initial commit of ebook 2631HEADmain

11 files changed, 7023 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6833f05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+* text=auto
+*.txt text
+*.md text
diff --git a/2631-8.txt b/2631-8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8cab287
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2631-8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1343 @@
+Project Gutenberg's Mr. Gladstone and Genesis, by Thomas Henry Huxley
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Mr. Gladstone and Genesis
+       Essay #5 from "Science and Hebrew Tradition"
+
+Author: Thomas Henry Huxley
+
+Posting Date: December 3, 2008 [EBook #2631]
+Release Date: May, 2001
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MR. GLADSTONE AND GENESIS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by D.R. Thompson
+
+
+
+
+
+MR. GLADSTONE AND GENESIS
+
+ESSAY #5 FROM "SCIENCE AND HEBREW TRADITION"
+
+
+By Thomas Henry Huxley
+
+
+
+In controversy, as in courtship, the good old rule to be off with the
+old before one is on with the new, greatly commends itself to my sense
+of expediency. And, therefore, it appears to me desirable that I should
+preface such observations as I may have to offer upon the cloud of
+arguments (the relevancy of which to the issue which I had ventured to
+raise is not always obvious) put forth by Mr. Gladstone in the January
+number of this review, [1] by an endeavour to make clear to such of
+our readers as have not had the advantage of a forensic education the
+present net result of the discussion.
+
+I am quite aware that, in undertaking this task, I run all the risks
+to which the man who presumes to deal judicially with his own cause is
+liable. But it is exactly because I do not shun that risk, but, rather,
+earnestly desire to be judged by him who cometh after me, provided that
+he has the knowledge and impartiality appropriate to a judge, that I
+adopt my present course.
+
+In the article on "The Dawn of Creation and Worship," it will be
+remembered that Mr. Gladstone unreservedly commits himself to three
+propositions. The first is that, according to the writer of the
+Pentateuch, the "water-population," the "air-population," and the
+"land-population" of the globe were created successively, in the order
+named. In the second place, Mr. Gladstone authoritatively asserts that
+this (as part of his "fourfold order") has been "so affirmed in our time
+by natural science, that it may be taken as a demonstrated conclusion
+and established fact." In the third place, Mr. Gladstone argues that the
+fact of this coincidence of the pentateuchal story with the results
+of modern investigation makes it "impossible to avoid the conclusion,
+first, that either this writer was gifted with faculties passing all
+human experience, or else his knowledge was divine." And having settled
+to his own satisfaction that the first "branch of the alternative is
+truly nominal and unreal," Mr. Gladstone continues, "So stands the plea
+for a revelation of truth from God, a plea only to be met by questioning
+its possibility" (p. 697).
+
+I am a simple-minded person, wholly devoid of subtlety of intellect, so
+that I willingly admit that there may be depths of alternative meaning
+in these propositions out of all soundings attainable by my poor
+plummet. Still there are a good many people who suffer under a like
+intellectual limitation; and, for once in my life, I feel that I have
+the chance of attaining that position of a representative of average
+opinion which appears to be the modern ideal of a leader of men, when
+I make free confession that, after turning the matter over in my mind,
+with all the aid derived from a careful consideration of Mr. Gladstone's
+reply, I cannot get away from my original conviction that, if Mr.
+Gladstone's second proposition can be shown to be not merely inaccurate,
+but directly contradictory of facts known to every one who is acquainted
+with the elements of natural science, the third proposition collapses of
+itself.
+
+And it was this conviction which led me to enter upon the present
+discussion. I fancied that if my respected clients, the people of
+average opinion and capacity, could once be got distinctly to conceive
+that Mr. Gladstone's views as to the proper method of dealing with grave
+and difficult scientific and religious problems had permitted him to
+base a solemn "plea for a revelation of truth from God" upon an error as
+to a matter of fact, from which the intelligent perusal of a manual of
+palaeontology would have saved him, I need not trouble myself to
+occupy their time and attention [167] with further comments upon his
+contribution to apologetic literature. It is for others to judge whether
+I have efficiently carried out my project or not. It certainly does not
+count for much that I should be unable to find any flaw in my own case,
+but I think it counts for a good deal that Mr. Gladstone appears to have
+been equally unable to do so. He does, indeed, make a great parade of
+authorities, and I have the greatest respect for those authorities whom
+Mr. Gladstone mentions. If he will get them to sign a joint memorial to
+the effect that our present palaeontological evidence proves that birds
+appeared before the "land-population" of terrestrial reptiles, I shall
+think it my duty to reconsider my position--but not till then.
+
+It will be observed that I have cautiously used the word "appears" in
+referring to what seems to me to be absence of any real answer to my
+criticisms in Mr. Gladstone's reply. For I must honestly confess that,
+notwithstanding long and painful strivings after clear insight, I am
+still uncertain whether Mr. Gladstone's "Defence" means that the
+great "plea for a revelation from God" is to be left to perish in the
+dialectic desert; or whether it is to be withdrawn under the protection
+of such skirmishers as are available for covering retreat.
+
+In particular, the remarkable disquisition which covers pages 11 to
+14 of Mr. Gladstone's last contribution has greatly exercised my mind.
+Socrates is reported to have said of the works of Heraclitus that he who
+attempted to comprehend them should be a "Delian swimmer," but that, for
+his part, what he could understand was so good that he was disposed
+to believe in the excellence of that which he found unintelligible. In
+endeavouring to make myself master of Mr. Gladstone's meaning in these
+pages, I have often been overcome by a feeling analogous to that
+of Socrates, but not quite the same. That which I do understand has
+appeared to me so very much the reverse of good, that I have sometimes
+permitted myself to doubt the value of that which I do not understand.
+
+In this part of Mr. Gladstone's reply, in fact, I find nothing of which
+the bearing upon my arguments is clear to me, except that which relates
+to the question whether reptiles, so far as they are represented by
+tortoises and the great majority of lizards and snakes, which are land
+animals, are creeping things in the sense of the pentateuchal writer or
+not.
+
+I have every respect for the singer of the Song of the Three Children
+(whoever he may have been); I desire to cast no shadow of doubt upon,
+but, on the contrary, marvel at, the exactness of Mr. Gladstone's
+information as to the considerations which "affected the method of
+the Mosaic writer"; nor do I venture to doubt that the inconvenient
+intrusion of these contemptible reptiles--"a family fallen from
+greatness" (p. 14), a miserable decayed aristocracy reduced to mere
+"skulkers about the earth" (_ibid._)--in consequence, apparently,
+of difficulties about the occupation of land arising out of the
+earth-hunger of their former serfs, the mammals--into an apologetic
+argument, which otherwise would run quite smoothly, is in every way to
+be deprecated. Still, the wretched creatures stand there, importunately
+demanding notice; and, however different may be the practice in that
+contentious atmosphere with which Mr. Gladstone expresses and laments
+his familiarity, in the atmosphere of science it really is of no avail
+whatever to shut one's eyes to facts, or to try to bury them out of
+sight under a tumulus of rhetoric. That is my experience of the "Elysian
+regions of Science," wherein it is a pleasure to me to think that a man
+of Mr. Gladstone's intimate knowledge of English life, during the last
+quarter of a century, believes my philosophic existence to have been
+rounded off in unbroken equanimity.
+
+However reprehensible, and indeed contemptible, terrestrial reptiles may
+be, the only question which appears to me to be relevant to my
+argument is whether these creatures are or are not comprised under the
+denomination of "everything that creepeth upon the ground."
+
+Mr. Gladstone speaks of the author of the first chapter of Genesis as
+"the Mosaic writer"; I suppose, therefore, that he will admit that it
+is equally proper to speak of the author of Leviticus as the "Mosaic
+writer." Whether such a phrase would be used by any one who had an
+adequate conception of the assured results of modern Biblical criticism
+is another matter; but, at any rate, it cannot be denied that Leviticus
+has as much claim to Mosaic authorship as Genesis. Therefore, if one
+wants to know the sense of a phrase used in Genesis, it will be well
+to see what Leviticus has to say on the matter. Hence, I commend
+the following extract from the eleventh chapter of Leviticus to Mr.
+Gladstone's serious attention:--
+
+   And these are they which are unclean unto you among the creeping
+   things that creep upon the earth: the weasel, and the mouse, and
+   the great lizard after its kind, and the gecko, and the land
+   crocodile, and the sand-lizard, and the chameleon. These are
+   they which are unclean to you among all that creep (v. 29-3l).
+
+The merest Sunday-school exegesis therefore suffices to prove that when
+the "Mosaic writer" in Genesis i. 24 speaks of "creeping things," he
+means to include lizards among them.
+
+This being so, it is agreed, on all hands, that terrestrial lizards,
+and other reptiles allied to lizards, occur in the Permian strata. It
+is further agreed that the Triassic strata were deposited after these.
+Moreover, it is well known that, even if certain footprints are to be
+taken as unquestionable evidence of the existence of birds, they are
+not known to occur in rocks earlier than the Trias, while indubitable
+remains of birds are to be met with only much later. Hence it follows
+that natural science does not "affirm" the statement that birds were
+made on the fifth day, and "everything that creepeth on the ground" on
+the sixth, on which Mr. Gladstone rests his order; for, as is shown
+by Leviticus, the "Mosaic writer" includes lizards among his "creeping
+things."
+
+Perhaps I have given myself superfluous trouble in the preceding
+argument, for I find that Mr. Gladstone is willing to assume (he does
+not say to admit) that the statement in the text of Genesis as to
+reptiles cannot "in all points be sustained" (p. 16). But my position
+is that it cannot be sustained in any point, so that, after all, it
+has perhaps been as well to go over the evidence again. And then Mr.
+Gladstone proceeds as if nothing had happened to tell us that--
+
+   There remain great unshaken facts to be weighed. First, the fact
+   that such a record should have been made at all.
+
+As most peoples have their cosmogonies, this "fact" does not strike me
+as having much value.
+
+    Secondly, the fact that, instead of dwelling in generalities, it
+    has placed itself under the severe conditions of a chronological
+    order reaching from the first _nisus_ of chaotic matter to
+    the consummated production of a fair and goodly, a furnished and
+    a peopled world.
+
+This "fact" can be regarded as of value only by ignoring the fact
+demonstrated in my previous paper, that natural science does not
+confirm the order asserted so far as living things are concerned; and
+by upsetting a fact to be brought to light presently, to wit, that, in
+regard to the rest of the pentateuchal cosmogony, prudent science has
+very little to say one way or the other.
+
+   Thirdly, the fact that its cosmogony seems, in the light of the
+   nineteenth century, to draw more and more of countenance from
+   the best natural philosophy.
+
+I have already questioned the accuracy of this statement, and I do not
+observe that mere repetition adds to its value.
+
+   And, fourthly, that it has described the successive origins of
+   the five great categories of present life with which human
+   experience was and is conversant, in that order which geological
+   authority confirms.
+
+By comparison with a sentence on page 14, in which a fivefold order is
+substituted for the "fourfold order," on which the "plea for revelation"
+was originally founded, it appears that these five categories are
+"plants, fishes, birds, mammals, and man," which, Mr. Gladstone affirms,
+"are given to us in Genesis in the order of succession in which they are
+also given by the latest geological authorities."
+
+I must venture to demur to this statement. I showed, in my previous
+paper, that there is no reason to doubt that the term "great sea
+monster" (used in Gen. i. 21) includes the most conspicuous of great sea
+animals--namely, whales, dolphins, porpoises, manatees, and dugongs; [2]
+and, as these are indubitable mammals, it is impossible to affirm that
+mammals come after birds, which are said to have been created on the
+same day. Moreover, I pointed out that as these Cetacea and Sirenia are
+certainly modified land animals, their existence implies the antecedent
+existence of land mammals.
+
+Furthermore, I have to remark that the term "fishes," as used,
+technically, in zoology, by no means covers all the moving creatures
+that have life, which are bidden to "fill the waters in the seas" (Gen.
+i. 20-22.) Marine mollusks and crustacea, echinoderms, corals, and
+foraminifera are not technically fishes. But they are abundant in the
+palaeozoic rocks, ages upon ages older than those in which the first
+evidences of true fishes appear. And if, in a geological book, Mr.
+Gladstone finds the quite true statement that plants appeared before
+fishes, it is only by a complete misunderstanding that he can be led
+to imagine it serves his purpose. As a matter of fact, at the present
+moment, it is a question whether, on the bare evidence afforded
+by fossils, the marine creeping thing or the marine plant has the
+seniority. No cautious palaeontologist would express a decided opinion
+on the matter. But, if we are to read the pentateuchal statement as
+a scientific document (and, in spite of all protests to the contrary,
+those who bring it into comparison with science do seek to make a
+scientific document of it), then, as it is quite clear that only
+terrestrial plants of high organisation are spoken of in verses 11
+and 12, no palaeontologist would hesitate to say that, at present, the
+records of sea animal life are vastly older than those of any land plant
+describable as "grass, herb yielding seed or fruit tree."
+
+Thus, although, in Mr. Gladstone's "Defence," the "old order passeth
+into new," his case is not improved. The fivefold order is no more
+"affirmed in our time by natural science" to be "a demonstrated
+conclusion and established fact" than the fourfold order was. Natural
+science appears to me to decline to have anything to do with either;
+they are as wrong in detail as they are mistaken in principle.
+
+There is another change of position, the value of which is not so
+apparent to me, as it may well seem to be to those who are unfamiliar
+with the subject under discussion. Mr. Gladstone discards his three
+groups of "water-population," "air-population," and "land-population,"
+and substitutes for them (1) fishes, (2) birds, (3) mammals, (4)
+man. Moreover, it is assumed, in a note, that "the higher or ordinary
+mammals" alone were known to the "Mosaic writer" (p. 6). No doubt it
+looks, at first, as if something were gained by this alteration; for,
+as I have just pointed out, the word "fishes" can be used in two senses,
+one of which has a deceptive appearance of adjustability to the "Mosaic"
+account. Then the inconvenient reptiles are banished out of sight; and,
+finally, the question of the exact meaning of "higher" and "ordinary"
+in the case of mammals opens up the prospect of a hopeful logomachy. But
+what is the good of it all in the face of Leviticus on the one hand and
+of palaeontology on the other?
+
+As, in my apprehension, there is not a shadow of justification for the
+suggestion that when the pentateuchal writer says "fowl" he excludes
+bats (which, as we shall see directly, are expressly included under
+"fowl" in Leviticus), and as I have already shown that he demonstrably
+includes reptiles, as well as mammals, among the creeping things of the
+land, I may be permitted to spare my readers further discussion of
+the "fivefold order." On the whole, it is seen to be rather more
+inconsistent with Genesis than its fourfold predecessor.
+
+But I have yet a fresh order to face. Mr. Gladstone (p. 11) understands
+"the main statements of Genesis" in successive order of time, but without
+any measurement of its divisions, to be as follows:--
+
+1. A period of land, anterior to all life (v. 9, 10). 2. A period of
+vegetable life, anterior to animal life (v. 11, 12). 3. A period of
+animal life, in the order of fishes (v. 20). 4. Another stage of animal
+life, in the order of birds. 5. Another in the order of beasts (v. 24,
+25). 6. Last of all, man (v. 26, 27).
+
+Mr. Gladstone then tries to find the proof of the occurrence of a
+similar succession in sundry excellent works on geology.
+
+I am really grieved to be obliged to say that this third (or is it
+fourth?) modification of the foundation of the "plea for revelation"
+originally set forth, satisfies me as little as any of its predecessors.
+
+For, in the first place, I cannot accept the assertion that this order
+is to be found in Genesis. With respect to No. 5, for example, I hold,
+as I have already said, that "great sea monsters" includes the Cetacea,
+in which case mammals (which is what, I suppose, Mr. Gladstone means by
+"beasts") come in under head No. 3, and not under No. 5. Again, "fowl"
+are said in Genesis to be created on the same day as fishes; therefore
+I cannot accept an order which makes birds succeed fishes. Once more,
+as it is quite certain that the term "fowl" includes the bats,--for in
+Leviticus xi. 13-19 we read, "And these shall ye have in abomination
+among the fowls... the heron after its kind, and the hoopoe, and the
+bat,"--it is obvious that bats are also said to have been created at
+stage No. 3. And as bats are mammals, and their existence obviously
+presupposes that of terrestrial "beasts," it is quite clear that the
+latter could not have first appeared as No. 5. I need not repeat my
+reasons for doubting whether man came "last of all."
+
+As the latter half of Mr. Gladstone's sixfold order thus shows itself to
+be wholly unauthorised by, and inconsistent with, the plain language
+of the Pentateuch, I might decline to discuss the admissibility of its
+former half.
+
+But I will add one or two remarks on this point also. Does Mr. Gladstone
+mean to say that in any of the works he has cited, or indeed anywhere
+else, he can find scientific warranty for the assertion that there was a
+period of land--by which I suppose he means dry land (for submerged land
+must needs be as old as the separate existence of the sea)--"anterior to
+all life?"
+
+It may be so, or it may not be so; but where is the evidence which would
+justify any one in making a positive assertion on the subject? What
+competent palaeontologist will affirm, at this present moment, that he
+knows anything about the period at which life originated, or will
+assert more than the extreme probability that such origin was a long
+way antecedent to any traces of life at present known? What physical
+geologist will affirm that he knows when dry land began to exist, or
+will say more than that it was probably very much earlier than any
+extant direct evidence of terrestrial conditions indicates?
+
+I think I know pretty well the answers which the authorities quoted by
+Mr. Gladstone would give to these questions; but I leave it to them to
+give them if they think fit.
+
+If I ventured to speculate on the matter at all, I should say it is by
+no means certain that sea is older than dry land, inasmuch as a solid
+terrestrial surface may very well have existed before the earth was cool
+enough to allow of the existence of fluid water. And, in this case,
+dry land may have existed before the sea. As to the first appearance of
+life, the whole argument of analogy, whatever it may be worth in such a
+case, is in favour of the absence of living beings until long after
+the hot water seas had constituted themselves; and of the subsequent
+appearance of aquatic before terrestrial forms of life. But whether
+these "protoplasts" would, if we could examine them, be reckoned
+among the lowest microscopic algae, or fungi; or among those doubtful
+organisms which lie in the debatable land between animals and plants,
+is, in my judgment, a question on which a prudent biologist will reserve
+his opinion.
+
+I think that I have now disposed of those parts of Mr. Gladstone's
+defence in which I seem to discover a design to rescue his solemn "plea
+for revelation." But a great deal of the "Proem to Genesis" remains
+which I would gladly pass over in silence, were such a course
+consistent with the respect due to so distinguished a champion of the
+"reconcilers."
+
+I hope that my clients--the people of average opinions--have by this
+time some confidence in me; for when I tell them that, after all, Mr.
+Gladstone is of opinion that the "Mosaic record" was meant to give
+moral, and not scientific, instruction to those for whom it was written,
+they may be disposed to think that I must be misleading them. But let
+them listen further to what Mr. Gladstone says in a compendious but not
+exactly correct statement respecting my opinions:--
+
+   He holds the writer responsible for scientific precision: I look
+   for nothing of the kind, but assign to him a statement general,
+   which admits exceptions; popular, which aims mainly at producing
+   moral impression; summary, which cannot but be open to more or
+   less of criticism of detail. He thinks it is a lecture. I think
+   it is a sermon. (p. 5).
+
+I note, incidentally, that Mr. Gladstone appears to consider that the
+_differentia_ between a lecture and a sermon is, that the former, so
+far as it deals with matters of fact, may be taken seriously, as meaning
+exactly what it says, while a sermon may not. I have quite enough on my
+hands without taking up the cudgels for the clergy, who will probably
+find Mr. Gladstone's definition unflattering.
+
+But I am diverging from my proper business, which is to say that I have
+given no ground for the ascription of these opinions; and that, as a
+matter of fact, I do not hold them and never have held them. It is Mr.
+Gladstone, and not I, who will have it that the pentateuchal cosmogony
+is to be taken as science.
+
+My belief, on the contrary, is, and long has been, that the pentateuchal
+story of the creation is simply a myth. I suppose it to be an hypothesis
+respecting the origin of the universe which some ancient thinker found
+himself able to reconcile with his knowledge, or what he thought was
+knowledge, of the nature of things, and therefore assumed to be true.
+As such, I hold it to be not merely an interesting, but a venerable,
+monument of a stage in the mental progress of mankind; and I find it
+difficult to suppose that any one who is acquainted with the cosmogonies
+of other nations--and especially with those of the Egyptians and the
+Babylonians, with whom the Israelites were in such frequent and intimate
+communication--should consider it to possess either more, or less,
+scientific importance than may be allotted to these.
+
+Mr. Gladstone's definition of a sermon permits me to suspect that he may
+not see much difference between that form of discourse and what I call
+a myth; and I hope it may be something more than the slowness of
+apprehension, to which I have confessed, which leads me to imagine
+that a statement which is "general" but "admits exceptions," which is
+"popular" and "aims mainly at producing moral impression," "summary" and
+therefore open to "criticism of detail," amounts to a myth, or perhaps
+less than a myth. Put algebraically, it comes to this, _x=a+b+c_; always
+remembering that there is nothing to show the exact value of either _a,_
+or _b,_ or _c._ It is true that _a_ is commonly supposed to equal 10,
+but there are exceptions, and these may reduce it to 8, or 3, or 0; _b_
+also popularly means 10, but being chiefly used by the algebraist as a
+"moral" value, you cannot do much with it in the addition or subtraction
+of mathematical values; _c_ also is quite "summary," and if you go into
+the details of which it is made up, many of them may be wrong, and their
+sum total equal to 0, or even to a minus quantity.
+
+Mr. Gladstone appears to wish that I should (1) enter upon a sort of
+essay competition with the author of the pentateuchal cosmogony; (2)
+that I should make a further statement about some elementary facts in
+the history of Indian and Greek philosophy; and (3) that I should show
+cause for my hesitation in accepting the assertion that Genesis is
+supported, at any rate to the extent of the first two verses, by the
+nebular hypothesis.
+
+A certain sense of humour prevents me from accepting the first
+invitation. I would as soon attempt to put Hamlet's soliloquy into
+a more scientific shape. But if I supposed the "Mosaic writer" to be
+inspired, as Mr. Gladstone does, it would not be consistent with my
+notions of respect for the Supreme Being to imagine Him unable to frame
+a form of words which should accurately, or, at least, not inaccurately,
+express His own meaning. It is sometimes said that, had the statements
+contained in the first chapter of Genesis been scientifically true, they
+would have been unintelligible to ignorant people; but how is the matter
+mended if, being scientifically untrue, they must needs be rejected by
+instructed people?
+
+With respect to the second suggestion, it would be presumptuous in me
+to pretend to instruct Mr. Gladstone in matters which lie as much within
+the province of Literature and History as in that of Science; but if
+any one desirous of further knowledge will be so good as to turn to
+that most excellent and by no means recondite source of information, the
+"Encyclopaedia Britannica," he will find, under the letter E, the word
+"Evolution," and a long article on that subject. Now, I do not recommend
+him to read the first half of the article; but the second half, by my
+friend Mr. Sully, is really very good. He will there find it said that
+in some of the philosophies of ancient India, the idea of evolution is
+clearly expressed: "Brahma is conceived as the eternal self-existent
+being, which, on its material side, unfolds itself to the world by
+gradually condensing itself to material objects through the gradations
+of ether, fire, water, earth, and other elements." And again: "In the
+later system of emanation of Sankhya there is a more marked approach to
+a materialistic doctrine of evolution." What little knowledge I have
+of the matter--chiefly derived from that very instructive book,
+"Die Religion des Buddha," by C. F. Koeppen, supplemented by Hardy's
+interesting works--leads me to think that Mr. Sully might have
+spoken much more strongly as to the evolutionary character of Indian
+philosophy, and especially of that of the Buddhists. But the question is
+too large to be dealt with incidentally.
+
+And, with respect to early Greek philosophy, [3] the seeker after
+additional enlightenment need go no further than the same excellent
+storehouse of information:--
+
+   The early Ionian physicists, including Thales,
+   Anaximander, and Anaximenes, seek to explain the world as
+   generated out of a primordial matter which is at the same time
+   the universal support of things. This substance is endowed with
+   a generative or transmutative force by virtue of which it passes
+   into a succession of forms. They thus resemble modern
+   evolutionists since they regard the world, with its infinite
+   variety of forms, as issuing from a simple mode of matter.
+
+Further on, Mr. Sully remarks that "Heraclitus deserves a prominent
+place in the history of the idea of evolution," and he states, with
+perfect justice, that Heraclitus has foreshadowed some of the special
+peculiarities of Mr. Darwin's views. It is indeed a very strange
+circumstance that the philosophy of the great Ephesian more than
+adumbrates the two doctrines which have played leading parts, the one
+in the development of Christian dogma, the other in that of natural
+science. The former is the conception of the Word {Greek text}[logos]
+which took its Jewish shape in Alexandria, and its Christian form [4] in
+that Gospel which is usually referred to an Ephesian source of some
+five centuries later date; and the latter is that of the struggle for
+existence. The saying that "strife is father and king of all" {Greek
+text}[...], ascribed to Heraclitus, would be a not inappropriate motto
+for the "Origin of Species."
+
+I have referred only to Mr. Sully's article, because his authority is
+quite sufficient for my purpose. But the consultation of any of the
+more elaborate histories of Greek philosophy, such as the great work of
+Zeller, for example, will only bring out the same fact into still more
+striking prominence. I have professed no "minute acquaintance" with
+either Indian or Greek philosophy, but I have taken a great deal of
+pains to secure that such knowledge as I do possess shall be accurate
+and trustworthy.
+
+In the third place, Mr. Gladstone appears to wish that I should discuss
+with him the question whether the nebular hypothesis is, or is not,
+confirmatory of the pentateuchal account of the origin of things. Mr.
+Gladstone appears to be prepared to enter upon this campaign with a
+light heart. I confess I am not, and my reason for this backwardness
+will doubtless surprise Mr. Gladstone. It is that, rather more than
+a quarter of a century ago (namely, in February 1859), when it was my
+duty, as President of the Geological Society, to deliver the Anniversary
+Address, [5] I chose a topic which involved a very careful study of the
+remarkable cosmogonical speculation, originally promulgated by Immanuel
+Kant and, subsequently, by Laplace, which is now known as the nebular
+hypothesis. With the help of such little acquaintance with the
+principles of physics and astronomy as I had gained, I endeavoured to
+obtain a clear understanding of this speculation in all its bearings.
+I am not sure that I succeeded; but of this I am certain, that the
+problems involved are very difficult, even for those who possess the
+intellectual discipline requisite for dealing with them. And it was this
+conviction that led me to express my desire to leave the discussion of
+the question of the asserted harmony between Genesis and the nebular
+hypothesis to experts in the appropriate branches of knowledge. And I
+think my course was a wise one; but as Mr. Gladstone evidently does not
+understand how there can be any hesitation on my part, unless it arises
+from a conviction that he is in the right, I may go so far as to set out
+my difficulties.
+
+They are of two kinds--exegetical and scientific. It appears to me that
+it is vain to discuss a supposed coincidence between Genesis and science
+unless we have first settled, on the one hand, what Genesis says, and,
+on the other hand, what science says.
+
+In the first place, I cannot find any consensus among Biblical scholars
+as to the meaning of the words, "In the beginning God created the
+heaven and the earth." Some say that the Hebrew word _bara,_ which is
+translated "create," means "made out of nothing." I venture to object to
+that rendering, not on the ground of scholarship, but of common sense.
+Omnipotence itself can surely no more make something "out of" nothing
+than it can make a triangular circle. What is intended by "made out
+of nothing" appears to be "caused to come into existence," with the
+implication that nothing of the same kind previously existed. It is
+further usually assumed that "the heaven and the earth" means the
+material substance of the universe. Hence the "Mosaic writer" is taken
+to imply that where nothing of a material nature previously existed,
+this substance appeared. That is perfectly conceivable, and therefore
+no one can deny that it may have happened. But there are other very
+authoritative critics who say that the ancient Israelite [6] who
+wrote the passage was not likely to have been capable of such abstract
+thinking; and that, as a matter of philology, _bara_ is commonly used
+to signify the "fashioning," or "forming," of that which already
+exists. Now it appears to me that the scientific investigator is
+wholly incompetent to say anything at all about the first origin of the
+material universe. The whole power of his organon vanishes when he has
+to step beyond the chain of natural causes and effects. No form of the
+nebular hypothesis, that I know of, is necessarily connected with any
+view of the origination of the nebular substance. Kant's form of it
+expressly supposes that the nebular material from which one stellar
+system starts may be nothing but the disintegrated substance of a
+stellar and planetary system which has just come to an end. Therefore,
+so far as I can see, one who believes that matter has existed from all
+eternity has just as much right to hold the nebular hypothesis as one
+who believes that matter came into existence at a specified epoch. In
+other words, the nebular hypothesis and the creation hypothesis, up to
+this point, neither confirm nor oppose one another.
+
+Next, we read in the revisers' version, in which I suppose the ultimate
+results of critical scholarship to be embodied: "And the earth was waste
+['without form,' in the Authorised Version] and void." Most people seem
+to think that this phraseology intends to imply that the matter out of
+which the world was to be formed was a veritable "chaos," devoid of law
+and order. If this interpretation is correct, the nebular hypothesis
+can have nothing to say to it. The scientific thinker cannot admit the
+absence of law and order; anywhere or anywhen, in nature. Sometimes law
+and order are patent and visible to our limited vision; sometimes
+they are hidden. But every particle of the matter of the most
+fantastic-looking nebula in the heavens is a realm of law and order
+in itself; and, that it is so, is the essential condition of the
+possibility of solar and planetary evolution from the apparent chaos.
+[7]
+
+"Waste" is too vague a term to be worth consideration. "Without form,"
+intelligible enough as a metaphor, if taken literally is absurd; for a
+material thing existing in space must have a superficies, and if it has
+a superficies it has a form. The wildest streaks of marestail clouds
+in the sky, or the most irregular heavenly nebulae, have surely just as
+much form as a geometrical tetrahedron; and as for "void," how can that
+be void which is full of matter? As poetry, these lines are vivid and
+admirable; as a scientific statement, which they must be taken to be
+if any one is justified in comparing them with another scientific
+statement, they fail to convey any intelligible conception to my mind.
+
+The account proceeds: "And darkness was upon the face of the deep." So
+be it; but where, then, is the likeness to the celestial nebulae, of the
+existence of which we should know nothing unless they shone with a light
+of their own? "And the spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters."
+I have met with no form of the nebular hypothesis which involves
+anything analogous to this process.
+
+I have said enough to explain some of the difficulties which arise in
+my mind, when I try to ascertain whether there is any foundation for
+the contention that the statements contained in the first two verses
+of Genesis are supported by the nebular hypothesis. The result does not
+appear to me to be exactly favourable to that contention. The nebular
+hypothesis assumes the existence of matter, having definite properties,
+as its foundation. Whether such matter was created a few thousand
+years ago, or whether it has existed through an eternal series of
+metamorphoses of which our present universe is only the last stage, are
+alternatives, neither of which is scientifically untenable, and neither
+scientifically demonstrable. But science knows nothing of any stage
+in which the universe could be said, in other than a metaphorical and
+popular sense, to be formless or empty; or in any respect less the seat
+of law and order than it is now. One might as well talk of a fresh-laid
+hen's egg being "without form and void," because the chick therein is
+potential and not actual, as apply such terms to the nebulous mass which
+contains a potential solar system.
+
+Until some further enlightenment comes to me, then, I confess myself
+wholly unable to understand the way in which the nebular hypothesis is
+to be converted into an ally of the "Mosaic writer." [8]
+
+But Mr. Gladstone informs us that Professor Dana and Professor Guyot are
+prepared to prove that the "first or cosmogonical portion of the Proem
+not only accords with, but teaches, the nebular hypothesis." There is
+no one to whose authority on geological questions I am more readily
+disposed to bow than that of my eminent friend Professor Dana. But I
+am familiar with what he has previously said on this topic in his
+well-known and standard work, into which, strangely enough, it does not
+seem to have occurred to Mr. Gladstone to look before he set out upon
+his present undertaking; and unless Professor Dana's latest contribution
+(which I have not yet met with) takes up altogether new ground, I am
+afraid I shall not be able to extricate myself, by its help, from my
+present difficulties.
+
+It is a very long time since I began to think about the relations
+between modern scientifically ascertained truths and the cosmogonical
+speculations of the writer of Genesis; and, as I think that Mr.
+Gladstone might have been able to put his case with a good deal more
+force, if he had thought it worth while to consult the last chapter of
+Professor Dana's admirable "Manual of Geology," so I think he might have
+been made aware that he was undertaking an enterprise of which he had
+not counted the cost, if he had chanced upon a discussion of the subject
+which I published in 1877. [9]
+
+Finally, I should like to draw the attention of those who take interest
+in these topics to the weighty words of one of the most learned and
+moderate of Biblical critics: [10]--
+
+   "A propos de cette premiere page de la Bible, on a coutume de
+   nos jours de disserter, a perte de vue, sur l'accord du recit
+   mosaique avec les sciences naturelles; et comme celles-ci tout
+   eloignees qu'elles sont encore de la perfection absolue, ont
+   rendu populaires et en quelque sorte irrefragables un certain
+   nombre de faits generaux ou de theses fondamentales de la
+   cosmologie et de la geologie, c'est le texte sacre qu'on
+   s'evertue a torturer pour le faire concorder avec
+   ces donnees."
+
+In my paper on the "Interpreters of Nature and the Interpreters of
+Genesis," while freely availing myself of the rights of a scientific
+critic, I endeavoured to keep the expression of my views well within
+those bounds of courtesy which are set by self-respect and consideration
+for others. I am therefore glad to be favoured with Mr. Gladstone's
+acknowledgment of the success of my efforts. I only wish that I could
+accept all the products of Mr. Gladstone's gracious appreciation, but
+there is one about which, as a matter of honesty, I hesitate. In fact,
+if I had expressed my meaning better than I seem to have done, I doubt
+if the particular proffer of Mr. Gladstone's thanks would have been
+made.
+
+To my mind, whatever doctrine professes to be the result of the
+application of the accepted rules of inductive and deductive logic to
+its subject-matter; and which accepts, within the limits which it
+sets to itself, the supremacy of reason, is Science. Whether the
+subject-matter consists of realities or unrealities, truths or
+falsehoods, is quite another question. I conceive that ordinary geometry
+is science, by reason of its method, and I also believe that its axioms,
+definitions, and conclusions are all true. However, there is a geometry
+of four dimensions, which I also believe to be science, because its
+method professes to be strictly scientific. It is true that I cannot
+conceive four dimensions in space, and therefore, for me, the whole
+affair is unreal. But I have known men of great intellectual powers who
+seemed to have no difficulty either in conceiving them, or, at any
+rate, in imagining how they could conceive them; and, therefore,
+four-dimensioned geometry comes under my notion of science. So I think
+astrology is a science, in so far as it professes to reason logically
+from principles established by just inductive methods. To prevent
+misunderstanding, perhaps I had better add that I do not believe one
+whit in astrology; but no more do I believe in Ptolemaic astronomy, or
+in the catastrophic geology of my youth, although these, in their day,
+claimed--and, to my mind, rightly claimed--the name of science. If
+nothing is to be called science but that which is exactly true from
+beginning to end, I am afraid there is very little science in the world
+outside mathematics. Among the physical sciences, I do not know that any
+could claim more than that it is true within certain limits, so narrow
+that, for the present at any rate, they may be neglected. If such is the
+case, I do not see where the line is to be drawn between exactly true,
+partially true, and mainly untrue forms of science. And what I have said
+about the current theology at the end of my paper [_supra_ pp. 160-163]
+leaves, I think, no doubt as to the category in which I rank it. For all
+that, I think it would be not only unjust, but almost impertinent,
+to refuse the name of science to the "Summa" of St. Thomas or to the
+"Institutes" of Calvin.
+
+In conclusion, I confess that my supposed "unjaded appetite" for the
+sort of controversy in which it needed not Mr. Gladstone's express
+declaration to tell us he is far better practised than I am (though
+probably, without another express declaration, no one would have
+suspected that his controversial fires are burning low) is already
+satiated.
+
+In "Elysium" we conduct scientific discussions in a different medium,
+and we are liable to threatenings of asphyxia in that "atmosphere of
+contention" in which Mr. Gladstone has been able to live, alert and
+vigorous beyond the common race of men, as if it were purest mountain
+air. I trust that he may long continue to seek truth, under the
+difficult conditions he has chosen for the search, with unabated
+energy--I had almost said fire--
+
+   May age not wither him, nor custom stale
+   His infinite variety.
+
+But Elysium suits my less robust constitution better, and I beg leave to
+retire thither, not sorry for my experience of the other region--no one
+should regret experience--but determined not to repeat it, at any rate
+in reference to the "plea for revelation."
+
+
+
+
+NOTE ON THE PROPER SENSE OF THE "MOSAIC" NARRATIVE OF THE CREATION.
+
+It has been objected to my argument from Leviticus (_suprà_ p. 170) that
+the Hebrew words translated by "creeping things" in Genesis i. 24
+and Leviticus xi. 29, are different; namely, "reh-mes" in the former,
+"sheh-retz" in the latter. The obvious reply to this objection is that
+the question is not one of words but of the meaning of words. To borrow
+an illustration from our own language, if "crawling things" had been
+used by the translators in Genesis and "creeping things" in Leviticus,
+it would not have been necessarily implied that they intended to denote
+different groups of animals. "Sheh-retz" is employed in a wider sense
+than "reh-mes." There are "sheh-retz" of the waters of the earth, of
+the air, and of the land. Leviticus speaks of land reptiles, among other
+animals, as "sheh-retz"; Genesis speaks of all creeping land animals,
+among which land reptiles are necessarily included, as "reh-mes." Our
+translators, therefore, have given the true sense when they render both
+"sheh-retz" and "reh-mes" by "creeping things."
+
+Having taken a good deal of trouble to show what Genesis i.-ii. 4 does
+not mean, in the preceding pages, perhaps it may be well that I should
+briefly give my opinion as to what it does mean. I conceive that the
+unknown author of this part of the Hexateuchal compilation believed,
+and meant his readers to believe, that his words, as they understood
+them--that is to say, in their ordinary natural sense--conveyed the
+"actual historical truth." When he says that such and such things
+happened, I believe him to mean that they actually occurred and not that
+he imagined or dreamed them; when he says "day," I believe he uses the
+word in the popular sense; when he says "made" or "created," I believe
+he means that they came into being by a process analogous to that which
+the people whom he addressed called "making" or "creating"; and I think
+that, unless we forget our present knowledge of nature, and, putting
+ourselves back into the position of a Phoenician or a Chaldaean
+philosopher, start from his conception of the world, we shall fail to
+grasp the meaning of the Hebrew writer. We must conceive the earth to
+be an immovable, more or less flattened, body, with the vault of heaven
+above, the watery abyss below and around. We must imagine sun, moon,
+and stars to be "set" in a "firmament" with, or in, which they move;
+and above which is yet another watery mass. We must consider "light" and
+"darkness" to be things, the alternation of which constitutes day and
+night, independently of the existence of sun, moon, and stars. We must
+further suppose that, as in the case of the story of the deluge, the
+Hebrew writer was acquainted with a Gentile (probably Chaldaean or
+Accadian) account of the origin of things, in which he substantially
+believed, but which he stripped of all its idolatrous associations by
+substituting "Elohim" for Ea, Anu, Bel, and the like.
+
+From this point of view the first verse strikes the keynote of the
+whole. In the beginning "Elohim [11] created the heaven and the earth."
+Heaven and earth were not primitive existences from which the gods
+proceeded, as the Gentiles taught; on the contrary, the "Powers"
+preceded and created heaven and earth. Whether by "creation" is meant
+"causing to be where nothing was before" or "shaping of something which
+pre-existed," seems to me to be an insoluble question.
+
+As I have pointed out, the second verse has an interesting parallel in
+Jeremiah iv. 23: "I beheld the earth, and, lo, it was waste and void;
+and the heavens, and they had no light." I conceive that there is no
+more allusion to chaos in the one than in the other. The earth-disk lay
+in its watery envelope, like the yolk of an egg in the _glaire,_ and the
+spirit, or breath, of Elohim stirred the mass. Light was created as a
+thing by itself; and its antithesis "darkness" as another thing. It
+was supposed to be the nature of these two to alternate, and a pair of
+alternations constituted a "day" in the sense of an unit of time.
+
+The next step was, necessarily, the formation of that "firmament," or
+dome over the earth-disk, which was supposed to support the celestial
+waters; and in which sun, moon, and stars were conceived to be set, as
+in a sort of orrery. The earth was still surrounded and covered by the
+lower waters, but the upper were separated from it by the "firmament,"
+beneath which what we call the air lay. A second alternation of darkness
+and light marks the lapse of time.
+
+After this, the waters which covered the earth-disk, under the
+firmament, were drawn away into certain regions, which became seas,
+while the part laid bare became dry land. In accordance with the notion,
+universally accepted in antiquity, that moist earth possesses the
+potentiality of giving rise to living beings, the land, at the command
+of Elohim, "put forth" all sorts of plants. They are made to appear thus
+early, not, I apprehend, from any notion that plants are lower in the
+scale of being than animals (which would seem to be inconsistent with
+the prevalence of tree worship among ancient people), but rather because
+animals obviously depend on plants; and because, without crops and
+harvests, there seemed to be no particular need of heavenly signs for
+the seasons.
+
+These were provided by the fourth day's work. Light existed already; but
+now vehicles for the distribution of light, in a special manner and
+with varying degrees of intensity, were provided. I conceive that the
+previous alternations of light and darkness were supposed to go on; but
+that the "light" was strengthened during the daytime by the sun, which,
+as a source of heat as well as of light, glided up the firmament from
+the east, and slid down in the west, each day. Very probably each
+day's sun was supposed to be a new one. And as the light of the day was
+strengthened by the sun, so the darkness of the night was weakened by
+the moon, which regularly waxed and waned every month. The stars are,
+as it were, thrown in. And nothing can more sharply mark the doctrinal
+purpose of the author, than the manner in which he deals with the
+heavenly bodies, which the Gentiles identified so closely with their
+gods, as if they were mere accessories to the almanac.
+
+Animals come next in order of creation, and the general notion of the
+writer seems to be that they were produced by the medium in which
+they live; that is to say, the aquatic animals by the waters, and the
+terrestrial animals by the land. But there was a difficulty about flying
+things, such as bats, birds, and insects. The cosmogonist seems to have
+had no conception of "air" as an elemental body. His "elements" are
+earth and water, and he ignores air as much as he does fire. Birds "fly
+above the earth in the open firmament" or "on the face of the expanse"
+of heaven. They are not said to fly through the air. The choice of a
+generative medium for flying things, therefore, seemed to lie between
+water and earth; and, if we take into account the conspicuousness of
+the great flocks of water-birds and the swarms of winged insects, which
+appear to arise from water, I think the preference of water becomes
+intelligible. However, I do not put this forward as more than a probable
+hypothesis. As to the creation of aquatic animals on the fifth, that of
+land animals on the sixth day, and that of man last of all, I presume
+the order was determined by the fact that man could hardly receive
+dominion over the living world before it existed; and that the "cattle"
+were not wanted until he was about to make his appearance. The other
+terrestrial animals would naturally be associated with the cattle.
+
+The absurdity of imagining that any conception, analogous to that of
+a zoological classification, was in the mind of the writer will be
+apparent, when we consider that the fifth day's work must include
+the zoologist's _Cetacea, Sirenia,_ and seals, [12] all of which are
+_Mammalia;_ all birds, turtles, sea-snakes and, presumably, the
+fresh water _Reptilia_ and _Amphibia;_ with the great majority of
+_Invertebrata._
+
+The creation of man is announced as a separate act, resulting from a
+particular resolution of Elohim to "make man in our image, after our
+likeness." To learn what this remarkable phrase means we must turn to
+the fifth chapter of Genesis, the work of the same writer. "In the day
+that Elohim created man, in the likeness of Elohim made he him; male and
+female created he them; and blessed them and called their name Adam in
+the day when they were created. And Adam lived an hundred and thirty
+years and begat _a son_ in his own likeness, after his image; and called
+his name Seth." I find it impossible to read this passage without being
+convinced that, when the writer says Adam was made in the likeness of
+Elohim, he means the same sort of likeness as when he says that Seth was
+begotten in the likeness of Adam. Whence it follows that his conception
+of Elohim was completely anthropomorphic.
+
+In all this narrative I can discover nothing which differentiates it, in
+principle, from other ancient cosmogonies, except the rejection of all
+gods, save the vague, yet anthropomorphic, Elohim, and the assigning
+to them anteriority and superiority to the world. It is as utterly
+irreconcilable with the assured truths of modern science, as it is
+with the account of the origin of man, plants, and animals given by the
+writer of the second chief constituent of the Hexateuch in the second
+chapter of Genesis. This extraordinary story starts with the assumption
+of the existence of a rainless earth, devoid of plants and herbs of the
+field. The creation of living beings begins with that of a solitary man;
+the next thing that happens is the laying out of the Garden of Eden, and
+the causing the growth from its soil of every tree "that is pleasant to
+the sight and good for food"; the third act is the formation out of the
+ground of "every beast of the field, and every fowl of the air";
+the fourth and last, the manufacture of the first woman from a rib,
+extracted from Adam, while in a state of anaesthesia.
+
+Yet there are people who not only profess to take this monstrous legend
+seriously, but who declare it to be reconcilable with the Elohistic
+account of the creation!
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+
+[Footnote 1: _The Nineteenth Century,_ 1886.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Both dolphins and dugongs occur in the Red Sea, porpoises
+and dolphins in the Mediterranean; so that the "Mosaic writer" may have
+been acquainted with them.]
+
+[Footnote 3: I said nothing about "the greater number of schools of
+Greek philosophy," as Mr. Gladstone implies that I did, but expressly
+spoke of the "founders of Greek philosophy."]
+
+[Footnote 4: See Heinze, _Die Lehre vom Logos,_ p. 9 _et seq._]
+
+[Footnote 5: Reprinted in _Lay Sermons, Addresses, and Reviews,_ 1870.]
+
+[Footnote 6: "Ancient," doubtless, but his antiquity must not be
+exaggerated. For example, there is no proof that the "Mosaic" cosmogony
+was known to the Israelites of Solomon's time.]
+
+[Footnote 7: When Jeremiah (iv. 23) says, "I beheld the earth, and, lo,
+it was waste and void," he certainly does not mean to imply that the
+form of the earth was less definite, or its substance less solid, than
+before.]
+
+[Footnote 8: In looking through the delightful volume recently published
+by the Astronomer-Royal for Ireland, a day or two ago, I find the
+following remarks on the nebular hypothesis, which I should have been
+glad to quote in my text if I had known them sooner:--
+
+"Nor can it be ever more than a speculation; it cannot be established
+by observation, nor can it be proved by calculation. It is merely
+a conjecture, more or less plausible, but perhaps in some degree,
+necessarily true, if our present laws of heat, as we understand them,
+admit of the extreme application here required, and if the present order
+of things has reigned for sufficient time without the intervention of
+any influence at present known to us" (_The Story of the Heavens,_ p.
+506).
+
+Would any prudent advocate base a plea, either for or against
+revelation, upon the coincidence, or want of coincidence, of the
+declarations of the latter with the requirements of an hypothesis thus
+guardedly dealt with by an astronomical expert?]
+
+[Footnote 9: Lectures on Evolution delivered in New York (American
+Addresses).]
+
+[Footnote 10: Reuss, _L'Histoire Sainte et la Loi,_ vol. i, p. 275.]
+
+[Footnote 11: For the sense of the term "Elohim," see the essay entitled
+"The Evolution of Theology" at the end of this volume.]
+
+[Footnote 12: Perhaps even hippopotamuses and otters!]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Mr. Gladstone and Genesis, by Thomas Henry Huxley
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MR. GLADSTONE AND GENESIS ***
+
+***** This file should be named 2631-8.txt or 2631-8.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/2/6/3/2631/
+
+Produced by D.R. Thompson
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/2631-8.zip b/2631-8.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..abb0fb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2631-8.zip
diff --git a/2631-h.zip b/2631-h.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..699ce3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2631-h.zip
diff --git a/2631-h/2631-h.htm b/2631-h/2631-h.htm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7d71b7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2631-h/2631-h.htm
@@ -0,0 +1,1605 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
+
+<!DOCTYPE html
+   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+   "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd" >
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <title>
+      Mr. Gladstone and Genesis, by Thomas Henry Huxley
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css" xml:space="preserve">
+    
+    body { margin:5%; background:#faebd0; text-align:justify}
+    P { text-indent: 1em; margin-top: .25em; margin-bottom: .25em; }
+    H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6 { text-align: center; margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%; }
+    hr  { width: 50%; text-align: center;}
+    .foot { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3em; font-size: 90%; }
+    blockquote {font-size: 97%; font-style: italic; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;}
+    .mynote    {background-color: #DDE; color: #000; padding: .5em; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 95%;}
+    .toc       { margin-left: 10%; margin-bottom: .75em;}
+    .toc2      { margin-left: 20%;}
+    div.fig    { display:block; margin:0 auto; text-align:center; }
+    div.middle { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; }
+    .figleft   {float: left; margin-left: 0%; margin-right: 1%;}
+    .figright  {float: right; margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 1%;}
+    .pagenum   {display:inline; font-size: 70%; font-style:normal;
+               margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; right: 1%;
+               text-align: right;}
+    pre        { font-style: italic; font-size: 90%; margin-left: 10%;}
+    
+</style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+
+Project Gutenberg's Mr. Gladstone and Genesis, by Thomas Henry Huxley
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Mr. Gladstone and Genesis
+       Essay #5 from "Science and Hebrew Tradition"
+
+Author: Thomas Henry Huxley
+
+Release Date: December 3, 2008 [EBook #2631]
+Last Updated: January 23, 2013
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MR. GLADSTONE AND GENESIS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by D.R. Thompson, and David Widger
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <h1>
+      MR. GLADSTONE AND GENESIS
+    </h1>
+    <h3>
+      ESSAY #5 FROM "SCIENCE AND HEBREW TRADITION"
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <br />
+    </p>
+    <h2>
+      By Thomas Henry Huxley
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <br />
+    </p>
+    <table summary="" border="3" cellpadding="4">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a
+            href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2630/2630-h/2630-h.htm">Previous
+            Volume</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      Contents
+    </h3>
+    <table summary="" style="margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto">
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <p class="toc">
+            <a href="#link2H_4_0001"> NOTE ON THE PROPER SENSE OF THE "MOSAIC"
+            NARRATIVE OF THE CREATION. </a>
+          </p>
+          <p class="toc">
+            <a href="#link2H_FOOT"> FOOTNOTES </a>
+          </p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In controversy, as in courtship, the good old rule to be off with the old
+      before one is on with the new, greatly commends itself to my sense of
+      expediency. And, therefore, it appears to me desirable that I should
+      preface such observations as I may have to offer upon the cloud of
+      arguments (the relevancy of which to the issue which I had ventured to
+      raise is not always obvious) put forth by Mr. Gladstone in the January
+      number of this review, <a href="#linknote-1" name="linknoteref-1"
+      id="linknoteref-1"><small>1</small></a> by an endeavour to make clear to
+      such of our readers as have not had the advantage of a forensic education
+      the present net result of the discussion.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am quite aware that, in undertaking this task, I run all the risks to
+      which the man who presumes to deal judicially with his own cause is
+      liable. But it is exactly because I do not shun that risk, but, rather,
+      earnestly desire to be judged by him who cometh after me, provided that he
+      has the knowledge and impartiality appropriate to a judge, that I adopt my
+      present course.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the article on "The Dawn of Creation and Worship," it will be
+      remembered that Mr. Gladstone unreservedly commits himself to three
+      propositions. The first is that, according to the writer of the
+      Pentateuch, the "water-population," the "air-population," and the
+      "land-population" of the globe were created successively, in the order
+      named. In the second place, Mr. Gladstone authoritatively asserts that
+      this (as part of his "fourfold order") has been "so affirmed in our time
+      by natural science, that it may be taken as a demonstrated conclusion and
+      established fact." In the third place, Mr. Gladstone argues that the fact
+      of this coincidence of the pentateuchal story with the results of modern
+      investigation makes it "impossible to avoid the conclusion, first, that
+      either this writer was gifted with faculties passing all human experience,
+      or else his knowledge was divine." And having settled to his own
+      satisfaction that the first "branch of the alternative is truly nominal
+      and unreal," Mr. Gladstone continues, "So stands the plea for a revelation
+      of truth from God, a plea only to be met by questioning its possibility"
+      (p. 697).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am a simple-minded person, wholly devoid of subtlety of intellect, so
+      that I willingly admit that there may be depths of alternative meaning in
+      these propositions out of all soundings attainable by my poor plummet.
+      Still there are a good many people who suffer under a like intellectual
+      limitation; and, for once in my life, I feel that I have the chance of
+      attaining that position of a representative of average opinion which
+      appears to be the modern ideal of a leader of men, when I make free
+      confession that, after turning the matter over in my mind, with all the
+      aid derived from a careful consideration of Mr. Gladstone's reply, I
+      cannot get away from my original conviction that, if Mr. Gladstone's
+      second proposition can be shown to be not merely inaccurate, but directly
+      contradictory of facts known to every one who is acquainted with the
+      elements of natural science, the third proposition collapses of itself.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And it was this conviction which led me to enter upon the present
+      discussion. I fancied that if my respected clients, the people of average
+      opinion and capacity, could once be got distinctly to conceive that Mr.
+      Gladstone's views as to the proper method of dealing with grave and
+      difficult scientific and religious problems had permitted him to base a
+      solemn "plea for a revelation of truth from God" upon an error as to a
+      matter of fact, from which the intelligent perusal of a manual of
+      palaeontology would have saved him, I need not trouble myself to occupy
+      their time and attention with further comments upon his contribution to
+      apologetic literature. It is for others to judge whether I have
+      efficiently carried out my project or not. It certainly does not count for
+      much that I should be unable to find any flaw in my own case, but I think
+      it counts for a good deal that Mr. Gladstone appears to have been equally
+      unable to do so. He does, indeed, make a great parade of authorities, and
+      I have the greatest respect for those authorities whom Mr. Gladstone
+      mentions. If he will get them to sign a joint memorial to the effect that
+      our present palaeontological evidence proves that birds appeared before
+      the "land-population" of terrestrial reptiles, I shall think it my duty to
+      reconsider my position&mdash;but not till then.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It will be observed that I have cautiously used the word "appears" in
+      referring to what seems to me to be absence of any real answer to my
+      criticisms in Mr. Gladstone's reply. For I must honestly confess that,
+      notwithstanding long and painful strivings after clear insight, I am still
+      uncertain whether Mr. Gladstone's "Defence" means that the great "plea for
+      a revelation from God" is to be left to perish in the dialectic desert; or
+      whether it is to be withdrawn under the protection of such skirmishers as
+      are available for covering retreat.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In particular, the remarkable disquisition which covers pages 11 to 14 of
+      Mr. Gladstone's last contribution has greatly exercised my mind. Socrates
+      is reported to have said of the works of Heraclitus that he who attempted
+      to comprehend them should be a "Delian swimmer," but that, for his part,
+      what he could understand was so good that he was disposed to believe in
+      the excellence of that which he found unintelligible. In endeavouring to
+      make myself master of Mr. Gladstone's meaning in these pages, I have often
+      been overcome by a feeling analogous to that of Socrates, but not quite
+      the same. That which I do understand has appeared to me so very much the
+      reverse of good, that I have sometimes permitted myself to doubt the value
+      of that which I do not understand.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In this part of Mr. Gladstone's reply, in fact, I find nothing of which
+      the bearing upon my arguments is clear to me, except that which relates to
+      the question whether reptiles, so far as they are represented by tortoises
+      and the great majority of lizards and snakes, which are land animals, are
+      creeping things in the sense of the pentateuchal writer or not.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have every respect for the singer of the Song of the Three Children
+      (whoever he may have been); I desire to cast no shadow of doubt upon, but,
+      on the contrary, marvel at, the exactness of Mr. Gladstone's information
+      as to the considerations which "affected the method of the Mosaic writer";
+      nor do I venture to doubt that the inconvenient intrusion of these
+      contemptible reptiles&mdash;"a family fallen from greatness" (p. 14), a
+      miserable decayed aristocracy reduced to mere "skulkers about the earth" (<i>ibid.</i>)&mdash;in
+      consequence, apparently, of difficulties about the occupation of land
+      arising out of the earth-hunger of their former serfs, the mammals&mdash;into
+      an apologetic argument, which otherwise would run quite smoothly, is in
+      every way to be deprecated. Still, the wretched creatures stand there,
+      importunately demanding notice; and, however different may be the practice
+      in that contentious atmosphere with which Mr. Gladstone expresses and
+      laments his familiarity, in the atmosphere of science it really is of no
+      avail whatever to shut one's eyes to facts, or to try to bury them out of
+      sight under a tumulus of rhetoric. That is my experience of the "Elysian
+      regions of Science," wherein it is a pleasure to me to think that a man of
+      Mr. Gladstone's intimate knowledge of English life, during the last
+      quarter of a century, believes my philosophic existence to have been
+      rounded off in unbroken equanimity.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      However reprehensible, and indeed contemptible, terrestrial reptiles may
+      be, the only question which appears to me to be relevant to my argument is
+      whether these creatures are or are not comprised under the denomination of
+      "everything that creepeth upon the ground."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Gladstone speaks of the author of the first chapter of Genesis as "the
+      Mosaic writer"; I suppose, therefore, that he will admit that it is
+      equally proper to speak of the author of Leviticus as the "Mosaic writer."
+      Whether such a phrase would be used by any one who had an adequate
+      conception of the assured results of modern Biblical criticism is another
+      matter; but, at any rate, it cannot be denied that Leviticus has as much
+      claim to Mosaic authorship as Genesis. Therefore, if one wants to know the
+      sense of a phrase used in Genesis, it will be well to see what Leviticus
+      has to say on the matter. Hence, I commend the following extract from the
+      eleventh chapter of Leviticus to Mr. Gladstone's serious attention:&mdash;
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+   And these are they which are unclean unto you among the creeping
+   things that creep upon the earth: the weasel, and the mouse, and
+   the great lizard after its kind, and the gecko, and the land
+   crocodile, and the sand-lizard, and the chameleon. These are
+   they which are unclean to you among all that creep (v. 29-3l).
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The merest Sunday-school exegesis therefore suffices to prove that when
+      the "Mosaic writer" in Genesis i. 24 speaks of "creeping things," he means
+      to include lizards among them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This being so, it is agreed, on all hands, that terrestrial lizards, and
+      other reptiles allied to lizards, occur in the Permian strata. It is
+      further agreed that the Triassic strata were deposited after these.
+      Moreover, it is well known that, even if certain footprints are to be
+      taken as unquestionable evidence of the existence of birds, they are not
+      known to occur in rocks earlier than the Trias, while indubitable remains
+      of birds are to be met with only much later. Hence it follows that natural
+      science does not "affirm" the statement that birds were made on the fifth
+      day, and "everything that creepeth on the ground" on the sixth, on which
+      Mr. Gladstone rests his order; for, as is shown by Leviticus, the "Mosaic
+      writer" includes lizards among his "creeping things."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Perhaps I have given myself superfluous trouble in the preceding argument,
+      for I find that Mr. Gladstone is willing to assume (he does not say to
+      admit) that the statement in the text of Genesis as to reptiles cannot "in
+      all points be sustained" (p. 16). But my position is that it cannot be
+      sustained in any point, so that, after all, it has perhaps been as well to
+      go over the evidence again. And then Mr. Gladstone proceeds as if nothing
+      had happened to tell us that&mdash;
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+   There remain great unshaken facts to be weighed. First, the fact
+   that such a record should have been made at all.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      As most peoples have their cosmogonies, this "fact" does not strike me as
+      having much value.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+    Secondly, the fact that, instead of dwelling in generalities, it
+    has placed itself under the severe conditions of a chronological
+    order reaching from the first <i>nisus</i> of chaotic matter to
+    the consummated production of a fair and goodly, a furnished and
+    a peopled world.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      This "fact" can be regarded as of value only by ignoring the fact
+      demonstrated in my previous paper, that natural science does not confirm
+      the order asserted so far as living things are concerned; and by upsetting
+      a fact to be brought to light presently, to wit, that, in regard to the
+      rest of the pentateuchal cosmogony, prudent science has very little to say
+      one way or the other.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+   Thirdly, the fact that its cosmogony seems, in the light of the
+   nineteenth century, to draw more and more of countenance from
+   the best natural philosophy.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      I have already questioned the accuracy of this statement, and I do not
+      observe that mere repetition adds to its value.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+   And, fourthly, that it has described the successive origins of
+   the five great categories of present life with which human
+   experience was and is conversant, in that order which geological
+   authority confirms.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      By comparison with a sentence on page 14, in which a fivefold order is
+      substituted for the "fourfold order," on which the "plea for revelation"
+      was originally founded, it appears that these five categories are "plants,
+      fishes, birds, mammals, and man," which, Mr. Gladstone affirms, "are given
+      to us in Genesis in the order of succession in which they are also given
+      by the latest geological authorities."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I must venture to demur to this statement. I showed, in my previous paper,
+      that there is no reason to doubt that the term "great sea monster" (used
+      in Gen. i. 21) includes the most conspicuous of great sea animals&mdash;namely,
+      whales, dolphins, porpoises, manatees, and dugongs; <a href="#linknote-2"
+      name="linknoteref-2" id="linknoteref-2"><small>2</small></a> and, as these
+      are indubitable mammals, it is impossible to affirm that mammals come
+      after birds, which are said to have been created on the same day.
+      Moreover, I pointed out that as these Cetacea and Sirenia are certainly
+      modified land animals, their existence implies the antecedent existence of
+      land mammals.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Furthermore, I have to remark that the term "fishes," as used,
+      technically, in zoology, by no means covers all the moving creatures that
+      have life, which are bidden to "fill the waters in the seas" (Gen. i.
+      20-22.) Marine mollusks and crustacea, echinoderms, corals, and
+      foraminifera are not technically fishes. But they are abundant in the
+      palaeozoic rocks, ages upon ages older than those in which the first
+      evidences of true fishes appear. And if, in a geological book, Mr.
+      Gladstone finds the quite true statement that plants appeared before
+      fishes, it is only by a complete misunderstanding that he can be led to
+      imagine it serves his purpose. As a matter of fact, at the present moment,
+      it is a question whether, on the bare evidence afforded by fossils, the
+      marine creeping thing or the marine plant has the seniority. No cautious
+      palaeontologist would express a decided opinion on the matter. But, if we
+      are to read the pentateuchal statement as a scientific document (and, in
+      spite of all protests to the contrary, those who bring it into comparison
+      with science do seek to make a scientific document of it), then, as it is
+      quite clear that only terrestrial plants of high organisation are spoken
+      of in verses 11 and 12, no palaeontologist would hesitate to say that, at
+      present, the records of sea animal life are vastly older than those of any
+      land plant describable as "grass, herb yielding seed or fruit tree."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thus, although, in Mr. Gladstone's "Defence," the "old order passeth into
+      new," his case is not improved. The fivefold order is no more "affirmed in
+      our time by natural science" to be "a demonstrated conclusion and
+      established fact" than the fourfold order was. Natural science appears to
+      me to decline to have anything to do with either; they are as wrong in
+      detail as they are mistaken in principle.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      There is another change of position, the value of which is not so apparent
+      to me, as it may well seem to be to those who are unfamiliar with the
+      subject under discussion. Mr. Gladstone discards his three groups of
+      "water-population," "air-population," and "land-population," and
+      substitutes for them (1) fishes, (2) birds, (3) mammals, (4) man.
+      Moreover, it is assumed, in a note, that "the higher or ordinary mammals"
+      alone were known to the "Mosaic writer" (p. 6). No doubt it looks, at
+      first, as if something were gained by this alteration; for, as I have just
+      pointed out, the word "fishes" can be used in two senses, one of which has
+      a deceptive appearance of adjustability to the "Mosaic" account. Then the
+      inconvenient reptiles are banished out of sight; and, finally, the
+      question of the exact meaning of "higher" and "ordinary" in the case of
+      mammals opens up the prospect of a hopeful logomachy. But what is the good
+      of it all in the face of Leviticus on the one hand and of palaeontology on
+      the other?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As, in my apprehension, there is not a shadow of justification for the
+      suggestion that when the pentateuchal writer says "fowl" he excludes bats
+      (which, as we shall see directly, are expressly included under "fowl" in
+      Leviticus), and as I have already shown that he demonstrably includes
+      reptiles, as well as mammals, among the creeping things of the land, I may
+      be permitted to spare my readers further discussion of the "fivefold
+      order." On the whole, it is seen to be rather more inconsistent with
+      Genesis than its fourfold predecessor.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But I have yet a fresh order to face. Mr. Gladstone (p. 11) understands
+      "the main statements of Genesis" in successive order of time, but without
+      any measurement of its divisions, to be as follows:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      1. A period of land, anterior to all life (v. 9, 10). 2. A period of
+      vegetable life, anterior to animal life (v. 11, 12). 3. A period of animal
+      life, in the order of fishes (v. 20). 4. Another stage of animal life, in
+      the order of birds. 5. Another in the order of beasts (v. 24, 25). 6. Last
+      of all, man (v. 26, 27).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Gladstone then tries to find the proof of the occurrence of a similar
+      succession in sundry excellent works on geology.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am really grieved to be obliged to say that this third (or is it
+      fourth?) modification of the foundation of the "plea for revelation"
+      originally set forth, satisfies me as little as any of its predecessors.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      For, in the first place, I cannot accept the assertion that this order is
+      to be found in Genesis. With respect to No. 5, for example, I hold, as I
+      have already said, that "great sea monsters" includes the Cetacea, in
+      which case mammals (which is what, I suppose, Mr. Gladstone means by
+      "beasts") come in under head No. 3, and not under No. 5. Again, "fowl" are
+      said in Genesis to be created on the same day as fishes; therefore I
+      cannot accept an order which makes birds succeed fishes. Once more, as it
+      is quite certain that the term "fowl" includes the bats,&mdash;for in
+      Leviticus xi. 13-19 we read, "And these shall ye have in abomination among
+      the fowls... the heron after its kind, and the hoopoe, and the bat,"&mdash;it
+      is obvious that bats are also said to have been created at stage No. 3.
+      And as bats are mammals, and their existence obviously presupposes that of
+      terrestrial "beasts," it is quite clear that the latter could not have
+      first appeared as No. 5. I need not repeat my reasons for doubting whether
+      man came "last of all."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As the latter half of Mr. Gladstone's sixfold order thus shows itself to
+      be wholly unauthorised by, and inconsistent with, the plain language of
+      the Pentateuch, I might decline to discuss the admissibility of its former
+      half.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But I will add one or two remarks on this point also. Does Mr. Gladstone
+      mean to say that in any of the works he has cited, or indeed anywhere
+      else, he can find scientific warranty for the assertion that there was a
+      period of land&mdash;by which I suppose he means dry land (for submerged
+      land must needs be as old as the separate existence of the sea)&mdash;"anterior
+      to all life?"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It may be so, or it may not be so; but where is the evidence which would
+      justify any one in making a positive assertion on the subject? What
+      competent palaeontologist will affirm, at this present moment, that he
+      knows anything about the period at which life originated, or will assert
+      more than the extreme probability that such origin was a long way
+      antecedent to any traces of life at present known? What physical geologist
+      will affirm that he knows when dry land began to exist, or will say more
+      than that it was probably very much earlier than any extant direct
+      evidence of terrestrial conditions indicates?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I think I know pretty well the answers which the authorities quoted by Mr.
+      Gladstone would give to these questions; but I leave it to them to give
+      them if they think fit.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      If I ventured to speculate on the matter at all, I should say it is by no
+      means certain that sea is older than dry land, inasmuch as a solid
+      terrestrial surface may very well have existed before the earth was cool
+      enough to allow of the existence of fluid water. And, in this case, dry
+      land may have existed before the sea. As to the first appearance of life,
+      the whole argument of analogy, whatever it may be worth in such a case, is
+      in favour of the absence of living beings until long after the hot water
+      seas had constituted themselves; and of the subsequent appearance of
+      aquatic before terrestrial forms of life. But whether these "protoplasts"
+      would, if we could examine them, be reckoned among the lowest microscopic
+      algae, or fungi; or among those doubtful organisms which lie in the
+      debatable land between animals and plants, is, in my judgment, a question
+      on which a prudent biologist will reserve his opinion.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I think that I have now disposed of those parts of Mr. Gladstone's defence
+      in which I seem to discover a design to rescue his solemn "plea for
+      revelation." But a great deal of the "Proem to Genesis" remains which I
+      would gladly pass over in silence, were such a course consistent with the
+      respect due to so distinguished a champion of the "reconcilers."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I hope that my clients&mdash;the people of average opinions&mdash;have by
+      this time some confidence in me; for when I tell them that, after all, Mr.
+      Gladstone is of opinion that the "Mosaic record" was meant to give moral,
+      and not scientific, instruction to those for whom it was written, they may
+      be disposed to think that I must be misleading them. But let them listen
+      further to what Mr. Gladstone says in a compendious but not exactly
+      correct statement respecting my opinions:&mdash;
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+   He holds the writer responsible for scientific precision: I look
+   for nothing of the kind, but assign to him a statement general,
+   which admits exceptions; popular, which aims mainly at producing
+   moral impression; summary, which cannot but be open to more or
+   less of criticism of detail. He thinks it is a lecture. I think
+   it is a sermon. (p. 5).
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      I note, incidentally, that Mr. Gladstone appears to consider that the <i>differentia</i>
+      between a lecture and a sermon is, that the former, so far as it deals
+      with matters of fact, may be taken seriously, as meaning exactly what it
+      says, while a sermon may not. I have quite enough on my hands without
+      taking up the cudgels for the clergy, who will probably find Mr.
+      Gladstone's definition unflattering.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But I am diverging from my proper business, which is to say that I have
+      given no ground for the ascription of these opinions; and that, as a
+      matter of fact, I do not hold them and never have held them. It is Mr.
+      Gladstone, and not I, who will have it that the pentateuchal cosmogony is
+      to be taken as science.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My belief, on the contrary, is, and long has been, that the pentateuchal
+      story of the creation is simply a myth. I suppose it to be an hypothesis
+      respecting the origin of the universe which some ancient thinker found
+      himself able to reconcile with his knowledge, or what he thought was
+      knowledge, of the nature of things, and therefore assumed to be true. As
+      such, I hold it to be not merely an interesting, but a venerable, monument
+      of a stage in the mental progress of mankind; and I find it difficult to
+      suppose that any one who is acquainted with the cosmogonies of other
+      nations&mdash;and especially with those of the Egyptians and the
+      Babylonians, with whom the Israelites were in such frequent and intimate
+      communication&mdash;should consider it to possess either more, or less,
+      scientific importance than may be allotted to these.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Gladstone's definition of a sermon permits me to suspect that he may
+      not see much difference between that form of discourse and what I call a
+      myth; and I hope it may be something more than the slowness of
+      apprehension, to which I have confessed, which leads me to imagine that a
+      statement which is "general" but "admits exceptions," which is "popular"
+      and "aims mainly at producing moral impression," "summary" and therefore
+      open to "criticism of detail," amounts to a myth, or perhaps less than a
+      myth. Put algebraically, it comes to this, <i>x=a+b+c</i>; always
+      remembering that there is nothing to show the exact value of either <i>a,</i>
+      or <i>b,</i> or <i>c.</i> It is true that <i>a</i> is commonly supposed to
+      equal 10, but there are exceptions, and these may reduce it to 8, or 3, or
+      0; <i>b</i> also popularly means 10, but being chiefly used by the
+      algebraist as a "moral" value, you cannot do much with it in the addition
+      or subtraction of mathematical values; <i>c</i> also is quite "summary,"
+      and if you go into the details of which it is made up, many of them may be
+      wrong, and their sum total equal to 0, or even to a minus quantity.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Gladstone appears to wish that I should (1) enter upon a sort of essay
+      competition with the author of the pentateuchal cosmogony; (2) that I
+      should make a further statement about some elementary facts in the history
+      of Indian and Greek philosophy; and (3) that I should show cause for my
+      hesitation in accepting the assertion that Genesis is supported, at any
+      rate to the extent of the first two verses, by the nebular hypothesis.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A certain sense of humour prevents me from accepting the first invitation.
+      I would as soon attempt to put Hamlet's soliloquy into a more scientific
+      shape. But if I supposed the "Mosaic writer" to be inspired, as Mr.
+      Gladstone does, it would not be consistent with my notions of respect for
+      the Supreme Being to imagine Him unable to frame a form of words which
+      should accurately, or, at least, not inaccurately, express His own
+      meaning. It is sometimes said that, had the statements contained in the
+      first chapter of Genesis been scientifically true, they would have been
+      unintelligible to ignorant people; but how is the matter mended if, being
+      scientifically untrue, they must needs be rejected by instructed people?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With respect to the second suggestion, it would be presumptuous in me to
+      pretend to instruct Mr. Gladstone in matters which lie as much within the
+      province of Literature and History as in that of Science; but if any one
+      desirous of further knowledge will be so good as to turn to that most
+      excellent and by no means recondite source of information, the
+      "Encyclopaedia Britannica," he will find, under the letter E, the word
+      "Evolution," and a long article on that subject. Now, I do not recommend
+      him to read the first half of the article; but the second half, by my
+      friend Mr. Sully, is really very good. He will there find it said that in
+      some of the philosophies of ancient India, the idea of evolution is
+      clearly expressed: "Brahma is conceived as the eternal self-existent
+      being, which, on its material side, unfolds itself to the world by
+      gradually condensing itself to material objects through the gradations of
+      ether, fire, water, earth, and other elements." And again: "In the later
+      system of emanation of Sankhya there is a more marked approach to a
+      materialistic doctrine of evolution." What little knowledge I have of the
+      matter&mdash;chiefly derived from that very instructive book, "Die
+      Religion des Buddha," by C. F. Koeppen, supplemented by Hardy's
+      interesting works&mdash;leads me to think that Mr. Sully might have spoken
+      much more strongly as to the evolutionary character of Indian philosophy,
+      and especially of that of the Buddhists. But the question is too large to
+      be dealt with incidentally.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And, with respect to early Greek philosophy, <a href="#linknote-3"
+      name="linknoteref-3" id="linknoteref-3"><small>3</small></a> the seeker
+      after additional enlightenment need go no further than the same excellent
+      storehouse of information:&mdash;
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+   The early Ionian physicists, including Thales,
+   Anaximander, and Anaximenes, seek to explain the world as
+   generated out of a primordial matter which is at the same time
+   the universal support of things. This substance is endowed with
+   a generative or transmutative force by virtue of which it passes
+   into a succession of forms. They thus resemble modern
+   evolutionists since they regard the world, with its infinite
+   variety of forms, as issuing from a simple mode of matter.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Further on, Mr. Sully remarks that "Heraclitus deserves a prominent place
+      in the history of the idea of evolution," and he states, with perfect
+      justice, that Heraclitus has foreshadowed some of the special
+      peculiarities of Mr. Darwin's views. It is indeed a very strange
+      circumstance that the philosophy of the great Ephesian more than
+      adumbrates the two doctrines which have played leading parts, the one in
+      the development of Christian dogma, the other in that of natural science.
+      The former is the conception of the Word {Greek text}[logos] which took
+      its Jewish shape in Alexandria, and its Christian form <a
+      href="#linknote-4" name="linknoteref-4" id="linknoteref-4"><small>4</small></a>
+      in that Gospel which is usually referred to an Ephesian source of some
+      five centuries later date; and the latter is that of the struggle for
+      existence. The saying that "strife is father and king of all" {Greek
+      text}[...], ascribed to Heraclitus, would be a not inappropriate motto for
+      the "Origin of Species."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have referred only to Mr. Sully's article, because his authority is
+      quite sufficient for my purpose. But the consultation of any of the more
+      elaborate histories of Greek philosophy, such as the great work of Zeller,
+      for example, will only bring out the same fact into still more striking
+      prominence. I have professed no "minute acquaintance" with either Indian
+      or Greek philosophy, but I have taken a great deal of pains to secure that
+      such knowledge as I do possess shall be accurate and trustworthy.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the third place, Mr. Gladstone appears to wish that I should discuss
+      with him the question whether the nebular hypothesis is, or is not,
+      confirmatory of the pentateuchal account of the origin of things. Mr.
+      Gladstone appears to be prepared to enter upon this campaign with a light
+      heart. I confess I am not, and my reason for this backwardness will
+      doubtless surprise Mr. Gladstone. It is that, rather more than a quarter
+      of a century ago (namely, in February 1859), when it was my duty, as
+      President of the Geological Society, to deliver the Anniversary Address,
+      <a href="#linknote-5" name="linknoteref-5" id="linknoteref-5"><small>5</small></a>
+      I chose a topic which involved a very careful study of the remarkable
+      cosmogonical speculation, originally promulgated by Immanuel Kant and,
+      subsequently, by Laplace, which is now known as the nebular hypothesis.
+      With the help of such little acquaintance with the principles of physics
+      and astronomy as I had gained, I endeavoured to obtain a clear
+      understanding of this speculation in all its bearings. I am not sure that
+      I succeeded; but of this I am certain, that the problems involved are very
+      difficult, even for those who possess the intellectual discipline
+      requisite for dealing with them. And it was this conviction that led me to
+      express my desire to leave the discussion of the question of the asserted
+      harmony between Genesis and the nebular hypothesis to experts in the
+      appropriate branches of knowledge. And I think my course was a wise one;
+      but as Mr. Gladstone evidently does not understand how there can be any
+      hesitation on my part, unless it arises from a conviction that he is in
+      the right, I may go so far as to set out my difficulties.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      They are of two kinds&mdash;exegetical and scientific. It appears to me
+      that it is vain to discuss a supposed coincidence between Genesis and
+      science unless we have first settled, on the one hand, what Genesis says,
+      and, on the other hand, what science says.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the first place, I cannot find any consensus among Biblical scholars as
+      to the meaning of the words, "In the beginning God created the heaven and
+      the earth." Some say that the Hebrew word <i>bara,</i> which is translated
+      "create," means "made out of nothing." I venture to object to that
+      rendering, not on the ground of scholarship, but of common sense.
+      Omnipotence itself can surely no more make something "out of" nothing than
+      it can make a triangular circle. What is intended by "made out of nothing"
+      appears to be "caused to come into existence," with the implication that
+      nothing of the same kind previously existed. It is further usually assumed
+      that "the heaven and the earth" means the material substance of the
+      universe. Hence the "Mosaic writer" is taken to imply that where nothing
+      of a material nature previously existed, this substance appeared. That is
+      perfectly conceivable, and therefore no one can deny that it may have
+      happened. But there are other very authoritative critics who say that the
+      ancient Israelite <a href="#linknote-6" name="linknoteref-6"
+      id="linknoteref-6"><small>6</small></a> who wrote the passage was not
+      likely to have been capable of such abstract thinking; and that, as a
+      matter of philology, <i>bara</i> is commonly used to signify the
+      "fashioning," or "forming," of that which already exists. Now it appears
+      to me that the scientific investigator is wholly incompetent to say
+      anything at all about the first origin of the material universe. The whole
+      power of his organon vanishes when he has to step beyond the chain of
+      natural causes and effects. No form of the nebular hypothesis, that I know
+      of, is necessarily connected with any view of the origination of the
+      nebular substance. Kant's form of it expressly supposes that the nebular
+      material from which one stellar system starts may be nothing but the
+      disintegrated substance of a stellar and planetary system which has just
+      come to an end. Therefore, so far as I can see, one who believes that
+      matter has existed from all eternity has just as much right to hold the
+      nebular hypothesis as one who believes that matter came into existence at
+      a specified epoch. In other words, the nebular hypothesis and the creation
+      hypothesis, up to this point, neither confirm nor oppose one another.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Next, we read in the revisers' version, in which I suppose the ultimate
+      results of critical scholarship to be embodied: "And the earth was waste
+      ['without form,' in the Authorised Version] and void." Most people seem to
+      think that this phraseology intends to imply that the matter out of which
+      the world was to be formed was a veritable "chaos," devoid of law and
+      order. If this interpretation is correct, the nebular hypothesis can have
+      nothing to say to it. The scientific thinker cannot admit the absence of
+      law and order; anywhere or anywhen, in nature. Sometimes law and order are
+      patent and visible to our limited vision; sometimes they are hidden. But
+      every particle of the matter of the most fantastic-looking nebula in the
+      heavens is a realm of law and order in itself; and, that it is so, is the
+      essential condition of the possibility of solar and planetary evolution
+      from the apparent chaos. <a href="#linknote-7" name="linknoteref-7"
+      id="linknoteref-7"><small>7</small></a>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Waste" is too vague a term to be worth consideration. "Without form,"
+      intelligible enough as a metaphor, if taken literally is absurd; for a
+      material thing existing in space must have a superficies, and if it has a
+      superficies it has a form. The wildest streaks of marestail clouds in the
+      sky, or the most irregular heavenly nebulae, have surely just as much form
+      as a geometrical tetrahedron; and as for "void," how can that be void
+      which is full of matter? As poetry, these lines are vivid and admirable;
+      as a scientific statement, which they must be taken to be if any one is
+      justified in comparing them with another scientific statement, they fail
+      to convey any intelligible conception to my mind.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The account proceeds: "And darkness was upon the face of the deep." So be
+      it; but where, then, is the likeness to the celestial nebulae, of the
+      existence of which we should know nothing unless they shone with a light
+      of their own? "And the spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters." I
+      have met with no form of the nebular hypothesis which involves anything
+      analogous to this process.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have said enough to explain some of the difficulties which arise in my
+      mind, when I try to ascertain whether there is any foundation for the
+      contention that the statements contained in the first two verses of
+      Genesis are supported by the nebular hypothesis. The result does not
+      appear to me to be exactly favourable to that contention. The nebular
+      hypothesis assumes the existence of matter, having definite properties, as
+      its foundation. Whether such matter was created a few thousand years ago,
+      or whether it has existed through an eternal series of metamorphoses of
+      which our present universe is only the last stage, are alternatives,
+      neither of which is scientifically untenable, and neither scientifically
+      demonstrable. But science knows nothing of any stage in which the universe
+      could be said, in other than a metaphorical and popular sense, to be
+      formless or empty; or in any respect less the seat of law and order than
+      it is now. One might as well talk of a fresh-laid hen's egg being "without
+      form and void," because the chick therein is potential and not actual, as
+      apply such terms to the nebulous mass which contains a potential solar
+      system.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Until some further enlightenment comes to me, then, I confess myself
+      wholly unable to understand the way in which the nebular hypothesis is to
+      be converted into an ally of the "Mosaic writer." <a href="#linknote-8"
+      name="linknoteref-8" id="linknoteref-8"><small>8</small></a>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But Mr. Gladstone informs us that Professor Dana and Professor Guyot are
+      prepared to prove that the "first or cosmogonical portion of the Proem not
+      only accords with, but teaches, the nebular hypothesis." There is no one
+      to whose authority on geological questions I am more readily disposed to
+      bow than that of my eminent friend Professor Dana. But I am familiar with
+      what he has previously said on this topic in his well-known and standard
+      work, into which, strangely enough, it does not seem to have occurred to
+      Mr. Gladstone to look before he set out upon his present undertaking; and
+      unless Professor Dana's latest contribution (which I have not yet met
+      with) takes up altogether new ground, I am afraid I shall not be able to
+      extricate myself, by its help, from my present difficulties.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is a very long time since I began to think about the relations between
+      modern scientifically ascertained truths and the cosmogonical speculations
+      of the writer of Genesis; and, as I think that Mr. Gladstone might have
+      been able to put his case with a good deal more force, if he had thought
+      it worth while to consult the last chapter of Professor Dana's admirable
+      "Manual of Geology," so I think he might have been made aware that he was
+      undertaking an enterprise of which he had not counted the cost, if he had
+      chanced upon a discussion of the subject which I published in 1877. <a
+      href="#linknote-9" name="linknoteref-9" id="linknoteref-9"><small>9</small></a>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Finally, I should like to draw the attention of those who take interest in
+      these topics to the weighty words of one of the most learned and moderate
+      of Biblical critics: <a href="#linknote-10" name="linknoteref-10"
+      id="linknoteref-10"><small>10</small></a>&mdash;
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+   "A propos de cette premiere page de la Bible, on a coutume de
+   nos jours de disserter, a perte de vue, sur l'accord du recit
+   mosaique avec les sciences naturelles; et comme celles-ci tout
+   eloignees qu'elles sont encore de la perfection absolue, ont
+   rendu populaires et en quelque sorte irrefragables un certain
+   nombre de faits generaux ou de theses fondamentales de la
+   cosmologie et de la geologie, c'est le texte sacre qu'on
+   s'evertue a torturer pour le faire concorder avec
+   ces donnees."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      In my paper on the "Interpreters of Nature and the Interpreters of
+      Genesis," while freely availing myself of the rights of a scientific
+      critic, I endeavoured to keep the expression of my views well within those
+      bounds of courtesy which are set by self-respect and consideration for
+      others. I am therefore glad to be favoured with Mr. Gladstone's
+      acknowledgment of the success of my efforts. I only wish that I could
+      accept all the products of Mr. Gladstone's gracious appreciation, but
+      there is one about which, as a matter of honesty, I hesitate. In fact, if
+      I had expressed my meaning better than I seem to have done, I doubt if the
+      particular proffer of Mr. Gladstone's thanks would have been made.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To my mind, whatever doctrine professes to be the result of the
+      application of the accepted rules of inductive and deductive logic to its
+      subject-matter; and which accepts, within the limits which it sets to
+      itself, the supremacy of reason, is Science. Whether the subject-matter
+      consists of realities or unrealities, truths or falsehoods, is quite
+      another question. I conceive that ordinary geometry is science, by reason
+      of its method, and I also believe that its axioms, definitions, and
+      conclusions are all true. However, there is a geometry of four dimensions,
+      which I also believe to be science, because its method professes to be
+      strictly scientific. It is true that I cannot conceive four dimensions in
+      space, and therefore, for me, the whole affair is unreal. But I have known
+      men of great intellectual powers who seemed to have no difficulty either
+      in conceiving them, or, at any rate, in imagining how they could conceive
+      them; and, therefore, four-dimensioned geometry comes under my notion of
+      science. So I think astrology is a science, in so far as it professes to
+      reason logically from principles established by just inductive methods. To
+      prevent misunderstanding, perhaps I had better add that I do not believe
+      one whit in astrology; but no more do I believe in Ptolemaic astronomy, or
+      in the catastrophic geology of my youth, although these, in their day,
+      claimed&mdash;and, to my mind, rightly claimed&mdash;the name of science.
+      If nothing is to be called science but that which is exactly true from
+      beginning to end, I am afraid there is very little science in the world
+      outside mathematics. Among the physical sciences, I do not know that any
+      could claim more than that it is true within certain limits, so narrow
+      that, for the present at any rate, they may be neglected. If such is the
+      case, I do not see where the line is to be drawn between exactly true,
+      partially true, and mainly untrue forms of science. And what I have said
+      about the current theology at the end of my paper [<i>supra</i> pp.
+      160-163] leaves, I think, no doubt as to the category in which I rank it.
+      For all that, I think it would be not only unjust, but almost impertinent,
+      to refuse the name of science to the "Summa" of St. Thomas or to the
+      "Institutes" of Calvin.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In conclusion, I confess that my supposed "unjaded appetite" for the sort
+      of controversy in which it needed not Mr. Gladstone's express declaration
+      to tell us he is far better practised than I am (though probably, without
+      another express declaration, no one would have suspected that his
+      controversial fires are burning low) is already satiated.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In "Elysium" we conduct scientific discussions in a different medium, and
+      we are liable to threatenings of asphyxia in that "atmosphere of
+      contention" in which Mr. Gladstone has been able to live, alert and
+      vigorous beyond the common race of men, as if it were purest mountain air.
+      I trust that he may long continue to seek truth, under the difficult
+      conditions he has chosen for the search, with unabated energy&mdash;I had
+      almost said fire&mdash;
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+   May age not wither him, nor custom stale
+   His infinite variety.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      But Elysium suits my less robust constitution better, and I beg leave to
+      retire thither, not sorry for my experience of the other region&mdash;no
+      one should regret experience&mdash;but determined not to repeat it, at any
+      rate in reference to the "plea for revelation."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0001" id="link2H_4_0001">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      NOTE ON THE PROPER SENSE OF THE "MOSAIC" NARRATIVE OF THE CREATION.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      It has been objected to my argument from Leviticus (<i>suprà</i> p. 170)
+      that the Hebrew words translated by "creeping things" in Genesis i. 24 and
+      Leviticus xi. 29, are different; namely, "reh-mes" in the former,
+      "sheh-retz" in the latter. The obvious reply to this objection is that the
+      question is not one of words but of the meaning of words. To borrow an
+      illustration from our own language, if "crawling things" had been used by
+      the translators in Genesis and "creeping things" in Leviticus, it would
+      not have been necessarily implied that they intended to denote different
+      groups of animals. "Sheh-retz" is employed in a wider sense than
+      "reh-mes." There are "sheh-retz" of the waters of the earth, of the air,
+      and of the land. Leviticus speaks of land reptiles, among other animals,
+      as "sheh-retz"; Genesis speaks of all creeping land animals, among which
+      land reptiles are necessarily included, as "reh-mes." Our translators,
+      therefore, have given the true sense when they render both "sheh-retz" and
+      "reh-mes" by "creeping things."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Having taken a good deal of trouble to show what Genesis i.-ii. 4 does not
+      mean, in the preceding pages, perhaps it may be well that I should briefly
+      give my opinion as to what it does mean. I conceive that the unknown
+      author of this part of the Hexateuchal compilation believed, and meant his
+      readers to believe, that his words, as they understood them&mdash;that is
+      to say, in their ordinary natural sense&mdash;conveyed the "actual
+      historical truth." When he says that such and such things happened, I
+      believe him to mean that they actually occurred and not that he imagined
+      or dreamed them; when he says "day," I believe he uses the word in the
+      popular sense; when he says "made" or "created," I believe he means that
+      they came into being by a process analogous to that which the people whom
+      he addressed called "making" or "creating"; and I think that, unless we
+      forget our present knowledge of nature, and, putting ourselves back into
+      the position of a Phoenician or a Chaldaean philosopher, start from his
+      conception of the world, we shall fail to grasp the meaning of the Hebrew
+      writer. We must conceive the earth to be an immovable, more or less
+      flattened, body, with the vault of heaven above, the watery abyss below
+      and around. We must imagine sun, moon, and stars to be "set" in a
+      "firmament" with, or in, which they move; and above which is yet another
+      watery mass. We must consider "light" and "darkness" to be things, the
+      alternation of which constitutes day and night, independently of the
+      existence of sun, moon, and stars. We must further suppose that, as in the
+      case of the story of the deluge, the Hebrew writer was acquainted with a
+      Gentile (probably Chaldaean or Accadian) account of the origin of things,
+      in which he substantially believed, but which he stripped of all its
+      idolatrous associations by substituting "Elohim" for Ea, Anu, Bel, and the
+      like.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      From this point of view the first verse strikes the keynote of the whole.
+      In the beginning "Elohim <a href="#linknote-11" name="linknoteref-11"
+      id="linknoteref-11"><small>11</small></a> created the heaven and the
+      earth." Heaven and earth were not primitive existences from which the gods
+      proceeded, as the Gentiles taught; on the contrary, the "Powers" preceded
+      and created heaven and earth. Whether by "creation" is meant "causing to
+      be where nothing was before" or "shaping of something which pre-existed,"
+      seems to me to be an insoluble question.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As I have pointed out, the second verse has an interesting parallel in
+      Jeremiah iv. 23: "I beheld the earth, and, lo, it was waste and void; and
+      the heavens, and they had no light." I conceive that there is no more
+      allusion to chaos in the one than in the other. The earth-disk lay in its
+      watery envelope, like the yolk of an egg in the <i>glaire,</i> and the
+      spirit, or breath, of Elohim stirred the mass. Light was created as a
+      thing by itself; and its antithesis "darkness" as another thing. It was
+      supposed to be the nature of these two to alternate, and a pair of
+      alternations constituted a "day" in the sense of an unit of time.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The next step was, necessarily, the formation of that "firmament," or dome
+      over the earth-disk, which was supposed to support the celestial waters;
+      and in which sun, moon, and stars were conceived to be set, as in a sort
+      of orrery. The earth was still surrounded and covered by the lower waters,
+      but the upper were separated from it by the "firmament," beneath which
+      what we call the air lay. A second alternation of darkness and light marks
+      the lapse of time.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After this, the waters which covered the earth-disk, under the firmament,
+      were drawn away into certain regions, which became seas, while the part
+      laid bare became dry land. In accordance with the notion, universally
+      accepted in antiquity, that moist earth possesses the potentiality of
+      giving rise to living beings, the land, at the command of Elohim, "put
+      forth" all sorts of plants. They are made to appear thus early, not, I
+      apprehend, from any notion that plants are lower in the scale of being
+      than animals (which would seem to be inconsistent with the prevalence of
+      tree worship among ancient people), but rather because animals obviously
+      depend on plants; and because, without crops and harvests, there seemed to
+      be no particular need of heavenly signs for the seasons.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      These were provided by the fourth day's work. Light existed already; but
+      now vehicles for the distribution of light, in a special manner and with
+      varying degrees of intensity, were provided. I conceive that the previous
+      alternations of light and darkness were supposed to go on; but that the
+      "light" was strengthened during the daytime by the sun, which, as a source
+      of heat as well as of light, glided up the firmament from the east, and
+      slid down in the west, each day. Very probably each day's sun was supposed
+      to be a new one. And as the light of the day was strengthened by the sun,
+      so the darkness of the night was weakened by the moon, which regularly
+      waxed and waned every month. The stars are, as it were, thrown in. And
+      nothing can more sharply mark the doctrinal purpose of the author, than
+      the manner in which he deals with the heavenly bodies, which the Gentiles
+      identified so closely with their gods, as if they were mere accessories to
+      the almanac.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Animals come next in order of creation, and the general notion of the
+      writer seems to be that they were produced by the medium in which they
+      live; that is to say, the aquatic animals by the waters, and the
+      terrestrial animals by the land. But there was a difficulty about flying
+      things, such as bats, birds, and insects. The cosmogonist seems to have
+      had no conception of "air" as an elemental body. His "elements" are earth
+      and water, and he ignores air as much as he does fire. Birds "fly above
+      the earth in the open firmament" or "on the face of the expanse" of
+      heaven. They are not said to fly through the air. The choice of a
+      generative medium for flying things, therefore, seemed to lie between
+      water and earth; and, if we take into account the conspicuousness of the
+      great flocks of water-birds and the swarms of winged insects, which appear
+      to arise from water, I think the preference of water becomes intelligible.
+      However, I do not put this forward as more than a probable hypothesis. As
+      to the creation of aquatic animals on the fifth, that of land animals on
+      the sixth day, and that of man last of all, I presume the order was
+      determined by the fact that man could hardly receive dominion over the
+      living world before it existed; and that the "cattle" were not wanted
+      until he was about to make his appearance. The other terrestrial animals
+      would naturally be associated with the cattle.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The absurdity of imagining that any conception, analogous to that of a
+      zoological classification, was in the mind of the writer will be apparent,
+      when we consider that the fifth day's work must include the zoologist's <i>Cetacea,
+      Sirenia,</i> and seals, <a href="#linknote-12" name="linknoteref-12"
+      id="linknoteref-12"><small>12</small></a> all of which are <i>Mammalia;</i>
+      all birds, turtles, sea-snakes and, presumably, the fresh water <i>Reptilia</i>
+      and <i>Amphibia;</i> with the great majority of <i>Invertebrata.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The creation of man is announced as a separate act, resulting from a
+      particular resolution of Elohim to "make man in our image, after our
+      likeness." To learn what this remarkable phrase means we must turn to the
+      fifth chapter of Genesis, the work of the same writer. "In the day that
+      Elohim created man, in the likeness of Elohim made he him; male and female
+      created he them; and blessed them and called their name Adam in the day
+      when they were created. And Adam lived an hundred and thirty years and
+      begat <i>a son</i> in his own likeness, after his image; and called his
+      name Seth." I find it impossible to read this passage without being
+      convinced that, when the writer says Adam was made in the likeness of
+      Elohim, he means the same sort of likeness as when he says that Seth was
+      begotten in the likeness of Adam. Whence it follows that his conception of
+      Elohim was completely anthropomorphic.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In all this narrative I can discover nothing which differentiates it, in
+      principle, from other ancient cosmogonies, except the rejection of all
+      gods, save the vague, yet anthropomorphic, Elohim, and the assigning to
+      them anteriority and superiority to the world. It is as utterly
+      irreconcilable with the assured truths of modern science, as it is with
+      the account of the origin of man, plants, and animals given by the writer
+      of the second chief constituent of the Hexateuch in the second chapter of
+      Genesis. This extraordinary story starts with the assumption of the
+      existence of a rainless earth, devoid of plants and herbs of the field.
+      The creation of living beings begins with that of a solitary man; the next
+      thing that happens is the laying out of the Garden of Eden, and the
+      causing the growth from its soil of every tree "that is pleasant to the
+      sight and good for food"; the third act is the formation out of the ground
+      of "every beast of the field, and every fowl of the air"; the fourth and
+      last, the manufacture of the first woman from a rib, extracted from Adam,
+      while in a state of anaesthesia.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yet there are people who not only profess to take this monstrous legend
+      seriously, but who declare it to be reconcilable with the Elohistic
+      account of the creation!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_FOOT" id="link2H_FOOT">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      FOOTNOTES:
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linknote-1" id="linknote-1">
+      <!-- Note --></a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="foot">
+      1 (<a href="#linknoteref-1">return</a>)<br /> [ <i>The Nineteenth Century,</i>
+      1886.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linknote-2" id="linknote-2">
+      <!-- Note --></a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="foot">
+      2 (<a href="#linknoteref-2">return</a>)<br /> [ Both dolphins and dugongs
+      occur in the Red Sea, porpoises and dolphins in the Mediterranean; so that
+      the "Mosaic writer" may have been acquainted with them.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linknote-3" id="linknote-3">
+      <!-- Note --></a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="foot">
+      3 (<a href="#linknoteref-3">return</a>)<br /> [ I said nothing about "the
+      greater number of schools of Greek philosophy," as Mr. Gladstone implies
+      that I did, but expressly spoke of the "founders of Greek philosophy."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linknote-4" id="linknote-4">
+      <!-- Note --></a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="foot">
+      4 (<a href="#linknoteref-4">return</a>)<br /> [ See Heinze, <i>Die Lehre
+      vom Logos,</i> p. 9 <i>et seq.</i>]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linknote-5" id="linknote-5">
+      <!-- Note --></a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="foot">
+      5 (<a href="#linknoteref-5">return</a>)<br /> [ Reprinted in <i>Lay
+      Sermons, Addresses, and Reviews,</i> 1870.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linknote-6" id="linknote-6">
+      <!-- Note --></a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="foot">
+      6 (<a href="#linknoteref-6">return</a>)<br /> [ "Ancient," doubtless, but
+      his antiquity must not be exaggerated. For example, there is no proof that
+      the "Mosaic" cosmogony was known to the Israelites of Solomon's time.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linknote-7" id="linknote-7">
+      <!-- Note --></a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="foot">
+      7 (<a href="#linknoteref-7">return</a>)<br /> [ When Jeremiah (iv. 23)
+      says, "I beheld the earth, and, lo, it was waste and void," he certainly
+      does not mean to imply that the form of the earth was less definite, or
+      its substance less solid, than before.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linknote-8" id="linknote-8">
+      <!-- Note --></a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="foot">
+      8 (<a href="#linknoteref-8">return</a>)<br /> [ In looking through the
+      delightful volume recently published by the Astronomer-Royal for Ireland,
+      a day or two ago, I find the following remarks on the nebular hypothesis,
+      which I should have been glad to quote in my text if I had known them
+      sooner:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p class="foot">
+      "Nor can it be ever more than a speculation; it cannot be established by
+      observation, nor can it be proved by calculation. It is merely a
+      conjecture, more or less plausible, but perhaps in some degree,
+      necessarily true, if our present laws of heat, as we understand them,
+      admit of the extreme application here required, and if the present order
+      of things has reigned for sufficient time without the intervention of any
+      influence at present known to us" (<i>The Story of the Heavens,</i> p.
+      506).
+    </p>
+    <p class="foot">
+      Would any prudent advocate base a plea, either for or against revelation,
+      upon the coincidence, or want of coincidence, of the declarations of the
+      latter with the requirements of an hypothesis thus guardedly dealt with by
+      an astronomical expert?]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linknote-9" id="linknote-9">
+      <!-- Note --></a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="foot">
+      9 (<a href="#linknoteref-9">return</a>)<br /> [ Lectures on Evolution
+      delivered in New York (American Addresses).]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linknote-10" id="linknote-10">
+      <!-- Note --></a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="foot">
+      10 (<a href="#linknoteref-10">return</a>)<br /> [ Reuss, <i>L'Histoire
+      Sainte et la Loi,</i> vol. i, p. 275.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linknote-11" id="linknote-11">
+      <!-- Note --></a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="foot">
+      11 (<a href="#linknoteref-11">return</a>)<br /> [ For the sense of the term
+      "Elohim," see the essay entitled "The Evolution of Theology" at the end of
+      this volume.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linknote-12" id="linknote-12">
+      <!-- Note --></a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="foot">
+      12 (<a href="#linknoteref-12">return</a>)<br /> [ Perhaps even
+      hippopotamuses and otters!]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br />
+    </p>
+    <table summary="" border="3" cellpadding="4">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a
+            href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2632/2632-h/2632-h.htm">Next
+            Volume</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Mr. Gladstone and Genesis, by Thomas Henry Huxley
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MR. GLADSTONE AND GENESIS ***
+
+***** This file should be named 2631-h.htm or 2631-h.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/2/6/3/2631/
+
+Produced by D.R. Thompson, and David Widger
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+
+</pre>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/2631.txt b/2631.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a8ad9f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2631.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1343 @@
+Project Gutenberg's Mr. Gladstone and Genesis, by Thomas Henry Huxley
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Mr. Gladstone and Genesis
+       Essay #5 from "Science and Hebrew Tradition"
+
+Author: Thomas Henry Huxley
+
+Posting Date: December 3, 2008 [EBook #2631]
+Release Date: May, 2001
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MR. GLADSTONE AND GENESIS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by D.R. Thompson
+
+
+
+
+
+MR. GLADSTONE AND GENESIS
+
+ESSAY #5 FROM "SCIENCE AND HEBREW TRADITION"
+
+
+By Thomas Henry Huxley
+
+
+
+In controversy, as in courtship, the good old rule to be off with the
+old before one is on with the new, greatly commends itself to my sense
+of expediency. And, therefore, it appears to me desirable that I should
+preface such observations as I may have to offer upon the cloud of
+arguments (the relevancy of which to the issue which I had ventured to
+raise is not always obvious) put forth by Mr. Gladstone in the January
+number of this review, [1] by an endeavour to make clear to such of
+our readers as have not had the advantage of a forensic education the
+present net result of the discussion.
+
+I am quite aware that, in undertaking this task, I run all the risks
+to which the man who presumes to deal judicially with his own cause is
+liable. But it is exactly because I do not shun that risk, but, rather,
+earnestly desire to be judged by him who cometh after me, provided that
+he has the knowledge and impartiality appropriate to a judge, that I
+adopt my present course.
+
+In the article on "The Dawn of Creation and Worship," it will be
+remembered that Mr. Gladstone unreservedly commits himself to three
+propositions. The first is that, according to the writer of the
+Pentateuch, the "water-population," the "air-population," and the
+"land-population" of the globe were created successively, in the order
+named. In the second place, Mr. Gladstone authoritatively asserts that
+this (as part of his "fourfold order") has been "so affirmed in our time
+by natural science, that it may be taken as a demonstrated conclusion
+and established fact." In the third place, Mr. Gladstone argues that the
+fact of this coincidence of the pentateuchal story with the results
+of modern investigation makes it "impossible to avoid the conclusion,
+first, that either this writer was gifted with faculties passing all
+human experience, or else his knowledge was divine." And having settled
+to his own satisfaction that the first "branch of the alternative is
+truly nominal and unreal," Mr. Gladstone continues, "So stands the plea
+for a revelation of truth from God, a plea only to be met by questioning
+its possibility" (p. 697).
+
+I am a simple-minded person, wholly devoid of subtlety of intellect, so
+that I willingly admit that there may be depths of alternative meaning
+in these propositions out of all soundings attainable by my poor
+plummet. Still there are a good many people who suffer under a like
+intellectual limitation; and, for once in my life, I feel that I have
+the chance of attaining that position of a representative of average
+opinion which appears to be the modern ideal of a leader of men, when
+I make free confession that, after turning the matter over in my mind,
+with all the aid derived from a careful consideration of Mr. Gladstone's
+reply, I cannot get away from my original conviction that, if Mr.
+Gladstone's second proposition can be shown to be not merely inaccurate,
+but directly contradictory of facts known to every one who is acquainted
+with the elements of natural science, the third proposition collapses of
+itself.
+
+And it was this conviction which led me to enter upon the present
+discussion. I fancied that if my respected clients, the people of
+average opinion and capacity, could once be got distinctly to conceive
+that Mr. Gladstone's views as to the proper method of dealing with grave
+and difficult scientific and religious problems had permitted him to
+base a solemn "plea for a revelation of truth from God" upon an error as
+to a matter of fact, from which the intelligent perusal of a manual of
+palaeontology would have saved him, I need not trouble myself to
+occupy their time and attention [167] with further comments upon his
+contribution to apologetic literature. It is for others to judge whether
+I have efficiently carried out my project or not. It certainly does not
+count for much that I should be unable to find any flaw in my own case,
+but I think it counts for a good deal that Mr. Gladstone appears to have
+been equally unable to do so. He does, indeed, make a great parade of
+authorities, and I have the greatest respect for those authorities whom
+Mr. Gladstone mentions. If he will get them to sign a joint memorial to
+the effect that our present palaeontological evidence proves that birds
+appeared before the "land-population" of terrestrial reptiles, I shall
+think it my duty to reconsider my position--but not till then.
+
+It will be observed that I have cautiously used the word "appears" in
+referring to what seems to me to be absence of any real answer to my
+criticisms in Mr. Gladstone's reply. For I must honestly confess that,
+notwithstanding long and painful strivings after clear insight, I am
+still uncertain whether Mr. Gladstone's "Defence" means that the
+great "plea for a revelation from God" is to be left to perish in the
+dialectic desert; or whether it is to be withdrawn under the protection
+of such skirmishers as are available for covering retreat.
+
+In particular, the remarkable disquisition which covers pages 11 to
+14 of Mr. Gladstone's last contribution has greatly exercised my mind.
+Socrates is reported to have said of the works of Heraclitus that he who
+attempted to comprehend them should be a "Delian swimmer," but that, for
+his part, what he could understand was so good that he was disposed
+to believe in the excellence of that which he found unintelligible. In
+endeavouring to make myself master of Mr. Gladstone's meaning in these
+pages, I have often been overcome by a feeling analogous to that
+of Socrates, but not quite the same. That which I do understand has
+appeared to me so very much the reverse of good, that I have sometimes
+permitted myself to doubt the value of that which I do not understand.
+
+In this part of Mr. Gladstone's reply, in fact, I find nothing of which
+the bearing upon my arguments is clear to me, except that which relates
+to the question whether reptiles, so far as they are represented by
+tortoises and the great majority of lizards and snakes, which are land
+animals, are creeping things in the sense of the pentateuchal writer or
+not.
+
+I have every respect for the singer of the Song of the Three Children
+(whoever he may have been); I desire to cast no shadow of doubt upon,
+but, on the contrary, marvel at, the exactness of Mr. Gladstone's
+information as to the considerations which "affected the method of
+the Mosaic writer"; nor do I venture to doubt that the inconvenient
+intrusion of these contemptible reptiles--"a family fallen from
+greatness" (p. 14), a miserable decayed aristocracy reduced to mere
+"skulkers about the earth" (_ibid._)--in consequence, apparently,
+of difficulties about the occupation of land arising out of the
+earth-hunger of their former serfs, the mammals--into an apologetic
+argument, which otherwise would run quite smoothly, is in every way to
+be deprecated. Still, the wretched creatures stand there, importunately
+demanding notice; and, however different may be the practice in that
+contentious atmosphere with which Mr. Gladstone expresses and laments
+his familiarity, in the atmosphere of science it really is of no avail
+whatever to shut one's eyes to facts, or to try to bury them out of
+sight under a tumulus of rhetoric. That is my experience of the "Elysian
+regions of Science," wherein it is a pleasure to me to think that a man
+of Mr. Gladstone's intimate knowledge of English life, during the last
+quarter of a century, believes my philosophic existence to have been
+rounded off in unbroken equanimity.
+
+However reprehensible, and indeed contemptible, terrestrial reptiles may
+be, the only question which appears to me to be relevant to my
+argument is whether these creatures are or are not comprised under the
+denomination of "everything that creepeth upon the ground."
+
+Mr. Gladstone speaks of the author of the first chapter of Genesis as
+"the Mosaic writer"; I suppose, therefore, that he will admit that it
+is equally proper to speak of the author of Leviticus as the "Mosaic
+writer." Whether such a phrase would be used by any one who had an
+adequate conception of the assured results of modern Biblical criticism
+is another matter; but, at any rate, it cannot be denied that Leviticus
+has as much claim to Mosaic authorship as Genesis. Therefore, if one
+wants to know the sense of a phrase used in Genesis, it will be well
+to see what Leviticus has to say on the matter. Hence, I commend
+the following extract from the eleventh chapter of Leviticus to Mr.
+Gladstone's serious attention:--
+
+   And these are they which are unclean unto you among the creeping
+   things that creep upon the earth: the weasel, and the mouse, and
+   the great lizard after its kind, and the gecko, and the land
+   crocodile, and the sand-lizard, and the chameleon. These are
+   they which are unclean to you among all that creep (v. 29-3l).
+
+The merest Sunday-school exegesis therefore suffices to prove that when
+the "Mosaic writer" in Genesis i. 24 speaks of "creeping things," he
+means to include lizards among them.
+
+This being so, it is agreed, on all hands, that terrestrial lizards,
+and other reptiles allied to lizards, occur in the Permian strata. It
+is further agreed that the Triassic strata were deposited after these.
+Moreover, it is well known that, even if certain footprints are to be
+taken as unquestionable evidence of the existence of birds, they are
+not known to occur in rocks earlier than the Trias, while indubitable
+remains of birds are to be met with only much later. Hence it follows
+that natural science does not "affirm" the statement that birds were
+made on the fifth day, and "everything that creepeth on the ground" on
+the sixth, on which Mr. Gladstone rests his order; for, as is shown
+by Leviticus, the "Mosaic writer" includes lizards among his "creeping
+things."
+
+Perhaps I have given myself superfluous trouble in the preceding
+argument, for I find that Mr. Gladstone is willing to assume (he does
+not say to admit) that the statement in the text of Genesis as to
+reptiles cannot "in all points be sustained" (p. 16). But my position
+is that it cannot be sustained in any point, so that, after all, it
+has perhaps been as well to go over the evidence again. And then Mr.
+Gladstone proceeds as if nothing had happened to tell us that--
+
+   There remain great unshaken facts to be weighed. First, the fact
+   that such a record should have been made at all.
+
+As most peoples have their cosmogonies, this "fact" does not strike me
+as having much value.
+
+    Secondly, the fact that, instead of dwelling in generalities, it
+    has placed itself under the severe conditions of a chronological
+    order reaching from the first _nisus_ of chaotic matter to
+    the consummated production of a fair and goodly, a furnished and
+    a peopled world.
+
+This "fact" can be regarded as of value only by ignoring the fact
+demonstrated in my previous paper, that natural science does not
+confirm the order asserted so far as living things are concerned; and
+by upsetting a fact to be brought to light presently, to wit, that, in
+regard to the rest of the pentateuchal cosmogony, prudent science has
+very little to say one way or the other.
+
+   Thirdly, the fact that its cosmogony seems, in the light of the
+   nineteenth century, to draw more and more of countenance from
+   the best natural philosophy.
+
+I have already questioned the accuracy of this statement, and I do not
+observe that mere repetition adds to its value.
+
+   And, fourthly, that it has described the successive origins of
+   the five great categories of present life with which human
+   experience was and is conversant, in that order which geological
+   authority confirms.
+
+By comparison with a sentence on page 14, in which a fivefold order is
+substituted for the "fourfold order," on which the "plea for revelation"
+was originally founded, it appears that these five categories are
+"plants, fishes, birds, mammals, and man," which, Mr. Gladstone affirms,
+"are given to us in Genesis in the order of succession in which they are
+also given by the latest geological authorities."
+
+I must venture to demur to this statement. I showed, in my previous
+paper, that there is no reason to doubt that the term "great sea
+monster" (used in Gen. i. 21) includes the most conspicuous of great sea
+animals--namely, whales, dolphins, porpoises, manatees, and dugongs; [2]
+and, as these are indubitable mammals, it is impossible to affirm that
+mammals come after birds, which are said to have been created on the
+same day. Moreover, I pointed out that as these Cetacea and Sirenia are
+certainly modified land animals, their existence implies the antecedent
+existence of land mammals.
+
+Furthermore, I have to remark that the term "fishes," as used,
+technically, in zoology, by no means covers all the moving creatures
+that have life, which are bidden to "fill the waters in the seas" (Gen.
+i. 20-22.) Marine mollusks and crustacea, echinoderms, corals, and
+foraminifera are not technically fishes. But they are abundant in the
+palaeozoic rocks, ages upon ages older than those in which the first
+evidences of true fishes appear. And if, in a geological book, Mr.
+Gladstone finds the quite true statement that plants appeared before
+fishes, it is only by a complete misunderstanding that he can be led
+to imagine it serves his purpose. As a matter of fact, at the present
+moment, it is a question whether, on the bare evidence afforded
+by fossils, the marine creeping thing or the marine plant has the
+seniority. No cautious palaeontologist would express a decided opinion
+on the matter. But, if we are to read the pentateuchal statement as
+a scientific document (and, in spite of all protests to the contrary,
+those who bring it into comparison with science do seek to make a
+scientific document of it), then, as it is quite clear that only
+terrestrial plants of high organisation are spoken of in verses 11
+and 12, no palaeontologist would hesitate to say that, at present, the
+records of sea animal life are vastly older than those of any land plant
+describable as "grass, herb yielding seed or fruit tree."
+
+Thus, although, in Mr. Gladstone's "Defence," the "old order passeth
+into new," his case is not improved. The fivefold order is no more
+"affirmed in our time by natural science" to be "a demonstrated
+conclusion and established fact" than the fourfold order was. Natural
+science appears to me to decline to have anything to do with either;
+they are as wrong in detail as they are mistaken in principle.
+
+There is another change of position, the value of which is not so
+apparent to me, as it may well seem to be to those who are unfamiliar
+with the subject under discussion. Mr. Gladstone discards his three
+groups of "water-population," "air-population," and "land-population,"
+and substitutes for them (1) fishes, (2) birds, (3) mammals, (4)
+man. Moreover, it is assumed, in a note, that "the higher or ordinary
+mammals" alone were known to the "Mosaic writer" (p. 6). No doubt it
+looks, at first, as if something were gained by this alteration; for,
+as I have just pointed out, the word "fishes" can be used in two senses,
+one of which has a deceptive appearance of adjustability to the "Mosaic"
+account. Then the inconvenient reptiles are banished out of sight; and,
+finally, the question of the exact meaning of "higher" and "ordinary"
+in the case of mammals opens up the prospect of a hopeful logomachy. But
+what is the good of it all in the face of Leviticus on the one hand and
+of palaeontology on the other?
+
+As, in my apprehension, there is not a shadow of justification for the
+suggestion that when the pentateuchal writer says "fowl" he excludes
+bats (which, as we shall see directly, are expressly included under
+"fowl" in Leviticus), and as I have already shown that he demonstrably
+includes reptiles, as well as mammals, among the creeping things of the
+land, I may be permitted to spare my readers further discussion of
+the "fivefold order." On the whole, it is seen to be rather more
+inconsistent with Genesis than its fourfold predecessor.
+
+But I have yet a fresh order to face. Mr. Gladstone (p. 11) understands
+"the main statements of Genesis" in successive order of time, but without
+any measurement of its divisions, to be as follows:--
+
+1. A period of land, anterior to all life (v. 9, 10). 2. A period of
+vegetable life, anterior to animal life (v. 11, 12). 3. A period of
+animal life, in the order of fishes (v. 20). 4. Another stage of animal
+life, in the order of birds. 5. Another in the order of beasts (v. 24,
+25). 6. Last of all, man (v. 26, 27).
+
+Mr. Gladstone then tries to find the proof of the occurrence of a
+similar succession in sundry excellent works on geology.
+
+I am really grieved to be obliged to say that this third (or is it
+fourth?) modification of the foundation of the "plea for revelation"
+originally set forth, satisfies me as little as any of its predecessors.
+
+For, in the first place, I cannot accept the assertion that this order
+is to be found in Genesis. With respect to No. 5, for example, I hold,
+as I have already said, that "great sea monsters" includes the Cetacea,
+in which case mammals (which is what, I suppose, Mr. Gladstone means by
+"beasts") come in under head No. 3, and not under No. 5. Again, "fowl"
+are said in Genesis to be created on the same day as fishes; therefore
+I cannot accept an order which makes birds succeed fishes. Once more,
+as it is quite certain that the term "fowl" includes the bats,--for in
+Leviticus xi. 13-19 we read, "And these shall ye have in abomination
+among the fowls... the heron after its kind, and the hoopoe, and the
+bat,"--it is obvious that bats are also said to have been created at
+stage No. 3. And as bats are mammals, and their existence obviously
+presupposes that of terrestrial "beasts," it is quite clear that the
+latter could not have first appeared as No. 5. I need not repeat my
+reasons for doubting whether man came "last of all."
+
+As the latter half of Mr. Gladstone's sixfold order thus shows itself to
+be wholly unauthorised by, and inconsistent with, the plain language
+of the Pentateuch, I might decline to discuss the admissibility of its
+former half.
+
+But I will add one or two remarks on this point also. Does Mr. Gladstone
+mean to say that in any of the works he has cited, or indeed anywhere
+else, he can find scientific warranty for the assertion that there was a
+period of land--by which I suppose he means dry land (for submerged land
+must needs be as old as the separate existence of the sea)--"anterior to
+all life?"
+
+It may be so, or it may not be so; but where is the evidence which would
+justify any one in making a positive assertion on the subject? What
+competent palaeontologist will affirm, at this present moment, that he
+knows anything about the period at which life originated, or will
+assert more than the extreme probability that such origin was a long
+way antecedent to any traces of life at present known? What physical
+geologist will affirm that he knows when dry land began to exist, or
+will say more than that it was probably very much earlier than any
+extant direct evidence of terrestrial conditions indicates?
+
+I think I know pretty well the answers which the authorities quoted by
+Mr. Gladstone would give to these questions; but I leave it to them to
+give them if they think fit.
+
+If I ventured to speculate on the matter at all, I should say it is by
+no means certain that sea is older than dry land, inasmuch as a solid
+terrestrial surface may very well have existed before the earth was cool
+enough to allow of the existence of fluid water. And, in this case,
+dry land may have existed before the sea. As to the first appearance of
+life, the whole argument of analogy, whatever it may be worth in such a
+case, is in favour of the absence of living beings until long after
+the hot water seas had constituted themselves; and of the subsequent
+appearance of aquatic before terrestrial forms of life. But whether
+these "protoplasts" would, if we could examine them, be reckoned
+among the lowest microscopic algae, or fungi; or among those doubtful
+organisms which lie in the debatable land between animals and plants,
+is, in my judgment, a question on which a prudent biologist will reserve
+his opinion.
+
+I think that I have now disposed of those parts of Mr. Gladstone's
+defence in which I seem to discover a design to rescue his solemn "plea
+for revelation." But a great deal of the "Proem to Genesis" remains
+which I would gladly pass over in silence, were such a course
+consistent with the respect due to so distinguished a champion of the
+"reconcilers."
+
+I hope that my clients--the people of average opinions--have by this
+time some confidence in me; for when I tell them that, after all, Mr.
+Gladstone is of opinion that the "Mosaic record" was meant to give
+moral, and not scientific, instruction to those for whom it was written,
+they may be disposed to think that I must be misleading them. But let
+them listen further to what Mr. Gladstone says in a compendious but not
+exactly correct statement respecting my opinions:--
+
+   He holds the writer responsible for scientific precision: I look
+   for nothing of the kind, but assign to him a statement general,
+   which admits exceptions; popular, which aims mainly at producing
+   moral impression; summary, which cannot but be open to more or
+   less of criticism of detail. He thinks it is a lecture. I think
+   it is a sermon. (p. 5).
+
+I note, incidentally, that Mr. Gladstone appears to consider that the
+_differentia_ between a lecture and a sermon is, that the former, so
+far as it deals with matters of fact, may be taken seriously, as meaning
+exactly what it says, while a sermon may not. I have quite enough on my
+hands without taking up the cudgels for the clergy, who will probably
+find Mr. Gladstone's definition unflattering.
+
+But I am diverging from my proper business, which is to say that I have
+given no ground for the ascription of these opinions; and that, as a
+matter of fact, I do not hold them and never have held them. It is Mr.
+Gladstone, and not I, who will have it that the pentateuchal cosmogony
+is to be taken as science.
+
+My belief, on the contrary, is, and long has been, that the pentateuchal
+story of the creation is simply a myth. I suppose it to be an hypothesis
+respecting the origin of the universe which some ancient thinker found
+himself able to reconcile with his knowledge, or what he thought was
+knowledge, of the nature of things, and therefore assumed to be true.
+As such, I hold it to be not merely an interesting, but a venerable,
+monument of a stage in the mental progress of mankind; and I find it
+difficult to suppose that any one who is acquainted with the cosmogonies
+of other nations--and especially with those of the Egyptians and the
+Babylonians, with whom the Israelites were in such frequent and intimate
+communication--should consider it to possess either more, or less,
+scientific importance than may be allotted to these.
+
+Mr. Gladstone's definition of a sermon permits me to suspect that he may
+not see much difference between that form of discourse and what I call
+a myth; and I hope it may be something more than the slowness of
+apprehension, to which I have confessed, which leads me to imagine
+that a statement which is "general" but "admits exceptions," which is
+"popular" and "aims mainly at producing moral impression," "summary" and
+therefore open to "criticism of detail," amounts to a myth, or perhaps
+less than a myth. Put algebraically, it comes to this, _x=a+b+c_; always
+remembering that there is nothing to show the exact value of either _a,_
+or _b,_ or _c._ It is true that _a_ is commonly supposed to equal 10,
+but there are exceptions, and these may reduce it to 8, or 3, or 0; _b_
+also popularly means 10, but being chiefly used by the algebraist as a
+"moral" value, you cannot do much with it in the addition or subtraction
+of mathematical values; _c_ also is quite "summary," and if you go into
+the details of which it is made up, many of them may be wrong, and their
+sum total equal to 0, or even to a minus quantity.
+
+Mr. Gladstone appears to wish that I should (1) enter upon a sort of
+essay competition with the author of the pentateuchal cosmogony; (2)
+that I should make a further statement about some elementary facts in
+the history of Indian and Greek philosophy; and (3) that I should show
+cause for my hesitation in accepting the assertion that Genesis is
+supported, at any rate to the extent of the first two verses, by the
+nebular hypothesis.
+
+A certain sense of humour prevents me from accepting the first
+invitation. I would as soon attempt to put Hamlet's soliloquy into
+a more scientific shape. But if I supposed the "Mosaic writer" to be
+inspired, as Mr. Gladstone does, it would not be consistent with my
+notions of respect for the Supreme Being to imagine Him unable to frame
+a form of words which should accurately, or, at least, not inaccurately,
+express His own meaning. It is sometimes said that, had the statements
+contained in the first chapter of Genesis been scientifically true, they
+would have been unintelligible to ignorant people; but how is the matter
+mended if, being scientifically untrue, they must needs be rejected by
+instructed people?
+
+With respect to the second suggestion, it would be presumptuous in me
+to pretend to instruct Mr. Gladstone in matters which lie as much within
+the province of Literature and History as in that of Science; but if
+any one desirous of further knowledge will be so good as to turn to
+that most excellent and by no means recondite source of information, the
+"Encyclopaedia Britannica," he will find, under the letter E, the word
+"Evolution," and a long article on that subject. Now, I do not recommend
+him to read the first half of the article; but the second half, by my
+friend Mr. Sully, is really very good. He will there find it said that
+in some of the philosophies of ancient India, the idea of evolution is
+clearly expressed: "Brahma is conceived as the eternal self-existent
+being, which, on its material side, unfolds itself to the world by
+gradually condensing itself to material objects through the gradations
+of ether, fire, water, earth, and other elements." And again: "In the
+later system of emanation of Sankhya there is a more marked approach to
+a materialistic doctrine of evolution." What little knowledge I have
+of the matter--chiefly derived from that very instructive book,
+"Die Religion des Buddha," by C. F. Koeppen, supplemented by Hardy's
+interesting works--leads me to think that Mr. Sully might have
+spoken much more strongly as to the evolutionary character of Indian
+philosophy, and especially of that of the Buddhists. But the question is
+too large to be dealt with incidentally.
+
+And, with respect to early Greek philosophy, [3] the seeker after
+additional enlightenment need go no further than the same excellent
+storehouse of information:--
+
+   The early Ionian physicists, including Thales,
+   Anaximander, and Anaximenes, seek to explain the world as
+   generated out of a primordial matter which is at the same time
+   the universal support of things. This substance is endowed with
+   a generative or transmutative force by virtue of which it passes
+   into a succession of forms. They thus resemble modern
+   evolutionists since they regard the world, with its infinite
+   variety of forms, as issuing from a simple mode of matter.
+
+Further on, Mr. Sully remarks that "Heraclitus deserves a prominent
+place in the history of the idea of evolution," and he states, with
+perfect justice, that Heraclitus has foreshadowed some of the special
+peculiarities of Mr. Darwin's views. It is indeed a very strange
+circumstance that the philosophy of the great Ephesian more than
+adumbrates the two doctrines which have played leading parts, the one
+in the development of Christian dogma, the other in that of natural
+science. The former is the conception of the Word {Greek text}[logos]
+which took its Jewish shape in Alexandria, and its Christian form [4] in
+that Gospel which is usually referred to an Ephesian source of some
+five centuries later date; and the latter is that of the struggle for
+existence. The saying that "strife is father and king of all" {Greek
+text}[...], ascribed to Heraclitus, would be a not inappropriate motto
+for the "Origin of Species."
+
+I have referred only to Mr. Sully's article, because his authority is
+quite sufficient for my purpose. But the consultation of any of the
+more elaborate histories of Greek philosophy, such as the great work of
+Zeller, for example, will only bring out the same fact into still more
+striking prominence. I have professed no "minute acquaintance" with
+either Indian or Greek philosophy, but I have taken a great deal of
+pains to secure that such knowledge as I do possess shall be accurate
+and trustworthy.
+
+In the third place, Mr. Gladstone appears to wish that I should discuss
+with him the question whether the nebular hypothesis is, or is not,
+confirmatory of the pentateuchal account of the origin of things. Mr.
+Gladstone appears to be prepared to enter upon this campaign with a
+light heart. I confess I am not, and my reason for this backwardness
+will doubtless surprise Mr. Gladstone. It is that, rather more than
+a quarter of a century ago (namely, in February 1859), when it was my
+duty, as President of the Geological Society, to deliver the Anniversary
+Address, [5] I chose a topic which involved a very careful study of the
+remarkable cosmogonical speculation, originally promulgated by Immanuel
+Kant and, subsequently, by Laplace, which is now known as the nebular
+hypothesis. With the help of such little acquaintance with the
+principles of physics and astronomy as I had gained, I endeavoured to
+obtain a clear understanding of this speculation in all its bearings.
+I am not sure that I succeeded; but of this I am certain, that the
+problems involved are very difficult, even for those who possess the
+intellectual discipline requisite for dealing with them. And it was this
+conviction that led me to express my desire to leave the discussion of
+the question of the asserted harmony between Genesis and the nebular
+hypothesis to experts in the appropriate branches of knowledge. And I
+think my course was a wise one; but as Mr. Gladstone evidently does not
+understand how there can be any hesitation on my part, unless it arises
+from a conviction that he is in the right, I may go so far as to set out
+my difficulties.
+
+They are of two kinds--exegetical and scientific. It appears to me that
+it is vain to discuss a supposed coincidence between Genesis and science
+unless we have first settled, on the one hand, what Genesis says, and,
+on the other hand, what science says.
+
+In the first place, I cannot find any consensus among Biblical scholars
+as to the meaning of the words, "In the beginning God created the
+heaven and the earth." Some say that the Hebrew word _bara,_ which is
+translated "create," means "made out of nothing." I venture to object to
+that rendering, not on the ground of scholarship, but of common sense.
+Omnipotence itself can surely no more make something "out of" nothing
+than it can make a triangular circle. What is intended by "made out
+of nothing" appears to be "caused to come into existence," with the
+implication that nothing of the same kind previously existed. It is
+further usually assumed that "the heaven and the earth" means the
+material substance of the universe. Hence the "Mosaic writer" is taken
+to imply that where nothing of a material nature previously existed,
+this substance appeared. That is perfectly conceivable, and therefore
+no one can deny that it may have happened. But there are other very
+authoritative critics who say that the ancient Israelite [6] who
+wrote the passage was not likely to have been capable of such abstract
+thinking; and that, as a matter of philology, _bara_ is commonly used
+to signify the "fashioning," or "forming," of that which already
+exists. Now it appears to me that the scientific investigator is
+wholly incompetent to say anything at all about the first origin of the
+material universe. The whole power of his organon vanishes when he has
+to step beyond the chain of natural causes and effects. No form of the
+nebular hypothesis, that I know of, is necessarily connected with any
+view of the origination of the nebular substance. Kant's form of it
+expressly supposes that the nebular material from which one stellar
+system starts may be nothing but the disintegrated substance of a
+stellar and planetary system which has just come to an end. Therefore,
+so far as I can see, one who believes that matter has existed from all
+eternity has just as much right to hold the nebular hypothesis as one
+who believes that matter came into existence at a specified epoch. In
+other words, the nebular hypothesis and the creation hypothesis, up to
+this point, neither confirm nor oppose one another.
+
+Next, we read in the revisers' version, in which I suppose the ultimate
+results of critical scholarship to be embodied: "And the earth was waste
+['without form,' in the Authorised Version] and void." Most people seem
+to think that this phraseology intends to imply that the matter out of
+which the world was to be formed was a veritable "chaos," devoid of law
+and order. If this interpretation is correct, the nebular hypothesis
+can have nothing to say to it. The scientific thinker cannot admit the
+absence of law and order; anywhere or anywhen, in nature. Sometimes law
+and order are patent and visible to our limited vision; sometimes
+they are hidden. But every particle of the matter of the most
+fantastic-looking nebula in the heavens is a realm of law and order
+in itself; and, that it is so, is the essential condition of the
+possibility of solar and planetary evolution from the apparent chaos.
+[7]
+
+"Waste" is too vague a term to be worth consideration. "Without form,"
+intelligible enough as a metaphor, if taken literally is absurd; for a
+material thing existing in space must have a superficies, and if it has
+a superficies it has a form. The wildest streaks of marestail clouds
+in the sky, or the most irregular heavenly nebulae, have surely just as
+much form as a geometrical tetrahedron; and as for "void," how can that
+be void which is full of matter? As poetry, these lines are vivid and
+admirable; as a scientific statement, which they must be taken to be
+if any one is justified in comparing them with another scientific
+statement, they fail to convey any intelligible conception to my mind.
+
+The account proceeds: "And darkness was upon the face of the deep." So
+be it; but where, then, is the likeness to the celestial nebulae, of the
+existence of which we should know nothing unless they shone with a light
+of their own? "And the spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters."
+I have met with no form of the nebular hypothesis which involves
+anything analogous to this process.
+
+I have said enough to explain some of the difficulties which arise in
+my mind, when I try to ascertain whether there is any foundation for
+the contention that the statements contained in the first two verses
+of Genesis are supported by the nebular hypothesis. The result does not
+appear to me to be exactly favourable to that contention. The nebular
+hypothesis assumes the existence of matter, having definite properties,
+as its foundation. Whether such matter was created a few thousand
+years ago, or whether it has existed through an eternal series of
+metamorphoses of which our present universe is only the last stage, are
+alternatives, neither of which is scientifically untenable, and neither
+scientifically demonstrable. But science knows nothing of any stage
+in which the universe could be said, in other than a metaphorical and
+popular sense, to be formless or empty; or in any respect less the seat
+of law and order than it is now. One might as well talk of a fresh-laid
+hen's egg being "without form and void," because the chick therein is
+potential and not actual, as apply such terms to the nebulous mass which
+contains a potential solar system.
+
+Until some further enlightenment comes to me, then, I confess myself
+wholly unable to understand the way in which the nebular hypothesis is
+to be converted into an ally of the "Mosaic writer." [8]
+
+But Mr. Gladstone informs us that Professor Dana and Professor Guyot are
+prepared to prove that the "first or cosmogonical portion of the Proem
+not only accords with, but teaches, the nebular hypothesis." There is
+no one to whose authority on geological questions I am more readily
+disposed to bow than that of my eminent friend Professor Dana. But I
+am familiar with what he has previously said on this topic in his
+well-known and standard work, into which, strangely enough, it does not
+seem to have occurred to Mr. Gladstone to look before he set out upon
+his present undertaking; and unless Professor Dana's latest contribution
+(which I have not yet met with) takes up altogether new ground, I am
+afraid I shall not be able to extricate myself, by its help, from my
+present difficulties.
+
+It is a very long time since I began to think about the relations
+between modern scientifically ascertained truths and the cosmogonical
+speculations of the writer of Genesis; and, as I think that Mr.
+Gladstone might have been able to put his case with a good deal more
+force, if he had thought it worth while to consult the last chapter of
+Professor Dana's admirable "Manual of Geology," so I think he might have
+been made aware that he was undertaking an enterprise of which he had
+not counted the cost, if he had chanced upon a discussion of the subject
+which I published in 1877. [9]
+
+Finally, I should like to draw the attention of those who take interest
+in these topics to the weighty words of one of the most learned and
+moderate of Biblical critics: [10]--
+
+   "A propos de cette premiere page de la Bible, on a coutume de
+   nos jours de disserter, a perte de vue, sur l'accord du recit
+   mosaique avec les sciences naturelles; et comme celles-ci tout
+   eloignees qu'elles sont encore de la perfection absolue, ont
+   rendu populaires et en quelque sorte irrefragables un certain
+   nombre de faits generaux ou de theses fondamentales de la
+   cosmologie et de la geologie, c'est le texte sacre qu'on
+   s'evertue a torturer pour le faire concorder avec
+   ces donnees."
+
+In my paper on the "Interpreters of Nature and the Interpreters of
+Genesis," while freely availing myself of the rights of a scientific
+critic, I endeavoured to keep the expression of my views well within
+those bounds of courtesy which are set by self-respect and consideration
+for others. I am therefore glad to be favoured with Mr. Gladstone's
+acknowledgment of the success of my efforts. I only wish that I could
+accept all the products of Mr. Gladstone's gracious appreciation, but
+there is one about which, as a matter of honesty, I hesitate. In fact,
+if I had expressed my meaning better than I seem to have done, I doubt
+if the particular proffer of Mr. Gladstone's thanks would have been
+made.
+
+To my mind, whatever doctrine professes to be the result of the
+application of the accepted rules of inductive and deductive logic to
+its subject-matter; and which accepts, within the limits which it
+sets to itself, the supremacy of reason, is Science. Whether the
+subject-matter consists of realities or unrealities, truths or
+falsehoods, is quite another question. I conceive that ordinary geometry
+is science, by reason of its method, and I also believe that its axioms,
+definitions, and conclusions are all true. However, there is a geometry
+of four dimensions, which I also believe to be science, because its
+method professes to be strictly scientific. It is true that I cannot
+conceive four dimensions in space, and therefore, for me, the whole
+affair is unreal. But I have known men of great intellectual powers who
+seemed to have no difficulty either in conceiving them, or, at any
+rate, in imagining how they could conceive them; and, therefore,
+four-dimensioned geometry comes under my notion of science. So I think
+astrology is a science, in so far as it professes to reason logically
+from principles established by just inductive methods. To prevent
+misunderstanding, perhaps I had better add that I do not believe one
+whit in astrology; but no more do I believe in Ptolemaic astronomy, or
+in the catastrophic geology of my youth, although these, in their day,
+claimed--and, to my mind, rightly claimed--the name of science. If
+nothing is to be called science but that which is exactly true from
+beginning to end, I am afraid there is very little science in the world
+outside mathematics. Among the physical sciences, I do not know that any
+could claim more than that it is true within certain limits, so narrow
+that, for the present at any rate, they may be neglected. If such is the
+case, I do not see where the line is to be drawn between exactly true,
+partially true, and mainly untrue forms of science. And what I have said
+about the current theology at the end of my paper [_supra_ pp. 160-163]
+leaves, I think, no doubt as to the category in which I rank it. For all
+that, I think it would be not only unjust, but almost impertinent,
+to refuse the name of science to the "Summa" of St. Thomas or to the
+"Institutes" of Calvin.
+
+In conclusion, I confess that my supposed "unjaded appetite" for the
+sort of controversy in which it needed not Mr. Gladstone's express
+declaration to tell us he is far better practised than I am (though
+probably, without another express declaration, no one would have
+suspected that his controversial fires are burning low) is already
+satiated.
+
+In "Elysium" we conduct scientific discussions in a different medium,
+and we are liable to threatenings of asphyxia in that "atmosphere of
+contention" in which Mr. Gladstone has been able to live, alert and
+vigorous beyond the common race of men, as if it were purest mountain
+air. I trust that he may long continue to seek truth, under the
+difficult conditions he has chosen for the search, with unabated
+energy--I had almost said fire--
+
+   May age not wither him, nor custom stale
+   His infinite variety.
+
+But Elysium suits my less robust constitution better, and I beg leave to
+retire thither, not sorry for my experience of the other region--no one
+should regret experience--but determined not to repeat it, at any rate
+in reference to the "plea for revelation."
+
+
+
+
+NOTE ON THE PROPER SENSE OF THE "MOSAIC" NARRATIVE OF THE CREATION.
+
+It has been objected to my argument from Leviticus (_supra_ p. 170) that
+the Hebrew words translated by "creeping things" in Genesis i. 24
+and Leviticus xi. 29, are different; namely, "reh-mes" in the former,
+"sheh-retz" in the latter. The obvious reply to this objection is that
+the question is not one of words but of the meaning of words. To borrow
+an illustration from our own language, if "crawling things" had been
+used by the translators in Genesis and "creeping things" in Leviticus,
+it would not have been necessarily implied that they intended to denote
+different groups of animals. "Sheh-retz" is employed in a wider sense
+than "reh-mes." There are "sheh-retz" of the waters of the earth, of
+the air, and of the land. Leviticus speaks of land reptiles, among other
+animals, as "sheh-retz"; Genesis speaks of all creeping land animals,
+among which land reptiles are necessarily included, as "reh-mes." Our
+translators, therefore, have given the true sense when they render both
+"sheh-retz" and "reh-mes" by "creeping things."
+
+Having taken a good deal of trouble to show what Genesis i.-ii. 4 does
+not mean, in the preceding pages, perhaps it may be well that I should
+briefly give my opinion as to what it does mean. I conceive that the
+unknown author of this part of the Hexateuchal compilation believed,
+and meant his readers to believe, that his words, as they understood
+them--that is to say, in their ordinary natural sense--conveyed the
+"actual historical truth." When he says that such and such things
+happened, I believe him to mean that they actually occurred and not that
+he imagined or dreamed them; when he says "day," I believe he uses the
+word in the popular sense; when he says "made" or "created," I believe
+he means that they came into being by a process analogous to that which
+the people whom he addressed called "making" or "creating"; and I think
+that, unless we forget our present knowledge of nature, and, putting
+ourselves back into the position of a Phoenician or a Chaldaean
+philosopher, start from his conception of the world, we shall fail to
+grasp the meaning of the Hebrew writer. We must conceive the earth to
+be an immovable, more or less flattened, body, with the vault of heaven
+above, the watery abyss below and around. We must imagine sun, moon,
+and stars to be "set" in a "firmament" with, or in, which they move;
+and above which is yet another watery mass. We must consider "light" and
+"darkness" to be things, the alternation of which constitutes day and
+night, independently of the existence of sun, moon, and stars. We must
+further suppose that, as in the case of the story of the deluge, the
+Hebrew writer was acquainted with a Gentile (probably Chaldaean or
+Accadian) account of the origin of things, in which he substantially
+believed, but which he stripped of all its idolatrous associations by
+substituting "Elohim" for Ea, Anu, Bel, and the like.
+
+From this point of view the first verse strikes the keynote of the
+whole. In the beginning "Elohim [11] created the heaven and the earth."
+Heaven and earth were not primitive existences from which the gods
+proceeded, as the Gentiles taught; on the contrary, the "Powers"
+preceded and created heaven and earth. Whether by "creation" is meant
+"causing to be where nothing was before" or "shaping of something which
+pre-existed," seems to me to be an insoluble question.
+
+As I have pointed out, the second verse has an interesting parallel in
+Jeremiah iv. 23: "I beheld the earth, and, lo, it was waste and void;
+and the heavens, and they had no light." I conceive that there is no
+more allusion to chaos in the one than in the other. The earth-disk lay
+in its watery envelope, like the yolk of an egg in the _glaire,_ and the
+spirit, or breath, of Elohim stirred the mass. Light was created as a
+thing by itself; and its antithesis "darkness" as another thing. It
+was supposed to be the nature of these two to alternate, and a pair of
+alternations constituted a "day" in the sense of an unit of time.
+
+The next step was, necessarily, the formation of that "firmament," or
+dome over the earth-disk, which was supposed to support the celestial
+waters; and in which sun, moon, and stars were conceived to be set, as
+in a sort of orrery. The earth was still surrounded and covered by the
+lower waters, but the upper were separated from it by the "firmament,"
+beneath which what we call the air lay. A second alternation of darkness
+and light marks the lapse of time.
+
+After this, the waters which covered the earth-disk, under the
+firmament, were drawn away into certain regions, which became seas,
+while the part laid bare became dry land. In accordance with the notion,
+universally accepted in antiquity, that moist earth possesses the
+potentiality of giving rise to living beings, the land, at the command
+of Elohim, "put forth" all sorts of plants. They are made to appear thus
+early, not, I apprehend, from any notion that plants are lower in the
+scale of being than animals (which would seem to be inconsistent with
+the prevalence of tree worship among ancient people), but rather because
+animals obviously depend on plants; and because, without crops and
+harvests, there seemed to be no particular need of heavenly signs for
+the seasons.
+
+These were provided by the fourth day's work. Light existed already; but
+now vehicles for the distribution of light, in a special manner and
+with varying degrees of intensity, were provided. I conceive that the
+previous alternations of light and darkness were supposed to go on; but
+that the "light" was strengthened during the daytime by the sun, which,
+as a source of heat as well as of light, glided up the firmament from
+the east, and slid down in the west, each day. Very probably each
+day's sun was supposed to be a new one. And as the light of the day was
+strengthened by the sun, so the darkness of the night was weakened by
+the moon, which regularly waxed and waned every month. The stars are,
+as it were, thrown in. And nothing can more sharply mark the doctrinal
+purpose of the author, than the manner in which he deals with the
+heavenly bodies, which the Gentiles identified so closely with their
+gods, as if they were mere accessories to the almanac.
+
+Animals come next in order of creation, and the general notion of the
+writer seems to be that they were produced by the medium in which
+they live; that is to say, the aquatic animals by the waters, and the
+terrestrial animals by the land. But there was a difficulty about flying
+things, such as bats, birds, and insects. The cosmogonist seems to have
+had no conception of "air" as an elemental body. His "elements" are
+earth and water, and he ignores air as much as he does fire. Birds "fly
+above the earth in the open firmament" or "on the face of the expanse"
+of heaven. They are not said to fly through the air. The choice of a
+generative medium for flying things, therefore, seemed to lie between
+water and earth; and, if we take into account the conspicuousness of
+the great flocks of water-birds and the swarms of winged insects, which
+appear to arise from water, I think the preference of water becomes
+intelligible. However, I do not put this forward as more than a probable
+hypothesis. As to the creation of aquatic animals on the fifth, that of
+land animals on the sixth day, and that of man last of all, I presume
+the order was determined by the fact that man could hardly receive
+dominion over the living world before it existed; and that the "cattle"
+were not wanted until he was about to make his appearance. The other
+terrestrial animals would naturally be associated with the cattle.
+
+The absurdity of imagining that any conception, analogous to that of
+a zoological classification, was in the mind of the writer will be
+apparent, when we consider that the fifth day's work must include
+the zoologist's _Cetacea, Sirenia,_ and seals, [12] all of which are
+_Mammalia;_ all birds, turtles, sea-snakes and, presumably, the
+fresh water _Reptilia_ and _Amphibia;_ with the great majority of
+_Invertebrata._
+
+The creation of man is announced as a separate act, resulting from a
+particular resolution of Elohim to "make man in our image, after our
+likeness." To learn what this remarkable phrase means we must turn to
+the fifth chapter of Genesis, the work of the same writer. "In the day
+that Elohim created man, in the likeness of Elohim made he him; male and
+female created he them; and blessed them and called their name Adam in
+the day when they were created. And Adam lived an hundred and thirty
+years and begat _a son_ in his own likeness, after his image; and called
+his name Seth." I find it impossible to read this passage without being
+convinced that, when the writer says Adam was made in the likeness of
+Elohim, he means the same sort of likeness as when he says that Seth was
+begotten in the likeness of Adam. Whence it follows that his conception
+of Elohim was completely anthropomorphic.
+
+In all this narrative I can discover nothing which differentiates it, in
+principle, from other ancient cosmogonies, except the rejection of all
+gods, save the vague, yet anthropomorphic, Elohim, and the assigning
+to them anteriority and superiority to the world. It is as utterly
+irreconcilable with the assured truths of modern science, as it is
+with the account of the origin of man, plants, and animals given by the
+writer of the second chief constituent of the Hexateuch in the second
+chapter of Genesis. This extraordinary story starts with the assumption
+of the existence of a rainless earth, devoid of plants and herbs of the
+field. The creation of living beings begins with that of a solitary man;
+the next thing that happens is the laying out of the Garden of Eden, and
+the causing the growth from its soil of every tree "that is pleasant to
+the sight and good for food"; the third act is the formation out of the
+ground of "every beast of the field, and every fowl of the air";
+the fourth and last, the manufacture of the first woman from a rib,
+extracted from Adam, while in a state of anaesthesia.
+
+Yet there are people who not only profess to take this monstrous legend
+seriously, but who declare it to be reconcilable with the Elohistic
+account of the creation!
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+
+[Footnote 1: _The Nineteenth Century,_ 1886.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Both dolphins and dugongs occur in the Red Sea, porpoises
+and dolphins in the Mediterranean; so that the "Mosaic writer" may have
+been acquainted with them.]
+
+[Footnote 3: I said nothing about "the greater number of schools of
+Greek philosophy," as Mr. Gladstone implies that I did, but expressly
+spoke of the "founders of Greek philosophy."]
+
+[Footnote 4: See Heinze, _Die Lehre vom Logos,_ p. 9 _et seq._]
+
+[Footnote 5: Reprinted in _Lay Sermons, Addresses, and Reviews,_ 1870.]
+
+[Footnote 6: "Ancient," doubtless, but his antiquity must not be
+exaggerated. For example, there is no proof that the "Mosaic" cosmogony
+was known to the Israelites of Solomon's time.]
+
+[Footnote 7: When Jeremiah (iv. 23) says, "I beheld the earth, and, lo,
+it was waste and void," he certainly does not mean to imply that the
+form of the earth was less definite, or its substance less solid, than
+before.]
+
+[Footnote 8: In looking through the delightful volume recently published
+by the Astronomer-Royal for Ireland, a day or two ago, I find the
+following remarks on the nebular hypothesis, which I should have been
+glad to quote in my text if I had known them sooner:--
+
+"Nor can it be ever more than a speculation; it cannot be established
+by observation, nor can it be proved by calculation. It is merely
+a conjecture, more or less plausible, but perhaps in some degree,
+necessarily true, if our present laws of heat, as we understand them,
+admit of the extreme application here required, and if the present order
+of things has reigned for sufficient time without the intervention of
+any influence at present known to us" (_The Story of the Heavens,_ p.
+506).
+
+Would any prudent advocate base a plea, either for or against
+revelation, upon the coincidence, or want of coincidence, of the
+declarations of the latter with the requirements of an hypothesis thus
+guardedly dealt with by an astronomical expert?]
+
+[Footnote 9: Lectures on Evolution delivered in New York (American
+Addresses).]
+
+[Footnote 10: Reuss, _L'Histoire Sainte et la Loi,_ vol. i, p. 275.]
+
+[Footnote 11: For the sense of the term "Elohim," see the essay entitled
+"The Evolution of Theology" at the end of this volume.]
+
+[Footnote 12: Perhaps even hippopotamuses and otters!]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Mr. Gladstone and Genesis, by Thomas Henry Huxley
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MR. GLADSTONE AND GENESIS ***
+
+***** This file should be named 2631.txt or 2631.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/2/6/3/2631/
+
+Produced by D.R. Thompson
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/2631.zip b/2631.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..49ada92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2631.zip
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1b24735
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #2631 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2631)
diff --git a/old/5saht10.txt b/old/5saht10.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..db534f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/5saht10.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2716 @@
+Project Gutenberg Etext of Mr. Gladstone and Genesis, by Huxley
+
+#8 in our series by Thomas Henry Huxley
+
+This is Essay #5 from "Science and Hebrew Tradition"
+
+
+
+Copyright laws are changing all over the world, be sure to check
+
+the copyright laws for your country before posting these files!!
+
+
+
+Please take a look at the important information in this header.
+
+We encourage you to keep this file on your own disk, keeping an
+
+electronic path open for the next readers.  Do not remove this.
+
+
+
+*It must legally be the first thing seen when opening the book.*
+
+In fact, our legal advisors said we can't even change margins.
+
+
+
+**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts**
+
+
+
+**Etexts Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971**
+
+
+
+*These Etexts Prepared By Hundreds of Volunteers and Donations*
+
+
+
+Information on contacting Project Gutenberg to get Etexts, and
+
+further information is included below.  We need your donations.
+
+
+
+
+
+Title:  Mr. Gladstone and Genesis
+
+Title:  This is Essay #5 from "Science and Hebrew Tradition"
+
+
+
+Author:  Thomas Henry Huxley
+
+
+
+May, 2001  [Etext #2631]
+
+
+
+
+
+Project Gutenberg Etext of Mr. Gladstone and Genesis, by Huxley
+
+*****This file should be named 1saht10.txt or 1saht10.zip******
+
+
+
+Corrected EDITIONS of our etexts get a new NUMBER, 1saht11.txt
+
+VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, 1saht10a.txt
+
+
+
+Processed by D.R. Thompson <drthom@ihug.co.nz>
+
+
+
+Project Gutenberg Etexts are usually created from multiple editions,
+
+all of which are in the Public Domain in the United States, unless a
+
+copyright notice is included.  Therefore, we usually do NOT keep any
+
+of these books in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+
+
+
+We are now trying to release all our books one month in advance
+
+of the official release dates, leaving time for better editing.
+
+
+
+Please note:  neither this list nor its contents are final till
+
+midnight of the last day of the month of any such announcement.
+
+The official release date of all Project Gutenberg Etexts is at
+
+Midnight, Central Time, of the last day of the stated month.  A
+
+preliminary version may often be posted for suggestion, comment
+
+and editing by those who wish to do so.  To be sure you have an
+
+up to date first edition [xxxxx10x.xxx] please check file sizes
+
+in the first week of the next month.  Since our ftp program has
+
+a bug in it that scrambles the date [tried to fix and failed] a
+
+look at the file size will have to do, but we will try to see a
+
+new copy has at least one byte more or less.
+
+
+
+
+
+Information about Project Gutenberg (one page)
+
+
+
+We produce about two million dollars for each hour we work.  The
+
+time it takes us, a rather conservative estimate, is fifty hours
+
+to get any etext selected, entered, proofread, edited, copyright
+
+searched and analyzed, the copyright letters written, etc.  This
+
+projected audience is one hundred million readers.  If our value
+
+per text is nominally estimated at one dollar then we produce $2
+
+million dollars per hour this year as we release thirty-six text
+
+files per month, or 432 more Etexts in 1999 for a total of 2000+
+
+If these reach just 10% of the computerized population, then the
+
+total should reach over 200 billion Etexts given away this year.
+
+
+
+The Goal of Project Gutenberg is to Give Away One Trillion Etext
+
+Files by December 31, 2001.  [10,000 x 100,000,000 = 1 Trillion]
+
+This is ten thousand titles each to one hundred million readers,
+
+which is only ~5% of the present number of computer users.
+
+
+
+At our revised rates of production, we will reach only one-third
+
+of that goal by the end of 2001, or about 3,333 Etexts unless we
+
+manage to get some real funding; currently our funding is mostly
+
+from Michael Hart's salary at Carnegie-Mellon University, and an
+
+assortment of sporadic gifts; this salary is only good for a few
+
+more years, so we are looking for something to replace it, as we
+
+don't want Project Gutenberg to be so dependent on one person.
+
+
+
+We need your donations more than ever!
+
+
+
+
+
+All donations should be made to "Project Gutenberg/CMU": and are
+
+tax deductible to the extent allowable by law.  (CMU = Carnegie-
+
+Mellon University).
+
+
+
+For these and other matters, please mail to:
+
+
+
+Project Gutenberg
+
+P. O. Box  2782
+
+Champaign, IL 61825
+
+
+
+When all other email fails. . .try our Executive Director:
+
+Michael S. Hart <hart@pobox.com>
+
+hart@pobox.com forwards to hart@prairienet.org and archive.org
+
+if your mail bounces from archive.org, I will still see it, if
+
+it bounces from prairienet.org, better resend later on. . . .
+
+
+
+We would prefer to send you this information by email.
+
+
+
+******
+
+
+
+To access Project Gutenberg etexts, use any Web browser
+
+to view http://promo.net/pg.  This site lists Etexts by
+
+author and by title, and includes information about how
+
+to get involved with Project Gutenberg.  You could also
+
+download our past Newsletters, or subscribe here.  This
+
+is one of our major sites, please email hart@pobox.com,
+
+for a more complete list of our various sites.
+
+
+
+To go directly to the etext collections, use FTP or any
+
+Web browser to visit a Project Gutenberg mirror (mirror
+
+sites are available on 7 continents; mirrors are listed
+
+at http://promo.net/pg).
+
+
+
+Mac users, do NOT point and click, typing works better.
+
+
+
+Example FTP session:
+
+
+
+ftp metalab.unc.edu
+
+login: anonymous
+
+password: your@login
+
+cd pub/docs/books/gutenberg
+
+cd etext90 through etext99 or etext00 through etext01, etc.
+
+dir [to see files]
+
+get or mget [to get files. . .set bin for zip files]
+
+GET GUTINDEX.??  [to get a year's listing of books, e.g., GUTINDEX.99]
+
+GET GUTINDEX.ALL [to get a listing of ALL books]
+
+
+
+***
+
+
+
+**Information prepared by the Project Gutenberg legal advisor**
+
+
+
+(Three Pages)
+
+
+
+
+
+***START**THE SMALL PRINT!**FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN ETEXTS**START***
+
+Why is this "Small Print!" statement here?  You know: lawyers.
+
+They tell us you might sue us if there is something wrong with
+
+your copy of this etext, even if you got it for free from
+
+someone other than us, and even if what's wrong is not our
+
+fault.  So, among other things, this "Small Print!" statement
+
+disclaims most of our liability to you.  It also tells you how
+
+you can distribute copies of this etext if you want to.
+
+
+
+*BEFORE!* YOU USE OR READ THIS ETEXT
+
+By using or reading any part of this PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
+
+etext, you indicate that you understand, agree to and accept
+
+this "Small Print!" statement.  If you do not, you can receive
+
+a refund of the money (if any) you paid for this etext by
+
+sending a request within 30 days of receiving it to the person
+
+you got it from.  If you received this etext on a physical
+
+medium (such as a disk), you must return it with your request.
+
+
+
+ABOUT PROJECT GUTENBERG-TM ETEXTS
+
+This PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm etext, like most PROJECT GUTENBERG-
+
+tm etexts, is a "public domain" work distributed by Professor
+
+Michael S. Hart through the Project Gutenberg Association at
+
+Carnegie-Mellon University (the "Project").  Among other
+
+things, this means that no one owns a United States copyright
+
+on or for this work, so the Project (and you!) can copy and
+
+distribute it in the United States without permission and
+
+without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules, set forth
+
+below, apply if you wish to copy and distribute this etext
+
+under the Project's "PROJECT GUTENBERG" trademark.
+
+
+
+To create these etexts, the Project expends considerable
+
+efforts to identify, transcribe and proofread public domain
+
+works.  Despite these efforts, the Project's etexts and any
+
+medium they may be on may contain "Defects".  Among other
+
+things, Defects may take the form of incomplete, inaccurate or
+
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
+
+intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged
+
+disk or other etext medium, a computer virus, or computer
+
+codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.
+
+
+
+LIMITED WARRANTY; DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES
+
+But for the "Right of Replacement or Refund" described below,
+
+[1] the Project (and any other party you may receive this
+
+etext from as a PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm etext) disclaims all
+
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including
+
+legal fees, and [2] YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE OR
+
+UNDER STRICT LIABILITY, OR FOR BREACH OF WARRANTY OR CONTRACT,
+
+INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE
+
+OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE
+
+POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
+
+
+
+If you discover a Defect in this etext within 90 days of
+
+receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any)
+
+you paid for it by sending an explanatory note within that
+
+time to the person you received it from.  If you received it
+
+on a physical medium, you must return it with your note, and
+
+such person may choose to alternatively give you a replacement
+
+copy.  If you received it electronically, such person may
+
+choose to alternatively give you a second opportunity to
+
+receive it electronically.
+
+
+
+THIS ETEXT IS OTHERWISE PROVIDED TO YOU "AS-IS".  NO OTHER
+
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, ARE MADE TO YOU AS
+
+TO THE ETEXT OR ANY MEDIUM IT MAY BE ON, INCLUDING BUT NOT
+
+LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A
+
+PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+
+
+
+Some states do not allow disclaimers of implied warranties or
+
+the exclusion or limitation of consequential damages, so the
+
+above disclaimers and exclusions may not apply to you, and you
+
+may have other legal rights.
+
+
+
+INDEMNITY
+
+You will indemnify and hold the Project, its directors,
+
+officers, members and agents harmless from all liability, cost
+
+and expense, including legal fees, that arise directly or
+
+indirectly from any of the following that you do or cause:
+
+[1] distribution of this etext, [2] alteration, modification,
+
+or addition to the etext, or [3] any Defect.
+
+
+
+DISTRIBUTION UNDER "PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm"
+
+You may distribute copies of this etext electronically, or by
+
+disk, book or any other medium if you either delete this
+
+"Small Print!" and all other references to Project Gutenberg,
+
+or:
+
+
+
+[1]  Only give exact copies of it.  Among other things, this
+
+     requires that you do not remove, alter or modify the
+
+     etext or this "small print!" statement.  You may however,
+
+     if you wish, distribute this etext in machine readable
+
+     binary, compressed, mark-up, or proprietary form,
+
+     including any form resulting from conversion by word pro-
+
+     cessing or hypertext software, but only so long as
+
+     *EITHER*:
+
+
+
+     [*]  The etext, when displayed, is clearly readable, and
+
+          does *not* contain characters other than those
+
+          intended by the author of the work, although tilde
+
+          (~), asterisk (*) and underline (_) characters may
+
+          be used to convey punctuation intended by the
+
+          author, and additional characters may be used to
+
+          indicate hypertext links; OR
+
+
+
+     [*]  The etext may be readily converted by the reader at
+
+          no expense into plain ASCII, EBCDIC or equivalent
+
+          form by the program that displays the etext (as is
+
+          the case, for instance, with most word processors);
+
+          OR
+
+
+
+     [*]  You provide, or agree to also provide on request at
+
+          no additional cost, fee or expense, a copy of the
+
+          etext in its original plain ASCII form (or in EBCDIC
+
+          or other equivalent proprietary form).
+
+
+
+[2]  Honor the etext refund and replacement provisions of this
+
+     "Small Print!" statement.
+
+
+
+[3]  Pay a trademark license fee to the Project of 20% of the
+
+     net profits you derive calculated using the method you
+
+     already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  If you
+
+     don't derive profits, no royalty is due.  Royalties are
+
+     payable to "Project Gutenberg Association/Carnegie-Mellon
+
+     University" within the 60 days following each
+
+     date you prepare (or were legally required to prepare)
+
+     your annual (or equivalent periodic) tax return.
+
+
+
+WHAT IF YOU *WANT* TO SEND MONEY EVEN IF YOU DON'T HAVE TO?
+
+The Project gratefully accepts contributions in money, time,
+
+scanning machines, OCR software, public domain etexts, royalty
+
+free copyright licenses, and every other sort of contribution
+
+you can think of.  Money should be paid to "Project Gutenberg
+
+Association / Carnegie-Mellon University".
+
+
+
+We are planning on making some changes in our donation structure
+
+in 2000, so you might want to email me, hart@pobox.com beforehand.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+*END THE SMALL PRINT! FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN ETEXTS*Ver.04.29.93*END*
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Processed by D.R. Thompson <drthom@ihug.co.nz>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Mr. Gladstone and Genesis
+
+by Thomas Henry Huxley
+
+This is Essay #5 from "Science and Hebrew Tradition"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+In controversy, as in courtship, the good old rule to be off
+
+with the old before one is on with the new, greatly commends
+
+itself to my sense of expediency. And, therefore, it appears to
+
+me desirable that I should preface such observations as I may
+
+have to offer upon the cloud of arguments (the relevancy of
+
+which to the issue which I had ventured to raise is not always
+
+obvious) put forth by Mr. Gladstone in the January number of
+
+this review,<1> by an endeavour to make clear to such of our
+
+readers as have not had the advantage of a forensic education
+
+the present net result of the discussion.
+
+
+
+I am quite aware that, in undertaking this task, I run all the
+
+risks to which the man who presumes to deal judicially with his
+
+own cause is liable. But it is exactly because I do not shun
+
+that risk, but, rather, earnestly desire to be judged by him who
+
+cometh after me, provided that he has the knowledge and
+
+impartiality appropriate to a judge, that I adopt my
+
+present course.
+
+
+
+In the article on "The Dawn of Creation and Worship," it will be
+
+remembered that Mr. Gladstone unreservedly commits himself to
+
+three propositions. The first is that, according to the writer
+
+of the Pentateuch, the "water-population," the "air-population,"
+
+and the "land-population" of the globe were created
+
+successively, in the order named. In the second place, Mr.
+
+Gladstone authoritatively asserts that this (as part of his
+
+"fourfold order") has been "so affirmed in our time by natural
+
+science, that it may be taken as a demonstrated conclusion and
+
+established fact." In the third place, Mr. Gladstone argues that
+
+the fact of this coincidence of the pentateuchal story with the
+
+results of modern investigation makes it "impossible to avoid
+
+the conclusion, first, that either this writer was gifted with
+
+faculties passing all human experience, or else his knowledge
+
+was divine." And having settled to his own satisfaction that the
+
+first "branch of the alternative is truly nominal and unreal,"
+
+Mr. Gladstone continues, "So stands the plea for a revelation of
+
+truth from God, a plea only to be met by questioning its
+
+possibility" (p. 697).
+
+
+
+I am a simple-minded person, wholly devoid of subtlety of
+
+intellect, so that I willingly admit that there may be depths of
+
+alternative meaning in these propositions out of all soundings
+
+attainable by my poor plummet. Still there are a good many
+
+people who suffer under a like intellectual limitation; and, for
+
+once in my life, I feel that I have the chance of attaining that
+
+position of a representative of average opinion which appears to
+
+be the modern ideal of a leader of men, when I make free
+
+confession that, after turning the matter over in my mind, with
+
+all the aid derived from a careful consideration of Mr.
+
+Gladstone's reply, I cannot get away from my original conviction
+
+that, if Mr. Gladstone's second proposition can be shown to be
+
+not merely inaccurate, but directly contradictory of facts known
+
+to every one who is acquainted with the elements of natural
+
+science, the third proposition collapses of itself.
+
+
+
+And it was this conviction which led me to enter upon the
+
+present discussion. I fancied that if my respected clients, the
+
+people of average opinion and capacity, could once be got
+
+distinctly to conceive that Mr. Gladstone's views as to the
+
+proper method of dealing with grave and difficult scientific and
+
+religious problems had permitted him to base a solemn "plea for
+
+a revelation of truth from God" upon an error as to a matter of
+
+fact, from which the intelligent perusal of a manual of
+
+palaeontology would have saved him, I need not trouble myself to
+
+occupy their time and attention [167] with further comments upon
+
+his contribution to apologetic literature. It is for others to
+
+judge whether I have efficiently carried out my project or not.
+
+It certainly does not count for much that I should be unable to
+
+find any flaw in my own case, but I think it counts for a good
+
+deal that Mr. Gladstone appears to have been equally unable to
+
+do so. He does, indeed, make a great parade of authorities, and
+
+I have the greatest respect for those authorities whom
+
+Mr. Gladstone mentions. If he will get them to sign a joint
+
+memorial to the effect that our present palaeontological
+
+evidence proves that birds appeared before the "land-population"
+
+of terrestrial reptiles, I shall think it my duty to reconsider
+
+my position--but not till then.
+
+
+
+It will be observed that I have cautiously used the word
+
+"appears" in referring to what seems to me to be absence of any
+
+real answer to my criticisms in Mr. Gladstone's reply. For I
+
+must honestly confess that, notwithstanding long and painful
+
+strivings after clear insight, I am still uncertain whether Mr.
+
+Gladstone's "Defence" means that the great "plea for a
+
+revelation from God" is to be left to perish in the dialectic
+
+desert; or whether it is to be withdrawn under the protection of
+
+such skirmishers as are available for covering retreat.
+
+
+
+In particular, the remarkable disquisition which covers pages 11
+
+to 14 of Mr. Gladstone's last contribution has greatly exercised
+
+my mind. Socrates is reported to have said of the works of
+
+Heraclitus that he who attempted to comprehend them should be a
+
+"Delian swimmer," but that, for his part, what he could
+
+understand was so good that he was disposed to believe in the
+
+excellence of that which he found unintelligible.
+
+In endeavouring to make myself master of Mr. Gladstone's meaning
+
+in these pages, I have often been overcome by a feeling
+
+analogous to that of Socrates, but not quite the same.
+
+That which I do understand has appeared to me so very much the
+
+reverse of good, that I have sometimes permitted myself to doubt
+
+the value of that which I do not understand.
+
+
+
+In this part of Mr. Gladstone's reply, in fact, I find nothing
+
+of which the bearing upon my arguments is clear to me, except
+
+that which relates to the question whether reptiles, so far as
+
+they are represented by tortoises and the great majority of
+
+lizards and snakes, which are land animals, are creeping things
+
+in the sense of the pentateuchal writer or not.
+
+
+
+I have every respect for the singer of the Song of the Three
+
+Children (whoever he may have been); I desire to cast no shadow
+
+of doubt upon, but, on the contrary, marvel at, the exactness of
+
+Mr. Gladstone's information as to the considerations which
+
+"affected the method of the Mosaic writer"; nor do I venture to
+
+doubt that the inconvenient intrusion of these contemptible
+
+reptiles--"a family fallen from greatness" (p. 14), a miserable
+
+decayed aristocracy reduced to mere "skulkers about the earth"
+
+(<i>ibid.</i>)--in consequence, apparently, of difficulties
+
+about the occupation of land arising out of the earth-hunger of
+
+their former serfs, the mammals--into an apologetic argument,
+
+which otherwise would run quite smoothly, is in every way to be
+
+deprecated. Still, the wretched creatures stand there,
+
+importunately demanding notice; and, however different may be
+
+the practice in that contentious atmosphere with which Mr.
+
+Gladstone expresses and laments his familiarity, in the
+
+atmosphere of science it really is of no avail whatever to shut
+
+one's eyes to facts, or to try to bury them out of sight under a
+
+tumulus of rhetoric. That is my experience of the "Elysian
+
+regions of Science," wherein it is a pleasure to me to think
+
+that a man of Mr. Gladstone's intimate knowledge of English
+
+life, during the last quarter of a century, believes my
+
+philosophic existence to have been rounded off in
+
+unbroken equanimity.
+
+
+
+However reprehensible, and indeed contemptible, terrestrial
+
+reptiles may be, the only question which appears to me to be
+
+relevant to my argument is whether these creatures are or are
+
+not comprised under the denomination of "everything that
+
+creepeth upon the ground."
+
+
+
+Mr. Gladstone speaks of the author of the first chapter of
+
+Genesis as "the Mosaic writer"; I suppose, therefore, that he
+
+will admit that it is equally proper to speak of the author of
+
+Leviticus as the "Mosaic writer." Whether such a phrase would be
+
+used by any one who had an adequate conception of the assured
+
+results of modern Biblical criticism is another matter; but, at
+
+any rate, it cannot be denied that Leviticus has as much claim
+
+to Mosaic authorship as Genesis. Therefore, if one wants to know
+
+the sense of a phrase used in Genesis, it will be well to see
+
+what Leviticus has to say on the matter. Hence, I commend the
+
+following extract from the eleventh chapter of Leviticus to Mr.
+
+Gladstone's serious attention:--
+
+
+
+<quote>
+
+And these are they which are unclean unto you among the creeping
+
+things that creep upon the earth: the weasel, and the mouse, and
+
+the great lizard after its kind, and the gecko, and the land
+
+crocodile, and the sand-lizard, and the chameleon. These are
+
+they which are unclean to you among all that creep (v. 29-3l).
+
+<end quote>
+
+
+
+The merest Sunday-school exegesis therefore suffices to prove
+
+that when the "Mosaic writer" in Genesis i. 24 speaks of
+
+"creeping things," he means to include lizards among them.
+
+
+
+This being so, it is agreed, on all hands, that terrestrial
+
+lizards, and other reptiles allied to lizards, occur in the
+
+Permian strata. It is further agreed that the Triassic strata
+
+were deposited after these. Moreover, it is well known that,
+
+even if certain footprints are to be taken as unquestionable
+
+evidence of the existence of birds, they are not known to occur
+
+in rocks earlier than the Trias, while indubitable remains of
+
+birds are to be met with only much later. Hence it follows that
+
+natural science does not "affirm" the statement that birds were
+
+made on the fifth day, and "everything that creepeth on the
+
+ground" on the sixth, on which Mr. Gladstone rests his order;
+
+for, as is shown by Leviticus, the "Mosaic writer" includes
+
+lizards among his "creeping things."
+
+
+
+Perhaps I have given myself superfluous trouble in the preceding
+
+argument, for I find that Mr. Gladstone is willing to assume (he
+
+does not say to admit) that the statement in the text of Genesis
+
+as to reptiles cannot "in all points be sustained" (p. 16). But
+
+my position is that it cannot be sustained in any point, so
+
+that, after all, it has perhaps been as well to go over the
+
+evidence again. And then Mr. Gladstone proceeds as if nothing
+
+had happened to tell us that--
+
+
+
+<quote>
+
+There remain great unshaken facts to be weighed. First, the fact
+
+that such a record should have been made at all.
+
+<end quote>
+
+
+
+As most peoples have their cosmogonies, this "fact" does not
+
+strike me as having much value.
+
+
+
+<quote>
+
+Secondly, the fact that, instead of dwelling in generalities, it
+
+has placed itself under the severe conditions of a chronological
+
+order reaching from the first <i>nisus</i> of chaotic matter to
+
+the consummated production of a fair and goodly, a furnished and
+
+a peopled world.
+
+<end quote>
+
+
+
+This "fact" can be regarded as of value only by ignoring the
+
+fact demonstrated in my previous paper, that natural science
+
+does not confirm the order asserted so far as living things are
+
+concerned; and by upsetting a fact to be brought to light
+
+presently, to wit, that, in regard to the rest of the
+
+pentateuchal cosmogony, prudent science has very little to say
+
+one way or the other.
+
+
+
+<quote>
+
+Thirdly, the fact that its cosmogony seems, in the light of the
+
+nineteenth century, to draw more and more of countenance from
+
+the best natural philosophy.
+
+<end quote>
+
+
+
+I have already questioned the accuracy of this statement, and I
+
+do not observe that mere repetition adds to its value.
+
+
+
+<quote>
+
+And, fourthly, that it has described the successive origins of
+
+the five great categories of present life with which human
+
+experience was and is conversant, in that order which geological
+
+authority confirms.
+
+<end quote>
+
+
+
+By comparison with a sentence on page 14, in which a fivefold
+
+order is substituted for the "fourfold order," on which the
+
+"plea for revelation" was originally founded, it appears that
+
+these five categories are "plants, fishes, birds, mammals, and
+
+man," which, Mr. Gladstone affirms, "are given to us in Genesis
+
+in the order of succession in which they are also given by the
+
+latest geological authorities."
+
+
+
+I must venture to demur to this statement. I showed, in my
+
+previous paper, that there is no reason to doubt that the term
+
+"great sea monster" (used in Gen. i. 21) includes the most
+
+conspicuous of great sea animals--namely, whales, dolphins,
+
+porpoises, manatees, and dugongs;<2> and, as these are
+
+indubitable mammals, it is impossible to affirm that mammals
+
+come after birds, which are said to have been created on the
+
+same day. Moreover, I pointed out that as these Cetacea and
+
+Sirenia are certainly modified land animals, their existence
+
+implies the antecedent existence of land mammals.
+
+
+
+Furthermore, I have to remark that the term "fishes," as used,
+
+technically, in zoology, by no means covers all the moving
+
+creatures that have life, which are bidden to "fill the waters
+
+in the seas" (Gen. i. 20-22.) Marine mollusks and crustacea,
+
+echinoderms, corals, and foraminifera are not technically
+
+fishes. But they are abundant in the palaeozoic rocks, ages upon
+
+ages older than those in which the first evidences of true
+
+fishes appear. And if, in a geological book, Mr. Gladstone finds
+
+the quite true statement that plants appeared before fishes, it
+
+is only by a complete misunderstanding that he can be led to
+
+imagine it serves his purpose. As a matter of fact, at the
+
+present moment, it is a question whether, on the bare evidence
+
+afforded by fossils, the marine creeping thing or the marine
+
+plant has the seniority. No cautious palaeontologist would
+
+express a decided opinion on the matter. But, if we are to read
+
+the pentateuchal statement as a scientific document (and, in
+
+spite of all protests to the contrary, those who bring it into
+
+comparison with science do seek to make a scientific document of
+
+it), then, as it is quite clear that only terrestrial plants of
+
+high organisation are spoken of in verses 11 and 12, no
+
+palaeontologist would hesitate to say that, at present, the
+
+records of sea animal life are vastly older than those of any
+
+land plant describable as "grass, herb yielding seed or
+
+fruit tree."
+
+
+
+Thus, although, in Mr. Gladstone's "Defence," the "old order
+
+passeth into new," his case is not improved. The fivefold order
+
+is no more "affirmed in our time by natural science" to be "a
+
+demonstrated conclusion and established fact" than the fourfold
+
+order was. Natural science appears to me to decline to have
+
+anything to do with either; they are as wrong in detail as they
+
+are mistaken in principle.
+
+
+
+There is another change of position, the value of which is not
+
+so apparent to me, as it may well seem to be to those who are
+
+unfamiliar with the subject under discussion. Mr. Gladstone
+
+discards his three groups of "water-population," "air-
+
+population," and "land-population," and substitutes for them
+
+(1) fishes, (2) birds, (3) mammals, (4) man. Moreover, it is
+
+assumed, in a note, that "the higher or ordinary mammals" alone
+
+were known to the "Mosaic writer" (p. 6). No doubt it looks, at
+
+first, as if something were gained by this alteration; for, as I
+
+have just pointed out, the word "fishes" can be used in two
+
+senses, one of which has a deceptive appearance of adjustability
+
+to the "Mosaic" account. Then the inconvenient reptiles are
+
+banished out of sight; and, finally, the question of the exact
+
+meaning of "higher" and "ordinary" in the case of mammals opens
+
+up the prospect of a hopeful logomachy. But what is the good of
+
+it all in the face of Leviticus on the one hand and of
+
+palaeontology on the other?
+
+
+
+As, in my apprehension, there is not a shadow of justification
+
+for the suggestion that when the pentateuchal writer says "fowl"
+
+he excludes bats (which, as we shall see directly, are expressly
+
+included under "fowl" in Leviticus), and as I have already shown
+
+that he demonstrably includes reptiles, as well as mammals,
+
+among the creeping things of the land, I may be permitted to
+
+spare my readers further discussion of the "fivefold order."
+
+On the whole, it is seen to be rather more inconsistent with
+
+Genesis than its fourfold predecessor.
+
+
+
+But I have yet a fresh order to face. Mr. Gladstone (p. 11)
+
+understands "the main statements of Genesis in successive order
+
+of time, but without any measurement of its divisions, to be as
+
+follows:--
+
+
+
+1. A period of land, anterior to all life (v. 9, 10).
+
+2. A period of vegetable life, anterior to animal life
+
+(v. 11, 12).
+
+3. A period of animal life, in the order of fishes (v. 20).
+
+4. Another stage of animal life, in the order of birds.
+
+5. Another in the order of beasts (v. 24, 25).
+
+6. Last of all, man (v. 26, 27).
+
+
+
+Mr. Gladstone then tries to find the proof of the occurrence of
+
+a similar succession in sundry excellent works on geology.
+
+
+
+I am really grieved to be obliged to say that this third (or is
+
+it fourth?) modification of the foundation of the "plea for
+
+revelation" originally set forth, satisfies me as little as any
+
+of its predecessors.
+
+
+
+For, in the first place, I cannot accept the assertion that this
+
+order is to be found in Genesis. With respect to No. 5, for
+
+example, I hold, as I have already said, that "great sea
+
+monsters" includes the Cetacea, in which case mammals (which is
+
+what, I suppose, Mr. Gladstone means by "beasts") come in under
+
+head No. 3, and not under No. 5. Again, "fowl" are said in
+
+Genesis to be created on the same day as fishes; therefore I
+
+cannot accept an order which makes birds succeed fishes.
+
+Once more, as it is quite certain that the term "fowl" includes
+
+the bats,--for in Leviticus xi. 13-19 we read, "And these shall
+
+ye have in abomination among the fowls ... the heron after its
+
+kind, and the hoopoe, and the bat,"--it is obvious that bats are
+
+also said to have been created at stage No. 3. And as bats are
+
+mammals, and their existence obviously presupposes that of
+
+terrestrial "beasts," it is quite clear that the latter could
+
+not have first appeared as No. 5. I need not repeat my reasons
+
+for doubting whether man came "last of all."
+
+
+
+As the latter half of Mr. Gladstone's sixfold order thus shows
+
+itself to be wholly unauthorised by, and inconsistent with, the
+
+plain language of the Pentateuch, I might decline to discuss the
+
+admissibility of its former half.
+
+
+
+But I will add one or two remarks on this point also. Does Mr.
+
+Gladstone mean to say that in any of the works he has cited, or
+
+indeed anywhere else, he can find scientific warranty for the
+
+assertion that there was a period of land--by which I suppose he
+
+means dry land (for submerged land must needs be as old as the
+
+separate existence of the sea)--"anterior to all life?"
+
+
+
+It may be so, or it may not be so; but where is the evidence
+
+which would justify any one in making a positive assertion on
+
+the subject? What competent palaeontologist will affirm, at this
+
+present moment, that he knows anything about the period at which
+
+life originated, or will assert more than the extreme
+
+probability that such origin was a long way antecedent to any
+
+traces of life at present known? What physical geologist will
+
+affirm that he knows when dry land began to exist, or will say
+
+more than that it was probably very much earlier than any extant
+
+direct evidence of terrestrial conditions indicates?
+
+
+
+I think I know pretty well the answers which the authorities
+
+quoted by Mr. Gladstone would give to these questions; but I
+
+leave it to them to give them if they think fit.
+
+
+
+If I ventured to speculate on the matter at all, I should say it
+
+is by no means certain that sea is older than dry land, inasmuch
+
+as a solid terrestrial surface may very well have existed before
+
+the earth was cool enough to allow of the existence of fluid
+
+water. And, in this case, dry land may have existed before the
+
+sea. As to the first appearance of life, the whole argument of
+
+analogy, whatever it may be worth in such a case, is in favour
+
+of the absence of living beings until long after the hot water
+
+seas had constituted themselves; and of the subsequent
+
+appearance of aquatic before terrestrial forms of life.
+
+But whether these "protoplasts" would, if we could examine them,
+
+be reckoned among the lowest microscopic algae, or fungi; or
+
+among those doubtful organisms which lie in the debatable land
+
+between animals and plants, is, in my judgment, a question on
+
+which a prudent biologist will reserve his opinion.
+
+
+
+I think that I have now disposed of those parts of Mr.
+
+Gladstone's defence in which I seem to discover a design to
+
+rescue his solemn "plea for revelation." But a great deal of the
+
+"Proem to Genesis" remains which I would gladly pass over in
+
+silence, were such a course consistent with the respect due to
+
+so distinguished a champion of the "reconcilers."
+
+
+
+I hope that my clients--the people of average opinions--have by
+
+this time some confidence in me; for when I tell them that,
+
+after all, Mr. Gladstone is of opinion that the "Mosaic record"
+
+was meant to give moral, and not scientific, instruction to
+
+those for whom it was written, they may be disposed to think
+
+that I must be misleading them. But let them listen further to
+
+what Mr. Gladstone says in a compendious but not exactly correct
+
+statement respecting my opinions:--
+
+
+
+<quote>
+
+He holds the writer responsible for scientific precision: I look
+
+for nothing of the kind, but assign to him a statement general,
+
+which admits exceptions; popular, which aims mainly at producing
+
+moral impression; summary, which cannot but be open to more or
+
+less of criticism of detail. He thinks it is a lecture. I think
+
+it is a sermon" (p. 5).
+
+<end quote>
+
+
+
+I note, incidentally, that Mr. Gladstone appears to consider
+
+that the <i>differentia</i> between a lecture and a sermon is,
+
+that the former, so far as it deals with matters of fact, may be
+
+taken seriously, as meaning exactly what it says, while a sermon
+
+may not. I have quite enough on my hands without taking up the
+
+cudgels for the clergy, who will probably find Mr. Gladstone's
+
+definition unflattering.
+
+
+
+But I am diverging from my proper business, which is to say that
+
+I have given no ground for the ascription of these opinions; and
+
+that, as a matter of fact, I do not hold them and never have
+
+held them. It is Mr. Gladstone, and not I, who will have it that
+
+the pentateuchal cosmogony is to be taken as science.
+
+
+
+My belief, on the contrary, is, and long has been, that the
+
+pentateuchal story of the creation is simply a myth. I suppose
+
+it to be an hypothesis respecting the origin of the universe
+
+which some ancient thinker found himself able to reconcile with
+
+his knowledge, or what he thought was knowledge, of the nature
+
+of things, and therefore assumed to be true. As such, I hold it
+
+to be not merely an interesting, but a venerable, monument of a
+
+stage in the mental progress of mankind; and I find it difficult
+
+to suppose that any one who is acquainted with the cosmogonies
+
+of other nations--and especially with those of the Egyptians and
+
+the Babylonians, with whom the Israelites were in such frequent
+
+and intimate communication--should consider it to possess either
+
+more, or less, scientific importance than may be allotted
+
+to these.
+
+
+
+Mr. Gladstone's definition of a sermon permits me to suspect
+
+that he may not see much difference between that form of
+
+discourse and what I call a myth; and I hope it may be something
+
+more than the slowness of apprehension, to which I have
+
+confessed, which leads me to imagine that a statement which is
+
+"general" but "admits exceptions," which is "popular" and "aims
+
+mainly at producing moral impression," "summary" and therefore
+
+open to "criticism of detail," amounts to a myth, or perhaps
+
+less than a myth. Put algebraically, it comes to this,
+
+<i>x=a+b+c</i>; always remembering that there is nothing to show
+
+the exact value of either <i>a,</i> or <i>b,</i> or <i>c.</i>
+
+It is true that <i>a</i> is commonly supposed to equal 10, but
+
+there are exceptions, and these may reduce it to 8, or 3, or 0;
+
+<i>b</i> also popularly means 10, but being chiefly used by the
+
+algebraist as a "moral" value, you cannot do much with it in the
+
+addition or subtraction of mathematical values; <i>c</i> also is
+
+quite "summary," and if you go into the details of which it is
+
+made up, many of them may be wrong, and their sum total equal to
+
+0, or even to a minus quantity.
+
+
+
+Mr. Gladstone appears to wish that I should (1) enter upon a
+
+sort of essay competition with the author of the pentateuchal
+
+cosmogony; (2) that I should make a further statement about some
+
+elementary facts in the history of Indian and Greek philosophy;
+
+and (3) that I should show cause for my hesitation in accepting
+
+the assertion that Genesis is supported, at any rate to the
+
+extent of the first two verses, by the nebular hypothesis.
+
+
+
+A certain sense of humour prevents me from accepting the first
+
+invitation. I would as soon attempt to put Hamlet's soliloquy
+
+into a more scientific shape. But if I supposed the "Mosaic
+
+writer" to be inspired, as Mr. Gladstone does, it would not be
+
+consistent with my notions of respect for the Supreme Being to
+
+imagine Him unable to frame a form of words which should
+
+accurately, or, at least, not inaccurately, express His own
+
+meaning. It is sometimes said that, had the statements contained
+
+in the first chapter of Genesis been scientifically true, they
+
+would have been unintelligible to ignorant people; but how is
+
+the matter mended if, being scientifically untrue, they must
+
+needs be rejected by instructed people?
+
+
+
+With respect to the second suggestion, it would be presumptuous
+
+in me to pretend to instruct Mr. Gladstone in matters which lie
+
+as much within the province of Literature and History as in that
+
+of Science; but if any one desirous of further knowledge will be
+
+so good as to turn to that most excellent and by no means
+
+recondite source of information, the "Encyclopaedia Britannica,"
+
+he will find, under the letter E, the word "Evolution," and a
+
+long article on that subject. Now, I do not recommend him to
+
+read the first half of the article; but the second half, by my
+
+friend Mr. Sully, is really very good. He will there find it
+
+said that in some of the philosophies of ancient India, the idea
+
+of evolution is clearly expressed: "Brahma is conceived as the
+
+eternal self-existent being, which, on its material side,
+
+unfolds itself to the world by gradually condensing itself to
+
+material objects through the gradations of ether, fire, water,
+
+earth, and other elements." And again: "In the later system of
+
+emanation of Sankhya there is a more marked approach to a
+
+materialistic doctrine of evolution." What little knowledge I
+
+have of the matter--chiefly derived from that very instructive
+
+book, "Die Religion des Buddha," by C. F. Koeppen, supplemented
+
+by Hardy's interesting works--leads me to think that Mr. Sully
+
+might have spoken much more strongly as to the evolutionary
+
+character of Indian philosophy, and especially of that of the
+
+Buddhists. But the question is too large to be dealt
+
+with incidentally.
+
+
+
+And, with respect to early Greek philosophy,<3> the seeker after
+
+additional enlightenment need go no further than the same
+
+excellent storehouse of information:--
+
+
+
+<quote>The early Ionian physicists, including Thales,
+
+Anaximander, and Anaximenes, seek to explain the world as
+
+generated out of a primordial matter which is at the same time
+
+the universal support of things. This substance is endowed with
+
+a generative or transmutative force by virtue of which it passes
+
+into a succession of forms. They thus resemble modern
+
+evolutionists since they regard the world, with its infinite
+
+variety of forms, as issuing from a simple mode of matter.
+
+<end quote>
+
+
+
+Further on, Mr. Sully remarks that "Heraclitus deserves a
+
+prominent place in the history of the idea of evolution," and he
+
+states, with perfect justice, that Heraclitus has foreshadowed
+
+some of the special peculiarities of Mr. Darwin's views. It is
+
+indeed a very strange circumstance that the philosophy of the
+
+great Ephesian more than adumbrates the two doctrines which have
+
+played leading parts, the one in the development of Christian
+
+dogma, the other in that of natural science. The former is the
+
+conception of the Word <Greek text>[logos] which took its Jewish
+
+shape in Alexandria, and its Christian form<4> in that Gospel
+
+which is usually referred to an Ephesian source of some five
+
+centuries later date; and the latter is that of the struggle for
+
+existence. The saying that "strife is father and king of all"
+
+<Greek text>[...], ascribed to Heraclitus, would be a not
+
+inappropriate motto for the "Origin of Species."
+
+
+
+I have referred only to Mr. Sully's article, because his
+
+authority is quite sufficient for my purpose. But the
+
+consultation of any of the more elaborate histories of Greek
+
+philosophy, such as the great work of Zeller, for example, will
+
+only bring out the same fact into still more striking
+
+prominence. I have professed no "minute acquaintance" with
+
+either Indian or Greek philosophy, but I have taken a great deal
+
+of pains to secure that such knowledge as I do possess shall be
+
+accurate and trustworthy.
+
+
+
+In the third place, Mr. Gladstone appears to wish that I should
+
+discuss with him the question whether the nebular hypothesis is,
+
+or is not, confirmatory of the pentateuchal account of the
+
+origin of things. Mr. Gladstone appears to be prepared to enter
+
+upon this campaign with a light heart. I confess I am not, and
+
+my reason for this backwardness will doubtless surprise Mr.
+
+Gladstone. It is that, rather more than a quarter of a century
+
+ago (namely, in February 1859), when it was my duty, as
+
+President of the Geological Society, to deliver the Anniversary
+
+Address,<5> I chose a topic which involved a very careful study
+
+of the remarkable cosmogonical speculation, originally
+
+promulgated by Immanuel Kant and, subsequently, by Laplace,
+
+which is now known as the nebular hypothesis. With the help of
+
+such little acquaintance with the principles of physics and
+
+astronomy as I had gained, I endeavoured to obtain a clear
+
+understanding of this speculation in all its bearings. I am not
+
+sure that I succeeded; but of this I am certain, that the
+
+problems involved are very difficult, even for those who possess
+
+the intellectual discipline requisite for dealing with them.
+
+And it was this conviction that led me to express my desire to
+
+leave the discussion of the question of the asserted harmony
+
+between Genesis and the nebular hypothesis to experts in the
+
+appropriate branches of knowledge. And I think my course was a
+
+wise one; but as Mr. Gladstone evidently does not understand how
+
+there can be any hesitation on my part, unless it arises from a
+
+conviction that he is in the right, I may go so far as to set
+
+out my difficulties.
+
+
+
+They are of two kinds--exegetical and scientific. It appears to
+
+me that it is vain to discuss a supposed coincidence between
+
+Genesis and science unless we have first settled, on the one
+
+hand, what Genesis says, and, on the other hand, what
+
+science says.
+
+
+
+In the first place, I cannot find any consensus among Biblical
+
+scholars as to the meaning of the words, "In the beginning God
+
+created the heaven and the earth." Some say that the Hebrew word
+
+<i>bara,</i> which is translated "create," means "made out of
+
+nothing." I venture to object to that rendering, not on the
+
+ground of scholarship, but of common sense. Omnipotence itself
+
+can surely no more make something "out of" nothing than it can
+
+make a triangular circle. What is intended by "made out of
+
+nothing" appears to be "caused to come into existence," with the
+
+implication that nothing of the same kind previously existed.
+
+It is further usually assumed that "the heaven and the earth"
+
+means the material substance of the universe. Hence the "Mosaic
+
+writer" is taken to imply that where nothing of a material
+
+nature previously existed, this substance appeared. That is
+
+perfectly conceivable, and therefore no one can deny that it may
+
+have happened. But there are other very authoritative critics
+
+who say that the ancient Israelite<6> who wrote the passage was
+
+not likely to have been capable of such abstract thinking; and
+
+that, as a matter of philology, <i>bara</i> is commonly used to
+
+signify the "fashioning," or "forming," of that which already
+
+exists. Now it appears to me that the scientific investigator is
+
+wholly incompetent to say anything at all about the first origin
+
+of the material universe. The whole power of his organon
+
+vanishes when he has to step beyond the chain of natural causes
+
+and effects. No form of the nebular hypothesis, that I know of,
+
+is necessarily connected with any view of the origination of the
+
+nebular substance. Kant's form of it expressly supposes that the
+
+nebular material from which one stellar system starts may be
+
+nothing but the disintegrated substance of a stellar and
+
+planetary system which has just come to an end. Therefore, so
+
+far as I can see, one who believes that matter has existed from
+
+all eternity has just as much right to hold the nebular
+
+hypothesis as one who believes that matter came into existence
+
+at a specified epoch. In other words, the nebular hypothesis and
+
+the creation hypothesis, up to this point, neither confirm nor
+
+oppose one another.
+
+
+
+Next, we read in the revisers' version, in which I suppose the
+
+ultimate results of critical scholarship to be embodied: "And
+
+the earth was waste ['without form,' in the Authorised Version]
+
+and void." Most people seem to think that this phraseology
+
+intends to imply that the matter out of which the world was to
+
+be formed was a veritable "chaos," devoid of law and order.
+
+If this interpretation is correct, the nebular hypothesis can
+
+have nothing to say to it. The scientific thinker cannot admit
+
+the absence of law and order; anywhere or anywhen, in nature.
+
+Sometimes law and order are patent and visible to our limited
+
+vision; sometimes they are hidden. But every particle of the
+
+matter of the most fantastic-looking nebula in the heavens is a
+
+realm of law and order in itself; and, that it is so, is the
+
+essential condition of the possibility of solar and planetary
+
+evolution from the apparent chaos.<7>
+
+
+
+"Waste" is too vague a term to be worth consideration. "Without
+
+form," intelligible enough as a metaphor, if taken literally is
+
+absurd; for a material thing existing in space must have a
+
+superficies, and if it has a superficies it has a form.
+
+The wildest streaks of marestail clouds in the sky, or the most
+
+irregular heavenly nebulae, have surely just as much form as a
+
+geometrical tetrahedron; and as for "void," how can that be void
+
+which is full of matter? As poetry, these lines are vivid and
+
+admirable; as a scientific statement, which they must be taken
+
+to be if any one is justified in comparing them with another
+
+scientific statement, they fail to convey any intelligible
+
+conception to my mind.
+
+
+
+The account proceeds: "And darkness was upon the face of the
+
+deep." So be it; but where, then, is the likeness to the
+
+celestial nebulae, of the existence of which we should know
+
+nothing unless they shone with a light of their own? "And the
+
+spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters." I have met
+
+with no form of the nebular hypothesis which involves anything
+
+analogous to this process.
+
+
+
+I have said enough to explain some of the difficulties which
+
+arise in my mind, when I try to ascertain whether there is any
+
+foundation for the contention that the statements contained in
+
+the first two verses of Genesis are supported by the nebular
+
+hypothesis. The result does not appear to me to be exactly
+
+favourable to that contention. The nebular hypothesis assumes
+
+the existence of matter, having definite properties, as its
+
+foundation. Whether such matter was created a few thousand years
+
+ago, or whether it has existed through an eternal series of
+
+metamorphoses of which our present universe is only the last
+
+stage, are alternatives, neither of which is scientifically
+
+untenable, and neither scientifically demonstrable. But science
+
+knows nothing of any stage in which the universe could be said,
+
+in other than a metaphorical and popular sense, to be formless
+
+or empty; or in any respect less the seat of law and order than
+
+it is now. One might as well talk of a fresh-laid hen's egg
+
+being "without form and void," because the chick therein is
+
+potential and not actual, as apply such terms to the nebulous
+
+mass which contains a potential solar system.
+
+
+
+Until some further enlightenment comes to me, then, I confess
+
+myself wholly unable to understand the way in which the nebular
+
+hypothesis is to be converted into an ally of the
+
+"Mosaic writer."<8>
+
+
+
+But Mr. Gladstone informs us that Professor Dana and Professor
+
+Guyot are prepared to prove that the "first or cosmogonical
+
+portion of the Proem not only accords with, but teaches, the
+
+nebular hypothesis." There is no one to whose authority on
+
+geological questions I am more readily disposed to bow than that
+
+of my eminent friend Professor Dana. But I am familiar with what
+
+he has previously said on this topic in his well-known and
+
+standard work, into which, strangely enough, it does not seem to
+
+have occurred to Mr. Gladstone to look before he set out upon
+
+his present undertaking; and unless Professor Dana's latest
+
+contribution (which I have not yet met with) takes up altogether
+
+new ground, I am afraid I shall not be able to extricate myself,
+
+by its help, from my present difficulties.
+
+
+
+It is a very long time since I began to think about the
+
+relations between modern scientifically ascertained truths and
+
+the cosmogonical speculations of the writer of Genesis; and, as
+
+I think that Mr. Gladstone might have been able to put his case
+
+with a good deal more force, if he had thought it worth while to
+
+consult the last chapter of Professor Dana's admirable "Manual
+
+of Geology," so I think he might have been made aware that he
+
+was undertaking an enterprise of which he had not counted the
+
+cost, if he had chanced upon a discussion of the subject which I
+
+published in 1877.<9>
+
+
+
+Finally, I should like to draw the attention of those who take
+
+interest in these topics to the weighty words of one of the most
+
+learned and moderate of Biblical critics:--
+
+
+
+<quote>
+
+"A propos de cette premiere page de la Bible, on a coutume de
+
+nos jours de disserter, a perte de vue, sur l'accord du recit
+
+mosaique avec les sciences naturelles; et comme celles-ci tout
+
+eloignees qu'elles sont encore de la perfection absolue, ont
+
+rendu populaires et en quelque sorte irrefragables un certain
+
+nombre de faits generaux ou de theses fondamentales de la
+
+cosmologie et de la geologie, c'est le texte sacre qu'on
+
+s'evertue a torturer pour le faire concorder avec
+
+ces donnees."<10>
+
+<end quote>
+
+
+
+In my paper on the "Interpreters of Nature and the Interpreters
+
+of Genesis," while freely availing myself of the rights of a
+
+scientific critic, I endeavoured to keep the expression of my
+
+views well within those bounds of courtesy which are set by
+
+self-respect and consideration for others. I am therefore glad
+
+to be favoured with Mr. Gladstone's acknowledgment of the
+
+success of my efforts. I only wish that I could accept all the
+
+products of Mr. Gladstone's gracious appreciation, but there is
+
+one about which, as a matter of honesty, I hesitate. In fact, if
+
+I had expressed my meaning better than I seem to have done, I
+
+doubt if the particular proffer of Mr. Gladstone's thanks would
+
+have been made.
+
+
+
+To my mind, whatever doctrine professes to be the result of the
+
+application of the accepted rules of inductive and deductive
+
+logic to its subject-matter; and which accepts, within the
+
+limits which it sets to itself, the supremacy of reason, is
+
+Science. Whether the subject-matter consists of realities or
+
+unrealities, truths or falsehoods, is quite another question. I
+
+conceive that ordinary geometry is science, by reason of its
+
+method, and I also believe that its axioms, definitions, and
+
+conclusions are all true. However, there is a geometry of four
+
+dimensions, which I also believe to be science, because its
+
+method professes to be strictly scientific. It is true that I
+
+cannot conceive four dimensions in space, and therefore, for me,
+
+the whole affair is unreal. But I have known men of great
+
+intellectual powers who seemed to have no difficulty either in
+
+conceiving them, or, at any rate, in imagining how they could
+
+conceive them; and, therefore, four-dimensioned geometry comes
+
+under my notion of science. So I think astrology is a science,
+
+in so far as it professes to reason logically from principles
+
+established by just inductive methods. To prevent
+
+misunderstanding, perhaps I had better add that I do not believe
+
+one whit in astrology; but no more do I believe in Ptolemaic
+
+astronomy, or in the catastrophic geology of my youth, although
+
+these, in their day, claimed--and, to my mind, rightly claimed--
+
+the name of science. If nothing is to be called science but that
+
+which is exactly true from beginning to end, I am afraid there
+
+is very little science in the world outside mathematics.
+
+Among the physical sciences, I do not know that any could claim
+
+more than that it is true within certain limits, so narrow that,
+
+for the present at any rate, they may be neglected. If such is
+
+the case, I do not see where the line is to be drawn between
+
+exactly true, partially true, and mainly untrue forms of
+
+science. And what I have said about the current theology at the
+
+end of my paper [<i>supra</i> pp. 160-163] leaves, I think, no
+
+doubt as to the category in which I rank it. For all that, I
+
+think it would be not only unjust, but almost impertinent, to
+
+refuse the name of science to the "Summa" of St. Thomas or to
+
+the "Institutes" of Calvin.
+
+
+
+In conclusion, I confess that my supposed "unjaded appetite" for
+
+the sort of controversy in which it needed not Mr. Gladstone's
+
+express declaration to tell us he is far better practised than I
+
+am (though probably, without another express declaration, no one
+
+would have suspected that his controversial fires are burning
+
+low) is already satiated.
+
+
+
+In "Elysium" we conduct scientific discussions in a different
+
+medium, and we are liable to threatenings of asphyxia in that
+
+"atmosphere of contention" in which Mr. Gladstone has been able
+
+to live, alert and vigorous beyond the common race of men, as if
+
+it were purest mountain air. I trust that he may long continue
+
+to seek truth, under the difficult conditions he has chosen for
+
+the search, with unabated energy--I had almost said fire--
+
+
+
+<quote>
+
+May age not wither him, nor custom stale
+
+His infinite variety.
+
+<end quote>
+
+
+
+But Elysium suits my less robust constitution better, and I beg
+
+leave to retire thither, not sorry for my experience of the
+
+other region--no one should regret experience--but determined
+
+not to repeat it, at any rate in reference to the "plea
+
+for revelation."
+
+
+
+<quote>
+
+
+
+NOTE ON THE PROPER SENSE OF THE "MOSAIC" NARRATIVE
+
+OF THE CREATION.
+
+
+
+It has been objected to my argument from Leviticus (<i>suprà</i>
+
+p. 170) that the Hebrew words translated by "creeping things" in
+
+Genesis i. 24 and Leviticus xi. 29, are different; namely,
+
+"reh-mes" in the former, "sheh-retz" in the latter. The obvious
+
+reply to this objection is that the question is not one of words
+
+but of the meaning of words. To borrow an illustration from our
+
+own language, if "crawling things" had been used by the
+
+translators in Genesis and "creeping things" in Leviticus, it
+
+would not have been necessarily implied that they intended to
+
+denote different groups of animals. "Sheh-retz" is employed in a
+
+wider sense than "reh-mes." There are "sheh-retz" of the waters
+
+of the earth, of the air, and of the land. Leviticus speaks of
+
+land reptiles, among other animals, as "sheh-retz";
+
+Genesis speaks of all creeping land animals, among which land
+
+reptiles are necessarily included, as "reh-mes."
+
+Our translators, therefore, have given the true sense when they
+
+render both "sheh-retz" and "reh-mes" by "creeping things."
+
+
+
+Having taken a good deal of trouble to show what Genesis i.-ii.
+
+4 does not mean, in the preceding pages, perhaps it may be well
+
+that I should briefly give my opinion as to what it does mean.
+
+I conceive that the unknown author of this part of the
+
+Hexateuchal compilation believed, and meant his readers to
+
+believe, that his words, as they understood them--that is to
+
+say, in their ordinary natural sense--conveyed the "actual
+
+historical truth." When he says that such and such things
+
+happened, I believe him to mean that they actually occurred and
+
+not that he imagined or dreamed them; when he says "day," I
+
+believe he uses the word in the popular sense; when he says
+
+"made" or "created," I believe he means that they came into
+
+being by a process analogous to that which the people whom he
+
+addressed called "making" or "creating"; and I think that,
+
+unless we forget our present knowledge of nature, and, putting
+
+ourselves back into the position of a Phoenician or a Chaldaean
+
+philosopher, start from his conception of the world, we shall
+
+fail to grasp the meaning of the Hebrew writer. We must conceive
+
+the earth to be an immovable, more or less flattened, body, with
+
+the vault of heaven above, the watery abyss below and around.
+
+We must imagine sun, moon, and stars to be "set" in a
+
+"firmament" with, or in, which they move; and above which is yet
+
+another watery mass. We must consider "light" and "darkness" to
+
+be things, the alternation of which constitutes day and night,
+
+independently of the existence of sun, moon, and stars. We must
+
+further suppose that, as in the case of the story of the deluge,
+
+the Hebrew writer was acquainted with a Gentile (probably
+
+Chaldaean or Accadian) account of the origin of things, in which
+
+he substantially believed, but which he stripped of all its
+
+idolatrous associations by substituting "Elohim" for Ea, Anu,
+
+Bel, and the like.
+
+
+
+From this point of view the first verse strikes the keynote of
+
+the whole. In the beginning "Elohim<11> created the heaven and
+
+the earth." Heaven and earth were not primitive existences from
+
+which the gods proceeded, as the Gentiles taught; on the
+
+contrary, the "Powers" preceded and created heaven and earth.
+
+Whether by "creation" is meant "causing to be where nothing was
+
+before" or "shaping of something which pre-existed," seems to me
+
+to be an insoluble question.
+
+
+
+As I have pointed out, the second verse has an interesting
+
+parallel in Jeremiah iv. 23: "I beheld the earth, and, lo, it
+
+was waste and void; and the heavens, and they had no light."
+
+I conceive that there is no more allusion to chaos in the one
+
+than in the other. The earth-disk lay in its watery envelope,
+
+like the yolk of an egg in the <i>glaire,</i> and the spirit, or
+
+breath, of Elohim stirred the mass. Light was created as a thing
+
+by itself; and its antithesis "darkness" as another thing.
+
+It was supposed to be the nature of these two to alternate, and
+
+a pair of alternations constituted a "day" in the sense of an
+
+unit of time.
+
+
+
+The next step was, necessarily, the formation of that
+
+"firmament," or dome over the earth-disk, which was supposed to
+
+support the celestial waters; and in which sun, moon, and stars
+
+were conceived to be set, as in a sort of orrery. The earth was
+
+still surrounded and covered by the lower waters, but the upper
+
+were separated from it by the "firmament," beneath which what we
+
+call the air lay. A second alternation of darkness and light
+
+marks the lapse of time.
+
+
+
+After this, the waters which covered the earth-disk, under the
+
+firmament, were drawn away into certain regions, which became
+
+seas, while the part laid bare became dry land. In accordance
+
+with the notion, universally accepted in antiquity, that moist
+
+earth possesses the potentiality of giving rise to living
+
+beings, the land, at the command of Elohim, "put forth" all
+
+sorts of plants. They are made to appear thus early, not, I
+
+apprehend, from any notion that plants are lower in the scale of
+
+being than animals (which would seem to be inconsistent with the
+
+prevalence of tree worship among ancient people), but rather
+
+because animals obviously depend on plants; and because, without
+
+crops and harvests, there seemed to be no particular need of
+
+heavenly signs for the seasons.
+
+
+
+These were provided by the fourth day's work. Light existed
+
+already; but now vehicles for the distribution of light, in a
+
+special manner and with varying degrees of intensity, were
+
+provided. I conceive that the previous alternations of light and
+
+darkness were supposed to go on; but that the "light" was
+
+strengthened during the daytime by the sun, which, as a source
+
+of heat as well as of light, glided up the firmament from the
+
+east, and slid down in the west, each day. Very probably each
+
+day's sun was supposed to be a new one. And as the light of the
+
+day was strengthened by the sun, so the darkness of the night
+
+was weakened by the moon, which regularly waxed and waned every
+
+month. The stars are, as it were, thrown in. And nothing can
+
+more sharply mark the doctrinal purpose of the author, than the
+
+manner in which he deals with the heavenly bodies, which the
+
+Gentiles identified so closely with their gods, as if they were
+
+mere accessories to the almanac.
+
+
+
+Animals come next in order of creation, and the general notion
+
+of the writer seems to be that they were produced by the medium
+
+in which they live; that is to say, the aquatic animals by the
+
+waters, and the terrestrial animals by the land. But there was a
+
+difficulty about flying things, such as bats, birds, and
+
+insects. The cosmogonist seems to have had no conception of
+
+"air" as an elemental body. His "elements" are earth and water,
+
+and he ignores air as much as he does fire. Birds "fly above the
+
+earth in the open firmament" or "on the face of the expanse" of
+
+heaven. They are not said to fly through the air. The choice of
+
+a generative medium for flying things, therefore, seemed to lie
+
+between water and earth; and, if we take into account the
+
+conspicuousness of the great flocks of water-birds and the
+
+swarms of winged insects, which appear to arise from water, I
+
+think the preference of water becomes intelligible. However, I
+
+do not put this forward as more than a probable hypothesis.
+
+As to the creation of aquatic animals on the fifth, that of land
+
+animals on the sixth day, and that of man last of all, I presume
+
+the order was determined by the fact that man could hardly
+
+receive dominion over the living world before it existed;
+
+and that the "cattle" were not wanted until he was about to make
+
+his appearance. The other terrestrial animals would naturally be
+
+associated with the cattle.
+
+
+
+The absurdity of imagining that any conception, analogous to
+
+that of a zoological classification, was in the mind of the
+
+writer will be apparent, when we consider that the fifth day's
+
+work must include the zoologist's <i>Cetacea, Sirenia,</i> and
+
+seals,<12> all of which are <i>Mammalia;</i> all birds, turtles,
+
+sea-snakes and, presumably, the fresh water <i>Reptilia</i> and
+
+<i>Amphibia;</i> with the great majority of <i>Invertebrata.</i>
+
+
+
+The creation of man is announced as a separate act, resulting
+
+from a particular resolution of Elohim to "make man in our
+
+image, after our likeness." To learn what this remarkable phrase
+
+means we must turn to the fifth chapter of Genesis, the work of
+
+the same writer. "In the day that Elohim created man, in the
+
+likeness of Elohim made he him; male and female created he them;
+
+and blessed them and called their name Adam in the day when they
+
+were created. And Adam lived an hundred and thirty years and
+
+begat <i>a son</i> in his own likeness, after his image;
+
+and called his name Seth." I find it impossible to read this
+
+passage without being convinced that, when the writer says Adam
+
+was made in the likeness of Elohim, he means the same sort of
+
+likeness as when he says that Seth was begotten in the likeness
+
+of Adam. Whence it follows that his conception of Elohim was
+
+completely anthropomorphic.
+
+
+
+In all this narrative I can discover nothing which
+
+differentiates it, in principle, from other ancient cosmogonies,
+
+except the rejection of all gods, save the vague, yet
+
+anthropomorphic, Elohim, and the assigning to them anteriority
+
+and superiority to the world. It is as utterly irreconcilable
+
+with the assured truths of modern science, as it is with the
+
+account of the origin of man, plants, and animals given by the
+
+writer of the second chief constituent of the Hexateuch in the
+
+second chapter of Genesis. This extraordinary story starts with
+
+the assumption of the existence of a rainless earth, devoid of
+
+plants and herbs of the field. The creation of living beings
+
+begins with that of a solitary man; the next thing that happens
+
+is the laying out of the Garden of Eden, and the causing the
+
+growth from its soil of every tree "that is pleasant to the
+
+sight and good for food"; the third act is the formation out of
+
+the ground of "every beast of the field, and every fowl of the
+
+air"; the fourth and last, the manufacture of the first woman
+
+from a rib, extracted from Adam, while in a state
+
+of anaesthesia.
+
+
+
+Yet there are people who not only profess to take this monstrous
+
+legend seriously, but who declare it to be reconcilable with the
+
+Elohistic account of the creation!
+
+<end quote>
+
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES
+
+
+
+
+
+(1) <i>The Nineteenth Century,</i> 1886.
+
+
+
+(2) Both dolphins and dugongs occur in the Red Sea, porpoises
+
+and dolphins in the Mediterranean; so that the "Mosaic writer"
+
+may have been acquainted with them.
+
+
+
+(3) I said nothing about "the greater number of schools of Greek
+
+philosophy," as Mr. Gladstone implies that I did, but expressly
+
+spoke of the "founders of Greek philosophy."
+
+
+
+(4) See Heinze, <i>Die Lehre vom Logos,</i> p. 9 <i>et seq.</i>
+
+
+
+(5) Reprinted in <i>Lay Sermons, Addresses, and Reviews,</i>
+
+1870.
+
+
+
+(6) "Ancient," doubtless, but his antiquity must not be
+
+exaggerated. For example, there is no proof that the "Mosaic"
+
+cosmogony was known to the Israelites of Solomon's time.
+
+
+
+(7) When Jeremiah (iv. 23) says, "I beheld the earth, and, lo,
+
+it was waste and void," he certainly does not mean to imply that
+
+the form of the earth was less definite, or its substance less
+
+solid, than before.
+
+
+
+(8) In looking through the delightful volume recently published
+
+by the Astronomer-Royal for Ireland, a day or two ago, I find
+
+the following remarks on the nebular hypothesis, which I should
+
+have been glad to quote in my text if I had known them sooner:--
+
+
+
+"Nor can it be ever more than a speculation; it cannot be
+
+established by observation, nor can it be proved by calculation.
+
+It is merely a conjecture, more or less plausible, but perhaps
+
+in some degree, necessarily true, if our present laws of heat,
+
+as we understand them, admit of the extreme application here
+
+required, and if the present order of things has reigned for
+
+sufficient time without the intervention of any influence at
+
+present known to us" (<i>The Story of the Heavens,</i> p. 506).
+
+
+
+Would any prudent advocate base a plea, either for or against
+
+revelation, upon the coincidence, or want of coincidence, of the
+
+declarations of the latter with the requirements of an
+
+hypothesis thus guardedly dealt with by an astronomical expert?
+
+
+
+(9) Lectures on Evolution delivered in New York (American
+
+Addresses).
+
+
+
+(10) Reuss, <i>L'Histoire Sainte et la Loi,</i> vol. i, p. 275.
+
+
+
+(11) For the sense of the term "Elohim," see the essay entitled
+
+"The Evolution of Theology" at the end of this volume.
+
+
+
+(12) Perhaps even hippopotamuses and otters!
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg Etext of Mr. Gladstone and Genesis, by Huxley
+
+This is Essay #5 from "Science and Hebrew Tradition"
+
+
+
diff --git a/old/5saht10.zip b/old/5saht10.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5b8a772
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/5saht10.zip