley.[265]
+
+In Birmingham Registers there was a William, 1637, and an Anne
+Shakespeare of Knowle, 1743.
+
+More might be said of the Shakespeares of Coventry and Fillongley. There
+is a tablet recording Shakespeare benefactions in Fillongley Church, and
+many still bear the name among the neighbouring peasantry. But to
+complete the pedigrees of the Warwickshire families, we must follow them
+to other abodes.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[231] November 25, 1584, Stratford-on-Avon Register. Mr. R. B. Wheeler,
+writing in the _Gentleman's Magazine_, September, 1816, takes for
+granted the poet's father had three wives; a belief which Rowe also
+held. See Reed's ed., vol. i., p. 136.
+
+[232] "Ursula, daughter of John Shakespeare, bapt. March 11, 1588-89;
+Humphrey, son of John Shakespeare, bapt. May 24, 1590; Philip, son of
+John Shakespeare, bapt. September 21, 1591."--Stratford-on-Avon
+Register.
+
+"This Humphrey was ancestor to the George Shakespeare living in
+Henley-in-Arden in 1864, and since in Wolverhampton." See French's
+"Shakespeareana Genealogica."
+
+[233] See "Rot. Claus.," 23 Elizabeth.
+
+[234] See St. Nicholas' Churchwardens' Accounts, transcribed and printed
+by Mr. Richard Savage, of Stratford-on-Avon. The register states: "1579.
+July Sexto die huius mensis, sepultus fuit Gulielmus Shaxper, qui
+demersus fuit in Rivulo aquæ, qui vel vocatur Avona."
+
+[235] A collection of thirty-five MSS. containing the name of
+Shakespeare. Besides these of William, there are papers of Thomas
+Shakespeare of Tamworth, 1679; Edward Shakespeare in the Manor of
+Solihull, October 2, 1688, and in 1690; John Shakespeare, 1707, 1709,
+1710, 1711, 1712; Widow Shakespeare, 1712-1714; Benjamin Shakespeare,
+1713; Benjamin Shakespeare's Barne, 1714.
+
+[236] Stratford-on-Avon Records.
+
+[237] _Notes and Queries_, Third Series, xii., pp. 81 and 161, August 3,
+1867, contains all the papers. A draft bill of their Chancery suit is
+preserved among the miscellaneous documents of Stratford-on-Avon.
+
+[238] See "MS. Episc., Worcester," and Halliwell-Phillipps, "Outlines,"
+ii. 256.
+
+[239] Dom. Ser., State Papers, James I., xv. 65, September 23, 1605.
+
+[240] "Mr. Collier says we have intelligence regarding no other William
+Shakespeare than the poet at that date" (French, "Shakespeareana
+Genealogica," p. 526).
+
+[241] Dom. Ser., State Papers, Car. I., Dxiv. II.
+
+[242] "Hist. MS. Com. Rep.," Appendix II., Davenport MSS.
+
+[243] French, "Shakespeareana Genealogica," p. 540.
+
+[244] Communicated in full by the Rev. E. T. Codd to _Notes and
+Queries_, Third Series, vol. viii., December, 1865, p. 185.
+
+[245] Somerset House, 88 Drax, proved July, 1683.
+
+[246] _Notes and Queries_, First Series, vol. xii., p. 123, August 18,
+1855.
+
+[247] Somerset House, 131 Fines.
+
+[248] Budbrooke Registers.
+
+[249] 7 St. John, and 168 Aylett, Somerset House.
+
+[250] The name of Nicolas Shakespeare of Budbrooke appears in a Recusant
+Roll of 16 Charles I.
+
+[251] Somerset House, 51 Lee.
+
+[252] Admin. 1654, f. 127, July 13.
+
+[253] Lib. 7, 318, Wotten, Somerset House.
+
+[254] Worcester Wills.
+
+[255] Worcester Wills.
+
+[256] Chancery Cases, S.s. 25.
+
+[257] Subsidy Rolls, Warwick, 35 Elizabeth, 193/235, and 39 Elizabeth,
+193/247, P.R.O.
+
+[258] See Rowington Court Rolls, 65.
+
+[259] Mr. Yeatman's "Gentle Shakespere," p. 146.
+
+[260] Chancery Cases, S.s. II.
+
+[261] Exchequer Q.R. licenses to Pass Beyond Seas, No. 17, June 13,
+1632.
+
+[262] Dr. Macray's Transcript, _Notes and Queries_, Seventh Series, v.,
+190.
+
+[263] Published in Nichols's "Collectanea Topographica et Genealogica,"
+vol. viii., p. 298.
+
+[264] See "Book of John Fisher," p. 81.
+
+[265] A Jone Ley was buried in St. Nicholas, Warwick, the same year. The
+administration of the goods of Mary Shakespeare, Warwick, was granted
+1723.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+SHAKESPEARES IN OTHER COUNTIES
+
+
+The Warwickshire Shakespeares overflowed into the surrounding counties.
+There were Shakespeares in Stafford,[266] Worcester,[267]
+Gloucester,[268] Northampton,[269] Leicester,[270] Berkshire[271] and
+Oxford.
+
+The three latter are worth noting. In 1597 there resided at Lutterworth,
+only a few miles from Stratford, a Thomas Shakespeare, who was employed
+by William Glover, of Hillenden, in Northamptonshire, gent., as his
+agent to receive and give an acquittance for a considerable sum of
+money.[272] It is not clear whether it was this same person or a son who
+was the Thomas Shakespeare, gent., of Staple Inn, Middlesex, who
+presented a certificate to some unnamed court, October 12, 1604,
+accounting for his non-appearance in a case.[273] John Perkyns was the
+plaintiff; Thomas Shakespere, William Perkyns, William Teery and others,
+defendants. He had been summoned at the suit of Perkyns to appear, in
+the Octaves of Trinity, but he had been required to be seventy miles out
+of London on the Saturday of the Octaves of Trinity in a Chancery Case.
+He only rested on the Sabbath at home, started on the Monday, and
+appeared in court on Wednesday. The other defendants were allowed the
+explanation; that it was denied to him seemed to be of malice. I cannot
+find the decision. I searched the Lay Subsidies of Leicester,[3] in
+Lutterworth and elsewhere, for this Shakespeare in vain; but I find that
+in 1594 a William Perkins paid in bond for Richard Perkins in Wigston
+Parva.[274] A bond of Thomas Shakespeare, of Lutterworth, November 27,
+1606, to James Whitelocke for 26s. 8d., is mentioned in the Historical
+MSS. Com.[275] A letter addressed to the Mayor of Leicester by certain
+leading inhabitants of Lutterworth about the plague is signed first by
+Thomas Shakespeare,[276] and Mr. French found in the Admission Books of
+Staple Inn,[277] "Thomas Shakespeare, of Lutterworth, in Com. Leic.,
+gent., etc., 15th Feb., 5 Jac. I., 1607." Does the following entry refer
+to him or to Thomas Shakespere of Warwick? "John, son of Thomas
+Shakespeare, gent., baptized July 18th, 1619."[278]
+
+John Shakespear (1774-1858),[279] Orientalist, was born at Lount, near
+Ashby, in Leicestershire, son of a small farmer there. He became
+Professor of Hindustani, and gave £2,500 towards preserving the
+birthplace at Stratford-on-Avon. He did not marry, and his property came
+to his nephew, Charles Bowles, who took the surname of "Shakespeare."
+
+A William Shakespeare was convicted at Leicester Assizes of
+night-poaching.[280]
+
+The Oxford Shakespeares deserve fuller attention than they have yet
+received. The Saunders _alias_ Shakespeare, already mentioned,[281] was
+possibly a native of another county. But we find some in the shire,
+contemporary with the poet. Among the "Original Wills at Somerset House
+there is one of Thomas Shackspeare, Innkeeper," in the suburbs of
+Oxford. He wished to be buried in the Church of St. Giles, Oxford,
+bequeathed property to his four children--Robert, Ellen, Mary, and
+Elizabeth, £10 each when they came of age--and left his wife Elizabeth
+residuary legatee and sole executrix; overseers, Mr. Ralf Shillingworth
+and Henry Hedges. A remembrance was left to the preacher of his funeral
+sermon, and to his loving friend Mr. Harris, of Yarnton, and he "set his
+hand and seale thereto," May 27, 1642;[282] witnesses, Thomas Champe and
+Nathaniel Harris. It is curious that the seal used should represent a
+winged heart bleeding, surmounted by a ducal coronet.
+
+Curiously enough, a notice of this one family is preserved in _Notes and
+Queries_,[283] though it is not mentioned in the index. It was
+transcribed from St. Mary Magdalene's, Oxford, by Dr. Macray while he
+was yet curate. "Thomas Shakspere, the sonne of Thomas Shaxspere, was
+baptised the 19th day of August, 1628;" Marie, April 15, 1630;
+Elizabeth, June 29, 1632; "Robert, the sone of Thomas Shaxspere,
+Inkeeper, was baptized September the 24th, 1634." Among the burials
+appear, "Thomas, the son of Thomas Shaxespere, was buried Nov. 4th,
+1642; Thomas Shaxsper, Inkeper, buried Nov. 11th, 1642; Ellinor Shaxsper
+was buried May second, 1643." The earlier records of the Church are
+lost. It is a pity the other Oxford registers have not been thoroughly
+searched for the name, or printed.
+
+A John Shakespeare,[284] of St. Mary's Hall, took the degree of B.A. in
+1666. The _Oxford Chronicle_[285] of April 20, 1765, mentions a Richard
+Shakespeare as being committed to Coventry Gaol as a forger.
+
+Some of these Shakespeares gravitated towards London. In the will of
+Leonard Wilmot, of Clanfield, co. Oxon., gent., 1608, there is a bequest
+to "Leonard Shackspire, my godson, servant to John Prince, of Abington,
+Vintner, 5^li, and to John Shackspire, of Newnam, 5^li."[286] This John
+may be father of Leonard, and may be the John referred to in the note.
+"John Shakespeare, of Nuneham Courtney, co. Oxford, an old feeble man,
+had been drinking in his house, 25th Nov., 1633."[287] A Leonard is
+mentioned in the register of Sunningwell, Berks, as being married to
+Alyce Parkes of Abingdon, September 12, 1614. This is probably the
+Leonard of Isleworth, Middlesex, vintner, who at an advanced age made
+his will,[288] March 26, 1664. He left his wife Elizabeth two tenements
+in Isleworth for life, then to his son John and his heirs; to his son
+William, 12d.; to his son Ralph, 12d.; to his daughter, Elizabeth King,
+£20 after his wife's death; to his son William's son William, 2s. 6d.;
+to his daughter Elizabeth, a feather bed; to his daughter Sara, 12d.; to
+his daughter Robina, 12d.; if John died without heirs, the tenements to
+go to his sons Ralph and William. His wife Elizabeth executrix; his
+friend, Mr. William Dance, and his son-in-law, Robert Parsons,
+overseers. Was it a stepmother's influence that made him cut off his two
+sons with a shilling?[289]
+
+Working for another purpose at a later date, I found Shakespeares in the
+little village of South Stoke in Oxfordshire. Among the baptisms are:
+"John, April 8th, 1751; Mary, Oct. 22nd, 1752; Hannah, Sept. 29, 1754;
+Elizabeth, Aug. 24th, 1756; Ann, July 6th, 1760, all children of Robert
+and Mary Shakespeare." "Susanna, base-born daughter of Catharine
+Shakespeare, Dec. 24th, 1784." "Elizabeth, daughter of John Shakespeare,
+and Eleanor his wife, Nov. 12, 1786." Among the marriages are "John Birt
+and Mary Shakespeare, 7th December, 1773." Among the burials are
+"William, March 13th, 1768," and "Robert, July 20th, 1786." In the same
+volume are Richard and Thomas, sons of Richard Burbage, 1577 and 1579,
+who both died in infancy, and there are many other Shakespearean names.
+
+In counties still further from Warwickshire the name is also found, as
+we may note in Hertfordshire, Derbyshire,[290] Hampshire, Surrey,
+Bedfordshire. There was administration granted to Lucy Shakespear,
+widow, of the goods of her deceased husband Thomas, of the town of
+Hertford, October 10, 1626; and Luke Shakespear, of Layston, co. Herts,
+fishmonger, made his will[291] May 7, 1707. His wife was Joyce, and he
+had a sister and two brothers not named.
+
+In Layston[292] Churchyard there are the tombs of "Mr. John Shakespeare,
+late citizen and founder of London," 1732, and of "Henry Mond
+Shakespear, Citizen and Loriner of London," 1784.
+
+In Portsmouth, 1662, William Shakespeare was contractor for the old Gun
+Wharf. A public-house, called Shakespeare's Head, is supposed to have
+been the place where he paid his men.[293] On April 25, 1747, in St.
+Gregory's by St. Paul's, were married "John Shakespeare of Portsea, and
+Mary Higginson of St. James', Westminster." Joseph Champ and Martha Ham,
+married at Portsmouth April 22, 1736, had John Shakespeare, of
+Portsmouth, as one of their bondsmen; and George Poate and Anne Loch,
+October 6, 1802, had Samuel Shakespeare one of their bondsmen.[294] The
+London Shakespeares seem to have had a residence in Hampshire also, for
+"Mrs. Shakespeare, widow of Alderman Shakespeare, of London, died at
+Bramdean, co. Hants, aged 80, in March, 1807."[295]
+
+Aubrey speaks of the wife of John Shakespeare, of Worplesdowne, in
+Surrey, who made as good butter there as she ever did at Wroxall or
+Bitteston. She was a North Wiltshire woman.[296] At Walton-upon-Thames,
+Surrey, tombstones remind us of Matthew Shakespeare and George
+Shakespeare, who died August 8, 1775; also of John Shakespeare, of
+Weybridge, January 13, 1775; of William Shakespeare of this parish,
+1783; and of George Shakespeare, architect, Oxford Street, London,
+1797.[297]
+
+On March 13, 1663, "William Shakespeare of Faucat was buried, and on
+July 23, 1668, Ann Shackspere, daughter to Will Shackspear, was buried
+in Toddington, co. Beds."[298]
+
+There were Shakespeares also in Essex. Mr. Veley collects a few
+particulars regarding them from the unregistered wills of the
+Archdeaconry of Essex.[299] The oldest is that of Thomas Shakespeare,
+priest, August 26, 1557. He leaves legacies to "8 priests of Jesus
+Commons, wherein I now dwell," to sing masses, and something to the
+maintenance of Jesus Commons, and to poor people, to the sisters of
+Sion, the fathers of Sheen, the observant friars of Greenwich, the
+Black-Friars of St. Bartholomew, Smithfield, the nuns of King's Langley,
+and "to the parryshe church of Seynt Mildryd in Bred Streete in London,
+towards the byeing of a pyxt or monstrat to carry the blyssyd Sacrament,
+v^li. To my brother, Robert Shakespeare; my brother, Harry Wyllson; my
+brother, John Cooke; my sister, Grace Starke; my sister, Jone
+Shackspere: my sister, Cicely Richardson; to John Cooke, of Jesus
+Commons; to Mother Agnes, of the Commons, and Goodwyfe Blower." The
+strange thing about this will is that it seems to have been made by the
+same Sir Thomas Shakespeare, clerk, whom I enter among the
+pre-Shakespearean London Shakespeares in August 22, 1559.[300] His will
+is preserved at Somerset House.[301]
+
+The two years that intervened between the drafting of the two wills were
+years of great import. Mary had died, Philip had vanished, and Elizabeth
+was seated on the throne. Therefore it is not surprising that there are
+fewer priestly legacies in the later will, that it mentions also fewer
+relatives, and no brother Robert. But there are still sisters, Thomasine
+Cook, Grace Storeton, Jone Shackspere, and a relative, Anne Wilson; and
+the legacy to the Church of St. Mildred's, Bread Street, London.[302]
+Mr. Veley does not know of this later will, which is the one that was
+proved. He takes it for granted Thomas was an Essex man, though he lived
+in London. He probably was so.
+
+Mr. Veley also mentions a Joseph Shakespeare of Havering, who made his
+will 1640. He had a brother Samuel, of Hornchurch, whose widow Susan
+made her will in 1678; a Samuel, of Romford, her son, who married
+Judith, had a daughter Ann, and died in 1707; a Thomas, of Hornchurch,
+also son of Susan, who made his will in 1702; and a William, probably a
+third brother, who married Susannah, was father to John of Rawreth, and
+made his will March 2, 1723. John of Rawreth's goods were administered
+by his daughter Judith, wife of Asser Vassall, 1731. Mr. Veley also
+finds a John and Elizabeth mentioned, but unfortunately does not print
+the contents of these other wills.
+
+It may be noted that there is a considerable gap between the date of the
+priest and his brother Robert and these later Shakespeares. I was glad
+to find among the administrations at Somerset House[303] the name of
+"Alice Shakespeare, Widow, of Ginge Margretting, Essex, 1581." She might
+have been the widow of this Robert, and might also have been, at an
+advanced age, the sister Alice Shakespeare mentioned in the will of
+Francis Griffin, of Braybrook, 37 Henry VIII., who, Mr. Yeatman insists,
+must have been the poet's grandmother. Francis Griffin remembers another
+sister, _Agnes Crosmore_. The goods of this Alice Shakespeare were
+administered by her sister, _Agnes Williams_, of Barking. I have made a
+prolonged search among the Subsidy Rolls of Essex to locate this family.
+Nowhere have I found the spelling of the name so varied, from
+Shakesphere to Shakespurr, Saxper, and even Shaksby and Shucksby.
+Cross-references prove these to be intended for the same name.[304] In 3
+Jac. I., in Foulness, Essex, a Nicholas Saxper; in Rochford,[305] 21
+Jac. I., John Shuxbye, and in Stambridge Magna, 4 Car. I., both Shakesby
+and Shukesby. The Hearth Tax,[306] Essex, Car. II., mentions Samuel
+Shexpere, and the Subsidy Rolls of 14 Car. II., Samuel Shaksper, of
+Harold's Wood Ward. In 1666[307] there appear in the Hundred of Witham
+Thomas Shakesby and Edward Shakesby, a Samuel Shakespeare of the North
+End of Hornchurch, and a Samuel Shakespeare of Harold's Wood Ward.
+
+In the Hundred of Chafford, William Shakespeare, gent., of Langdon
+Hills, appears among the collectors of the subsidies. It is possible
+there may have been many more of the name assessed; but some of the
+Rolls are lost and many are decayed in various ways. I have searched
+several of the outlying registers without success, but others have found
+the name in Romford, Barking, Hornchurch, Rawreth, and Rochester.
+
+In the county where we find an early notice of the family the name
+occasionally appears. Mr. J. M. Cowper, Canterbury, tells us that
+"Judith filia Leonardi Shakespeare was baptized Feb. 27, 1596-7, at
+Warehorne, Kent."[308] The name does not occur again. In Rucking, Kent,
+February 24, 1599, John, son of Reginald Shakespear, was baptized, and
+on May 30, 1600, Reginald Shakespeare was buried.[309]
+
+Mr. W. J. Lightfoot, the transcriber, says that he is acquainted with
+several other neighbouring parishes, and that the name does _not_ occur
+in their registers--a statement which, curiously enough, Mr. French
+reproduces without the "not."
+
+George Austin and Margaret Shakespeare, of Biddenden, Kent, widow, were
+married July 26, 1639.[310]
+
+In the North, where the early Shakespeares were attached to land, they
+seem to have survived and spread, as may be seen from the directories of
+Northern towns to-day.[311] Ireland, too, owns Shakespeares, possibly
+descended from the Thomas of Youghal.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[266] _Notes and Queries_, Second Series, vi. 285; Third Series, viii.
+33. "George, descendant of Humphrey," etc. Mr. Dickenson tells me there
+are many of the name in the parish of Bredon.
+
+[267] By fine levied Hil. 1655, Shakespere conveyed tenements in
+Inckbarrow, Worcestershire, _Notes and Queries_, Second Series, vii.
+336.
+
+[268] There is the will of John Shakespeare, of Newington Bagpath, Cook,
+among the Gloucester Wills, Index Library, and in "The Shakespeares of
+Dursley," by John Henry Blount, we find James Shakespeare buried at
+Bisley, March 13, 1570; Edward, son of John and Margery Shakespeare,
+bapt. at Beverston, September 19, 1619. Thomas Shakespeare, weaver, was
+married to Joan Turner at Dursley Church, March 3, 1677-78, and of their
+children, Edward was bapt. July 1, 1681; Mary, 1682; Thomas, 1685; and
+Mary, 1691. John Shakespeare was a mason in Dursley from 1704 to 1739;
+and Thomas Shakespeare had a seat-place allotted him in 1739. Betty
+Shakespeare received poor money from 1747 till 1754. Some still exist in
+the adjoining parish of Newington Bagpath, and claim kindred with the
+poet.
+
+[269] Edward Shakespeare of Syresham, 1626-30; Thomas Shakespeare of
+Litchborough, 1610-41 (Northamptonshire and Rutland Wills, Index
+Library).
+
+[270] _Notes and Queries_, First Series, vii. 405 and 546.
+
+[271] A John Shakespeare of Finchhampstead, Berkshire, made his will in
+1644. See Berkshire Wills.
+
+[272] _Notes and Queries_, First Series, vii. 405 and 546.
+
+[273] State Papers, Domestic Series, Jac. I., ix. 72.
+
+[274] Lay Subsidies, Leicester, Goodlaxton, 39 Elizabeth, Wigston Parva,
+134/235 and 134/254.
+
+[275] Hist. Man. Com., vol. iii., Report 1872, p. 190.
+
+[276] Ancient Records of Leicester, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Society, 1855,
+and _Notes and Queries_, Third Series, v. 383.
+
+[277] Admission Books, Staple Inn, vol. i., f. 58, and French,
+"Shakespeareana Genealogica," 542.
+
+[278] From the Register of St. Gregory by St. Paul's, London.
+
+[279] "Dict. Nat. Biography."
+
+[280] _Notes and Queries_, Fifth Series, viii. 386.
+
+[281] See p. 15.
+
+[282] Proved November 4, 1643, by his relict Elizabeth.
+
+[283] _Notes and Queries_, Third Series, viii. 124.
+
+[284] "Catalogue of Oxford Graduates," Clarendon Press.
+
+[285] _Notes and Queries_, Second Series, xii. 469.
+
+[286] French, "Shakspeareana Genealogica."
+
+[287] _Notes and Queries_, Seventh Series, vi. 344. See "Liber Actorum,"
+Bodleian Library.
+
+[288] Somerset House, 88 Bruce, proved July 1, 1664.
+
+[289] The Hearth Tax for Isleworth, 1666, 252/32, notes "Ralph
+Shakespeare 2 hearths, Widow Shakespeare 1 hearth."
+
+[290] Elizabeth Shakspere, of St. Werbergs, Derby, made her will 1558.
+Pegge's "Collection for the History of Derbyshire" contains a sheet of
+printed verses "on the death of the Rev. Mr. Shakespear" (Nichols's
+"Col. Top. and Gen.," iii. 244).
+
+[291] Wills of the Prerogative Court of Canterbury.
+
+[292] See _Genealogical Magazine_, January, 1898.
+
+[293] _Notes and Queries_, Fourth Series, iv. 275.
+
+[294] Hampshire Marriage Licences.
+
+[295] _Gentleman's Magazine_, vol. lxxvii., p. 280.
+
+[296] Aubrey's "Natural History of Wiltshire," 1680.
+
+[297] Manning and Bray's "Surrey," vol. ii.
+
+[298] "Misc. Gen. et Herald.," Second Series, vol. ii. Register of
+Toddington, co. Beds.
+
+[299] See "The Shakespeares of Essex." by Augustus Charles Veley,
+Registrar of the Archdeaconry of Essex, _Essex Archæological Society's
+Magazine_, vol. iii., p. 70, 1865.
+
+[300] See my article in the _Athenæum_, April 23, 1892, entitled
+"Pre-Shakespearean London Shakespeares."
+
+[301] 40 Chayney.
+
+[302] Auditors' Patent Books, vol. vi., 1538-1553. Thomas Shakespeare,
+formerly minister of Colebray, in the parish of St. Mildred's, in the
+ward of Bread Street, London, on September 1, 2 Ed. VI., received a
+patent for 100 shillings per annum. There is no absolute proof, but
+every probability, that this is the same Sir Thomas Schaftespeyr
+mentioned in the will of Joan Jons of Bristol, and other Bristol Wills.
+See the abstract contained in the "Great Orphan Book," and Book of Wills
+in Council House at Bristol, 1886, by the Rev. J. P. Wadley, Rector of
+Naunton Beauchamp.
+
+[303] Admin. Vicar-General's Books, No. 268, 1574-1583.
+
+[304] Lay Subsidies, Essex, 111/575.
+
+[305] Lay Subsidies, Essex, Rochford, 112/602, 112/634, 112/642.
+
+[306] Subsidy Rolls, Chelmsford, Essex, 112/707, do. 112/708.
+
+[307] Subsidy Rolls of several Hundreds in Essex, a paper book, 246/19.
+
+[308] _Notes and Queries_, Third Series, vi. 324, and French,
+"Shakespeareana Genealogica," p. 541.
+
+[309] _Notes and Queries_, Third Series, vi. 324, and French,
+"Shakespeareana Genealogica," p. 541. Mr. C. G. Dickenson tells me his
+will is at Canterbury, v. 52, f. 36.
+
+[310] Registers of Sutton Valence, Kent, kindly sent by a correspondent.
+
+[311] "Misc. Gen. et Herald," New Series, i. 143.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+LONDON SHAKESPEARES
+
+
+By far the most interesting search can be made in London, that great
+centre where congregate representatives of all the families and counties
+of the kingdom.
+
+It is strange that a William was one of the earliest recorded burials in
+the registers of St. Margaret's, Westminster. "William Shakespeare was
+buried April 30, 1539." A comparatively modern hand has written against
+this the foolish scribble, "Query if this be the poet or not?" He may
+have been in the service of the Court, but there are no signs that he
+was a man of wealth. In the churchwardens' account[312] he was only
+charged 2d. for the candles at his funeral, a common charge, but not for
+great people. He may have been the son of the fifteenth-century William,
+or of Peter of Southwark, and father or brother of Roger the royal
+yeoman.
+
+The discovery that _Shakespeare_ lived in St. Helen's Parish,
+Bishopsgate, has been claimed for an American, though Hunter mentioned
+in his "Life of Shakespeare," 1845, that in the Subsidy Rolls of London
+a William Shakespeare was assessed in 1597 in that district.[313]
+
+[Illustration: NORDEN'S MAP OF LONDON, 1593.
+
+_Between pp. 142, 143._]
+
+The entry is: "Affid. William Shakespeare on v^li goods,[314] assessed
+xiii iiii^d." The "affid." affixed to it shows that the Shakespeare
+named tried to avoid payment on some grounds. It has surprised many, and
+satisfied others as suitable, that the poet should have lived in this
+neighbourhood, near so many of his theatrical friends. But I do not
+think it is certainly proved that it was our Shakespeare at all. Two
+references of Collier seem to locate him in Southwark in 1596, and in
+1609, near the site of the Globe Theatre. Several of the name lived near
+Bishopsgate before and after his death.
+
+John Scatcliffe, of St. Botolph's, Aldersgate, cook, bachelor,
+twenty-four, and Mary Shakespeare, of the same, spinster, twenty-four,
+at St. Botolph's, December 20, 1637;[315] in later years, Nathaniel[316]
+Shaxspere and Elizabeth ----, widow, married August 18, 1663, in St.
+Botolph's, Bishopsgate; Henry Shakespeare, of St. Botolph's,
+Bishopsgate, bachelor (twenty-five), and Elizabeth Hartwell, of same,
+spinster (twenty), her parents dead, with consent of her grandmother,
+Elizabeth Gaye, of same, at St. Botolph's, March 26, 1663; William[317]
+Winch and Abigail Shaxpere, married September 30, 1680; Francis Hill and
+Saray Saxspere, September 28, 1682; John Shakespeare and Edith Murry,
+married at St. Botolph's, Bishopsgate, January 2, 1699; William
+Shakespear and Anna Maria Carter, both of this parish, July 9, 1733.
+
+There was a Matthew Shakespere who, on February 5, 1566-67, married
+Isabel Peele in Christ Church,[318] Newgate Street. She was probably
+daughter of James Peele, Clerk of Christ's Hospital from 1562 to 1585,
+and sister of George Peele,[319] the dramatist, educated in the Grammar
+School there. They seem to have had a large family.[320] On January 18,
+1569, Johanne, daughter of Matthew Shakespere, was baptized, and buried
+on February 11. On March --, 1574, Francis, son of Matthew Shakespere,
+baptized; on August 27, 1578, Jane; on April 7, 1583, Thomas. There was
+also a Humphrey entered as son of _Hugh_ Shakespeare, August 5, 1571.
+But as among the burials there appears "Humphrey, son of Matthew
+Shackspere, Aug. 30, 1571," it would seem to be an error. Johanne,
+daughter of Matthew Shackespere, was buried December 26, 1572, the
+second of the name; Jayne, on September 5, 1577, the first of the name.
+Robert, son of Matthew Shackspeare, was buried May 5, 1580. Besides
+these were buried Francis Shakespeare, October 7, 1571, and Robert
+Shakespeare, May 24, 1577. These might be grandfather and uncle of the
+family, which might have reckoned a William among its members.
+
+There was a Thomas Shakespeare, royal messenger, in 1572, payments to
+whom I have found in the State Papers.[321] And in "Archæologia" there
+is printed his request for payment, in 1577, for carrying letters from
+the Privy Council to the Bishop of London at Fulham, the Bishop of York
+at Tower Hill, the Bishop of Chichester at Westminster, the Bishop of
+Durham in Aldersgate Street, and to the Bishop of Worcester in St.
+Paul's Churchyard.[322]
+
+Mr. Hunter and many others supposed that at the time of the poet there
+was only _one_ other of the name in London--John of St.
+Martin's-in-the-Fields.
+
+In the churchwardens' accounts there were found notices of a John
+Shakespeare about 1605. Mr. French thinks that he might be the John, son
+of Thomas, of Snitterfield.[323] I have worked through these books and
+the registers, and have gleaned a good many scraps about him. He appears
+there too early. John of Snitterfield was born in 1581-82. John of St.
+Martin's, on January 22, 1589, was married[324] to Dorothea Dodde,
+daughter of the Vestry Clerk (her sister Jane had, the year before,
+married a Christopher Wren) of that parish; and on December 23, 1593, it
+is to be supposed he had a daughter, "Maria Shakespeare," christened,
+mentioned there, as is customary in that register, without the name of
+her father.
+
+In 1594 Mrs. Shakespeare's sister was staying with her, as among the
+burials is entered, "Elizabeth Dod, from Shakespeares."
+
+John[325] Shakespeare, "on the land side of the parish," in 1603,
+contributed to the new casting of the bells five shillings, and in 1605
+was one of the sidesmen. "Paid to John Shakespeare, one of the sidesmen,
+that he laid out at the registers office for putting in the Recusants
+Bills 3s. 4d." In 1609 "Dorithie Shakespeare" was buried, and her
+expenses brought in to the churchwardens 32s. 2d., relatively a large
+sum, as Sir Thomas Windebanck's funeral cost only 16s. In that same year
+John contributed also ten shillings to the repair of the church. On June
+20, 1613, the churchwardens "received from John Shakespeare, by the
+hands of Edward Thickness, the sum of £10, given as a legacy by Mrs.
+Dimbleby, deceased" (which suggests that he was her executor), and in
+1617 they "gave to John Shakespeare's daughter 7s. 6d."--a curious
+entry, which I cannot explain. She may have done some work for the
+churchwardens, as they often employed women; it may have been a debt due
+her father, a present on her marriage, or an aid in sudden poverty. The
+death of a "John Shakespeare, a man," is noted in 1646, in apparent
+poverty, as the funeral cost only 1s.--a different cost from that of
+Mrs. Dorothy Shakespeare in 1608. I had thought it possible that this
+sum represented only a fee for a burial in another parish, but I find
+that theory is untenable. Whether the John of 1646 was the same as the
+sidesman of 1605 or not, he was certainly buried in the parish. From the
+vestry books I found many notices of John Shakespeare as contributing to
+the expenses of the poor, first on the "waterside" of the parish, and
+then on the "landside"; and I believed, reasoning from a State Paper
+Bill, that he was referred to in the entry, "received for a pewe, from
+the Princes' Bitmaker 30s., 1639-40." His name disappeared from the
+books long before 1646; and I fancied he had gone farther east to the
+parish of St. Clement's Danes, which joined that of St. Martin's at
+several points. "Paid to William Wright for a stone engraved with
+letters on it, which is sett in the wall of the Earl of Salisbury at his
+house at Ivie Bridge to devide the two parishes of St. Martin's in the
+Fields and St. Clement's Danes in that place." I gave up theorizing
+until I could see the registers of St. Clement's Danes, and from various
+causes three years passed before I had an opportunity of clearing up the
+puzzle. These registers prove that in London, as in Stratford-on-Avon, I
+had been confused by double entries, and that there was _another John
+Shakespeare_. The St. Martin's John lost his wife Dorothy in 1608; the
+St. Clement's John married his wife Mary in 1605. "3rd Feb. 1604-5,
+Johne Shakspear and Mary Godtheridg." _He_ was the wealthy bitmaker to
+the King, of whom I had discovered notices in the State Papers and wills
+that turned my attention to St. Clement's Danes, a hitherto unsuspected
+locality for Shakespeare finds. I thought at first that he might have
+been John the shoemaker who vanished from Stratford. But it was hardly
+likely that he should have changed his trade from shoemaking to
+bitmaking, or that he would have been successful in it. The St.
+Clement's John might have been a son of the St. Martin's John, but there
+is no christening of a John in that parish, or in any other London
+parish that I know. So here I thought I might justly theorize, and state
+my opinion that he really was the John, son of Thomas, of Snitterfield,
+born 1581-82, of whom is no record of further life or burial in his own
+neighbourhood. He would be of a suitable age, and there was in his case
+a _reason_ for Court success.
+
+William Shakespeare the poet had by this time made his mark, not only in
+literature and the drama, but in Court influence and financial
+possibilities. His patron, the Earl of Southampton, was in favour with
+the King. Supposing this John was Shakespeare's first cousin, as I
+believe he was, what more likely than that the poet, who had lost his
+only son, would help, as far as he could, his nearest male relative? I
+trust to find further proof of this some day, but I may state what I do
+know about this St. Clement's John. He had a large family. The registers
+record in the baptizings: "John Shaxbee sonne of John 28th Aug. 1605."
+"Susan Shasper daughter of John 19th Feb. 1607." "Jane Shakespeer the
+daughter of John 16th July 1608." "Anthony Shaksbye son of John 23rd
+June 1610." "Thomas Shackspeer son of John 30th June 1611." "Ellyn
+Shakspear the daughter of John 5th May 1614." "Katharine Shakspeare
+daughter of John 25th Aug. 1616." Now, to set against these we have the
+burials of: "Anthony Shakesby the son of John 26th June 1610." "Thomas
+Shakspeer the son of John 1st July 1612." "Susan Shakspere daughter of
+John 3rd Aug. 1612." "Katharine Shakespeare d. of John 26th Aug. 1616."
+Of two of the remaining children, John and Ellen, we have further
+information; concerning the other, I believe we have an interesting
+error, bearing on the credibility of parish clerks.
+
+Among the burials appears that of "_Jane Shackspeer, daughter of Willm,
+8. Aug. 1609_." Now, this might have been a daughter of the Bishopsgate
+William, or of some country William up in London for a holiday. It might
+even have been a hitherto unknown daughter of the poet himself. But I
+believe that the clerk's mind was wandering when he wrote, and that he
+was thinking of "William" when he should have written "John," because
+John's family seem to have been delicate and have chiefly died young,
+and his daughter "Jane" would have been just about a year old at the
+time. No other notice of "William" or of "Jane" appears in the register.
+
+The phonetic varieties of the spelling of the name may have been
+noticed, but it is as well I copied all such. Among the Bishop of
+London's marriage[326] licenses I find on "May 28, 1631, John
+Shackspeare of St. Clement's Danes, Bittmaker, Bachelor, 26, had a
+license to marry Margaret Edwards of St. Bride's Spinster, 28, at same
+Parish Church."[327] The age of John Shackspear coincides with the age
+of John Shaxbee, which is the only resembling entry near the date, and
+the trade and the parish are the same. He was duly married in St.
+Bride's,[328] and soon afterwards christenings began in St. Clement's
+Danes. "12th April 1632, John Shackspeare son of John Shackspeare
+Junior, and Margaret, ux." "4th May 1633, Mary Shackespeare, daughter of
+John Shackespeare, and Margaret, ux." "17th Aug. 1634, Mary Shackspeare,
+daughter of John Shackespeare and Margaret, ux." "3rd March 1635-6 John
+Shakespear son of John and Margaret his wife." The reason for the
+repeated names lies in the burials: "John Shackspeare son of John 17th
+May, 1632." "Mary Shakespeare daughter of John 16th Julie 1633." "Mary
+Shakespeare, infant, 1st May 1635." The more important entry of the
+burial of their grandfather is fortunately clear--"John Shackespeare,
+the King's Bitmaker, 27th Jan. 1633."[329] The name of trade or
+profession was but rarely mentioned in this parish, and in this case it
+fixes the State Paper entries. A large sum (£1,612 11s.) due to her
+husband by the Crown was paid to a widow Mary after the death of her
+husband, John Shackespeare,[330] His Majesty's bit-maker, 1638, for
+wares delivered to the royal stables, and she had already been paid £80.
+"Warrant to pay to the Earl of Denbigh Master of the Wardrobe £1612, 11
+0, to be paid to Mary Shackspeare widow & executrix of John
+Shackespeare, his Majesty's Bitmaker deceased, in regard of her present
+necessities, in full of a debt of £1692, 11 for sundry parcels of wares
+by him delivered for his majesty's service in the Stables, as by a
+certificate appeareth, whereof there has been already paid unto her £80.
+Subscribed by order of the Lord Treasurer procured Dec. 18th, 1637, and
+paid Jan. 21, 1637-8."
+
+For some reason her daughter Ellen was made her heiress. Among the State
+Papers at Dublin Castle relating to settlements and explanations after
+the Restoration there is a reference to this lady, and there was some
+dispute about what she was entitled to receive. "It appears by an order
+of the Revenue side of the Exchequer[331] that Ellen, daughter and
+heiress of Mary Shakespeare, of ye Strand, widow, was married to John
+Milburne." In Mary Shakespeare's will, December 24, 1553, she left to
+her daughter, Ellen Milburne, £60; money to her grandchildren Milburne;
+£50 to her grandson, John Shakespeare, son of her son John; 10s. to her
+sister, Anne Brewer; 5s. to her daughter-in-law, Margaret Shakespeare;
+2s. 6d. to Sarah Richardson, her brother's daughter; and the same to
+Mary Shakespeare, wife of Thomas Allon (proved March 2, 1654).[332]
+
+The Mary Shakespeare of St. Martin's parish does not seem to have died
+there. She may have been the Mary Shakespeare, wife of Thomas Allon, of
+the above will, or the Mary Shakespeare who was buried in the Church of
+St. Thomas Apostle,[333] November 14, 1644. There was a John
+Shakespeare, who might have been one of those three now mentioned, or
+who might have been a fourth of the name, not very far off, mentioned as
+one of the defaulters by the Collectors of the Loan in the Hundred of
+Edmonton, and part of the Hundred of Ossulton, County Middlesex, in
+1627.[334]
+
+There were Shakespeares further west and further east than the Strand.
+Adrian Shakespeare, of St. James's, within the liberty of Westminster,
+left £550 on trust with his brothers-in-law, William Gregory and William
+Farron, for his daughter Elizabeth and an unborn child; his father,
+Thomas Shakespeare, and all his brothers and sisters to have a guinea
+apiece, residue to his wife Christian, November 26, 1714.[335] Perhaps
+he descended from the William of 1539.
+
+At St. George's, Hanover Square, William Fellows, widower, and Margaret
+Shakespear, spinster, were married May 28, 1730;[336] at St. George's,
+Hanover Square, William Guy and Rebekah Shakespeare, of St.
+Mary-le-Bone, March 29, 1758;[337] at St. George's Chapel, Hyde Park
+Corner, William Shakespeare and Mary Waight, of St. Giles, Cripplegate,
+July 29, 1751;[338] James Barnet, of St. James's, Westminster, and
+Elizabeth Shakespear, February 9, 1760.[339] A George Shakespeare, of
+Westminster, Arm., matriculated at Wadham College, June 10, 1785, aged
+twenty-seven.[340]
+
+Manasses Shakespeare, of St. Andrew's, Holborn, widower, and Mary
+Goodwin, spinster, of same, married at St. James's, Duke's Place, April
+27, 1710.[341]
+
+Benjamin Shakespear, of the parish of St. Christopher, painter, made his
+will 1707, and bequeathed to his father, Benjamin Shakespear, of
+Tamworth, in Warwickshire, his wearing apparel, and left a legacy to his
+mother Joyce, his wife Judith being sole executrix[342] (proved December
+4, 1714).
+
+In the records of the Leather Sellers' Company is preserved the
+apprenticeship of George, son of Thomas Shakespeare, of Arley, county
+Warwick,[343] October 12, 1693. George, son of William Shakespeare, also
+of Arley, was apprenticed 1732. Thomas Shakespeare, son of George,
+citizen and leather-seller of London, was apprenticed to William
+Jephson, vintner.[344]
+
+An important branch of the family settled in the east. John Shackspeer,
+of Rope Walk, Upper Shadwell, appears in 1654. His father has still to
+be found, but his posterity believe he descended from the poet's
+grandfather. I had hoped to satisfy them through the St. Clement's Danes
+registers. But his age at his marriage precludes this, for it gives the
+year of his birth as 1619. The only John that I know to be born in that
+year was John, son of Thomas Shakespeare, gent., baptized July 18, 1619,
+in St. Gregory by St. Paul's. I had taken him to be the son of Thomas,
+the Staple Inn student and lawyer of Leicester, but I cannot prove it.
+On June 14, 1654, John married Martha Seeley,[345] and had four sons and
+four daughters, of whom survived Martha, Samuel, Benjamin, Mary, John
+and Jonathan. A trade token of his still exists.[346] Ropemaker
+Shakespeare was summoned, with others, to appear before the Admiralty
+regarding a breach of contract for ropes, January 26, 1656-57.[347] John
+Shakespear, son of John of Shadwell, ropemaker, was apprenticed to John
+Grange, of Upper Shadwell, chafer, 1663-64.[348] Jonathan, the youngest
+son, born February 6, 1670, succeeded his father, who died 1689. He
+married,[349] April 26, 1698, Elizabeth Shallet, of Clapham, aged
+nineteen, and had thirteen children. Samuel Wilton was apprenticed to
+Jonathan Shakespeare, citizen and _broiderer_ of London, April 7, 1725.
+He died 1735. The business of ropemaking was carried on by the eldest
+son, Arthur, born 1699, who died 1749, leaving the property and business
+to his youngest brother John, on condition he brought up his heir to
+ropemaking. This John, twelfth child of Jonathan, born 1718, married,
+1745, Elizabeth, daughter of Colin Currie, and Anne, daughter of the
+Honourable John Campbell; and had eleven children. He became Ropemaker
+to the Board of Ordnance in succession to his brother Arthur, May 12,
+1749; Trustee of Middlesex Turnpike Roads 1751; Ranger of Waltham Forest
+1761; Deputy-Lieutenant for Middlesex 1763; alderman of the ward of
+Aldgate 1767; sheriff 1768. He was originally of the Broiderers'
+Company, as was his father, but was translated from that guild to the
+Ironmongers', of which he became master 1769.[350] He died 1775. "_The
+alderman used the same coat of arms as the poet, there being but the one
+known._" It is engraved in Noorthouck's "History of London," ed. 1773.
+
+The Shakespear tomb in Stepney Churchyard records his death, and that of
+Bennet Shakespear, son of Jonathan, 1756, and Jonathan, son of Jonathan,
+1768, brothers of the alderman; also Mrs. Elizabeth Shakespeare, his
+widow, February 15, 1807, aged eighty, at Bramdean, co. Hants; Arthur
+Shakespear, eldest son of the alderman, M.P. for Richmond, in Yorkshire,
+1818, aged seventy; his wife Jane, 1805, aged fifty-five; Matthew John
+Shakespeare, son of Arthur, April 2, 1844; and several children who died
+young. The sons of the Alderman John Shakespeare and Elizabeth his wife
+were I. Arthur; II. John; III. David; IV. Samuel; V. Colin.
+
+I. Arthur, the M.P. for Richmond, married Jane, daughter of Sir Matthew
+Ridley, and had two sons, Matthew John, and Arthur William. His wife
+died in Pall Mall in February, 1805,[351] and he died June 12, 1818, in
+Albemarle Street,[352] aged seventy. His son, Matthew John Shakespeare,
+willed away the Shadwell property to his cousins, the children of Mary
+Oliver, 1844. The rope-factory was destroyed by fire in the autumn of
+1860, but a street in the neighbourhood is still called Shakespeare's
+Walk.
+
+II. John. The second son of Alderman John was born May 6, 1749. He
+married, in 1782, Mary, daughter and heir of the Rev. William Davenport,
+of Bredon, co. Worcester, and of Lacock Abbey, co. Wilts, by his wife,
+Martha Talbot, of the old family famed by Shakespeare the poet.
+
+The sons of John Shakespear and Mary Davenport, his first wife, were:
+(1) John Talbot; (2) William Oliver; (3) Henry Davenport; (4) Arthur.
+
+1. John Talbot Shakespear entered the East India Company's service, and
+had four sons by Emily, eldest daughter of William Makepeace Thackeray:
+(1_a_) John Dowdeswell Shakespear, Lieutenant-Colonel of the Bengal
+Artillery, who married Margaret, only daughter of Joseph Hodgson, F.R.S.
+He died without issue, April 6, 1867, aged sixty.[353] (2_a_) William
+Makepeace Shakespear, (3_a_) George Trant Shakespear, who both died
+unmarried. (4_a_) Sir Richmond Campbell Shakespear, 1812-61, "youngest
+son of John Talbot Shakespear, of the Bengal Civil Service. He came to
+England with his cousin, William Makepeace Thackeray, for his education.
+He served with distinction in India, was knighted in 1841, the only
+occasion on which he returned to England. His cousin, Thackeray, in the
+'Roundabout Papers' (Letts's Diary), paid a tribute to his chivalry and
+liberality. He married Marian Sophia Thompson in 1844, and died at
+Indore, October 28, 1861, leaving a family of three sons and six
+daughters."[354] A memorial-stone is raised in memory of him in the
+cloister walls of Charterhouse Chapel.[355] Thackeray drew the portrait
+of Colonel Newcome from his elder brother, Colonel John Dowdeswell
+Shakespeare. His eldest son, Richmond Shakespear, Captain H.M. 36th
+Regiment N.I., died in India, August 12, 1865. His daughter, Selina,
+married, in 1868, Lieutenant Ninian Lowis, Bengal Staff Corps.
+
+Mr. John Talbot Shakespear had also four daughters--Emily, Augusta,
+Charlotte, Marianne.
+
+2. The second son of John Shakespear and Mary Davenport, William Oliver
+Shakespear, was Judge of the Provincial Court of Appeal in the Madras
+Presidency. He married Charlotte Maxton, and had five sons and two
+daughters, (1_b_) William, who died young; (2_b_) Henry, a Lieutenant in
+the Royal Navy, who was shipwrecked in a frigate in the Indian Seas,
+1833; (3_b_) Charles Maxton Shakespear, Lieutenant-Colonel in the Madras
+Army; (4_b_) Arthur Robert, who died in 1844; (5_b_) George Frederick
+Shakespear, Lieutenant-Colonel Madras Staff Corps, who was married, and
+had a son born in 1865.[356]
+
+3. The third son, Henry Davenport Shakespear, was member of the Supreme
+Court of India. He married Louisa Muerson, and had three sons and seven
+daughters. (1_c_) Henry John Childe Shakespear, Commandant of the
+Nagpore Irregular Horse; (2_c_) Alexander Shakespear, a Judge in India;
+(3_c_) William Ross Shakespear, Madras Cavalry, who married Fanny
+Isabella, daughter of Sir Robert North Collie Hamilton, of Alveston, co.
+Warwick, 1854, and had two sons, William and Robert; he died in 1862.
+The daughters of Henry Davenport Shakespear were Louisa, Harriet,
+Augusta, Jane, Agnes, Mary, Henrietta. He died in 1838.
+
+4. The fourth son of John Shakespear and Mary Davenport, Arthur
+Shakespear, was Captain in the 10th Hussars, served as aide-de-camp to
+Lord Combermore during the Peninsular War, and was Brigade-Major of the
+Hussars at Waterloo. He married, April 19, 1818, Harriet Sophia,
+daughter of Thomas Skip Dyott Bucknall, of Hampton Court. He died in
+1845, leaving six sons and two daughters, (1_d_) George Bucknall
+Shakespear, Colonel Royal Artillery, who married Henrietta Panet. His
+eldest son was Arthur Bucknall Shakespear. (2_d_) William Powlett
+Shakespear[357] was a Lieutenant in the 2nd Bombay Fusiliers, and lost
+his life at Samanghur in trying to save a wounded sepoy. (3_d_) Colonel
+John Talbot Shakespear, who married Emma Waterfield, and had a son,
+Leslie, born 1865. (4_d_) Lieutenant-Colonel John Davenport Shakespear,
+served in the Crimean War. He married, in 1855, Louisa Caroline,
+daughter of Robert Sayer, of Sibton Park, co. Suffolk, and had a son,
+Arthur Franklin Charles Shakespear, 1864, and a daughter, Ida Nea. He
+claimed descent from the poet's family in 1864.[358] (5_d_) Rev. Wyndham
+Arthur Shakespear, fifth son of Arthur Shakespear, of Boxwell, co.
+Gloucester, Arm. Exeter College, matriculated May 29, 1855, aged
+nineteen, B.A. from Litton Hall, 1860, and M.A. He has held various
+curacies.[359] (6_d_) Robert Henry Shakespear, who married, in 1858,
+Octavia, daughter of Charles Fenwick, Consul-General for Denmark. He has
+a son, Lionel Fairfax Shakespear. His elder daughter, Harriet Blanche,
+married, 1868, Lieutenant-Colonel James Edward Mayne, Deputy-Judge,
+Madras; the younger, Rosaline, married William Sim Murray, M.D.,
+surgeon, 66th Foot, 1867.
+
+II. John Shakespeare's first wife, Mary Davenport, died in 1793; and he
+married, secondly, Charlotte, the daughter of ---- Fletcher, Esq., by
+whom he had a son--
+
+5. Owen, who died unmarried, and two daughters, Georgiana and Henrietta
+Matilda. His second wife, Charlotte, died in 1815, and he died January
+16, 1825, and was buried at Lacock Abbey.
+
+III. The alderman's third son, David, settled in Jamaica, and left a
+family, whose descendants still exist there. In 1867 the Hon. John
+Shakespear, grandson of David, was a member of the Legislature and
+proprietor of Hodges-Penn, St. Elizabeth's parish.
+
+IV. I have been unable to find particulars of Samuel, the fourth son.
+
+V. Colin, the fifth son of the alderman, was in the East India Company's
+Civil Service, as collector at Saharapore. He married Harriet Dawson,
+and his daughter Harriet married William Woodcock, Esq.
+
+The alderman's eldest daughter Sarah married Joseph Sage; his second
+daughter, Anne, John Blagrove, of Cardiff Hall, Jamaica; his third,
+Martha, the Rev. John William Lloyd, of Aston Hall, co. Salop; his
+fourth, Mary, Laver Oliver, Esq., to whose children the rope-factory
+descended.
+
+Whatever may have been the fortunes of the other branches, it is very
+clear that the chief modern Shakespeares have descended from the
+Shadwell stock. John Shakespear, the second son of the Alderman, left a
+memorandum declaring his belief that the family was derived from the
+poet's grandfather. There has as yet, however, been found no proof of
+any such connection, though it is perfectly possible that it existed. If
+Richard, of Snitterfield, was the father of John, Henry, and Thomas,
+there were two possible lines of descent. Henry may have had children
+christened at other places than Snitterfield, whose descent no one has
+traced. Thomas had a son John, born in 1581-82, clearly too old to have
+been the first John of Shadwell. He _may_ have had a son of the proper
+age; but, as I have stated above, I have found no John of the right age,
+except John, son of Thomas.
+
+A Hannah[360] Shakespeare, born 1777, is mentioned in the pedigree of
+Esterby and Sootheran.
+
+Henry Shakespear, of London, was a broker Loriner, 1775, connected with
+Hertford (see p. 137).
+
+On June 29, 1794, was baptized Joshua,[361] son of Thomas and Ann
+Shakespeare.
+
+A warm eulogy of the charity and virtues of William Shakespeare, Esq.,
+of Hart Street, Bloomsbury, who died in January, 1799, aged
+seventy-three, is given in the _Gentleman's Magazine_[362] of that date;
+and in May of the same year the death is noticed, in Paddington, of
+George Shakespeare, Esq., son of the late George Shakespeare, Esq., of
+Walton-upon-Thames, and Pimlico, Middlesex.[363]
+
+M. L. Jeny, in _L'Intermédiaire_, March 25, 1889, states that "he had
+read in _L'Abeille du Cher_ of Friday, November 18, 1836, that a poor
+old man of seventy-seven, named George Shakspeare, was found dying with
+cold and hunger in the middle of the frightful night of Wednesday
+preceding, in Clarence Street, London, and was taken to the Hospital,
+and died there. He was one of the poet's descendants."[364]
+
+So late as November, 1880, there was a Mrs. Anne Shakespeare who died at
+Brighton, aged 102.[365]
+
+There are several American branches of Shakespeares, some of them
+literary, and two of the name are settled in Vancouver's Island.[366]
+
+Among the list of authors[367] we find the names of Alexander
+Shakespear, on the "North-West Provinces of India," 1848; Edward
+Shakespear, "A Book of Divinity," 1740; and Sophia Shakespear, 1753, a
+biography; Henry Shakespear, "Province of Bengal," 1824, and "Wild
+Sports of India," 1860; H. W. Shakespear's "Refutation of Mr. Tryon,"
+1847; John Shakespear's Hindustani books; Emily Shakespeare's "Tennyson
+Birthday Book," 1877; and Mrs. O. Shakespear, a novel, in 1895. Edward
+O. Shakespeare, of Washington, U.S.A., has a medical work on
+"Inflammation."
+
+Mr. Russell French, from whose pages I have gleaned the bulk of the
+facts concerning these modern Shakespeares, expatiates on the glories of
+the later Shakespeare marriages. By the Currie alliance he traces back
+descent to the royal Scottish families of the Bruces and the Stewarts;
+by the Talbot alliance he traces back their pedigree to Edward I.; by
+the Davenport alliance he again connects them with the Ardens, through
+Sir Thomas Leighton and the eighth Lord Zouch, who married Joan,
+daughter of Sir John Denham, by his wife Joan, daughter and heir of Sir
+Richard Archer, who married Joan, the second daughter and coheir of
+Giles de Arden, grandson of Sir Robert de Arden, the descendant of
+Turchil; but these rather tend to glorify the modern branches than the
+poet's name.
+
+It were to be desired that there were more concerted study of registers
+and other records concerning the name. Much more might thus be found,
+and much of the energy now dissipated in futile searches might be
+utilized in connecting the scattered links, because the study of
+genealogy is the ancient form of the very modern inquiries into heredity
+which interest so many followers of Mr. Francis Galton. It is after all
+worth knowing who were the ancestors of William Shakespeare, what
+heroic, chivalric, poetic, philosophic strains went to form the nature
+of the perfect poet; and it is of mildly sentimental interest to us that
+we should know whether any of his line is left on the earth. Of
+sentimental interest, I say, for rarely, if ever, does genius repeat
+itself, nor do different environing circumstances weld and mould genius
+in the same way. Its nature is very easy to kill, or dwarf, or distort,
+but it is our excuse for being concerned with those who bear the
+honoured name.
+
+In the unsatisfactory inquiries relating to Shakespeare's ancestors I
+have exhausted all that I can find concerning his father's family; but
+so much remains to be said concerning his mother's family, that in
+consideration of the old proverb, "like mother, like son," it has seemed
+to me worth incorporating into this volume some account of the Ardens.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[312] Churchwardens' Accounts of Thurston Amere and William Combes, from
+June 8, 1538, to May 8, 1540, 48th week, 1st year.
+
+[313] _Notes and Queries_, Seventh Series, vii. 483, June 22, 1889.
+Compare Third Series, iii. 318; Third Series, viii. 418; Savage's
+"Genealogical Dictionary of the First Settlers in New England," ii. 528;
+John Timbs' "Curiosities of London," ed. 1855, p. 238, and ed. 1867, p.
+297; "Annals of St. Helen's, Bishopsgate," 221, 322.
+
+[314] Subsidy Rolls, London, Ward of Billingsgate and others, 39 Eliz.,
+146/369, P.R.O.
+
+[315] Marriage Licenses, Faculty Office, Harl. Publ.
+
+[316] Bishop of London's Marriage Licenses, Harl. Publ.
+
+[317] Register, St. James's, Clerkenwell.
+
+[318] Registers of Christ Church, Newgate Street, Harl. Soc. Publ.
+
+[319] He died 1598, and was at one time connected with the Theatre as
+shareholder. _Notes and Queries_, Seventh Series, vii. 188.
+
+[320] Registers of St. James's, Clerkenwell, Harl. Publ.
+
+[321] Account of the Treasurer of the Chamber, 1572, _et seq._
+
+[322] "Archæologia," vol. xiii., appendix, p. 403.
+
+[323] _Notes and Queries_, Seventh Series, ii. 247.
+
+[324] Registers of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields.
+
+[325] Churchwarden's Accounts, St. Martin's-in-the-Fields.
+
+[326] Bishop of London's Licenses, Harl. Soc. Publ.
+
+[327] Registers of the Church of St. Bride's.
+
+[328] Registers of the Church of St. Bride's.
+
+[329] Among the expenses of the Royal Household are entered: 1621--"To
+John Shakespeare for one gilt bit for the sadle aforesayd £3 13s.
+6d. To John Shakespeare for fourteen bittes, guilt silvered and
+chased, at £5 10s. a peice. For one payre of bosses, richly enamelled,
+52s. 6d_, £73 12s. 6d. For 7 bittes for the sadles aforesayd at
+52s. 6d. each, £18 7s. 6d."--"Early Illustrations of
+Shakespeare," published by the Shakespeare Society.
+
+[330] State Papers, Dom. Ser., Car. I., ccclxxiv. 20, Docquet.
+
+[331] State Papers, Irish, Dublin Castle, Vol. M., p. 338. _Notes and
+Queries_, First Series, vi. 289, 495.
+
+[332] Somerset House, 268, Aylett.
+
+[333] The Registers of St. Thomas Apostle, London.
+
+[334] State Papers, Dom. Ser., Car. I., lxxvi. 41.
+
+[335] Somerset House, 249, Aston.
+
+[336] Lic. Fac. Office, Harl. Publ.
+
+[337] Reg. of St. George's, Hanover Square.
+
+[338] Marriage Licenses, Bishop of London, Harl. Publ.
+
+[339] Bishop of London's Licenses, Harl. Publ.
+
+[340] Foster's "Alumni Oxonienses."
+
+[341] Bishop of London's Mar. Lic., Harl. Publ.
+
+[342] Somerset House, 248, Aston.
+
+[343] _Notes and Queries_, Third Series, vii. 175.
+
+[344] "Book of Apprentices," 1666-1736, f. 756
+
+[345] His son stated that he was seventy-seven at the time of his death,
+in 1689, but his marriage certificate makes him younger. "Publications
+and Marriages, 1654: John Shakespear, of Ratcliffe Highway, ropemaker,
+aged thirty-five, and Martha Seeley, of Wapping Wall, mayde, nineteen
+years. Married before John Waterton, Esquire, on ye 14th June. Richard
+Mathews, Robert Connolly, witnesses" (French, 547). He might have been a
+son of John, son of Thomas of Snitterfield, b. 1582.
+
+[346] _Notes and Queries_ Second Series, x. 188, 402; Third Series, vii.
+498.
+
+[347] State Papers, Dom. Ser., 1656-57, Commonwealth, cliii., Nos. 55,
+56.
+
+[348] "Misc. Gen. et Herald.," Second Series, v., 371, and Merchant
+Tailors' "Book of Apprentices."
+
+[349] Bishop of London's Marriage Licenses, Harl. Publ.
+
+[350] Herbert's "Twelve Livery Companies."
+
+[351] _Gentleman's Magazine_, 1805.
+
+[352] _Ibid._, 1818.
+
+[353] French, 551, and _Times_, April, 1867.
+
+[354] "Dict. Nat. Biog."
+
+[355] Register of Charterhouse Chapel.
+
+[356] French, p. 556.
+
+[357] A writer in _Notes and Queries_, Sixth Series, i. 494, speaks of a
+"large silver salver bearing a lion passant and a leopard's head
+crowned. In the centre are the arms and crest of Shakespeare, and on an
+escutcheon of pretence three stags' heads caboshed. It bears the
+inscription, 'William Powlett Powlett, Esq., D.D. William Powlett
+Shakspear, 1821.' There is a legend this was made from plate owned by
+the poet. What is the date of the salver?"
+
+[358] _Times_, June 13, 1864, and _Notes and Queries_, Third Series,
+vii. 498.
+
+[359] Foster's "Alumni Oxonienses."
+
+[360] "Misc. Gen. et Herald.," New Series, i., p. 143.
+
+[361] Register of St. Bartholomew the Less.
+
+[362] _Gentleman's Magazine_, vol. lxix., p. 83.
+
+[363] Manning and Bray's "Surrey," vol. ii., under Walton-upon-Thames,
+mentions the tomb of Matthew Shakespear and of George, aged fifteen,
+August 8, 1775; John Shakespear, of Weybridge, January 3, 1775, aged
+sixty-seven; William, January 23, 1783, aged seventy-seven; also of
+George Shakespear of Oxford Street, London, late of this parish,
+architect, who died March 29, 1797, in the seventy-fourth year of his
+age.
+
+[364] _Notes and Queries_, Seventh Series, viii. 89.
+
+[365] _Ibid._, Sixth Series, ii. 53.
+
+[366] _Ibid._, Third Series, ix. 346, 398.
+
+[367] British Museum Catalogues.
+
+
+
+
+_PART II_
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+THE PARK HALL ARDENS
+
+    "No Saint George was born in England:
+      He was but an Eastern saint;
+    And the Dragon never vexed him,
+      As the later legends paint.
+
+    "But our Saint was born in Berkshire,
+      And to Warwick linked his name;
+    'Twas _Saint Guy_ who killed the Dragon--
+      Quenched the Giant Colbrand's fame."--C. C. S.
+
+
+Few families in the country have a descent so nationally interesting as
+that of the Ardens. Great Norman families who "came in with the
+Conqueror" are numerous enough, but there are few that claim to be
+"merely English," and have such a record to show. The fables that have
+grown around the memory of the hero do not invalidate the pedigree.
+Rohand was Earl of Warwick in the days of King Alfred and King Edward
+the Elder, when the title was an official one, not necessarily
+hereditary, save of the King's will. Rohand was a great warrior, and was
+enriched with great possessions. He dwelt in the Royal Castle of
+Warwick,[368] said by Rous to have been founded by the British King
+Cymbeline, enlarged by his son Guiderius, and repaired by Ethelfleda,
+daughter of King Alfred, the Lady of Mercia. Rohand had one fair
+daughter and heir, Phillis, or Felicia, who demanded great proofs of
+valour in her suitors. She at last consented to marry the famous hero
+Guy, slayer of the Northern Dragon,[369] son of Siward, Baron of
+Wallingford, whom the Welsh claim as British by descent. Dugdale[370]
+says that in her right Guy became Earl of Warwick, though of course this
+was only possible through the King's favour. Some difficulties are
+brought forward by Mr. Pegge.[371] Some time after his marriage, says
+the legend, Guy went on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, and on his
+return, in the third year of King Athelstan, 926, he found the kingdom
+in great peril from an invasion of the Danes. They were, however, secure
+in their faith in their champion, Colbrand the Giant, willing to leave
+the issue to the result of a single contest between him and any of the
+King's knights. King Athelstan's chief warriors were either dead or
+abroad, and he mourned in his spirit. A vision revealed to him that he
+must welcome at the gate of Winchester an unknown pilgrim as the
+defender of the country. The King obeyed the vision in faith,
+unwittingly welcomed Guy, and laid on him the responsibility of becoming
+the national champion.
+
+[Illustration: WARWICK CASTLE.
+
+_To face p. 162._]
+
+Footsore, half-starved, and far from young, the pilgrim required rest
+before he dared prudently attack the Danish opponent. At the end of
+three weeks, however, he triumphantly encountered the giant, and the
+Danes kept their promise and retired. The pilgrim, who refused to reveal
+his name or receive any reward, also departed. He found that his son and
+heir, Raynborn, had been stolen away, and that his faithful servant
+Heraud was abroad in search of him. Affected by the strange religious
+notions of the day, he returned to Warwick, not to gladden the heart of
+his sorrowing spouse, but to receive charity at her hands among other
+poor men for three days, and then to retire to a hermitage at a cliff
+near Warwick, since called Guy's Cliff. There he remained till his death
+in 929, in the seventieth year of his age.[372] He sent a herdsman with
+his wedding-ring to tell his wife of his death, bidding her come to him
+and bury him properly, and she should shortly afterwards follow him. She
+fulfilled his wishes, set her house in order, left her paternal
+inheritance to her son Raynborn, and within a fortnight was laid beside
+her ascetic hero.
+
+Heraud succeeded in finding young Raynborn in Russia, to whom, on his
+return, the grateful King Athelstan gave his beautiful daughter Leonetta
+in marriage. He, too, seems to have been of a wandering disposition. He
+died abroad, and lies buried in an island near the city of Venice. He
+left a brave son, Wegeat, or Wigatus, at home to succeed him, who was
+noted for his liberality to the Church, in which virtue, however, his
+son and successor, Huve,[373] or Uva,[374] seems to have exceeded him.
+
+Huve died about the beginning of the reign of King Edward the Martyr,
+and Wolgeat, his son, succeeded him. In early life[375] he enjoyed the
+special favour of King Ethelred, but was deprived, at least for a time,
+of his honours and possessions about 1006. It was probably during the
+disorganized state of the earldom, in consequence of his "evil courses,"
+that the Danes ravaged it so frequently. Wigod, or Wigotus, his son, a
+potent man and a great warrior, succeeded to the earldom, and enjoyed it
+during the latter part of the reign of King Ethelred, and through the
+reigns of King Edmund and the Danish Kings. He married Ermenhild, the
+sister of the famous Leofric, Earl of Coventry and Leicester in the time
+of Edward the Confessor. His son, Ailwin, Earl of Warwick, was
+contemporary with King Edward the Confessor and William the Conqueror.
+Turchil, son and heir[376] of Ailwin (Harleian MS., 853, says
+"grandson"), was Earl at the Conquest. His first wife was the Countess
+of Perche; his second, Leverunia, grand-daughter of Leofric. In the
+Conqueror's Survey he is called _Vice-Comes_ rather than _Comes_, but
+this seems to have arisen from the royal interest in the castle, and the
+direct service he owed the King, though some authorities state that he
+was under Leofric, Earl of Mercia. He fought with William against
+Harold, and was ostensibly left in full possession of all his lands,
+rights and privileges. He is called Turchil of Warwick by the Normans,
+but Turchil of Eardene, or of the Woodland, by himself, being one of the
+first to adopt the Norman habit of local names. In Domesday Book, begun
+in the fourteenth year of the Conqueror, he is entered as in possession
+of forty-nine manors in Warwickshire, among which were Curdworth,
+Coughton, Rotley, Rodbourn, Compton (Winyate), Nuneaton. Warwick town
+and castle were recorded as belonging to the King. He had but a
+life-interest, however, his son, Siward, receiving none of them as his
+heir, but by favour of the King.
+
+The title of Earl of Warwick was given by William the Conqueror to Henry
+de Novoborgo, or Newburgh, younger son of Roger de Bellomont, Earl of
+Mellent, and William Rufus added to the gift the whole of Turchil's
+lands, including even those given away by himself and his ancestors to
+the Church. It was a hard lesson to friendly Saxon noblemen. A gloss of
+justice, or at least of consideration, was shown in the marriage of
+Henry de Novoborgo to Margaret, one of the daughters of Turchil, and
+sister of Siward de Arderne.[377]
+
+Turchil's sons were Siward de Ardena, Ralph of Hampton,[378] William,
+and Peter the Monk of Thorney, by his first wife, and Osbert by his
+second wife. Some of their lands were left to the Ardens by grace of the
+Novoborgos, who became their overlords. These lands were gradually
+diminished by devotion to the Church, by the increase of the family, and
+division of the properties, though this was somewhat balanced by wealthy
+marriages.
+
+Siward by his wife Cecilia had a large family: Hugh de Rotley[379]
+(dapifer or sewer to his kinsman William de Newburgh), Henry de Arden,
+Joseph, Richard, Osbert, Galfridus, a monk of Coventry, Cecilia,
+Felicia. Osbert, his stepbrother, was the father of Osbert, Philip,[380]
+Peter de Arden, and Amicia, who became the wife of Peter de Bracebridge,
+and the ancestress of the Bracebridges of Kingsbury, seat of the Mercian
+Kings. Her brother Osbert had daughters only, Amabilia and Adeliza, who
+left no children.
+
+The main line was carried on by Henry de Arden, son of Siward, who
+married Oliva, and whose eldest son and heir was Thomas de Arden, of
+Curdworth (9 John). He had also William de Arden of Rodburn, Herbert,
+and Letitia. Thomas de Arden married Eustachia, widow of Savaricius de
+Malaleone, and had a son of his own name, Sir Thomas de Arden of Rotley
+and Spratton, who took part with Simon de Montfort and the rebellious
+Barons, 48 Henry III. This cost him dear. In 9 Edward I. he handed over,
+either in sale, lease, or trust, his lands in Curdworth to Hugh de
+Vienna; to the Knights Templars the interest he had in Riton; in 15
+Edward I., to Nicholas de Eton the manor of Rotley, and to Thomas Arden
+de Hanwell and Rose his wife, Pedimore, Curdworth, Norhull, Winworth,
+Echenours, and Overton, and made a covenant with William de Beauchamp
+and Maud, his wife, of all his fees throughout England.
+
+It is not probable that Turchil, the last Saxon Earl of Warwick, bore
+anything that might be strictly called armorial bearings. When the
+heiress of the Novoborgos married into their family, the Beauchamps
+added to their own the Newburgh arms. But they used them in a peculiar
+way, as if they considered they were associated, not so much with the
+family as with the earldom. Only the eldest sons bore the Chevron
+chequy, the rest of the family bore the Beauchamp crosses crosslet. In
+some such way the Ardens also seem to have made a similar distinction,
+though in later times the meaning was occasionally forgotten, and the
+usage became confused.
+
+Drummond suggests that the Ardens might also have borne these arms to
+suggest that they, too, had a claim to the earldom of Warwick. The arms
+Thomas bore were Chequy or and azure, a chevron gules, which his
+ancestors assumed to show they held their lands from the Earls of
+Warwick, whose Chevron was Ermine on the like field.[381]
+
+The descendants of William of Rodburne,[382] the second son of Henry de
+Ardern, were more fortunate than their cousins. Thomas de Draiton was
+the elder, and William de Rodburne the younger. Thomas married Lucia (6
+John), and had Thomas de Arden of Hanwell, Sir Robert de Arderne de
+Draiton, and Ralph.[383] Thomas,[384] who bore as arms Ermine a fesse
+chequy, or and azure, as now borne, married Rose, daughter of Ralph de
+Vernon, with whom he obtained the lordship of Hanwell. He was living in
+1287, and had a son, Thomas, who presented to the church of Holdenby,
+1334. This Thomas married Johanna de ---- (?), and had an only daughter,
+Joan, who married Sir John Swynford. Ralph married Alicia de Bellocampo.
+
+Sir Robert de Arderne de Draiton married Nichola,[385] widow of William
+de Boutvilein. His son, Sir Giles, had a son, also Sir Giles. This
+latter had an only daughter, Margaret, who married Ludovic Greville, and
+carried Draiton into the possession of that Warwickshire family.
+
+Ralph, son of Ralph, the second son of Thomas of Hanwell, married
+Isabella, daughter of Anselm de Bromwich, and lived at Pedmore,
+Warwickshire, 16 Edward II. In 17 Edward II. he was certified to be one
+of the principal esquires in the county. His son, Sir John, was knighted
+33 Edward III., and bore for his arms the same as his ancestor, Thomas
+of Hanwell: Ermine, a fesse chequy or and az. He had only one daughter
+and heir, Rose, who married Thomas Pakeson, afterwards an outlaw. To
+John succeeded in Curdworth his brother Henry, whose wife was Elena, the
+first to establish himself in Park Hall, which was confirmed to him by
+Sir John de Botecourt, 47 Edward III., releasing him of all service,
+save only of an annual red rose. He was devoted to Thomas de Beauchamp,
+then Earl of Warwick, who granted him several other manors, also on
+payment of a red rose. In 4 Richard II. his niece, Rose, released to him
+her interest in Pedmore, Curdworth, Winworth, Sutton, and Norhull, of
+her father's inheritance. Sir Henry bore the fesse chequy or and az.,
+with three crescents for difference,[386] before his brother's death
+(see Roll, Edward III., and arms in Lapworth Church). He left his son,
+Sir Ralph, heir, who served under the Earl of Warwick at the siege of
+Calais.
+
+Ralph settled on his mother, Elena, for life, the manors of Wapenham and
+Sulgrave, in Northamptonshire, with remainder to his brothers Geoffrey
+and William. He married Sibilla (2 Henry V.), and left by her two sons,
+Robert and Peter.[387] Robert was from the age of eight years a ward of
+Joan Beauchamp, Lady of Bergavenny. He married Elizabeth, daughter and
+heir of Richard de Clodeshall; was in the King's service, was Sheriff of
+the County, and Knight of the Shire. He sided with the Yorkists in the
+Wars of the Roses, was taken, attainted of high treason by James, Earl
+of Wiltshire, and other judges appointed to try such cases, and was
+condemned. He was executed on Saturday after the Feast of St. Laurence
+the Martyr, 30 Henry VI. The custody of his lands was granted to Thomas
+Littleton, Serjeant-at-Law, Thomas Greswold and John Gamell, Esquires.
+
+Two years after his death his son Walter obtained the King's precept to
+his escheator to hand over the lands of his mother's inheritance to him,
+and shortly afterwards he secured his father's also. He married Eleanor,
+daughter of John Hampden of Hampden, in Buckinghamshire, and appears in
+the register of the Guild of Knowle, 1457, with his "wife Alianore." He
+had a large family, each of them in some special point interesting to
+the genealogist, and therefore worthy of some attention and of careful
+detail. It must not be forgotten that his father's attainder and the
+Wars of the Roses had temporarily crippled the resources of the family.
+
+Walter Arden's will, July 31, 1502, is preserved at Somerset House,[388]
+an interesting will in many ways. His eldest son and heir was John,
+Esquire of the Body to Henry VII., who was to pay 20 marks for his
+funeral. "Item. I will that my sonne Thomas have during his lief x marc,
+which I have given him; and that my sonne Martyn have the manor of
+Nafford during his lief, accordyng as I thereof made him astate yf it
+canne be recorded, and yf not, thenne I will that the same Martyn and
+every of my other sonnes, Robert, Henry and William have eche of them 5
+marc by yere during eche of their lives, and that my feoffees of my
+landes make eche of them a sufficient astate of londes & tenements to
+the yerely value of 5 marc during every of their lives." He left his
+wife, Eleanor, executrix, Edward Belknap and John Bracebridge, Squiers,
+and John Boteler of Solihull, overseers, "Richard Slystre, Vicar of
+Aston, John Charnell[389] & Thomas Ardern,[390] Squiers, witnesses."
+
+Dugdale seems to have read the will, and is interested in the mortuary
+bequest, but, curiously enough, supposes Martin to be older than Thomas.
+Perhaps this error arose from the testator's desire to settle Natford
+upon Martin. This does not seem to have been so settled. Martin had his
+five marks, married an heiress, Margery East, settled at Euston, in
+Oxfordshire, and appears in the Visitations there, associated with the
+Easts and the Gibbons. Robert was the Arden made Yeoman of the King's
+Chamber, a presumption made definite by Leland's[391] remark that "Arden
+of the Court was younger brother to Sir John Arden, of Park Hall." On
+February 22,[392] 17 Henry VII., he received a Royal Patent as Keeper of
+the Park at Altcar, Lancashire; another, as Bailiff of Codmore,[393]
+Derby, and Keeper of the Royal Park there; a third gave him Yoxall for
+life,[394] apparently, however, for a payment of £42.
+
+A Robert Arden, who had been Escheator to the Crown for Nottingham and
+Derby under Henry VII., received a new patent 2 Henry VIII.[395] On June
+28, 7 Henry VIII., order to cancel five recognizances amounting to £200;
+one made by Robert Arderne, of Holme, co. Notts, may concern the same
+gentleman.[396]
+
+Henry seems to have died young. William settled at Hawnes,[397] in
+Bedfordshire, bore as arms three cross-crosslets fitchée or, on a chief
+of the second, a martlet for difference. He seems to have died before
+his eldest brother. He married Elizabeth, daughter of John Francklin of
+Thurley in County Bedford, and widow of George Thrale. His son Thomas
+married Anne, daughter of Richard Bowles of Wallington and widow of
+Thomas Gonnel. His daughter Joan married John Moore; his daughter
+Elizabeth married John Lee of Harlington.
+
+Thomas certainly survived Sir John, Henry, and possibly also William.
+Sir John married Alice d. of Richard Bracebridge of Kingsbury, and died
+in 1526. His will was drawn up on June 4 of that year.[398] After
+various bequests to churches, he left some special heirlooms to his son
+and heir, Thomas, to his son John an annuity from Natford of five marks
+a year for life, with other land, and gifts to him, his wife, and _their
+heirs_. "Item. I will that my brothers Thomas, Martin & Robert have
+their fees during their lives." That is, it may be remembered, ten marks
+for Thomas, and five marks each for the other two. "Item. I will that
+Rauf Vale and Hugh Colyns[399] have their fees as they have had during
+their lives." Bequests of furniture were left to "my daughter Geys
+Braylys," "my daughter Katerine _Muklowe_,"[400] "my daughter Brown,"
+"my daughter Margaret Kambur," "my sister Margaret Abell," "my sister
+Alice Buklond," "my son Thomas Bralis." To Joane Hewes, Agnes Abell,
+John Charnell, various remembrances, his son Thomas to be sole executor,
+Sir John Willoughby overseer; witnesses, Martin Ardern, Robert Ardern,
+Symon Broke, clerk; John Charnell, John Croke, Rauf Vale. The will was
+proved June 27, 1526.
+
+Where was Thomas, son of Walter, meanwhile? I have only been able to
+find two of the name contemporary with the cadet of Park Hall. A Thomas
+Arden of Saint Martin's Outwich, London, citizen and clothworker, on
+November 29, 1549, drew up a short will,[401] leaving his wife, Agnes,
+his sole heir and executrix, proved January, 1549. I endeavoured to
+learn if by chance he had come from Warwickshire, but the
+apprentice-books of the company do not begin early enough. There was a
+commercial family of Ardens in London, of whom he more probably was a
+member. The possibility of his being a Warwickshire man I thought worthy
+of careful consideration, but have been able to bring no further facts
+forward.
+
+There was also a Thomas Arden of Long Itchington mentioned in the
+Subsidy Lists, whose will is preserved at Lichfield.
+
+The other Thomas Arden was settled at Wilmecote, in the parish of Aston
+Cantlow, on lands formerly owned by the Beauchamps. There is no record
+how he acquired them. Aston Cantlow[402] had been settled, with the
+castle and Honour of Bergavenny, upon Sir William de Beauchamp, second
+son to Thomas, Earl of Warwick. He died 12 Henry IV., and Richard
+Beauchamp, Earl of Worcester, his son and heir, inherited all his lands.
+Richard's daughter and heir, Elizabeth, married Sir Edward Neville, a
+younger son to Ralph, Earl of Westmorland, who was forthwith summoned to
+Parliament as Lord Bergavenny. Dugdale gives us the arms depicted on the
+roof of the chancel of Aston Cantlow Church, three varieties: "Gules, a
+fesse betwixt six cross-crosslets or" (Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick);
+"Argent 6 cross-crosslets fichée Sable, upon a chief Azure two mullets
+or" (Clinton, Earl of Huntingdon); "Argent, 3 cross-crosslets fichée
+Sable upon a chief Azure a mullet and a Rose Or." But Dugdale does not
+know the family this represents. Could it be a variety of the Ardens?
+
+The Thomas Arden who resided here paid subsidy of 26s. 8d. on £10 land,
+being one of the largest landholders in the parish. He bought certain
+lands at Snitterfield on May 16, 16 Henry VII., associated with certain
+gentlemen whose names are suggestive, as I have shown on page 28. John
+Mayowe transferred his property to Robert Throgmorton, Armiger,[403]
+afterwards knight, Thomas Trussell[404] of Billesley, Roger Reynolds of
+Henley in Arden, William Wood of Woodhouse, Thomas Arden of Wilmecote,
+and Robert Arden, the son of this Thomas Arden. We know that Robert
+Throgmorton was an intimate friend of the Ardens of Park Hall, and his
+association with Thomas of Wilmecote strengthens the supposition that
+the latter was the son of Walter. We know that this Thomas was the
+father of Robert Arden, who was the father of Mary, Shakespeare's
+mother, and her six sisters. It does not seem unlikely he bore arms, and
+was the Esquire witness of Walter Arden's will, _who has never been
+located elsewhere_. If he bore arms, it is more than likely that, as a
+younger son, they were derived from _the Beauchamps_, and might even
+have been those found by Dugdale in the Aston Cantlow Church, where he
+was buried. It is probable that Robert bore the cross-crosslets with a
+difference, as did his contemporary, William Arden of Hawnes. We have at
+least Glover's[405] testimony that among the arms of Warwickshire and
+Bedfordshire are "Arden or Arderne gu, three cross-crosslets fitchée or;
+on a chief of the second a martlet of the first. Crest, a plume of
+feathers charged with a martlet or." When, therefore, John Shakespeare
+made application to impale the arms of his wife in his new coat, it
+might seem natural that the fesse chequy, arms of the head of the house,
+should be struck out, and those substituted more customary for a younger
+son, and probably borne by Thomas, his wife's grandfather, or by Robert
+Arden, his wife's father.
+
+Thomas Arden, the son of Sir John, succeeded to Park Hall and the other
+family estates in 1526. He married Mary, daughter of Sir Thomas Andrew
+of Charnelton, by whom he had a large family: William, the eldest;
+Simon, the second; George, the third, slain at Boulogne; Thomas, a
+student of law; and Edward. His daughter Jocosa, or Joyce, married
+Richard Cade, of London (see visitation of Hertfordshire, 1634);
+Elizabeth married--Beaupré, Cicely married Henry Shirley, Mary married
+Francis Waferer.
+
+William, the eldest son, died before his father. Simon, the second son
+of Thomas of Park Hall, was a wonderful man, of whom there will be more
+to say elsewhere. He was elected Sheriff of the County in 1569,
+and bore, while in Warwickshire at least, the arms three
+cross-crosslets[406] and a chief or, without a difference. Shortly after
+that time he purchased the property of Longcroft, in the Manor of
+Yoxall, Staffordshire, and his descendants bear the fesse chequy, and
+are noted in another county history.
+
+The will of William Arden does not seem to have been noted by the family
+genealogists, probably because it was drawn up in London. The Calendar
+at Somerset House enters it as "William Arden,[407] of St. Brigyde,
+London, and Saltley,[408] Warwickshire," 7 July, 36 Henry VIII. Its
+details shed much light on the fortunes of the family, especially in
+relation to the other family wills. He had married Elizabeth, the
+daughter of Edward Conway, of Arrow, and left two sons and eight
+daughters. He desired to be buried in the "Parish Church of Saint
+Brigyde in Fleet Street, within the suburbs of London," and left "to my
+youngest sonne, Francis Arden, all my purchased land, which I purchased
+of my grandfather's youngest son, John Arden, and another part lying
+within the Lordship of Saltley.[409] Item, I bequeath to him the lease I
+have taken of my Lord Ferris for 31 years, which also lyeth within the
+Lordship of Budbrooke, so that he come to his full age, and during his
+nonage, the profits thereof to be taken up by mine overseers to the use
+of my daughters. If it happen the said Francis to dye without lawful
+issue, then I will my eldest sonne and heire, Edward Arden, when he
+cometh to his full age, to enjoy the said purchased land and lease to
+his heires. Item, I bequeath to the said Francis £6 13s. 4d., to be payd
+yearely during the term of his naturall life, by the hands of my eldest
+sonne, Edward Arden, when he cometh to his lands. Item, I give unto my
+eight daughters, Anne,[410] Ursuley, Brigid, Barbara, Joyce, Jane,
+Urseley, and Fraunces Arden the whole rent that my ferme beareth me,"
+etc. "I bequeath to my brother, Edward Arden, my black Satin cote." "I
+bequeathe my long gowne eggyd with velvet to my father, Thomas Arden, in
+recompense of the money which he lent me, whom I make the Overseer of
+this my will, with my father-in-law, Edward Conway." Edward Arden, his
+son and heir, was to be sole executor. The witnesses were: Christopher
+Drey, Francis Waferer (his brother-in-law), and John Tayloure, Vicar of
+St. Brigyde, and it was proved April 14, 1546, by John, afterwards Sir
+John Conway, uncle of the heir.
+
+William's father, Thomas, died in 5 Elizabeth, 1563. I have not traced
+his will. Edward, son of William, succeeded him. This Edward had been
+ward to Sir George Throckmorton, of Coughton (though his grandfather was
+alive), and he married Mary, third daughter of Sir Robert Throckmorton.
+Brodesley,[411] Dudston, and Hybarnes were delivered to him 7 Elizabeth,
+and in 15 Elizabeth he was called upon to prove his title to Curdworth
+and to Berewood[412] Hall, which had been given by Hugh Arden to the
+Canons of Leicester (Henry II.), and after the Dissolution purchased by
+his grandfather, Thomas, and uncle, Simon, for £272 10s., with a yearly
+rent of 30s. 4d., and settled on William, 37 Henry VIII. Various
+purchases of land are recorded in Coke's "Entries."[413] He impaled the
+park of Minworth on the other side of the Tame, to add to that of his
+own Park Hall.[414]
+
+Edward seems to have been highly respected in his time, and was Sheriff
+of the County in 1575.[415] But he had offended Leicester[416] by
+refusing to wear his livery (as many of the gentlemen of the county were
+proud to do) and by disapproving openly of his relations with the
+Countess of Essex before her husband's death. Leicester waited his time.
+Edward Arden's sons were Robert (who married Elizabeth, daughter of
+Reginald Corbet, Justice of the Royal Pleas, about 1577), Thomas,
+Francis. Of his daughters, Catherine married Sir Edward Devereux, of
+Castle Bromwich; Margaret, John Somerville, of Edreston; Muriel, William
+Charnells, of Snareston, Leicestershire; and Elizabeth, Simon
+Shugborough, of Napton, co. Warwick.
+
+Edward Arden bore the family arms: Ermine, a fesse chequy or and azure.
+Crest: On a chapeau azure, turned up erm., a boar passant or. Motto:
+_Quo me cunque vocat patriam._
+
+He appointed Edmund Lingard to Curdworth Church, 1573.
+
+Edward Arden was a temperate follower of the old faith; but his
+son-in-law, John Somerville, an excitable youth, seemed to chafe under
+the increasing oppression of the Catholic Church and its adherents.[417]
+The evil reports concerning the Queen and Leicester increased the
+friction. Shut out from travel or active exercise, as all Catholics then
+were by law, he studied and pondered, and his mind seemed to have given
+way in his sleepless attempts to reconcile faith and practice. He
+started off suddenly one morning before anyone was awake, attended only
+by one boy, who soon left him, terrified; and when he reached a little
+inn on the lonely road by Aynho on the Hill, he spoke frantically to all
+who chose to hear that he was going to London to kill the Queen.[418]
+Then followed arrest, examination before Justice D'Oyley, a march to
+London with twelve guards,[419] examination in the Gatehouse,
+imprisonment in the Tower. Thereafter went forth the mandate to arrest
+Edward Arden, his wife, Francis Arden, of Pedmore, his brother,
+Somerville's wife and sister, and the priest, Hugh Hall. Sir John
+Conway, his wife's grand-uncle, was also commanded up to London, and
+seems to have been confined for a time. Examinations, probably under
+torture, followed fast on each other. John Somerville, Edward Arden, his
+wife and brother, and the priest, Hugh Hall, were tried, found guilty,
+and condemned to the traitor's death. Hugh Hall is said to have turned
+Queen's evidence, but I have found no proof of it. Somerville and Arden
+were carried forth from the Tower on December 19, 1583, to Newgate, in
+preparation for their execution on the morrow; Somerville was found two
+hours afterwards strangled in his cell; Edward Arden suffered the full
+penalty of the law December 20, 1583.[420] Robert of Leicester had his
+revenge. Mrs. Arden and Francis[421] seem to have suffered a term of
+imprisonment, and then to have been released.
+
+This first noble victim of the tyrannical Royal Commission was praised
+by all the writers of his time, and pitied by all Europe. Burleigh lived
+to be ashamed of his part in his death; and in his "Life" one can still
+read in the index "On the Case of Arden" an explanation which has been
+excised from the text.
+
+It is more than probable that the active part that Sir Thomas Lucy took
+in his arrest told more on the fortunes and feelings of young
+Shakespeare than the fabulous deer-stealing story. The touching tragedy,
+to which Froude has given but little attention or study, is given in
+full detail in the State Papers. The _traitor's_ lands, of course, fell
+to the Queen, and were granted to Edward Darcy.[422] But Robert
+Arden,[423] "who was a prudent person" (doubtless fortified by his
+brother-in-law's interest, and his own knowledge of the law), by virtue
+of an entail executed on his marriage got back by degrees most of his
+father's lands. He found, however, every tree in his parks had been cut
+down by Darcy, who seems to have been a difficult person to deal with,
+as may be gathered from Simon Arden's petition (p. 185); this Robert
+lived to a great age, dying on February 27, 1635. His son and heir, Sir
+Henry, who had been born April, 1580, had predeceased him in 1616.[424]
+He had married Dorothy, daughter of Basil Fielding, of Newnham, and had
+one son, Robert, and four daughters. Robert seems to have been a
+brilliant youth, but he died single at Oxford. In the Bodleian[425] are
+some verses deploring his loss. His four sisters were his coheirs:
+Elizabeth, wife of Sir William Pooley, of Boxsted, in Suffolk;
+Goditha,[426] wife of Herbert Price; Dorothy, wife of Hervey Bagot;
+Anne, wife of Sir Charles Adderley, of Lea.
+
+In Worcestershire, near Stourbridge, there is a parish of Pedmore, and a
+hall of the name that seems at one time to have belonged to the Ardens,
+as well as the Pedmore Manor, near West Bromwich, Warwickshire. By the
+kindness of Mr. W. Wickham King, now resident there, I am told that
+"Mistress Joyce Arden" was buried there in 1557; Jane Ardern and Hugh
+Hall were married in 1560; Alice Ardeney and Thomas Carter married 1578;
+while John Arden, son of Mr. Robert and Mistress Elizabeth, was
+christened there in 1578. Frances Arden and Edward Wale married 1658;
+Arthur buried 1668, and Judith Arden, widow, 1682. The arms in the
+church are those of the Park Hall Ardens, and "Mr. Robert" was the heir
+of Edward (p. 41 and notes).
+
+The Pakingtons of Worcester quarter Ermine on a fesse componé or, and
+az. an annulet for Arden.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[368] Dugdale's "Warwickshire," 372; Drummond's "Noble British
+Families"; "Guy of Warwick," ed. Zupitza, Early English Text Society,
+etc.; Harl. MS., 1167, f. 57; "Dictionary of National Biography."
+
+[369]
+
+    "Guy of Warwick, I understand,
+    Slew a dragon in Northumberland."
+
+        Romance of Sir Bevis of Hampton.
+
+    "In Warwick the truth ye shall see
+    In arras wrought full craftily."
+
+        Romance of Sir Guy.
+
+    "Gy de Warwic ad a noun
+    Qui occis le Dragoun."
+
+        Legend round the Mazer Bowl, at Harbledon Hospital, Canterbury.
+
+[370] "Warwickshire," p. 374; Drummond's "Noble British Families";
+Leland's "Itin.," iv. 63; Heylin's "History of St. George," p. 63.
+
+[371] Nichols's "Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica," iv. 29.
+
+[372] Dugdale's "Warwickshire," 372-374; Drummond's "Noble British
+Families"; Cox and Jones' "Popular Romances of the Middle Ages," pp. 63,
+64, 297-319; Ward's "Catalogue of Romances in British Museum," i. 470.
+
+[373] Dugdale's "Warwickshire," p. 373.
+
+[374] Drummond's "Noble British Families," ii.
+
+[375] Harleian MS., 853, ff. 113, 114.
+
+[376] "Guthmund, Ailwin's second son, held Pakington under Turchil; his
+son was Sir Harald de Arden, Lord of Upton" (French, "Shakespeareana
+Genealogica," p. 432).
+
+[377] According to Dugdale and Drummond; Harleian MS., 853, differs.
+
+[378] Ralph and William are witnesses to a charter from Henry de Clinton
+to Kenilworth Priory, Henry I. ("Monasticon," vi. 3).
+
+[379] Hugh de Arden and Adela; William de Arden and Agnes were witness
+to Henry's gifts ("Monasticon," v. 210-212).
+
+[380] Philip, Osbert's second son, who took the name of Compton
+(Drummond; Dugdale's, 'Warwickshire,' 549).
+
+[381] Novoborgo: or and az., er. Thomas Arden de Rotley: or and az., gu.
+A fesse betwixt 6 cross-crosslets or--Beauchamp. The Warwickshire
+Visitation gives the coat of Sir Herald de Arden as three
+cross-crosslets fitchée and a chief or. See Drummond, p. 5.
+
+[382] Whalley's "Northampton," p. 464; Baker's "Northampton";
+"Parliamentary Roll of Arms," 862. "Sire ... Ilm de Arderne ... de
+ermyne a une fesse chekere dor e de aszure" (_Genealogist_, New Series,
+xiii.). I do not know which William this refers to.
+
+[383] He married Isabella, daughter of Sir Roger Mortimer of Chirk. She
+afterwards married John Fitzalan (Berry's "Essex Genealogies").
+
+[384] Dugdale's "Warwickshire," p. 927.
+
+[385] "This lady seems to have married for a third time. Robert de
+Wyckham sued Thomas Wake and Nicholaa, his wife, and Giles de Arderne
+for the next presentation to the church of Swalclyve. Robert, father of
+plaintiff, had given the advowson to John de Arderne, and John had
+enfeoffed Robert de Wyckham and Elizabeth his wife. Nicholaa had been
+married to Robert de Arderne" (_Genealogist_, New Series, ix.).
+
+[386] See Visitation, 1619.
+
+[387] Dugdale's "Warwickshire," p. 928; Harleian MS., 1992, f. 121, "The
+Ancient Family of Arderne." Ralph died 8 Henry V.
+
+[388] 17 Blamyr.
+
+[389] Walter Arden's son-in-law.
+
+[390] The decision of the residence of this Thomas would solve a knotty
+question.
+
+[391] Leland's "Itinerary," vi. 20. See also admin. of goods, granted to
+his sister Alice Buklond and his nephew John, son of Sir John.
+
+[392] Patent 17 Henry VII., February 22, second part, mem. 30.
+
+[393] Same series, September 9, mem. 35.
+
+[394] Patents 23 Henry VIII., September 24, first part, mem. 12.
+
+[395] Pat. Henry VIII., p. 1, m. 16.
+
+[396] Letters and Papers, Henry VIII., Gairdner.
+
+[397] Bedfordshire Visitation, 1566. (See Glover.) There was in Edward
+VI.'s reign a William Arderne, Clerk of the Market of Struton
+Oskellyswade, Bedford (Est. of Office, Edward VI. to Elizabeth). And in
+the accounts of the Treasurer of the Chamber there are mentioned among
+the "Extraordinary Yeomen of the Guard, 1570," "William Arden and his
+son Robert Arden."
+
+[398] Somerset House, 8 Porch.
+
+[399] The name Collins appears in connection with the Ardens in
+Wiltshire also.
+
+[400] See Visitation of Worcester, 1569: "Richard Muklowe of Hodon,
+Worcestershire, married Katherine, daughter of John Arden." The
+Gloucester Visitation records that Richard Cotton of Sedenton, married
+Agnes, daughter of Sir John Arden of Park Hall, sister of Thomas.
+
+[401] Commissary Wills, Somerset House, 31^a Clyffe.
+
+[402] Dugdale's "Warwickshire."
+
+[403] "Stratford-on-Avon Miscell. Papers," see p. 410, _Genealogical
+Magazine_, 1897. He was also trustee in a settlement made by Sir John
+Arden of Park Hall, in association with Sir Richard Empson and others.
+See Petition of Simon Arden, p. 184.
+
+[404] It is curious that in a will of Sir William Trussel of Cublesdon,
+1379, there is a bequest mentioned as having been made to him by his
+"cousin Sir Thomas d'Ardene" (Sir N. H. Nicolas, "Testamenta Vetusta,"
+i. 107).
+
+[405] Glover's "Heraldry," vol. ii., ed. 1780.
+
+[406] Fuller's "Worthies."
+
+[407] 7 Alen. Inquis. P.M. at Warwick, June 27, 37 Henry VIII., Edward,
+son and heir, aged twelve.
+
+[408] See Close Roll, 32 Henry VI., m. 11. Saltley came into the family
+with Elizabeth Clodshalle (who married Robert Arden in the time of Henry
+VI.), and remained in it till the death of Robert Arden, 1643, when it
+fell to the share of his sister Anne.
+
+[409] By some family arrangement, the old family seat of Pedmore seems
+to have been settled on him, as he was always styled Francis Arden of
+Pedmore.
+
+[410] Anne married John Barnesley of Barnesley (see Visitation of
+Worcester, 1569); Bridget, Hugh Massey; Barbara, Richard Neville, son of
+the last Lord Latimer, and claimant of that title and the earldom of
+Westmorland; Joyce, John Ladbrooke. Was this Jane Arden the lady of this
+name who married into the Brownlow family about 1553? See Pedigree of
+Brownlow.
+
+[411] "Originalia et Memoranda." Lord Treasurer's side of the Exchequer,
+Hilarii Recorda, 7 Elizabeth, Rot. 82.
+
+[412] _Ibid._, Hilarii Recorda, 15 Elizabeth, Rot. 55.
+
+[413] Coke's "Entries," f. 39_b_.
+
+[414] In an account of the Grevilles, when the eldest son still resided
+at Drayton, it is noted: "Though a great part of the Lands of Sir Giles
+Arden came to Lewis Greville through his wife, yet there is one Arden at
+this time in Warwickshire that is a man of three hundred marks land by
+the yeare." Addit. MS., 5937, f. 88, British Museum.
+
+[415] See "Liber Pacis," Eg. MS., 2345.
+
+[416] Dugdale's "Warwickshire," 884, 927.
+
+[417] See _Athenæum_, Feb., 1896, p. 190, and my little volume on
+"Shakespeare's Warwickshire Contemporaries" (Stratford-on-Avon Press),
+p. 48.
+
+[418] State Papers, Dom. Series, Elizabeth, clxiii., 21 _et seq._
+
+[419] Accounts of Treasurer of the Chamber, 1583-84.
+
+[420] Burke makes an extraordinary error in stating that Shakespeare's
+mother was a daughter of Sir Edward Arden, of Park Hall ("Hist. Landed
+Gentry," edition 1882, vol. i., p. 34). Now, Edward was never knighted,
+and must have been born about the same year as Mary, daughter of Robert
+Arden, who married John Shakespeare.
+
+[421] The Accounts of the Wardens of the Tower mention Francis Arden's
+board, up to June 24, 1585, and he sued shortly after for Pedmore, on
+the death of Sir George Digby, to whom it had been granted (State
+Papers, Dom. Series, Elizabeth, ccii., 40).
+
+[422] State Papers, Dom. Series, Elizabeth, clxxi. 35; also Patents,
+Elizabeth, 28, c. 10.
+
+[423] Dugdale's "Warwickshire," 927. I find also several pensions
+allowed by the Crown to a Robert Arden, early in James I. These may
+refer to Robert of Park Hall (Book of Patents, xi. 212).
+
+[424] Inventory of his property is at Lichfield, where also is that of
+his wife, Lady Dorothy Arden, 1635-36, and will of his son, Robert
+Arden.
+
+[425] Ashmolean MSS., 36, f. 125: "Robert Arden, Colonel and Sheriff of
+Warwickshire." An elegy upon his death in Oxford of small-pox, August
+22, 1643: "Seeing these tapers and this solemn night," etc. Signed,
+"Peter Halstead."
+
+[426] She was a Lady of the Privy Chamber to the Queen-mother, and
+survived her husband. See the burial of her daughter, Mrs. Henrietta
+Maria Stanhope, October 23, 1674.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+THE ARDENS OF LONGCROFT
+
+
+This main line of Ardens having thus become extinct, we have to go back
+some generations to find the younger branch that carried on the name.
+Simon, the second son of the Thomas Arden who died in 1563, brother of
+the William Arden who died 1546, and uncle of Edward Arden, who was
+executed 1583, seems to have been an important man in his own day. He
+was much trusted by his father and nephew, and was elected Sheriff of
+Warwickshire in 1569, when he bore as arms three cross crosslets
+fitchée, and a chief or.[427] His first wife was Margaret; his second
+Christian,[428] widow of Thomas Bond, of Ward End. In a catalogue of all
+the noblemen and gentlemen resident in Warwickshire, 1577-78, by Henry
+Ferrers, of Baddesley, is mentioned Edward Arden, of Park Hall, and
+Simon Arden, of Saltley, his uncle;[429] and in the Subsidy for
+Warwickshire, 1581, he is mentioned as one of "those collecting, and not
+assessed themselves."[430] During the first half of Elizabeth's reign he
+purchased Longcroft, in the parish of Yoxall, Staffordshire, a property
+that had previously been in the family. In 18 Elizabeth (1576) he found
+one light horse for the royal service there, and paid to the Subsidy of
+1590, 26s. 8d. for his lands at Yoxall, valued at £10.[431] He seems,
+however, to have got into trouble in his old age. The draft of a
+petition of his (_circa_ 1595-98) is preserved among the Longcroft
+papers,[432] which is well worthy of being transcribed:
+
+     "_To the most honourable the Lord High Treasurer of
+     England._
+
+     "The most humble petition of Simon Arden, of the age of 100
+     years or thereabouts, praying your good Lordship's aid in
+     his owld age against the great wrongs and oppressions
+     offered by Edward Darcie, Esquire, one of the grooms of her
+     Majestie's Privy Chamber.
+
+     "As by the enclosed may plainlie apeare:
+
+        {The Pedigree. John Arden had issue Thomas.
+
+        {Thomas had issue William, Simon, George, Edward, Thomas.
+
+        {William had issue Edward & Francis.
+
+        {Edward had issue _vivens_ Robert.
+
+     "The said John Arden did infeff John Kingsmel,
+     Sergeant-at-Lawe, Sir Richard Empson, Sir Richard Knightley,
+     Sir Robert Throgmorton,[433] Knights, and others, of the
+     manor of Crudworth, and other lands in the county of
+     Warwick, to divers uses; the said Thomas, being seized in
+     fee, granted to me, and his said other sons, dyvers several
+     annuities, being all the patrimony he provided for the same
+     his younger sons. The said Thomas did afterwards make other
+     assurances to the said William. The said annuities were paid
+     unto all the said younger sons during their lives, and unto
+     me till the attainder of Edward Arden. By which means the
+     premises came into the hands of her Majestie, in what time
+     that the same remained in her hands, by your Honor's order I
+     was paid mine annuitie, being 20 marks by the year. And
+     after that the same was granted to the said Edward Darcie,
+     your Lordship did likewise very honorably apporcion how much
+     thereof should be yearely paid unto me by the said Edward
+     Darcie, and how much otherwise, according to which
+     aporcionment the said Edward Darcy paid his part thereof
+     unto me foure or five yeares, and about six yeares sithence
+     denyd so to do, urging me with seutes in the Court of
+     Requests, and in the Honourable Court of Exchequer Chamber,
+     and at the Common Law. Also for the space of vi yeares now
+     together seeking by this countenance to oppress me. The said
+     Robert Arden payeth unto me the porcion of the said annuity
+     apointed by your Lordship's order, or rather more thereof
+     than he was charged with by your order, and I have desired
+     but ye residew of Mr. Darcie. I have had judgment against
+     him in the Common _Place_, he hath removed the record into
+     the King's Bench by writ of Error; so yt by injunction out
+     of the Court of the Exchequer Chamber to entertain time and
+     delay me til death hath wholy interred my ancient bodie
+     already more than half in grave, knowing, _Mors solvit
+     omnia_, by my death my cause wil be remeadiless.
+
+     "Be therefore so much, my good Lord, as to take my cause
+     into your own hands, and for God's sake to end it. I protest
+     mine adversary hath caused me to spend more then such an
+     annuity is worth to purchase. Age wold have ease, which is
+     expedicion in causes of suit and molestacion, and expedicion
+     in justice is the most Honour that may be; which is no small
+     part of your Honor's comendacion. Almighty God long preserve
+     you in all felicity, that this Realm of England may more and
+     more long take profit of your most wise and grave counsels."
+
+Perhaps on his coming to Longcroft he found the old Arden arms there.
+Before the grant to his grand-uncle Robert there had been Ardens in
+Yoxall.[434] Certain it is that after that date they appear in Longcroft
+Hall and in the parish church. The headship of the family fell to his
+heirs in 1643. Simon's son[435] Ambrose[436] married Mary Wedgewood
+1588, and died 1624. His son Humphrey[437] married Jane Rowbotham at
+Marchington, December 1, 1630. Of his family, Henry married Catherine
+Harper, but died without children, November 26, 1676; John, of Wisbeach,
+married Anne, and died without heirs, April 2, 1709, aged 84;[438]
+Humphrey, of Longcroft, who married the daughter of ---- Lassel, and
+died January 31, 1705, aged 74. His daughters Elizabeth and Katharine
+died unmarried. His son Henry married Anne Alcock, and died 1728, aged
+63. Humphrey's son and heir, John, was born 1693, and died 1734, aged
+40. He married, first, Anna Catherine Newton, and second, Anne, daughter
+of the Rev. John Spateman, Rector of Yoxall, 1730. He was High Sheriff
+of the County in 3 George II. His son, Henry Arden, of Longcroft,
+married Alethea, daughter of Robert Cotton, Esq., of Worcester, and died
+June 22, 1782. The full pedigree is given, and the monuments at Yoxall
+are described in Shaw's "Staffordshire," and in French's "Shakespeareana
+Genealogica." Descendants still survive in this country and the
+Colonies.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[427] Fuller's "Worthies."
+
+[428] Administration of goods of Christian Arden, wife of Simon, 1563
+(Lichfield Wills).
+
+[429] Nich., "Col. Top. et Gen.," vol. viii., p. 298.
+
+[430] Lansdowne MS., xxx. 27, 30.
+
+[431] Subsidy Rolls, Yoxall, 1590; Shaw's "Staffordshire," i., pp.
+100-102 and 499; and Talbot Papers, Heralds' College, Dugdale p. 932.
+
+[432] See also manuscript notes on the copy of Shaw's "Staffordshire,"
+by Samuel Pipe Wolferstan, Esq., of Statfold, preserved in the British
+Museum, p. 102.
+
+[433] Note that this is the same man appointed trustee by Mary
+Shakespeare's grandfather.
+
+[434] "Nichola, d. of Geff de. Shenton, sued Joan, formerly wife of
+Ralph de Anderne, of Yoxhale, for a messuage in Yoxhale" (De Banco,
+Trin., 23 Ed. III.).
+
+[435] His will proved 1625 at Lichfield. Simon's daughter Elizabeth
+became second wife of Clement Fisher of Wincote, addressed by Sir Aston
+Cokaine in verses alluding to Shakespeare (Dugdale's "Warwickshire,"
+1140).
+
+[436] Shaw's "Staffordshire," p. 102; MS. notes of the author, Brit.
+Mus.
+
+[437] Ambrose had another son Ambrose, whose family appears in the
+registers of Barton:
+
+    Frances, daughter of Ambrose Arden, bapt. February 19, 1631, buried June
+    7, 1634.
+
+    Humphrey, son of Ambrose Arden, bapt. November 2, 1634.
+
+    Henry      "      "        "     "    October 7, 1637.
+
+    Benjamin   "      "        "     "    July 19, 1642.
+
+    John       "      "        "     "    September 3, 1643.
+
+    William    "      "        "     "    January 8, 1647
+      (buried Sept. 18, 1666).
+
+    Robert Masson and Elizabeth Arden were married December 22, 1644.
+
+    Ambrose Arden, gent., buried July 15, 1656.
+
+[438] His father had been married twice; but this second Humphrey is the
+son of Jane Rowbotham. See Registers of Marchington.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+OTHER WARWICKSHIRE ARDENS
+
+
+It would be interesting to know more of some of the other Warwickshire
+Ardens, particularly those mentioned in the Register of the Guild of
+Knowle, as some have suggested that Shakespeare's mother may have
+descended from them:
+
+"1460. John Arden and Agnes, his wife, of Longehychyngton.
+
+"1504. Richard Arden and Margaret, his wife, and for the souls of John
+and Johanna, their parentes, of Longeychyngton.
+
+"1506. For the souls of John Arderne and his wife, of the same.
+
+"... Richard Salway, and Estell his wife, and for the soul of John
+Arderne.
+
+"1512. Alicia Arderne, and for the soul of William."
+
+On turning to the Subsidy Rolls to find any further notice of the Ardens
+of Long Itchington, I found only the following: "14 and 15 Hen. VIII.
+Co. Warr., Knighton Hundred, Bilton [the next parish to Long
+Itchington].[439] Thomas Arderne, land, 4 marks, 2/6. Solks. Henry
+Arderne in goods 40/- 4d." The latter is twice repeated.
+
+In the same Guild Register appears as member:
+
+"1496. Robert Arderne, Master of Arts, Rector of Lapworth."
+
+He does not appear in the preserved pedigree, as Robert, the son of
+Walter, who died 1502, was in the King's service. The Warden and
+scholars of Merton College appointed Robert Ardern, Master of Arts, to
+the Rectory of Lapworth, January 10, 1488. On the rood loft of the
+church are the arms of Sir Henry Arden:[440] Ermine, a fesse chequy, or
+and az., with a crescent for difference, arms, by some thought to be the
+parson's.
+
+Henry de Arden,[441] in the time of Henry II., had two sons: Thomas of
+Curdworth[3] and William de Rodbourn.[442] The descent of Thomas we have
+already noticed, as well as the descent of Thomas Arden, of Drayton,
+elder son of William Arden de Rodbourn. The second son of William was
+another William of Rodbourn, killed in 17 Henry III. He married Avisia,
+daughter of Robert de Kyngeston, and had also a son, William of
+Rodbourn, whose heir was William, who sold the manor in 1369.
+
+Dugdale says that Little Grafton was called Arden's Grafton because it
+was bought by William de Arden in 10 John. In 52 Henry III. William de
+Arden was certified to hold it of the Earl of Warwick; but he
+transferred it to Edward I. in exchange for Offord, near Aston Cantlowe,
+in the parish of Wootten Wawen.
+
+A seal used by William D'Arderne, clerk, of Offord, Warwickshire, is
+preserved in the British Museum,[443] appended to a deed in which he and
+John D'Arderne were concerned, 1366. It has a shield of arms, three
+cross-crosslets fitchée, on a chief a lion passant, on the border: "S.
+Nicholai de Ardena." I have not traced a Nicholas. But Nichola de Arden
+presented John de Arden to Cotesbrook Church, Northampton, May, 1361
+(see p. 195).
+
+Among other charters in the same collection occur the seals of--
+
+Thomas de Arderne, of Newton, co. Warwick, 1280-90, on a shield, a fesse
+chequy Ardern, "Sigillum Secreti."[444]
+
+Thomas de Arderne, Lord of Peddymore, co. Warwick, 1281, on a shield
+chequy, a chevron, "Sig. Thome de Arderne."[445]
+
+Thomas de Arderne, 1286, a shield chequy, a chevron, "S. Thome de
+Arderne."[446]
+
+William de Ardena de Hamtune (_i.e._, Hampton in Arden, Warwickshire)
+used a seal with a pointed oval shield thereon, a lion rampant
+contourné, _circa_1188-98.[447]
+
+Dugdale says concerning Hampton in Ardern,[448] that it is not _quite_
+certain that Ralph de Arderne was a son of Turchil.[449] He is mentioned
+in 5 Stephen and in 33 Henry II. as a Justice Itinerant. Hampton in
+Arden was not altogether his own, but his son Robert purchased it for
+500 marks. Robert was a clergyman, Archdeacon of Lisiaux, in Normandy,
+and gave his estate here to his brothers Peter and Roger. Peter became a
+clerk also, and gave his share to Roger, whose sons were William de
+Ardena, 5 Henry III.; Walter, a Clerk; Roger, a Clerk. William's
+children were: Hugo de Ardena, a Justice of Assize, 35 Henry III.;
+Oliva, who married Robert le Megre; and Hawisia, who married Richard
+Peche. Hugh's sons were William and Richard. William sided with the
+Montforts, was pardoned, but was soon after slain by Richard de l'Isle.
+He left no family; his brother Richard was an idiot; and his estates
+went to the heirs of his aunts, John Peche and William le Megre[450]
+(Plea Rolls, Ed. I.).
+
+There is so much confusion regarding the most distinguished of these
+early Ardens, that I would like to examine his story more closely.
+Dugdale, as I have already noted, is not absolutely certain that Ralph
+de Ardern, of Hampton, was a son of Turchil, but believes it
+sufficiently to put him in the pedigree. Yet he goes on to state that
+this Ralph was a justice itinerant in various reigns. Now, it is not
+only dates that make this impossible: Turchil had married, first, the
+Countess of Perche, and, second, Leverunia; and Ralph de Arderne, of
+Hampton, is given as of the first family. But the mother of Ralph the
+justice was a De Bohun. I propose, therefore, tentatively, to consider
+that the first Ralph de Hampton married a De Bohun, and hope to find the
+records true of an eldest son Ralph, brother of Robert, the Archdeacon
+of Lisiaux, of Peter the clerk, and of Roger of Hampton. This view is
+supported by many facts, and it gives _time_. Ralph was at the height of
+his power in 1188, the very date at which William de Ardene, of Hampton,
+the son of Roger, draws up a deed and affixes his seal.[451] According
+to Dugdale, this should be his grandson. The name of Ralph's son and
+heir is Thomas, not Roger. It was very unusual for a noble family to
+bring up the eldest son to the Church, and yet the Archdeacon of Lisiaux
+is considered by Dugdale as the eldest son of Ralph, who gives up his
+inheritance to his brothers. But if we find a Ralph to be the eldest
+son, we can easily account for his giving up the Hampton in Arden home.
+He had made his fortunes elsewhere. Ralph was in high favour with the
+King,[452] Henry II., and had married Amabilia, daughter and coheir of
+Ranulph de Glanville,[453] the great lawyer, author, statesman, soldier,
+and crusader, who, while Sheriff of York, had made prisoner William the
+Lion of Scotland, and laid the King of England under an obligation.
+Ralph's mother was a daughter of Savaric FitzCana, and sister of Ralph,
+Gelduin, and Savaric FitzSavaric. Ralph FitzSavaric having died without
+heirs, on the death of his uncle Savaric, Franco, the son of Gelduin,
+laid claim to his vast possessions in England and the fief of Bohun in
+Normandy. It is believed that Gelduin had married within the forbidden
+degrees, without dispensation, and that this was the reason that Ralph
+de Arderne put forward his mother's claims. Henry II. decided in his
+favour at a court at Caen in 1187. But on the accession of Richard I.,
+Ralph fell into disgrace, ostensibly through some delay in rendering his
+accounts at Westminster while Sheriff of Hereford, and Henry's decision
+was reversed 1189.[454] But it was evidently a doubtful question. Franco
+died in 1194, and when his son and heir Engelger came of age, 1198,
+Ralph de Arderne revived his claim, which was settled by a compromise.
+After the disturbances in Normandy, 1208, a new dispute arose between
+Engelger, the son of Franco FitzSavaric, and Thomas, the son of Ralph
+Arden, which ended in a new compromise.
+
+The offices held by Ralph were numerous. He was Sheriff of Hereford
+1184-89,[455] and also justice itinerant. He married a second wife in
+1194, Agnes de la Mara, heiress of the Barony of Holgate in Shropshire,
+after which he regained royal favour. He received a gift from the King
+of land in Essex, for which he paid[456] £362 16s. 8d. He was made
+custodian of the temporalities of Canterbury at the time of the troubles
+there Bailiff of Pont-Audemar in Normandy, 1198; in 1202 attended King
+John at La Suse in Anjou; in 1203 was sent on an embassy to Otho, King
+of the Romans; in 1204 went to Flanders on the King's service. He was
+said to have acted as justice at Shrewsbury, 1208, but Foss[457]
+believes this was his grandson, and states that Coke says so. Ralph de
+Arderne endowed the Priory of Butey, Sussex, founded by Ralph de
+Glanville, with half the town of Bawdsey. He founded the Priory of
+Shulbrede, near Midhurst, and endowed it with half a knight's fee in
+Lavington. His son Thomas was engaged in a lawsuit[458] with his aunt
+about the partition of his grandfather Glanville's property. "Thomas de
+Ardern, et Radulphus filius Roberti ponunt loco suo Mag. Will. de Lecton
+_versus_ Will. de Auberville et Matilda uxorem ejus," etc. There is no
+mention of Thomas after 14 John, 1213. Lands in Hereford, Sussex, Essex,
+and Yorkshire were known to have belonged to him, and many scattered
+branches in later periods may represent his descendants. I have not
+found his arms; were they the same as William de Ardern of Hampton's,
+already referred to?
+
+Though Shakespeareans are only concerned with the Ardens who remained in
+their own county, genealogists are interested in the fortunes of the
+whole family. A volume would be necessary for a complete account, and at
+present I only attempt to collect and preserve the scattered facts I
+have found in various printed and manuscript authorities.
+
+It is too often taken for granted that individuals do not belong to a
+family because their names do not appear in the pedigrees collected at
+the Visitations. We know that the descendants of younger sons and
+daughters are frequently omitted, and the sons and daughters themselves
+occasionally ignored. For instance, the Sir Robert Arden who was
+executed in the time of Henry VI., 1451, is stated[459] to have left
+seven children, but the name of his heir, Walter, is alone preserved.
+Such omissions are more likely to have occurred in earlier times. The
+Ardens frequently held land in more counties than one, and thus may
+appear in county histories as doubles; while their general use of common
+Christian names at other times makes it difficult to separate recorded
+incidents. Wills, inquisitions, and other records often strangely bring
+into closer relationship individuals not known to be connected, and the
+severe test of dates often separates those supposed to be near in blood.
+
+The main line had estates in Northampton. Robert de Arden had a charter
+of free warren in Wapenham and Sudborough.[460] In 7 Henry IV. Wapenham
+was assigned as dower to Elena, widow of Sir Henry de Arden, by Ralph
+his son, with remainder to Geoffrey de Arden, his brother (see p. 170).
+After the death of Elena and Geoffrey it reverted to Ralph, and to
+Robert, his son, who in 20 Henry VI. received the King's pardon for
+alienating it without licence. The manor of Sulgrave[461] was sold by
+the Traffords to Sir Henry Arden, and it remained in the family until
+Sir Robert sold it in 20 Henry VI. Laurence Washington, Mayor of
+Northampton 1538, had a grant of the dissolved priory of St. Andrews
+there. On April 26, 1564, William Arderne of Sulgrave[462] left to his
+sister Mary all the portion his father, Richard Arden,[463] had left
+her, and all his own goods. He left a legacy to Robert,[464] son of
+Laurence Washington, and Laurence was the overseer of his will. There is
+preserved a bond by John Ardern, Laurence Washington, and others for
+£100, July 4, 1587.
+
+An Adam de Arden, clerk, was incumbent of Croughton 1218. Another Adam
+was Rector of Thornhagh and Bolewyck 1336 and of Barby 1361. Nichola de
+Arden presented John de Arden to Cotesbrook Church, May, 1361.
+Thomas de Arderne was incumbent of Laxton, July 9, 1310, and of
+Clopton-on-the-Wold, 1325. Robert de Ardern, clerk, is mentioned August
+16, 1322. Thomas de Ardern, diac., was presented to Nether Heyford,
+1455. Eustachia de Ardern, patron of Holdenby, 1263, presented Ralph de
+Ardern, and Thomas, son of Thomas Ardern, of Hanwell, recognised as
+co-patron Thomas Ardern, of Rotley.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[439] The will of Thomas Arden of Long Itchington was proved 1552, at
+Lichfield. Sons, Edmund, William and Thomas, and six daughters.
+
+[440] Dugdale, 926.
+
+[441] Baker's "Northampton"; Whalley's "Northampton."
+
+[442] Dugdale's "Warwickshire," 927.
+
+[443] Add. Charters, 21, 492.
+
+[444] Cotton MS. Charters, xxii. 15.
+
+[445] Egerton Ch., 368.
+
+[446] Brit. Mus., Ch. lxxxii. 15.
+
+[447] Cott. Ch., xi. 36.
+
+[448] Dugdale's "Warwickshire," 952.
+
+[449] I think the dates show that there must have been two generations
+of Ralphs. One appears in another county.
+
+[450] See _Genealogist_, New Series, XIII.
+
+[451] A lion rampant contourné. See Brit. Mus., Ch. lxxxii. 15.
+
+[452] Nichols's "Herald and Genealogist," vi. 432, and vii. 299-311.
+
+[453] Foss's "Lives of the Judges," i. 379. Campbell's "Lives of the
+Chief Judges," i. 19.
+
+[454] Pipe Roll, 1 Richard I., pp. 208 and 145, Charter, Richard I.,
+signed at Gorron in Maine, March 31, 1190.
+
+[455] Fuller's "Worthies of Hereford."
+
+[456] Pipe Roll, Essex, 6 Richard I.
+
+[457] Foss's "Lives of the Judges," i. 338.
+
+[458] Coke, 8th Report, ii. 29, and Blomfield's "Norfolk," viii. 341.
+
+[459] Harleian MS., Visitation of Warwickshire, 1167, f. 57.
+
+[460] Concerning forest rights in Clyve, Northamptonshire, Gilbert de
+Arden appeared for the Prior of Markyate, Cherchebikenhull, Kynesbury,
+26 Edward I. (55, Inquis. P. M.).
+
+William de la Zouch de Haryngworth enfeoffed Adam de Arderne and Simon
+Ward in Boroughley Manor of the Honour of Peverel, Northampton; Eton,
+Weston, Ing, Houghton Manors, Bedford; Calston Manor, Wilts; Totnes
+Castle, Devon; Weston-in-Arden Manor, Wolfareshull, Foulkeshull, and
+Kelpesham Manors, Warwick, probably as trustees, 33 Edward III. (79,
+Inquis. P. M.).
+
+[461] Whalley's "Northampton," i. 25, 263.
+
+[462] 7, Crymes, Somerset House Wills.
+
+[463] Of Whitfield, 29, Street, Somerset House.
+
+[464] Robert's son Laurence sold Sulgrave, went to America, and became
+the great-grandfather of George Washington.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+THE ARDENS OF CHESHIRE
+
+
+In the Conqueror's time the Manor of Watford, Northamptonshire, was
+recognised as belonging to Gilbert the Cooke, to whom his son Baldwin
+succeeded. But the next owner was Eustace de Arden,[465] son of
+Alexander and Agnes Arden, in the time of Henry II. The first Eustace,
+born about 1140, was probably the Eustachius de Arderne who granted
+Watford Church to the Abbey of St. James. His son, also named
+Eustace,[466] died in 1213. The dower of his widow Hawisia was in
+Watford and Silvesworth, and Ranulph III., Earl of Chester, became her
+security that she would not marry again without license from the
+King.[467] Her two sons were Eustace[468] and John de Arderne. Eustace
+died in 4 Edward I., 1221, leaving a son Eustace. The line ended with
+four daughters, coheiresses--Aveline, Mary, Jane, Elena, 1275. The arms
+of Eustace were: Gules, on a chief argent, a label azure.[469] I have
+wondered if the following entries concerned younger sons of this family:
+"To Master William of Watford 50 marks for his expenses going as a
+messenger to the King beyond the sea";[470] and, "Paid to William de
+Watford, Keeper of the Queen's palfreys."[471]
+
+John, the second son of the second Eustace and brother of the third,
+received either an original grant, or the confirmation of a grant, from
+the Earl of Chester of the Manor of Aldford, in Cheshire. He was
+probably the son-in-law of the Richard de Aldford who preceded him.[472]
+As the Earl of Chester was Hawisia's surety, he may have been her son
+John's guardian. John afterwards granted part of this fee to Peter, the
+Earl's clerk, and another part to Pulton and Chester Abbey. On November
+28, 1213, he compounded with the King for his father's annual payment
+for lands in Watford, and granted to Eustace, his brother, the lands he
+had received there from his father. He executed this deed in Aldford,
+August, 1216. In that year he received, as a Knight of Ranulph, Earl of
+Chester, then in the Holy Land, a grant of the lands of Geoffrey de
+Sautemaris. Sir Walkelyn, his son, succeeded him in or before 1237-38.
+Through his wife, Agnes de Orreby, he acquired Elford, in Staffordshire,
+with Alvanley, Upton, and other manors in Cheshire. He was frequently at
+Court, as his attestations to various charters prove, about 41 Henry
+III. In 1264-65 he granted the Manor of Alvanley to his eldest son, Sir
+Peter, who succeeded to all the family estates on the death of his
+father, about 1268. He bore arms based not on those of Eustace de
+Watford, or on those of the Earl of Chester, from whom he held land, but
+on those of William de Beauchamp, who had succeeded to the Earldom of
+Warwick in 1257, as if to claim descent from the Warwickshire family.
+His seal appears first in 17 Edward I. in a release to Sir John de
+Orreby of a debt due.[473] It bore a shield with three crosses crosslet
+pattées, a chief Arderne, with the motto, "Frange, lege tege." See also
+the charters in the British Museum.[474] His son and heir by Margery,
+his wife, was Sir John, who married Margaret, daughter of Griffin ap
+Madoc, Lord of Bromfield, of royal Welsh extraction.[475]
+
+Sir John de Arderne at the tournament at Stepney, 2 Edward II., in the
+retinue of the Earl of Lancaster, bore "Gules, 10 crosses crosslet, and
+a chief or."[476]
+
+But it is said that after his marriage the Arden arms were temporarily
+varied to gules, crusule or, and a chief or.[477]
+
+In 9 Edward II. he purchased part of Haselover from Geoffrey
+Salveyn.[478]
+
+In that year the "Nomina de Villarum" gives the name of "Sir Henry de
+Ardena" as Lord of Elford. John's name, however, is given in the list by
+the Lieutenant of the Knights and men-at-arms of the county, 17 Edward
+II., 1324; and he was one of the Knights summoned to attend the great
+council at Westminster, 17 Edward II. John and Margaret had two
+sons--John, who succeeded to Aldford, Alderley, Alvanley, and Elford, 19
+Edward III., and Peter, afterwards of Over Alderley. John married,
+first, Alice, daughter of Hugh de Venables, and had by her two sons,
+John and Peter, and a daughter Margaret. His second wife was Joane,
+daughter and heiress of Sir Richard de Stokeport, by whom he had no
+issue; and his third wife was Ellen Wasteneys, by whom he had two sons,
+Thomas and Walkelyn, born before marriage, and two daughters, Isabel,
+wife of Sir Hugh Wrottesley, and Maud, wife of Robert Leigh, of
+Adlington, and a son, born after marriage (about 1341), who evidently
+died soon.
+
+Then occurred an extraordinary hitch in the history of primogeniture.
+His eldest son, John, had died without issue before his father. Peter,
+the second son, and natural heir of his brother and father, then aged
+twenty-four, on his father's death found by the inquisition[479] that he
+died possessed of "no lands,"[480] all his vast possessions being
+settled on himself and his wife Ellen only for life, and secured by a
+deed of gift, in reversion to Thomas, the elder illegitimate son of
+Ellen Wasteneys. By an appeal, however, to the courts, based on the
+previous settlement on his great-grandfather, Peter, the legitimate heir
+recovered Alvanley. He married Cicely,[481] daughter and heiress of Adam
+de Bredbury, who inherited Hawarden from her father, and henceforward
+Alvanley and Hawarden were the chief seats of the Cheshire Ardens. It is
+evident, therefore, that the root-meaning of Hawarden, or Harden, has no
+relation to the family name.
+
+The favoured Thomas received Aldford, Etchells, and Nether Alderley,
+Cheshire; and Elford, Staffordshire. He was knighted before 1359, and
+died 1391. He married Katherine, daughter of Sir Richard Stafford,
+heiress of Clifton Campvile, Pipe, Haselover, and Statfold, and was
+buried in Elford Church, where his beautiful marble monument still
+remains. He is represented in full knightly armour, wearing a rich
+collar, with the letters "S.S." interwoven, his basinet bearing the
+words "The Nazarene." His wife lies by his side, richly robed, and also
+wearing a collar with "S. S." His son and heir, John, born at Elford,
+March 12, 1369, was over twenty-one at his father's death,[482] 15
+Richard II. He married Margaret Pilkington, and died in 1408, leaving no
+male heir.[483] A large monument in memory of him in Elford Church is
+almost decayed.
+
+In his inquisition, his nearest male relatives are stated to be Robert
+de Legh, of Adlington, aged forty, and Hugh de Wrottesley, aged eight.
+His only daughter was Matilda, aged twelve, who was granted Alderley and
+Etchells only. She married Thomas de Stanley.[484] John's widow,
+Margaret, took for her second husband Sir Robert Babthorpe, and died
+1423. Her Inquisition Post Mortem is very interesting. She died seized
+of Nether Alderley only, which reverted to her daughter, Matilda
+Stanley.
+
+"The Prince of Wales as Earl of Chester _versus_ Margaret, formerly wife
+of John, son of Thomas de Arderne, to determine the right to the manors
+of Aldford, Alderdelegh, and Echells, the advowsons, and 10 marks a year
+from the manor of Upton, in Wyrehale. It mentions that Thomas and
+Walkelyn were illegitimate; but Walkelyn died _s.p._, and pleaded the
+settlement" (Chester Pleas, 10 Henry IV., m. 9, _Genealogist_, New
+Series, vol. xv.).
+
+Another Chester Plea Roll records the suit of Richard, son of John de
+Radcliff and Matilda his wife, against Isabella, formerly wife of John
+de Legh, Chivalier, for land in Modberlegh, which John de Ardene gave to
+John de Legh for his life, with remainder to John, son of John de Legh
+and Matilda, daughter of John de Ardene, and to the heirs of the bodies
+of John de Legh and Matilda (_Genealogist_, New Series, vol. xiii.).
+
+Sir Thomas Arden and Sir John bore as arms the three crosses crosslet,
+and the chief or, the same as the legitimate family.
+
+Hugh, the son of Peter Arden, of Alvanley and Hawarden, carried on the
+main line, and had full possession of his estates by 1372. He married
+twice--first, Agnes Hulme, by whom he had Peter and Ralph;[485] and
+second, Cicely de Hyde,[486] by whom he had John, who lived in the
+service of the King. The seal of Peter, son of Hugh de Arderne, of
+Macclesfield, co. Chester, 1372,[487] is preserved in the British
+Museum, and bears three crosses crosslet and a chief Arderne. Old and
+infirm, Hugh was granted exemption from military service in 1408.
+
+Charles Arden, son of John, son of Peter, married Elizabeth Radcliffe in
+Edward III.'s time, and through her inheritance became owner of
+Timporley, and founded the Timporley branch of Ardens.
+
+The pedigree of the family is given _in extenso_ in Drummond, Earwaker,
+Ormerod, and the Visitations of Cheshire, so that it is unnecessary to
+repeat it here. Further intermarriages with the Hydes[488] are recorded.
+Ralph Ardern, of Harden, led his tenantry against the Royalists, 1642,
+and died 1657. Sir John, head of the family, in 1660 was Sheriff of
+Cheshire. One of his brothers was the Rev. James Arden, Dean of Chester,
+1691.
+
+John, who was Sheriff in 1760, married Sarah Pepper, who brought Pepper
+Hall into the family. Their son, Richard Pepper Arden, Chief Justice of
+the Common Pleas, was created Baron Alvanley[489] 1801. He had three
+sons, John, William, and Richard. The title became extinct 1857.[490]
+The arms were the three crosses crosslet and a chief or; crest, a double
+row of ostrich feathers out of a ducal coronet.
+
+There is a curious will at Somerset House[491] (January 9, 1614) of
+Thomas Arden, of Hornsey, gentleman, who seems to have been connected
+with this family. After trifling legacies, he leaves his lease in
+Cheshire of Melton Farm to his dear and well-beloved sister, Ann Ardern.
+"Executors, my beloved sister Anne Arderen, ever faithful friend, and
+Richard Drape of Hornsey gent."--proved January 17, 1614. But another
+similar will of the same man was again proved, 1615, by Anne and another
+co-executor.
+
+In Berry's "Sussex Genealogies" we find that George Ardern, son of
+George Ardern, born in Chester, came to Chichester, married Catharine,
+daughter and coheir of Robert Palmer, Esq., and had three sons--George,
+John, and Richard. Richard married Margaret, daughter of Thomas Green,
+and had three sons and a daughter--Thomas, George, Richard, and
+Catherine.
+
+An important official Arden was John, who in the reign of Henry V. was
+Clerk of the Works.[492] His patent was renewed under Henry VI., and
+payments are recorded to him for making the tomb of King Henry V.[493]
+in St. Peter's, Westminster, of Caen stone, £23 6s. 8d.; for repairs in
+the Tower; in the palace of Westminster; and in the castle of
+Wallingford. He was also Clerk of the Works at York, and in 22 Henry VI.
+was made Baron of the Exchequer, and had various grants.
+
+Foss believes him to be the father of Sir Peter Arderne,[494] also in
+royal service. In 18 Henry VI. he was deputy of William de la Pole, Earl
+of Suffolk, chief seneschal of the Duchy of Lancaster. He took the coif
+February 14, 1443, and was made King's Serjeant and Chief Baron of the
+Exchequer May 2, 1448. Dugdale does not mention him as a Judge of Common
+Pleas, but he received his patent July 7, 26 Henry VI., and must have
+held double office. In 1461 his patents were renewed, but in the
+following year there was a new Chief Baron, though Sir Peter retained
+his other offices. He had a tun of wine annually for life. His will[495]
+is so interesting from a literary point of view, as well as a
+genealogical one, that it is worthy of fuller notice. He and his wife
+Katharine had founded a chantry in Netteswell, Essex, and a chapel in
+the parish of Latton, Essex, where they resided. He left to these and
+many other charitable purposes handsome legacies; and to his wife, Dame
+Katharine, he left his "daily Primer," much plate and furniture, a
+crucifix, the furniture of a chapel, his "book of legends in English,
+and his English translation of 'Bonaventura de vita et passione
+Christi.'" To his "son, John Bohun," armour, and his book in English of
+"Boys de Consolacione Philosophiæ, with the booke of Hunting therein."
+To his daughter, Anne Bohun, furniture, and a French booke, "Giles de
+Reginum Principii." To his daughter, Elizabeth Skreene,[496] furniture
+and a mass-book. To his son, John Skreene, "myne owne volume of old
+statutes with the Register, and ye new Lawes therein; my newe statutes
+and a boke of termes of parchemyn, and a good boke compiled of Law with
+a yallow leather covering, and a booke of law of termes of 2 Ed. II. in
+parchemyn, a greate booke of gramer, with the Siege of Troy borded, a
+greate booke called Catholicon borded, and a good new bounden fair
+little book compiled of Assises." "To my ward, Thomas Bibbesworth, his
+own marriage free to himself,[497] my best Register of Lawe, my owne
+gret compiled booke of Lawe covered with red leather, and a horn upon it
+... a booke of lawe in parchemyn compiled and bokeled, a boke of terms
+of Law on paper, with A^o 32-A^o 39 and other yeares therein." "To my
+niece, Margaret Newport, a table of ivory with the Salutation of our
+Lady in ymages of silver. To my brother, Master Thomas Arden, my scarlet
+gowne furred, my book flowered Barthm. his own booke of Lucerna,
+conscience, his Sawter glosed, my booke of the Life of St. Thomas of
+Canterbury." To his cousin, Master John Roclif, a hoode; to his brother,
+parson of Hadham, a cloke; to his nephew, Guy Arden, a gowne. Other
+remembrances follow. His interest in the forest of Galtuce, in
+Yorkshire, in the towns of Hoby and Esmeswold, to be sold to pay his
+debts. His wife to have all the residue if she remain unmarried. The
+manors of Monkhall and Enfield to his wife, reverting to his daughters;
+the manor of Swale in Godilston to his wife, and to any heir she
+chooses. Executors: Dame Katherine Arden, his wife, and Master
+Thomas[498] Ardern, his brother, and others, February 20, 1466, proved
+July 10, 1467. A rubbing of the sepulchral brass in memory of Sir Peter
+and his wife[499] at Latton is preserved in the British Museum. His arms
+were: Or, three pellets azure on a chief gules, three lozenges
+argent.[500] Bobbingworth Hall, Ongar, Essex,[501] was conveyed to
+Richard Ardern 1423, and to Sir Peter Ardern 1446. In that year also
+Gregory Wery released Latton Hall, Harlow Half Hundred, to Peter Ardern
+and his heirs for ever.[502] The will of the Guy Arden,[503] nephew of
+Sir Peter, was drawn up July 24, 1498. He left legacies to the master,
+every brother, and every servant of St. John's College, Cambridge; to
+Sir Christopher Wright, Fellow of St. John's, his journal; to Mr. Bowes,
+of King's College, his great beads; to the Lady Prioress of Crabhouse,
+"2 portuess of written hande and x^s, and to her convent 6^s 8^{d}." The
+residue to Dr. William Robinson and Master John Basse, Bach. of Civill
+Lawe.
+
+A curious group of wills seem to prove that the Alice Green who married
+John Holgrave, one of the Barons of the Exchequer, must have previously
+married an Arden,[504] and had children by him. Sir John Holgrave's will
+was drawn up on August 6, 1486.[505] After church bequests, he leaves to
+his son Thomas some plate, "of the gift of Elizabeth Greene, my
+mother-in-law," forty marks to his son John, and fifty marks to his
+daughter Elizabeth. "To the brotherhood of the Clerkes of London, wher I
+am a brother, 13/4." To Katherine Coleyn, 100^{s}; to Alice Green,
+100^{s}; to _Richard Arden_, towards his learning, 10 marks, and one of
+his best gowns; to Master Walter Ardern, parson of Cheyham, 100^{s}; the
+residue to his wife Alice. Executors: Alice, his wife, Thomas Holgrave,
+his son, Master Walter Arden, and Richard Ardern. If his sons and
+daughters die without heirs, his estate to go to Richard Arden, his
+son-in-law, and Master Walter Arden. His wife Alice made her will in
+1487.[506] Her son Thomas was to have fifty marks, her son John £100,
+and her daughter Besse £100. "Also to Richard, my son, 100 marc; to Mr.
+Wat, my son, 100 marc; to Katerine, my daughter,[507] £40; to Elizabeth,
+my daughter, 10 marc." "_Cousin Alice Skreene_"[508] was to have 10
+marks also. There were gifts of plate to her sons Thomas and John and
+daughter Besse, to Richard and Mr. Water, her sons, and her daughter
+Katharine. Executors: My son Mr. Walter Ardern, my son Richard Ardern,
+my son Thomas Holgrave. Overseers: Master Litton and my daughter
+Katharine. Proved September 21, 1487.
+
+The above-mentioned Master Walter Arden,[509] parson of Cheyham, Surrey,
+September 13, 1482, left legacies to every household in his parish; and
+10 marks each to Richard, my brother, to Thomas, my brother, to John, my
+brother, to Elizabeth Ardern, my sister, to Elizabeth Holgrave, my
+sister, to the daughters of my sister Collyns, and to various cousins.
+Also to the daughters of Mr. Codyngton, and 10 marcs to poor scholars.
+Twenty shillings to reparation of St. Mary's, Cambridge. The residue to
+Richard Arden, my brother. Executors: John Deye, Sir John Norwood, and
+John Codyngton, the younger, with 10 marks each. Proved October 2, 1492.
+
+Seven years afterwards Richard Arden, of Bosham,[510] Sussex, and of
+Bermondsey, left legacies to various churches, and to his brothers
+Thomas and John Holgrave. Johane, his wife, sole heir and executor,[511]
+with reversion to John Holgrave. Overseers: John of Lee, of Addyngton,
+Richard Culpepper, of Ardyns Lee, and John Chaloner, Huwild, 1499.
+
+The name "Collins" makes one think there may be some connection with the
+following: Walter Arden,[512] of Hampton, in Highworth, Wilts, makes his
+will on April 1, 1540. He leaves to Thomas Ardern, the elder son of my
+brother, Richard Arden, £40 and farm stock; to Johane Arden, my servant,
+sister to Thomas, £20; to Margaret Sewell, my daughter, £100 and all my
+lands; to Elizabeth Palmer, my sister's daughter, and to other
+grandchildren, money gifts. My daughter Elizabeth sole executrix; Simon
+Yate supervisor.
+
+The goods of Edith Arden, Hampton Turvil, Wilts, were administered in
+1578, and those of Richard Arden, of Chilton, 1641.
+
+John Arden,[513] of Hampton Turville, Highworth, Wilts, yeoman, August
+16, 1585, leaves half his goods to his wife Amy as long as she is
+unmarried, reversion to Thomas Arden, his son; to Editha Collyns, £6
+13s. 4d.; to Agnes Collyns, 20s.; to Elizabeth Collyns, 20s.; to Walter
+Arden, my godson, 10s.; to Elizabeth Arden, the daughter of my brother,
+Henry Arden, a sheep; to each of the children of my brother Richard a
+sheep. All the residue to my son, Thomas Arden, executor. Overseers,
+brothers Thomas and Virgill Arden, who were also witnesses. Proved
+November 28, 1585.
+
+The will was proved of Thomas Arden, of Hampton Turvill, Highworth,
+Wilts, yeoman, February 3, 1621. His wife Agnes to live in the house in
+convenient rooms and have £10 a year, payable out of the manor of
+Westthroppe, in the parish of Heynes; or, if she does not like her diet,
+£20 a year. He stands possessed for a terme of 1,000 years in the moitie
+and one-half part of one-fifth of the manor of Westthropp, to be given
+to eldest son, Thomas Arden, and heirs male; if no heirs, to John Arden,
+his second son; then to Edward Arden, his third son; to Nicholas Arden,
+his fourth son, each of which are to have £100. To Henry Arden, my son,
+£4 a year, and his dwelling in the house at Hampton and good usage
+there, and if he does not like his treatment, to have £10 a year. To
+John, my son, my tenements in Birdlip, Gloucester; to Edward, my son, a
+house in Highworth and the Chantrey House. My kinsman, Thomas Arden, of
+Fairford, Gloucester, oweth me £40. I give this to Agnes, my daughter,
+wife of Henry Gearinge. Thomas, his son, sole executor. His loving
+brother, Thomas Stratton, and Henry Gearing, overseers.[514]
+
+The Ardernes of Cottesford and Kirtlington, Oxford, bore the same arms
+as the Park Hall Ardens, with a mullet for difference;[515] but the
+relationship is not given in the pedigree of the Visitation. It only
+starts with Robert Arden of Cottesford, whose son William[516] married
+Agnes Stotesby of Evenley, and he had, first, Thomas, second, John,
+third, William, fourth, George. His daughter Alice married Thomas Thorne
+of Northampton. Thomas predeceased his father and John succeeded, who
+married, first, Isabel Woodward, widow of Richard Swillington, who bore
+him a son, Leonard, who became a priest, and Eleanor, married to Anthony
+Yate. John married, second, Isabell, daughter of John Gifford, of
+Twyford, Bucks, by whom he had John Arden, of Cottesford (who married
+Catharine, daughter of John Cheyney, and whose son was John Arden),
+Richard, and Anthony, who married Margery, daughter and heir of Walter
+Coxe, of Kirtlington, through whom he acquired this property. Anthony's
+family consisted of John, Thomas,[517] Henry,[517] Alice, Margaret, and
+Mary.
+
+There were Indentures drawn up between Henry VIII. and "John Arderne, of
+Cotisford" (see Cromwell's "Remembrances," 1534).
+
+The will of John Arden, of Cottesford, Oxfordshire, gentleman,[518]
+November 12, 1557, furnishes us with some particulars. He wished to be
+buried before the cross in Cottesford beside his father's tomb. To
+Katharine,[519] his wife, if she claimed no jointure, an annuity of £13
+6s. 8d. (to be paid by brother Richard Arden, in the lordship of
+Willaston), 300 marks, and the house they dwell in, with half the
+furniture, etc. "To every of the children of Roger Arndern, of Evynley,
+now living, twenty shillings." To his cousin, Robert Thorne, to his
+cousin, Nicholas Thorne's wife, to his sister, Eleanor Yates, legacies.
+"To John Ardern, son of Anthony Ardern,[520] my young brother,"
+tenements, etc.; failing whom, they were to pass to Henry Ardern, third
+son of his said brother. To the wives of Richard and Anthony, his
+brothers, four angels. To Richard, his brother, all his titles to
+Cottesford and Willaston, and to Anthony, his younger brother, the title
+of his lease of Shelliswell. Residue to his brothers, the executors;
+desiring Mr. Walter Wright, Doctor of the Civil Law and Archdeacon of
+Oxfordshire, to be overseer. Witnesses, Nicholas Thorne, Walter Prior,
+and John Tench. "Memor.: Laurence Pate, parson of Harwicke, had to hide
+the will in his coffer till Arden's death."[521]
+
+Robert Arden, of Berwyck, writes to the Earl of Leicester about Mr.
+Arden, of Cotesford, March 1, 1588.
+
+John Arden in 1595 prays some Court service. But in January, 1595-96, he
+has been sent to the Marshalsea on suspicion of treason, when he was
+about to marry. Nicholas Poutor, in October, 1601, promises to pay £100
+to John Ardern, of Kirtlington, in October, 1602.
+
+These Ardens are evidently connected with those of Evenly in
+Northamptonshire. Thomas Arden, of Evenly, died between 1520-26; Roger
+Arden, of Evenly, 1537-40; William Arden, of Norton, 1548-61.[522] The
+Inventory of the goods of John Arden, of Evenley, gent., was taken
+November 9, 1559. On the back of this is a settlement, dated 1576,
+between John and Thomas Arden, and others.[523]
+
+It is not clear whether the Cottesford Ardens are in any way connected
+with a family residing at Henley-on-Thames, co. Oxon. In a will of
+Robert Arden he left everything he had to his wife Margery, August 8,
+1493;[524] and on February 24, 1525, John Arderne, of Henley,[525] drew
+up a will leaving to his daughter Margery £6 13s. 4d.; and to his wife
+Johane all his lands and tenements, with remainder, first to his son and
+heir, Humphrey Arderne, after him to his son Robert, after him to his
+son John, after him to his son Edmund or their heirs. His wife Johane,
+executrix; James Hayles, overseer. Proved May 4, 1526.
+
+Beyond the more important habitats, we find Ardens in many English
+counties. John Yate, the elder, of Bockland, Berks, gent., in his will,
+January 12, 1578,[526] mentions his son-in-law, Mr. John Arderne, and
+Anthony Arderne, son of his daughter Bridget, deceased. John Daubeney,
+of Woolmeston, gent., April 6, 1625, mentions his brother-in-law, Guy
+Arden, of West Chinnock.[527]
+
+The State Papers mention this family.
+
+The names of such of the guard under the Earl of Leicester "as have been
+lately preferred to your excellency in Holland, and by whom:
+
+"John Arden, by Mr. Thomas Dudley, January 12, 1585."
+
+"The names of the Household, Flushing, July 21, 1585, Clerk Comptroller,
+Thomas Arden."[528]
+
+John Arderne, will June 5, 1605; ob. s. p. December 17, 1605. Inq. at
+Woodstock, 5 Jac. I. Oxford and Berks. Thomas, brother and heir, æt. 60.
+
+Thomas Arderne, ob. s. p. August 31, 9 Jac. I. Inq. at Oxford, November
+12, 14 Jac. I., Oxford. Henry, brother and heir, æt. 60.
+
+Henry Arderne, ob. May 4 ult. Inq. at Oxford. August 22, August 20, 20
+Jac. I. Oxford and Somerset. Margaret, d. and h., æt. 10 years 11 months
+14 days.
+
+Of this family probably sprung the Arden mentioned in Bishop Scory's
+letter from Whitborn:[529] "Messrs. Mug, Blaxton, Arden and Gregory,
+popish priests, were driven out of Exeter, but received elsewhere, and
+feasted in the streets with torch-light."--August 17, 1561.
+
+In a search for Arden and other prisoners who had escaped, Popish relics
+were found in the house of Francis Yeates, of Lyfford,[530] February 12,
+1587. "The examination of John Arden,[531] gent., son of Laurence Arden,
+of Chichester, concerning an attempt made against the King of Spain, and
+his dealings with Dr. Hall and other fugitives. His brother Robert had
+been 24 years a Canon of Toledo in Spain."--December 27, 1590 (?). A
+prisoner named Arden is noted for years among the accounts of the Tower
+for the boarding of prisoners, and a Mr. Arden[532] escaped thence with
+Father Gerard by the assistance of John Lily and Richard Fulwood,
+October 8, 1597.
+
+Thomas Arden, Canon of Worcester 1558, was deprived for Catholicism in
+1562. (See Wood's "Athenæ Oxonienses"; and also "John Arden(?), late
+prebendary of Worcester, accused of heresy 1561.")
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[465] Ormerod's "Cheshire." Ormerod's "Miscellanea Palatina," 72.
+
+[466] Earwaker's "East Cheshire."
+
+[467] Close Roll, 1213.
+
+[468] Bridge's "Northampton"; Whalley's "Northampton," i. 568; Baker's
+"Northampton."
+
+[469] Nichols's "Top. et Gen.," i. 47-480.
+
+[470] Issue Roll. Michaelmas, 41 Henry III.
+
+[471] _Ibid._, 9 Edward II.
+
+[472] Ormerod's "Miscellanea Palatina," 73; Nichols's "Coll. Geneal. et
+Topog.," i. 47.
+
+[473] Nichols's "Top. et Gen.," vi. 324.
+
+[474] Charters lxxxii., 14.
+
+[475] Earwaker's "East Cheshire," i. 324.
+
+[476] Nichols's "Top. et Gen.," iv., p. 67.
+
+[477] Nicolas's "Roll of Shropshire," 27 Edward II., p. 98, and
+Nichols's "Top. et Gen.," vi. 324. No. 967, Parliamentary Roll of Arms
+(_Genealogist_, New Series, xii.).
+
+[478] Shaw's "Staffordshire."
+
+[479] Inquis., December 23, 23 Edward III., 1349. See also Shaw's
+"Staffordshire."
+
+[480] Ormerod's "Miscellanea Palatina."
+
+[481] Earwaker's "East Cheshire," i. 13, 324.
+
+[482] See Inquis. P. M., 15 Richard II., Sir Thomas of Elleford,
+Haselor, Kingsbromley, etc.
+
+[483] See Will at Somerset House, 17 March. Inquis. P. M., 10 Henry IV.,
+John of Elford, Lichfield, Kingsbromley, etc.
+
+[484] A Cecilia de Arderne also appears as wife to a John Stanley.
+
+[485] Ralph married Catharine, daughter of Sir W. Stanley, and had a son
+Thomas, from whom the Leicestershire Ardens descended.--"Cheshire
+Visitations."
+
+[486] Drummond's "Noble British Families."
+
+[487] Add. Ch., 20, 492.
+
+[488] Ashmolean MSS., Bodleian Library. 833, f. 51-59. The family of
+Hyde and Arderne, 837, f. 128, and 1137, f. 135 (Arderne pedigree.
+Harleian MS., 2074, f. 113). Frances Marbury, née Arden, married Thomas
+Marbury, Esq., Marbury (Chester Funeral Certificates, 1634). Earwaker's
+"East Cheshire," i. 472.
+
+[489] Earwaker's "East Cheshire," 472.
+
+[490] Burke's "General Armory."
+
+[491] Commissary Court of London, vol. for 1614, ff. 387 and 443.
+
+[492] Foss's "Lives of the Judges," iv. 281. Was he son of Peter of
+Alvanley and Cicely de Hyde?
+
+[493] Issues of the Exchequer.
+
+[494] Foss's "Lives of the Judges," iv.
+
+[495] 19 Godyn, Somerset House.
+
+[496] See in 1510 pardon and release to Elizabeth Skreene, _alias_ widow
+of Richard Harpur, _alias_ widow of Andrew Dymock, daughter of Sir Peter
+Ardern (Papers, Henry VIII.).
+
+[497] Thomas de Bibbesworth, who died 1485, held a moiety of the manor
+of Latton (Morant's "Essex," ii. 487).
+
+[498] Newcourt, ii. 543. A Thomas Arden, S.T.B., Prebend of Reculverland
+in St. Paul's; Rector of Hadham Magna, exchanged for St. Bride's,
+London; Rector of Stambridge Parva 1472. One of the masters of the
+college of Pleshy was also called Thomas Arden, 1477, but seems to have
+been another of the name. William Arden was presented to Stambridge,
+1474.
+
+[499] Add MS., xxxii. 490 (u. 9).
+
+[500] Morant's "Essex," ii. 487.
+
+[501] _Ibid._, i. 148.
+
+[502] Close Rolls, 24 and 25 Henry VI.
+
+[503] 24 Horne. Vicar of Littlebury, February 16, 1463; Strethall, April
+25, 1467; Upminster, March 2, 1483 (Newcourt, ii. 394).
+
+[504] Could it have been John Arden, executor of Walter Green? See Will
+of Walter Green, Lord of the Manor of Hayes in Middlesex, December 6, 35
+Henry VI., 1456, proved on February 12 by Elizabeth his wife, John
+Gaynsford, his son-in-law, John Arden, Robert Green, his son, and John
+Catesby, his son-in-law. His daughter Alice was wife of Sir John
+Holgrave (Nichols, i. 211).
+
+[505] 4 Milles.
+
+[506] 5 Milles.
+
+[507] Katharine Collins. See previous will.
+
+[508] See will of Sir Peter Arderne, p. 203.
+
+[509] 9 Dogett.
+
+[510] Moone. Commissary Wills.
+
+[511] Byfleet Manor in Busselagh parish, Surrey, belonged to John de
+Arderne, 2 Edward III. (see Close Roll, 2 Edward III., m. 24), and
+Mitcham (Inquis. P. M., 22 Edward III.). Leigh Place, near Reigate,
+belonged to the Ardernes _temp._ Henry VI. John Arderne was Sheriff of
+Surrey and Sussex in 1432. In Leigh Church is a sepulchral brass in
+memory of John Arderne and Elizabeth his wife and six children, without
+date. Also one to the memory of Richard Arderne and Johanna his wife,
+which Richard died November 22, 1489(?). His arms were a Fesse chequy
+between three crescents impaling a chevron three stags. Among gentlemen
+12 Henry VI., "John Ardern of Lye," arm. (Fuller's "Worthies of Surrey,"
+33; in Rot. Capella. Inquis. P. M., 15 Henry VII., Richard Arden).
+Brayley's "Surrey," iv. 282.
+
+[512] 8 Alenger.
+
+[513] 54 Brudenell. See "Berkshire Wills." The Loan, 1523. The
+certificate of Simon Yate, Highworth, and of Westropp, Walter Arden.
+Pap. Henry VIII., P.R.O. In 1539 Simon and Thomas Yate each find a
+horse, harness, bill, sword and dagger, and Walter Arden a horse and
+harness with bows and arrows; Thomas Arden a harness.
+
+[514] 53 Dale.
+
+[515] See Harl. MS., 1095, f. 93. Harl. Public., Visit. Oxford. Sir
+Thomas Phillipps' "Oxfordshire Visitations."
+
+[516] Fuller's "Worthies of England," Oxfordshire, 343, gives among the
+county gentry of 12 Henry VI. a William Anderne(?). Fuller thinks the
+Commissioners passed too many gentry for this small shire. In others it
+was the cream, here the thin milk.
+
+[517] Inquis. P. M. of Thomas, 14 James I., of Henry, 20 James I.
+
+[518] 52 Wrastley.
+
+[519] Katharine, daughter of John Cheney of Woodaye, Esq., married to
+John Arderne of Cottesford, co. Oxon. See Visitation of Wiltshire, 1565
+(_Genealogist_, New Series, xii.).
+
+[520] He had to prove his right to Kirtlington and Jackley,
+Oxfordfordshire (Hil. Rec., 10 Elizabeth, Rot. 38).
+
+[521] Anthony's will was proved in 1572, 3 Peter, Somerset House.
+
+[522] Northampton and Rutland Wills.
+
+[523] Inq. P. M., 1 & 2, Ph. & M.
+
+[524] 11 Vox, Somerset House Wills.
+
+[525] _Ibid._, 6 Porch.
+
+[526] Somersetshire Wills, printed, Fourth Series.
+
+[527] _Ibid._
+
+[528] Cotton MS., Galba, c. viii.
+
+[529] State Papers, Dom. Ser., Eliz., xix. 24.
+
+[530] _Ibid._, cxcviii. 12.
+
+[531] _Ibid._, ccxxxiv. 66.
+
+[532] "Life of Father John Gerard," by John Morris, p. cxv.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+BRANCHES IN OTHER COUNTIES
+
+
+An interesting Arden whom I have not been able to connect with any
+relatives was John Arderne, of Newark,[533] a physician who practised
+with distinction at the time of the plague, 1349, and whose medical
+books were freely quoted by Johannes Argentein and succeeding medical
+writers.
+
+I have not found his arms. There is, indeed, the seal of a John Arderne,
+son and heir of Sir Adam de Arderne, of Lincolnshire, 1312, in the
+British Museum, bearing a shield[534] "Ermine, on a bend three crosses
+crosslet, depending from a tree of three small branches," who might have
+been the same person.
+
+Richard Arderne owned a messuage in Stanford, Lincoln, 27 Edward III.,
+Inquis. P.M. As late as 1501 an Edmund Arden,[535] of St. Martin's,
+Lincoln, left a gown to his brother Thomas, a gown to Pierce Arden, and
+other legacies. John Gedney married Mary, daughter of John Arden, of
+Sibsey, co. Lincoln (Visitation, 1592). In the neighbourhood there was a
+noted Robert de Arderne, of co. Norfolk, 1315, whose seal bears two
+shields side by side in fesse; Dext. ermine a fesse chequy Arden;
+Sinist. on a fesse three garbs with cabalistic letters, explained in
+_Journ. Brit. Arch. Ass._, xl. 317.[536]
+
+Nothing brilliant is recorded of the Ardens of Yorkshire. Sir ---- de
+Arderne, bearing arms Arg. a lion ramp. az. debruized by a baston gu.,
+appears in Planché's Roll of Arms of Henry III.[537] John de Ardern, of
+Yorkshire, is in the list of gentlemen of 43 Edward III. He is mentioned
+also as witness for Haselden, of Goldyngton, 41 Edward III. Thomas
+Arden, of Marton, near Bridlington, 1455, and Margaret, his wife, 1458,
+were buried in Bridlington Priory.[538] William Ardern, of Belthorp, was
+among the gentlemen of 12 Henry VI.[539] John Arderne, of Kelingthorpe,
+secured an exemption from serving on juries, April 1, 8 Henry VIII., at
+Greenwich.[540] There are many documents in the Record Office concerning
+the sale of the lands of John Ardern, of Kelingthorpe,[541] York; and a
+receipt from Thomas Perpoint, draper, London, of £516 paid him by John
+Arden; also a release to Perpoint and John Arden by Thomas Hennage of
+the Cardinal's household. To this Hennage, Arden grants the wardship of
+his son Peter; and, if he should die, the wardship of Raffe; failing
+whom, the wardship of John, his third son, 1533. His wife was Margery.
+Sir Raff Ellerker married Jane, daughter of John Arden, Esq.
+(Visitation, Yorks, 1563). There is also noted the Inquis. P. M., of
+Peter Arden, of York, 22 Henry VIII.,[542] and William Arden's lease of
+Yaresthorpe, Yorks. The priory of nuns at Arden, founded 1150, was
+suppressed in 1536.[543]
+
+[Illustration: SWAN THEATRE (BY DR. GAIDERTY.)
+
+_To face p. 214._]
+
+The Ardens appeared also early in Essex. At the Conqueror's Survey, Earl
+Eustace of Boulogne owned Horndon-on-the-Hill,[544] but the next owners
+were Ardernes, who built Ardern Hall. In 1122 Thomas Ardern and his son
+Thomas gave to the monks of Bermondsey the tithe of the corn in their
+lordship of Horndon. Sir Ralph de Ardern, of Horndon, was Sheriff of
+Essex, 39 and 40 Henry III.[545] His seal bore on a shield a fesse
+chequy between two roundels.[546] Sir Thomas de Arderne, the son of
+Ralph, used "a seal, bearing two trumpets, mouthpieces in base, between
+nine crosses crosslet in fesse, three and three, in pale S. Thome de
+Arderne."[547] John Lovetot, who died in 1295, held land of him in
+Horndon, by the service of one rose of yearly rent; and John de Arderne
+granted lands in Rochford 33 Edward I.[548] The manor of Walkefares, in
+Clavering, Essex, belonged to Walter Arden some time previous to
+1340.[549]
+
+The property of Timothy Arden, Somerset, was administered 1631.[550]
+
+There was an Inquisition Post Mortem of William de Arderne, of
+Chelesworthy Manor, Devon, in 56 Henry III. (39). Another of Adam de
+Ardern, 53 Henry III. (35), owner of Colverden, Walesworth, and Berton
+juxta Gloucester.
+
+In 1 Edward VI. Inquisition Post Mortem of William Arden, Wig, the
+administration of the goods of Richard Arden, of Worcester, was granted
+his wife Margaret, 1636 (Admins., 1636-38, f. 116, Worcester).
+
+William Arden, parson, of Wennington, in 1582, left small legacies to
+his sister-in-law, Bridget Doulton, and all the rest to his two
+daughters, Alice Arden, who married a Stevenson, and Margaret
+Arden.[551]
+
+In the Visitation of the Cheshire Ardens, it is stated that from Thomas,
+son of Ralph and brother of John, the Leicestershire Ardens are
+descended.[552]
+
+In the great "History of Leicestershire," edited by Nichols, there are a
+few notices of the name, and these chiefly of the Warwickshire Ardens,
+who held property in the shire. Baldwin Freville owned certain lands at
+Ratcliffe held by Roger de Ardern 1387.[553] Sir Robert of Park Hall was
+Sheriff of Warwickshire and Leicestershire 16 Henry VI.
+
+"Thomas Ferrars holds of the heirs of Roger Arden the third part of the
+feod of Radcliffe, Leicestershire," 37 Henry VI., Inquis. P. M. (34).
+
+Simon de Ardern and Hugo de Arderne were priests 1387.[554]
+
+In Bedford, the earliest entry I have found is the record of lands of
+Sir Thomas de Arderne, "utlagatus pro feloniis et transgressionibus,"
+Rokesden Manor and Bereford Cottage in Bedfordshire, 21 Edward III.
+(Inquis. P. M. 60).
+
+[Illustration: THE BEAR GARDEN AND HOPE THEATRE]
+
+[Illustration: SWAN THEATRE.
+
+_To face p. 216._]
+
+William Ardern of Struton, in Oskellyswade, co. Beds, Clerk of the
+Market to the King's household, Crest a boar quarterly, or and az.,
+granted by Barker (Stowe, 692; "Misc. Gen. et Her.," Harwood, New
+Series, xii. 13).[555] A William Ardern wrote to Cromwell, from Hawnes,
+May 27, 1535, on behalf of Mr. Franklyn, cited before my Lord of Lincoln
+(Letters and Papers Henry VIII., Gairdner). Can these be the same?
+Compare pp. 171, 172, 188 and notes.
+
+There was an Inquisition Post Mortem on the property of Isabel Arden,
+Ideot, Bedfordshire, 10 Elizabeth.
+
+The manor of Lyesnes, in Kent, was released to Thomas Ardern in 37 Henry
+VIII.[556] There are many notices of the Kent Ardens in Hasted's
+"History of Kent." But perhaps public attention was drawn most to the
+member of the family who was murdered.[557] The story is closely
+followed in the "Tragedy of Arden of Feversham," by some attributed to
+Shakespeare, though with little probability.
+
+Burke[558] gives many other branches; as, for instance, Arden of Sunbury
+Park, Middlesex, and Rickmansworth Park, Herts; arms: Ermine, two
+barrulets compony or and azure, in chief three boars' heads erased of
+the last, armed of the second, langued gu.
+
+Ardens of East Burnham, Bucks, same arms. Arden of Blackden Hall, co.
+Chester, Ermine, a fesse chequy or and az.; same crest as the Park Hall
+arms, but with different motto.
+
+Various Ardens drifted to London, but there seems to have been one
+business family settled there from early times. Thomas of Plumstede left
+rents and a cellar, called Drynkwater Taverne, in the parish of St.
+Magnus, to John Arderne, fishmonger, September 26, 1361.[559] John
+Hanhampsted left the reversion of tenements held for life by John
+Arderne, Esquire, in the parish of St. Mary Aldermanchurch, May 4,
+1424.[560] An administration of goods of John Arderne, of St.
+Sepulchre's, was granted February 15, 1508.[561]
+
+In May, 1534, a pardon was granted John Appowell for abetting John Done,
+a thief, who stole a gown and a piece of cloth belonging to Thomas
+Ardrenne from the house of Thomas Chief, May, 1534.[562]
+
+Thomas Arden, September 29, 1549, citizen and clothworker, left all his
+goods to Agnes, his wife; will proved January 27, 1549.[563]
+
+Robert Arden, of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, vintner, and Agnes Mather
+of the same, were licensed to be married at any church in the
+jurisdiction of Westminster, November 27, 1568.[564]
+
+A Robert Arden was assistant to the Clerk of the Accatory, 1577.[565]
+
+Several deliveries to him of Government victuals are noted in State
+Papers, 1594-97.
+
+I do not know whether or not he is the Robert Arden who writes a letter
+to the Government about the composition of ling and cod from the Iceland
+fisheries, landed in Essex, Suffolk, and Norfolk, September 14, 1593, a
+letter interesting as showing the relative trade of the towns at that
+date.[566]
+
+At St. Saviour's, Southwark, Robert Stillard and Bridget Arden were
+married August 21, 1618.[567]
+
+Among marriage licenses[568] are those of Richard Bromfield and Jane
+Arden, February 14, 1564; John Arden and Dorothy Hazard, of the city of
+Westminster, June 16, 1639;[569] Hugh Phillips, gent., of St.
+Margaret's, Westminster, and Elizabeth Arden, of same, November 17,
+1641;[570] Henry Arden, of Chelmsford, Essex, gent., widower, and Mary
+Boosie, of Writtle, spinster, at St. Magnus the Martyr, London, February
+22, 1664;[571] Thomas Arden, of the city of Westminster, Esq., to
+Theodosia Long, October 10, 1664; William Ardern, junior, gent., Bach.,
+of St. Martin's, Ludgate, and Mrs. Margaret Smith, of Great Wigborough,
+Essex, widow, to be married there, March 21, 1665-66;[572] John Arden,
+of St. James's, Westminster, widower, aged about fifty, and Mrs.
+Elizabeth Wright, spinster, twenty-two, January 12, 1687-88.
+
+Gabriel Josselyn, gent., of St. Michael, Bassinghall,[573] and
+Elizabeth, daughter of ---- Arden of same, deceased, December 1, 1587.
+
+John Brown, of St. Olave's, Hart Street, London, haberdasher, and Anne
+Arden, of St. Andrew's,[574] Holborn, widow of John Ardern, Fletcher,
+February 10, 1595.
+
+The will of Robert Arden, gent., Deptford, was proved 1579.[575]
+
+An Alexander Arderne, of Deptford, wished to be buried in the churchyard
+beside the hawthorn-tree; he had a wife, Elizabeth, a brother-in-law,
+William Inson, and no children, February 26, 1639.[576] Administration
+of the goods of James Arden, London, was granted his wife Anne,[577]
+1639. Thomas le Barber, from Peter de Arderne, held tenements in the
+parish of St. Clements Danes.[578] Alicia Arderne, who was wife of
+Richard Hampton, left tenements in the parish of St. Mary in the Strand
+and in the parish of St. Clement's Danes, 1466.
+
+It seems wiser to group a set of records not generally accessible to
+students, which, though preserved in London, concern the Ardens of many
+branches--I mean a set of deeds, charters, and conveyances preserved
+among the Guildhall Records of London:
+
+    "Johanna Arden, wife of Roger de Arden, tailor, 1295. Roll 24.
+
+    "Henry de Arderne, A.D. 1305. Roll 34 (35).
+
+    "Cecilia, wife of Henry de Arderne, 1307. Roll 36 (26).
+
+    "Agnes, wife of William de Arderne, 1307....
+
+    "Henry, son of William de Arderne....
+
+    "John, son of William de Arderne, 1337 and 1345.
+
+    "Hugh de Arderne, 1321. Roll 50 (5); A.D. 1342. Roll 70 (2).
+
+    "Alice, wife of Hugh de Arderne ... Johanna, wife of ...
+
+    "Giles de Arderne, 1351. Roll 80 (29).
+
+    "John Arden, called Mordon, Stockfishmonger, 1363.
+        Roll 91 (87) (93); also 1371, 1373, 1374, 1377.
+
+    "Margaret, wife of John, called Mordon....
+
+    "Isabella, wife of Richard Arden, and widow of John Melbourne,
+        co. Surrey, 1392. Roll 121 (143).
+
+    "Alice, wife of Thomas de Arden, Brewer, 1371. Roll 99 (83).
+
+    "... 1372. Roll 100 (54) (55), 1373, 1376; 104 (145).
+
+    "Alice, widow of Richard de Arderne, 1403. Roll 131 (61).
+
+    "John Arden, Esq., 1413. Roll 141 (25-36); 1421 (Roll 149).
+
+    "... 1426. Roll 154 (50); 1457, Roll 185 (32).
+
+    "Margaret, wife of John Arden, gent., 1413 and 1421; same Rolls.
+
+    "Peter Ardern, chief Baron of the Exchequer, 1459. Roll 188 (37).
+
+    "Thomas Arden, clerk, 1466. Roll 196 (17).
+
+    "John Arden, of Creechurch, merchant tailor, 1625. Roll 302 (15).
+
+    "Francis Arden, son of Richard, Cit. and Loriner,
+        of London, 1646, Apprentice."
+
+The Royalist Composition Papers,[579] 1644-57, mention as "Delinquents,"
+"Mr. Arden," "John," "Robert" is mentioned twenty-three times, "Thomas,"
+"Ann," "Elizabeth," "Godetha," "Mary," "Mrs. Arden," "John and Mary
+Arderne." And many other allusions could be added to the list of
+references to the various members of this distinguished family.
+
+
+COLONIAL ARDENS.
+
+In speaking of the Ardens of Victoria, Burke[580] disclaims their right
+to arms, but nevertheless derives them from Humphrey Arden. He says:
+"The first recorded ancestor, Humphrey Arden, of Longcroft, co.
+Stafford, died in 1705, and so far from being able to show descent from
+Siward, they are unable even to prove connection with the extinct family
+of Arden of Park Hall."
+
+Here Burke is clearly in the wrong. If they can prove their descent from
+Humphrey of Longcroft, they can through him claim descent from the
+Ardens of Park Hall and from Siward, as can be seen from all pedigrees.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[533] Ashmolean MS., 829, iii., and 1434, i.; also Sententiæ, 1437, Art.
+xv., alluded to in Gerard's "Herbal," 657.
+
+[534] Harl. Chart., 45, D. 9.
+
+[535] 23 Moone, proved May 26, 1501.
+
+[536] "Misc. Gen. et Her.," N. S., iv. 21; "Yorksh. Archæo. Journ.," xi.
+12.
+
+[537] Burton's "Monasticon Eboracense," p. 250.
+
+[538] Fuller's "Worthies of Yorkshire."
+
+[539] Letters and Papers Henry VIII., 1524, _et seq._, Gairdner.
+
+[540] Pat. 9 Henry VIII., p. 1, m. 14.
+
+[541] Add. Chart. 8069. See also Blomfield's "Hist. of Norfolk," viii.
+533.
+
+[542] Peter Arden, son and heir of John, ob. May 20, 21 Henry VIII.;
+Inq. at Poklyngton, York. Ralph Arden, brother and heir of Peter, then
+aged eighteen.
+
+[543] Burton's "Monasticon Eboracense," p. 90.
+
+[544] Morant's "History of Essex," i. 216.
+
+[545] Fuller's "Worthies of Essex," 341.
+
+[546] Harl. Charters, 45, D. 8, Brit. Mus. See also p. 193.
+
+[547] Add Chart., 19,967.
+
+[548] Inquis. Post. Mort., 33 Edward I., 117.
+
+[549] Morant's "Essex," i. 148. John Arderne was Vicar of Harwich
+Chapel, March 23, 1388. Will Arderne, Vicar of Tolleshunt Darcy, April
+4, 1676.
+
+[550] Administrations, Somerset, f. 4, 1631-33.
+
+[551] Consistory Court, f. 162, Sperin, and 291, Bullock.
+
+[552] Visitation of Cheshire.
+
+[553] "History of Leicester," iv. 939.
+
+[554] _Ibid._, 19.
+
+[555] This William Arden left a son, Thomas, who had no heirs ("Grants
+and Certificates of Arms," _Genealogist_, New Series, xiii.).
+
+[556] Originalia et Memoranda on the Lord Treasurer's side of the
+Exchequer.
+
+[557] "Receyved of Mr. Arden for a payer of wheels and the hedd of an
+old pageant, 2s. 8d. 1504." "Payd. For the charges of brenning Mrs.
+Arden, and the execution of George Bradshaw, 43s."--Chamberlain's
+Accounts, City of Canterbury, 1550-1.
+
+[558] Burke's "General Armory."
+
+[559] Wills of the Court of Hustings, ii., p. 63.
+
+[560] _Ibid._
+
+[561] Commissary Court Admins., 1508.
+
+[562] Papers of Henry VIII., P.R.O.
+
+[563] 31^a Clyffe, Commissary Court Wills.
+
+[564] Chester's "Marriage Licenses of Bishop of London."
+
+[565] State Papers, Dom. Ser., Eliz., cxx. 34.
+
+[566] Brit. Mus., Add. MS., 34,729.
+
+[567] Registers of St. Saviour's, Southwark.
+
+[568] "Marriage Licenses of Dean of Westminster," Harl. Publ.
+
+[569] _Ibid._
+
+[570] "Marriage Licenses of Dean of Westminster," Harl. Pub.
+
+[571] _Ibid._
+
+[572] _Ibid._
+
+[573] Chester's "Marriage Licenses."
+
+[574] _Ibid._
+
+[575] 35 Bakou.
+
+[576] 5 Stevenson, Somerset House.
+
+[577] Administrations, 1639, f. 36, Somerset House.
+
+[578] Inquis. P.M., 1 Edward III. (12).
+
+[579] See Index Library (12).
+
+[580] Burke's "Colonial Gentry," _Genealogist_, New Series, xiii.
+
+
+
+
+TERMINAL NOTES.
+
+
+Page 2.--Mary, Countess of Southampton, was the mother of Shakespeare's
+patron, the Earl of Southampton, to whom he dedicated "Venus and Adonis"
+in 1593, and "The Rape of Lucrece" in 1594. In both of these poems,
+probably corrected by himself, his name is spelt _Shakespeare_. In 1594
+the Countess married Sir Thomas Henneage, the Vice-Chamberlain of the
+Household, and that same year Shakespeare was invited to act at Court.
+Sir Thomas died the following year, after a lingering illness, and his
+widow had to superintend the making up of his official books, and check
+the bills. And thus it happened that it was she who introduced the
+_first official record of Shakespeare's name_, and probably spelt it
+correctly, according to the contemporary usage.
+
+Page 5.--Mr. Nanson, the town clerk of Carlisle, has in his possession
+the deed which concerns the Shakesperes of Penrith, 21 Richard II.
+
+Page 22.--Shakespeare's shield bore an ordinary _canting_ pattern, or
+one that was based upon the supposed meaning of the name. But the use of
+the falcon in the crest requires explanation. French says: "The falcon
+was one of the badges of Edward IV., father of Henry VII.'s Queen
+Elizabeth. No person would venture to adopt this without special favour"
+("Shakespeareana Genealogica," p. 523). There is something keenly
+suggestive of expected objections in the motto, "Non sanz droict." Some
+day, perhaps, it may be discovered why this crest and motto were
+assumed.
+
+Page 27.--Aston Cantlow, with the castle of Abergavenny, was settled on
+Sir William de Beauchamp, second son of Thomas, Earl of Warwick, 12
+Henry IV. It descended to his son, Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Worcester,
+whose daughter Elizabeth married Sir Edmund Neville, and brought it to
+him (Dugdale's "Warwickshire").
+
+Page 27.--Another opinion of the derivation of Thomas Arden has been
+discussed. It has been supposed possible that he might have been
+descended from Thomas Arden of Leicestershire, son of Ralph Arden of
+Alvanley, by his wife Catharine, daughter of Sir William Stanley, of
+Hooton. This would account for the grant of the Cheshire arms, and would
+not thrust him out of the Arden pedigree; but the theory is not
+satisfactory on other grounds. One main objection is that there was no
+known Thomas of suitable date in that family. But in the Park Hall
+family there was a Thomas known to be alive during the period between
+1502 and 1526, who has _never been traced_, if he did not go to Aston
+Cantlow. Members of the Arden family accept him as the missing brother
+of Sir John, and believe that it was through a careless mistake of the
+heralds that the fesse chequy was struck out, and that the Shakespeares
+resented the substitution of another in place of the arms to which they
+had a right, and never accepted the grant. During the discussion John
+Shakespeare died.
+
+Page 27.--The pedigrees of those associated with the Ardens are worth
+noting, and their wills might suggest connections.
+
+Page 32.--It would be interesting to find and group the Warwickshire
+Ardens who bore the three cross-crosslets and the chief or, for it has
+never been done.
+
+Page 35.--Thomas Arden was presented for owing suit of Court in 1526,
+1529, 1531. (See Portfolio 207, Court Rolls, No. 88.)
+
+Page 36.--Thomas and Robert Arden's purchase at Snitterfield had been
+witnessed by John Wagstaff,[581] Richard Rushby, of Snitterfield,
+Richard Atkins, of Wilmecote, John Alcokkes, of Newenham. The overseers
+of Robert Arden's will were Adam Palmer,[582] of Wilmecote, Hugh
+Porter,[583] of Snitterfield, and John Skerlett, of Wilmecote; the
+witnesses, Sir William Bouton Curett, Adam Palmer, John Scarlet, Thomas
+Jenkes, William Pitt. Adam Palmer was overseer of Mrs. Agnes Arden's
+will, in conjunction with George Gibbes, who had, later, the lease of
+Asbies from the Shakespeares at the time of its mortgage to Lambert.
+
+Page 45.--A Thomas Mayo had a seat in the Church of St. Nicholas,
+Warwick, 1595; an Elizabeth Mayo was buried there in 1596; and Henry
+Maio in 1601. (See Churchwarden's Accounts of St. Nicholas, Warwick,
+edited by Mr. Richard Savage.) The Webbes of Snitterfield appear among
+the gentry of the country in 1580 (State Papers, Domestic Series, Eliz.,
+c. xxxvii. 68).
+
+Page 51.--It is difficult to imagine John Shakespeare making up the
+bills for the other Chamberlains, or conducting so many financial
+responsibilities, if he was unable to read and write, as well as reckon
+well--as Halliwell-Phillipps says he was.
+
+Page 52.--The goods of Richard Shakespeare were prised at £35 17s., and
+the bond for their just administration entered into by John Shakespeare
+and Thomas Nicols, of £100, seems disproportionably large, unless there
+were some unusually heavy responsibilities attached. John Shakespeare
+may very well have been termed a farmer if he had been brought up as
+one, and if he had been superintending his father's farm at the time of
+his death. In the description of a neighbouring farm, Ingon is mentioned
+as "now or late in the occupation of John Shaxspere or his assignes." It
+is quite possible that he was the responsible farmer, and that Henry his
+brother was his "assigne." Ingon, though in the parish of
+Hampton-on-Avon, was very near Snitterfield.
+
+Page 56.--Henry Shakespeare probably quarrelled with Mr. Cornwall, the
+second husband of Margaret Arden, about the resettlement of Snitterfield
+farm, and went to reside at Ingon, though taken in his brother's name.
+The Court Rolls show that he was "contumaceous" in not paying tithes,
+May 22, 1582, and was "excommunicated." "Of Henry Shaxper, for not
+labouring with teems for the amending of the Queen's Highway, 2/6." "Of
+Henry Shaxper for having a dich between Redd Hill and Burmans in decay
+for want of repair, Oct. 22nd, 1596." Probably the man was ill and dying
+then. He was buried two months later.
+
+Page 58.--The petition of the burgesses of Stratford-on-Avon for relief
+of burdens shows that the borough had fallen into decay through the
+decline in the wool trade. From this general depression John Shakespeare
+probably suffered.
+
+Page 61.--"The Book of John Fisher of Warwick" shows that the master of
+the Grammar School there had a salary of £10 a year. Seeing that the
+master of Stratford-on-Avon Grammar School had £20 a year, it is
+probable that the burgesses had a better selection of scholars as
+candidates.
+
+Page 62.--It is too often forgotten that Anne Hathaway lost her father
+in the summer of 1582. It is probable that the betrothal would therefore
+be a quiet one. It is also more than likely that she went to reside with
+a friend or relative after her father's death, and that this caused the
+confusion in the address in the marriage bond. The bridegroom in general
+only required one guarantee for a bond of the kind; but Shakespeare
+being under age, the one became his representative, and the other
+guarantor for that representative.
+
+Page 67.--"The Comedy of Errors" was doubtless one of the plays
+performed before the Queen at Christmas, 1594, seeing that it was ready
+to be put upon the boards at the Gray's Inn Revels on the spur of the
+moment. I have discussed this at full in my paper, "The Earliest
+Official Record of Shakespeare's Name," Berlin (a copy at the British
+Museum); also in a long letter to the _Times_, January, 1895.
+
+Page 70.--James Burbage bought the part of a house in Blackfriars from
+Sir William More, February 4, 1596, which he afterwards converted into a
+theatre. Regarding the quarrel with Allen and "the Theatre" lease, see
+the depositions in the case of Burbage _v._ Allen taken at Kelvedon, in
+Essex, August, 1600, reproduced in Halliwell-Phillips's "Outlines," i.
+350. Further illustration of the earning proportions of players and
+proprietors may be learned from the article by Mr. James Greenstreet,
+"The Whitefriars Theatre at the Time of Shakespeare" (The New
+Shakespearean Society's Transactions, 1888).
+
+Page 77.--In John Combe's will there is mentioned a field in Ingon Lane,
+called Parson's Close, or Shakespeare's Close. This may have been one of
+the poet's minor purchases, or merely a name come down from Henry's
+time.
+
+Page 78.--A petition was sent up to the Lord Chief Justice from the
+Corporation of Stratford-on-Avon, to restrain William Combe, Esq., son
+and heir of John Combe, March 27, 1616. He overthrew the Aldermen who
+came peaceably to hinder his digging, whereof great tumult arose. In
+spite of orders to the contrary, he continued his enclosures, and
+another petition was addressed to the Privy Council, describing "Mr.
+Combe of so unbridled a disposition," etc. On February 14, 1618, a reply
+came signed, "Francis Verulam," "Pembroke," "Naunton," "Fulke Greville"
+(Wheler Collection, Stratford-on-Avon).
+
+Page 82.--From the town clerk's account of what took place at the Halls
+during Shakespeare's lifetime, we are sure that his position must have
+been anomalous.
+
+"The Halle, 17 Dec., 45 Eliz. Plays. At this Halle yt ys ordered that
+there shalbe no plays or enterludes played in the Chamber, the Guild
+Halle, nor in any parte of the House or Courte, from hensforward, upon
+payne that whosoever of the Baylif, Aldermen, and burgisses of this
+boroughe shall give leave or licence thereunto shall forfeit for everie
+offence 10s.
+
+    "7 Feb., 1611-12, 45 Eliz."
+
+"... The inconvenience of plaies being verie seriouslie considered of,
+with their unlawfulness, and how contrarie the sufferance of them is
+against the orders heretofore made, and against the examples of other
+well-governed cities and burrowes the Compaine here are contented, and
+they conclude that the penaltie of 10s. imposed in Mr. Baker's year, for
+breaking of the order shall from henceforth be £10 upon breakers of that
+order, and this to holde until the next common council, and from
+henceforth for ever, excepted that be then finally revoked and made
+void." This was the period of Shakespeare's retirement to
+Stratford-on-Avon.
+
+Page 84.--It may be noted as a coincidence that the plays were published
+in folio the year of Mrs. Shakespeare's death. Some change among the
+leases, or the termination of the connection with his family through the
+death of his widow, may have suggested this.
+
+Page 93.--A Robert Hall rented the old School House in
+Stratford-on-Avon, and paved the Guild Hall, 1568. A Richard Hall was
+churchwarden of St. Nicholas, Warwick, in 1552, who died in 1558, and
+among the churchwarden's accounts are notices of Richard Hall the
+younger, Nicholas Hall, John, Alice, Simon and "Eme Hall." "Received of
+Ric. Hawle the younger for the benevolence that Richard Hawle gave unto
+the poor out of his lands in Church Street, World without end," 1566-67.
+Richard Hall was churchwarden in 1600 and in 1606 (Churchwarden's
+Accounts, St. Nicholas, Warwick, Mr. Richard Savage).
+
+Page 99.--Michael Drayton frequently visited Sir Henry Rainsford at the
+Manor House, Clifford Chambers. This gentleman had married Anne Goodyere
+of Polesworth, whose parents were Drayton's patrons. She was the "Idea"
+of his sonnets. (See introduction to "Michael Drayton," by Oliver Elton,
+1895.)
+
+Page 103.--Susanna Hall's signature appears on the settlements of 1639,
+and on that of 1647, in which her daughter joined.
+
+Page 104.--"15th Dec., 1648. Tithes: Mrs. Elizabeth Nashe for Shottery
+Corne Tithes, being of the yearly value of one hundred pounds, £5."
+"28th June, 1650. Mrs. Elizabeth Barnard for Shotterie Corn tythes of
+the yearly value of one hundred and twentie pounds, £6." (Wheler's
+Notes, Stratford-on-Avon.)
+
+Page 107.--There are many Bagleys in the parish registers of St.
+Martin's-in-the-Fields, and also Hathaways. It _may_ be they were
+connections.
+
+Page 110.--Halliwell-Phillipps states that in the "Coram Rege Roll of
+1597, Gilbert Shakespeare is named as one of those standing bail for a
+clockmaker of Stratford"; and adds that he is described as "Haberdasher
+of St. Bridget's Parish, London." Through the kind permission of the
+Worshipful Company of Haberdashers, I have been allowed to go through
+their books at leisure, and find that there is no trace of a Shakespeare
+anywhere, and in the sixteenth century, no trace even of a _Gilbert_,
+except "Gilbert Shepherd," who took up his freedom in 1579. Neither is
+there any trace of him in the registers of St. Bridget's or St. Bride's,
+nor in the Subsidy Rolls, but in both places appear Gilbert Shepherd. I
+am, therefore, forced to the conclusion that Halliwell-Phillipps misread
+"Shepherd" as "Shakespeare." See my article in the _Athenæum_, Dec. 22,
+1900, "John Shakespeare, of Ingon, and Gilbert of St. Bride's."
+
+Page 112.--William Hart, the hatter, died a week before his
+brother-in-law, probably of the same epidemic. Joan Hart, his widow,
+survived till November 4, 1646. Their eldest son William was an actor.
+(See Royal Warrant, May 17, 1636; Halliwell-Phillipps, i. 129.) In
+William Hewitt's "Visits to Remarkable Places," 1839, he mentions
+Stratford and a boy whom he had noticed from his likeness to the poet.
+He turned out to be a descendant of his sister Joan Hart, and was called
+William Shakespeare Smith (_Notes and Queries_, 5th Series, VIII. 475).
+Probably the same referred to on page 109.
+
+Page 116.--Thomas Shakespeare seemed to have been somewhat like Henry in
+character. He was entered on the Court Roll at a rental of £4 in 1563.
+"At the Court 31st March, 23 Eliz., he incurred a penalty of 4d. for not
+having and exercising bows; for not wearing cappes 4d.; for leaving his
+swine unringed in the fields 12d." He appears also as a juror several
+times in court.
+
+Page 121.--Mr. Rylands' "Records of Rowington" supply many details, as,
+for instance:
+
+"In 1576, a lease by feoffees, among whom was Thomas Shakespeare, was
+granted Richard Shakespeare of Rowington, weaver of the 'Tyinges.'"
+
+In the same year a lease of "the Harveys" was granted to "Elenor
+Shakespeare, widow, of Rowington," 20 Feb., 18 Eliz.
+
+The customary rent of Rowington, 1605, mentions "Thomas Shakespeare, one
+close, 2/; one tofte and 16 acres, 13/4; one messuage, etc., 10/4."
+
+     "George Shakespeare, one cottage and 2 acres, 2/."
+
+     "Richard Shakespere, one messuage, half a yd land (14
+     acres), 14/."
+
+     "John Shakespeare, one cottage and one quarter yd land (9
+     acres), 6/8."
+
+The Court Rolls, 1633, give:
+
+     "Imprimis of Jane Shaxper for default of sute of court
+     fined, 4d."
+
+     "Thomas Shaxper, vitler, for breaking assize of ale and
+     beer, 4d."
+
+     "1634, Richard Shaxper, for encroaching on common, 2d."
+
+     "1647, fine of admittance to land, Thomas Shaxper, 6/8."
+
+     "Exchequer lay subsidies," Thomas in 1595, 1598, 1599,
+     "assessed on goods valued £4,8/."
+
+     "Lay subsidies 1668," Thomas, "assessed on land, 30/ and
+     4/."
+
+In 1674 John Shakespeare, in the name of the other tenants of Rowington,
+was empowered to bring an action against enclosures.
+
+A grant of a fee of 20/ a year by will of Humphrey Shakespeare, 1794,
+was payable out of premises in Kingswood.
+
+This cottage was the subject of a lawsuit in which Jane Lord and John
+Slye _v._ Humphrey Shakespeare and one Culcup were at variance. Humphrey
+had a 200 years' lease, and left it to the poor of the parish.
+
+
+SHAKESPEARES FROM THE REGISTER OF ROWINGTON.
+
+     "1616, Mar. 16. Baptisms: Thomas Shaxspere, son of William
+     Shaxspire."
+
+     "1619, Ap. 28. William Shakespeare, son of John
+     Shakespeare."
+
+     "Aug. 13. William Shakespeare, son of Thomas Shakespeare."
+
+     "1621, Aug. 18. Thomas Shaxper, son of Thomas Shaxper."
+
+     "Nov. 4. Elizabeth, dau. of John Shaxper."
+
+     "1622, William Shaxpere was Churchwarden."
+
+     "1624, April 26. Clement Shaxpire, son of John Shaxpire,
+     bapt."
+
+     "July 23. John Sheldon and Jone Shaxspear married."
+
+     "1630, Ap. 4. Baptisms: Elizabeth Shaxspeare, d. of Thomas
+     Shaxspire."
+
+     "1633, Ap. 20. Thomas Shaxspeare, son of Thomas Shaxspeare."
+
+     "1634, Dec. 30. Thomas Shakspeare, son of John Shaxspeare."
+
+     "1635, May 5. Burial: John Shakespear buried."
+
+     "1637. Baptisms: July 18, Mary, dau. of Thomas and Elizabeth
+     Shakesper."
+
+     "1638, Aug. 17. Burial: Christopher Shakspeare buried."
+
+     "1639, Mar. 8. Baptism: John, son of John Shakespeare and
+     Mary bapt.
+
+     "William Shaxspere Churchwarden."
+
+     "1640, Aug. 3. Burials: Anne, d. of Thomas Shakespeare,
+     buried."
+
+     "1641, April 10. Thomas Shakespear, son of Thomas Shakespear
+     and Margaret, bur."
+
+     "Oct. 30. Mary, daughter of Thomas Shakespear, buried."
+
+     "1642, Feb. 14. Thomas, son of John Shakespeare, buried."
+
+     "1643, June 14. Clement, son of John Shakespeare, buried."
+
+     "1645, Sept. 18. Anne Shakespeare, widowe, buried."
+
+     "1646, July 12. William Shakespeare buried."
+
+     "July 24. The wife of William Shakespeare buried."
+
+     "Feb. 20. William Shakespeare, senior, buried."
+
+     "Mar. 8. Thomas Shakespeare buried."
+
+     "1647, Sep. 20. Mary, dau. of William Shakespeare, junior,
+     and Elizabeth his wife, buried."
+
+     "Oct. 1. Elizabeth, d. of John Shakespear, buried."
+
+     "Nov. 4. Elizabeth, dau. of William Shakespeare, jun., and
+     Margaret his wife."
+
+     "1649, Oct. 5. William Shakspeare, junior, buried."
+
+     "1650, Dec. 25. John Shakespeare, junior, buried."
+
+     "1651, Mar. 3. Widow Shakspeare buried."
+
+              [A gap in the registers.]
+
+     "1662, Feb. 17. John, sonne of John Shakspeare of Kingswood,
+     bapt."
+
+     "1663, Mar. 29. Thomas, son of John Shakspeare of ye hill,
+     bapt."
+
+     "1664, Feb. 8. Josiah, sonne of John Shakespeare of ye hill,
+     bap. Feb. 8, buried Feb. 17."
+
+     "1665, Ap. 3. Richard, son of John Shakespeare of Kingswood,
+     bapt."
+
+     "1665, Dec. 3. Mary, dau. of John Shakespeare, bapt."
+
+     "1666, Mar. 18. John Shakspeare of Kingswood brook buried."
+
+     "1667, Aug. 6. Old William Shakespeare of Brookfurlong
+     buried."
+
+     "Nov. 23. Margaret Shakespeare of Whitehall, widdow, buried.
+     John Shakesper Churchwarden."
+
+     "1668, June 1. Samuel, son of John Shakespeare and Rebecca,
+     his wife, bapt., buried June 6."
+
+     "June 28. Rebecca, wife of John Shakespeare of the Hill,
+     buried."
+
+     "1669, Nov. 20. Old Thomas Shakespeare of Whitley Elme,
+     buried."
+
+     "1670, Sep. 29. Widdow Shakespeare of ye Hill buried."
+
+     "Oct. 20. Thomas Shakespear the weaver was buried."
+
+     "1672, Ap. 9. Ann, dau. of Mr. Shakespeare of ye Hill,
+     bapt."
+
+     "1676, Mar. 18. (Mary) the wife of Thomas Shakespeare, of
+     Lowston End, buried."
+
+     "1677, April 21. Widdow Shakespeare of Whitley Elme,
+     buried."
+
+     "1679, July 31. William Shakespeare and Alice Jennings
+     married."
+
+     "1679-80, Jan. 27. Thomas Shakespeare of Lapworth buried."
+
+     "1680, Nov. 9. Alice, wife of William Shakespeare, buried."
+
+     "1682, Oct. 19. William, son of William Shakespeare, of
+     Lowston ford, bapt., and buried Dec. 27."
+
+     "1683, Ap. 24. Thomas Shakespeare and Anne Biddle married."
+
+     "1686, June 21. William Shakespeare of Brookfurlong buried."
+
+     "Dec. 12. John, son of Thomas Shakespeare, bapt."
+
+     "Feb. 19. Thomas Shakespeare of Rowington buried."
+
+     "1687, Sep. 15. William, son of John Shakespeare, jun.,
+     bapt."
+
+     "1688, Dec. 10. Thomas Shakespeare buried."
+
+     "1693, Nov. 14. John, son of Thomas Shakespeare of Lapworth,
+     buried."
+
+     "1695, Aug. 10. William Shakespeare, senior, buried."
+
+     "1696, Nov. 11. Thomas, son of William Shakespere, bapt."
+
+     "1697, May 12. Henry Shakespeare of London buried."
+
+     "1707, July 1. Thomas Shakespear buried."
+
+     "1710, July 13. John Shakespeare, senior, buried."
+
+     "1721-2, Jan. 30. (By licence) Francis Chernocke, of
+     Killingworth, co. Warr., gent., about 24, and Mary
+     Shakespeare, of Rowington, about 24, maiden, his father
+     consenting, her parents dead. He sealed ... within ... on a
+     bend ... three crosses crosslet[584] in sinister ... chief a
+     mullet for difference" (see Worcester Marriage Licenses).
+
+From overseers' books: "Buried in Woolen":
+
+     "1695, Aug. 10. William Shakespere, senior."
+
+     "1697, May 12. Henry Shakespere of London."
+
+     "1707, March 24. Edward Shakespeare."
+
+     "1710, July 13. John Shakespeare, senior."
+
+     "1716, Dec. 4. William Shakespere, Blacksmith."
+
+Page 131.--In "The Book of John Fisher, Bailiff of Warwick in 1580,"
+edited by Mr. Thomas Kemp, deputy-Mayor of Warwick, are several notices
+of Shakespeare. In the first page he is mentioned, and later on we find
+that he lived in the Market-Place Ward, and was assessed 1d. weekly for
+relief of the poor.
+
+A "Thomas Shakesper" lived at the same time in West Street Ward, and was
+assessed the same amount. These may be the Thomas and John, sons of
+Thomas Shakespeare, shoemaker, of Warwick, who made his will in 1557.
+There is also a casual allusion to Shakespeare the turner, of Rowington;
+and in 1580-81 John Fisher notes: "I paid to ---- Shakesper, servant to
+Mr. Humphrey Catheryns, for fees for the discharge of 39/7-1/2 charged
+upon the Church of St. Maryes, in Mr. Boughton's account for subsidy
+supposed to be due in the 5th yere of Queen Elizabeth, 9/-."
+
+"Thomas Shakespeare of Warwick's son John was apprenticed to William
+Jaggard the Stationer of London 1609" (Rylands's "Records of
+Rowington").
+
+"John, son of Thomas Shakespeare of Coventry, co. Warwick, pleb. p.p.
+St. John's Coll., matric. 18th Oct., 1662, aged 18; B.A. from St. Mary
+Hall 1666 (subscribes serv.)"--(Oxford Alumni and graduates). "Vicar of
+Anstrey, co. Warwick, 1670" (Foster's "Index Eccles.").
+
+Page 134.--The registers of All Saints', Oxford, date from 1549; St.
+Michael's, 1559; St. Peter's-in-the-East, 1563; St. Martin's Carfax,
+1569; St. Giles', 1576; St. Peter-le-Bailey, 1585; St. Mary's, 1599; St.
+John Baptist's, 1616.
+
+Page 134.--"Thomas Shakespeare and Jane Toupe married ye 2nd Maie,
+1625." (Register of Mere. _Notes and Queries_, 9th Series, iii. 109.)
+The county not named. It may be either Cheshire, Wiltshire or
+Lincolnshire.
+
+Page 141.--One, at least, of the Irish Shakespeares was a suspicious
+character. "William Shakespeyre, formerly of Kilmaynham Hibernia,
+laborer, arrested for suspected felony 6 Ed. VI." ("Chester in the
+Plantagenet and Tudor Reigns," Canon Rupert Morris; also _Notes and
+Queries_, 8th Series, x. 192).
+
+Page 147.--I find that "Gutheridge" was a Stratford-on-Avon name. Mr.
+Gutheridge was a dealer in leather there (see will of Joyce Hobday,
+1602); and John Milburn was a Rowington man (see the Records of
+Rowington)--which two facts much increase the likelihood of John, of St.
+Clement's Danes, being at least a Warwickshire man, if not the
+Snitterfield one.
+
+Page 151.--"Edward Shakespear, Clare, A.B. 1728; A.M. 1736"
+("Cantabrigensis Graduati").
+
+"Joh. Jos. Art. Shakespear, Trin., A.B. 1844; A.M. 1848"
+("Cantabrigensis Graduati").
+
+Page 162.--The first Earl of Warwick, Arthgal, was said to have slain a
+bear with a blow from a young tree which he had pulled up, and
+afterwards he used as a badge "the bear and the ragged staff"--a device
+borne by succeeding earls.
+
+Page 166.--Osbert de Ardern granted an estate near Tamworth to Walter de
+Somerville, 2 Henry II. (Shaw's "Staffordshire," i. 118).
+
+Page 168.--Among the Rowington charters is (No. 11) a grant by Robert de
+Arderne, son and heir of Thomas le Hayward, of Shrewley, 2 Edward III.
+No. 12 is a "Grant from Nicholas Wylemyn de Shrewely to his son John of
+his Shrewley tenements and lands, which Thomas de Arderne formerly held
+of John, Lord of Shrewley, 2 Edward III." Mr. Rylands thinks these refer
+to the same people and property.
+
+The Nottingham Visitation (under Blondeston) refers to the pedigree. Sir
+Thomas Arden, 9 Edward II., married Elizabeth, daughter of Roger
+Swinford; their son was Roger Arden, whose wife was unknown, but his
+daughter and heir Beatrix married William Chamber.
+
+Page 171.--William _may_ have been the member of the Guild of Knowle for
+whose sake masses were said in 1512. "Alicia" may have been his wife, or
+his sister Alice before she married "Buklond." But I confess I am
+puzzled with this William.
+
+Page 171.--The tombs of Walter and Eleanor are well preserved in
+Erdington's Chantry of the Church of St. Peter and Paul, at Aston, near
+Birmingham. He died August 5, 1502.
+
+Page 173.--The Shropshire Visitation gives: "William de Chettleton m.
+Katharine, d. of Sir John Ardern; Elizabeth, d. of Reginald Corbet of
+Stoke, Justice of the Royal Pleas, m. Robert Arden of Park Hall."
+"Katharine Mucklow" also is mentioned; and "William Wall m. Elizabeth,
+d. of Thomas Ardren, of Billingsly, in co. Salop."
+
+Page 173.--Sir John Arden's will is long and interesting. It directs
+that the furniture of the King's chamber should be kept as heirlooms,
+also "the silver cup." "It is said that it was Henry VII. who honoured
+him by staying in his house, and that he then granted Sir John a Cap of
+Maintenance, purpure turned up crimson, upon which the wild boar is
+represented instead of on a wreath as before" (Arden MSS.).
+
+Page 175.--The indenture of a lease by Thomas Arderne, Esq., and Mary
+his wife, to William Wilmer, of Longly, co. Warwick, husbandman, of a
+messuage, lands, etc., in Wilmer, late in the tenure of Robert Wilmer,
+deceased, was drawn up July 15, 23 Henry VIII., 1541. The lease was for
+thirty years, the yearly rent 10s. 3d., with a heriot of the best beast,
+the lessee to "furnish a sufficient horse for a harnesseman to ryde
+upon, when the King shall call upon the said Thomas Arderne for
+harnessyng of men." This is Thomas of Park Hall (Wheler Collection,
+Stratford-on-Avon).
+
+Page 178.--The tomb of Sir Edward Devereux (died 1622), and of his wife,
+Katharine Arden (died 1627), are preserved in the church of Aston, near
+Birmingham, beside those of her ancestors, Walter and Eleanor.
+
+Page 181.--In the "Visitation of Warwickshire," published by the
+Harleian Society, there are many evident slips in proper names, which
+must be checked from other sources. It makes one extraordinary
+statement: "The younger house of the Ardens were Lords of _Upton in
+Warwickshire_, and grew to be surnamed Uptons. The heire generall of
+them was married to one Fenne of Banburie, who, removing his dwelling to
+Hungerford in Wiltshire, was there called by the name of Moeles, of whom
+the Moeles, ancestors to the Lord Hungerford, seem to be descended." It
+gives the coat of arms as, Chequy or and azure, a chevron ermine.
+
+Stow MS. 692 contains the arms of the gentry and the grants by Sir
+Christopher Barker, 1536-49. Among these are: "Ardern goules, a cheff
+engrayled and three cross crosslets fitchée in gold. Ardern silver, a
+fesse chequy, gold and azur between three cressards gules. Arderne, Sir
+Robert, Ermine a fesse or and azur, Warwickshire." Among the grants is
+one to William Arderne, of Struton, Oskellyswade, Bedford, Clerk of the
+Market to the King's most honourable household. It omits the shield and
+only gives, "Crest a boar quarterly, gold and silver and Fleurs de luce,
+goules." As the Park Hall Ardens had a boar on their crest, he may have
+claimed connection.
+
+In Dugdale's account of Clodshalle's Chantry, near Birmingham, he says
+it was founded by Walter de Clodshalle of Saltley, 4 Edward III. The
+patronage remained with the Clodshalles until Robert Arden's marriage to
+Elizabeth Clodshalle. Robert Arden, arm., was patron in 1441, 1449,
+1455; Walter Ardern, arm., in 1468, 1469, 1489; John Ardern de Lee
+Lodge, presented in 1510; and Nicholas Cotterell, of Yardley, co. Wig.,
+through concession of Thomas Ardern, 1537.
+
+According to Dugdale, Upton was possessed by the Ardens in Henry II.,
+one Haraldus filius Gunfridi having made sale to Godfrey de Arden, a
+monk of Coventry, and son to Siward de Arden, of certain lands for the
+Monastery. In Richard I., Thomas de Ardern granted certain lands there
+to the canons of St. Sepulchre's, Warwick. A family who _assumed_ their
+name from their residence there held it of the Ardens, but Thomas de
+Ardern sold it to Guy de Gyllebrok, who passed it to Will. de Beauchamp,
+Earl of Warwick.
+
+Page 181.--Pedimore, Warwickshire, on the Ebroke, at the north of the
+Tame, was the chief seat of the Ardens at one time, but was allowed to
+go to ruin when the family settled at Park Hall on the south side of the
+river. It was all levelled except its double moat by Dugdale's time.
+
+Pedmore, Worcestershire, where "Mistress Joyce Arden" died in 1557, was
+part of the possessions of Elizabeth, daughter of Richard Clodeshalle,
+which she brought to Robert Arden, of Park Hall, 4 Henry VI., 1425. He
+died, seized of Pedmore, Yardly and Stockton, Worcestershire, 3 Henry
+VI., 1453. There are entered as residents William Arden, 1455, John
+Arden, 1468-83, Thomas Arden, 1530, Edward Arden. But in the State
+Papers Edward's brother Francis was entered as "Francis Arden of
+Pedmore," in 1583, at the time of the attainder, so it may have been
+granted him as a second residence, or it may have been the ruinous old
+home in Warwickshire he held. The registers here prove that Robert,
+Edward's heir, was residing here, and already married, before 1578, an
+important point to be noted in the family history.
+
+Page 183.--Simon in Longcroft, according to Shaw, used the Arden arms
+with a difference, the arms being "Ermine a fesse chequy G. and B. Crest
+on a Chapeau, Erm. and Gu., a boar passant or." At the north end of the
+village of Longcroft was an old half-timbered house, which was purchased
+by John of Wisbeach, who died 1709, and thus became the property of the
+family of Longcroft.
+
+Page 187.--Shaw mentions the tombstones: "Henry Arden died 1674"; "Henry
+Arden died 1698, aged 24"; "Humphrey Arden died 1705, aged 74; Elizabeth
+his daughter died 1689, aged 21; Katharine, his eldest daughter, died
+1722; John Arden died 1709, aged 84."
+
+Henry Arden died 1728, and Anna his wife and Catherine his twin sister.
+The stone erected by John, his son. "John died 1734, aged 40; Anna
+Catherina, wife of John Arden, and daughter of John Newton of King's
+Bromley, died 1727, aged 29." "Also to the memory of Anne, second wife,
+daughter of Rev. John Spateman, died 1764, without issue, aged 67."
+
+"Henry Arden, 1782, aged 59. Alethea, his wife, daughter of Robert
+Cotton, Esq., died 1783, aged 60."
+
+Clement Fisher, of Wincot, married as his second wife Elizabeth,
+daughter of Humphrey Arden.
+
+(MS. notes in British Museum; copy of Shaw's "Staffordshire.")
+
+Page 189.--The Rev. Robert Arden, of Lapworth, might have been one of
+the six unnamed younger children of the Robert executed during the Wars
+of the Roses.
+
+Nicholaa was widow of William de Boutvilein when she married Sir Robert
+de Arderne de Draiton. After her husband's death she was involved in a
+contest with Robert de Wyckham about the presentation to the church of
+Swaldyve. There is no doubt that the name on the seal mentioned in the
+last line of p. 189 is in the masculine genitive; but I am inclined to
+believe that the die-cutter made a mistake, and that it was really the
+seal of Nicholaa.
+
+Page 193.--In Blomfield's account of Bawsey, Norfolk, he states that it
+belonged to the family of Glanville in 6 Richard I. "Thomas de Ardern
+and Ralph, son of Robert, impleaded Sir William de Auberville and Maude
+his wife for their portion in Bawsey and Glosthorp." Maud, the eldest
+daughter of Ralph de Glanville, married Sir William de Auberville;
+Amabil, the second, married Ralph de Arden; and Helewise married Robert
+FitzRalph de Middleham, Yorkshire (Blomfield's "Norfolk," viii.
+341-342).
+
+Page 194.--John Arderne was a priest at Oxburgh in 1386 (Blomfield's
+"Norfolk," vi. 191). Mortimer's Chapel, Attleborough. A benefactor
+thereto was John Arderne, buried therein 1479. Other entries may concern
+his descendants. Sir Edward Warenne, of Boton, in 1365 married Cecily,
+daughter and coheir of Sir Nicholas de Eton, widow of John, son and heir
+of Sir John Ardern (ix. 370). John Arderne, Rector of Brinton 1452 (ix.
+370). Isolda de Arderne presented to Plasset and Attleborough in King
+John's time (i. 503, 523). She was a benefactress to the Abbey of
+Windham (ii. 516, 525). She was a daughter of Alured de Plesseto, and
+left her body to be buried at Windham, and benefactions to the Abbey,
+with the consent of William de Arderne, her son. Thurston Holland, of
+Denton, married Jane, daughter of John Ardern, of Hawarden (i. 342).
+Elizabeth, Duchess of Norfolk, presented Robert Arderne to the Rectory
+of Aldeburgh (149), and at his death, 1504, gave it to Will Taylor (v.
+353). Peter Arderne trustee for John Copputdike, of Witlingham, in 1432
+(v. 456).
+
+Page 196.--In relation to the Cheshire Ardens, Burke says that "the
+elder branch of Ardens became extinct by the death of Walkelin Ardern,
+_temp._ Richard II. Sir John Arden, younger brother, became head of the
+family. A younger branch of Arderns settled at Alderley (Edward III.),
+and ended in a few descents in a female heir, who married into the
+Weever family, whose heiress married the ancestor of Sir J. Stanley. The
+Ardernes of Leicestershire descended from Thomas, the younger son of Sir
+Ralph Arderne of Harden, 1420, and brother of John of Harden." This is
+confusing and unsatisfactory.
+
+Page 199.--Does the following notice refer to this Thomas Arden of
+Elford, etc.? "Thomas de Arderne, Chivaler, who was in Gascony in the
+retinue of Ed. Prince of Acquitaine and Wales, had letters of protection
+granted him for a year, Feb. 13, 1367.--Vascess. Roll, 41 Edward III."
+(sent me by a member of the family).
+
+Page 201.--In reading through the books of the Haberdashers' Company, I
+find that "William Arden of Timporley, co. Cestr., Armiger, apprenticed
+John Wigge 1583."
+
+Page 202.--Debrett states that Baron Alvanley descended from Ailwin de
+Arden. Vincent's "Cheshire Collections" state that he descended from
+Ralph de Hampton. Ormerod disagrees with both.
+
+"Mrs. Anne Goldsmith, of Nantwich, Chester, left a legacy to her
+grandson, John Arden, 1709" (Marshall's "Genealogist," ii.).
+
+Page 204.--The letters of the Rev. Thomas Arden, 1472, are among the
+MSS. of the Dean and Chapter of Canterbury.
+
+Page 205.--John Arderne is mentioned in the Inquisition Post-Mortem of
+Edward Green, 18 Henry VII., as owning property in London.
+
+Page 207.--The Visitation of Surrey gives "the Ardens' Arms as Azure,
+the sun in splendour, argent," but it does not mention the family.
+
+Page 210.--In the Haberdashers' books I found: "Ralphe Arderne, son of
+Robert Ardern de Berwick-sup-Twede, in co. Northumberland, gen.,
+apprenticed to Edmund Walden, Citizen and Haberdasher, for 8 years from
+Christmas, 1589" (October 30, 1589).
+
+Page 211.--Edmond Yate, of Bockland, Berks, Arm., appears as a surety in
+1583, in the Haberdashers' books.
+
+Page 213.--Gerard says: "John of Arderne hath set down a composition for
+wounds, etc., from Alkanet" (Gerard's "Herbal," 1597, p. 657).
+
+Page 214.--"Yorkshire. Thomas Crake m. Jane, d. and coheir of Thomas
+Arden of Marton" ("Visitation of Yorkshire," 1564).
+
+An Agnes Arden married John Middleton, son of Sir John Middleton, of
+Stockeld Park, co. Yorkshire ("Visitation of Essex," 1588). She
+afterwards became the second wife of Sir Thomas More, and her arms may
+be seen on the Chelsea tomb--Ermine a fesse chequy (_Notes and Queries_,
+4th Series, iv. 61; _Gent. Mag._, 1833, ii. 481-486).
+
+Sir Edmund Talbot married Agnes, third daughter and coheiress of John
+Arderne, of Nether Derwind, co. Lancaster, and quartered the arms of the
+Cheshire Ardens. (See Dugdale's "Visitation of Yorkshire," 1665; Surtees
+Society's Publications, 1859, vol. xxvi., p. 239.)
+
+Several notices of the name occur in the _Yorkshire Archæological
+Journal_, vol. xi., p. 392; vol. xii., p. 212, etc.
+
+Page 215.--Among "the Recusants, 1717," is mentioned Anne Arden, widow
+of John Arden, late of Grafton, co. Worcester, gentleman.
+
+Page 216.--"Visitation of Shropshire": William de Chettleton, Arm., m.
+Katharine, d. of Sir John Ardern. Elizabeth, d. of Reginald Corbet, of
+Stoke, Justice of the King's Pleas, mar. Robert Arden, of Park Hall.
+Katharine Arden, daughter of John Arden, who married Richard Muklowe, of
+Hodon. William Wall married Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Ardren, of
+Billingsley, in co. Salop.
+
+The "Visitation of Suffolk," notes: "In the shield of Lady Elizabeth
+Morrison, daughter of Nicholas Clerk, of Weston, in Oxfordshire, the
+Ardern arms are quartered, a Fesse chequy or and azure, at Great Saxham,
+Suffolk."
+
+The will of Robert Arden of Maggotifilde, Gloucester, was proved in 1560
+(11 Loftes), and that of Robert Arden of Westtray, Charlton, co.
+Gloucester, 1583 (24 Rowe, Somerset House).
+
+"Visitation of Derbyshire," 1569-1611: Robert Ratcliffe of Mellon's 2nd
+wife was Jane, daughter of Perkin Ardren:
+
+From Musgrave's "Obituary" (Harleian Publications):
+
+     Rev. R. Crewe Arden, of Tarporley, Lancashire, brother of
+     the Master of the Rolls, August 25, 1787 (_G.M._, 838).
+
+     Rev. James Arden, Dean of Chester, F.R.S. 1668, September
+     18, 1691 (Carter's "Cambridge," 1235; Neve's "Fasti," 344).
+
+     James Arden, Captain in the Army, February 24, 1771 (_L.M._,
+     175; _G.M._, 142).
+
+     Mary Arden, aunt of Sir Richard P. Arden, the Master of the
+     Rolls, August 17, 1788 (_G.M._, 758; _E.M._, 152).
+
+     Robert Arden, proctor at Oxford (Clar., 1486; Pointer's
+     "Oxford," 223).
+
+     Rev. Robert, Preb. Worcester, October 25, 1768 (_G.M._,
+     542).
+
+     John Ardern, Harden, Cheshire, May 27, 1703, æt. 40, (Neve's
+     "Mon.," 64).
+
+     Richard Arderne, proctor, Oxford (Clar., 1538; Pointer's
+     "Oxford," 226).
+
+     William Arderon, F.R.S. 1745, at Norwich, November 25, 1767
+     (_L. M._, 687; _G. M._, 610).
+
+     Sir John Ardon, K.B., 1399.
+
+Arden wills preserved at Lichfield:
+
+     1541. Margery Arden.
+
+     1552. Thomas Arden, of Long Itchington (39).
+
+     1561. William Ardren (22).
+
+     1562. Henry Arden (29).
+
+     1563. Christian Arden, admin. (45).
+
+     1575. William Arden (64).
+
+     1608. George Ardron, of Barlborough, admin.
+
+     1616. Sir Henry Arden, Knight, admin. (80).
+
+     1616. Richard Arden (182).
+
+     1625. Dame Dorothy Arderne, admin. (306).
+
+     1625. Ambrose Arden, Esq. (7).
+
+     1634. Humphrey Arden (inv.).
+
+     1635. Robert Arden, Esq.
+
+     1647. Joan Arden, of Enville.
+
+Berkshire wills:
+
+     1578. Edith Arden, Hampton Turvil, Wilts, admin.
+
+     1641. Richard Arden, of Chilton.
+
+It may interest some to have the following unrecorded entries:
+
+From the register of St. Bridget's or St. Bride's, Fleet Street, London:
+
+     "Marriages: John Hoare and Agnes Arden, 27 June, 1596."
+
+     "John Arderne and Dennis Harsted by lycence, 8 Nov., 1609."
+
+From the register of St. Martin-in-the-Fields:
+
+     "Johannes Arden duxit Juditham Battersby per. lic. 24 Nov.,
+     1638."
+
+From the register of St. Clement's Danes, London, in the Strand:
+
+     "Marriages: Edward Arden and Mary Waulkner, 11th Nov.,
+     1587."
+
+     "Hamond Rightwood and Elizabeth Arden, 3 Dec., 1618."
+
+     "John Foxwell and Mary Arden, 12th July, 1629."
+
+     "Baptisms: Thomas Arden, son of Thomas and Anne, 20th July,
+     1627."
+
+     "Guy Arden, son of Thomas Arden and Anne, uxor, 9th Oct.,
+     1632."
+
+     "Burials: Elizabeth Arden, daughter of Thomas, 25th March,
+     1629."
+
+     "Alethia Arden, daughter of John, 21 Feb., 1617."
+
+Also from the Diocese of Bath and Wells (Harleian Publications):
+
+"Marriage Licenses: Thomas Arden of Lopen, bachelor, and Elizabeth
+Plumer of same, spinster, 10th March, 1755."
+
+Bishop of London's Marriage Licenses:
+
+     "Rich. Bromfield and Jone Aorden of St. Margaret's,
+     Westminster, Feb. 4, 1564."
+
+     "Jan. 15th, 1569-70. John Ardren and Elizabeth Lee 'Puella'
+     of St. Andrew's, Holborn, to marry there."
+
+     "Nov. 9, 1641. Hugh Phillips gent of Westminster, and
+     Elizabeth Arden, to marry at St. Faith's."
+
+     "December 22, 1623. Luke Yates of St. Sepulchre's, and
+     Frances Arden, d. of ---- Arden of Whethamstead, Herts."
+
+     "June 15, 1639. John Arden and Dorothy Hazard of
+     Westminster."
+
+     "Feb. 22, 1664. Henry Arden of Chelmsford and Mary Boosie."
+
+     "Oct. 16. 1664. Thomas Arden of Westminster and Theodosia
+     Long of Parmenter, co. Kent."
+
+     "William Ardrene Junior of St. Martin's, Ludgate, gent., and
+     Mrs. Alice Smith of Great Wigborough, Essex, widow. March
+     21, 1665-6."
+
+Mar. Allegations, Reg. Vic. Gen. Cant.:
+
+     "William Elwes of St. Clement's Danes and Mrs. Dionysia
+     Arden of same at St. Saviour's, Southwark, Surrey. Ap. 14,
+     1688."[585]
+
+     "John Arden of St. James, Westminster, and Mrs. Elizabeth
+     Wright of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, Jan. 12, 1687, married
+     at Westminster Abbey."
+
+     "John Arden of St. Giles-in-the-Fields, gent., and Mrs. Anne
+     Ratcliffe, Sept. 28, 1691."
+
+     "Francis Marlow of Westham, co. Essex, and Bridget Arden of
+     St. Sepulchre's, London, September 16, 1674."
+
+
+Register of St. James, Clerkenwell, Burials: "Feb. 14, 1688. Ellinor
+Arden."
+
+     "Marriages: Jan. 11, 1561-2. John Arden and Anne Phillips."
+
+     "Sept. 15, 1596. Thomas Jerome, and Helen Arden."
+
+     "Christenings: March 6, 1712. Ann, d. of Richard Ardin and
+     Elizabeth his wife."
+
+     "Jan. 29, 1685-6. James, son of Christopher, and Elizabeth
+     Ardon."
+
+     "June 25, 1676. Mary, d. of Robert and Jane Arden."
+
+Registers of St. George's, Hanover Square:
+
+     "Marriages: May 14, 1757. John Hutchins and Miriam Arden,
+     Lic."
+
+     "October 30, 1786. Thomas Ardren, and Elizabeth Head."
+
+     "August 5, 1786. Samuel Ardron, and Mary Bellamy Higdon."
+
+     "March 19, 1787. Thomas Oliver, and Susannah Ardrenn."
+
+     "Hon. Thomas Walpole and the Right Hon. Margaret Perceval.
+     Spec. Lic. Witnesses Lord Arden, H. Walpole, and M. E.
+     Arden."
+
+     "Sep. 3, 1788. William Carter and Mary Ardren."
+
+     "Sep. 29, 1811. John Exley Adams and Anna Maria Arden, Lic.,
+     Oct. 24, 1811."
+
+     [At the marriage of H. F. Compton Cavendish and Sarah
+     Fawkenor, a witness is Catharine Emma Arden. Also Lord
+     Walpole to Mary Fawkenor, July 23, 1812, witnesses Catharine
+     Emma Arden and Henrietta Arden.]
+
+     "Dec. 28, 1815. John Ardin and Sarah West."
+
+     "Feb. 12, 1832. James Ardren and Harriet Pugh."
+
+     [B. R. Arden witness to marriage of Rich. Pennefather and
+     the Rt. Hon. Lady Emily Georgiana Butler, July 26, 1836.
+     Lord Arden witness to Charles Scrase Dickins and the Rt.
+     Hon. Frances Elizabeth Compton, Feb. 18, 1829.]
+
+Registers of St. Dionis, Backchurch:
+
+     "Marriages: October 16, 1653. Edmund Webberley and Elizabeth
+     Ardourne."
+
+     "Dec. 13, 1694. John Arden of St. Faith's, London, and Grace
+     Lansdale of the same Parish."
+
+     "Oct. 27, 1696. Humphrey Arden of Rotherhithe co. Surrey,
+     and Elizabeth Page of St. John's, Wapping."
+
+Registers of St. George, Hyde Park Corner:
+
+     "May 7, 1750. John Pearce of Westminster and Mary Arden of
+     St. Margaret's, Westminster."
+
+     "Jan. 12, 1752. William Houghton and Susannah Arden of St.
+     James, Westminster."
+
+     "June 14, 1753. James Ardern and Elizabeth Bath."
+
+Registers of St. Paul's:
+
+     "Nott Fettiplace, Esq., of the Middle Temple, London, and
+     Anna Catherina Arden of Longcroft Hall in the County of
+     Stafford, were married by Licence by me in this Cathedral.
+     Thomas Spateman, 15th Nov., 1753."
+
+Registers of St. Thomas Apostle, London:
+
+     "Burial: Thomas Arden, December 11, 1750."
+
+Registers of Kensington Parish:
+
+     "Christenings: July 8th, 1649. Elizabeth daughter of John
+     and Mary Ardin."
+
+     "July 24, 1642. Thomas, s. of John and Mary Ardin."
+
+     "Dec. 29, 1644. Thomas, s. of John and Mary Ardin."
+
+     "March 14, 1646. Mary, daughter of John and Mary Arden."
+
+     "Feb. 15, 1651. Christening: Edward son of John and Mary
+     Arden."
+
+     "March 27, 1653. James, son of John and Mary Arden."
+
+     "March 27, 1640. Richard, son of John and Mary Arden."
+
+     "April 16, 1656. Daniell, son of John and Mary Arden, at
+     Brompton (buried Nov. 9th, 1656)."
+
+Registers of St. Antholin:
+
+     "Marriage: June 22, 1578. Roger Cumber and Joyce Arden."
+
+Christ Church, Newgate Street:
+
+     "Burial: Anne Arden, a prisoner, Jan. 31, 1733."
+
+Registers of St. Michael's, Cornhill:
+
+     "Marriage: June 8, 1675. John Arden and Elizabeth Briscoe,
+     by Lic."
+
+     "Robert Ardone and Agnes Holder, Aug. 29, 1565."
+
+     "Christenings: Dec. 6th, 1670. Thomas, son of John Arden and
+     Mary his wife, Dec. 6, 1670."
+
+     "Richard, son of John Arden and Mary his wife, Dec. 20,
+     1672."
+
+     "Aug. 20, 1683. Alice, daughter of John Arderne and
+     Elizabeth his wife."
+
+     "May 25, 1686. Ralph, s. of John Ardern and Elizabeth his
+     wife."
+
+     "Burials: Sept. 9, 1674. Mary, d. of John Arden and Mary his
+     wife."
+
+     "Thomas, son of John Arden the Parish Clerk in the
+     Churchyard, Ap. 24, 1679."
+
+     "Thomas Arden, a Stranger, in the Cloister, May 20, 1705."
+
+Chancery Proceedings in reign of James I.:
+
+     B.A., 2, 8. Arderne _v._ Arderne.
+
+     B.A., 5, 70. Arden _v._ Askrigg.
+
+     B.A., 7, 49. Arden _v._ Biddulph and others.
+
+     B.A., 8, 16. Ardern et al. _v._ Rysbrook et al.
+
+     B.A., 9, 28. Arden _v._ Hodges et al.
+
+     B.A., 10, 26. Arden _v._ Hodges.
+
+     B.A., 4, 13. Ardern _v._ Greenfield, etc.
+
+     B.B., 20, 28. Browne Mil. _v._ Arden et al.
+
+     Will in the Public Record Office, 5 G.T., p. 20: "No. 8.
+     John Arden, 16 May, 1718."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[581] Robert Arden purchased another tenement from him and his wife
+Agnes in 1619.
+
+[582] Robert Arden purchased another tenement from John Palmer in 1529.
+
+[583] Adam Palmer and Hugh Porter were trustees for Robert's settlements
+on his daughters.
+
+[584] In St. Mary's, Warwick, a marble monument bears similar arms
+sacred to the memory of "Franciscus Chernocke of gen. antiqua. Baronet
+cognominum in com. Bedford, familia oriundus. Obiit 1727, æt. 69."
+
+[585] Lieutenant, R.N.; died, _s.p._, 1691. Mrs. Elwes died, _s.p._,
+1718 (Marshall's "Genealogist," i. 149).
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+Abel, Margaret, 173
+
+Abell, Agnes, 173
+
+Abington, 105
+
+Adams, John Exley, 237
+
+Addenbroke, John, 76, 117
+
+Adderley, Sir Charles, 181
+  Lady Anne, 181
+
+Ailwin, 32, 165, 234
+
+Albans, St., Hall, 15
+
+Alcester, 10, 14, 122
+
+Alcock, Anne, 186
+
+Alcokkes, John, 30, 223
+
+Alderley, 198, 200
+  Nether, 199, 200
+
+Aldford, 197, 198, 199
+
+Aldford, Richard de, 197
+
+Alfred, King, vi, 163
+
+Allen _v._ Burbage, 224
+
+Alleyn, 34
+
+Allon, Thomas, 150
+
+Altcar, 171
+
+Alvanley, 197, 198, 199, 201-202
+
+Amabilia, 167
+  de Glanville, 192, 233
+
+Amicia, 167
+
+Andrew, Mary, 175
+  Sir Thomas, 175
+
+Appowell, John, 218
+
+Archer, Joan, 160
+  Margaret, 93
+  Sir Richard, 160
+
+Archivists, Society of, 3
+
+Archy's "Banquet of Jests," 84
+
+ARDEN, ARDERNE, or DE ARDEN
+  Adam, 195, 215
+  Sir Adam, 213
+  Adela, 166
+  Adeliza, 167
+  Agnes, 166, 173, 196, 208, 218, 220
+  Agnes, of Wilmecote, m. (1) Hewyns, (2) Stringer, 36, 37, 40, 49,
+  Agnes Webbe, m. (1) Hill, (2) Arden, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 44, 45, 223
+    Her will, 39, 40, 41, 223
+  Alethea, 186, 232, 236
+  Alexander, 196, 219
+  Alianore, 170
+  Alice, 209, 216, 220, 230, 238
+  Alice of Wilmecote, 37, 38, 39, 40, 43, 44, 49
+  Alicia, 168, 188, 219, 230
+  Amabilia, 167
+  Amabilia de Glanville m. Ralph de Hampton, 192, 233
+  Ambrose, 186, 235
+  Amicia, 167
+  Amy, 208
+  Anna, 232
+  Anna Catharine, 187, 238
+  Anna Maria, 237
+  Anne, 172, 177, 181, 186, 202, 219, 221, 234, 236, 237, 238
+  Anthony, 209, 210, 211
+  Arthur, 182
+  Aveline, 196
+  Barbara, 177
+  Beatrix, 230
+  Benjamin, 186
+  B. R., 237
+  Bridget, 177, 211, 218, 236
+  Catharine, 178, 202, 232, 238
+  Catharine Emma, 237
+  Cecilia, 166, 167, 200, 220
+  Charles, 201
+  Christian, 183, 235
+  Christopher, 237
+  Cicely, 176, 202
+  Daniell, 238
+  Dionysia, Mrs., 236
+  Dorothy, 181, 235
+  Edith, 207, 235
+  Edmund, 188, 211, 213
+  Edward, 30, 64, 94, 176, 208, 221, 230, 232, 236, 238
+  Edward, of Park Hall, 1532-1583. 30, 64, 94, 177, 178, 179,
+      180, 183, 184, 185
+  Eleanor, 49, 170, 171, 209, 230, 231
+  Elena, 169, 170, 194, 196
+  Elizabeth, 170, 172, 176, 181, 182, 186, 206, 208, 219, 236, 237, 238
+    Mistress, 182
+  Ellinor, 237
+  Eustace, 196, 197
+  Eustachia, 167, 195
+  Felicia or Phillis, 163, 164, 167
+  Frances, 177, 182, 186, 201, 236
+  Francis, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 184, 221
+  Fraunces, 177
+  Galfridus, 167
+  Geoffrey, 170, 194
+  George, 176, 184, 202, 209, 235
+  Giles, Sir, 160, 169, 220
+  Godfrey, 232
+  Goditha, 181, 221
+  Guy, 204, 205, 211, 236
+  Harald, 165
+  Hawisia, 190, 196
+  Helen, 237
+  Henry, 26, 49, 166, 167, 168, 169, 171, 172, 181, 186, 187,
+      188, 189, 209, 211, 219, 220, 232, 235, 236
+  Henry, Sir, of Park Hall, 169, 181, 195, 198, 235
+  Henrietta, 237
+  Heraud, 164
+  Herbert, 167
+  Hugh, 166, 178, 190, 201, 216, 220
+  Hugh de Vienna, 167
+  Isabel, 199, 200, 209
+  Isabella, 217, 220
+  Isolda, 233
+  James, Rev. Dean, 201, 235
+  James, Captain, 235
+  James, 219, 237
+  Jane, 177, 181, 186, 196, 214, 218, 234, 235
+  Joan, 168, 172, 207, 235
+  Joan, of Wilmecote, m. Lambert, 36, 37, 39, 49
+  Johane, 207, 211
+  Johanna, 168, 220
+  John, 169, 171, 172, 176, 182, 185, 188, 190, 195, 196, 197,
+      198, 199, 201, 202, 203, 205, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212,
+      213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 229, 230, 231,
+      232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237
+  John, Sir, Park Hall, Esquire of the Body, 26, 49, 170, 171,
+      172, 173, 174, 184, 223, 230, 231, 232, 234, 236
+  John, Sir, 169, 233
+  John, of Pepper Hall, 202
+  John, Clerk of the Works, 202, 203
+  John, of Newark, 213
+  John, of Wisbeach, 186, 232
+  Jone, 236
+  Joseph, 166
+  Joyce, 41, 176, 177, 238
+  Joyce, of Wilmecote, 36, 37, 40, 41, 43, 49, 111, 181
+  Joyce, Mistress, 41, 181, 232
+  Judith, 182
+  Katharine, 203, 204, 205, 209, 230, 231, 234
+  Katharine, of Wilmecote, m. Edkins, 36, 37, 49
+  Laurence, 212
+  Leonard the priest, 209
+  Letitia, 167
+  Leverunia, 165
+  Lucia, 168
+  Margaret, 166, 169, 178, 183, 198, 200, 209, 212, 214, 216, 220
+  Margaret, of Wilmecote, m. Webbe, 36, 37, 224
+  Margery, 198, 211, 214
+  Martin, 26, 27, 32, 49, 171, 172, 173
+  Mary, 175, 178, 179, 180, 185, 195, 196, 209, 213, 221, 231,
+      235, 237, 238, 239
+  Mary, of Wilmecote, m. Shakespeare, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 31,
+      32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 45, 49, 51, 60, 175, 180
+  Matilda, 200
+  Maud, 199
+  Miriam, 237
+  Muriel, 178, 180
+  Mr., of Feversham, 217
+    Mrs., 180, 217, 221
+    M. E., 237
+  Nicholaa, 168, 169, 190, 195, 233
+  Nicholas, 189, 190, 208, 233
+  Oliva, 167, 190
+  Osbert, 166, 167, 230
+  Perkin, 235
+  Peter, 166, 167, 170, 190, 191, 197, 198, 199, 201, 202, 203, 214, 221
+  Peter, Sir, of Latton, 203, 204, 205, 206, 221
+  Philip, 167
+  Pierce, 213
+  Ralph, 168, 169, 170, 186, 194, 195, 201, 214, 215, 216, 222, 233, 234,
+      238
+  Ralph, of Hampton, 166, 190, 191, 192, 193, 234
+  Ralph, Sir, of Park Hall, 168, 169
+  Ralph, Sir, of Hornden, 215
+  Richard, 167, 188, 190, 191, 202, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210,
+      213, 216, 220, 221, 235, 238
+  Richard Pepper, Baron Alvanley, 202, 234, 237
+  Robert, 166, 168, 169, 170, 172, 173, 176, 178, 180, 181,
+      182, 189, 190, 194, 195, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 218, 219,
+      221, 233, 235, 237, 238
+  Robert, of Berwick-upon-Tweed, 234
+    of Cottesford, 209, 210
+    of Henley, 211
+    de Draiton, 168, 233
+    of Lapworth, Rector, 189, 233
+    of Park Hall, 26, 27, 46, 49, 170, 181, 182, 184, 185, 194,
+      195, 216, 232, 233
+    of Norfolk, 213
+  Robert, of Wilmecote, 22, 25, 27, 29, 31, 32, 35, 36, 37, 43,
+      45, 49, 50, 175, 180, 184
+       His will, 37, 38
+  Robert, of Yoxall, 171, 172, 173, 189
+  Roger, 190, 191
+  R. Crewe, Rev., 235
+  Rose, 167, 168, 169
+  Samuel, 237
+  Sibilla, 170
+  Simon, 31, 174, 176, 178, 181, 183, 184, 185, 232
+    of Longcroft, 175
+  Siward, 168
+  Susannah, 237
+  Thomas, 167, 168, 171, 172, 176, 178, 188, 190, 191, 192,
+      195, 199, 200, 201, 202, 204, 205, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211,
+      212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 219, 220, 221, 222, 228, 229, 230,
+      231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238
+  Thomas de Draiton, 168
+  Thomas de Hanwell, 167, 168, 169
+    of Long Itchington, 173, 188
+    of St. Martin's, Outwich, 173, 218
+    of Park Hall, 26, 27, 31, 35, 172, 173, 175, 176, 177, 178,
+      183, 184, 231
+  Thomas, of Wilmecote, 24, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 35, 45, 46, 49,
+      174, 175, 184, 222, 223
+  Thomas, son of Walter, 171, 172
+  Timothy, 215
+  Turchil, 165, 166, 167
+  Ursula, 177
+  Ursuley, 177
+  Virgil, 208
+  Walkeline, 197, 199, 200, 233
+  Walter, of Park Hall, 26, 27, 28, 35, 49, 170, 174, 208, 215, 230, 231
+     His will, 26, 170, 171
+  William, 26, 32, 49, 166, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 175, 176,
+      183, 184, 186, 188, 189, 190, 191, 193, 195, 202, 205, 209,
+      210, 214, 215, 216, 219, 230, 232, 233, 234, 235
+  William, son of Thomas of Park Hall, his will, 176, 177
+  William, of Hawnes, 172, 173, 175, 216, 231
+
+Ardens' Arms, The, 26, 31, 32, 33, 168, 169, 174, 175, 176,
+    179, 182, 189, 190, 193, 196, 198, 201, 202, 209, 216, 217,
+    221, 223, 230, 231, 232, 234, 235
+  Impalement of the, 24, 25, 31, 32, 33, 175, 223
+
+Ardens, The, 161, 162, 174, 178, 181, 194, 201, 216, 222, 223
+
+Ardens, The, of Alvanley, 197
+  Bedfordshire, 32, 216
+  Burnham, Bucks, 217
+  Cheshire, 31, 32, 196, 197, 234
+  Cottesford, 209, 210
+  Essex, 215
+  Feversham, Tragedy of, 217
+  Kent, 217
+  Kirtlington, 209
+  London, 217, 220, 236
+  Longcroft, 183
+  Oxfordshire, 209, 211, 212
+  Park Hall, 25, 26, 28, 31, 32, 33, 36, 40, 41, 45, 58, 162,
+      169, 175, 209, 222
+  Victoria, 221
+  Warwickshire, 188, 189, 190, 191
+  Wilmecote, 28, 31, 33, 35, 36
+  Yorkshire, 214
+
+Ardeney, Alice, 181
+
+Arden's Grafton, 189
+
+Arderon, William, 235
+
+Armyn, Robert, 73
+
+Arthgal, 230
+
+Asbies, 37, 40, 41, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 56, 57, 62, 71, 223
+
+Ashby, 134
+
+Ashwell, John, 119
+
+Astley, Isabella, Prioress of Wroxall, 11
+
+Aston Cantlow, 27, 31, 39, 40, 51, 174, 175, 222
+
+Athelstan, King, vi, 33
+
+_Athenæum_, 25, 64, 66, 139, 179, 226
+
+Atkins or Edkins, Richard, 30, 223
+
+Atwood, Thomas, 113
+
+Auberville, Matilda de, 93, 232
+  William de, 93, 232
+
+Averne, Anne, 124
+
+
+Babthorpe, Margaret, 200
+  Sir Robert, 200
+
+Baconians, The, 17, 121
+
+Baddesley Clinton, 6, 7, 11, 124, 130
+
+Badger, George, 59
+
+Bagley, Edward, 106, 107, 108
+
+Bagleys, The, 226
+
+Bagot, Hervey, 181
+  Dorothy, 181
+
+Baker's "Northampton," 168, 189, 196
+
+Balsall, 7, 14, 119, 124
+
+Barbor, John, 9
+
+Barber, Thomas le, 219
+
+Barker, Herald, Sir Christopher, 216, 231
+  Thomas, 59
+
+Barking, 140
+
+Barnards, The, 105, 109
+
+Barnard, Sir John, 104, 105, 106, 109
+  Lady Elizabeth, 103, 105, 109, 226
+
+Barnesley, John, 177
+  Anne, 177
+
+Barnet, James, 151
+
+Barston, 13
+
+Barton, 186
+
+Barton-on-the-Heath, 45, 48, 57
+
+Basnet, Mr., 122
+
+Basse, Master John, 205
+  William, 84
+
+Bath, Elizabeth, 237
+
+Battersby, Judith, 236
+
+Bawdsey, or Bawsey, 233
+
+Bearley, 36, 37
+
+Beauchamps, de, or Bellocampo, 27, 31, 46, 167, 168, 174, 175
+  Arms, 167, 174, 175
+  Alicia de, 168
+  Elizabeth, 46, 174, 222
+  Joan, 170, 197
+  Lady, of Bergavenny, 46, 170
+  Lord, of Bergavenny, 174
+  Maud, 167
+  Richard, Earl of Worcester, 174, 221
+  Thomas, 169, 174, 221
+  William, 167, 174, 221, 232
+
+Beaumont, 84
+  His poems, 86
+
+Beaupré, 176
+  Elizabeth, 176
+
+Bedfordshire, 26, 32, 172
+
+Belknap, Edward, 171
+
+Bell in Carter Lane, 69
+
+Bellomont, Roger de, Earl of Mellent, 166
+
+Benfield, Swanston and Pollard _v._ Burbage, 70, 71, 81
+
+Berewood Hall, 178
+
+Berkshire, 132
+
+Berkswell, 13, 124
+
+Berry's "Genealogies," 168, 202
+
+Beverston Register, 87
+
+Bevis, Sir, of Hampton, 163
+
+Bibbesworth, Thomas, 204
+
+Bickley, Mr. W.B., 7, 28, 35
+
+Biddle, Anne, 228
+
+Bigsby, Dr., 109
+
+Billesley, 27, 29, 35, 104
+
+Bilton, 188
+  Birmingham, 35, 130, 131
+
+Birt, John, 136
+
+Blackfriars' tenement, 76, 80, 107
+  Theatre, 70, 76
+
+Blagrove, John, 158
+
+Blaxton, Rev. Mr., 212
+
+Blomfield's "Norfolk," 193, 214, 233
+
+Blount, John Henry, 132
+
+Bodleian Library, 22
+
+Bohun, Anne, 203
+  John, 203
+    D.A., 191
+
+Boles, Rev. Mr., 97
+  Christian, 183
+  Thomas, 183
+
+Boosie, Mary, 219, 236
+
+Bordesley, 14, 21
+
+Botecourt, Sir John de, 169
+
+Boteler, John, 171
+
+Boulogne, Earl Eustace of, 215
+
+Bouton, Sir William, Curate, 38, 223
+
+Boutvilein, Nicholaa de, 169
+  William de, 169
+
+Bowes, Mr., of King's College, 205
+
+Bowles, Anne, 172
+  Richard, 172
+
+Bracebridges, The, of Kingsbury, 167
+  Alice, 172
+  John, 171
+  Peter, 167
+  Richard, 172
+
+Bradshaw, George, executed, 217
+
+Bratt, Mr. Robert, 55
+
+Brayley's "Surrey," 207
+
+Braylys, Geys, 173
+  Thomas, 173
+
+Brearley, Thomas, 130
+
+Bredon, Worcestershire, 132
+
+Brewer, Anne, 150
+
+Bridge's "Northampton," 196
+
+Brigide's, St., Church, 149, 176, 226, 235
+
+Briscoe, Elizabeth, 238
+
+Bristol Wills, 139
+
+Broadspear, 2
+
+Brodesley, 178
+
+Broke, Simon, Clerk, 173
+
+Brome, Beatrice, 11
+  Jocosa, Prioress, 11, 12
+  John, 11
+  Nicholas, 11
+  Thomas, 11
+
+Bromfield, Richard, 218, 236
+
+Brook, Ralph, York Herald, 22, 24, 25
+
+Brown, daughter, 173
+  John, 57, 219
+
+Brownlow pedigree, 177
+
+Bucknall, Thomas Skip Dyott, 156
+  Harriet Sophia, 156
+
+Budbrook, 11, 115, 124, 126, 177
+
+Buklond, Alice, 171, 173, 230
+
+Burbage, Anne, 126
+  Cuthbert, 70
+  James, 70, 81, 224
+  Richard, 34, 36, 70, 73, 77, 80, 136
+  Thomas, 81, 126, 136
+  William, 70, 81
+  Winifred, 70, 81
+
+Burke's "Landed Gentry," 180, 202, 221
+  "Colonial Gentry," 221
+
+Burleigh, 180
+
+Bushell, Mr., 69
+
+Butler, Lady Emily Georgiana, 237
+
+Byrdsale, William, 9
+
+
+Cade, Richard, 176
+  Joyce, 176
+
+Cage, The, 91
+
+Camden, 17, 33, 52, 84
+  His "Britannia," 84
+
+Campbell's "Lives of the Judges," 192
+
+Campbell, Hon. John, 153
+  Anne, 153
+
+Carew, Elizabeth, 95
+
+Carlisle, 5
+
+Carter, Maria Anna, 143
+  Thomas, 182
+  William, 237
+
+Catesby, John, 182, 205
+
+Catheryns, Humphrey, Mr., 229
+
+Cavendish, H. F. Compton, 237
+
+Chacsper, Thomas, 7
+
+Chafford, 140
+
+Chaloner, John, 207
+
+Chamber, William, 230
+
+Champe, Thomas, 134
+
+Champ, Joseph, 137
+
+Chancery Cases, 48, 77, 121, 123, 129, 133
+
+Charles I., a student of Shakespeare, 85, 101
+
+Charnells, John, 26, 173
+  William, 179
+
+Charterhouse Chapel, 155
+
+Chaucer, 84
+
+Chaworth, Sir Thomas, 9
+
+Chedwyns, The, 7
+
+Chelesworthy Manor, Devon, 215
+
+Cheney, Katharine, 209
+  John, 209
+
+Chernocke, Francis, 229
+
+"Cheshire Collections," Vincent's, 234
+
+Chester, Earl of, Prince of Wales, 200
+  Ranulph, 196, 197
+
+Chettle, publisher, 65
+
+Chettleton, William de, 230
+
+Chief, Thomas, 218
+
+Children's Company of Actors, 70
+
+Church End, Rowington, 13
+
+
+Claredon, or Claverdon, 123, 129
+
+Clement's Danes, St., Register, 146, 147, 148, 149, 236
+
+Clerk, Nicholas, 235
+
+Clifford Chambers, 119
+
+Clifton Camvile, 199
+
+Clinton, Henry de, Earl of Huntingdon, 174
+
+Clodeshalle, Elizabeth, 170, 176, 231, 232
+  Richard de, 170, 232
+  Walter de, 231
+
+Clopton, Barbara, 107
+  Sir Hugh, 108
+  Sir John, 107
+  Mr., 51
+  William, 45
+
+Cockes, Elena, 12
+
+Codd, Rev. E. T., 124
+
+Codmore, 171
+  Bailiff of, 171
+
+Codyngton, Mr., daughters of, 206
+
+Cokaine, Sir Aston, 186
+
+Colbrand, 163
+
+Cole, Henry, 50
+
+"Colin Clout's Come Home Again," Spenser's, 2
+
+Collier, J. P., 143
+
+Collins, Agnes, 208
+  Edith, 208
+  Elizabeth, 208
+  Francis, 80, 122
+  Katherine, 206
+  name of, 207
+
+Colyns, Hugh, 173
+
+Combe, John, 72, 77, 224, 225
+  Mr. Thomas, 80
+  Mrs., 100
+  Mr. William, 78, 225
+
+"Comedy of Errors," The, 67, 68, 224
+
+Compton, Rt. Hon., Frances Elizabeth, 237
+
+Compton, Philip, 167
+
+Compton Winyate, 166
+
+Condell, Henry, 70, 73, 77, 80, 81
+
+Conway, Edward, 176
+  Elizabeth, 176
+  Sir John, 177, 179
+  Lord, 85
+
+Cooke, Gilbert the, 196
+
+Cooke, Dr. James, 98, 99
+  J., 85
+  Thomasine, 139
+
+Cooke, the Herald, 17
+
+Corbet, Elizabeth, 138, 178, 230, 234
+  Reginald, Justice, 178, 230, 234
+
+Cornish, 41
+
+Cornwall, Edward, 36, 41, 44, 49, 56, 114
+
+Cotgrave, Richard de, 5
+
+Cotesbrook Church, 195
+
+Cotterell, Nicholas, 232
+
+Cotton, Alethea, 187, 232
+  Robert, 187, 232
+
+Coughton, 166, 169
+
+"Court of Virtue," Dr. John Hall's, 93
+
+Court, Mrs. Grace, 100
+  Richard, 57
+  William, attorney, 57
+
+Coventry, 5, 124, 131
+
+Cowley, Richard, 73
+
+Cowper, John, Under-Sheriff, 43
+
+Cowper, Mr. J.M., 141
+
+Coxe, Margery, 209
+  Walter, 209
+
+Crabhouse, Prioress of, 205
+
+Croke, John, 173
+
+Crollalanza, Goffredo di, 1
+
+Cromwell, Lord, 216
+
+Crosmore, Agnes, 140
+
+Culpepper, Richard, 207
+
+Cumber, Roger, 238
+
+Curdworth, 166, 167, 169, 178, 179, 184
+
+Currie, Colin, 153
+  Elizabeth, 153
+
+Cymbeline, 163
+
+
+Dance, Mr. William, 136
+
+Darcy, Edward, 180, 181, 184, 185
+
+Daubeney, John, 211
+
+Davenant, John, 75
+  Sir William, 75
+
+Davenport, Mary, 154, 157
+  Rev. William of Bredon and Lacock Abbey, 154, 157
+
+Davies, John, "Microcosmus, the Civil Warres of Death and Fortune," 34
+
+Dawson, Harriet, 157
+
+Debrett's Peerage, 234
+
+Denbigh, Earl of, 149
+
+Denham, Joan, 160
+  Sir John, 160
+
+Derbyshire, 136, 235
+
+Dethick, Sir William, Garter, 17, 22
+
+Devereux, Lady Catherine, 178, 231
+  Sir Edward, 178, 231
+
+Deye, John, 207
+
+Dibdin's "History of the Edinburgh Stage," 73
+
+Dickenson, Mr. C. C., 132, 141
+
+Dickins, Charles Scrase, 237
+
+Dier, Sir Edward, 22
+
+Digby, Sir George, 43, 180
+
+Digges, Leonard, 83
+
+Dilcock, Henry, of Coventry, 5
+
+Dimbleby, Mrs., 146
+
+Divos, Rev. Roger, 51
+
+Dixson, Thomas, 31
+
+Dodde, Dorothea (Mrs. Shakespeare), 145
+  Elizabeth, 145
+  Jane (Mrs. Wren), 145
+
+Domesday Book, 165
+
+Done, John, 218
+
+Donnelly, Hon. Ignatius, 17
+
+Doulton, Bridget, 216
+
+D'Oyley, Justice, 179
+
+Dragon, The, 163
+
+Draiton, 169
+
+Drape, Richard, 202
+
+Drayton, Michael, the Poet, 99, 225
+
+Drey, Christopher, 177
+
+Drummond's "Noble British Families," 31, 162, 163, 164, 167, 168, 201
+
+Dudley, Ambrose, Earl of Warwick, 131
+
+Dudley, Mr. Thomas, 211
+
+Dudston, 178
+
+Dugdale, Sir William, 11
+  His "Monasticon," 11, 12, 113, 166
+  His "Warwickshire," 11, 12, 42, 97, 104, 162, 163, 164, 167,
+      168, 170, 171, 174, 175, 180, 184, 189, 190, 191, 222, 231,
+      232
+
+Duncombe, Mr., 111
+
+Dwale, John, 8
+
+Dyer, Rev. Mr., 111
+
+
+Ealdstreet, Prebendary of (Hugh Saunders, or Shakespeare), 15
+
+"Earliest Official Record of Shakespeare's Name," 3, 66, 224
+
+Earwaker's "East Cheshire," 198, 199, 201, 202
+
+Echenours, 167
+
+Edgehill, 101
+
+Edkyns, or Atkins, Adam, 49
+  Clement, 49
+  Richard, 31
+  Thomas, senior, 36, 49
+  Thomas, junior, 36, 49
+  Walter, 31
+
+Edmund, King, 165
+
+Edmunds, Alice, 124
+
+Edward I., 160
+
+Edward the Confessor, 165
+  the Elder, 162
+  the Martyr, 165
+
+Edwards, Margaret, 148
+
+Elford, 197, 198, 199, 200
+
+Elizabeth, Queen, 66, 139, 179
+
+Ellerker, Sir Ralph, 214
+
+Ellesmere, Lord, 76
+
+Elton, Oliver, 225
+
+Elwes, William, 236
+
+Empson, Sir Richard, 174, 184
+
+Engelger, 192
+
+Ensors, The, 111, 125
+
+Ermenhild, 163
+
+Errors, Brooke's pamphlet of Camden's, 24, 25
+  Comedy of, 67, 68, 224
+
+Essex, Countess of, 178
+  Earl of, 72
+  Forest of, 4
+
+Essex, Shakespeares of, 7, 138, 139, 140
+
+Etchells, 199, 200
+
+Ethelfleda, 163
+
+Ethelred, 165
+
+Eton, The Master of, 61
+
+Eton, Cicely de, 233
+  Nicholas de, 167, 233
+
+Euphorbus, 68
+
+Eustace de Arden, 196, 197
+
+Eustachia, 167
+
+Euston, 171
+
+Evenley, 209, 210
+
+
+Farron, William, 151
+
+Fawkenor, Mary, 237
+  Sarah, 237
+
+Feckenham, 64
+
+Felicia, or Phillis the Fair of Warwick, 163
+
+Fellows, William, 151
+
+Fenwick, Charles, 157
+
+Fenwick, Octavia, 157
+
+Ferne, Sir John, 17
+
+Ferrars, Thomas, 216
+
+Ferrers, Mr. Henry, 11, 93, 130, 131, 183
+
+Fettiplace, Nott, Esq., 237
+
+Field, Henry, tanner, of Stratford-on-Avon, 58
+  Richard, his son, printer, of London, 65
+
+Fielding, Basil, 181
+  Dorothy, 181
+
+Fillongley, 111, 131
+
+Finsbury Fields, The Theatre in, 70
+
+First folio of Shakespeare's Plays, 84
+
+Fisher, Clement, 186, 232
+
+Fisher, John, The Book of, 130, 224, 229
+
+Fisher's "Forest of Essex," 4
+
+Fitzalan, John, 168
+
+FitzCana de Bohun, Engelger, 192
+  Franco, 192
+  Gelduin, 192
+  Ralph, 192
+  Savaric, 192
+
+Fitzralph, Robert, de Middleham, 233
+
+Fleay's "History of the Stage," 71
+  "Life of Shakespeare," 76
+
+Flecknoe, Christopher, 123
+
+Fletcher, Charlotte, 157
+  Giles, 94
+  Joan, 94
+  Lawrence, 73
+  Phineas, 94
+
+"Foedera," Rymer's, Patent to Shakespeare and others, 73, 74
+
+Foss's "Lives of the Judges," 192, 193, 202, 203
+
+Foxwell, John, 236
+
+Franklin, Elizabeth, 172
+  John, 172
+
+
+Franklyn, Mr., 217
+
+Freeman's "Epigrams," 34
+
+French, G. R., "Shakespeareana Genealogica," 8, 31, 35, 46, 88, 112,
+    122, 123, 133, 135, 141, 144, 160, 165, 187, 221
+
+Freville, Baldwin, 216
+
+Freyndon, 5
+
+Fuller's "Worthies of England," 31, 192, 207, 209, 214, 215
+
+Fulwood, John, 39
+  Mary, 39
+  Richard, 212
+  Robert, 59
+
+Furnivall, Dr. F.J., 3, 62
+
+
+Galton, Mr. Francis, 160
+
+Gamell, John, 170
+
+Garnett, Dr. Richard, 1
+
+Gay, Elizabeth, 143
+
+Gaynsford, John, 205
+
+Gearing, Agnes, 208
+  Henry, 208
+
+Gedney, John, 213
+
+"Gentlemen of Verona," 68
+
+George, St., 162
+
+Gerard, Father, 212
+
+Gerard's "Herbal," 213, 234
+
+Getley, Walter, 72
+
+Gibbes, George, 40, 42, 223
+  Nicholas, 31
+
+Gibbons of Oxfordshire, 171
+
+Gifford, Isabel, 209
+  John, 209
+
+Gilbert, Sir William, Curate, 88
+
+Gilpitts, The, 55
+
+Glanville, Amabilia de, 192, 233
+  Helewise de, 193, 233
+  Matilda, or Maud de, 193, 233
+  Ralph de, 192, 193, 233
+
+Globe Theatre, 70, 77, 78, 83, 84
+
+Glover's "Heraldry," 32, 175
+
+Glover, William, 132
+
+Gloucester Wills, 132
+
+Goldsmith, Mrs. Anne, 234
+
+Gollancz, Mr. Israel, 9
+
+Goodwin, Mary, 151
+
+Goodyere, Anne, The "Idea" of Drayton, 225
+
+Gotheridge, Mary, 147
+
+Grace, Alice, 129
+  Thomas, 129
+
+Grange, John, 153
+
+Gray's Inn revels, 67, 224
+
+Green, Alice, 205, 206
+  Anna, 130
+  Edward, 234
+  Elizabeth, 205
+  Margaret, 202
+  Mrs., 116
+  Philip, 59
+  Robert, 205
+  Thomas, 116, 117, 121, 130
+
+Green, Thomas, alias Shakespeare, 76, 78, 116
+  Walter, 205
+
+Greene's "Groatsworth of Wit" and the "Upstart Crow," 65
+
+Greenhill Street House, 51
+
+Greenstreet, Rev. James, 224
+
+Greenway the Carrier, 69
+
+Greenwich, Shakespeare plays at, 66
+
+Gregory, Rev. Mr., 212
+  William, 151
+
+Greswold, Thomas, 170
+
+Gretwyn, Thomas, 31
+
+Greville, Sir Edward, 59
+  Sir Fulke, 25, 45, 122
+  Ludovic, 169, 178
+
+Grevilles of Drayton, 178
+
+Grey, Lord, 9
+
+Griffin, Agnes, 140
+  Alice, 15, 140
+  Edward, 15
+  Francis, 15, 140
+
+Guiderius, 163
+
+Guildhall Library, 77, 92
+
+Gutheridge, Mr., a Dealer in Leather, 230
+
+Guthmund, 165
+
+Guy of Warwick, vi, 32, 164
+
+Guy's Cliff, 164
+
+Guy, William, 151
+
+Gwillim's "Display of Heraldry," 22, 87
+
+
+Haberdasher's Books, The, 226, 234
+
+Hales, Bartholomew, Lord of Manor of Snitterfield, 45
+
+Hall, Alice, 225
+  Anne, 94
+  Edmund, 55, 94
+  Edward, 94
+  Elizabeth, 93, 94
+  Elizabeth, poet's grand-daughter, 75, 79, 80, 92, 95, 99,
+      100, 101, 105, 109
+  Eme, 225
+  Emma, 55, 94
+  Hugh, 181
+  Hugh, priest, 179, 180
+  John, 12, 93, 94, 129, 225
+  Dr. John of Maidstone, 92
+  Dr. John, the poet's son-in-law, 75, 80, 81, 82, 89, 90, 91,
+      92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 101, 107, 109
+    his cures, 98, 99, 100
+    his epitaph, 97
+  Joyce, 129
+  Maria, 93
+  Mr., 51, 94
+  Mr. A., 95
+  Rev. Dr., 212
+  Richard, 93, 225
+  Robert, 225
+  Simon, 225
+  Susanna, the poet's daughter, 77, 79, 89, 93, 95, 97, 98, 99,
+      100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 226
+    Her epitaph, 104
+  Thomas, 94
+
+Halls, Arms of the, 104
+
+Halls, the, of Henwick, 94
+  of Idlecote, 94
+  of Warwick, 225
+  of Worcester, 93
+
+Hallen, Rev. Cornelius, 112
+
+Halliwell-Phillipps, "Outlines of the Life of Shakespeare," 6, 10, 17,
+    20, 21, 39, 41, 42, 43, 47, 49, 51, 59, 69, 72, 75, 78, 81, 93, 107,
+    115, 121, 122, 224, 226
+
+Halstead, Peter, 181
+
+Hamilton, Fanny Isabella, 156
+  Sir Robert North Collie, 156
+
+Hammond, William, 108
+  Mrs., 108
+
+Hampden, Eleanor, 26, 49, 170
+  John, 26, 49, 170
+
+Hampton in Arden, 10, 124, 125
+  Lucy, 10
+  -on-Avon, 115
+  Corley, 13, 115
+
+Hanhampsted, John, 217
+
+Harbage, Francis, 51
+
+Harborne, John, 47
+
+Hareley, 22
+
+Hargrave, John, 37
+
+Harold, 165
+
+Harper, Catherine, 186
+
+Harstead, Dennis, 236
+
+Hart, George, 106
+  Joan, poet's sister, 49, 54, 79, 101, 107, 109, 226
+  John, 112
+  Thomas, 106, 109
+  William, 109, 112, 226
+  William Henry, F.S.A., 4
+
+Harts, The, 42, 61
+
+Hartwell, Elizabeth, 143
+
+Harveys, The Rowington, 8, 14, 226
+
+Haselden, 214
+
+Haseley, 10, 13, 14, 122, 124, 125
+
+Hasted's "History of Kent," 217
+
+"Haste-vibrans," 1
+
+Hastings, John, 125
+
+Hathaway, Agnes or Anne, poet's wife, 62, 63, 64, 80, 81, 83, 87, 88,
+    89, 90, 99, 117, 224
+    Her epitaph, 90
+  Bartholomew, 88, 89
+  Catherine, 88
+  Elizabeth, 89, 106
+  Isabel, 89
+  Joan, 106
+  John, 87, 88
+  Judith, 89, 106
+  Margaret, 88
+
+Hathaway, Richard, 53, 62, 63, 88, 89, 224
+  Rose, 106
+  Susanna, 106
+  Thomas, 88, 89, 106
+  William, 88, 89
+
+Hathaways, The, 87, 106, 117, 224.
+
+Hatton, 13, 14, 124, 125, 129
+
+Hatton, Sir Christopher, 66
+
+Havering, 139
+
+Hawarden, 199
+
+Hawnes, Beds, 26, 172, 231
+
+Hayles, James, 211
+
+Hazard, Dorothy, 218
+
+Head, Elizabeth, 237
+
+Hedges, Henry, 134
+
+Helen's, St., Parish, Bishopsgate, 142, 143
+
+Hemings, John, 70, 73, 75, 80, 81
+
+Henley, John, 37
+
+Henley-on-Thames, The Ardens of, 211
+
+Henley Street House, 41, 47, 50, 51, 54, 57, 58, 59, 60, 79, 112
+
+Henneage, Sir Thomas, Vice-Chamberlain of the Household, 3, 66, 214, 222
+
+Henrietta Maria, Queen, 101, 129
+
+"Henry IV.," 68
+
+"Henry VIII.," 77
+
+Heraud, 164
+
+Hertfordshire, 136, 137
+
+Hewes, Joan, 173
+
+Hewlands, 88
+
+Hewyns, John, 49
+  Margaret, 49
+  Thomas, 49
+
+Heylin's "History of St. George," 163
+
+Higgins, Alice, 124
+
+Highworth, Wilts, 208
+
+Hill, Agnes (Mrs. Arden), 36, 49
+  Elizabeth, 59
+  Francis, 143
+  John, of Bearley, 36
+  John, of Rowington (1485), 8, 14
+  Mary, 39
+  William, 31
+
+Hoare, John, 236
+
+Hobbyns, Julian (Mrs. Shakespeare), 119
+
+Hodgson, Margaret, 154
+  Joseph, 154
+
+Holder, Alice, 238
+
+Holgrave, Alice, 206
+  Elizabeth, 206
+  John, 206
+  Sir John, 205, 207
+  Thomas, 205, 206, 207
+
+Holinshed's "Chronicles," 17
+
+Holland, Thurston, 233
+
+Holyoake, Mr., "who made the dictionary," 100
+
+Hooper, Humphrey, 42
+
+Hornby, Richard, 54, 76
+
+Hornchurch, Shakespeares of, 139, 140
+
+Horndon, 215
+
+Hospicium Vocatum le Greyhounde, 9
+
+Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem, 9
+
+Hospital of St. Nicolas, Carlisle, 5
+
+Howard, Lord Henry, 22
+
+Howitt's, William, "Visits to Remarkable Places," 226
+
+Huddespit, Elizabeth, 7
+  Robert, 7
+
+Hugh de Vienna, 167
+
+Hulme, Agnes, 201
+
+Hunter, Rev. Joseph, 13, 14, 33, 142, 145
+
+Huva, or Uve, 164, 165
+
+Hybarnes, 178
+
+Hyde, Cecily de, 201
+
+
+Ingleby, Dr. Thomas, 78, 85, 116
+
+Ingon, 52, 112, 115, 123
+
+Ingram, Richard, 31
+
+Inson, William, 219
+
+
+Jackley, 210
+
+Jaggard, William, 229
+
+James I., King, 73, 74
+
+Jenkes, Dorothy, 114
+  John, 31
+  Thomas, 38, 222
+
+Jennings, Alice, 228
+
+Jeny, M.L., 159
+
+Jephson, William, vintner, 152
+
+Jerome, Thomas, 236
+
+John, King, 68
+
+John, St., of Jerusalem Hospital, 9
+
+Jons, Joan, 139
+
+Jonson, Ben, 75, 85, 99
+
+Josselyn, Gabriel, 219
+
+
+Kakley, Isolda, 7
+  Robert, 7
+
+Kambur, Margaret, 173
+
+Kemp, William, 3
+
+Kenilworth, 124, 127
+
+Kent, Edward, 106
+  Junior, 106
+
+Kineton, 101
+
+King, Mr. W. Wickham, 181
+
+Kingsmell, John, Sergeant-at-Law, 28, 184
+
+Kirkland, 5
+
+Kirtlington, 209, 210
+
+Knightley, Sir Richard, 28, 184
+
+Knights Templars, 167
+
+Knolles, Nicholas, Vicar of Alveston, 42, 45
+
+Knowle, 124, 126, 131
+  Guild of St. Anne of, 7, 10, 11, 12, 27, 28, 170, 188, 189
+
+Kyngeston, Avisia de, 189
+
+Kyngeston, Robert de, 189
+
+
+Lacock Abbey, 154
+
+Ladbroke, John, 177
+  Joyce, 177
+
+Lambert, Edmund, 36, 40, 41, 45, 46, 48, 49, 57
+  Joan, 36, 39, 40, 49
+  John, 36, 39, 40, 45, 47, 48, 49
+
+Lane, Annes, 8
+  Mrs., 96
+  Nicholas, 57, 114
+  Richard, 105
+
+Lane, Green and Shakespeare complain of the tithes, 76
+
+Lane slanders Susanna Hall, 77
+
+Lanfranc's "Chirurgerie," 93
+
+Langham, Alice, 9
+
+Lansdale, Grace, 237
+
+Lapworth, 127, 169, 189
+
+Latton, Essex, 203, 206
+
+Lawrence, Henry, scrivener, 77
+
+Lee, Elizabeth, 236
+
+Lee, John de, 207
+
+Legh, de, Constantia, 4
+  John de, 200, 201
+  Matilda, 200, 201
+
+Leicester, 133, 178, 180
+  Earl of, 178, 179, 210, 211
+  Mayor of, 133
+
+Leicestershire, 31, 133, 134, 216
+  Ardens, 216
+  Shakespeares, 133
+
+Leigh, John de, 201
+  Maud, 199, 200
+  Robert, 199, 200
+
+Leighton, Sir Thomas, 160
+
+Leland's "Itinerary," 27, 163, 171
+
+Lench, John, 35
+
+Leofric, Earl of Mercia, 165
+
+Leonetta, 164
+
+Letherbarrow, Elizabeth, 131
+
+Leverunia, 165, 191
+
+Ley, Francis, 15, 119
+  Joan, 15, 119, 137
+
+Lichfield Wills, 125, 174, 186
+
+Lightfoot, Mr. J. W., 141
+
+Lily, John, 212
+
+Lingard, Rev. Edmund, 179
+
+L'Isle, Richard de, 191
+
+Little, Agnes, Prioress of Wroxall, 11, 12
+
+Littleton, Thomas, 170
+
+Litton, Master, 206
+
+Lloyd, Rev. John William, 158
+
+Lone, Alice, 8-12
+
+Long, Theodosia, 219, 236
+
+Longcroft, 31, 176, 183, 185, 221, 232
+
+Long Itchington, 173, 188
+
+Longsword, 2
+
+"Love's Labour's Lost," 68
+
+"Love's Labour's Wonne," 68
+
+Lovetot, John, 215
+
+Lewis, Lieutenant Ninian, 155
+
+Lowston End, Rowington, 13
+
+Lucy, Sir Thomas, 45, 54, 58, 64, 180
+  Deer-stealing story fabulous, 180
+  Lady, 90, 122
+
+Lutterworth, 132
+
+Lyannce, Hatton, 14
+
+
+"Macbeth," 73
+
+"Macbeth," The Scottish and English, 73
+
+Macray, Rev. Dr., 130, 135
+
+Madoc, Griffin ap, 198
+  Margaret, daughter of, 198
+
+Madywattons, 128
+
+Malaleone, Eustachia, 167
+  Savaricius, 167
+
+Malone's "Life of Shakespeare," 23, 115
+
+Malory, Charles, 119
+
+Manning and Bray's "Surrey," 159
+
+Mara, Agnes de la, 192
+
+Marbury, Frances, 201
+  Thomas, 201
+
+Marchington Register, 186
+
+Margaret's, St., Westminster, 237
+
+Margery, Mrs., 121
+
+Marlow, Francis, 236
+
+Marsh, Antony, 80
+  Mr. John, 80
+
+Martin's, St., -in-the-Fields, 145, 146, 147, 236
+
+Mary, Queen, 139
+
+Massey, Hugh, 177
+
+Masson, Robert, 186
+
+Mather, Agnes, 218
+
+Matthews, Maria, 129
+  William, 129
+
+Mauley's, Lord, Arms, 23
+
+Maxton, Charlotte, 155
+
+Maydes, Richard, 50
+
+Mayne, James Edward, 157
+
+Mayowe, "The Appeal," 56, 114
+  Elizabeth, 223
+  Henry, 223
+  John, 45, 174, 223
+  Thomas, 45, 56
+
+Mazzini, 61
+
+Megre, le, Oliva, 190
+  Robert, 190
+  William, 191
+
+Melbourne, John, 220
+
+Mellent, Earl of, 166
+
+Mercia, 163
+
+"Merchant of Venice," 68
+
+Mere's, Professor of Literature at Oxford, "Wit's Treasury," 67, 68
+
+Meriden, 8, 124, 130
+
+Merrick, Madame Anne, 85
+
+"Merry Wives of Windsor," 79
+
+Merton College, Oxford, 15
+
+"Microcosmus," John Davies', 34
+
+Middleton, John, 234
+  Sir John, 234
+
+"Midsummer Night's Dream," 68
+
+Milburn, Ellen, 150
+  John, 150, 220
+
+Milton's epitaph on Shakespeare, 85
+
+Minworth, 178
+
+Mixbury, 16
+
+Moeles, The, 231
+
+Montfort, Simon de, 167
+
+More, Agnes, 234
+  Sir Thomas, 234
+  John, 212
+
+Morris, Katherine, 119, 212
+
+Morrison, Lady Elizabeth, 235
+
+Mortimer, Isabella, 168
+  Sir Roger, 168
+
+Mortlake, 75
+
+Moseley's, Mr., account, 85
+
+Mountford, William, 91
+
+Mowsley End, Rowington, 128
+
+Muerson, Louisa, 156
+
+Mug, Rev. Mr., 212
+
+Muklowe, Katharine, 173, 231, 234
+  Richard, 173
+
+Murray, Edith, 156
+  William Sim, 156
+
+Myttons, Mr., 69
+
+
+Nanson, Mr., Town Clerk of Carlisle, 221
+
+Nash, Arms of, 101
+  Edward, 102, 103, 106, 107
+  Elizabeth, 96, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 109, 226
+  Thomas, 89, 91, 95, 96, 97, 100, 101, 102, 109
+
+Nash's "Worcestershire," 14
+
+Naso, Richard, 127
+
+Nason, John, 100
+
+Natford, 171, 172
+
+Neville, Barbara, 177
+  Richard, 177
+  Sir Edward, 174
+
+Newburgh, Henry de, 166
+  Margaret de, 166
+  William de, 166
+
+Newburghs, or Novoborgos, The, 166, 167, 168
+  their arms, 168
+
+Newcome, Colonel, 155
+
+Newcourt's "Repertorium," 15, 204
+
+New Place, 60, 67, 71, 72, 76, 77, 80, 89, 95, 101, 102, 103, 107, 108,
+    117
+
+Newport, Margaret, 204
+
+Newton, Anna Catharine, 187, 232
+  John, 187, 232
+
+Nicholas, St., Hospital of, Carlisle, 5
+  Parish, Warwick, 120, 225
+
+Nichols, Sir George, "History of the English Poor Law," 37
+
+Nichols's "Collectanea Topographica et Genealogica," 25, 30, 31, 93,
+    130, 137, 197, 198
+  "Herald and Genealogist," 125, 192
+  "History of Leicestershire," 216
+  "Progresses of King James," 74
+
+Nicolas, Sir N.H., 21, 175, 198
+
+Nicols, Thomas, 223
+
+"Non Sans Droict," 22
+
+Norhull, 167, 169
+
+Norris, Rev. Henry, 6
+
+Northampton, 194, 195
+
+Northamptonshire, 195
+
+Norton Curlew, 129
+
+"Nottingham Records," edited by Mr. W. Stevenson, 5, 8, 10
+
+Nuneaton, 166
+
+
+Offord, 189
+
+Oken's, Thomas, money, 119
+
+Oldich, or Woldiche, 6, 7
+
+Oliver, Mary, 154
+  Laver, 158
+  Thomas, 237
+
+Ormerod's "Cheshire," 93, 196, 201
+  "Miscellanea Palatina," 197, 199
+
+Orreby, Agnes de, 197
+  Sir John de, 198
+
+Ortelius, 52
+
+Oxfordshire, 134, 209, 211
+
+
+Packwood, 127
+
+Page, Elizabeth, 237
+
+Pakeson, Thomas, 169
+
+Pakingtons, The, of Worcester, 182
+  their arms, 182
+
+Palmer, Adam, 8, 37, 38, 40, 45, 50, 223
+  Catherine, 202
+  Elizabeth, 207
+  John, 36
+  Robert, 202
+
+Pardu, John, 115
+
+Park Hall, 178
+
+Parkes, Alice, 135
+  Penelope, 127
+  Richard, 127
+
+Parkins, Isabel, 124
+
+Parnassus, Return from, 33
+
+Parsons, Robert, 136
+
+Pate, Rev. Lawrence, 210
+
+Pearce, John, 237
+
+Peche, John, 191
+  Richard, 190
+
+Pedimore, or Pedmore, Warwickshire, 169, 177, 181, 232
+  Worcestershire, 40, 181, 232
+
+Peele, George, 143
+  Isabel, 143
+  James, 143
+
+Pegge, Mr., 163
+
+Pembroke, Earl of, 70, 71, 74
+
+Pennefather, Richard, 237
+
+Penrith, 5
+
+Pepper, Sarah, 202
+
+Perche, Countess of, 165, 191
+
+Percival, Right Hon. Margaret, 237
+
+Perkes, John, 44
+  Mary, 44, 49
+  William, 44
+
+Perkyns, John, 133
+  Richard, 133
+  William, 133
+
+Perpoint, Thomas, 214
+
+Peto, Humphrey, 45
+
+Petyfere, Richard, 40
+
+Philip, King, 139
+
+Phillips, Anne, 237
+  Augustine, 72, 73, 75
+  Hugh, 218, 236
+  Sir Thomas, 209
+
+Phillis, or Felicia, of Warwick, 162
+
+Pickering, John, Lord Keeper, 129
+
+Pilkington, Margaret, 200
+
+Pinley, 129
+
+Pipe Office accounts, 3, 66
+
+Pitt, William, 223
+
+Plague in Stratford, 52
+
+Planché's Roll of Arms, 213
+
+Plautus, 68
+
+Players, Earl of Worcester's, 54
+  King's Company, 73, 74, 75
+  the Lord Chamberlain's, 66
+  the Queen's Company, 54
+
+Plays not to be performed in Guildhall, Stratford, 82, 225
+
+Plesseto, Alured de, 233
+
+Plumer, Elizabeth, 236
+
+Plumstead, Thomas of, 217
+
+Plutarch's "Lives," 65
+
+Poate, George, 137
+
+Pole, William de la, Earl of Suffolk, 203
+
+Pollard, Benfield, and Swanston _v._ Burbage, 70, 71, 81
+
+Poole, Isabel, 126
+
+Pooley, Elizabeth, 181
+  Sir William, 181
+
+Porter, Hugh, 37, 38, 50, 223
+  John, 30
+  Robert, 30
+
+Portingale, Richard, 6
+
+Pouter, Nicholas, 210
+
+Powlett, William, D.D., 156
+
+Pre-Shakespearean London Shakespeares, 139
+
+Price, Goditha, 181
+  Herbert, 181
+  Michael, 57
+
+Prince, John, of Abingdon, 135
+
+Prins, William, 8
+
+Prior, Walter, 210
+
+"Pruslbury," 4
+
+Pugh, Harriet, 237
+
+Puttenham's "Art of Poetrie," 65
+
+Pythagoras, 68
+
+Pytt, William, 38
+
+
+Quiney, Adrian, 50, 51, 54, 59, 92
+  Elizabeth, 91
+  Judith, poet's daughter, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 89, 91, 92, 100, 105, 109
+  Richard, of London, 89, 92
+  Richard, of Stratford, 68, 89, 91
+  Richard, son of Thomas and Judith, and grandson of the poet, 92, 100
+  Sarah, 92
+  Shakespere, son of Thomas and Judith, and grandson of the poet, 92, 100
+  Thomas, poet's son-in-law, 78, 79, 89, 91, 105, 109
+  Thomas, son of Thomas and Judith, and grandson of the poet, 92, 100
+  William, 92
+
+
+Radcliffe, Elizabeth, 201
+  John de, 200
+  Matilda de, 200
+  Richard de, 200
+
+Rainsford, Lady Anne, 225
+  Sir Henry, 225
+
+Randall, John, 88
+
+"Rape of Lucrece," 65, 66, 222
+
+Ratcliffe, Mrs. Anne, 237
+  Robert, 235
+
+"Ratsey's Ghost," 34
+
+Rawreth, 140
+
+Raynborn, 164
+
+Reve, John, 15
+  William, 15
+
+Rewardine, Gloucestershire, 87
+
+Reynolds, Humphrey, 50
+  Roger, 27, 29, 30, 194
+  William, 80
+
+"Richard II.," 68, 72
+
+"Richard III.," 68
+
+Richardson, Cicely, 138
+  John, 63
+  Sarah, 150
+
+Ridley, Jane, 154
+  Sir Matthew, 154
+
+Rightwood, Hamond, 236
+
+Robbins, Antony, 127
+
+Roberts, Margery, 118
+  Thomas, shoemaker, 118, 119
+
+Robinson, Dr. William, 205
+  John, 80
+
+Rocliff, Master John, 204
+
+Rodburn, 166
+
+Rogers, Henry, 59
+  Philip, 121
+
+"Romeo and Juliet," 68, 108
+
+Roses, The Wars of the, 26, 170
+
+Rosswell, Mr., 69
+
+Rotley, 166
+
+Rous, John, 162
+
+Rowbotham, Jane, 188
+
+Rowington, 4, 8, 13, 14, 21, 54, 93, 113, 114, 115, 124, 127, 128, 129
+  Court Rolls, 4, 8, 13
+  Records of, edited by Mr. J.W. Rylands, 4, 14, 54, 80, 121,
+      122, 129, 130, 220, 226, 227
+
+Rucking, Kent, 141
+
+Rupert, Prince, 101
+
+Rushby, Agnes, 36
+  Richard, 30, 36, 223
+  Thomas, 80
+
+Ruswell, Mary, 123
+
+Rymer's "Foedera," the grant of Shakespeare and others, 73, 74
+
+
+Sadler, Hamnet, 80
+  Judith, 80
+  Roger, baker, 41
+
+Sage, Joseph, 158
+
+Sakesper, Simon, 4
+
+Sakspere, Henry, 114
+  Margaret, 114
+
+Salisbury, Earl of, 146
+
+Saltley, 176, 177, 183
+
+Salveyn, Geoffrey, 198
+
+Sandells, Fulke, 63
+
+Sanders, Margaret, 114
+  Richard, 114
+
+Sattlewell, William, 127
+
+Saunders, Hugh, alias Shakespeare, 15, 16, 134
+
+Sautemaris, Geoffrey de, 197
+
+Savage, Mr. Richard, 120, 225
+
+Saviour's, St., Church of, 83, 110
+
+Saxper, Nicholas, 140
+  Saray, 143
+
+Sayer, Louisa Caroline, 156
+  Robert, 156
+
+Scarlett, or Skerlett, Elizabeth, 36, 223
+  John, 31, 38
+  Margaret, 31
+
+Scatcliffe, John, 143
+
+Schakespeir, or Schaftspeire, Sir Thomas, priest, 15, 139
+
+Scory, Bishop, 211
+
+Scotland, Shakespeare in, 73
+
+Scott, Sir Walter, 71
+
+Seeley, Martha, 152
+
+Seneca, 68
+
+Sewell, Margaret, 207
+
+Shackspeare v. Lambert, 48, 57, 59
+
+Shakespeare, Abigail, 143
+  Adam, of Oldiche (1389), 6, 7
+    the Younger (1441), 6
+  Adrian, 130, 151
+  Agnes, 8, 12, 15, 125, 156
+  Alderman, the, 137, 153, 154, 158
+  Alice, 7, 10, 12, 15, 40, 119, 123, 124, 125, 126, 140, 228
+  Alicia, 7
+  Alexander, 156, 159
+  Allan, of Cumberland, 5
+  Andrew, 125
+  Ann, 124, 136, 138
+  Annah, 124, 139, 158
+  Anne, 125, 131, 136, 139, 158, 227, 228
+  Anne, Mrs., 159
+  Anne, the poet's sister, 49, 54, 56, 109
+  Anne, the poet's wife, 80, 81, 88, 89, 90, 225
+  Annis, 128
+  Anthony, 115, 147, 148
+  Antonio, 115, 119
+  Antony, 12, 115
+  arms of, 17-34, 59, 153
+  Arthur, 137, 153, 154, 156
+  Arthur Bucknall, 156
+  Arthur Franklin, 157
+  Arthur Robert, 155
+  Arthur William, 154
+  Arthur Wyndham, Rev., 157
+  Augusta, 155, 156
+  Barbara, 125
+  Bennet, 153
+  Benjamin, 121, 151, 152
+  Betty, 132
+  Catharine, 124, 125, 127, 136, 148
+  Charles Bowles, 134
+  Charles Maxtor, 155
+  Charlotte, 155, 157
+  Christian, 7, 124, 151
+  Christopher, 11, 125, 127, 227
+  Clement, 227
+  Colin, 154, 157
+  Cornelius, 124
+  David, 157
+  Dorothy, 127, 145, 146, 147
+  Edmund, the poet's brother, 49, 56, 60, 109
+  Edward, 120, 126, 127, 132, 140, 150, 159, 229, 230
+  Edward O., 159
+  Eleanor, 128, 136
+  Elena, 12
+  Elizabeth (Huddespit), 7
+  Elizabeth, 7, 8, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 128, 134, 135, 136,
+      139, 143, 151, 153, 154, 227, 228, 230
+
+  Ellen, 134, 148, 150
+  Ellinor, 135, 226
+  Emily, 155, 159
+  Emma, 156
+  Florence, 129
+  Frances, 124
+  Francis, 144
+  Frederick George, 155
+  Geoffrey, of Brixton, 4
+  George, 10, 111, 123, 125, 128, 129, 132, 138, 151, 152, 159, 226, 227
+  George Bucknall, 156
+  George Trant, 154
+  Georgiana, 157
+    Henrietta Matilda, 157
+  Gilbert, the poet's brother, 49, 53, 72, 100, 111, 226
+  Hamnet, the poet's son, 56, 67, 71, 90, 109
+  Hannah, 130, 136, 158
+  Harriet, 156, 157
+  Harriet Blanche, 157
+  Henrietta, 156
+  Henry (1349), of Cumberland, 5
+  Henry, 115, 119, 120, 126, 130, 137, 143, 155, 158, 159, 229
+  Henry, the poet's uncle, 45, 50, 56, 57, 109, 114, 158, 224
+  Henry Davenport, 154, 155, 156
+  Henry John Childe, 156
+  Hester, 124
+  Humphrey, 118, 127, 132, 144, 227
+  Hugh, 144
+  Hugh, alias Saunders, 15, 16
+  Ida Nea, 157
+  Isabel, 123, 125, 143
+  Isabella, Prioress of Wroxall, 7, 10, 11, 12
+  Isolda (Kakley), 7
+  James, 115, 132
+  Jane, 144, 147, 148, 154, 227
+  Jane, or Johanna, Domina, 11, 12, 14, 125
+  Jeames, 115
+  Joan, 8, 14, 114, 116, 128, 131
+  Joan, the poet's sister, 49, 51, 52, 54, 79, 109
+  Joane, 115, 119, 121, 128, 131
+  Joanna, 7
+  Johanna, 7, 13, 144
+  Johanna, or Jane, 12, 116, 144
+  Johannes (1526), 12
+  John, 8, 12, 13, 14, 15, 114, 115, 118, 119, 120, 121, 123,
+      124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134, 135, 136,
+      137, 138, 139, 140, 143, 150, 152, 153, 157, 159, 227, 228,
+      229
+  John, of Clifford Chambers, 119
+    of Doncaster, 8
+    of Ingon, 52, 115, 120, 226
+    of Kent (1278), 5
+    of Nottingham (1357), 5
+    of Oldiche (1414), 7
+    of Rowington, 114, 115
+    of St. Clement's Danes, 146, 147, 148, 149
+    of St. Martin's, 145, 146
+    of Snitterfield, Agricola, 52, 116, 120, 145, 147, 152, 223
+    of Warwick, 15, 130, 229
+  John, the shoemaker, 58, 112, 118, 119, 120, 147
+  John, the poet's father, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25,
+      31, 33, 36, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52,
+      53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 64, 94, 109, 110, 116, 158,
+      175, 223, 224
+    comes to Stratford-on-Avon, 50
+    marries, 51
+    alderman, 53
+    bailiff, 53, 54
+    place of residence, 55
+    Lambert's mortgage, 45, 57
+    death, 59
+  John Davenport, 156
+  John Dowdeswell, 154, 155
+  John Jos. Art., 230
+  John Joseph, 230
+  John, of Shadwell, 152, 153, 154, 155, 157, 158
+  John, of St. Clement's, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 230
+  John, of St. Martin's, 145, 146, 147
+  John Talbot, 154, 155, 156
+  Jonathan, 152, 153
+  Jone, 15, 131, 138, 139, 227
+  Joseph, 139
+  Joshua, 158
+  Josiah, 228
+  Joyce, 129, 137, 151
+  Judith, 124, 139, 141, 151
+  Judith, the poet's daughter, 56, 78, 81, 82, 90, 109
+  Julian, 119
+  Lawrence, 13, 14, 126
+  Leonard, 135, 136, 141
+  Leslie, 156
+  Lettyce, 115
+  Lionel Fairfax, 157
+  Louisa, 156
+  Lucy, 137
+  Luke, 137
+  Manasses, 151
+  Margaret, 14, 15, 124, 129, 141, 148, 149, 150, 151, 227, 228
+  Margaret, the poet's sister, 49, 52
+  Margaret, wife of Henry, 114
+  Margeria (1464), 7
+  Margery (1458), 9
+  Margery, Mrs., 121
+  Maria, 129, 145, 146
+  Marianne, 155
+  Marie, 125, 127, 129
+  Martha, 158
+  Mary, 125, 128, 129, 131, 134, 136, 143, 149, 150, 152, 154,
+      156, 157, 158, 227, 228, 229
+  Mary, the poet's mother, 19, 22, 24, 25, 36, 37, 42, 43, 44,
+      45, 48, 49, 58, 60, 76, 109, 110, 161, 184
+    heir and executor to her father Robert, 38
+    probable date of marriage, 51
+    she died, but no memorial left, 60, 76
+  Matthew, 138, 143, 144, 159
+  Matthew, John, 154
+    Mrs., 137
+    Mrs. O., 159
+  Nathaniel, 143
+  Nicholas, 124, 125, 126, 128
+  Owen, 157
+  Peter (1483), 9, 142
+  Peter (1596), 10
+  Peter, 14, 124, 125, 130
+  Philip, 118, 125
+  Radulphus, 7
+  Ralph, 7, 13, 136
+  Reginald, 141
+  Rebecca, 228
+  Rebekah, 151
+  Richard (1457), 7
+  Richard, 8, 12, 13, 14, 15, 123, 125
+  Richard, of Rowington, 14, 15, 114, 121, 226, 227, 228
+  Richard, of Snitterfield, probably poet's grandfather, 7, 8,
+      12, 14, 15, 21, 36, 37, 50, 52, 109, 113, 114, 116, 158, 223
+  Richard, the bailiff, 12, 13, 14, 113
+  Richard, the poet's brother, 49, 54, 109, 110, 111
+  Richmond, 155
+  Richmond Campbell, Sir, 154, 155
+  Robert, 8, 13, 15, 115, 123, 124, 126, 134, 135, 136, 138,
+      140, 144, 156, 157, 158
+  Robert, of Pontefract (1381), 6
+  Robina, 136
+  Roger, 21, 114, 123, 124, 125
+  Roger, the monk, 14, 21, 124
+  Roger, the Yeoman of the King's Chamber, 21
+  Samuel, 137, 139, 140, 152, 154
+  Sara, 125, 143
+  Sarah, 158
+  Selina, 155
+  Simon, of Gloucestershire (1260), 4
+  Sophia, 159
+  Susan, 139, 147, 148
+  Susanna, the poet's daughter, 56, 75, 77, 79, 90, 95, 109
+    her epitaph, 104
+  Susannah, 122, 124, 125, 136, 139
+  Thomas (1359), of Coventry, 5
+  Thomas (1375), of Youghal, 6, 141
+  Thomas (1476), 7
+  Thomas (1486), 7
+  Thomas (1511), 11
+  Thomas, 13, 14, 15, 19, 21, 114, 119, 120, 121, 124, 125,
+      126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134, 135, 137, 139, 140,
+      141, 144, 148, 151, 152, 226, 227, 228, 229
+  Thomas, of Ireland, 6, 8, 141
+  Thomas, of Lutterworth, 132, 133, 134
+  Thomas, of Oxford, 134
+  Thomas, of Snitterfield, 109, 115, 116, 145, 147, 158
+  Thomas, of Staple Inn, 132, 133, 152
+  Thomas, Royal Messenger, 21, 144
+  Thomas, Sir, the Priest, 15, 138
+  Ursula, 118
+  Walter, 124
+  Walter (1379), 6
+  Widow, 120, 136, 226, 228
+  William, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19, 21, 114, 115, 119, 120, 121, 122,
+      123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131, 134, 136, 138, 142, 143,
+      151, 152, 155, 156, 158, 228, 229, 230
+  William (1398), of Cumberland, 5
+  William (1413), of London, 9
+  William Makepeace, 154
+  William Oliver, 154, 155
+  William, the money-lender and malt agent, 120, 121
+  William, the poet, 15, 18, 19, 22, 33, 34, 49, 57, 59, 64, 69, 73, 76,
+      79, 80, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 95, 97, 100, 104, 108, 111, 112,
+      120, 121, 147, 148, 160, 180, 186, 217, 222, 227
+    he used the coat of arms, 33
+    consented to sale of Asbies, 46
+    marriage, 56
+    birth of children, 56
+    became head of family, 61
+    his betrothal, 62
+    marriage license, 63
+    friends in London, 64
+    sonnets and poems to same patron, 66
+    played before the Queen, 66
+    death of his only son, 67
+    Quiney's letter to Shakespeare, 69
+    Shakespeare in Scotland, 73
+    death of his mother, 76
+    his will, 78, 79
+    his epitaph, 84
+    William, his poems, 86
+   William Powlett, 156
+   William Ross, 156
+   William of Westminster, 142
+   Winifred, 127
+   Wyndham, Rev. Arthur, 157
+
+Shakespeare, the arms of, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 33, 59, 112, 153,
+    156, 222
+  Impalement of Ardens with, 24, 33, 175, 222
+
+Shakespeare's ancestry, 6
+
+Shakespeare's descendants, 87, 104, 108
+
+"Shakespeareana Genealogica." See G.R. French.
+
+Shakespeare Inn, Gloucester, 109
+
+"Shakespeare Jahrbuch," Berlin, 3
+
+Shakespeare Library in Warwick Castle, 117, 120
+
+Shakespeare's Name, The Earliest Official Record of, 3, 66
+
+Shakespeare signatures, 3
+
+Shakespeares, the, of Alcester, 10, 124
+  Ascote, 10
+  Baddesley Clinton, 124
+  Balsall, 7, 10, 124
+  Beausal, 10
+  Bedfordshire, 136
+  Berkshire, 132
+  Berkswell, 10, 124
+  Budbrook, 10, 124
+  Cumberland, 5
+  Derbyshire, 136
+  Dursley, 132
+  Essex, 4, 10, 138
+  Fillongley, 111, 131
+  Gloucestershire, 4, 132
+  Grafton, 10
+  Hampshire, 136
+  Haseley, 10, 124
+  Hatton, 10, 122, 124
+  Hertford, 136
+  Kenilworth, 124
+  Kingswood, 130
+  Knowle, 10, 124, 126, 131
+  Lapworth, 10, 124
+  Leicestershire, 132, 133, 134
+  London, 137, 142
+  Meriden, 11, 124
+  Northampton, 132
+  Norton Lindsey, 10
+  Nottingham, 5, 8
+  Oxford, 132, 134, 135
+  Packwood, 10, 11, 124
+  Rowington, 8, 10, 12, 19, 124, 129
+  Snitterfield, 10, 28, 36
+  South Stoke, 136
+  Staffordshire, 10, 132
+  Surrey, 4, 136
+  Tachbrook, 10
+  Warwick, 10, 14, 130, 131, 132
+  Worcestershire, 10, 132
+  Wroxall, 10, 124
+
+Shakespeares, The, 31, 39, 40, 123, 223
+
+"Shakespeare's Warwickshire Contemporaries," 64, 65
+
+Shakespeare, The name of, 1, 2, 3
+
+Shakespeare _v._ Lambert, 47, 48, 57, 59
+
+Shakespeye, Simon, 4
+
+Shakesphere, 140
+
+Shakespurr, 140
+
+Shakspere, William (1413), 9
+
+Shallett, Elizabeth, 153
+
+Shallow, Justice, 64, 79
+
+Shankes' Petition, 71
+
+Shaw's "Staffordshire," 184, 185, 187, 198, 199, 232
+
+Shaxsby, John, 140
+
+Shawe, Ralphe, 58
+
+Sheldon, Mrs., 100
+
+Shenton, Geoff. de, 186
+  Nichola, 186
+
+Sheppard's, Samuel, "Epigrams," 85
+
+Shillingworth, Mr. Ralph, 134
+
+Shirley, Henry, 176
+
+Shottery, 87, 88, 226
+
+Shotteswell, Catharine, 127
+  William, 126
+
+Shrawley, 128, 129
+
+Shugborough, Simon, 179
+
+Shuter, Richard, 122
+
+Siche, Thomas, of Arscote, 50
+
+Sidney, Sir Robert, 22
+
+Sigisbert, 1
+
+Siward, 166
+
+Skinner, William, 128
+
+Skreene, Alice, 206
+  Elizabeth, 203
+  John, 204
+
+Slender, 79
+
+Sly, John, 227
+  William, 73
+
+Smith, Mrs. Alice, 236
+  Henry, 105, 106
+  Mrs. Margaret, 219
+  Sir Thomas, 18
+  William, 57, 105, 109, 119, 124, 145
+  William Shakespeare, 226
+
+Snitterfield, 27, 30, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 47, 50,
+    113, 114, 123, 174, 223, 224
+
+Solar, William, 4
+
+Somerville, John, 30, 178, 179, 180
+  Margaret, 178, 179
+  Elizabeth, 179
+  Walter de, 230
+
+Sonnets, The date of, 66
+
+Southampton, Mary, Countess of, 2, 221
+  Henry, Earl of, 58, 65, 66, 67, 71, 72, 74, 147, 222
+
+Spateman, Anne, 187, 232
+  Rev. John, 187, 232
+  Thomas, 238
+
+Spencer, Thomas, 123
+
+Spenser, Edmund, 2
+
+Spondon, Robert le, 5
+
+Stafford, Sir Richard, 199
+  Katharine, 199
+
+Stanhope, Mrs. Henrietta Maria, 181
+  John de, 200
+  Sir William, 201, 222
+  Thomas de, 200
+
+Starke, Grace, 138
+
+Stanley, Catherine, of Hooten, 201, 222
+
+Statfold, 199
+
+Stevenson's "Nottingham," 5, 8, 10
+
+Stiffe, Barbara, 124
+
+Stillard, Bridget, 218
+  Robert, 218
+
+Stokeport, Joane, 198
+  Sir Richard, 198
+
+Stokes, Ralph, 124
+
+Storeton, Grace, 139
+
+Stotesby, Agnes, 209
+
+Stratford-on-Avon, 19, 41, 50, 51, 52, 58, 59, 79, 92, 101, 116
+  its records, 19, 37, 41, 50, 51, 53, 56, 57, 69, 95, 116,
+    119, 121
+  its church, 60, 84
+  its Grammar School, 61
+  the master of, 61
+
+Stratton, Thomas, 208
+
+Stringer, Agnes, 40, 41, 49, 62
+  Arden, 49
+  Ellice, 49
+  John, 49
+  Thomas, 40, 41, 49, 50, 63
+
+Sturley, Abraham, 68
+  Katharine, 100
+
+Suffolk Visitation, 234
+
+Sulgrave, 170
+
+Surrey Visitation, 234
+
+Sutton, 169
+  Anne, or Dudley, 64
+  Sir Edward, Lord Dudley, 64
+
+Swaldyve, 169, 233
+
+Swanston, Benfield and Pollard _v._ Burbage, 70
+
+Swillington, Richard, 209
+
+Swynford, Sir John, 168
+  Roger, 230
+
+
+Tachbrook, 123
+
+Talbot, Sir Edmund, 234
+  Martha, 154
+
+Talbots, The, 160, 234
+
+Tardebigg, 14
+
+Taylor, Alice, 12
+  Will, 233
+
+Tayloure, Rev. John, Vicar of St. Brigyde, 177
+
+Teery, Balsall, 10
+  William, 133
+
+Temple, Grafton, 10
+
+Tetherton, William, 121
+
+Thackeray, Emily, 154
+  William Makepeace, 154, 155
+
+Thickness, Edward, 145
+
+Thomas, Dr. W., 11
+
+Thompson, Marian Sophia, 155
+  Thomas, 123
+
+Thornbury, Dr., Bishop of Worcester, 100
+
+Thorne, Nicholas, 210
+  Robert, 210
+  Thomas, 209
+
+Thrale, George, 172
+
+Throckmorton, Clement, 35
+  Francis, 64
+  George, Sir, 28, 178
+  Job, 122
+  John, Sir, 64
+  Mary, 178
+  Mrs., 100
+  Nicholas, Sir, 95
+  Robert, Sir, 27, 28, 29, 178, 184
+
+Thurley, 172
+
+Timbs, John, "Curiosities of London," 143
+
+Timporley, 201, 234
+
+"Titus Andronicus," 68
+
+Toupe, Jane, 230
+
+Townsend, Henry, 115
+
+Tracy, Sir Paul, 94
+
+Traffords, The, 195
+
+Trapp, Mr. John, 100
+
+Trussell, Alured, of Billesley, 28
+  Dorothy, 28
+  Thomas, 27, 28, 29, 30, 57, 58, 174
+  Warine, Sir, 27
+  William, Sir, 27, 174
+
+Tucker, Mr. Stephen, Somerset Herald, 20
+
+Turchil, 160, 165, 166, 167, 190, 191
+
+Turner, George, 51
+
+Twycroft, The, Rowington, 13
+
+Twycross, John, 127
+
+Tybotes, John, 125
+
+Tyler, Richard, 58
+
+
+Underhill, Fulke, 67
+  Hercules, 67
+  William, 67
+
+Underhills, The, 100
+
+Upton, Cheshire, 200
+
+Upton, Warwickshire, 231
+
+Uva, or Huva, 164, 165
+
+
+Vale, John, 123
+  Katharine, 123
+  Raufe, 173
+
+"Valor Ecclesiasticus," 12, 113
+
+Vassal, Asser, 139
+
+Vautrollier, Thomas, printer of London, 65
+
+Veley, Charles Augustus, Archdeacon of Essex, 138, 139
+
+Venables, Hugh de, 198
+  Alice, 198
+
+"Venus and Adonis," 65, 66, 222
+
+Verney, Sir Greville, 102
+
+Vernon, Margaret, 129
+  Ralph de, 168
+  Rose, 168
+
+Verstegan's "Restitution of Decayed Intelligence," 1
+
+
+Wadley, Rev. J.P., 139
+
+Waferer, Francis, 176, 177
+
+Wagstaff, John, 30, 223
+
+Waight, Mary, 151
+
+Wake, Nicholas, 169
+  Robert, 169
+  Thomas, 169
+
+Wale, Edward, 182
+
+Wales, Prince of, as Earl of Chester, 200
+
+Walker, Barbara, 107
+  Sir Edward, 107
+  Henry, 76
+  William, 76, 80
+
+Wall, William, 231
+
+Walpole, H., 237
+  Hon. Thomas, 237
+  Lord, 237
+
+Walton-on-Thames, 137, 138, 159
+
+Wapenham, 170, 194
+
+Ward, Simon, 194
+
+Wardrobe, The tenement in, 80, 102
+
+Warehorne, Kent, 141
+
+Warenne, Sir Edward, 233
+
+Warwick, 10, 14, 119, 122, 124, 130, 131, 164
+  Castle, 117, 162, 166
+
+Warwickshire, 19, 27, 31, 58, 87, 99, 118, 123, 131, 166, 173, 176, 178,
+    231
+  Countess of, 72
+  Earls of, 31, 58, 72, 137, 162, 163, 166, 168, 169, 174
+  Gentlemen of, 19, 93, 95, 130, 183
+
+Washington, George, 195
+  Laurence, 195
+  Robert, 195
+
+Wasteneys, Ellen, 199
+
+Waterfield, Emma, 156
+
+Watford, William of, 196, 197
+
+Watford, 196, 197
+
+Watts, Richard, 104
+
+Waulkner, Mary, 236
+
+Weale, John, 122
+
+Webbe, Alexander, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 49
+  Agnes (Mrs. Arden), 36, 49
+  Margaret, 36, 37, 39, 49, 56
+  Robert, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 49, 56, 114, 223
+  Thomas, 42
+
+Webberley, Edmund, 237
+
+Wedgewood, Mary, 186
+  William, 54
+
+Weever family, 233
+
+Wegeat, or Wigatus, 164
+
+Welcombe, 78, 80
+
+Welles, Thomas, 106
+
+Wennington, 216
+
+Wery, Gregory, 205
+
+West, Edward, 51
+  Sarah, 237
+
+West's "Symboleography Concords," 42
+
+Westmoreland, Earl of, 174, 177
+
+Whalley's "Northampton," 168, 189, 196
+
+Whateley, Anne, 63
+
+Wheeler, John, 57, 58
+  Mrs., 58
+  Mr. R.B., 118, 226
+
+Whitelock, James, 133
+
+Whitmore, William, 88
+
+Whitrefe, Joan, 115
+
+Whittington, Thomas, 88
+
+Whitefriars Theatre at the time of Shakespeare, 224
+
+Wigatus, or Wegeat, 164
+
+Wigod, or Wigotus, 165
+
+William the Conqueror, 165
+  the Lion, 192
+  Rufus, 166
+
+Williams, Agnes, 140
+
+Willis, Edward, 54, 59
+
+Wilmecote, 27, 36, 37, 38, 42, 49
+
+Wilmer, Robert, 231
+  William, 231
+
+Wilmot, Leonard, 135
+
+Wilson, Anne, 139
+  Harry, 138
+  Rev. Thomas, 96, 100
+
+Wilson's, Robert, "Cobbler's Prophecy," 18
+
+Wilton, 74, 75
+
+Wilton, Samuel, 153
+
+Wiltshire, James, Earl of, 170
+
+Winch, William, 143
+
+Winchester, 74
+
+Windebanck, Sir Thomas, 145
+
+Winworth, 167, 169
+
+Wolferstan, Samuel Pipe, 184
+
+"Women, History of," 85
+
+Wood, William, 27, 29, 30, 173
+
+Woodcock, William, 157
+
+Woodham, Agnes, 12
+  Richard, 12, 14, 126
+
+Wood's "Athenæ Oxonienses," 15
+
+Woodward, Isabel, 209
+  Mrs., 96
+
+Wooten Wawen, 189
+
+Worcester, 63, 93
+  Bishop of, 100
+  Earl of, 174
+  his Court, 77, 79, 122
+
+Worcester, his register, 63, 93
+  MS., 122
+  Wills, 13, 14, 37, 38, 52, 93, 128
+
+Worcestershire, 40, 100, 181
+
+Wren, Christopher, 145
+
+Wright, Sir Christopher, 205
+  Mrs. Elizabeth, 219, 236
+  Rev. Walter, 210
+  William, 146
+
+Wrottesley, Sir Hugh, 199, 200
+  Isabel, 199
+
+Wroxall, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 21, 113, 115, 124, 137
+
+Wyckeham, Robert de, 169, 233
+  Elizabeth, 169
+
+Wylemyn, Nicholas, of Shrewley, 230
+
+
+Yate, or Yates, Anthony, 209
+  Eleanor, 210
+  Francis, 212
+  John, 211, 234
+  Simon, 207, 208
+  Thomas, 208
+
+Yates, Luke, 236
+
+Yeatman's, Mr. "Gentle Shakespeare," 7, 12, 15, 113, 129
+
+_Yorkshire Archæological Journal_, 234
+  Visitation, 234
+
+Yoxall, 27, 31, 32, 172, 176, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187
+
+
+Zouch, Lord, 160
+  William de la, 194
+
+Zupitza, 162
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+_Elliot Stock, Paternoster Row, London_
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Shakespeare's Family, by Mrs. C. C. Stopes
+
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