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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Apologia and Florida of Apuleius of
+Madaura, by Lucius Apuleius
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Apologia and Florida of Apuleius of Madaura
+
+Author: Lucius Apuleius
+
+Translator: H. E. Butler
+
+Release Date: August 13, 2008 [EBook #26294]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK APOLOGIA AND FLORIDA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Curtis Weyant, Linda Cantoni, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by Case Western Reserve University Preservation Department
+Digital Library)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Transcriber's Note: Out-of-order entries in the endnotes have been
+corrected.]
+
+
+
+
+THE APOLOGIA AND FLORIDA
+OF APULEIUS OF MADAURA
+
+
+TRANSLATED
+
+BY H.E. BUTLER
+
+FELLOW OF NEW COLLEGE
+
+
+OXFORD
+AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
+
+1909
+
+HENRY FROWDE, M.A.
+PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD
+LONDON, EDINBURGH, NEW YORK
+TORONTO AND MELBOURNE
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+For the purposes of this translation I have used Helm's text of the
+_Apologia_, and Van der Vliet's text of the _Florida_. Both texts are
+published by the firm of Teubner, to whom I am indebted for permission
+to use their publications as the basis of this work. Divergences from
+the text are indicated in the footnotes, and I have made a few,
+perhaps unnecessary, expurgations. For the elucidation of the magical
+portions of the _Apologia_ I am specially indebted to Abt's commentary
+(_Apologie des Apuleius_, Giessen, 1906). I also owe much to the
+articles on Apuleius in Schanz's _Geschichte der römischen
+Litteratur_, and in Pauly-Wissowa's _Real-Encyclopädie_, and to
+Hildebrand's commentary on the works of Apuleius (Leipzig, 1842).
+
+H.E. BUTLER.
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                        PAGE
+
+INTRODUCTION                                               5
+
+THE APOLOGIA                                              19
+
+THE FLORIDA                                              159
+
+NOTES ON THE APOLOGIA                                    219
+
+NOTES ON THE FLORIDA                                     235
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+Our authorities for the life of Apuleius are in the main the
+_Apologia_, the _Florida_, and the last book of the _Metamorphoses_.
+He has a passion for taking his audience into his confidence, and as a
+result it is not hard to reconstruct a considerable portion of his
+life. He was a native of Madaura, the modern Mdaurusch, a Numidian
+town loftily situated above the valley of the Medjerda. The town was a
+flourishing Roman colony (_Apol._ 24), and the family of Apuleius was
+among the wealthiest and most important of the town. His father
+attained to the position of _duumvir_, the highest municipal office
+(_Apol._ loc. cit.), and left his son the considerable fortune of
+2,000,000 sesterces (£20,000). As to the date of Apuleius' birth there
+is some uncertainty. But as he was the fellow student (_Florida_ 16)
+at Rome of Aemilianus Strabo (consul 156 A.D.), and was considerably
+younger than his wife Pudentilla, whom he married about 155 A.D., when
+she had 'barely passed the age of forty' (_Apol._ 89), the estimate
+which places his birth about 125 A.D. cannot be far wrong. His name is
+generally given as Lucius Apuleius, though the only authority for the
+_praenomen_ is the evidence of late MSS., and it is not improbable
+that the origin of the name is to be found in the curious
+identification of himself with Lucius, the hero of the _Metamorphoses_
+(xi. 27). At an early age the young Apuleius was sent to school at
+Carthage (_Florida_ 18), whence on attaining to manhood he proceeded
+to complete his education at Athens (_Florida_ loc. cit.). There he
+studied philosophy, rhetoric, geometry, music, and poetry (_Florida_
+20), and laid the foundations of that encyclopaedic, if superficial
+knowledge, which in after years he so delighted to parade. On leaving
+Athens he set forth on lengthy travels, in the course of which he
+spent a large portion of his patrimony (_Apol._ 23). He speaks of the
+temple of Hera at Samos as an eyewitness (_Florida_ 15), and elsewhere
+mentions a visit to Hierapolis in Phrygia (_de mundo_ 17). Returning
+from the East he came to Corinth, where--if we may accept his
+identification of himself with the Lucius of the _Metamorphoses_--he
+fell into the clutches of the priests of Isis, who played upon his
+emotional and superstitious temperament to their hearts' content. He
+was first initiated into the mysteries of Isis (_Metamorph._ xi. 23,
+24). A few days after this auspicious event the goddess appeared to
+him in a vision and bade him set forth homewards. He therefore took
+ship for Rome, where for the space of a year he dwelt, a fervent
+worshipper at the temple of Isis on the Campus Martius. Once more
+visions of the night began to afflict him; he consulted the priests
+and discovered the cause; he required yet to be initiated into the
+mysteries of Osiris. The priests of Corinth had worked upon his
+credulity to such good effect, that he found himself in serious
+financial difficulties, but by practising as a lawyer he succeeded in
+making a sufficient income to provide more than adequately for the
+expenses of this fresh initiation (_Metamorph._ xi. 28, 30). While at
+Rome he made the acquaintance of Aemilianus Strabo and Scipio Orfitus,
+men of distinguished position, whom he was to meet again when their
+official career brought them to Africa as proconsuls of that province
+(_Florida_ 16, 17).
+
+At last he returned home, and it was probably at this period of his
+career that he wrote his famous novel, the _Metamorphoses_ or _Golden
+Ass_.[1] It is based on the lost work of a certain Lucius of Patras,
+of which we have another version in the [Greek: Loukios ê onos],
+falsely attributed to Lucian. He enlarged the original by the free
+insertion of sensational or humorous stories of the kind popularized
+later by the _Decameron_ of Boccaccio, above all by the insertion of
+the beautiful fairy-tale of Cupid and Psyche. And then at the end
+comes the curious personal note, where Lucius, a Greek at the outset
+of the romance, becomes strangely transformed into a native of
+Madaura.
+
+[Footnote 1: See Introd. to my translation of _Metamorphoses_.]
+
+But he did not settle down in his native town. After a time he visited
+Alexandria, and it was in the course of his return from the capital of
+Egypt that the crisis in his life occurred, to which we owe that
+remarkable human document, the _Apologia_. For on his homeward journey
+he fell sick at Oea, the modern Tripoli.[2] In this town there dwelt a
+wealthy lady, named Aemilia Pudentilla, the widow of Sicinius Amicus,
+by whom she had two sons, Sicinius Pontianus and his younger brother,
+Sicinius Pudens. Pontianus was already the friend of Apuleius; he had
+made his acquaintance at Athens; an intimacy had sprung up between
+them, and they had lived together in the same lodgings. Hearing,
+therefore, of Apuleius' sickness, he called on him at the house of
+their mutual friends the Appii, where he was lodging. The reasons for
+Pontianus' visit were somewhat remarkable. His grandfather had been
+anxious that Pudentilla should take a second husband in the person of
+his son and her brother-in-law, Sicinius Clarus, and with this end in
+view threatened to exclude her sons, whose guardian he was, from the
+possession of any of their father's property, if she married
+elsewhere. She therefore suffered herself to be betrothed to Sicinius
+Clarus, 'a boorish and decrepit old man,' but put off the marriage,
+until her father-in-law's death released her from all embarrassment.
+Pontianus and Pudens succeeded to the property, and Pudentilla felt
+herself free to take a husband of her own choice. She informed her
+sons of her intentions. Pontianus approved, but since the property
+left to himself and Pudens by their grandfather was small, and all his
+expectations of wealth depended on the ultimate inheritance of his
+mother's fortune (4,000,000 sesterces = £40,000), he was most anxious
+that his mother should marry an honest man who might reasonably be
+expected to treat his step-sons fairly. At this point, in the very
+nick of time, Apuleius was detained at Oea. Pontianus saw in him a
+heaven-sent step-father, and it was with this in his mind that he
+called upon Apuleius. He did not declare his intentions at once. He
+contented himself at first with dissuading Apuleius from pursuing his
+journey homeward till the next winter came round, and persuaded him to
+come and stay in his mother's house. Apuleius accepted his offer and
+their old intimacy revived. At last a suitable occasion offered for
+the declaration of Pontianus' wishes. Apuleius had given a public
+lecture at Oea. His audience broke into frenzied applause and begged
+Apuleius to become a citizen of their town.
+
+[Footnote 2: See _Apol._ 68 sqq.]
+
+When the audience were gone, Pontianus took Apuleius aside and, saying
+that the popular enthusiasm was a sign from heaven, begged Apuleius to
+marry Pudentilla. After much deliberation Apuleius consented, though
+the lady was neither fair to view nor young. She had been a widow for
+more than thirteen years, and was now over forty. Soon, however, he
+began to love Pudentilla for her own sake; her virtues and
+intelligence won his heart and overcame his desire for further travel.
+The marriage was duly solemnized. But it brought Apuleius no peace.
+Sicinius Aemilianus, another brother of her first husband, and
+Herennius Rufinus, the disreputable father-in-law of Pontianus, were
+both up in arms. Rufinus had hoped, through his son-in-law, to reap a
+rich harvest from Pudentilla's fortune; Aemilianus resented the
+treatment of his brother, Sicinius Clarus. They sought, therefore,
+how they might have their revenge. Their first step was to win
+Pontianus and Pudens to their side. This they succeeded in doing, in
+spite of the generous treatment accorded by Apuleius to his step-sons.
+Pontianus fell sick and died before they could carry out their
+designs. He had, moreover, repented of his baseness to his former
+friend, though death prevented him from showing what his repentance
+was worth. Pudens, however, was completely under the thumb of
+Aemilianus and Rufinus, and a number of more or less serious charges
+were brought against Apuleius in his name.
+
+He was accused of having won the heart of Pudentilla by sorcery, of
+being a man of immoral life, and of having married his elderly bride
+solely for the sake of her money. The trial took place at Sabrata
+(_Apol._ 59), the modern Zowâra, lying on the coast some sixty miles
+west of Oea. The case was tried by the proconsul himself, Claudius
+Maximus. The date cannot be precisely fixed. But Claudius Maximus was
+probably proconsul at some time between the years 155-158 A.D. (see
+note on _Apol._ 1), at any rate not later than 161 A.D., since
+Antoninus Pius is mentioned as the reigning princeps (died March 161
+A.D.). Apuleius had no difficulty in disposing of the charges brought
+against him, and incidentally found an opportunity for a flamboyant
+display of the learning of which he was so proud. He may well on
+occasion have practised magic: his insatiable curiosity must assuredly
+have led him to experiment in this direction, and his subsequent
+reputation confirms these suspicions. But the specific charges of
+magic on this occasion were frivolous and absurd. In the first portion
+of the speech Apuleius plays with his accusers, mocking them from the
+heights of his superior learning. In the second portion, where he
+defends his marriage with Pudentilla and justifies his dealings with
+his step-sons, he clears himself in good earnest, nay does more than
+clear himself. For he unveils in the most merciless fashion the
+villany of his accusers--the base ingratitude of Pudens, and the
+unspeakable turpitude of Rufinus.
+
+That Apuleius was acquitted cannot be doubted. His case speaks for
+itself. But it is noteworthy that we hear of him no more at Oea, where
+he had resided for three years at the time of the trial. This
+distressing family quarrel must have caused some bitterness of
+feeling, and Augustine (_Ep._ 138. 19) mentions a quarrel with the
+inhabitants of Oea on the question of the erection of a statue in his
+honour. These facts may not improbably have led him to seek residence
+elsewhere. Be this as it may, when we next hear of him he is in
+Carthage, enjoying the highest renown as philosopher, poet, and
+rhetorician. It was during this residence at Carthage that he
+delivered the flamboyant orations of which fragments have been
+preserved to us in the _Florida_. A few of these excerpts can be
+dated. The seventeenth is written during the proconsulate of Scipio
+Orfitus in 163-164 A.D. The ninth contains a panegyric of the
+proconsul Severianus, who must have held office some time during the
+joint reign of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, 161-169 A.D. (see
+note, p. 236). The sixteenth refers to Aemilianus Strabo, who was
+consul in 156 A.D. and had not yet become proconsul of Africa. As the
+interval between holding the consulate and the proconsulate was from
+ten to thirteen years, this fragment may be dated, if not before 166,
+at any rate before 169 A.D.
+
+Apuleius won more than mere applause. Carthage decreed a statue in his
+honour (_Florida_ 16), and conferred on him the chief-priesthood of
+the province. This office entitled its holder to the first place in
+the provincial council, and was the highest honour that the province
+could bestow (_Florida_ 16). Civil office he never held (Augustine,
+_Ep._ 138. 19), perhaps never sought. His genius, it may be said with
+confidence, was far from fitting him for judicial or administrative
+functions. If we may trust Apollinaris Sidonius (_Ep._ II. 10. 5),
+Pudentilla showed herself a model wife by the passionate interest she
+took in her husband's work. 'Pudentilla was for Apuleius what Marcia
+was for Hortensius, Terentia for Cicero, Calpurnia for Piso,
+Rusticiana for Symmachus: these noble women held the lamp while their
+husbands read and meditated!' It is even possible that she bore him a
+son, as the second book of the _de Platone_ is dedicated to 'my son
+Faustinus'. Of his death we know nothing. Testimony as to his
+appearance is conflicting. His accusers (_Apol._ 4) charge him with
+being a 'handsome philosopher'. He replies that his body is worn by
+the fatigues of study and his hair as tangled as a lump of tow!
+
+His works were astonishingly numerous. Beside those already mentioned
+there have come down to us two books on the life and philosophy of
+Plato,[3] a highly rhetorical treatise on the 'Demon of Socrates', and
+a free translation of the pseudo-Aristotelian treatise 'on the
+Universe', though Apuleius is regrettably far from making due
+acknowledgement of his debt to the original. None of these works can
+be described as interesting, though the treatise on the 'Demon of
+Socrates' contains some characteristic purple passages.
+
+[Footnote 3: He regarded Plato as his master above all others. We find
+_Platonicus_ attached to him as an honorific title in the MSS.]
+
+It would, however, scarcely be an exaggeration to say that more of
+Apuleius' works have perished than survived. He has told us in the
+_Florida_ (20) that he has written dialogues, hymns, music, history,
+and satire. And we have copious references to works from his pen,
+that, perhaps fortunately, no longer exist. Beside the three poems
+which survive in the _Apologia_ and a translation of a passage of
+Menander, preserved in a manuscript once at Beauvais, but now lost
+(Baehrens, _Poet. Lat. Min._ 4, p. 104), he mentions a hymn to
+Aesculapius, written both in Latin and Greek (_Florida_ 18), and a
+panegyric in verse on the virtues of Scipio Orfitus (_Florida_ 17). He
+wrote also another novel entitled _Hermagoras_, a collection of famous
+love-stories of the past, sundry 'histories', a translation of the
+_Phaedo_, and numerous scientific works, dealing with problems of
+mathematics, music, astronomy, medicine, botany, and zoology.
+
+The glory won by Apuleius during his lifetime survived after his
+death. Augustine knows his works well. He recognizes his importance as
+a writer, but abhors him as a magician. Apuleius is a thaumaturge
+against whom the faithful need to be warned. 'The enemies of
+Christianity,' says Augustine (_Ep._ 138), 'venture to place Apuleius
+and Apollonius of Tyana on the same or even a higher level than
+Christ.' But in the same letter he speaks of him as a 'great orator'
+whose fame still lives among his fellow countrymen of Africa. Above
+all the _Golden Ass_ has kept his name alive to our own day. Even
+those who know nothing of the work as a whole, or who would relegate
+it to obscurity for its occasional gross indecency, know and love the
+story of Cupid and Psyche, if not in the original at least in many a
+work of art, and in the pages of La Fontaine, Walter Pater, or William
+Morris.
+
+As might be expected from one who left so few themes untouched,
+Apuleius is one of the most superficial of ancient writers. It has
+been well said of him by M. Paul Monceaux, 'Apulée est un de ces
+esprits encyclopédiques, âpres à la curée de toutes les connaissances,
+qui se rencontrent au commencement et à la fin des civilisations.' For
+the acquisition of his extraordinary reputation he needed an age and
+an audience in which learning and literature alike were decadent,
+though far from forgotten. He has none of the scientific spirit. He
+does not really understand the authors he quotes; he has no critical
+spirit, and his own investigations are prompted by indiscriminate
+curiosity. But he has vast stores of miscellaneous knowledge such as
+might delight the half-educated, and as a rhetorician he possesses a
+strange and debased brilliance, fired by an astonishing if disorderly
+imagination. The verve, the humour, and above all the welter of warmth
+and colour that characterize the _Golden Ass_ make us forgive the
+palpable degradation of the Latin language. Not less remarkable is the
+_Apologia_. There are few speeches of antiquity that give such a vivid
+impression of the character of the author and of the life of the
+society in which he moved. The style, it is true, is often bombastic
+and affected, many of the arguments are almost more puerile and absurd
+than the accusations, while the intense conceit and complacency of the
+author often make him ridiculous. A man of wide and varied knowledge,
+he has no depth of intellect. He is always half charlatan, and the
+reader is rarely free from the impression that he is taking liberties
+with the uncertain taste and ignorance of his provincial audience. But
+even the weaknesses of style and argument have their charm for the
+modern reader. For, if he never entirely fails to laugh with Apuleius,
+he certainly indulges in many a hearty laugh at him.
+
+The _Florida_ are no less superficial and bombastic, and the vanity of
+Apuleius is revealed even more remarkably than in the _Apologia_. But
+they are never long enough to be tedious, and contain much that is
+amusing, be the humour unconscious or intentional; and even if we can
+rarely give whole-hearted admiration to the style, we cannot but
+marvel at its dexterity, while its very _bizarrerie_ is not without
+its charm.
+
+This is hardly the place for a disquisition upon African Latin. It is
+sufficient here to say that the two main features of the style of
+Apuleius are its archaism and its extreme floridity. It has been
+asserted that this strange style is of purely African growth,[4] and
+that it owes much of its oriental wealth of colour to the Semitic
+element that must still have formed so large a proportion of the
+population of Africa. But there seems little really to support this
+view; it is probable that, allowing for the personal factor, in this
+case exceptionally important, and the eccentricities to which
+Apuleius' erudition may have led him, we are confronted with no more
+than an exaggerated revival of the Asiatic style of oratory. No doubt
+the seed fell on good ground, but it is impossible to set one's finger
+on any definitely African element.[5]
+
+[Footnote 4: For a vivacious exposition of this view cf. Monceaux,
+_Les Africains_. Paris, 1894.]
+
+[Footnote 5: See the chapter on Apuleius in Norden's admirable work,
+_Die antike Kunstprosa_, Leipzig, 1898.]
+
+The style presents grave difficulties to the translator. The English
+language will not carry the requisite amount of bombast; the
+assonances and the puns are generally incapable of reproduction. Even
+when this allowance has been made, it is in many cases impossible to
+give anything approximating to a translation in natural English. I
+can only trust that the English of this translation has not wholly
+lost the colour to which Apuleius owes so much of his charm. The
+sacrifice is not so great in these works as it must necessarily be in
+any English translation of the more exotic and more brilliant-hued
+_Metamorphoses_, better known as _The Golden Ass_. But in any case the
+cooler tints and sobriety of our native language must--even in hands
+less unskilled than mine--fail to do justice to the fantastic Latin of
+the original. The vivacity of French coupled with the richness and
+warmth of Italian would need to be combined to produce anything
+approaching a really good translation, even of the least fantastic
+works of Apuleius.
+
+
+
+
+THE APOLOGIA
+
+
+1. For my part, Maximus Claudius, and you, gentlemen who sit beside
+him on the bench, I regarded it as a foregone conclusion that Sicinius
+Aemilianus would for sheer lack of any real ground for accusation cram
+his indictment with mere vulgar abuse; for the old rascal is notorious
+for his unscrupulous audacity, and, further, launched forth on his
+task of bringing me to trial in your court before he had given a
+thought to the line his prosecution should pursue. Now while the most
+innocent of men may be the victim of false accusation, only the
+criminal can have his guilt brought home to him. It is this thought
+that gives me special confidence, but I have further ground for
+self-congratulation in the fact that I have you for my judge on an
+occasion when it is my privilege to have the opportunity of clearing
+philosophy of the aspersions cast upon her by the uninstructed and of
+proving my own innocence. Nevertheless these false charges are on the
+face of them serious enough, and the suddenness with which they have
+been improvised makes them the more difficult to refute. For you will
+remember that it is only four or five days since his advocates of
+malice prepense attacked me with slanderous accusations, and began to
+charge me with practice of the black art and with the murder of my
+step-son Pontianus. I was at the moment totally unprepared for such a
+charge, and was occupied in defending an action brought by the
+brothers Granius against my wife, Pudentilla. I perceived that these
+charges were brought forward not so much in a serious spirit as to
+gratify my opponents' taste for wanton slander. I therefore
+straightway challenged them, not once only, but frequently and
+emphatically, to proceed with their accusation. The result was that
+Aemilianus, perceiving that you, Maximus, not to speak of others, were
+strongly moved by what had occurred, and that his words had created a
+serious scandal, began to be alarmed and to seek for some safe refuge
+from the consequences of his rashness.
+
+2. Therefore as soon as he was compelled to set his name to the
+indictment, he conveniently forgot Pontianus, his own brother's son,
+of whose death he had been continually accusing me only a few days
+previously. He made absolutely no mention of the death of his young
+kinsman[6]; he abandoned this most serious charge, but--to avoid the
+appearance of having totally abandoned his mendacious accusations--he
+selected, as the sole support of his indictment, the charge of
+magic--a charge with which it is easy to create a prejudice against
+the accused, but which it is hard to prove. Even that he had not the
+courage to do openly in his own person, but a day later presented the
+indictment in the name of my step-son, Sicinius Pudens, a mere boy,
+adding that he appeared as his representative. This is a new method.
+He attacks me through the agency of a third person, whose tender age
+he employs to shield his unworthy self against a charge of false
+accusation. You, Maximus, with great acuteness saw through his designs
+and ordered him to renew his original accusation in person. In spite
+of his promise to comply, he cannot be induced to come to close
+quarters, but actually defies your authority and continues to skirmish
+at long range with his false accusations. He persistently shirks the
+perilous task of a direct attack, and perseveres in his assumption of
+the safe rôle of the accuser's legal representative. As a result, even
+before the case came into court, the real nature of the accusation
+became obvious to the meanest understanding. The man who invented the
+charge and was the first to utter it had not the courage to take the
+responsibility for it. Moreover the man in question is Sicinius
+Aemilianus, who, if he had discovered any true charge against me,
+would scarcely have been so backward in accusing a stranger of so many
+serious crimes, seeing that he falsely asserted his own uncle's will
+to be a forgery although he knew it to be genuine: indeed he
+maintained this assertion with such obstinate violence, that even
+after that distinguished senator, Lollius Urbicus, in accordance with
+the decision of the distinguished consulars, his assessors, had
+declared the will to be genuine and duly proven, he continued--such
+was his mad fury--in defiance of the award given by the voice of that
+most distinguished citizen, to assert with oaths that the will was a
+forgery. It was only with difficulty that Lollius Urbicus refrained
+from making him suffer for it.
+
+[Footnote 6: I conjecture: _de morte cognati adolescentis subito
+tacens tanti criminis descriptione destitit, ne tamen omnino desistere
+calumnia magiam, &c._]
+
+3. I rely, Maximus, on your sense of justice and on my own innocence,
+but I hope that in this trial also we shall hear the voice of Lollius
+raised impulsively in my defence; for Aemilianus is deliberately
+accusing a man whom he knows to be innocent, a course which comes the
+more easy to him, since, as I have told you, he has already been
+convicted of lying in a most important case, heard before the Prefect
+of the city. Just as a good man studiously avoids the repetition of a
+sin once committed, so men of depraved character repeat their past
+offence with increased confidence, and, I may add, the more often they
+do so, the more openly they display their impudence. For honour is
+like a garment; the older it gets, the more carelessly it is worn. I
+think it my duty, therefore, in the interest of my own honour, to
+refute all my opponent's slanders before I come to the actual
+indictment itself. For I am pleading not merely my own cause, but that
+of philosophy as well, philosophy, whose grandeur is such that she
+resents even the slightest slur cast upon her perfection as though it
+were the most serious accusation. Knowing this, Aemilianus' advocates,
+only a short time ago, poured forth with all their usual loquacity a
+flood of drivelling accusations, many of which were specially invented
+for the purpose of blackening my character, while the remainder were
+such general charges as the uninstructed are in the habit of levelling
+at philosophers. It is true that we may regard these accusations as
+mere interested vapourings, bought at a price and uttered to prove
+their shamelessness worthy of its hire. It is a recognized practice on
+the part of professional accusers to let out the venom of their
+tongues to another's hurt; nevertheless, if only in my own interest, I
+must briefly refute these slanders, lest I, whose most earnest
+endeavour it is to avoid incurring the slightest spot or blemish to my
+fair fame, should seem, by passing over some of their more ridiculous
+charges, to have tacitly admitted their truth, rather than to have
+treated them with silent contempt. For a man who has any sense of
+honour or self-respect must needs--such at least is my opinion--feel
+annoyed when he is thus abused, however falsely. Even those whose
+conscience reproaches them with some crime, are strongly moved to
+anger, when men speak ill of them, although they have been accustomed
+to such ill report ever since they became evildoers. And even though
+others say naught of their crimes, they are conscious enough that such
+charges may at any time deservedly be brought against them. It is
+therefore doubly vexatious to the good and innocent man when charges
+are undeservedly brought against him which he might with justice bring
+against others. For his ears are unused and strange to ill report, and
+he is so accustomed to hear himself praised that insult is more than
+he can bear. If, however, I seem to be anxious to rebut charges which
+are merely frivolous and foolish, the blame must be laid at the door
+of those, to whom such accusations, in spite of their triviality, can
+only bring disgrace. I am not to blame. Ridiculous as these charges
+may be, their refutation cannot but do me honour.
+
+4. To begin then, only a short while ago, at the commencement of the
+indictment, you heard them say, 'He, whom we accuse in your court, is
+a philosopher of the most elegant appearance and a master of eloquence
+not merely in Latin but also in Greek!' What a damning insinuation!
+Unless I am mistaken, those were the very words with which Tannonius
+Pudens, whom no one could accuse of being a master of eloquence, began
+the indictment. I wish that these serious reproaches of beauty and
+eloquence had been true. It would have been easy to answer in the
+words, with which Homer makes Paris reply to Hector:--
+
+     [Greek: ou toi apoblêt' esti theôn erikudea dôra·
+     hossa ken autoi dôsin, hekôn d' ouk an tis heloito].--
+
+which I may interpret thus: 'The most glorious gifts of the gods are
+in no wise to be despised; but the things which they are wont to give
+are withheld from many that would gladly possess them.' Such would
+have been my reply. I should have added that philosophers are not
+forbidden to possess a handsome face. Pythagoras, the first to take
+the name of 'philosopher', was the handsomest man of his day. Zeno
+also, the ancient philosopher of Velia, who was the first to discover
+that most ingenious device of refuting hypotheses by the method of
+self-inconsistency, that same Zeno was--so Plato asserts--by far the
+most striking in appearance of all the men of his generation. It is
+further recorded of many other philosophers that they were comely of
+countenance and added fresh charm to their personal beauty by their
+beauty of character. But such a defence is, as I have already said,
+far from me. Not only has nature given me but a commonplace
+appearance, but continued literary labour has swept away such charm as
+my person ever possessed, has reduced me to a lean habit of body,
+sucked away all the freshness of life, destroyed my complexion and
+impaired my vigour. As to my hair, which they with unblushing
+mendacity declare I have allowed to grow long as an enhancement to my
+personal attractions, you can judge of its elegance and beauty. As you
+see, it is tangled, twisted and unkempt like a lump of tow, shaggy and
+irregular in length, so knotted and matted that the tangle is past the
+art of man to unravel. This is due not to mere carelessness in the
+tiring of my hair, but to the fact that I never so much as comb or
+part it. I think this is a sufficient refutation of the accusations
+concerning my hair which they hurl against me as though it were a
+capital charge.
+
+5. As to my eloquence--if only eloquence were mine--it would be small
+matter either for wonder or envy if I, who from my earliest years to
+the present moment have devoted myself with all my powers to the sole
+study of literature and for this spurned all other pleasures, had
+sought to win eloquence to be mine with toil such as few or none have
+ever expended, ceasing neither night nor day, to the neglect and
+impairment of my bodily health. But my opponents need fear nothing
+from my eloquence. If I have made any real advance therein, it is my
+aspirations rather than my attainments on which I must base my claim.
+Certainly if the aphorism said to occur in the poems of Statius
+Caecilius be true, that innocence is eloquence itself, to that extent
+I may lay claim to eloquence and boast that I yield to none. For on
+that assumption what living man could be more eloquent than myself? I
+have never even harboured in my thoughts anything to which I should
+fear to give utterance. Nay, my eloquence is consummate, for I have
+ever held all sin in abomination; I have the highest oratory at my
+command, for I have uttered no word, I have done no deed, of which I
+need fear to discourse in public. I will begin therefore to discourse
+of those verses of mine, which they have produced as though they were
+something of which I ought to be ashamed. You must have noticed the
+laughter with which I showed my annoyance at the absurd and illiterate
+manner in which they recited them.
+
+6. They began by reading one of my _jeux d'esprit_, a brief letter in
+verse, addressed to a certain Calpurnianus on the subject of a
+tooth-powder. When Calpurnianus produced my letter as evidence against
+me, his desire to do me a hurt blinded him to the fact that if
+anything in the letter could be urged as a reproach against me, he
+shared in that reproach. For the verses testify to the fact that he
+had asked me to send him the wherewithal to clean his teeth:
+
+     _Good morrow! friend Calpurnianus, take
+     The salutation these swift verses make.
+     Wherewith I send, responsive to thy call,
+     A powder rare to cleanse thy teeth withal.
+     This delicate dust of Arab spices fine
+     With ivory sheen shall make thy mouth to shine,
+     Shall smooth the swollen gums and sweep away
+     The relics of the feast of yesterday.
+     So shall no foulness, no dark smirch be seen,
+     If laughter show thy teeth their lips between._
+
+I ask you, what is there in these verses that is disgusting in point
+either of matter or of manner? What is there that a philosopher should
+be ashamed to own? Unless indeed I am to blame for sending a powder
+made of Arabian spices to Calpurnianus, for whom it would be more
+suitable that he should
+
+     _Polish his teeth and ruddy gums_,
+
+as Catullus says, after the filthy fashion in vogue among the
+Iberians.
+
+7. I saw a short while back that some of you could scarcely restrain
+your laughter, when our orator treated these views of mine on the
+cleansing of the teeth as a matter for savage denunciation, and
+condemned my administration of a tooth-powder with fiercer indignation
+than has ever been shown in condemning the administration of a poison.
+Of course it is a serious charge, and one that no philosopher can
+afford to despise, to say of a man that he will not allow a speck of
+dirt to be seen upon his person, that he will not allow any visible
+portion of his body to be offensive or unclean, least of all the
+mouth, the organ used most frequently, openly and conspicuously by
+man, whether to kiss a friend, to conduct a conversation, to speak in
+public, or to offer up prayer in some temple. Indeed speech is the
+prelude to every kind of action and, as the greatest of poets says,
+proceeds from 'the barrier of our teeth'. If there were any one
+present here to-day with like command of the grand style, he might say
+after his fashion that those above all men who have any care for their
+manner of speaking, should pay closer attention to their mouth than to
+any other portion of their body, for it is the soul's antechamber, the
+portal of speech, and the gathering place where thoughts assemble. I
+myself should say that in my poor judgement there is nothing less
+seemly for a free-born man with the education of a gentleman than an
+unwashen mouth. For man's mouth is in position exalted, to the eye
+conspicuous, in use eloquent. True, in wild beasts and cattle the
+mouth is placed low and looks downward to the feet, is in close
+proximity to their food and to the path they tread, and is hardly
+ever conspicuous save when its owner is dead or infuriated with a
+desire to bite. But there is no part of man that sooner catches the
+eye when he is silent, or more often when he speaks.
+
+8. I should be obliged, therefore, if my critic Aemilianus would
+answer me and tell me whether he is ever in the habit of washing his
+feet, or, if he admits that he is in the habit of so doing, whether he
+is prepared to argue that a man should pay more attention to the
+cleanliness of his feet than to that of his teeth. Certainly, if like
+you, Aemilianus, he never opens his mouth save to utter slander and
+abuse, I should advise him to pay no attention to the state of his
+mouth nor to attempt to remove the stains from his teeth with oriental
+powders: he would be better employed in rubbing them with charcoal
+from some funeral pyre. Least of all should he wash them with common
+water; rather let his guilty tongue, the chosen servant of lies and
+bitter words, rot in the filth and ordure that it loves! Is it
+reasonable, wretch, that your tongue should be fresh and clean, when
+your voice is foul and loathsome, or that, like the viper, you should
+employ snow-white teeth for the emission of dark, deadly poison? On
+the other hand it is only right that, just as we wash a vessel that is
+to hold good liquor, he who knows that his words will be at once
+useful and agreeable should cleanse his mouth as a prelude to speech.
+But why should I speak further of man? Even the crocodile, the monster
+of the Nile--so they tell me--opens his jaws in all innocence, that
+his teeth may be cleaned. For his mouth being large, tongueless, and
+continually open in the water, multitudes of leeches become entangled
+in his teeth: these, when the crocodile emerges from the river and
+opens his mouth, are removed by a friendly waterbird, which is allowed
+to insert its beak without any risk to itself.
+
+9. But enough of this! I now come to certain other of my verses, which
+according to them are amatory; but so vilely and coarsely did they
+read them as to leave no impression save one of disgust. Now what has
+it to do with the malpractices of the black art, if I write poems in
+praise of the boys of my friend Scribonius Laetus? Does the mere fact
+of my being a poet make me a wizard? Who ever heard any orator produce
+such likely ground for suspicion, such apt conjectures, such
+close-reasoned argument? 'Apuleius has written verses!' If they are
+bad, that is something against him _qua_ poet, but not _qua_
+philosopher. If they be good, why do you accuse him? 'But they were
+frivolous verses of an erotic character.' So that is the charge you
+bring against me? and it was a mere slip of the tongue when you
+indicted me for practising the black art? And yet many others have
+written such verse, although you may be ignorant of the fact. Among
+the Greeks, for instance, there was a certain Teian, there was a
+Lacedaemonian, a Cean, and countless others; there was even a woman, a
+Lesbian, who wrote with such grace and such passion that the sweetness
+of her song makes us forgive the impropriety of her words; among our
+own poets there were Aedituus, Porcius, and Catulus, with countless
+others. 'But they were not philosophers.' Will you then deny that
+Solon was a serious man and a philosopher? Yet he is the author of
+that most wanton verse:
+
+     _Longing for thy body and the kiss of thy sweet lips._
+
+What is there so lascivious in all my verses compared with that one
+line? I will say nothing of the writings of Diogenes the Cynic, of
+Zeno the founder of Stoicism, and many other similar instances. Let me
+recite my own verses afresh, that my opponents may realize that I am
+not ashamed of them:
+
+     _Critias my treasure is and you,
+     Light of my life, Charinus, too
+     Hold in my love-tormented heart
+     Your own inalienable part.
+     Ah! doubt not! with redoubled spite
+     Though fire on fire consume me quite,
+     The flames ye kindle, boys divine,
+     I can endure, so ye be mine.
+     Only to each may I be dear
+     As your own selves are, and as near;
+     Grant only this and you shall be
+     Dear as mine own two eyes to me._
+
+Now let me read you the others also which they read last as being the
+most intemperate in expression.
+
+     _I lay these garlands, Critias sweet,
+     And this my song before thy feet;
+     Song to thyself I dedicate,
+     Wreaths to the Angel of thy fate.
+     The song I send to hymn the praise
+     Of this, the best of all glad days,
+     Whereon the circling seasons bring
+     The glory of thy fourteenth spring;
+     The garlands, that thy brows may shine
+     With splendour worthy spring's and thine,
+     That thou in boyhood's golden hours
+     Mayst deck the flower of life with flowers.
+     Wherefore for these bright blooms of spring
+     Thy springtide sweet surrendering,
+     The tribute of my love repay
+     And all my gifts with thine outweigh.
+     Surpass the twinèd garland's grace
+     With arms entwined in soft embrace;
+     The crimson of the rose eclipse
+     With kisses from thy rosy lips.
+     Or if thou wilt, be this my meed
+     And breathe thy soul into the reed;
+     Then shall my songs be shamed and mute
+     Before the music of thy flute._
+
+10. These are the verses, Maximus, which they throw in my teeth, as
+though they were the work of an infamous rake and had lover's garlands
+and serenades for their theme. You must have noticed also that in this
+connexion they further attack me for calling these boys Charinus and
+Critias, which are not their true names. On this principle they may as
+well accuse Caius Catullus for calling Clodia Lesbia, Ticidas for
+substituting the name Perilla for that of Metella, Propertius for
+concealing the name Hostia beneath the pseudonym of Cynthia, and
+Tibullus for singing of Delia in his verse, when it was Plania who
+ruled his heart. For my part I should rather blame Caius Lucilius,
+even allowing him all the license of a satiric poet, for prostituting
+to the public gaze the boys Gentius and Macedo, whose real names he
+mentions in his verse without any attempt at concealment. How much
+more reserved is Mantua's poet, who, when like myself he praised the
+slave-boy of his friend Pollio in one of his light pastoral poems,
+shrinks from mentioning real names and calls himself Corydon and the
+boy Alexis. But Aemilianus, whose rusticity far surpasses that of the
+shepherds and cowherds of Vergil, who is, in fact, and always has been
+a boor and a barbarian, though he thinks himself far more austere than
+Serranus, Curius, or Fabricius, those heroes of the days of old,
+denies that such verses are worthy of a philosopher who is a follower
+of Plato. Will you persist in this attitude, Aemilianus, if I can show
+that my verses were modelled upon Plato? For the only verses of Plato
+now extant are love-elegies, the reason, I imagine, being that he
+burned all his other poems because they were inferior in charm and
+finish. Listen then to the verses written by Plato in honour of the
+boy Aster, though I doubt if at your age it is possible for you to
+learn to appreciate literature:
+
+     _Thou wert the morning star among the living
+       Ere thy fair light had fled;--
+     Now having died, thou art as Hesperus giving
+       New light unto the dead._[7]
+
+[Footnote 7: Shelley's translation.]
+
+There is another poem by Plato dealing conjointly with the boys Alexis
+and Phaedrus:
+
+     _I did but breathe the words 'Alexis fair',
+       And all men gazed on him with wondering eyes,
+       My soul, why point to questing beasts their prize?
+     'Twas thus we lost our Phaedrus; ah! beware!_
+
+Without citing any further examples I will conclude by quoting a line
+addressed by Plato to Dion of Syracuse:
+
+     _Dion, with love thou hast distraught my soul._
+
+11. Which of us is most to blame? I who am fool enough to speak
+seriously of such things in a law-court? or you who are slanderous
+enough to include such charges in your indictment? For sportive
+effusions in verse are valueless as evidence of a poet's morals. Have
+you not read Catullus, who replies thus to those who wish him ill:
+
+     _A virtuous poet must be chaste. Agreed.
+     But for his verses there is no such need._
+
+The divine Hadrian, when he honoured the tomb of his friend the poet
+Voconius with an inscription in verse from his own pen, wrote thus:
+
+     _Thy verse was wanton, but thy soul was chaste_,
+
+words which he would never have written had he regarded verse of
+somewhat too lively a wit as proving their author to be a man of
+immoral life. I remember that I have read not a few poems by the
+divine Hadrian himself which were of the same type. Come now,
+Aemilianus, I dare you to say that that was ill done which was done by
+an emperor and censor, the divine Hadrian, and once done was recorded
+for subsequent generations. But, apart from that, do you imagine that
+Maximus will censure anything that has Plato for its model, Plato
+whose verses, which I have just read, are all the purer for being
+frank, all the more modest for being outspoken? For in these matters
+and the like, dissimulation and concealment is the mark of the sinner,
+open acknowledgement and publication a sign that the writer is but
+exercising his wit. For nature has bestowed on innocence a voice
+wherewith to speak, but to guilt she has given silence to veil its
+sin.
+
+12. I say nothing of those lofty and divine Platonic doctrines, that
+are familiar to but few of the elect and wholly unknown to all the
+uninitiate, such for instance as that which teaches us that Venus is
+not one goddess, but two, each being strong in her own type of love
+and several types of lovers. The one is the goddess of the common
+herd, who is fired by base and vulgar passion and commands not only
+the hearts of men, but cattle and wild beasts also, to give themselves
+over to the gratification of their desires: she strikes down these
+creatures with fierce intolerable force and fetters their servile
+bodies in the embraces of lust. The other is a celestial power endued
+with lofty and generous passion: she cares for none save men, and of
+them but few; she neither stings nor lures her followers to foul
+deeds. Her love is neither wanton nor voluptuous, but serious and
+unadorned, and wins her lovers to the pursuit of virtue by revealing
+to them how fair a thing is nobility of soul. Or, if ever she commends
+beautiful persons to their admiration, she puts a bar upon all
+indecorous conduct. For the only claim that physical beauty has upon
+the admiration is that it reminds those whose souls have soared above
+things human to things divine, of that beauty which once they beheld
+in all its truth and purity enthroned among the gods in heaven.
+Wherefore let us admit that Afranius shows his usual beauty of
+expression when he says:
+
+     _Only the sage can love, only desire
+     Is known to others_;
+
+although if you would know the real truth, Aemilianus, or if you are
+capable of ever comprehending such high matters, the sage does not
+love, but only remembers.
+
+13. I would therefore beg you to pardon the philosopher Plato for his
+amatory verse, and relieve me of the necessity of offending against
+the precepts put by Ennius into the mouth of Neoptolemus by
+philosophizing at undue length; on the other hand if you refuse to
+pardon Plato, I am quite ready to suffer blame on this count in his
+company. I must express my deep gratitude to you, Maximus, for
+listening with such close attention to these side issues, which are
+necessary to my defence inasmuch as I am paying back my accusers in
+their own coin. Your kindness emboldens me to make this further
+request, that you will listen to all that I have to say by way of
+prelude to my answer to the main charge with the same courtesy and
+attention that you have hitherto shown.
+
+I beg this, since I have next to deal with that long oration, austere
+as any censor's, which Pudens delivered on the subject of my mirror.
+He nearly exploded, so violently did he declaim against the horrid
+nature of my offence. 'The philosopher owns a mirror, the philosopher
+actually possesses a mirror.' Grant that I possess it: if I denied it,
+you might really think that your accusation had gone home: still it is
+by no means a necessary inference that I am in the habit of adorning
+myself before a mirror. Why! suppose I possessed a theatrical
+wardrobe, would you venture to argue from that that I am in the
+frequent habit of wearing the trailing robes of tragedy, the saffron
+cloak of the mimic dance, or the patchwork suit of the harlequinade? I
+think not. On the contrary there are plenty of things of which I enjoy
+the use without the possession. But if possession is no proof of use
+nor non-possession of non-use, and if you complain of the fact that I
+look into the mirror rather than that I possess it, you must go on to
+show when and in whose presence I have ever looked into it; for as
+things stand, you make it a greater crime for a philosopher to look
+upon a mirror than for the uninitiated to gaze upon the mystic emblems
+of Ceres.
+
+14. Come now, let me admit that I _have_ looked into it. Is it a crime
+to be acquainted with one's own likeness and to carry it with one
+wherever one goes ready to hand within the compass of a small mirror,
+instead of keeping it hidden away in some one place? Are you ignorant
+of the fact that there is nothing more pleasing for a man to look upon
+than his own image? At any rate I know that fathers love those sons
+most who most resemble themselves, and that public statues are decreed
+as a reward for merit that the original may gladden his heart by
+looking on them. What else is the significance of statues and
+portraits produced by the various arts? You will scarcely maintain the
+paradox that what is worthy of admiration when produced by art is
+blameworthy when produced by nature; for nature has an even greater
+facility and truth than art. Long labour is expended over all the
+portraits wrought by the hand of man, yet they never attain to such
+truth as is revealed by a mirror. Clay is lacking in life, marble in
+colour, painting in solidity, and all three in motion, which is the
+most convincing element in a likeness: whereas in a mirror the
+reflection of the image is marvellous, for it is not only like its
+original, but moves and follows every nod of the man to whom it
+belongs; its age always corresponds to that of those who look into the
+mirror, from their earliest childhood to their expiring age: it puts
+on all the changes brought by the advance of years, shares all the
+varying habits of the body, and imitates the shifting expressions of
+joy and sorrow that may be seen on the face of one and the same man.
+For all we mould in clay or cast in bronze or carve in stone or tint
+with encaustic pigments or colour with paint, in a word, every attempt
+at artistic representation by the hand of man after a brief lapse of
+time loses its truth and becomes motionless and impassive like the
+face of a corpse. So far superior to all pictorial art in respect of
+truthful representation is the craftsmanship of the smooth mirror and
+the splendour of its art.
+
+15. Two alternatives then are before us. We must either follow the
+precept of the Lacedaemonian Agesilaus, who had no confidence in his
+personal appearance and refused to allow his portrait to be painted or
+carved; or we must accept the universal custom of the rest of mankind
+which welcomes portraiture both in sculpture and painting. In the
+latter case, is there any reason for preferring to see one's portrait
+moulded in marble rather than reflected in silver, in a painting
+rather than in a mirror? Or do you regard it as disgraceful to pay
+continual attention to one's own appearance? Is not Socrates said
+actually to have urged his followers frequently to consider their
+image in a glass, that so those of them that prided themselves on
+their appearance might above all else take care that they did no
+dishonour to the splendour of their body by the blackness of their
+hearts; while those who regarded themselves as less than handsome in
+personal appearance might take especial pains to conceal the meanness
+of their body by the glory of their virtue? You see; the wisest man of
+his day actually went so far as to use the mirror as an instrument of
+moral discipline. Again, who is ignorant of the fact that Demosthenes,
+the greatest master of the art of speaking, always practised pleading
+before a mirror as though before a professor of rhetoric? When that
+supreme orator had drained deep draughts of eloquence in the study of
+Plato the philosopher, and had learned all that could be learned of
+argumentation from the dialectician Eubulides, last of all he betook
+himself to a mirror to learn perfection of delivery. Which do you
+think should pay greatest attention to the decorousness of his
+appearance in the delivery of a speech? The orator when he wrangles
+with his opponent or the philosopher when he rebukes the vices of
+mankind? The man who harangues for a brief space before an audience of
+jurymen drawn by the chance of the lot, or he who is continually
+discoursing with all mankind for audience? The man who is quarrelling
+over the boundaries of lands, or he whose theme is the boundaries of
+good and evil? Moreover there are other reasons why a philosopher
+should look into a mirror. He is not always concerned with the
+contemplation of his own likeness, he contemplates also the causes
+which produce that likeness. Is Epicurus right when he asserts that
+images proceed forth from us, as it were a kind of slough that
+continually streams from our bodies? These images when they strike
+anything smooth and solid are reflected by the shock and reversed in
+such wise as to give back an image turned to face its original. Or
+should we accept the view maintained by other philosophers that rays
+are emitted from our body? According to Plato these rays are filtered
+forth from the centre of our eyes and mingle and blend with the light
+of the world without us; according to Archytas they issue forth from
+us without any external support; according to the Stoics these rays
+are called into action[8] by the tension of the air: all agree that,
+when these emanations strike any dense, smooth, and shining surface,
+they return to the surface from which they proceeded in such manner
+that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection, and
+as a result that which they approach and touch without the mirror is
+imaged within the mirror.
+
+[Footnote 8: _facti_ MSS.]
+
+16. What think you? Should not philosophers make all these problems
+subjects of research and inquiry and in solitary study look into
+mirrors of every kind, solid and liquid? There is also over and above
+these questions further matter for discussion. For instance, why is
+it that in flat mirrors all images and objects reflected are shown in
+almost precisely their original dimensions, whereas in convex and
+spherical mirrors everything is seen smaller, in concave mirrors on
+the other hand larger than nature? Why again and under what
+circumstances are left and right reversed? When does one and the same
+mirror seem now to withdraw the image into its depths, now to extrude
+it forth to view? Why do concave mirrors when held at right angles to
+the rays of the sun kindle tinder set opposite them? What is the cause
+of the prismatic colours of the rainbow, or of the appearance in
+heaven of two rival images of the sun, with sundry other phenomena
+treated in a monumental volume by Archimedes of Syracuse, a man who
+showed extraordinary and unique subtlety in all branches of geometry,
+but was perhaps particularly remarkable for his frequent and attentive
+inspection of mirrors. If you had only read this book, Aemilianus,
+and, instead of devoting yourself to the study of your fields and
+their dull clods, had studied the mathematician's slate and
+blackboard, believe me, although your face is hideous enough for a
+tragic mask of Thyestes, you would assuredly, in your desire for the
+acquisition of knowledge, look into the glass and sometimes leave your
+plough to marvel at the numberless furrows with which wrinkles have
+scored your face.
+
+But I should not be surprised if you prefer me to speak of your ugly
+deformity of a face and to be silent about your morals, which are
+infinitely more repulsive than your features. I will say nothing of
+them. In the first place I am not naturally of a quarrelsome
+disposition, and secondly I am glad to say that until quite recently
+you might have been white or black for all I knew. Even now my
+knowledge of you is inadequate. The reason for this is that your
+rustic occupations have kept you in obscurity, while _I_ have been
+occupied by my studies, and so the shadow cast about you by your
+insignificance has shielded your character from scrutiny, while I for
+my part take no interest in others' ill deeds, but have always thought
+it more important to conceal my own faults than to track out those of
+others. As a result you have the advantage of one who, while he is
+himself shrouded in darkness, surveys another who chances to have
+taken his stand in the full light of day. You from your darkness can
+with ease form an opinion as to what I am doing in my not
+undistinguished position before all the world; but your position is so
+abject, so obscure, and so withdrawn from the light of publicity that
+you are by no means so conspicuous.
+
+17. I neither know nor care to know whether you have slaves to till
+your fields or whether you do so by interchange of service with your
+neighbours. But _you_ know that at Oea I gave three slaves their
+freedom on the same day, and your advocate has cast it in my teeth
+together with other actions of mine of which you have given him
+information. And yet but a few minutes earlier he had declared that I
+came to Oea accompanied by no more than one slave. I challenge you to
+tell me how I could have made one slave into three free men. But
+perhaps this is one of my feats of magic. Has lying made you blind, or
+shall I rather say that from force of habit you are incapable of
+speaking the truth? 'Apuleius,' you say, 'came to Oea with one slave,'
+and then only a very few words later you blurt out, 'Apuleius on one
+and the same day at Oea gave three slaves their freedom.' Not even the
+assertion that I had come with three slaves and had given them all
+their freedom would have been credible: but suppose I had done so,
+what reason have you for regarding three slaves as a mark of my
+poverty, rather than for considering three freed men as a proof of my
+wealth? Poor Aemilianus, you have not the least idea how to accuse a
+philosopher: you reproach me for the scantiness of my household,
+whereas it would really have been my duty to have laid claim, however
+falsely, to such poverty. It would have redounded to my credit, for I
+know that not only philosophers of whom I boast myself a follower, but
+also generals of the Roman people have gloried in the small number of
+their slaves. Have your advocates really never read that Marcus
+Antonius, a man who had filled the office of consul, had but eight
+slaves in his house? That that very Carbo who obtained supreme control
+of Rome had fewer by one? That Manius Curius, famous beyond all men
+for the crowns of victory that he had won, Manius Curius who thrice
+led the triumphal procession through the same gate of Rome, had but
+two servants to attend him in camp, so that in good truth that same
+man who triumphed over the Sabines, the Samnites, and Pyrrhus had
+fewer slaves than triumphs? Marcus Cato did not wait for others to
+tell it of him, but himself records the fact in one of his speeches
+that when he set out as consul for Spain he took but three slaves from
+the city with him. When, however, he came to stay at a state
+residence, the number seemed insufficient, and he ordered two slaves
+to be bought in the market to wait on him at table, so that he took
+five in all to Spain. Had Pudens come across these facts in his
+reading, he would, I think, either have omitted this particular
+slander or would have preferred to reproach me on the ground that
+three slaves were too large rather than too small an establishment for
+a philosopher.
+
+18. Pudens actually reproached me with being poor, a charge which is
+welcome to a philosopher and one that he may glory in. For poverty has
+long been the handmaid of philosophy; frugal and sober, she is strong
+in her weakness and is greedy for naught save honour; the possession
+of her is a prophylactic against wealth, her mien is free from care,
+and her adornment simple; her counsels are beneficent, she puffs no
+man up with pride, she corrupts no man with passions beyond his
+control, she maddens no man with the lust for power, she neither
+desires nor can indulge in the pleasures of feasting and of love.
+These sins and their like are usually the nurslings of wealth. Count
+over all the greatest crimes recorded in the history of mankind, you
+will find no poor man among their guilty authors. On the other hand,
+it is rare to find wealthy men among the great figures of history. All
+those at whom we marvel for their great deeds were the nurslings of
+poverty from their very cradles, poverty that founded all cities in
+the days of old, poverty mother of all arts, witless of all sin,
+bestower of all glory, crowned with all honour among all the peoples
+of the world. Take the history of Greece: the justice of poverty is
+seen in Aristides, her benignity in Phocion, her force in Epaminondas,
+her wisdom in Socrates, her eloquence in Homer. It was this same
+poverty that established the empire of the Roman people in its first
+beginnings, and even to this day Rome offers up thanksgivings for it
+to the immortal gods with libations poured from a wooden ladle and
+offerings borne in an earthen platter. If the judges sitting to try
+this case were Caius Fabricius, Cnaeus Scipio, Manius Curius, whose
+daughters on account of their poverty were given dowries from the
+public treasury and so went to their husbands bringing with them the
+honour of their houses and the wealth of the state; if Publicola, who
+drove out the Kings, or Agrippa, the healer of the people's strife,
+men whose funerals were on account of their poverty enriched by the
+gift of a few farthings per man from the whole Roman people; if
+Atilius Regulus, whose lands on account of his own poverty were
+cultivated at the public expense; if, in a word, all the heroes of the
+old Roman stock, consuls and censors and triumphant generals, were
+given a brief renewal of life and sent back to earth to give hearing
+to this case, would you dare in the presence of so many poor consuls
+to reproach a philosopher with poverty?
+
+19. Perhaps Claudius Maximus seems to you to be a suitable person
+before whom to deride poverty, because he himself is in enjoyment of
+great wealth and enormous opulence. You are wrong, Aemilianus, you are
+wholly mistaken in your estimate of his character, if you take the
+bounty of his fortune rather than the sternness of his philosophy as
+the standard for your judgement and fail to realize that one, who
+holds so austere a creed and has so long endured military service, is
+more likely to befriend a moderate fortune with all its limitations
+than opulence with all its luxury, and holds that fortunes, like
+tunics, should be comfortable, not long. For even a tunic, if it be
+not carried high, but is allowed to drag, will entangle and trip the
+feet as badly as a cloak that hangs down in front. In everything that
+we employ for the needs of daily life, whatever exceeds the mean is
+superfluous and a burden rather than a help. So it is that excessive
+riches, like steering oars of too great weight and bulk, serve to sink
+the ship rather than to guide it; for their bulk is unprofitable and
+their superfluity a curse. I have noticed that of the wealthy
+themselves those win most praise who live quietly and in moderate
+comfort, concealing their actual resources, administering their great
+possessions without ostentation or pride and showing like poor folk
+under the disguise of their moderation. Now, if even the rich to some
+extent affect the outward form and semblance of poverty to give
+evidence of their moderation, why should we of slenderer means be
+ashamed of being poor not in appearance only but in reality?
+
+20. I might even engage with you in controversy over the word poverty,
+urging that no man is poor who rejects the superfluous and has at his
+command all the necessities of life, which nature has ordained should
+be exceedingly small. For he who desires least will possess most,
+inasmuch as he who wants but little will have all he wants. The
+measure of wealth ought therefore not to be the possession of lands
+and investments, but the very soul of man. For if avarice make him
+continually in need of some fresh acquisition and insatiable in his
+lust for gain, not even mountains of gold will bring him satisfaction,
+but he will always be begging for more that he may increase what he
+already possesses. That is _the_ genuine admission of poverty. For
+every desire for fresh acquisition springs from the consciousness of
+want, and it matters little how large your possessions are if they are
+too small for _you_. Philus had a far smaller household than Laelius,
+Laelius than Scipio, Scipio than Crassus the Rich, and yet not even
+Crassus had as much as he wanted; and so, though he surpassed all
+others in wealth, he was himself surpassed by his own avarice and
+seemed rich to all save himself. On the other hand, the philosophers
+of whom I have spoken wanted nothing beyond what was at their
+disposal, and, thanks to the harmony existing between their desires
+and their resources, they were deservedly rich and happy. For poverty
+consists in the need for fresh acquisition, wealth in the satisfaction
+springing from the absence of needs. For the badge of penury is
+desire, the badge of wealth contempt. Therefore, Aemilianus, if you
+wish me to be regarded as poor, you must first prove that I am
+avaricious. But if my soul lacks nothing, I care little how much of
+the goods of this world be lacking to me; for it is no honour to
+possess them and no reproach to lack them.
+
+21. But let us suppose it to be otherwise. Suppose that I am poor,
+because fortune has grudged me riches, because my guardian, as often
+happens, misappropriated my inheritance, some enemy robbed me, or my
+father left me nothing. Is it just to reproach a man for that which is
+regarded as no reproach to the animal kingdom, to the eagle, to the
+bull, to the lion? If the horse be strong in the possession of his
+peculiar excellences, if he is pleasant to ride and swift in his
+paces, no one rebukes him for the poverty of his food. Must you then
+reproach me, not for any scandalous word or deed, but simply because I
+live in a small house, possess an unusually small number of slaves,
+subsist on unusually light diet, wear unusually light clothing, and
+make unusually small purchases of food? Yet however scanty my service,
+food, and raiment may seem to you, I on the contrary regard them as
+ample and even excessive. Indeed I am desirous of still further
+reducing them, since the less I have to distract me the happier I
+shall be. For the soul, like the body, goes lightly clad when in good
+health; weakness wraps itself up, and it is a sure sign of infirmity
+to have many wants. We live, just as we swim, all the better for being
+but lightly burdened. For in this stormy life as on the stormy ocean
+heavy things sink us and light things buoy us up. It is in this
+respect, I find, that the gods more especially surpass men, namely
+that they lack nothing: wherefore he of mankind whose needs are
+smallest is most like unto the gods.
+
+22. I therefore regarded it as a compliment when to insult me you
+asserted that my whole household consisted of a wallet and a staff.
+Would that my spirit were made of such stern stuff as to permit me to
+dispense with all this furniture and worthily to carry that equipment
+for which Crates sacrificed all his wealth! Crates, I tell you, though
+I doubt if you will believe me, Aemilianus, was a man of great wealth
+and honour among the nobility of Thebes; but for love of this habit,
+which you cast in my face as a crime, he gave his large and luxurious
+household to his fellow citizens, resigned his troops of slaves for
+solitude, so contemned the countless trees of his rich orchards as to
+be content with one staff, exchanged his elegant villas for one small
+wallet, which, when he had fully appreciated its utility, he even
+praised in song by diverting from their original meaning certain lines
+of Homer in which he extols the island of Crete. I will quote the
+first lines, that you may not think this a mere invention of mine
+designed to meet the needs of my own case:
+
+     _There is a town named Wallet in the midst
+     Of smoke that's dark as wine._
+
+The lines which follow are so wonderful, that had you read them you
+would envy me my wallet even more than you envy me my marriage with
+Pudentilla. You reproach philosophers for their staff and wallet. You
+might as well reproach cavalry for their trappings, infantry for their
+shields, standard-bearers for their banners, triumphant generals for
+their chariots drawn by four white horses and their cloaks embroidered
+with palm-leaves. The staff and wallet are not, it is true, carried by
+the Platonic philosophers, but are the badges of the Cynic school. To
+Diogenes and Antisthenes they were what the crown is to the king, the
+cloak of purple to the general, the cowl to the priest, the trumpet to
+the augur. Indeed the Cynic Diogenes, when he disputed with Alexander
+the Great, as to which of the two was the true king, boasted of his
+staff as the true sceptre. The unconquered Hercules himself, since you
+despise my instances as drawn from mere mendicancy, Hercules that
+roamed the whole world, exterminated monsters, and conquered races,
+god though he was, had but a skin for raiment and a staff for company
+in the days when he wandered through the earth. And yet but a brief
+while afterwards he was admitted to heaven as a reward for his virtue.
+
+23. But if you despise these examples and challenge me, not to plead
+my case, but to enter into a discussion of the amount of my fortune,
+to put an end to your ignorance on this point, if it exists, I
+acknowledge that my father left my brother and myself a little under
+2,000,000 sesterces--a sum on which my lengthy travels, continual
+studies, and frequent generosity have made considerable inroads. For I
+have often assisted my friends and have shown substantial gratitude to
+many of my instructors, on more than one occasion going so far as to
+provide dowries for their daughters. Nay, I should not have hesitated
+to expend every farthing of my patrimony, if so I might acquire, what
+is far better, a contempt for it. But as for you, Aemilianus, and
+ignorant boors of your kidney, in your case the fortune makes the man.
+You are like barren and blasted trees that produce no fruit, but are
+valued only for the timber that their trunks contain. But I beg you,
+Aemilianus, in future to abstain from reviling any one for their
+poverty, since you yourself used, after waiting for some seasonable
+shower to soften the ground, to expend three days in ploughing
+single-handed, with the aid of one wretched ass, that miserable farm
+at Zarath, which was all your father left you. It is only recently
+that fortune has smiled on you in the shape of wholly undeserved
+inheritances which have fallen to you by the frequent deaths of
+relatives, deaths to which, far more than to your hideous face, you
+owe your nickname of Charon.
+
+24. As to my birthplace, you assert that my writings prove it to lie
+right on the marches of Numidia and Gaetulia, for I publicly
+described myself as half Numidian, half Gaetulian in a discourse
+delivered in the presence of that most distinguished citizen Lollianus
+Avitus. I do not see that I have any more reason to be ashamed of that
+than had the elder Cyrus for being of mixed descent, half Mede, half
+Persian. A man's birthplace is of no importance, it is his character
+that matters. We must consider not in what part of the world, but with
+what purpose he set out to live his life. Vendors of wine and cabbages
+are permitted to enhance the value of their wares by advertising the
+excellence of the soil whence they spring, as for instance with the
+wine of Thasos and the cabbages of Phlius. For those products of the
+soil are wonderfully improved in flavour by the fertility of the
+district which produces them, the moistness of the climate, the
+mildness of the winds, the warmth of the sun, and the richness of the
+soil. But in the case of man, the soul enters the tenement of the body
+from without. What, then, can such circumstances as these add to or
+take away from his virtues or his vices? Has there ever been a time or
+place in which a race has not produced a variety of intellects,
+although some races seem stupider and some wiser than others? The
+Scythians are the stupidest of men, and yet the wise Anacharsis was a
+Scyth. The Athenians are shrewd, and yet the Athenian Meletides was a
+fool. I say this not because I am ashamed of my country, since even in
+the time of Syphax we were a township. When he was conquered we were
+transferred by the gift of the Roman people to the dominion of King
+Masinissa, and finally as the result of a settlement of veteran
+soldiers, our second founders, we have become a colony of the highest
+distinction. In this same colony my father attained to the post of
+_duumvir_ and became the foremost citizen of the place, after filling
+all the municipal offices of honour. I myself, immediately after my
+first entry into the municipal senate, succeeded to my father's
+position in the community, and, as I hope, am in no ways a degenerate
+successor, but receive like honour and esteem for my maintenance of
+the dignity of my position. Why do I mention this? That you,
+Aemilianus, may be less angry with me in future and may more readily
+pardon me for having been negligent enough not to select your 'Attic'
+Zarath for my birthplace.
+
+25. Are you not ashamed to produce such accusations with such violence
+before such a judge, to bring forward frivolous and self-contradictory
+accusations, and then in the same breath to blame me on both charges
+at once? Is it not a sheer contradiction to object to my wallet and
+staff on the ground of austerity, to my poems and mirror on the ground
+of undue levity; to accuse me of parsimony for having only one slave,
+and of extravagance in having three; to denounce me for my Greek
+eloquence and my barbarian birth? Awake from your slumber and remember
+that you are speaking before Claudius Maximus, a man of stern
+character, burdened with the business of the whole province. Cease, I
+say, to bring forward these empty slanders. Prove your indictment,
+prove that I am guilty of ghastly crimes, detestable sorceries, and
+black art-magic. Why is it that the strength of your speech lies in
+mere noise, while it is weak and flabby in point of facts?
+
+I will now deal with the actual charge of magic. You spared no
+violence in fanning the flame of hatred against me. But you have
+disappointed all men's expectations by your old wives' fables, and the
+fire kindled by your accusations has burned itself away. I ask you,
+Maximus, have you ever seen fire spring up among the stubble,
+crackling sharply, blazing wide and spreading fast, but soon
+exhausting its flimsy fuel, dying fast away, leaving not a wrack
+behind? So they have kindled their accusation with abuse and fanned it
+with words, but it lacks the fuel of facts and, your verdict once
+given, is destined to leave not a wrack of calumny behind. The whole
+of Aemilianus' calumnious accusation was centred in the charge of
+magic. I should therefore like to ask his most learned advocates how,
+precisely, they would define a magician. If what I read in a large
+number of authors be true, namely, that magician is the Persian word
+for priest, what is there criminal in being a priest and having due
+knowledge, science, and skill in all ceremonial law, sacrificial
+duties, and the binding rules of religion, at least if magic consists
+in that which Plato sets forth in his description of the methods
+employed by the Persians in the education of their young princes? I
+remember the very words of that divine philosopher. Let me recall them
+to your memory, Maximus: 'When the boy has reached the age of
+fourteen he is handed over to the care of men known as the Royal
+Masters. They are four in number, and are chosen as being the best of
+the elders of Persia, one the wisest, another the justest, a third the
+most temperate, a fourth the bravest. And one of these teaches the boy
+the magic of Zoroaster the son of Oromazes; and this magic is no other
+than the worship of the gods. He also teaches him the arts of
+kingship.'
+
+26. Do you hear, you who so rashly accuse the art of magic? It is an
+art acceptable to the immortal gods, full of all knowledge of worship
+and of prayer, full of piety and wisdom in things divine, full of
+honour and glory since the day when Zoroaster and Oromazes established
+it, high-priestess of the powers of heaven. Nay, it is one of the
+first elements of princely instruction, nor do they lightly admit any
+chance person to be a magician, any more than they would admit him to
+be a king. Plato--if I may quote him again--in another passage dealing
+with a certain Zalmoxis, a Thracian and also a master of this art, has
+written that 'magical charms are merely beautiful words'. If that is
+so, why should I be forbidden to learn the fair words of Zalmoxis or
+the priestly lore of Zoroaster? But if these accusers of mine, after
+the fashion of the common herd, define a magician as one who by
+communion of speech with the immortal gods has power to do all the
+marvels that he will, through a strange power of incantation, I really
+wonder that they are not afraid to attack one whom they acknowledge
+to be so powerful. For it is impossible to guard against such a
+mysterious and divine power. Against other dangers we may take
+adequate precautions. He who summons a murderer before the judge comes
+into court with an escort of friends; he who denounces a poisoner is
+unusually careful as to what he eats; he who accuses a thief sets a
+guard over his possessions. But for the man who exposes a magician,
+credited with such awful powers, to the danger of a capital sentence,
+how can escort or precaution or watchmen save him from unforeseen and
+inevitable disaster? Nothing can save him, and therefore the man who
+believes in the truth of such a charge as this is certainly the last
+person in the world who should bring such an accusation.
+
+27. But it is a common and general error of the uninitiated to bring
+the following accusations against philosophers. Some of them think
+that those who explore the origins and elements of material things are
+irreligious, and assert that they deny the existence of the gods.
+Take, for instance, the cases of Anaxagoras, Leucippus, Democritus,
+and Epicurus, and other natural philosophers. Others call those
+magicians who bestow unusual care on the investigation of the workings
+of providence and unusual devotion on their worship of the gods, as
+though, forsooth, they knew _how_ to perform everything that they know
+actually to _be_ performed. So Epimenides, Orpheus, Pythagoras, and
+Ostanes were regarded as magicians, while a similar suspicion attached
+to the 'purifications' of Empedocles, the 'demon' of Socrates and the
+'good' of Plato. I congratulate myself therefore on being admitted to
+such distinguished company.
+
+I fear, however, Maximus, that you may regard the empty, ridiculous
+and childish[9] fictions which my opponents have advanced in support
+of their case as serious charges merely because they have been put
+forward. 'Why,' says my accuser, 'have you sought out particular kinds
+of fish?' Why should not a philosopher be permitted to do for the
+satisfaction of his desire for knowledge what the _gourmand_, is
+permitted to do for the satisfaction of his gluttony? 'What,' he asks,
+'induced a free woman to marry you after thirteen years of widowhood?'
+'Surely,' I answer, 'it is more remarkable that she should have
+remained a widow so long.' 'Why, before she married you, did she
+express certain opinions in a letter?' 'Is it reasonable,' I ask, 'to
+demand of any one the reasons of another person's private opinions?'
+'But,' he goes on, 'although she was your senior in years, she did not
+despise your youth.' Surely this simply serves to show that there was
+no need of magic to induce a woman to marry a man, or a widow to wed a
+bachelor some years her junior. There are more charges equally
+frivolous. 'Apuleius,' he persists, 'keeps a mysterious object in his
+house which he worships with veneration.' Surely it would be a worse
+offence to have nothing to worship at all. 'A boy fell to the ground
+in Apuleius' presence.' What if a young man or even an old man had
+fallen in my presence through a sudden stroke of disease or merely
+owing to the slipperiness of the ground? Do you really think to prove
+your charge of magic by such arguments as these; the fall of a
+wretched boy, my marriage to my wife, my purchases of fish?
+
+[Footnote 9: _et simplicia_, vulgo.]
+
+28. I should run but small risk if I were to content myself with what
+I have already said and begin my peroration. But since as a result of
+the length at which my accusers spoke, the water-clock still allows me
+plenty of time, let us, if there is no objection, consider the charges
+in detail. I will deny none of them, be they true or false. I will
+assume their truth, that this great crowd, which has gathered from all
+directions to hear this case, may clearly understand not only that no
+true incrimination can be brought against philosophers, but that not
+even any false charge can be fabricated against them, which--such is
+their confidence in their innocence--they will not be prepared to
+admit and to defend, even though it be in their power to deny it. I
+will therefore begin by refuting their arguments, and will prove that
+they have nothing to do with magic. Next I will show that even on the
+assumption of my being the most consummate magician, I have never
+given cause or occasion for conviction of any evil practice. I will
+also deal with the lies with which they have endeavoured to arouse
+hostility against me, with their misquotation and misinterpretation of
+my wife's letters, and with my marriage with Pudentilla, whom, as I
+will proceed to prove, I married for love and not for money. This
+marriage of ours caused frightful annoyance and distress to
+Aemilianus. Hence springs all the anger, frenzy, and raving madness
+that he has shown in the conduct of this accusation. If I succeed in
+making all these points abundantly clear and obvious, I shall then
+appeal to you, Claudius Maximus, and to all here present to bear me
+out, that the boy Sicinius Pudens, my step-son, through whom and with
+whose consent his uncle now accuses me, was quite recently stolen from
+my charge after the death of Pontianus his brother, who was as much
+his superior in character as in years, and that he was fiercely
+embittered against myself and his mother through no fault of mine:
+that he abandoned his study of the liberal arts and cast off all
+restraint, and--thanks to the education afforded him by this
+villainous accusation--is more likely to resemble his uncle Aemilianus
+than his brother Pontianus.
+
+29. I will now, as I promised, take Aemilianus' ravings one by one,
+beginning with that charge which you must have noticed was given the
+place of honour in the accuser's speech, as his most effective method
+of exciting suspicion against me as a sorcerer, the charge that I had
+sought to purchase certain kinds of fish from some fishermen. Which of
+these two points is of the slightest value as affording suspicion of
+sorcery? That fishermen sought to procure me the fish? Would you have
+me entrust such a task to gold-embroiderers or carpenters, and, to
+avoid your calumnies, make them change their trades so that the
+carpenter would net me the fish, and the fisherman take his place and
+hew his timber? Or did you infer that the fish were wanted for evil
+purposes because I paid to get them? I presume, if I had wanted them
+for a dinner-party, I should have got them for nothing. Why do not you
+go farther and accuse me on many similar grounds? I have often bought
+wine and vegetables, fruit and bread. The principles laid down by you
+would involve the starvation of all purveyors of dainties. Who will
+ever venture to purchase food from them, if it be decided that all
+provisions for which money is given are wanted not for food but for
+sorcery? But if there is nothing in all this that can give rise to
+suspicion, neither the payment of the fishermen to ply their usual
+trade, to wit, the capture of fish--I may point out that the
+prosecution never produced any of these fishermen, who are, as a
+matter of fact, wholly creatures of their imagination--nor the
+purchase of a common article of sale--the prosecution have never
+stated the amount paid, for fear that if they mentioned a small sum,
+it would be regarded as trivial, or if they mentioned a large sum it
+would fail to win belief,--if, I say, there is no cause for suspicion
+on any of these grounds, I would ask Aemilianus to tell me what,
+failing these, induced them to accuse me of magic.
+
+30. 'You seek to purchase fish,' says he. I will not deny it. But, I
+ask you, is any one who does that a magician? No more, in my opinion,
+than if I should seek to purchase hares or boar's flesh or fatted
+capons. Or is there something mysterious in fish and fish alone,
+hidden from all save sorcerers only? If you know what it is, clearly
+you are a magician. If you do not know, you must confess that you are
+bringing an accusation of the nature of which you are entirely
+ignorant. To think that you should be so ignorant not only of all
+literature, but even of popular tales, that you cannot even invent
+charges that will have some show of plausibility! For of what use for
+the kindling of love is an unfeeling chilly creature like a fish, or
+indeed anything else drawn from the sea, unless indeed you propose to
+bring forward in support of your lie the legend that Venus was born
+from the sea? I beg you to listen to me, Tannonius Pudens, that you
+may learn the extent of the ignorance which you have shown by
+accepting the possession of a fish as a proof of sorcery. If you had
+read your Vergil, you would certainly have known that very different
+things are sought for this purpose. He, as far as I recollect,
+mentions 'soft garlands' and 'rich herbs and 'male incense' and
+'threads of diverse hues', and, in addition to these, 'brittle
+laurel,' 'clay to be hardened,' and 'wax to be melted in the fire'.
+There are also the objects mentioned by him in a more serious poem.
+
+     _Rank herbs are sought, with milky venom dark
+     By brazen sickles under moonlight mown;
+     Sought also is that wondrous talisman,
+     Torn from the forehead of the foal at birth
+     Ere yet its dam could snatch it._
+
+But you who take such exception to fish attribute far different
+instruments to magicians, charms not to be torn from new-born
+foreheads, but to be cut from scaly backs; not to be plucked from the
+fields of earth, but to be drawn up from the deep fields of ocean; not
+to be mowed with sickles, but to be caught on hooks. Finally, when he
+is speaking of the black art, Vergil mentions poison, you produce an
+_entrée_; he mentions herbs and young shoots, you talk of scales and
+bones; he crops the meadow, you search the waves. I would also have
+quoted for your benefit similar passages from Theocritus with many
+others from Homer and Orpheus, from the comic and tragic poets and
+from the historians, had I not noticed ere now that you were unable to
+read Pudentilla's letter which was written in Greek. I will,
+therefore, do no more than cite one Latin poet. Those who have read
+Laevius[10] will recognize the lines.
+
+[Footnote 10: MSS. _Laelius_.]
+
+     _Love-charms the warlocks seek through all the world:
+     The 'lover's knot' they try, the magic wheel,
+     Ribbons and, nails and roots and herbs and shoots,
+     The two-tailed lizard that draws on to love,[11]
+     And eke the charm that glads the whinnying mare._
+
+[Footnote 11: _Saurae inlices bicodulae._ Helm, wrongly I think,
+places a comma between _saurae_ and _inlices_.]
+
+31. You would have made out a far more plausible case by pretending
+that I made use of such things instead of fish, if only you had
+possessed the slightest erudition. For the belief in the use of these
+things is so widespread that you might have been believed. But of what
+use are fish save to be cooked and eaten at meals? In magic they seem
+to me to be absolutely useless. I will tell you why I think so. Many
+hold Pythagoras to have been a pupil of Zoroaster, and, like him, to
+have been skilled in magic. And yet it is recorded that once near
+Metapontum, on the shores of Italy, his home, which his influence had
+converted into a second Greece, he noticed certain fishermen draw up
+their net. He offered to buy whatever it might contain, and after
+depositing the price ordered all the fish caught in meshes of the net
+to be released and thrown back into the sea. He would assuredly never
+have allowed them to slip from his possession had he known them to
+possess any valuable magical properties. For being a man of abnormal
+learning, and a great admirer of the men of old, he remembered that
+Homer, a poet of manifold or, rather I should say, absolute knowledge
+of all that may be known, spoke of the power of all the drugs that
+earth produces, but made no mention of the sea, when speaking of a
+certain witch, he wrote the line:
+
+     _All drugs, that wide earth nourishes, she knew._
+
+Similarly in another passage he says:
+
+               _Earth the grain-giver
+     Yields up to her its store of drugs, whereof
+     Many be healing, mingled in the cup,
+     And many baneful._
+
+But never in the works of Homer did Proteus anoint his face nor
+Ulysses his magic trench, nor Aeolus his windbags, nor Helen her
+mixing bowl, nor Circe her cup, nor Venus her girdle, with any charm
+drawn from the sea or its inhabitants. You alone within the memory of
+man have been found to sweep as it were by some convulsion of nature
+all the powers of herbs and roots and young shoots and small pebbles
+from their hilltops into the sea, and there confine them in the
+entrails of fish. And so whereas sorcerers at their rites used to call
+on Mercury the giver of oracles, Venus that lures the soul, the moon
+that knows the mystery of the night, and Trivia the mistress of the
+shades, you will transfer Neptune, with Salacia and Portumnus and all
+the company of Nereids from the cold tides of the sea to the burning
+tides of love.
+
+32. I have given my reasons for refusing to believe that magicians and
+fish have anything to do with one another. But now, if it please you,
+we will assume with Aemilianus that fish are useful for making magical
+charms as well as for their usual purposes. But does that prove that
+whoever acquires fish is _ipso facto_ a magician? On those lines it
+might be urged that whoever acquires a sloop is a pirate, whoever
+acquires a crowbar a burglar, whoever acquires a sword an assassin.
+You will say that there is nothing in the world, however harmless,
+that may not be put to some bad use, nothing so cheerful that it may
+not be given a gloomy meaning. And yet we do not on that account put a
+bad interpretation on everything, as though, for instance, you should
+hold that incense, cassia, myrrh, and similar other scents are
+purchased solely for the purpose of funerals; whereas they are also
+used for sacrifice and medicine. But on the lines of your argument
+you must believe that even the comrades of Menelaus were magicians;
+for they, according to the great poet, averted starvation at the isle
+of Pharos by their use of curved fish-hooks. Nay, you will class in
+the same category of sorcerers seamews, dolphins, and the lobster;
+_gourmands_ also, who sink whole fortunes[12] in the sums they pay to
+fishermen; and fishermen themselves, who by their art capture all
+manner of fish. 'But what do you want fish for?' you insist. I feel
+myself under no necessity to tell you, and refuse to do so. But I
+challenge you to prove unsupported that I bought them for the purpose
+you assert; as though I had bought hellebore or hemlock or opium or
+any other of those drugs, the moderate use of which is salutary,
+although they are deadly when given with other substances or in too
+large quantities. Who would endure it if you made this a ground for
+accusing me of being a poisoner, merely because those drugs are
+capable of killing a man?
+
+[Footnote 12: _merguntur_ MSS.]
+
+33. However, let us see what these fish were, fish so necessary for my
+possession and so hard to find, that they were well worth the price I
+paid for their acquisition. They have mentioned no more than three. To
+one they gave a false name; as regards the other two they lied. The
+name was false, for they asserted that the fish was a sea-hare,
+whereas it was quite another fish, which Themison, my servant, who
+knows something of medicine, as you heard from his own lips, bought of
+his own suggestion for me to inspect. For, as a matter of fact, he has
+not as yet ever come across a sea-hare. But I admit that I search for
+other kinds of fish as well, and have commissioned not only fishermen
+but private friends to search for all the rarest kinds of fish,
+begging them either to describe the appearance of the fish or to send
+it me, if possible, alive, or, failing that, dead. Why I do so I will
+soon make clear. My accusers _lied_--and very cunning they thought
+themselves--when they closed their false accusation by pretending that
+I had sought for two sea-beasts known by gross names. That fellow
+Tannonius wished to indicate the nature of the obscenity, but failed,
+matchless pleader that he is, owing to his inability to speak. After
+long hesitation he indicated the name of one of them by means of some
+clumsy and disgusting circumlocution. The other he found impossible to
+describe with decency, and evaded the difficulty by turning to my
+works and quoting a certain passage from them in which I described the
+attitude of a statue of Venus.
+
+34. He also with that lofty puritanism which characterizes him,
+reproached me for not being ashamed to describe foul things in noble
+language. I might justly retort on him that, though he openly
+professes the study of eloquence, that stammering voice of his often
+gives utterance to noble things so basely as to defile them, and that
+frequently, when what he has to say presents not the slightest
+difficulty, he begins to stutter or even becomes utterly tongue-tied.
+Come now! Suppose I had said nothing about the statue of Venus, nor
+used the phrase which was of such service to you, what words would you
+have found to frame a charge, which is as suited to your stupidity as
+to your powers of speech? I ask you, is there anything more idiotic
+than the inference that, because the names of two things resemble each
+other, the things themselves are identical? Or did you think it a
+particularly clever invention on your part to pretend that I had
+sought out these two fish for the purpose of using them as magical
+charms? Remember that it is as absurd an argument to say that these
+sea-creatures with gross names were sought for gross purposes, as to
+say that the sea-comb is sought for the adornment of the hair, the
+fish named sea-hawk to catch birds, the fish named the little boar for
+the hunting of boars, or the sea-skull to raise the dead. My reply to
+these lying fabrications, which are as stupid as they are absurd, is
+that I have never attempted to acquire these playthings of the sea,
+these tiny trifles of the shore, either gratis or for money.
+
+35. Further, I reply that you were quite ignorant of the nature of the
+objects which you pretended that I sought to acquire. For these
+worthless fish you mention can be found on any shore in heaps and
+multitudes, and are cast up on dry land by the merest ripple without
+any need for human agency. Why do you not say that at the same time I
+commissioned large numbers of fishermen to secure for me at a price
+striped sea-shells from the shore, smooth pebbles, crabs' claws,
+sea-urchins' husks, the tentacles of cuttlefish, shingle, straws,
+cordage, not to mention[13] worm-eaten oyster-shells, moss, and
+seaweed, and all the flotsam of the sea that the winds drive, or the
+salt wave casts up, or the storm sweeps back, or the calm leaves high
+and dry all along our shores? For their names are no less suitable
+than those I mentioned above for the purpose of awakening suspicions.
+You have said that certain objects drawn from the sea have a certain
+value for gross purposes on account of the similarity of their names.
+On this analogy why should not a stone be good for diseases of the
+bladder, a shell for the making of a will, a crab for a cancer,
+seaweed for an ague? Really, Claudius Maximus, in listening to these
+appallingly long-winded accusations to their very close you have shown
+a patience that is excessive and a kindness which is too
+long-suffering. For my part when they uttered these charges of theirs,
+as though they were serious and cogent, while I laughed at their
+stupidity, I marvelled at your patience.
+
+[Footnote 13: _ne pergam_ (Helm).]
+
+36. However, since he takes so much interest in my affairs, I will now
+tell Aemilianus why I have examined so many fishes already and why I
+am unwilling to remain in ignorance of some I have not yet seen.
+Although he is in the decline of life and suffering from senile decay,
+let him, if he will, acquire some learning even at the eleventh hour.
+Let him read the works of the philosophers of old, that now at any
+rate he may learn that I am not the first ichthyologist, but follow in
+the steps of authors, centuries my seniors, such as Aristotle,
+Theophrastus, Eudemus, Lycon, and the other successors of Plato, who
+have left many books on the generation, life, parts and differences of
+animals. It is a good thing, Maximus, that this case is being tried
+before a scholar like yourself, who have read Aristotle's numerous
+volumes 'on the generation, the anatomy, the history of animals',
+together with his numberless 'Problems' and works by others of his
+school, treating of various subjects of this kind. If it is an honour
+and glory to them that they should have put on record the results of
+their careful researches, why should it be disgraceful to me to
+attempt the like task, especially since I shall attempt to write on
+those subjects both in Greek and Latin and in a more concise and
+systematic manner, and shall strive either to make good omissions or
+remedy mistakes in all these authors? I beg of you, if you think it
+worth while, to permit the reading of extracts from my 'magic' works,
+that Aemilianus may learn that my sedulous researches and inquiries
+have a wider range than he thinks. Bring a volume of my Greek
+works--some of my friends who are interested in questions of natural
+history may perhaps have them with them in court--take by preference
+one of those dealing with problems of natural philosophy, and from
+among those that volume in particular which treats of the race of
+fish. While he is looking for the book, I will tell you a story which
+has some relevance to this case.
+
+37. The poet Sophocles, the rival and survivor of Euripides--for he
+lived to extreme old age--on being accused by his own son of insanity
+on the ground that the advance of age had destroyed his wits, is said
+to have produced that matchless tragedy, his _Oedipus Coloneus_, on
+which he happened to be engaged at the time, and to have read it aloud
+to the jury without adding another word in his defence, except that he
+bade them without hesitation to condemn him as insane if an old man's
+poetry displeased them. At that point--so I have read--the jury rose
+to their feet as one man to show their admiration of so great a poet,
+and praised him marvellously both for the shrewdness of his argument
+and for the eloquence of his tragic verse. And indeed they were not
+far off unanimously condemning the accuser as the madman instead.
+
+Have you found the book? Thank you. Let us try now whether what I
+write may serve me in good stead in a law-court. Read a few lines at
+the beginning, then some details concerning the fish. And do you while
+he reads stop the water-clock. (_A passage from the book is read._)
+
+38. You hear, Maximus. You have doubtless frequently read the like in
+the works of ancient philosophers. Remember too that these volumes of
+mine describe fishes only, distinguishing those that spring from the
+union of the sexes from those which are spontaneously generated from
+the mud, discussing how often and at what periods of the year the
+males and females of each species come together, setting forth the
+distinction established by nature between those of them who are
+viviparous and those who are oviparous--for thus I translate the
+Greek phrases [Greek: zôotoka] and [Greek: ôotoka]--together with the
+causes of this distinction and the organic differences by which it is
+characterized, in a word--for I would not weary you by discussing all
+the different methods of generation in animals--treating of the
+distinguishing marks of species, their various manners of life, the
+difference of their members and ages, with many other points necessary
+for the man of science but out of place in a law-court. I will ask
+that a few of my Latin writings dealing with the same science may be
+read, in which you will notice some rare pieces of knowledge and names
+but little known to the Romans; indeed they have never been produced
+before to-day, but yet, thanks to my toil and study they have been so
+translated from the Greek, that in spite of their strangeness they are
+none the less of Latin mintage. Do you deny this, Aemilianus? If so,
+let your advocates tell me in what Latin author they have ever before
+read such words as those which I will cause to be recited to you. I
+will mention only aquatic animals, nor will I make any reference to
+other animals save in connexion with the characteristics which
+distinguish them from aquatic creatures. Listen then to what I say.
+You will cry out at me saying that I am giving you a list of magic
+names such as are used in Egyptian or Babylonian rites. [Greek:
+Selacheia malacheia malakostraka chondrakantha ostrakoderma
+karcharodonta amphibia lepidôta pholidôta dermoptera steganopoda
+monêrê synagelastika]. I might continue the list, but it is not worth
+wasting time over such trifles, and I need time to deal with other
+charges. Meanwhile read out my translation into Latin of the few names
+I have just given you. (_The translation is read. The Latin names are
+lost._)
+
+39. What think you? Is it disgraceful for a philosopher who is no rude
+and unlearned person of the reckless Cynic type, but who remembers
+that he is a disciple of Plato, is it disgraceful for such an one to
+know and care for such learning or to be ignorant and indifferent? to
+know how far such things reveal the workings of providence, or to
+swallow all the tales his father and mother told him of the immortal
+gods? Quintus Ennius wrote a poem on dainties: he there enumerates
+countless species of fish, which of course he had carefully studied. I
+remember a few lines and will recite them:
+
+     _Clipea's sea-weasels are of all the best,
+     For 'mice' the place is Aenus; oysters rough
+     In greatest plenty from Abydos come.
+     The sea-comb's found at Mitylene and
+     Ambracian Charadrus, and I praise
+     Brundisian sargus: take him, if he's big.
+     Know that Tarentum's small sea-boar is prime;
+     The sword-fish at Surrentum thou shouldst buy;
+     Blue fish at Cumae. What! have I passed by
+     Scarus? the brain of Jove is not less sweet.
+     You catch them large and good off Nestor's home.
+     Have I passed by the black-tail and the 'thrush',
+     The sea-merle and the shadow of the sea?
+     Best to Corcyra go for cuttlefish,
+     For the acarnè and the fat sea-skull
+     The purple-fish, the little murex too,
+     Mice of the sea and the sea-urchin sweet._
+
+He glorified many fish in other verses, stating where each was to be
+found and whether they were best fried or stewed, and yet he is not
+blamed for it by the learned. Spare then to blame me, who describe
+things known to few under elegant and appropriate names both in Greek
+and Latin.
+
+40. Enough of this! I call your attention to another point. What if I
+take such interest and possess such skill in medicine as to search for
+certain remedies in fish? For assuredly as nature with impartial
+munificence has distributed and implanted many remedies throughout all
+other created things, so also similar remedies are to be found in
+fish. Now, do you think it more the business of a magician than of a
+doctor, or indeed of a philosopher, to know and seek out remedies? For
+the philosopher will use them not to win money for his purse, but to
+give assistance to his fellow men. The doctors of old indeed knew how
+to cure wounds by magic song, as Homer, the most reliable of all the
+writers of antiquity, tells us, making the blood of Ulysses to be
+stayed by a chant as it gushed forth from a wound. Now nothing that is
+done to save life can be matter for accusation. 'But,' says my
+adversary, 'for what purpose save evil did you dissect the fish
+brought you by your servant Themison?' As if I had not told you just
+now that I write treatises on the organs of all kind of animals,
+describing the place, number and purpose of their various parts,
+diligently investigating Aristotle's works on anatomy and adding to
+them where necessary. I am, therefore, greatly surprised that you are
+only aware of my having inspected one small fish, although I have
+actually inspected a very large number under all circumstances
+wherever I might find them, and have, moreover, made no secret of my
+researches, but conducted them openly before all the world, so that
+the merest stranger may, if it please him, stand by and observe me. In
+this I follow the instruction of my masters, who assert that a free
+man of free spirit should as far as possible wear his thoughts upon
+his face. Indeed I actually showed this small fish, which you call a
+sea-hare, to many who stood by. I do not yet know what name to call
+it[14] without closer research, since in spite of its rarity and most
+remarkable characteristics I do not find it described by any of the
+ancient philosophers. This fish is, as far as my knowledge extends,
+unique in one respect, for it contains twelve bones resembling the
+knuckle-bones of a sucking-pig, linked together like a chain in its
+belly. Apart from this it is boneless. Had Aristotle known this,
+Aristotle who records as a most remarkable phenomenon the fact that
+the fish known as the small sea-ass alone of all fishes has its
+diminutive heart placed in its stomach, he would assuredly have
+mentioned the fact.
+
+[Footnote 14: _vocem_ (Colvius).]
+
+41. 'You dissected a fish,' says he. Who can call this a crime in a
+philosopher which would be no crime in a butcher or cook? 'You
+dissected a fish.' Perhaps you object to the fact that it was raw. You
+would not regard it as criminal if I had explored its stomach and cut
+up its delicate liver after it was cooked, as you teach the boy
+Sicinius Pudens to do with his own fish at meals. And yet it is a
+greater crime for a philosopher to eat fish than to inspect them. Are
+augurs to be allowed to explore the livers of victims and may not a
+philosopher look at them too, a philosopher who knows that he can draw
+omens from every animal, that he is the high-priest of every god? Do
+you bring that as a reproach against me which is one of the reasons
+for the admiration with which Maximus and myself regard Aristotle?
+Unless you drive his works from the libraries and snatch them from the
+hands of students you cannot accuse me. But enough! I have said almost
+more on this subject than I ought.
+
+See, too, how they contradict themselves. They say that I sought my
+wife in marriage with the help of the black art and charms drawn from
+the sea at the very time when they acknowledge me to have been in the
+midmost mountains of Gaetulia, where, I suppose, Deucalion's deluge
+has made it possible to find fish! I am, however, glad that they do
+not know that I have read Theophrastus' 'On beasts that bite and
+sting' and Nicander 'On the bites of wild animals'; otherwise they
+would have accused me of poisoning as well! As a matter of fact I have
+acquired a knowledge of these subjects thanks to my reading of
+Aristotle and my desire to emulate him. I owe something also to the
+advice of my master Plato, who says that those who make such
+investigations as these 'pursue a delightful form of amusement which
+they will never regret'.
+
+42. Since I have sufficiently cleared up this business of the fish,
+listen to another of their inventions equally stupid, but much more
+extravagant and far more wicked. They themselves knew that their
+argument about the fish was futile and bound to fail. They realized,
+moreover, its strange absurdity (for who ever heard of fish being
+scaled and boned for dark purposes of magic?), they realized that it
+would be better for their fictions to deal with things of more common
+report, which have ere now been believed. And so they devised the
+following fiction which does at least fall within the limits of
+popular credence and rumour. They asserted that I had taken a boy
+apart to a secret place with a small altar and a lantern and only a
+few accomplices as witnesses, and there so bewitched him with a
+magical incantation that he fell in the very spot where I pronounced
+the charm, and on being awakened was found to be out of his wits. They
+did not dare to go any further with the lie. To complete their story
+they should have added that the boy uttered many prophecies. For this
+we know is the prize of magical incantations, namely divination and
+prophecy. And this miracle in the case of boys is confirmed not only
+by vulgar opinion but by the authority of learned men. I remember
+reading various relations of the kind in the philosopher Varro, a
+writer of the highest learning and erudition, but there was the
+following story in particular. Inquiry was being made at Tralles by
+means of magic into the probable issue of the Mithridatic war, and a
+boy who was gazing at an image of Mercury reflected in a bowl of water
+foretold the future in a hundred and sixty lines of verse. He records
+also that Fabius, having lost five hundred denarii, came to consult
+Nigidius; the latter by means of incantations inspired certain boys so
+that they were able to indicate to him where a pot containing a
+certain portion of the money had been hidden in the ground, and how
+the remainder had been dispersed, one denarius having found its way
+into the possession of Marcus Cato the philosopher. This coin Cato
+acknowledged he had received from a certain lackey as a contribution
+to the treasury of Apollo.
+
+43. I have read this and the like concerning boys and art-magic in
+several authors, but I am in doubt whether to admit the truth of such
+stories or no, although I believe Plato when he asserts that there are
+certain divine powers holding a position and possessing a character
+midway between gods and men, and that all divination and the miracles
+of magicians are controlled by them. Moreover it is my own personal
+opinion that the human soul, especially when it is young and
+unsophisticated, may by the allurement of music or the soothing
+influence of sweet smells be lulled into slumber and banished into
+oblivion of its surroundings so that, as all consciousness of the body
+fades from the memory, it returns and is reduced to its primal nature,
+which is in truth immortal and divine; and thus, as it were in a kind
+of slumber, it may predict the future. But howsoever these things may
+be, if any faith is to be put in them, the prophetic boy must, as far
+as I can understand, be fair and unblemished in body, shrewd of wit
+and ready of speech, so that a worthy and fair shrine may be provided
+for the divine indwelling power--if indeed such a power does enter
+into the boy's body--or that the boy's mind when wakened may quickly
+apply itself to its inherent powers of divination, find them ready to
+its use and reproduce their promptings undulled and unimpaired by any
+loss of memory. For, as Pythagoras said, not every kind of wood is fit
+to be carved into the likeness of Mercury. If that be so, tell me who
+was that healthy, unblemished, intelligent, handsome boy whom I deemed
+worthy of initiation into such mysteries by the power of my spells. As
+a matter of fact, Thallus, whom you mentioned, needs a doctor rather
+than a magician. For the poor wretch is such a victim to epilepsy that
+he frequently has fits twice or thrice in one day without the need for
+any incantations, and exhausts all his limbs with his convulsions. His
+face is ulcerous, his head bruised in front and behind, his eyes are
+dull, his nostrils distended, his feet stumbling. He may claim to be
+the greatest of magicians in whose presence Thallus has remained for
+any considerable time upon his feet. For he is continually lying
+down, either a seizure or mere weariness[15] causing him to collapse.
+
+[Footnote 15: _seu_ (Casaubon).]
+
+44. Yet you say that it is my incantations that have overwhelmed him,
+simply because he has once chanced to have a fit in my presence. Many
+of his fellow servants, whose appearance as witnesses you have
+demanded, are present in court. They all can tell you why it is they
+spit upon Thallus, and why no one ventures to eat from the same dish
+with him or to drink from the same cup. But why do I speak of these
+slaves? You yourselves have eyes. Deny then, if you dare, that Thallus
+used to have fits of epilepsy long before I came to Oea, or that has
+frequently been shown to doctors. Let his fellow slaves who are in
+your service deny this: I will confess myself guilty of everything, if
+he has not long since been sent away into the country, far from the
+sight of all of them, to a distant farm, for fear he should infect the
+rest of the household. They cannot deny this to be the fact. For the
+same reason it is impossible for us to produce him here to-day. The
+whole of this accusation has been reckless and sudden, and it was only
+the day before yesterday that Aemilianus demanded that we should
+produce fifteen slaves before you. The fourteen living in the town are
+present to-day. Thallus only is absent owing to the fact that he has
+been banished to a place some hundred miles distant. However, we have
+sent a man to bring him here in a carriage. I ask you, Maximus, to
+question these fourteen slaves whom we have produced as to where the
+boy Thallus is and what is the state of his health; I ask you to
+question my accuser's slaves. They will not deny that this boy is of
+revolting appearance, that his body is rotten through and through with
+disease, that he is liable to fits, and is a barbarian and a
+clodhopper. This is indeed a handsome boy whom you have selected as
+one who might fairly be produced at the offering of sacrifice, whom
+one might touch upon the head and clothe in a fair white cloak in
+expectation of some prophetic reply from his lips. I only wish he were
+present. I would have entrusted him to your tender mercies,
+Aemilianus, and would be ready to hold him myself that you might
+question him. Here in open court before the judges he would have
+rolled his wild eyes upon you, he would have foamed at the mouth, spat
+in your face, drawn in his hands convulsively, shaken his head and
+fallen at last in a fit into your arms.
+
+45. Here are fourteen slaves whom you bade me produce in court. Why do
+you refuse to question them? You want one epileptic boy who, you know
+as well as I, has long been absent from Oea. What clearer evidence of
+the falseness of your accusations could be desired? Fourteen slaves
+are present, as you required; you ignore them. One young boy is
+absent: you concentrate your attack on him. What is it that you want?
+Suppose Thallus were present. Do you want to prove that he had a fit
+in my presence? Why, I myself admit it. You say that this was the
+result of incantation. I answer that the boy knows nothing about it,
+and that I can prove that it was not so. Even you will not deny that
+Thallus was epileptic. Why then attribute his fall to magic rather
+than disease? Was there anything improbable in his suffering that fate
+in _my_ presence, which he has often suffered on other occasions in
+the presence of a number of persons? Nay, even supposing I had thought
+it a great achievement to cast an epileptic into a fit, why should I
+use charms when, as I am told by writers on natural history, the
+burning of the stone named _gagates_ is an equally sure and easy proof
+of the disease? For its scent is commonly used as a test of the
+soundness or infirmity of slaves even in the slave-market. Again, the
+spinning of a potter's wheel will easily infect a man suffering from
+this disease with its own giddiness. For the sight of its rotations
+weakens his already feeble mind, and the potter is far more effective
+than the magician for casting epileptics into convulsions. You had no
+reason for demanding that I should produce these slaves. I have good
+reason for asking you to name those who witnessed that guilty ritual
+when I cast the moribund Thallus into one of his fits. The only
+witness you mention is that worthless boy, Sicinius Pudens, in whose
+name you accuse me. He says that he was present. His extreme youth is
+no reason why we should reject his sworn evidence, but the fact that
+he is one of my accusers _does_ detract from his credibility. It would
+have been easier for you, Aemilianus, and your evidence would have
+carried much more weight, had you said that you were present at the
+rite and had been mad ever since, instead of entrusting the whole
+business to the evidence of boys as though it were a mere joke. A boy
+had a fit, a boy saw him. Was it also some boy that bewitched him?
+
+46. At this point Tannonius Pudens, like the old hand he is, saw that
+this lie also was falling flat and was doomed to failure by the frowns
+and murmurs of the audience, and so, in order to check the suspicions
+of some of them by kindling fresh expectations, he said that he would
+produce other boys as well whom I had similarly bewitched. He thus
+passed to another line of accusation. I might ignore it, but I will go
+out of my way to challenge it as I have done with all the rest. I want
+those boys to be produced. I hear they have been bribed by the promise
+of their liberty to perjure themselves. But I say no more. Only
+produce them. I demand and insist, Tannonius Pudens, that you should
+fulfil your promise. Bring forward those boys in whose evidence you
+put your trust; produce them, name them. You may use the time allotted
+to my speech for the purpose. Speak, I say, Tannonius. Why are you
+silent? Why do you hesitate? Why look round? If _he_ does not remember
+his instructions, or has forgotten his witnesses' names, do you at any
+rate, Aemilianus, come forward and tell us what instructions you gave
+your advocate, and produce those boys. Why do you turn pale? Why are
+you silent? Is this the way to bring an accusation? Is this the way
+to indict a man on so serious a charge? Is it not rather an insult to
+so distinguished a citizen as Claudius Maximus, and a false and
+slanderous persecution of myself? However, if your representative has
+made a slip in his speech, and there are no such boys to produce, at
+any rate make some use of the fourteen whom I have brought into court.
+If you refuse, why did you demand the appearance of such a housefull?
+
+47. You have demanded fifteen slaves to support an accusation of
+magic; how many would you be demanding if it were a charge of
+violence? The inference is that fifteen slaves know something, and
+that something is still a mystery. Or is it nothing mysterious and yet
+something connected with magic? You must admit one of these two
+alternatives: either the proceeding to which I admitted so many
+witnesses had nothing improper about it, or, if it had, it should not
+have been witnessed by so many. Now this magic of which you accuse me
+is, I am told, a crime in the eyes of the law, and was forbidden in
+remote antiquity by the Twelve Tables because in some incredible
+manner crops had been charmed away from one field to another. It is
+then as mysterious an art as it is loathly and horrible; it needs as a
+rule night-watches and concealing darkness, solitude absolute and
+murmured incantations, to hear which few free men are admitted, not to
+speak of slaves. And yet you will have it that there were fifteen
+slaves present on this occasion. Was it a marriage? or any other
+crowded ceremony? or a seasonable banquet? Fifteen slaves take part
+in a magic rite as though they had been created _quindecimvirs_ for
+the performance of sacrifice! Is it likely that I should have
+permitted so large a number to be present on such an occasion, if they
+were too many to be accomplices? Fifteen free men form a borough,
+fifteen slaves a household, fifteen fettered serfs a chain-gang. Did I
+need such a crowd to help me by holding the lustral victims during the
+lengthy rite? No! the only victims you mentioned were hens! Were they
+to count the grains of incense? or to knock Thallus down?
+
+48. You assert also that by promising to heal her I inveigled to my
+house a free woman who suffered from the same disease as Thallus; that
+she, too, fell senseless as a result of my incantations. It appears to
+me that you are accusing a wrestler not a magician, since you say that
+all who visited me had a fall. And yet Themison, who is a physician
+and who brought the woman for my inspection, denied, when you asked
+him, Maximus, that I had done anything to the woman other than ask her
+whether she heard noises in her ears, and if so, which ear suffered
+most. He added that she departed immediately after telling me that her
+right ear was most troubled in that way. At this point, Maximus,
+although I have for the present been careful to abstain from praising
+you, lest I should seem to have flattered you with an eye to winning
+my case, yet I cannot help praising you for the astuteness of your
+questions. After they had spent much time in discussing these points
+and asserting that I had bewitched the woman, and after the doctor who
+was present on that occasion had denied that I had done so, you, with
+shrewdness more than human, asked them what profit I derived from my
+incantations. They replied, 'The woman had a fit.' 'What then?' you
+asked, 'Did she die?' 'No,' said they. 'What is your point then? How
+did the fact of her having a fit profit Apuleius?' That third question
+showed brilliant penetration and persistence. You knew that it was
+necessary to submit all facts to stringent examination of their
+causes, that often facts are admitted while motives remain to seek,
+and that the representatives of litigants are called pleaders of
+_causes_, because they set forth the causes of each particular act. To
+deny a fact is easy and needs no advocate, but it is far more arduous
+and difficult a task to demonstrate the rightness or wrongness of a
+given action. It is waste of time, therefore, to inquire whether a
+thing was done, when, even if it were done, no evil motive can be
+alleged. Under such circumstances, if no criminal motive is
+forthcoming, a good judge releases the accused from all further
+vexatious inquiry. So now, since they have not proved that I either
+bewitched the woman or caused her to have a fit, I for my part will
+not deny that I examined her at the request of a physician; and I will
+tell you, Maximus, why I asked her if she had noises in her ears. I
+will do this not so much to clear myself of the charge which you,
+Maximus, have already decided to involve neither blame nor guilt, as
+to impart to you something worthy of your hearing and interesting to
+one of your erudition. I will tell you in as few words as possible. I
+have only to call your attention to certain facts. To instruct you
+would be presumption.
+
+49. The philosopher Plato, in his glorious work, the _Timaeus_, sets
+forth with more than mortal eloquence the constitution of the whole
+universe. After discoursing with great insight on the three powers
+that make up man's soul, and showing with the utmost clearness the
+divine purpose that shaped our various members, he treats of the
+causes of all diseases under three heads. The first cause lies in the
+elements of the body, when the actual qualities of those elements,
+moisture and cold and their two opposites, fail to harmonize. That
+comes to pass when one of these elements assumes undue proportions or
+moves from its proper place. The second cause of disease lies in the
+vitiation of those components of the body which, though formed out of
+the simple elements, have coalesced in such a manner as to have a
+specific character of their own, such as blood, entrails, bone,
+marrow, and the various substances made from the blending of each of
+these. Thirdly, the concretion in the body of various juices, turbid
+vapours, and dense humours is the last provocative of sickness.
+
+50. Of these causes that which contributes most to epilepsy, the
+disease of which I set out to speak, is a condition when the flesh is
+so melted by the noxious influence of fire as to form a thick and
+foaming humour. This generates a vapour, and the heat of the air thus
+compressed within the body causes a white and eruptive ferment. If
+this ferment succeeds in escaping from the body, it is dispersed in a
+manner that is repulsive rather than dangerous. For it causes an
+eczema to break out upon the surface of the skin of the breast and
+mottles it with all kinds of blotches. But the person to whom this
+happens is never again attacked with epilepsy, and so he rids himself
+of a most sore disease of the spirit at the price of a slight
+disfigurement of the body. But if, on the other hand, this dangerous
+corruption[16] be contained within the body and mingle with the black
+bile, and so run fiercely through every vein, and then working its way
+upwards to the head flood the brain with its destructive stream, it
+straightway weakens that royal part of man's spirit which is endowed
+with the power of reason and is enthroned in the head of man, that is
+its citadel and palace. For it overwhelms and throws into confusion
+those channels of divinity and paths of wisdom. During sleep it makes
+less havoc, but when men are full of meat and wine it makes its
+presence somewhat unpleasantly felt by a choking sensation, the herald
+of epilepsy. But if it reaches such strength as to attack the heads of
+men when they are wide awake, then their minds grow dull with a sudden
+cloud of stupefaction and they fall to the ground, their bodies
+swooning as in death, their spirit fainting within them. Men of our
+race have styled it not only the 'Great sickness' and the 'Comitial
+sickness', but also the 'Divine sickness', in this resembling the
+Greeks, who call it [Greek: hiera nosos], the holy sickness. The name
+is just; for this sickness does outrage to the rational part of the
+soul, which is by far the most holy.
+
+[Footnote 16: _putredo_ (conj. Helm).]
+
+51. You recognize, Maximus, the theory of Plato, as far as I have been
+able to give it a lucid explanation in the time at my disposal. I put
+my trust in him when he says that the cause of epilepsy is the
+overflowing of this pestilential humour into the head. My inquiry
+therefore was, I think, reasonable when I asked the woman whether her
+head felt heavy, her neck numb, her temples throbbing, her ears full
+of noises. The fact that she acknowledged these noises to be more
+frequent in her right ear was proof that the disease had gone home.
+For the right-hand organs of the body are the strongest, and therefore
+their infection with the disease leaves small hope of recovery. Indeed
+Aristotle has left it on record in his _Problems_ that whenever in the
+case of epileptics the disease begins on the right side, their cure is
+very difficult. It would be tedious were I to repeat the opinion of
+Theophrastus also on the subject of epilepsy. For he has left a most
+excellent treatise on convulsions. He asserts, however, in another
+book on the subject of animals ill-disposed towards mankind, that the
+skins of newts--which like other reptiles they shed at fixed intervals
+for the renewal of their youth--form a remedy for fits. But unless you
+snatch up the skin as soon as it be shed, they straightway turn upon
+it and devour it, whether from a malign foreknowledge of its value to
+men or from a natural taste for it. I have mentioned these things, I
+have been careful to quote the arguments of renowned philosophers, and
+to mention the books where they are to be found, and have avoided any
+reference to the works of physicians or poets, that my adversaries may
+cease to wonder that philosophers have learnt the causes of remedies
+and diseases in the natural course of their researches. Well then,
+since this woman was brought to be examined by me in the hope that she
+might be cured, and since it is clear both from the evidence of the
+physician who brought her and from the arguments I have just set forth
+that such a course was perfectly right, my opponents must needs assert
+that it is the part of a magician and evildoer to heal disease, or, if
+they do not dare to say that, must confess that their accusations in
+regard to this epileptic boy and woman are false, absurd, and indeed
+epileptic.
+
+52. Yes, Aemilianus, if you would hear the truth, _you_ are the real
+sufferer from the falling sickness, so often have your false
+accusations failed and cast you helpless to the ground. Bodily
+collapse is no worse than intellectual, and it is as important to keep
+one's head as to keep one's feet, while it is as unpleasant to be
+loathed by this distinguished gathering as to be spat upon in one's
+own chamber. But you perhaps think yourself sane because you are not
+confined within doors, but follow the promptings of your madness
+whithersoever it lead you: and yet compare your frenzy with that of
+Thallus; you will find that there is but little to choose between
+you, save that Thallus confines his frenzy to himself, while you
+direct yours against others; Thallus distorts his eyes, you distort
+the truth; Thallus contracts his hands convulsively, you not less
+convulsively contract with your advocates; Thallus dashes himself
+against the pavement, you dash yourself against the judgement-seat. In
+a word, whatever he does, he does in his sickness erring
+unconsciously; but you, wretch, commit your crimes with full knowledge
+and with your eyes open, such is the vehemence of the disease that
+inspires your actions. You bring false accusations as though they were
+true; you charge men with doing what has never been done; though a
+man's innocence be clear to you as daylight, you denounce him as
+though he were guilty.
+
+53. Nay, further, though I had almost forgotten to mention it, there
+are certain things of which you confess your ignorance, and which
+nevertheless you make material for accusation as though you knew all
+about them. You assert that I kept something mysterious wrapped up in
+a handkerchief among the household gods in the house of Pontianus. You
+confess your ignorance as to what may have been the nature or
+appearance of this object; you further admit that no one ever saw it,
+and yet you assert that it was some instrument of magic. You are not
+to be congratulated on this method of procedure. Your accusation
+reveals no shrewdness, and has not even the merit of impudence. Do not
+think so for a moment. No! it shows naught save the ill-starred
+madness of an embittered spirit and the pitiable fury of cantankerous
+old age. The words you used in the presence of so grave and
+perspicacious a judge amounted to something very like this. 'Apuleius
+kept certain things wrapped in a cloth among the household gods in the
+house of Pontianus. Since I do not know what they were, I therefore
+argue that they were magical. I beg you to believe what I say, because
+I am talking of that of which I know nothing.' What a wonderful
+argument, in itself an obvious refutation of the charge. 'It must have
+been this, because I do not know what it was.' You are the only person
+hitherto discovered who knows that which he does not know. You so far
+surpass all others in folly, that whereas philosophers of the most
+keen and penetrating intellect assert that we should not trust even
+the objects that we see, you make statements about things which you
+have never seen or heard. If Pontianus still lived and you were to ask
+him what the cloth contained, he would reply that he did not know.
+There is the freedman who still has charge of the keys of the place;
+he is one of your witnesses, but he says that he has never examined
+these objects, although, as the servant responsible for the books kept
+there, he opened and shut the doors almost daily, continually entered
+the room, not seldom in my company but more often alone, and saw the
+cloth lying on the table unprotected by seal or cord. Quite natural,
+was it not? Magical objects were concealed in the cloth, and for that
+reason I took little care for its safe custody, but left it about
+anyhow for any one to examine and inspect, if he liked, or even to
+carry it away! I entrusted it to the custody of others, I left it to
+others to dispose of at their pleasure! What credence do you expect us
+to give you after this? Are we to believe that you, on whom I have
+never set eyes save in this court, know that of which Pontianus, who
+actually lived under the same roof, was ignorant? or shall we believe
+that you, who have never so much as approached the room where they
+were placed, have seen what the freedman never saw, although he had
+every opportunity to inspect them during the sedulous performance of
+his duties? In a word, that which you never saw must have been what
+you assert it to have been! And yet, you fool, if this very day you
+had succeeded in getting that handkerchief into your hands, I should
+deny the magical nature of whatever you might produce from it.
+
+54. I give you full leave; invent what you like, rack your memory and
+your imagination to discover something that might conceivably seem to
+be of a magical nature. Even then, should you succeed in so doing, I
+should argue the point with you. I should say that the object in
+question had been substituted by you for the original, or that it had
+been given as a remedy, or that it was a sacred emblem that had been
+placed in my keeping, or that a vision had bidden me to carry it thus.
+There are a thousand other ways in which I might refute you with
+perfect truth and without giving any explanation which is abnormal or
+lies outside the limits of common observation. You are now demanding
+that a circumstance, which, even if it were proved up to the hilt,
+would not prejudice me in the eyes of a good judge, should be fatal to
+me when, as it is, it rests on vague suspicion, uncertainty, and
+ignorance. You will perhaps, as is your wont, say, 'What, then, was it
+that you wrapped in a linen cloth and were so careful to deposit with
+the household gods?' Really, Aemilianus! is this the way you accuse
+your victims? You produce no definite evidence yourself, but ask the
+accused for explanations of everything. 'Why do you search for fish?
+Why did you examine a sick woman? What had you hidden in your
+handkerchief?' Did you come here to accuse me or to ask me questions?
+If to accuse me, prove your charges yourself; if to ask questions, do
+not anticipate the truth by expressing opinions on that concerning
+which your ignorance compels you to inquire. If this precedent be
+followed, if there is no necessity for the accuser to prove anything,
+but on the contrary he is given every facility for asking questions of
+the accused, there is not a man in all the world but will be indicted
+on some charge or other. In fact, everything that he has ever done
+will be used as a handle against any man who is charged with sorcery.
+Have you written a petition on the thigh of some statue? You are a
+sorcerer! Else why did you write it? Have you breathed silent prayers
+to heaven in some temple? You are a sorcerer! Else tell us what you
+asked for? Or take the contrary line. You uttered no prayer in some
+temple! You are a sorcerer! Else why did you not ask the gods for
+something? The same argument will be used if you have made some votive
+dedication, or offered sacrifice, or carried sprigs of some sacred
+plant. The day will fail me if I attempt to go through all the
+different circumstances of which, on these lines, the false accuser
+will demand an explanation. Above all, whatever object he has kept
+concealed or stored under lock and key at home will be asserted by the
+same argument to be of a magical nature, or will be dragged from its
+cupboard into the light of the law-court before the seat of judgement.
+
+55. I might discourse at greater length on the nature and importance
+of such accusations, on the wide range for slander that this path
+opens for Aemilianus, on the floods of perspiration that this one poor
+handkerchief, contrary to its natural duty, will cause his innocent
+victims! But I will follow the course I have already pursued. I will
+acknowledge what there is no necessity for me to acknowledge, and will
+answer Aemilianus' questions. You ask, Aemilianus, what I had in that
+handkerchief. Although I might deny that I had deposited any
+handkerchief of mine in Pontianus' library, or even admitting that it
+was true enough that I did so deposit it, I might still deny that
+there was anything wrapped up in it. If I should take this line, you
+have no evidence or argument whereby to refute me, for there is no one
+who has ever handled it, and only one freedman, according to your own
+assertion, who has ever seen it. Still, as far as I am concerned I
+will admit the cloth to have been full to bursting. Imagine yourself,
+please, to be on the brink of a great discovery, like the comrades of
+Ulysses who thought they had found a treasure when they stole the bag
+that contained all the winds. Would you like me to tell you what I had
+wrapped up in a handkerchief and entrusted to the care of Pontianus'
+household gods? You shall have your will. I have been initiated into
+various of the Greek mysteries, and preserve with the utmost care
+certain emblems and mementoes of my initiation with which the priests
+presented me. There is nothing abnormal or unheard of in this. Those
+of you here present who have been initiated into the mysteries of
+father Liber alone, know what you keep hidden at home, safe from all
+profane touch and the object of your silent veneration. But I, as I
+have said, moved by my religious fervour and my desire to know the
+truth, have learned mysteries of many a kind, rites in great number,
+and diverse ceremonies. This is no invention on the spur of the
+moment; nearly three years since, in a public discourse on the
+greatness of Aesculapius delivered by me during the first days of my
+residence at Oea, I made the same boast and recounted the number of
+the mysteries I knew. That discourse was thronged, has been read far
+and wide, is in all men's hands, and has won the affections of the
+pious inhabitants of Oea not so much through any eloquence of mine as
+because it treats of Aesculapius. Will any one, who chances to
+remember it, repeat the beginning of that particular passage in my
+discourse? You hear, Maximus, how many voices supply the words. I will
+order this same passage to be read aloud, since by the courteous
+expression of your face you show that you will not be displeased to
+hear it. (_The passage is read aloud._)
+
+56. Can any one, who has the least remembrance of the nature of
+religious rites, be surprised that one who has been initiated into so
+many holy mysteries should preserve at home certain talismans
+associated with these ceremonies, and should wrap them in a linen
+cloth, the purest of coverings for holy things? For wool, produced by
+the most stolid of creatures and stripped from the sheep's back, the
+followers of Orpheus and Pythagoras are for that very reason forbidden
+to wear as being unholy and unclean. But flax, the purest of all
+growths and among the best of all the fruits of the earth, is used by
+the holy priests of Egypt, not only for clothing and raiment, but as a
+veil for sacred things. And yet I know that some persons, among them
+that fellow Aemilianus, think it a good jest to mock at things divine.
+For I learn from certain men of Oea who know him, that to this day he
+has never prayed to any god or frequented any temple, while if he
+chances to pass any shrine, he regards it as a crime to raise his hand
+to his lips in token of reverence. He has never given firstfruits of
+crops or vines or flocks to any of the gods of the farmer, who feed
+him and clothe him; his farm holds no shrine, no holy place, nor
+grove. But why do I speak of groves or shrines? Those who have been on
+his property say they never saw there one stone where offering of oil
+has been made, one bough where wreaths have been hung. As a result,
+two nicknames have been given him: he is called Charon, as I have
+said, on account of his truculence of spirit and of countenance, but
+he is also--and this is the name he prefers--called Mezentius, because
+he despises the gods. I therefore find it the easier to understand
+that he should regard my list of initiations in the light of a jest.
+It is even possible that, thanks to his rejection of things divine, he
+may be unable to induce himself to believe that it is true that I
+guard so reverently so many emblems and relics of mysterious rites. I
+care not a straw what Mezentius may think of me; but to others I make
+this announcement clearly and unshrinkingly. If any of you that are
+here present had any part with me in these same solemn ceremonies,
+give a sign and you shall hear what it is I keep thus. For no thought
+of personal safety shall induce me to reveal to the uninitiated the
+secrets that I have received and sworn to conceal.
+
+57. I have, I think, Maximus, said enough to satisfy the most
+prejudiced of men and, as far as the handkerchief is concerned, have
+cleared myself of every speck of guilt. I shall run no risk in passing
+from the suspicions of Aemilianus to the evidence of Crassus, which my
+accusers read out next as if it were of the utmost importance. You
+heard them read from a written deposition, the evidence of a gorging
+brute, a hopeless glutton, named Junius Crassus, that I performed
+certain nocturnal rites at his house in company with my friend Appius
+Quintianus, who had taken lodgings there. This, mark you, Crassus says
+that he discovered (in spite of the fact that he was as far away as
+Alexandria at the time!) from finding the feathers of birds and traces
+of the smoke of a torch. I suppose that while he was enjoying a round
+of festivities at Alexandria--for Crassus is one who is ready even to
+encroach upon the daylight with his gluttonies--I suppose, I say, that
+there from his reeking tavern he espied, with eye keen as any
+fowler's, feathers of birds wafted towards him from his house, and saw
+the smoke of his home rising far off from his ancestral roof-tree. If
+he saw this with his eyes, he saw even further than Ulysses prayed and
+yearned to see. For Ulysses spent years in gazing vainly from the
+shore to see the smoke rising from his home, while Crassus during a
+few months' absence from home succeeded, without the least difficulty,
+in seeing this same smoke as he sat in a wine-shop! If, on the other
+hand, it was his nose discerned the smoke, he surpasses hounds and
+vultures in the keenness of his sense of smell. For what hound, what
+vulture hovering in the Alexandrian sky, could sniff out anything so
+far distant as Oea? Crassus is, I admit, a _gourmand_ of the first
+order, and an expert in all the varied flavours of kitchen-smoke, but
+in view of his love of drinking, his only real title to fame, it would
+have been easier for the fumes of his wine, rather than the fumes of
+his chimney, to reach him at Alexandria.
+
+58. Even he saw that this would pass belief. For he is said to have
+sold this evidence before eight in the morning while he was still
+fasting from food and drink! And so he wrote that he had made his
+discovery in the following manner. On his return from Alexandria he
+went straight to his house, which Quintianus had by this time left.
+There in the entrance-hall he came across a large quantity of birds'
+feathers: the walls, moreover, were blackened with soot. He asked the
+reason of this from the slave whom he had left at Oea, and the latter
+informed him of the nocturnal rites carried out by myself and
+Quintianus. What an ingenious lie! What a probable invention! That I,
+had I wished to do anything of the sort, should have done it there
+rather than in my own house! That Quintianus, who is supporting me
+here to-day, and whom I mention with the greatest respect and honour
+for the close love that binds him to me, for his deep erudition and
+consummate eloquence, that this same Quintianus, supposing him to have
+dined off some birds or, as they assert, killed them for magical
+purposes, should have had no slave to sweep up the feathers and throw
+them out of doors! Or further that the smoke should have been strong
+enough to blacken the walls and that Quintianus should have suffered
+such defacement of the room in which he slept, while it was still in
+his occupation! Nonsense, Aemilianus! There is no probability in the
+story, unless indeed Crassus on his return went not to the bedroom,
+but after his fashion made straight for the kitchen. And what made
+his slave suspect that the walls had been blackened by night in
+particular? Was it the colour of the smoke? Does night smoke differ
+from day smoke in being darker? And why did so suspicious and
+conscientious a slave allow Quintianus to leave the house before
+having it cleaned? Why did those feathers lie like lead and await the
+arrival of Crassus for so long? Let not Crassus accuse his slave. It
+is much more likely that he himself fabricated this mendacious
+nonsense about feathers and soot, being unable even in his evidence to
+divorce himself further from his kitchen.
+
+59. And why did you read out this evidence from a written deposition?
+Where in the world is Crassus? Has he returned to Alexandria out of
+disgust at the state of his house? Is he washing his walls? or, as is
+more likely, is the glutton feeling ill after his debauch? I myself
+saw him yesterday here at Sabrata hiccoughing in your face,
+Aemilianus, in the most conspicuous manner in the middle of the
+market-place. Pray, Maximus, ask your slaves whose duty it is to keep
+you informed of people's names--although, I admit, Crassus is better
+known to the keepers of taverns--yet ask them, I say, whether they
+have ever seen Junius Crassus, a citizen of Oea, in this place. They
+will answer 'yes'. Let Aemilianus then produce this most admirable
+young man on whose testimony he relies. You notice the time of day. I
+tell you that Crassus has long since been snoring in a drunken slumber
+or has taken a second bathe and is now evaporating the sweat of
+intoxication at the bath that he may be equal to a fresh drinking bout
+after supper. He presents himself in writing only. That is the way he
+speaks to you, Maximus. Even he is not so dead to sense of shame as to
+be able to lie to your face without a blush. But there is perhaps
+another reason for his absence. He may have been unable to abstain
+from the wine-cup[17] sufficiently long to keep sober against this
+moment; or it may be that Aemilianus took good care not to subject him
+to your severe and searching gaze, lest you should damn the brute with
+his close-shaven cheeks and his disgusting appearance by a mere glance
+at his face, when you saw a young man with his features stripped of
+the beard and hair that should adorn them, his eyes heavy with wine,
+his lids swollen, his broad[18] grin, his slobbering lips, his harsh
+voice, his trembling hands, his breath[19] reeking of the cook-shop.
+He has long since devoured his fortune; nothing is left him of his
+patrimony save a house that serves him for the sale of his false
+witness, and never did he make a more remunerative contract than he
+has done with regard to this evidence he offers to-day. For he sold
+Aemilianus his drunken fictions for 3,000 sesterces, as every one at
+Oea is aware.
+
+[Footnote 17: _a bria_ (Hildebrand).]
+
+[Footnote 18: _rictum diductum_ (Jahn).]
+
+[Footnote 19: _ructus popinam_ (Pricaeus).]
+
+60. We all knew of this before it actually took place. I might have
+prevented the transaction by denouncing it, but I knew that so foolish
+a lie would be prejudicial to Aemilianus, who wasted his money to
+secure it, rather than to myself, who treated it with the contempt it
+deserved. I wished not only that Aemilianus should lose his money, but
+that Crassus should have his reputation ruined by his disgraceful
+perjury. It was but the day before yesterday that the transaction took
+place in the most open manner at the house of Rufinus, of whom I shall
+soon have something to say. Rufinus and Calpurnianus acted as
+middlemen and arranged the bargain.[20] The former carried out the
+task with all the more readiness because he was certain that his wife,
+at whose misconduct he knowingly connives, would be sure to recover
+from Crassus a large proportion of his fee for perjury. I noticed that
+you also, Maximus, suspected with your usual acuteness that they, as
+soon as this written evidence was produced, had formed a league and
+conspiracy against me; and I saw from your face that the whole affair
+excited your disgust. Finally my accusers, in spite of their being
+paragons of audacity and monsters of shamelessness, did not dare to
+read out Crassus' evidence in full or to build anything upon it; for
+they saw that at the mention of his name you smelt a rat. I have
+mentioned these facts not because I am afraid of these dreadful
+feathers and stains of soot--least of all with you to judge me--but
+that Crassus might meet with due punishment for having sold mere smoke
+to a helpless rustic like Aemilianus.
+
+[Footnote 20: _depectoribus_ (Kronenberg).]
+
+61. Their next[21] charge concerns the manufacture of a seal which
+they produced when they read Pudentilla's letters. This seal, they
+assert, I had fashioned of the rarest wood by some secret process for
+purposes of the black art. They add that, although it is loathly and
+horrible to look upon, being in the form of a skeleton, I yet give it
+especial honour and call it in the Greek tongue, [Greek: basileus], my
+king. I think I am right in saying that I am following the various
+stages of their accusation in due order and reconstructing the whole
+fabric of their slander detail by detail.
+
+[Footnote 21: _inde_ (Acidalius).]
+
+Now how can the manufacture of this seal have been secret, as you
+assert, when you are sufficiently well acquainted with the maker to
+have summoned him to appear in court? Here is Cornelius Saturninus,
+the artist, a man whose skill is famous among his townsfolk and whose
+character is above reproach. A little while back, in answer, Maximus,
+to your careful cross-examination, he explained the whole sequence of
+events in the most convincing and truthful manner. He said that I
+visited his shop and, after looking at many geometrical patterns all
+carved out of boxwood in the most cunning and ingenious manner, was so
+much attracted by his skill that I asked him to make me certain
+mechanical devices and also begged him to make me the image of some
+god to which I might pray after my custom. The particular god and the
+precise material I left to his choice, my only stipulation being that
+it should be made of wood. He therefore first attempted to work in
+boxwood. Meanwhile, during my absence in the country, Sicinius
+Pontianus, my step-son, wishing to gratify me,[22] procured some ebony
+tablets from that excellent lady Capitolina and brought them to his
+shop, exhorting him to make what I had ordered out of this rarer and
+more durable material: such a gift, he said, would be most gratifying
+to me. Our artist did as Pontianus suggested, as far as the size of
+the ebony tablets permitted. By careful dove-tailing of minute
+portions of the tablets he succeeded in making a small figure of
+Mercury.
+
+[Footnote 22: _gratum factum_ (Van der Vliet).]
+
+62. You heard all the evidence just as I repeat it. Moreover it
+receives exact confirmation from the answers given to you in
+cross-examination by Capitolina's son, a youth of the most excellent
+character, who is here in court to-day. He said that Pontianus asked
+for the tablets, that Pontianus took them to the artist Saturninus.
+Nor does he deny that Pontianus received the completed signet from
+Saturninus and afterwards gave it me. All these things have been
+openly and manifestly proved. What remains, in which any suspicion of
+sorcery can lie concealed? Nay, what is there that does not absolutely
+convict you of obvious falsehood? You said that the seal was of secret
+manufacture, whereas Pontianus, a distinguished member of the
+equestrian order, gave the commission for it. The figure was carved in
+public by Saturninus as he sat in his shop. He is a man of sterling
+character and recognized honesty. The work was assisted by the
+munificence of a distinguished married lady, and many both among the
+slaves and the acquaintances who frequented my house were aware both
+of the commission for the work and its execution. You were not ashamed
+falsely to pretend that I had searched high and low for the requisite
+wood through all the town, although you know that I was absent from
+Oea at that time, and although it has been proved that I gave a free
+hand as to the material.
+
+63. Your third lie was that the figure which was made was the lean,
+eviscerated frame of a gruesome corpse, utterly horrible and ghastly
+as any goblin. If you had discovered such definite proof of my
+sorceries, why did you not insist on my producing it in court? Was it
+that you might have complete freedom for inventing lies in the absence
+of the subject of your slanders? If so, the opportunity afforded you
+for mendacity has been lost you, thanks to a certain habit of mine
+which comes in most opportunely. It is my wont wherever I go to carry
+with me the image of some god hidden among my books and to pray to him
+on feast days with offerings of incense and wine and sometimes even of
+victims. When, therefore, I heard persistent though outrageously
+mendacious assertions that the figure I carried was that of a
+skeleton, I ordered some one to go and bring from my house my little
+image of Mercury, the same that Saturninus had made for me at Oea. You
+there, give it them! Let them see it, hold it, examine it. There you
+see the image which that scoundrel called a skeleton. Do you hear
+these cries of protest that arise from all present? Do you hear the
+condemnation of your lie? Are you not at last ashamed of all your
+slanders? Is this a skeleton, this a goblin, is this the familiar
+spirit you asserted it to be? Is this a magic symbol or one that is
+common and ordinary? Take it, I beg you, Maximus, and examine it. It
+is good that a holy thing should be entrusted to hands as pure and
+pious as yours. See there, how fair it is to view, how full of all a
+wrestler's grace and vigour! How cheerful is the god's face, how
+comely the down that creeps on either side his cheeks, how the curled
+hair shows upon his head beneath the shadow of his hat's brim, how
+neatly the tiny pair of pinions project about his brows, how daintily
+the cloak is drawn about his shoulders! He who dares call this a
+skeleton, either never sees an image of a god or if he does ignores
+it. Indeed, he who thinks this to represent a goblin must have goblins
+on the brain.
+
+64. But in return for that lie, Aemilianus, may that same god who goes
+between the lords of heaven and the lords of hell grant you the hatred
+of the gods of either world and ever send to meet you the shadows of
+the dead with all the ghosts, with all the fiends, with all the
+spectres, with all the goblins of all the world, and thrust upon your
+eyes all the terror that walketh by night, all the dread dwellers in
+the tomb, all the horrors of the sepulchre, although your age and
+character have brought you near enough to them already. But we of the
+family of Plato know naught save what is bright and joyous, majestic
+and heavenly and of the world above us. Nay, in its zeal to reach the
+heights of wisdom, the Platonic school has explored regions higher
+than heaven itself and has stood triumphant on the outer circumference
+of this our universe. Maximus knows that I speak truth, for in his
+careful study of the _Phaedrus_ he has read of the 'place that is
+higher than heaven, being builded on heaven's back.' Maximus also
+clearly understands--I am now going to reply to your accusation about
+the name--who he is whom not I but Plato was first to call the 'King'.
+'All things,' he says, 'depend upon the King of all things and for him
+only all things exist.' Maximus knows who that 'King' is, even the
+cause and reason and primal origin of all nature, the lord and father
+of the soul, the eternal saviour of all that lives, the unwearying
+builder of his world. Yet builds he without labour, yet saves he
+without care, he is father without begetting, he knows no limitation
+of space or time or change, and therefore few may conceive and none
+may tell of his power.
+
+65. I will even go out of my way to aggravate the suspicion of
+sorcery; I will not tell you, Aemilianus, who it is that I worship as
+my king. Even if the proconsul should ask me himself who my god is, I
+am dumb.
+
+About the name I have said enough for the present. For the rest I know
+that some of my audience are anxious to hear why I wanted the figure
+made not of silver or gold, but only of wood, though I think that
+their desire springs not so much from their anxiety to see me cleared
+of guilt as from eagerness for knowledge. They would like to have this
+last doubt removed, even although they see that I have amply rebutted
+all suspicion of any crime. Listen, then, you who would know, but
+listen with all the sharpness and attention that you may, for you are
+to hear the very words that Plato wrote in his old age in the last
+book of the _Laws_. 'The man of moderate means when he makes offerings
+to the gods should do so in proportion to his means. Now, earth and
+the household hearths of all men are holy to all the gods. Let no one
+therefore dedicate any shrines to the gods over and above these.' He
+forbids this with the purpose of preventing men from venturing to
+build private shrines; for he thinks that the public temples suffice
+his citizens for the purposes of sacrifice. He then continues, 'Gold
+and silver in other cities, whether in the keeping of private persons
+or of temples, are invidious possessions; ivory taken from a body
+wherefrom the life has passed is not a welcome offering; iron and
+bronze are instruments of war. Whatsoever a man dedicates, let it be
+of wood and wood only, or if it be of stone, of stone only.' The
+general murmur of assent shows, O Maximus, and you, gentlemen, who
+have the honour to assist him, that I am adjudged to have made
+admirable use of Plato, not only as a guide in life, but as an
+advocate in court, to whose instructions, as you see, I give implicit
+obedience.
+
+66. It is now time for me to turn first and foremost to the letters of
+Pudentilla, or rather to retrace the whole course of events a little
+further back still. For I desire to make it abundantly clear that I,
+whom they keep accusing of having forced my way into Pudentilla's
+house solely through love of money, ought really never to have come
+near that house, had the thought of money ever crossed my mind. My
+marriage has for many reasons brought me the reverse of prosperity
+and, but for the fact that my wife's virtues are compensation for any
+number of disadvantages, might be described as disastrous.
+
+Disappointment and envy are the sole causes that have involved me in
+this trial, and even before that gathered many mortal perils about my
+path. What motives for resentment has Aemilianus against me, even
+assuming him to be correctly informed when he accuses me of magic? No
+least word of mine has ever injured him in such a way as to give him
+the appearance of pursuing a just revenge. It is certainly no lofty
+ambition that prompts him to accuse me, ambition such as fired Marcus
+Antonius to accuse Cnaeus Carbo, Caius Mucius to accuse Aulus
+Albucius, Publius Sulpicius to accuse Cnaeus Norbanus, Caius Furius to
+accuse Manius Aquilius, Caius Curio to accuse Quintus Metellus. They
+were young men of admirable education and were led by ambition to
+undertake these accusations as the first step in a forensic career,
+that by the conduct of some _cause célèbre_ they might make themselves
+a name among their fellow citizens. This privilege was conceded by
+antiquity to young men just entering public life as a means of winning
+glory for their youthful genius. The custom has long since become
+obsolete, but even if the practice were still common, it would not
+apply to Aemilianus. It would not have been becoming to him to make
+any display of his eloquence, for he is rude and unlettered; nor to
+show a passion for renown, since he is a mere barbarian bumpkin; nor
+thus to open his career as an advocate, for he is an old man on the
+brink of the grave. The only hypothesis creditable to him would be
+that he is perhaps giving an example of his austerity of character and
+has undertaken this accusation through sheer hatred of wrongdoing and
+to assert his own integrity. But I should hardly accept such an
+hypothesis even in the case of a greater Aemilianus, not our African
+friend here, but the conqueror of Africa and Numantia, who held,
+moreover, the office of censor at Rome. Much less will I believe that
+this dull blockhead, I will not say, hates sin, but recognizes it when
+he sees it.
+
+67. What then was his motive? It is as clear as day to any one that
+envy is the sole motive that has spurred him and Herennius Rufinus,
+his instigator--of whom I shall have more to say later--and the rest
+of my enemies, to fabricate these false charges of sorcery.
+
+Well, there are five points which I must discuss. If I remember
+aright, their accusations as regards Pudentilla were as follows.
+Firstly, they said that after the death of her first husband she
+resolutely set her face against re-marriage, but was seduced by my
+incantations. Secondly, there are her letters, which they regard as an
+admission that I used sorcery. Thirdly and fourthly, they object that
+she made a love-match at the advanced age of sixty and that the
+marriage contract was sealed not in the town but at a country house.
+Lastly, there is the most invidious of all these accusations, namely,
+that which concerns the dowry. It is into this charge they have put
+all their force and all their venom; it is this that vexes them most
+of all. They assert that at the very outset of our wedded life I
+forced my devoted wife in the absolute seclusion of her country house
+to make over to me a large dowry. I will show that all these
+statements are so false, so worthless, so unsubstantial, and I shall
+refute them so easily and unquestionably, that in good truth, Maximus,
+and you, gentlemen, his assessors, I fear you may think that I have
+suborned my accusers to bring these charges, that I might have the
+opportunity of publicly dispelling the hatred of which I am the
+victim. I will ask you to believe _now_, what you will understand when
+the facts are before you, that I shall need to put out all my strength
+to prevent you from thinking that such a baseless accusation is a
+cunning device of my own rather than a stupid enterprise of my
+enemies.
+
+68. I shall now briefly retrace events and force Aemilianus himself
+to admit, when he has heard the facts, that his envy was groundless
+and that he has strayed far from the truth. In the meantime I beg you,
+as you have already done, or if possible yet more than you have
+already done, to give the best of your attention to me as I trace the
+whole case to its fount and source.
+
+Aemilia Pudentilla, now my wife, was once the wife of a certain
+Sicinius Amicus. By him she had two sons, Pontianus and Pudens. These
+two boys were left by their father's death under the guardianship of
+their paternal grandfather--for Amicus predeceased his father--and
+were brought up by their mother with remarkable care and affection for
+about fourteen years. She was in the flower of her age, and it was not
+of her own choosing that she remained a widow for so long. But the
+boys' grandfather was eager that she should, in spite of her
+reluctance, take his son, Sicinius Clarus, for her second husband[23]
+and with this in view kept all other suitors at a distance. He further
+threatened her that if she married elsewhere he would by his will
+exclude her sons from the possession of any of their father's
+heritage. When she saw that nothing could move him to alter the
+condition that he had laid down, such was her wisdom, and so admirable
+her maternal affection, that to prevent her sons' interests suffering
+any damage in this respect, she made a contract of marriage with
+Sicinius Clarus in accordance with her father-in-law's bidding, but by
+various evasions managed to avoid the marriage until the boys'
+grandfather died, leaving them as his heirs, with the result that
+Pontianus, the elder son, became his brother's guardian.
+
+[Footnote 23: _iterum_ (Riese).]
+
+69. She was now freed from all embarrassment, and being sought in
+marriage by many distinguished persons resolved to remain a widow no
+longer. The dreariness of her solitary life she might have borne, but
+her bodily infirmities had become intolerable. This chaste and saintly
+lady, after so many years of blameless widowhood, without even a
+breath of scandal, owing to her long absence from a husband's
+embraces, began to suffer internal pains so severe that they brought
+her to the brink of the grave. Doctors and wise women agreed that the
+disease had its origin in her long widowhood, that the evil was
+increasing daily and her sickness steadily assuming a more serious
+character; the remedy was that she should marry before her youth
+finally departed from her. There were many who welcomed this
+recommendation, but none more so than that fellow Aemilianus, who a
+little while back asserted with the most unhesitating mendacity that
+Pudentilla had never thought of marriage until I compelled her to be
+mine by my exercise of the black art; that I alone had been found to
+outrage the virgin purity of her widowhood by incantations and love
+philtres. I have often heard it said with truth that a liar should
+have a good memory. Had you forgotten, Aemilianus, that before I came
+to Oea, you wrote to her son Pontianus, who had then attained to man's
+estate and was pursuing his studies at Rome, suggesting that she
+should marry? Give me the letter, or better give it to Aemilianus and
+let him refute himself in his own voice with his own words.
+
+Is this your letter? Why do you turn pale? We know you are past
+blushing. Is this your signature? Read a little louder, please, that
+all may realize how his written words belie his speech and how much
+more he is at variance with himself than with me.
+
+70. Did you, Aemilianus, write what has just been read out? 'I know
+that she is willing to marry and that she ought to do so, but I do not
+know the object of her choice.' You were right there. You knew nothing
+about it. For Pudentilla, though she admitted that she wished to marry
+again, said nothing to you about her suitor. She knew the intrusive
+malignity of your nature too well. But you still expected her to marry
+your brother Clarus and were induced by your false hopes to go further
+and to urge her son to assent to the match. And of course, if she had
+wedded Clarus, a boorish and decrepit old man, you would have asserted
+that she had long desired to marry him of her own free will without
+the intervention of any magic. But now that she has married a young
+man of the elegance which you attribute to him, you say that she had
+always refused to marry and must have done so under compulsion! You
+did not know, you villain, that the letter you had written on the
+subject was being preserved, you did not know that you would be
+convicted by your own testimony. The fact is that Pudentilla, knowing
+your changeableness and unreliability no less than your shamelessness
+and mendacity, rather than forward the letter preferred to keep it as
+clear evidence of your intentions, and wrote a letter of her own on
+the same subject to her son Pontianus at Rome, in which she gave full
+reasons for her determination. She told him pretty fully about the
+state of her health; there was no longer any reason for her to persist
+in remaining a widow; she had so remained for thus long and had
+sacrificed her health solely to procure him the inheritance of his
+grandfather's fortune, a fortune to which she had by the exercise of
+the greatest care made considerable additions: Pontianus himself was
+now by the grace of heaven ripe for marriage and his brother for the
+garb of manhood. She begged them to suffer her at length to solace her
+lonely existence and to relieve her ill health: they need have no
+fears as to her final choice or as to her motherly affection; she
+would still be as a wife what she had been as a widow. I will order a
+copy of this letter to her son to be read aloud. (_The letter is
+read._)
+
+71. This letter makes it, I think, sufficiently clear that it needed
+no incantations of mine to move Pudentilla from her resolve to remain
+a widow, but that she had been for some time by no means averse to
+marriage, when she chose me--it may be in preference to others. I
+cannot see why such a choice by so excellent a woman should be brought
+against me as matter for reproach rather than honour. But I admit
+feeling surprise that Aemilianus and Rufinus should be annoyed at the
+lady's decision, when those who were actually suitors for her hand
+acquiesce in her preference for myself. She was indeed guided in
+making her choice less by her personal inclination than by the advice
+of her son, a fact which Aemilianus cannot deny. For Pontianus on
+receiving his mother's letter hastily flew hither from Rome, fearing
+that, if the man of her choice proved to be avaricious, she might, as
+often happens, transfer her whole fortune to the house of her new
+husband. This anxiety tormented him not a little. All his own
+expectations of wealth together with those of his brother depended on
+his mother. His grandfather had left but a moderate fortune, his
+mother possessed 4,000,000 sesterces. Of this sum, it is true, she
+owed a considerable portion to her sons, but they had no security for
+this, relying--naturally enough--on her word alone. He gave but silent
+expression to his fears; he did not venture to show any open
+opposition for fear of seeming to distrust her.
+
+72. Things being in this delicate position owing to the matrimonial
+intentions of the mother and the fears of the son, chance or destiny
+brought me to Oea on my way to Alexandria. Did not my respect for my
+wife prevent me, I would say 'Would God it had never happened'. It was
+winter when this occurred. Overcome by the fatigues of the journey, I
+was laid up for a considerable number of days in the house of my
+friends the Appii, whom I name to show the affection and esteem with
+which I regard them. There Pontianus came to see me; for not so very
+long before certain common friends had introduced him to me at Athens,
+and we had afterwards lodged together and come to know each other
+intimately. He greeted me with the utmost courtesy, inquired anxiously
+after my health, and touched dexterously on the subject of love. For
+he thought that he had found an ideal husband for his mother to whom
+he could without the slightest risk entrust the whole fortune of the
+house. At first he sounded me as to my inclinations in somewhat
+ambiguous language, and seeing that I was desirous of resuming my
+journey and was not in the least disposed to take a wife, he begged me
+at any rate to remain at Oea for a little while, as he himself was
+desirous of travelling with me. Since my physical infirmity had made
+it impossible for me to profit by the present winter, he urged that it
+would be well to wait for the next owing to the danger presented by
+the passage of the Syrtes and the risk of encountering wild beasts.
+His urgent entreaty induced my friends the Appii to allow me to leave
+them and to become his guest in his mother's house. I should find the
+situation healthier, he said, and should get a freer view of the
+sea--a special attraction in my eyes.
+
+73. He had shown the greatest eagerness in inducing me to come to this
+decision, and strongly recommended his mother and his brother--that
+boy there--to my consideration. I gave them some help in our common
+studies and a marked intimacy sprang up between us. Meanwhile I
+gradually recovered my health. At the instance of my friends I gave a
+discourse in public. This took place in the basilica, which was
+thronged by a vast audience. I was greeted with many expressions of
+approval, the audience shouted 'bravo! bravo!' like one man, and
+besought me to remain and become a citizen of Oea. On the dispersal of
+the audience Pontianus approached me, and by way of prelude said that
+such universal enthusiasm was nothing less than a sign from heaven. He
+then revealed to me that it was his cherished design--with my
+permission--to bring about a match between myself and his mother, for
+whose hand there were many suitors. He added that I was the only
+friend in the world in whom he could put implicit trust and
+confidence. If I were to refuse to undertake such a responsibility,
+simply because it was no fair heiress that was offered me, but a woman
+of plain appearance and the mother of children--if I were moved by
+these considerations and insisted on reserving myself for a more
+attractive and wealthier match, my behaviour would be unworthy of a
+friend and a philosopher. It would take too long--even if I were
+willing--to tell you what I replied and how long and how frequently we
+conversed on the subject, with how many pressing entreaties he plied
+me, never ceasing until he finally won my consent. I had had ample
+opportunity for observing Pudentilla's character, for I had lived for
+a whole year continually in her company and had realized how rich was
+her endowment of good qualities; but my desire for travel led me to
+desire to refuse the match as an impediment. But I soon began to love
+her for her virtues as ardently as though I had wooed her of my own
+initiative. Pontianus had also persuaded his mother to give me the
+preference over all her other suitors, and showed extraordinary
+eagerness for the marriage to take place at the earliest possible
+date. We could scarcely induce him to consent to the very briefest
+postponement to such time as he himself should have taken a wife and
+his brother in due course have assumed the garb of manhood. That done,
+we would be married at once.
+
+74. Would to heaven it were possible without serious damage to my case
+to pass by what I have now to relate. I freely forgave Pontianus when
+he begged for pardon, and I have no wish to seem to reproach him now
+for the fickleness of his conduct. I acknowledge the truth of a
+circumstance brought against me by my accusers, I admit that
+Pontianus, after taking to himself a wife, broke his pledged word and
+suddenly changed his mind; that he tried to prevent the fulfilment of
+this project with no less obstinacy than he had shown zeal in
+forwarding it. He was ready to make any sacrifice, to go any lengths,
+to prevent our marriage taking place. Nevertheless this discreditable
+change of attitude, this deliberate quarrel with his mother, must not
+be laid to his charge, but to that of his father-in-law, Herennius
+Rufinus, whom you see before you, a man than whom no more worthless,
+wicked, and grime-stained soul lives upon this earth. I will--since I
+cannot avoid it--give a brief description of this man's character,
+using such moderation as I may, lest, if I pass him by in silence, the
+energy which he has shown in engineering this accusation against me
+should have been spent all in vain.
+
+This is the man who poisoned that worthless boy against me, who is the
+prime mover in this accusation, who has hired advocates and bought
+witnesses. This is the furnace in which all this calumny has been
+forged, this the firebrand, this the scourge that has driven
+Aemilianus here to his task. He makes it his boast before all men in
+the most extravagant language that it is through his machinations that
+my indictment has been procured. In truth he has some reason for
+self-congratulation. For he is the organizer of every lawsuit, the
+deviser of every perjury, the architect of every lie, the seed-ground
+of every wickedness, the vile haunt and hideous habitation of lust and
+gluttony, the mark of every scandal since his earliest years: in
+boyhood, ere he became so hideously bald, the ready servant of the
+vilest vices; in youth a stage dancer limp and nerveless enough in all
+conscience, but, they tell me, clumsy and inartistic in his very
+effeminacy. Except for his immodesty he is said not to have possessed
+a single quality that should distinguish an actor.
+
+75. He is older now--God's curse upon him! I crave your pardon for my
+warmth of language. But his house is the dwelling-place of panders,
+his whole household foul with sin, himself a man of infamous
+character, his wife a harlot, his sons like their parents. His door
+night and day is battered with the kicks of wanton gallants, his
+windows loud with the sound of loose serenades, his dining-room wild
+with revel, his bedchambers the haunt of adulterers. For no one need
+fear to enter it save he who has no gift for the husband. Thus does he
+make an income from his own dishonour. What else should the wretch do?
+He has lost a considerable fortune, though I admit that he only got
+that fortune unexpectedly through a fraudulent transaction on the part
+of his father. The latter, having borrowed money from a number of
+persons, preferred to keep their money at the cost of his own good
+name. Bills poured in on every side with demands for payment. Every
+one that met him laid hands on him as though he were a madman.
+'Steady, now!' says he, 'I can't find the cash.' So he resigned his
+golden rings and all the badges of his position in society and thus
+came to terms with his creditors. But he had by a most ingenious fraud
+transferred the greater part of his property to his wife, and so,
+although he himself was needy, ill-clad and protected by the very
+depth of his fall, managed to leave this same Rufinus--I am telling
+you the truth and nothing but the truth--no less than 3,000,000
+sesterces to be squandered on riotous living. This was the sum that
+came to him unencumbered from his mother's property, over and above
+the daily dowry brought him by his wife. Yet all this money has been
+ravenously devoured by this glutton in a few short years, all this
+fortune has been destroyed by the infinite variety of his
+gormandizing; so that you might really think him to be afraid of
+seeming in any way to be the gainer by his father's dishonesty. This
+honourable fellow actually took care that what had been ill-gained
+should be ill-spent, nor was anything left him from his too ample
+fortune, save his depraved ambition and his boundless appetite.
+
+76. His wife, however, was getting old and worn out and refused to
+continue to support the whole household by her own dishonour. But
+there was a daughter who, at her mother's instigation, was exhibited
+to all the wealthy young men, but in vain. Had she not come across so
+easy a victim as Pontianus she would perhaps still have been sitting
+at home a widow who had never been a bride. Pontianus, in spite of
+urgent attempts on our part to dissuade him, gave her the right--false
+and illusory though it was--to be called a bride. He did this knowing
+that, but a short time before he married her, she had been seduced and
+deserted by a young man of good family to whom she had been previously
+betrothed. And so his new bride came to him, not as other brides come,
+but unabashed and undismayed, her virtue lost, her modesty gone, her
+bridal-veil a mockery. Cast off by her previous lover, she brought to
+her wedding the name without the purity of a maid. She rode in a
+litter carried by eight slaves. You who were present saw how
+impudently she made eyes at all the young and how immodestly she
+flaunted her charms. Who did not recognize her mother's pupil, when
+they saw her dyed lips, her rouged cheeks, and her lascivious eyes?
+Her dowry was borrowed, every farthing of it, on the eve of her
+wedding, and was indeed greater than could be expected of so large and
+impoverished a family.
+
+77. But though Rufinus' fortune is small, his hopes are boundless.
+With avarice rivalled only by his need he had already devoured
+Pudentilla's 4,000,000 in vain anticipation. With this in view he
+decided that I must be got out of the way, in order that he might find
+fewer obstacles in his attempt to hoodwink the weak Pontianus and the
+lonely Pudentilla. He began, therefore, to upbraid his son-in-law for
+having betrothed his mother to me. He urged him to draw back without
+delay from so perilous a path, while there was yet time; to keep his
+mother's fortune himself rather than deliberately transfer it to the
+keeping of a stranger. He threatened that, if he refused, he would
+take away his daughter, the device of an old hand to influence a young
+man in love. To be brief, he so wrought upon the simple-minded young
+man, who was, moreover, a slave to the charms of his new bride, as to
+mould him to his will and move him from his purpose. Pontianus went to
+his mother and told her what Rufinus had said to him. But he made no
+impression on her steadfast character. On the contrary, she rebuked
+him for his fickleness and inconstancy, and it was no pleasant news he
+took back to his father-in-law. His mother had shown a firmness of
+purpose not to be expected of one of her placid disposition, and to
+make matters worse his expostulations had made her angry, which was
+likely seriously to increase her obstinacy: in fact, she had finally
+replied, that it was no secret to her that his expostulations were
+instigated by Rufinus, a fact which made the support and assistance of
+a husband against his desperate greed all the more necessary to her.
+
+78. When he heard this, the ruffian was stung to fury and burst into
+such wild and ungovernable rage that in the presence of her own son he
+heaped insults, such as he might have used to his own wife, on the
+purest and most modest of women. In the presence of many witnesses,
+whom, if you desire it, I will name, he loudly denounced her as a
+wanton and myself as a sorcerer and poisoner, threatening to murder me
+with his own hands. I can hardly restrain my anger, such fierce
+indignation fills my soul. That you, the most effeminate of men,
+should threaten any man with death at your hand! Your hand! What hand!
+The hand of Philomela or Medea or Clytemnestra? Why, when you dance in
+those characters you show such contemptible timidity, you are so
+frightened at the sight of steel, that you will not even carry a
+property sword? But I am digressing. Pudentilla, seeing to her
+astonishment that her son had fallen lower than she could have deemed
+possible, went into the country and by way of rebuke wrote him the
+notorious letter, in which, according to my accusers, she confessed
+that my magical practices had made her lose her reason and fall in
+love with me. And yet, Maximus, the day before yesterday at your
+command I took a copy of the letter in the presence of witnesses and
+of Pontianus' secretary. Aemilianus also was there and countersigned
+the copy. What is the result? In contradiction to my accusers'
+assertion everything is found to tell in my favour.
+
+79. And yet, even if she had spoken somewhat strongly and had called
+me a magician, it would be a reasonable explanation that she had, in
+defending her conduct to her son, preferred to allege compulsion on my
+part rather than her own inclination. Is Phaedra the only woman whom
+love has driven to write a lying letter? Is it not rather a device
+common to all women that, when they have begun to feel strong desire
+for anything of this kind, they should prefer to make themselves out
+the victims of compulsion? But even supposing she had genuinely
+regarded me as a magician, would the mere fact of Pudentilla's writing
+to that effect be a reason for actually regarding me as a magician?
+You, with all your arguments and your witnesses and your diffuse
+eloquence, have failed to prove me a magician. Could she prove it with
+one word? A formal indictment, written and signed before a judge, is a
+far more weighty document than what is written in a private letter!
+Why do not you prove me a magician by my own deeds instead of having
+recourse to the mere words of another? If your principle be followed,
+and whatever any one may have written in a letter under the influence
+of love or hatred be admitted as proof, many a man will be indicted on
+the wildest charges. 'Pudentilla called you a magician in her letter;
+therefore you are a magician!' If she had called me a consul, would
+that make me one? What if she had called me a painter, a doctor, or
+even an innocent man? Would you accept any of these statements, simply
+because she had made them? You would accept none of them. Yet it is a
+gross injustice to believe a person when he speaks evil of another and
+to refuse to believe him when he speaks well. It is a gross injustice
+that a letter should have power to destroy and not to save. 'But,'
+says my accuser, 'she was out of her wits, she loved you
+distractedly.' I will grant it for the moment. But are all persons,
+who are the objects of love, magicians, just because the person in
+love with them chances to say so in a letter? If, indeed, Pudentilla
+wrote in a letter to another person what would clearly be prejudicial
+to myself, I think she could hardly have been in love with me at the
+moment in question.
+
+80. Tell me now, what is your contention? Was she mad or sane when she
+wrote? Sane, do you say? Then she was not the victim of magic. Insane?
+In that case she did not know what she was writing and must not be
+believed. Nay, even supposing her to have been insane, she would not
+have been aware of the fact. For just as to say 'I am silent' is to
+make a fool of oneself, since these very words actually break silence,
+and the act of speaking impugns the substance of one's speech, so it
+is even more absurd to say 'I am mad'. It cannot be true unless the
+speaker knows what he says, and he who knows what madness is, is
+_ipso facto_ sane. For madness cannot know itself any more than
+blindness can see itself. Therefore Pudentilla was in possession of
+her senses, if she thought she was out of them. I could say more on
+this point, but enough of dialectic! I will read out the letter which
+gives crying witness to a very different state of things and might
+indeed have been specially prepared to suit this particular trial.
+Take it and read it out until I interrupt. (_The letter is read._)
+
+Stop a moment before you go on to what follows. We have come to the
+crucial point. So far, Maximus, as far at any rate as I have noticed,
+the lady has made no mention of magic, but has merely repeated in the
+same order the statements which I quoted a short time ago about her
+long widowhood, the proposed remedy for her ill health, her desire to
+marry, the good report she had heard of me from Pontianus, his own
+advice that she should marry me in preference to others.
+
+81. So much for what has been read. There remains a portion of the
+letter which, although like the first part it was written in my
+defence, also turns against me. For although it was specially written
+to rebut the charge of magic brought against me, a remarkable piece of
+ingenuity on the part of Rufinus has altered its meaning and brought
+me into discredit with certain citizens of Oea as being a proved
+sorcerer. Maximus, you have heard much from the lips of others, you
+have learned yet more by reading, and your own personal experience
+has taught you not a little. But you will say that never yet have you
+come across such insidious cunning or such marvellous dexterity in
+crime. What Palamedes, what Sisyphus, what Eurybates or Phrynondas
+could ever have devised such guile? All those whom I have mentioned,
+together with all the notorious deceivers of history, would seem mere
+clowns and pantaloons, were they to attempt to match this one single
+instance of Rufinus' craftiness. O miracle of lies! O subtlety worthy
+of the prison and the stocks! Who could imagine that what was written
+as a defence could without the alteration of a single letter be
+transformed into an accusation! Good God! it is incredible. But I will
+make clear to you how the incredible came to pass.
+
+82. The mother was rebuking her son because, after extolling me to her
+as a model of all the virtues, he now, at Rufinus' instigation,
+asserted that I was a magician. The actual words were as follows:
+'Apuleius is a magician and has bewitched me to love him. Come to me,
+then, while I am still in my senses!' These words, which I have quoted
+in Greek, have been selected by Rufinus and separated from their
+context. He has taken them round as a confession on the part of
+Pudentilla, and, with Pontianus at his side all dissolved in tears,
+has shown them through all the market-place, allowing men only to read
+that portion which I have just cited and suppressing all that comes
+before and after. His excuse was that the rest of the letter was too
+disgusting to be shown; it was sufficient that publicity should be
+given to Pudentilla's confession as to my sorcery. What was the
+result? Every one thought it probable enough. That very letter, which
+was written to clear my character, excited the most violent hatred
+against me amongst those who did not know the facts. This foul villain
+went rushing about in the midst of the market-place like any
+bacchanal; he kept opening the letter and proclaiming, 'Apuleius is a
+sorcerer! She herself describes her feelings and her sufferings! What
+more do you demand?' There was no one to take my part and reply, 'Give
+us the whole letter, please! Let me see it all, let me read it from
+beginning to end. There are many things which, produced apart from
+their context, may seem open to a slanderous interpretation. Any
+speech may be attacked, if a passage depending for its sense on what
+has preceded be robbed of its commencement, or if phrases be expunged
+at will from the place they logically occupy, or if what is written
+ironically be read out in such a tone as to make it seem a defamatory
+statement.' With what justice this protest or words to that effect
+might have been uttered the actual order of the letter will show.
+
+83. Now, Aemilianus, try to remember whether the following were not
+the words of which, together with myself, you took a copy in the
+presence of witnesses, 'For since I desired to marry for the reasons
+of which I told you, you persuaded me to choose Apuleius in preference
+to all others, since you had a great admiration for him and were eager
+through me to become yet more intimate with him. But now that certain
+ill-natured persons have brought accusations against us and attempt to
+dissuade you, Apuleius has suddenly become a magician and has
+bewitched me to love him. Come to me, then, while I am still in my
+senses.'
+
+I ask you, Maximus, if letters--some of which are actually called
+vocal[24]--could find a voice, if words, as poets say, could take them
+wings and fly, would they not, when Rufinus first made disingenuous
+excerpts from that letter, read but a few lines and deliberately said
+nothing of much that bore a more favourable meaning, would not the
+remaining letters have cried out that they were unjustly kept out of
+sight? Would not the words suppressed by Rufinus have flown from his
+hands and filled the whole market-place with tumult, crying that they
+too had been sent by Pudentilla, they too had been entrusted with
+something to say, and calling upon men to listen to _them_ instead of
+giving ear to a dishonest villain who was attempting to prove a lie by
+means of another's letter? for Pudentilla had never accused Apuleius
+of magic, while Rufinus' accusation was tantamount to an acquittal.
+All these things were not said then, but now, when they are of more
+effectual service to me, their truth appears clearer than day.
+Rufinus, your cunning stands revealed, your fraud stares us in the
+face, your lies are laid bare; truth dethroned for a while rises once
+more and slander sinks[25] downward to the bottomless pit.
+
+[Footnote 24: i.e. vowels.]
+
+[Footnote 25: _se ecfert--calumnia se mergit_ (Salmasius).]
+
+84. You challenged me with Pudentilla's letter: with that letter I win
+the day. If you like to hear the conclusion, I will not grudge it
+you. Tell me, what were the words with which she ended the letter,
+that poor bewitched, lunatic, insane, infatuated lady? 'I am not
+bewitched, I am not in love; it is my destiny.'[26] Would you have
+anything more? Pudentilla throws your words in your teeth and publicly
+vindicates her sanity against your slanderous aspersions. The motive
+or necessity of her marriage, whichever it was, she now ascribes to
+fate, and between fate and magic there is a great gulf, indeed they
+have absolutely nothing in common. For if it be true that the destiny
+of each created thing is like a fierce torrent that may neither be
+stayed nor diverted, what power is left for magic drugs or
+incantations? Pudentilla, therefore, not only denied that I was a
+magician, but denied the very existence of magic. It is a good thing
+that Pontianus, following his usual custom, kept his mother's letter
+safe in its entirety: it is a good thing that the speed with which
+this case has been hurried on left you no opportunity for adding to
+that letter at your leisure. For this I have to thank you and your
+foresight, Maximus. You saw through their slanders from the beginning
+and hurried on the case that they might not gather strength as the
+days went by; you gave them no breathing space and wrecked their
+designs. Suppose now that the mother, after her wont, _had_ made
+confession of her passion for me in some private letter to her son.
+Was it just, Rufinus, was it consistent, I will not say with filial
+piety but with common humanity, that these letters should be
+circulated and, above all, published and proclaimed abroad by her own
+son? But perhaps I am no better than a fool to ask you to have regard
+for another's sense of decency when you have so long lost your own.
+
+[Footnote 26: [Greek: tên heimarmenên echô] (Rossbach).]
+
+85. Why should I only complain of what is past? The present is equally
+distressing. To think that this unhappy boy should have been so
+corrupted by you as to read aloud in the proconsular court, before a
+man of such lofty character as Claudius Maximus, a letter from his
+mother, which he chooses to regard as amatory, and in the presence of
+the statues of the emperor Pius to accuse his mother of yielding to a
+shameful passion and reproach her with her _amours_? Who is there of
+such gentle temper, but that this would wake him to fury? Vilest of
+creatures, do you pry into your mother's heart in such matters, do you
+watch her glances, count her sighs, sound her affections, intercept
+her letters, and accuse her of being in love? Do you seek to discover
+what she does in the privacy of her own chamber, do you demand--I will
+not say that she should be above love affairs--but that she should
+cease to be a woman? Cannot you conceive the possibility that she
+should show any affection save the affection of a mother for her son?
+Ah! Pudentilla, you are unhappy in your offspring! Far better have
+been barren than have borne such children! Ill-omened were the long
+months through which you bore them in your womb and thankless your
+fourteen years of widowhood! The viper, I am told, reaches the light
+of day only by gnawing through its mother's womb; its parent must die
+ere it be born. But your son is full-grown and the wounds he deals are
+far bitterer, for they are inflicted on you while you yet live and see
+the light of day. He insults your reserve, he arraigns your modesty,
+he wounds you to the heart and outrages your dearest affections. Is
+this the gratitude with which a dutiful son like yourself repays his
+mother for the life she gave him, for the inheritance she won him, for
+her long fourteen years of seclusion? Is the result of your uncle's
+teaching this, that, if you were sure your sons would be like
+yourself, you should be afraid to take a wife? There is a well-known
+line
+
+     _I hate the boy that's wise before his time._
+
+Yes, and who would not loathe and detest a boy that is 'wicked before
+his time', when he sees you, like some frightful portent, old in sin
+but young in years, with the bodily powers of a boy, yet deep in
+guilt, with the bright face of a child, but with wickedness such as
+might match grey hairs? Nay, the most offensive thing about him is
+that his pernicious deeds go scot free; he is too young to punish, yet
+old enough to do injury. Injury, did I say? No! crime, unfilial,
+black, monstrous, intolerable crime!
+
+86. The Athenians, when they captured the correspondence of their
+enemy, Philip of Macedon, and the letters were being read in public
+one by one, out of reverence for the common rights of humanity forbade
+one letter to be read aloud, a letter addressed by Philip to his wife
+Olympias. They spared the enemy that they might not intrude on the
+privacy of husband and wife; they placed the law that is common to all
+mankind above the claims of private vengeance. So enemy dealt with
+enemy! How have you dealt with the mother that bore you? You see how
+close is my parallel. Yet you read out aloud letters written by your
+mother which, according to your assertion, concern her love affairs,
+and you do so before this gathering here assembled, a gathering before
+which you would not dare to read the verses of some obscene poet, even
+if bidden to do so, but you would be restrained by some sense of
+shame. Nay, you would never have touched your mother's letters, had
+you ever been in touch with letters in the wider sense of the term.
+But you have also dared to submit a letter of your own to be read, a
+letter written about your mother in outrageously disrespectful,
+abusive, and unseemly language, written too at a time when you were
+still being brought up under her loving care. This letter you sent
+secretly to Pontianus, and you have now produced it to avoid the
+reproach of having sinned only once and to rescue so good a deed from
+oblivion![27] Poor fool, do you not realize that your uncle permitted
+you to do this, that he might clear himself in public estimation by
+using your letter as proof that even before you migrated to his house,
+even at the time when you caressed your mother with false words of
+love, you were already as cunning as any fox and devoid of all filial
+affection?
+
+[Footnote 27: _oblivio_ (Casaubon).]
+
+87. I cannot bring myself to believe Aemilianus such a fool as to
+think that the letter of a mere boy, who is also one of my accusers,
+could seriously tell against me.
+
+There is also that forged letter by which they attempted to prove that
+I beguiled Pudentilla with flattery. I never wrote it and the forgery
+is not even plausible. What need had I of flattery, if I put my trust
+in magic? And how did they secure possession of that letter which
+must, as is usual in such affairs, have been sent to Pudentilla by
+some confidential servant? Why, again, should I write in such faulty
+words, such barbarous language, I whom my accusers admit to be quite
+at home in Greek? And why should I seek to seduce her by flattery so
+absurd and coarse? They themselves admit that I write amatory verse
+with sufficient sprightliness and skill. The explanation is obvious to
+every one; it is this. He who could not read the letter which
+Pudentilla wrote in Greek altogether too refined for his
+comprehension, found it easier to read this letter and set it off to
+greater advantage because it was his own.
+
+One more point and I shall have said enough about the letters.
+Pudentilla, after writing in jest and irony those words 'Come then,
+while I am yet in my senses', sent for her sons and her
+daughter-in-law and lived with them for about two months. I beg this
+most dutiful of sons to tell us whether he then noticed his mother's
+alleged madness to have affected for the worse either her words or her
+deeds. Let him deny that she showed the utmost shrewdness in her
+examination of the accounts of the bailiffs, grooms, and shepherds,
+that she earnestly warned his brother Pontianus to be on his guard
+against the designs of Rufinus, that she rebuked him severely for
+having freely published the letter she had sent him without having
+read it honestly as it was written! Let him deny that, after what I
+have just related to you, his mother married me in her country house,
+as had been agreed some time previously!
+
+88. The reason for our decision to be married by preference at her
+country house not far from Oea was to avoid a fresh concourse of
+citizens demanding largesse. It was but a short time before that
+Pudentilla had distributed 50,000 sesterces to the people on the
+occasion of Pontianus' marriage and this boy's assumption of the garb
+of manhood. We wished also to avoid the frequent and wearisome
+dinner-parties which custom generally imposes on newly-married
+couples. This is the whole reason, Aemilianus, why our marriage
+contract was signed not in the town but at a country house in the
+neighbourhood--to avoid squandering another 50,000 sesterces and to
+escape dining in your company or at your house. Is that sufficient? I
+must say that I am surprised that you object so strongly to the
+country house, considering that you spend most of your time in the
+country. The Julian marriage-law nowhere contains a clause to the
+effect that no man shall wed in a country house. Indeed, if you would
+know the truth, it is of far better omen for the expectation of
+offspring that one should marry one's wife in a country house in
+preference to the town, on rich soil in preference to barren ground,
+on the greensward of the meadow rather than the pavement of the
+market-place. She that would be a mother should marry in the very
+bosom of her mother, among the standing crops, on the fruitful
+plough-land, or she should lie beneath the elm that weds the vine, on
+the very lap of mother earth, among the springing herbage, the
+trailing vine-shoots and the budding trees. I may add that the
+metaphor in the line so well known in comedy
+
+     _That in the furrow children true be sown_
+
+bears out this view most strongly. The ancient Romans also, such as
+Quintius, Serranus and many others, were offered not only wives but
+consulships and dictatorships in the open field. But I am becoming
+long-winded. I will restrain myself for fear of gratifying you by my
+praise of country life.
+
+89. As to Pudentilla's age, concerning which you lied so boldly as to
+assert that she had married at the age of sixty, I will reply in a few
+words. It is not necessary to speak at length in discussing a matter
+where the truth is so obvious.
+
+Her father acknowledged her for his daughter in the usual fashion; the
+documents in which he did so are preserved partly in the public record
+office, partly in his house. Here they are before your very eyes.
+Please hand the documents to Aemilianus. Let him examine the linen
+strip that bears the seal; let him recognize the seal stamped upon
+it, let him read the names of the consuls for the year, let him count
+up the years. He gave her sixty years. Let him bring out the total at
+fifty-five, admitting that he lied and gave her five too many. Nay,
+that is hardly enough. I will deal yet more liberally with him. He
+gave Pudentilla such a number of years that I will reward him by
+returning ten. Mezentius has been wandering with Ulysses; let him at
+least prove that she is fifty. To cut the matter short, as I am
+dealing with an accuser who is used to multiplying by four, I will
+multiply five years by four and subtract twenty years at one fell
+swoop. I beg you, Maximus, to order the number of consuls since her
+birth to be reckoned. If I am not mistaken, you will find that
+Pudentilla has barely passed her fortieth year. The insolent audacity
+of this falsehood! Twenty years' exile would be a worthy punishment
+for such mendacity! Your fiction has added a good half to the sum,
+your fabrication is one and a half times the size of the original. Had
+you said thirty years when you ought to have said ten, it might have
+been supposed that you had made a slip in the gesture used for your
+calculation, that you had placed your forefinger against the middle
+joint of your thumb, when you should have made them form a circle. But
+whereas the gesture indicating forty is the simplest of all such
+gestures, for you have merely to hold out the palm of your hand--you
+have increased the number by half as much again. There is no room for
+an erroneous gesture; the only possible hypothesis is that, believing
+Pudentilla to be thirty, you got your total by adding up the number of
+consuls, two to each year.
+
+90. I have done with this. I come now to the very heart of the
+accusation, to the actual motive for the use of magic. I ask Rufinus
+and Aemilianus to answer me and tell me--even assuming that I am the
+most consummate magician--what had I to gain by persuading Pudentilla
+to marry me by means of my love philtres and my incantations. I am
+well aware that many persons, when accused of some crime or other,
+even if it has been shown that there was some real motive for the
+offence, have amply cleared themselves of guilt by this one line of
+defence, that the whole record of their lives renders the suspicion of
+such a crime incredible and that even though there may have been
+strong temptation to sin, the mere fact of the existence of the
+temptation should not be counted against them. We have no right to
+assume that everything that might have been done actually has been
+done. Circumstances may alter; the one true guide is a man's
+character; the one sure indication that a charge should be rejected or
+believed is the fact that through all his life the accused has set his
+face towards vice or virtue as the case may be. I might with the
+utmost justice put in such a plea for myself, but I waive my right in
+your favour, and shall think that I have made out but a poor case for
+myself, if I do no more than amply clear myself of all your charges
+and show that there exists not the slightest ground for suspecting me
+of sorcery. Consider what confidence in my innocence and what contempt
+of you is implied by my conduct. If you can discover one trivial
+reason that might have led me to woo Pudentilla for the sake of some
+personal advantage, if you can prove that I have made the very
+slightest profit out of my marriage, I am ready to be any magician you
+please--the great Carmendas himself or Damigeron or Moses[28] of whom
+you have heard, or Jannes or Apollobex or Dardanus himself or any
+sorcerer of note from the time of Zoroaster and Ostanes till now.
+
+[Footnote 28: _is Moses_ (Jan. Parrhasius).]
+
+91. See, Maximus, what a disturbance they have raised, merely because
+I have mentioned a few magicians by name. What am I to do with men so
+stupid and uncivilized? Shall I proceed to prove to you that I have
+come across these names and many more in the course of my study of
+distinguished authors in the public libraries? Or shall I argue that
+the knowledge of the names of sorcerers is one thing, participation in
+their art another, and that it is not tantamount to confessing a crime
+to have one's brain well stored with learning and a memory retentive
+of its erudition? Or shall I take what is far the best course and,
+relying on your learning, Maximus, and your perfect erudition, disdain
+to reply to the accusations of these stupid and uncultivated fellows?
+Yes, that is what I will do. I will not care a straw for what they may
+think. I will go on with the argument on which I had entered and will
+show that I had no motive for seducing Pudentilla into marriage by the
+use of love philtres.
+
+My accusers have gone out of their way to make disparaging remarks
+both about her age and her appearance; they have denounced me for
+desiring such a wife from motives of greed and robbing her of her vast
+and magnificent dowry at the very outset of our wedded life. I do not
+intend to weary you, Maximus, with a long reply on these points. There
+is no need for words from me, our deeds of settlement will speak more
+eloquently than I can do. From them you will see that both in my
+provision for the future and in my action at the time my conduct was
+precisely the opposite of that which they have attributed to me,
+inferring my rapacity from their own. You will see that Pudentilla's
+dowry was small, considering her wealth, and was made over to me as a
+trust not as a gift, and moreover that the marriage only took place on
+this condition that if my wife should die without leaving me any
+children, the dowry should go to her sons Pontianus and Pudens, while
+if at her death she should leave me one son or daughter, half of the
+dowry was to go to the offspring of the second marriage, the remainder
+to the sons of the first.
+
+92. This, as I say, I will prove from the actual deed of settlement.
+It may be that Aemilianus will still refuse to believe that the total
+sum recorded is only 300,000 sesterces, and that the reversion of this
+sum is given by the settlement to Pudentilla's sons. Take the deeds
+into your own hands, give them to Rufinus who incited you to this
+accusation. Let him read them, let him blush for his arrogant temper
+and his pretentious beggary. _He_ is poor and ill-clad and borrowed
+400,000 sesterces to dower his daughter, while Pudentilla, a woman of
+fortune, was content with 300,000, and her husband, who has often
+refused the hand of the richest heiresses, is also content with this
+trifling dowry, a mere nominal sum. He cares for nothing save his wife
+and counts the mutual love and harmony of his wedded life as his sole
+treasure, his only wealth. Who that had the least experience of life,
+would dare to pass any censure if a widow of inconsiderable beauty and
+considerable age, being desirous of marriage, had by the offer of a
+large dowry and easy conditions invited a young man, who, whether as
+regards appearance, character or wealth, was no despicable match, to
+become her husband? A beautiful maiden, even though she be poor, is
+amply dowered. For she brings to her husband a fresh untainted spirit,
+the charm of her beauty, the unblemished glory of her prime. The very
+fact that she is a maiden is rightly and deservedly regarded by all
+husbands as the strongest recommendation. For whatever else you
+receive as your wife's dowry you can, when it pleases you and if you
+desire to feel yourself under no further obligation, repay in full
+just as you received it; you can count back the money, restore the
+slaves, leave the house, abandon the estates. Virginity only, once it
+has been given, can never be repaid; it is the one portion of the
+dowry that remains irrevocably with the husband. A widow on the other
+hand, if divorced, leaves you as she came. She brings you nothing that
+she cannot ask back, she has been another's and is certainly far from
+tractable to your wishes; she looks suspiciously on her new home,
+while you regard her with suspicion because she has already been
+parted from one husband: if it was by death she lost her husband, the
+evil omen of her ill-starred union minimizes her attractions, while,
+if she left him by divorce, she possesses one of two faults: either
+she was so intolerable that she was divorced by her husband, or so
+insolent as to divorce him. It is for reasons of this kind among
+others that widows offer a larger dowry to attract suitors for their
+hands. Pudentilla would have done the same had she not found a
+philosopher indifferent to her dowry.
+
+93. Consider. If I had desired her from motives of avarice, what could
+have been more profitable to me in my attempt to make myself master in
+her house than the dissemination of strife between mother and sons,
+the alienation of her children from her affections, so that I might
+have unfettered and supreme control over her loneliness? Such would
+have been, would it not, the action of the brigand you pretend me to
+be. But as a matter of fact I did all I could to promote, to restore
+and foster quiet and harmony and family affection, and not only
+abstained from sowing fresh feuds, but utterly extinguished those
+already in existence. I urged my wife--whose whole fortune according
+to my accusers I had by this time devoured--I urged her and finally
+persuaded her, when her sons demanded back the money of which I spoke
+above, to pay over the whole sum at once in the shape of farms, at a
+low valuation and at the price suggested by themselves, and further to
+surrender from her own private property certain exceedingly fertile
+lands, a large house richly decorated, a great quantity of wheat,
+barley, wine and oil, and other fruits of the earth, together with not
+less than four hundred slaves and a large number of valuable cattle.
+Finally I persuaded her to abandon all claims on the portion she had
+given them and to give them good hopes of one day coming into the rest
+of the property. All these concessions I extorted from Pudentilla with
+difficulty and against her will--I have her leave to tell the whole
+story as it happened--I wrung them from her by my urgent entreaty,
+though she was angry and reluctant. I reconciled the mother with her
+sons, and began my career as a step-father by enriching my step-sons
+with a large sum of money.
+
+94. All Oea was aware of this. Every one execrated Rufinus and
+extolled my conduct. Pontianus together with his very inferior brother
+had come to visit us, before his mother had completed her donation. He
+fell at our feet and implored us to forgive and forget all his past
+offences; he wept, kissed our hands and expressed his penitence for
+listening to Rufinus and others like him. He also most humbly begged
+me to make his excuses to the most honourable Lollianus Avitus to whom
+I had recommended him not long before when he was beginning the study
+of oratory. He had discovered that I had written to Avitus a few days
+previously a full account of all that had happened. I granted him this
+request also and gave him a letter with which he set off to Carthage,
+where Lollianus Avitus, the term of his proconsulate having nearly
+expired, was awaiting your arrival, Maximus. After reading my letters
+he congratulated Pontianus with the exquisite courtesy which always
+characterizes him for having so soon rectified his error and entrusted
+him with a reply. Ah! what learning! what wit! what grace and charm
+dwelt in that reply! Only a 'good man and an orator' could have
+written it. I know, Maximus, that you will readily give a hearing to
+this letter. Indeed, if it is to be read, I will recite it myself.
+Give me Avitus' letter. That I should have received it has always
+flattered me. To-day it shall do more than flatter, it shall save me!
+You may let the water-clock continue, for I would gladly read and
+re-read the letter of that excellent man to the third and fourth time
+at the cost of any amount of the time allowed me. (_The letter is
+read._)
+
+95. I know that after reading this letter I should bring my speech to
+a close. For what ampler commendation, what purer testimony could I
+produce in my support, what more eloquent advocacy? I have in the
+course of my life listened with rapt attention to many eloquent
+Romans, but never have I admired any so much as Avitus. There is in my
+opinion no one living of any attainments or promise in oratory who
+would not far sooner be Avitus, if he compare him with himself
+impartially and without envy. For practically all the different
+excellencies of oratory are united in him. Whatever speech Avitus
+composes will be found so absolutely perfect and complete in all
+respects that it would satisfy Cato by its dignity, Laelius with its
+smoothness, Gracchus with its energy, Caesar with its warmth,
+Hortensius with its arrangement, Calvus with its point, Sallust with
+its economy and Cicero with its wealth of rhetoric. In fact, not to go
+through all his merits, if you were to hear Avitus, you would wish
+nothing added, withdrawn or altered of anything that he says.
+
+I see, Maximus, with what pleasure you listen to the recital of the
+virtues which you recognize your friend Avitus to possess. Your
+courtesy invited me to say a few words about him. But I will not
+trespass on your kindness so far as to permit myself to commence a
+discourse on his extraordinary virtues at this period of the case. It
+is wearing to its end and my powers are almost exhausted. I will
+rather reserve the praise of Avitus' virtues for some day when my time
+is free and my powers unimpaired.
+
+96. _Now_, I grieve to say, it is my duty to turn from the description
+of so great a man to discuss these pestilent fellows here.
+
+Do you dare then, Aemilianus, to match yourself against Avitus? Will
+you attack with accusations of magic and the black art him whom Avitus
+describes as a good man, and whose disposition he praises so warmly in
+his letter? Or have you greater reason to be vexed at my forcing my
+way into Pudentilla's house and pillaging her goods than Pontianus
+would have had, Pontianus, who not only in my presence but even before
+Avitus in my absence, made amends for the strife of a few days that
+had sprung up between us at your instigation, and expressed his
+gratitude to me in the presence of so great a man? Suppose I had read
+a report of what took place in Avitus' presence instead of reading
+merely his letter. What is there in the whole affair that could give
+you or any one else[29] a handle for accusing me? Pontianus himself
+considered himself in my debt for the money given him by his mother;
+Pontianus rejoiced with the utmost sincerity in his good fortune in
+having me for his step-father. Ah! would that he had returned from
+Carthage safe and sound! or since it was not fated that that should
+be, would that you, Rufinus, had not poisoned his judgement at the
+last! What gratitude he would have expressed to me either personally
+or in his will! However, as things are, I beg you, Maximus,--it will
+not take long--to allow the reading of these letters full of
+expressions of respect and affection for myself, which he sent me,
+some of them from Carthage, some as he drew near on his homeward
+journey, some written while he still enjoyed his health, and some when
+the sickness was already upon him. Thus his brother, my accuser, will
+realize with what[30] lack of success he pursues his literary studies
+compared with his brother of blessed memory. (_Pontianus' letters are
+read._)
+
+[Footnote 29: _quas vel tu vel quisquis_ (Van der Vliet). There is no
+doubt as to the sense required: the precise correction must remain
+doubtful.]
+
+[Footnote 30: _quam in omnibus minor Minervae_ (H.E.B.).]
+
+97. Did you hear the phrases which your brother Pontianus used in
+speaking of me? He called me his father, his master, his instructor
+not only on various occasions in his lifetime but actually on his
+deathbed. I might follow this[31] by producing similar letters from
+you, if I thought that the delay thus caused would be worth while. But
+I should prefer to produce your brother's recent will, unfinished
+though it may be, in which he made most dutiful and respectful mention
+of myself. But Rufinus never allowed this will to be drawn up or
+completed owing to his chagrin at the loss of the inheritance which he
+had regarded in the light of a rich payment[32] for his daughter's
+embraces during the few months in which he was Pontianus'
+father-in-law. He had further consulted certain Chaldean soothsayers
+as to what profit his daughter, whom he regarded in the light of an
+investment, would bring him in. They, I am told, prophesied
+truly--would they had not--that her first husband would die in a few
+months. The rest of the prophecy dealing with the inheritance was as
+usual fabricated to suit the desires of their client. But Rufinus
+gaped for his prey in vain like a wild beast that has gone blind. For
+Pontianus not only did not leave Rufinus' daughter as his heir--he
+had discovered her evil character--but he did not even make her a
+respectable legacy. He left her by way of insult linen to the value of
+200 denarii, to show that he had not forgotten or ignored her, but
+that he set this value on her as an expression of his resentment. As
+his heirs--in this just as in the former will which has been read
+aloud--he appointed his mother and his brother, against whom, mere boy
+as he is, Rufinus is, as you see, bringing his old artillery into
+play: I refer to his daughter. He thrusts her upon his embraces
+although she is considerably his elder and but a brief while ago was
+his brother's wife.
+
+[Footnote 31: _post quae_ (Beyte).]
+
+[Footnote 32: Omitting Helm's insertion of _praemium_ after _quam_.]
+
+98. Pudens was so captivated and possessed by the charms of that
+harlot and by the beguiling words of the pander, her father, that the
+moment his brother had breathed his last, he left his mother and
+migrated to his uncle's house. The design was to facilitate the
+carrying out of the schemes already afoot by removing him from our
+influence. For Aemilianus is backing Rufinus and desires his success.
+(_A movement among the audience._) Ah! Thank you! You rightly remind
+me that this excellent uncle has hopes of his own mixed up in this
+affair, for he knows that if this boy dies intestate he will be his
+heir-at-law, whatever he may be in point of equity. I wish I had not
+let this slip. I am a man of great self-control and it is not my way
+to blurt out openly the silent suspicions that must have occurred to
+every one. You did wrong in suggesting this point to me. But to be
+frank, if you will have the truth, many have been wondering at the
+sudden affection which you, Aemilianus, have begun to show for this
+boy since the death of his brother Pontianus, whereas formerly you
+were such a stranger to him that frequently, even when you met him,
+you failed to recognize the face of your brother's son. But now you
+show yourself so patient towards him, you so spoil him by your
+indulgence and grant his every whim to such an extent that your
+conduct makes the more suspicious think their suspicions well
+grounded. You took him from us a mere boy and straightway gave him the
+garb of manhood. While he was under our guardianship, he used to go to
+school: now he has bidden a long farewell to study and betaken himself
+to the delights of the tavern. He despises serious friends, and, boy
+as he is, spends his tender years in revelling with the most abandoned
+youths among harlots and wine-cups. He rules your house, orders your
+slaves, directs your banquets. He is a frequent visitor to the
+gladiatorial school and there--as a boy of position should!--he learns
+from the keeper of the school the names of the gladiators, the fights
+they have fought, the wounds they have received. He never speaks any
+language save Punic, and though he may occasionally use a Greek word
+picked up from his mother, he neither will nor can speak Latin. You
+heard, Maximus, a little while ago, you heard my step-son--oh! the
+shame of it!--the brother of that eloquent young fellow Pontianus,
+hardly able to stammer out single syllables, when you asked him
+whether his mother had given himself and his brother the gifts which,
+as I told you just now, she actually gave them with my hearty support.
+
+99. I call you, therefore, Claudius Maximus, and you, gentlemen, his
+assessors, and you that with me stand before this tribunal, to bear
+witness that this boy's disgraceful falling away in morals is due to
+his uncle here and that candidate for the privilege of becoming his
+father-in-law, and that I shall henceforth count it a blessing that
+such a step-son has lifted the burden of superintending him from my
+shoulders, and that from this day forth I will never intercede for him
+with his mother. For recently--I had almost forgotten to mention
+it--when Pudentilla, who had fallen ill after the death of her son
+Pontianus, was writing her will, I had a prolonged struggle to prevent
+her disinheriting this boy on account of the outrageous insult and
+injury he had inflicted on her. I prayed her with the utmost
+earnestness to erase that most important clause, which, I can assure
+you, she had already written, every word of it! Finally, I even
+threatened to leave her, if she refused to accede to my request, and
+begged her to grant me this boon, to conquer her wicked son by
+kindness, and to save me from all the ill feeling which her action
+would create. I did not desist till she complied. I regret that I
+should have smoothed Aemilianus' way for him and showed him such an
+unexpected path[33] to wealth. Look, Maximus, see how confused he is
+at hearing this, see how he casts his eyes upon the ground. He had
+not unnaturally expected something very different. He knew that my
+wife was angry with her son on account of his insolent behaviour and
+that she returned my devotion. He had reason also for fear in regard
+to myself; for any one else, even if like myself he had been above
+coveting the inheritance, would gladly have seen so undutiful a
+step-son punished. It was this anxiety above all others that spurred
+them on to accuse me. Their own avarice led them falsely to conjecture
+that the whole inheritance had been left to me. As far as the past is
+concerned, I will dispel your fears on that point. I was proof against
+the temptation both of enriching myself and of revenging myself. I--a
+step-father, mind you--contended for my wicked step-son with his
+mother, as a father might contend against a stepmother in the
+interests of a virtuous son; nor did I rest satisfied till, with a
+perfectly extravagant sense of fairness, I had restrained my good
+wife's lavish generosity towards myself.
+
+[Footnote 33: _semitam_ (codd. inferiores).]
+
+100. Give me the will which was made in the interests of so unfilial a
+son by his mother. Each word of it was preceded by an entreaty from
+myself, whom my accusers speak of as a mere robber. Order the tablets
+to be broken open, Maximus. You will find that her son is the heir,
+that I get nothing save some trifling complimentary legacy inserted to
+avoid the non-appearance of my name, the husband's name, mark you, in
+my wife's will, supposing she succumbed to any of the ills to which
+this flesh is heir. Take up your mother's will. You are right, in one
+respect it is undutiful. She excludes her devoted husband from the
+inheritance in favour of her most unfilial son? Nay, it is not her son
+to whom she leaves her fortune; she leaves it rather to the greedy
+Aemilianus and the matchmaking Rufinus and that drunken gang, that
+hang about you and prey upon you. Take it, O best of sons! Lay aside
+your mother's love-letters for a while and read her will instead. If
+she ever wrote anything while not in her right mind, you will find it
+here, nor will you have to go far to find it. 'Let Sicinius Pudens, my
+son, be my heir.' I admit it! he who reads this, will think it
+insanity. Is this same son your heir, who at his own brother's funeral
+attempted with the help of a gang of the most abandoned youths to shut
+you out of the house which you yourself had given him, who is so
+deeply and bitterly incensed to find that his brother left you co-heir
+with himself, who hastened to desert you when you were plunged in
+grief and mourning, and fled from your bosom to Aemilianus and
+Rufinus, who afterwards uttered many insults against you to your face,
+and manufactured others with the help of his uncle, who has dragged
+your name through the law-courts, has attempted by using your own
+letters publicly to besmirch your fair fame, and has accused upon a
+capital charge the husband of your choice, with whom, as Pudens
+himself objected, you were madly in love! Open the will, my good boy,
+open it, I beg you. You will find it easier then to prove your
+mother's insanity.
+
+Why do you draw back? Why do you refuse to look at it, now that you
+are free from all anxiety about the inheritance of your mother's
+fortune?
+
+101. He may do as he likes, Maximus, but for my part I cast these
+tablets at your feet and call you to witness that henceforth I shall
+show greater indifference as to what Pudentilla may write in her will.
+He may approach his mother himself for the future; he has made it
+impossible for me to plead for him again. He is now a man and his own
+master; henceforth let him himself dictate to his mother the terms[34]
+of an unpalatable will, himself smooth away her anger. He who can
+plead in court, will be able to plead with his mother. I am more than
+satisfied not only to have refuted the miscellaneous accusations
+brought against myself, but also to have utterly swept away the
+hateful charge on which the whole trial is based, the charge of having
+attempted to secure the inheritance for myself.
+
+[Footnote 34: Omit _qui_ inserted by Helm after _ut_.]
+
+I will bring one final proof to show the falsity of that last charge
+before I bring my speech to a close. I wish to pass nothing over in
+silence. You asserted that I bought a most excellent farm in my own
+name, but with a large sum of money which belonged to my wife. I say
+that a tiny property was bought for 60,000 sesterces, and bought not
+by me but by Pudentilla in her own name, that Pudentilla's name is in
+the deed of sale, and that the taxes paid on the land are paid in the
+name of Pudentilla. The honourable Corvinus Celer, the state treasurer
+to whom the tax is paid, is here in court. Cassius Longinus also is
+present, my wife's guardian and trustee, a man of the loftiest and
+most irreproachable character. I cannot speak of him save with the
+deepest respect. Ask him, Maximus, what was the purchase which he
+authorized, and what was the trifling sum for which this wealthy lady
+bought her little estate. (_Cassius Longinus and Corvinus Celer give
+evidence._)
+
+Is it as I said? Is my name ever mentioned in the deed of sale? Is the
+price paid for this trifling property such as should excite any
+prejudice against me, or did my wife give me even so much as this
+small gift?
+
+102. What is there left, Aemilianus, that in your opinion I have
+failed to refute? What had I to gain by my magic that should lead me
+to attempt to win Pudentilla by love-philtres? What had I to gain from
+her? A small dowry instead of a large one? Truly my incantations were
+miraculous. That she should refund her dowry to her sons rather than
+leave it in my possession? What magic can surpass this? That she
+should at my exhortation present the bulk of her property to her sons
+and leave me nothing, although before her marriage with myself she had
+shown them no special generosity? What a criminal use of
+love-philtres! or perhaps I had better call it a generous action which
+has not received its deserts! By her will, which she drew up in a fit
+of violent irritation against her son, she leaves as her heir that
+same son with whom she had quarrelled, rather than myself to whom she
+was devoted! For all my incantations it was only with difficulty that
+I persuaded her to this. Suppose that you were pleading your case, not
+before Claudius Maximus, a man of the utmost fairness and unswerving
+justice, but before a judge of depraved morals and of ferocious
+temper, one in fact who naturally inclined to the side of the accuser
+and was only too ready to condemn the accused! Give him some hint to
+follow! Give him even the slightest reasonable opportunity for
+declaring in your favour! At least invent something, devise some
+suitable reply to questions such as have been put to you. Nay, since
+every action must necessarily have some motive, answer me this, you
+who say that Apuleius tried to influence Pudentilla's heart by magical
+charms, answer me this! What did he seek to get from her by so doing?
+Was he in love with her beauty? You say not! Did he covet her wealth?
+The evidence of the marriage settlement denies it, the evidence of the
+deed of gift denies it, the evidence of the will denies it! It shows
+not only that I did not court the generosity of my wife, but that I
+even repulsed it with some severity. What other motives can you
+allege? Why are you struck dumb? Why this silence? What has become of
+that ferocious utterance with which you opened the indictment, couched
+in the name of my step-son? 'This is the man, most excellent Maximus,
+whom I have resolved to indict before you.'
+
+103. Why did you not add 'He whom I indict is my teacher, my
+step-father, my mediator'? But how did you proceed? 'He is guilty of
+the most palpable and numerous sorceries.' Produce one of these many
+sorceries or at least some doubtful instance from those which you
+style so palpable. Nay, see whether I cannot reply to your various
+charges with two words to each. 'You clean your teeth.' Excusable
+cleanliness. 'You look into mirrors.' Philosophers should. 'You write
+verse.' 'Tis permitted. 'You examine fish.' Following Aristotle. 'You
+worship a piece of wood.' So Plato. 'You marry a wife.' Obeying law.
+'She is older than you.' Nothing commoner. 'You married for money.'
+Take the marriage-settlement, remember the deed of gift, read the
+will!
+
+If I have rebutted all their charges, word by word, if I have refuted
+all their slanders, if I am beyond reproach, not only as regards their
+accusations but also as regards their vulgar abuse, if I have done
+nothing to impair the honour of philosophy, which is dearer to me than
+my own safety, but on the contrary have smitten my adversary hip and
+thigh and vanquished him at all points, if all my contentions are
+true, I can await your estimate of my character with the same
+confidence with which I await the exercise of your power; for I regard
+it as less serious and less terrible to be condemned by the proconsul
+than to incur the disapproval of so good and so perfect a man.
+
+
+
+
+THE FLORIDA
+
+
+_The exordium to a discourse delivered in a town through which
+Apuleius passes in the course of a journey._
+
+1. It is the usual practice of wayfarers with a religious disposition,
+when they come upon a sacred grove or holy place by the roadside, to
+utter a prayer, to offer an apple, and pause for a moment from their
+journeying. So I, on entering the revered walls of your city, feel
+that, for all my haste, it is my duty to ask your favour, to make an
+address, and to break the speed of my journey. I cannot conceive aught
+that could give a traveller juster cause to halt in sign of reverence;
+no altar crowned with flowers, no grotto shadowed with foliage,[35] no
+oak bedecked with horns, no beech garlanded with the skins of beasts,
+no mound whose engirdling hedge proclaims its sanctity, no tree-trunk
+hewn into the semblance of a god, no turf still wet with libations, no
+stone astream with precious unguents. For these are but small things,
+and though there be a few that seek them out and do them worship, the
+majority note them not and pass them by.
+
+[Footnote 35: _frondibus_, cod. Florent. 29. 2 man. primi
+correctoris.]
+
+
+_Man's sight compared with that of the eagle._
+
+2. But such was not the opinion of my master Socrates. For once when
+he saw a youth of handsome appearance who remained for a long time
+without uttering a syllable, he said to him, 'Say something, that I
+may see what you are like.' For Socrates felt that a man who spoke not
+at all was in a sense invisible, since he held that it was not with
+the bodily vision, but with the mind's eye and the sight of the soul
+that men should be regarded. In this he disagreed with the soldier in
+Plautus, who says,
+
+     _One man that has eyes is better by far as a witness than
+     ten that have ears._
+
+Indeed, for the purpose of examining men he had practically reversed
+the meaning of the line to
+
+     _One man that has ears is better by far as a witness than
+     ten that have eyes._
+
+Moreover, if the judgements of the eye were of greater value than
+those of the soul, we should assuredly have to yield the palm for
+wisdom to the eagle. For we men cannot see things far removed from us
+nor yet things that are very near us, but all of us to a certain
+extent are blind. And if you confine us to the eyes alone with their
+dim earthly vision, the words of the great poet will be very true,
+that a cloud as it were is shed upon our eyes and we cannot see beyond
+a stone's cast. The eagle, on the other hand, soars exceeding high in
+heaven to the very clouds, and rides on his pinions through all that
+space where there is rain and snow, regions beyond whose heights
+thunderbolts and lightnings have no place, even to the very floor of
+heaven and the topmost verge of the storms of earth. And having
+towered thus high, with gentle motion he turns his great body to glide
+to left or right, directing his wings, that are as sails, whither he
+will by the movement of his tail, which, small though it be, serves as
+a rudder. Thence he gazes down on the world, staying awhile in that
+far height[36] the ceaseless oarage of his wings and, poised almost
+motionless with hovering flight, looks all around him and seeks what
+prey he shall choose whereon to swoop[37] sudden like a thunderbolt
+from heaven on high. In one glance he sees all cattle in the field,
+all beasts upon the mountains, all men in their cities, all threatened
+at once by his intended swoop, and thence he falls to pierce with his
+beak and clutch with his claws the unsuspecting lamb, the timid hare,
+or whatsoever living creature chance offers to his hunger or his
+talons.
+
+[Footnote 36: _inhibens_ (Heinsius) _pinnarum eminus_ (MSS.).]
+
+[Footnote 37: _fulminis vicem de caelo improvisa, simul._ Van der
+Vliet places a comma after _vicem_ and gives none after _improvisa_.]
+
+
+_The story of Marsyas and his challenge to Apollo._
+
+3. Hyagnis, according to tradition, was the father and instructor of
+the piper Marsyas, and skilled in song beyond all others in the years
+when music was still in its infancy. It is true that as yet the sound
+of his breath lacked the finer modulations; he knew but a few simple
+modes and his pipe had but few stops. For the art was but newly born
+and only just beginning to grow. There is nothing that can attain
+perfection in its first beginnings; everything must commence by
+mastering the elements in hope, ere it can attain experience and
+success. Well, then, before Hyagnis the majority of musicians could do
+no more than the shepherds or cowherds of Vergil who
+
+     _Made sorry strains on pipes of scrannel straw._
+
+If any of them seemed to have made some real advance in art, even he
+played only on one pipe or one trumpet. Hyagnis was the first to
+separate his hands when he played, the first to fill two pipes with
+one breath, the first to finger stops with either hand and make sweet
+harmony of shrill treble and booming bass. Marsyas was his son, and
+though he possessed his father's skill upon the pipe, he was in all
+else a barbarous Phrygian, with a filthy beard and the grim and shaggy
+face of a wild beast. All his body was covered with hair and bristles,
+and yet--good heavens! he is said to have striven for mastery with
+Apollo. 'Twas hideousness contending with beauty, a rude boor against
+a sage, a beast against a god. The Muses and Minerva, hiding their
+amusement, stood by to judge, that they might make a mockery of the
+monster's uncouth presumption and punish his stupidity. But Marsyas,
+like the peerless fool he was, never perceived that he was an object
+of ridicule, and before he began to blow upon his pipes stammered out
+in his barbarous jargon some insane boasts about himself and Apollo.
+He prided himself on the mane thrown back from his brow, on his
+unkempt beard, his shaggy breast, his skill upon the pipes and his
+lack of wealth. By contrast--oh the absurdity of it!--he blamed Apollo
+for the opposite of these qualities, for being Apollo, for wearing his
+hair long, for having a fair face and smooth body, for his skill in so
+many arts, and for the opulence of his fortune. 'In the first place,'
+he said, 'his hair is smoothed and plastered into tufts and curls that
+fall about his brow and hang before his face. His body is fair from
+head to foot, his limbs shine bright, his tongue gives oracles, and he
+is equally eloquent in prose or verse, propose which you will. What of
+his robes so fine in texture, so soft to the touch, aglow with purple?
+What of his lyre that flashes gold, gleams white with ivory, and
+shimmers with rainbow gems? What of his song, so cunning and so sweet?
+Nay, all these allurements suit with naught save luxury. To virtue
+they bring shame alone!' And then he proceeded to display his own body
+as the model of perfection. The Muses laughed when they heard him
+denounce Apollo for possessing gifts such as the wise would pray to
+possess, and when this boastful piper had been defeated in the contest
+and had been skinned as though he were a two-footed bear, they left
+him with his entrails torn and exposed to the air. Thus did Marsyas
+sing for his own undoing, and such was his fall. As for Apollo he was
+ashamed of so inglorious a victory.
+
+
+_The piper Antigenidas._
+
+4. There was a certain piper named Antigenidas, whose every note made
+honeyed harmony. He had skill, too, to make music in every mode,
+choose which you would, the simple Aeolian or the complex Ionian, the
+mournful Lydian, the solemn Phrygian, or the warlike Dorian. Being
+therefore the most famous of all that played upon the pipe, he said
+that nothing so tormented him, nothing so vexed his heart and soul, as
+the fact that the musicians who played the trumpet at funerals were
+dignified by the name of pipers. But he would have endured this
+identity of names with equanimity, had he ever seen the performance of
+mimes; for he would have noted that the magistrates, who preside in
+the theatre, and the characters on the stage, who come in for a good
+cudgelling, are clad in practically the same purple garments. So too,
+had he ever watched our games! For he would have seen one presiding,
+another fighting, yet both of them sharing the same common humanity.
+He would have noted that the Roman toga is worn alike by him who
+performs a vow to heaven and by him that lies dead upon the bier, that
+the Grecian pallium serves to shroud the dead no less than to clothe
+the philosopher.
+
+
+_Fragment from the opening of a discourse delivered in a theatre._
+
+5. You have, I feel assured, come to this theatre with the best will
+in the world. For you know that the importance of an oration does not
+depend on the place in which it is delivered, but that the first thing
+that has to be considered is, 'What form of entertainment is the
+theatre going to provide?' If it is a mime, you will laugh; if a
+rope-walker, you will tremble lest he fall; if a comedian, you will
+applaud him, while, if it be a philosopher, you will learn from him.
+
+
+_India and the Gymnosophists._
+
+6. India is a populous country of enormous extent. It lies far to the
+east of us, close to the point where ocean turns back upon himself and
+the sun rises, on that verge where meet the last of lands and the
+first stars of heaven. Far away it lies, beyond the learned Egyptians,
+beyond the superstitious Jews and the merchants of Nabataea, beyond
+the children of Arsaces in their long flowing robes, the Ityreans, to
+whom earth gives but scanty harvest, and the Arabs, whose perfumes are
+their wealth. Wherefore I marvel not so much at the great stores of
+ivory possessed by these Indians, their harvests of pepper, their
+exports of cinnamon, their finely-tempered steel, their mines of
+silver and their rivers of gold. I marvel not so much that in the
+Ganges they have the greatest of all rivers which
+
+     _Lord of all the waters of the East
+     Is cloven and parted in a hundred streams.
+     A hundred vales are his, a hundred mouths,
+     And hundred-fold the flood that meets the main_;
+
+nor wonder I that the Indians that dwell at the very portals of day
+are yet of the hue of night, nor that in their land vast serpents
+engage in combat with huge elephants, to the equal danger and the
+common destruction of either; for they envelop and bind their prey in
+slippery coils so that they cannot disengage their feet nor in any
+wise break the scaly fetters of these clinging snakes, but must needs
+find vengeance by hurling their vast bulk to the ground and crushing
+the foe that grips them by the weight of their whole bodies. But it is
+of the marvels of men rather than of nature that I would speak.[38]
+For the dwellers in this land are divided into many castes. There is
+one whose sole skill lies in tending herds of oxen, whence they are
+known as the oxherds. There are others who are cunning in the barter
+of merchandise, others who are sturdy warriors in battle and have
+skill to fight at long range with arrows or hand to hand with swords.
+There is, further, one caste that is especially remarkable. They are
+called gymnosophists. At these I marvel most of all. For they are
+skilled--not in growing the vine, or grafting fruit-trees, or
+ploughing the soil. They know not how to till the fields, or wash
+gold, or break horses, or tame bulls, or to clip or feed sheep or
+goats. What, then, is their claim to distinction? This: one thing they
+know outweighing all they know not. They honour wisdom one and all,
+the old that teach and the young that learn. Nor is there aught I more
+commend in them than that they hate that their minds should be
+sluggish and idle. And so, when the table is set in its place, before
+the viands are served, all the youths leave their homes and
+professions to flock to the banquet. The masters ask each one of them
+what good deed he has performed between the rising of the sun and the
+present hour. Thereupon one tells how he has been chosen as arbiter
+between two of his fellows, has healed their quarrel, reconciled their
+strife, dispelled their suspicions and made them friends instead of
+foes. Another tells how he has obeyed some command of his parents,
+another relates some discovery that his meditations have brought him
+or some new knowledge won from another's exposition. And so with the
+rest of them,[39] they tell their story. He who can give no good
+reason for joining in the feast is thrust fasting from the doors to go
+to his work.
+
+[Footnote 38: _libentius ego_ (MSS.).]
+
+[Footnote 39: _denique ceteri commemorant_ (MSS.).]
+
+
+_On Alexander and false philosophers._
+
+7. The famous Alexander, by far the noblest of all kings, won the
+title of the Great from the deeds that he had done and the empire he
+had built, and thus it was secured that the man who had won glory
+without peer should never be so much as named without a word of
+praise. For he alone since time began, alone of all whereof man's
+memory bears record, after he had conquered a world-wide empire such
+as none may ever surpass, proved himself greater than his fortune. By
+his energy he challenged the most glorious successes that fortune
+could bestow, equalled them by his worth, surpassed them by his
+virtues, and stood alone in peerless glory, so that none might dare
+even hope for such virtue or pray for such fortune. The life of this
+Alexander is marked by so many lofty deeds and glorious acts, be it of
+prowess in the battle or statecraft in the council chamber, that you
+may marvel at them till you are weary. It is the story of all these
+great achievements that my friend Clemens, most learned and sweetest
+of poets, has attempted to glorify in the exquisite strains of his
+verse.
+
+Now among the most remarkable acts recorded of Alexander is this.
+Desiring that his likeness should be handed down to posterity with as
+little variation as possible, he refused to permit it to be profaned
+by a multitude of artists, and issued a proclamation to all the world
+over which he ruled that no one should rashly counterfeit the king's
+likeness in bronze or with the painter's colours, or with the
+sculptor's chisel. Only Polycletus might portray him in bronze, only
+Apelles depict him in colour, only Pyrgoteles carve his form with the
+engraver's chisel. If any other than these three, each supreme in his
+peculiar art, should be discovered to have set his hand to reproduce
+the sacred image of the king, he should be punished as severely as
+though he had committed sacrilege. This order struck such fear into
+all men that Alexander alone of mankind was always like his portraits,
+and that every statue, painting, or bronze revealed the same fierce
+martial vigour, the same great and glorious genius, the same fresh and
+youthful beauty, the same fair forehead with its back-streaming hair.
+And would that philosophy could issue a like proclamation that should
+have equal weight, forbidding unauthorized persons to reproduce her
+likeness; then the study and contemplation of wisdom in all her
+aspects would be in the hands of a few good craftsmen who had been
+carefully trained, and unlettered fellows of base life and little
+learning would ape the philosopher no longer (though their imitation
+does not go beyond the professor's gown), and the queen of all
+studies, whose aim is no less excellence of speech than excellence of
+life, would no longer be profaned by evil speech and evil living: and,
+mark you, profanation of either kind is far from hard. What is more
+readily come by than madness of speech and worthlessness of character?
+The former springs from contempt of others, the latter from contempt
+of self. For to show little care for one's own character is
+self-contempt, while to attack others with uncouth and savage speech
+is an insult to those that hear you. For is it not the height of
+insolence, think you, that a man should deem you to rejoice in hearing
+abuse of the best of men, and should believe that you do not
+understand evil and wicked words, or, if you do understand them, hold
+them to be good? What boor, what porter, what taverner is so poor of
+speech that could not curse more eloquently than these folk, if he
+would consent to assume the professor's gown?
+
+
+_A eulogy of the proconsul of Africa._
+
+8. He owes more to his personal character than to his rank, although
+even his rank is one that is shared by few. For out of numberless
+multitudes of men not many are senators, of senators but few are of
+noble birth, of the noble but few attain to the rank of consul, of
+consuls but few are good, and of the good but few are learned. But to
+confine what I have to say to his high office, 'tis not lightly that
+any man may assume the insignia of his rank either as regards clothing
+or foot-gear.
+
+
+_A defence of himself against his critics and a laudation of the
+proconsul Severianus._
+
+9. If it should so chance that in this magnificent gathering there
+should sit any of those that envy or hate me, since in a great city
+persons may always be found who prefer to abuse rather than imitate
+persons better than themselves, and, since they cannot be like them,
+affect to hate them. They do this of course in order to illumine the
+obscurity that shrouds their own names by the splendour that falls
+from mine; if then, I say, any one of these envious persons sullies
+this distinguished audience with the stain of his presence, I would
+ask him for a moment to cast his eyes round this incredibly vast
+concourse. When he has contemplated a throng such as before my day
+never yet gathered to listen to a philosopher, let him consider in his
+heart how great a risk to his reputation is undertaken by a man who is
+not used to contempt in appearing here to-day; for it is an arduous
+task, and far from easy of accomplishment, to satisfy even the
+moderate expectations of a few. Above all it is difficult for me, for
+the fame I have already won and your own kindly anticipation of my
+skill will not permit me to deliver any ill-considered or superficial
+utterance. For what man among you would pardon me one solecism or
+condone the barbarous pronunciation of so much as one syllable? Who of
+you will suffer me to stammer in disorderly and faulty phrases such as
+might rise to the lips of madmen? In others of course you would pardon
+such lapses, and very rightly so. But you subject every word that _I_
+utter to the closest examination, you weigh it carefully, you try it
+by the plumb-line and the file, you test it by the polish of the lathe
+and the sublimity of the tragic buskin. Such is the indulgence
+accorded to mediocrity, such the severity meted out to distinction. I
+recognize, therefore, the difficulty of the task that lies before me,
+and I do not ask you to alter the opinions you entertain of me. Yet I
+would not have you deceived by false and petty resemblances, for, as I
+have often said, there are certain strolling beggars who assume a
+professor's gown to win their livelihood. Not only the proconsul, but
+the town crier also ascends the tribunal and appears wearing the toga
+like his master. But the crier stands upon his feet for hours
+together, or strides to and fro, or bawls his news with all the
+strength of his lungs. The proconsul, on the contrary, speaks quietly
+and with frequent pauses, sits while he speaks, and often reads from a
+written document. This is only natural. For the garrulous voice of the
+crier is the voice of a hired servant, the words read by the
+proconsul from a written document constitute a judgement, which, once
+read, may not have one letter added to it or taken away, but so soon
+as it is delivered, is set down in the provincial records. My literary
+position will provide a humble analogy. All that I utter before you is
+forthwith taken down and read. I can withdraw or change nothing, nor
+make the least correction. I must therefore be all the more careful in
+what I say before you, and that too with regard to more than one form
+of composition. For there is greater variety in the works of my muse
+than in all the elaborate achievements of Hippias. If you will give me
+your best attention I will explain what I mean with greater detail and
+precision.
+
+Hippias was one of the sophists, and surpassed all his fellows in the
+variety of his accomplishments, while as an orator he was second to
+none. He was a contemporary of Socrates, and a native of Elis. Of his
+family nothing is known. But his fame was great, his fortune moderate;
+moreover he had a noble wk and an extraordinary memory, pursued many
+branches of study, and had many rivals. This Hippias, of whom I speak,
+once came to Pisa during the Olympian games arrayed in raiment that
+was as remarkable to the eye as it was wonderful in its workmanship.
+For he had purchased nothing of what he wore: it was all the work of
+his own hands, the clothes in which he was clad, the shoes wherewith
+he was shod, and the jewels that made him conspicuous. Next his skin
+he wore an undershirt of triple weft and the finest texture, double
+dyed with purple. He had woven it for himself in his own house with
+his own hands. He had for girdle a belt, broidered in Babylonian
+fashion with many varied colours. In this also no man else had helped
+him. For outer garment he had a white cloak cast about his shoulders;
+this cloak also is known to have been the work of his own hands. He
+had fashioned even the shoes that covered his feet and the ring of
+gold with its cunningly engraved signet which he displayed on his left
+hand. Himself he had wrought the circle of gold, had closed the bezel
+around the gem and engraved the stone. I have not yet told you all the
+tale of his achievements. But I will not shrink from enumerating all
+the marvels that he thought it no shame to show. For he proclaimed
+before that vast concourse that his own hands had fashioned the
+oil-flask which he carried. It was in shape a flattened sphere, and
+its outlines were round and smooth. Beside it he showed an exquisite
+flesh-scraper, the handle[40] of which was straight, while the tongue
+was curved and grooved with hollow channels, so that the hand might
+have a firm grip and the sweat might be carried off in a trickling
+stream from the blade. Who could withhold praise from a man who had
+such manifold knowledge of so many arts, who had won such glory in
+every branch of knowledge, who was, in fact, a very Daedalus,[41] such
+skill had he to fashion so many useful instruments? Nay, I myself
+praise Hippias, but I prefer to imitate his fertile genius in respect
+of the learning, rather than of the furniture with which it was so
+richly equipped. I have, I confess, but indifferent skill in these
+sedentary arts. When I want clothes I buy them from the weaver, when I
+want sandals, such as I am now wearing, I purchase them from the
+shoemaker. I do not carry a ring, since I regard gold and precious
+stones of as little value as pebbles or lead. As for flesh-scrapers
+and oil-flasks and other utensils of the bath I procure them in the
+market. I will not go to the extent of denying that I am wholly
+ignorant how to use a shuttle, an awl, a file, a lathe, and other
+tools of the kind, but I confess that I infinitely prefer to all these
+instruments one simple pen, with which I may write poems of all kinds,
+such as may suit with the reciter's wand and the accompaniment of the
+lyre or grace the comic or the tragic stage. Satires also do I write
+and riddles, histories also on diverse themes, speeches that the
+eloquent and dialogues that philosophers have praised. Nay, and I
+write all these and much besides with equal fluency in Greek and
+Latin, with equal pleasure, like ardour and uniform skill. Most
+excellent proconsul, I would I could offer all these works of mine not
+in fragments and quotations but in entirety and completeness! Would I
+might enjoy the priceless boon of your testimony to the merits of all
+the offspring of my muse! It is not that I lack praise, for my glory
+has long bloomed fresh and bright before the eyes of all your
+predecessors, till to-day it is presented to you! But there is none
+whose admiration I would more gladly win than yours, for I admire you
+beyond all other men by reason of your surpassing virtues. Such is the
+ordinance of nature. Praise implies love and, love once given to
+another, we demand his praise in return. And I acknowledge that I love
+you; no private tie of interest binds me to you, it is in your public
+capacity that you have won my devotion. I have never received any
+favour at your hands, for I have never asked for one. But philosophy
+has taught me not only to love my benefactors, but even such as may
+have done me injury, to attach greater importance to justice than to
+my private interests, and to prefer the furtherance of the public
+welfare to the service of my own. And so it comes about that while
+most men love you for the actual benefits conferred upon them by your
+goodness, I love you for the zeal with which that goodness is
+inspired. And the secret of my devotion is this. I have seen your
+moderation in dealing with the affairs of the inhabitants of this
+province, a moderation which has won the affection of those who have
+come into contact with you by the benefits you have conferred on them,
+of those with whom you have never come into contact by the good
+example you have set. For while many have received your benefits, all
+have profited by your example. Who would not gladly learn from you by
+what moderation one may acquire your pleasing gravity, your severity
+tempered with mercy, your unruffled resolution and the kindly energy
+of your character? Africa has within my knowledge had no proconsul
+whom she reverenced more or feared less. Your year of office stands
+alone; for in it shame rather than fear has been the motive to set a
+check on crime. No other invested with your power has more often
+blessed, more rarely terrified: no governor has ever brought a son
+with him more like his father's virtues than is yours; and for this
+reason no proconsul has ever resided longer at Carthage than have you.
+For during the period which you devoted to visiting the province,
+Honorinus remained with us; wherefore, though we have never regretted
+our governor's absence more, we have felt it less. For the son has all
+his father's sense of justice, the youth has all an old man's wisdom,
+the deputy has all the consul's authority. In a word, he presents such
+a perfect pattern and likeness of your virtues, that the glory
+acquired by one so young would, I vow, be a greater source of wonder
+than your own, save for one fact; he has inherited it from you. Would
+we might live in the joy of his perpetual presence! What need have we
+of change of governors? What profit of these short years, these
+fleeting months of office? Ah! how swiftly pass the days, when the
+good are with us, how quickly spent the term of power for all the best
+of those who have ruled over us! Ah! Severianus, the whole province
+will sigh for your departure. But Honorinus at least is called away
+by the honours which are his due; the praetorship awaits him; the
+favour of the two Caesars forms him for the consulate; to-day our love
+enfolds him, and the hopes of Carthage promise that in the years to
+come he will be here once more. Your example is our sole comfort; he
+who has served as deputy shall soon return to us as proconsul!
+
+[Footnote 40: _clausulae_ vulgo.]
+
+[Footnote 41: _Daedalum_ (Krüger).]
+
+
+_On Providence and its marvels._
+
+     10. _First hail we thee, O Sun,
+         Whose fiery course and rushing steeds reveal
+         The glowing splendour of thy ardent flame._
+
+Hail we also the Moon, who learns of his light how she herself may
+shine, and the influences also of the five planets--Jupiter that
+brings blessings, Venus that brings pleasure, Mercury the giver of
+swiftness, Saturn the worker of bane, Mars with his temper of fire.
+There are also other divine influences, that lie midway 'twixt earth
+and heaven, influences that we may feel but not see, such as the power
+of Love and the like, whose force we feel, though we have never seen
+their form. So too on earth 'tis this force that, in accordance with
+the wise behests of providence, here bids the lofty peaks of mountains
+rise, there has spread forth the low flat levels of the plain, has
+marked out the streams of rivers and the greensward of the meadows,
+has given birds the power to fly, reptiles to crawl, wild beasts to
+run, and men to walk.
+
+
+_A comparison between those who lack wealth and those who lack
+virtue._
+
+11. He whose soul is barren of virtue is like those poor wretches that
+till a barren inheritance of stony fields, mere heaps of rocks and
+thorns. Since they may win no harvest from their own wildernesses, and
+find no fruit in a soil where only
+
+     _Wild oats and darnel rank have mastery_,
+
+conscious of their own poverty they go forth to steal the fruits of
+others and rifle their gardens, that they may mingle their neighbours'
+flowers with their own thistles.
+
+
+_On the Parrot._
+
+12. The parrot is an Indian bird, in size very slightly smaller than a
+dove. But there is nothing dovelike in its hue. For it has nothing of
+the milky whiteness or dull blue, blended or distinct, nor yet of the
+pale yellow or iridescence that characterize the dove. The parrot is
+green from the roots of its feathers to their very tips, save only for
+the markings on the neck. For its tiny neck is girdled and crowned
+with a slender band of crimson like a collar of gold, which is of
+equal brilliance through all its extent. Its beak is extraordinarily
+hard. If after it has soared to a great height it swoops headlong on
+to some rock, it breaks the force of its fall with its beak, which it
+uses as an anchor. Its head is not less hard than its beak. When it is
+being taught to imitate human speech, it is beaten over the head with
+an iron wand, that it may recognize its master's command. This is the
+rod of its school-days. It can be taught to speak from the day of its
+birth to its second year, while its mouth is still easily formed and
+its tongue sufficiently soft to learn the requisite modulations. On
+the other hand, if caught when it is old, it is hard to teach and
+forgets what it has learned. The parrot which is most easily taught
+the language of man is one that feeds on acorns and manlike has five
+toes on each foot. All parrots do not possess this last peculiarity,
+but there is one point which all have in common: their tongue is
+broader than that of any other bird. Wherefore they articulate human
+words more easily owing to the size of their palate and the organ of
+speech. When it has learnt anything, it sings or rather speaks it out
+with such perfect imitation that, if you should hear it, you would
+think a man was speaking; on the contrary if you hear a crow[42]
+attempting to speak, you would still call the result croaking rather
+than speech. But crow and parrot are alike in this; they can only
+utter words that they have been taught. Teach a parrot to curse and it
+will curse continually, making night and day hideous with its
+imprecations. Cursing becomes its natural note and its ideal of
+melody. When it has repeated all its curses, it repeats the same
+strain again. Should you desire to rid yourself of its bad language,
+you must either cut out its tongue or send it back as soon as possible
+to its native woods.
+
+[Footnote 42: _corvinam quidem si audias idem conantem, crocire non
+loqui._ The text is corrupt, Van der Vliet's suggestion probably gives
+the correct sense.]
+
+
+_A comparison between the eloquence of the philosopher and the song of
+birds._
+
+13. ... For the eloquence bestowed on me by philosophy has no
+resemblance to the song that nature has given to certain birds which
+sing but for a brief space and at certain times only. For instance,
+the swallows sing at morn, the cicalas at noon, the night-owl late in
+the dark, the screech-owl at even, the horned-owl at midnight, the
+cock before the dawn. Indeed these animals seem to have made a compact
+together as to the various times and tones of their song. The crowing
+of the cock is a sound should wake men from their beds, the horned-owl
+groans, the screech-owl shrieks, the night-owl cries 'tuwhit, tuwhoo',
+the cicalas chatter, and the swallows twitter shrill. But the wisdom
+and eloquence of the philosopher are ready at all times, waken awe in
+them that hear, are profitable to the understanding, and their music
+is of every tone.
+
+
+_On Crates the Cynic._
+
+14. These arguments and the like which he had heard from the lips of
+Diogenes, together with others which suggested themselves to him on
+other occasions, had such influence with Crates, that at last he
+rushed out into the market-place and there renounced all his fortune
+as being a mere filthy encumbrance, a burden rather than a benefit.
+His action having caused a crowd to collect, he cried in a loud voice,
+saying, 'Crates, even Crates sets thee free.' Thenceforth he lived not
+only in solitude, but naked and in perfect freedom and, so long as he
+lived, his life was happy. And such was the passion he inspired that a
+maiden of noble birth, spurning suitors more youthful and more wealthy
+than he, actually went so far as to beg him to marry her. In answer
+Crates bared his shoulders which were crowned with a hump, placed his
+wallet, staff and cloak upon the ground, and said to the girl, 'There
+is all my gear! and your eyes can judge of my beauty. Take good
+counsel, lest later I find you complaining of your lot.' But Hipparche
+accepted his conditions, replying that she had already considered the
+question and taken sufficient counsel, for nowhere in all the world
+could she find a richer or a fairer husband. 'Take me where you will!'
+she cried....
+
+
+_Of the isle of Samos and Pythagoras._
+
+15. Samos is an island of no great size in the Icarian sea, and lies
+over against Miletus to the west, with but a small space of sea
+between them. In whichever direction you sail from this island, though
+you make no great haste, the next day will see you safe in harbour.
+The land does not respond readily to the cultivation of corn, and it
+is waste of time to plough it. But the olive grows better in it, and
+those who grow vines or vegetables have no fault to find with it. Its
+farmers are entirely taken up with hoeing the ground and the
+cultivation of trees, for it is from these rather than from cereals
+that Samos derives its wealth. The native population is numerous, and
+the island is visited by many strangers. The capital town is unworthy
+of its reputation, but the abundant ruins of its walls testify to its
+former size.
+
+It possesses, however, a temple of Juno famous from remote antiquity:
+to reach it, if I remember aright, one must follow the shore for not
+more than twenty furlongs from the city. The treasury of the goddess
+is extraordinarily rich, containing great quantities of gold and
+silver plate, in the form of platters, mirrors, cups, and all manner
+of utensils. There is also a great quantity of brazen images of
+different kinds. These are of great antiquity, and remarkable for
+their workmanship; I may mention one of them in particular, a statue
+of Bathyllus standing in front of the altar; it was the gift of the
+tyrant Polycrates, and I think I have never seen anything more
+perfect. Some hold that it represents Pythagoras, but this opinion is
+incorrect. The statue represents a youth of remarkable beauty; his
+hair is parted evenly in the midst of his forehead and streams over
+either cheek. Behind his hair is longer and reaches down to his
+shoulders, covering the neck whose sheen one may detect between the
+tresses. The neck is plump, the jaws full, the cheeks fine, and there
+is a dimple in the middle of his chin. His pose is that of a player on
+the lyre. He is looking at the goddess, and has the appearance of one
+that sings, while his embroidered tunic streams to his very feet. He
+is girt in the Greek style, and a cloak covers either arm down to the
+wrists. The rest of the cloak hangs down in graceful folds. His lyre
+is fastened by an engraven baldric, which holds it close to the body.
+His hands are delicate and taper. The left touches the strings with
+parted fingers, the right is in the attitude of one that plays and is
+approaching the lyre with the plectrum, as though ready to strike as
+soon as the voice ceases for a moment to sing. Meanwhile the song
+seems to well forth from the delicate mouth, whose lips are half open
+for the effort. This statue may represent one of the youthful
+favourites of the tyrant Polycrates[43] hymning his master's love in
+Anacreontic[44] strain. But it is far from[45] likely that it is a
+statue of the philosopher Pythagoras. It is true he was a native of
+Samos, remarkable for his unusual beauty, and skilled beyond all men
+in harping and all manner of music, and living at the period when
+Polycrates was lord of Samos. But the philosopher was far from being a
+favourite of this tyrant. Indeed Pythagoras fled secretly from the
+island at the very beginning of the tyrant's reign. He had recently
+lost his father Mnesarchus, who was, I read, a skilful jeweller
+excelling in the carving of gems, though it was fame rather than
+wealth that he sought in the exercise of his art. There are some who
+assert that Pythagoras was about this time carried to Egypt among the
+captives of King Cambyses, and studied under the _magi_ of Persia,
+more especially under Zoroaster the priest of all holy mysteries;
+later they assert he was ransomed by a certain Gillus, King of Croton.
+However, the more generally accepted tradition asserts that it was of
+his own choice he went to study the wisdom of the Egyptians. There he
+was initiated by their priests into the mighty secrets of their
+ceremonies, passing all belief; there he learned numbers in all their
+marvellous combinations, and the ingenious laws of geometry. Not
+content with these sciences, he next approached the Chaldaeans and the
+Brahmins, a race of wise men who live in India.[46] Among these
+Brahmins he sought out the gymnosophists. The Chaldaeans taught him
+the lore of the stars, the fixed orbits[47] of the wandering lords of
+heaven, and the influence of each on the births of men. Also they
+instructed him in the art of healing, and revealed to him remedies in
+the search for which men have lavished their wealth and wandered far
+by land and sea.[48] But it was from the Brahmins that he derived the
+greater part of his philosophy, the arts of teaching the mind and
+exercising the body, the doctrines as to the parts of the soul and its
+various transmigrations, the knowledge of the torments and rewards
+ordained for each man, according to his deserts, in the world of the
+gods below. Further he had for his master Pherecydes, a native of the
+island of Syros and the first who dared throw off the shackles of
+verse and write in the free style of unfettered prose. Pherecydes died
+of a horrible disease, for his flesh rotted and was devoured of lice;
+Pythagoras buried him with reverent care. He is said also to have
+studied the laws of nature under Anaximander of Miletus, to have
+followed the Cretan Epimenides, a famous prophet skilled also in rites
+of expiation, that he might learn from him and also Leodamas, the
+pupil of Creophylus, the reputed guest and rival of the poet Homer.
+Taught by so many sages, and having drained such deep and varied
+draughts of learning through all the world, and being moreover dowered
+with a vast intellect whose grandeur almost passes man's
+understanding, he was the founder of the science and the inventor of
+the name of philosophy. The first of all his lessons to his disciples
+was the lesson of silence. With him meditation was a necessary
+preliminary to wisdom, meditation set a bridle on all speech, robbed
+words, which poets style winged, of their pinions and restrained them
+within the white barrier of the teeth. This, I tell you, was for him
+the first axiom of wisdom, 'Meditation is learning, speech is
+unlearning.' His disciples, however, did not refrain from speech all
+their lives, nor did their master impose dumbness on all for a like
+space of time. For those of more solid character a brief term of
+silence was considered sufficient discipline; the more talkative were
+punished by exile from speech for as much as five years. I may add
+that my master Plato deviates little or not at all from the principles
+of this school, and in most of his utterances is a follower of
+Pythagoras. And that I too might win from my instructors the right to
+be called one of his followers, I have learned this double lesson in
+the course of my philosophical studies--to speak boldly when there is
+need of speech and gladly to be mute when there is need of silence. As
+a result of this self-command, I think I may say that I have won from
+your predecessors no less praise for my seasonable silence than
+approval for the timeliness of my speech.
+
+[Footnote 43: _qui_ vulgo.]
+
+[Footnote 44: _Anacreonteum_ vulgo.]
+
+[Footnote 45: _ceterum multum abest_ (MSS.).]
+
+[Footnote 46: Omitting _illa_ before _Indiae gens est_.]
+
+[Footnote 47: _statos ambitus_ (Krüger).]
+
+[Footnote 48: _mortalibus_ MSS. _late pecuniis_ (Stewech).]
+
+
+_An oration of thanks to Aemilianus Strabo and the senate of Carthage
+for decreeing a statue in his honour._
+
+16. Before I begin, illustrious representatives of Africa, to thank
+you for the statue, with the demand for which you honoured me while I
+was still with you, setting the seal upon your kindness by actually
+decreeing its erection during my absence, I wish first to explain to
+you why I absented myself for a considerable number of days from the
+sight of my audience and betook myself to the Persian baths, where the
+healthy may find delightful bathing, and the sick a no less welcome
+relief. For I have resolved to make it clear to you, to whose service
+I have dedicated myself irrevocably and for ever, that every moment of
+my life is well spent. There shall be no action of mine, important or
+trivial, but you shall be informed of it and pass judgement upon it.
+Well then! to come to the reason for my sudden departure from the
+presence of this most distinguished assembly, I will tell you a story
+of the comic poet Philemon which is not so very unlike my own and will
+serve to show you how sudden and unexpected are the perils that
+threaten the life of man. You all are well acquainted with his
+talents, listen then to a few words concerning his death, or perhaps
+you would like a few words on his talents as well.
+
+This Philemon was a poet, a writer of the middle comedy, and composed
+plays for the stage in competition with Menander and contested against
+him. He may not have been his equal, he was certainly his rival. Nay,
+on not a few occasions--I am almost ashamed to mention it--he actually
+defeated him. However this may be, you will certainly find his works
+full of humour: the plots are full of wittily contrived intrigue, the
+_dénouements_ clear, the characters suited to the situations, the
+words true to life, the jests never unworthy of true comedy, the
+serious passages never quite on the level of tragedy. Seductions are
+rare in his plays; if he introduces love affairs, it is as a
+concession to human weakness. That does not, however, prevent the
+presence in his plays of the faithless pander, the passionate lover,
+the cunning slave, the coquetting mistress, the jealous wife whose
+word is law, the indulgent mother, the crusty uncle, the friend in
+need, the warlike soldier, aye and hungry parasites, skinflint
+parents, and saucy drabs. One day, long after these excellences had
+made him famous as a writer of comedy, he happened to give a
+recitation of a portion of a play which he had just written. He had
+reached the third act, and was beginning to arouse in his audience
+those pleasurable emotions so dear to comedy, when a sudden shower
+descended and forced him to put off the audience gathered to hear him
+and the recitation which he had just begun. A similar event befell me,
+you will remember, quite recently when I was addressing you. However,
+Philemon, at the demand of various persons, promised to finish his
+recitation the next day without further postponement. On the morrow,
+therefore, a vast crowd assembled to hear him with the utmost
+enthusiasm. Everybody who could do so took a seat facing the stage and
+as near to it as he could get. Late arrivals made signs to their
+friends to make room for them to sit: those who sat at the end of a
+row complained of being thrust off their seat into the gangway; the
+whole theatre was crammed with a vast audience. A hum of
+conversation[49] arose. Those who had not been present the previous
+day began to ask what had been recited; those who had been present
+began to recall what they had heard, and finally when everybody had
+made themselves acquainted with what had preceded, all began to look
+forward to what was to come. Meanwhile the day wore on and Philemon
+failed to come at the appointed time. Some blamed the poet for the
+delay, more defended him. But when they had sat there for quite an
+unreasonable length of time and still Philemon did not make his
+appearance, some of the more active members of the audience were sent
+to fetch him. They found him lying in his bed--dead. He had just
+breathed his last, and lay there upon the couch stiff and stark in the
+attitude of one plunged in meditation. His fingers still were twined
+about his book, his mouth still pressed against the page he had been
+reading. But the life had left him; he had forgotten his book, and
+little recked he now of his audience. Those who had entered the room
+stood motionless for a space, struck dumb by the strange suddenness of
+the blow and the wondrous beauty of his death. Then they returned and
+reported to the people that the poet Philemon, for whom they were
+waiting that there in the theatre he might finish the drama of his
+imagination, had finished the one true play, the drama of life, in his
+own home. To this world he had said 'farewell' and 'applaud', but to
+his friends 'weep and make your moan'. 'The shower of yesterday,' they
+continued, 'was an omen of our tears; the comedy has ended in the
+torch of funeral or ever it could come to the torch of marriage. Nay,
+since so great a poet has laid aside the mask of this life, let us go
+straight from the theatre to perform his burial. 'Tis his bones we now
+must gather to our hearts; his verse must for awhile take second
+place.'
+
+[Footnote 49: _loqui_ (Van der Vliet).]
+
+It was long ago that I first learned the story I have just told you,
+but the peril I have undergone during the last few days[50] has
+brought it afresh to my mind. For when my recitation was--as I am sure
+you remember--interrupted by the rain, at your desire I put it off
+till the morrow, and in good truth it was nearly with me as it was
+with Philemon. For on that same day I twisted my ankle so violently at
+the wrestling school that I almost tore the joint from my leg.
+However, it returned to its socket, though my leg is still weak with
+the sprain. But there is more to tell you. My efforts to reduce the
+dislocation were so great that my body broke out into a profuse sweat
+and I caught a severe chill. This was followed by agonizing pain in my
+bowels, which only subsided when its violence was on the point of
+killing me. A moment more and like Philemon I should have gone to the
+grave, not to my recital, should have finished not my speech but my
+destiny, should have brought not my tale but my life to a close. Well
+then, as soon as the gentle temperature and still more the soothing
+medical properties of the Persian baths had restored to me the use of
+my foot--for though it gave naught save the most feeble support, it
+sufficed me in my eagerness to appear before you--I set forth to
+perform my pledge. And in the interval you have conferred such a boon
+upon me that you have not only removed my lameness but have made me
+positively nimble.
+
+[Footnote 50: The reading is uncertain. Van der Vliet's suggestion
+seems to give the outline of the sense desired.]
+
+Was I not right to make all speed that I might express my boundless
+gratitude for the honour which you have conferred unasked. True,
+Carthage is so illustrious a city that it were an honour to her that a
+philosopher should beg to be thus rewarded, but I wished the boon you
+have bestowed on me to have its full value with no taint of
+detraction, to suffer no loss of grace by any petition on my part, in
+a word to be wholly disinterested. For he that begs pays so heavily,
+and so large is the price that he to whom the petition is addressed
+receives, that, where the necessaries of life are concerned, one had
+rather purchase them one and all than ask them as a gift. Above all,
+this principle applies to cases where honours are concerned. He to
+whom they come as the result of importunate petition owes[51] no
+gratitude for his success to any save himself. On the other hand, he
+who receives honours without descending to vexatious canvassing is
+obliged to the givers for two reasons; he has not asked and yet he has
+received. The thanks, therefore, which I owe you are double or rather
+manifold, and my lips shall proclaim them at all times and places. But
+on the present occasion I will, as is my wont, make public
+protestation of my gratitude from a written address which I have
+specially composed in view of this distinction. For assuredly that is
+the method in which a philosopher should return thanks to a city that
+has decreed him a public statue. My discourse will, however, depart
+slightly from this method as a mark of respect to the exalted
+character and position of Aemilianus Strabo. I hope that I may be able
+to compose a suitable discourse if only you will permit me to submit
+it to your approbation[52] to-day. For Strabo is so distinguished a
+scholar, that his own talents bring him even greater honour than his
+noble rank and his tenure of the consulate. In what terms, Aemilianus
+Strabo, who of all men that have been, are, or yet shall be, are most
+renowned among the virtuous, most virtuous among the renowned, most
+learned amongst either, in what terms can I hope to thank or
+commemorate the gracious thoughts you have entertained for me? How may
+I hope adequately to celebrate the honour to which your kindness has
+prompted you? How may my speech repay you worthily for the glory
+conferred by your action? It baffles my imagination. But I will seek
+earnestly and strive to find a way
+
+     _While breath still rules these limbs and memory
+     Is conscious of its being._
+
+[Footnote 51: _unam gratiam_ vulgo.]
+
+[Footnote 52: _vobis comprobari_ (Krüger).]
+
+For at the present moment, I will not deny it, the gladness of my
+heart is too loud for my eloquence, I cannot think for pleasure,
+delight is master of my soul and bids me rejoice rather than speak.
+What shall I do? I wish to show my gratitude, but my joy is such that
+I have not yet leisure to express my thanks. No one, however sour and
+stern he be, will blame me if the honour bestowed on me makes me no
+less nervous[53] than appreciative, if the testimony to my merits,
+delivered by a man of such fame and learning, has transported me with
+exultation. For he delivered it in the senate of Carthage, a body
+whose kindness is only equalled by its distinction; and he that spoke
+was one who had held the consulship, one by whom it were an honour
+even to be known. Such was the man who appeared before the most
+illustrious citizens of the province of Africa to sing my praise!
+
+[Footnote 53: _non minus uereor quam intellego_ (Krüger).]
+
+I have been told that two days ago he sent a written request in which
+he demanded that my statue should be given a conspicuous place, and
+above all told of the bonds of friendship which began under such
+honourable circumstances, when we served together beneath the banner
+of literature and studied under the same masters; he then recorded[54]
+all the good wishes for his success with which I had welcomed each
+successive step of his advance in his official career. He had already
+done me a compliment in remembering that I had once been his fellow
+student: it was a fresh compliment that so great a man should record
+my friendship for him as though I were his equal. But he went further.
+He stated that other peoples and cities had decreed not only statues,
+but other distinctions as well in my honour. Could anything be added
+to such a panegyric as this, delivered by the lips of an ex-consul?
+Yes: for he cited the priesthood I had undertaken, and showed that I
+had attained the highest honour that Carthage can bestow. But the
+greatest and most remarkable compliment[55] paid me was this: after
+producing such a wealth of flattering testimonials he commended me to
+your notice by himself voting in my favour. Finally, he, a man in
+whose honour every province rejoices through all the world to erect
+four or six horse chariots, promised that he would erect my statue at
+Carthage at his own expense.
+
+[Footnote 54: _nunc postea vota omnia mea_ (MSS.).]
+
+[Footnote 55: om. _honos_ following MSS.]
+
+What lacks there to sanction and establish my glory and to set it on
+the topmost pinnacle of fame? I ask you, what is there lacking?
+Aemilianus Strabo, who has already held the consulship and is
+destined, as we all hope and pray, soon to be a proconsul, proposed
+the resolution conferring these honours upon me in the senate-house of
+Carthage. You gave your unanimous assent to the proposal. Surely in
+your eyes this was more than a mere resolution, it was a solemn
+enactment of law. Nay more, all the Carthaginians gathered in this
+august assembly showed such readiness in granting a site for the
+statue that they might make it clear to you that, if they put off a
+resolution for the erection of a second statue, as I hope,[56] to the
+next meeting of the senate, they were influenced by the desire to show
+the fullest reverence and respect to their honourable consular, and to
+avoid seeming to emulate rather than imitate his beneficence. That is
+to say, they wished to set apart a whole day for the business of
+conferring on me the public honour still in store. Moreover, these
+most excellent magistrates, these most gracious chiefs of your city,
+remembered that the charge with which you men of Carthage had
+entrusted them was in full harmony with their desires. Would you have
+me be ignorant, be silent, as to these details? It would be rank
+ingratitude. Far from that, I offer my very warmest thanks to the
+whole assembly for their most lavish favour. I could not be more
+grateful. For they have honoured me with the most flattering applause
+in that senate-house, where even to be named is the height of honour.
+And so I have in some sense achieved--pardon my vanity--that which was
+so hard to achieve, and seemed indeed not unnaturally to be beyond my
+powers. I have won the affections of the people, the favour of the
+senate, the approbation of the magistrates and the chief men of the
+city. What lacks there now to the honour of my statue, save the price
+of the bronze and the service of the artist? These have never been
+denied me even in small cities. Much less shall Carthage deny it,
+Carthage, whose senate, even where greater issues are at stake,
+decrees and counts not the cost. But I will speak of this more fully
+at a later date, when you have given fuller effect to your resolution.
+Moreover, when the time comes for the dedication of my statue, I will
+proclaim my gratitude to you yet more amply in another written
+discourse, will declare it to you, noble senators, to you, renowned
+citizens, to you, my worthy friends. Yes, I will commit my gratitude
+to the retentive pages of a book, that it may travel through every
+province and, worlds and ages hence, record my praises of your
+kindness to all peoples and all time.
+
+[Footnote 56: _quantum spero_ (MSS.).]
+
+
+_Fragment of a panegyric on Scipio Orfitus._
+
+17. I leave it to those who are in the habit of obtruding themselves
+upon their proconsul's leisure moments[57] to attempt to commend their
+wits by the exuberance of their speech, and to glorify themselves by
+affecting to bask in the smiles of your friendship. Both of these
+offences are far from me, Scipio Orfitus. For on the one hand my poor
+wit, such as it is, is too well known to all men to have any need of
+further commendation; on the other hand, I prefer to enjoy rather than
+to parade the friendship of yourself and such as you; I desire such
+friendship, but I do not boast of it, for desire can in no case be
+other than genuine, whereas boasting may always be false. With this in
+view I have ever cultivated the arts of virtue, I have always sought
+both here in Africa and when I moved among your friends in Rome to win
+a fair name both for my character and studies, as you yourself can
+amply testify, with the result that you should be no less eager to
+court my friendship than I to long for yours. Reluctance to excuse the
+rarity of a friend's appearances is a sign that you desire his
+continual presence; if you delight in the frequency of his visits or
+are angry with him for neglecting to come, if you welcome his company
+and regret its cessation, it is clear proof of love, since it is
+obvious that his presence must be a pleasure whose absence is a pain.
+But the voice, if it be refrained in continued silence, is as useless
+as the nostrils when choked by a cold in the head, the ears when they
+are blocked with dirt, the eyes when they are sealed by cataract. What
+can the hands do, if they are fettered, or what the feet, if they are
+shackled? What can[58] the mind that rules and directs us do, if it be
+relaxed in sleep or drowned in wine or crushed beneath the weight of
+disease? Nay, as the sword acquires its sheen by usage, and rusts if
+it lie idle, so the voice is dulled by its long torpor if it be hidden
+in the sheath of silence. Desuetude must needs beget sloth, and sloth
+decay. If the tragic actor declaim not daily, the resonance of his
+voice is dulled and its channels grow hoarse. Wherefore he purges his
+huskiness by loud and repeated recitation. However, it is vain toil
+and useless labour[59] for a man to attempt to improve the natural
+quality of the human voice. There are many sounds that surpass it. The
+trumpet's blare is louder, the music of the lyre more varied, the
+plaint of the flute more pleasing, the murmurs of the pipe sweeter,
+the message of the bugle further heard. I forbear to mention the
+natural sounds of many animals which challenge admiration by their
+different peculiarities, as, for instance, the deep bellow of the
+bull, the wolf's shrill howl, the dismal trumpeting of the elephant,
+the horse's lively neigh, the bird's piercing song, the angry roar of
+the lion, together with the cries of other beasts, harsh or musical,
+according as they are roused by the madness of anger or the charms of
+pleasure. In place of such cries the gods have given man a voice of
+narrower compass; but if it give less delight to the ear, it is far
+more useful to the understanding. Wherefore it should be all the more
+cultivated by the most frequent use, and that nowhere else[60] than in
+the presence of an audience presided over by so great a man, and in
+the midst of so numerous and distinguished a gathering of learned men
+who come kindly disposed to hear. For my part, if I were skilled to
+make ravishing music on the lyre, I should never play save before
+crowded assemblies. It was in solitude that
+
+     _Orpheus to woods, to fish Arion sang._
+
+[Footnote 57: om. _et negotiosis_ following MSS.]
+
+[Footnote 58: _quid si etiam_ (Krüger).]
+
+[Footnote 59: _cassus labor supervacaneo studio. Plurifariam
+superatur_, (MSS.). The reading is uncertain, but the above
+punctuation will yield adequate sense.]
+
+[Footnote 60: om. _usquam libentius_ with MSS.]
+
+For if we may believe legend, Orpheus had been driven to lonely exile,
+Arion hurled from his ship. One of them soothed savage beasts, the
+other charmed beasts that were compassionate: both musicians were
+unhappy, inasmuch as they strove not for honour nor of their free
+choice, but for their safety and of hard necessity. I should have
+admired them more if they had pleased men, not beasts. Such solitude
+were far better suited to birds, to blackbird and nightingale and
+swan. The blackbird whistles like a happy boy in distant wilds, the
+nightingale trills its song of youthful passion in the lonely places
+of Africa, the swan by far-off rivers chants the music of old age. But
+he who would produce a song that shall profit boys, youths, and
+greybeards, must sing it in the midst of thousands of men, even as now
+I sing the virtues of Orfitus. It is late, perhaps, but it is meant in
+all earnestness, and may prove no less pleasing than profitable to the
+boys, the youths, and the old men of Carthage. For all have enjoyed
+the indulgence of the best of all proconsuls: he has tempered their
+desires and restrained them with gentle remedies, he has given to boys
+the boon of plenty, to young men merriment, and to the old security.
+But now, Scipio, that I have come to touch on your merits, I fear lest
+either your own noble modesty or my own native bashfulness may close
+my mouth. But I cannot refrain from touching on a very few of the many
+virtues which we so justly admire in you. Citizens whom he has saved,
+show with me that you recognize them!
+
+
+_A discourse pronounced before the Carthaginians, incidentally
+treating of Thales and Protagoras._
+
+18. You have come in such large numbers to hear me that I feel I ought
+rather to congratulate Carthage for possessing so many friends of
+learning among her citizens than demand pardon for myself, the
+professed philosopher who ventures to speak in public. For the crowd
+that has collected is worthy of the grandeur of our city, and the
+place chosen for my speech is worthy of so great a multitude.
+Moreover, in a theatre we must consider, not the marble of its
+pavements, not the boards of the stage, nor the columns of the
+back-scene, nay, nor yet the height of its gables, the splendour of
+its fretted roofs, the expanse of its tiers of seats; we need not call
+to mind that this place is sometimes the scene for the foolery of the
+mime, the dialogue of comedy, the sonorous rant of tragedy, the
+perilous antics of the rope-walker, the juggler's sleight of hand, the
+gesticulation of the dancer, with all the tricks of their respective
+arts that are displayed before the people by other artists. All these
+considerations may be put on one side; all that we need consider is
+this, the discourse of the orator and the reasons for the presence of
+the audience. Wherefore, just as poets in this place shift the scene
+to various other cities--take, for instance, the tragic poet who makes
+his actor say
+
+     _Liber, that dwellest on these heights august
+     Of famed Cithaeron_
+
+or the comic poet who says
+
+     _Plautus but asks you for a tiny space
+     Within the circuit vast of these fair walls,
+     Whither without the aid of architect
+     He may transport old Athens,--_
+
+even so I beg your leave to shift my scene, not, however, to any
+distant city overseas, but to the senate-house or public library of
+Carthage. I ask you, therefore, if any of my utterances be worthy of
+the senate-house, to imagine that you are listening to me within the
+very walls of the senate-house; if my words reveal learning, I beg you
+to regard them as though you were reading them in the public library.
+Would that I could find words enough to do justice to the magnitude of
+this assembly and did not falter just when I would be most eloquent.
+But the old saying is true, that heaven never blesses any man with
+unmixed and flawless prosperity; even in the keenest joys there is
+ever some slight undertone of grief, some blend of gall and honey;
+there is no rose without a thorn. I have often experienced the truth
+of this, and never more than at the present moment. For the more I
+realize how ready you are to praise me, the more exaggerated becomes
+the awe in which I stand of you, and the greater my reluctance to
+speak. I have spoken to strange audiences often, and with the utmost
+fluency, but now that I am confronted with my own folk, I hesitate.
+Strange to say, I am frightened by what should allure, curbed by what
+should spur me on, and restrained by what should make me bold. There
+is much that should give me courage in your presence. I have made my
+home in your city which I knew well as a boy, and where my student
+days were spent. You know my philosophic views, my voice is no
+stranger to you, you have read my books and approved of them. My
+birthplace is represented in the council of Africa, that is, in your
+own assembly; my boyhood was spent with you, you were my teachers, it
+was here that my philosophy found its first inspiration, though 'twas
+Attic Athens brought it to maturity, and, during the last six years,
+my voice, speaking in either language, has been familiar to your ears.
+Nay more, my books have no higher title to the universal praise that
+is theirs, than the fact that you have passed a favourable judgement
+upon them. All these great and varied allurements, appealing as they
+do to you as well as to me, hamper and intimidate me just in
+proportion as they attract you to the pleasure of hearing me. I should
+find it far easier to sing your praises before the citizens of some
+other city than to your face. To such an extent is it true that
+modesty is a serious obstacle to one confronted by his fellow
+citizens, while truth may speak unfettered in the presence of
+strangers. But always and everywhere I praise you as my parents and
+the first teachers of my youth, and do my best to repay my debt. But
+the reward I offer you is not that which the sophist Protagoras
+stipulated to receive and never got, but that which the wise Thales
+got without ever stipulating for it. What is it you want? Ah! I
+understand. I will tell you both stories.
+
+Protagoras was a sophist with knowledge on an extraordinary number of
+subjects, and one of the most eloquent among the first inventors of
+the art of rhetoric. He was a fellow citizen and contemporary of the
+physicist Democritus, and it was from Democritus he derived his
+learning. The story runs that Protagoras made a rash bargain with his
+pupil Euathlus, contracting for an exceptionally high fee on the
+following conditions. The money was to be paid if Euathlus was
+successful in the first suit he pleaded in court. The young man
+therefore first learned all the methods employed to win the votes of
+the jurors, all the tricks of opposing counsel, and all the artifices
+of oratory. This he did with ease, for he was a very clever fellow
+with a natural aptitude for strategy. When he had satisfied himself
+that he had learned all he desired to know, he began to show
+reluctance to perform his part of the contract. At first he baffled
+his teacher's requests for payment by interposing various ingenious
+delays, and for a considerable time refused either to plead in court
+or to pay the stipulated fee. At last Protagoras called him into
+court, set forth the conditions under which he had accepted him as a
+pupil, and propounded the following dilemma. 'If I win,' he said, 'you
+must pay the fee, for you will be condemned to do so. If you win, you
+will still have to pay under the terms of your contract. For you will
+have won the first suit you have ever pleaded. So if you win, you lose
+under the terms of the contract: if you are defeated, you lose by the
+sentence of the court.' What more would you have? The jury thought the
+argument a marvel of shrewdness and quite irrefutable. But Euathlus
+showed himself a very perfect pupil of so cunning a master, and turned
+back the dilemma on its inventor. 'In that case,' he replied, 'I owe
+your fee under neither count. For either I win and am acquitted by the
+court, or lose and am released from the bargain, which states that I
+do not owe you the fee if I am defeated in my first case in court. And
+this is my first case! So in any case I come off scot free; if I lose,
+I am saved by the contract; if I win, by the verdict of the jury.'
+What think you? Does not the opposition of these sophistic arguments
+remind you of brambles, that the wind has entangled one with another?
+They cling together; thorns of like length on either side, each
+penetrating to an equal depth, each dealing wound for wound. So we
+will leave Protagoras' reward to shrewd and greedy folk. It involves
+too many thorny difficulties. Far better is that other reward, which
+they say was suggested by[61] Thales.
+
+[Footnote 61: _Thalem ... suasisse_ (MSS.).]
+
+Thales of Miletus was easily the most remarkable of the famous seven
+sages. For he was the first of the Greeks to discover the science of
+geometry, was a most accurate investigator of the laws of nature, and
+a most skilful observer of the stars. With the help of a few small
+lines he discovered the most momentous facts: the revolution of the
+years, the blasts of the winds, the wanderings of the stars, the
+echoing miracle of thunder, the slanting path of the zodiac, the
+annual turnings of the sun, the waxing of the moon when young, her
+waning when she has waxed old, and the shadow of her eclipse; of all
+these he discovered the laws. Even when he was far advanced into the
+vale of years, he evolved a divinely inspired theory concerning the
+period of the sun's revolution through the circle in which he moves
+in all his majesty. This theory, I may say, I have not only learned
+from books, but have also proved its truth by experiment. This theory
+Thales is said to have taught soon after its discovery to Mandraytus
+of Priene. The latter, fascinated by the strangeness and novelty of
+his newly acquired knowledge, bade Thales choose whatever recompense
+he might desire in return for such precious instruction. 'It is enough
+recompense,' replied Thales the wise, 'if you will refrain from
+claiming as your own the theory I have taught you, whenever you begin
+to impart it to others, and will proclaim me and no other as the
+discoverer of this new law.' In truth that was a noble recompense,
+worthy of so great a man and beyond the reach of time. For that
+recompense has been paid to Thales down to this very day, and shall be
+paid to all eternity by all of us who have realized the truth of his
+discoveries concerning the heavens.
+
+Such is the recompense I pay you, citizens of Carthage, through all
+the world, in return for the instruction that Carthage gave me as a
+boy. Everywhere I boast myself your city's nursling, everywhere and in
+every way I sing your praises, do zealous honour to your learning,
+give glory to your wealth and reverent worship to your gods. Now,
+therefore, I will begin by speaking of the god Aesculapius. With what
+more auspicious theme could I engage your ears? For he honours the
+citadel of our own Carthage with the protection of his undoubted
+presence. See, I will sing to you both in Greek and Latin a hymn
+which I have composed to his glory and long since dedicated to him.
+For I am well known as a frequenter of his rites, my worship of him is
+no new thing, my priesthood has received the smile of his favour, and
+ere now I have expressed my veneration for him both in prose and
+verse. Even so now I will chant a hymn to his glory both in Greek and
+Latin. I have prefaced it with a dialogue likewise in both tongues, in
+which Sabidius Severus and Julius Persius shall speak together. They
+are men who are deservedly bound alike to one another, and to you and
+the public weal by the closest ties of friendship. Both are equally
+distinguished for their learning, their eloquence, and their
+benevolence. It is difficult to say whether they are more remarkable
+for their great moderation, their ready energy, or the distinction of
+their career. They are united one to another by the most complete
+harmony. There is but one point on which rivalry exists between them,
+namely this: they dispute which has the greater love for Carthage; for
+this they contend with all their strength and all their soul, and
+neither is vanquished in the contest. Thinking, then, that you would
+be most delighted to listen to their converse, and that such a theme
+suited my powers and would be a welcome offering to the god, I begin
+at the outset of my book by making one of my fellow students of Athens
+demand of Persius in Greek what was the subject of the declamation
+delivered by myself on the previous day in the temple of Aesculapius.
+As the dialogue proceeds I introduce Severus to their company. His
+part is written in the language of Rome. For Persius, although a
+master of Latin, shall yet to-day speak to you in the Attic tongue.
+
+
+_A story of the physician Asclepiades._
+
+19. The famous Asclepiades, who ranks among the greatest of doctors,
+indeed, if you except Hippocrates, as the very greatest, was the first
+to discover the use of wine as a remedy. It requires, however, to be
+administered at the proper moment, and it was in the discovery of the
+right moment that he showed especial skill, noting most carefully the
+slightest symptom of disorder or undue rapidity of the pulse. It
+chanced that once, when he was returning to town from his country
+house, he observed an enormous funeral procession in the suburbs of
+the city. A huge multitude of men who had come out to perform the last
+honours stood round about the bier, all of them plunged in deep sorrow
+and wearing worn and ragged apparel. He asked whom they were burying,
+but no one replied; so he went nearer[62] to satisfy his curiosity and
+to see who it might be that was dead, or, it may be, in the hope to
+make some discovery in the interests of his profession. Be this as it
+may, he certainly snatched the man from the jaws of death as he lay
+there on the verge of burial. The poor fellow's limbs were already
+covered with spices, his mouth filled with sweet-smelling unguent. He
+had been anointed and was all ready for the pyre. But Asclepiades
+looked upon him, took careful note of certain signs, handled his body
+again and again and perceived that the life was still in him, though
+scarcely to be detected. Straightway he cried out 'He lives! Throw
+down your torches, take away your fire demolish the pyre, take back
+the funeral feast and spread it on his board at home'. While he spoke
+a murmur arose; some said that they must take the doctor's word,
+others mocked at the physician's skill. At last, in spite of the
+opposition offered even by his relations, perhaps because they had
+already entered into possession of the dead man's property, perhaps
+because they did not yet believe his words, Asclepiades persuaded them
+to put off the burial for a brief space. Having thus rescued him from
+the hands of the undertaker, he carried the man home, as it were from
+the very mouth of hell, and straightway revived the spirit within him,
+and by means of certain drugs called forth the life that still lay
+hidden in the secret places of the body.
+
+[Footnote 62: _uti_ (Beyte) _cognosceret more ingenii_ (MSS.). _more
+ingenii_ may be corrupt. If it may stand, it must mean 'as his nature
+prompted him', i.e. to satisfy his curiosity.]
+
+
+_A panegyric on his own talents._
+
+20. There is a remarkable saying of a wise man concerning the
+pleasures of the table to the effect that, 'The first glass quenches
+thirst, the second makes merry, the third kindles desire, the fourth
+madness.' But in the case of a draught from the Muses' fountain the
+reverse is true. The more cups you drink and the more undiluted the
+draught the better it will be for your soul's good. The first cup is
+given by the master that teaches you to read and write and redeems you
+from ignorance[63], the second is given by the teacher of literature
+and equips you with learning, the third arms you with the eloquence of
+the rhetorician. Of these three cups most men drink. I, however, have
+drunk yet other cups at Athens--the imaginative draught of poetry, the
+clear draught of geometry, the sweet draught of music, the austerer
+draught of dialectic, and the nectar of all philosophy, whereof no man
+may ever drink enough. For Empedocles composed verse, Plato dialogues,
+Socrates hymns, Epicharmus music, Xenophon histories, and Xenocrates
+satire. But your friend Apuleius cultivates all these branches of art
+together and worships all nine Muses with equal zeal. His enthusiasm
+is, I admit, in advance of his capacity, but that perhaps makes him
+all the more praiseworthy, inasmuch as in all high enterprises it is
+the effort that merits praise, success is after all a matter of
+chance. As an illustration I may remind you, that the law punishes
+even the premeditation of crime, though the criminal's purpose may
+never have been carried out; the hand may be pure, but there is blood
+upon the soul, and that suffices. As, then, to call down the doom of
+law it suffices to purpose deeds meet for punishment, so to win praise
+it is sufficient to essay deeds worthy of the voice of fame; and what
+greater or surer claim to praise may any man have than to glorify
+Carthage? For you, her citizens, are full of learning to a man, your
+boys learn, your young men display, and your old men teach all manner
+of knowledge. Carthage is the venerable instructress of our province,
+Carthage is the heavenly muse of Africa, Carthage is the fount whence
+all the Roman world draws draughts of inspiration.
+
+[Footnote 63: _litteratoris, ruditate_ (Krüger).]
+
+
+_An excuse for delay caused by social duties._
+
+21. Sometimes even when haste is most incumbent on us, the delays that
+slow our progress may bring such honour, that often we shall be glad
+to have been thwarted of our purpose. For instance, take the case of
+persons who are compelled to journey in such high haste, that they
+prefer the perils of the saddle to a seat in a carriage on account of
+the trouble caused by their baggage, the weight of the vehicle, the
+delays to progress, the roughness of the track, not to mention the
+boulders that beset the route, the tree trunks fallen across the way,
+the rivers that intersect the level, and the steep slopes of the
+mountains. Well, then, those who wish to avoid all these obstacles
+select a horse of tried endurance, mettle, and speed, that is to say,
+one strong to bear and swift to go, like the horse described by
+Lucilius that
+
+     _With one sole stride o'erpasses plain and hill._
+
+None the less, if as this horse bears them along on the wings of his
+speed, they chance to see some great personage, a man of noble birth,
+high wisdom, and universal fame, then, however pressing their haste,
+they refrain their speed that they may do him honour, slacken their
+pace and rein in their horse: then straightway leaping to the ground
+they transfer to their left hand the switch, which they carry
+wherewith to beat the horse, and with right hand thus left free
+approach the great man and salute him. If it please him for a while to
+ask questions of them, they will walk with him for a while and talk
+with him: in fact they will gladly suffer any amount of delay in the
+performance of the duty which they owe him.
+
+
+_On the Virtues of Crates._
+
+22. Crates, the well-known disciple of Diogenes, was honoured at
+Athens by the men of his own day as though he had been a household
+god. No house was ever closed to him, no head of a family had ever so
+close a secret as to regard Crates as an unseasonable intruder: he was
+always welcome; there was never a quarrel, never a lawsuit between
+kinsfolk, but he was accepted as mediator and his word was law. The
+poets tell that Hercules of old by his valour subdued all the wild
+monsters of legend, beast or man, and purged all the world of them.
+Even so our philosopher was a very Hercules in the conquest of anger,
+envy, avarice, lust, and all the other monstrous sins that beset the
+human soul. He expelled all these pests from their minds, purged
+households, and tamed vice. Nay, he too went half-naked and was
+distinguished by the club he carried, aye, and he sprang from that
+same Thebes, where Hercules, men say, was born. Even before he became
+Crates pure and simple, he was accounted one of the chief men in
+Thebes: his family was noble, his establishment numerous, his house
+had a fair and ample porch: his lands were rich and his clothing
+sumptuous. But later, when he understood that the wealth which had
+been transmitted to him, carried with it no safeguard whereon he might
+lean as on a staff in the ways of life, but that all was fragile and
+transitory, that all the wealth that is in all the world was of no
+assistance to a virtuous life....
+
+
+_On the uncertainty of fortune._
+
+23. Imagine some good ship, wrought by skilled hands, well built
+within and fairly adorned without, with rudder answering to the touch,
+taut rigging, lofty mast, resplendent tops, and shining sails; in a
+word, supplied with all such gear as may serve either for use or the
+delight of the eye. Imagine all this and then think how easily, if the
+tempest and no helmsman be her guide, the deep may engulf her or the
+reefs grind her to pieces with all her goodly gear. Again, when
+physicians enter a sick man's house to visit him, none of them bids
+the invalid be of good cheer on account of the exquisite balconies
+with which they see the house to be adorned, nor on account of the
+fretted ceilings all overlaid with gold, or the multitudes of handsome
+boys and youths that stand about the couch in his chamber. Rather the
+physician sits down by the man's bedside, takes his hand, feels it and
+explores the beat and movements of the pulse. If he discovers any
+irregularity or disorder, he informs his patient that he is seriously
+ill. Our rich man is bidden fast: on that day mid all the abundant
+store of his own house, he touches not even bread: and meanwhile all
+his slaves feast and are merry, and their servile state makes no
+difference to them.
+
+
+_An improvisation._
+
+24. You have asked me to give you an improvisation. Listen then. You
+have heard me speak prepared, now hear me unprepared. I think I risk
+but little in making an attempt to speak without premeditation in view
+of the extraordinary approval which I have won by my set speeches. For
+having pleased you by more serious efforts, I have no fear of
+displeasing you when I speak on a frivolous subject. But in order that
+you may know me in all my infinite variety, make trial of me in what
+Lucilius called
+
+     _The improviser's formless art_,
+
+and see whether I have the same skill at short notice as I have after
+preparation; if indeed there be any of you who have never heard the
+trifles I toss off on the spur of the moment. You will listen to them
+with the same critical exactitude that I have bestowed on their
+composition, but with greater complaisance, I hope, than I can feel in
+reciting them. For prudent judges are wont to judge finished works by
+a somewhat severe standard, but are far more complaisant to
+improvisations. For you weigh and examine all that is actually
+written, but in the case of extempore speaking pardon and criticism go
+hand in hand, as it is right they should. For what we read forth from
+manuscript will remain such as it was when set down, even though you
+say nothing, but those words which I must utter now and the travail of
+whose birth you must share with me, will be just such as your favour
+shall make them. For the more I modify my style to suit your taste,
+the more I shall please you.[64] I see that you hear me gladly. From
+this moment it lies with you to furl or spread my sails, that they
+hang not slack and drooping nor be reefed and brailed.
+
+[Footnote 64: _modificabor, tanto a vobis in maius tolletur._ So all
+editions before Van der Vliet. The words _tanto ... tolletur_ have no
+MS. support, but some such insertion is necessary for the sense.]
+
+I will try to apply the saying of Aristippus. Aristippus was the
+founder of the Cyrenaic school of philosophy and was a disciple of
+Socrates--a fact which he regarded as the greater honour of the two. A
+certain tyrant asked him what benefit he had derived from so long and
+so devoted a study of philosophy. 'It has given me the power,' replied
+Aristippus, 'to converse with all men without fear or concern.'
+
+My speech has begun with a certain abruptness of expression due to the
+suddenness with which the subject suggested itself to me. It is as
+though I were building a loose wall in which one must be content to
+pile the stones haphazard without filling the interior with rubble,
+levelling the front, or making all lines true to rule. For in building
+up this speech I shall not bring stones from my own quarry, hewn
+foursquare and planed on all sides with their outer edge cut smooth
+and level, so that the nail slips lightly over it. No! at every point
+I must fit in material that is rough and uneven, or slippery and
+smooth, or jagged, projecting and angular, or round and rolling. There
+will be no correction by rule, no measure or proportion, no attention
+to the perpendicular. For it is impossible to produce a thing on the
+spur of the moment and to give it careful consideration, nor is there
+anything in the world that can hope at one and the same time to be
+praised for its care and admired for its speed.
+
+
+_The fable of the fox and the crow._
+
+25. I have complied with the desire of certain persons who just now
+begged me to speak extempore. But, by Hercules, I fear that I may
+suffer the fate that befell the crow in Aesop's fable: namely, that in
+the attempt to win this new species of glory I may lose the little I
+have already acquired. What is this parable, you ask me? I will gladly
+turn fabulist for awhile. A crow and a fox caught sight of a morsel of
+food at the same moment and hurried to seize it. Their greed was
+equal, but their speed was not. Reynard ran, but the crow flew, with
+the result that the bird was too quick for the quadruped, sailed down
+the wind on extended pinions, outstripped and forestalled him. Then,
+rejoicing at his victory in the race for the booty, the crow flew into
+a neighbouring oak and sat out of reach on the topmost bough. The fox
+being unable to hurl a stone, launched a trick at him and reached him.
+For coming up to the foot of the tree, he stopped there, and seeing
+the robber high above him exulting in his booty, began to praise him
+with cunning words. 'Fool that I was thus vainly to contend with
+Apollo's bird! For his body is exquisitely proportioned, neither
+exceeding small nor yet too large, but just of the size demanded by
+use and beauty; his plumage is soft, his head sharp and fine, his beak
+strong. Nay, more, he has wings with which to follow, keen eyes with
+which to see, and claws with which to seize his prey. As for his
+colour, what can I say? There are two transcendent hues, the blackness
+of pitch and the whiteness of snow, the colours that distinguish night
+and day. Both of these hues Apollo has given to the birds he loves,
+white to the swan and black to the crow. Would he had given the latter
+a voice like the sweet song he has conferred upon the swan, that so
+fair a bird, so far excelling all the fowls of the air, might not
+live, as now he lives, voiceless, the darling of the god of eloquence,
+but himself mute and tongueless.' When the crow heard that, though
+possessed of so many qualities, there yet lacked this one, he was
+seized with a desire to utter as loud a cry as possible, that the swan
+might not have the advantage of him in this respect at any rate, and
+forgetting the morsel which he held in his beak, he opened his mouth
+to its widest extent, and thus lost by his song what his wings had won
+him, while the fox recovered by craft what his feet had lost him. Let
+us reduce this fable to the smallest number of words possible. The
+crow, to prove himself musical--for the fox pretended that this, the
+absence of a voice, was the sole slur on such exquisite beauty--began
+to croak, and delivered over the spoil which he carried in his mouth
+to the enemy who had thus ensnared him.
+
+
+_A transition from Greek to Latin._
+
+26. I have known for a long time what it is your demonstrations
+demand: namely, that I should deal with the rest of my material in
+Latin. For I remember that at the very beginning, when you were
+divided in opinion, I promised that neither party among you, neither
+those who insisted on Greek nor those who insisted on Latin, should go
+away without hearing the language he desired. Wherefore, if it seems
+good to you, let us consider that my speech has been Attic long
+enough. It is time to migrate from Greece to Latium. For we are now
+almost half through our inquiry and, as far as I can see, the second
+half does not yield to the first part which I have delivered in Greek.
+It is as strong in argument, as full of epigram, as rich in
+illustration and as admirable in style.
+
+
+
+
+NOTES
+
+
+THE APOLOGIA
+
+CHAPTER 1. _Claudius Maximus_, proconsul of Africa, is spoken of as
+having succeeded Lollianus Avitus. Lollianus Avitus was consul in 144
+A.D. As ten to thirteen years usually elapsed between tenure of the
+consulate and proconsulate, Lollianus Avitus may have been proconsul
+154-7 A.D., and Claudius Maximus 155-8 A.D.
+
+_gentlemen who sit beside him on the bench._ The governor of the
+province, when holding his assize, would be assisted by a _consilium_
+of assessors drawn partly from his staff, partly from the local
+_conventus civium Romanorum_.
+
+_Granii._ Nothing is known of this suit. Granii are mentioned as
+connexions of Lollius Urbicus (C.I.L. viii. 6705).
+
+CHAPTER 2. _Lollius Urbicus_ is described a few lines lower down as
+_praefectus urbi_, which is borne out by an inscription (C.I.L. vi.
+28). The lawsuit of Aemilianus must therefore have been heard at Rome.
+The explanation of the words _quam quidem vocem_, &c., which follow,
+imply that Lollius was now in Numidia. This is possible enough since
+an inscription (C.I.L. viii. 6705) proves him to have been a native of
+Tiddis in Numidia. The _praefectus urbi_ was assisted by a
+_consilium_, not by _iudices_. Here the members of the _consilium_ are
+described as _consulares_. [Cp. Karlowa, Röm. Rechtgesch., p. 551.]
+
+CHAPTER 4. _not merely in Latin but also in Greek._ Cp. Florida,
+chaps. 18 and 26.
+
+_Tannonius Pudens_, an advocatus of the accusers and, presumably, a
+relative.
+
+_Homer_, sc. Il. iii. 65.
+
+_Pythagoras_, inventor of the term [Greek: philosophia]; cp. Diog.
+Laert. i, proem. 12. He was a native of Samos and migrated to Croton.
+See Florida, chap. 15. Floruit circa 530 B.C.
+
+_Zeno_ of Velia or Elea in Lucania was the founder of dialectic.
+Floruit circa 450 B.C.
+
+_self inconsistency._ The phrase _argumenta ambifariam dissolvere_ is
+very obscure. I am indebted to Professor Cook Wilson for the following
+note. 'A comparison of the passage with the captious argument of
+Protagoras (Florida, chap. 17, _ambifariam proposuit_), which is in
+the form of a dilemma, might suggest that _ambifariam_ in both places
+means "by dilemma". But this is not a natural way of describing the
+method of Zeno. The characteristic of his philosophy was, according to
+tradition, that he tried to prove the thesis of Parmenides negatively
+by disproving the hypothesis contradictory to it. The disproof
+consisted in showing that the hypothesis in question involved a
+contradiction. If, therefore, _ambifariam_ means "by dilemma" it would
+appear that Apuleius did not understand the true characteristic of
+Zeno's method; for _dissolvere_ should refer to Zeno's method of
+disproof, which is not properly called dilemma.
+
+'But perhaps it is not necessary to assume such a mistake on the part
+of Apuleius. _Ambifariam_ may mean "ambiguously" in the sense of
+involving both sides of a contradiction (i.e. both of two
+contradictory propositions). This would suit the Protagoras passage
+well, for the argument, as the context shows, involves a
+contradiction. Zeno's argumentation also could be correctly described
+as _ambifariam dissolvere_, because he refuted the thesis opposed to
+that of Parmenides by showing that it involves a contradiction. Then
+the meaning of the passage would be that Zeno's cleverness
+(_sollertissimum artificium_) lay in the use of the _reductio ad
+absurdum_ argument. In that case the translation would be as given in
+the text.' I find a confirmation of Professor Cook Wilson's view in
+the following line, cited from Timon of Phlius by Diog. Laert. ix. v.
+2, where the word [Greek: amphoteroglôssos] is used with reference to
+Zeno's methods of argument, sc. [Greek: amphoteroglôssou te mega
+sthenos ouk alapadnon].
+
+_Plato_, sc. Parmenides, 127_b_.
+
+_capital charge._ There is an untranslatable pun here, _capitalis_
+bearing the double meaning 'capital' and 'pertaining to the head'.
+
+CHAPTER 5. _Statius Caecilius_, one of the most famous writers of
+comedy. He died 168 B.C.
+
+CHAPTER 6. _tooth-powder_, clearly a magical compound according to the
+accusers.
+
+_Catullus_, sc. xxxix. 17-21.
+
+CHAPTER 7. _the barrier of the teeth._ Homer, Odyss. i. 64.
+
+CHAPTER 8. _the crocodile._ See Herodotus ii. 68.
+
+CHAPTER 9. _Teian_, sc. Anacreon, circa 520 B.C.
+
+_Lacedaemonian_, sc. Alcman, circa 650 B.C.
+
+_Cean_, sc. Simonides, circa 520 B.C.
+
+_Lesbian_, sc. Sappho, circa 600 B.C.
+
+_Aedituus_, _Porcius_, _Catulus_, erotic epigrammatists of the
+Republican period, 130-100 B.C. The latter was Marius' colleague in
+the Cimbrian wars.
+
+_Solon._ The line ascribed to Solon is almost too gross in the
+original to be genuine.
+
+_Diogenes_, the founder of the Cynic school (died 324 B.C.), wrote
+'concerning marriage and the begetting of children' in an erotic
+fashion. Diog. Laert. vi. 2. 12.
+
+_Zeno_ of Citium, founder of the Stoic school (died 264 B.C.), wrote
+an 'art of love'. Diog. Laert. vii. 21. 29.
+
+CHAPTER 10. _Ticidas_, an erotic poet, contemporary with Catullus and,
+like him, belonging to the Alexandrian school.
+
+_Lucilius_, the first of Rome's great satirists (148-103 B.C.),
+famous for the extraordinary vigour with which he lashed the vices of
+the age. The allusion in the present passage is unknown, though a
+fragment is preserved containing the name of Macedo and possibly also
+of Gentius (cp. Baehrens, Fragm. Poet. Rom., p. 168).
+
+_the Mantuan poet._ Vergil, Ecl. ii.
+
+_Serranus_, the cognomen of Atilius Regulus, consul 257 B.C., the
+famous Regulus of the first Punic war.
+
+_Curius_ Dentatus, thrice consul, and victor over the Samnites and
+Pyrrhus.
+
+_Fabricius_, general in the war against Pyrrhus. Consul in 282 and 278
+B.C. These three great soldiers were selected as types of Roman
+virtue. Cp. Verg. Aen. vi. 485.
+
+_Dion_, brother-in-law and son-in-law of Dionysius II, tyrant of
+Syracuse, the friend and pupil of Plato, and for a brief space tyrant
+of Syracuse.
+
+CHAPTER 11. _Catullus_ xvi. 5.
+
+_Hadrian_, Emperor, 117-138 A.D.
+
+_Voconius_, mentioned here only.
+
+CHAPTER 12. _Venus is not one goddess but two._ For this doctrine see
+Plato's Symposium, p. 181.
+
+_Afranius_, the most famous writer of purely Roman comedy (_fabulae
+togatae_), floruit circa 110 B.C.
+
+CHAPTER 13. _Ennius_ (239-169 B.C.), the 'father of Roman Poetry'. Cp.
+Cic. de Or. ii. 156 'ac sic decrevi philosophari potius ut Neoptolemus
+apud Ennium "paucis: nam omnino haud placet"'.
+
+_the mirror_, clearly regarded by the accusers, though Apuleius does
+not say so, as a magical instrument.
+
+CHAPTER 15. _The Lacedaemonian Agesilaus_, the greatest of the Spartan
+kings, 440-360 B.C. Cp. Cic. ad Fam. v. 12.
+
+_Socrates._ Cp. Diog. Laert. ii. 5, 33.
+
+_Demosthenes_ and _Plato_. Cp. Quint. xii. 2. 22 and 10. 23.
+
+_Eubulides_, a sophist of Miletus. Cp. Diog. Laert. ii. 10. 4.
+
+_the orator when he wrangles_, &c. The pun on _iurgari_, 'wrangles,'
+and _obiurgari_, 'rebukes,' can scarcely be reproduced. 'Disproves'
+and 'disapproves' would weaken the translation.
+
+_Epicurus_ of Samos, born 342 B.C. For his views on vision cp. Lucret.
+iv. 156, on mirrors, 293.
+
+_Plato._ Cp. Timaeus, p. 46 A, 'Within the eyes they (the gods)
+planted that variety of fire which does not burn, but it is called
+light homogeneous with the light without. We are enabled to see in the
+daytime, because the light within our eyes pours out through the
+centre of them and commingles with the light without. The two being
+thus confounded together transmit movements from every object they
+touch through the eye inward to the soul, and thus bring about the
+sensation of the sight.' Grote's Plato iii. 265.
+
+_Archytas_ of Tarentum, a Pythagorean (circa 400 B.C.). _The
+Stoics_--believed that sight consisted in a refined fluid or visual
+effluence proceeding from the central intelligence through the eyes.
+'In the process of seeing, the [Greek: horatikon pneuma] (visual
+effluence) coming into the eyes from the [Greek: hêgemonikon] (central
+intelligence) gives a spherical form to the air before the eye by
+virtue of its [Greek: tonikê kinêsis] (i.e. the tension it sets up),
+and by means of the sphere of air comes in contact with things; and
+since by this process rays of light emanate from the eye, darkness
+must be visible.' Zeller, The Stoics, Epicureans, and Sceptics, p.
+209, note. Cp. Plut. Plac. Phil. iv. 15.
+
+CHAPTER 16. _two rival images of the sun._ Apparently an allusion to
+the phenomenon of mock suns. Archimedes had, according to Apuleius,
+treated of the rainbow and the mock sun in connexion with his
+researches into mirrors.
+
+CHAPTER 17. _Marcus Antonius_, the orator, born 143 B.C., Consul 99
+B.C.
+
+_Carbo_, consul 85-82 B.C., one of the leaders of the Marian party
+and the chief opponent of Sulla after Marius' death.
+
+_Manius Curius._ See note on chap. 10.
+
+_Marcus Cato_, consul in 195 B.C., conducted a successful campaign in
+Spain in that and the following year.
+
+CHAPTER 18. _Aristides_, the Athenian statesman and general, surnamed
+the just, died circa 468 B.C.
+
+_Phocion_, an Athenian general and statesman, born 402 B.C., died 317
+B.C. He was famous for his virtue and his poverty.
+
+_Epaminondas_, the great Theban general who fell at Mantinea, 362 B.C.
+He was of noble birth but poor.
+
+_Fabricius._ See note on chap. 10.
+
+_Gnaeus Scipio._ Cp. Val. Max. iv. 4. 10. 'In the second Punic war
+Gnaeus Scipio wrote to the senate from Spain, begging that he might be
+replaced in his command. For his daughter was now of marriageable age,
+but could not be provided with a dowry during his absence from Rome.'
+
+_Publicola_ (_Valerius_), colleague of Brutus in the consulship in the
+first year of the Republic.
+
+_Agrippa_, Menenius, consul 503 B.C., mediator between the _plebs_ and
+the nobles in 493 B.C., in which year he died.
+
+_Atilius Regulus._ See note on _Serranus_, chap. 10.
+
+CHAPTER 20. _Philus_, a sceptical academician, one of the circle of
+Scipio Africanus the younger.
+
+_Laelius_, the intimate friend of the younger Africanus.
+
+_Crassus_, the famous financier, triumvir with Caesar and Pompey.
+
+CHAPTER 22. _Crates._ See Florida 14 for some account of him. The rest
+of the poem on his wallet is preserved by Diog. Laert. vi. 5. 1, but
+is scarcely worth quoting.
+
+_Antisthenes_, the founder of the Cynic school of philosophy,
+flourished circa 366 B.C. He was the teacher of Diogenes.
+
+CHAPTER 24. _Lollianus Avitus._ See note on Claudius Maximus, chap.
+1.
+
+_Anacharsis_, a Scythian prince who travelled far in search of
+knowledge. He came to Athens in the time of Solon and created a great
+impression by his wisdom.
+
+_Meletides_ (or more properly Melitides) was an Athenian of proverbial
+stupidity, whose name was synonymous for blockhead. Eustathius on
+Odyss. x. 552, says that he could not count above five or distinguish
+between his father and mother!
+
+_Syphax_, king of the Massaesyli in W. Numidia, fought for the
+Carthaginians during the second Punic war, and was finally defeated
+and captured by Scipio in 203 B.C. After his fall _Masinissa_, King of
+the Massyli, was left supreme in Numidia.
+
+_duumvir._ The chief magistrates in a _colonia_ were styled _duumviri
+iure dicundo_.
+
+_the dignity of my position._ This is generally interpreted as meaning
+that Apuleius himself had become _duumvir_. It is more likely,
+considering his age and his continued absences from Madaura, that it
+means merely the position acquired for him by his father's
+distinguished office.
+
+CHAPTER 25. _Magician is the Persian word for priest._ 'The name
+_magi_ applied to all workers of miracles, strictly designates the
+priests of Mazdeism, and well-attested tradition made certain Persians
+the inventors of genuine magic, the magic which the Middle Ages styled
+the black art. If they did not invent it, for it is as old as
+humanity, they were at least the first to give magic a doctrinal basis
+and to assign it a place in a well-defined theological system.... By
+the Alexandrian period, books attributed to Zoroaster, Hostanes, and
+Hystaspes were translated into Greek.' Cumont, Les Religions
+Orientales dans le Paganisme Romain, p. 227. Cp. Pliny, N.H. xxx. 7.
+_Plato_, Alcibiades i. 121 E.
+
+_Zoroaster, son of Oromazes_, the founder of the ancient religion of
+Persia (Mazdeism).
+
+CHAPTER 26. _Plato._ The allusion is to Charmides, p. 157 A. Socrates
+offers Charmides a charm to cure the headache. But the charm will do
+more than cure the headache. 'I learnt it, when serving with the army,
+of one of the physicians of the Thracian King Zamolxis. He was one of
+those who are said to give immortality. This Thracian said to me ...
+"Zamolxis, our king, who is also a god, says that as you ought not to
+attempt to cure the eyes without the head or the head without the
+eyes, so neither ought you to attempt to cure the body without the
+soul," ... "For all good and evil, whether in the body or in human
+nature, originates, as he declared, in the soul, and overflows from
+thence, as from the head into the eyes. And therefore if the head and
+body are to be well, you must begin by curing the soul; that is the
+first thing. And the cure has to be effected by the use of certain
+charms, _and these charms are fair words_; and by them temperance is
+implanted in the soul, and where temperance is, there health is
+speedily implanted, not only to the head, but to the whole body."'
+(Jowett's Translation.) Apuleius scarcely makes a fair use of Plato's
+words, which he has so far detached from their context as to give them
+almost entirely a new meaning.
+
+_Zamolxis_, probably an indigenous deity of the Getae. Greek legend
+made him a Getan slave of Pythagoras, who on manumission went home,
+became priest of the chief deity of the Getae, and taught the
+Pythagorean doctrine of the immortality of the soul.
+
+CHAPTER 27. _Anaxagoras_ of Clazomenae, born about 499 B.C. He came to
+Athens and had great influence there, being the friend of Pericles and
+Euripides. He was, however, banished for unorthodoxy and died at
+Lampsacus aged 72.
+
+_Leucippus_, the founder of the atomic theory. His exact date and
+place of birth are uncertain.
+
+_Democritus_ of Abdera, born about 450 B.C. He developed the atomic
+theory of Leucippus.
+
+_Epicurus_, like Democritus and Leucippus, maintained the atomic
+theory. Cp. note on chap. 15.
+
+_Epimenides_, a seer and prophet of Crete who purified Athens of the
+plague with which she was afflicted in consequence of the crime of
+Cylon, circa 596 B.C.
+
+_Ostanes_, or Hostanes, a famous semi-fabulous magician of Persia.
+
+_the 'purifications' of Empedocles._ Empedocles of Agrigentum
+(flourished circa 450 B.C.) wrote a poem of 3,000 lines, entitled
+'purifications' ([Greek: katharmoi]). In this he recommended good
+moral conduct as a means of averting epidemics and other evils. But as
+a fragment quoted by Diog. Laert. viii. 59, shows, he claimed also to
+have power over the winds.
+
+_the 'demon' of Socrates_, the divine sign or voice [Greek:
+daimonion], which is represented by Socrates as having guided his
+actions, is never spoken of by him in terms that would lead us to
+suppose that he regarded it as a familiar spirit, though it is so
+treated by later writers (e.g. Plutarch, de genio Socratis, and
+Apuleius, de deo Socratis).
+
+_the 'good' of Plato._ The reference is probably to the identification
+of [Greek: to agathon] with the [Greek: dêmiourgos] the creator spoken
+of in the Timaeus.
+
+CHAPTER 30. _Vergil._ Cp. Ecl. viii. 64-82. Aen. iv. 513-16.
+
+_the wondrous talisman._ The allusion is to the _hippomanes_ or growth
+said to be found on the forehead of a new-born foal. Unless the mother
+was prevented she devoured it.
+
+_Theocritus_, sc. Id. ii.
+
+_Homer_, e.g. the adventures with Circe.
+
+_Orpheus._ See the Orphica (Abel), _Fr._ 172; Argonaut. 955 sqq.
+Lithica 172 sqq.
+
+_Laevius._ The MSS. give Laelius. But no poet Laelius is known. There
+was, however, a poet _Laevius_ at the beginning of the first century
+B.C.
+
+_the lover's knot._ The Latin is _antipathes_, explained by Abt
+(Apologie des Apuleius, p. 103) as _quod mutuum affectum provocat_.
+
+_the magic wheel_ spun rapidly to draw the beloved to the lover. Cp.
+Theocr. ii. 30. 'And as this brazen wheel spins, so may Delphis be
+spun by Aphrodite to my door.'
+
+_nails._ Portions of the beloved were valuable ingredients in charms.
+Cp. Apul. Metamorph. bk. iii, 16, 17, where hair from the beloved's
+head is required.
+
+_ribbons_ used as fillets during the ritual. Cp. chap. 30, 'soft
+garlands.'
+
+_the two-tailed lizard._ Theocr. ii. 57, testifies to the use of the
+lizard as a love charm. A magic papyrus from Egypt (Griffiths
+Thompson, col. xiii (23), p. 97) mentions a two-tailed lizard as an
+ingredient in a charm to cause death.
+
+_the charm that glads_, &c., sc. _hippomanes_; see note on preceding
+page.
+
+CHAPTER 31. _Homer._ Iliad xi. 741. Odyssey iv. 229.
+
+_Proteus._ Odyssey iv. 364.
+
+_Ulysses._ Odyssey xi. 25.
+
+_Aeolus._ Odyssey x. 19.
+
+_Helen._ Odyssey iv. 59.
+
+_Circe._ Odyssey x. 234.
+
+_Venus._ Iliad xiv. 214.
+
+_Mercury._ Cp. the magic hymn contained in a magical papyrus (Papyr.
+Lond. 46. 414). 'Thou art told of as foreknower of the fates and as
+the godlike dream sending oracles both by day and night.'
+
+_Trivia_ = Hecate.
+
+_Salacia_, a Roman sea-goddess, the wife of Neptune.
+
+_Portumnus_, the Roman harbour-god.
+
+CHAPTER 32. _Menelaus._ Hom. Odyss. iv. 368.
+
+CHAPTER 35. _A shell for the making of a will._ The pun _testa ad
+testamentum_ cannot be reproduced in English.
+
+_seaweed for an ague._ Here again there is an untranslatable jest.
+_Alga_ (seaweed) suggests _algere_, 'to be cold,' one of the symptoms
+of the ague (_querceram_).
+
+CHAPTER 36. _Theophrastus_ of Eresus, the favourite pupil of
+Aristotle.
+
+_Eudemus_ of Rhodes, also a disciple of Aristotle.
+
+_Lycon_ of Troas, a distinguished Peripatetic philosopher (floruit
+circa 272 B.C.).
+
+CHAPTER 39. _Quintus Ennius_, 239-169 B.C. The lines which follow are
+all that survive of the Hedyphagetica. They seem to be closely
+imitated from the Gastronomia of Archestratus quoted by Athenaeus iii,
+pp. 92. 300. 318. There is great uncertainty as to the text, and but
+few of the fish mentioned can be identified with any certainty.
+
+CHAPTER 40. _Homer._ Odyssey xix. 456.
+
+CHAPTER 41. _And yet it is a greater crime_, &c. An allusion to the
+vegetarianism of the Pythagoreans and others.
+
+_Nicander_ of Colophon, an Alexandrian didactic poet. The [Greek:
+thêriaka] survives, is over 1,000 lines long, and deals with the bites
+of wild beasts.
+
+_Plato._ The words are not actually found in Plato's extant works;
+Apuleius is probably slightly misquoting Timaeus 59_c_.
+
+CHAPTER 42. _Varro_ (Marcus Terentius), 116-28 B.C. The most learned
+and voluminous of Roman authors.
+
+_an image of Mercury._ Clearly the reference is to some such practice
+as that of 'screeing' in the ink-pool. Cp. Kinglake, Eothen, chap. 18.
+
+_Cato_ (the famous Marcus Cato, see chap. 17, note) was priest of
+Apollo and received offerings to the god.
+
+CHAPTER 43. _Plato._ Sympos. 202, where [Greek: daimones] are spoken
+of as powers 'which interpret and convey to the gods the prayers and
+sacrifices of men and to men the commands and rewards of gods.' Also
+cp. de deo Socratis, chap. 6.
+
+_fair and unblemished of body._ Beauty and virginity are insisted on
+in various passages in the magical papyri (see Abt op. cit., p. 185)
+as necessary in the boy through whom the god is to speak. Cp. also
+Benvenuto Cellini's Autobiography (Symond's Translation, p. 126, ed.
+1901).
+
+_Pythagoras._ 'I think also it was said by the Pythagoreans respecting
+those who teach for the sake of reward, that they show themselves to
+be worse than statuaries or those artists who perform their work
+sitting. For these, when some one orders them to make a statue of
+Hermes, search for wood adapted to the reception of the proper form;
+but those pretend that they can readily produce the works of virtue
+from every nature.' Iamblichus, Life of Pythagoras, chap. 34 (Taylor's
+Translation).
+
+CHAPTER 44. _as might fairly be produced at a sacrifice_, &c. The
+divination is preceded by sacrifice just as in Benvenuto Cellini (loc.
+cit.) the sorcerer first burns incense. The head is touched as being
+the source from which the oracle is to proceed (_arx et regia_, chap.
+50). The clean robe is necessary, to ritual purity and is mentioned
+more than once in the magic papyri.
+
+CHAPTER 45. _Gagates_ is, according to Pliny, N.H. xxxvi. 141, 2, a
+black smooth stone, resembling pumice. It is light and fragile and
+differs but little from wood. When powdered it emits a strong odour;
+when burned it smells sulphurous, and, wonderful to relate, it is
+kindled by water and extinguished by oil.
+
+CHAPTER 47. _Twelve Tables._ In this, the earliest Roman code,
+punishment was imposed on any person _qui fruges excantassit_, or _qui
+malum carmen incantassit_. Pliny, N.H. xxviii. 2. 17.
+
+_Quindecimvirs._ The _quindecimviri sacris faciundis_ were priests of
+Apollo and had charge of the Sibylline books.
+
+CHAPTER 49. _The Timaeus_, pp. 82-6.
+
+The _three powers that make up the soul_ are those mentioned in the
+Timaeus, 35 sqq., i.e. _Same_, _Other_, and _Essence_.
+
+CHAPTER 50. _The Comitial sickness_, so called because, if a case of
+epilepsy occurred during the meeting of the _comitia_, the assembly
+was immediately broken up.
+
+CHAPTER 51. _The Problems._ Aristot. Fr. ed. Rose, p. 181.
+
+_Theophrastus_, cp. fragm. 175_w_. Diog. Laert. v. 2. 13.
+
+CHAPTER 52. _Thallus contracts his hands_, &c. 'Thallus manus
+contrahit, tu patronos.' The pun is (_a_) bad and (_b_) untranslatable
+into reasonably good English. The literal meaning is 'Thallus
+contracts his hands, you collect advocates'.
+
+CHAPTER 55. _The comrades of Ulysses_, &c. Odyss. x. 28-55.
+
+_Aesculapius._ Cp. Florida 18.
+
+_the mysteries of father Liber._ The mysterious object is probably the
+mystic casket (_cista_) containing the [Greek: phallos], emblem of
+fertility.
+
+CHAPTER 56. _The followers of Orpheus and Pythagoras_ abstained from
+the slaying of animals for the service of man. Cp. Herodotus ii. 81.
+
+_Mezentius._ Cp. Verg. Aen. vii. 647 'contemptor divom'.
+
+CHAPTER 57. _Ulysses._ Odyss i. 58.
+
+CHAPTER 62. _High and low through all the town._ The pun on _oppido_,
+'exceedingly,' and _oppido_, 'town,' does not admit of reproduction.
+
+CHAPTER 64. _The Phaedrus_, 247. 'For the immortal souls, when they
+are at the end of their course, go out and stand upon the back of
+heaven, and the revolution of the spheres carries them round and they
+behold the world beyond. Now of the heaven which is above the heavens,
+no earthly poet has sung or ever will sing in a worthy manner. But I
+must tell, for I am bound to speak truly when speaking of the truth.
+The colourless and formless and intangible essence is visible to the
+mind, which is the only lord of the soul. Circling around this in the
+region above the heavens is the place of true knowledge.' (Jowett's
+Translation).
+
+_The King._ The passage quoted is from Plato, Epist. ii, p. 312 (403).
+It goes on to say 'and he is the cause of all things that are
+beautiful'. Compare the [Greek: nous basileus] identified with the
+cosmic soul in the Philebus 29E-30A.
+
+CHAPTER 65. _The Laws_, pp. 955, 6. It is possible that [Greek:
+monoxylon] may mean 'of one wood only'.
+
+CHAPTER 66. _Marcus Antonius_, _Cnaeus Carbo_, &c. Of these _causes
+célèbres_ nothing is known worthy of mention here. Apuleius errs in
+saying that Mucius accused Albucius. As a matter of fact Albucius
+accused Mucius on the ground of extortion. Cp. Cic. Brut. 26. 102. For
+the suit between Metellus and Curio cp. Ascon. in Cornel. 63. Cnaeus
+Norbanus should probably be Caius Norbanus, and Caius Furius, Lucius
+Fufius. Cp. Cic. de Off. ii. 14. 49, de Or. ii. 21. 89, and Cic. Brut.
+62. 222, de Off. ii. 14. 50.
+
+CHAPTER 73. _A discourse in public._ Fragments of such discourses are
+to be found in the Florida.
+
+CHAPTER 75. _His gold rings._ By the time of Hadrian the wearing of a
+gold ring (_ius anuli aurei_) was no more than a sign of free birth,
+and the only privilege conferred was that of obtaining office. See
+_Anulus_, Dict. Ant.
+
+CHAPTER 78. _When you dance in those characters._ Tragedy proper had
+been replaced on the Roman stage by the _saltica fabula_, in which the
+_pantomimus_ executed a mimetic dance illustrating a libretto sung by
+a chorus.
+
+CHAPTER 81. _Palamedes_ was famous for having detected the pretended
+madness of Ulysses, by which he sought to avoid going upon the
+expedition to Troy. Ulysses was ploughing and Palamedes placed the
+infant Telemachus in front of the ploughshare. Ulysses revealed his
+sanity by stopping the plough.
+
+_Sisyphus_, King of Corinth, was famous as a master of all manner of
+deceit, outwitting even the arch-thief Autolycus. He was finally cast
+into Tartarus for having discovered the amour of Zeus with the nymph
+Aegina.
+
+_Eurybates_ (or Eurybatus) coupled with Phrynondas by Plato
+(Protagoras 327). He was an Ephesian sent by Croesus to Greece with a
+large sum of money to hire mercenaries. He betrayed his trust and went
+over to Cyrus.
+
+_Phrynondas_, a stranger (probably a Boeotian) who lived at Athens
+during the Peloponnesian war and became proverbial as a scoundrel.
+
+_clowns and pantaloons._ _Maccus_ and _Bucco_ were stock characters in
+the Atellan farce.
+
+CHAPTER 85. _The viper._ This superstition arises from the fact that
+the viper does not lay eggs, but is viviparous.
+
+_a well-known line._ The author is unknown.
+
+CHAPTER 87. _Quite at home in Greek._ See note on chap. 4.
+
+CHAPTER 88. _The line so well known in comedy._ The reading nearest to
+the MSS. would be [Greek: paidôn ep' apotô, gnêsiôn epi spora] (Van
+der Vliet). Unless, however, the phrase [Greek: paidôn ep' apotô
+gnêsiôn] is a stock phrase which occurred in more than one comedy,
+which might perhaps be argued from the plural _comoediis_, there can
+be no doubt that the words [Greek: epi spora] are interpolated,
+inasmuch as the line occurs in the fragment of the [Greek:
+perikeiromenê] of Menander, discovered at Oxyrhynchus by Drs.
+Greenfell and Hunt (Ox. Pap. ii, No. 211, p. 11 sqq.), and runs as
+follows
+
+                 [Greek: tautên gnêsiôn
+     paidôn ep' apotô soi didômi. Pol. lambanô].
+
+_Serranus._ See note on chap. 10.
+
+CHAPTER 89. _Multiplying by four._ The pun in the word _quadruplator_
+cannot be reproduced in English. The name was given to a public
+informer who sued for a fourfold penalty.
+
+_a slip in the gesture._ Bede (Op. Colon., MDCXII, vol. i, p. 132 _b_)
+says, 'When you say ten, you will place the nail of the forefinger
+against the middle joint of the thumb, when you say thirty, you will
+join the nails of thumb and forefinger in a gentle embrace.' Here the
+MSS. read _adperisse_, which suggests _aperuisse_. But _aperuisse_
+does not naturally express the gesture described by Bede, and Helm's
+emendation _adgessisse_ seems necessary.
+
+CHAPTER 90. _Carmendas_, _Damigeron_, &c. _Carmendas_ is unknown.
+_Damigeron_ is mentioned elsewhere as a magician (Tertull. de Anima,
+57), but nothing is known of him. _Moses_ appears as a magician in the
+magical papyri (Griffiths Thompson pap. col. v, p. 47 (13)). The
+miracles wrought by Moses in Egypt sufficiently account for this.
+_Jannes_, one of the Egyptian magicians worsted by Moses. Cp. Epistle
+to Timothy ii. 3. 8. _Apollobex_, a magician named _Apollobeches_ is
+mentioned by Pliny, N.H. xxx. 9, as also is _Dardanus_. For _Ostanes_
+and _Zoroaster_ see chaps. 25 and 27, notes.
+
+CHAPTER 95. _Cato_, the earliest of the great orators of Rome: for his
+excellences see Cicero, Brutus, 65 sqq. (Cp. note on chap. 17).
+
+_Laelius_, see note on chap. 20. Cicero selects _lenitas_ as the chief
+characteristic of his style (de Orat. iii. 7. 28).
+
+_Gracchus_ (Caius Sempronius) was famous for the fire of his oratory
+(cp. Cic. Brut. 125, 126, de Orat. iii. 56. 214).
+
+_Caesar_ is generally praised chiefly for _elegantia_ in his oratory,
+rather than for his warmth (cp. Cic. Brut. 252, 261, Quint. x. 1.
+114).
+
+_Hortensius_, Cicero's chief rival: a master of the Asiatic style (cp.
+Cic. Brut. 228, 9. 302, 3. 325-8).
+
+_Calvus_, a contemporary of Cicero. One of the chief representatives
+of the Attic style (cp. Cic. Brut. 283).
+
+_Sallust_, the famous historian.
+
+CHAPTER 98. _The garb of manhood._ He had already assumed the _toga
+virilis_, cp. chap. 88. This must be taken metaphorically = 'You let
+him behave like a man.'
+
+CHAPTER 101. _He who can plead in court_, &c. There is a play on
+_perorare_ (= to plead in court) and _exorare_ (= to win over his
+mother by prayer).
+
+CHAPTER 102. _What a criminal use of love-philtres_, &c. There is a
+pun on _veneficium_ and _beneficium_ which cannot be reproduced.
+
+
+THE FLORIDA
+
+CHAPTER 2. _Plautus._ Truculentus, ii. 6. 8.
+
+_the great poet._ Homer, Iliad, iii. 12.
+
+CHAPTER 3. _Vergil._ Ecl. iii. 27.
+
+CHAPTER 4. _Antigenidas_, a famous musician of the first half of the
+fourth century B.C. Others attribute the grievance to his pupil
+Ismenias. This story is also told by Dio Chrysostom xlix.
+
+CHAPTER 6. _Nabataea_, a district at the north-east end of the Red
+Sea.
+
+_Arsaces_, a king of Persia (perhaps Artaxerxes II, 379 B.C.) from
+whom the Parthian kings traced their descent. Here _Arsacidae_ =
+Parthians.
+
+_Ityraea_, a district under Mount Hermon to the north of Bashan.
+
+_Ganges._ The quotation is from Statius, Silvae, ii. 4. 25.
+
+_wash gold._ Lat. _colare_ = to strain, sift.
+
+CHAPTER 7. _Alexander._ This story of his portraits is told by many
+writers, though Lysippus is substituted for Polycletus by the more
+accurate, inasmuch as Polycletus was a sculptor of the fifth century,
+and contemporary with Pheidias! This is quite characteristic of
+Apuleius.
+
+_Apelles_, the greatest of Greek painters, floruit circa 332 B.C.
+
+_Pyrgoteles_, one of the most famous gem-engravers of Greece. Little
+is known of him beyond this story.
+
+_the professor's gown._ Cp. Aulus Gellius, ix. 2, where a man with a
+long beard and huge cloak tries to persuade Herodes Atticus that he is
+a philosopher. Herodes replies, 'I see the cloak and the gown, but not
+the philosopher.'
+
+CHAPTER 9. _Hippias of Elis_, one of the early sophists (middle of the
+fifth century B.C.); cp. Plat. Hipp. Min. 368 B.
+
+_the reciter's wand._ It was the custom in Greece for a reciter to
+hold in his hand a wand or [Greek: rhabdos].
+
+_Severianus_, proconsul of Africa between 161 and 169 A.D., as is
+shown by the words _the two Caesars_, M. Aurelius and L. Verus.
+
+CHAPTER 10. _The Sun._ The passage quoted is from some unknown
+tragedy, perhaps a Phoenissae, cp. Eur. Phoen. 1.
+
+_Mercury._ Those born under Mercury had a 'mercurial' disposition,
+those under Mars a 'martial' temper (cp. _ignita_).
+
+_other divine influences that lie midway._ Cp. note on Apologia, chap.
+43.
+
+CHAPTER 11. _darnel._ The quotation is from Vergil, Georgic i. 154.
+Cp. also Ecl. v. 37.
+
+CHAPTER 14. _Crates._ Cp. Florida 22, and Apologia, chap. 22.
+
+CHAPTER 15. _Polycrates_, floruit circa 530 B.C.
+
+_Pythagoras._ See note on Apologia, chap. 4.
+
+_Pherecydes._ See note on Apologia, ch. 27.
+
+_Anaximander_, an Ionian philosopher, born 610 B.C.
+
+_Epimenides._ See note on Apologia, chap. 27.
+
+_Creophylus_, an early epic poet, reputed author of the 'Capture of
+Oechalia', which he was said to have received from Homer as the dowry
+of the latter's daughter.
+
+_Leodamas._ Nothing is known of this Leodamas. Apuleius may have made
+a slip and written Leodamas for Hermodamas, who is mentioned by Diog.
+Laert. viii. 2, as the descendant of Creophylus.
+
+CHAPTER 16. _Philemon_ was a writer of the 'new', not the 'middle' comedy.
+
+_'farewell' and 'applaud'._ Cp. the well-known epitaph:--'iam mea
+peracta, mox vestra agetur fabula: valete et plaudite.'
+
+_Aemilianus Strabo_ was _consul suffectus_ in 156 A.D. See
+Prosopographia imp. Rom. part 3. nr. 674, p. 275.
+
+_while breath still_, &c., from Vergil, Aeneid iv. 336.
+
+_priesthood_ of the province of Africa. See Introduction, p. 12.
+
+CHAPTER 17. _Scipio Orfitus_, proconsul of Africa, 163, 4 A.D. See
+Prosopographia imp. Rom. part 1, nr. 1184, p. 464.
+
+_Orpheus to woods_, &c., from Vergil, Eclogue vii. 56.
+
+CHAPTER 18. _the tragic poet._ Unknown.
+
+_Plautus._ Truculentus, prologue 1-3.
+
+_no rose without a thorn._ The Latin is _ubi uber, ibi tuber_.
+Wherever you get rich soil, there you will find pignuts.
+
+_the council of Africa_ was theoretically an association for the
+worship of the imperial house. It had some political importance,
+however, inasmuch as it might criticize the governor and forward its
+criticisms to the Emperor at Rome.
+
+_Protagoras_, a famous sophist of Abdera (latter half of fifth
+century).
+
+_dilemma._ See note on Apologia, chap. 9, _self-inconsistency_. A
+closely parallel story is told of Corax and Tisias, rhetoricians
+slightly earlier in date.
+
+_Thales of Miletus_, the first of the great mathematicians and
+physical philosophers of Greece: one of the seven sages. He flourished
+towards the end of the seventh century B.C.
+
+CHAPTER 19. _Asclepiades_, a famous physician from Bithynia, of the
+first half of the first century B.C.
+
+CHAPTER 20. _The first cup_, &c. The wise author of this saying was,
+according to Diog. Laert, i. 72, Anacharsis.
+
+_Empedocles._ See note on Apologia, chap. 27.
+
+_Epicharmus_, a famous comic poet of Megara in Sicily. He flourished
+early in the fifth century B.C.
+
+_Xenocrates._ Diog. Laert. mentions five writers of this name, none of
+them of any great importance. It is possible that we should read
+_Xenophanes_, who, according to Diog. Laert. ix. 10, wrote _silli_, a
+form of lampoon or satire. He was the founder of the Eleatic school
+and probably flourished about 500 B.C.
+
+CHAPTER 22. _Crates pure and simple_, i.e. by his renunciation of the
+world described in chap. 15.
+
+CHAPTER 24. The MSS. give this as a prologue to the de deo Socratis.
+It belongs, however, manifestly to the Florida.
+
+_Aristippus_, founder of the Cyrenaic school, a friend and younger
+contemporary of Socrates.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+OXFORD
+PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
+BY HORACE HART, M.A.
+PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+of Madaura, by Lucius Apuleius
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+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Apologia and Florida of Apuleius of Madaura, by Lucius Apuleius, translated by H.E. Butler.
+    </title>
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Apologia and Florida of Apuleius of
+Madaura, by Lucius Apuleius
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Apologia and Florida of Apuleius of Madaura
+
+Author: Lucius Apuleius
+
+Translator: H. E. Butler
+
+Release Date: August 13, 2008 [EBook #26294]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK APOLOGIA AND FLORIDA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Curtis Weyant, Linda Cantoni, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by Case Western Reserve University Preservation Department
+Digital Library)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="notes">
+<p class="center"><i>Transcriber's Notes</i></p>
+
+<p>Hyperlinked phrases within the text link to the <a href="#NOTES_A">endnotes</a>
+for that particular chapter. Out-of-order entries in the endnotes have
+been corrected.</p>
+
+<p>This e-book contains passages in ancient Greek, which may not
+display properly in some browsers, depending on what fonts the reader
+has installed. Hover the mouse over the Greek to see a pop-up
+transliteration, e.g. <span lang="el" title="Greek: biblos">&#946;&#953;&#946;&#955;&#959;&#962;</span>.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="bbox">
+<h1>
+THE APOLOGIA AND FLORIDA<br />
+OF APULEIUS OF MADAURA
+</h1>
+
+
+<h2>
+<span class="sm">TRANSLATED</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">By</span> H.E. BUTLER<br />
+<span class="sm">FELLOW OF NEW COLLEGE</span>
+</h2>
+
+<p class="center"><a href="#TABLE_OF_CONTENTS">CONTENTS</a></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="center">
+OXFORD<br />
+AT THE CLARENDON PRESS<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="center">1909</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="center">
+HENRY FROWDE, M.A.<br />
+<span class="sm">PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD<br />
+LONDON, EDINBURGH, NEW YORK<br />
+TORONTO AND MELBOURNE</span>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<h2 class="pad">PREFACE</h2>
+
+
+<p class="pad"><span class="smcap">For</span> the purposes of this translation I have used Helm's text of the
+<i>Apologia</i>, and Van der Vliet's text of the <i>Florida</i>. Both texts are
+published by the firm of Teubner, to whom I am indebted for permission
+to use their publications as the basis of this work. Divergences from
+the text are indicated in the footnotes, and I have made a few,
+perhaps unnecessary, expurgations. For the elucidation of the magical
+portions of the <i>Apologia</i> I am specially indebted to Abt's commentary
+(<i>Apologie des Apuleius</i>, Giessen, 1906). I also owe much to the
+articles on Apuleius in Schanz's <i>Geschichte der r&ouml;mischen
+Litteratur</i>, and in Pauly-Wissowa's <i>Real-Encyclop&auml;die</i>, and to
+Hildebrand's commentary on the works of Apuleius (Leipzig, 1842).</p>
+
+<p class="right">H.E. BUTLER.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="TABLE_OF_CONTENTS" id="TABLE_OF_CONTENTS"></a>TABLE OF CONTENTS</h2>
+
+
+<table style="width: 65%" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="contents">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="right"><span class="sm">PAGE</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#INTRODUCTION">Introduction</a></span></td><td class="right"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#THE_APOLOGIA">The Apologia</a></span></td><td class="right"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#THE_FLORIDA">The Florida</a></span></td><td class="right"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#NOTES_A">Notes on the Apologia</a></span></td><td class="right"><a href="#Page_219">219</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#NOTES_F">Notes on the Florida</a></span></td><td class="right"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">5</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION"></a>INTRODUCTION</h2>
+
+
+<p class="pad"><span class="smcap">Our</span> authorities for the life of Apuleius are in the main the
+<i>Apologia</i>, the <i>Florida</i>, and the last book of the <i>Metamorphoses</i>.
+He has a passion for taking his audience into his confidence, and as a
+result it is not hard to reconstruct a considerable portion of his
+life. He was a native of Madaura, the modern Mdaurusch, a Numidian
+town loftily situated above the valley of the Medjerda. The town was a
+flourishing Roman colony (<a href="#A24"><i>Apol.</i> 24</a>), and the family of Apuleius was
+among the wealthiest and most important of the town. His father
+attained to the position of <i>duumvir</i>, the highest municipal office
+(<a href="#A24"><i>Apol.</i> loc. cit.</a>), and left his son the considerable fortune of
+2,000,000 sesterces (&pound;20,000). As to the date of Apuleius' birth there
+is some uncertainty. But as he was the fellow student (<a href="#F16"><i>Florida</i> 16</a>)
+at Rome of Aemilianus Strabo (consul 156 <span class="smcap">a.d.</span>), and was considerably
+younger than his wife Pudentilla, whom he married about 155 <span class="smcap">a.d.</span>, when
+she had 'barely passed the age of forty' (<a href="#A89"><i>Apol.</i> 89</a>), the estimate
+which places his birth about 125 <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> cannot be far wrong. His name is
+generally given as Lucius Apuleius, though the only authority for the
+<i>praenomen</i> is the evidence of late MSS., and it is not improbable
+that the origin of the name is to be found in the curious
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">6</a></span>identification of himself with Lucius, the hero of the
+<i>Metamorphoses</i> (xi. 27). At an early age the young Apuleius was sent
+to school at Carthage (<a href="#F18"><i>Florida</i> 18</a>), whence on attaining to manhood
+he proceeded to complete his education at Athens (<a href="#F18"><i>Florida</i> loc.
+cit.</a>). There he studied philosophy, rhetoric, geometry, music, and
+poetry (<a href="#F20"><i>Florida</i> 20</a>), and laid the foundations of that encyclopaedic,
+if superficial knowledge, which in after years he so delighted to
+parade. On leaving Athens he set forth on lengthy travels, in the
+course of which he spent a large portion of his patrimony (<a href="#A23"><i>Apol.</i>
+23</a>). He speaks of the temple of Hera at Samos as an eyewitness
+(<a href="#F15"><i>Florida</i> 15</a>), and elsewhere mentions a visit to Hierapolis in
+Phrygia (<i>de mundo</i> 17). Returning from the East he came to Corinth,
+where&mdash;if we may accept his identification of himself with the Lucius
+of the <i>Metamorphoses</i>&mdash;he fell into the clutches of the priests of
+Isis, who played upon his emotional and superstitious temperament to
+their hearts' content. He was first initiated into the mysteries of
+Isis (<i>Metamorph.</i> xi. 23, 24). A few days after this auspicious event
+the goddess appeared to him in a vision and bade him set forth
+homewards. He therefore took ship for Rome, where for the space of a
+year he dwelt, a fervent worshipper at the temple of Isis on the
+Campus Martius. Once more visions of the night began to afflict him;
+he consulted the priests and discovered the cause; he required yet to
+be initiated into the mysteries of Osiris. The priests of Corinth had
+worked upon his credulity to such good effect, that he found himself
+in serious financial<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">7</a></span> difficulties, but by practising as a lawyer he
+succeeded in making a sufficient income to provide more than
+adequately for the expenses of this fresh initiation (<i>Metamorph.</i> xi.
+28, 30). While at Rome he made the acquaintance of Aemilianus Strabo
+and Scipio Orfitus, men of distinguished position, whom he was to meet
+again when their official career brought them to Africa as proconsuls
+of that province (<i>Florida</i> <a href="#F16">16</a>, <a href="#F17">17</a>).</p>
+
+<p>At last he returned home, and it was probably at this period of his
+career that he wrote his famous novel, the <i>Metamorphoses</i> or <i>Golden
+Ass</i>.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> It is based on the lost work of a certain Lucius of Patras,
+of which we have another version in the <span lang="el" title="Greek: Loukios ê onos">&#923;&#959;&#8059;&#954;&#953;&#959;&#962; &#7970; &#8004;&#957;&#959;&#962;</span>,
+falsely attributed to Lucian. He enlarged the original by the free
+insertion of sensational or humorous stories of the kind popularized
+later by the <i>Decameron</i> of Boccaccio, above all by the insertion of
+the beautiful fairy-tale of Cupid and Psyche. And then at the end
+comes the curious personal note, where Lucius, a Greek at the outset
+of the romance, becomes strangely transformed into a native of
+Madaura.</p>
+
+<p>But he did not settle down in his native town. After a time he visited
+Alexandria, and it was in the course of his return from the capital of
+Egypt that the crisis in his life occurred, to which we owe that
+remarkable human document, the <i>Apologia</i>. For on his homeward journey
+he fell sick at Oea, the modern Tripoli.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> In this town there dwelt a
+wealthy lady,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">8</a></span> named Aemilia Pudentilla, the widow of Sicinius Amicus,
+by whom she had two sons, Sicinius Pontianus and his younger brother,
+Sicinius Pudens. Pontianus was already the friend of Apuleius; he had
+made his acquaintance at Athens; an intimacy had sprung up between
+them, and they had lived together in the same lodgings. Hearing,
+therefore, of Apuleius' sickness, he called on him at the house of
+their mutual friends the Appii, where he was lodging. The reasons for
+Pontianus' visit were somewhat remarkable. His grandfather had been
+anxious that Pudentilla should take a second husband in the person of
+his son and her brother-in-law, Sicinius Clarus, and with this end in
+view threatened to exclude her sons, whose guardian he was, from the
+possession of any of their father's property, if she married
+elsewhere. She therefore suffered herself to be betrothed to Sicinius
+Clarus, 'a boorish and decrepit old man,' but put off the marriage,
+until her father-in-law's death released her from all embarrassment.
+Pontianus and Pudens succeeded to the property, and Pudentilla felt
+herself free to take a husband of her own choice. She informed her
+sons of her intentions. Pontianus approved, but since the property
+left to himself and Pudens by their grandfather was small, and all his
+expectations of wealth depended on the ultimate inheritance of his
+mother's fortune (4,000,000 sesterces = &pound;40,000), he was most anxious
+that his mother should marry an honest man who might reasonably be
+expected to treat his step-sons fairly. At this point, in the very<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">9</a></span>
+nick of time, Apuleius was detained at Oea. Pontianus saw in him a
+heaven-sent step-father, and it was with this in his mind that he
+called upon Apuleius. He did not declare his intentions at once. He
+contented himself at first with dissuading Apuleius from pursuing his
+journey homeward till the next winter came round, and persuaded him to
+come and stay in his mother's house. Apuleius accepted his offer and
+their old intimacy revived. At last a suitable occasion offered for
+the declaration of Pontianus' wishes. Apuleius had given a public
+lecture at Oea. His audience broke into frenzied applause and begged
+Apuleius to become a citizen of their town.</p>
+
+<p>When the audience were gone, Pontianus took Apuleius aside and, saying
+that the popular enthusiasm was a sign from heaven, begged Apuleius to
+marry Pudentilla. After much deliberation Apuleius consented, though
+the lady was neither fair to view nor young. She had been a widow for
+more than thirteen years, and was now over forty. Soon, however, he
+began to love Pudentilla for her own sake; her virtues and
+intelligence won his heart and overcame his desire for further travel.
+The marriage was duly solemnized. But it brought Apuleius no peace.
+Sicinius Aemilianus, another brother of her first husband, and
+Herennius Rufinus, the disreputable father-in-law of Pontianus, were
+both up in arms. Rufinus had hoped, through his son-in-law, to reap a
+rich harvest from Pudentilla's fortune; Aemilianus resented the
+treatment of his brother, Sicinius Clarus. They sought, therefore,
+how<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">10</a></span> they might have their revenge. Their first step was to win
+Pontianus and Pudens to their side. This they succeeded in doing, in
+spite of the generous treatment accorded by Apuleius to his step-sons.
+Pontianus fell sick and died before they could carry out their
+designs. He had, moreover, repented of his baseness to his former
+friend, though death prevented him from showing what his repentance
+was worth. Pudens, however, was completely under the thumb of
+Aemilianus and Rufinus, and a number of more or less serious charges
+were brought against Apuleius in his name.</p>
+
+<p>He was accused of having won the heart of Pudentilla by sorcery, of
+being a man of immoral life, and of having married his elderly bride
+solely for the sake of her money. The trial took place at Sabrata
+(<a href="#A59"><i>Apol.</i> 59</a>), the modern Zow&acirc;ra, lying on the coast some sixty miles
+west of Oea. The case was tried by the proconsul himself, Claudius
+Maximus. The date cannot be precisely fixed. But Claudius Maximus was
+probably proconsul at some time between the years 155-158 <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> (see
+<a href="#NA1">note on <i>Apol.</i> 1</a>), at any rate not later than 161 <span class="smcap">a.d.</span>, since
+Antoninus Pius is mentioned as the reigning princeps (died March 161
+<span class="smcap">a.d.</span>). Apuleius had no difficulty in disposing of the charges brought
+against him, and incidentally found an opportunity for a flamboyant
+display of the learning of which he was so proud. He may well on
+occasion have practised magic: his insatiable curiosity must assuredly
+have led him to experiment in this direction, and his subsequent
+reputation confirms these<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">11</a></span> suspicions. But the specific charges of
+magic on this occasion were frivolous and absurd. In the first portion
+of the speech Apuleius plays with his accusers, mocking them from the
+heights of his superior learning. In the second portion, where he
+defends his marriage with Pudentilla and justifies his dealings with
+his step-sons, he clears himself in good earnest, nay does more than
+clear himself. For he unveils in the most merciless fashion the
+villany of his accusers&mdash;the base ingratitude of Pudens, and the
+unspeakable turpitude of Rufinus.</p>
+
+<p>That Apuleius was acquitted cannot be doubted. His case speaks for
+itself. But it is noteworthy that we hear of him no more at Oea, where
+he had resided for three years at the time of the trial. This
+distressing family quarrel must have caused some bitterness of
+feeling, and Augustine (<i>Ep.</i> 138. 19) mentions a quarrel with the
+inhabitants of Oea on the question of the erection of a statue in his
+honour. These facts may not improbably have led him to seek residence
+elsewhere. Be this as it may, when we next hear of him he is in
+Carthage, enjoying the highest renown as philosopher, poet, and
+rhetorician. It was during this residence at Carthage that he
+delivered the flamboyant orations of which fragments have been
+preserved to us in the <i>Florida</i>. A few of these excerpts can be
+dated. The <a href="#F17">seventeenth</a> is written during the proconsulate of Scipio
+Orfitus in 163-164 <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> The <a href="#F9">ninth</a> contains a panegyric of the
+proconsul Severianus, who must have held office some time during the
+joint reign of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">12</a></span> Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, 161-169 <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> (see
+note, <a href="#Page_236">p. 236</a>). The <a href="#F16">sixteenth</a> refers to Aemilianus Strabo, who was
+consul in 156 <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> and had not yet become proconsul of Africa. As the
+interval between holding the consulate and the proconsulate was from
+ten to thirteen years, this fragment may be dated, if not before 166,
+at any rate before 169 <span class="smcap">a.d.</span></p>
+
+<p>Apuleius won more than mere applause. Carthage decreed a statue in his
+honour (<a href="#F16"><i>Florida</i> 16</a>), and conferred on him the chief-priesthood of
+the province. This office entitled its holder to the first place in
+the provincial council, and was the highest honour that the province
+could bestow (<a href="#F16"><i>Florida</i> 16</a>). Civil office he never held (Augustine,
+<i>Ep.</i> 138. 19), perhaps never sought. His genius, it may be said with
+confidence, was far from fitting him for judicial or administrative
+functions. If we may trust Apollinaris Sidonius (<i>Ep.</i> II. 10. 5),
+Pudentilla showed herself a model wife by the passionate interest she
+took in her husband's work. 'Pudentilla was for Apuleius what Marcia
+was for Hortensius, Terentia for Cicero, Calpurnia for Piso,
+Rusticiana for Symmachus: these noble women held the lamp while their
+husbands read and meditated!' It is even possible that she bore him a
+son, as the second book of the <i>de Platone</i> is dedicated to 'my son
+Faustinus'. Of his death we know nothing. Testimony as to his
+appearance is conflicting. His accusers (<a href="#A4"><i>Apol.</i> 4</a>) charge him with
+being a 'handsome philosopher'. He replies that his body is worn by
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">13</a></span> fatigues of study and his hair as tangled as a lump of tow!</p>
+
+<p>His works were astonishingly numerous. Beside those already mentioned
+there have come down to us two books on the life and philosophy of
+Plato,<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> a highly rhetorical treatise on the 'Demon of Socrates', and
+a free translation of the pseudo-Aristotelian treatise 'on the
+Universe', though Apuleius is regrettably far from making due
+acknowledgement of his debt to the original. None of these works can
+be described as interesting, though the treatise on the 'Demon of
+Socrates' contains some characteristic purple passages.</p>
+
+<p>It would, however, scarcely be an exaggeration to say that more of
+Apuleius' works have perished than survived. He has told us in the
+<i>Florida</i> (<a href="#F20">20</a>) that he has written dialogues, hymns, music, history,
+and satire. And we have copious references to works from his pen,
+that, perhaps fortunately, no longer exist. Beside the three poems
+which survive in the <i>Apologia</i> and a translation of a passage of
+Menander, preserved in a manuscript once at Beauvais, but now lost
+(Baehrens, <i>Poet. Lat. Min.</i> 4, p. 104), he mentions a hymn to
+Aesculapius, written both in Latin and Greek (<a href="#F18"><i>Florida</i> 18</a>), and a
+panegyric in verse on the virtues of Scipio Orfitus (<a href="#F17"><i>Florida</i> 17</a>). He
+wrote also another novel entitled <i>Hermagoras</i>, a collection of famous
+love-stories of the past, sundry 'histories', a translation of the
+<i>Phaedo</i>, and numerous scientific works, dealing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">14</a></span> with problems of
+mathematics, music, astronomy, medicine, botany, and zoology.</p>
+
+<p>The glory won by Apuleius during his lifetime survived after his
+death. Augustine knows his works well. He recognizes his importance as
+a writer, but abhors him as a magician. Apuleius is a thaumaturge
+against whom the faithful need to be warned. 'The enemies of
+Christianity,' says Augustine (<i>Ep.</i> 138), 'venture to place Apuleius
+and Apollonius of Tyana on the same or even a higher level than
+Christ.' But in the same letter he speaks of him as a 'great orator'
+whose fame still lives among his fellow countrymen of Africa. Above
+all the <i>Golden Ass</i> has kept his name alive to our own day. Even
+those who know nothing of the work as a whole, or who would relegate
+it to obscurity for its occasional gross indecency, know and love the
+story of Cupid and Psyche, if not in the original at least in many a
+work of art, and in the pages of La Fontaine, Walter Pater, or William
+Morris.</p>
+
+<p>As might be expected from one who left so few themes untouched,
+Apuleius is one of the most superficial of ancient writers. It has
+been well said of him by M. Paul Monceaux, 'Apul&eacute;e est un de ces
+esprits encyclop&eacute;diques, &acirc;pres &agrave; la cur&eacute;e de toutes les connaissances,
+qui se rencontrent au commencement et &agrave; la fin des civilisations.' For
+the acquisition of his extraordinary reputation he needed an age and
+an audience in which learning and literature alike were decadent,
+though far from forgotten. He has none of the scientific spirit. He
+does not really understand<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">15</a></span> the authors he quotes; he has no critical
+spirit, and his own investigations are prompted by indiscriminate
+curiosity. But he has vast stores of miscellaneous knowledge such as
+might delight the half-educated, and as a rhetorician he possesses a
+strange and debased brilliance, fired by an astonishing if disorderly
+imagination. The verve, the humour, and above all the welter of warmth
+and colour that characterize the <i>Golden Ass</i> make us forgive the
+palpable degradation of the Latin language. Not less remarkable is the
+<i>Apologia</i>. There are few speeches of antiquity that give such a vivid
+impression of the character of the author and of the life of the
+society in which he moved. The style, it is true, is often bombastic
+and affected, many of the arguments are almost more puerile and absurd
+than the accusations, while the intense conceit and complacency of the
+author often make him ridiculous. A man of wide and varied knowledge,
+he has no depth of intellect. He is always half charlatan, and the
+reader is rarely free from the impression that he is taking liberties
+with the uncertain taste and ignorance of his provincial audience. But
+even the weaknesses of style and argument have their charm for the
+modern reader. For, if he never entirely fails to laugh with Apuleius,
+he certainly indulges in many a hearty laugh at him.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Florida</i> are no less superficial and bombastic, and the vanity of
+Apuleius is revealed even more remarkably than in the <i>Apologia</i>. But
+they are never long enough to be tedious, and contain much that is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">16</a></span>
+amusing, be the humour unconscious or intentional; and even if we can
+rarely give whole-hearted admiration to the style, we cannot but
+marvel at its dexterity, while its very <i>bizarrerie</i> is not without
+its charm.</p>
+
+<p>This is hardly the place for a disquisition upon African Latin. It is
+sufficient here to say that the two main features of the style of
+Apuleius are its archaism and its extreme floridity. It has been
+asserted that this strange style is of purely African growth,<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> and
+that it owes much of its oriental wealth of colour to the Semitic
+element that must still have formed so large a proportion of the
+population of Africa. But there seems little really to support this
+view; it is probable that, allowing for the personal factor, in this
+case exceptionally important, and the eccentricities to which
+Apuleius' erudition may have led him, we are confronted with no more
+than an exaggerated revival of the Asiatic style of oratory. No doubt
+the seed fell on good ground, but it is impossible to set one's finger
+on any definitely African element.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p>
+
+<p>The style presents grave difficulties to the translator. The English
+language will not carry the requisite amount of bombast; the
+assonances and the puns are generally incapable of reproduction. Even
+when this allowance has been made, it is in many cases impossible to
+give anything approximating to a trans<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">17</a></span>lation in natural English. I
+can only trust that the English of this translation has not wholly
+lost the colour to which Apuleius owes so much of his charm. The
+sacrifice is not so great in these works as it must necessarily be in
+any English translation of the more exotic and more brilliant-hued
+<i>Metamorphoses</i>, better known as <i>The Golden Ass</i>. But in any case the
+cooler tints and sobriety of our native language must&mdash;even in hands
+less unskilled than mine&mdash;fail to do justice to the fantastic Latin of
+the original. The vivacity of French coupled with the richness and
+warmth of Italian would need to be combined to produce anything
+approaching a really good translation, even of the least fantastic
+works of Apuleius.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">19</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_APOLOGIA" id="THE_APOLOGIA"></a>THE APOLOGIA</h2>
+
+
+<p class="pad"><a name="A1" id="A1"></a>1. <span class="smcap">For</span> my part, <a href="#NA1">Maximus Claudius</a>, and you, <a href="#NA1">gentlemen who sit beside
+him on the bench</a>, I regarded it as a foregone conclusion that Sicinius
+Aemilianus would for sheer lack of any real ground for accusation cram
+his indictment with mere vulgar abuse; for the old rascal is notorious
+for his unscrupulous audacity, and, further, launched forth on his
+task of bringing me to trial in your court before he had given a
+thought to the line his prosecution should pursue. Now while the most
+innocent of men may be the victim of false accusation, only the
+criminal can have his guilt brought home to him. It is this thought
+that gives me special confidence, but I have further ground for
+self-congratulation in the fact that I have you for my judge on an
+occasion when it is my privilege to have the opportunity of clearing
+philosophy of the aspersions cast upon her by the uninstructed and of
+proving my own innocence. Nevertheless these false charges are on the
+face of them serious enough, and the suddenness with which they have
+been improvised makes them the more difficult to refute. For you will
+remember that it is only four or five days since his advocates of
+malice prepense attacked me with slanderous accusations, and began to
+charge me with practice of the black art and with the murder of my<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">20</a></span>
+step-son Pontianus. I was at the moment totally unprepared for such a
+charge, and was occupied in defending an action brought by the
+brothers <a href="#NA1">Granius</a> against my wife, Pudentilla. I perceived that these
+charges were brought forward not so much in a serious spirit as to
+gratify my opponents' taste for wanton slander. I therefore
+straightway challenged them, not once only, but frequently and
+emphatically, to proceed with their accusation. The result was that
+Aemilianus, perceiving that you, Maximus, not to speak of others, were
+strongly moved by what had occurred, and that his words had created a
+serious scandal, began to be alarmed and to seek for some safe refuge
+from the consequences of his rashness.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A2" id="A2"></a>2. Therefore as soon as he was compelled to set his name to the
+indictment, he conveniently forgot Pontianus, his own brother's son,
+of whose death he had been continually accusing me only a few days
+previously. He made absolutely no mention of the death of his young
+kinsman<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a>; he abandoned this most serious charge, but&mdash;to avoid the
+appearance of having totally abandoned his mendacious accusations&mdash;he
+selected, as the sole support of his indictment, the charge of
+magic&mdash;a charge with which it is easy to create a prejudice against
+the accused, but which it is hard to prove. Even that he had not the
+courage to do openly in his own person, but a day later pre<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">21</a></span>sented the
+indictment in the name of my step-son, Sicinius Pudens, a mere boy,
+adding that he appeared as his representative. This is a new method.
+He attacks me through the agency of a third person, whose tender age
+he employs to shield his unworthy self against a charge of false
+accusation. You, Maximus, with great acuteness saw through his designs
+and ordered him to renew his original accusation in person. In spite
+of his promise to comply, he cannot be induced to come to close
+quarters, but actually defies your authority and continues to skirmish
+at long range with his false accusations. He persistently shirks the
+perilous task of a direct attack, and perseveres in his assumption of
+the safe r&ocirc;le of the accuser's legal representative. As a result, even
+before the case came into court, the real nature of the accusation
+became obvious to the meanest understanding. The man who invented the
+charge and was the first to utter it had not the courage to take the
+responsibility for it. Moreover the man in question is Sicinius
+Aemilianus, who, if he had discovered any true charge against me,
+would scarcely have been so backward in accusing a stranger of so many
+serious crimes, seeing that he falsely asserted his own uncle's will
+to be a forgery although he knew it to be genuine: indeed he
+maintained this assertion with such obstinate violence, that even
+after that distinguished senator, <a href="#NA2">Lollius Urbicus</a>, in accordance with
+the decision of the distinguished consulars, his assessors, had
+declared the will to be genuine and duly proven, he continued<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">22</a></span>&mdash;such
+was his mad fury&mdash;in defiance of the award given by the voice of that
+most distinguished citizen, to assert with oaths that the will was a
+forgery. It was only with difficulty that Lollius Urbicus refrained
+from making him suffer for it.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A3" id="A3"></a>3. I rely, Maximus, on your sense of justice and on my own innocence,
+but I hope that in this trial also we shall hear the voice of Lollius
+raised impulsively in my defence; for Aemilianus is deliberately
+accusing a man whom he knows to be innocent, a course which comes the
+more easy to him, since, as I have told you, he has already been
+convicted of lying in a most important case, heard before the Prefect
+of the city. Just as a good man studiously avoids the repetition of a
+sin once committed, so men of depraved character repeat their past
+offence with increased confidence, and, I may add, the more often they
+do so, the more openly they display their impudence. For honour is
+like a garment; the older it gets, the more carelessly it is worn. I
+think it my duty, therefore, in the interest of my own honour, to
+refute all my opponent's slanders before I come to the actual
+indictment itself. For I am pleading not merely my own cause, but that
+of philosophy as well, philosophy, whose grandeur is such that she
+resents even the slightest slur cast upon her perfection as though it
+were the most serious accusation. Knowing this, Aemilianus' advocates,
+only a short time ago, poured forth with all their usual loquacity a
+flood of drivelling accusations, many of which were specially invented
+for the purpose of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">23</a></span> blackening my character, while the remainder were
+such general charges as the uninstructed are in the habit of levelling
+at philosophers. It is true that we may regard these accusations as
+mere interested vapourings, bought at a price and uttered to prove
+their shamelessness worthy of its hire. It is a recognized practice on
+the part of professional accusers to let out the venom of their
+tongues to another's hurt; nevertheless, if only in my own interest, I
+must briefly refute these slanders, lest I, whose most earnest
+endeavour it is to avoid incurring the slightest spot or blemish to my
+fair fame, should seem, by passing over some of their more ridiculous
+charges, to have tacitly admitted their truth, rather than to have
+treated them with silent contempt. For a man who has any sense of
+honour or self-respect must needs&mdash;such at least is my opinion&mdash;feel
+annoyed when he is thus abused, however falsely. Even those whose
+conscience reproaches them with some crime, are strongly moved to
+anger, when men speak ill of them, although they have been accustomed
+to such ill report ever since they became evildoers. And even though
+others say naught of their crimes, they are conscious enough that such
+charges may at any time deservedly be brought against them. It is
+therefore doubly vexatious to the good and innocent man when charges
+are undeservedly brought against him which he might with justice bring
+against others. For his ears are unused and strange to ill report, and
+he is so accustomed to hear himself praised that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">24</a></span> insult is more than
+he can bear. If, however, I seem to be anxious to rebut charges which
+are merely frivolous and foolish, the blame must be laid at the door
+of those, to whom such accusations, in spite of their triviality, can
+only bring disgrace. I am not to blame. Ridiculous as these charges
+may be, their refutation cannot but do me honour.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A4" id="A4"></a>4. To begin then, only a short while ago, at the commencement of the
+indictment, you heard them say, 'He, whom we accuse in your court, is
+a philosopher of the most elegant appearance and a master of eloquence
+<a href="#NA4">not merely in Latin but also in Greek</a>!' What a damning insinuation!
+Unless I am mistaken, those were the very words with which <a href="#NA4">Tannonius
+Pudens</a>, whom no one could accuse of being a master of eloquence, began
+the indictment. I wish that these serious reproaches of beauty and
+eloquence had been true. It would have been easy to answer in the
+words, with which <a href="#NA4">Homer</a> makes Paris reply to Hector:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="poem">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<span lang="el" title="Greek: ou toi apobl&ecirc;t' esti the&ocirc;n erikudea d&ocirc;ra&middot;">
+&#959;&#8020; &#964;&#959;&#953; &#7936;&#960;&#8057;&#946;&#955;&#951;&#964;&#8217; &#7952;&#963;&#964;&#8054; &#952;&#949;&#8182;&#957; &#7952;&#961;&#953;&#954;&#965;&#948;&#8051;&#945; &#948;&#8182;&#961;&#945;&middot;</span><br />
+<span lang="el" title="Greek: hossa ken autoi d&ocirc;sin, hek&ocirc;n d' ouk an tis heloito">
+&#8005;&#963;&#963;&#945; &#954;&#949;&#957; &#945;&#8016;&#964;&#959;&#8054; &#948;&#8182;&#963;&#953;&#957;, &#7953;&#954;&#8060;&#957; &#948;&#8217; &#959;&#8016;&#954; &#7940;&#957; &#964;&#953;&#962; &#7957;&#955;&#959;&#953;&#964;&#959;</span>.&mdash;<br />
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>which I may interpret thus: 'The most glorious gifts of the gods are
+in no wise to be despised; but the things which they are wont to give
+are withheld from many that would gladly possess them.' Such would
+have been my reply. I should have added that philosophers are not
+forbidden to possess a handsome face. <a href="#NA4">Pythagoras</a>, the first to take
+the name<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">25</a></span> of 'philosopher', was the handsomest man of his day. <a href="#NA4">Zeno</a>
+also, the ancient philosopher of Velia, who was the first to discover
+that most ingenious device of refuting hypotheses by the method of
+<a href="#NA4">self-inconsistency</a>, that same Zeno was&mdash;so <a href="#NA4">Plato</a> asserts&mdash;by far the
+most striking in appearance of all the men of his generation. It is
+further recorded of many other philosophers that they were comely of
+countenance and added fresh charm to their personal beauty by their
+beauty of character. But such a defence is, as I have already said,
+far from me. Not only has nature given me but a commonplace
+appearance, but continued literary labour has swept away such charm as
+my person ever possessed, has reduced me to a lean habit of body,
+sucked away all the freshness of life, destroyed my complexion and
+impaired my vigour. As to my hair, which they with unblushing
+mendacity declare I have allowed to grow long as an enhancement to my
+personal attractions, you can judge of its elegance and beauty. As you
+see, it is tangled, twisted and unkempt like a lump of tow, shaggy and
+irregular in length, so knotted and matted that the tangle is past the
+art of man to unravel. This is due not to mere carelessness in the
+tiring of my hair, but to the fact that I never so much as comb or
+part it. I think this is a sufficient refutation of the accusations
+concerning my hair which they hurl against me as though it were a
+<a href="#NA4">capital charge</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A5" id="A5"></a>5. As to my eloquence&mdash;if only eloquence were mine&mdash;it would be small
+matter either for wonder or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">26</a></span> envy if I, who from my earliest years to
+the present moment have devoted myself with all my powers to the sole
+study of literature and for this spurned all other pleasures, had
+sought to win eloquence to be mine with toil such as few or none have
+ever expended, ceasing neither night nor day, to the neglect and
+impairment of my bodily health. But my opponents need fear nothing
+from my eloquence. If I have made any real advance therein, it is my
+aspirations rather than my attainments on which I must base my claim.
+Certainly if the aphorism said to occur in the poems of <a href="#NA5">Statius
+Caecilius</a> be true, that innocence is eloquence itself, to that extent
+I may lay claim to eloquence and boast that I yield to none. For on
+that assumption what living man could be more eloquent than myself? I
+have never even harboured in my thoughts anything to which I should
+fear to give utterance. Nay, my eloquence is consummate, for I have
+ever held all sin in abomination; I have the highest oratory at my
+command, for I have uttered no word, I have done no deed, of which I
+need fear to discourse in public. I will begin therefore to discourse
+of those verses of mine, which they have produced as though they were
+something of which I ought to be ashamed. You must have noticed the
+laughter with which I showed my annoyance at the absurd and illiterate
+manner in which they recited them.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A6" id="A6"></a>6. They began by reading one of my <i>jeux d'esprit</i>, a brief letter in
+verse, addressed to a certain Cal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">27</a></span>purnianus on the subject of a
+<a href="#NA6">tooth-powder</a>. When Calpurnianus produced my letter as evidence against
+me, his desire to do me a hurt blinded him to the fact that if
+anything in the letter could be urged as a reproach against me, he
+shared in that reproach. For the verses testify to the fact that he
+had asked me to send him the wherewithal to clean his teeth:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="poem">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<i>Good morrow! friend Calpurnianus, take<br />
+The salutation these swift verses make.<br />
+Wherewith I send, responsive to thy call,<br />
+A powder rare to cleanse thy teeth withal.<br />
+This delicate dust of Arab spices fine<br />
+With ivory sheen shall make thy mouth to shine,<br />
+Shall smooth the swollen gums and sweep away<br />
+The relics of the feast of yesterday.<br />
+So shall no foulness, no dark smirch be seen,<br />
+If laughter show thy teeth their lips between.</i><br />
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>I ask you, what is there in these verses that is disgusting in point
+either of matter or of manner? What is there that a philosopher should
+be ashamed to own? Unless indeed I am to blame for sending a powder
+made of Arabian spices to Calpurnianus, for whom it would be more
+suitable that he should</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<i>Polish his teeth and ruddy gums</i>,<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>as <a href="#NA6">Catullus</a> says, after the filthy fashion in vogue among the
+Iberians.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A7" id="A7"></a>7. I saw a short while back that some of you could scarcely restrain
+your laughter, when our orator treated<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">28</a></span> these views of mine on the
+cleansing of the teeth as a matter for savage denunciation, and
+condemned my administration of a tooth-powder with fiercer indignation
+than has ever been shown in condemning the administration of a poison.
+Of course it is a serious charge, and one that no philosopher can
+afford to despise, to say of a man that he will not allow a speck of
+dirt to be seen upon his person, that he will not allow any visible
+portion of his body to be offensive or unclean, least of all the
+mouth, the organ used most frequently, openly and conspicuously by
+man, whether to kiss a friend, to conduct a conversation, to speak in
+public, or to offer up prayer in some temple. Indeed speech is the
+prelude to every kind of action and, as the greatest of poets says,
+proceeds from '<a href="#NA7">the barrier of our teeth</a>'. If there were any one
+present here to-day with like command of the grand style, he might say
+after his fashion that those above all men who have any care for their
+manner of speaking, should pay closer attention to their mouth than to
+any other portion of their body, for it is the soul's antechamber, the
+portal of speech, and the gathering place where thoughts assemble. I
+myself should say that in my poor judgement there is nothing less
+seemly for a free-born man with the education of a gentleman than an
+unwashen mouth. For man's mouth is in position exalted, to the eye
+conspicuous, in use eloquent. True, in wild beasts and cattle the
+mouth is placed low and looks downward to the feet, is in close
+proximity to their food and to the path they tread, and is hardly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">29</a></span>
+ever conspicuous save when its owner is dead or infuriated with a
+desire to bite. But there is no part of man that sooner catches the
+eye when he is silent, or more often when he speaks.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A8" id="A8"></a>8. I should be obliged, therefore, if my critic Aemilianus would
+answer me and tell me whether he is ever in the habit of washing his
+feet, or, if he admits that he is in the habit of so doing, whether he
+is prepared to argue that a man should pay more attention to the
+cleanliness of his feet than to that of his teeth. Certainly, if like
+you, Aemilianus, he never opens his mouth save to utter slander and
+abuse, I should advise him to pay no attention to the state of his
+mouth nor to attempt to remove the stains from his teeth with oriental
+powders: he would be better employed in rubbing them with charcoal
+from some funeral pyre. Least of all should he wash them with common
+water; rather let his guilty tongue, the chosen servant of lies and
+bitter words, rot in the filth and ordure that it loves! Is it
+reasonable, wretch, that your tongue should be fresh and clean, when
+your voice is foul and loathsome, or that, like the viper, you should
+employ snow-white teeth for the emission of dark, deadly poison? On
+the other hand it is only right that, just as we wash a vessel that is
+to hold good liquor, he who knows that his words will be at once
+useful and agreeable should cleanse his mouth as a prelude to speech.
+But why should I speak further of man? Even <a href="#NA8">the crocodile</a>, the monster
+of the Nile&mdash;so they tell me&mdash;opens his jaws in all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">30</a></span> innocence, that
+his teeth may be cleaned. For his mouth being large, tongueless, and
+continually open in the water, multitudes of leeches become entangled
+in his teeth: these, when the crocodile emerges from the river and
+opens his mouth, are removed by a friendly waterbird, which is allowed
+to insert its beak without any risk to itself.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A9" id="A9"></a>9. But enough of this! I now come to certain other of my verses, which
+according to them are amatory; but so vilely and coarsely did they
+read them as to leave no impression save one of disgust. Now what has
+it to do with the malpractices of the black art, if I write poems in
+praise of the boys of my friend Scribonius Laetus? Does the mere fact
+of my being a poet make me a wizard? Who ever heard any orator produce
+such likely ground for suspicion, such apt conjectures, such
+close-reasoned argument? 'Apuleius has written verses!' If they are
+bad, that is something against him <i>qua</i> poet, but not <i>qua</i>
+philosopher. If they be good, why do you accuse him? 'But they were
+frivolous verses of an erotic character.' So that is the charge you
+bring against me? and it was a mere slip of the tongue when you
+indicted me for practising the black art? And yet many others have
+written such verse, although you may be ignorant of the fact. Among
+the Greeks, for instance, there was a certain <a href="#NA9">Teian</a>, there was a
+<a href="#NA9">Lacedaemonian</a>, a <a href="#NA9">Cean</a>, and countless others; there was even a woman, a
+<a href="#NA9">Lesbian</a>, who wrote with such grace and such passion that the sweetness
+of her song makes us forgive the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">31</a></span> impropriety of her words; among our
+own poets there were <a href="#NA9">Aedituus, Porcius, and Catulus</a>, with countless
+others. 'But they were not philosophers.' Will you then deny that
+<a href="#NA9">Solon</a> was a serious man and a philosopher? Yet he is the author of
+that most wanton verse:</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<i>Longing for thy body and the kiss of thy sweet lips.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>What is there so lascivious in all my verses compared with that one
+line? I will say nothing of the writings of <a href="#NA9">Diogenes</a> the Cynic, of
+<a href="#NA9">Zeno</a> the founder of Stoicism, and many other similar instances. Let me
+recite my own verses afresh, that my opponents may realize that I am
+not ashamed of them:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="poem">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<i>Critias my treasure is and you,<br />
+Light of my life, Charinus, too<br />
+Hold in my love-tormented heart<br />
+Your own inalienable part.<br />
+Ah! doubt not! with redoubled spite<br />
+Though fire on fire consume me quite,<br />
+The flames ye kindle, boys divine,<br />
+I can endure, so ye be mine.<br />
+Only to each may I be dear<br />
+As your own selves are, and as near;<br />
+Grant only this and you shall be<br />
+Dear as mine own two eyes to me.</i><br />
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Now let me read you the others also which they read last as being the
+most intemperate in expression.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">32</a></span></p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="poem">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<i>I lay these garlands, Critias sweet,<br />
+And this my song before thy feet;<br />
+Song to thyself I dedicate,<br />
+Wreaths to the Angel of thy fate.<br />
+The song I send to hymn the praise<br />
+Of this, the best of all glad days,<br />
+Whereon the circling seasons bring<br />
+The glory of thy fourteenth spring;<br />
+The garlands, that thy brows may shine<br />
+With splendour worthy spring's and thine,<br />
+That thou in boyhood's golden hours<br />
+Mayst deck the flower of life with flowers.<br />
+Wherefore for these bright blooms of spring<br />
+Thy springtide sweet surrendering,<br />
+The tribute of my love repay<br />
+And all my gifts with thine outweigh.<br />
+Surpass the twin&egrave;d garland's grace<br />
+With arms entwined in soft embrace;<br />
+The crimson of the rose eclipse<br />
+With kisses from thy rosy lips.<br />
+Or if thou wilt, be this my meed<br />
+And breathe thy soul into the reed;<br />
+Then shall my songs be shamed and mute<br />
+Before the music of thy flute.</i><br />
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><a name="A10" id="A10"></a>10. These are the verses, Maximus, which they throw in my teeth, as
+though they were the work of an infamous rake and had lover's garlands
+and serenades for their theme. You must have noticed also that in this
+connexion they further attack me for calling these<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">33</a></span> boys Charinus and
+Critias, which are not their true names. On this principle they may as
+well accuse Caius Catullus for calling Clodia Lesbia, <a href="#NA10">Ticidas</a> for
+substituting the name Perilla for that of Metella, Propertius for
+concealing the name Hostia beneath the pseudonym of Cynthia, and
+Tibullus for singing of Delia in his verse, when it was Plania who
+ruled his heart. For my part I should rather blame <a href="#NA10">Caius Lucilius</a>,
+even allowing him all the license of a satiric poet, for prostituting
+to the public gaze the boys Gentius and Macedo, whose real names he
+mentions in his verse without any attempt at concealment. How much
+more reserved is <a href="#NA10">Mantua's poet</a>, who, when like myself he praised the
+slave-boy of his friend Pollio in one of his light pastoral poems,
+shrinks from mentioning real names and calls himself Corydon and the
+boy Alexis. But Aemilianus, whose rusticity far surpasses that of the
+shepherds and cowherds of Vergil, who is, in fact, and always has been
+a boor and a barbarian, though he thinks himself far more austere than
+<a href="#NA10">Serranus</a>, <a href="#NA10">Curius</a>, or <a href="#NA10">Fabricius</a>, those heroes of the days of old,
+denies that such verses are worthy of a philosopher who is a follower
+of Plato. Will you persist in this attitude, Aemilianus, if I can show
+that my verses were modelled upon Plato? For the only verses of Plato
+now extant are love-elegies, the reason, I imagine, being that he
+burned all his other poems because they were inferior in charm and
+finish. Listen then to the verses written by Plato in honour of the
+boy Aster, though I doubt<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">34</a></span> if at your age it is possible for you to
+learn to appreciate literature:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="poem">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<i>Thou wert the morning star among the living</i><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Ere thy fair light had fled;&mdash;</i></span><br />
+<i>Now having died, thou art as Hesperus giving</i><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>New light unto the dead.</i><a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></span><br />
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>There is another poem by Plato dealing conjointly with the boys Alexis
+and Phaedrus:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="poem">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<i>I did but breathe the words 'Alexis fair',<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And all men gazed on him with wondering eyes,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">My soul, why point to questing beasts their prize?</span><br />
+'Twas thus we lost our Phaedrus; ah! beware!</i><br />
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Without citing any further examples I will conclude by quoting a line
+addressed by Plato to <a href="#NA10">Dion</a> of Syracuse:</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<i>Dion, with love thou hast distraught my soul.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p><a name="A11" id="A11"></a>11. Which of us is most to blame? I who am fool enough to speak
+seriously of such things in a law-court? or you who are slanderous
+enough to include such charges in your indictment? For sportive
+effusions in verse are valueless as evidence of a poet's morals. Have
+you not read <a href="#NA11">Catullus</a>, who replies thus to those who wish him ill:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="poem">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<i>A virtuous poet must be chaste. Agreed.<br />
+But for his verses there is no such need.</i><br />
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The divine <a href="#NA11">Hadrian</a>, when he honoured the tomb of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">35</a></span> his friend the poet
+<a href="#NA11">Voconius</a> with an inscription in verse from his own pen, wrote thus:</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<i>Thy verse was wanton, but thy soul was chaste</i>,<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>words which he would never have written had he regarded verse of
+somewhat too lively a wit as proving their author to be a man of
+immoral life. I remember that I have read not a few poems by the
+divine Hadrian himself which were of the same type. Come now,
+Aemilianus, I dare you to say that that was ill done which was done by
+an emperor and censor, the divine Hadrian, and once done was recorded
+for subsequent generations. But, apart from that, do you imagine that
+Maximus will censure anything that has Plato for its model, Plato
+whose verses, which I have just read, are all the purer for being
+frank, all the more modest for being outspoken? For in these matters
+and the like, dissimulation and concealment is the mark of the sinner,
+open acknowledgement and publication a sign that the writer is but
+exercising his wit. For nature has bestowed on innocence a voice
+wherewith to speak, but to guilt she has given silence to veil its
+sin.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A12" id="A12"></a>12. I say nothing of those lofty and divine Platonic doctrines, that
+are familiar to but few of the elect and wholly unknown to all the
+uninitiate, such for instance as that which teaches us that <a href="#NA12">Venus is
+not one goddess, but two</a>, each being strong in her own type of love
+and several types of lovers. The one is the goddess of the common
+herd, who is fired by base and vulgar<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">36</a></span> passion and commands not only
+the hearts of men, but cattle and wild beasts also, to give themselves
+over to the gratification of their desires: she strikes down these
+creatures with fierce intolerable force and fetters their servile
+bodies in the embraces of lust. The other is a celestial power endued
+with lofty and generous passion: she cares for none save men, and of
+them but few; she neither stings nor lures her followers to foul
+deeds. Her love is neither wanton nor voluptuous, but serious and
+unadorned, and wins her lovers to the pursuit of virtue by revealing
+to them how fair a thing is nobility of soul. Or, if ever she commends
+beautiful persons to their admiration, she puts a bar upon all
+indecorous conduct. For the only claim that physical beauty has upon
+the admiration is that it reminds those whose souls have soared above
+things human to things divine, of that beauty which once they beheld
+in all its truth and purity enthroned among the gods in heaven.
+Wherefore let us admit that <a href="#NA12">Afranius</a> shows his usual beauty of
+expression when he says:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="poem">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<i>Only the sage can love, only desire<br />
+Is known to others</i>;<br />
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>although if you would know the real truth, Aemilianus, or if you are
+capable of ever comprehending such high matters, the sage does not
+love, but only remembers.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A13" id="A13"></a>13. I would therefore beg you to pardon the philosopher Plato for his
+amatory verse, and relieve<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">37</a></span> me of the necessity of offending against
+the precepts put by <a href="#NA13">Ennius</a> into the mouth of Neoptolemus by
+philosophizing at undue length; on the other hand if you refuse to
+pardon Plato, I am quite ready to suffer blame on this count in his
+company. I must express my deep gratitude to you, Maximus, for
+listening with such close attention to these side issues, which are
+necessary to my defence inasmuch as I am paying back my accusers in
+their own coin. Your kindness emboldens me to make this further
+request, that you will listen to all that I have to say by way of
+prelude to my answer to the main charge with the same courtesy and
+attention that you have hitherto shown.</p>
+
+<p>I beg this, since I have next to deal with that long oration, austere
+as any censor's, which Pudens delivered on the subject of my <a href="#NA13">mirror</a>.
+He nearly exploded, so violently did he declaim against the horrid
+nature of my offence. 'The philosopher owns a mirror, the philosopher
+actually possesses a mirror.' Grant that I possess it: if I denied it,
+you might really think that your accusation had gone home: still it is
+by no means a necessary inference that I am in the habit of adorning
+myself before a mirror. Why! suppose I possessed a theatrical
+wardrobe, would you venture to argue from that that I am in the
+frequent habit of wearing the trailing robes of tragedy, the saffron
+cloak of the mimic dance, or the patchwork suit of the harlequinade? I
+think not. On the contrary there are plenty of things of which I enjoy
+the use<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">38</a></span> without the possession. But if possession is no proof of use
+nor non-possession of non-use, and if you complain of the fact that I
+look into the mirror rather than that I possess it, you must go on to
+show when and in whose presence I have ever looked into it; for as
+things stand, you make it a greater crime for a philosopher to look
+upon a mirror than for the uninitiated to gaze upon the mystic emblems
+of Ceres.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A14" id="A14"></a>14. Come now, let me admit that I <i>have</i> looked into it. Is it a crime
+to be acquainted with one's own likeness and to carry it with one
+wherever one goes ready to hand within the compass of a small mirror,
+instead of keeping it hidden away in some one place? Are you ignorant
+of the fact that there is nothing more pleasing for a man to look upon
+than his own image? At any rate I know that fathers love those sons
+most who most resemble themselves, and that public statues are decreed
+as a reward for merit that the original may gladden his heart by
+looking on them. What else is the significance of statues and
+portraits produced by the various arts? You will scarcely maintain the
+paradox that what is worthy of admiration when produced by art is
+blameworthy when produced by nature; for nature has an even greater
+facility and truth than art. Long labour is expended over all the
+portraits wrought by the hand of man, yet they never attain to such
+truth as is revealed by a mirror. Clay is lacking in life, marble in
+colour, painting in solidity, and all three in motion, which is the
+most<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">39</a></span> convincing element in a likeness: whereas in a mirror the
+reflection of the image is marvellous, for it is not only like its
+original, but moves and follows every nod of the man to whom it
+belongs; its age always corresponds to that of those who look into the
+mirror, from their earliest childhood to their expiring age: it puts
+on all the changes brought by the advance of years, shares all the
+varying habits of the body, and imitates the shifting expressions of
+joy and sorrow that may be seen on the face of one and the same man.
+For all we mould in clay or cast in bronze or carve in stone or tint
+with encaustic pigments or colour with paint, in a word, every attempt
+at artistic representation by the hand of man after a brief lapse of
+time loses its truth and becomes motionless and impassive like the
+face of a corpse. So far superior to all pictorial art in respect of
+truthful representation is the craftsmanship of the smooth mirror and
+the splendour of its art.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A15" id="A15"></a>15. Two alternatives then are before us. We must either follow the
+precept of <a href="#NA15">the Lacedaemonian Agesilaus</a>, who had no confidence in his
+personal appearance and refused to allow his portrait to be painted or
+carved; or we must accept the universal custom of the rest of mankind
+which welcomes portraiture both in sculpture and painting. In the
+latter case, is there any reason for preferring to see one's portrait
+moulded in marble rather than reflected in silver, in a painting
+rather than in a mirror? Or do you regard it as disgraceful to pay
+continual attention<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">40</a></span> to one's own appearance? Is not <a href="#NA15">Socrates</a> said
+actually to have urged his followers frequently to consider their
+image in a glass, that so those of them that prided themselves on
+their appearance might above all else take care that they did no
+dishonour to the splendour of their body by the blackness of their
+hearts; while those who regarded themselves as less than handsome in
+personal appearance might take especial pains to conceal the meanness
+of their body by the glory of their virtue? You see; the wisest man of
+his day actually went so far as to use the mirror as an instrument of
+moral discipline. Again, who is ignorant of the fact that <a href="#NA15">Demosthenes</a>,
+the greatest master of the art of speaking, always practised pleading
+before a mirror as though before a professor of rhetoric? When that
+supreme orator had drained deep draughts of eloquence in the study of
+<a href="#NA15">Plato</a> the philosopher, and had learned all that could be learned of
+argumentation from the dialectician <a href="#NA15">Eubulides</a>, last of all he betook
+himself to a mirror to learn perfection of delivery. Which do you
+think should pay greatest attention to the decorousness of his
+appearance in the delivery of a speech? <a href="#NA15">The orator when he wrangles</a>
+with his opponent or the philosopher when he rebukes the vices of
+mankind? The man who harangues for a brief space before an audience of
+jurymen drawn by the chance of the lot, or he who is continually
+discoursing with all mankind for audience? The man who is quarrelling
+over the boundaries of lands, or he whose theme is the boundaries of
+good<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">41</a></span> and evil? Moreover there are other reasons why a philosopher
+should look into a mirror. He is not always concerned with the
+contemplation of his own likeness, he contemplates also the causes
+which produce that likeness. Is <a href="#NA15">Epicurus</a> right when he asserts that
+images proceed forth from us, as it were a kind of slough that
+continually streams from our bodies? These images when they strike
+anything smooth and solid are reflected by the shock and reversed in
+such wise as to give back an image turned to face its original. Or
+should we accept the view maintained by other philosophers that rays
+are emitted from our body? According to <a href="#NA15">Plato</a> these rays are filtered
+forth from the centre of our eyes and mingle and blend with the light
+of the world without us; according to <a href="#NA15">Archytas</a> they issue forth from
+us without any external support; according to <a href="#NA15">the Stoics</a> these rays
+are called into action<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> by the tension of the air: all agree that,
+when these emanations strike any dense, smooth, and shining surface,
+they return to the surface from which they proceeded in such manner
+that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection, and
+as a result that which they approach and touch without the mirror is
+imaged within the mirror.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A16" id="A16"></a>16. What think you? Should not philosophers make all these problems
+subjects of research and inquiry and in solitary study look into
+mirrors of every kind, solid and liquid? There is also over and above
+these questions further matter for discussion.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">42</a></span> For instance, why is
+it that in flat mirrors all images and objects reflected are shown in
+almost precisely their original dimensions, whereas in convex and
+spherical mirrors everything is seen smaller, in concave mirrors on
+the other hand larger than nature? Why again and under what
+circumstances are left and right reversed? When does one and the same
+mirror seem now to withdraw the image into its depths, now to extrude
+it forth to view? Why do concave mirrors when held at right angles to
+the rays of the sun kindle tinder set opposite them? What is the cause
+of the prismatic colours of the rainbow, or of the appearance in
+heaven of <a href="#NA16">two rival images of the sun</a>, with sundry other phenomena
+treated in a monumental volume by Archimedes of Syracuse, a man who
+showed extraordinary and unique subtlety in all branches of geometry,
+but was perhaps particularly remarkable for his frequent and attentive
+inspection of mirrors. If you had only read this book, Aemilianus,
+and, instead of devoting yourself to the study of your fields and
+their dull clods, had studied the mathematician's slate and
+blackboard, believe me, although your face is hideous enough for a
+tragic mask of Thyestes, you would assuredly, in your desire for the
+acquisition of knowledge, look into the glass and sometimes leave your
+plough to marvel at the numberless furrows with which wrinkles have
+scored your face.</p>
+
+<p>But I should not be surprised if you prefer me to speak of your ugly
+deformity of a face and to be silent about your morals, which are
+infinitely more<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">43</a></span> repulsive than your features. I will say nothing of
+them. In the first place I am not naturally of a quarrelsome
+disposition, and secondly I am glad to say that until quite recently
+you might have been white or black for all I knew. Even now my
+knowledge of you is inadequate. The reason for this is that your
+rustic occupations have kept you in obscurity, while <i>I</i> have been
+occupied by my studies, and so the shadow cast about you by your
+insignificance has shielded your character from scrutiny, while I for
+my part take no interest in others' ill deeds, but have always thought
+it more important to conceal my own faults than to track out those of
+others. As a result you have the advantage of one who, while he is
+himself shrouded in darkness, surveys another who chances to have
+taken his stand in the full light of day. You from your darkness can
+with ease form an opinion as to what I am doing in my not
+undistinguished position before all the world; but your position is so
+abject, so obscure, and so withdrawn from the light of publicity that
+you are by no means so conspicuous.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A17" id="A17"></a>17. I neither know nor care to know whether you have slaves to till
+your fields or whether you do so by interchange of service with your
+neighbours. But <i>you</i> know that at Oea I gave three slaves their
+freedom on the same day, and your advocate has cast it in my teeth
+together with other actions of mine of which you have given him
+information. And yet but a few minutes earlier he had declared that I
+came to Oea accompanied by no more than one slave.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">44</a></span> I challenge you to
+tell me how I could have made one slave into three free men. But
+perhaps this is one of my feats of magic. Has lying made you blind, or
+shall I rather say that from force of habit you are incapable of
+speaking the truth? 'Apuleius,' you say, 'came to Oea with one slave,'
+and then only a very few words later you blurt out, 'Apuleius on one
+and the same day at Oea gave three slaves their freedom.' Not even the
+assertion that I had come with three slaves and had given them all
+their freedom would have been credible: but suppose I had done so,
+what reason have you for regarding three slaves as a mark of my
+poverty, rather than for considering three freed men as a proof of my
+wealth? Poor Aemilianus, you have not the least idea how to accuse a
+philosopher: you reproach me for the scantiness of my household,
+whereas it would really have been my duty to have laid claim, however
+falsely, to such poverty. It would have redounded to my credit, for I
+know that not only philosophers of whom I boast myself a follower, but
+also generals of the Roman people have gloried in the small number of
+their slaves. Have your advocates really never read that <a href="#NA17">Marcus
+Antonius</a>, a man who had filled the office of consul, had but eight
+slaves in his house? That that very <a href="#NA17">Carbo</a> who obtained supreme control
+of Rome had fewer by one? That <a href="#NA17">Manius Curius</a>, famous beyond all men
+for the crowns of victory that he had won, Manius Curius who thrice
+led the triumphal procession through the same gate of Rome, had but<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">45</a></span>
+two servants to attend him in camp, so that in good truth that same
+man who triumphed over the Sabines, the Samnites, and Pyrrhus had
+fewer slaves than triumphs? <a href="#NA17">Marcus Cato</a> did not wait for others to
+tell it of him, but himself records the fact in one of his speeches
+that when he set out as consul for Spain he took but three slaves from
+the city with him. When, however, he came to stay at a state
+residence, the number seemed insufficient, and he ordered two slaves
+to be bought in the market to wait on him at table, so that he took
+five in all to Spain. Had Pudens come across these facts in his
+reading, he would, I think, either have omitted this particular
+slander or would have preferred to reproach me on the ground that
+three slaves were too large rather than too small an establishment for
+a philosopher.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A18" id="A18"></a>18. Pudens actually reproached me with being poor, a charge which is
+welcome to a philosopher and one that he may glory in. For poverty has
+long been the handmaid of philosophy; frugal and sober, she is strong
+in her weakness and is greedy for naught save honour; the possession
+of her is a prophylactic against wealth, her mien is free from care,
+and her adornment simple; her counsels are beneficent, she puffs no
+man up with pride, she corrupts no man with passions beyond his
+control, she maddens no man with the lust for power, she neither
+desires nor can indulge in the pleasures of feasting and of love.
+These sins and their like are usually the nurslings of wealth. Count
+over all the greatest crimes recorded in the history of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">46</a></span> mankind, you
+will find no poor man among their guilty authors. On the other hand,
+it is rare to find wealthy men among the great figures of history. All
+those at whom we marvel for their great deeds were the nurslings of
+poverty from their very cradles, poverty that founded all cities in
+the days of old, poverty mother of all arts, witless of all sin,
+bestower of all glory, crowned with all honour among all the peoples
+of the world. Take the history of Greece: the justice of poverty is
+seen in <a href="#NA18">Aristides</a>, her benignity in <a href="#NA18">Phocion</a>, her force in <a href="#NA18">Epaminondas</a>,
+her wisdom in Socrates, her eloquence in Homer. It was this same
+poverty that established the empire of the Roman people in its first
+beginnings, and even to this day Rome offers up thanksgivings for it
+to the immortal gods with libations poured from a wooden ladle and
+offerings borne in an earthen platter. If the judges sitting to try
+this case were <a href="#NA18">Caius Fabricius</a>, <a href="#NA18">Cnaeus Scipio</a>, Manius Curius, whose
+daughters on account of their poverty were given dowries from the
+public treasury and so went to their husbands bringing with them the
+honour of their houses and the wealth of the state; if <a href="#NA18">Publicola</a>, who
+drove out the Kings, or <a href="#NA18">Agrippa</a>, the healer of the people's strife,
+men whose funerals were on account of their poverty enriched by the
+gift of a few farthings per man from the whole Roman people; if
+<a href="#NA18">Atilius Regulus</a>, whose lands on account of his own poverty were
+cultivated at the public expense; if, in a word, all the heroes of the
+old Roman stock, consuls and censors and triumphant<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">47</a></span> generals, were
+given a brief renewal of life and sent back to earth to give hearing
+to this case, would you dare in the presence of so many poor consuls
+to reproach a philosopher with poverty?</p>
+
+<p><a name="A19" id="A19"></a>19. Perhaps Claudius Maximus seems to you to be a suitable person
+before whom to deride poverty, because he himself is in enjoyment of
+great wealth and enormous opulence. You are wrong, Aemilianus, you are
+wholly mistaken in your estimate of his character, if you take the
+bounty of his fortune rather than the sternness of his philosophy as
+the standard for your judgement and fail to realize that one, who
+holds so austere a creed and has so long endured military service, is
+more likely to befriend a moderate fortune with all its limitations
+than opulence with all its luxury, and holds that fortunes, like
+tunics, should be comfortable, not long. For even a tunic, if it be
+not carried high, but is allowed to drag, will entangle and trip the
+feet as badly as a cloak that hangs down in front. In everything that
+we employ for the needs of daily life, whatever exceeds the mean is
+superfluous and a burden rather than a help. So it is that excessive
+riches, like steering oars of too great weight and bulk, serve to sink
+the ship rather than to guide it; for their bulk is unprofitable and
+their superfluity a curse. I have noticed that of the wealthy
+themselves those win most praise who live quietly and in moderate
+comfort, concealing their actual resources, administering their great
+possessions without ostentation or pride and showing like poor folk
+under the disguise<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">48</a></span> of their moderation. Now, if even the rich to some
+extent affect the outward form and semblance of poverty to give
+evidence of their moderation, why should we of slenderer means be
+ashamed of being poor not in appearance only but in reality?</p>
+
+<p><a name="A20" id="A20"></a>20. I might even engage with you in controversy over the word poverty,
+urging that no man is poor who rejects the superfluous and has at his
+command all the necessities of life, which nature has ordained should
+be exceedingly small. For he who desires least will possess most,
+inasmuch as he who wants but little will have all he wants. The
+measure of wealth ought therefore not to be the possession of lands
+and investments, but the very soul of man. For if avarice make him
+continually in need of some fresh acquisition and insatiable in his
+lust for gain, not even mountains of gold will bring him satisfaction,
+but he will always be begging for more that he may increase what he
+already possesses. That is <i>the</i> genuine admission of poverty. For
+every desire for fresh acquisition springs from the consciousness of
+want, and it matters little how large your possessions are if they are
+too small for <i>you</i>. <a href="#NA20">Philus</a> had a far smaller household than <a href="#NA20">Laelius</a>,
+Laelius than Scipio, Scipio than <a href="#NA20">Crassus</a> the Rich, and yet not even
+Crassus had as much as he wanted; and so, though he surpassed all
+others in wealth, he was himself surpassed by his own avarice and
+seemed rich to all save himself. On the other hand, the philosophers
+of whom I have spoken wanted nothing beyond what was at their
+disposal, and, thanks<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">49</a></span> to the harmony existing between their desires
+and their resources, they were deservedly rich and happy. For poverty
+consists in the need for fresh acquisition, wealth in the satisfaction
+springing from the absence of needs. For the badge of penury is
+desire, the badge of wealth contempt. Therefore, Aemilianus, if you
+wish me to be regarded as poor, you must first prove that I am
+avaricious. But if my soul lacks nothing, I care little how much of
+the goods of this world be lacking to me; for it is no honour to
+possess them and no reproach to lack them.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A21" id="A21"></a>21. But let us suppose it to be otherwise. Suppose that I am poor,
+because fortune has grudged me riches, because my guardian, as often
+happens, misappropriated my inheritance, some enemy robbed me, or my
+father left me nothing. Is it just to reproach a man for that which is
+regarded as no reproach to the animal kingdom, to the eagle, to the
+bull, to the lion? If the horse be strong in the possession of his
+peculiar excellences, if he is pleasant to ride and swift in his
+paces, no one rebukes him for the poverty of his food. Must you then
+reproach me, not for any scandalous word or deed, but simply because I
+live in a small house, possess an unusually small number of slaves,
+subsist on unusually light diet, wear unusually light clothing, and
+make unusually small purchases of food? Yet however scanty my service,
+food, and raiment may seem to you, I on the contrary regard them as
+ample and even excessive. Indeed I am desirous of still further
+reducing them, since the less I have to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">50</a></span> distract me the happier I
+shall be. For the soul, like the body, goes lightly clad when in good
+health; weakness wraps itself up, and it is a sure sign of infirmity
+to have many wants. We live, just as we swim, all the better for being
+but lightly burdened. For in this stormy life as on the stormy ocean
+heavy things sink us and light things buoy us up. It is in this
+respect, I find, that the gods more especially surpass men, namely
+that they lack nothing: wherefore he of mankind whose needs are
+smallest is most like unto the gods.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A22" id="A22"></a>22. I therefore regarded it as a compliment when to insult me you
+asserted that my whole household consisted of a wallet and a staff.
+Would that my spirit were made of such stern stuff as to permit me to
+dispense with all this furniture and worthily to carry that equipment
+for which <a href="#NA22">Crates</a> sacrificed all his wealth! Crates, I tell you, though
+I doubt if you will believe me, Aemilianus, was a man of great wealth
+and honour among the nobility of Thebes; but for love of this habit,
+which you cast in my face as a crime, he gave his large and luxurious
+household to his fellow citizens, resigned his troops of slaves for
+solitude, so contemned the countless trees of his rich orchards as to
+be content with one staff, exchanged his elegant villas for one small
+wallet, which, when he had fully appreciated its utility, he even
+praised in song by diverting from their original meaning certain lines
+of Homer in which he extols the island of Crete. I will quote the
+first lines, that you may not think this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">51</a></span> a mere invention of mine
+designed to meet the needs of my own case:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="poem">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<i>There is a town named Wallet in the midst<br />
+Of smoke that's dark as wine.</i><br />
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The lines which follow are so wonderful, that had you read them you
+would envy me my wallet even more than you envy me my marriage with
+Pudentilla. You reproach philosophers for their staff and wallet. You
+might as well reproach cavalry for their trappings, infantry for their
+shields, standard-bearers for their banners, triumphant generals for
+their chariots drawn by four white horses and their cloaks embroidered
+with palm-leaves. The staff and wallet are not, it is true, carried by
+the Platonic philosophers, but are the badges of the Cynic school. To
+Diogenes and <a href="#NA22">Antisthenes</a> they were what the crown is to the king, the
+cloak of purple to the general, the cowl to the priest, the trumpet to
+the augur. Indeed the Cynic Diogenes, when he disputed with Alexander
+the Great, as to which of the two was the true king, boasted of his
+staff as the true sceptre. The unconquered Hercules himself, since you
+despise my instances as drawn from mere mendicancy, Hercules that
+roamed the whole world, exterminated monsters, and conquered races,
+god though he was, had but a skin for raiment and a staff for company
+in the days when he wandered through the earth. And yet but a brief
+while afterwards he was admitted to heaven as a reward for his virtue.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A23" id="A23"></a>23. But if you despise these examples and challenge<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">52</a></span> me, not to plead
+my case, but to enter into a discussion of the amount of my fortune,
+to put an end to your ignorance on this point, if it exists, I
+acknowledge that my father left my brother and myself a little under
+2,000,000 sesterces&mdash;a sum on which my lengthy travels, continual
+studies, and frequent generosity have made considerable inroads. For I
+have often assisted my friends and have shown substantial gratitude to
+many of my instructors, on more than one occasion going so far as to
+provide dowries for their daughters. Nay, I should not have hesitated
+to expend every farthing of my patrimony, if so I might acquire, what
+is far better, a contempt for it. But as for you, Aemilianus, and
+ignorant boors of your kidney, in your case the fortune makes the man.
+You are like barren and blasted trees that produce no fruit, but are
+valued only for the timber that their trunks contain. But I beg you,
+Aemilianus, in future to abstain from reviling any one for their
+poverty, since you yourself used, after waiting for some seasonable
+shower to soften the ground, to expend three days in ploughing
+single-handed, with the aid of one wretched ass, that miserable farm
+at Zarath, which was all your father left you. It is only recently
+that fortune has smiled on you in the shape of wholly undeserved
+inheritances which have fallen to you by the frequent deaths of
+relatives, deaths to which, far more than to your hideous face, you
+owe your nickname of Charon.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A24" id="A24"></a>24. As to my birthplace, you assert that my writings prove it to lie
+right on the marches of Numidia and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">53</a></span> Gaetulia, for I publicly
+described myself as half Numidian, half Gaetulian in a discourse
+delivered in the presence of that most distinguished citizen <a href="#NA24">Lollianus
+Avitus</a>. I do not see that I have any more reason to be ashamed of that
+than had the elder Cyrus for being of mixed descent, half Mede, half
+Persian. A man's birthplace is of no importance, it is his character
+that matters. We must consider not in what part of the world, but with
+what purpose he set out to live his life. Vendors of wine and cabbages
+are permitted to enhance the value of their wares by advertising the
+excellence of the soil whence they spring, as for instance with the
+wine of Thasos and the cabbages of Phlius. For those products of the
+soil are wonderfully improved in flavour by the fertility of the
+district which produces them, the moistness of the climate, the
+mildness of the winds, the warmth of the sun, and the richness of the
+soil. But in the case of man, the soul enters the tenement of the body
+from without. What, then, can such circumstances as these add to or
+take away from his virtues or his vices? Has there ever been a time or
+place in which a race has not produced a variety of intellects,
+although some races seem stupider and some wiser than others? The
+Scythians are the stupidest of men, and yet the wise <a href="#NA24">Anacharsis</a> was a
+Scyth. The Athenians are shrewd, and yet the Athenian <a href="#NA24">Meletides</a> was a
+fool. I say this not because I am ashamed of my country, since even in
+the time of <a href="#NA24">Syphax</a> we were a township. When he was conquered we were
+transferred by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">54</a></span> the gift of the Roman people to the dominion of King
+Masinissa, and finally as the result of a settlement of veteran
+soldiers, our second founders, we have become a colony of the highest
+distinction. In this same colony my father attained to the post of
+<a href="#NA24"><i>duumvir</i></a> and became the foremost citizen of the place, after filling
+all the municipal offices of honour. I myself, immediately after my
+first entry into the municipal senate, succeeded to my father's
+position in the community, and, as I hope, am in no ways a degenerate
+successor, but receive like honour and esteem for my maintenance of
+<a href="#NA24">the dignity of my position</a>. Why do I mention this? That you,
+Aemilianus, may be less angry with me in future and may more readily
+pardon me for having been negligent enough not to select your 'Attic'
+Zarath for my birthplace.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A25" id="A25"></a>25. Are you not ashamed to produce such accusations with such violence
+before such a judge, to bring forward frivolous and self-contradictory
+accusations, and then in the same breath to blame me on both charges
+at once? Is it not a sheer contradiction to object to my wallet and
+staff on the ground of austerity, to my poems and mirror on the ground
+of undue levity; to accuse me of parsimony for having only one slave,
+and of extravagance in having three; to denounce me for my Greek
+eloquence and my barbarian birth? Awake from your slumber and remember
+that you are speaking before Claudius Maximus, a man of stern
+character, burdened with the business of the whole province. Cease, I
+say, to bring forward these empty<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">55</a></span> slanders. Prove your indictment,
+prove that I am guilty of ghastly crimes, detestable sorceries, and
+black art-magic. Why is it that the strength of your speech lies in
+mere noise, while it is weak and flabby in point of facts?</p>
+
+<p>I will now deal with the actual charge of magic. You spared no
+violence in fanning the flame of hatred against me. But you have
+disappointed all men's expectations by your old wives' fables, and the
+fire kindled by your accusations has burned itself away. I ask you,
+Maximus, have you ever seen fire spring up among the stubble,
+crackling sharply, blazing wide and spreading fast, but soon
+exhausting its flimsy fuel, dying fast away, leaving not a wrack
+behind? So they have kindled their accusation with abuse and fanned it
+with words, but it lacks the fuel of facts and, your verdict once
+given, is destined to leave not a wrack of calumny behind. The whole
+of Aemilianus' calumnious accusation was centred in the charge of
+magic. I should therefore like to ask his most learned advocates how,
+precisely, they would define a magician. If what I read in a large
+number of authors be true, namely, that <a href="#NA25">magician is the Persian word
+for priest</a>, what is there criminal in being a priest and having due
+knowledge, science, and skill in all ceremonial law, sacrificial
+duties, and the binding rules of religion, at least if magic consists
+in that which Plato sets forth in his description of the methods
+employed by the Persians in the education of their young princes? I
+remember the very words of that divine philosopher. Let me recall them
+to your memory, Maximus:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">56</a></span> 'When the boy has reached the age of
+fourteen he is handed over to the care of men known as the Royal
+Masters. They are four in number, and are chosen as being the best of
+the elders of Persia, one the wisest, another the justest, a third the
+most temperate, a fourth the bravest. And one of these teaches the boy
+the magic of <a href="#NA25">Zoroaster the son of Oromazes</a>; and this magic is no other
+than the worship of the gods. He also teaches him the arts of
+kingship.'</p>
+
+<p><a name="A26" id="A26"></a>26. Do you hear, you who so rashly accuse the art of magic? It is an
+art acceptable to the immortal gods, full of all knowledge of worship
+and of prayer, full of piety and wisdom in things divine, full of
+honour and glory since the day when Zoroaster and Oromazes established
+it, high-priestess of the powers of heaven. Nay, it is one of the
+first elements of princely instruction, nor do they lightly admit any
+chance person to be a magician, any more than they would admit him to
+be a king. <a href="#NA26">Plato</a>&mdash;if I may quote him again&mdash;in another passage dealing
+with a certain <a href="#NA26">Zalmoxis</a>, a Thracian and also a master of this art, has
+written that 'magical charms are merely beautiful words'. If that is
+so, why should I be forbidden to learn the fair words of Zalmoxis or
+the priestly lore of Zoroaster? But if these accusers of mine, after
+the fashion of the common herd, define a magician as one who by
+communion of speech with the immortal gods has power to do all the
+marvels that he will, through a strange power of incantation, I really
+wonder that they are not afraid to attack one whom they acknow<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">57</a></span>ledge
+to be so powerful. For it is impossible to guard against such a
+mysterious and divine power. Against other dangers we may take
+adequate precautions. He who summons a murderer before the judge comes
+into court with an escort of friends; he who denounces a poisoner is
+unusually careful as to what he eats; he who accuses a thief sets a
+guard over his possessions. But for the man who exposes a magician,
+credited with such awful powers, to the danger of a capital sentence,
+how can escort or precaution or watchmen save him from unforeseen and
+inevitable disaster? Nothing can save him, and therefore the man who
+believes in the truth of such a charge as this is certainly the last
+person in the world who should bring such an accusation.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A27" id="A27"></a>27. But it is a common and general error of the uninitiated to bring
+the following accusations against philosophers. Some of them think
+that those who explore the origins and elements of material things are
+irreligious, and assert that they deny the existence of the gods.
+Take, for instance, the cases of <a href="#NA27">Anaxagoras</a>, <a href="#NA27">Leucippus</a>, <a href="#NA27">Democritus</a>,
+and <a href="#NA27">Epicurus</a>, and other natural philosophers. Others call those
+magicians who bestow unusual care on the investigation of the workings
+of providence and unusual devotion on their worship of the gods, as
+though, forsooth, they knew <i>how</i> to perform everything that they know
+actually to <i>be</i> performed. So <a href="#NA27">Epimenides</a>, Orpheus, Pythagoras, and
+<a href="#NA27">Ostanes</a> were regarded as magicians, while a similar suspicion attached
+to <a href="#NA27">the 'purifications' of Empedocles</a>, <a href="#NA27">the 'demon' of Socrates</a> and <a href="#NA27">the
+'good'</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">58</a></span><a href="#NA27"> of Plato</a>. I congratulate myself therefore on being admitted to
+such distinguished company.</p>
+
+<p>I fear, however, Maximus, that you may regard the empty, ridiculous
+and childish<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> fictions which my opponents have advanced in support
+of their case as serious charges merely because they have been put
+forward. 'Why,' says my accuser, 'have you sought out particular kinds
+of fish?' Why should not a philosopher be permitted to do for the
+satisfaction of his desire for knowledge what the <i>gourmand</i>, is
+permitted to do for the satisfaction of his gluttony? 'What,' he asks,
+'induced a free woman to marry you after thirteen years of widowhood?'
+'Surely,' I answer, 'it is more remarkable that she should have
+remained a widow so long.' 'Why, before she married you, did she
+express certain opinions in a letter?' 'Is it reasonable,' I ask, 'to
+demand of any one the reasons of another person's private opinions?'
+'But,' he goes on, 'although she was your senior in years, she did not
+despise your youth.' Surely this simply serves to show that there was
+no need of magic to induce a woman to marry a man, or a widow to wed a
+bachelor some years her junior. There are more charges equally
+frivolous. 'Apuleius,' he persists, 'keeps a mysterious object in his
+house which he worships with veneration.' Surely it would be a worse
+offence to have nothing to worship at all. 'A boy fell to the ground
+in Apuleius' presence.' What if a young man or even an old man had
+fallen in my presence through a sudden stroke of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">59</a></span> disease or merely
+owing to the slipperiness of the ground? Do you really think to prove
+your charge of magic by such arguments as these; the fall of a
+wretched boy, my marriage to my wife, my purchases of fish?</p>
+
+<p><a name="A28" id="A28"></a>28. I should run but small risk if I were to content myself with what
+I have already said and begin my peroration. But since as a result of
+the length at which my accusers spoke, the water-clock still allows me
+plenty of time, let us, if there is no objection, consider the charges
+in detail. I will deny none of them, be they true or false. I will
+assume their truth, that this great crowd, which has gathered from all
+directions to hear this case, may clearly understand not only that no
+true incrimination can be brought against philosophers, but that not
+even any false charge can be fabricated against them, which&mdash;such is
+their confidence in their innocence&mdash;they will not be prepared to
+admit and to defend, even though it be in their power to deny it. I
+will therefore begin by refuting their arguments, and will prove that
+they have nothing to do with magic. Next I will show that even on the
+assumption of my being the most consummate magician, I have never
+given cause or occasion for conviction of any evil practice. I will
+also deal with the lies with which they have endeavoured to arouse
+hostility against me, with their misquotation and misinterpretation of
+my wife's letters, and with my marriage with Pudentilla, whom, as I
+will proceed to prove, I married for love and not for money. This
+marriage of ours caused frightful annoyance and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">60</a></span> distress to
+Aemilianus. Hence springs all the anger, frenzy, and raving madness
+that he has shown in the conduct of this accusation. If I succeed in
+making all these points abundantly clear and obvious, I shall then
+appeal to you, Claudius Maximus, and to all here present to bear me
+out, that the boy Sicinius Pudens, my step-son, through whom and with
+whose consent his uncle now accuses me, was quite recently stolen from
+my charge after the death of Pontianus his brother, who was as much
+his superior in character as in years, and that he was fiercely
+embittered against myself and his mother through no fault of mine:
+that he abandoned his study of the liberal arts and cast off all
+restraint, and&mdash;thanks to the education afforded him by this
+villainous accusation&mdash;is more likely to resemble his uncle Aemilianus
+than his brother Pontianus.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A29" id="A29"></a>29. I will now, as I promised, take Aemilianus' ravings one by one,
+beginning with that charge which you must have noticed was given the
+place of honour in the accuser's speech, as his most effective method
+of exciting suspicion against me as a sorcerer, the charge that I had
+sought to purchase certain kinds of fish from some fishermen. Which of
+these two points is of the slightest value as affording suspicion of
+sorcery? That fishermen sought to procure me the fish? Would you have
+me entrust such a task to gold-embroiderers or carpenters, and, to
+avoid your calumnies, make them change their trades so that the
+carpenter would net me the fish, and the fisherman take his place and
+hew his timber? Or did you infer<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">61</a></span> that the fish were wanted for evil
+purposes because I paid to get them? I presume, if I had wanted them
+for a dinner-party, I should have got them for nothing. Why do not you
+go farther and accuse me on many similar grounds? I have often bought
+wine and vegetables, fruit and bread. The principles laid down by you
+would involve the starvation of all purveyors of dainties. Who will
+ever venture to purchase food from them, if it be decided that all
+provisions for which money is given are wanted not for food but for
+sorcery? But if there is nothing in all this that can give rise to
+suspicion, neither the payment of the fishermen to ply their usual
+trade, to wit, the capture of fish&mdash;I may point out that the
+prosecution never produced any of these fishermen, who are, as a
+matter of fact, wholly creatures of their imagination&mdash;nor the
+purchase of a common article of sale&mdash;the prosecution have never
+stated the amount paid, for fear that if they mentioned a small sum,
+it would be regarded as trivial, or if they mentioned a large sum it
+would fail to win belief,&mdash;if, I say, there is no cause for suspicion
+on any of these grounds, I would ask Aemilianus to tell me what,
+failing these, induced them to accuse me of magic.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A30" id="A30"></a>30. 'You seek to purchase fish,' says he. I will not deny it. But, I
+ask you, is any one who does that a magician? No more, in my opinion,
+than if I should seek to purchase hares or boar's flesh or fatted
+capons. Or is there something mysterious in fish and fish alone,
+hidden from all save sorcerers only? If you know what it is, clearly
+you are a magician. If you do not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">62</a></span> know, you must confess that you are
+bringing an accusation of the nature of which you are entirely
+ignorant. To think that you should be so ignorant not only of all
+literature, but even of popular tales, that you cannot even invent
+charges that will have some show of plausibility! For of what use for
+the kindling of love is an unfeeling chilly creature like a fish, or
+indeed anything else drawn from the sea, unless indeed you propose to
+bring forward in support of your lie the legend that Venus was born
+from the sea? I beg you to listen to me, Tannonius Pudens, that you
+may learn the extent of the ignorance which you have shown by
+accepting the possession of a fish as a proof of sorcery. If you had
+read your <a href="#NA30">Vergil</a>, you would certainly have known that very different
+things are sought for this purpose. He, as far as I recollect,
+mentions 'soft garlands' and 'rich herbs and 'male incense' and
+'threads of diverse hues', and, in addition to these, 'brittle
+laurel,' 'clay to be hardened,' and 'wax to be melted in the fire'.
+There are also the objects mentioned by him in a more serious poem.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="poem">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<i>Rank herbs are sought, with milky venom dark<br />
+By brazen sickles under moonlight mown;<br />
+Sought also is <a href="#NA30">that wondrous talisman</a>,<br />
+Torn from the forehead of the foal at birth<br />
+Ere yet its dam could snatch it.</i><br />
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>But you who take such exception to fish attribute far different
+instruments to magicians, charms not to be torn from new-born
+foreheads, but to be cut from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">63</a></span> scaly backs; not to be plucked from the
+fields of earth, but to be drawn up from the deep fields of ocean; not
+to be mowed with sickles, but to be caught on hooks. Finally, when he
+is speaking of the black art, Vergil mentions poison, you produce an
+<i>entr&eacute;e</i>; he mentions herbs and young shoots, you talk of scales and
+bones; he crops the meadow, you search the waves. I would also have
+quoted for your benefit similar passages from <a href="#NA30">Theocritus</a> with many
+others from <a href="#NA30">Homer</a> and <a href="#NA30">Orpheus</a>, from the comic and tragic poets and
+from the historians, had I not noticed ere now that you were unable to
+read Pudentilla's letter which was written in Greek. I will,
+therefore, do no more than cite one Latin poet. Those who have read
+<a href="#NA30">Laevius</a><a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> will recognize the lines.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="poem">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<i>Love-charms the warlocks seek through all the world:<br />
+The '<a href="#NA30">lover's knot</a>' they try, <a href="#NA30">the magic wheel</a>,<br />
+<a href="#NA30">Ribbons</a> and, <a href="#NA30">nails</a> and roots and herbs and shoots,<br />
+<a href="#NA30">The two-tailed lizard</a> that draws on to love,<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a><br />
+And eke <a href="#NA30">the charm that glads</a> the whinnying mare.</i><br />
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><a name="A31" id="A31"></a>31. You would have made out a far more plausible case by pretending
+that I made use of such things instead of fish, if only you had
+possessed the slightest erudition. For the belief in the use of these
+things is so widespread that you might have been believed. But of what
+use are fish save to be cooked and eaten at meals? In magic they seem
+to me to be absolutely<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">64</a></span> useless. I will tell you why I think so. Many
+hold Pythagoras to have been a pupil of Zoroaster, and, like him, to
+have been skilled in magic. And yet it is recorded that once near
+Metapontum, on the shores of Italy, his home, which his influence had
+converted into a second Greece, he noticed certain fishermen draw up
+their net. He offered to buy whatever it might contain, and after
+depositing the price ordered all the fish caught in meshes of the net
+to be released and thrown back into the sea. He would assuredly never
+have allowed them to slip from his possession had he known them to
+possess any valuable magical properties. For being a man of abnormal
+learning, and a great admirer of the men of old, he remembered that
+<a href="#NA31">Homer</a>, a poet of manifold or, rather I should say, absolute knowledge
+of all that may be known, spoke of the power of all the drugs that
+earth produces, but made no mention of the sea, when speaking of a
+certain witch, he wrote the line:</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<i>All drugs, that wide earth nourishes, she knew.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Similarly in another passage he says:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="poem">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;"><i>Earth the grain-giver</i></span><br />
+<i>Yields up to her its store of drugs, whereof<br />
+Many be healing, mingled in the cup,<br />
+And many baneful.</i><br />
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>But never in the works of Homer did <a href="#NA31">Proteus</a> anoint his face nor
+<a href="#NA31">Ulysses</a> his magic trench, nor <a href="#NA31">Aeolus</a> his windbags, nor <a href="#NA31">Helen</a> her
+mixing bowl, nor <a href="#NA31">Circe</a> her cup, nor <a href="#NA31">Venus</a> her girdle, with any charm
+drawn<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">65</a></span> from the sea or its inhabitants. You alone within the memory of
+man have been found to sweep as it were by some convulsion of nature
+all the powers of herbs and roots and young shoots and small pebbles
+from their hilltops into the sea, and there confine them in the
+entrails of fish. And so whereas sorcerers at their rites used to call
+on <a href="#NA31">Mercury</a> the giver of oracles, Venus that lures the soul, the moon
+that knows the mystery of the night, and <a href="#NA31">Trivia</a> the mistress of the
+shades, you will transfer Neptune, with <a href="#NA31">Salacia</a> and <a href="#NA31">Portumnus</a> and all
+the company of Nereids from the cold tides of the sea to the burning
+tides of love.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A32" id="A32"></a>32. I have given my reasons for refusing to believe that magicians and
+fish have anything to do with one another. But now, if it please you,
+we will assume with Aemilianus that fish are useful for making magical
+charms as well as for their usual purposes. But does that prove that
+whoever acquires fish is <i>ipso facto</i> a magician? On those lines it
+might be urged that whoever acquires a sloop is a pirate, whoever
+acquires a crowbar a burglar, whoever acquires a sword an assassin.
+You will say that there is nothing in the world, however harmless,
+that may not be put to some bad use, nothing so cheerful that it may
+not be given a gloomy meaning. And yet we do not on that account put a
+bad interpretation on everything, as though, for instance, you should
+hold that incense, cassia, myrrh, and similar other scents are
+purchased solely for the purpose of funerals; whereas they are also
+used for sacrifice and medicine. But on the lines<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">66</a></span> of your argument
+you must believe that even the comrades of <a href="#NA32">Menelaus</a> were magicians;
+for they, according to the great poet, averted starvation at the isle
+of Pharos by their use of curved fish-hooks. Nay, you will class in
+the same category of sorcerers seamews, dolphins, and the lobster;
+<i>gourmands</i> also, who sink whole fortunes<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> in the sums they pay to
+fishermen; and fishermen themselves, who by their art capture all
+manner of fish. 'But what do you want fish for?' you insist. I feel
+myself under no necessity to tell you, and refuse to do so. But I
+challenge you to prove unsupported that I bought them for the purpose
+you assert; as though I had bought hellebore or hemlock or opium or
+any other of those drugs, the moderate use of which is salutary,
+although they are deadly when given with other substances or in too
+large quantities. Who would endure it if you made this a ground for
+accusing me of being a poisoner, merely because those drugs are
+capable of killing a man?</p>
+
+<p><a name="A33" id="A33"></a>33. However, let us see what these fish were, fish so necessary for my
+possession and so hard to find, that they were well worth the price I
+paid for their acquisition. They have mentioned no more than three. To
+one they gave a false name; as regards the other two they lied. The
+name was false, for they asserted that the fish was a sea-hare,
+whereas it was quite another fish, which Themison, my servant, who
+knows something of medicine, as you heard from his own lips, bought of
+his own suggestion for me to inspect. For, as a matter of fact, he has
+not as yet<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">67</a></span> ever come across a sea-hare. But I admit that I search for
+other kinds of fish as well, and have commissioned not only fishermen
+but private friends to search for all the rarest kinds of fish,
+begging them either to describe the appearance of the fish or to send
+it me, if possible, alive, or, failing that, dead. Why I do so I will
+soon make clear. My accusers <i>lied</i>&mdash;and very cunning they thought
+themselves&mdash;when they closed their false accusation by pretending that
+I had sought for two sea-beasts known by gross names. That fellow
+Tannonius wished to indicate the nature of the obscenity, but failed,
+matchless pleader that he is, owing to his inability to speak. After
+long hesitation he indicated the name of one of them by means of some
+clumsy and disgusting circumlocution. The other he found impossible to
+describe with decency, and evaded the difficulty by turning to my
+works and quoting a certain passage from them in which I described the
+attitude of a statue of Venus.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A34" id="A34"></a>34. He also with that lofty puritanism which characterizes him,
+reproached me for not being ashamed to describe foul things in noble
+language. I might justly retort on him that, though he openly
+professes the study of eloquence, that stammering voice of his often
+gives utterance to noble things so basely as to defile them, and that
+frequently, when what he has to say presents not the slightest
+difficulty, he begins to stutter or even becomes utterly tongue-tied.
+Come now! Suppose I had said nothing about the statue of Venus, nor
+used the phrase which was of such service to you, what words would you
+have found<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">68</a></span> to frame a charge, which is as suited to your stupidity as
+to your powers of speech? I ask you, is there anything more idiotic
+than the inference that, because the names of two things resemble each
+other, the things themselves are identical? Or did you think it a
+particularly clever invention on your part to pretend that I had
+sought out these two fish for the purpose of using them as magical
+charms? Remember that it is as absurd an argument to say that these
+sea-creatures with gross names were sought for gross purposes, as to
+say that the sea-comb is sought for the adornment of the hair, the
+fish named sea-hawk to catch birds, the fish named the little boar for
+the hunting of boars, or the sea-skull to raise the dead. My reply to
+these lying fabrications, which are as stupid as they are absurd, is
+that I have never attempted to acquire these playthings of the sea,
+these tiny trifles of the shore, either gratis or for money.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A35" id="A35"></a>35. Further, I reply that you were quite ignorant of the nature of the
+objects which you pretended that I sought to acquire. For these
+worthless fish you mention can be found on any shore in heaps and
+multitudes, and are cast up on dry land by the merest ripple without
+any need for human agency. Why do you not say that at the same time I
+commissioned large numbers of fishermen to secure for me at a price
+striped sea-shells from the shore, smooth pebbles, crabs' claws,
+sea-urchins' husks, the tentacles of cuttlefish, shingle, straws,
+cordage, not to mention<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> worm-eaten oyster-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">69</a></span>shells, moss, and
+seaweed, and all the flotsam of the sea that the winds drive, or the
+salt wave casts up, or the storm sweeps back, or the calm leaves high
+and dry all along our shores? For their names are no less suitable
+than those I mentioned above for the purpose of awakening suspicions.
+You have said that certain objects drawn from the sea have a certain
+value for gross purposes on account of the similarity of their names.
+On this analogy why should not a stone be good for diseases of the
+bladder, <a href="#NA35">a shell for the making of a will</a>, a crab for a cancer,
+<a href="#NA35">seaweed for an ague</a>? Really, Claudius Maximus, in listening to these
+appallingly long-winded accusations to their very close you have shown
+a patience that is excessive and a kindness which is too
+long-suffering. For my part when they uttered these charges of theirs,
+as though they were serious and cogent, while I laughed at their
+stupidity, I marvelled at your patience.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A36" id="A36"></a>36. However, since he takes so much interest in my affairs, I will now
+tell Aemilianus why I have examined so many fishes already and why I
+am unwilling to remain in ignorance of some I have not yet seen.
+Although he is in the decline of life and suffering from senile decay,
+let him, if he will, acquire some learning even at the eleventh hour.
+Let him read the works of the philosophers of old, that now at any
+rate he may learn that I am not the first ichthyologist, but follow in
+the steps of authors, centuries my seniors, such as Aristotle,
+<a href="#NA36">Theophrastus</a>, <a href="#NA36">Eudemus</a>, <a href="#NA36">Lycon</a>, and the other successors of Plato,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">70</a></span> who
+have left many books on the generation, life, parts and differences of
+animals. It is a good thing, Maximus, that this case is being tried
+before a scholar like yourself, who have read Aristotle's numerous
+volumes 'on the generation, the anatomy, the history of animals',
+together with his numberless 'Problems' and works by others of his
+school, treating of various subjects of this kind. If it is an honour
+and glory to them that they should have put on record the results of
+their careful researches, why should it be disgraceful to me to
+attempt the like task, especially since I shall attempt to write on
+those subjects both in Greek and Latin and in a more concise and
+systematic manner, and shall strive either to make good omissions or
+remedy mistakes in all these authors? I beg of you, if you think it
+worth while, to permit the reading of extracts from my 'magic' works,
+that Aemilianus may learn that my sedulous researches and inquiries
+have a wider range than he thinks. Bring a volume of my Greek
+works&mdash;some of my friends who are interested in questions of natural
+history may perhaps have them with them in court&mdash;take by preference
+one of those dealing with problems of natural philosophy, and from
+among those that volume in particular which treats of the race of
+fish. While he is looking for the book, I will tell you a story which
+has some relevance to this case.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A37" id="A37"></a>37. The poet Sophocles, the rival and survivor of Euripides&mdash;for he
+lived to extreme old age&mdash;on being accused by his own son of insanity
+on the ground<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">71</a></span> that the advance of age had destroyed his wits, is said
+to have produced that matchless tragedy, his <i>Oedipus Coloneus</i>, on
+which he happened to be engaged at the time, and to have read it aloud
+to the jury without adding another word in his defence, except that he
+bade them without hesitation to condemn him as insane if an old man's
+poetry displeased them. At that point&mdash;so I have read&mdash;the jury rose
+to their feet as one man to show their admiration of so great a poet,
+and praised him marvellously both for the shrewdness of his argument
+and for the eloquence of his tragic verse. And indeed they were not
+far off unanimously condemning the accuser as the madman instead.</p>
+
+<p>Have you found the book? Thank you. Let us try now whether what I
+write may serve me in good stead in a law-court. Read a few lines at
+the beginning, then some details concerning the fish. And do you while
+he reads stop the water-clock. (<i>A passage from the book is read.</i>)</p>
+
+<p><a name="A38" id="A38"></a>38. You hear, Maximus. You have doubtless frequently read the like in
+the works of ancient philosophers. Remember too that these volumes of
+mine describe fishes only, distinguishing those that spring from the
+union of the sexes from those which are spontaneously generated from
+the mud, discussing how often and at what periods of the year the
+males and females of each species come together, setting forth the
+distinction established by nature between those of them who are
+viviparous and those who are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">72</a></span> oviparous&mdash;for thus I translate the
+Greek phrases <span lang="el" title="Greek: zôotoka">&#950;&#8179;&#959;&#964;&#8057;&#954;&#945;</span> and <span lang="el" title="Greek: ôotoka">&#8096;&#959;&#964;&#8057;&#954;&#945;</span>&mdash;together with the
+causes of this distinction and the organic differences by which it is
+characterized, in a word&mdash;for I would not weary you by discussing all
+the different methods of generation in animals&mdash;treating of the
+distinguishing marks of species, their various manners of life, the
+difference of their members and ages, with many other points necessary
+for the man of science but out of place in a law-court. I will ask
+that a few of my Latin writings dealing with the same science may be
+read, in which you will notice some rare pieces of knowledge and names
+but little known to the Romans; indeed they have never been produced
+before to-day, but yet, thanks to my toil and study they have been so
+translated from the Greek, that in spite of their strangeness they are
+none the less of Latin mintage. Do you deny this, Aemilianus? If so,
+let your advocates tell me in what Latin author they have ever before
+read such words as those which I will cause to be recited to you. I
+will mention only aquatic animals, nor will I make any reference to
+other animals save in connexion with the characteristics which
+distinguish them from aquatic creatures. Listen then to what I say.
+You will cry out at me saying that I am giving you a list of magic
+names such as are used in Egyptian or Babylonian rites.
+<span lang="el" title="Greek: Selacheia malacheia malakostraka
+chondrakantha ostrakoderma karcharodonta amphibia lepid&ocirc;ta
+pholid&ocirc;ta dermoptera steganopoda mon&ecirc;r&ecirc;
+synagelastika">&#931;&#949;&#955;&#8049;&#967;&#949;&#953;&#945;
+&#956;&#945;&#955;&#8049;&#967;&#949;&#953;&#945;
+&#956;&#945;&#955;&#945;&#954;&#8057;&#963;&#964;&#961;&#945;&#954;&#945;
+&#967;&#959;&#957;&#948;&#961;&#8049;&#954;&#945;&#957;&#952;&#945;
+&#8000;&#963;&#964;&#961;&#945;&#954;&#8057;&#948;&#949;&#961;&#956;&#945;
+&#954;&#945;&#961;&#967;&#945;&#961;&#8057;&#948;&#959;&#957;&#964;&#945;
+&#7936;&#956;&#966;&#8055;&#946;&#953;&#945;
+&#955;&#949;&#960;&#953;&#948;&#969;&#964;&#8048;
+&#966;&#959;&#955;&#953;&#948;&#969;&#964;&#8048;
+&#948;&#949;&#961;&#956;&#8057;&#960;&#964;&#949;&#961;&#945;
+&#963;&#964;&#949;&#947;&#945;&#957;&#8057;&#960;&#959;&#948;&#945;
+&#956;&#959;&#957;&#8053;&#961;&#951;
+&#963;&#965;&#957;&#945;&#947;&#949;&#955;&#945;&#963;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#8049;</span>.
+I might continue the list, but it is not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">73</a></span> worth wasting time over
+such trifles, and I need time to deal with other
+
+charges. Meanwhile read out my translation into Latin of the few names
+I have just given you. (<i>The translation is read. The Latin names are
+lost.</i>)</p>
+
+<p><a name="A39" id="A39"></a>39. What think you? Is it disgraceful for a philosopher who is no rude
+and unlearned person of the reckless Cynic type, but who remembers
+that he is a disciple of Plato, is it disgraceful for such an one to
+know and care for such learning or to be ignorant and indifferent? to
+know how far such things reveal the workings of providence, or to
+swallow all the tales his father and mother told him of the immortal
+gods? <a href="#NA39">Quintus Ennius</a> wrote a poem on dainties: he there enumerates
+countless species of fish, which of course he had carefully studied. I
+remember a few lines and will recite them:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="poem">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<i>Clipea's sea-weasels are of all the best,<br />
+For 'mice' the place is Aenus; oysters rough<br />
+In greatest plenty from Abydos come.<br />
+The sea-comb's found at Mitylene and<br />
+Ambracian Charadrus, and I praise<br />
+Brundisian sargus: take him, if he's big.<br />
+Know that Tarentum's small sea-boar is prime;<br />
+The sword-fish at Surrentum thou shouldst buy;<br />
+Blue fish at Cumae. What! have I passed by<br />
+Scarus? the brain of Jove is not less sweet.<br />
+You catch them large and good off Nestor's home.<br />
+Have I passed by the black-tail and the 'thrush',<br />
+The sea-merle and the shadow of the sea?<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">74</a></span>Best to Corcyra go for cuttlefish,<br />
+For the acarn&egrave; and the fat sea-skull<br />
+The purple-fish, the little murex too,<br />
+Mice of the sea and the sea-urchin sweet.</i><br />
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>He glorified many fish in other verses, stating where each was to be
+found and whether they were best fried or stewed, and yet he is not
+blamed for it by the learned. Spare then to blame me, who describe
+things known to few under elegant and appropriate names both in Greek
+and Latin.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A40" id="A40"></a>40. Enough of this! I call your attention to another point. What if I
+take such interest and possess such skill in medicine as to search for
+certain remedies in fish? For assuredly as nature with impartial
+munificence has distributed and implanted many remedies throughout all
+other created things, so also similar remedies are to be found in
+fish. Now, do you think it more the business of a magician than of a
+doctor, or indeed of a philosopher, to know and seek out remedies? For
+the philosopher will use them not to win money for his purse, but to
+give assistance to his fellow men. The doctors of old indeed knew how
+to cure wounds by magic song, as <a href="#NA40">Homer</a>, the most reliable of all the
+writers of antiquity, tells us, making the blood of Ulysses to be
+stayed by a chant as it gushed forth from a wound. Now nothing that is
+done to save life can be matter for accusation. 'But,' says my
+adversary, 'for what purpose save evil did you dissect the fish
+brought you by your servant Themison?' As if I had not told you just
+now that I write treatises<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">75</a></span> on the organs of all kind of animals,
+describing the place, number and purpose of their various parts,
+diligently investigating Aristotle's works on anatomy and adding to
+them where necessary. I am, therefore, greatly surprised that you are
+only aware of my having inspected one small fish, although I have
+actually inspected a very large number under all circumstances
+wherever I might find them, and have, moreover, made no secret of my
+researches, but conducted them openly before all the world, so that
+the merest stranger may, if it please him, stand by and observe me. In
+this I follow the instruction of my masters, who assert that a free
+man of free spirit should as far as possible wear his thoughts upon
+his face. Indeed I actually showed this small fish, which you call a
+sea-hare, to many who stood by. I do not yet know what name to call
+it<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> without closer research, since in spite of its rarity and most
+remarkable characteristics I do not find it described by any of the
+ancient philosophers. This fish is, as far as my knowledge extends,
+unique in one respect, for it contains twelve bones resembling the
+knuckle-bones of a sucking-pig, linked together like a chain in its
+belly. Apart from this it is boneless. Had Aristotle known this,
+Aristotle who records as a most remarkable phenomenon the fact that
+the fish known as the small sea-ass alone of all fishes has its
+diminutive heart placed in its stomach, he would assuredly have
+mentioned the fact.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A41" id="A41"></a>41. 'You dissected a fish,' says he. Who can call<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">76</a></span> this a crime in a
+philosopher which would be no crime in a butcher or cook? 'You
+dissected a fish.' Perhaps you object to the fact that it was raw. You
+would not regard it as criminal if I had explored its stomach and cut
+up its delicate liver after it was cooked, as you teach the boy
+Sicinius Pudens to do with his own fish at meals. <a href="#NA41">And yet it is a
+greater crime</a> for a philosopher to eat fish than to inspect them. Are
+augurs to be allowed to explore the livers of victims and may not a
+philosopher look at them too, a philosopher who knows that he can draw
+omens from every animal, that he is the high-priest of every god? Do
+you bring that as a reproach against me which is one of the reasons
+for the admiration with which Maximus and myself regard Aristotle?
+Unless you drive his works from the libraries and snatch them from the
+hands of students you cannot accuse me. But enough! I have said almost
+more on this subject than I ought.</p>
+
+<p>See, too, how they contradict themselves. They say that I sought my
+wife in marriage with the help of the black art and charms drawn from
+the sea at the very time when they acknowledge me to have been in the
+midmost mountains of Gaetulia, where, I suppose, Deucalion's deluge
+has made it possible to find fish! I am, however, glad that they do
+not know that I have read Theophrastus' 'On beasts that bite and
+sting' and <a href="#NA41">Nicander</a> 'On the bites of wild animals'; otherwise they
+would have accused me of poisoning as well! As a matter of fact I have
+acquired<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">77</a></span> a knowledge of these subjects thanks to my reading of
+Aristotle and my desire to emulate him. I owe something also to the
+advice of my master <a href="#NA41">Plato</a>, who says that those who make such
+investigations as these 'pursue a delightful form of amusement which
+they will never regret'.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A42" id="A42"></a>42. Since I have sufficiently cleared up this business of the fish,
+listen to another of their inventions equally stupid, but much more
+extravagant and far more wicked. They themselves knew that their
+argument about the fish was futile and bound to fail. They realized,
+moreover, its strange absurdity (for who ever heard of fish being
+scaled and boned for dark purposes of magic?), they realized that it
+would be better for their fictions to deal with things of more common
+report, which have ere now been believed. And so they devised the
+following fiction which does at least fall within the limits of
+popular credence and rumour. They asserted that I had taken a boy
+apart to a secret place with a small altar and a lantern and only a
+few accomplices as witnesses, and there so bewitched him with a
+magical incantation that he fell in the very spot where I pronounced
+the charm, and on being awakened was found to be out of his wits. They
+did not dare to go any further with the lie. To complete their story
+they should have added that the boy uttered many prophecies. For this
+we know is the prize of magical incantations, namely divination and
+prophecy. And this miracle in the case of boys is confirmed not only
+by vulgar opinion but by the authority of learned<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">78</a></span> men. I remember
+reading various relations of the kind in the philosopher <a href="#NA42">Varro</a>, a
+writer of the highest learning and erudition, but there was the
+following story in particular. Inquiry was being made at Tralles by
+means of magic into the probable issue of the Mithridatic war, and a
+boy who was gazing at <a href="#NA42">an image of Mercury</a> reflected in a bowl of water
+foretold the future in a hundred and sixty lines of verse. He records
+also that Fabius, having lost five hundred denarii, came to consult
+Nigidius; the latter by means of incantations inspired certain boys so
+that they were able to indicate to him where a pot containing a
+certain portion of the money had been hidden in the ground, and how
+the remainder had been dispersed, one denarius having found its way
+into the possession of <a href="#NA42">Marcus Cato</a> the philosopher. This coin Cato
+acknowledged he had received from a certain lackey as a contribution
+to the treasury of Apollo.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A43" id="A43"></a>43. I have read this and the like concerning boys and art-magic in
+several authors, but I am in doubt whether to admit the truth of such
+stories or no, although I believe <a href="#NA43">Plato</a> when he asserts that there are
+certain divine powers holding a position and possessing a character
+midway between gods and men, and that all divination and the miracles
+of magicians are controlled by them. Moreover it is my own personal
+opinion that the human soul, especially when it is young and
+unsophisticated, may by the allurement of music or the soothing
+influence of sweet smells be lulled into slumber and banished into<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">79</a></span>
+oblivion of its surroundings so that, as all consciousness of the body
+fades from the memory, it returns and is reduced to its primal nature,
+which is in truth immortal and divine; and thus, as it were in a kind
+of slumber, it may predict the future. But howsoever these things may
+be, if any faith is to be put in them, the prophetic boy must, as far
+as I can understand, be <a href="#NA43">fair and unblemished in body</a>, shrewd of wit
+and ready of speech, so that a worthy and fair shrine may be provided
+for the divine indwelling power&mdash;if indeed such a power does enter
+into the boy's body&mdash;or that the boy's mind when wakened may quickly
+apply itself to its inherent powers of divination, find them ready to
+its use and reproduce their promptings undulled and unimpaired by any
+loss of memory. For, as <a href="#NA43">Pythagoras</a> said, not every kind of wood is fit
+to be carved into the likeness of Mercury. If that be so, tell me who
+was that healthy, unblemished, intelligent, handsome boy whom I deemed
+worthy of initiation into such mysteries by the power of my spells. As
+a matter of fact, Thallus, whom you mentioned, needs a doctor rather
+than a magician. For the poor wretch is such a victim to epilepsy that
+he frequently has fits twice or thrice in one day without the need for
+any incantations, and exhausts all his limbs with his convulsions. His
+face is ulcerous, his head bruised in front and behind, his eyes are
+dull, his nostrils distended, his feet stumbling. He may claim to be
+the greatest of magicians in whose presence Thallus has remained for
+any considerable time upon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">80</a></span> his feet. For he is continually lying
+down, either a seizure or mere weariness<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> causing him to collapse.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A44" id="A44"></a>44. Yet you say that it is my incantations that have overwhelmed him,
+simply because he has once chanced to have a fit in my presence. Many
+of his fellow servants, whose appearance as witnesses you have
+demanded, are present in court. They all can tell you why it is they
+spit upon Thallus, and why no one ventures to eat from the same dish
+with him or to drink from the same cup. But why do I speak of these
+slaves? You yourselves have eyes. Deny then, if you dare, that Thallus
+used to have fits of epilepsy long before I came to Oea, or that has
+frequently been shown to doctors. Let his fellow slaves who are in
+your service deny this: I will confess myself guilty of everything, if
+he has not long since been sent away into the country, far from the
+sight of all of them, to a distant farm, for fear he should infect the
+rest of the household. They cannot deny this to be the fact. For the
+same reason it is impossible for us to produce him here to-day. The
+whole of this accusation has been reckless and sudden, and it was only
+the day before yesterday that Aemilianus demanded that we should
+produce fifteen slaves before you. The fourteen living in the town are
+present to-day. Thallus only is absent owing to the fact that he has
+been banished to a place some hundred miles distant. However, we have
+sent a man to bring him here in a carriage. I ask you, Maximus, to
+question these fourteen slaves whom we<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">81</a></span> have produced as to where the
+boy Thallus is and what is the state of his health; I ask you to
+question my accuser's slaves. They will not deny that this boy is of
+revolting appearance, that his body is rotten through and through with
+disease, that he is liable to fits, and is a barbarian and a
+clodhopper. This is indeed a handsome boy whom you have selected as
+one <a href="#NA44">who might fairly be produced at the offering of sacrifice</a>, whom
+one might touch upon the head and clothe in a fair white cloak in
+expectation of some prophetic reply from his lips. I only wish he were
+present. I would have entrusted him to your tender mercies,
+Aemilianus, and would be ready to hold him myself that you might
+question him. Here in open court before the judges he would have
+rolled his wild eyes upon you, he would have foamed at the mouth, spat
+in your face, drawn in his hands convulsively, shaken his head and
+fallen at last in a fit into your arms.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A45" id="A45"></a>45. Here are fourteen slaves whom you bade me produce in court. Why do
+you refuse to question them? You want one epileptic boy who, you know
+as well as I, has long been absent from Oea. What clearer evidence of
+the falseness of your accusations could be desired? Fourteen slaves
+are present, as you required; you ignore them. One young boy is
+absent: you concentrate your attack on him. What is it that you want?
+Suppose Thallus were present. Do you want to prove that he had a fit
+in my presence? Why, I myself admit it. You say that this was the
+result of incantation. I answer that the boy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">82</a></span> knows nothing about it,
+and that I can prove that it was not so. Even you will not deny that
+Thallus was epileptic. Why then attribute his fall to magic rather
+than disease? Was there anything improbable in his suffering that fate
+in <i>my</i> presence, which he has often suffered on other occasions in
+the presence of a number of persons? Nay, even supposing I had thought
+it a great achievement to cast an epileptic into a fit, why should I
+use charms when, as I am told by writers on natural history, the
+burning of the stone named <a href="#NA45"><i>gagates</i></a> is an equally sure and easy proof
+of the disease? For its scent is commonly used as a test of the
+soundness or infirmity of slaves even in the slave-market. Again, the
+spinning of a potter's wheel will easily infect a man suffering from
+this disease with its own giddiness. For the sight of its rotations
+weakens his already feeble mind, and the potter is far more effective
+than the magician for casting epileptics into convulsions. You had no
+reason for demanding that I should produce these slaves. I have good
+reason for asking you to name those who witnessed that guilty ritual
+when I cast the moribund Thallus into one of his fits. The only
+witness you mention is that worthless boy, Sicinius Pudens, in whose
+name you accuse me. He says that he was present. His extreme youth is
+no reason why we should reject his sworn evidence, but the fact that
+he is one of my accusers <i>does</i> detract from his credibility. It would
+have been easier for you, Aemilianus, and your evidence would have
+carried<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">83</a></span> much more weight, had you said that you were present at the
+rite and had been mad ever since, instead of entrusting the whole
+business to the evidence of boys as though it were a mere joke. A boy
+had a fit, a boy saw him. Was it also some boy that bewitched him?</p>
+
+<p><a name="A46" id="A46"></a>46. At this point Tannonius Pudens, like the old hand he is, saw that
+this lie also was falling flat and was doomed to failure by the frowns
+and murmurs of the audience, and so, in order to check the suspicions
+of some of them by kindling fresh expectations, he said that he would
+produce other boys as well whom I had similarly bewitched. He thus
+passed to another line of accusation. I might ignore it, but I will go
+out of my way to challenge it as I have done with all the rest. I want
+those boys to be produced. I hear they have been bribed by the promise
+of their liberty to perjure themselves. But I say no more. Only
+produce them. I demand and insist, Tannonius Pudens, that you should
+fulfil your promise. Bring forward those boys in whose evidence you
+put your trust; produce them, name them. You may use the time allotted
+to my speech for the purpose. Speak, I say, Tannonius. Why are you
+silent? Why do you hesitate? Why look round? If <i>he</i> does not remember
+his instructions, or has forgotten his witnesses' names, do you at any
+rate, Aemilianus, come forward and tell us what instructions you gave
+your advocate, and produce those boys. Why do you turn pale? Why are
+you silent? Is this the way to bring an accusation? Is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">84</a></span> this the way
+to indict a man on so serious a charge? Is it not rather an insult to
+so distinguished a citizen as Claudius Maximus, and a false and
+slanderous persecution of myself? However, if your representative has
+made a slip in his speech, and there are no such boys to produce, at
+any rate make some use of the fourteen whom I have brought into court.
+If you refuse, why did you demand the appearance of such a housefull?</p>
+
+<p><a name="A47" id="A47"></a>47. You have demanded fifteen slaves to support an accusation of
+magic; how many would you be demanding if it were a charge of
+violence? The inference is that fifteen slaves know something, and
+that something is still a mystery. Or is it nothing mysterious and yet
+something connected with magic? You must admit one of these two
+alternatives: either the proceeding to which I admitted so many
+witnesses had nothing improper about it, or, if it had, it should not
+have been witnessed by so many. Now this magic of which you accuse me
+is, I am told, a crime in the eyes of the law, and was forbidden in
+remote antiquity by the <a href="#NA47">Twelve Tables</a> because in some incredible
+manner crops had been charmed away from one field to another. It is
+then as mysterious an art as it is loathly and horrible; it needs as a
+rule night-watches and concealing darkness, solitude absolute and
+murmured incantations, to hear which few free men are admitted, not to
+speak of slaves. And yet you will have it that there were fifteen
+slaves present on this occasion. Was it a marriage? or any other
+crowded<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">85</a></span> ceremony? or a seasonable banquet? Fifteen slaves take part
+in a magic rite as though they had been created <a href="#NA47"><i>quindecimvirs</i></a> for
+the performance of sacrifice! Is it likely that I should have
+permitted so large a number to be present on such an occasion, if they
+were too many to be accomplices? Fifteen free men form a borough,
+fifteen slaves a household, fifteen fettered serfs a chain-gang. Did I
+need such a crowd to help me by holding the lustral victims during the
+lengthy rite? No! the only victims you mentioned were hens! Were they
+to count the grains of incense? or to knock Thallus down?</p>
+
+<p><a name="A48" id="A48"></a>48. You assert also that by promising to heal her I inveigled to my
+house a free woman who suffered from the same disease as Thallus; that
+she, too, fell senseless as a result of my incantations. It appears to
+me that you are accusing a wrestler not a magician, since you say that
+all who visited me had a fall. And yet Themison, who is a physician
+and who brought the woman for my inspection, denied, when you asked
+him, Maximus, that I had done anything to the woman other than ask her
+whether she heard noises in her ears, and if so, which ear suffered
+most. He added that she departed immediately after telling me that her
+right ear was most troubled in that way. At this point, Maximus,
+although I have for the present been careful to abstain from praising
+you, lest I should seem to have flattered you with an eye to winning
+my case, yet I cannot help praising you for the astuteness of your
+questions. After they had spent much<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">86</a></span> time in discussing these points
+and asserting that I had bewitched the woman, and after the doctor who
+was present on that occasion had denied that I had done so, you, with
+shrewdness more than human, asked them what profit I derived from my
+incantations. They replied, 'The woman had a fit.' 'What then?' you
+asked, 'Did she die?' 'No,' said they. 'What is your point then? How
+did the fact of her having a fit profit Apuleius?' That third question
+showed brilliant penetration and persistence. You knew that it was
+necessary to submit all facts to stringent examination of their
+causes, that often facts are admitted while motives remain to seek,
+and that the representatives of litigants are called pleaders of
+<i>causes</i>, because they set forth the causes of each particular act. To
+deny a fact is easy and needs no advocate, but it is far more arduous
+and difficult a task to demonstrate the rightness or wrongness of a
+given action. It is waste of time, therefore, to inquire whether a
+thing was done, when, even if it were done, no evil motive can be
+alleged. Under such circumstances, if no criminal motive is
+forthcoming, a good judge releases the accused from all further
+vexatious inquiry. So now, since they have not proved that I either
+bewitched the woman or caused her to have a fit, I for my part will
+not deny that I examined her at the request of a physician; and I will
+tell you, Maximus, why I asked her if she had noises in her ears. I
+will do this not so much to clear myself of the charge which you,
+Maximus, have already decided to involve<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">87</a></span> neither blame nor guilt, as
+to impart to you something worthy of your hearing and interesting to
+one of your erudition. I will tell you in as few words as possible. I
+have only to call your attention to certain facts. To instruct you
+would be presumption.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A49" id="A49"></a>49. The philosopher Plato, in his glorious work, <a href="#NA49">the <i>Timaeus</i></a>, sets
+forth with more than mortal eloquence the constitution of the whole
+universe. After discoursing with great insight on <a href="#NA49">the three powers
+that make up man's soul</a>, and showing with the utmost clearness the
+divine purpose that shaped our various members, he treats of the
+causes of all diseases under three heads. The first cause lies in the
+elements of the body, when the actual qualities of those elements,
+moisture and cold and their two opposites, fail to harmonize. That
+comes to pass when one of these elements assumes undue proportions or
+moves from its proper place. The second cause of disease lies in the
+vitiation of those components of the body which, though formed out of
+the simple elements, have coalesced in such a manner as to have a
+specific character of their own, such as blood, entrails, bone,
+marrow, and the various substances made from the blending of each of
+these. Thirdly, the concretion in the body of various juices, turbid
+vapours, and dense humours is the last provocative of sickness.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A50" id="A50"></a>50. Of these causes that which contributes most to epilepsy, the
+disease of which I set out to speak, is a condition when the flesh is
+so melted by the noxious influence of fire as to form a thick<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">88</a></span> and
+foaming humour. This generates a vapour, and the heat of the air thus
+compressed within the body causes a white and eruptive ferment. If
+this ferment succeeds in escaping from the body, it is dispersed in a
+manner that is repulsive rather than dangerous. For it causes an
+eczema to break out upon the surface of the skin of the breast and
+mottles it with all kinds of blotches. But the person to whom this
+happens is never again attacked with epilepsy, and so he rids himself
+of a most sore disease of the spirit at the price of a slight
+disfigurement of the body. But if, on the other hand, this dangerous
+corruption<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> be contained within the body and mingle with the black
+bile, and so run fiercely through every vein, and then working its way
+upwards to the head flood the brain with its destructive stream, it
+straightway weakens that royal part of man's spirit which is endowed
+with the power of reason and is enthroned in the head of man, that is
+its citadel and palace. For it overwhelms and throws into confusion
+those channels of divinity and paths of wisdom. During sleep it makes
+less havoc, but when men are full of meat and wine it makes its
+presence somewhat unpleasantly felt by a choking sensation, the herald
+of epilepsy. But if it reaches such strength as to attack the heads of
+men when they are wide awake, then their minds grow dull with a sudden
+cloud of stupefaction and they fall to the ground, their bodies
+swooning as in death, their spirit fainting within them. Men of our
+race have styled it not only the 'Great<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">89</a></span> sickness' and the '<a href="#NA50">Comitial
+sickness</a>', but also the 'Divine sickness', in this resembling the
+Greeks, who call it <span lang="el" title="Greek: hiera nosos">&#7985;&#949;&#961;&#8048; &#957;&#8057;&#963;&#959;&#962;</span>, the holy sickness. The name
+is just; for this sickness does outrage to the rational part of the
+soul, which is by far the most holy.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A51" id="A51"></a>51. You recognize, Maximus, the theory of Plato, as far as I have been
+able to give it a lucid explanation in the time at my disposal. I put
+my trust in him when he says that the cause of epilepsy is the
+overflowing of this pestilential humour into the head. My inquiry
+therefore was, I think, reasonable when I asked the woman whether her
+head felt heavy, her neck numb, her temples throbbing, her ears full
+of noises. The fact that she acknowledged these noises to be more
+frequent in her right ear was proof that the disease had gone home.
+For the right-hand organs of the body are the strongest, and therefore
+their infection with the disease leaves small hope of recovery. Indeed
+Aristotle has left it on record in his <a href="#NA51"><i>Problems</i></a> that whenever in the
+case of epileptics the disease begins on the right side, their cure is
+very difficult. It would be tedious were I to repeat the opinion of
+<a href="#NA51">Theophrastus</a> also on the subject of epilepsy. For he has left a most
+excellent treatise on convulsions. He asserts, however, in another
+book on the subject of animals ill-disposed towards mankind, that the
+skins of newts&mdash;which like other reptiles they shed at fixed intervals
+for the renewal of their youth&mdash;form a remedy for fits. But unless you
+snatch up the skin as soon as it be shed, they straightway turn upon
+it and devour<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">90</a></span> it, whether from a malign foreknowledge of its value to
+men or from a natural taste for it. I have mentioned these things, I
+have been careful to quote the arguments of renowned philosophers, and
+to mention the books where they are to be found, and have avoided any
+reference to the works of physicians or poets, that my adversaries may
+cease to wonder that philosophers have learnt the causes of remedies
+and diseases in the natural course of their researches. Well then,
+since this woman was brought to be examined by me in the hope that she
+might be cured, and since it is clear both from the evidence of the
+physician who brought her and from the arguments I have just set forth
+that such a course was perfectly right, my opponents must needs assert
+that it is the part of a magician and evildoer to heal disease, or, if
+they do not dare to say that, must confess that their accusations in
+regard to this epileptic boy and woman are false, absurd, and indeed
+epileptic.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A52" id="A52"></a>52. Yes, Aemilianus, if you would hear the truth, <i>you</i> are the real
+sufferer from the falling sickness, so often have your false
+accusations failed and cast you helpless to the ground. Bodily
+collapse is no worse than intellectual, and it is as important to keep
+one's head as to keep one's feet, while it is as unpleasant to be
+loathed by this distinguished gathering as to be spat upon in one's
+own chamber. But you perhaps think yourself sane because you are not
+confined within doors, but follow the promptings of your madness
+whithersoever it lead you: and yet compare your frenzy with that of
+Thallus; you will find that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">91</a></span> there is but little to choose between
+you, save that Thallus confines his frenzy to himself, while you
+direct yours against others; Thallus distorts his eyes, you distort
+the truth; <a href="#NA52">Thallus contracts his hands</a> convulsively, you not less
+convulsively contract with your advocates; Thallus dashes himself
+against the pavement, you dash yourself against the judgement-seat. In
+a word, whatever he does, he does in his sickness erring
+unconsciously; but you, wretch, commit your crimes with full knowledge
+and with your eyes open, such is the vehemence of the disease that
+inspires your actions. You bring false accusations as though they were
+true; you charge men with doing what has never been done; though a
+man's innocence be clear to you as daylight, you denounce him as
+though he were guilty.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A53" id="A53"></a>53. Nay, further, though I had almost forgotten to mention it, there
+are certain things of which you confess your ignorance, and which
+nevertheless you make material for accusation as though you knew all
+about them. You assert that I kept something mysterious wrapped up in
+a handkerchief among the household gods in the house of Pontianus. You
+confess your ignorance as to what may have been the nature or
+appearance of this object; you further admit that no one ever saw it,
+and yet you assert that it was some instrument of magic. You are not
+to be congratulated on this method of procedure. Your accusation
+reveals no shrewdness, and has not even the merit of impudence. Do not
+think so for a moment. No! it shows naught<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">92</a></span> save the ill-starred
+madness of an embittered spirit and the pitiable fury of cantankerous
+old age. The words you used in the presence of so grave and
+perspicacious a judge amounted to something very like this. 'Apuleius
+kept certain things wrapped in a cloth among the household gods in the
+house of Pontianus. Since I do not know what they were, I therefore
+argue that they were magical. I beg you to believe what I say, because
+I am talking of that of which I know nothing.' What a wonderful
+argument, in itself an obvious refutation of the charge. 'It must have
+been this, because I do not know what it was.' You are the only person
+hitherto discovered who knows that which he does not know. You so far
+surpass all others in folly, that whereas philosophers of the most
+keen and penetrating intellect assert that we should not trust even
+the objects that we see, you make statements about things which you
+have never seen or heard. If Pontianus still lived and you were to ask
+him what the cloth contained, he would reply that he did not know.
+There is the freedman who still has charge of the keys of the place;
+he is one of your witnesses, but he says that he has never examined
+these objects, although, as the servant responsible for the books kept
+there, he opened and shut the doors almost daily, continually entered
+the room, not seldom in my company but more often alone, and saw the
+cloth lying on the table unprotected by seal or cord. Quite natural,
+was it not? Magical objects were concealed in the cloth, and for that
+reason I took little care for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">93</a></span> its safe custody, but left it about
+anyhow for any one to examine and inspect, if he liked, or even to
+carry it away! I entrusted it to the custody of others, I left it to
+others to dispose of at their pleasure! What credence do you expect us
+to give you after this? Are we to believe that you, on whom I have
+never set eyes save in this court, know that of which Pontianus, who
+actually lived under the same roof, was ignorant? or shall we believe
+that you, who have never so much as approached the room where they
+were placed, have seen what the freedman never saw, although he had
+every opportunity to inspect them during the sedulous performance of
+his duties? In a word, that which you never saw must have been what
+you assert it to have been! And yet, you fool, if this very day you
+had succeeded in getting that handkerchief into your hands, I should
+deny the magical nature of whatever you might produce from it.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A54" id="A54"></a>54. I give you full leave; invent what you like, rack your memory and
+your imagination to discover something that might conceivably seem to
+be of a magical nature. Even then, should you succeed in so doing, I
+should argue the point with you. I should say that the object in
+question had been substituted by you for the original, or that it had
+been given as a remedy, or that it was a sacred emblem that had been
+placed in my keeping, or that a vision had bidden me to carry it thus.
+There are a thousand other ways in which I might refute you with
+perfect truth and without giving any explanation which is abnormal or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">94</a></span>
+lies outside the limits of common observation. You are now demanding
+that a circumstance, which, even if it were proved up to the hilt,
+would not prejudice me in the eyes of a good judge, should be fatal to
+me when, as it is, it rests on vague suspicion, uncertainty, and
+ignorance. You will perhaps, as is your wont, say, 'What, then, was it
+that you wrapped in a linen cloth and were so careful to deposit with
+the household gods?' Really, Aemilianus! is this the way you accuse
+your victims? You produce no definite evidence yourself, but ask the
+accused for explanations of everything. 'Why do you search for fish?
+Why did you examine a sick woman? What had you hidden in your
+handkerchief?' Did you come here to accuse me or to ask me questions?
+If to accuse me, prove your charges yourself; if to ask questions, do
+not anticipate the truth by expressing opinions on that concerning
+which your ignorance compels you to inquire. If this precedent be
+followed, if there is no necessity for the accuser to prove anything,
+but on the contrary he is given every facility for asking questions of
+the accused, there is not a man in all the world but will be indicted
+on some charge or other. In fact, everything that he has ever done
+will be used as a handle against any man who is charged with sorcery.
+Have you written a petition on the thigh of some statue? You are a
+sorcerer! Else why did you write it? Have you breathed silent prayers
+to heaven in some temple? You are a sorcerer! Else tell us what you
+asked for? Or take the contrary line. You uttered no prayer in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">95</a></span> some
+temple! You are a sorcerer! Else why did you not ask the gods for
+something? The same argument will be used if you have made some votive
+dedication, or offered sacrifice, or carried sprigs of some sacred
+plant. The day will fail me if I attempt to go through all the
+different circumstances of which, on these lines, the false accuser
+will demand an explanation. Above all, whatever object he has kept
+concealed or stored under lock and key at home will be asserted by the
+same argument to be of a magical nature, or will be dragged from its
+cupboard into the light of the law-court before the seat of judgement.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A55" id="A55"></a>55. I might discourse at greater length on the nature and importance
+of such accusations, on the wide range for slander that this path
+opens for Aemilianus, on the floods of perspiration that this one poor
+handkerchief, contrary to its natural duty, will cause his innocent
+victims! But I will follow the course I have already pursued. I will
+acknowledge what there is no necessity for me to acknowledge, and will
+answer Aemilianus' questions. You ask, Aemilianus, what I had in that
+handkerchief. Although I might deny that I had deposited any
+handkerchief of mine in Pontianus' library, or even admitting that it
+was true enough that I did so deposit it, I might still deny that
+there was anything wrapped up in it. If I should take this line, you
+have no evidence or argument whereby to refute me, for there is no one
+who has ever handled it, and only one freedman, according to your own
+assertion, who has ever seen it. Still, as far as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">96</a></span> I am concerned I
+will admit the cloth to have been full to bursting. Imagine yourself,
+please, to be on the brink of a great discovery, like <a href="#NA55">the comrades of
+Ulysses</a> who thought they had found a treasure when they stole the bag
+that contained all the winds. Would you like me to tell you what I had
+wrapped up in a handkerchief and entrusted to the care of Pontianus'
+household gods? You shall have your will. I have been initiated into
+various of the Greek mysteries, and preserve with the utmost care
+certain emblems and mementoes of my initiation with which the priests
+presented me. There is nothing abnormal or unheard of in this. Those
+of you here present who have been initiated into <a href="#NA55">the mysteries of
+father Liber</a> alone, know what you keep hidden at home, safe from all
+profane touch and the object of your silent veneration. But I, as I
+have said, moved by my religious fervour and my desire to know the
+truth, have learned mysteries of many a kind, rites in great number,
+and diverse ceremonies. This is no invention on the spur of the
+moment; nearly three years since, in a public discourse on the
+greatness of <a href="#NA55">Aesculapius</a> delivered by me during the first days of my
+residence at Oea, I made the same boast and recounted the number of
+the mysteries I knew. That discourse was thronged, has been read far
+and wide, is in all men's hands, and has won the affections of the
+pious inhabitants of Oea not so much through any eloquence of mine as
+because it treats of Aesculapius. Will any one, who chances to
+remember it, repeat the beginning of that particular<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">97</a></span> passage in my
+discourse? You hear, Maximus, how many voices supply the words. I will
+order this same passage to be read aloud, since by the courteous
+expression of your face you show that you will not be displeased to
+hear it. (<i>The passage is read aloud.</i>)</p>
+
+<p><a name="A56" id="A56"></a>56. Can any one, who has the least remembrance of the nature of
+religious rites, be surprised that one who has been initiated into so
+many holy mysteries should preserve at home certain talismans
+associated with these ceremonies, and should wrap them in a linen
+cloth, the purest of coverings for holy things? For wool, produced by
+the most stolid of creatures and stripped from the sheep's back, <a href="#NA56">the
+followers of Orpheus and Pythagoras</a> are for that very reason forbidden
+to wear as being unholy and unclean. But flax, the purest of all
+growths and among the best of all the fruits of the earth, is used by
+the holy priests of Egypt, not only for clothing and raiment, but as a
+veil for sacred things. And yet I know that some persons, among them
+that fellow Aemilianus, think it a good jest to mock at things divine.
+For I learn from certain men of Oea who know him, that to this day he
+has never prayed to any god or frequented any temple, while if he
+chances to pass any shrine, he regards it as a crime to raise his hand
+to his lips in token of reverence. He has never given firstfruits of
+crops or vines or flocks to any of the gods of the farmer, who feed
+him and clothe him; his farm holds no shrine, no holy place, nor
+grove. But why do I speak of groves or shrines? Those who have been on
+his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">98</a></span> property say they never saw there one stone where offering of oil
+has been made, one bough where wreaths have been hung. As a result,
+two nicknames have been given him: he is called Charon, as I have
+said, on account of his truculence of spirit and of countenance, but
+he is also&mdash;and this is the name he prefers&mdash;called <a href="#NA56">Mezentius</a>, because
+he despises the gods. I therefore find it the easier to understand
+that he should regard my list of initiations in the light of a jest.
+It is even possible that, thanks to his rejection of things divine, he
+may be unable to induce himself to believe that it is true that I
+guard so reverently so many emblems and relics of mysterious rites. I
+care not a straw what Mezentius may think of me; but to others I make
+this announcement clearly and unshrinkingly. If any of you that are
+here present had any part with me in these same solemn ceremonies,
+give a sign and you shall hear what it is I keep thus. For no thought
+of personal safety shall induce me to reveal to the uninitiated the
+secrets that I have received and sworn to conceal.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A57" id="A57"></a>57. I have, I think, Maximus, said enough to satisfy the most
+prejudiced of men and, as far as the handkerchief is concerned, have
+cleared myself of every speck of guilt. I shall run no risk in passing
+from the suspicions of Aemilianus to the evidence of Crassus, which my
+accusers read out next as if it were of the utmost importance. You
+heard them read from a written deposition, the evidence of a gorging
+brute, a hopeless glutton, named Junius Crassus, that I performed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">99</a></span>
+certain nocturnal rites at his house in company with my friend Appius
+Quintianus, who had taken lodgings there. This, mark you, Crassus says
+that he discovered (in spite of the fact that he was as far away as
+Alexandria at the time!) from finding the feathers of birds and traces
+of the smoke of a torch. I suppose that while he was enjoying a round
+of festivities at Alexandria&mdash;for Crassus is one who is ready even to
+encroach upon the daylight with his gluttonies&mdash;I suppose, I say, that
+there from his reeking tavern he espied, with eye keen as any
+fowler's, feathers of birds wafted towards him from his house, and saw
+the smoke of his home rising far off from his ancestral roof-tree. If
+he saw this with his eyes, he saw even further than <a href="#NA57">Ulysses</a> prayed and
+yearned to see. For Ulysses spent years in gazing vainly from the
+shore to see the smoke rising from his home, while Crassus during a
+few months' absence from home succeeded, without the least difficulty,
+in seeing this same smoke as he sat in a wine-shop! If, on the other
+hand, it was his nose discerned the smoke, he surpasses hounds and
+vultures in the keenness of his sense of smell. For what hound, what
+vulture hovering in the Alexandrian sky, could sniff out anything so
+far distant as Oea? Crassus is, I admit, a <i>gourmand</i> of the first
+order, and an expert in all the varied flavours of kitchen-smoke, but
+in view of his love of drinking, his only real title to fame, it would
+have been easier for the fumes of his wine, rather than the fumes of
+his chimney, to reach him at Alexandria.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A58" id="A58"></a>58. Even he saw that this would pass belief. For<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">100</a></span> he is said to have
+sold this evidence before eight in the morning while he was still
+fasting from food and drink! And so he wrote that he had made his
+discovery in the following manner. On his return from Alexandria he
+went straight to his house, which Quintianus had by this time left.
+There in the entrance-hall he came across a large quantity of birds'
+feathers: the walls, moreover, were blackened with soot. He asked the
+reason of this from the slave whom he had left at Oea, and the latter
+informed him of the nocturnal rites carried out by myself and
+Quintianus. What an ingenious lie! What a probable invention! That I,
+had I wished to do anything of the sort, should have done it there
+rather than in my own house! That Quintianus, who is supporting me
+here to-day, and whom I mention with the greatest respect and honour
+for the close love that binds him to me, for his deep erudition and
+consummate eloquence, that this same Quintianus, supposing him to have
+dined off some birds or, as they assert, killed them for magical
+purposes, should have had no slave to sweep up the feathers and throw
+them out of doors! Or further that the smoke should have been strong
+enough to blacken the walls and that Quintianus should have suffered
+such defacement of the room in which he slept, while it was still in
+his occupation! Nonsense, Aemilianus! There is no probability in the
+story, unless indeed Crassus on his return went not to the bedroom,
+but after his fashion made straight for the kitchen. And<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">101</a></span> what made
+his slave suspect that the walls had been blackened by night in
+particular? Was it the colour of the smoke? Does night smoke differ
+from day smoke in being darker? And why did so suspicious and
+conscientious a slave allow Quintianus to leave the house before
+having it cleaned? Why did those feathers lie like lead and await the
+arrival of Crassus for so long? Let not Crassus accuse his slave. It
+is much more likely that he himself fabricated this mendacious
+nonsense about feathers and soot, being unable even in his evidence to
+divorce himself further from his kitchen.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A59" id="A59"></a>59. And why did you read out this evidence from a written deposition?
+Where in the world is Crassus? Has he returned to Alexandria out of
+disgust at the state of his house? Is he washing his walls? or, as is
+more likely, is the glutton feeling ill after his debauch? I myself
+saw him yesterday here at Sabrata hiccoughing in your face,
+Aemilianus, in the most conspicuous manner in the middle of the
+market-place. Pray, Maximus, ask your slaves whose duty it is to keep
+you informed of people's names&mdash;although, I admit, Crassus is better
+known to the keepers of taverns&mdash;yet ask them, I say, whether they
+have ever seen Junius Crassus, a citizen of Oea, in this place. They
+will answer 'yes'. Let Aemilianus then produce this most admirable
+young man on whose testimony he relies. You notice the time of day. I
+tell you that Crassus has long since been snoring in a drunken slumber
+or has taken a second bathe and is now<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">102</a></span> evaporating the sweat of
+intoxication at the bath that he may be equal to a fresh drinking bout
+after supper. He presents himself in writing only. That is the way he
+speaks to you, Maximus. Even he is not so dead to sense of shame as to
+be able to lie to your face without a blush. But there is perhaps
+another reason for his absence. He may have been unable to abstain
+from the wine-cup<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> sufficiently long to keep sober against this
+moment; or it may be that Aemilianus took good care not to subject him
+to your severe and searching gaze, lest you should damn the brute with
+his close-shaven cheeks and his disgusting appearance by a mere glance
+at his face, when you saw a young man with his features stripped of
+the beard and hair that should adorn them, his eyes heavy with wine,
+his lids swollen, his broad<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> grin, his slobbering lips, his harsh
+voice, his trembling hands, his breath<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> reeking of the cook-shop.
+He has long since devoured his fortune; nothing is left him of his
+patrimony save a house that serves him for the sale of his false
+witness, and never did he make a more remunerative contract than he
+has done with regard to this evidence he offers to-day. For he sold
+Aemilianus his drunken fictions for 3,000 sesterces, as every one at
+Oea is aware.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A60" id="A60"></a>60. We all knew of this before it actually took place. I might have
+prevented the transaction by denouncing it, but I knew that so foolish
+a lie would be prejudicial<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">103</a></span> to Aemilianus, who wasted his money to
+secure it, rather than to myself, who treated it with the contempt it
+deserved. I wished not only that Aemilianus should lose his money, but
+that Crassus should have his reputation ruined by his disgraceful
+perjury. It was but the day before yesterday that the transaction took
+place in the most open manner at the house of Rufinus, of whom I shall
+soon have something to say. Rufinus and Calpurnianus acted as
+middlemen and arranged the bargain.<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> The former carried out the
+task with all the more readiness because he was certain that his wife,
+at whose misconduct he knowingly connives, would be sure to recover
+from Crassus a large proportion of his fee for perjury. I noticed that
+you also, Maximus, suspected with your usual acuteness that they, as
+soon as this written evidence was produced, had formed a league and
+conspiracy against me; and I saw from your face that the whole affair
+excited your disgust. Finally my accusers, in spite of their being
+paragons of audacity and monsters of shamelessness, did not dare to
+read out Crassus' evidence in full or to build anything upon it; for
+they saw that at the mention of his name you smelt a rat. I have
+mentioned these facts not because I am afraid of these dreadful
+feathers and stains of soot&mdash;least of all with you to judge me&mdash;but
+that Crassus might meet with due punishment for having sold mere smoke
+to a helpless rustic like Aemilianus.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A61" id="A61"></a>61. Their next<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> charge concerns the manufacture<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">104</a></span> of a seal which
+they produced when they read Pudentilla's letters. This seal, they
+assert, I had fashioned of the rarest wood by some secret process for
+purposes of the black art. They add that, although it is loathly and
+horrible to look upon, being in the form of a skeleton, I yet give it
+especial honour and call it in the Greek tongue, <span lang="el" title="Greek: basileus">&#946;&#945;&#963;&#953;&#955;&#949;&#8059;&#962;</span>, my
+king. I think I am right in saying that I am following the various
+stages of their accusation in due order and reconstructing the whole
+fabric of their slander detail by detail.</p>
+
+<p>Now how can the manufacture of this seal have been secret, as you
+assert, when you are sufficiently well acquainted with the maker to
+have summoned him to appear in court? Here is Cornelius Saturninus,
+the artist, a man whose skill is famous among his townsfolk and whose
+character is above reproach. A little while back, in answer, Maximus,
+to your careful cross-examination, he explained the whole sequence of
+events in the most convincing and truthful manner. He said that I
+visited his shop and, after looking at many geometrical patterns all
+carved out of boxwood in the most cunning and ingenious manner, was so
+much attracted by his skill that I asked him to make me certain
+mechanical devices and also begged him to make me the image of some
+god to which I might pray after my custom. The particular god and the
+precise material I left to his choice, my only stipulation being that
+it should be made of wood. He therefore first attempted to work in
+box<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">105</a></span>wood. Meanwhile, during my absence in the country, Sicinius
+Pontianus, my step-son, wishing to gratify me,<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> procured some ebony
+tablets from that excellent lady Capitolina and brought them to his
+shop, exhorting him to make what I had ordered out of this rarer and
+more durable material: such a gift, he said, would be most gratifying
+to me. Our artist did as Pontianus suggested, as far as the size of
+the ebony tablets permitted. By careful dove-tailing of minute
+portions of the tablets he succeeded in making a small figure of
+Mercury.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A62" id="A62"></a>62. You heard all the evidence just as I repeat it. Moreover it
+receives exact confirmation from the answers given to you in
+cross-examination by Capitolina's son, a youth of the most excellent
+character, who is here in court to-day. He said that Pontianus asked
+for the tablets, that Pontianus took them to the artist Saturninus.
+Nor does he deny that Pontianus received the completed signet from
+Saturninus and afterwards gave it me. All these things have been
+openly and manifestly proved. What remains, in which any suspicion of
+sorcery can lie concealed? Nay, what is there that does not absolutely
+convict you of obvious falsehood? You said that the seal was of secret
+manufacture, whereas Pontianus, a distinguished member of the
+equestrian order, gave the commission for it. The figure was carved in
+public by Saturninus as he sat in his shop. He is a man of sterling
+character and recognized<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">106</a></span> honesty. The work was assisted by the
+munificence of a distinguished married lady, and many both among the
+slaves and the acquaintances who frequented my house were aware both
+of the commission for the work and its execution. You were not ashamed
+falsely to pretend that I had searched <a href="#NA62">high and low for the requisite
+wood through all the town</a>, although you know that I was absent from
+Oea at that time, and although it has been proved that I gave a free
+hand as to the material.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A63" id="A63"></a>63. Your third lie was that the figure which was made was the lean,
+eviscerated frame of a gruesome corpse, utterly horrible and ghastly
+as any goblin. If you had discovered such definite proof of my
+sorceries, why did you not insist on my producing it in court? Was it
+that you might have complete freedom for inventing lies in the absence
+of the subject of your slanders? If so, the opportunity afforded you
+for mendacity has been lost you, thanks to a certain habit of mine
+which comes in most opportunely. It is my wont wherever I go to carry
+with me the image of some god hidden among my books and to pray to him
+on feast days with offerings of incense and wine and sometimes even of
+victims. When, therefore, I heard persistent though outrageously
+mendacious assertions that the figure I carried was that of a
+skeleton, I ordered some one to go and bring from my house my little
+image of Mercury, the same that Saturninus had made for me at Oea. You
+there, give it them! Let them see it,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">107</a></span> hold it, examine it. There you
+see the image which that scoundrel called a skeleton. Do you hear
+these cries of protest that arise from all present? Do you hear the
+condemnation of your lie? Are you not at last ashamed of all your
+slanders? Is this a skeleton, this a goblin, is this the familiar
+spirit you asserted it to be? Is this a magic symbol or one that is
+common and ordinary? Take it, I beg you, Maximus, and examine it. It
+is good that a holy thing should be entrusted to hands as pure and
+pious as yours. See there, how fair it is to view, how full of all a
+wrestler's grace and vigour! How cheerful is the god's face, how
+comely the down that creeps on either side his cheeks, how the curled
+hair shows upon his head beneath the shadow of his hat's brim, how
+neatly the tiny pair of pinions project about his brows, how daintily
+the cloak is drawn about his shoulders! He who dares call this a
+skeleton, either never sees an image of a god or if he does ignores
+it. Indeed, he who thinks this to represent a goblin must have goblins
+on the brain.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A64" id="A64"></a>64. But in return for that lie, Aemilianus, may that same god who goes
+between the lords of heaven and the lords of hell grant you the hatred
+of the gods of either world and ever send to meet you the shadows of
+the dead with all the ghosts, with all the fiends, with all the
+spectres, with all the goblins of all the world, and thrust upon your
+eyes all the terror that walketh by night, all the dread dwellers in
+the tomb, all the horrors of the sepulchre, although your<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">108</a></span> age and
+character have brought you near enough to them already. But we of the
+family of Plato know naught save what is bright and joyous, majestic
+and heavenly and of the world above us. Nay, in its zeal to reach the
+heights of wisdom, the Platonic school has explored regions higher
+than heaven itself and has stood triumphant on the outer circumference
+of this our universe. Maximus knows that I speak truth, for in his
+careful study of the <a href="#NA64"><i>Phaedrus</i></a> he has read of the 'place that is
+higher than heaven, being builded on heaven's back.' Maximus also
+clearly understands&mdash;I am now going to reply to your accusation about
+the name&mdash;who he is whom not I but Plato was first to call <a href="#NA64">the 'King'</a>.
+'All things,' he says, 'depend upon the King of all things and for him
+only all things exist.' Maximus knows who that 'King' is, even the
+cause and reason and primal origin of all nature, the lord and father
+of the soul, the eternal saviour of all that lives, the unwearying
+builder of his world. Yet builds he without labour, yet saves he
+without care, he is father without begetting, he knows no limitation
+of space or time or change, and therefore few may conceive and none
+may tell of his power.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A65" id="A65"></a>65. I will even go out of my way to aggravate the suspicion of
+sorcery; I will not tell you, Aemilianus, who it is that I worship as
+my king. Even if the proconsul should ask me himself who my god is, I
+am dumb.</p>
+
+<p>About the name I have said enough for the present. For the rest I know
+that some of my<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">109</a></span> audience are anxious to hear why I wanted the figure
+made not of silver or gold, but only of wood, though I think that
+their desire springs not so much from their anxiety to see me cleared
+of guilt as from eagerness for knowledge. They would like to have this
+last doubt removed, even although they see that I have amply rebutted
+all suspicion of any crime. Listen, then, you who would know, but
+listen with all the sharpness and attention that you may, for you are
+to hear the very words that Plato wrote in his old age in the last
+book of <a href="#NA65">the <i>Laws</i></a>. 'The man of moderate means when he makes offerings
+to the gods should do so in proportion to his means. Now, earth and
+the household hearths of all men are holy to all the gods. Let no one
+therefore dedicate any shrines to the gods over and above these.' He
+forbids this with the purpose of preventing men from venturing to
+build private shrines; for he thinks that the public temples suffice
+his citizens for the purposes of sacrifice. He then continues, 'Gold
+and silver in other cities, whether in the keeping of private persons
+or of temples, are invidious possessions; ivory taken from a body
+wherefrom the life has passed is not a welcome offering; iron and
+bronze are instruments of war. Whatsoever a man dedicates, let it be
+of wood and wood only, or if it be of stone, of stone only.' The
+general murmur of assent shows, O Maximus, and you, gentlemen, who
+have the honour to assist him, that I am adjudged to have made
+admirable use of Plato, not only as a guide in life, but as an<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">110</a></span>
+advocate in court, to whose instructions, as you see, I give implicit
+obedience.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A66" id="A66"></a>66. It is now time for me to turn first and foremost to the letters of
+Pudentilla, or rather to retrace the whole course of events a little
+further back still. For I desire to make it abundantly clear that I,
+whom they keep accusing of having forced my way into Pudentilla's
+house solely through love of money, ought really never to have come
+near that house, had the thought of money ever crossed my mind. My
+marriage has for many reasons brought me the reverse of prosperity
+and, but for the fact that my wife's virtues are compensation for any
+number of disadvantages, might be described as disastrous.</p>
+
+<p>Disappointment and envy are the sole causes that have involved me in
+this trial, and even before that gathered many mortal perils about my
+path. What motives for resentment has Aemilianus against me, even
+assuming him to be correctly informed when he accuses me of magic? No
+least word of mine has ever injured him in such a way as to give him
+the appearance of pursuing a just revenge. It is certainly no lofty
+ambition that prompts him to accuse me, ambition such as fired <a href="#NA66">Marcus
+Antonius to accuse Cnaeus Carbo</a>, Caius Mucius to accuse Aulus
+Albucius, Publius Sulpicius to accuse Cnaeus Norbanus, Caius Furius to
+accuse Manius Aquilius, Caius Curio to accuse Quintus Metellus. They
+were young men of admirable education and were led by ambition to
+undertake these accusations as the first<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">111</a></span> step in a forensic career,
+that by the conduct of some <i>cause c&eacute;l&egrave;bre</i> they might make themselves
+a name among their fellow citizens. This privilege was conceded by
+antiquity to young men just entering public life as a means of winning
+glory for their youthful genius. The custom has long since become
+obsolete, but even if the practice were still common, it would not
+apply to Aemilianus. It would not have been becoming to him to make
+any display of his eloquence, for he is rude and unlettered; nor to
+show a passion for renown, since he is a mere barbarian bumpkin; nor
+thus to open his career as an advocate, for he is an old man on the
+brink of the grave. The only hypothesis creditable to him would be
+that he is perhaps giving an example of his austerity of character and
+has undertaken this accusation through sheer hatred of wrongdoing and
+to assert his own integrity. But I should hardly accept such an
+hypothesis even in the case of a greater Aemilianus, not our African
+friend here, but the conqueror of Africa and Numantia, who held,
+moreover, the office of censor at Rome. Much less will I believe that
+this dull blockhead, I will not say, hates sin, but recognizes it when
+he sees it.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A67" id="A67"></a>67. What then was his motive? It is as clear as day to any one that
+envy is the sole motive that has spurred him and Herennius Rufinus,
+his instigator&mdash;of whom I shall have more to say later&mdash;and the rest
+of my enemies, to fabricate these false charges of sorcery.</p>
+
+<p>Well, there are five points which I must discuss.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">112</a></span> If I remember
+aright, their accusations as regards Pudentilla were as follows.
+Firstly, they said that after the death of her first husband she
+resolutely set her face against re-marriage, but was seduced by my
+incantations. Secondly, there are her letters, which they regard as an
+admission that I used sorcery. Thirdly and fourthly, they object that
+she made a love-match at the advanced age of sixty and that the
+marriage contract was sealed not in the town but at a country house.
+Lastly, there is the most invidious of all these accusations, namely,
+that which concerns the dowry. It is into this charge they have put
+all their force and all their venom; it is this that vexes them most
+of all. They assert that at the very outset of our wedded life I
+forced my devoted wife in the absolute seclusion of her country house
+to make over to me a large dowry. I will show that all these
+statements are so false, so worthless, so unsubstantial, and I shall
+refute them so easily and unquestionably, that in good truth, Maximus,
+and you, gentlemen, his assessors, I fear you may think that I have
+suborned my accusers to bring these charges, that I might have the
+opportunity of publicly dispelling the hatred of which I am the
+victim. I will ask you to believe <i>now</i>, what you will understand when
+the facts are before you, that I shall need to put out all my strength
+to prevent you from thinking that such a baseless accusation is a
+cunning device of my own rather than a stupid enterprise of my
+enemies.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A68" id="A68"></a>68. I shall now briefly retrace events and force<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">113</a></span> Aemilianus himself
+to admit, when he has heard the facts, that his envy was groundless
+and that he has strayed far from the truth. In the meantime I beg you,
+as you have already done, or if possible yet more than you have
+already done, to give the best of your attention to me as I trace the
+whole case to its fount and source.</p>
+
+<p>Aemilia Pudentilla, now my wife, was once the wife of a certain
+Sicinius Amicus. By him she had two sons, Pontianus and Pudens. These
+two boys were left by their father's death under the guardianship of
+their paternal grandfather&mdash;for Amicus predeceased his father&mdash;and
+were brought up by their mother with remarkable care and affection for
+about fourteen years. She was in the flower of her age, and it was not
+of her own choosing that she remained a widow for so long. But the
+boys' grandfather was eager that she should, in spite of her
+reluctance, take his son, Sicinius Clarus, for her second husband<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a>
+and with this in view kept all other suitors at a distance. He further
+threatened her that if she married elsewhere he would by his will
+exclude her sons from the possession of any of their father's
+heritage. When she saw that nothing could move him to alter the
+condition that he had laid down, such was her wisdom, and so admirable
+her maternal affection, that to prevent her sons' interests suffering
+any damage in this respect, she made a contract of marriage with
+Sicinius Clarus in accordance with her father-in-law's bidding, but by
+various evasions managed to avoid<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">114</a></span> the marriage until the boys'
+grandfather died, leaving them as his heirs, with the result that
+Pontianus, the elder son, became his brother's guardian.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A69" id="A69"></a>69. She was now freed from all embarrassment, and being sought in
+marriage by many distinguished persons resolved to remain a widow no
+longer. The dreariness of her solitary life she might have borne, but
+her bodily infirmities had become intolerable. This chaste and saintly
+lady, after so many years of blameless widowhood, without even a
+breath of scandal, owing to her long absence from a husband's
+embraces, began to suffer internal pains so severe that they brought
+her to the brink of the grave. Doctors and wise women agreed that the
+disease had its origin in her long widowhood, that the evil was
+increasing daily and her sickness steadily assuming a more serious
+character; the remedy was that she should marry before her youth
+finally departed from her. There were many who welcomed this
+recommendation, but none more so than that fellow Aemilianus, who a
+little while back asserted with the most unhesitating mendacity that
+Pudentilla had never thought of marriage until I compelled her to be
+mine by my exercise of the black art; that I alone had been found to
+outrage the virgin purity of her widowhood by incantations and love
+philtres. I have often heard it said with truth that a liar should
+have a good memory. Had you forgotten, Aemilianus, that before I came
+to Oea, you wrote to her son Pontianus, who had then attained to man's
+estate<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">115</a></span> and was pursuing his studies at Rome, suggesting that she
+should marry? Give me the letter, or better give it to Aemilianus and
+let him refute himself in his own voice with his own words.</p>
+
+<p>Is this your letter? Why do you turn pale? We know you are past
+blushing. Is this your signature? Read a little louder, please, that
+all may realize how his written words belie his speech and how much
+more he is at variance with himself than with me.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A70" id="A70"></a>70. Did you, Aemilianus, write what has just been read out? 'I know
+that she is willing to marry and that she ought to do so, but I do not
+know the object of her choice.' You were right there. You knew nothing
+about it. For Pudentilla, though she admitted that she wished to marry
+again, said nothing to you about her suitor. She knew the intrusive
+malignity of your nature too well. But you still expected her to marry
+your brother Clarus and were induced by your false hopes to go further
+and to urge her son to assent to the match. And of course, if she had
+wedded Clarus, a boorish and decrepit old man, you would have asserted
+that she had long desired to marry him of her own free will without
+the intervention of any magic. But now that she has married a young
+man of the elegance which you attribute to him, you say that she had
+always refused to marry and must have done so under compulsion! You
+did not know, you villain, that the letter you had written on the
+subject was being preserved, you did not know that you would be
+convicted by your own testimony.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">116</a></span> The fact is that Pudentilla, knowing
+your changeableness and unreliability no less than your shamelessness
+and mendacity, rather than forward the letter preferred to keep it as
+clear evidence of your intentions, and wrote a letter of her own on
+the same subject to her son Pontianus at Rome, in which she gave full
+reasons for her determination. She told him pretty fully about the
+state of her health; there was no longer any reason for her to persist
+in remaining a widow; she had so remained for thus long and had
+sacrificed her health solely to procure him the inheritance of his
+grandfather's fortune, a fortune to which she had by the exercise of
+the greatest care made considerable additions: Pontianus himself was
+now by the grace of heaven ripe for marriage and his brother for the
+garb of manhood. She begged them to suffer her at length to solace her
+lonely existence and to relieve her ill health: they need have no
+fears as to her final choice or as to her motherly affection; she
+would still be as a wife what she had been as a widow. I will order a
+copy of this letter to her son to be read aloud. (<i>The letter is
+read.</i>)</p>
+
+<p><a name="A71" id="A71"></a>71. This letter makes it, I think, sufficiently clear that it needed
+no incantations of mine to move Pudentilla from her resolve to remain
+a widow, but that she had been for some time by no means averse to
+marriage, when she chose me&mdash;it may be in preference to others. I
+cannot see why such a choice by so excellent a woman should be brought
+against me as matter for reproach rather than honour. But<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">117</a></span> I admit
+feeling surprise that Aemilianus and Rufinus should be annoyed at the
+lady's decision, when those who were actually suitors for her hand
+acquiesce in her preference for myself. She was indeed guided in
+making her choice less by her personal inclination than by the advice
+of her son, a fact which Aemilianus cannot deny. For Pontianus on
+receiving his mother's letter hastily flew hither from Rome, fearing
+that, if the man of her choice proved to be avaricious, she might, as
+often happens, transfer her whole fortune to the house of her new
+husband. This anxiety tormented him not a little. All his own
+expectations of wealth together with those of his brother depended on
+his mother. His grandfather had left but a moderate fortune, his
+mother possessed 4,000,000 sesterces. Of this sum, it is true, she
+owed a considerable portion to her sons, but they had no security for
+this, relying&mdash;naturally enough&mdash;on her word alone. He gave but silent
+expression to his fears; he did not venture to show any open
+opposition for fear of seeming to distrust her.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A72" id="A72"></a>72. Things being in this delicate position owing to the matrimonial
+intentions of the mother and the fears of the son, chance or destiny
+brought me to Oea on my way to Alexandria. Did not my respect for my
+wife prevent me, I would say 'Would God it had never happened'. It was
+winter when this occurred. Overcome by the fatigues of the journey, I
+was laid up for a considerable number of days in the house of my
+friends the Appii, whom I name to show the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">118</a></span> affection and esteem with
+which I regard them. There Pontianus came to see me; for not so very
+long before certain common friends had introduced him to me at Athens,
+and we had afterwards lodged together and come to know each other
+intimately. He greeted me with the utmost courtesy, inquired anxiously
+after my health, and touched dexterously on the subject of love. For
+he thought that he had found an ideal husband for his mother to whom
+he could without the slightest risk entrust the whole fortune of the
+house. At first he sounded me as to my inclinations in somewhat
+ambiguous language, and seeing that I was desirous of resuming my
+journey and was not in the least disposed to take a wife, he begged me
+at any rate to remain at Oea for a little while, as he himself was
+desirous of travelling with me. Since my physical infirmity had made
+it impossible for me to profit by the present winter, he urged that it
+would be well to wait for the next owing to the danger presented by
+the passage of the Syrtes and the risk of encountering wild beasts.
+His urgent entreaty induced my friends the Appii to allow me to leave
+them and to become his guest in his mother's house. I should find the
+situation healthier, he said, and should get a freer view of the
+sea&mdash;a special attraction in my eyes.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A73" id="A73"></a>73. He had shown the greatest eagerness in inducing me to come to this
+decision, and strongly recommended his mother and his brother&mdash;that
+boy there&mdash;to my consideration. I gave them some help in our common
+studies and a marked intimacy sprang up<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">119</a></span> between us. Meanwhile I
+gradually recovered my health. At the instance of my friends I gave <a href="#NA73">a
+discourse in public</a>. This took place in the basilica, which was
+thronged by a vast audience. I was greeted with many expressions of
+approval, the audience shouted 'bravo! bravo!' like one man, and
+besought me to remain and become a citizen of Oea. On the dispersal of
+the audience Pontianus approached me, and by way of prelude said that
+such universal enthusiasm was nothing less than a sign from heaven. He
+then revealed to me that it was his cherished design&mdash;with my
+permission&mdash;to bring about a match between myself and his mother, for
+whose hand there were many suitors. He added that I was the only
+friend in the world in whom he could put implicit trust and
+confidence. If I were to refuse to undertake such a responsibility,
+simply because it was no fair heiress that was offered me, but a woman
+of plain appearance and the mother of children&mdash;if I were moved by
+these considerations and insisted on reserving myself for a more
+attractive and wealthier match, my behaviour would be unworthy of a
+friend and a philosopher. It would take too long&mdash;even if I were
+willing&mdash;to tell you what I replied and how long and how frequently we
+conversed on the subject, with how many pressing entreaties he plied
+me, never ceasing until he finally won my consent. I had had ample
+opportunity for observing Pudentilla's character, for I had lived for
+a whole year continually in her company and had realized how rich was
+her endowment of good<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">120</a></span> qualities; but my desire for travel led me to
+desire to refuse the match as an impediment. But I soon began to love
+her for her virtues as ardently as though I had wooed her of my own
+initiative. Pontianus had also persuaded his mother to give me the
+preference over all her other suitors, and showed extraordinary
+eagerness for the marriage to take place at the earliest possible
+date. We could scarcely induce him to consent to the very briefest
+postponement to such time as he himself should have taken a wife and
+his brother in due course have assumed the garb of manhood. That done,
+we would be married at once.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A74" id="A74"></a>74. Would to heaven it were possible without serious damage to my case
+to pass by what I have now to relate. I freely forgave Pontianus when
+he begged for pardon, and I have no wish to seem to reproach him now
+for the fickleness of his conduct. I acknowledge the truth of a
+circumstance brought against me by my accusers, I admit that
+Pontianus, after taking to himself a wife, broke his pledged word and
+suddenly changed his mind; that he tried to prevent the fulfilment of
+this project with no less obstinacy than he had shown zeal in
+forwarding it. He was ready to make any sacrifice, to go any lengths,
+to prevent our marriage taking place. Nevertheless this discreditable
+change of attitude, this deliberate quarrel with his mother, must not
+be laid to his charge, but to that of his father-in-law, Herennius
+Rufinus, whom you see before you, a man than whom no more worthless,
+wicked, and grime-stained soul lives upon this earth. I will&mdash;since<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">121</a></span> I
+cannot avoid it&mdash;give a brief description of this man's character,
+using such moderation as I may, lest, if I pass him by in silence, the
+energy which he has shown in engineering this accusation against me
+should have been spent all in vain.</p>
+
+<p>This is the man who poisoned that worthless boy against me, who is the
+prime mover in this accusation, who has hired advocates and bought
+witnesses. This is the furnace in which all this calumny has been
+forged, this the firebrand, this the scourge that has driven
+Aemilianus here to his task. He makes it his boast before all men in
+the most extravagant language that it is through his machinations that
+my indictment has been procured. In truth he has some reason for
+self-congratulation. For he is the organizer of every lawsuit, the
+deviser of every perjury, the architect of every lie, the seed-ground
+of every wickedness, the vile haunt and hideous habitation of lust and
+gluttony, the mark of every scandal since his earliest years: in
+boyhood, ere he became so hideously bald, the ready servant of the
+vilest vices; in youth a stage dancer limp and nerveless enough in all
+conscience, but, they tell me, clumsy and inartistic in his very
+effeminacy. Except for his immodesty he is said not to have possessed
+a single quality that should distinguish an actor.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A75" id="A75"></a>75. He is older now&mdash;God's curse upon him! I crave your pardon for my
+warmth of language. But his house is the dwelling-place of panders,
+his whole household foul with sin, himself a man of infamous
+character, his wife a harlot, his sons like their parents. His door<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">122</a></span>
+night and day is battered with the kicks of wanton gallants, his
+windows loud with the sound of loose serenades, his dining-room wild
+with revel, his bedchambers the haunt of adulterers. For no one need
+fear to enter it save he who has no gift for the husband. Thus does he
+make an income from his own dishonour. What else should the wretch do?
+He has lost a considerable fortune, though I admit that he only got
+that fortune unexpectedly through a fraudulent transaction on the part
+of his father. The latter, having borrowed money from a number of
+persons, preferred to keep their money at the cost of his own good
+name. Bills poured in on every side with demands for payment. Every
+one that met him laid hands on him as though he were a madman.
+'Steady, now!' says he, 'I can't find the cash.' So he resigned <a href="#NA75">his
+golden rings</a> and all the badges of his position in society and thus
+came to terms with his creditors. But he had by a most ingenious fraud
+transferred the greater part of his property to his wife, and so,
+although he himself was needy, ill-clad and protected by the very
+depth of his fall, managed to leave this same Rufinus&mdash;I am telling
+you the truth and nothing but the truth&mdash;no less than 3,000,000
+sesterces to be squandered on riotous living. This was the sum that
+came to him unencumbered from his mother's property, over and above
+the daily dowry brought him by his wife. Yet all this money has been
+ravenously devoured by this glutton in a few short years, all this
+fortune has been destroyed by the infinite variety of his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">123</a></span>
+gormandizing; so that you might really think him to be afraid of
+seeming in any way to be the gainer by his father's dishonesty. This
+honourable fellow actually took care that what had been ill-gained
+should be ill-spent, nor was anything left him from his too ample
+fortune, save his depraved ambition and his boundless appetite.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A76" id="A76"></a>76. His wife, however, was getting old and worn out and refused to
+continue to support the whole household by her own dishonour. But
+there was a daughter who, at her mother's instigation, was exhibited
+to all the wealthy young men, but in vain. Had she not come across so
+easy a victim as Pontianus she would perhaps still have been sitting
+at home a widow who had never been a bride. Pontianus, in spite of
+urgent attempts on our part to dissuade him, gave her the right&mdash;false
+and illusory though it was&mdash;to be called a bride. He did this knowing
+that, but a short time before he married her, she had been seduced and
+deserted by a young man of good family to whom she had been previously
+betrothed. And so his new bride came to him, not as other brides come,
+but unabashed and undismayed, her virtue lost, her modesty gone, her
+bridal-veil a mockery. Cast off by her previous lover, she brought to
+her wedding the name without the purity of a maid. She rode in a
+litter carried by eight slaves. You who were present saw how
+impudently she made eyes at all the young and how immodestly she
+flaunted her charms. Who did not recognize her mother's pupil, when
+they saw her dyed lips, her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">124</a></span> rouged cheeks, and her lascivious eyes?
+Her dowry was borrowed, every farthing of it, on the eve of her
+wedding, and was indeed greater than could be expected of so large and
+impoverished a family.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A77" id="A77"></a>77. But though Rufinus' fortune is small, his hopes are boundless.
+With avarice rivalled only by his need he had already devoured
+Pudentilla's 4,000,000 in vain anticipation. With this in view he
+decided that I must be got out of the way, in order that he might find
+fewer obstacles in his attempt to hoodwink the weak Pontianus and the
+lonely Pudentilla. He began, therefore, to upbraid his son-in-law for
+having betrothed his mother to me. He urged him to draw back without
+delay from so perilous a path, while there was yet time; to keep his
+mother's fortune himself rather than deliberately transfer it to the
+keeping of a stranger. He threatened that, if he refused, he would
+take away his daughter, the device of an old hand to influence a young
+man in love. To be brief, he so wrought upon the simple-minded young
+man, who was, moreover, a slave to the charms of his new bride, as to
+mould him to his will and move him from his purpose. Pontianus went to
+his mother and told her what Rufinus had said to him. But he made no
+impression on her steadfast character. On the contrary, she rebuked
+him for his fickleness and inconstancy, and it was no pleasant news he
+took back to his father-in-law. His mother had shown a firmness of
+purpose not to be expected of one of her placid disposition, and to
+make matters worse his expostulations had made<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">125</a></span> her angry, which was
+likely seriously to increase her obstinacy: in fact, she had finally
+replied, that it was no secret to her that his expostulations were
+instigated by Rufinus, a fact which made the support and assistance of
+a husband against his desperate greed all the more necessary to her.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A78" id="A78"></a>78. When he heard this, the ruffian was stung to fury and burst into
+such wild and ungovernable rage that in the presence of her own son he
+heaped insults, such as he might have used to his own wife, on the
+purest and most modest of women. In the presence of many witnesses,
+whom, if you desire it, I will name, he loudly denounced her as a
+wanton and myself as a sorcerer and poisoner, threatening to murder me
+with his own hands. I can hardly restrain my anger, such fierce
+indignation fills my soul. That you, the most effeminate of men,
+should threaten any man with death at your hand! Your hand! What hand!
+The hand of Philomela or Medea or Clytemnestra? Why, <a href="#NA78">when you dance in
+those characters</a> you show such contemptible timidity, you are so
+frightened at the sight of steel, that you will not even carry a
+property sword? But I am digressing. Pudentilla, seeing to her
+astonishment that her son had fallen lower than she could have deemed
+possible, went into the country and by way of rebuke wrote him the
+notorious letter, in which, according to my accusers, she confessed
+that my magical practices had made her lose her reason and fall in
+love with me. And yet, Maximus, the day before yesterday at your
+command I took a copy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">126</a></span> of the letter in the presence of witnesses and
+of Pontianus' secretary. Aemilianus also was there and countersigned
+the copy. What is the result? In contradiction to my accusers'
+assertion everything is found to tell in my favour.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A79" id="A79"></a>79. And yet, even if she had spoken somewhat strongly and had called
+me a magician, it would be a reasonable explanation that she had, in
+defending her conduct to her son, preferred to allege compulsion on my
+part rather than her own inclination. Is Phaedra the only woman whom
+love has driven to write a lying letter? Is it not rather a device
+common to all women that, when they have begun to feel strong desire
+for anything of this kind, they should prefer to make themselves out
+the victims of compulsion? But even supposing she had genuinely
+regarded me as a magician, would the mere fact of Pudentilla's writing
+to that effect be a reason for actually regarding me as a magician?
+You, with all your arguments and your witnesses and your diffuse
+eloquence, have failed to prove me a magician. Could she prove it with
+one word? A formal indictment, written and signed before a judge, is a
+far more weighty document than what is written in a private letter!
+Why do not you prove me a magician by my own deeds instead of having
+recourse to the mere words of another? If your principle be followed,
+and whatever any one may have written in a letter under the influence
+of love or hatred be admitted as proof, many a man will be indicted on
+the wildest charges. 'Pudentilla called<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">127</a></span> you a magician in her letter;
+therefore you are a magician!' If she had called me a consul, would
+that make me one? What if she had called me a painter, a doctor, or
+even an innocent man? Would you accept any of these statements, simply
+because she had made them? You would accept none of them. Yet it is a
+gross injustice to believe a person when he speaks evil of another and
+to refuse to believe him when he speaks well. It is a gross injustice
+that a letter should have power to destroy and not to save. 'But,'
+says my accuser, 'she was out of her wits, she loved you
+distractedly.' I will grant it for the moment. But are all persons,
+who are the objects of love, magicians, just because the person in
+love with them chances to say so in a letter? If, indeed, Pudentilla
+wrote in a letter to another person what would clearly be prejudicial
+to myself, I think she could hardly have been in love with me at the
+moment in question.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A80" id="A80"></a>80. Tell me now, what is your contention? Was she mad or sane when she
+wrote? Sane, do you say? Then she was not the victim of magic. Insane?
+In that case she did not know what she was writing and must not be
+believed. Nay, even supposing her to have been insane, she would not
+have been aware of the fact. For just as to say 'I am silent' is to
+make a fool of oneself, since these very words actually break silence,
+and the act of speaking impugns the substance of one's speech, so it
+is even more absurd to say 'I am mad'. It cannot be true unless the
+speaker knows<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">128</a></span> what he says, and he who knows what madness is, is
+<i>ipso facto</i> sane. For madness cannot know itself any more than
+blindness can see itself. Therefore Pudentilla was in possession of
+her senses, if she thought she was out of them. I could say more on
+this point, but enough of dialectic! I will read out the letter which
+gives crying witness to a very different state of things and might
+indeed have been specially prepared to suit this particular trial.
+Take it and read it out until I interrupt. (<i>The letter is read.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>Stop a moment before you go on to what follows. We have come to the
+crucial point. So far, Maximus, as far at any rate as I have noticed,
+the lady has made no mention of magic, but has merely repeated in the
+same order the statements which I quoted a short time ago about her
+long widowhood, the proposed remedy for her ill health, her desire to
+marry, the good report she had heard of me from Pontianus, his own
+advice that she should marry me in preference to others.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A81" id="A81"></a>81. So much for what has been read. There remains a portion of the
+letter which, although like the first part it was written in my
+defence, also turns against me. For although it was specially written
+to rebut the charge of magic brought against me, a remarkable piece of
+ingenuity on the part of Rufinus has altered its meaning and brought
+me into discredit with certain citizens of Oea as being a proved
+sorcerer. Maximus, you have heard much from the lips of others, you
+have learned yet more by reading, and your own personal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">129</a></span> experience
+has taught you not a little. But you will say that never yet have you
+come across such insidious cunning or such marvellous dexterity in
+crime. What <a href="#NA81">Palamedes</a>, what <a href="#NA81">Sisyphus</a>, what <a href="#NA81">Eurybates</a> or <a href="#NA81">Phrynondas</a>
+could ever have devised such guile? All those whom I have mentioned,
+together with all the notorious deceivers of history, would seem mere
+<a href="#NA81">clowns and pantaloons</a>, were they to attempt to match this one single
+instance of Rufinus' craftiness. O miracle of lies! O subtlety worthy
+of the prison and the stocks! Who could imagine that what was written
+as a defence could without the alteration of a single letter be
+transformed into an accusation! Good God! it is incredible. But I will
+make clear to you how the incredible came to pass.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A82" id="A82"></a>82. The mother was rebuking her son because, after extolling me to her
+as a model of all the virtues, he now, at Rufinus' instigation,
+asserted that I was a magician. The actual words were as follows:
+'Apuleius is a magician and has bewitched me to love him. Come to me,
+then, while I am still in my senses!' These words, which I have quoted
+in Greek, have been selected by Rufinus and separated from their
+context. He has taken them round as a confession on the part of
+Pudentilla, and, with Pontianus at his side all dissolved in tears,
+has shown them through all the market-place, allowing men only to read
+that portion which I have just cited and suppressing all that comes
+before and after. His excuse was that the rest of the letter was too
+disgusting to be shown; it was sufficient<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">130</a></span> that publicity should be
+given to Pudentilla's confession as to my sorcery. What was the
+result? Every one thought it probable enough. That very letter, which
+was written to clear my character, excited the most violent hatred
+against me amongst those who did not know the facts. This foul villain
+went rushing about in the midst of the market-place like any
+bacchanal; he kept opening the letter and proclaiming, 'Apuleius is a
+sorcerer! She herself describes her feelings and her sufferings! What
+more do you demand?' There was no one to take my part and reply, 'Give
+us the whole letter, please! Let me see it all, let me read it from
+beginning to end. There are many things which, produced apart from
+their context, may seem open to a slanderous interpretation. Any
+speech may be attacked, if a passage depending for its sense on what
+has preceded be robbed of its commencement, or if phrases be expunged
+at will from the place they logically occupy, or if what is written
+ironically be read out in such a tone as to make it seem a defamatory
+statement.' With what justice this protest or words to that effect
+might have been uttered the actual order of the letter will show.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A83" id="A83"></a>83. Now, Aemilianus, try to remember whether the following were not
+the words of which, together with myself, you took a copy in the
+presence of witnesses, 'For since I desired to marry for the reasons
+of which I told you, you persuaded me to choose Apuleius in preference
+to all others, since you had a great admiration for him and were eager
+through me to become yet more intimate with him. But now that certain<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">131</a></span>
+ill-natured persons have brought accusations against us and attempt to
+dissuade you, Apuleius has suddenly become a magician and has
+bewitched me to love him. Come to me, then, while I am still in my
+senses.'</p>
+
+<p>I ask you, Maximus, if letters&mdash;some of which are actually called
+vocal<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a>&mdash;could find a voice, if words, as poets say, could take them
+wings and fly, would they not, when Rufinus first made disingenuous
+excerpts from that letter, read but a few lines and deliberately said
+nothing of much that bore a more favourable meaning, would not the
+remaining letters have cried out that they were unjustly kept out of
+sight? Would not the words suppressed by Rufinus have flown from his
+hands and filled the whole market-place with tumult, crying that they
+too had been sent by Pudentilla, they too had been entrusted with
+something to say, and calling upon men to listen to <i>them</i> instead of
+giving ear to a dishonest villain who was attempting to prove a lie by
+means of another's letter? for Pudentilla had never accused Apuleius
+of magic, while Rufinus' accusation was tantamount to an acquittal.
+All these things were not said then, but now, when they are of more
+effectual service to me, their truth appears clearer than day.
+Rufinus, your cunning stands revealed, your fraud stares us in the
+face, your lies are laid bare; truth dethroned for a while rises once
+more and slander sinks<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> downward to the bottomless pit.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A84" id="A84"></a>84. You challenged me with Pudentilla's letter: with that letter I win
+the day. If you like to hear the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">132</a></span> conclusion, I will not grudge it
+you. Tell me, what were the words with which she ended the letter,
+that poor bewitched, lunatic, insane, infatuated lady? 'I am not
+bewitched, I am not in love; it is my destiny.'<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> Would you have
+anything more? Pudentilla throws your words in your teeth and publicly
+vindicates her sanity against your slanderous aspersions. The motive
+or necessity of her marriage, whichever it was, she now ascribes to
+fate, and between fate and magic there is a great gulf, indeed they
+have absolutely nothing in common. For if it be true that the destiny
+of each created thing is like a fierce torrent that may neither be
+stayed nor diverted, what power is left for magic drugs or
+incantations? Pudentilla, therefore, not only denied that I was a
+magician, but denied the very existence of magic. It is a good thing
+that Pontianus, following his usual custom, kept his mother's letter
+safe in its entirety: it is a good thing that the speed with which
+this case has been hurried on left you no opportunity for adding to
+that letter at your leisure. For this I have to thank you and your
+foresight, Maximus. You saw through their slanders from the beginning
+and hurried on the case that they might not gather strength as the
+days went by; you gave them no breathing space and wrecked their
+designs. Suppose now that the mother, after her wont, <i>had</i> made
+confession of her passion for me in some private letter to her son.
+Was it just, Rufinus, was it consistent, I will not say with filial
+piety but<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">133</a></span> with common humanity, that these letters should be
+circulated and, above all, published and proclaimed abroad by her own
+son? But perhaps I am no better than a fool to ask you to have regard
+for another's sense of decency when you have so long lost your own.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A85" id="A85"></a>85. Why should I only complain of what is past? The present is equally
+distressing. To think that this unhappy boy should have been so
+corrupted by you as to read aloud in the proconsular court, before a
+man of such lofty character as Claudius Maximus, a letter from his
+mother, which he chooses to regard as amatory, and in the presence of
+the statues of the emperor Pius to accuse his mother of yielding to a
+shameful passion and reproach her with her <i>amours</i>? Who is there of
+such gentle temper, but that this would wake him to fury? Vilest of
+creatures, do you pry into your mother's heart in such matters, do you
+watch her glances, count her sighs, sound her affections, intercept
+her letters, and accuse her of being in love? Do you seek to discover
+what she does in the privacy of her own chamber, do you demand&mdash;I will
+not say that she should be above love affairs&mdash;but that she should
+cease to be a woman? Cannot you conceive the possibility that she
+should show any affection save the affection of a mother for her son?
+Ah! Pudentilla, you are unhappy in your offspring! Far better have
+been barren than have borne such children! Ill-omened were the long
+months through which you bore them in your womb and thankless your
+fourteen years of widowhood! <a href="#NA85">The viper</a>, I am told, reaches the light<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">134</a></span>
+of day only by gnawing through its mother's womb; its parent must die
+ere it be born. But your son is full-grown and the wounds he deals are
+far bitterer, for they are inflicted on you while you yet live and see
+the light of day. He insults your reserve, he arraigns your modesty,
+he wounds you to the heart and outrages your dearest affections. Is
+this the gratitude with which a dutiful son like yourself repays his
+mother for the life she gave him, for the inheritance she won him, for
+her long fourteen years of seclusion? Is the result of your uncle's
+teaching this, that, if you were sure your sons would be like
+yourself, you should be afraid to take a wife? There is <a href="#NA85">a well-known
+line</a></p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<i>I hate the boy that's wise before his time.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Yes, and who would not loathe and detest a boy that is 'wicked before
+his time', when he sees you, like some frightful portent, old in sin
+but young in years, with the bodily powers of a boy, yet deep in
+guilt, with the bright face of a child, but with wickedness such as
+might match grey hairs? Nay, the most offensive thing about him is
+that his pernicious deeds go scot free; he is too young to punish, yet
+old enough to do injury. Injury, did I say? No! crime, unfilial,
+black, monstrous, intolerable crime!</p>
+
+<p><a name="A86" id="A86"></a>86. The Athenians, when they captured the correspondence of their
+enemy, Philip of Macedon, and the letters were being read in public
+one by one, out of reverence for the common rights of humanity forbade
+one letter to be read aloud, a letter addressed by Philip to his wife
+Olympias. They spared the enemy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">135</a></span> that they might not intrude on the
+privacy of husband and wife; they placed the law that is common to all
+mankind above the claims of private vengeance. So enemy dealt with
+enemy! How have you dealt with the mother that bore you? You see how
+close is my parallel. Yet you read out aloud letters written by your
+mother which, according to your assertion, concern her love affairs,
+and you do so before this gathering here assembled, a gathering before
+which you would not dare to read the verses of some obscene poet, even
+if bidden to do so, but you would be restrained by some sense of
+shame. Nay, you would never have touched your mother's letters, had
+you ever been in touch with letters in the wider sense of the term.
+But you have also dared to submit a letter of your own to be read, a
+letter written about your mother in outrageously disrespectful,
+abusive, and unseemly language, written too at a time when you were
+still being brought up under her loving care. This letter you sent
+secretly to Pontianus, and you have now produced it to avoid the
+reproach of having sinned only once and to rescue so good a deed from
+oblivion!<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> Poor fool, do you not realize that your uncle permitted
+you to do this, that he might clear himself in public estimation by
+using your letter as proof that even before you migrated to his house,
+even at the time when you caressed your mother with false words of
+love, you were already as cunning as any fox and devoid of all filial
+affection?</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">136</a></span></p>
+
+<p><a name="A87" id="A87"></a>87. I cannot bring myself to believe Aemilianus such a fool as to
+think that the letter of a mere boy, who is also one of my accusers,
+could seriously tell against me.</p>
+
+<p>There is also that forged letter by which they attempted to prove that
+I beguiled Pudentilla with flattery. I never wrote it and the forgery
+is not even plausible. What need had I of flattery, if I put my trust
+in magic? And how did they secure possession of that letter which
+must, as is usual in such affairs, have been sent to Pudentilla by
+some confidential servant? Why, again, should I write in such faulty
+words, such barbarous language, I whom my accusers admit to be <a href="#NA87">quite
+at home in Greek</a>? And why should I seek to seduce her by flattery so
+absurd and coarse? They themselves admit that I write amatory verse
+with sufficient sprightliness and skill. The explanation is obvious to
+every one; it is this. He who could not read the letter which
+Pudentilla wrote in Greek altogether too refined for his
+comprehension, found it easier to read this letter and set it off to
+greater advantage because it was his own.</p>
+
+<p>One more point and I shall have said enough about the letters.
+Pudentilla, after writing in jest and irony those words 'Come then,
+while I am yet in my senses', sent for her sons and her
+daughter-in-law and lived with them for about two months. I beg this
+most dutiful of sons to tell us whether he then noticed his mother's
+alleged madness to have affected for the worse either her words or her
+deeds. Let him deny that she showed the utmost shrewdness in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">137</a></span> her
+examination of the accounts of the bailiffs, grooms, and shepherds,
+that she earnestly warned his brother Pontianus to be on his guard
+against the designs of Rufinus, that she rebuked him severely for
+having freely published the letter she had sent him without having
+read it honestly as it was written! Let him deny that, after what I
+have just related to you, his mother married me in her country house,
+as had been agreed some time previously!</p>
+
+<p><a name="A88" id="A88"></a>88. The reason for our decision to be married by preference at her
+country house not far from Oea was to avoid a fresh concourse of
+citizens demanding largesse. It was but a short time before that
+Pudentilla had distributed 50,000 sesterces to the people on the
+occasion of Pontianus' marriage and this boy's assumption of the garb
+of manhood. We wished also to avoid the frequent and wearisome
+dinner-parties which custom generally imposes on newly-married
+couples. This is the whole reason, Aemilianus, why our marriage
+contract was signed not in the town but at a country house in the
+neighbourhood&mdash;to avoid squandering another 50,000 sesterces and to
+escape dining in your company or at your house. Is that sufficient? I
+must say that I am surprised that you object so strongly to the
+country house, considering that you spend most of your time in the
+country. The Julian marriage-law nowhere contains a clause to the
+effect that no man shall wed in a country house. Indeed, if you would
+know the truth, it is of far better omen for the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">138</a></span> expectation of
+offspring that one should marry one's wife in a country house in
+preference to the town, on rich soil in preference to barren ground,
+on the greensward of the meadow rather than the pavement of the
+market-place. She that would be a mother should marry in the very
+bosom of her mother, among the standing crops, on the fruitful
+plough-land, or she should lie beneath the elm that weds the vine, on
+the very lap of mother earth, among the springing herbage, the
+trailing vine-shoots and the budding trees. I may add that the
+metaphor in <a href="#NA88">the line so well known in comedy</a></p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<i>That in the furrow children true be sown</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>bears out this view most strongly. The ancient Romans also, such as
+Quintius, <a href="#NA88">Serranus</a> and many others, were offered not only wives but
+consulships and dictatorships in the open field. But I am becoming
+long-winded. I will restrain myself for fear of gratifying you by my
+praise of country life.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A89" id="A89"></a>89. As to Pudentilla's age, concerning which you lied so boldly as to
+assert that she had married at the age of sixty, I will reply in a few
+words. It is not necessary to speak at length in discussing a matter
+where the truth is so obvious.</p>
+
+<p>Her father acknowledged her for his daughter in the usual fashion; the
+documents in which he did so are preserved partly in the public record
+office, partly in his house. Here they are before your very eyes.
+Please hand the documents to Aemilianus. Let him examine the linen
+strip that bears the seal;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">139</a></span> let him recognize the seal stamped upon
+it, let him read the names of the consuls for the year, let him count
+up the years. He gave her sixty years. Let him bring out the total at
+fifty-five, admitting that he lied and gave her five too many. Nay,
+that is hardly enough. I will deal yet more liberally with him. He
+gave Pudentilla such a number of years that I will reward him by
+returning ten. Mezentius has been wandering with Ulysses; let him at
+least prove that she is fifty. To cut the matter short, as I am
+dealing with an accuser who is used to <a href="#NA89">multiplying by four</a>, I will
+multiply five years by four and subtract twenty years at one fell
+swoop. I beg you, Maximus, to order the number of consuls since her
+birth to be reckoned. If I am not mistaken, you will find that
+Pudentilla has barely passed her fortieth year. The insolent audacity
+of this falsehood! Twenty years' exile would be a worthy punishment
+for such mendacity! Your fiction has added a good half to the sum,
+your fabrication is one and a half times the size of the original. Had
+you said thirty years when you ought to have said ten, it might have
+been supposed that you had made <a href="#NA89">a slip in the gesture</a> used for your
+calculation, that you had placed your forefinger against the middle
+joint of your thumb, when you should have made them form a circle. But
+whereas the gesture indicating forty is the simplest of all such
+gestures, for you have merely to hold out the palm of your hand&mdash;you
+have increased the number by half as much again. There is no room for
+an<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">140</a></span> erroneous gesture; the only possible hypothesis is that, believing
+Pudentilla to be thirty, you got your total by adding up the number of
+consuls, two to each year.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A90" id="A90"></a>90. I have done with this. I come now to the very heart of the
+accusation, to the actual motive for the use of magic. I ask Rufinus
+and Aemilianus to answer me and tell me&mdash;even assuming that I am the
+most consummate magician&mdash;what had I to gain by persuading Pudentilla
+to marry me by means of my love philtres and my incantations. I am
+well aware that many persons, when accused of some crime or other,
+even if it has been shown that there was some real motive for the
+offence, have amply cleared themselves of guilt by this one line of
+defence, that the whole record of their lives renders the suspicion of
+such a crime incredible and that even though there may have been
+strong temptation to sin, the mere fact of the existence of the
+temptation should not be counted against them. We have no right to
+assume that everything that might have been done actually has been
+done. Circumstances may alter; the one true guide is a man's
+character; the one sure indication that a charge should be rejected or
+believed is the fact that through all his life the accused has set his
+face towards vice or virtue as the case may be. I might with the
+utmost justice put in such a plea for myself, but I waive my right in
+your favour, and shall think that I have made out but a poor case for
+myself, if I do no more than amply clear myself of all your charges
+and show that there exists not the slightest ground for suspecting<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">141</a></span> me
+of sorcery. Consider what confidence in my innocence and what contempt
+of you is implied by my conduct. If you can discover one trivial
+reason that might have led me to woo Pudentilla for the sake of some
+personal advantage, if you can prove that I have made the very
+slightest profit out of my marriage, I am ready to be any magician you
+please&mdash;the great <a href="#NA90">Carmendas himself or Damigeron</a> or Moses<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> of whom
+you have heard, or Jannes or Apollobex or Dardanus himself or any
+sorcerer of note from the time of Zoroaster and Ostanes till now.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A91" id="A91"></a>91. See, Maximus, what a disturbance they have raised, merely because
+I have mentioned a few magicians by name. What am I to do with men so
+stupid and uncivilized? Shall I proceed to prove to you that I have
+come across these names and many more in the course of my study of
+distinguished authors in the public libraries? Or shall I argue that
+the knowledge of the names of sorcerers is one thing, participation in
+their art another, and that it is not tantamount to confessing a crime
+to have one's brain well stored with learning and a memory retentive
+of its erudition? Or shall I take what is far the best course and,
+relying on your learning, Maximus, and your perfect erudition, disdain
+to reply to the accusations of these stupid and uncultivated fellows?
+Yes, that is what I will do. I will not care a straw for what they may
+think. I will go on with the argument on which I had entered and will<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">142</a></span>
+show that I had no motive for seducing Pudentilla into marriage by the
+use of love philtres.</p>
+
+<p>My accusers have gone out of their way to make disparaging remarks
+both about her age and her appearance; they have denounced me for
+desiring such a wife from motives of greed and robbing her of her vast
+and magnificent dowry at the very outset of our wedded life. I do not
+intend to weary you, Maximus, with a long reply on these points. There
+is no need for words from me, our deeds of settlement will speak more
+eloquently than I can do. From them you will see that both in my
+provision for the future and in my action at the time my conduct was
+precisely the opposite of that which they have attributed to me,
+inferring my rapacity from their own. You will see that Pudentilla's
+dowry was small, considering her wealth, and was made over to me as a
+trust not as a gift, and moreover that the marriage only took place on
+this condition that if my wife should die without leaving me any
+children, the dowry should go to her sons Pontianus and Pudens, while
+if at her death she should leave me one son or daughter, half of the
+dowry was to go to the offspring of the second marriage, the remainder
+to the sons of the first.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A92" id="A92"></a>92. This, as I say, I will prove from the actual deed of settlement.
+It may be that Aemilianus will still refuse to believe that the total
+sum recorded is only 300,000 sesterces, and that the reversion of this
+sum is given by the settlement to Pudentilla's sons. Take the deeds
+into your own hands, give<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">143</a></span> them to Rufinus who incited you to this
+accusation. Let him read them, let him blush for his arrogant temper
+and his pretentious beggary. <i>He</i> is poor and ill-clad and borrowed
+400,000 sesterces to dower his daughter, while Pudentilla, a woman of
+fortune, was content with 300,000, and her husband, who has often
+refused the hand of the richest heiresses, is also content with this
+trifling dowry, a mere nominal sum. He cares for nothing save his wife
+and counts the mutual love and harmony of his wedded life as his sole
+treasure, his only wealth. Who that had the least experience of life,
+would dare to pass any censure if a widow of inconsiderable beauty and
+considerable age, being desirous of marriage, had by the offer of a
+large dowry and easy conditions invited a young man, who, whether as
+regards appearance, character or wealth, was no despicable match, to
+become her husband? A beautiful maiden, even though she be poor, is
+amply dowered. For she brings to her husband a fresh untainted spirit,
+the charm of her beauty, the unblemished glory of her prime. The very
+fact that she is a maiden is rightly and deservedly regarded by all
+husbands as the strongest recommendation. For whatever else you
+receive as your wife's dowry you can, when it pleases you and if you
+desire to feel yourself under no further obligation, repay in full
+just as you received it; you can count back the money, restore the
+slaves, leave the house, abandon the estates. Virginity only, once it
+has been given, can never be repaid; it is the one portion of the
+dowry that remains irrevocably with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">144</a></span> the husband. A widow on the other
+hand, if divorced, leaves you as she came. She brings you nothing that
+she cannot ask back, she has been another's and is certainly far from
+tractable to your wishes; she looks suspiciously on her new home,
+while you regard her with suspicion because she has already been
+parted from one husband: if it was by death she lost her husband, the
+evil omen of her ill-starred union minimizes her attractions, while,
+if she left him by divorce, she possesses one of two faults: either
+she was so intolerable that she was divorced by her husband, or so
+insolent as to divorce him. It is for reasons of this kind among
+others that widows offer a larger dowry to attract suitors for their
+hands. Pudentilla would have done the same had she not found a
+philosopher indifferent to her dowry.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A93" id="A93"></a>93. Consider. If I had desired her from motives of avarice, what could
+have been more profitable to me in my attempt to make myself master in
+her house than the dissemination of strife between mother and sons,
+the alienation of her children from her affections, so that I might
+have unfettered and supreme control over her loneliness? Such would
+have been, would it not, the action of the brigand you pretend me to
+be. But as a matter of fact I did all I could to promote, to restore
+and foster quiet and harmony and family affection, and not only
+abstained from sowing fresh feuds, but utterly extinguished those
+already in existence. I urged my wife&mdash;whose whole fortune according
+to my accusers I had by this time devoured&mdash;I urged her and finally<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">145</a></span>
+persuaded her, when her sons demanded back the money of which I spoke
+above, to pay over the whole sum at once in the shape of farms, at a
+low valuation and at the price suggested by themselves, and further to
+surrender from her own private property certain exceedingly fertile
+lands, a large house richly decorated, a great quantity of wheat,
+barley, wine and oil, and other fruits of the earth, together with not
+less than four hundred slaves and a large number of valuable cattle.
+Finally I persuaded her to abandon all claims on the portion she had
+given them and to give them good hopes of one day coming into the rest
+of the property. All these concessions I extorted from Pudentilla with
+difficulty and against her will&mdash;I have her leave to tell the whole
+story as it happened&mdash;I wrung them from her by my urgent entreaty,
+though she was angry and reluctant. I reconciled the mother with her
+sons, and began my career as a step-father by enriching my step-sons
+with a large sum of money.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A94" id="A94"></a>94. All Oea was aware of this. Every one execrated Rufinus and
+extolled my conduct. Pontianus together with his very inferior brother
+had come to visit us, before his mother had completed her donation. He
+fell at our feet and implored us to forgive and forget all his past
+offences; he wept, kissed our hands and expressed his penitence for
+listening to Rufinus and others like him. He also most humbly begged
+me to make his excuses to the most honourable Lollianus Avitus to whom
+I had recommended him not long before when he was beginning the study
+of oratory.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">146</a></span> He had discovered that I had written to Avitus a few days
+previously a full account of all that had happened. I granted him this
+request also and gave him a letter with which he set off to Carthage,
+where Lollianus Avitus, the term of his proconsulate having nearly
+expired, was awaiting your arrival, Maximus. After reading my letters
+he congratulated Pontianus with the exquisite courtesy which always
+characterizes him for having so soon rectified his error and entrusted
+him with a reply. Ah! what learning! what wit! what grace and charm
+dwelt in that reply! Only a 'good man and an orator' could have
+written it. I know, Maximus, that you will readily give a hearing to
+this letter. Indeed, if it is to be read, I will recite it myself.
+Give me Avitus' letter. That I should have received it has always
+flattered me. To-day it shall do more than flatter, it shall save me!
+You may let the water-clock continue, for I would gladly read and
+re-read the letter of that excellent man to the third and fourth time
+at the cost of any amount of the time allowed me. (<i>The letter is
+read.</i>)</p>
+
+<p><a name="A95" id="A95"></a>95. I know that after reading this letter I should bring my speech to
+a close. For what ampler commendation, what purer testimony could I
+produce in my support, what more eloquent advocacy? I have in the
+course of my life listened with rapt attention to many eloquent
+Romans, but never have I admired any so much as Avitus. There is in my
+opinion no one living of any attainments or promise in oratory who
+would not far sooner be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">147</a></span> Avitus, if he compare him with himself
+impartially and without envy. For practically all the different
+excellencies of oratory are united in him. Whatever speech Avitus
+composes will be found so absolutely perfect and complete in all
+respects that it would satisfy <a href="#NA95">Cato</a> by its dignity, <a href="#NA95">Laelius</a> with its
+smoothness, <a href="#NA95">Gracchus</a> with its energy, <a href="#NA95">Caesar</a> with its warmth,
+<a href="#NA95">Hortensius</a> with its arrangement, <a href="#NA95">Calvus</a> with its point, <a href="#NA95">Sallust</a> with
+its economy and Cicero with its wealth of rhetoric. In fact, not to go
+through all his merits, if you were to hear Avitus, you would wish
+nothing added, withdrawn or altered of anything that he says.</p>
+
+<p>I see, Maximus, with what pleasure you listen to the recital of the
+virtues which you recognize your friend Avitus to possess. Your
+courtesy invited me to say a few words about him. But I will not
+trespass on your kindness so far as to permit myself to commence a
+discourse on his extraordinary virtues at this period of the case. It
+is wearing to its end and my powers are almost exhausted. I will
+rather reserve the praise of Avitus' virtues for some day when my time
+is free and my powers unimpaired.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A96" id="A96"></a>96. <i>Now</i>, I grieve to say, it is my duty to turn from the description
+of so great a man to discuss these pestilent fellows here.</p>
+
+<p>Do you dare then, Aemilianus, to match yourself against Avitus? Will
+you attack with accusations of magic and the black art him whom Avitus
+describes as a good man, and whose disposition he praises so warmly in
+his letter? Or have you greater reason<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">148</a></span> to be vexed at my forcing my
+way into Pudentilla's house and pillaging her goods than Pontianus
+would have had, Pontianus, who not only in my presence but even before
+Avitus in my absence, made amends for the strife of a few days that
+had sprung up between us at your instigation, and expressed his
+gratitude to me in the presence of so great a man? Suppose I had read
+a report of what took place in Avitus' presence instead of reading
+merely his letter. What is there in the whole affair that could give
+you or any one else<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> a handle for accusing me? Pontianus himself
+considered himself in my debt for the money given him by his mother;
+Pontianus rejoiced with the utmost sincerity in his good fortune in
+having me for his step-father. Ah! would that he had returned from
+Carthage safe and sound! or since it was not fated that that should
+be, would that you, Rufinus, had not poisoned his judgement at the
+last! What gratitude he would have expressed to me either personally
+or in his will! However, as things are, I beg you, Maximus,&mdash;it will
+not take long&mdash;to allow the reading of these letters full of
+expressions of respect and affection for myself, which he sent me,
+some of them from Carthage, some as he drew near on his homeward
+journey, some written while he still enjoyed his health, and some when
+the sickness was already upon him. Thus his brother, my accuser, will<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">149</a></span>
+realize with what<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> lack of success he pursues his literary studies
+compared with his brother of blessed memory. (<i>Pontianus' letters are
+read.</i>)</p>
+
+<p><a name="A97" id="A97"></a>97. Did you hear the phrases which your brother Pontianus used in
+speaking of me? He called me his father, his master, his instructor
+not only on various occasions in his lifetime but actually on his
+deathbed. I might follow this<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> by producing similar letters from
+you, if I thought that the delay thus caused would be worth while. But
+I should prefer to produce your brother's recent will, unfinished
+though it may be, in which he made most dutiful and respectful mention
+of myself. But Rufinus never allowed this will to be drawn up or
+completed owing to his chagrin at the loss of the inheritance which he
+had regarded in the light of a rich payment<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> for his daughter's
+embraces during the few months in which he was Pontianus'
+father-in-law. He had further consulted certain Chaldean soothsayers
+as to what profit his daughter, whom he regarded in the light of an
+investment, would bring him in. They, I am told, prophesied
+truly&mdash;would they had not&mdash;that her first husband would die in a few
+months. The rest of the prophecy dealing with the inheritance was as
+usual fabricated to suit the desires of their client. But Rufinus
+gaped for his prey in vain like a wild beast that has gone blind. For
+Pontianus not only<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">150</a></span> did not leave Rufinus' daughter as his heir&mdash;he
+had discovered her evil character&mdash;but he did not even make her a
+respectable legacy. He left her by way of insult linen to the value of
+200 denarii, to show that he had not forgotten or ignored her, but
+that he set this value on her as an expression of his resentment. As
+his heirs&mdash;in this just as in the former will which has been read
+aloud&mdash;he appointed his mother and his brother, against whom, mere boy
+as he is, Rufinus is, as you see, bringing his old artillery into
+play: I refer to his daughter. He thrusts her upon his embraces
+although she is considerably his elder and but a brief while ago was
+his brother's wife.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A98" id="A98"></a>98. Pudens was so captivated and possessed by the charms of that
+harlot and by the beguiling words of the pander, her father, that the
+moment his brother had breathed his last, he left his mother and
+migrated to his uncle's house. The design was to facilitate the
+carrying out of the schemes already afoot by removing him from our
+influence. For Aemilianus is backing Rufinus and desires his success.
+(<i>A movement among the audience.</i>) Ah! Thank you! You rightly remind
+me that this excellent uncle has hopes of his own mixed up in this
+affair, for he knows that if this boy dies intestate he will be his
+heir-at-law, whatever he may be in point of equity. I wish I had not
+let this slip. I am a man of great self-control and it is not my way
+to blurt out openly the silent suspicions that must have occurred to
+every one. You did wrong in suggesting this point to me. But to be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">151</a></span>
+frank, if you will have the truth, many have been wondering at the
+sudden affection which you, Aemilianus, have begun to show for this
+boy since the death of his brother Pontianus, whereas formerly you
+were such a stranger to him that frequently, even when you met him,
+you failed to recognize the face of your brother's son. But now you
+show yourself so patient towards him, you so spoil him by your
+indulgence and grant his every whim to such an extent that your
+conduct makes the more suspicious think their suspicions well
+grounded. You took him from us a mere boy and straightway gave him <a href="#NA98">the
+garb of manhood</a>. While he was under our guardianship, he used to go to
+school: now he has bidden a long farewell to study and betaken himself
+to the delights of the tavern. He despises serious friends, and, boy
+as he is, spends his tender years in revelling with the most abandoned
+youths among harlots and wine-cups. He rules your house, orders your
+slaves, directs your banquets. He is a frequent visitor to the
+gladiatorial school and there&mdash;as a boy of position should!&mdash;he learns
+from the keeper of the school the names of the gladiators, the fights
+they have fought, the wounds they have received. He never speaks any
+language save Punic, and though he may occasionally use a Greek word
+picked up from his mother, he neither will nor can speak Latin. You
+heard, Maximus, a little while ago, you heard my step-son&mdash;oh! the
+shame of it!&mdash;the brother of that eloquent young fellow Pontianus,
+hardly able to stammer out single syllables,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">152</a></span> when you asked him
+whether his mother had given himself and his brother the gifts which,
+as I told you just now, she actually gave them with my hearty support.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A99" id="A99"></a>99. I call you, therefore, Claudius Maximus, and you, gentlemen, his
+assessors, and you that with me stand before this tribunal, to bear
+witness that this boy's disgraceful falling away in morals is due to
+his uncle here and that candidate for the privilege of becoming his
+father-in-law, and that I shall henceforth count it a blessing that
+such a step-son has lifted the burden of superintending him from my
+shoulders, and that from this day forth I will never intercede for him
+with his mother. For recently&mdash;I had almost forgotten to mention
+it&mdash;when Pudentilla, who had fallen ill after the death of her son
+Pontianus, was writing her will, I had a prolonged struggle to prevent
+her disinheriting this boy on account of the outrageous insult and
+injury he had inflicted on her. I prayed her with the utmost
+earnestness to erase that most important clause, which, I can assure
+you, she had already written, every word of it! Finally, I even
+threatened to leave her, if she refused to accede to my request, and
+begged her to grant me this boon, to conquer her wicked son by
+kindness, and to save me from all the ill feeling which her action
+would create. I did not desist till she complied. I regret that I
+should have smoothed Aemilianus' way for him and showed him such an
+unexpected path<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> to wealth. Look, Maximus, see how confused he is
+at hearing this, see how he casts<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">153</a></span> his eyes upon the ground. He had
+not unnaturally expected something very different. He knew that my
+wife was angry with her son on account of his insolent behaviour and
+that she returned my devotion. He had reason also for fear in regard
+to myself; for any one else, even if like myself he had been above
+coveting the inheritance, would gladly have seen so undutiful a
+step-son punished. It was this anxiety above all others that spurred
+them on to accuse me. Their own avarice led them falsely to conjecture
+that the whole inheritance had been left to me. As far as the past is
+concerned, I will dispel your fears on that point. I was proof against
+the temptation both of enriching myself and of revenging myself. I&mdash;a
+step-father, mind you&mdash;contended for my wicked step-son with his
+mother, as a father might contend against a stepmother in the
+interests of a virtuous son; nor did I rest satisfied till, with a
+perfectly extravagant sense of fairness, I had restrained my good
+wife's lavish generosity towards myself.</p>
+
+<p><a name="A100" id="A100"></a>100. Give me the will which was made in the interests of so unfilial a
+son by his mother. Each word of it was preceded by an entreaty from
+myself, whom my accusers speak of as a mere robber. Order the tablets
+to be broken open, Maximus. You will find that her son is the heir,
+that I get nothing save some trifling complimentary legacy inserted to
+avoid the non-appearance of my name, the husband's name, mark you, in
+my wife's will, supposing she succumbed to any of the ills to which
+this flesh is heir. Take up<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">154</a></span> your mother's will. You are right, in one
+respect it is undutiful. She excludes her devoted husband from the
+inheritance in favour of her most unfilial son? Nay, it is not her son
+to whom she leaves her fortune; she leaves it rather to the greedy
+Aemilianus and the matchmaking Rufinus and that drunken gang, that
+hang about you and prey upon you. Take it, O best of sons! Lay aside
+your mother's love-letters for a while and read her will instead. If
+she ever wrote anything while not in her right mind, you will find it
+here, nor will you have to go far to find it. 'Let Sicinius Pudens, my
+son, be my heir.' I admit it! he who reads this, will think it
+insanity. Is this same son your heir, who at his own brother's funeral
+attempted with the help of a gang of the most abandoned youths to shut
+you out of the house which you yourself had given him, who is so
+deeply and bitterly incensed to find that his brother left you co-heir
+with himself, who hastened to desert you when you were plunged in
+grief and mourning, and fled from your bosom to Aemilianus and
+Rufinus, who afterwards uttered many insults against you to your face,
+and manufactured others with the help of his uncle, who has dragged
+your name through the law-courts, has attempted by using your own
+letters publicly to besmirch your fair fame, and has accused upon a
+capital charge the husband of your choice, with whom, as Pudens
+himself objected, you were madly in love! Open the will, my good boy,
+open it, I beg you. You will find it easier then to prove your
+mother's insanity.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">155</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Why do you draw back? Why do you refuse to look at it, now that you
+are free from all anxiety about the inheritance of your mother's
+fortune?</p>
+
+<p><a name="A101" id="A101"></a>101. He may do as he likes, Maximus, but for my part I cast these
+tablets at your feet and call you to witness that henceforth I shall
+show greater indifference as to what Pudentilla may write in her will.
+He may approach his mother himself for the future; he has made it
+impossible for me to plead for him again. He is now a man and his own
+master; henceforth let him himself dictate to his mother the terms<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a>
+of an unpalatable will, himself smooth away her anger. <a href="#NA101">He who can
+plead in court</a>, will be able to plead with his mother. I am more than
+satisfied not only to have refuted the miscellaneous accusations
+brought against myself, but also to have utterly swept away the
+hateful charge on which the whole trial is based, the charge of having
+attempted to secure the inheritance for myself.</p>
+
+<p>I will bring one final proof to show the falsity of that last charge
+before I bring my speech to a close. I wish to pass nothing over in
+silence. You asserted that I bought a most excellent farm in my own
+name, but with a large sum of money which belonged to my wife. I say
+that a tiny property was bought for 60,000 sesterces, and bought not
+by me but by Pudentilla in her own name, that Pudentilla's name is in
+the deed of sale, and that the taxes paid on the land are paid in the
+name of Pudentilla. The honourable Corvinus Celer, the state treasurer
+to whom the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">156</a></span> tax is paid, is here in court. Cassius Longinus also is
+present, my wife's guardian and trustee, a man of the loftiest and
+most irreproachable character. I cannot speak of him save with the
+deepest respect. Ask him, Maximus, what was the purchase which he
+authorized, and what was the trifling sum for which this wealthy lady
+bought her little estate. (<i>Cassius Longinus and Corvinus Celer give
+evidence.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>Is it as I said? Is my name ever mentioned in the deed of sale? Is the
+price paid for this trifling property such as should excite any
+prejudice against me, or did my wife give me even so much as this
+small gift?</p>
+
+<p><a name="A102" id="A102"></a>102. What is there left, Aemilianus, that in your opinion I have
+failed to refute? What had I to gain by my magic that should lead me
+to attempt to win Pudentilla by love-philtres? What had I to gain from
+her? A small dowry instead of a large one? Truly my incantations were
+miraculous. That she should refund her dowry to her sons rather than
+leave it in my possession? What magic can surpass this? That she
+should at my exhortation present the bulk of her property to her sons
+and leave me nothing, although before her marriage with myself she had
+shown them no special generosity? <a href="#NA102">What a criminal use of
+love-philtres!</a> or perhaps I had better call it a generous action which
+has not received its deserts! By her will, which she drew up in a fit
+of violent irritation against her son, she leaves as her heir that
+same son with whom she had quarrelled, rather than myself to whom she
+was devoted! For all my incantations it was only with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">157</a></span> difficulty that
+I persuaded her to this. Suppose that you were pleading your case, not
+before Claudius Maximus, a man of the utmost fairness and unswerving
+justice, but before a judge of depraved morals and of ferocious
+temper, one in fact who naturally inclined to the side of the accuser
+and was only too ready to condemn the accused! Give him some hint to
+follow! Give him even the slightest reasonable opportunity for
+declaring in your favour! At least invent something, devise some
+suitable reply to questions such as have been put to you. Nay, since
+every action must necessarily have some motive, answer me this, you
+who say that Apuleius tried to influence Pudentilla's heart by magical
+charms, answer me this! What did he seek to get from her by so doing?
+Was he in love with her beauty? You say not! Did he covet her wealth?
+The evidence of the marriage settlement denies it, the evidence of the
+deed of gift denies it, the evidence of the will denies it! It shows
+not only that I did not court the generosity of my wife, but that I
+even repulsed it with some severity. What other motives can you
+allege? Why are you struck dumb? Why this silence? What has become of
+that ferocious utterance with which you opened the indictment, couched
+in the name of my step-son? 'This is the man, most excellent Maximus,
+whom I have resolved to indict before you.'</p>
+
+<p><a name="A103" id="A103"></a>103. Why did you not add 'He whom I indict is my teacher, my
+step-father, my mediator'? But how did you proceed? 'He is guilty of
+the most palpable<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">158</a></span> and numerous sorceries.' Produce one of these many
+sorceries or at least some doubtful instance from those which you
+style so palpable. Nay, see whether I cannot reply to your various
+charges with two words to each. 'You clean your teeth.' Excusable
+cleanliness. 'You look into mirrors.' Philosophers should. 'You write
+verse.' 'Tis permitted. 'You examine fish.' Following Aristotle. 'You
+worship a piece of wood.' So Plato. 'You marry a wife.' Obeying law.
+'She is older than you.' Nothing commoner. 'You married for money.'
+Take the marriage-settlement, remember the deed of gift, read the
+will!</p>
+
+<p>If I have rebutted all their charges, word by word, if I have refuted
+all their slanders, if I am beyond reproach, not only as regards their
+accusations but also as regards their vulgar abuse, if I have done
+nothing to impair the honour of philosophy, which is dearer to me than
+my own safety, but on the contrary have smitten my adversary hip and
+thigh and vanquished him at all points, if all my contentions are
+true, I can await your estimate of my character with the same
+confidence with which I await the exercise of your power; for I regard
+it as less serious and less terrible to be condemned by the proconsul
+than to incur the disapproval of so good and so perfect a man.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">159</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="THE_FLORIDA" id="THE_FLORIDA"></a>THE FLORIDA</h2>
+
+
+<h3 class="pad"><i>The exordium to a discourse delivered in a town through which<br />
+Apuleius passes in the course of a journey.</i></h3>
+
+<p><a name="F1" id="F1"></a>1. It is the usual practice of wayfarers with a religious disposition,
+when they come upon a sacred grove or holy place by the roadside, to
+utter a prayer, to offer an apple, and pause for a moment from their
+journeying. So I, on entering the revered walls of your city, feel
+that, for all my haste, it is my duty to ask your favour, to make an
+address, and to break the speed of my journey. I cannot conceive aught
+that could give a traveller juster cause to halt in sign of reverence;
+no altar crowned with flowers, no grotto shadowed with foliage,<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> no
+oak bedecked with horns, no beech garlanded with the skins of beasts,
+no mound whose engirdling hedge proclaims its sanctity, no tree-trunk
+hewn into the semblance of a god, no turf still wet with libations, no
+stone astream with precious unguents. For these are but small things,
+and though there be a few that seek them out and do them worship, the
+majority note them not and pass them by.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">160</a></span></p>
+
+<h3><i>Man's sight compared with that of the eagle.</i></h3>
+
+<p><a name="F2" id="F2"></a>2. But such was not the opinion of my master Socrates. For once when
+he saw a youth of handsome appearance who remained for a long time
+without uttering a syllable, he said to him, 'Say something, that I
+may see what you are like.' For Socrates felt that a man who spoke not
+at all was in a sense invisible, since he held that it was not with
+the bodily vision, but with the mind's eye and the sight of the soul
+that men should be regarded. In this he disagreed with the soldier in
+<a href="#NF2">Plautus</a>, who says,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>One man that has eyes is better by far as a witness than
+ten that have ears.</i></p></div>
+
+<p>Indeed, for the purpose of examining men he had practically reversed
+the meaning of the line to</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>One man that has ears is better by far as a witness than
+ten that have eyes.</i></p></div>
+
+<p>Moreover, if the judgements of the eye were of greater value than
+those of the soul, we should assuredly have to yield the palm for
+wisdom to the eagle. For we men cannot see things far removed from us
+nor yet things that are very near us, but all of us to a certain
+extent are blind. And if you confine us to the eyes alone with their
+dim earthly vision, the words of <a href="#NF2">the great poet</a> will be very true,
+that a cloud as it were is shed upon our eyes and we cannot see beyond
+a stone's cast. The eagle, on the other hand, soars<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">161</a></span> exceeding high in
+heaven to the very clouds, and rides on his pinions through all that
+space where there is rain and snow, regions beyond whose heights
+thunderbolts and lightnings have no place, even to the very floor of
+heaven and the topmost verge of the storms of earth. And having
+towered thus high, with gentle motion he turns his great body to glide
+to left or right, directing his wings, that are as sails, whither he
+will by the movement of his tail, which, small though it be, serves as
+a rudder. Thence he gazes down on the world, staying awhile in that
+far height<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> the ceaseless oarage of his wings and, poised almost
+motionless with hovering flight, looks all around him and seeks what
+prey he shall choose whereon to swoop<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> sudden like a thunderbolt
+from heaven on high. In one glance he sees all cattle in the field,
+all beasts upon the mountains, all men in their cities, all threatened
+at once by his intended swoop, and thence he falls to pierce with his
+beak and clutch with his claws the unsuspecting lamb, the timid hare,
+or whatsoever living creature chance offers to his hunger or his
+talons.</p>
+
+
+<h3><i>The story of Marsyas and his challenge to Apollo.</i></h3>
+
+<p><a name="F3" id="F3"></a>3. Hyagnis, according to tradition, was the father and instructor of
+the piper Marsyas, and skilled in song beyond all others in the years
+when music was still in its infancy. It is true that as yet the sound
+of his breath lacked the finer modulations; he knew<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">162</a></span> but a few simple
+modes and his pipe had but few stops. For the art was but newly born
+and only just beginning to grow. There is nothing that can attain
+perfection in its first beginnings; everything must commence by
+mastering the elements in hope, ere it can attain experience and
+success. Well, then, before Hyagnis the majority of musicians could do
+no more than the shepherds or cowherds of <a href="#NF3">Vergil</a> who</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<i>Made sorry strains on pipes of scrannel straw.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>If any of them seemed to have made some real advance in art, even he
+played only on one pipe or one trumpet. Hyagnis was the first to
+separate his hands when he played, the first to fill two pipes with
+one breath, the first to finger stops with either hand and make sweet
+harmony of shrill treble and booming bass. Marsyas was his son, and
+though he possessed his father's skill upon the pipe, he was in all
+else a barbarous Phrygian, with a filthy beard and the grim and shaggy
+face of a wild beast. All his body was covered with hair and bristles,
+and yet&mdash;good heavens! he is said to have striven for mastery with
+Apollo. 'Twas hideousness contending with beauty, a rude boor against
+a sage, a beast against a god. The Muses and Minerva, hiding their
+amusement, stood by to judge, that they might make a mockery of the
+monster's uncouth presumption and punish his stupidity. But Marsyas,
+like the peerless fool he was, never perceived that he was an object
+of ridicule, and before he began to blow upon his pipes stammered out
+in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">163</a></span> his barbarous jargon some insane boasts about himself and Apollo.
+He prided himself on the mane thrown back from his brow, on his
+unkempt beard, his shaggy breast, his skill upon the pipes and his
+lack of wealth. By contrast&mdash;oh the absurdity of it!&mdash;he blamed Apollo
+for the opposite of these qualities, for being Apollo, for wearing his
+hair long, for having a fair face and smooth body, for his skill in so
+many arts, and for the opulence of his fortune. 'In the first place,'
+he said, 'his hair is smoothed and plastered into tufts and curls that
+fall about his brow and hang before his face. His body is fair from
+head to foot, his limbs shine bright, his tongue gives oracles, and he
+is equally eloquent in prose or verse, propose which you will. What of
+his robes so fine in texture, so soft to the touch, aglow with purple?
+What of his lyre that flashes gold, gleams white with ivory, and
+shimmers with rainbow gems? What of his song, so cunning and so sweet?
+Nay, all these allurements suit with naught save luxury. To virtue
+they bring shame alone!' And then he proceeded to display his own body
+as the model of perfection. The Muses laughed when they heard him
+denounce Apollo for possessing gifts such as the wise would pray to
+possess, and when this boastful piper had been defeated in the contest
+and had been skinned as though he were a two-footed bear, they left
+him with his entrails torn and exposed to the air. Thus did Marsyas
+sing for his own undoing, and such was his fall. As for Apollo he was
+ashamed of so inglorious a victory.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">164</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><i>The piper Antigenidas.</i></h3>
+
+<p><a name="F4" id="F4"></a>4. There was a certain piper named <a href="#NF4">Antigenidas</a>, whose every note made
+honeyed harmony. He had skill, too, to make music in every mode,
+choose which you would, the simple Aeolian or the complex Ionian, the
+mournful Lydian, the solemn Phrygian, or the warlike Dorian. Being
+therefore the most famous of all that played upon the pipe, he said
+that nothing so tormented him, nothing so vexed his heart and soul, as
+the fact that the musicians who played the trumpet at funerals were
+dignified by the name of pipers. But he would have endured this
+identity of names with equanimity, had he ever seen the performance of
+mimes; for he would have noted that the magistrates, who preside in
+the theatre, and the characters on the stage, who come in for a good
+cudgelling, are clad in practically the same purple garments. So too,
+had he ever watched our games! For he would have seen one presiding,
+another fighting, yet both of them sharing the same common humanity.
+He would have noted that the Roman toga is worn alike by him who
+performs a vow to heaven and by him that lies dead upon the bier, that
+the Grecian pallium serves to shroud the dead no less than to clothe
+the philosopher.</p>
+
+
+<h3><i>Fragment from the opening of a discourse delivered<br />
+in a theatre.</i>
+</h3>
+
+<p><a name="F5" id="F5"></a>5. You have, I feel assured, come to this theatre with the best will
+in the world. For you know that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">165</a></span> the importance of an oration does not
+depend on the place in which it is delivered, but that the first thing
+that has to be considered is, 'What form of entertainment is the
+theatre going to provide?' If it is a mime, you will laugh; if a
+rope-walker, you will tremble lest he fall; if a comedian, you will
+applaud him, while, if it be a philosopher, you will learn from him.</p>
+
+
+<h3><i>India and the Gymnosophists.</i></h3>
+
+<p><a name="F6" id="F6"></a>6. India is a populous country of enormous extent. It lies far to the
+east of us, close to the point where ocean turns back upon himself and
+the sun rises, on that verge where meet the last of lands and the
+first stars of heaven. Far away it lies, beyond the learned Egyptians,
+beyond the superstitious Jews and the merchants of <a href="#NF6">Nabataea</a>, beyond
+the children of <a href="#NF6">Arsaces</a> in their long flowing robes, the <a href="#NF6">Ityreans</a>, to
+whom earth gives but scanty harvest, and the Arabs, whose perfumes are
+their wealth. Wherefore I marvel not so much at the great stores of
+ivory possessed by these Indians, their harvests of pepper, their
+exports of cinnamon, their finely-tempered steel, their mines of
+silver and their rivers of gold. I marvel not so much that in the
+<a href="#NF6">Ganges</a> they have the greatest of all rivers which</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="poem">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<i>Lord of all the waters of the East<br />
+Is cloven and parted in a hundred streams.<br />
+A hundred vales are his, a hundred mouths,<br />
+And hundred-fold the flood that meets the main</i>;<br />
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>nor wonder I that the Indians that dwell at the very<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">166</a></span> portals of day
+are yet of the hue of night, nor that in their land vast serpents
+engage in combat with huge elephants, to the equal danger and the
+common destruction of either; for they envelop and bind their prey in
+slippery coils so that they cannot disengage their feet nor in any
+wise break the scaly fetters of these clinging snakes, but must needs
+find vengeance by hurling their vast bulk to the ground and crushing
+the foe that grips them by the weight of their whole bodies. But it is
+of the marvels of men rather than of nature that I would speak.<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a>
+For the dwellers in this land are divided into many castes. There is
+one whose sole skill lies in tending herds of oxen, whence they are
+known as the oxherds. There are others who are cunning in the barter
+of merchandise, others who are sturdy warriors in battle and have
+skill to fight at long range with arrows or hand to hand with swords.
+There is, further, one caste that is especially remarkable. They are
+called gymnosophists. At these I marvel most of all. For they are
+skilled&mdash;not in growing the vine, or grafting fruit-trees, or
+ploughing the soil. They know not how to till the fields, or <a href="#NF6">wash
+gold</a>, or break horses, or tame bulls, or to clip or feed sheep or
+goats. What, then, is their claim to distinction? This: one thing they
+know outweighing all they know not. They honour wisdom one and all,
+the old that teach and the young that learn. Nor is there aught I more
+commend in them than that they hate that their minds should be
+sluggish and idle. And so, when the table<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">167</a></span> is set in its place, before
+the viands are served, all the youths leave their homes and
+professions to flock to the banquet. The masters ask each one of them
+what good deed he has performed between the rising of the sun and the
+present hour. Thereupon one tells how he has been chosen as arbiter
+between two of his fellows, has healed their quarrel, reconciled their
+strife, dispelled their suspicions and made them friends instead of
+foes. Another tells how he has obeyed some command of his parents,
+another relates some discovery that his meditations have brought him
+or some new knowledge won from another's exposition. And so with the
+rest of them,<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> they tell their story. He who can give no good
+reason for joining in the feast is thrust fasting from the doors to go
+to his work.</p>
+
+
+<h3><i>On Alexander and false philosophers.</i></h3>
+
+<p><a name="F7" id="F7"></a>7. The famous <a href="#NF7">Alexander</a>, by far the noblest of all kings, won the
+title of the Great from the deeds that he had done and the empire he
+had built, and thus it was secured that the man who had won glory
+without peer should never be so much as named without a word of
+praise. For he alone since time began, alone of all whereof man's
+memory bears record, after he had conquered a world-wide empire such
+as none may ever surpass, proved himself greater than his fortune. By
+his energy he challenged the most glorious successes that fortune
+could bestow, equalled them by his worth, surpassed them by his
+virtues, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">168</a></span> stood alone in peerless glory, so that none might dare
+even hope for such virtue or pray for such fortune. The life of this
+Alexander is marked by so many lofty deeds and glorious acts, be it of
+prowess in the battle or statecraft in the council chamber, that you
+may marvel at them till you are weary. It is the story of all these
+great achievements that my friend Clemens, most learned and sweetest
+of poets, has attempted to glorify in the exquisite strains of his
+verse.</p>
+
+<p>Now among the most remarkable acts recorded of Alexander is this.
+Desiring that his likeness should be handed down to posterity with as
+little variation as possible, he refused to permit it to be profaned
+by a multitude of artists, and issued a proclamation to all the world
+over which he ruled that no one should rashly counterfeit the king's
+likeness in bronze or with the painter's colours, or with the
+sculptor's chisel. Only Polycletus might portray him in bronze, only
+<a href="#NF7">Apelles</a> depict him in colour, only <a href="#NF7">Pyrgoteles</a> carve his form with the
+engraver's chisel. If any other than these three, each supreme in his
+peculiar art, should be discovered to have set his hand to reproduce
+the sacred image of the king, he should be punished as severely as
+though he had committed sacrilege. This order struck such fear into
+all men that Alexander alone of mankind was always like his portraits,
+and that every statue, painting, or bronze revealed the same fierce
+martial vigour, the same great and glorious genius, the same fresh and
+youthful beauty, the same fair forehead with its back-streaming hair.
+And<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">169</a></span> would that philosophy could issue a like proclamation that should
+have equal weight, forbidding unauthorized persons to reproduce her
+likeness; then the study and contemplation of wisdom in all her
+aspects would be in the hands of a few good craftsmen who had been
+carefully trained, and unlettered fellows of base life and little
+learning would ape the philosopher no longer (though their imitation
+does not go beyond <a href="#NF7">the professor's gown</a>), and the queen of all
+studies, whose aim is no less excellence of speech than excellence of
+life, would no longer be profaned by evil speech and evil living: and,
+mark you, profanation of either kind is far from hard. What is more
+readily come by than madness of speech and worthlessness of character?
+The former springs from contempt of others, the latter from contempt
+of self. For to show little care for one's own character is
+self-contempt, while to attack others with uncouth and savage speech
+is an insult to those that hear you. For is it not the height of
+insolence, think you, that a man should deem you to rejoice in hearing
+abuse of the best of men, and should believe that you do not
+understand evil and wicked words, or, if you do understand them, hold
+them to be good? What boor, what porter, what taverner is so poor of
+speech that could not curse more eloquently than these folk, if he
+would consent to assume the professor's gown?</p>
+
+
+<h3><i>A eulogy of the proconsul of Africa.</i></h3>
+
+<p><a name="F8" id="F8"></a>8. He owes more to his personal character than to his rank, although
+even his rank is one that is shared by few. For out of numberless
+multitudes of men<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">170</a></span> not many are senators, of senators but few are of
+noble birth, of the noble but few attain to the rank of consul, of
+consuls but few are good, and of the good but few are learned. But to
+confine what I have to say to his high office, 'tis not lightly that
+any man may assume the insignia of his rank either as regards clothing
+or foot-gear.</p>
+
+
+<h3><i>A defence of himself against his critics and<br />
+a laudation of the proconsul Severianus.</i></h3>
+
+<p><a name="F9" id="F9"></a>9. If it should so chance that in this magnificent gathering there
+should sit any of those that envy or hate me, since in a great city
+persons may always be found who prefer to abuse rather than imitate
+persons better than themselves, and, since they cannot be like them,
+affect to hate them. They do this of course in order to illumine the
+obscurity that shrouds their own names by the splendour that falls
+from mine; if then, I say, any one of these envious persons sullies
+this distinguished audience with the stain of his presence, I would
+ask him for a moment to cast his eyes round this incredibly vast
+concourse. When he has contemplated a throng such as before my day
+never yet gathered to listen to a philosopher, let him consider in his
+heart how great a risk to his reputation is undertaken by a man who is
+not used to contempt in appearing here to-day; for it is an arduous
+task, and far from easy of accomplishment, to satisfy even the
+moderate expectations of a few. Above all it is difficult for me, for
+the fame I have already won<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">171</a></span> and your own kindly anticipation of my
+skill will not permit me to deliver any ill-considered or superficial
+utterance. For what man among you would pardon me one solecism or
+condone the barbarous pronunciation of so much as one syllable? Who of
+you will suffer me to stammer in disorderly and faulty phrases such as
+might rise to the lips of madmen? In others of course you would pardon
+such lapses, and very rightly so. But you subject every word that <i>I</i>
+utter to the closest examination, you weigh it carefully, you try it
+by the plumb-line and the file, you test it by the polish of the lathe
+and the sublimity of the tragic buskin. Such is the indulgence
+accorded to mediocrity, such the severity meted out to distinction. I
+recognize, therefore, the difficulty of the task that lies before me,
+and I do not ask you to alter the opinions you entertain of me. Yet I
+would not have you deceived by false and petty resemblances, for, as I
+have often said, there are certain strolling beggars who assume a
+professor's gown to win their livelihood. Not only the proconsul, but
+the town crier also ascends the tribunal and appears wearing the toga
+like his master. But the crier stands upon his feet for hours
+together, or strides to and fro, or bawls his news with all the
+strength of his lungs. The proconsul, on the contrary, speaks quietly
+and with frequent pauses, sits while he speaks, and often reads from a
+written document. This is only natural. For the garrulous voice of the
+crier is the voice of a hired servant, the words read by the
+proconsul<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">172</a></span> from a written document constitute a judgement, which, once
+read, may not have one letter added to it or taken away, but so soon
+as it is delivered, is set down in the provincial records. My literary
+position will provide a humble analogy. All that I utter before you is
+forthwith taken down and read. I can withdraw or change nothing, nor
+make the least correction. I must therefore be all the more careful in
+what I say before you, and that too with regard to more than one form
+of composition. For there is greater variety in the works of my muse
+than in all the elaborate achievements of <a href="#NF9">Hippias</a>. If you will give me
+your best attention I will explain what I mean with greater detail and
+precision.</p>
+
+<p>Hippias was one of the sophists, and surpassed all his fellows in the
+variety of his accomplishments, while as an orator he was second to
+none. He was a contemporary of Socrates, and a native of Elis. Of his
+family nothing is known. But his fame was great, his fortune moderate;
+moreover he had a noble wk and an extraordinary memory, pursued many
+branches of study, and had many rivals. This Hippias, of whom I speak,
+once came to Pisa during the Olympian games arrayed in raiment that
+was as remarkable to the eye as it was wonderful in its workmanship.
+For he had purchased nothing of what he wore: it was all the work of
+his own hands, the clothes in which he was clad, the shoes wherewith
+he was shod, and the jewels that made him conspicuous. Next his skin
+he wore an undershirt of triple weft<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">173</a></span> and the finest texture, double
+dyed with purple. He had woven it for himself in his own house with
+his own hands. He had for girdle a belt, broidered in Babylonian
+fashion with many varied colours. In this also no man else had helped
+him. For outer garment he had a white cloak cast about his shoulders;
+this cloak also is known to have been the work of his own hands. He
+had fashioned even the shoes that covered his feet and the ring of
+gold with its cunningly engraved signet which he displayed on his left
+hand. Himself he had wrought the circle of gold, had closed the bezel
+around the gem and engraved the stone. I have not yet told you all the
+tale of his achievements. But I will not shrink from enumerating all
+the marvels that he thought it no shame to show. For he proclaimed
+before that vast concourse that his own hands had fashioned the
+oil-flask which he carried. It was in shape a flattened sphere, and
+its outlines were round and smooth. Beside it he showed an exquisite
+flesh-scraper, the handle<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> of which was straight, while the tongue
+was curved and grooved with hollow channels, so that the hand might
+have a firm grip and the sweat might be carried off in a trickling
+stream from the blade. Who could withhold praise from a man who had
+such manifold knowledge of so many arts, who had won such glory in
+every branch of knowledge, who was, in fact, a very Daedalus,<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> such
+skill had he to fashion so many useful<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">174</a></span> instruments? Nay, I myself
+praise Hippias, but I prefer to imitate his fertile genius in respect
+of the learning, rather than of the furniture with which it was so
+richly equipped. I have, I confess, but indifferent skill in these
+sedentary arts. When I want clothes I buy them from the weaver, when I
+want sandals, such as I am now wearing, I purchase them from the
+shoemaker. I do not carry a ring, since I regard gold and precious
+stones of as little value as pebbles or lead. As for flesh-scrapers
+and oil-flasks and other utensils of the bath I procure them in the
+market. I will not go to the extent of denying that I am wholly
+ignorant how to use a shuttle, an awl, a file, a lathe, and other
+tools of the kind, but I confess that I infinitely prefer to all these
+instruments one simple pen, with which I may write poems of all kinds,
+such as may suit with <a href="#NF9">the reciter's wand</a> and the accompaniment of the
+lyre or grace the comic or the tragic stage. Satires also do I write
+and riddles, histories also on diverse themes, speeches that the
+eloquent and dialogues that philosophers have praised. Nay, and I
+write all these and much besides with equal fluency in Greek and
+Latin, with equal pleasure, like ardour and uniform skill. Most
+excellent proconsul, I would I could offer all these works of mine not
+in fragments and quotations but in entirety and completeness! Would I
+might enjoy the priceless boon of your testimony to the merits of all
+the offspring of my muse! It is not that I lack praise, for my glory
+has long bloomed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">175</a></span> fresh and bright before the eyes of all your
+predecessors, till to-day it is presented to you! But there is none
+whose admiration I would more gladly win than yours, for I admire you
+beyond all other men by reason of your surpassing virtues. Such is the
+ordinance of nature. Praise implies love and, love once given to
+another, we demand his praise in return. And I acknowledge that I love
+you; no private tie of interest binds me to you, it is in your public
+capacity that you have won my devotion. I have never received any
+favour at your hands, for I have never asked for one. But philosophy
+has taught me not only to love my benefactors, but even such as may
+have done me injury, to attach greater importance to justice than to
+my private interests, and to prefer the furtherance of the public
+welfare to the service of my own. And so it comes about that while
+most men love you for the actual benefits conferred upon them by your
+goodness, I love you for the zeal with which that goodness is
+inspired. And the secret of my devotion is this. I have seen your
+moderation in dealing with the affairs of the inhabitants of this
+province, a moderation which has won the affection of those who have
+come into contact with you by the benefits you have conferred on them,
+of those with whom you have never come into contact by the good
+example you have set. For while many have received your benefits, all
+have profited by your example. Who would not gladly learn from you by
+what moderation one may acquire<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">176</a></span> your pleasing gravity, your severity
+tempered with mercy, your unruffled resolution and the kindly energy
+of your character? Africa has within my knowledge had no proconsul
+whom she reverenced more or feared less. Your year of office stands
+alone; for in it shame rather than fear has been the motive to set a
+check on crime. No other invested with your power has more often
+blessed, more rarely terrified: no governor has ever brought a son
+with him more like his father's virtues than is yours; and for this
+reason no proconsul has ever resided longer at Carthage than have you.
+For during the period which you devoted to visiting the province,
+Honorinus remained with us; wherefore, though we have never regretted
+our governor's absence more, we have felt it less. For the son has all
+his father's sense of justice, the youth has all an old man's wisdom,
+the deputy has all the consul's authority. In a word, he presents such
+a perfect pattern and likeness of your virtues, that the glory
+acquired by one so young would, I vow, be a greater source of wonder
+than your own, save for one fact; he has inherited it from you. Would
+we might live in the joy of his perpetual presence! What need have we
+of change of governors? What profit of these short years, these
+fleeting months of office? Ah! how swiftly pass the days, when the
+good are with us, how quickly spent the term of power for all the best
+of those who have ruled over us! Ah! <a href="#NF9">Severianus</a>, the whole province
+will sigh for your departure.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">177</a></span> But Honorinus at least is called away
+by the honours which are his due; the praetorship awaits him; the
+favour of the two Caesars forms him for the consulate; to-day our love
+enfolds him, and the hopes of Carthage promise that in the years to
+come he will be here once more. Your example is our sole comfort; he
+who has served as deputy shall soon return to us as proconsul!</p>
+
+
+<h3><i>On Providence and its marvels.</i></h3>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="poem">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<a name="F10" id="F10"></a>10. <i>First hail we thee, <a href="#NF10">O Sun</a>,</i><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;"><i>Whose fiery course and rushing steeds reveal</i></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;"><i>The glowing splendour of thy ardent flame.</i></span><br />
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Hail we also the Moon, who learns of his light how she herself may
+shine, and the influences also of the five planets&mdash;Jupiter that
+brings blessings, Venus that brings pleasure, <a href="#NF10">Mercury</a> the giver of
+swiftness, Saturn the worker of bane, Mars with his temper of fire.
+There are also <a href="#NF10">other divine influences, that lie midway</a> 'twixt earth
+and heaven, influences that we may feel but not see, such as the power
+of Love and the like, whose force we feel, though we have never seen
+their form. So too on earth 'tis this force that, in accordance with
+the wise behests of providence, here bids the lofty peaks of mountains
+rise, there has spread forth the low flat levels of the plain, has
+marked out the streams of rivers and the greensward of the meadows,
+has given birds the power to fly, reptiles to crawl, wild beasts to
+run, and men to walk.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">178</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><i>A comparison between those who lack wealth and<br />
+those who lack virtue.</i></h3>
+
+<p><a name="F11" id="F11"></a>11. He whose soul is barren of virtue is like those poor wretches that
+till a barren inheritance of stony fields, mere heaps of rocks and
+thorns. Since they may win no harvest from their own wildernesses, and
+find no fruit in a soil where only</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<i>Wild oats and <a href="#NF11">darnel</a> rank have mastery</i>,<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>conscious of their own poverty they go forth to steal the fruits of
+others and rifle their gardens, that they may mingle their neighbours'
+flowers with their own thistles.</p>
+
+
+<h3><i>On the Parrot.</i></h3>
+
+<p><a name="F12" id="F12"></a>12. The parrot is an Indian bird, in size very slightly smaller than a
+dove. But there is nothing dovelike in its hue. For it has nothing of
+the milky whiteness or dull blue, blended or distinct, nor yet of the
+pale yellow or iridescence that characterize the dove. The parrot is
+green from the roots of its feathers to their very tips, save only for
+the markings on the neck. For its tiny neck is girdled and crowned
+with a slender band of crimson like a collar of gold, which is of
+equal brilliance through all its extent. Its beak is extraordinarily
+hard. If after it has soared to a great height it swoops headlong on
+to some rock, it breaks the force of its fall with its beak, which it
+uses as an anchor. Its head is not less hard than its beak. When it is
+being taught to imitate<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">179</a></span> human speech, it is beaten over the head with
+an iron wand, that it may recognize its master's command. This is the
+rod of its school-days. It can be taught to speak from the day of its
+birth to its second year, while its mouth is still easily formed and
+its tongue sufficiently soft to learn the requisite modulations. On
+the other hand, if caught when it is old, it is hard to teach and
+forgets what it has learned. The parrot which is most easily taught
+the language of man is one that feeds on acorns and manlike has five
+toes on each foot. All parrots do not possess this last peculiarity,
+but there is one point which all have in common: their tongue is
+broader than that of any other bird. Wherefore they articulate human
+words more easily owing to the size of their palate and the organ of
+speech. When it has learnt anything, it sings or rather speaks it out
+with such perfect imitation that, if you should hear it, you would
+think a man was speaking; on the contrary if you hear a crow<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a>
+attempting to speak, you would still call the result croaking rather
+than speech. But crow and parrot are alike in this; they can only
+utter words that they have been taught. Teach a parrot to curse and it
+will curse continually, making night and day hideous with its
+imprecations. Cursing becomes its natural note and its ideal of
+melody. When it has repeated all its curses, it repeats the same
+strain again. Should<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">180</a></span> you desire to rid yourself of its bad language,
+you must either cut out its tongue or send it back as soon as possible
+to its native woods.</p>
+
+
+<h3><i>A comparison between the eloquence of the philosopher<br />
+and the song of birds.</i></h3>
+
+<p><a name="F13" id="F13"></a>13. ... For the eloquence bestowed on me by philosophy has no
+resemblance to the song that nature has given to certain birds which
+sing but for a brief space and at certain times only. For instance,
+the swallows sing at morn, the cicalas at noon, the night-owl late in
+the dark, the screech-owl at even, the horned-owl at midnight, the
+cock before the dawn. Indeed these animals seem to have made a compact
+together as to the various times and tones of their song. The crowing
+of the cock is a sound should wake men from their beds, the horned-owl
+groans, the screech-owl shrieks, the night-owl cries 'tuwhit, tuwhoo',
+the cicalas chatter, and the swallows twitter shrill. But the wisdom
+and eloquence of the philosopher are ready at all times, waken awe in
+them that hear, are profitable to the understanding, and their music
+is of every tone.</p>
+
+
+<h3><i>On Crates the Cynic.</i></h3>
+
+<p><a name="F14" id="F14"></a>14. These arguments and the like which he had heard from the lips of
+Diogenes, together with others which suggested themselves to him on
+other occasions, had such influence with <a href="#NF14">Crates</a>, that at last he
+rushed out into the market-place and there renounced all his fortune
+as being a mere filthy encumbrance, a burden<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">181</a></span> rather than a benefit.
+His action having caused a crowd to collect, he cried in a loud voice,
+saying, 'Crates, even Crates sets thee free.' Thenceforth he lived not
+only in solitude, but naked and in perfect freedom and, so long as he
+lived, his life was happy. And such was the passion he inspired that a
+maiden of noble birth, spurning suitors more youthful and more wealthy
+than he, actually went so far as to beg him to marry her. In answer
+Crates bared his shoulders which were crowned with a hump, placed his
+wallet, staff and cloak upon the ground, and said to the girl, 'There
+is all my gear! and your eyes can judge of my beauty. Take good
+counsel, lest later I find you complaining of your lot.' But Hipparche
+accepted his conditions, replying that she had already considered the
+question and taken sufficient counsel, for nowhere in all the world
+could she find a richer or a fairer husband. 'Take me where you will!'
+she cried....</p>
+
+
+<h3><i>Of the isle of Samos and Pythagoras.</i></h3>
+
+<p><a name="F15" id="F15"></a>15. Samos is an island of no great size in the Icarian sea, and lies
+over against Miletus to the west, with but a small space of sea
+between them. In whichever direction you sail from this island, though
+you make no great haste, the next day will see you safe in harbour.
+The land does not respond readily to the cultivation of corn, and it
+is waste of time to plough it. But the olive grows better in it, and
+those who grow vines or vegetables have no fault to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">182</a></span> find with it. Its
+farmers are entirely taken up with hoeing the ground and the
+cultivation of trees, for it is from these rather than from cereals
+that Samos derives its wealth. The native population is numerous, and
+the island is visited by many strangers. The capital town is unworthy
+of its reputation, but the abundant ruins of its walls testify to its
+former size.</p>
+
+<p>It possesses, however, a temple of Juno famous from remote antiquity:
+to reach it, if I remember aright, one must follow the shore for not
+more than twenty furlongs from the city. The treasury of the goddess
+is extraordinarily rich, containing great quantities of gold and
+silver plate, in the form of platters, mirrors, cups, and all manner
+of utensils. There is also a great quantity of brazen images of
+different kinds. These are of great antiquity, and remarkable for
+their workmanship; I may mention one of them in particular, a statue
+of Bathyllus standing in front of the altar; it was the gift of the
+tyrant <a href="#NF15">Polycrates</a>, and I think I have never seen anything more
+perfect. Some hold that it represents <a href="#NF15">Pythagoras</a>, but this opinion is
+incorrect. The statue represents a youth of remarkable beauty; his
+hair is parted evenly in the midst of his forehead and streams over
+either cheek. Behind his hair is longer and reaches down to his
+shoulders, covering the neck whose sheen one may detect between the
+tresses. The neck is plump, the jaws full, the cheeks fine, and there
+is a dimple in the middle of his chin. His pose is that of a player on
+the lyre. He is looking<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">183</a></span> at the goddess, and has the appearance of one
+that sings, while his embroidered tunic streams to his very feet. He
+is girt in the Greek style, and a cloak covers either arm down to the
+wrists. The rest of the cloak hangs down in graceful folds. His lyre
+is fastened by an engraven baldric, which holds it close to the body.
+His hands are delicate and taper. The left touches the strings with
+parted fingers, the right is in the attitude of one that plays and is
+approaching the lyre with the plectrum, as though ready to strike as
+soon as the voice ceases for a moment to sing. Meanwhile the song
+seems to well forth from the delicate mouth, whose lips are half open
+for the effort. This statue may represent one of the youthful
+favourites of the tyrant Polycrates<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> hymning his master's love in
+Anacreontic<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> strain. But it is far from<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> likely that it is a
+statue of the philosopher Pythagoras. It is true he was a native of
+Samos, remarkable for his unusual beauty, and skilled beyond all men
+in harping and all manner of music, and living at the period when
+Polycrates was lord of Samos. But the philosopher was far from being a
+favourite of this tyrant. Indeed Pythagoras fled secretly from the
+island at the very beginning of the tyrant's reign. He had recently
+lost his father Mnesarchus, who was, I read, a skilful jeweller
+excelling in the carving of gems, though it was fame rather than
+wealth that he sought in the exercise of his art. There are some who
+assert that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">184</a></span> Pythagoras was about this time carried to Egypt among the
+captives of King Cambyses, and studied under the <i>magi</i> of Persia,
+more especially under Zoroaster the priest of all holy mysteries;
+later they assert he was ransomed by a certain Gillus, King of Croton.
+However, the more generally accepted tradition asserts that it was of
+his own choice he went to study the wisdom of the Egyptians. There he
+was initiated by their priests into the mighty secrets of their
+ceremonies, passing all belief; there he learned numbers in all their
+marvellous combinations, and the ingenious laws of geometry. Not
+content with these sciences, he next approached the Chaldaeans and the
+Brahmins, a race of wise men who live in India.<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> Among these
+Brahmins he sought out the gymnosophists. The Chaldaeans taught him
+the lore of the stars, the fixed orbits<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> of the wandering lords of
+heaven, and the influence of each on the births of men. Also they
+instructed him in the art of healing, and revealed to him remedies in
+the search for which men have lavished their wealth and wandered far
+by land and sea.<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> But it was from the Brahmins that he derived the
+greater part of his philosophy, the arts of teaching the mind and
+exercising the body, the doctrines as to the parts of the soul and its
+various transmigrations, the knowledge of the torments and rewards
+ordained for each<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">185</a></span> man, according to his deserts, in the world of the
+gods below. Further he had for his master <a href="#NF15">Pherecydes</a>, a native of the
+island of Syros and the first who dared throw off the shackles of
+verse and write in the free style of unfettered prose. Pherecydes died
+of a horrible disease, for his flesh rotted and was devoured of lice;
+Pythagoras buried him with reverent care. He is said also to have
+studied the laws of nature under <a href="#NF15">Anaximander</a> of Miletus, to have
+followed the Cretan <a href="#NF15">Epimenides</a>, a famous prophet skilled also in rites
+of expiation, that he might learn from him and also <a href="#NF15">Leodamas</a>, the
+pupil of <a href="#NF15">Creophylus</a>, the reputed guest and rival of the poet Homer.
+Taught by so many sages, and having drained such deep and varied
+draughts of learning through all the world, and being moreover dowered
+with a vast intellect whose grandeur almost passes man's
+understanding, he was the founder of the science and the inventor of
+the name of philosophy. The first of all his lessons to his disciples
+was the lesson of silence. With him meditation was a necessary
+preliminary to wisdom, meditation set a bridle on all speech, robbed
+words, which poets style winged, of their pinions and restrained them
+within the white barrier of the teeth. This, I tell you, was for him
+the first axiom of wisdom, 'Meditation is learning, speech is
+unlearning.' His disciples, however, did not refrain from speech all
+their lives, nor did their master impose dumbness on all for a like
+space of time. For those of more solid character a brief term of
+silence was considered<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">186</a></span> sufficient discipline; the more talkative were
+punished by exile from speech for as much as five years. I may add
+that my master Plato deviates little or not at all from the principles
+of this school, and in most of his utterances is a follower of
+Pythagoras. And that I too might win from my instructors the right to
+be called one of his followers, I have learned this double lesson in
+the course of my philosophical studies&mdash;to speak boldly when there is
+need of speech and gladly to be mute when there is need of silence. As
+a result of this self-command, I think I may say that I have won from
+your predecessors no less praise for my seasonable silence than
+approval for the timeliness of my speech.</p>
+
+
+<h3><i>An oration of thanks to Aemilianus Strabo and the senate<br />
+of Carthage for decreeing a statue in his honour.</i></h3>
+
+<p><a name="F16" id="F16"></a>16. Before I begin, illustrious representatives of Africa, to thank
+you for the statue, with the demand for which you honoured me while I
+was still with you, setting the seal upon your kindness by actually
+decreeing its erection during my absence, I wish first to explain to
+you why I absented myself for a considerable number of days from the
+sight of my audience and betook myself to the Persian baths, where the
+healthy may find delightful bathing, and the sick a no less welcome
+relief. For I have resolved to make it clear to you, to whose service
+I have dedicated myself irrevocably and for ever, that every moment of
+my<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">187</a></span> life is well spent. There shall be no action of mine, important or
+trivial, but you shall be informed of it and pass judgement upon it.
+Well then! to come to the reason for my sudden departure from the
+presence of this most distinguished assembly, I will tell you a story
+of the comic poet <a href="#NF16">Philemon</a> which is not so very unlike my own and will
+serve to show you how sudden and unexpected are the perils that
+threaten the life of man. You all are well acquainted with his
+talents, listen then to a few words concerning his death, or perhaps
+you would like a few words on his talents as well.</p>
+
+<p>This Philemon was a poet, a writer of the middle comedy, and composed
+plays for the stage in competition with Menander and contested against
+him. He may not have been his equal, he was certainly his rival. Nay,
+on not a few occasions&mdash;I am almost ashamed to mention it&mdash;he actually
+defeated him. However this may be, you will certainly find his works
+full of humour: the plots are full of wittily contrived intrigue, the
+<i>d&eacute;nouements</i> clear, the characters suited to the situations, the
+words true to life, the jests never unworthy of true comedy, the
+serious passages never quite on the level of tragedy. Seductions are
+rare in his plays; if he introduces love affairs, it is as a
+concession to human weakness. That does not, however, prevent the
+presence in his plays of the faithless pander, the passionate lover,
+the cunning slave, the coquetting mistress, the jealous wife whose
+word is law, the indulgent mother, the crusty uncle, the friend in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">188</a></span>
+need, the warlike soldier, aye and hungry parasites, skinflint
+parents, and saucy drabs. One day, long after these excellences had
+made him famous as a writer of comedy, he happened to give a
+recitation of a portion of a play which he had just written. He had
+reached the third act, and was beginning to arouse in his audience
+those pleasurable emotions so dear to comedy, when a sudden shower
+descended and forced him to put off the audience gathered to hear him
+and the recitation which he had just begun. A similar event befell me,
+you will remember, quite recently when I was addressing you. However,
+Philemon, at the demand of various persons, promised to finish his
+recitation the next day without further postponement. On the morrow,
+therefore, a vast crowd assembled to hear him with the utmost
+enthusiasm. Everybody who could do so took a seat facing the stage and
+as near to it as he could get. Late arrivals made signs to their
+friends to make room for them to sit: those who sat at the end of a
+row complained of being thrust off their seat into the gangway; the
+whole theatre was crammed with a vast audience. A hum of
+conversation<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> arose. Those who had not been present the previous
+day began to ask what had been recited; those who had been present
+began to recall what they had heard, and finally when everybody had
+made themselves acquainted with what had preceded, all began to look
+forward to what was to come. Meanwhile the day wore on and Philemon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">189</a></span>
+failed to come at the appointed time. Some blamed the poet for the
+delay, more defended him. But when they had sat there for quite an
+unreasonable length of time and still Philemon did not make his
+appearance, some of the more active members of the audience were sent
+to fetch him. They found him lying in his bed&mdash;dead. He had just
+breathed his last, and lay there upon the couch stiff and stark in the
+attitude of one plunged in meditation. His fingers still were twined
+about his book, his mouth still pressed against the page he had been
+reading. But the life had left him; he had forgotten his book, and
+little recked he now of his audience. Those who had entered the room
+stood motionless for a space, struck dumb by the strange suddenness of
+the blow and the wondrous beauty of his death. Then they returned and
+reported to the people that the poet Philemon, for whom they were
+waiting that there in the theatre he might finish the drama of his
+imagination, had finished the one true play, the drama of life, in his
+own home. To this world he had said <a href="#NF16">'farewell' and 'applaud'</a>, but to
+his friends 'weep and make your moan'. 'The shower of yesterday,' they
+continued, 'was an omen of our tears; the comedy has ended in the
+torch of funeral or ever it could come to the torch of marriage. Nay,
+since so great a poet has laid aside the mask of this life, let us go
+straight from the theatre to perform his burial. 'Tis his bones we now
+must gather to our hearts; his verse must for awhile take second
+place.'</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">190</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It was long ago that I first learned the story I have just told you,
+but the peril I have undergone during the last few days<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> has
+brought it afresh to my mind. For when my recitation was&mdash;as I am sure
+you remember&mdash;interrupted by the rain, at your desire I put it off
+till the morrow, and in good truth it was nearly with me as it was
+with Philemon. For on that same day I twisted my ankle so violently at
+the wrestling school that I almost tore the joint from my leg.
+However, it returned to its socket, though my leg is still weak with
+the sprain. But there is more to tell you. My efforts to reduce the
+dislocation were so great that my body broke out into a profuse sweat
+and I caught a severe chill. This was followed by agonizing pain in my
+bowels, which only subsided when its violence was on the point of
+killing me. A moment more and like Philemon I should have gone to the
+grave, not to my recital, should have finished not my speech but my
+destiny, should have brought not my tale but my life to a close. Well
+then, as soon as the gentle temperature and still more the soothing
+medical properties of the Persian baths had restored to me the use of
+my foot&mdash;for though it gave naught save the most feeble support, it
+sufficed me in my eagerness to appear before you&mdash;I set forth to
+perform my pledge. And in the interval you have conferred such a boon
+upon me that you have not only removed my lameness but have made me
+positively nimble.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">191</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Was I not right to make all speed that I might express my boundless
+gratitude for the honour which you have conferred unasked. True,
+Carthage is so illustrious a city that it were an honour to her that a
+philosopher should beg to be thus rewarded, but I wished the boon you
+have bestowed on me to have its full value with no taint of
+detraction, to suffer no loss of grace by any petition on my part, in
+a word to be wholly disinterested. For he that begs pays so heavily,
+and so large is the price that he to whom the petition is addressed
+receives, that, where the necessaries of life are concerned, one had
+rather purchase them one and all than ask them as a gift. Above all,
+this principle applies to cases where honours are concerned. He to
+whom they come as the result of importunate petition owes<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> no
+gratitude for his success to any save himself. On the other hand, he
+who receives honours without descending to vexatious canvassing is
+obliged to the givers for two reasons; he has not asked and yet he has
+received. The thanks, therefore, which I owe you are double or rather
+manifold, and my lips shall proclaim them at all times and places. But
+on the present occasion I will, as is my wont, make public
+protestation of my gratitude from a written address which I have
+specially composed in view of this distinction. For assuredly that is
+the method in which a philosopher should return thanks to a city that
+has decreed him a public statue. My discourse will, however, depart
+slightly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">192</a></span> from this method as a mark of respect to the exalted
+character and position of <a href="#NF16">Aemilianus Strabo</a>. I hope that I may be able
+to compose a suitable discourse if only you will permit me to submit
+it to your approbation<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> to-day. For Strabo is so distinguished a
+scholar, that his own talents bring him even greater honour than his
+noble rank and his tenure of the consulate. In what terms, Aemilianus
+Strabo, who of all men that have been, are, or yet shall be, are most
+renowned among the virtuous, most virtuous among the renowned, most
+learned amongst either, in what terms can I hope to thank or
+commemorate the gracious thoughts you have entertained for me? How may
+I hope adequately to celebrate the honour to which your kindness has
+prompted you? How may my speech repay you worthily for the glory
+conferred by your action? It baffles my imagination. But I will seek
+earnestly and strive to find a way</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="poem">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<i><a href="#NF16">While breath still</a> rules these limbs and memory<br />
+Is conscious of its being.</i><br />
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>For at the present moment, I will not deny it, the gladness of my
+heart is too loud for my eloquence, I cannot think for pleasure,
+delight is master of my soul and bids me rejoice rather than speak.
+What shall I do? I wish to show my gratitude, but my joy is such that
+I have not yet leisure to express my thanks. No one, however sour and
+stern he be, will blame me if the honour bestowed on me makes me no
+less<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">193</a></span> nervous<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> than appreciative, if the testimony to my merits,
+delivered by a man of such fame and learning, has transported me with
+exultation. For he delivered it in the senate of Carthage, a body
+whose kindness is only equalled by its distinction; and he that spoke
+was one who had held the consulship, one by whom it were an honour
+even to be known. Such was the man who appeared before the most
+illustrious citizens of the province of Africa to sing my praise!</p>
+
+<p>I have been told that two days ago he sent a written request in which
+he demanded that my statue should be given a conspicuous place, and
+above all told of the bonds of friendship which began under such
+honourable circumstances, when we served together beneath the banner
+of literature and studied under the same masters; he then recorded<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a>
+all the good wishes for his success with which I had welcomed each
+successive step of his advance in his official career. He had already
+done me a compliment in remembering that I had once been his fellow
+student: it was a fresh compliment that so great a man should record
+my friendship for him as though I were his equal. But he went further.
+He stated that other peoples and cities had decreed not only statues,
+but other distinctions as well in my honour. Could anything be added
+to such a panegyric as this, delivered by the lips of an ex-consul?
+Yes: for he cited the <a href="#NF16">priesthood</a> I had undertaken, and showed that I
+had attained the highest<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">194</a></span> honour that Carthage can bestow. But the
+greatest and most remarkable compliment<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> paid me was this: after
+producing such a wealth of flattering testimonials he commended me to
+your notice by himself voting in my favour. Finally, he, a man in
+whose honour every province rejoices through all the world to erect
+four or six horse chariots, promised that he would erect my statue at
+Carthage at his own expense.</p>
+
+<p>What lacks there to sanction and establish my glory and to set it on
+the topmost pinnacle of fame? I ask you, what is there lacking?
+Aemilianus Strabo, who has already held the consulship and is
+destined, as we all hope and pray, soon to be a proconsul, proposed
+the resolution conferring these honours upon me in the senate-house of
+Carthage. You gave your unanimous assent to the proposal. Surely in
+your eyes this was more than a mere resolution, it was a solemn
+enactment of law. Nay more, all the Carthaginians gathered in this
+august assembly showed such readiness in granting a site for the
+statue that they might make it clear to you that, if they put off a
+resolution for the erection of a second statue, as I hope,<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> to the
+next meeting of the senate, they were influenced by the desire to show
+the fullest reverence and respect to their honourable consular, and to
+avoid seeming to emulate rather than imitate his beneficence. That is
+to say, they wished to set apart a whole day for the business of
+conferring on me the public honour still<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">195</a></span> in store. Moreover, these
+most excellent magistrates, these most gracious chiefs of your city,
+remembered that the charge with which you men of Carthage had
+entrusted them was in full harmony with their desires. Would you have
+me be ignorant, be silent, as to these details? It would be rank
+ingratitude. Far from that, I offer my very warmest thanks to the
+whole assembly for their most lavish favour. I could not be more
+grateful. For they have honoured me with the most flattering applause
+in that senate-house, where even to be named is the height of honour.
+And so I have in some sense achieved&mdash;pardon my vanity&mdash;that which was
+so hard to achieve, and seemed indeed not unnaturally to be beyond my
+powers. I have won the affections of the people, the favour of the
+senate, the approbation of the magistrates and the chief men of the
+city. What lacks there now to the honour of my statue, save the price
+of the bronze and the service of the artist? These have never been
+denied me even in small cities. Much less shall Carthage deny it,
+Carthage, whose senate, even where greater issues are at stake,
+decrees and counts not the cost. But I will speak of this more fully
+at a later date, when you have given fuller effect to your resolution.
+Moreover, when the time comes for the dedication of my statue, I will
+proclaim my gratitude to you yet more amply in another written
+discourse, will declare it to you, noble senators, to you, renowned
+citizens, to you, my worthy friends. Yes, I will commit my gratitude
+to the retentive pages of a book, that it<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">196</a></span> may travel through every
+province and, worlds and ages hence, record my praises of your
+kindness to all peoples and all time.</p>
+
+
+<h3><i>Fragment of a panegyric on Scipio Orfitus.</i></h3>
+
+<p><a name="F17" id="F17"></a>17. I leave it to those who are in the habit of obtruding themselves
+upon their proconsul's leisure moments<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> to attempt to commend their
+wits by the exuberance of their speech, and to glorify themselves by
+affecting to bask in the smiles of your friendship. Both of these
+offences are far from me, <a href="#NF17">Scipio Orfitus</a>. For on the one hand my poor
+wit, such as it is, is too well known to all men to have any need of
+further commendation; on the other hand, I prefer to enjoy rather than
+to parade the friendship of yourself and such as you; I desire such
+friendship, but I do not boast of it, for desire can in no case be
+other than genuine, whereas boasting may always be false. With this in
+view I have ever cultivated the arts of virtue, I have always sought
+both here in Africa and when I moved among your friends in Rome to win
+a fair name both for my character and studies, as you yourself can
+amply testify, with the result that you should be no less eager to
+court my friendship than I to long for yours. Reluctance to excuse the
+rarity of a friend's appearances is a sign that you desire his
+continual presence; if you delight in the frequency of his visits or
+are angry with him for neglecting to come, if you welcome his company
+and regret its cessation, it is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">197</a></span> clear proof of love, since it is
+obvious that his presence must be a pleasure whose absence is a pain.
+But the voice, if it be refrained in continued silence, is as useless
+as the nostrils when choked by a cold in the head, the ears when they
+are blocked with dirt, the eyes when they are sealed by cataract. What
+can the hands do, if they are fettered, or what the feet, if they are
+shackled? What can<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> the mind that rules and directs us do, if it be
+relaxed in sleep or drowned in wine or crushed beneath the weight of
+disease? Nay, as the sword acquires its sheen by usage, and rusts if
+it lie idle, so the voice is dulled by its long torpor if it be hidden
+in the sheath of silence. Desuetude must needs beget sloth, and sloth
+decay. If the tragic actor declaim not daily, the resonance of his
+voice is dulled and its channels grow hoarse. Wherefore he purges his
+huskiness by loud and repeated recitation. However, it is vain toil
+and useless labour<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> for a man to attempt to improve the natural
+quality of the human voice. There are many sounds that surpass it. The
+trumpet's blare is louder, the music of the lyre more varied, the
+plaint of the flute more pleasing, the murmurs of the pipe sweeter,
+the message of the bugle further heard. I forbear to mention the
+natural sounds of many animals which challenge admiration by their
+different peculiarities, as, for instance, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">198</a></span> deep bellow of the
+bull, the wolf's shrill howl, the dismal trumpeting of the elephant,
+the horse's lively neigh, the bird's piercing song, the angry roar of
+the lion, together with the cries of other beasts, harsh or musical,
+according as they are roused by the madness of anger or the charms of
+pleasure. In place of such cries the gods have given man a voice of
+narrower compass; but if it give less delight to the ear, it is far
+more useful to the understanding. Wherefore it should be all the more
+cultivated by the most frequent use, and that nowhere else<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> than in
+the presence of an audience presided over by so great a man, and in
+the midst of so numerous and distinguished a gathering of learned men
+who come kindly disposed to hear. For my part, if I were skilled to
+make ravishing music on the lyre, I should never play save before
+crowded assemblies. It was in solitude that</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<i><a href="#NF17">Orpheus to woods</a>, to fish Arion sang.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>For if we may believe legend, Orpheus had been driven to lonely exile,
+Arion hurled from his ship. One of them soothed savage beasts, the
+other charmed beasts that were compassionate: both musicians were
+unhappy, inasmuch as they strove not for honour nor of their free
+choice, but for their safety and of hard necessity. I should have
+admired them more if they had pleased men, not beasts. Such solitude
+were far better suited to birds, to blackbird and nightingale and
+swan. The blackbird whistles like a happy boy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">199</a></span> in distant wilds, the
+nightingale trills its song of youthful passion in the lonely places
+of Africa, the swan by far-off rivers chants the music of old age. But
+he who would produce a song that shall profit boys, youths, and
+greybeards, must sing it in the midst of thousands of men, even as now
+I sing the virtues of Orfitus. It is late, perhaps, but it is meant in
+all earnestness, and may prove no less pleasing than profitable to the
+boys, the youths, and the old men of Carthage. For all have enjoyed
+the indulgence of the best of all proconsuls: he has tempered their
+desires and restrained them with gentle remedies, he has given to boys
+the boon of plenty, to young men merriment, and to the old security.
+But now, Scipio, that I have come to touch on your merits, I fear lest
+either your own noble modesty or my own native bashfulness may close
+my mouth. But I cannot refrain from touching on a very few of the many
+virtues which we so justly admire in you. Citizens whom he has saved,
+show with me that you recognize them!</p>
+
+
+<h3><i>A discourse pronounced before the Carthaginians,<br />
+incidentally treating of Thales and Protagoras.</i></h3>
+
+<p><a name="F18" id="F18"></a>18. You have come in such large numbers to hear me that I feel I ought
+rather to congratulate Carthage for possessing so many friends of
+learning among her citizens than demand pardon for myself, the
+professed philosopher who ventures to speak in public. For the crowd
+that has collected is worthy of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">200</a></span> grandeur of our city, and the
+place chosen for my speech is worthy of so great a multitude.
+Moreover, in a theatre we must consider, not the marble of its
+pavements, not the boards of the stage, nor the columns of the
+back-scene, nay, nor yet the height of its gables, the splendour of
+its fretted roofs, the expanse of its tiers of seats; we need not call
+to mind that this place is sometimes the scene for the foolery of the
+mime, the dialogue of comedy, the sonorous rant of tragedy, the
+perilous antics of the rope-walker, the juggler's sleight of hand, the
+gesticulation of the dancer, with all the tricks of their respective
+arts that are displayed before the people by other artists. All these
+considerations may be put on one side; all that we need consider is
+this, the discourse of the orator and the reasons for the presence of
+the audience. Wherefore, just as poets in this place shift the scene
+to various other cities&mdash;take, for instance, <a href="#NF18">the tragic poet</a> who makes
+his actor say</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="poem">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<i>Liber, that dwellest on these heights august<br />
+Of famed Cithaeron</i><br />
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>or the comic poet who says</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="poem">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<i><a href="#NF18">Plautus</a> but asks you for a tiny space<br />
+Within the circuit vast of these fair walls,<br />
+Whither without the aid of architect<br />
+He may transport old Athens,&mdash;</i><br />
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>even so I beg your leave to shift my scene, not, however, to any
+distant city overseas, but to the senate-house<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">201</a></span> or public library of
+Carthage. I ask you, therefore, if any of my utterances be worthy of
+the senate-house, to imagine that you are listening to me within the
+very walls of the senate-house; if my words reveal learning, I beg you
+to regard them as though you were reading them in the public library.
+Would that I could find words enough to do justice to the magnitude of
+this assembly and did not falter just when I would be most eloquent.
+But the old saying is true, that heaven never blesses any man with
+unmixed and flawless prosperity; even in the keenest joys there is
+ever some slight undertone of grief, some blend of gall and honey;
+there is <a href="#NF18">no rose without a thorn</a>. I have often experienced the truth
+of this, and never more than at the present moment. For the more I
+realize how ready you are to praise me, the more exaggerated becomes
+the awe in which I stand of you, and the greater my reluctance to
+speak. I have spoken to strange audiences often, and with the utmost
+fluency, but now that I am confronted with my own folk, I hesitate.
+Strange to say, I am frightened by what should allure, curbed by what
+should spur me on, and restrained by what should make me bold. There
+is much that should give me courage in your presence. I have made my
+home in your city which I knew well as a boy, and where my student
+days were spent. You know my philosophic views, my voice is no
+stranger to you, you have read my books and approved of them. My
+birthplace is represented in <a href="#NF18">the council of Africa</a>, that is, in your
+own assembly; my boyhood was spent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">202</a></span> with you, you were my teachers, it
+was here that my philosophy found its first inspiration, though 'twas
+Attic Athens brought it to maturity, and, during the last six years,
+my voice, speaking in either language, has been familiar to your ears.
+Nay more, my books have no higher title to the universal praise that
+is theirs, than the fact that you have passed a favourable judgement
+upon them. All these great and varied allurements, appealing as they
+do to you as well as to me, hamper and intimidate me just in
+proportion as they attract you to the pleasure of hearing me. I should
+find it far easier to sing your praises before the citizens of some
+other city than to your face. To such an extent is it true that
+modesty is a serious obstacle to one confronted by his fellow
+citizens, while truth may speak unfettered in the presence of
+strangers. But always and everywhere I praise you as my parents and
+the first teachers of my youth, and do my best to repay my debt. But
+the reward I offer you is not that which the sophist <a href="#NF18">Protagoras</a>
+stipulated to receive and never got, but that which the wise Thales
+got without ever stipulating for it. What is it you want? Ah! I
+understand. I will tell you both stories.</p>
+
+<p>Protagoras was a sophist with knowledge on an extraordinary number of
+subjects, and one of the most eloquent among the first inventors of
+the art of rhetoric. He was a fellow citizen and contemporary of the
+physicist Democritus, and it was from Democritus he derived his
+learning. The story runs that Protagoras made a rash bargain with his
+pupil Euathlus,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">203</a></span> contracting for an exceptionally high fee on the
+following conditions. The money was to be paid if Euathlus was
+successful in the first suit he pleaded in court. The young man
+therefore first learned all the methods employed to win the votes of
+the jurors, all the tricks of opposing counsel, and all the artifices
+of oratory. This he did with ease, for he was a very clever fellow
+with a natural aptitude for strategy. When he had satisfied himself
+that he had learned all he desired to know, he began to show
+reluctance to perform his part of the contract. At first he baffled
+his teacher's requests for payment by interposing various ingenious
+delays, and for a considerable time refused either to plead in court
+or to pay the stipulated fee. At last Protagoras called him into
+court, set forth the conditions under which he had accepted him as a
+pupil, and propounded the following <a href="#NF18">dilemma</a>. 'If I win,' he said, 'you
+must pay the fee, for you will be condemned to do so. If you win, you
+will still have to pay under the terms of your contract. For you will
+have won the first suit you have ever pleaded. So if you win, you lose
+under the terms of the contract: if you are defeated, you lose by the
+sentence of the court.' What more would you have? The jury thought the
+argument a marvel of shrewdness and quite irrefutable. But Euathlus
+showed himself a very perfect pupil of so cunning a master, and turned
+back the dilemma on its inventor. 'In that case,' he replied, 'I owe
+your fee under neither count. For either I win and am acquitted by the
+court, or lose and am released from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">204</a></span> the bargain, which states that I
+do not owe you the fee if I am defeated in my first case in court. And
+this is my first case! So in any case I come off scot free; if I lose,
+I am saved by the contract; if I win, by the verdict of the jury.'
+What think you? Does not the opposition of these sophistic arguments
+remind you of brambles, that the wind has entangled one with another?
+They cling together; thorns of like length on either side, each
+penetrating to an equal depth, each dealing wound for wound. So we
+will leave Protagoras' reward to shrewd and greedy folk. It involves
+too many thorny difficulties. Far better is that other reward, which
+they say was suggested by<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> Thales.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#NF18">Thales of Miletus</a> was easily the most remarkable of the famous seven
+sages. For he was the first of the Greeks to discover the science of
+geometry, was a most accurate investigator of the laws of nature, and
+a most skilful observer of the stars. With the help of a few small
+lines he discovered the most momentous facts: the revolution of the
+years, the blasts of the winds, the wanderings of the stars, the
+echoing miracle of thunder, the slanting path of the zodiac, the
+annual turnings of the sun, the waxing of the moon when young, her
+waning when she has waxed old, and the shadow of her eclipse; of all
+these he discovered the laws. Even when he was far advanced into the
+vale of years, he evolved a divinely inspired theory concerning the
+period of the sun's revolution through the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">205</a></span> circle in which he moves
+in all his majesty. This theory, I may say, I have not only learned
+from books, but have also proved its truth by experiment. This theory
+Thales is said to have taught soon after its discovery to Mandraytus
+of Priene. The latter, fascinated by the strangeness and novelty of
+his newly acquired knowledge, bade Thales choose whatever recompense
+he might desire in return for such precious instruction. 'It is enough
+recompense,' replied Thales the wise, 'if you will refrain from
+claiming as your own the theory I have taught you, whenever you begin
+to impart it to others, and will proclaim me and no other as the
+discoverer of this new law.' In truth that was a noble recompense,
+worthy of so great a man and beyond the reach of time. For that
+recompense has been paid to Thales down to this very day, and shall be
+paid to all eternity by all of us who have realized the truth of his
+discoveries concerning the heavens.</p>
+
+<p>Such is the recompense I pay you, citizens of Carthage, through all
+the world, in return for the instruction that Carthage gave me as a
+boy. Everywhere I boast myself your city's nursling, everywhere and in
+every way I sing your praises, do zealous honour to your learning,
+give glory to your wealth and reverent worship to your gods. Now,
+therefore, I will begin by speaking of the god Aesculapius. With what
+more auspicious theme could I engage your ears? For he honours the
+citadel of our own Carthage with the protection of his undoubted
+presence. See, I will sing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">206</a></span> to you both in Greek and Latin a hymn
+which I have composed to his glory and long since dedicated to him.
+For I am well known as a frequenter of his rites, my worship of him is
+no new thing, my priesthood has received the smile of his favour, and
+ere now I have expressed my veneration for him both in prose and
+verse. Even so now I will chant a hymn to his glory both in Greek and
+Latin. I have prefaced it with a dialogue likewise in both tongues, in
+which Sabidius Severus and Julius Persius shall speak together. They
+are men who are deservedly bound alike to one another, and to you and
+the public weal by the closest ties of friendship. Both are equally
+distinguished for their learning, their eloquence, and their
+benevolence. It is difficult to say whether they are more remarkable
+for their great moderation, their ready energy, or the distinction of
+their career. They are united one to another by the most complete
+harmony. There is but one point on which rivalry exists between them,
+namely this: they dispute which has the greater love for Carthage; for
+this they contend with all their strength and all their soul, and
+neither is vanquished in the contest. Thinking, then, that you would
+be most delighted to listen to their converse, and that such a theme
+suited my powers and would be a welcome offering to the god, I begin
+at the outset of my book by making one of my fellow students of Athens
+demand of Persius in Greek what was the subject of the declamation
+delivered by myself on the previous day in the temple of Aesculapius.
+As the dialogue proceeds I introduce Severus to their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">207</a></span> company. His
+part is written in the language of Rome. For Persius, although a
+master of Latin, shall yet to-day speak to you in the Attic tongue.</p>
+
+
+<h3><i>A story of the physician Asclepiades.</i></h3>
+
+<p><a name="F19" id="F19"></a>19. The famous <a href="#NF19">Asclepiades</a>, who ranks among the greatest of doctors,
+indeed, if you except Hippocrates, as the very greatest, was the first
+to discover the use of wine as a remedy. It requires, however, to be
+administered at the proper moment, and it was in the discovery of the
+right moment that he showed especial skill, noting most carefully the
+slightest symptom of disorder or undue rapidity of the pulse. It
+chanced that once, when he was returning to town from his country
+house, he observed an enormous funeral procession in the suburbs of
+the city. A huge multitude of men who had come out to perform the last
+honours stood round about the bier, all of them plunged in deep sorrow
+and wearing worn and ragged apparel. He asked whom they were burying,
+but no one replied; so he went nearer<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> to satisfy his curiosity and
+to see who it might be that was dead, or, it may be, in the hope to
+make some discovery in the interests of his profession. Be this as it
+may, he certainly snatched the man from the jaws of death as he lay
+there on the verge of burial. The poor fellow's limbs were already
+covered with spices, his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">208</a></span> mouth filled with sweet-smelling unguent. He
+had been anointed and was all ready for the pyre. But Asclepiades
+looked upon him, took careful note of certain signs, handled his body
+again and again and perceived that the life was still in him, though
+scarcely to be detected. Straightway he cried out 'He lives! Throw
+down your torches, take away your fire demolish the pyre, take back
+the funeral feast and spread it on his board at home'. While he spoke
+a murmur arose; some said that they must take the doctor's word,
+others mocked at the physician's skill. At last, in spite of the
+opposition offered even by his relations, perhaps because they had
+already entered into possession of the dead man's property, perhaps
+because they did not yet believe his words, Asclepiades persuaded them
+to put off the burial for a brief space. Having thus rescued him from
+the hands of the undertaker, he carried the man home, as it were from
+the very mouth of hell, and straightway revived the spirit within him,
+and by means of certain drugs called forth the life that still lay
+hidden in the secret places of the body.</p>
+
+
+<h3><i>A panegyric on his own talents.</i></h3>
+
+<p><a name="F20" id="F20"></a>20. There is a remarkable saying of a wise man concerning the
+pleasures of the table to the effect that, 'The first glass quenches
+thirst, the second makes merry, the third kindles desire, the fourth
+madness.' But in the case of a draught from the Muses' fountain the
+reverse is true. The more cups you drink and the more undiluted the
+draught the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">209</a></span> better it will be for your soul's good. <a href="#NF20">The first cup</a> is
+given by the master that teaches you to read and write and redeems you
+from ignorance<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a>, the second is given by the teacher of literature
+and equips you with learning, the third arms you with the eloquence of
+the rhetorician. Of these three cups most men drink. I, however, have
+drunk yet other cups at Athens&mdash;the imaginative draught of poetry, the
+clear draught of geometry, the sweet draught of music, the austerer
+draught of dialectic, and the nectar of all philosophy, whereof no man
+may ever drink enough. For <a href="#NF20">Empedocles</a> composed verse, Plato dialogues,
+Socrates hymns, <a href="#NF20">Epicharmus</a> music, Xenophon histories, and <a href="#NF20">Xenocrates</a>
+satire. But your friend Apuleius cultivates all these branches of art
+together and worships all nine Muses with equal zeal. His enthusiasm
+is, I admit, in advance of his capacity, but that perhaps makes him
+all the more praiseworthy, inasmuch as in all high enterprises it is
+the effort that merits praise, success is after all a matter of
+chance. As an illustration I may remind you, that the law punishes
+even the premeditation of crime, though the criminal's purpose may
+never have been carried out; the hand may be pure, but there is blood
+upon the soul, and that suffices. As, then, to call down the doom of
+law it suffices to purpose deeds meet for punishment, so to win praise
+it is sufficient to essay deeds worthy of the voice of fame; and what
+greater or surer claim to praise may any man have than to glorify
+Carthage? For you, her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">210</a></span> citizens, are full of learning to a man, your
+boys learn, your young men display, and your old men teach all manner
+of knowledge. Carthage is the venerable instructress of our province,
+Carthage is the heavenly muse of Africa, Carthage is the fount whence
+all the Roman world draws draughts of inspiration.</p>
+
+
+<h3><i>An excuse for delay caused by social duties.</i></h3>
+
+<p><a name="F21" id="F21"></a>21. Sometimes even when haste is most incumbent on us, the delays that
+slow our progress may bring such honour, that often we shall be glad
+to have been thwarted of our purpose. For instance, take the case of
+persons who are compelled to journey in such high haste, that they
+prefer the perils of the saddle to a seat in a carriage on account of
+the trouble caused by their baggage, the weight of the vehicle, the
+delays to progress, the roughness of the track, not to mention the
+boulders that beset the route, the tree trunks fallen across the way,
+the rivers that intersect the level, and the steep slopes of the
+mountains. Well, then, those who wish to avoid all these obstacles
+select a horse of tried endurance, mettle, and speed, that is to say,
+one strong to bear and swift to go, like the horse described by
+Lucilius that</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<i>With one sole stride o'erpasses plain and hill.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>None the less, if as this horse bears them along on the wings of his
+speed, they chance to see some great personage, a man of noble birth,
+high wisdom, and universal fame, then, however pressing their haste,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">211</a></span>
+they refrain their speed that they may do him honour, slacken their
+pace and rein in their horse: then straightway leaping to the ground
+they transfer to their left hand the switch, which they carry
+wherewith to beat the horse, and with right hand thus left free
+approach the great man and salute him. If it please him for a while to
+ask questions of them, they will walk with him for a while and talk
+with him: in fact they will gladly suffer any amount of delay in the
+performance of the duty which they owe him.</p>
+
+
+<h3><i>On the Virtues of Crates.</i></h3>
+
+<p><a name="F22" id="F22"></a>22. Crates, the well-known disciple of Diogenes, was honoured at
+Athens by the men of his own day as though he had been a household
+god. No house was ever closed to him, no head of a family had ever so
+close a secret as to regard Crates as an unseasonable intruder: he was
+always welcome; there was never a quarrel, never a lawsuit between
+kinsfolk, but he was accepted as mediator and his word was law. The
+poets tell that Hercules of old by his valour subdued all the wild
+monsters of legend, beast or man, and purged all the world of them.
+Even so our philosopher was a very Hercules in the conquest of anger,
+envy, avarice, lust, and all the other monstrous sins that beset the
+human soul. He expelled all these pests from their minds, purged
+households, and tamed vice. Nay, he too went half-naked and was
+distinguished by the club he carried, aye, and he sprang from that
+same Thebes, where Hercules, men say, was born. Even<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">212</a></span> before he became
+<a href="#NF22">Crates pure and simple</a>, he was accounted one of the chief men in
+Thebes: his family was noble, his establishment numerous, his house
+had a fair and ample porch: his lands were rich and his clothing
+sumptuous. But later, when he understood that the wealth which had
+been transmitted to him, carried with it no safeguard whereon he might
+lean as on a staff in the ways of life, but that all was fragile and
+transitory, that all the wealth that is in all the world was of no
+assistance to a virtuous life....</p>
+
+
+<h3><i>On the uncertainty of fortune.</i></h3>
+
+<p><a name="F23" id="F23"></a>23. Imagine some good ship, wrought by skilled hands, well built
+within and fairly adorned without, with rudder answering to the touch,
+taut rigging, lofty mast, resplendent tops, and shining sails; in a
+word, supplied with all such gear as may serve either for use or the
+delight of the eye. Imagine all this and then think how easily, if the
+tempest and no helmsman be her guide, the deep may engulf her or the
+reefs grind her to pieces with all her goodly gear. Again, when
+physicians enter a sick man's house to visit him, none of them bids
+the invalid be of good cheer on account of the exquisite balconies
+with which they see the house to be adorned, nor on account of the
+fretted ceilings all overlaid with gold, or the multitudes of handsome
+boys and youths that stand about the couch in his chamber. Rather the
+physician sits down by the man's bedside, takes his hand, feels it and
+explores the beat and movements of the pulse. If<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">213</a></span> he discovers any
+irregularity or disorder, he informs his patient that he is seriously
+ill. Our rich man is bidden fast: on that day mid all the abundant
+store of his own house, he touches not even bread: and meanwhile all
+his slaves feast and are merry, and their servile state makes no
+difference to them.</p>
+
+
+<h3><i>An improvisation.</i></h3>
+
+<p><a name="F24" id="F24"></a><a href="#NF24">24.</a> You have asked me to give you an improvisation. Listen then. You
+have heard me speak prepared, now hear me unprepared. I think I risk
+but little in making an attempt to speak without premeditation in view
+of the extraordinary approval which I have won by my set speeches. For
+having pleased you by more serious efforts, I have no fear of
+displeasing you when I speak on a frivolous subject. But in order that
+you may know me in all my infinite variety, make trial of me in what
+Lucilius called</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<i>The improviser's formless art</i>,<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>and see whether I have the same skill at short notice as I have after
+preparation; if indeed there be any of you who have never heard the
+trifles I toss off on the spur of the moment. You will listen to them
+with the same critical exactitude that I have bestowed on their
+composition, but with greater complaisance, I hope, than I can feel in
+reciting them. For prudent judges are wont to judge finished works by
+a somewhat severe standard, but are far more complaisant to
+improvisations. For you weigh and examine all that is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">214</a></span> actually
+written, but in the case of extempore speaking pardon and criticism go
+hand in hand, as it is right they should. For what we read forth from
+manuscript will remain such as it was when set down, even though you
+say nothing, but those words which I must utter now and the travail of
+whose birth you must share with me, will be just such as your favour
+shall make them. For the more I modify my style to suit your taste,
+the more I shall please you.<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> I see that you hear me gladly. From
+this moment it lies with you to furl or spread my sails, that they
+hang not slack and drooping nor be reefed and brailed.</p>
+
+<p>I will try to apply the saying of <a href="#NF24">Aristippus</a>. Aristippus was the
+founder of the Cyrenaic school of philosophy and was a disciple of
+Socrates&mdash;a fact which he regarded as the greater honour of the two. A
+certain tyrant asked him what benefit he had derived from so long and
+so devoted a study of philosophy. 'It has given me the power,' replied
+Aristippus, 'to converse with all men without fear or concern.'</p>
+
+<p>My speech has begun with a certain abruptness of expression due to the
+suddenness with which the subject suggested itself to me. It is as
+though I were building a loose wall in which one must be content to
+pile the stones haphazard without filling the interior with rubble,
+levelling the front, or making all lines true to rule. For in building
+up this speech I shall not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">215</a></span> bring stones from my own quarry, hewn
+foursquare and planed on all sides with their outer edge cut smooth
+and level, so that the nail slips lightly over it. No! at every point
+I must fit in material that is rough and uneven, or slippery and
+smooth, or jagged, projecting and angular, or round and rolling. There
+will be no correction by rule, no measure or proportion, no attention
+to the perpendicular. For it is impossible to produce a thing on the
+spur of the moment and to give it careful consideration, nor is there
+anything in the world that can hope at one and the same time to be
+praised for its care and admired for its speed.</p>
+
+
+<h3><i>The fable of the fox and the crow.</i></h3>
+
+<p><a name="F25" id="F25"></a>25. I have complied with the desire of certain persons who just now
+begged me to speak extempore. But, by Hercules, I fear that I may
+suffer the fate that befell the crow in Aesop's fable: namely, that in
+the attempt to win this new species of glory I may lose the little I
+have already acquired. What is this parable, you ask me? I will gladly
+turn fabulist for awhile. A crow and a fox caught sight of a morsel of
+food at the same moment and hurried to seize it. Their greed was
+equal, but their speed was not. Reynard ran, but the crow flew, with
+the result that the bird was too quick for the quadruped, sailed down
+the wind on extended pinions, outstripped and forestalled him. Then,
+rejoicing at his victory in the race for the booty, the crow flew into
+a neighbouring oak and sat out of reach on the topmost bough. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">216</a></span> fox
+being unable to hurl a stone, launched a trick at him and reached him.
+For coming up to the foot of the tree, he stopped there, and seeing
+the robber high above him exulting in his booty, began to praise him
+with cunning words. 'Fool that I was thus vainly to contend with
+Apollo's bird! For his body is exquisitely proportioned, neither
+exceeding small nor yet too large, but just of the size demanded by
+use and beauty; his plumage is soft, his head sharp and fine, his beak
+strong. Nay, more, he has wings with which to follow, keen eyes with
+which to see, and claws with which to seize his prey. As for his
+colour, what can I say? There are two transcendent hues, the blackness
+of pitch and the whiteness of snow, the colours that distinguish night
+and day. Both of these hues Apollo has given to the birds he loves,
+white to the swan and black to the crow. Would he had given the latter
+a voice like the sweet song he has conferred upon the swan, that so
+fair a bird, so far excelling all the fowls of the air, might not
+live, as now he lives, voiceless, the darling of the god of eloquence,
+but himself mute and tongueless.' When the crow heard that, though
+possessed of so many qualities, there yet lacked this one, he was
+seized with a desire to utter as loud a cry as possible, that the swan
+might not have the advantage of him in this respect at any rate, and
+forgetting the morsel which he held in his beak, he opened his mouth
+to its widest extent, and thus lost by his song what his wings had won
+him, while the fox recovered by craft what his feet had lost him. Let<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">217</a></span>
+us reduce this fable to the smallest number of words possible. The
+crow, to prove himself musical&mdash;for the fox pretended that this, the
+absence of a voice, was the sole slur on such exquisite beauty&mdash;began
+to croak, and delivered over the spoil which he carried in his mouth
+to the enemy who had thus ensnared him.</p>
+
+
+<h3><i>A transition from Greek to Latin.</i></h3>
+
+<p><a name="F26" id="F26"></a>26. I have known for a long time what it is your demonstrations
+demand: namely, that I should deal with the rest of my material in
+Latin. For I remember that at the very beginning, when you were
+divided in opinion, I promised that neither party among you, neither
+those who insisted on Greek nor those who insisted on Latin, should go
+away without hearing the language he desired. Wherefore, if it seems
+good to you, let us consider that my speech has been Attic long
+enough. It is time to migrate from Greece to Latium. For we are now
+almost half through our inquiry and, as far as I can see, the second
+half does not yield to the first part which I have delivered in Greek.
+It is as strong in argument, as full of epigram, as rich in
+illustration and as admirable in style.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">219</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="NOTES_A" id="NOTES_A"></a>NOTES</h2>
+
+
+<h3 class="pad">THE APOLOGIA</h3>
+
+<p><a name="NA1" id="NA1"></a><a href="#A1"><span class="smcap">Chapter 1.</span></a> <i>Claudius Maximus</i>, proconsul of Africa, is spoken of as
+having succeeded Lollianus Avitus. Lollianus Avitus was consul in 144
+<span class="smcap">a.d.</span> As ten to thirteen years usually elapsed between tenure of the
+consulate and proconsulate, Lollianus Avitus may have been proconsul
+154-7 <span class="smcap">a.d.</span>, and Claudius Maximus 155-8 <span class="smcap">a.d.</span></p>
+
+<p><i>gentlemen who sit beside him on the bench.</i> The governor of the
+province, when holding his assize, would be assisted by a <i>consilium</i>
+of assessors drawn partly from his staff, partly from the local
+<i>conventus civium Romanorum</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Granii.</i> Nothing is known of this suit. Granii are mentioned as
+connexions of Lollius Urbicus (C.I.L. viii. 6705).</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA2" id="NA2"></a><a href="#A2"><span class="smcap">Chapter 2.</span></a> <i>Lollius Urbicus</i> is described a few lines lower down as
+<i>praefectus urbi</i>, which is borne out by an inscription (C.I.L. vi.
+28). The lawsuit of Aemilianus must therefore have been heard at Rome.
+The explanation of the words <i>quam quidem vocem</i>, &amp;c., which follow,
+imply that Lollius was now in Numidia. This is possible enough since
+an inscription (C.I.L. viii. 6705) proves him to have been a native of
+Tiddis in Numidia. The <i>praefectus urbi</i> was assisted by a
+<i>consilium</i>, not by <i>iudices</i>. Here the members of the <i>consilium</i> are
+described as <i>consulares</i>. [Cp. Karlowa, R&ouml;m. Rechtgesch., p. 551.]</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA4" id="NA4"></a><a href="#A4"><span class="smcap">Chapter 4.</span></a> <i>not merely in Latin but also in Greek.</i> Cp. Florida,
+chaps. <a href="#F18">18</a> and <a href="#F26">26</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tannonius Pudens</i>, an advocatus of the accusers and, presumably, a
+relative.</p>
+
+<p><i>Homer</i>, sc. Il. iii. 65.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">220</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Pythagoras</i>, inventor of the term <span lang="el" title="Greek: philosophia">&#966;&#953;&#955;&#959;&#963;&#959;&#966;&#8055;&#945;</span>; cp. Diog.
+Laert. i, proem. 12. He was a native of Samos and migrated to Croton.
+See <a href="#F15">Florida, chap. 15</a>. Floruit circa 530 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p>
+
+<p><i>Zeno</i> of Velia or Elea in Lucania was the founder of dialectic.
+Floruit circa 450 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p>
+
+<p><i>self inconsistency.</i> The phrase <i>argumenta ambifariam dissolvere</i> is
+very obscure. I am indebted to Professor Cook Wilson for the following
+note. 'A comparison of the passage with the captious argument of
+Protagoras (<a href="#F17">Florida, chap. 17</a>, <i>ambifariam proposuit</i>), which is in
+the form of a dilemma, might suggest that <i>ambifariam</i> in both places
+means "by dilemma". But this is not a natural way of describing the
+method of Zeno. The characteristic of his philosophy was, according to
+tradition, that he tried to prove the thesis of Parmenides negatively
+by disproving the hypothesis contradictory to it. The disproof
+consisted in showing that the hypothesis in question involved a
+contradiction. If, therefore, <i>ambifariam</i> means "by dilemma" it would
+appear that Apuleius did not understand the true characteristic of
+Zeno's method; for <i>dissolvere</i> should refer to Zeno's method of
+disproof, which is not properly called dilemma.</p>
+
+<p>'But perhaps it is not necessary to assume such a mistake on the part
+of Apuleius. <i>Ambifariam</i> may mean "ambiguously" in the sense of
+involving both sides of a contradiction (i.e. both of two
+contradictory propositions). This would suit the Protagoras passage
+well, for the argument, as the context shows, involves a
+contradiction. Zeno's argumentation also could be correctly described
+as <i>ambifariam dissolvere</i>, because he refuted the thesis opposed to
+that of Parmenides by showing that it involves a contradiction. Then
+the meaning of the passage would be that Zeno's cleverness
+(<i>sollertissimum artificium</i>) lay in the use of the <i>reductio ad
+absurdum</i> argument. In that case the translation would be as given in
+the text.' I find a confirma<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">221</a></span>tion of Professor Cook Wilson's view in
+the following line, cited from Timon of Phlius by Diog. Laert. ix. v.
+2, where the word <span lang="el" title="Greek: amphoterogl&ocirc;ssos">&#7936;&#956;&#966;&#959;&#964;&#949;&#961;&#8057;&#947;&#955;&#969;&#963;&#963;&#959;&#962;</span> is used with reference to
+Zeno's methods of argument, sc. <span lang="el" title="Greek: amphoterogl&ocirc;ssou te mega
+sthenos ouk alapadnon">&#7936;&#956;&#966;&#959;&#964;&#949;&#961;&#959;&#947;&#955;&#8061;&#963;&#963;&#959;&#965; &#964;&#949; &#956;&#8051;&#947;&#945; &#963;&#952;&#8051;&#957;&#959;&#962; &#959;&#8016;&#954; &#7936;&#955;&#945;&#960;&#945;&#948;&#957;&#8057;&#957;</span>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Plato</i>, sc. Parmenides, 127<i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>capital charge.</i> There is an untranslatable pun here, <i>capitalis</i>
+bearing the double meaning 'capital' and 'pertaining to the head'.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA5" id="NA5"></a><a href="#A5"><span class="smcap">Chapter 5.</span></a> <i>Statius Caecilius</i>, one of the most famous writers of
+comedy. He died 168 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="NA6" id="NA6"></a><a href="#A6"><span class="smcap">Chapter 6.</span></a> <i>tooth-powder</i>, clearly a magical compound according to the
+accusers.</p>
+
+<p><i>Catullus</i>, sc. xxxix. 17-21.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA7" id="NA7"></a><a href="#A7"><span class="smcap">Chapter 7.</span></a> <i>the barrier of the teeth.</i> Homer, Odyss. i. 64.
+</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA8" id="NA8"></a><a href="#A8"><span class="smcap">Chapter 8.</span></a> <i>the crocodile.</i> See Herodotus ii. 68.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA9" id="NA9"></a><a href="#A9"><span class="smcap">Chapter 9.</span></a> <i>Teian</i>, sc. Anacreon, circa 520 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p>
+
+<p><i>Lacedaemonian</i>, sc. Alcman, circa 650 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p>
+
+<p><i>Cean</i>, sc. Simonides, circa 520 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p>
+
+<p><i>Lesbian</i>, sc. Sappho, circa 600 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p>
+
+<p><i>Aedituus</i>, <i>Porcius</i>, <i>Catulus</i>, erotic epigrammatists of the
+Republican period, 130-100 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> The latter was Marius' colleague in
+the Cimbrian wars.</p>
+
+<p><i>Solon.</i> The line ascribed to Solon is almost too gross in the
+original to be genuine.</p>
+
+<p><i>Diogenes</i>, the founder of the Cynic school (died 324 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>), wrote
+'concerning marriage and the begetting of children' in an erotic
+fashion. Diog. Laert. vi. 2. 12.</p>
+
+<p><i>Zeno</i> of Citium, founder of the Stoic school (died 264 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>), wrote
+an 'art of love'. Diog. Laert. vii. 21. 29.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA10" id="NA10"></a><a href="#A10"><span class="smcap">Chapter 10.</span></a> <i>Ticidas</i>, an erotic poet, contemporary with Catullus and,
+like him, belonging to the Alexandrian school.</p>
+
+<p><i>Lucilius</i>, the first of Rome's great satirists (148-103 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>),<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">222</a></span>
+famous for the extraordinary vigour with which he lashed the vices of
+the age. The allusion in the present passage is unknown, though a
+fragment is preserved containing the name of Macedo and possibly also
+of Gentius (cp. Baehrens, Fragm. Poet. Rom., p. 168).</p>
+
+<p><i>the Mantuan poet.</i> Vergil, Ecl. ii.</p>
+
+<p><i>Serranus</i>, the cognomen of Atilius Regulus, consul 257 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, the
+famous Regulus of the first Punic war.</p>
+
+<p><i>Curius</i> Dentatus, thrice consul, and victor over the Samnites and
+Pyrrhus.</p>
+
+<p><i>Fabricius</i>, general in the war against Pyrrhus. Consul in 282 and 278
+<span class="smcap">b.c.</span> These three great soldiers were selected as types of Roman
+virtue. Cp. Verg. Aen. vi. 485.</p>
+
+<p><i>Dion</i>, brother-in-law and son-in-law of Dionysius II, tyrant of
+Syracuse, the friend and pupil of Plato, and for a brief space tyrant
+of Syracuse.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA11" id="NA11"></a><a href="#A11"><span class="smcap">Chapter 11.</span></a> <i>Catullus</i> xvi. 5.</p>
+
+<p><i>Hadrian</i>, Emperor, 117-138 <span class="smcap">a.d.</span></p>
+
+<p><i>Voconius</i>, mentioned here only.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA12" id="NA12"></a><a href="#A12"><span class="smcap">Chapter 12.</span></a> <i>Venus is not one goddess but two.</i> For this doctrine see
+Plato's Symposium, p. 181.</p>
+
+<p><i>Afranius</i>, the most famous writer of purely Roman comedy (<i>fabulae
+togatae</i>), floruit circa 110 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="NA13" id="NA13"></a><a href="#A13"><span class="smcap">Chapter 13.</span></a> <i>Ennius</i> (239-169 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>), the 'father of Roman Poetry'. Cp.
+Cic. de Or. ii. 156 'ac sic decrevi philosophari potius ut Neoptolemus
+apud Ennium "paucis: nam omnino haud placet"'.</p>
+
+<p><i>the mirror</i>, clearly regarded by the accusers, though Apuleius does
+not say so, as a magical instrument.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA15" id="NA15"></a><a href="#A15"><span class="smcap">Chapter 15.</span></a> <i>The Lacedaemonian Agesilaus</i>, the greatest of the Spartan
+kings, 440-360 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> Cp. Cic. ad Fam. v. 12.</p>
+
+<p><i>Socrates.</i> Cp. Diog. Laert. ii. 5, 33.</p>
+
+<p><i>Demosthenes</i> and <i>Plato</i>. Cp. Quint. xii. 2. 22 and 10. 23.</p>
+
+<p><i>Eubulides</i>, a sophist of Miletus. Cp. Diog. Laert. ii. 10. 4.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">223</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>the orator when he wrangles</i>, &amp;c. The pun on <i>iurgari</i>, 'wrangles,'
+and <i>obiurgari</i>, 'rebukes,' can scarcely be reproduced. 'Disproves'
+and 'disapproves' would weaken the translation.</p>
+
+<p><i>Epicurus</i> of Samos, born 342 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> For his views on vision cp. Lucret.
+iv. 156, on mirrors, 293.</p>
+
+<p><i>Plato.</i> Cp. Timaeus, p. 46 <span class="smcap">a</span>, 'Within the eyes they (the gods)
+planted that variety of fire which does not burn, but it is called
+light homogeneous with the light without. We are enabled to see in the
+daytime, because the light within our eyes pours out through the
+centre of them and commingles with the light without. The two being
+thus confounded together transmit movements from every object they
+touch through the eye inward to the soul, and thus bring about the
+sensation of the sight.' Grote's Plato iii. 265.</p>
+
+<p><i>Archytas</i> of Tarentum, a Pythagorean (circa 400 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>). <i>The
+Stoics</i>&mdash;believed that sight consisted in a refined fluid or visual
+effluence proceeding from the central intelligence through the eyes.
+'In the process of seeing, the <span lang="el" title="Greek: horatikon pneuma">&#8001;&#961;&#945;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#8056;&#957; &#960;&#957;&#949;&#8166;&#956;&#945;</span> (visual
+effluence) coming into the eyes from the <span lang="el" title="Greek: h&ecirc;gemonikon">&#7969;&#947;&#949;&#956;&#959;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#8057;&#957;</span> (central
+intelligence) gives a spherical form to the air before the eye by
+virtue of its <span lang="el" title="Greek: tonik&ecirc; kin&ecirc;sis">&#964;&#959;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#8052; &#954;&#8055;&#957;&#951;&#963;&#953;&#962;</span> (i.e. the tension it sets up),
+and by means of the sphere of air comes in contact with things; and
+since by this process rays of light emanate from the eye, darkness
+must be visible.' Zeller, The Stoics, Epicureans, and Sceptics, p.
+209, note. Cp. Plut. Plac. Phil. iv. 15.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA16" id="NA16"></a><a href="#A16"><span class="smcap">Chapter 16.</span></a> <i>two rival images of the sun.</i> Apparently an allusion to
+the phenomenon of mock suns. Archimedes had, according to Apuleius,
+treated of the rainbow and the mock sun in connexion with his
+researches into mirrors.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA17" id="NA17"></a><a href="#A17"><span class="smcap">Chapter 17.</span></a> <i>Marcus Antonius</i>, the orator, born 143 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, Consul 99
+<span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p>
+
+<p><i>Carbo</i>, consul 85-82 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, one of the leaders of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">224</a></span> Marian party
+and the chief opponent of Sulla after Marius' death.</p>
+
+<p><i>Manius Curius.</i> See <a href="#NA10">note on chap. 10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Marcus Cato</i>, consul in 195 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, conducted a successful campaign in
+Spain in that and the following year.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA18" id="NA18"></a><a href="#A18"><span class="smcap">Chapter 18.</span></a> <i>Aristides</i>, the Athenian statesman and general, surnamed
+the just, died circa 468 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p>
+
+<p><i>Phocion</i>, an Athenian general and statesman, born 402 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, died 317
+<span class="smcap">b.c.</span> He was famous for his virtue and his poverty.</p>
+
+<p><i>Epaminondas</i>, the great Theban general who fell at Mantinea, 362 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>
+He was of noble birth but poor.</p>
+
+<p><i>Fabricius.</i> See <a href="#NA10">note on chap. 10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Gnaeus Scipio.</i> Cp. Val. Max. iv. 4. 10. 'In the second Punic war
+Gnaeus Scipio wrote to the senate from Spain, begging that he might be
+replaced in his command. For his daughter was now of marriageable age,
+but could not be provided with a dowry during his absence from Rome.'</p>
+
+<p><i>Publicola</i> (<i>Valerius</i>), colleague of Brutus in the consulship in the
+first year of the Republic.</p>
+
+<p><i>Agrippa</i>, Menenius, consul 503 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, mediator between the <i>plebs</i> and
+the nobles in 493 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, in which year he died.</p>
+
+<p><i>Atilius Regulus.</i> See <a href="#NA10">note on <i>Serranus</i>, chap. 10</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA20" id="NA20"></a><a href="#A20"><span class="smcap">Chapter 20.</span></a> <i>Philus</i>, a sceptical academician, one of the circle of
+Scipio Africanus the younger.</p>
+
+<p><i>Laelius</i>, the intimate friend of the younger Africanus.</p>
+
+<p><i>Crassus</i>, the famous financier, triumvir with Caesar and Pompey.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA22" id="NA22"></a><a href="#A22"><span class="smcap">Chapter 22.</span></a> <i>Crates.</i> See <a href="#F14">Florida 14</a> for some account of him. The rest
+of the poem on his wallet is preserved by Diog. Laert. vi. 5. 1, but
+is scarcely worth quoting.</p>
+
+<p><i>Antisthenes</i>, the founder of the Cynic school of philosophy,
+flourished circa 366 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> He was the teacher of Diogenes.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA24" id="NA24"></a><a href="#A24"><span class="smcap">Chapter 24.</span></a> <i>Lollianus Avitus.</i> See <a href="#NA1">note on Claudius Maximus, chap.
+1</a>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">225</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Anacharsis</i>, a Scythian prince who travelled far in search of
+knowledge. He came to Athens in the time of Solon and created a great
+impression by his wisdom.</p>
+
+<p><i>Meletides</i> (or more properly Melitides) was an Athenian of proverbial
+stupidity, whose name was synonymous for blockhead. Eustathius on
+Odyss. x. 552, says that he could not count above five or distinguish
+between his father and mother!</p>
+
+<p><i>Syphax</i>, king of the Massaesyli in W. Numidia, fought for the
+Carthaginians during the second Punic war, and was finally defeated
+and captured by Scipio in 203 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> After his fall <i>Masinissa</i>, King of
+the Massyli, was left supreme in Numidia.</p>
+
+<p><i>duumvir.</i> The chief magistrates in a <i>colonia</i> were styled <i>duumviri
+iure dicundo</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>the dignity of my position.</i> This is generally interpreted as meaning
+that Apuleius himself had become <i>duumvir</i>. It is more likely,
+considering his age and his continued absences from Madaura, that it
+means merely the position acquired for him by his father's
+distinguished office.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA25" id="NA25"></a><a href="#A25"><span class="smcap">Chapter 25.</span></a> <i>Magician is the Persian word for priest.</i> 'The name
+<i>magi</i> applied to all workers of miracles, strictly designates the
+priests of Mazdeism, and well-attested tradition made certain Persians
+the inventors of genuine magic, the magic which the Middle Ages styled
+the black art. If they did not invent it, for it is as old as
+humanity, they were at least the first to give magic a doctrinal basis
+and to assign it a place in a well-defined theological system.... By
+the Alexandrian period, books attributed to Zoroaster, Hostanes, and
+Hystaspes were translated into Greek.' Cumont, Les Religions
+Orientales dans le Paganisme Romain, p. 227. Cp. Pliny, N.H. xxx. 7.
+<i>Plato</i>, Alcibiades i. 121 <span class="smcap">e</span>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Zoroaster, son of Oromazes</i>, the founder of the ancient religion of
+Persia (Mazdeism).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">226</a></span></p>
+
+<p><a name="NA26" id="NA26"></a><a href="#A26"><span class="smcap">Chapter 26.</span></a> <i>Plato.</i> The allusion is to Charmides, p. 157 <span class="smcap">a</span>. Socrates
+offers Charmides a charm to cure the headache. But the charm will do
+more than cure the headache. 'I learnt it, when serving with the army,
+of one of the physicians of the Thracian King Zamolxis. He was one of
+those who are said to give immortality. This Thracian said to me ...
+"Zamolxis, our king, who is also a god, says that as you ought not to
+attempt to cure the eyes without the head or the head without the
+eyes, so neither ought you to attempt to cure the body without the
+soul,"... "For all good and evil, whether in the body or in human
+nature, originates, as he declared, in the soul, and overflows from
+thence, as from the head into the eyes. And therefore if the head and
+body are to be well, you must begin by curing the soul; that is the
+first thing. And the cure has to be effected by the use of certain
+charms, <i>and these charms are fair words</i>; and by them temperance is
+implanted in the soul, and where temperance is, there health is
+speedily implanted, not only to the head, but to the whole body."'
+(Jowett's Translation.) Apuleius scarcely makes a fair use of Plato's
+words, which he has so far detached from their context as to give them
+almost entirely a new meaning.</p>
+
+<p><i>Zamolxis</i>, probably an indigenous deity of the Getae. Greek legend
+made him a Getan slave of Pythagoras, who on manumission went home,
+became priest of the chief deity of the Getae, and taught the
+Pythagorean doctrine of the immortality of the soul.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA27" id="NA27"></a><a href="#A27"><span class="smcap">Chapter 27.</span></a> <i>Anaxagoras</i> of Clazomenae, born about 499 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> He came to
+Athens and had great influence there, being the friend of Pericles and
+Euripides. He was, however, banished for unorthodoxy and died at
+Lampsacus aged 72.</p>
+
+<p><i>Leucippus</i>, the founder of the atomic theory. His exact date and
+place of birth are uncertain.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">227</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Democritus</i> of Abdera, born about 450 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> He developed the atomic
+theory of Leucippus.</p>
+
+<p><i>Epicurus</i>, like Democritus and Leucippus, maintained the atomic
+theory. Cp. <a href="#NA15">note on chap. 15</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Epimenides</i>, a seer and prophet of Crete who purified Athens of the
+plague with which she was afflicted in consequence of the crime of
+Cylon, circa 596 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p>
+
+<p><i>Ostanes</i>, or Hostanes, a famous semi-fabulous magician of Persia.</p>
+
+<p><i>the 'purifications' of Empedocles.</i> Empedocles of Agrigentum
+(flourished circa 450 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>) wrote a poem of 3,000 lines, entitled
+'purifications' (<span lang="el" title="Greek: katharmoi">&#954;&#945;&#952;&#945;&#961;&#956;&#959;&#8055;</span>). In this he recommended good
+moral conduct as a means of averting epidemics and other evils. But as
+a fragment quoted by Diog. Laert. viii. 59, shows, he claimed also to
+have power over the winds.</p>
+
+<p><i>the 'demon' of Socrates</i>, the divine sign or voice
+(<span lang="el" title="Greek: daimonion">&#948;&#945;&#953;&#956;&#8057;&#957;&#953;&#959;&#957;</span>),
+which is represented by Socrates as having guided his
+actions, is never spoken of by him in terms that would lead us to
+suppose that he regarded it as a familiar spirit, though it is so
+treated by later writers (e.g. Plutarch, de genio Socratis, and
+Apuleius, de deo Socratis).</p>
+
+<p><i>the 'good' of Plato.</i> The reference is probably to the identification
+of <span lang="el" title="Greek: to agathon">&#964;&#8056; &#7936;&#947;&#945;&#952;&#8057;&#957;</span> with the <span lang="el" title="Greek: d&ecirc;miourgos">&#948;&#951;&#956;&#953;&#959;&#965;&#961;&#947;&#8057;&#962;</span> the creator spoken
+of in the Timaeus.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA30" id="NA30"></a><a href="#A30"><span class="smcap">Chapter 30.</span></a> <i>Vergil.</i> Cp. Ecl. viii. 64-82. Aen. iv. 513-16.</p>
+
+<p><i>the wondrous talisman.</i> The allusion is to the <i>hippomanes</i> or growth
+said to be found on the forehead of a new-born foal. Unless the mother
+was prevented she devoured it.</p>
+
+<p><i>Theocritus</i>, sc. Id. ii.</p>
+
+<p><i>Homer</i>, e.g. the adventures with Circe.</p>
+
+<p><i>Orpheus.</i> See the Orphica (Abel), <i>Fr.</i> 172; Argonaut. 955 sqq.
+Lithica 172 sqq.</p>
+
+<p><i>Laevius.</i> The MSS. give Laelius. But no poet Laelius<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">228</a></span> is known. There
+was, however, a poet <i>Laevius</i> at the beginning of the first century
+<span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p>
+
+<p><i>the lover's knot.</i> The Latin is <i>antipathes</i>, explained by Abt
+(Apologie des Apuleius, p. 103) as <i>quod mutuum affectum provocat</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>the magic wheel</i> spun rapidly to draw the beloved to the lover. Cp.
+Theocr. ii. 30. 'And as this brazen wheel spins, so may Delphis be
+spun by Aphrodite to my door.'</p>
+
+<p><i>nails.</i> Portions of the beloved were valuable ingredients in charms.
+Cp. Apul. Metamorph. bk. iii, 16, 17, where hair from the beloved's
+head is required.</p>
+
+<p><i>ribbons</i> used as fillets during the ritual. Cp. <a href="#A30">chap. 30</a>, 'soft
+garlands.'</p>
+
+<p><i>the two-tailed lizard.</i> Theocr. ii. 57, testifies to the use of the
+lizard as a love charm. A magic papyrus from Egypt (Griffiths
+Thompson, col. xiii (23), p. 97) mentions a two-tailed lizard as an
+ingredient in a charm to cause death.</p>
+
+<p><i>the charm that glads</i>, &amp;c., sc. <i>hippomanes</i>; see <a href="#NA30">note</a> on preceding
+page.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA31" id="NA31"></a><a href="#A31"><span class="smcap">Chapter 31.</span></a> <i>Homer.</i> Iliad xi. 741. Odyssey iv. 229.</p>
+
+<p><i>Proteus.</i> Odyssey iv. 364.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ulysses.</i> Odyssey xi. 25.</p>
+
+<p><i>Aeolus.</i> Odyssey x. 19.</p>
+
+<p><i>Helen.</i> Odyssey iv. 59.</p>
+
+<p><i>Circe.</i> Odyssey x. 234.</p>
+
+<p><i>Venus.</i> Iliad xiv. 214.</p>
+
+<p><i>Mercury.</i> Cp. the magic hymn contained in a magical papyrus (Papyr.
+Lond. 46. 414). 'Thou art told of as foreknower of the fates and as
+the godlike dream sending oracles both by day and night.'</p>
+
+<p><i>Trivia</i> = Hecate.</p>
+
+<p><i>Salacia</i>, a Roman sea-goddess, the wife of Neptune.</p>
+
+<p><i>Portumnus</i>, the Roman harbour-god.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA32" id="NA32"></a><a href="#A32"><span class="smcap">Chapter 32.</span></a> <i>Menelaus.</i> Hom. Odyss. iv. 368.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">229</a></span></p>
+
+<p><a name="NA35" id="NA35"></a><a href="#A35"><span class="smcap">Chapter 35.</span></a> <i>A shell for the making of a will.</i> The pun <i>testa ad
+testamentum</i> cannot be reproduced in English.</p>
+
+<p><i>seaweed for an ague.</i> Here again there is an untranslatable jest.
+<i>Alga</i> (seaweed) suggests <i>algere</i>, 'to be cold,' one of the symptoms
+of the ague (<i>querceram</i>).</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA36" id="NA36"></a><a href="#A36"><span class="smcap">Chapter 36.</span></a> <i>Theophrastus</i> of Eresus, the favourite pupil of
+Aristotle.</p>
+
+<p><i>Eudemus</i> of Rhodes, also a disciple of Aristotle.</p>
+
+<p><i>Lycon</i> of Troas, a distinguished Peripatetic philosopher (floruit
+circa 272 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>).</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA39" id="NA39"></a><a href="#A39"><span class="smcap">Chapter 39.</span></a> <i>Quintus Ennius</i>, 239-169 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> The lines which follow are
+all that survive of the Hedyphagetica. They seem to be closely
+imitated from the Gastronomia of Archestratus quoted by Athenaeus iii,
+pp. 92. 300. 318. There is great uncertainty as to the text, and but
+few of the fish mentioned can be identified with any certainty.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA40" id="NA40"></a><a href="#A40"><span class="smcap">Chapter 40.</span></a> <i>Homer.</i> Odyssey xix. 456.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA41" id="NA41"></a><a href="#A41"><span class="smcap">Chapter 41.</span></a> <i>And yet it is a greater crime</i>, &amp;c. An allusion to the
+vegetarianism of the Pythagoreans and others.</p>
+
+<p><i>Nicander</i> of Colophon, an Alexandrian didactic poet.
+The <span lang="el" title="Greek: th&ecirc;riaka">&#952;&#951;&#961;&#953;&#945;&#954;&#8049;</span> survives, is over 1,000 lines long, and deals with the bites
+of wild beasts.</p>
+
+<p><i>Plato.</i> The words are not actually found in Plato's extant works;
+Apuleius is probably slightly misquoting Timaeus 59<i>c</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA42" id="NA42"></a><a href="#A42"><span class="smcap">Chapter 42.</span></a> <i>Varro</i> (Marcus Terentius), 116-28 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> The most learned
+and voluminous of Roman authors.</p>
+
+<p><i>an image of Mercury.</i> Clearly the reference is to some such practice
+as that of 'screeing' in the ink-pool. Cp. Kinglake, Eothen, chap. 18.</p>
+
+<p><i>Cato</i> (the famous Marcus Cato, see <a href="#NA17">chap. 17, note</a>) was priest of
+Apollo and received offerings to the god.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA43" id="NA43"></a><a href="#A43"><span class="smcap">Chapter 43.</span></a> <i>Plato.</i> Sympos. 202, where <span lang="el" title="Greek: daimones">&#948;&#945;&#8055;&#956;&#959;&#957;&#949;&#962;</span> are spoken
+of as powers 'which interpret and convey to the gods<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">230</a></span> the prayers and
+sacrifices of men and to men the commands and rewards of gods.' Also
+cp. de deo Socratis, chap. 6.</p>
+
+<p><i>fair and unblemished of body.</i> Beauty and virginity are insisted on
+in various passages in the magical papyri (see Abt op. cit., p. 185)
+as necessary in the boy through whom the god is to speak. Cp. also
+Benvenuto Cellini's Autobiography (Symond's Translation, p. 126, ed.
+1901).</p>
+
+<p><i>Pythagoras.</i> 'I think also it was said by the Pythagoreans respecting
+those who teach for the sake of reward, that they show themselves to
+be worse than statuaries or those artists who perform their work
+sitting. For these, when some one orders them to make a statue of
+Hermes, search for wood adapted to the reception of the proper form;
+but those pretend that they can readily produce the works of virtue
+from every nature.' Iamblichus, Life of Pythagoras, chap. 34 (Taylor's
+Translation).</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA44" id="NA44"></a><a href="#A44"><span class="smcap">Chapter 44.</span></a> <i>as might fairly be produced at a sacrifice</i>, &amp;c. The
+divination is preceded by sacrifice just as in Benvenuto Cellini (loc.
+cit.) the sorcerer first burns incense. The head is touched as being
+the source from which the oracle is to proceed (<i>arx et regia</i>, chap.
+50). The clean robe is necessary, to ritual purity and is mentioned
+more than once in the magic papyri.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA45" id="NA45"></a><a href="#A45"><span class="smcap">Chapter 45.</span></a> <i>Gagates</i> is, according to Pliny, N.H. xxxvi. 141, 2, a
+black smooth stone, resembling pumice. It is light and fragile and
+differs but little from wood. When powdered it emits a strong odour;
+when burned it smells sulphurous, and, wonderful to relate, it is
+kindled by water and extinguished by oil.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA47" id="NA47"></a><a href="#A47"><span class="smcap">Chapter 47.</span></a> <i>Twelve Tables.</i> In this, the earliest Roman code,
+punishment was imposed on any person <i>qui fruges excantassit</i>, or <i>qui
+malum carmen incantassit</i>. Pliny, N.H. xxviii. 2. 17.</p>
+
+<p><i>Quindecimvirs.</i> The <i>quindecimviri sacris faciundis</i> were priests of
+Apollo and had charge of the Sibylline books.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">231</a></span></p>
+
+<p><a name="NA49" id="NA49"></a><a href="#A49"><span class="smcap">Chapter 49.</span></a> <i>The Timaeus</i>, pp. 82-6.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>three powers that make up the soul</i> are those mentioned in the
+Timaeus, 35 sqq., i.e. <i>Same</i>, <i>Other</i>, and <i>Essence</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA50" id="NA50"></a><a href="#A50"><span class="smcap">Chapter 50.</span></a> <i>The Comitial sickness</i>, so called because, if a case of
+epilepsy occurred during the meeting of the <i>comitia</i>, the assembly
+was immediately broken up.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA51" id="NA51"></a><a href="#A51"><span class="smcap">Chapter 51.</span></a> <i>The Problems.</i> Aristot. Fr. ed. Rose, p. 181.</p>
+
+<p><i>Theophrastus</i>, cp. fragm. 175<i>w</i>. Diog. Laert. v. 2. 13.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA52" id="NA52"></a><a href="#A52"><span class="smcap">Chapter 52.</span></a> <i>Thallus contracts his hands</i>, &amp;c. 'Thallus manus
+contrahit, tu patronos.' The pun is (<i>a</i>) bad and (<i>b</i>) untranslatable
+into reasonably good English. The literal meaning is 'Thallus
+contracts his hands, you collect advocates'.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA55" id="NA55"></a><a href="#A55"><span class="smcap">Chapter 55.</span></a> <i>The comrades of Ulysses</i>, &amp;c. Odyss. x. 28-55.</p>
+
+<p><i>Aesculapius.</i> Cp. <a href="#F18">Florida 18</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>the mysteries of father Liber.</i> The mysterious object is probably the
+mystic casket (<i>cista</i>) containing the <span lang="el" title="Greek: phallos">&#966;&#8049;&#955;&#955;&#959;&#962;</span>, emblem of
+fertility.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA56" id="NA56"></a><a href="#A56"><span class="smcap">Chapter 56.</span></a> <i>The followers of Orpheus and Pythagoras</i> abstained from
+the slaying of animals for the service of man. Cp. Herodotus ii. 81.</p>
+
+<p><i>Mezentius.</i> Cp. Verg. Aen. vii. 647 'contemptor divom'.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA57" id="NA57"></a><a href="#A57"><span class="smcap">Chapter 57.</span></a> <i>Ulysses.</i> Odyss i. 58.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA62" id="NA62"></a><a href="#A62"><span class="smcap">Chapter 62.</span></a> <i>High and low through all the town.</i> The pun on <i>oppido</i>,
+'exceedingly,' and <i>oppido</i>, 'town,' does not admit of reproduction.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA64" id="NA64"></a><a href="#A64"><span class="smcap">Chapter 64.</span></a> <i>The Phaedrus</i>, 247. 'For the immortal souls, when they
+are at the end of their course, go out and stand upon the back of
+heaven, and the revolution of the spheres carries them round and they
+behold the world beyond. Now of the heaven which is above the heavens,
+no earthly poet has sung or ever will sing in a worthy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">232</a></span> manner. But I
+must tell, for I am bound to speak truly when speaking of the truth.
+The colourless and formless and intangible essence is visible to the
+mind, which is the only lord of the soul. Circling around this in the
+region above the heavens is the place of true knowledge.' (Jowett's
+Translation).</p>
+
+<p><i>The King.</i> The passage quoted is from Plato, Epist. ii, p. 312 (403).
+It goes on to say 'and he is the cause of all things that are
+beautiful'. Compare the <span lang="el" title="Greek: nous basileus">&#957;&#959;&#8166;&#962; &#946;&#945;&#963;&#953;&#955;&#949;&#8059;&#962;</span> identified with the
+cosmic soul in the Philebus 29<span class="smcap">e</span>-30<span class="smcap">a</span>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA65" id="NA65"></a><a href="#A65"><span class="smcap">Chapter 65.</span></a> <i>The Laws</i>, pp. 955, 6. It is possible that
+<span lang="el" title="Greek: monoxylon">&#956;&#959;&#957;&#8057;&#958;&#965;&#955;&#959;&#957;</span> may mean 'of one wood only'.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA66" id="NA66"></a><a href="#A66"><span class="smcap">Chapter 66.</span></a> <i>Marcus Antonius</i>, <i>Cnaeus Carbo</i>, &amp;c. Of these <i>causes
+c&eacute;l&egrave;bres</i> nothing is known worthy of mention here. Apuleius errs in
+saying that Mucius accused Albucius. As a matter of fact Albucius
+accused Mucius on the ground of extortion. Cp. Cic. Brut. 26. 102. For
+the suit between Metellus and Curio cp. Ascon. in Cornel. 63. Cnaeus
+Norbanus should probably be Caius Norbanus, and Caius Furius, Lucius
+Fufius. Cp. Cic. de Off. ii. 14. 49, de Or. ii. 21. 89, and Cic. Brut.
+62. 222, de Off. ii. 14. 50.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA73" id="NA73"></a><a href="#A73"><span class="smcap">Chapter 73.</span></a> <i>A discourse in public.</i> Fragments of such discourses are
+to be found in the Florida.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA75" id="NA75"></a><a href="#A75"><span class="smcap">Chapter 75.</span></a> <i>His gold rings.</i> By the time of Hadrian the wearing of a
+gold ring (<i>ius anuli aurei</i>) was no more than a sign of free birth,
+and the only privilege conferred was that of obtaining office. See
+<i>Anulus</i>, Dict. Ant.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA78" id="NA78"></a><a href="#A78"><span class="smcap">Chapter 78.</span></a> <i>When you dance in those characters.</i> Tragedy proper had
+been replaced on the Roman stage by the <i>saltica fabula</i>, in which the
+<i>pantomimus</i> executed a mimetic dance illustrating a libretto sung by
+a chorus.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA81" id="NA81"></a><a href="#A81"><span class="smcap">Chapter 81.</span></a> <i>Palamedes</i> was famous for having detected the pretended
+madness of Ulysses, by which he sought to avoid going upon the
+expedition to Troy. Ulysses was ploughing and Palamedes placed the
+infant Telemachus<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">233</a></span> in front of the ploughshare. Ulysses revealed his
+sanity by stopping the plough.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sisyphus</i>, King of Corinth, was famous as a master of all manner of
+deceit, outwitting even the arch-thief Autolycus. He was finally cast
+into Tartarus for having discovered the amour of Zeus with the nymph
+Aegina.</p>
+
+<p><i>Eurybates</i> (or Eurybatus) coupled with Phrynondas by Plato
+(Protagoras 327). He was an Ephesian sent by Croesus to Greece with a
+large sum of money to hire mercenaries. He betrayed his trust and went
+over to Cyrus.</p>
+
+<p><i>Phrynondas</i>, a stranger (probably a Boeotian) who lived at Athens
+during the Peloponnesian war and became proverbial as a scoundrel.</p>
+
+<p><i>clowns and pantaloons.</i> <i>Maccus</i> and <i>Bucco</i> were stock characters in
+the Atellan farce.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA85" id="NA85"></a><a href="#A85"><span class="smcap">Chapter 85.</span></a> <i>The viper.</i> This superstition arises from the fact that
+the viper does not lay eggs, but is viviparous.</p>
+
+<p><i>a well-known line.</i> The author is unknown.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA87" id="NA87"></a><a href="#A87"><span class="smcap">Chapter 87.</span></a> <i>Quite at home in Greek.</i> See <a href="#NA4">note on chap. 4</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA88" id="NA88"></a><a href="#A88"><span class="smcap">Chapter 88.</span></a> <i>The line so well known in comedy.</i> The reading nearest to
+the MSS. would be <span lang="el" title="Greek: paid&ocirc;n ep' apot&ocirc;, gn&ecirc;si&ocirc;n epi spora">&#960;&#945;&#8055;&#948;&#969;&#957; &#7952;&#960;&#8217; &#7936;&#960;&#8057;&#964;&#8179;, &#947;&#957;&#951;&#963;&#8055;&#969;&#957; &#7952;&#960;&#8055; &#963;&#960;&#959;&#961;&#8119;</span> (Van
+der Vliet). Unless, however, the phrase <span lang="el" title="Greek: paid&ocirc;n ep' apot&ocirc; gn&ecirc;si&ocirc;n">&#960;&#945;&#8055;&#948;&#969;&#957; &#7952;&#960;&#8217; &#7936;&#960;&#8057;&#964;&#8179; &#947;&#957;&#951;&#963;&#8055;&#969;&#957;</span> is a stock phrase which occurred in more than one comedy,
+which might perhaps be argued from the plural <i>comoediis</i>, there can
+be no doubt that the words <span lang="el" title="Greek: epi spora">&#7952;&#960;&#8055; &#963;&#960;&#959;&#961;&#8119;</span> are interpolated,
+inasmuch as the line occurs in the fragment of the
+<span lang="el" title="Greek: perikeiromen&ecirc;">&#960;&#949;&#961;&#953;&#954;&#949;&#953;&#961;&#959;&#956;&#8051;&#957;&#951;</span> of Menander, discovered at Oxyrhynchus by Drs.
+Greenfell and Hunt (Ox. Pap. ii, No. 211, p. 11 sqq.), and runs as
+follows</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="poem">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<span style="margin-left: 6.5em;"><span lang="el" title="Greek: taut&ecirc;n gn&ecirc;si&ocirc;n">&#964;&#945;&#8059;&#964;&#951;&#957; &#947;&#957;&#951;&#963;&#8055;&#969;&#957;</span></span><br />
+<span lang="el" title="Greek: paid&ocirc;n ep' apot&ocirc; soi did&ocirc;mi. Pol. lamban&ocirc;">&#960;&#945;&#8055;&#948;&#969;&#957; &#7952;&#960;&#8217; &#7936;&#960;&#8057;&#964;&#8179; &#963;&#959;&#953; &#948;&#8055;&#948;&#969;&#956;&#953;. &#928;&#959;&#955;. &#955;&#945;&#956;&#946;&#8049;&#957;&#969;</span>.<br />
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><i>Serranus.</i> See <a href="#NA10">note on chap. 10</a>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">234</a></span></p>
+
+<p><a name="NA89" id="NA89"></a><a href="#A89"><span class="smcap">Chapter 89.</span></a> <i>Multiplying by four.</i> The pun in the word <i>quadruplator</i>
+cannot be reproduced in English. The name was given to a public
+informer who sued for a fourfold penalty.</p>
+
+<p><i>a slip in the gesture.</i> Bede (Op. Colon., <span class="smcap">mdcxii</span>, vol. i, p. 132 <i>b</i>)
+says, 'When you say ten, you will place the nail of the forefinger
+against the middle joint of the thumb, when you say thirty, you will
+join the nails of thumb and forefinger in a gentle embrace.' Here the
+MSS. read <i>adperisse</i>, which suggests <i>aperuisse</i>. But <i>aperuisse</i>
+does not naturally express the gesture described by Bede, and Helm's
+emendation <i>adgessisse</i> seems necessary.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA90" id="NA90"></a><a href="#A90"><span class="smcap">Chapter 90.</span></a> <i>Carmendas</i>, <i>Damigeron</i>, &amp;c. <i>Carmendas</i> is unknown.
+<i>Damigeron</i> is mentioned elsewhere as a magician (Tertull. de Anima,
+57), but nothing is known of him. <i>Moses</i> appears as a magician in the
+magical papyri (Griffiths Thompson pap. col. v, p. 47 (13)). The
+miracles wrought by Moses in Egypt sufficiently account for this.
+<i>Jannes</i>, one of the Egyptian magicians worsted by Moses. Cp. Epistle
+to Timothy ii. 3. 8. <i>Apollobex</i>, a magician named <i>Apollobeches</i> is
+mentioned by Pliny, N.H. xxx. 9, as also is <i>Dardanus</i>. For <i>Ostanes</i>
+and <i>Zoroaster</i> see chaps. <a href="#NA25">25</a> and <a href="#NA27">27</a>, notes.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA95" id="NA95"></a><a href="#A95"><span class="smcap">Chapter 95.</span></a> <i>Cato</i>, the earliest of the great orators of Rome: for his
+excellences see Cicero, Brutus, 65 sqq. (Cp. <a href="#NA17">note on chap. 17</a>).</p>
+
+<p><i>Laelius</i>, see <a href="#NA20">note on chap. 20</a>. Cicero selects <i>lenitas</i> as the chief
+characteristic of his style (de Orat. iii. 7. 28).</p>
+
+<p><i>Gracchus</i> (Caius Sempronius) was famous for the fire of his oratory
+(cp. Cic. Brut. 125, 126, de Orat. iii. 56. 214).</p>
+
+<p><i>Caesar</i> is generally praised chiefly for <i>elegantia</i> in his oratory,
+rather than for his warmth (cp. Cic. Brut. 252, 261, Quint. x. 1.
+114).</p>
+
+<p><i>Hortensius</i>, Cicero's chief rival: a master of the Asiatic style (cp.
+Cic. Brut. 228, 9. 302, 3. 325-8).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">235</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Calvus</i>, a contemporary of Cicero. One of the chief representatives
+of the Attic style (cp. Cic. Brut. 283).</p>
+
+<p><i>Sallust</i>, the famous historian.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA98" id="NA98"></a><a href="#A98"><span class="smcap">Chapter 98.</span></a> <i>The garb of manhood.</i> He had already assumed the <i>toga
+virilis</i>, cp. <a href="#A88">chap. 88</a>. This must be taken metaphorically = 'You let
+him behave like a man.'</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA101" id="NA101"></a><a href="#A101"><span class="smcap">Chapter 101.</span></a> <i>He who can plead in court</i>, &amp;c. There is a play on
+<i>perorare</i> (= to plead in court) and <i>exorare</i> (= to win over his
+mother by prayer).</p>
+
+<p><a name="NA102" id="NA102"></a><a href="#A102"><span class="smcap">Chapter 102.</span></a> <i>What a criminal use of love-philtres</i>, &amp;c. There is a
+pun on <i>veneficium</i> and <i>beneficium</i> which cannot be reproduced.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3><a name="NOTES_F" id="NOTES_F"></a>THE FLORIDA</h3>
+
+<p><a name="NF2" id="NF2"></a><a href="#F2"><span class="smcap">Chapter 2.</span></a> <i>Plautus.</i> Truculentus, ii. 6. 8.</p>
+
+<p><i>the great poet.</i> Homer, Iliad, iii. 12.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NF3" id="NF3"></a><a href="#F3"><span class="smcap">Chapter 3.</span></a> <i>Vergil.</i> Ecl. iii. 27.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NF4" id="NF4"></a><a href="#F4"><span class="smcap">Chapter 4.</span></a> <i>Antigenidas</i>, a famous musician of the first half of the
+fourth century <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> Others attribute the grievance to his pupil
+Ismenias. This story is also told by Dio Chrysostom xlix.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NF6" id="NF6"></a><a href="#F6"><span class="smcap">Chapter 6.</span></a> <i>Nabataea</i>, a district at the north-east end of the Red
+Sea.</p>
+
+<p><i>Arsaces</i>, a king of Persia (perhaps Artaxerxes II, 379 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>) from
+whom the Parthian kings traced their descent. Here <i>Arsacidae</i> =
+Parthians.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ityraea</i>, a district under Mount Hermon to the north of Bashan.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ganges.</i> The quotation is from Statius, Silvae, ii. 4. 25.</p>
+
+<p><i>wash gold.</i> Lat. <i>colare</i> = to strain, sift.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NF7" id="NF7"></a><a href="#F7"><span class="smcap">Chapter 7.</span></a> <i>Alexander.</i> This story of his portraits is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">236</a></span> told by many
+writers, though Lysippus is substituted for Polycletus by the more
+accurate, inasmuch as Polycletus was a sculptor of the fifth century,
+and contemporary with Pheidias! This is quite characteristic of
+Apuleius.</p>
+
+<p><i>Apelles</i>, the greatest of Greek painters, floruit circa 332 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p>
+
+<p><i>Pyrgoteles</i>, one of the most famous gem-engravers of Greece. Little
+is known of him beyond this story.</p>
+
+<p><i>the professor's gown.</i> Cp. Aulus Gellius, ix. 2, where a man with a
+long beard and huge cloak tries to persuade Herodes Atticus that he is
+a philosopher. Herodes replies, 'I see the cloak and the gown, but not
+the philosopher.'</p>
+
+<p><a name="NF9" id="NF9"></a><a href="#F9"><span class="smcap">Chapter 9.</span></a> <i>Hippias of Elis</i>, one of the early sophists (middle of the
+fifth century <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>); cp. Plat. Hipp. Min. 368 <span class="smcap">b</span>.</p>
+
+<p><i>the reciter's wand.</i> It was the custom in Greece for a reciter to
+hold in his hand a wand or <span lang="el" title="Greek: rhabdos">&#8165;&#8049;&#946;&#948;&#959;&#962;</span>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Severianus</i>, proconsul of Africa between 161 and 169 <span class="smcap">a.d.</span>, as is
+shown by the words <i>the two Caesars</i>, M. Aurelius and L. Verus.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NF10" id="NF10"></a><a href="#F10"><span class="smcap">Chapter 10.</span></a> <i>The Sun.</i> The passage quoted is from some unknown
+tragedy, perhaps a Phoenissae, cp. Eur. Phoen. 1.</p>
+
+<p><i>Mercury.</i> Those born under Mercury had a 'mercurial' disposition,
+those under Mars a 'martial' temper (cp. <i>ignita</i>).</p>
+
+<p><i>other divine influences that lie midway.</i> Cp. <a href="#NA43">note on Apologia, chap.
+43</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NF11" id="NF11"></a><a href="#F11"><span class="smcap">Chapter 11.</span></a> <i>darnel.</i> The quotation is from Vergil, Georgic i. 154.
+Cp. also Ecl. v. 37.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NF14" id="NF14"></a><a href="#F14"><span class="smcap">Chapter 14.</span></a> <i>Crates.</i> Cp. <a href="#F22">Florida 22</a>, and <a href="#A22">Apologia, chap. 22</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NF15" id="NF15"></a><a href="#F15"><span class="smcap">Chapter 15.</span></a> <i>Polycrates</i>, floruit circa 530 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p>
+
+<p><i>Pythagoras.</i> See <a href="#NA4">note on Apologia, chap. 4</a>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">237</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Pherecydes.</i> See <a href="#NA27">note on Apologia, ch. 27</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Anaximander</i>, an Ionian philosopher, born 610 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p>
+
+<p><i>Epimenides.</i> See <a href="#NA27">note on Apologia, chap. 27</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Creophylus</i>, an early epic poet, reputed author of the 'Capture of
+Oechalia', which he was said to have received from Homer as the dowry
+of the latter's daughter.</p>
+
+<p><i>Leodamas.</i> Nothing is known of this Leodamas. Apuleius may have made
+a slip and written Leodamas for Hermodamas, who is mentioned by Diog.
+Laert. viii. 2, as the descendant of Creophylus.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NF16" id="NF16"></a><a href="#F16"><span class="smcap">Chapter 16.</span></a> <i>Philemon</i> was a writer of the 'new', not the 'middle' comedy.</p>
+
+<p><i>'farewell' and 'applaud'.</i> Cp. the well-known epitaph:&mdash;'iam mea
+peracta, mox vestra agetur fabula: valete et plaudite.'</p>
+
+<p><i>Aemilianus Strabo</i> was <i>consul suffectus</i> in 156 <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> See
+Prosopographia imp. Rom. part 3. nr. 674, p. 275.</p>
+
+<p><i>while breath still</i>, &amp;c., from Vergil, Aeneid iv. 336.</p>
+
+<p><i>priesthood</i> of the province of Africa. See <a href="#INTRODUCTION">Introduction</a>, <a href="#Page_12">p. 12</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NF17" id="NF17"></a><a href="#F17"><span class="smcap">Chapter 17.</span></a> <i>Scipio Orfitus</i>, proconsul of Africa, 163, 4 <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> See
+Prosopographia imp. Rom. part 1, nr. 1184, p. 464.</p>
+
+<p><i>Orpheus to woods</i>, &amp;c., from Vergil, Eclogue vii. 56.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NF18" id="NF18"></a><a href="#F18"><span class="smcap">Chapter 18.</span></a> <i>the tragic poet.</i> Unknown.</p>
+
+<p><i>Plautus.</i> Truculentus, prologue 1-3.</p>
+
+<p><i>no rose without a thorn.</i> The Latin is <i>ubi uber, ibi tuber</i>.
+Wherever you get rich soil, there you will find pignuts.</p>
+
+<p><i>the council of Africa</i> was theoretically an association for the
+worship of the imperial house. It had some political importance,
+however, inasmuch as it might criticize the governor and forward its
+criticisms to the Emperor at Rome.</p>
+
+<p><i>Protagoras</i>, a famous sophist of Abdera (latter half of fifth
+century).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">238</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>dilemma.</i> See <a href="#NA9">note on Apologia, chap. 9</a>, <i>self-inconsistency</i>. A
+closely parallel story is told of Corax and Tisias, rhetoricians
+slightly earlier in date.</p>
+
+<p><i>Thales of Miletus</i>, the first of the great mathematicians and
+physical philosophers of Greece: one of the seven sages. He flourished
+towards the end of the seventh century <span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="NF19" id="NF19"></a><a href="#F19"><span class="smcap">Chapter 19.</span></a> <i>Asclepiades</i>, a famous physician from Bithynia, of the
+first half of the first century <span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="NF20" id="NF20"></a><a href="#F20"><span class="smcap">Chapter 20.</span></a> <i>The first cup</i>, &amp;c. The wise author of this saying was,
+according to Diog. Laert, i. 72, Anacharsis.</p>
+
+<p><i>Empedocles.</i> See <a href="#NA27">note on Apologia, chap. 27</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Epicharmus</i>, a famous comic poet of Megara in Sicily. He flourished
+early in the fifth century <span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p>
+
+<p><i>Xenocrates.</i> Diog. Laert. mentions five writers of this name, none of
+them of any great importance. It is possible that we should read
+<i>Xenophanes</i>, who, according to Diog. Laert. ix. 10, wrote <i>silli</i>, a
+form of lampoon or satire. He was the founder of the Eleatic school
+and probably flourished about 500 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="NF22" id="NF22"></a><a href="#F22"><span class="smcap">Chapter 22.</span></a> <i>Crates pure and simple</i>, i.e. by his renunciation of the
+world described in <a href="#F15">chap. 15</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="NF24" id="NF24"></a><a href="#F24"><span class="smcap">Chapter 24.</span></a> The MSS. give this as a prologue to the de deo Socratis.
+It belongs, however, manifestly to the Florida.</p>
+
+<p><i>Aristippus</i>, founder of the Cyrenaic school, a friend and younger
+contemporary of Socrates.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p class="center">
+OXFORD<br />
+<span class="sm">PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS<br />
+BY HORACE HART, M.A.<br />
+PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY</span>
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>FOOTNOTES</h2>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="pad"><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> See Introd. to my translation of <i>Metamorphoses</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> See <a href="#A68"><i>Apol.</i> 68</a> sqq.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> He regarded Plato as his master above all others. We find
+<i>Platonicus</i> attached to him as an honorific title in the MSS.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> For a vivacious exposition of this view cf. Monceaux,
+<i>Les Africains</i>. Paris, 1894.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> See the chapter on Apuleius in Norden's admirable work,
+<i>Die antike Kunstprosa</i>, Leipzig, 1898.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> I conjecture: <i>de morte cognati adolescentis subito
+tacens tanti criminis descriptione destitit, ne tamen omnino desistere
+calumnia magiam, &amp;c.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Shelley's translation.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> <i>facti</i> MSS.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> <i>et simplicia</i>, vulgo.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> MSS. <i>Laelius</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> <i>Saurae inlices bicodulae.</i> Helm, wrongly I think,
+places a comma between <i>saurae</i> and <i>inlices</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> <i>merguntur</i> MSS.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> <i>ne pergam</i> (Helm).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> <i>vocem</i> (Colvius).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> <i>seu</i> (Casaubon).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> <i>putredo</i> (conj. Helm).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> <i>a bria</i> (Hildebrand).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> <i>rictum diductum</i> (Jahn).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> <i>ructus popinam</i> (Pricaeus).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> <i>depectoribus</i> (Kronenberg).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> <i>inde</i> (Acidalius).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> <i>gratum factum</i> (Van der Vliet).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> <i>iterum</i> (Riese).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> i.e. vowels.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> <i>se ecfert&mdash;calumnia se mergit</i> (Salmasius).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> <span lang="el" title="Greek: t&ecirc;n heimarmen&ecirc;n ech&ocirc;">&#964;&#8052;&#957; &#949;&#7985;&#956;&#945;&#961;&#956;&#8051;&#957;&#951;&#957; &#7956;&#967;&#969;</span> (Rossbach).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> <i>oblivio</i> (Casaubon).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> <i>is Moses</i> (Jan. Parrhasius).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> <i>quas vel tu vel quisquis</i> (Van der Vliet). There is no
+doubt as to the sense required: the precise correction must remain
+doubtful.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> <i>quam in omnibus minor Minervae</i> (H.E.B.).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> <i>post quae</i> (Beyte).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> Omitting Helm's insertion of <i>praemium</i> after <i>quam</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> <i>semitam</i> (codd. inferiores).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> Omit <i>qui</i> inserted by Helm after <i>ut</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> <i>frondibus</i>, cod. Florent. 29. 2 man. primi
+correctoris.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> <i>inhibens</i> (Heinsius) <i>pinnarum eminus</i> (MSS.).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> <i>fulminis vicem de caelo improvisa, simul.</i> Van der
+Vliet places a comma after <i>vicem</i> and gives none after <i>improvisa</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> <i>libentius ego</i> (MSS.).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> <i>denique ceteri commemorant</i> (MSS.).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> <i>clausulae</i> vulgo.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> <i>Daedalum</i> (Kr&uuml;ger).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> <i>corvinam quidem si audias idem conantem, crocire non
+loqui.</i> The text is corrupt, Van der Vliet's suggestion probably gives
+the correct sense.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> <i>qui</i> vulgo.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> <i>Anacreonteum</i> vulgo.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> <i>ceterum multum abest</i> (MSS.).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Omitting <i>illa</i> before <i>Indiae gens est</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> <i>statos ambitus</i> (Kr&uuml;ger).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> <i>mortalibus</i> MSS. <i>late pecuniis</i> (Stewech).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> <i>loqui</i> (Van der Vliet).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> The reading is uncertain. Van der Vliet's suggestion
+seems to give the outline of the sense desired.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> <i>unam gratiam</i> vulgo.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> <i>vobis comprobari</i> (Kr&uuml;ger).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> <i>non minus uereor quam intellego</i> (Kr&uuml;ger).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> <i>nunc postea vota omnia mea</i> (MSS.).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> om. <i>honos</i> following MSS.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> <i>quantum spero</i> (MSS.).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> om. <i>et negotiosis</i> following MSS.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> <i>quid si etiam</i> (Kr&uuml;ger).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> <i>cassus labor supervacaneo studio. Plurifariam
+superatur</i>, (MSS.). The reading is uncertain, but the above
+punctuation will yield adequate sense.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> om. <i>usquam libentius</i> with MSS.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> <i>Thalem ... suasisse</i> (MSS.).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> <i>uti</i> (Beyte) <i>cognosceret more ingenii</i> (MSS.). <i>more
+ingenii</i> may be corrupt. If it may stand, it must mean 'as his nature
+prompted him', i.e. to satisfy his curiosity.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> <i>litteratoris, ruditate</i> (Kr&uuml;ger).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> <i>modificabor, tanto a vobis in maius tolletur.</i> So all
+editions before Van der Vliet. The words <i>tanto ... tolletur</i> have no
+MS. support, but some such insertion is necessary for the sense.</p></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Apologia and Florida of Apuleius
+of Madaura, by Lucius Apuleius
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@@ -0,0 +1,6584 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Apologia and Florida of Apuleius of
+Madaura, by Lucius Apuleius
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Apologia and Florida of Apuleius of Madaura
+
+Author: Lucius Apuleius
+
+Translator: H. E. Butler
+
+Release Date: August 13, 2008 [EBook #26294]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK APOLOGIA AND FLORIDA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Curtis Weyant, Linda Cantoni, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by Case Western Reserve University Preservation Department
+Digital Library)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Transcriber's Note: Out-of-order entries in the endnotes have been
+corrected.]
+
+
+
+
+THE APOLOGIA AND FLORIDA
+OF APULEIUS OF MADAURA
+
+
+TRANSLATED
+
+BY H.E. BUTLER
+
+FELLOW OF NEW COLLEGE
+
+
+OXFORD
+AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
+
+1909
+
+HENRY FROWDE, M.A.
+PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD
+LONDON, EDINBURGH, NEW YORK
+TORONTO AND MELBOURNE
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+For the purposes of this translation I have used Helm's text of the
+_Apologia_, and Van der Vliet's text of the _Florida_. Both texts are
+published by the firm of Teubner, to whom I am indebted for permission
+to use their publications as the basis of this work. Divergences from
+the text are indicated in the footnotes, and I have made a few,
+perhaps unnecessary, expurgations. For the elucidation of the magical
+portions of the _Apologia_ I am specially indebted to Abt's commentary
+(_Apologie des Apuleius_, Giessen, 1906). I also owe much to the
+articles on Apuleius in Schanz's _Geschichte der roemischen
+Litteratur_, and in Pauly-Wissowa's _Real-Encyclopaedie_, and to
+Hildebrand's commentary on the works of Apuleius (Leipzig, 1842).
+
+H.E. BUTLER.
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                        PAGE
+
+INTRODUCTION                                               5
+
+THE APOLOGIA                                              19
+
+THE FLORIDA                                              159
+
+NOTES ON THE APOLOGIA                                    219
+
+NOTES ON THE FLORIDA                                     235
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+Our authorities for the life of Apuleius are in the main the
+_Apologia_, the _Florida_, and the last book of the _Metamorphoses_.
+He has a passion for taking his audience into his confidence, and as a
+result it is not hard to reconstruct a considerable portion of his
+life. He was a native of Madaura, the modern Mdaurusch, a Numidian
+town loftily situated above the valley of the Medjerda. The town was a
+flourishing Roman colony (_Apol._ 24), and the family of Apuleius was
+among the wealthiest and most important of the town. His father
+attained to the position of _duumvir_, the highest municipal office
+(_Apol._ loc. cit.), and left his son the considerable fortune of
+2,000,000 sesterces (L20,000). As to the date of Apuleius' birth there
+is some uncertainty. But as he was the fellow student (_Florida_ 16)
+at Rome of Aemilianus Strabo (consul 156 A.D.), and was considerably
+younger than his wife Pudentilla, whom he married about 155 A.D., when
+she had 'barely passed the age of forty' (_Apol._ 89), the estimate
+which places his birth about 125 A.D. cannot be far wrong. His name is
+generally given as Lucius Apuleius, though the only authority for the
+_praenomen_ is the evidence of late MSS., and it is not improbable
+that the origin of the name is to be found in the curious
+identification of himself with Lucius, the hero of the _Metamorphoses_
+(xi. 27). At an early age the young Apuleius was sent to school at
+Carthage (_Florida_ 18), whence on attaining to manhood he proceeded
+to complete his education at Athens (_Florida_ loc. cit.). There he
+studied philosophy, rhetoric, geometry, music, and poetry (_Florida_
+20), and laid the foundations of that encyclopaedic, if superficial
+knowledge, which in after years he so delighted to parade. On leaving
+Athens he set forth on lengthy travels, in the course of which he
+spent a large portion of his patrimony (_Apol._ 23). He speaks of the
+temple of Hera at Samos as an eyewitness (_Florida_ 15), and elsewhere
+mentions a visit to Hierapolis in Phrygia (_de mundo_ 17). Returning
+from the East he came to Corinth, where--if we may accept his
+identification of himself with the Lucius of the _Metamorphoses_--he
+fell into the clutches of the priests of Isis, who played upon his
+emotional and superstitious temperament to their hearts' content. He
+was first initiated into the mysteries of Isis (_Metamorph._ xi. 23,
+24). A few days after this auspicious event the goddess appeared to
+him in a vision and bade him set forth homewards. He therefore took
+ship for Rome, where for the space of a year he dwelt, a fervent
+worshipper at the temple of Isis on the Campus Martius. Once more
+visions of the night began to afflict him; he consulted the priests
+and discovered the cause; he required yet to be initiated into the
+mysteries of Osiris. The priests of Corinth had worked upon his
+credulity to such good effect, that he found himself in serious
+financial difficulties, but by practising as a lawyer he succeeded in
+making a sufficient income to provide more than adequately for the
+expenses of this fresh initiation (_Metamorph._ xi. 28, 30). While at
+Rome he made the acquaintance of Aemilianus Strabo and Scipio Orfitus,
+men of distinguished position, whom he was to meet again when their
+official career brought them to Africa as proconsuls of that province
+(_Florida_ 16, 17).
+
+At last he returned home, and it was probably at this period of his
+career that he wrote his famous novel, the _Metamorphoses_ or _Golden
+Ass_.[1] It is based on the lost work of a certain Lucius of Patras,
+of which we have another version in the [Greek: Loukios e onos],
+falsely attributed to Lucian. He enlarged the original by the free
+insertion of sensational or humorous stories of the kind popularized
+later by the _Decameron_ of Boccaccio, above all by the insertion of
+the beautiful fairy-tale of Cupid and Psyche. And then at the end
+comes the curious personal note, where Lucius, a Greek at the outset
+of the romance, becomes strangely transformed into a native of
+Madaura.
+
+[Footnote 1: See Introd. to my translation of _Metamorphoses_.]
+
+But he did not settle down in his native town. After a time he visited
+Alexandria, and it was in the course of his return from the capital of
+Egypt that the crisis in his life occurred, to which we owe that
+remarkable human document, the _Apologia_. For on his homeward journey
+he fell sick at Oea, the modern Tripoli.[2] In this town there dwelt a
+wealthy lady, named Aemilia Pudentilla, the widow of Sicinius Amicus,
+by whom she had two sons, Sicinius Pontianus and his younger brother,
+Sicinius Pudens. Pontianus was already the friend of Apuleius; he had
+made his acquaintance at Athens; an intimacy had sprung up between
+them, and they had lived together in the same lodgings. Hearing,
+therefore, of Apuleius' sickness, he called on him at the house of
+their mutual friends the Appii, where he was lodging. The reasons for
+Pontianus' visit were somewhat remarkable. His grandfather had been
+anxious that Pudentilla should take a second husband in the person of
+his son and her brother-in-law, Sicinius Clarus, and with this end in
+view threatened to exclude her sons, whose guardian he was, from the
+possession of any of their father's property, if she married
+elsewhere. She therefore suffered herself to be betrothed to Sicinius
+Clarus, 'a boorish and decrepit old man,' but put off the marriage,
+until her father-in-law's death released her from all embarrassment.
+Pontianus and Pudens succeeded to the property, and Pudentilla felt
+herself free to take a husband of her own choice. She informed her
+sons of her intentions. Pontianus approved, but since the property
+left to himself and Pudens by their grandfather was small, and all his
+expectations of wealth depended on the ultimate inheritance of his
+mother's fortune (4,000,000 sesterces = L40,000), he was most anxious
+that his mother should marry an honest man who might reasonably be
+expected to treat his step-sons fairly. At this point, in the very
+nick of time, Apuleius was detained at Oea. Pontianus saw in him a
+heaven-sent step-father, and it was with this in his mind that he
+called upon Apuleius. He did not declare his intentions at once. He
+contented himself at first with dissuading Apuleius from pursuing his
+journey homeward till the next winter came round, and persuaded him to
+come and stay in his mother's house. Apuleius accepted his offer and
+their old intimacy revived. At last a suitable occasion offered for
+the declaration of Pontianus' wishes. Apuleius had given a public
+lecture at Oea. His audience broke into frenzied applause and begged
+Apuleius to become a citizen of their town.
+
+[Footnote 2: See _Apol._ 68 sqq.]
+
+When the audience were gone, Pontianus took Apuleius aside and, saying
+that the popular enthusiasm was a sign from heaven, begged Apuleius to
+marry Pudentilla. After much deliberation Apuleius consented, though
+the lady was neither fair to view nor young. She had been a widow for
+more than thirteen years, and was now over forty. Soon, however, he
+began to love Pudentilla for her own sake; her virtues and
+intelligence won his heart and overcame his desire for further travel.
+The marriage was duly solemnized. But it brought Apuleius no peace.
+Sicinius Aemilianus, another brother of her first husband, and
+Herennius Rufinus, the disreputable father-in-law of Pontianus, were
+both up in arms. Rufinus had hoped, through his son-in-law, to reap a
+rich harvest from Pudentilla's fortune; Aemilianus resented the
+treatment of his brother, Sicinius Clarus. They sought, therefore,
+how they might have their revenge. Their first step was to win
+Pontianus and Pudens to their side. This they succeeded in doing, in
+spite of the generous treatment accorded by Apuleius to his step-sons.
+Pontianus fell sick and died before they could carry out their
+designs. He had, moreover, repented of his baseness to his former
+friend, though death prevented him from showing what his repentance
+was worth. Pudens, however, was completely under the thumb of
+Aemilianus and Rufinus, and a number of more or less serious charges
+were brought against Apuleius in his name.
+
+He was accused of having won the heart of Pudentilla by sorcery, of
+being a man of immoral life, and of having married his elderly bride
+solely for the sake of her money. The trial took place at Sabrata
+(_Apol._ 59), the modern Zowara, lying on the coast some sixty miles
+west of Oea. The case was tried by the proconsul himself, Claudius
+Maximus. The date cannot be precisely fixed. But Claudius Maximus was
+probably proconsul at some time between the years 155-158 A.D. (see
+note on _Apol._ 1), at any rate not later than 161 A.D., since
+Antoninus Pius is mentioned as the reigning princeps (died March 161
+A.D.). Apuleius had no difficulty in disposing of the charges brought
+against him, and incidentally found an opportunity for a flamboyant
+display of the learning of which he was so proud. He may well on
+occasion have practised magic: his insatiable curiosity must assuredly
+have led him to experiment in this direction, and his subsequent
+reputation confirms these suspicions. But the specific charges of
+magic on this occasion were frivolous and absurd. In the first portion
+of the speech Apuleius plays with his accusers, mocking them from the
+heights of his superior learning. In the second portion, where he
+defends his marriage with Pudentilla and justifies his dealings with
+his step-sons, he clears himself in good earnest, nay does more than
+clear himself. For he unveils in the most merciless fashion the
+villany of his accusers--the base ingratitude of Pudens, and the
+unspeakable turpitude of Rufinus.
+
+That Apuleius was acquitted cannot be doubted. His case speaks for
+itself. But it is noteworthy that we hear of him no more at Oea, where
+he had resided for three years at the time of the trial. This
+distressing family quarrel must have caused some bitterness of
+feeling, and Augustine (_Ep._ 138. 19) mentions a quarrel with the
+inhabitants of Oea on the question of the erection of a statue in his
+honour. These facts may not improbably have led him to seek residence
+elsewhere. Be this as it may, when we next hear of him he is in
+Carthage, enjoying the highest renown as philosopher, poet, and
+rhetorician. It was during this residence at Carthage that he
+delivered the flamboyant orations of which fragments have been
+preserved to us in the _Florida_. A few of these excerpts can be
+dated. The seventeenth is written during the proconsulate of Scipio
+Orfitus in 163-164 A.D. The ninth contains a panegyric of the
+proconsul Severianus, who must have held office some time during the
+joint reign of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, 161-169 A.D. (see
+note, p. 236). The sixteenth refers to Aemilianus Strabo, who was
+consul in 156 A.D. and had not yet become proconsul of Africa. As the
+interval between holding the consulate and the proconsulate was from
+ten to thirteen years, this fragment may be dated, if not before 166,
+at any rate before 169 A.D.
+
+Apuleius won more than mere applause. Carthage decreed a statue in his
+honour (_Florida_ 16), and conferred on him the chief-priesthood of
+the province. This office entitled its holder to the first place in
+the provincial council, and was the highest honour that the province
+could bestow (_Florida_ 16). Civil office he never held (Augustine,
+_Ep._ 138. 19), perhaps never sought. His genius, it may be said with
+confidence, was far from fitting him for judicial or administrative
+functions. If we may trust Apollinaris Sidonius (_Ep._ II. 10. 5),
+Pudentilla showed herself a model wife by the passionate interest she
+took in her husband's work. 'Pudentilla was for Apuleius what Marcia
+was for Hortensius, Terentia for Cicero, Calpurnia for Piso,
+Rusticiana for Symmachus: these noble women held the lamp while their
+husbands read and meditated!' It is even possible that she bore him a
+son, as the second book of the _de Platone_ is dedicated to 'my son
+Faustinus'. Of his death we know nothing. Testimony as to his
+appearance is conflicting. His accusers (_Apol._ 4) charge him with
+being a 'handsome philosopher'. He replies that his body is worn by
+the fatigues of study and his hair as tangled as a lump of tow!
+
+His works were astonishingly numerous. Beside those already mentioned
+there have come down to us two books on the life and philosophy of
+Plato,[3] a highly rhetorical treatise on the 'Demon of Socrates', and
+a free translation of the pseudo-Aristotelian treatise 'on the
+Universe', though Apuleius is regrettably far from making due
+acknowledgement of his debt to the original. None of these works can
+be described as interesting, though the treatise on the 'Demon of
+Socrates' contains some characteristic purple passages.
+
+[Footnote 3: He regarded Plato as his master above all others. We find
+_Platonicus_ attached to him as an honorific title in the MSS.]
+
+It would, however, scarcely be an exaggeration to say that more of
+Apuleius' works have perished than survived. He has told us in the
+_Florida_ (20) that he has written dialogues, hymns, music, history,
+and satire. And we have copious references to works from his pen,
+that, perhaps fortunately, no longer exist. Beside the three poems
+which survive in the _Apologia_ and a translation of a passage of
+Menander, preserved in a manuscript once at Beauvais, but now lost
+(Baehrens, _Poet. Lat. Min._ 4, p. 104), he mentions a hymn to
+Aesculapius, written both in Latin and Greek (_Florida_ 18), and a
+panegyric in verse on the virtues of Scipio Orfitus (_Florida_ 17). He
+wrote also another novel entitled _Hermagoras_, a collection of famous
+love-stories of the past, sundry 'histories', a translation of the
+_Phaedo_, and numerous scientific works, dealing with problems of
+mathematics, music, astronomy, medicine, botany, and zoology.
+
+The glory won by Apuleius during his lifetime survived after his
+death. Augustine knows his works well. He recognizes his importance as
+a writer, but abhors him as a magician. Apuleius is a thaumaturge
+against whom the faithful need to be warned. 'The enemies of
+Christianity,' says Augustine (_Ep._ 138), 'venture to place Apuleius
+and Apollonius of Tyana on the same or even a higher level than
+Christ.' But in the same letter he speaks of him as a 'great orator'
+whose fame still lives among his fellow countrymen of Africa. Above
+all the _Golden Ass_ has kept his name alive to our own day. Even
+those who know nothing of the work as a whole, or who would relegate
+it to obscurity for its occasional gross indecency, know and love the
+story of Cupid and Psyche, if not in the original at least in many a
+work of art, and in the pages of La Fontaine, Walter Pater, or William
+Morris.
+
+As might be expected from one who left so few themes untouched,
+Apuleius is one of the most superficial of ancient writers. It has
+been well said of him by M. Paul Monceaux, 'Apulee est un de ces
+esprits encyclopediques, apres a la curee de toutes les connaissances,
+qui se rencontrent au commencement et a la fin des civilisations.' For
+the acquisition of his extraordinary reputation he needed an age and
+an audience in which learning and literature alike were decadent,
+though far from forgotten. He has none of the scientific spirit. He
+does not really understand the authors he quotes; he has no critical
+spirit, and his own investigations are prompted by indiscriminate
+curiosity. But he has vast stores of miscellaneous knowledge such as
+might delight the half-educated, and as a rhetorician he possesses a
+strange and debased brilliance, fired by an astonishing if disorderly
+imagination. The verve, the humour, and above all the welter of warmth
+and colour that characterize the _Golden Ass_ make us forgive the
+palpable degradation of the Latin language. Not less remarkable is the
+_Apologia_. There are few speeches of antiquity that give such a vivid
+impression of the character of the author and of the life of the
+society in which he moved. The style, it is true, is often bombastic
+and affected, many of the arguments are almost more puerile and absurd
+than the accusations, while the intense conceit and complacency of the
+author often make him ridiculous. A man of wide and varied knowledge,
+he has no depth of intellect. He is always half charlatan, and the
+reader is rarely free from the impression that he is taking liberties
+with the uncertain taste and ignorance of his provincial audience. But
+even the weaknesses of style and argument have their charm for the
+modern reader. For, if he never entirely fails to laugh with Apuleius,
+he certainly indulges in many a hearty laugh at him.
+
+The _Florida_ are no less superficial and bombastic, and the vanity of
+Apuleius is revealed even more remarkably than in the _Apologia_. But
+they are never long enough to be tedious, and contain much that is
+amusing, be the humour unconscious or intentional; and even if we can
+rarely give whole-hearted admiration to the style, we cannot but
+marvel at its dexterity, while its very _bizarrerie_ is not without
+its charm.
+
+This is hardly the place for a disquisition upon African Latin. It is
+sufficient here to say that the two main features of the style of
+Apuleius are its archaism and its extreme floridity. It has been
+asserted that this strange style is of purely African growth,[4] and
+that it owes much of its oriental wealth of colour to the Semitic
+element that must still have formed so large a proportion of the
+population of Africa. But there seems little really to support this
+view; it is probable that, allowing for the personal factor, in this
+case exceptionally important, and the eccentricities to which
+Apuleius' erudition may have led him, we are confronted with no more
+than an exaggerated revival of the Asiatic style of oratory. No doubt
+the seed fell on good ground, but it is impossible to set one's finger
+on any definitely African element.[5]
+
+[Footnote 4: For a vivacious exposition of this view cf. Monceaux,
+_Les Africains_. Paris, 1894.]
+
+[Footnote 5: See the chapter on Apuleius in Norden's admirable work,
+_Die antike Kunstprosa_, Leipzig, 1898.]
+
+The style presents grave difficulties to the translator. The English
+language will not carry the requisite amount of bombast; the
+assonances and the puns are generally incapable of reproduction. Even
+when this allowance has been made, it is in many cases impossible to
+give anything approximating to a translation in natural English. I
+can only trust that the English of this translation has not wholly
+lost the colour to which Apuleius owes so much of his charm. The
+sacrifice is not so great in these works as it must necessarily be in
+any English translation of the more exotic and more brilliant-hued
+_Metamorphoses_, better known as _The Golden Ass_. But in any case the
+cooler tints and sobriety of our native language must--even in hands
+less unskilled than mine--fail to do justice to the fantastic Latin of
+the original. The vivacity of French coupled with the richness and
+warmth of Italian would need to be combined to produce anything
+approaching a really good translation, even of the least fantastic
+works of Apuleius.
+
+
+
+
+THE APOLOGIA
+
+
+1. For my part, Maximus Claudius, and you, gentlemen who sit beside
+him on the bench, I regarded it as a foregone conclusion that Sicinius
+Aemilianus would for sheer lack of any real ground for accusation cram
+his indictment with mere vulgar abuse; for the old rascal is notorious
+for his unscrupulous audacity, and, further, launched forth on his
+task of bringing me to trial in your court before he had given a
+thought to the line his prosecution should pursue. Now while the most
+innocent of men may be the victim of false accusation, only the
+criminal can have his guilt brought home to him. It is this thought
+that gives me special confidence, but I have further ground for
+self-congratulation in the fact that I have you for my judge on an
+occasion when it is my privilege to have the opportunity of clearing
+philosophy of the aspersions cast upon her by the uninstructed and of
+proving my own innocence. Nevertheless these false charges are on the
+face of them serious enough, and the suddenness with which they have
+been improvised makes them the more difficult to refute. For you will
+remember that it is only four or five days since his advocates of
+malice prepense attacked me with slanderous accusations, and began to
+charge me with practice of the black art and with the murder of my
+step-son Pontianus. I was at the moment totally unprepared for such a
+charge, and was occupied in defending an action brought by the
+brothers Granius against my wife, Pudentilla. I perceived that these
+charges were brought forward not so much in a serious spirit as to
+gratify my opponents' taste for wanton slander. I therefore
+straightway challenged them, not once only, but frequently and
+emphatically, to proceed with their accusation. The result was that
+Aemilianus, perceiving that you, Maximus, not to speak of others, were
+strongly moved by what had occurred, and that his words had created a
+serious scandal, began to be alarmed and to seek for some safe refuge
+from the consequences of his rashness.
+
+2. Therefore as soon as he was compelled to set his name to the
+indictment, he conveniently forgot Pontianus, his own brother's son,
+of whose death he had been continually accusing me only a few days
+previously. He made absolutely no mention of the death of his young
+kinsman[6]; he abandoned this most serious charge, but--to avoid the
+appearance of having totally abandoned his mendacious accusations--he
+selected, as the sole support of his indictment, the charge of
+magic--a charge with which it is easy to create a prejudice against
+the accused, but which it is hard to prove. Even that he had not the
+courage to do openly in his own person, but a day later presented the
+indictment in the name of my step-son, Sicinius Pudens, a mere boy,
+adding that he appeared as his representative. This is a new method.
+He attacks me through the agency of a third person, whose tender age
+he employs to shield his unworthy self against a charge of false
+accusation. You, Maximus, with great acuteness saw through his designs
+and ordered him to renew his original accusation in person. In spite
+of his promise to comply, he cannot be induced to come to close
+quarters, but actually defies your authority and continues to skirmish
+at long range with his false accusations. He persistently shirks the
+perilous task of a direct attack, and perseveres in his assumption of
+the safe role of the accuser's legal representative. As a result, even
+before the case came into court, the real nature of the accusation
+became obvious to the meanest understanding. The man who invented the
+charge and was the first to utter it had not the courage to take the
+responsibility for it. Moreover the man in question is Sicinius
+Aemilianus, who, if he had discovered any true charge against me,
+would scarcely have been so backward in accusing a stranger of so many
+serious crimes, seeing that he falsely asserted his own uncle's will
+to be a forgery although he knew it to be genuine: indeed he
+maintained this assertion with such obstinate violence, that even
+after that distinguished senator, Lollius Urbicus, in accordance with
+the decision of the distinguished consulars, his assessors, had
+declared the will to be genuine and duly proven, he continued--such
+was his mad fury--in defiance of the award given by the voice of that
+most distinguished citizen, to assert with oaths that the will was a
+forgery. It was only with difficulty that Lollius Urbicus refrained
+from making him suffer for it.
+
+[Footnote 6: I conjecture: _de morte cognati adolescentis subito
+tacens tanti criminis descriptione destitit, ne tamen omnino desistere
+calumnia magiam, &c._]
+
+3. I rely, Maximus, on your sense of justice and on my own innocence,
+but I hope that in this trial also we shall hear the voice of Lollius
+raised impulsively in my defence; for Aemilianus is deliberately
+accusing a man whom he knows to be innocent, a course which comes the
+more easy to him, since, as I have told you, he has already been
+convicted of lying in a most important case, heard before the Prefect
+of the city. Just as a good man studiously avoids the repetition of a
+sin once committed, so men of depraved character repeat their past
+offence with increased confidence, and, I may add, the more often they
+do so, the more openly they display their impudence. For honour is
+like a garment; the older it gets, the more carelessly it is worn. I
+think it my duty, therefore, in the interest of my own honour, to
+refute all my opponent's slanders before I come to the actual
+indictment itself. For I am pleading not merely my own cause, but that
+of philosophy as well, philosophy, whose grandeur is such that she
+resents even the slightest slur cast upon her perfection as though it
+were the most serious accusation. Knowing this, Aemilianus' advocates,
+only a short time ago, poured forth with all their usual loquacity a
+flood of drivelling accusations, many of which were specially invented
+for the purpose of blackening my character, while the remainder were
+such general charges as the uninstructed are in the habit of levelling
+at philosophers. It is true that we may regard these accusations as
+mere interested vapourings, bought at a price and uttered to prove
+their shamelessness worthy of its hire. It is a recognized practice on
+the part of professional accusers to let out the venom of their
+tongues to another's hurt; nevertheless, if only in my own interest, I
+must briefly refute these slanders, lest I, whose most earnest
+endeavour it is to avoid incurring the slightest spot or blemish to my
+fair fame, should seem, by passing over some of their more ridiculous
+charges, to have tacitly admitted their truth, rather than to have
+treated them with silent contempt. For a man who has any sense of
+honour or self-respect must needs--such at least is my opinion--feel
+annoyed when he is thus abused, however falsely. Even those whose
+conscience reproaches them with some crime, are strongly moved to
+anger, when men speak ill of them, although they have been accustomed
+to such ill report ever since they became evildoers. And even though
+others say naught of their crimes, they are conscious enough that such
+charges may at any time deservedly be brought against them. It is
+therefore doubly vexatious to the good and innocent man when charges
+are undeservedly brought against him which he might with justice bring
+against others. For his ears are unused and strange to ill report, and
+he is so accustomed to hear himself praised that insult is more than
+he can bear. If, however, I seem to be anxious to rebut charges which
+are merely frivolous and foolish, the blame must be laid at the door
+of those, to whom such accusations, in spite of their triviality, can
+only bring disgrace. I am not to blame. Ridiculous as these charges
+may be, their refutation cannot but do me honour.
+
+4. To begin then, only a short while ago, at the commencement of the
+indictment, you heard them say, 'He, whom we accuse in your court, is
+a philosopher of the most elegant appearance and a master of eloquence
+not merely in Latin but also in Greek!' What a damning insinuation!
+Unless I am mistaken, those were the very words with which Tannonius
+Pudens, whom no one could accuse of being a master of eloquence, began
+the indictment. I wish that these serious reproaches of beauty and
+eloquence had been true. It would have been easy to answer in the
+words, with which Homer makes Paris reply to Hector:--
+
+     [Greek: ou toi apoblet' esti theon erikudea dora.
+     hossa ken autoi dosin, hekon d' ouk an tis heloito].--
+
+which I may interpret thus: 'The most glorious gifts of the gods are
+in no wise to be despised; but the things which they are wont to give
+are withheld from many that would gladly possess them.' Such would
+have been my reply. I should have added that philosophers are not
+forbidden to possess a handsome face. Pythagoras, the first to take
+the name of 'philosopher', was the handsomest man of his day. Zeno
+also, the ancient philosopher of Velia, who was the first to discover
+that most ingenious device of refuting hypotheses by the method of
+self-inconsistency, that same Zeno was--so Plato asserts--by far the
+most striking in appearance of all the men of his generation. It is
+further recorded of many other philosophers that they were comely of
+countenance and added fresh charm to their personal beauty by their
+beauty of character. But such a defence is, as I have already said,
+far from me. Not only has nature given me but a commonplace
+appearance, but continued literary labour has swept away such charm as
+my person ever possessed, has reduced me to a lean habit of body,
+sucked away all the freshness of life, destroyed my complexion and
+impaired my vigour. As to my hair, which they with unblushing
+mendacity declare I have allowed to grow long as an enhancement to my
+personal attractions, you can judge of its elegance and beauty. As you
+see, it is tangled, twisted and unkempt like a lump of tow, shaggy and
+irregular in length, so knotted and matted that the tangle is past the
+art of man to unravel. This is due not to mere carelessness in the
+tiring of my hair, but to the fact that I never so much as comb or
+part it. I think this is a sufficient refutation of the accusations
+concerning my hair which they hurl against me as though it were a
+capital charge.
+
+5. As to my eloquence--if only eloquence were mine--it would be small
+matter either for wonder or envy if I, who from my earliest years to
+the present moment have devoted myself with all my powers to the sole
+study of literature and for this spurned all other pleasures, had
+sought to win eloquence to be mine with toil such as few or none have
+ever expended, ceasing neither night nor day, to the neglect and
+impairment of my bodily health. But my opponents need fear nothing
+from my eloquence. If I have made any real advance therein, it is my
+aspirations rather than my attainments on which I must base my claim.
+Certainly if the aphorism said to occur in the poems of Statius
+Caecilius be true, that innocence is eloquence itself, to that extent
+I may lay claim to eloquence and boast that I yield to none. For on
+that assumption what living man could be more eloquent than myself? I
+have never even harboured in my thoughts anything to which I should
+fear to give utterance. Nay, my eloquence is consummate, for I have
+ever held all sin in abomination; I have the highest oratory at my
+command, for I have uttered no word, I have done no deed, of which I
+need fear to discourse in public. I will begin therefore to discourse
+of those verses of mine, which they have produced as though they were
+something of which I ought to be ashamed. You must have noticed the
+laughter with which I showed my annoyance at the absurd and illiterate
+manner in which they recited them.
+
+6. They began by reading one of my _jeux d'esprit_, a brief letter in
+verse, addressed to a certain Calpurnianus on the subject of a
+tooth-powder. When Calpurnianus produced my letter as evidence against
+me, his desire to do me a hurt blinded him to the fact that if
+anything in the letter could be urged as a reproach against me, he
+shared in that reproach. For the verses testify to the fact that he
+had asked me to send him the wherewithal to clean his teeth:
+
+     _Good morrow! friend Calpurnianus, take
+     The salutation these swift verses make.
+     Wherewith I send, responsive to thy call,
+     A powder rare to cleanse thy teeth withal.
+     This delicate dust of Arab spices fine
+     With ivory sheen shall make thy mouth to shine,
+     Shall smooth the swollen gums and sweep away
+     The relics of the feast of yesterday.
+     So shall no foulness, no dark smirch be seen,
+     If laughter show thy teeth their lips between._
+
+I ask you, what is there in these verses that is disgusting in point
+either of matter or of manner? What is there that a philosopher should
+be ashamed to own? Unless indeed I am to blame for sending a powder
+made of Arabian spices to Calpurnianus, for whom it would be more
+suitable that he should
+
+     _Polish his teeth and ruddy gums_,
+
+as Catullus says, after the filthy fashion in vogue among the
+Iberians.
+
+7. I saw a short while back that some of you could scarcely restrain
+your laughter, when our orator treated these views of mine on the
+cleansing of the teeth as a matter for savage denunciation, and
+condemned my administration of a tooth-powder with fiercer indignation
+than has ever been shown in condemning the administration of a poison.
+Of course it is a serious charge, and one that no philosopher can
+afford to despise, to say of a man that he will not allow a speck of
+dirt to be seen upon his person, that he will not allow any visible
+portion of his body to be offensive or unclean, least of all the
+mouth, the organ used most frequently, openly and conspicuously by
+man, whether to kiss a friend, to conduct a conversation, to speak in
+public, or to offer up prayer in some temple. Indeed speech is the
+prelude to every kind of action and, as the greatest of poets says,
+proceeds from 'the barrier of our teeth'. If there were any one
+present here to-day with like command of the grand style, he might say
+after his fashion that those above all men who have any care for their
+manner of speaking, should pay closer attention to their mouth than to
+any other portion of their body, for it is the soul's antechamber, the
+portal of speech, and the gathering place where thoughts assemble. I
+myself should say that in my poor judgement there is nothing less
+seemly for a free-born man with the education of a gentleman than an
+unwashen mouth. For man's mouth is in position exalted, to the eye
+conspicuous, in use eloquent. True, in wild beasts and cattle the
+mouth is placed low and looks downward to the feet, is in close
+proximity to their food and to the path they tread, and is hardly
+ever conspicuous save when its owner is dead or infuriated with a
+desire to bite. But there is no part of man that sooner catches the
+eye when he is silent, or more often when he speaks.
+
+8. I should be obliged, therefore, if my critic Aemilianus would
+answer me and tell me whether he is ever in the habit of washing his
+feet, or, if he admits that he is in the habit of so doing, whether he
+is prepared to argue that a man should pay more attention to the
+cleanliness of his feet than to that of his teeth. Certainly, if like
+you, Aemilianus, he never opens his mouth save to utter slander and
+abuse, I should advise him to pay no attention to the state of his
+mouth nor to attempt to remove the stains from his teeth with oriental
+powders: he would be better employed in rubbing them with charcoal
+from some funeral pyre. Least of all should he wash them with common
+water; rather let his guilty tongue, the chosen servant of lies and
+bitter words, rot in the filth and ordure that it loves! Is it
+reasonable, wretch, that your tongue should be fresh and clean, when
+your voice is foul and loathsome, or that, like the viper, you should
+employ snow-white teeth for the emission of dark, deadly poison? On
+the other hand it is only right that, just as we wash a vessel that is
+to hold good liquor, he who knows that his words will be at once
+useful and agreeable should cleanse his mouth as a prelude to speech.
+But why should I speak further of man? Even the crocodile, the monster
+of the Nile--so they tell me--opens his jaws in all innocence, that
+his teeth may be cleaned. For his mouth being large, tongueless, and
+continually open in the water, multitudes of leeches become entangled
+in his teeth: these, when the crocodile emerges from the river and
+opens his mouth, are removed by a friendly waterbird, which is allowed
+to insert its beak without any risk to itself.
+
+9. But enough of this! I now come to certain other of my verses, which
+according to them are amatory; but so vilely and coarsely did they
+read them as to leave no impression save one of disgust. Now what has
+it to do with the malpractices of the black art, if I write poems in
+praise of the boys of my friend Scribonius Laetus? Does the mere fact
+of my being a poet make me a wizard? Who ever heard any orator produce
+such likely ground for suspicion, such apt conjectures, such
+close-reasoned argument? 'Apuleius has written verses!' If they are
+bad, that is something against him _qua_ poet, but not _qua_
+philosopher. If they be good, why do you accuse him? 'But they were
+frivolous verses of an erotic character.' So that is the charge you
+bring against me? and it was a mere slip of the tongue when you
+indicted me for practising the black art? And yet many others have
+written such verse, although you may be ignorant of the fact. Among
+the Greeks, for instance, there was a certain Teian, there was a
+Lacedaemonian, a Cean, and countless others; there was even a woman, a
+Lesbian, who wrote with such grace and such passion that the sweetness
+of her song makes us forgive the impropriety of her words; among our
+own poets there were Aedituus, Porcius, and Catulus, with countless
+others. 'But they were not philosophers.' Will you then deny that
+Solon was a serious man and a philosopher? Yet he is the author of
+that most wanton verse:
+
+     _Longing for thy body and the kiss of thy sweet lips._
+
+What is there so lascivious in all my verses compared with that one
+line? I will say nothing of the writings of Diogenes the Cynic, of
+Zeno the founder of Stoicism, and many other similar instances. Let me
+recite my own verses afresh, that my opponents may realize that I am
+not ashamed of them:
+
+     _Critias my treasure is and you,
+     Light of my life, Charinus, too
+     Hold in my love-tormented heart
+     Your own inalienable part.
+     Ah! doubt not! with redoubled spite
+     Though fire on fire consume me quite,
+     The flames ye kindle, boys divine,
+     I can endure, so ye be mine.
+     Only to each may I be dear
+     As your own selves are, and as near;
+     Grant only this and you shall be
+     Dear as mine own two eyes to me._
+
+Now let me read you the others also which they read last as being the
+most intemperate in expression.
+
+     _I lay these garlands, Critias sweet,
+     And this my song before thy feet;
+     Song to thyself I dedicate,
+     Wreaths to the Angel of thy fate.
+     The song I send to hymn the praise
+     Of this, the best of all glad days,
+     Whereon the circling seasons bring
+     The glory of thy fourteenth spring;
+     The garlands, that thy brows may shine
+     With splendour worthy spring's and thine,
+     That thou in boyhood's golden hours
+     Mayst deck the flower of life with flowers.
+     Wherefore for these bright blooms of spring
+     Thy springtide sweet surrendering,
+     The tribute of my love repay
+     And all my gifts with thine outweigh.
+     Surpass the twined garland's grace
+     With arms entwined in soft embrace;
+     The crimson of the rose eclipse
+     With kisses from thy rosy lips.
+     Or if thou wilt, be this my meed
+     And breathe thy soul into the reed;
+     Then shall my songs be shamed and mute
+     Before the music of thy flute._
+
+10. These are the verses, Maximus, which they throw in my teeth, as
+though they were the work of an infamous rake and had lover's garlands
+and serenades for their theme. You must have noticed also that in this
+connexion they further attack me for calling these boys Charinus and
+Critias, which are not their true names. On this principle they may as
+well accuse Caius Catullus for calling Clodia Lesbia, Ticidas for
+substituting the name Perilla for that of Metella, Propertius for
+concealing the name Hostia beneath the pseudonym of Cynthia, and
+Tibullus for singing of Delia in his verse, when it was Plania who
+ruled his heart. For my part I should rather blame Caius Lucilius,
+even allowing him all the license of a satiric poet, for prostituting
+to the public gaze the boys Gentius and Macedo, whose real names he
+mentions in his verse without any attempt at concealment. How much
+more reserved is Mantua's poet, who, when like myself he praised the
+slave-boy of his friend Pollio in one of his light pastoral poems,
+shrinks from mentioning real names and calls himself Corydon and the
+boy Alexis. But Aemilianus, whose rusticity far surpasses that of the
+shepherds and cowherds of Vergil, who is, in fact, and always has been
+a boor and a barbarian, though he thinks himself far more austere than
+Serranus, Curius, or Fabricius, those heroes of the days of old,
+denies that such verses are worthy of a philosopher who is a follower
+of Plato. Will you persist in this attitude, Aemilianus, if I can show
+that my verses were modelled upon Plato? For the only verses of Plato
+now extant are love-elegies, the reason, I imagine, being that he
+burned all his other poems because they were inferior in charm and
+finish. Listen then to the verses written by Plato in honour of the
+boy Aster, though I doubt if at your age it is possible for you to
+learn to appreciate literature:
+
+     _Thou wert the morning star among the living
+       Ere thy fair light had fled;--
+     Now having died, thou art as Hesperus giving
+       New light unto the dead._[7]
+
+[Footnote 7: Shelley's translation.]
+
+There is another poem by Plato dealing conjointly with the boys Alexis
+and Phaedrus:
+
+     _I did but breathe the words 'Alexis fair',
+       And all men gazed on him with wondering eyes,
+       My soul, why point to questing beasts their prize?
+     'Twas thus we lost our Phaedrus; ah! beware!_
+
+Without citing any further examples I will conclude by quoting a line
+addressed by Plato to Dion of Syracuse:
+
+     _Dion, with love thou hast distraught my soul._
+
+11. Which of us is most to blame? I who am fool enough to speak
+seriously of such things in a law-court? or you who are slanderous
+enough to include such charges in your indictment? For sportive
+effusions in verse are valueless as evidence of a poet's morals. Have
+you not read Catullus, who replies thus to those who wish him ill:
+
+     _A virtuous poet must be chaste. Agreed.
+     But for his verses there is no such need._
+
+The divine Hadrian, when he honoured the tomb of his friend the poet
+Voconius with an inscription in verse from his own pen, wrote thus:
+
+     _Thy verse was wanton, but thy soul was chaste_,
+
+words which he would never have written had he regarded verse of
+somewhat too lively a wit as proving their author to be a man of
+immoral life. I remember that I have read not a few poems by the
+divine Hadrian himself which were of the same type. Come now,
+Aemilianus, I dare you to say that that was ill done which was done by
+an emperor and censor, the divine Hadrian, and once done was recorded
+for subsequent generations. But, apart from that, do you imagine that
+Maximus will censure anything that has Plato for its model, Plato
+whose verses, which I have just read, are all the purer for being
+frank, all the more modest for being outspoken? For in these matters
+and the like, dissimulation and concealment is the mark of the sinner,
+open acknowledgement and publication a sign that the writer is but
+exercising his wit. For nature has bestowed on innocence a voice
+wherewith to speak, but to guilt she has given silence to veil its
+sin.
+
+12. I say nothing of those lofty and divine Platonic doctrines, that
+are familiar to but few of the elect and wholly unknown to all the
+uninitiate, such for instance as that which teaches us that Venus is
+not one goddess, but two, each being strong in her own type of love
+and several types of lovers. The one is the goddess of the common
+herd, who is fired by base and vulgar passion and commands not only
+the hearts of men, but cattle and wild beasts also, to give themselves
+over to the gratification of their desires: she strikes down these
+creatures with fierce intolerable force and fetters their servile
+bodies in the embraces of lust. The other is a celestial power endued
+with lofty and generous passion: she cares for none save men, and of
+them but few; she neither stings nor lures her followers to foul
+deeds. Her love is neither wanton nor voluptuous, but serious and
+unadorned, and wins her lovers to the pursuit of virtue by revealing
+to them how fair a thing is nobility of soul. Or, if ever she commends
+beautiful persons to their admiration, she puts a bar upon all
+indecorous conduct. For the only claim that physical beauty has upon
+the admiration is that it reminds those whose souls have soared above
+things human to things divine, of that beauty which once they beheld
+in all its truth and purity enthroned among the gods in heaven.
+Wherefore let us admit that Afranius shows his usual beauty of
+expression when he says:
+
+     _Only the sage can love, only desire
+     Is known to others_;
+
+although if you would know the real truth, Aemilianus, or if you are
+capable of ever comprehending such high matters, the sage does not
+love, but only remembers.
+
+13. I would therefore beg you to pardon the philosopher Plato for his
+amatory verse, and relieve me of the necessity of offending against
+the precepts put by Ennius into the mouth of Neoptolemus by
+philosophizing at undue length; on the other hand if you refuse to
+pardon Plato, I am quite ready to suffer blame on this count in his
+company. I must express my deep gratitude to you, Maximus, for
+listening with such close attention to these side issues, which are
+necessary to my defence inasmuch as I am paying back my accusers in
+their own coin. Your kindness emboldens me to make this further
+request, that you will listen to all that I have to say by way of
+prelude to my answer to the main charge with the same courtesy and
+attention that you have hitherto shown.
+
+I beg this, since I have next to deal with that long oration, austere
+as any censor's, which Pudens delivered on the subject of my mirror.
+He nearly exploded, so violently did he declaim against the horrid
+nature of my offence. 'The philosopher owns a mirror, the philosopher
+actually possesses a mirror.' Grant that I possess it: if I denied it,
+you might really think that your accusation had gone home: still it is
+by no means a necessary inference that I am in the habit of adorning
+myself before a mirror. Why! suppose I possessed a theatrical
+wardrobe, would you venture to argue from that that I am in the
+frequent habit of wearing the trailing robes of tragedy, the saffron
+cloak of the mimic dance, or the patchwork suit of the harlequinade? I
+think not. On the contrary there are plenty of things of which I enjoy
+the use without the possession. But if possession is no proof of use
+nor non-possession of non-use, and if you complain of the fact that I
+look into the mirror rather than that I possess it, you must go on to
+show when and in whose presence I have ever looked into it; for as
+things stand, you make it a greater crime for a philosopher to look
+upon a mirror than for the uninitiated to gaze upon the mystic emblems
+of Ceres.
+
+14. Come now, let me admit that I _have_ looked into it. Is it a crime
+to be acquainted with one's own likeness and to carry it with one
+wherever one goes ready to hand within the compass of a small mirror,
+instead of keeping it hidden away in some one place? Are you ignorant
+of the fact that there is nothing more pleasing for a man to look upon
+than his own image? At any rate I know that fathers love those sons
+most who most resemble themselves, and that public statues are decreed
+as a reward for merit that the original may gladden his heart by
+looking on them. What else is the significance of statues and
+portraits produced by the various arts? You will scarcely maintain the
+paradox that what is worthy of admiration when produced by art is
+blameworthy when produced by nature; for nature has an even greater
+facility and truth than art. Long labour is expended over all the
+portraits wrought by the hand of man, yet they never attain to such
+truth as is revealed by a mirror. Clay is lacking in life, marble in
+colour, painting in solidity, and all three in motion, which is the
+most convincing element in a likeness: whereas in a mirror the
+reflection of the image is marvellous, for it is not only like its
+original, but moves and follows every nod of the man to whom it
+belongs; its age always corresponds to that of those who look into the
+mirror, from their earliest childhood to their expiring age: it puts
+on all the changes brought by the advance of years, shares all the
+varying habits of the body, and imitates the shifting expressions of
+joy and sorrow that may be seen on the face of one and the same man.
+For all we mould in clay or cast in bronze or carve in stone or tint
+with encaustic pigments or colour with paint, in a word, every attempt
+at artistic representation by the hand of man after a brief lapse of
+time loses its truth and becomes motionless and impassive like the
+face of a corpse. So far superior to all pictorial art in respect of
+truthful representation is the craftsmanship of the smooth mirror and
+the splendour of its art.
+
+15. Two alternatives then are before us. We must either follow the
+precept of the Lacedaemonian Agesilaus, who had no confidence in his
+personal appearance and refused to allow his portrait to be painted or
+carved; or we must accept the universal custom of the rest of mankind
+which welcomes portraiture both in sculpture and painting. In the
+latter case, is there any reason for preferring to see one's portrait
+moulded in marble rather than reflected in silver, in a painting
+rather than in a mirror? Or do you regard it as disgraceful to pay
+continual attention to one's own appearance? Is not Socrates said
+actually to have urged his followers frequently to consider their
+image in a glass, that so those of them that prided themselves on
+their appearance might above all else take care that they did no
+dishonour to the splendour of their body by the blackness of their
+hearts; while those who regarded themselves as less than handsome in
+personal appearance might take especial pains to conceal the meanness
+of their body by the glory of their virtue? You see; the wisest man of
+his day actually went so far as to use the mirror as an instrument of
+moral discipline. Again, who is ignorant of the fact that Demosthenes,
+the greatest master of the art of speaking, always practised pleading
+before a mirror as though before a professor of rhetoric? When that
+supreme orator had drained deep draughts of eloquence in the study of
+Plato the philosopher, and had learned all that could be learned of
+argumentation from the dialectician Eubulides, last of all he betook
+himself to a mirror to learn perfection of delivery. Which do you
+think should pay greatest attention to the decorousness of his
+appearance in the delivery of a speech? The orator when he wrangles
+with his opponent or the philosopher when he rebukes the vices of
+mankind? The man who harangues for a brief space before an audience of
+jurymen drawn by the chance of the lot, or he who is continually
+discoursing with all mankind for audience? The man who is quarrelling
+over the boundaries of lands, or he whose theme is the boundaries of
+good and evil? Moreover there are other reasons why a philosopher
+should look into a mirror. He is not always concerned with the
+contemplation of his own likeness, he contemplates also the causes
+which produce that likeness. Is Epicurus right when he asserts that
+images proceed forth from us, as it were a kind of slough that
+continually streams from our bodies? These images when they strike
+anything smooth and solid are reflected by the shock and reversed in
+such wise as to give back an image turned to face its original. Or
+should we accept the view maintained by other philosophers that rays
+are emitted from our body? According to Plato these rays are filtered
+forth from the centre of our eyes and mingle and blend with the light
+of the world without us; according to Archytas they issue forth from
+us without any external support; according to the Stoics these rays
+are called into action[8] by the tension of the air: all agree that,
+when these emanations strike any dense, smooth, and shining surface,
+they return to the surface from which they proceeded in such manner
+that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection, and
+as a result that which they approach and touch without the mirror is
+imaged within the mirror.
+
+[Footnote 8: _facti_ MSS.]
+
+16. What think you? Should not philosophers make all these problems
+subjects of research and inquiry and in solitary study look into
+mirrors of every kind, solid and liquid? There is also over and above
+these questions further matter for discussion. For instance, why is
+it that in flat mirrors all images and objects reflected are shown in
+almost precisely their original dimensions, whereas in convex and
+spherical mirrors everything is seen smaller, in concave mirrors on
+the other hand larger than nature? Why again and under what
+circumstances are left and right reversed? When does one and the same
+mirror seem now to withdraw the image into its depths, now to extrude
+it forth to view? Why do concave mirrors when held at right angles to
+the rays of the sun kindle tinder set opposite them? What is the cause
+of the prismatic colours of the rainbow, or of the appearance in
+heaven of two rival images of the sun, with sundry other phenomena
+treated in a monumental volume by Archimedes of Syracuse, a man who
+showed extraordinary and unique subtlety in all branches of geometry,
+but was perhaps particularly remarkable for his frequent and attentive
+inspection of mirrors. If you had only read this book, Aemilianus,
+and, instead of devoting yourself to the study of your fields and
+their dull clods, had studied the mathematician's slate and
+blackboard, believe me, although your face is hideous enough for a
+tragic mask of Thyestes, you would assuredly, in your desire for the
+acquisition of knowledge, look into the glass and sometimes leave your
+plough to marvel at the numberless furrows with which wrinkles have
+scored your face.
+
+But I should not be surprised if you prefer me to speak of your ugly
+deformity of a face and to be silent about your morals, which are
+infinitely more repulsive than your features. I will say nothing of
+them. In the first place I am not naturally of a quarrelsome
+disposition, and secondly I am glad to say that until quite recently
+you might have been white or black for all I knew. Even now my
+knowledge of you is inadequate. The reason for this is that your
+rustic occupations have kept you in obscurity, while _I_ have been
+occupied by my studies, and so the shadow cast about you by your
+insignificance has shielded your character from scrutiny, while I for
+my part take no interest in others' ill deeds, but have always thought
+it more important to conceal my own faults than to track out those of
+others. As a result you have the advantage of one who, while he is
+himself shrouded in darkness, surveys another who chances to have
+taken his stand in the full light of day. You from your darkness can
+with ease form an opinion as to what I am doing in my not
+undistinguished position before all the world; but your position is so
+abject, so obscure, and so withdrawn from the light of publicity that
+you are by no means so conspicuous.
+
+17. I neither know nor care to know whether you have slaves to till
+your fields or whether you do so by interchange of service with your
+neighbours. But _you_ know that at Oea I gave three slaves their
+freedom on the same day, and your advocate has cast it in my teeth
+together with other actions of mine of which you have given him
+information. And yet but a few minutes earlier he had declared that I
+came to Oea accompanied by no more than one slave. I challenge you to
+tell me how I could have made one slave into three free men. But
+perhaps this is one of my feats of magic. Has lying made you blind, or
+shall I rather say that from force of habit you are incapable of
+speaking the truth? 'Apuleius,' you say, 'came to Oea with one slave,'
+and then only a very few words later you blurt out, 'Apuleius on one
+and the same day at Oea gave three slaves their freedom.' Not even the
+assertion that I had come with three slaves and had given them all
+their freedom would have been credible: but suppose I had done so,
+what reason have you for regarding three slaves as a mark of my
+poverty, rather than for considering three freed men as a proof of my
+wealth? Poor Aemilianus, you have not the least idea how to accuse a
+philosopher: you reproach me for the scantiness of my household,
+whereas it would really have been my duty to have laid claim, however
+falsely, to such poverty. It would have redounded to my credit, for I
+know that not only philosophers of whom I boast myself a follower, but
+also generals of the Roman people have gloried in the small number of
+their slaves. Have your advocates really never read that Marcus
+Antonius, a man who had filled the office of consul, had but eight
+slaves in his house? That that very Carbo who obtained supreme control
+of Rome had fewer by one? That Manius Curius, famous beyond all men
+for the crowns of victory that he had won, Manius Curius who thrice
+led the triumphal procession through the same gate of Rome, had but
+two servants to attend him in camp, so that in good truth that same
+man who triumphed over the Sabines, the Samnites, and Pyrrhus had
+fewer slaves than triumphs? Marcus Cato did not wait for others to
+tell it of him, but himself records the fact in one of his speeches
+that when he set out as consul for Spain he took but three slaves from
+the city with him. When, however, he came to stay at a state
+residence, the number seemed insufficient, and he ordered two slaves
+to be bought in the market to wait on him at table, so that he took
+five in all to Spain. Had Pudens come across these facts in his
+reading, he would, I think, either have omitted this particular
+slander or would have preferred to reproach me on the ground that
+three slaves were too large rather than too small an establishment for
+a philosopher.
+
+18. Pudens actually reproached me with being poor, a charge which is
+welcome to a philosopher and one that he may glory in. For poverty has
+long been the handmaid of philosophy; frugal and sober, she is strong
+in her weakness and is greedy for naught save honour; the possession
+of her is a prophylactic against wealth, her mien is free from care,
+and her adornment simple; her counsels are beneficent, she puffs no
+man up with pride, she corrupts no man with passions beyond his
+control, she maddens no man with the lust for power, she neither
+desires nor can indulge in the pleasures of feasting and of love.
+These sins and their like are usually the nurslings of wealth. Count
+over all the greatest crimes recorded in the history of mankind, you
+will find no poor man among their guilty authors. On the other hand,
+it is rare to find wealthy men among the great figures of history. All
+those at whom we marvel for their great deeds were the nurslings of
+poverty from their very cradles, poverty that founded all cities in
+the days of old, poverty mother of all arts, witless of all sin,
+bestower of all glory, crowned with all honour among all the peoples
+of the world. Take the history of Greece: the justice of poverty is
+seen in Aristides, her benignity in Phocion, her force in Epaminondas,
+her wisdom in Socrates, her eloquence in Homer. It was this same
+poverty that established the empire of the Roman people in its first
+beginnings, and even to this day Rome offers up thanksgivings for it
+to the immortal gods with libations poured from a wooden ladle and
+offerings borne in an earthen platter. If the judges sitting to try
+this case were Caius Fabricius, Cnaeus Scipio, Manius Curius, whose
+daughters on account of their poverty were given dowries from the
+public treasury and so went to their husbands bringing with them the
+honour of their houses and the wealth of the state; if Publicola, who
+drove out the Kings, or Agrippa, the healer of the people's strife,
+men whose funerals were on account of their poverty enriched by the
+gift of a few farthings per man from the whole Roman people; if
+Atilius Regulus, whose lands on account of his own poverty were
+cultivated at the public expense; if, in a word, all the heroes of the
+old Roman stock, consuls and censors and triumphant generals, were
+given a brief renewal of life and sent back to earth to give hearing
+to this case, would you dare in the presence of so many poor consuls
+to reproach a philosopher with poverty?
+
+19. Perhaps Claudius Maximus seems to you to be a suitable person
+before whom to deride poverty, because he himself is in enjoyment of
+great wealth and enormous opulence. You are wrong, Aemilianus, you are
+wholly mistaken in your estimate of his character, if you take the
+bounty of his fortune rather than the sternness of his philosophy as
+the standard for your judgement and fail to realize that one, who
+holds so austere a creed and has so long endured military service, is
+more likely to befriend a moderate fortune with all its limitations
+than opulence with all its luxury, and holds that fortunes, like
+tunics, should be comfortable, not long. For even a tunic, if it be
+not carried high, but is allowed to drag, will entangle and trip the
+feet as badly as a cloak that hangs down in front. In everything that
+we employ for the needs of daily life, whatever exceeds the mean is
+superfluous and a burden rather than a help. So it is that excessive
+riches, like steering oars of too great weight and bulk, serve to sink
+the ship rather than to guide it; for their bulk is unprofitable and
+their superfluity a curse. I have noticed that of the wealthy
+themselves those win most praise who live quietly and in moderate
+comfort, concealing their actual resources, administering their great
+possessions without ostentation or pride and showing like poor folk
+under the disguise of their moderation. Now, if even the rich to some
+extent affect the outward form and semblance of poverty to give
+evidence of their moderation, why should we of slenderer means be
+ashamed of being poor not in appearance only but in reality?
+
+20. I might even engage with you in controversy over the word poverty,
+urging that no man is poor who rejects the superfluous and has at his
+command all the necessities of life, which nature has ordained should
+be exceedingly small. For he who desires least will possess most,
+inasmuch as he who wants but little will have all he wants. The
+measure of wealth ought therefore not to be the possession of lands
+and investments, but the very soul of man. For if avarice make him
+continually in need of some fresh acquisition and insatiable in his
+lust for gain, not even mountains of gold will bring him satisfaction,
+but he will always be begging for more that he may increase what he
+already possesses. That is _the_ genuine admission of poverty. For
+every desire for fresh acquisition springs from the consciousness of
+want, and it matters little how large your possessions are if they are
+too small for _you_. Philus had a far smaller household than Laelius,
+Laelius than Scipio, Scipio than Crassus the Rich, and yet not even
+Crassus had as much as he wanted; and so, though he surpassed all
+others in wealth, he was himself surpassed by his own avarice and
+seemed rich to all save himself. On the other hand, the philosophers
+of whom I have spoken wanted nothing beyond what was at their
+disposal, and, thanks to the harmony existing between their desires
+and their resources, they were deservedly rich and happy. For poverty
+consists in the need for fresh acquisition, wealth in the satisfaction
+springing from the absence of needs. For the badge of penury is
+desire, the badge of wealth contempt. Therefore, Aemilianus, if you
+wish me to be regarded as poor, you must first prove that I am
+avaricious. But if my soul lacks nothing, I care little how much of
+the goods of this world be lacking to me; for it is no honour to
+possess them and no reproach to lack them.
+
+21. But let us suppose it to be otherwise. Suppose that I am poor,
+because fortune has grudged me riches, because my guardian, as often
+happens, misappropriated my inheritance, some enemy robbed me, or my
+father left me nothing. Is it just to reproach a man for that which is
+regarded as no reproach to the animal kingdom, to the eagle, to the
+bull, to the lion? If the horse be strong in the possession of his
+peculiar excellences, if he is pleasant to ride and swift in his
+paces, no one rebukes him for the poverty of his food. Must you then
+reproach me, not for any scandalous word or deed, but simply because I
+live in a small house, possess an unusually small number of slaves,
+subsist on unusually light diet, wear unusually light clothing, and
+make unusually small purchases of food? Yet however scanty my service,
+food, and raiment may seem to you, I on the contrary regard them as
+ample and even excessive. Indeed I am desirous of still further
+reducing them, since the less I have to distract me the happier I
+shall be. For the soul, like the body, goes lightly clad when in good
+health; weakness wraps itself up, and it is a sure sign of infirmity
+to have many wants. We live, just as we swim, all the better for being
+but lightly burdened. For in this stormy life as on the stormy ocean
+heavy things sink us and light things buoy us up. It is in this
+respect, I find, that the gods more especially surpass men, namely
+that they lack nothing: wherefore he of mankind whose needs are
+smallest is most like unto the gods.
+
+22. I therefore regarded it as a compliment when to insult me you
+asserted that my whole household consisted of a wallet and a staff.
+Would that my spirit were made of such stern stuff as to permit me to
+dispense with all this furniture and worthily to carry that equipment
+for which Crates sacrificed all his wealth! Crates, I tell you, though
+I doubt if you will believe me, Aemilianus, was a man of great wealth
+and honour among the nobility of Thebes; but for love of this habit,
+which you cast in my face as a crime, he gave his large and luxurious
+household to his fellow citizens, resigned his troops of slaves for
+solitude, so contemned the countless trees of his rich orchards as to
+be content with one staff, exchanged his elegant villas for one small
+wallet, which, when he had fully appreciated its utility, he even
+praised in song by diverting from their original meaning certain lines
+of Homer in which he extols the island of Crete. I will quote the
+first lines, that you may not think this a mere invention of mine
+designed to meet the needs of my own case:
+
+     _There is a town named Wallet in the midst
+     Of smoke that's dark as wine._
+
+The lines which follow are so wonderful, that had you read them you
+would envy me my wallet even more than you envy me my marriage with
+Pudentilla. You reproach philosophers for their staff and wallet. You
+might as well reproach cavalry for their trappings, infantry for their
+shields, standard-bearers for their banners, triumphant generals for
+their chariots drawn by four white horses and their cloaks embroidered
+with palm-leaves. The staff and wallet are not, it is true, carried by
+the Platonic philosophers, but are the badges of the Cynic school. To
+Diogenes and Antisthenes they were what the crown is to the king, the
+cloak of purple to the general, the cowl to the priest, the trumpet to
+the augur. Indeed the Cynic Diogenes, when he disputed with Alexander
+the Great, as to which of the two was the true king, boasted of his
+staff as the true sceptre. The unconquered Hercules himself, since you
+despise my instances as drawn from mere mendicancy, Hercules that
+roamed the whole world, exterminated monsters, and conquered races,
+god though he was, had but a skin for raiment and a staff for company
+in the days when he wandered through the earth. And yet but a brief
+while afterwards he was admitted to heaven as a reward for his virtue.
+
+23. But if you despise these examples and challenge me, not to plead
+my case, but to enter into a discussion of the amount of my fortune,
+to put an end to your ignorance on this point, if it exists, I
+acknowledge that my father left my brother and myself a little under
+2,000,000 sesterces--a sum on which my lengthy travels, continual
+studies, and frequent generosity have made considerable inroads. For I
+have often assisted my friends and have shown substantial gratitude to
+many of my instructors, on more than one occasion going so far as to
+provide dowries for their daughters. Nay, I should not have hesitated
+to expend every farthing of my patrimony, if so I might acquire, what
+is far better, a contempt for it. But as for you, Aemilianus, and
+ignorant boors of your kidney, in your case the fortune makes the man.
+You are like barren and blasted trees that produce no fruit, but are
+valued only for the timber that their trunks contain. But I beg you,
+Aemilianus, in future to abstain from reviling any one for their
+poverty, since you yourself used, after waiting for some seasonable
+shower to soften the ground, to expend three days in ploughing
+single-handed, with the aid of one wretched ass, that miserable farm
+at Zarath, which was all your father left you. It is only recently
+that fortune has smiled on you in the shape of wholly undeserved
+inheritances which have fallen to you by the frequent deaths of
+relatives, deaths to which, far more than to your hideous face, you
+owe your nickname of Charon.
+
+24. As to my birthplace, you assert that my writings prove it to lie
+right on the marches of Numidia and Gaetulia, for I publicly
+described myself as half Numidian, half Gaetulian in a discourse
+delivered in the presence of that most distinguished citizen Lollianus
+Avitus. I do not see that I have any more reason to be ashamed of that
+than had the elder Cyrus for being of mixed descent, half Mede, half
+Persian. A man's birthplace is of no importance, it is his character
+that matters. We must consider not in what part of the world, but with
+what purpose he set out to live his life. Vendors of wine and cabbages
+are permitted to enhance the value of their wares by advertising the
+excellence of the soil whence they spring, as for instance with the
+wine of Thasos and the cabbages of Phlius. For those products of the
+soil are wonderfully improved in flavour by the fertility of the
+district which produces them, the moistness of the climate, the
+mildness of the winds, the warmth of the sun, and the richness of the
+soil. But in the case of man, the soul enters the tenement of the body
+from without. What, then, can such circumstances as these add to or
+take away from his virtues or his vices? Has there ever been a time or
+place in which a race has not produced a variety of intellects,
+although some races seem stupider and some wiser than others? The
+Scythians are the stupidest of men, and yet the wise Anacharsis was a
+Scyth. The Athenians are shrewd, and yet the Athenian Meletides was a
+fool. I say this not because I am ashamed of my country, since even in
+the time of Syphax we were a township. When he was conquered we were
+transferred by the gift of the Roman people to the dominion of King
+Masinissa, and finally as the result of a settlement of veteran
+soldiers, our second founders, we have become a colony of the highest
+distinction. In this same colony my father attained to the post of
+_duumvir_ and became the foremost citizen of the place, after filling
+all the municipal offices of honour. I myself, immediately after my
+first entry into the municipal senate, succeeded to my father's
+position in the community, and, as I hope, am in no ways a degenerate
+successor, but receive like honour and esteem for my maintenance of
+the dignity of my position. Why do I mention this? That you,
+Aemilianus, may be less angry with me in future and may more readily
+pardon me for having been negligent enough not to select your 'Attic'
+Zarath for my birthplace.
+
+25. Are you not ashamed to produce such accusations with such violence
+before such a judge, to bring forward frivolous and self-contradictory
+accusations, and then in the same breath to blame me on both charges
+at once? Is it not a sheer contradiction to object to my wallet and
+staff on the ground of austerity, to my poems and mirror on the ground
+of undue levity; to accuse me of parsimony for having only one slave,
+and of extravagance in having three; to denounce me for my Greek
+eloquence and my barbarian birth? Awake from your slumber and remember
+that you are speaking before Claudius Maximus, a man of stern
+character, burdened with the business of the whole province. Cease, I
+say, to bring forward these empty slanders. Prove your indictment,
+prove that I am guilty of ghastly crimes, detestable sorceries, and
+black art-magic. Why is it that the strength of your speech lies in
+mere noise, while it is weak and flabby in point of facts?
+
+I will now deal with the actual charge of magic. You spared no
+violence in fanning the flame of hatred against me. But you have
+disappointed all men's expectations by your old wives' fables, and the
+fire kindled by your accusations has burned itself away. I ask you,
+Maximus, have you ever seen fire spring up among the stubble,
+crackling sharply, blazing wide and spreading fast, but soon
+exhausting its flimsy fuel, dying fast away, leaving not a wrack
+behind? So they have kindled their accusation with abuse and fanned it
+with words, but it lacks the fuel of facts and, your verdict once
+given, is destined to leave not a wrack of calumny behind. The whole
+of Aemilianus' calumnious accusation was centred in the charge of
+magic. I should therefore like to ask his most learned advocates how,
+precisely, they would define a magician. If what I read in a large
+number of authors be true, namely, that magician is the Persian word
+for priest, what is there criminal in being a priest and having due
+knowledge, science, and skill in all ceremonial law, sacrificial
+duties, and the binding rules of religion, at least if magic consists
+in that which Plato sets forth in his description of the methods
+employed by the Persians in the education of their young princes? I
+remember the very words of that divine philosopher. Let me recall them
+to your memory, Maximus: 'When the boy has reached the age of
+fourteen he is handed over to the care of men known as the Royal
+Masters. They are four in number, and are chosen as being the best of
+the elders of Persia, one the wisest, another the justest, a third the
+most temperate, a fourth the bravest. And one of these teaches the boy
+the magic of Zoroaster the son of Oromazes; and this magic is no other
+than the worship of the gods. He also teaches him the arts of
+kingship.'
+
+26. Do you hear, you who so rashly accuse the art of magic? It is an
+art acceptable to the immortal gods, full of all knowledge of worship
+and of prayer, full of piety and wisdom in things divine, full of
+honour and glory since the day when Zoroaster and Oromazes established
+it, high-priestess of the powers of heaven. Nay, it is one of the
+first elements of princely instruction, nor do they lightly admit any
+chance person to be a magician, any more than they would admit him to
+be a king. Plato--if I may quote him again--in another passage dealing
+with a certain Zalmoxis, a Thracian and also a master of this art, has
+written that 'magical charms are merely beautiful words'. If that is
+so, why should I be forbidden to learn the fair words of Zalmoxis or
+the priestly lore of Zoroaster? But if these accusers of mine, after
+the fashion of the common herd, define a magician as one who by
+communion of speech with the immortal gods has power to do all the
+marvels that he will, through a strange power of incantation, I really
+wonder that they are not afraid to attack one whom they acknowledge
+to be so powerful. For it is impossible to guard against such a
+mysterious and divine power. Against other dangers we may take
+adequate precautions. He who summons a murderer before the judge comes
+into court with an escort of friends; he who denounces a poisoner is
+unusually careful as to what he eats; he who accuses a thief sets a
+guard over his possessions. But for the man who exposes a magician,
+credited with such awful powers, to the danger of a capital sentence,
+how can escort or precaution or watchmen save him from unforeseen and
+inevitable disaster? Nothing can save him, and therefore the man who
+believes in the truth of such a charge as this is certainly the last
+person in the world who should bring such an accusation.
+
+27. But it is a common and general error of the uninitiated to bring
+the following accusations against philosophers. Some of them think
+that those who explore the origins and elements of material things are
+irreligious, and assert that they deny the existence of the gods.
+Take, for instance, the cases of Anaxagoras, Leucippus, Democritus,
+and Epicurus, and other natural philosophers. Others call those
+magicians who bestow unusual care on the investigation of the workings
+of providence and unusual devotion on their worship of the gods, as
+though, forsooth, they knew _how_ to perform everything that they know
+actually to _be_ performed. So Epimenides, Orpheus, Pythagoras, and
+Ostanes were regarded as magicians, while a similar suspicion attached
+to the 'purifications' of Empedocles, the 'demon' of Socrates and the
+'good' of Plato. I congratulate myself therefore on being admitted to
+such distinguished company.
+
+I fear, however, Maximus, that you may regard the empty, ridiculous
+and childish[9] fictions which my opponents have advanced in support
+of their case as serious charges merely because they have been put
+forward. 'Why,' says my accuser, 'have you sought out particular kinds
+of fish?' Why should not a philosopher be permitted to do for the
+satisfaction of his desire for knowledge what the _gourmand_, is
+permitted to do for the satisfaction of his gluttony? 'What,' he asks,
+'induced a free woman to marry you after thirteen years of widowhood?'
+'Surely,' I answer, 'it is more remarkable that she should have
+remained a widow so long.' 'Why, before she married you, did she
+express certain opinions in a letter?' 'Is it reasonable,' I ask, 'to
+demand of any one the reasons of another person's private opinions?'
+'But,' he goes on, 'although she was your senior in years, she did not
+despise your youth.' Surely this simply serves to show that there was
+no need of magic to induce a woman to marry a man, or a widow to wed a
+bachelor some years her junior. There are more charges equally
+frivolous. 'Apuleius,' he persists, 'keeps a mysterious object in his
+house which he worships with veneration.' Surely it would be a worse
+offence to have nothing to worship at all. 'A boy fell to the ground
+in Apuleius' presence.' What if a young man or even an old man had
+fallen in my presence through a sudden stroke of disease or merely
+owing to the slipperiness of the ground? Do you really think to prove
+your charge of magic by such arguments as these; the fall of a
+wretched boy, my marriage to my wife, my purchases of fish?
+
+[Footnote 9: _et simplicia_, vulgo.]
+
+28. I should run but small risk if I were to content myself with what
+I have already said and begin my peroration. But since as a result of
+the length at which my accusers spoke, the water-clock still allows me
+plenty of time, let us, if there is no objection, consider the charges
+in detail. I will deny none of them, be they true or false. I will
+assume their truth, that this great crowd, which has gathered from all
+directions to hear this case, may clearly understand not only that no
+true incrimination can be brought against philosophers, but that not
+even any false charge can be fabricated against them, which--such is
+their confidence in their innocence--they will not be prepared to
+admit and to defend, even though it be in their power to deny it. I
+will therefore begin by refuting their arguments, and will prove that
+they have nothing to do with magic. Next I will show that even on the
+assumption of my being the most consummate magician, I have never
+given cause or occasion for conviction of any evil practice. I will
+also deal with the lies with which they have endeavoured to arouse
+hostility against me, with their misquotation and misinterpretation of
+my wife's letters, and with my marriage with Pudentilla, whom, as I
+will proceed to prove, I married for love and not for money. This
+marriage of ours caused frightful annoyance and distress to
+Aemilianus. Hence springs all the anger, frenzy, and raving madness
+that he has shown in the conduct of this accusation. If I succeed in
+making all these points abundantly clear and obvious, I shall then
+appeal to you, Claudius Maximus, and to all here present to bear me
+out, that the boy Sicinius Pudens, my step-son, through whom and with
+whose consent his uncle now accuses me, was quite recently stolen from
+my charge after the death of Pontianus his brother, who was as much
+his superior in character as in years, and that he was fiercely
+embittered against myself and his mother through no fault of mine:
+that he abandoned his study of the liberal arts and cast off all
+restraint, and--thanks to the education afforded him by this
+villainous accusation--is more likely to resemble his uncle Aemilianus
+than his brother Pontianus.
+
+29. I will now, as I promised, take Aemilianus' ravings one by one,
+beginning with that charge which you must have noticed was given the
+place of honour in the accuser's speech, as his most effective method
+of exciting suspicion against me as a sorcerer, the charge that I had
+sought to purchase certain kinds of fish from some fishermen. Which of
+these two points is of the slightest value as affording suspicion of
+sorcery? That fishermen sought to procure me the fish? Would you have
+me entrust such a task to gold-embroiderers or carpenters, and, to
+avoid your calumnies, make them change their trades so that the
+carpenter would net me the fish, and the fisherman take his place and
+hew his timber? Or did you infer that the fish were wanted for evil
+purposes because I paid to get them? I presume, if I had wanted them
+for a dinner-party, I should have got them for nothing. Why do not you
+go farther and accuse me on many similar grounds? I have often bought
+wine and vegetables, fruit and bread. The principles laid down by you
+would involve the starvation of all purveyors of dainties. Who will
+ever venture to purchase food from them, if it be decided that all
+provisions for which money is given are wanted not for food but for
+sorcery? But if there is nothing in all this that can give rise to
+suspicion, neither the payment of the fishermen to ply their usual
+trade, to wit, the capture of fish--I may point out that the
+prosecution never produced any of these fishermen, who are, as a
+matter of fact, wholly creatures of their imagination--nor the
+purchase of a common article of sale--the prosecution have never
+stated the amount paid, for fear that if they mentioned a small sum,
+it would be regarded as trivial, or if they mentioned a large sum it
+would fail to win belief,--if, I say, there is no cause for suspicion
+on any of these grounds, I would ask Aemilianus to tell me what,
+failing these, induced them to accuse me of magic.
+
+30. 'You seek to purchase fish,' says he. I will not deny it. But, I
+ask you, is any one who does that a magician? No more, in my opinion,
+than if I should seek to purchase hares or boar's flesh or fatted
+capons. Or is there something mysterious in fish and fish alone,
+hidden from all save sorcerers only? If you know what it is, clearly
+you are a magician. If you do not know, you must confess that you are
+bringing an accusation of the nature of which you are entirely
+ignorant. To think that you should be so ignorant not only of all
+literature, but even of popular tales, that you cannot even invent
+charges that will have some show of plausibility! For of what use for
+the kindling of love is an unfeeling chilly creature like a fish, or
+indeed anything else drawn from the sea, unless indeed you propose to
+bring forward in support of your lie the legend that Venus was born
+from the sea? I beg you to listen to me, Tannonius Pudens, that you
+may learn the extent of the ignorance which you have shown by
+accepting the possession of a fish as a proof of sorcery. If you had
+read your Vergil, you would certainly have known that very different
+things are sought for this purpose. He, as far as I recollect,
+mentions 'soft garlands' and 'rich herbs and 'male incense' and
+'threads of diverse hues', and, in addition to these, 'brittle
+laurel,' 'clay to be hardened,' and 'wax to be melted in the fire'.
+There are also the objects mentioned by him in a more serious poem.
+
+     _Rank herbs are sought, with milky venom dark
+     By brazen sickles under moonlight mown;
+     Sought also is that wondrous talisman,
+     Torn from the forehead of the foal at birth
+     Ere yet its dam could snatch it._
+
+But you who take such exception to fish attribute far different
+instruments to magicians, charms not to be torn from new-born
+foreheads, but to be cut from scaly backs; not to be plucked from the
+fields of earth, but to be drawn up from the deep fields of ocean; not
+to be mowed with sickles, but to be caught on hooks. Finally, when he
+is speaking of the black art, Vergil mentions poison, you produce an
+_entree_; he mentions herbs and young shoots, you talk of scales and
+bones; he crops the meadow, you search the waves. I would also have
+quoted for your benefit similar passages from Theocritus with many
+others from Homer and Orpheus, from the comic and tragic poets and
+from the historians, had I not noticed ere now that you were unable to
+read Pudentilla's letter which was written in Greek. I will,
+therefore, do no more than cite one Latin poet. Those who have read
+Laevius[10] will recognize the lines.
+
+[Footnote 10: MSS. _Laelius_.]
+
+     _Love-charms the warlocks seek through all the world:
+     The 'lover's knot' they try, the magic wheel,
+     Ribbons and, nails and roots and herbs and shoots,
+     The two-tailed lizard that draws on to love,[11]
+     And eke the charm that glads the whinnying mare._
+
+[Footnote 11: _Saurae inlices bicodulae._ Helm, wrongly I think,
+places a comma between _saurae_ and _inlices_.]
+
+31. You would have made out a far more plausible case by pretending
+that I made use of such things instead of fish, if only you had
+possessed the slightest erudition. For the belief in the use of these
+things is so widespread that you might have been believed. But of what
+use are fish save to be cooked and eaten at meals? In magic they seem
+to me to be absolutely useless. I will tell you why I think so. Many
+hold Pythagoras to have been a pupil of Zoroaster, and, like him, to
+have been skilled in magic. And yet it is recorded that once near
+Metapontum, on the shores of Italy, his home, which his influence had
+converted into a second Greece, he noticed certain fishermen draw up
+their net. He offered to buy whatever it might contain, and after
+depositing the price ordered all the fish caught in meshes of the net
+to be released and thrown back into the sea. He would assuredly never
+have allowed them to slip from his possession had he known them to
+possess any valuable magical properties. For being a man of abnormal
+learning, and a great admirer of the men of old, he remembered that
+Homer, a poet of manifold or, rather I should say, absolute knowledge
+of all that may be known, spoke of the power of all the drugs that
+earth produces, but made no mention of the sea, when speaking of a
+certain witch, he wrote the line:
+
+     _All drugs, that wide earth nourishes, she knew._
+
+Similarly in another passage he says:
+
+               _Earth the grain-giver
+     Yields up to her its store of drugs, whereof
+     Many be healing, mingled in the cup,
+     And many baneful._
+
+But never in the works of Homer did Proteus anoint his face nor
+Ulysses his magic trench, nor Aeolus his windbags, nor Helen her
+mixing bowl, nor Circe her cup, nor Venus her girdle, with any charm
+drawn from the sea or its inhabitants. You alone within the memory of
+man have been found to sweep as it were by some convulsion of nature
+all the powers of herbs and roots and young shoots and small pebbles
+from their hilltops into the sea, and there confine them in the
+entrails of fish. And so whereas sorcerers at their rites used to call
+on Mercury the giver of oracles, Venus that lures the soul, the moon
+that knows the mystery of the night, and Trivia the mistress of the
+shades, you will transfer Neptune, with Salacia and Portumnus and all
+the company of Nereids from the cold tides of the sea to the burning
+tides of love.
+
+32. I have given my reasons for refusing to believe that magicians and
+fish have anything to do with one another. But now, if it please you,
+we will assume with Aemilianus that fish are useful for making magical
+charms as well as for their usual purposes. But does that prove that
+whoever acquires fish is _ipso facto_ a magician? On those lines it
+might be urged that whoever acquires a sloop is a pirate, whoever
+acquires a crowbar a burglar, whoever acquires a sword an assassin.
+You will say that there is nothing in the world, however harmless,
+that may not be put to some bad use, nothing so cheerful that it may
+not be given a gloomy meaning. And yet we do not on that account put a
+bad interpretation on everything, as though, for instance, you should
+hold that incense, cassia, myrrh, and similar other scents are
+purchased solely for the purpose of funerals; whereas they are also
+used for sacrifice and medicine. But on the lines of your argument
+you must believe that even the comrades of Menelaus were magicians;
+for they, according to the great poet, averted starvation at the isle
+of Pharos by their use of curved fish-hooks. Nay, you will class in
+the same category of sorcerers seamews, dolphins, and the lobster;
+_gourmands_ also, who sink whole fortunes[12] in the sums they pay to
+fishermen; and fishermen themselves, who by their art capture all
+manner of fish. 'But what do you want fish for?' you insist. I feel
+myself under no necessity to tell you, and refuse to do so. But I
+challenge you to prove unsupported that I bought them for the purpose
+you assert; as though I had bought hellebore or hemlock or opium or
+any other of those drugs, the moderate use of which is salutary,
+although they are deadly when given with other substances or in too
+large quantities. Who would endure it if you made this a ground for
+accusing me of being a poisoner, merely because those drugs are
+capable of killing a man?
+
+[Footnote 12: _merguntur_ MSS.]
+
+33. However, let us see what these fish were, fish so necessary for my
+possession and so hard to find, that they were well worth the price I
+paid for their acquisition. They have mentioned no more than three. To
+one they gave a false name; as regards the other two they lied. The
+name was false, for they asserted that the fish was a sea-hare,
+whereas it was quite another fish, which Themison, my servant, who
+knows something of medicine, as you heard from his own lips, bought of
+his own suggestion for me to inspect. For, as a matter of fact, he has
+not as yet ever come across a sea-hare. But I admit that I search for
+other kinds of fish as well, and have commissioned not only fishermen
+but private friends to search for all the rarest kinds of fish,
+begging them either to describe the appearance of the fish or to send
+it me, if possible, alive, or, failing that, dead. Why I do so I will
+soon make clear. My accusers _lied_--and very cunning they thought
+themselves--when they closed their false accusation by pretending that
+I had sought for two sea-beasts known by gross names. That fellow
+Tannonius wished to indicate the nature of the obscenity, but failed,
+matchless pleader that he is, owing to his inability to speak. After
+long hesitation he indicated the name of one of them by means of some
+clumsy and disgusting circumlocution. The other he found impossible to
+describe with decency, and evaded the difficulty by turning to my
+works and quoting a certain passage from them in which I described the
+attitude of a statue of Venus.
+
+34. He also with that lofty puritanism which characterizes him,
+reproached me for not being ashamed to describe foul things in noble
+language. I might justly retort on him that, though he openly
+professes the study of eloquence, that stammering voice of his often
+gives utterance to noble things so basely as to defile them, and that
+frequently, when what he has to say presents not the slightest
+difficulty, he begins to stutter or even becomes utterly tongue-tied.
+Come now! Suppose I had said nothing about the statue of Venus, nor
+used the phrase which was of such service to you, what words would you
+have found to frame a charge, which is as suited to your stupidity as
+to your powers of speech? I ask you, is there anything more idiotic
+than the inference that, because the names of two things resemble each
+other, the things themselves are identical? Or did you think it a
+particularly clever invention on your part to pretend that I had
+sought out these two fish for the purpose of using them as magical
+charms? Remember that it is as absurd an argument to say that these
+sea-creatures with gross names were sought for gross purposes, as to
+say that the sea-comb is sought for the adornment of the hair, the
+fish named sea-hawk to catch birds, the fish named the little boar for
+the hunting of boars, or the sea-skull to raise the dead. My reply to
+these lying fabrications, which are as stupid as they are absurd, is
+that I have never attempted to acquire these playthings of the sea,
+these tiny trifles of the shore, either gratis or for money.
+
+35. Further, I reply that you were quite ignorant of the nature of the
+objects which you pretended that I sought to acquire. For these
+worthless fish you mention can be found on any shore in heaps and
+multitudes, and are cast up on dry land by the merest ripple without
+any need for human agency. Why do you not say that at the same time I
+commissioned large numbers of fishermen to secure for me at a price
+striped sea-shells from the shore, smooth pebbles, crabs' claws,
+sea-urchins' husks, the tentacles of cuttlefish, shingle, straws,
+cordage, not to mention[13] worm-eaten oyster-shells, moss, and
+seaweed, and all the flotsam of the sea that the winds drive, or the
+salt wave casts up, or the storm sweeps back, or the calm leaves high
+and dry all along our shores? For their names are no less suitable
+than those I mentioned above for the purpose of awakening suspicions.
+You have said that certain objects drawn from the sea have a certain
+value for gross purposes on account of the similarity of their names.
+On this analogy why should not a stone be good for diseases of the
+bladder, a shell for the making of a will, a crab for a cancer,
+seaweed for an ague? Really, Claudius Maximus, in listening to these
+appallingly long-winded accusations to their very close you have shown
+a patience that is excessive and a kindness which is too
+long-suffering. For my part when they uttered these charges of theirs,
+as though they were serious and cogent, while I laughed at their
+stupidity, I marvelled at your patience.
+
+[Footnote 13: _ne pergam_ (Helm).]
+
+36. However, since he takes so much interest in my affairs, I will now
+tell Aemilianus why I have examined so many fishes already and why I
+am unwilling to remain in ignorance of some I have not yet seen.
+Although he is in the decline of life and suffering from senile decay,
+let him, if he will, acquire some learning even at the eleventh hour.
+Let him read the works of the philosophers of old, that now at any
+rate he may learn that I am not the first ichthyologist, but follow in
+the steps of authors, centuries my seniors, such as Aristotle,
+Theophrastus, Eudemus, Lycon, and the other successors of Plato, who
+have left many books on the generation, life, parts and differences of
+animals. It is a good thing, Maximus, that this case is being tried
+before a scholar like yourself, who have read Aristotle's numerous
+volumes 'on the generation, the anatomy, the history of animals',
+together with his numberless 'Problems' and works by others of his
+school, treating of various subjects of this kind. If it is an honour
+and glory to them that they should have put on record the results of
+their careful researches, why should it be disgraceful to me to
+attempt the like task, especially since I shall attempt to write on
+those subjects both in Greek and Latin and in a more concise and
+systematic manner, and shall strive either to make good omissions or
+remedy mistakes in all these authors? I beg of you, if you think it
+worth while, to permit the reading of extracts from my 'magic' works,
+that Aemilianus may learn that my sedulous researches and inquiries
+have a wider range than he thinks. Bring a volume of my Greek
+works--some of my friends who are interested in questions of natural
+history may perhaps have them with them in court--take by preference
+one of those dealing with problems of natural philosophy, and from
+among those that volume in particular which treats of the race of
+fish. While he is looking for the book, I will tell you a story which
+has some relevance to this case.
+
+37. The poet Sophocles, the rival and survivor of Euripides--for he
+lived to extreme old age--on being accused by his own son of insanity
+on the ground that the advance of age had destroyed his wits, is said
+to have produced that matchless tragedy, his _Oedipus Coloneus_, on
+which he happened to be engaged at the time, and to have read it aloud
+to the jury without adding another word in his defence, except that he
+bade them without hesitation to condemn him as insane if an old man's
+poetry displeased them. At that point--so I have read--the jury rose
+to their feet as one man to show their admiration of so great a poet,
+and praised him marvellously both for the shrewdness of his argument
+and for the eloquence of his tragic verse. And indeed they were not
+far off unanimously condemning the accuser as the madman instead.
+
+Have you found the book? Thank you. Let us try now whether what I
+write may serve me in good stead in a law-court. Read a few lines at
+the beginning, then some details concerning the fish. And do you while
+he reads stop the water-clock. (_A passage from the book is read._)
+
+38. You hear, Maximus. You have doubtless frequently read the like in
+the works of ancient philosophers. Remember too that these volumes of
+mine describe fishes only, distinguishing those that spring from the
+union of the sexes from those which are spontaneously generated from
+the mud, discussing how often and at what periods of the year the
+males and females of each species come together, setting forth the
+distinction established by nature between those of them who are
+viviparous and those who are oviparous--for thus I translate the
+Greek phrases [Greek: zootoka] and [Greek: ootoka]--together with the
+causes of this distinction and the organic differences by which it is
+characterized, in a word--for I would not weary you by discussing all
+the different methods of generation in animals--treating of the
+distinguishing marks of species, their various manners of life, the
+difference of their members and ages, with many other points necessary
+for the man of science but out of place in a law-court. I will ask
+that a few of my Latin writings dealing with the same science may be
+read, in which you will notice some rare pieces of knowledge and names
+but little known to the Romans; indeed they have never been produced
+before to-day, but yet, thanks to my toil and study they have been so
+translated from the Greek, that in spite of their strangeness they are
+none the less of Latin mintage. Do you deny this, Aemilianus? If so,
+let your advocates tell me in what Latin author they have ever before
+read such words as those which I will cause to be recited to you. I
+will mention only aquatic animals, nor will I make any reference to
+other animals save in connexion with the characteristics which
+distinguish them from aquatic creatures. Listen then to what I say.
+You will cry out at me saying that I am giving you a list of magic
+names such as are used in Egyptian or Babylonian rites. [Greek:
+Selacheia malacheia malakostraka chondrakantha ostrakoderma
+karcharodonta amphibia lepidota pholidota dermoptera steganopoda
+monere synagelastika]. I might continue the list, but it is not worth
+wasting time over such trifles, and I need time to deal with other
+charges. Meanwhile read out my translation into Latin of the few names
+I have just given you. (_The translation is read. The Latin names are
+lost._)
+
+39. What think you? Is it disgraceful for a philosopher who is no rude
+and unlearned person of the reckless Cynic type, but who remembers
+that he is a disciple of Plato, is it disgraceful for such an one to
+know and care for such learning or to be ignorant and indifferent? to
+know how far such things reveal the workings of providence, or to
+swallow all the tales his father and mother told him of the immortal
+gods? Quintus Ennius wrote a poem on dainties: he there enumerates
+countless species of fish, which of course he had carefully studied. I
+remember a few lines and will recite them:
+
+     _Clipea's sea-weasels are of all the best,
+     For 'mice' the place is Aenus; oysters rough
+     In greatest plenty from Abydos come.
+     The sea-comb's found at Mitylene and
+     Ambracian Charadrus, and I praise
+     Brundisian sargus: take him, if he's big.
+     Know that Tarentum's small sea-boar is prime;
+     The sword-fish at Surrentum thou shouldst buy;
+     Blue fish at Cumae. What! have I passed by
+     Scarus? the brain of Jove is not less sweet.
+     You catch them large and good off Nestor's home.
+     Have I passed by the black-tail and the 'thrush',
+     The sea-merle and the shadow of the sea?
+     Best to Corcyra go for cuttlefish,
+     For the acarne and the fat sea-skull
+     The purple-fish, the little murex too,
+     Mice of the sea and the sea-urchin sweet._
+
+He glorified many fish in other verses, stating where each was to be
+found and whether they were best fried or stewed, and yet he is not
+blamed for it by the learned. Spare then to blame me, who describe
+things known to few under elegant and appropriate names both in Greek
+and Latin.
+
+40. Enough of this! I call your attention to another point. What if I
+take such interest and possess such skill in medicine as to search for
+certain remedies in fish? For assuredly as nature with impartial
+munificence has distributed and implanted many remedies throughout all
+other created things, so also similar remedies are to be found in
+fish. Now, do you think it more the business of a magician than of a
+doctor, or indeed of a philosopher, to know and seek out remedies? For
+the philosopher will use them not to win money for his purse, but to
+give assistance to his fellow men. The doctors of old indeed knew how
+to cure wounds by magic song, as Homer, the most reliable of all the
+writers of antiquity, tells us, making the blood of Ulysses to be
+stayed by a chant as it gushed forth from a wound. Now nothing that is
+done to save life can be matter for accusation. 'But,' says my
+adversary, 'for what purpose save evil did you dissect the fish
+brought you by your servant Themison?' As if I had not told you just
+now that I write treatises on the organs of all kind of animals,
+describing the place, number and purpose of their various parts,
+diligently investigating Aristotle's works on anatomy and adding to
+them where necessary. I am, therefore, greatly surprised that you are
+only aware of my having inspected one small fish, although I have
+actually inspected a very large number under all circumstances
+wherever I might find them, and have, moreover, made no secret of my
+researches, but conducted them openly before all the world, so that
+the merest stranger may, if it please him, stand by and observe me. In
+this I follow the instruction of my masters, who assert that a free
+man of free spirit should as far as possible wear his thoughts upon
+his face. Indeed I actually showed this small fish, which you call a
+sea-hare, to many who stood by. I do not yet know what name to call
+it[14] without closer research, since in spite of its rarity and most
+remarkable characteristics I do not find it described by any of the
+ancient philosophers. This fish is, as far as my knowledge extends,
+unique in one respect, for it contains twelve bones resembling the
+knuckle-bones of a sucking-pig, linked together like a chain in its
+belly. Apart from this it is boneless. Had Aristotle known this,
+Aristotle who records as a most remarkable phenomenon the fact that
+the fish known as the small sea-ass alone of all fishes has its
+diminutive heart placed in its stomach, he would assuredly have
+mentioned the fact.
+
+[Footnote 14: _vocem_ (Colvius).]
+
+41. 'You dissected a fish,' says he. Who can call this a crime in a
+philosopher which would be no crime in a butcher or cook? 'You
+dissected a fish.' Perhaps you object to the fact that it was raw. You
+would not regard it as criminal if I had explored its stomach and cut
+up its delicate liver after it was cooked, as you teach the boy
+Sicinius Pudens to do with his own fish at meals. And yet it is a
+greater crime for a philosopher to eat fish than to inspect them. Are
+augurs to be allowed to explore the livers of victims and may not a
+philosopher look at them too, a philosopher who knows that he can draw
+omens from every animal, that he is the high-priest of every god? Do
+you bring that as a reproach against me which is one of the reasons
+for the admiration with which Maximus and myself regard Aristotle?
+Unless you drive his works from the libraries and snatch them from the
+hands of students you cannot accuse me. But enough! I have said almost
+more on this subject than I ought.
+
+See, too, how they contradict themselves. They say that I sought my
+wife in marriage with the help of the black art and charms drawn from
+the sea at the very time when they acknowledge me to have been in the
+midmost mountains of Gaetulia, where, I suppose, Deucalion's deluge
+has made it possible to find fish! I am, however, glad that they do
+not know that I have read Theophrastus' 'On beasts that bite and
+sting' and Nicander 'On the bites of wild animals'; otherwise they
+would have accused me of poisoning as well! As a matter of fact I have
+acquired a knowledge of these subjects thanks to my reading of
+Aristotle and my desire to emulate him. I owe something also to the
+advice of my master Plato, who says that those who make such
+investigations as these 'pursue a delightful form of amusement which
+they will never regret'.
+
+42. Since I have sufficiently cleared up this business of the fish,
+listen to another of their inventions equally stupid, but much more
+extravagant and far more wicked. They themselves knew that their
+argument about the fish was futile and bound to fail. They realized,
+moreover, its strange absurdity (for who ever heard of fish being
+scaled and boned for dark purposes of magic?), they realized that it
+would be better for their fictions to deal with things of more common
+report, which have ere now been believed. And so they devised the
+following fiction which does at least fall within the limits of
+popular credence and rumour. They asserted that I had taken a boy
+apart to a secret place with a small altar and a lantern and only a
+few accomplices as witnesses, and there so bewitched him with a
+magical incantation that he fell in the very spot where I pronounced
+the charm, and on being awakened was found to be out of his wits. They
+did not dare to go any further with the lie. To complete their story
+they should have added that the boy uttered many prophecies. For this
+we know is the prize of magical incantations, namely divination and
+prophecy. And this miracle in the case of boys is confirmed not only
+by vulgar opinion but by the authority of learned men. I remember
+reading various relations of the kind in the philosopher Varro, a
+writer of the highest learning and erudition, but there was the
+following story in particular. Inquiry was being made at Tralles by
+means of magic into the probable issue of the Mithridatic war, and a
+boy who was gazing at an image of Mercury reflected in a bowl of water
+foretold the future in a hundred and sixty lines of verse. He records
+also that Fabius, having lost five hundred denarii, came to consult
+Nigidius; the latter by means of incantations inspired certain boys so
+that they were able to indicate to him where a pot containing a
+certain portion of the money had been hidden in the ground, and how
+the remainder had been dispersed, one denarius having found its way
+into the possession of Marcus Cato the philosopher. This coin Cato
+acknowledged he had received from a certain lackey as a contribution
+to the treasury of Apollo.
+
+43. I have read this and the like concerning boys and art-magic in
+several authors, but I am in doubt whether to admit the truth of such
+stories or no, although I believe Plato when he asserts that there are
+certain divine powers holding a position and possessing a character
+midway between gods and men, and that all divination and the miracles
+of magicians are controlled by them. Moreover it is my own personal
+opinion that the human soul, especially when it is young and
+unsophisticated, may by the allurement of music or the soothing
+influence of sweet smells be lulled into slumber and banished into
+oblivion of its surroundings so that, as all consciousness of the body
+fades from the memory, it returns and is reduced to its primal nature,
+which is in truth immortal and divine; and thus, as it were in a kind
+of slumber, it may predict the future. But howsoever these things may
+be, if any faith is to be put in them, the prophetic boy must, as far
+as I can understand, be fair and unblemished in body, shrewd of wit
+and ready of speech, so that a worthy and fair shrine may be provided
+for the divine indwelling power--if indeed such a power does enter
+into the boy's body--or that the boy's mind when wakened may quickly
+apply itself to its inherent powers of divination, find them ready to
+its use and reproduce their promptings undulled and unimpaired by any
+loss of memory. For, as Pythagoras said, not every kind of wood is fit
+to be carved into the likeness of Mercury. If that be so, tell me who
+was that healthy, unblemished, intelligent, handsome boy whom I deemed
+worthy of initiation into such mysteries by the power of my spells. As
+a matter of fact, Thallus, whom you mentioned, needs a doctor rather
+than a magician. For the poor wretch is such a victim to epilepsy that
+he frequently has fits twice or thrice in one day without the need for
+any incantations, and exhausts all his limbs with his convulsions. His
+face is ulcerous, his head bruised in front and behind, his eyes are
+dull, his nostrils distended, his feet stumbling. He may claim to be
+the greatest of magicians in whose presence Thallus has remained for
+any considerable time upon his feet. For he is continually lying
+down, either a seizure or mere weariness[15] causing him to collapse.
+
+[Footnote 15: _seu_ (Casaubon).]
+
+44. Yet you say that it is my incantations that have overwhelmed him,
+simply because he has once chanced to have a fit in my presence. Many
+of his fellow servants, whose appearance as witnesses you have
+demanded, are present in court. They all can tell you why it is they
+spit upon Thallus, and why no one ventures to eat from the same dish
+with him or to drink from the same cup. But why do I speak of these
+slaves? You yourselves have eyes. Deny then, if you dare, that Thallus
+used to have fits of epilepsy long before I came to Oea, or that has
+frequently been shown to doctors. Let his fellow slaves who are in
+your service deny this: I will confess myself guilty of everything, if
+he has not long since been sent away into the country, far from the
+sight of all of them, to a distant farm, for fear he should infect the
+rest of the household. They cannot deny this to be the fact. For the
+same reason it is impossible for us to produce him here to-day. The
+whole of this accusation has been reckless and sudden, and it was only
+the day before yesterday that Aemilianus demanded that we should
+produce fifteen slaves before you. The fourteen living in the town are
+present to-day. Thallus only is absent owing to the fact that he has
+been banished to a place some hundred miles distant. However, we have
+sent a man to bring him here in a carriage. I ask you, Maximus, to
+question these fourteen slaves whom we have produced as to where the
+boy Thallus is and what is the state of his health; I ask you to
+question my accuser's slaves. They will not deny that this boy is of
+revolting appearance, that his body is rotten through and through with
+disease, that he is liable to fits, and is a barbarian and a
+clodhopper. This is indeed a handsome boy whom you have selected as
+one who might fairly be produced at the offering of sacrifice, whom
+one might touch upon the head and clothe in a fair white cloak in
+expectation of some prophetic reply from his lips. I only wish he were
+present. I would have entrusted him to your tender mercies,
+Aemilianus, and would be ready to hold him myself that you might
+question him. Here in open court before the judges he would have
+rolled his wild eyes upon you, he would have foamed at the mouth, spat
+in your face, drawn in his hands convulsively, shaken his head and
+fallen at last in a fit into your arms.
+
+45. Here are fourteen slaves whom you bade me produce in court. Why do
+you refuse to question them? You want one epileptic boy who, you know
+as well as I, has long been absent from Oea. What clearer evidence of
+the falseness of your accusations could be desired? Fourteen slaves
+are present, as you required; you ignore them. One young boy is
+absent: you concentrate your attack on him. What is it that you want?
+Suppose Thallus were present. Do you want to prove that he had a fit
+in my presence? Why, I myself admit it. You say that this was the
+result of incantation. I answer that the boy knows nothing about it,
+and that I can prove that it was not so. Even you will not deny that
+Thallus was epileptic. Why then attribute his fall to magic rather
+than disease? Was there anything improbable in his suffering that fate
+in _my_ presence, which he has often suffered on other occasions in
+the presence of a number of persons? Nay, even supposing I had thought
+it a great achievement to cast an epileptic into a fit, why should I
+use charms when, as I am told by writers on natural history, the
+burning of the stone named _gagates_ is an equally sure and easy proof
+of the disease? For its scent is commonly used as a test of the
+soundness or infirmity of slaves even in the slave-market. Again, the
+spinning of a potter's wheel will easily infect a man suffering from
+this disease with its own giddiness. For the sight of its rotations
+weakens his already feeble mind, and the potter is far more effective
+than the magician for casting epileptics into convulsions. You had no
+reason for demanding that I should produce these slaves. I have good
+reason for asking you to name those who witnessed that guilty ritual
+when I cast the moribund Thallus into one of his fits. The only
+witness you mention is that worthless boy, Sicinius Pudens, in whose
+name you accuse me. He says that he was present. His extreme youth is
+no reason why we should reject his sworn evidence, but the fact that
+he is one of my accusers _does_ detract from his credibility. It would
+have been easier for you, Aemilianus, and your evidence would have
+carried much more weight, had you said that you were present at the
+rite and had been mad ever since, instead of entrusting the whole
+business to the evidence of boys as though it were a mere joke. A boy
+had a fit, a boy saw him. Was it also some boy that bewitched him?
+
+46. At this point Tannonius Pudens, like the old hand he is, saw that
+this lie also was falling flat and was doomed to failure by the frowns
+and murmurs of the audience, and so, in order to check the suspicions
+of some of them by kindling fresh expectations, he said that he would
+produce other boys as well whom I had similarly bewitched. He thus
+passed to another line of accusation. I might ignore it, but I will go
+out of my way to challenge it as I have done with all the rest. I want
+those boys to be produced. I hear they have been bribed by the promise
+of their liberty to perjure themselves. But I say no more. Only
+produce them. I demand and insist, Tannonius Pudens, that you should
+fulfil your promise. Bring forward those boys in whose evidence you
+put your trust; produce them, name them. You may use the time allotted
+to my speech for the purpose. Speak, I say, Tannonius. Why are you
+silent? Why do you hesitate? Why look round? If _he_ does not remember
+his instructions, or has forgotten his witnesses' names, do you at any
+rate, Aemilianus, come forward and tell us what instructions you gave
+your advocate, and produce those boys. Why do you turn pale? Why are
+you silent? Is this the way to bring an accusation? Is this the way
+to indict a man on so serious a charge? Is it not rather an insult to
+so distinguished a citizen as Claudius Maximus, and a false and
+slanderous persecution of myself? However, if your representative has
+made a slip in his speech, and there are no such boys to produce, at
+any rate make some use of the fourteen whom I have brought into court.
+If you refuse, why did you demand the appearance of such a housefull?
+
+47. You have demanded fifteen slaves to support an accusation of
+magic; how many would you be demanding if it were a charge of
+violence? The inference is that fifteen slaves know something, and
+that something is still a mystery. Or is it nothing mysterious and yet
+something connected with magic? You must admit one of these two
+alternatives: either the proceeding to which I admitted so many
+witnesses had nothing improper about it, or, if it had, it should not
+have been witnessed by so many. Now this magic of which you accuse me
+is, I am told, a crime in the eyes of the law, and was forbidden in
+remote antiquity by the Twelve Tables because in some incredible
+manner crops had been charmed away from one field to another. It is
+then as mysterious an art as it is loathly and horrible; it needs as a
+rule night-watches and concealing darkness, solitude absolute and
+murmured incantations, to hear which few free men are admitted, not to
+speak of slaves. And yet you will have it that there were fifteen
+slaves present on this occasion. Was it a marriage? or any other
+crowded ceremony? or a seasonable banquet? Fifteen slaves take part
+in a magic rite as though they had been created _quindecimvirs_ for
+the performance of sacrifice! Is it likely that I should have
+permitted so large a number to be present on such an occasion, if they
+were too many to be accomplices? Fifteen free men form a borough,
+fifteen slaves a household, fifteen fettered serfs a chain-gang. Did I
+need such a crowd to help me by holding the lustral victims during the
+lengthy rite? No! the only victims you mentioned were hens! Were they
+to count the grains of incense? or to knock Thallus down?
+
+48. You assert also that by promising to heal her I inveigled to my
+house a free woman who suffered from the same disease as Thallus; that
+she, too, fell senseless as a result of my incantations. It appears to
+me that you are accusing a wrestler not a magician, since you say that
+all who visited me had a fall. And yet Themison, who is a physician
+and who brought the woman for my inspection, denied, when you asked
+him, Maximus, that I had done anything to the woman other than ask her
+whether she heard noises in her ears, and if so, which ear suffered
+most. He added that she departed immediately after telling me that her
+right ear was most troubled in that way. At this point, Maximus,
+although I have for the present been careful to abstain from praising
+you, lest I should seem to have flattered you with an eye to winning
+my case, yet I cannot help praising you for the astuteness of your
+questions. After they had spent much time in discussing these points
+and asserting that I had bewitched the woman, and after the doctor who
+was present on that occasion had denied that I had done so, you, with
+shrewdness more than human, asked them what profit I derived from my
+incantations. They replied, 'The woman had a fit.' 'What then?' you
+asked, 'Did she die?' 'No,' said they. 'What is your point then? How
+did the fact of her having a fit profit Apuleius?' That third question
+showed brilliant penetration and persistence. You knew that it was
+necessary to submit all facts to stringent examination of their
+causes, that often facts are admitted while motives remain to seek,
+and that the representatives of litigants are called pleaders of
+_causes_, because they set forth the causes of each particular act. To
+deny a fact is easy and needs no advocate, but it is far more arduous
+and difficult a task to demonstrate the rightness or wrongness of a
+given action. It is waste of time, therefore, to inquire whether a
+thing was done, when, even if it were done, no evil motive can be
+alleged. Under such circumstances, if no criminal motive is
+forthcoming, a good judge releases the accused from all further
+vexatious inquiry. So now, since they have not proved that I either
+bewitched the woman or caused her to have a fit, I for my part will
+not deny that I examined her at the request of a physician; and I will
+tell you, Maximus, why I asked her if she had noises in her ears. I
+will do this not so much to clear myself of the charge which you,
+Maximus, have already decided to involve neither blame nor guilt, as
+to impart to you something worthy of your hearing and interesting to
+one of your erudition. I will tell you in as few words as possible. I
+have only to call your attention to certain facts. To instruct you
+would be presumption.
+
+49. The philosopher Plato, in his glorious work, the _Timaeus_, sets
+forth with more than mortal eloquence the constitution of the whole
+universe. After discoursing with great insight on the three powers
+that make up man's soul, and showing with the utmost clearness the
+divine purpose that shaped our various members, he treats of the
+causes of all diseases under three heads. The first cause lies in the
+elements of the body, when the actual qualities of those elements,
+moisture and cold and their two opposites, fail to harmonize. That
+comes to pass when one of these elements assumes undue proportions or
+moves from its proper place. The second cause of disease lies in the
+vitiation of those components of the body which, though formed out of
+the simple elements, have coalesced in such a manner as to have a
+specific character of their own, such as blood, entrails, bone,
+marrow, and the various substances made from the blending of each of
+these. Thirdly, the concretion in the body of various juices, turbid
+vapours, and dense humours is the last provocative of sickness.
+
+50. Of these causes that which contributes most to epilepsy, the
+disease of which I set out to speak, is a condition when the flesh is
+so melted by the noxious influence of fire as to form a thick and
+foaming humour. This generates a vapour, and the heat of the air thus
+compressed within the body causes a white and eruptive ferment. If
+this ferment succeeds in escaping from the body, it is dispersed in a
+manner that is repulsive rather than dangerous. For it causes an
+eczema to break out upon the surface of the skin of the breast and
+mottles it with all kinds of blotches. But the person to whom this
+happens is never again attacked with epilepsy, and so he rids himself
+of a most sore disease of the spirit at the price of a slight
+disfigurement of the body. But if, on the other hand, this dangerous
+corruption[16] be contained within the body and mingle with the black
+bile, and so run fiercely through every vein, and then working its way
+upwards to the head flood the brain with its destructive stream, it
+straightway weakens that royal part of man's spirit which is endowed
+with the power of reason and is enthroned in the head of man, that is
+its citadel and palace. For it overwhelms and throws into confusion
+those channels of divinity and paths of wisdom. During sleep it makes
+less havoc, but when men are full of meat and wine it makes its
+presence somewhat unpleasantly felt by a choking sensation, the herald
+of epilepsy. But if it reaches such strength as to attack the heads of
+men when they are wide awake, then their minds grow dull with a sudden
+cloud of stupefaction and they fall to the ground, their bodies
+swooning as in death, their spirit fainting within them. Men of our
+race have styled it not only the 'Great sickness' and the 'Comitial
+sickness', but also the 'Divine sickness', in this resembling the
+Greeks, who call it [Greek: hiera nosos], the holy sickness. The name
+is just; for this sickness does outrage to the rational part of the
+soul, which is by far the most holy.
+
+[Footnote 16: _putredo_ (conj. Helm).]
+
+51. You recognize, Maximus, the theory of Plato, as far as I have been
+able to give it a lucid explanation in the time at my disposal. I put
+my trust in him when he says that the cause of epilepsy is the
+overflowing of this pestilential humour into the head. My inquiry
+therefore was, I think, reasonable when I asked the woman whether her
+head felt heavy, her neck numb, her temples throbbing, her ears full
+of noises. The fact that she acknowledged these noises to be more
+frequent in her right ear was proof that the disease had gone home.
+For the right-hand organs of the body are the strongest, and therefore
+their infection with the disease leaves small hope of recovery. Indeed
+Aristotle has left it on record in his _Problems_ that whenever in the
+case of epileptics the disease begins on the right side, their cure is
+very difficult. It would be tedious were I to repeat the opinion of
+Theophrastus also on the subject of epilepsy. For he has left a most
+excellent treatise on convulsions. He asserts, however, in another
+book on the subject of animals ill-disposed towards mankind, that the
+skins of newts--which like other reptiles they shed at fixed intervals
+for the renewal of their youth--form a remedy for fits. But unless you
+snatch up the skin as soon as it be shed, they straightway turn upon
+it and devour it, whether from a malign foreknowledge of its value to
+men or from a natural taste for it. I have mentioned these things, I
+have been careful to quote the arguments of renowned philosophers, and
+to mention the books where they are to be found, and have avoided any
+reference to the works of physicians or poets, that my adversaries may
+cease to wonder that philosophers have learnt the causes of remedies
+and diseases in the natural course of their researches. Well then,
+since this woman was brought to be examined by me in the hope that she
+might be cured, and since it is clear both from the evidence of the
+physician who brought her and from the arguments I have just set forth
+that such a course was perfectly right, my opponents must needs assert
+that it is the part of a magician and evildoer to heal disease, or, if
+they do not dare to say that, must confess that their accusations in
+regard to this epileptic boy and woman are false, absurd, and indeed
+epileptic.
+
+52. Yes, Aemilianus, if you would hear the truth, _you_ are the real
+sufferer from the falling sickness, so often have your false
+accusations failed and cast you helpless to the ground. Bodily
+collapse is no worse than intellectual, and it is as important to keep
+one's head as to keep one's feet, while it is as unpleasant to be
+loathed by this distinguished gathering as to be spat upon in one's
+own chamber. But you perhaps think yourself sane because you are not
+confined within doors, but follow the promptings of your madness
+whithersoever it lead you: and yet compare your frenzy with that of
+Thallus; you will find that there is but little to choose between
+you, save that Thallus confines his frenzy to himself, while you
+direct yours against others; Thallus distorts his eyes, you distort
+the truth; Thallus contracts his hands convulsively, you not less
+convulsively contract with your advocates; Thallus dashes himself
+against the pavement, you dash yourself against the judgement-seat. In
+a word, whatever he does, he does in his sickness erring
+unconsciously; but you, wretch, commit your crimes with full knowledge
+and with your eyes open, such is the vehemence of the disease that
+inspires your actions. You bring false accusations as though they were
+true; you charge men with doing what has never been done; though a
+man's innocence be clear to you as daylight, you denounce him as
+though he were guilty.
+
+53. Nay, further, though I had almost forgotten to mention it, there
+are certain things of which you confess your ignorance, and which
+nevertheless you make material for accusation as though you knew all
+about them. You assert that I kept something mysterious wrapped up in
+a handkerchief among the household gods in the house of Pontianus. You
+confess your ignorance as to what may have been the nature or
+appearance of this object; you further admit that no one ever saw it,
+and yet you assert that it was some instrument of magic. You are not
+to be congratulated on this method of procedure. Your accusation
+reveals no shrewdness, and has not even the merit of impudence. Do not
+think so for a moment. No! it shows naught save the ill-starred
+madness of an embittered spirit and the pitiable fury of cantankerous
+old age. The words you used in the presence of so grave and
+perspicacious a judge amounted to something very like this. 'Apuleius
+kept certain things wrapped in a cloth among the household gods in the
+house of Pontianus. Since I do not know what they were, I therefore
+argue that they were magical. I beg you to believe what I say, because
+I am talking of that of which I know nothing.' What a wonderful
+argument, in itself an obvious refutation of the charge. 'It must have
+been this, because I do not know what it was.' You are the only person
+hitherto discovered who knows that which he does not know. You so far
+surpass all others in folly, that whereas philosophers of the most
+keen and penetrating intellect assert that we should not trust even
+the objects that we see, you make statements about things which you
+have never seen or heard. If Pontianus still lived and you were to ask
+him what the cloth contained, he would reply that he did not know.
+There is the freedman who still has charge of the keys of the place;
+he is one of your witnesses, but he says that he has never examined
+these objects, although, as the servant responsible for the books kept
+there, he opened and shut the doors almost daily, continually entered
+the room, not seldom in my company but more often alone, and saw the
+cloth lying on the table unprotected by seal or cord. Quite natural,
+was it not? Magical objects were concealed in the cloth, and for that
+reason I took little care for its safe custody, but left it about
+anyhow for any one to examine and inspect, if he liked, or even to
+carry it away! I entrusted it to the custody of others, I left it to
+others to dispose of at their pleasure! What credence do you expect us
+to give you after this? Are we to believe that you, on whom I have
+never set eyes save in this court, know that of which Pontianus, who
+actually lived under the same roof, was ignorant? or shall we believe
+that you, who have never so much as approached the room where they
+were placed, have seen what the freedman never saw, although he had
+every opportunity to inspect them during the sedulous performance of
+his duties? In a word, that which you never saw must have been what
+you assert it to have been! And yet, you fool, if this very day you
+had succeeded in getting that handkerchief into your hands, I should
+deny the magical nature of whatever you might produce from it.
+
+54. I give you full leave; invent what you like, rack your memory and
+your imagination to discover something that might conceivably seem to
+be of a magical nature. Even then, should you succeed in so doing, I
+should argue the point with you. I should say that the object in
+question had been substituted by you for the original, or that it had
+been given as a remedy, or that it was a sacred emblem that had been
+placed in my keeping, or that a vision had bidden me to carry it thus.
+There are a thousand other ways in which I might refute you with
+perfect truth and without giving any explanation which is abnormal or
+lies outside the limits of common observation. You are now demanding
+that a circumstance, which, even if it were proved up to the hilt,
+would not prejudice me in the eyes of a good judge, should be fatal to
+me when, as it is, it rests on vague suspicion, uncertainty, and
+ignorance. You will perhaps, as is your wont, say, 'What, then, was it
+that you wrapped in a linen cloth and were so careful to deposit with
+the household gods?' Really, Aemilianus! is this the way you accuse
+your victims? You produce no definite evidence yourself, but ask the
+accused for explanations of everything. 'Why do you search for fish?
+Why did you examine a sick woman? What had you hidden in your
+handkerchief?' Did you come here to accuse me or to ask me questions?
+If to accuse me, prove your charges yourself; if to ask questions, do
+not anticipate the truth by expressing opinions on that concerning
+which your ignorance compels you to inquire. If this precedent be
+followed, if there is no necessity for the accuser to prove anything,
+but on the contrary he is given every facility for asking questions of
+the accused, there is not a man in all the world but will be indicted
+on some charge or other. In fact, everything that he has ever done
+will be used as a handle against any man who is charged with sorcery.
+Have you written a petition on the thigh of some statue? You are a
+sorcerer! Else why did you write it? Have you breathed silent prayers
+to heaven in some temple? You are a sorcerer! Else tell us what you
+asked for? Or take the contrary line. You uttered no prayer in some
+temple! You are a sorcerer! Else why did you not ask the gods for
+something? The same argument will be used if you have made some votive
+dedication, or offered sacrifice, or carried sprigs of some sacred
+plant. The day will fail me if I attempt to go through all the
+different circumstances of which, on these lines, the false accuser
+will demand an explanation. Above all, whatever object he has kept
+concealed or stored under lock and key at home will be asserted by the
+same argument to be of a magical nature, or will be dragged from its
+cupboard into the light of the law-court before the seat of judgement.
+
+55. I might discourse at greater length on the nature and importance
+of such accusations, on the wide range for slander that this path
+opens for Aemilianus, on the floods of perspiration that this one poor
+handkerchief, contrary to its natural duty, will cause his innocent
+victims! But I will follow the course I have already pursued. I will
+acknowledge what there is no necessity for me to acknowledge, and will
+answer Aemilianus' questions. You ask, Aemilianus, what I had in that
+handkerchief. Although I might deny that I had deposited any
+handkerchief of mine in Pontianus' library, or even admitting that it
+was true enough that I did so deposit it, I might still deny that
+there was anything wrapped up in it. If I should take this line, you
+have no evidence or argument whereby to refute me, for there is no one
+who has ever handled it, and only one freedman, according to your own
+assertion, who has ever seen it. Still, as far as I am concerned I
+will admit the cloth to have been full to bursting. Imagine yourself,
+please, to be on the brink of a great discovery, like the comrades of
+Ulysses who thought they had found a treasure when they stole the bag
+that contained all the winds. Would you like me to tell you what I had
+wrapped up in a handkerchief and entrusted to the care of Pontianus'
+household gods? You shall have your will. I have been initiated into
+various of the Greek mysteries, and preserve with the utmost care
+certain emblems and mementoes of my initiation with which the priests
+presented me. There is nothing abnormal or unheard of in this. Those
+of you here present who have been initiated into the mysteries of
+father Liber alone, know what you keep hidden at home, safe from all
+profane touch and the object of your silent veneration. But I, as I
+have said, moved by my religious fervour and my desire to know the
+truth, have learned mysteries of many a kind, rites in great number,
+and diverse ceremonies. This is no invention on the spur of the
+moment; nearly three years since, in a public discourse on the
+greatness of Aesculapius delivered by me during the first days of my
+residence at Oea, I made the same boast and recounted the number of
+the mysteries I knew. That discourse was thronged, has been read far
+and wide, is in all men's hands, and has won the affections of the
+pious inhabitants of Oea not so much through any eloquence of mine as
+because it treats of Aesculapius. Will any one, who chances to
+remember it, repeat the beginning of that particular passage in my
+discourse? You hear, Maximus, how many voices supply the words. I will
+order this same passage to be read aloud, since by the courteous
+expression of your face you show that you will not be displeased to
+hear it. (_The passage is read aloud._)
+
+56. Can any one, who has the least remembrance of the nature of
+religious rites, be surprised that one who has been initiated into so
+many holy mysteries should preserve at home certain talismans
+associated with these ceremonies, and should wrap them in a linen
+cloth, the purest of coverings for holy things? For wool, produced by
+the most stolid of creatures and stripped from the sheep's back, the
+followers of Orpheus and Pythagoras are for that very reason forbidden
+to wear as being unholy and unclean. But flax, the purest of all
+growths and among the best of all the fruits of the earth, is used by
+the holy priests of Egypt, not only for clothing and raiment, but as a
+veil for sacred things. And yet I know that some persons, among them
+that fellow Aemilianus, think it a good jest to mock at things divine.
+For I learn from certain men of Oea who know him, that to this day he
+has never prayed to any god or frequented any temple, while if he
+chances to pass any shrine, he regards it as a crime to raise his hand
+to his lips in token of reverence. He has never given firstfruits of
+crops or vines or flocks to any of the gods of the farmer, who feed
+him and clothe him; his farm holds no shrine, no holy place, nor
+grove. But why do I speak of groves or shrines? Those who have been on
+his property say they never saw there one stone where offering of oil
+has been made, one bough where wreaths have been hung. As a result,
+two nicknames have been given him: he is called Charon, as I have
+said, on account of his truculence of spirit and of countenance, but
+he is also--and this is the name he prefers--called Mezentius, because
+he despises the gods. I therefore find it the easier to understand
+that he should regard my list of initiations in the light of a jest.
+It is even possible that, thanks to his rejection of things divine, he
+may be unable to induce himself to believe that it is true that I
+guard so reverently so many emblems and relics of mysterious rites. I
+care not a straw what Mezentius may think of me; but to others I make
+this announcement clearly and unshrinkingly. If any of you that are
+here present had any part with me in these same solemn ceremonies,
+give a sign and you shall hear what it is I keep thus. For no thought
+of personal safety shall induce me to reveal to the uninitiated the
+secrets that I have received and sworn to conceal.
+
+57. I have, I think, Maximus, said enough to satisfy the most
+prejudiced of men and, as far as the handkerchief is concerned, have
+cleared myself of every speck of guilt. I shall run no risk in passing
+from the suspicions of Aemilianus to the evidence of Crassus, which my
+accusers read out next as if it were of the utmost importance. You
+heard them read from a written deposition, the evidence of a gorging
+brute, a hopeless glutton, named Junius Crassus, that I performed
+certain nocturnal rites at his house in company with my friend Appius
+Quintianus, who had taken lodgings there. This, mark you, Crassus says
+that he discovered (in spite of the fact that he was as far away as
+Alexandria at the time!) from finding the feathers of birds and traces
+of the smoke of a torch. I suppose that while he was enjoying a round
+of festivities at Alexandria--for Crassus is one who is ready even to
+encroach upon the daylight with his gluttonies--I suppose, I say, that
+there from his reeking tavern he espied, with eye keen as any
+fowler's, feathers of birds wafted towards him from his house, and saw
+the smoke of his home rising far off from his ancestral roof-tree. If
+he saw this with his eyes, he saw even further than Ulysses prayed and
+yearned to see. For Ulysses spent years in gazing vainly from the
+shore to see the smoke rising from his home, while Crassus during a
+few months' absence from home succeeded, without the least difficulty,
+in seeing this same smoke as he sat in a wine-shop! If, on the other
+hand, it was his nose discerned the smoke, he surpasses hounds and
+vultures in the keenness of his sense of smell. For what hound, what
+vulture hovering in the Alexandrian sky, could sniff out anything so
+far distant as Oea? Crassus is, I admit, a _gourmand_ of the first
+order, and an expert in all the varied flavours of kitchen-smoke, but
+in view of his love of drinking, his only real title to fame, it would
+have been easier for the fumes of his wine, rather than the fumes of
+his chimney, to reach him at Alexandria.
+
+58. Even he saw that this would pass belief. For he is said to have
+sold this evidence before eight in the morning while he was still
+fasting from food and drink! And so he wrote that he had made his
+discovery in the following manner. On his return from Alexandria he
+went straight to his house, which Quintianus had by this time left.
+There in the entrance-hall he came across a large quantity of birds'
+feathers: the walls, moreover, were blackened with soot. He asked the
+reason of this from the slave whom he had left at Oea, and the latter
+informed him of the nocturnal rites carried out by myself and
+Quintianus. What an ingenious lie! What a probable invention! That I,
+had I wished to do anything of the sort, should have done it there
+rather than in my own house! That Quintianus, who is supporting me
+here to-day, and whom I mention with the greatest respect and honour
+for the close love that binds him to me, for his deep erudition and
+consummate eloquence, that this same Quintianus, supposing him to have
+dined off some birds or, as they assert, killed them for magical
+purposes, should have had no slave to sweep up the feathers and throw
+them out of doors! Or further that the smoke should have been strong
+enough to blacken the walls and that Quintianus should have suffered
+such defacement of the room in which he slept, while it was still in
+his occupation! Nonsense, Aemilianus! There is no probability in the
+story, unless indeed Crassus on his return went not to the bedroom,
+but after his fashion made straight for the kitchen. And what made
+his slave suspect that the walls had been blackened by night in
+particular? Was it the colour of the smoke? Does night smoke differ
+from day smoke in being darker? And why did so suspicious and
+conscientious a slave allow Quintianus to leave the house before
+having it cleaned? Why did those feathers lie like lead and await the
+arrival of Crassus for so long? Let not Crassus accuse his slave. It
+is much more likely that he himself fabricated this mendacious
+nonsense about feathers and soot, being unable even in his evidence to
+divorce himself further from his kitchen.
+
+59. And why did you read out this evidence from a written deposition?
+Where in the world is Crassus? Has he returned to Alexandria out of
+disgust at the state of his house? Is he washing his walls? or, as is
+more likely, is the glutton feeling ill after his debauch? I myself
+saw him yesterday here at Sabrata hiccoughing in your face,
+Aemilianus, in the most conspicuous manner in the middle of the
+market-place. Pray, Maximus, ask your slaves whose duty it is to keep
+you informed of people's names--although, I admit, Crassus is better
+known to the keepers of taverns--yet ask them, I say, whether they
+have ever seen Junius Crassus, a citizen of Oea, in this place. They
+will answer 'yes'. Let Aemilianus then produce this most admirable
+young man on whose testimony he relies. You notice the time of day. I
+tell you that Crassus has long since been snoring in a drunken slumber
+or has taken a second bathe and is now evaporating the sweat of
+intoxication at the bath that he may be equal to a fresh drinking bout
+after supper. He presents himself in writing only. That is the way he
+speaks to you, Maximus. Even he is not so dead to sense of shame as to
+be able to lie to your face without a blush. But there is perhaps
+another reason for his absence. He may have been unable to abstain
+from the wine-cup[17] sufficiently long to keep sober against this
+moment; or it may be that Aemilianus took good care not to subject him
+to your severe and searching gaze, lest you should damn the brute with
+his close-shaven cheeks and his disgusting appearance by a mere glance
+at his face, when you saw a young man with his features stripped of
+the beard and hair that should adorn them, his eyes heavy with wine,
+his lids swollen, his broad[18] grin, his slobbering lips, his harsh
+voice, his trembling hands, his breath[19] reeking of the cook-shop.
+He has long since devoured his fortune; nothing is left him of his
+patrimony save a house that serves him for the sale of his false
+witness, and never did he make a more remunerative contract than he
+has done with regard to this evidence he offers to-day. For he sold
+Aemilianus his drunken fictions for 3,000 sesterces, as every one at
+Oea is aware.
+
+[Footnote 17: _a bria_ (Hildebrand).]
+
+[Footnote 18: _rictum diductum_ (Jahn).]
+
+[Footnote 19: _ructus popinam_ (Pricaeus).]
+
+60. We all knew of this before it actually took place. I might have
+prevented the transaction by denouncing it, but I knew that so foolish
+a lie would be prejudicial to Aemilianus, who wasted his money to
+secure it, rather than to myself, who treated it with the contempt it
+deserved. I wished not only that Aemilianus should lose his money, but
+that Crassus should have his reputation ruined by his disgraceful
+perjury. It was but the day before yesterday that the transaction took
+place in the most open manner at the house of Rufinus, of whom I shall
+soon have something to say. Rufinus and Calpurnianus acted as
+middlemen and arranged the bargain.[20] The former carried out the
+task with all the more readiness because he was certain that his wife,
+at whose misconduct he knowingly connives, would be sure to recover
+from Crassus a large proportion of his fee for perjury. I noticed that
+you also, Maximus, suspected with your usual acuteness that they, as
+soon as this written evidence was produced, had formed a league and
+conspiracy against me; and I saw from your face that the whole affair
+excited your disgust. Finally my accusers, in spite of their being
+paragons of audacity and monsters of shamelessness, did not dare to
+read out Crassus' evidence in full or to build anything upon it; for
+they saw that at the mention of his name you smelt a rat. I have
+mentioned these facts not because I am afraid of these dreadful
+feathers and stains of soot--least of all with you to judge me--but
+that Crassus might meet with due punishment for having sold mere smoke
+to a helpless rustic like Aemilianus.
+
+[Footnote 20: _depectoribus_ (Kronenberg).]
+
+61. Their next[21] charge concerns the manufacture of a seal which
+they produced when they read Pudentilla's letters. This seal, they
+assert, I had fashioned of the rarest wood by some secret process for
+purposes of the black art. They add that, although it is loathly and
+horrible to look upon, being in the form of a skeleton, I yet give it
+especial honour and call it in the Greek tongue, [Greek: basileus], my
+king. I think I am right in saying that I am following the various
+stages of their accusation in due order and reconstructing the whole
+fabric of their slander detail by detail.
+
+[Footnote 21: _inde_ (Acidalius).]
+
+Now how can the manufacture of this seal have been secret, as you
+assert, when you are sufficiently well acquainted with the maker to
+have summoned him to appear in court? Here is Cornelius Saturninus,
+the artist, a man whose skill is famous among his townsfolk and whose
+character is above reproach. A little while back, in answer, Maximus,
+to your careful cross-examination, he explained the whole sequence of
+events in the most convincing and truthful manner. He said that I
+visited his shop and, after looking at many geometrical patterns all
+carved out of boxwood in the most cunning and ingenious manner, was so
+much attracted by his skill that I asked him to make me certain
+mechanical devices and also begged him to make me the image of some
+god to which I might pray after my custom. The particular god and the
+precise material I left to his choice, my only stipulation being that
+it should be made of wood. He therefore first attempted to work in
+boxwood. Meanwhile, during my absence in the country, Sicinius
+Pontianus, my step-son, wishing to gratify me,[22] procured some ebony
+tablets from that excellent lady Capitolina and brought them to his
+shop, exhorting him to make what I had ordered out of this rarer and
+more durable material: such a gift, he said, would be most gratifying
+to me. Our artist did as Pontianus suggested, as far as the size of
+the ebony tablets permitted. By careful dove-tailing of minute
+portions of the tablets he succeeded in making a small figure of
+Mercury.
+
+[Footnote 22: _gratum factum_ (Van der Vliet).]
+
+62. You heard all the evidence just as I repeat it. Moreover it
+receives exact confirmation from the answers given to you in
+cross-examination by Capitolina's son, a youth of the most excellent
+character, who is here in court to-day. He said that Pontianus asked
+for the tablets, that Pontianus took them to the artist Saturninus.
+Nor does he deny that Pontianus received the completed signet from
+Saturninus and afterwards gave it me. All these things have been
+openly and manifestly proved. What remains, in which any suspicion of
+sorcery can lie concealed? Nay, what is there that does not absolutely
+convict you of obvious falsehood? You said that the seal was of secret
+manufacture, whereas Pontianus, a distinguished member of the
+equestrian order, gave the commission for it. The figure was carved in
+public by Saturninus as he sat in his shop. He is a man of sterling
+character and recognized honesty. The work was assisted by the
+munificence of a distinguished married lady, and many both among the
+slaves and the acquaintances who frequented my house were aware both
+of the commission for the work and its execution. You were not ashamed
+falsely to pretend that I had searched high and low for the requisite
+wood through all the town, although you know that I was absent from
+Oea at that time, and although it has been proved that I gave a free
+hand as to the material.
+
+63. Your third lie was that the figure which was made was the lean,
+eviscerated frame of a gruesome corpse, utterly horrible and ghastly
+as any goblin. If you had discovered such definite proof of my
+sorceries, why did you not insist on my producing it in court? Was it
+that you might have complete freedom for inventing lies in the absence
+of the subject of your slanders? If so, the opportunity afforded you
+for mendacity has been lost you, thanks to a certain habit of mine
+which comes in most opportunely. It is my wont wherever I go to carry
+with me the image of some god hidden among my books and to pray to him
+on feast days with offerings of incense and wine and sometimes even of
+victims. When, therefore, I heard persistent though outrageously
+mendacious assertions that the figure I carried was that of a
+skeleton, I ordered some one to go and bring from my house my little
+image of Mercury, the same that Saturninus had made for me at Oea. You
+there, give it them! Let them see it, hold it, examine it. There you
+see the image which that scoundrel called a skeleton. Do you hear
+these cries of protest that arise from all present? Do you hear the
+condemnation of your lie? Are you not at last ashamed of all your
+slanders? Is this a skeleton, this a goblin, is this the familiar
+spirit you asserted it to be? Is this a magic symbol or one that is
+common and ordinary? Take it, I beg you, Maximus, and examine it. It
+is good that a holy thing should be entrusted to hands as pure and
+pious as yours. See there, how fair it is to view, how full of all a
+wrestler's grace and vigour! How cheerful is the god's face, how
+comely the down that creeps on either side his cheeks, how the curled
+hair shows upon his head beneath the shadow of his hat's brim, how
+neatly the tiny pair of pinions project about his brows, how daintily
+the cloak is drawn about his shoulders! He who dares call this a
+skeleton, either never sees an image of a god or if he does ignores
+it. Indeed, he who thinks this to represent a goblin must have goblins
+on the brain.
+
+64. But in return for that lie, Aemilianus, may that same god who goes
+between the lords of heaven and the lords of hell grant you the hatred
+of the gods of either world and ever send to meet you the shadows of
+the dead with all the ghosts, with all the fiends, with all the
+spectres, with all the goblins of all the world, and thrust upon your
+eyes all the terror that walketh by night, all the dread dwellers in
+the tomb, all the horrors of the sepulchre, although your age and
+character have brought you near enough to them already. But we of the
+family of Plato know naught save what is bright and joyous, majestic
+and heavenly and of the world above us. Nay, in its zeal to reach the
+heights of wisdom, the Platonic school has explored regions higher
+than heaven itself and has stood triumphant on the outer circumference
+of this our universe. Maximus knows that I speak truth, for in his
+careful study of the _Phaedrus_ he has read of the 'place that is
+higher than heaven, being builded on heaven's back.' Maximus also
+clearly understands--I am now going to reply to your accusation about
+the name--who he is whom not I but Plato was first to call the 'King'.
+'All things,' he says, 'depend upon the King of all things and for him
+only all things exist.' Maximus knows who that 'King' is, even the
+cause and reason and primal origin of all nature, the lord and father
+of the soul, the eternal saviour of all that lives, the unwearying
+builder of his world. Yet builds he without labour, yet saves he
+without care, he is father without begetting, he knows no limitation
+of space or time or change, and therefore few may conceive and none
+may tell of his power.
+
+65. I will even go out of my way to aggravate the suspicion of
+sorcery; I will not tell you, Aemilianus, who it is that I worship as
+my king. Even if the proconsul should ask me himself who my god is, I
+am dumb.
+
+About the name I have said enough for the present. For the rest I know
+that some of my audience are anxious to hear why I wanted the figure
+made not of silver or gold, but only of wood, though I think that
+their desire springs not so much from their anxiety to see me cleared
+of guilt as from eagerness for knowledge. They would like to have this
+last doubt removed, even although they see that I have amply rebutted
+all suspicion of any crime. Listen, then, you who would know, but
+listen with all the sharpness and attention that you may, for you are
+to hear the very words that Plato wrote in his old age in the last
+book of the _Laws_. 'The man of moderate means when he makes offerings
+to the gods should do so in proportion to his means. Now, earth and
+the household hearths of all men are holy to all the gods. Let no one
+therefore dedicate any shrines to the gods over and above these.' He
+forbids this with the purpose of preventing men from venturing to
+build private shrines; for he thinks that the public temples suffice
+his citizens for the purposes of sacrifice. He then continues, 'Gold
+and silver in other cities, whether in the keeping of private persons
+or of temples, are invidious possessions; ivory taken from a body
+wherefrom the life has passed is not a welcome offering; iron and
+bronze are instruments of war. Whatsoever a man dedicates, let it be
+of wood and wood only, or if it be of stone, of stone only.' The
+general murmur of assent shows, O Maximus, and you, gentlemen, who
+have the honour to assist him, that I am adjudged to have made
+admirable use of Plato, not only as a guide in life, but as an
+advocate in court, to whose instructions, as you see, I give implicit
+obedience.
+
+66. It is now time for me to turn first and foremost to the letters of
+Pudentilla, or rather to retrace the whole course of events a little
+further back still. For I desire to make it abundantly clear that I,
+whom they keep accusing of having forced my way into Pudentilla's
+house solely through love of money, ought really never to have come
+near that house, had the thought of money ever crossed my mind. My
+marriage has for many reasons brought me the reverse of prosperity
+and, but for the fact that my wife's virtues are compensation for any
+number of disadvantages, might be described as disastrous.
+
+Disappointment and envy are the sole causes that have involved me in
+this trial, and even before that gathered many mortal perils about my
+path. What motives for resentment has Aemilianus against me, even
+assuming him to be correctly informed when he accuses me of magic? No
+least word of mine has ever injured him in such a way as to give him
+the appearance of pursuing a just revenge. It is certainly no lofty
+ambition that prompts him to accuse me, ambition such as fired Marcus
+Antonius to accuse Cnaeus Carbo, Caius Mucius to accuse Aulus
+Albucius, Publius Sulpicius to accuse Cnaeus Norbanus, Caius Furius to
+accuse Manius Aquilius, Caius Curio to accuse Quintus Metellus. They
+were young men of admirable education and were led by ambition to
+undertake these accusations as the first step in a forensic career,
+that by the conduct of some _cause celebre_ they might make themselves
+a name among their fellow citizens. This privilege was conceded by
+antiquity to young men just entering public life as a means of winning
+glory for their youthful genius. The custom has long since become
+obsolete, but even if the practice were still common, it would not
+apply to Aemilianus. It would not have been becoming to him to make
+any display of his eloquence, for he is rude and unlettered; nor to
+show a passion for renown, since he is a mere barbarian bumpkin; nor
+thus to open his career as an advocate, for he is an old man on the
+brink of the grave. The only hypothesis creditable to him would be
+that he is perhaps giving an example of his austerity of character and
+has undertaken this accusation through sheer hatred of wrongdoing and
+to assert his own integrity. But I should hardly accept such an
+hypothesis even in the case of a greater Aemilianus, not our African
+friend here, but the conqueror of Africa and Numantia, who held,
+moreover, the office of censor at Rome. Much less will I believe that
+this dull blockhead, I will not say, hates sin, but recognizes it when
+he sees it.
+
+67. What then was his motive? It is as clear as day to any one that
+envy is the sole motive that has spurred him and Herennius Rufinus,
+his instigator--of whom I shall have more to say later--and the rest
+of my enemies, to fabricate these false charges of sorcery.
+
+Well, there are five points which I must discuss. If I remember
+aright, their accusations as regards Pudentilla were as follows.
+Firstly, they said that after the death of her first husband she
+resolutely set her face against re-marriage, but was seduced by my
+incantations. Secondly, there are her letters, which they regard as an
+admission that I used sorcery. Thirdly and fourthly, they object that
+she made a love-match at the advanced age of sixty and that the
+marriage contract was sealed not in the town but at a country house.
+Lastly, there is the most invidious of all these accusations, namely,
+that which concerns the dowry. It is into this charge they have put
+all their force and all their venom; it is this that vexes them most
+of all. They assert that at the very outset of our wedded life I
+forced my devoted wife in the absolute seclusion of her country house
+to make over to me a large dowry. I will show that all these
+statements are so false, so worthless, so unsubstantial, and I shall
+refute them so easily and unquestionably, that in good truth, Maximus,
+and you, gentlemen, his assessors, I fear you may think that I have
+suborned my accusers to bring these charges, that I might have the
+opportunity of publicly dispelling the hatred of which I am the
+victim. I will ask you to believe _now_, what you will understand when
+the facts are before you, that I shall need to put out all my strength
+to prevent you from thinking that such a baseless accusation is a
+cunning device of my own rather than a stupid enterprise of my
+enemies.
+
+68. I shall now briefly retrace events and force Aemilianus himself
+to admit, when he has heard the facts, that his envy was groundless
+and that he has strayed far from the truth. In the meantime I beg you,
+as you have already done, or if possible yet more than you have
+already done, to give the best of your attention to me as I trace the
+whole case to its fount and source.
+
+Aemilia Pudentilla, now my wife, was once the wife of a certain
+Sicinius Amicus. By him she had two sons, Pontianus and Pudens. These
+two boys were left by their father's death under the guardianship of
+their paternal grandfather--for Amicus predeceased his father--and
+were brought up by their mother with remarkable care and affection for
+about fourteen years. She was in the flower of her age, and it was not
+of her own choosing that she remained a widow for so long. But the
+boys' grandfather was eager that she should, in spite of her
+reluctance, take his son, Sicinius Clarus, for her second husband[23]
+and with this in view kept all other suitors at a distance. He further
+threatened her that if she married elsewhere he would by his will
+exclude her sons from the possession of any of their father's
+heritage. When she saw that nothing could move him to alter the
+condition that he had laid down, such was her wisdom, and so admirable
+her maternal affection, that to prevent her sons' interests suffering
+any damage in this respect, she made a contract of marriage with
+Sicinius Clarus in accordance with her father-in-law's bidding, but by
+various evasions managed to avoid the marriage until the boys'
+grandfather died, leaving them as his heirs, with the result that
+Pontianus, the elder son, became his brother's guardian.
+
+[Footnote 23: _iterum_ (Riese).]
+
+69. She was now freed from all embarrassment, and being sought in
+marriage by many distinguished persons resolved to remain a widow no
+longer. The dreariness of her solitary life she might have borne, but
+her bodily infirmities had become intolerable. This chaste and saintly
+lady, after so many years of blameless widowhood, without even a
+breath of scandal, owing to her long absence from a husband's
+embraces, began to suffer internal pains so severe that they brought
+her to the brink of the grave. Doctors and wise women agreed that the
+disease had its origin in her long widowhood, that the evil was
+increasing daily and her sickness steadily assuming a more serious
+character; the remedy was that she should marry before her youth
+finally departed from her. There were many who welcomed this
+recommendation, but none more so than that fellow Aemilianus, who a
+little while back asserted with the most unhesitating mendacity that
+Pudentilla had never thought of marriage until I compelled her to be
+mine by my exercise of the black art; that I alone had been found to
+outrage the virgin purity of her widowhood by incantations and love
+philtres. I have often heard it said with truth that a liar should
+have a good memory. Had you forgotten, Aemilianus, that before I came
+to Oea, you wrote to her son Pontianus, who had then attained to man's
+estate and was pursuing his studies at Rome, suggesting that she
+should marry? Give me the letter, or better give it to Aemilianus and
+let him refute himself in his own voice with his own words.
+
+Is this your letter? Why do you turn pale? We know you are past
+blushing. Is this your signature? Read a little louder, please, that
+all may realize how his written words belie his speech and how much
+more he is at variance with himself than with me.
+
+70. Did you, Aemilianus, write what has just been read out? 'I know
+that she is willing to marry and that she ought to do so, but I do not
+know the object of her choice.' You were right there. You knew nothing
+about it. For Pudentilla, though she admitted that she wished to marry
+again, said nothing to you about her suitor. She knew the intrusive
+malignity of your nature too well. But you still expected her to marry
+your brother Clarus and were induced by your false hopes to go further
+and to urge her son to assent to the match. And of course, if she had
+wedded Clarus, a boorish and decrepit old man, you would have asserted
+that she had long desired to marry him of her own free will without
+the intervention of any magic. But now that she has married a young
+man of the elegance which you attribute to him, you say that she had
+always refused to marry and must have done so under compulsion! You
+did not know, you villain, that the letter you had written on the
+subject was being preserved, you did not know that you would be
+convicted by your own testimony. The fact is that Pudentilla, knowing
+your changeableness and unreliability no less than your shamelessness
+and mendacity, rather than forward the letter preferred to keep it as
+clear evidence of your intentions, and wrote a letter of her own on
+the same subject to her son Pontianus at Rome, in which she gave full
+reasons for her determination. She told him pretty fully about the
+state of her health; there was no longer any reason for her to persist
+in remaining a widow; she had so remained for thus long and had
+sacrificed her health solely to procure him the inheritance of his
+grandfather's fortune, a fortune to which she had by the exercise of
+the greatest care made considerable additions: Pontianus himself was
+now by the grace of heaven ripe for marriage and his brother for the
+garb of manhood. She begged them to suffer her at length to solace her
+lonely existence and to relieve her ill health: they need have no
+fears as to her final choice or as to her motherly affection; she
+would still be as a wife what she had been as a widow. I will order a
+copy of this letter to her son to be read aloud. (_The letter is
+read._)
+
+71. This letter makes it, I think, sufficiently clear that it needed
+no incantations of mine to move Pudentilla from her resolve to remain
+a widow, but that she had been for some time by no means averse to
+marriage, when she chose me--it may be in preference to others. I
+cannot see why such a choice by so excellent a woman should be brought
+against me as matter for reproach rather than honour. But I admit
+feeling surprise that Aemilianus and Rufinus should be annoyed at the
+lady's decision, when those who were actually suitors for her hand
+acquiesce in her preference for myself. She was indeed guided in
+making her choice less by her personal inclination than by the advice
+of her son, a fact which Aemilianus cannot deny. For Pontianus on
+receiving his mother's letter hastily flew hither from Rome, fearing
+that, if the man of her choice proved to be avaricious, she might, as
+often happens, transfer her whole fortune to the house of her new
+husband. This anxiety tormented him not a little. All his own
+expectations of wealth together with those of his brother depended on
+his mother. His grandfather had left but a moderate fortune, his
+mother possessed 4,000,000 sesterces. Of this sum, it is true, she
+owed a considerable portion to her sons, but they had no security for
+this, relying--naturally enough--on her word alone. He gave but silent
+expression to his fears; he did not venture to show any open
+opposition for fear of seeming to distrust her.
+
+72. Things being in this delicate position owing to the matrimonial
+intentions of the mother and the fears of the son, chance or destiny
+brought me to Oea on my way to Alexandria. Did not my respect for my
+wife prevent me, I would say 'Would God it had never happened'. It was
+winter when this occurred. Overcome by the fatigues of the journey, I
+was laid up for a considerable number of days in the house of my
+friends the Appii, whom I name to show the affection and esteem with
+which I regard them. There Pontianus came to see me; for not so very
+long before certain common friends had introduced him to me at Athens,
+and we had afterwards lodged together and come to know each other
+intimately. He greeted me with the utmost courtesy, inquired anxiously
+after my health, and touched dexterously on the subject of love. For
+he thought that he had found an ideal husband for his mother to whom
+he could without the slightest risk entrust the whole fortune of the
+house. At first he sounded me as to my inclinations in somewhat
+ambiguous language, and seeing that I was desirous of resuming my
+journey and was not in the least disposed to take a wife, he begged me
+at any rate to remain at Oea for a little while, as he himself was
+desirous of travelling with me. Since my physical infirmity had made
+it impossible for me to profit by the present winter, he urged that it
+would be well to wait for the next owing to the danger presented by
+the passage of the Syrtes and the risk of encountering wild beasts.
+His urgent entreaty induced my friends the Appii to allow me to leave
+them and to become his guest in his mother's house. I should find the
+situation healthier, he said, and should get a freer view of the
+sea--a special attraction in my eyes.
+
+73. He had shown the greatest eagerness in inducing me to come to this
+decision, and strongly recommended his mother and his brother--that
+boy there--to my consideration. I gave them some help in our common
+studies and a marked intimacy sprang up between us. Meanwhile I
+gradually recovered my health. At the instance of my friends I gave a
+discourse in public. This took place in the basilica, which was
+thronged by a vast audience. I was greeted with many expressions of
+approval, the audience shouted 'bravo! bravo!' like one man, and
+besought me to remain and become a citizen of Oea. On the dispersal of
+the audience Pontianus approached me, and by way of prelude said that
+such universal enthusiasm was nothing less than a sign from heaven. He
+then revealed to me that it was his cherished design--with my
+permission--to bring about a match between myself and his mother, for
+whose hand there were many suitors. He added that I was the only
+friend in the world in whom he could put implicit trust and
+confidence. If I were to refuse to undertake such a responsibility,
+simply because it was no fair heiress that was offered me, but a woman
+of plain appearance and the mother of children--if I were moved by
+these considerations and insisted on reserving myself for a more
+attractive and wealthier match, my behaviour would be unworthy of a
+friend and a philosopher. It would take too long--even if I were
+willing--to tell you what I replied and how long and how frequently we
+conversed on the subject, with how many pressing entreaties he plied
+me, never ceasing until he finally won my consent. I had had ample
+opportunity for observing Pudentilla's character, for I had lived for
+a whole year continually in her company and had realized how rich was
+her endowment of good qualities; but my desire for travel led me to
+desire to refuse the match as an impediment. But I soon began to love
+her for her virtues as ardently as though I had wooed her of my own
+initiative. Pontianus had also persuaded his mother to give me the
+preference over all her other suitors, and showed extraordinary
+eagerness for the marriage to take place at the earliest possible
+date. We could scarcely induce him to consent to the very briefest
+postponement to such time as he himself should have taken a wife and
+his brother in due course have assumed the garb of manhood. That done,
+we would be married at once.
+
+74. Would to heaven it were possible without serious damage to my case
+to pass by what I have now to relate. I freely forgave Pontianus when
+he begged for pardon, and I have no wish to seem to reproach him now
+for the fickleness of his conduct. I acknowledge the truth of a
+circumstance brought against me by my accusers, I admit that
+Pontianus, after taking to himself a wife, broke his pledged word and
+suddenly changed his mind; that he tried to prevent the fulfilment of
+this project with no less obstinacy than he had shown zeal in
+forwarding it. He was ready to make any sacrifice, to go any lengths,
+to prevent our marriage taking place. Nevertheless this discreditable
+change of attitude, this deliberate quarrel with his mother, must not
+be laid to his charge, but to that of his father-in-law, Herennius
+Rufinus, whom you see before you, a man than whom no more worthless,
+wicked, and grime-stained soul lives upon this earth. I will--since I
+cannot avoid it--give a brief description of this man's character,
+using such moderation as I may, lest, if I pass him by in silence, the
+energy which he has shown in engineering this accusation against me
+should have been spent all in vain.
+
+This is the man who poisoned that worthless boy against me, who is the
+prime mover in this accusation, who has hired advocates and bought
+witnesses. This is the furnace in which all this calumny has been
+forged, this the firebrand, this the scourge that has driven
+Aemilianus here to his task. He makes it his boast before all men in
+the most extravagant language that it is through his machinations that
+my indictment has been procured. In truth he has some reason for
+self-congratulation. For he is the organizer of every lawsuit, the
+deviser of every perjury, the architect of every lie, the seed-ground
+of every wickedness, the vile haunt and hideous habitation of lust and
+gluttony, the mark of every scandal since his earliest years: in
+boyhood, ere he became so hideously bald, the ready servant of the
+vilest vices; in youth a stage dancer limp and nerveless enough in all
+conscience, but, they tell me, clumsy and inartistic in his very
+effeminacy. Except for his immodesty he is said not to have possessed
+a single quality that should distinguish an actor.
+
+75. He is older now--God's curse upon him! I crave your pardon for my
+warmth of language. But his house is the dwelling-place of panders,
+his whole household foul with sin, himself a man of infamous
+character, his wife a harlot, his sons like their parents. His door
+night and day is battered with the kicks of wanton gallants, his
+windows loud with the sound of loose serenades, his dining-room wild
+with revel, his bedchambers the haunt of adulterers. For no one need
+fear to enter it save he who has no gift for the husband. Thus does he
+make an income from his own dishonour. What else should the wretch do?
+He has lost a considerable fortune, though I admit that he only got
+that fortune unexpectedly through a fraudulent transaction on the part
+of his father. The latter, having borrowed money from a number of
+persons, preferred to keep their money at the cost of his own good
+name. Bills poured in on every side with demands for payment. Every
+one that met him laid hands on him as though he were a madman.
+'Steady, now!' says he, 'I can't find the cash.' So he resigned his
+golden rings and all the badges of his position in society and thus
+came to terms with his creditors. But he had by a most ingenious fraud
+transferred the greater part of his property to his wife, and so,
+although he himself was needy, ill-clad and protected by the very
+depth of his fall, managed to leave this same Rufinus--I am telling
+you the truth and nothing but the truth--no less than 3,000,000
+sesterces to be squandered on riotous living. This was the sum that
+came to him unencumbered from his mother's property, over and above
+the daily dowry brought him by his wife. Yet all this money has been
+ravenously devoured by this glutton in a few short years, all this
+fortune has been destroyed by the infinite variety of his
+gormandizing; so that you might really think him to be afraid of
+seeming in any way to be the gainer by his father's dishonesty. This
+honourable fellow actually took care that what had been ill-gained
+should be ill-spent, nor was anything left him from his too ample
+fortune, save his depraved ambition and his boundless appetite.
+
+76. His wife, however, was getting old and worn out and refused to
+continue to support the whole household by her own dishonour. But
+there was a daughter who, at her mother's instigation, was exhibited
+to all the wealthy young men, but in vain. Had she not come across so
+easy a victim as Pontianus she would perhaps still have been sitting
+at home a widow who had never been a bride. Pontianus, in spite of
+urgent attempts on our part to dissuade him, gave her the right--false
+and illusory though it was--to be called a bride. He did this knowing
+that, but a short time before he married her, she had been seduced and
+deserted by a young man of good family to whom she had been previously
+betrothed. And so his new bride came to him, not as other brides come,
+but unabashed and undismayed, her virtue lost, her modesty gone, her
+bridal-veil a mockery. Cast off by her previous lover, she brought to
+her wedding the name without the purity of a maid. She rode in a
+litter carried by eight slaves. You who were present saw how
+impudently she made eyes at all the young and how immodestly she
+flaunted her charms. Who did not recognize her mother's pupil, when
+they saw her dyed lips, her rouged cheeks, and her lascivious eyes?
+Her dowry was borrowed, every farthing of it, on the eve of her
+wedding, and was indeed greater than could be expected of so large and
+impoverished a family.
+
+77. But though Rufinus' fortune is small, his hopes are boundless.
+With avarice rivalled only by his need he had already devoured
+Pudentilla's 4,000,000 in vain anticipation. With this in view he
+decided that I must be got out of the way, in order that he might find
+fewer obstacles in his attempt to hoodwink the weak Pontianus and the
+lonely Pudentilla. He began, therefore, to upbraid his son-in-law for
+having betrothed his mother to me. He urged him to draw back without
+delay from so perilous a path, while there was yet time; to keep his
+mother's fortune himself rather than deliberately transfer it to the
+keeping of a stranger. He threatened that, if he refused, he would
+take away his daughter, the device of an old hand to influence a young
+man in love. To be brief, he so wrought upon the simple-minded young
+man, who was, moreover, a slave to the charms of his new bride, as to
+mould him to his will and move him from his purpose. Pontianus went to
+his mother and told her what Rufinus had said to him. But he made no
+impression on her steadfast character. On the contrary, she rebuked
+him for his fickleness and inconstancy, and it was no pleasant news he
+took back to his father-in-law. His mother had shown a firmness of
+purpose not to be expected of one of her placid disposition, and to
+make matters worse his expostulations had made her angry, which was
+likely seriously to increase her obstinacy: in fact, she had finally
+replied, that it was no secret to her that his expostulations were
+instigated by Rufinus, a fact which made the support and assistance of
+a husband against his desperate greed all the more necessary to her.
+
+78. When he heard this, the ruffian was stung to fury and burst into
+such wild and ungovernable rage that in the presence of her own son he
+heaped insults, such as he might have used to his own wife, on the
+purest and most modest of women. In the presence of many witnesses,
+whom, if you desire it, I will name, he loudly denounced her as a
+wanton and myself as a sorcerer and poisoner, threatening to murder me
+with his own hands. I can hardly restrain my anger, such fierce
+indignation fills my soul. That you, the most effeminate of men,
+should threaten any man with death at your hand! Your hand! What hand!
+The hand of Philomela or Medea or Clytemnestra? Why, when you dance in
+those characters you show such contemptible timidity, you are so
+frightened at the sight of steel, that you will not even carry a
+property sword? But I am digressing. Pudentilla, seeing to her
+astonishment that her son had fallen lower than she could have deemed
+possible, went into the country and by way of rebuke wrote him the
+notorious letter, in which, according to my accusers, she confessed
+that my magical practices had made her lose her reason and fall in
+love with me. And yet, Maximus, the day before yesterday at your
+command I took a copy of the letter in the presence of witnesses and
+of Pontianus' secretary. Aemilianus also was there and countersigned
+the copy. What is the result? In contradiction to my accusers'
+assertion everything is found to tell in my favour.
+
+79. And yet, even if she had spoken somewhat strongly and had called
+me a magician, it would be a reasonable explanation that she had, in
+defending her conduct to her son, preferred to allege compulsion on my
+part rather than her own inclination. Is Phaedra the only woman whom
+love has driven to write a lying letter? Is it not rather a device
+common to all women that, when they have begun to feel strong desire
+for anything of this kind, they should prefer to make themselves out
+the victims of compulsion? But even supposing she had genuinely
+regarded me as a magician, would the mere fact of Pudentilla's writing
+to that effect be a reason for actually regarding me as a magician?
+You, with all your arguments and your witnesses and your diffuse
+eloquence, have failed to prove me a magician. Could she prove it with
+one word? A formal indictment, written and signed before a judge, is a
+far more weighty document than what is written in a private letter!
+Why do not you prove me a magician by my own deeds instead of having
+recourse to the mere words of another? If your principle be followed,
+and whatever any one may have written in a letter under the influence
+of love or hatred be admitted as proof, many a man will be indicted on
+the wildest charges. 'Pudentilla called you a magician in her letter;
+therefore you are a magician!' If she had called me a consul, would
+that make me one? What if she had called me a painter, a doctor, or
+even an innocent man? Would you accept any of these statements, simply
+because she had made them? You would accept none of them. Yet it is a
+gross injustice to believe a person when he speaks evil of another and
+to refuse to believe him when he speaks well. It is a gross injustice
+that a letter should have power to destroy and not to save. 'But,'
+says my accuser, 'she was out of her wits, she loved you
+distractedly.' I will grant it for the moment. But are all persons,
+who are the objects of love, magicians, just because the person in
+love with them chances to say so in a letter? If, indeed, Pudentilla
+wrote in a letter to another person what would clearly be prejudicial
+to myself, I think she could hardly have been in love with me at the
+moment in question.
+
+80. Tell me now, what is your contention? Was she mad or sane when she
+wrote? Sane, do you say? Then she was not the victim of magic. Insane?
+In that case she did not know what she was writing and must not be
+believed. Nay, even supposing her to have been insane, she would not
+have been aware of the fact. For just as to say 'I am silent' is to
+make a fool of oneself, since these very words actually break silence,
+and the act of speaking impugns the substance of one's speech, so it
+is even more absurd to say 'I am mad'. It cannot be true unless the
+speaker knows what he says, and he who knows what madness is, is
+_ipso facto_ sane. For madness cannot know itself any more than
+blindness can see itself. Therefore Pudentilla was in possession of
+her senses, if she thought she was out of them. I could say more on
+this point, but enough of dialectic! I will read out the letter which
+gives crying witness to a very different state of things and might
+indeed have been specially prepared to suit this particular trial.
+Take it and read it out until I interrupt. (_The letter is read._)
+
+Stop a moment before you go on to what follows. We have come to the
+crucial point. So far, Maximus, as far at any rate as I have noticed,
+the lady has made no mention of magic, but has merely repeated in the
+same order the statements which I quoted a short time ago about her
+long widowhood, the proposed remedy for her ill health, her desire to
+marry, the good report she had heard of me from Pontianus, his own
+advice that she should marry me in preference to others.
+
+81. So much for what has been read. There remains a portion of the
+letter which, although like the first part it was written in my
+defence, also turns against me. For although it was specially written
+to rebut the charge of magic brought against me, a remarkable piece of
+ingenuity on the part of Rufinus has altered its meaning and brought
+me into discredit with certain citizens of Oea as being a proved
+sorcerer. Maximus, you have heard much from the lips of others, you
+have learned yet more by reading, and your own personal experience
+has taught you not a little. But you will say that never yet have you
+come across such insidious cunning or such marvellous dexterity in
+crime. What Palamedes, what Sisyphus, what Eurybates or Phrynondas
+could ever have devised such guile? All those whom I have mentioned,
+together with all the notorious deceivers of history, would seem mere
+clowns and pantaloons, were they to attempt to match this one single
+instance of Rufinus' craftiness. O miracle of lies! O subtlety worthy
+of the prison and the stocks! Who could imagine that what was written
+as a defence could without the alteration of a single letter be
+transformed into an accusation! Good God! it is incredible. But I will
+make clear to you how the incredible came to pass.
+
+82. The mother was rebuking her son because, after extolling me to her
+as a model of all the virtues, he now, at Rufinus' instigation,
+asserted that I was a magician. The actual words were as follows:
+'Apuleius is a magician and has bewitched me to love him. Come to me,
+then, while I am still in my senses!' These words, which I have quoted
+in Greek, have been selected by Rufinus and separated from their
+context. He has taken them round as a confession on the part of
+Pudentilla, and, with Pontianus at his side all dissolved in tears,
+has shown them through all the market-place, allowing men only to read
+that portion which I have just cited and suppressing all that comes
+before and after. His excuse was that the rest of the letter was too
+disgusting to be shown; it was sufficient that publicity should be
+given to Pudentilla's confession as to my sorcery. What was the
+result? Every one thought it probable enough. That very letter, which
+was written to clear my character, excited the most violent hatred
+against me amongst those who did not know the facts. This foul villain
+went rushing about in the midst of the market-place like any
+bacchanal; he kept opening the letter and proclaiming, 'Apuleius is a
+sorcerer! She herself describes her feelings and her sufferings! What
+more do you demand?' There was no one to take my part and reply, 'Give
+us the whole letter, please! Let me see it all, let me read it from
+beginning to end. There are many things which, produced apart from
+their context, may seem open to a slanderous interpretation. Any
+speech may be attacked, if a passage depending for its sense on what
+has preceded be robbed of its commencement, or if phrases be expunged
+at will from the place they logically occupy, or if what is written
+ironically be read out in such a tone as to make it seem a defamatory
+statement.' With what justice this protest or words to that effect
+might have been uttered the actual order of the letter will show.
+
+83. Now, Aemilianus, try to remember whether the following were not
+the words of which, together with myself, you took a copy in the
+presence of witnesses, 'For since I desired to marry for the reasons
+of which I told you, you persuaded me to choose Apuleius in preference
+to all others, since you had a great admiration for him and were eager
+through me to become yet more intimate with him. But now that certain
+ill-natured persons have brought accusations against us and attempt to
+dissuade you, Apuleius has suddenly become a magician and has
+bewitched me to love him. Come to me, then, while I am still in my
+senses.'
+
+I ask you, Maximus, if letters--some of which are actually called
+vocal[24]--could find a voice, if words, as poets say, could take them
+wings and fly, would they not, when Rufinus first made disingenuous
+excerpts from that letter, read but a few lines and deliberately said
+nothing of much that bore a more favourable meaning, would not the
+remaining letters have cried out that they were unjustly kept out of
+sight? Would not the words suppressed by Rufinus have flown from his
+hands and filled the whole market-place with tumult, crying that they
+too had been sent by Pudentilla, they too had been entrusted with
+something to say, and calling upon men to listen to _them_ instead of
+giving ear to a dishonest villain who was attempting to prove a lie by
+means of another's letter? for Pudentilla had never accused Apuleius
+of magic, while Rufinus' accusation was tantamount to an acquittal.
+All these things were not said then, but now, when they are of more
+effectual service to me, their truth appears clearer than day.
+Rufinus, your cunning stands revealed, your fraud stares us in the
+face, your lies are laid bare; truth dethroned for a while rises once
+more and slander sinks[25] downward to the bottomless pit.
+
+[Footnote 24: i.e. vowels.]
+
+[Footnote 25: _se ecfert--calumnia se mergit_ (Salmasius).]
+
+84. You challenged me with Pudentilla's letter: with that letter I win
+the day. If you like to hear the conclusion, I will not grudge it
+you. Tell me, what were the words with which she ended the letter,
+that poor bewitched, lunatic, insane, infatuated lady? 'I am not
+bewitched, I am not in love; it is my destiny.'[26] Would you have
+anything more? Pudentilla throws your words in your teeth and publicly
+vindicates her sanity against your slanderous aspersions. The motive
+or necessity of her marriage, whichever it was, she now ascribes to
+fate, and between fate and magic there is a great gulf, indeed they
+have absolutely nothing in common. For if it be true that the destiny
+of each created thing is like a fierce torrent that may neither be
+stayed nor diverted, what power is left for magic drugs or
+incantations? Pudentilla, therefore, not only denied that I was a
+magician, but denied the very existence of magic. It is a good thing
+that Pontianus, following his usual custom, kept his mother's letter
+safe in its entirety: it is a good thing that the speed with which
+this case has been hurried on left you no opportunity for adding to
+that letter at your leisure. For this I have to thank you and your
+foresight, Maximus. You saw through their slanders from the beginning
+and hurried on the case that they might not gather strength as the
+days went by; you gave them no breathing space and wrecked their
+designs. Suppose now that the mother, after her wont, _had_ made
+confession of her passion for me in some private letter to her son.
+Was it just, Rufinus, was it consistent, I will not say with filial
+piety but with common humanity, that these letters should be
+circulated and, above all, published and proclaimed abroad by her own
+son? But perhaps I am no better than a fool to ask you to have regard
+for another's sense of decency when you have so long lost your own.
+
+[Footnote 26: [Greek: ten heimarmenen echo] (Rossbach).]
+
+85. Why should I only complain of what is past? The present is equally
+distressing. To think that this unhappy boy should have been so
+corrupted by you as to read aloud in the proconsular court, before a
+man of such lofty character as Claudius Maximus, a letter from his
+mother, which he chooses to regard as amatory, and in the presence of
+the statues of the emperor Pius to accuse his mother of yielding to a
+shameful passion and reproach her with her _amours_? Who is there of
+such gentle temper, but that this would wake him to fury? Vilest of
+creatures, do you pry into your mother's heart in such matters, do you
+watch her glances, count her sighs, sound her affections, intercept
+her letters, and accuse her of being in love? Do you seek to discover
+what she does in the privacy of her own chamber, do you demand--I will
+not say that she should be above love affairs--but that she should
+cease to be a woman? Cannot you conceive the possibility that she
+should show any affection save the affection of a mother for her son?
+Ah! Pudentilla, you are unhappy in your offspring! Far better have
+been barren than have borne such children! Ill-omened were the long
+months through which you bore them in your womb and thankless your
+fourteen years of widowhood! The viper, I am told, reaches the light
+of day only by gnawing through its mother's womb; its parent must die
+ere it be born. But your son is full-grown and the wounds he deals are
+far bitterer, for they are inflicted on you while you yet live and see
+the light of day. He insults your reserve, he arraigns your modesty,
+he wounds you to the heart and outrages your dearest affections. Is
+this the gratitude with which a dutiful son like yourself repays his
+mother for the life she gave him, for the inheritance she won him, for
+her long fourteen years of seclusion? Is the result of your uncle's
+teaching this, that, if you were sure your sons would be like
+yourself, you should be afraid to take a wife? There is a well-known
+line
+
+     _I hate the boy that's wise before his time._
+
+Yes, and who would not loathe and detest a boy that is 'wicked before
+his time', when he sees you, like some frightful portent, old in sin
+but young in years, with the bodily powers of a boy, yet deep in
+guilt, with the bright face of a child, but with wickedness such as
+might match grey hairs? Nay, the most offensive thing about him is
+that his pernicious deeds go scot free; he is too young to punish, yet
+old enough to do injury. Injury, did I say? No! crime, unfilial,
+black, monstrous, intolerable crime!
+
+86. The Athenians, when they captured the correspondence of their
+enemy, Philip of Macedon, and the letters were being read in public
+one by one, out of reverence for the common rights of humanity forbade
+one letter to be read aloud, a letter addressed by Philip to his wife
+Olympias. They spared the enemy that they might not intrude on the
+privacy of husband and wife; they placed the law that is common to all
+mankind above the claims of private vengeance. So enemy dealt with
+enemy! How have you dealt with the mother that bore you? You see how
+close is my parallel. Yet you read out aloud letters written by your
+mother which, according to your assertion, concern her love affairs,
+and you do so before this gathering here assembled, a gathering before
+which you would not dare to read the verses of some obscene poet, even
+if bidden to do so, but you would be restrained by some sense of
+shame. Nay, you would never have touched your mother's letters, had
+you ever been in touch with letters in the wider sense of the term.
+But you have also dared to submit a letter of your own to be read, a
+letter written about your mother in outrageously disrespectful,
+abusive, and unseemly language, written too at a time when you were
+still being brought up under her loving care. This letter you sent
+secretly to Pontianus, and you have now produced it to avoid the
+reproach of having sinned only once and to rescue so good a deed from
+oblivion![27] Poor fool, do you not realize that your uncle permitted
+you to do this, that he might clear himself in public estimation by
+using your letter as proof that even before you migrated to his house,
+even at the time when you caressed your mother with false words of
+love, you were already as cunning as any fox and devoid of all filial
+affection?
+
+[Footnote 27: _oblivio_ (Casaubon).]
+
+87. I cannot bring myself to believe Aemilianus such a fool as to
+think that the letter of a mere boy, who is also one of my accusers,
+could seriously tell against me.
+
+There is also that forged letter by which they attempted to prove that
+I beguiled Pudentilla with flattery. I never wrote it and the forgery
+is not even plausible. What need had I of flattery, if I put my trust
+in magic? And how did they secure possession of that letter which
+must, as is usual in such affairs, have been sent to Pudentilla by
+some confidential servant? Why, again, should I write in such faulty
+words, such barbarous language, I whom my accusers admit to be quite
+at home in Greek? And why should I seek to seduce her by flattery so
+absurd and coarse? They themselves admit that I write amatory verse
+with sufficient sprightliness and skill. The explanation is obvious to
+every one; it is this. He who could not read the letter which
+Pudentilla wrote in Greek altogether too refined for his
+comprehension, found it easier to read this letter and set it off to
+greater advantage because it was his own.
+
+One more point and I shall have said enough about the letters.
+Pudentilla, after writing in jest and irony those words 'Come then,
+while I am yet in my senses', sent for her sons and her
+daughter-in-law and lived with them for about two months. I beg this
+most dutiful of sons to tell us whether he then noticed his mother's
+alleged madness to have affected for the worse either her words or her
+deeds. Let him deny that she showed the utmost shrewdness in her
+examination of the accounts of the bailiffs, grooms, and shepherds,
+that she earnestly warned his brother Pontianus to be on his guard
+against the designs of Rufinus, that she rebuked him severely for
+having freely published the letter she had sent him without having
+read it honestly as it was written! Let him deny that, after what I
+have just related to you, his mother married me in her country house,
+as had been agreed some time previously!
+
+88. The reason for our decision to be married by preference at her
+country house not far from Oea was to avoid a fresh concourse of
+citizens demanding largesse. It was but a short time before that
+Pudentilla had distributed 50,000 sesterces to the people on the
+occasion of Pontianus' marriage and this boy's assumption of the garb
+of manhood. We wished also to avoid the frequent and wearisome
+dinner-parties which custom generally imposes on newly-married
+couples. This is the whole reason, Aemilianus, why our marriage
+contract was signed not in the town but at a country house in the
+neighbourhood--to avoid squandering another 50,000 sesterces and to
+escape dining in your company or at your house. Is that sufficient? I
+must say that I am surprised that you object so strongly to the
+country house, considering that you spend most of your time in the
+country. The Julian marriage-law nowhere contains a clause to the
+effect that no man shall wed in a country house. Indeed, if you would
+know the truth, it is of far better omen for the expectation of
+offspring that one should marry one's wife in a country house in
+preference to the town, on rich soil in preference to barren ground,
+on the greensward of the meadow rather than the pavement of the
+market-place. She that would be a mother should marry in the very
+bosom of her mother, among the standing crops, on the fruitful
+plough-land, or she should lie beneath the elm that weds the vine, on
+the very lap of mother earth, among the springing herbage, the
+trailing vine-shoots and the budding trees. I may add that the
+metaphor in the line so well known in comedy
+
+     _That in the furrow children true be sown_
+
+bears out this view most strongly. The ancient Romans also, such as
+Quintius, Serranus and many others, were offered not only wives but
+consulships and dictatorships in the open field. But I am becoming
+long-winded. I will restrain myself for fear of gratifying you by my
+praise of country life.
+
+89. As to Pudentilla's age, concerning which you lied so boldly as to
+assert that she had married at the age of sixty, I will reply in a few
+words. It is not necessary to speak at length in discussing a matter
+where the truth is so obvious.
+
+Her father acknowledged her for his daughter in the usual fashion; the
+documents in which he did so are preserved partly in the public record
+office, partly in his house. Here they are before your very eyes.
+Please hand the documents to Aemilianus. Let him examine the linen
+strip that bears the seal; let him recognize the seal stamped upon
+it, let him read the names of the consuls for the year, let him count
+up the years. He gave her sixty years. Let him bring out the total at
+fifty-five, admitting that he lied and gave her five too many. Nay,
+that is hardly enough. I will deal yet more liberally with him. He
+gave Pudentilla such a number of years that I will reward him by
+returning ten. Mezentius has been wandering with Ulysses; let him at
+least prove that she is fifty. To cut the matter short, as I am
+dealing with an accuser who is used to multiplying by four, I will
+multiply five years by four and subtract twenty years at one fell
+swoop. I beg you, Maximus, to order the number of consuls since her
+birth to be reckoned. If I am not mistaken, you will find that
+Pudentilla has barely passed her fortieth year. The insolent audacity
+of this falsehood! Twenty years' exile would be a worthy punishment
+for such mendacity! Your fiction has added a good half to the sum,
+your fabrication is one and a half times the size of the original. Had
+you said thirty years when you ought to have said ten, it might have
+been supposed that you had made a slip in the gesture used for your
+calculation, that you had placed your forefinger against the middle
+joint of your thumb, when you should have made them form a circle. But
+whereas the gesture indicating forty is the simplest of all such
+gestures, for you have merely to hold out the palm of your hand--you
+have increased the number by half as much again. There is no room for
+an erroneous gesture; the only possible hypothesis is that, believing
+Pudentilla to be thirty, you got your total by adding up the number of
+consuls, two to each year.
+
+90. I have done with this. I come now to the very heart of the
+accusation, to the actual motive for the use of magic. I ask Rufinus
+and Aemilianus to answer me and tell me--even assuming that I am the
+most consummate magician--what had I to gain by persuading Pudentilla
+to marry me by means of my love philtres and my incantations. I am
+well aware that many persons, when accused of some crime or other,
+even if it has been shown that there was some real motive for the
+offence, have amply cleared themselves of guilt by this one line of
+defence, that the whole record of their lives renders the suspicion of
+such a crime incredible and that even though there may have been
+strong temptation to sin, the mere fact of the existence of the
+temptation should not be counted against them. We have no right to
+assume that everything that might have been done actually has been
+done. Circumstances may alter; the one true guide is a man's
+character; the one sure indication that a charge should be rejected or
+believed is the fact that through all his life the accused has set his
+face towards vice or virtue as the case may be. I might with the
+utmost justice put in such a plea for myself, but I waive my right in
+your favour, and shall think that I have made out but a poor case for
+myself, if I do no more than amply clear myself of all your charges
+and show that there exists not the slightest ground for suspecting me
+of sorcery. Consider what confidence in my innocence and what contempt
+of you is implied by my conduct. If you can discover one trivial
+reason that might have led me to woo Pudentilla for the sake of some
+personal advantage, if you can prove that I have made the very
+slightest profit out of my marriage, I am ready to be any magician you
+please--the great Carmendas himself or Damigeron or Moses[28] of whom
+you have heard, or Jannes or Apollobex or Dardanus himself or any
+sorcerer of note from the time of Zoroaster and Ostanes till now.
+
+[Footnote 28: _is Moses_ (Jan. Parrhasius).]
+
+91. See, Maximus, what a disturbance they have raised, merely because
+I have mentioned a few magicians by name. What am I to do with men so
+stupid and uncivilized? Shall I proceed to prove to you that I have
+come across these names and many more in the course of my study of
+distinguished authors in the public libraries? Or shall I argue that
+the knowledge of the names of sorcerers is one thing, participation in
+their art another, and that it is not tantamount to confessing a crime
+to have one's brain well stored with learning and a memory retentive
+of its erudition? Or shall I take what is far the best course and,
+relying on your learning, Maximus, and your perfect erudition, disdain
+to reply to the accusations of these stupid and uncultivated fellows?
+Yes, that is what I will do. I will not care a straw for what they may
+think. I will go on with the argument on which I had entered and will
+show that I had no motive for seducing Pudentilla into marriage by the
+use of love philtres.
+
+My accusers have gone out of their way to make disparaging remarks
+both about her age and her appearance; they have denounced me for
+desiring such a wife from motives of greed and robbing her of her vast
+and magnificent dowry at the very outset of our wedded life. I do not
+intend to weary you, Maximus, with a long reply on these points. There
+is no need for words from me, our deeds of settlement will speak more
+eloquently than I can do. From them you will see that both in my
+provision for the future and in my action at the time my conduct was
+precisely the opposite of that which they have attributed to me,
+inferring my rapacity from their own. You will see that Pudentilla's
+dowry was small, considering her wealth, and was made over to me as a
+trust not as a gift, and moreover that the marriage only took place on
+this condition that if my wife should die without leaving me any
+children, the dowry should go to her sons Pontianus and Pudens, while
+if at her death she should leave me one son or daughter, half of the
+dowry was to go to the offspring of the second marriage, the remainder
+to the sons of the first.
+
+92. This, as I say, I will prove from the actual deed of settlement.
+It may be that Aemilianus will still refuse to believe that the total
+sum recorded is only 300,000 sesterces, and that the reversion of this
+sum is given by the settlement to Pudentilla's sons. Take the deeds
+into your own hands, give them to Rufinus who incited you to this
+accusation. Let him read them, let him blush for his arrogant temper
+and his pretentious beggary. _He_ is poor and ill-clad and borrowed
+400,000 sesterces to dower his daughter, while Pudentilla, a woman of
+fortune, was content with 300,000, and her husband, who has often
+refused the hand of the richest heiresses, is also content with this
+trifling dowry, a mere nominal sum. He cares for nothing save his wife
+and counts the mutual love and harmony of his wedded life as his sole
+treasure, his only wealth. Who that had the least experience of life,
+would dare to pass any censure if a widow of inconsiderable beauty and
+considerable age, being desirous of marriage, had by the offer of a
+large dowry and easy conditions invited a young man, who, whether as
+regards appearance, character or wealth, was no despicable match, to
+become her husband? A beautiful maiden, even though she be poor, is
+amply dowered. For she brings to her husband a fresh untainted spirit,
+the charm of her beauty, the unblemished glory of her prime. The very
+fact that she is a maiden is rightly and deservedly regarded by all
+husbands as the strongest recommendation. For whatever else you
+receive as your wife's dowry you can, when it pleases you and if you
+desire to feel yourself under no further obligation, repay in full
+just as you received it; you can count back the money, restore the
+slaves, leave the house, abandon the estates. Virginity only, once it
+has been given, can never be repaid; it is the one portion of the
+dowry that remains irrevocably with the husband. A widow on the other
+hand, if divorced, leaves you as she came. She brings you nothing that
+she cannot ask back, she has been another's and is certainly far from
+tractable to your wishes; she looks suspiciously on her new home,
+while you regard her with suspicion because she has already been
+parted from one husband: if it was by death she lost her husband, the
+evil omen of her ill-starred union minimizes her attractions, while,
+if she left him by divorce, she possesses one of two faults: either
+she was so intolerable that she was divorced by her husband, or so
+insolent as to divorce him. It is for reasons of this kind among
+others that widows offer a larger dowry to attract suitors for their
+hands. Pudentilla would have done the same had she not found a
+philosopher indifferent to her dowry.
+
+93. Consider. If I had desired her from motives of avarice, what could
+have been more profitable to me in my attempt to make myself master in
+her house than the dissemination of strife between mother and sons,
+the alienation of her children from her affections, so that I might
+have unfettered and supreme control over her loneliness? Such would
+have been, would it not, the action of the brigand you pretend me to
+be. But as a matter of fact I did all I could to promote, to restore
+and foster quiet and harmony and family affection, and not only
+abstained from sowing fresh feuds, but utterly extinguished those
+already in existence. I urged my wife--whose whole fortune according
+to my accusers I had by this time devoured--I urged her and finally
+persuaded her, when her sons demanded back the money of which I spoke
+above, to pay over the whole sum at once in the shape of farms, at a
+low valuation and at the price suggested by themselves, and further to
+surrender from her own private property certain exceedingly fertile
+lands, a large house richly decorated, a great quantity of wheat,
+barley, wine and oil, and other fruits of the earth, together with not
+less than four hundred slaves and a large number of valuable cattle.
+Finally I persuaded her to abandon all claims on the portion she had
+given them and to give them good hopes of one day coming into the rest
+of the property. All these concessions I extorted from Pudentilla with
+difficulty and against her will--I have her leave to tell the whole
+story as it happened--I wrung them from her by my urgent entreaty,
+though she was angry and reluctant. I reconciled the mother with her
+sons, and began my career as a step-father by enriching my step-sons
+with a large sum of money.
+
+94. All Oea was aware of this. Every one execrated Rufinus and
+extolled my conduct. Pontianus together with his very inferior brother
+had come to visit us, before his mother had completed her donation. He
+fell at our feet and implored us to forgive and forget all his past
+offences; he wept, kissed our hands and expressed his penitence for
+listening to Rufinus and others like him. He also most humbly begged
+me to make his excuses to the most honourable Lollianus Avitus to whom
+I had recommended him not long before when he was beginning the study
+of oratory. He had discovered that I had written to Avitus a few days
+previously a full account of all that had happened. I granted him this
+request also and gave him a letter with which he set off to Carthage,
+where Lollianus Avitus, the term of his proconsulate having nearly
+expired, was awaiting your arrival, Maximus. After reading my letters
+he congratulated Pontianus with the exquisite courtesy which always
+characterizes him for having so soon rectified his error and entrusted
+him with a reply. Ah! what learning! what wit! what grace and charm
+dwelt in that reply! Only a 'good man and an orator' could have
+written it. I know, Maximus, that you will readily give a hearing to
+this letter. Indeed, if it is to be read, I will recite it myself.
+Give me Avitus' letter. That I should have received it has always
+flattered me. To-day it shall do more than flatter, it shall save me!
+You may let the water-clock continue, for I would gladly read and
+re-read the letter of that excellent man to the third and fourth time
+at the cost of any amount of the time allowed me. (_The letter is
+read._)
+
+95. I know that after reading this letter I should bring my speech to
+a close. For what ampler commendation, what purer testimony could I
+produce in my support, what more eloquent advocacy? I have in the
+course of my life listened with rapt attention to many eloquent
+Romans, but never have I admired any so much as Avitus. There is in my
+opinion no one living of any attainments or promise in oratory who
+would not far sooner be Avitus, if he compare him with himself
+impartially and without envy. For practically all the different
+excellencies of oratory are united in him. Whatever speech Avitus
+composes will be found so absolutely perfect and complete in all
+respects that it would satisfy Cato by its dignity, Laelius with its
+smoothness, Gracchus with its energy, Caesar with its warmth,
+Hortensius with its arrangement, Calvus with its point, Sallust with
+its economy and Cicero with its wealth of rhetoric. In fact, not to go
+through all his merits, if you were to hear Avitus, you would wish
+nothing added, withdrawn or altered of anything that he says.
+
+I see, Maximus, with what pleasure you listen to the recital of the
+virtues which you recognize your friend Avitus to possess. Your
+courtesy invited me to say a few words about him. But I will not
+trespass on your kindness so far as to permit myself to commence a
+discourse on his extraordinary virtues at this period of the case. It
+is wearing to its end and my powers are almost exhausted. I will
+rather reserve the praise of Avitus' virtues for some day when my time
+is free and my powers unimpaired.
+
+96. _Now_, I grieve to say, it is my duty to turn from the description
+of so great a man to discuss these pestilent fellows here.
+
+Do you dare then, Aemilianus, to match yourself against Avitus? Will
+you attack with accusations of magic and the black art him whom Avitus
+describes as a good man, and whose disposition he praises so warmly in
+his letter? Or have you greater reason to be vexed at my forcing my
+way into Pudentilla's house and pillaging her goods than Pontianus
+would have had, Pontianus, who not only in my presence but even before
+Avitus in my absence, made amends for the strife of a few days that
+had sprung up between us at your instigation, and expressed his
+gratitude to me in the presence of so great a man? Suppose I had read
+a report of what took place in Avitus' presence instead of reading
+merely his letter. What is there in the whole affair that could give
+you or any one else[29] a handle for accusing me? Pontianus himself
+considered himself in my debt for the money given him by his mother;
+Pontianus rejoiced with the utmost sincerity in his good fortune in
+having me for his step-father. Ah! would that he had returned from
+Carthage safe and sound! or since it was not fated that that should
+be, would that you, Rufinus, had not poisoned his judgement at the
+last! What gratitude he would have expressed to me either personally
+or in his will! However, as things are, I beg you, Maximus,--it will
+not take long--to allow the reading of these letters full of
+expressions of respect and affection for myself, which he sent me,
+some of them from Carthage, some as he drew near on his homeward
+journey, some written while he still enjoyed his health, and some when
+the sickness was already upon him. Thus his brother, my accuser, will
+realize with what[30] lack of success he pursues his literary studies
+compared with his brother of blessed memory. (_Pontianus' letters are
+read._)
+
+[Footnote 29: _quas vel tu vel quisquis_ (Van der Vliet). There is no
+doubt as to the sense required: the precise correction must remain
+doubtful.]
+
+[Footnote 30: _quam in omnibus minor Minervae_ (H.E.B.).]
+
+97. Did you hear the phrases which your brother Pontianus used in
+speaking of me? He called me his father, his master, his instructor
+not only on various occasions in his lifetime but actually on his
+deathbed. I might follow this[31] by producing similar letters from
+you, if I thought that the delay thus caused would be worth while. But
+I should prefer to produce your brother's recent will, unfinished
+though it may be, in which he made most dutiful and respectful mention
+of myself. But Rufinus never allowed this will to be drawn up or
+completed owing to his chagrin at the loss of the inheritance which he
+had regarded in the light of a rich payment[32] for his daughter's
+embraces during the few months in which he was Pontianus'
+father-in-law. He had further consulted certain Chaldean soothsayers
+as to what profit his daughter, whom he regarded in the light of an
+investment, would bring him in. They, I am told, prophesied
+truly--would they had not--that her first husband would die in a few
+months. The rest of the prophecy dealing with the inheritance was as
+usual fabricated to suit the desires of their client. But Rufinus
+gaped for his prey in vain like a wild beast that has gone blind. For
+Pontianus not only did not leave Rufinus' daughter as his heir--he
+had discovered her evil character--but he did not even make her a
+respectable legacy. He left her by way of insult linen to the value of
+200 denarii, to show that he had not forgotten or ignored her, but
+that he set this value on her as an expression of his resentment. As
+his heirs--in this just as in the former will which has been read
+aloud--he appointed his mother and his brother, against whom, mere boy
+as he is, Rufinus is, as you see, bringing his old artillery into
+play: I refer to his daughter. He thrusts her upon his embraces
+although she is considerably his elder and but a brief while ago was
+his brother's wife.
+
+[Footnote 31: _post quae_ (Beyte).]
+
+[Footnote 32: Omitting Helm's insertion of _praemium_ after _quam_.]
+
+98. Pudens was so captivated and possessed by the charms of that
+harlot and by the beguiling words of the pander, her father, that the
+moment his brother had breathed his last, he left his mother and
+migrated to his uncle's house. The design was to facilitate the
+carrying out of the schemes already afoot by removing him from our
+influence. For Aemilianus is backing Rufinus and desires his success.
+(_A movement among the audience._) Ah! Thank you! You rightly remind
+me that this excellent uncle has hopes of his own mixed up in this
+affair, for he knows that if this boy dies intestate he will be his
+heir-at-law, whatever he may be in point of equity. I wish I had not
+let this slip. I am a man of great self-control and it is not my way
+to blurt out openly the silent suspicions that must have occurred to
+every one. You did wrong in suggesting this point to me. But to be
+frank, if you will have the truth, many have been wondering at the
+sudden affection which you, Aemilianus, have begun to show for this
+boy since the death of his brother Pontianus, whereas formerly you
+were such a stranger to him that frequently, even when you met him,
+you failed to recognize the face of your brother's son. But now you
+show yourself so patient towards him, you so spoil him by your
+indulgence and grant his every whim to such an extent that your
+conduct makes the more suspicious think their suspicions well
+grounded. You took him from us a mere boy and straightway gave him the
+garb of manhood. While he was under our guardianship, he used to go to
+school: now he has bidden a long farewell to study and betaken himself
+to the delights of the tavern. He despises serious friends, and, boy
+as he is, spends his tender years in revelling with the most abandoned
+youths among harlots and wine-cups. He rules your house, orders your
+slaves, directs your banquets. He is a frequent visitor to the
+gladiatorial school and there--as a boy of position should!--he learns
+from the keeper of the school the names of the gladiators, the fights
+they have fought, the wounds they have received. He never speaks any
+language save Punic, and though he may occasionally use a Greek word
+picked up from his mother, he neither will nor can speak Latin. You
+heard, Maximus, a little while ago, you heard my step-son--oh! the
+shame of it!--the brother of that eloquent young fellow Pontianus,
+hardly able to stammer out single syllables, when you asked him
+whether his mother had given himself and his brother the gifts which,
+as I told you just now, she actually gave them with my hearty support.
+
+99. I call you, therefore, Claudius Maximus, and you, gentlemen, his
+assessors, and you that with me stand before this tribunal, to bear
+witness that this boy's disgraceful falling away in morals is due to
+his uncle here and that candidate for the privilege of becoming his
+father-in-law, and that I shall henceforth count it a blessing that
+such a step-son has lifted the burden of superintending him from my
+shoulders, and that from this day forth I will never intercede for him
+with his mother. For recently--I had almost forgotten to mention
+it--when Pudentilla, who had fallen ill after the death of her son
+Pontianus, was writing her will, I had a prolonged struggle to prevent
+her disinheriting this boy on account of the outrageous insult and
+injury he had inflicted on her. I prayed her with the utmost
+earnestness to erase that most important clause, which, I can assure
+you, she had already written, every word of it! Finally, I even
+threatened to leave her, if she refused to accede to my request, and
+begged her to grant me this boon, to conquer her wicked son by
+kindness, and to save me from all the ill feeling which her action
+would create. I did not desist till she complied. I regret that I
+should have smoothed Aemilianus' way for him and showed him such an
+unexpected path[33] to wealth. Look, Maximus, see how confused he is
+at hearing this, see how he casts his eyes upon the ground. He had
+not unnaturally expected something very different. He knew that my
+wife was angry with her son on account of his insolent behaviour and
+that she returned my devotion. He had reason also for fear in regard
+to myself; for any one else, even if like myself he had been above
+coveting the inheritance, would gladly have seen so undutiful a
+step-son punished. It was this anxiety above all others that spurred
+them on to accuse me. Their own avarice led them falsely to conjecture
+that the whole inheritance had been left to me. As far as the past is
+concerned, I will dispel your fears on that point. I was proof against
+the temptation both of enriching myself and of revenging myself. I--a
+step-father, mind you--contended for my wicked step-son with his
+mother, as a father might contend against a stepmother in the
+interests of a virtuous son; nor did I rest satisfied till, with a
+perfectly extravagant sense of fairness, I had restrained my good
+wife's lavish generosity towards myself.
+
+[Footnote 33: _semitam_ (codd. inferiores).]
+
+100. Give me the will which was made in the interests of so unfilial a
+son by his mother. Each word of it was preceded by an entreaty from
+myself, whom my accusers speak of as a mere robber. Order the tablets
+to be broken open, Maximus. You will find that her son is the heir,
+that I get nothing save some trifling complimentary legacy inserted to
+avoid the non-appearance of my name, the husband's name, mark you, in
+my wife's will, supposing she succumbed to any of the ills to which
+this flesh is heir. Take up your mother's will. You are right, in one
+respect it is undutiful. She excludes her devoted husband from the
+inheritance in favour of her most unfilial son? Nay, it is not her son
+to whom she leaves her fortune; she leaves it rather to the greedy
+Aemilianus and the matchmaking Rufinus and that drunken gang, that
+hang about you and prey upon you. Take it, O best of sons! Lay aside
+your mother's love-letters for a while and read her will instead. If
+she ever wrote anything while not in her right mind, you will find it
+here, nor will you have to go far to find it. 'Let Sicinius Pudens, my
+son, be my heir.' I admit it! he who reads this, will think it
+insanity. Is this same son your heir, who at his own brother's funeral
+attempted with the help of a gang of the most abandoned youths to shut
+you out of the house which you yourself had given him, who is so
+deeply and bitterly incensed to find that his brother left you co-heir
+with himself, who hastened to desert you when you were plunged in
+grief and mourning, and fled from your bosom to Aemilianus and
+Rufinus, who afterwards uttered many insults against you to your face,
+and manufactured others with the help of his uncle, who has dragged
+your name through the law-courts, has attempted by using your own
+letters publicly to besmirch your fair fame, and has accused upon a
+capital charge the husband of your choice, with whom, as Pudens
+himself objected, you were madly in love! Open the will, my good boy,
+open it, I beg you. You will find it easier then to prove your
+mother's insanity.
+
+Why do you draw back? Why do you refuse to look at it, now that you
+are free from all anxiety about the inheritance of your mother's
+fortune?
+
+101. He may do as he likes, Maximus, but for my part I cast these
+tablets at your feet and call you to witness that henceforth I shall
+show greater indifference as to what Pudentilla may write in her will.
+He may approach his mother himself for the future; he has made it
+impossible for me to plead for him again. He is now a man and his own
+master; henceforth let him himself dictate to his mother the terms[34]
+of an unpalatable will, himself smooth away her anger. He who can
+plead in court, will be able to plead with his mother. I am more than
+satisfied not only to have refuted the miscellaneous accusations
+brought against myself, but also to have utterly swept away the
+hateful charge on which the whole trial is based, the charge of having
+attempted to secure the inheritance for myself.
+
+[Footnote 34: Omit _qui_ inserted by Helm after _ut_.]
+
+I will bring one final proof to show the falsity of that last charge
+before I bring my speech to a close. I wish to pass nothing over in
+silence. You asserted that I bought a most excellent farm in my own
+name, but with a large sum of money which belonged to my wife. I say
+that a tiny property was bought for 60,000 sesterces, and bought not
+by me but by Pudentilla in her own name, that Pudentilla's name is in
+the deed of sale, and that the taxes paid on the land are paid in the
+name of Pudentilla. The honourable Corvinus Celer, the state treasurer
+to whom the tax is paid, is here in court. Cassius Longinus also is
+present, my wife's guardian and trustee, a man of the loftiest and
+most irreproachable character. I cannot speak of him save with the
+deepest respect. Ask him, Maximus, what was the purchase which he
+authorized, and what was the trifling sum for which this wealthy lady
+bought her little estate. (_Cassius Longinus and Corvinus Celer give
+evidence._)
+
+Is it as I said? Is my name ever mentioned in the deed of sale? Is the
+price paid for this trifling property such as should excite any
+prejudice against me, or did my wife give me even so much as this
+small gift?
+
+102. What is there left, Aemilianus, that in your opinion I have
+failed to refute? What had I to gain by my magic that should lead me
+to attempt to win Pudentilla by love-philtres? What had I to gain from
+her? A small dowry instead of a large one? Truly my incantations were
+miraculous. That she should refund her dowry to her sons rather than
+leave it in my possession? What magic can surpass this? That she
+should at my exhortation present the bulk of her property to her sons
+and leave me nothing, although before her marriage with myself she had
+shown them no special generosity? What a criminal use of
+love-philtres! or perhaps I had better call it a generous action which
+has not received its deserts! By her will, which she drew up in a fit
+of violent irritation against her son, she leaves as her heir that
+same son with whom she had quarrelled, rather than myself to whom she
+was devoted! For all my incantations it was only with difficulty that
+I persuaded her to this. Suppose that you were pleading your case, not
+before Claudius Maximus, a man of the utmost fairness and unswerving
+justice, but before a judge of depraved morals and of ferocious
+temper, one in fact who naturally inclined to the side of the accuser
+and was only too ready to condemn the accused! Give him some hint to
+follow! Give him even the slightest reasonable opportunity for
+declaring in your favour! At least invent something, devise some
+suitable reply to questions such as have been put to you. Nay, since
+every action must necessarily have some motive, answer me this, you
+who say that Apuleius tried to influence Pudentilla's heart by magical
+charms, answer me this! What did he seek to get from her by so doing?
+Was he in love with her beauty? You say not! Did he covet her wealth?
+The evidence of the marriage settlement denies it, the evidence of the
+deed of gift denies it, the evidence of the will denies it! It shows
+not only that I did not court the generosity of my wife, but that I
+even repulsed it with some severity. What other motives can you
+allege? Why are you struck dumb? Why this silence? What has become of
+that ferocious utterance with which you opened the indictment, couched
+in the name of my step-son? 'This is the man, most excellent Maximus,
+whom I have resolved to indict before you.'
+
+103. Why did you not add 'He whom I indict is my teacher, my
+step-father, my mediator'? But how did you proceed? 'He is guilty of
+the most palpable and numerous sorceries.' Produce one of these many
+sorceries or at least some doubtful instance from those which you
+style so palpable. Nay, see whether I cannot reply to your various
+charges with two words to each. 'You clean your teeth.' Excusable
+cleanliness. 'You look into mirrors.' Philosophers should. 'You write
+verse.' 'Tis permitted. 'You examine fish.' Following Aristotle. 'You
+worship a piece of wood.' So Plato. 'You marry a wife.' Obeying law.
+'She is older than you.' Nothing commoner. 'You married for money.'
+Take the marriage-settlement, remember the deed of gift, read the
+will!
+
+If I have rebutted all their charges, word by word, if I have refuted
+all their slanders, if I am beyond reproach, not only as regards their
+accusations but also as regards their vulgar abuse, if I have done
+nothing to impair the honour of philosophy, which is dearer to me than
+my own safety, but on the contrary have smitten my adversary hip and
+thigh and vanquished him at all points, if all my contentions are
+true, I can await your estimate of my character with the same
+confidence with which I await the exercise of your power; for I regard
+it as less serious and less terrible to be condemned by the proconsul
+than to incur the disapproval of so good and so perfect a man.
+
+
+
+
+THE FLORIDA
+
+
+_The exordium to a discourse delivered in a town through which
+Apuleius passes in the course of a journey._
+
+1. It is the usual practice of wayfarers with a religious disposition,
+when they come upon a sacred grove or holy place by the roadside, to
+utter a prayer, to offer an apple, and pause for a moment from their
+journeying. So I, on entering the revered walls of your city, feel
+that, for all my haste, it is my duty to ask your favour, to make an
+address, and to break the speed of my journey. I cannot conceive aught
+that could give a traveller juster cause to halt in sign of reverence;
+no altar crowned with flowers, no grotto shadowed with foliage,[35] no
+oak bedecked with horns, no beech garlanded with the skins of beasts,
+no mound whose engirdling hedge proclaims its sanctity, no tree-trunk
+hewn into the semblance of a god, no turf still wet with libations, no
+stone astream with precious unguents. For these are but small things,
+and though there be a few that seek them out and do them worship, the
+majority note them not and pass them by.
+
+[Footnote 35: _frondibus_, cod. Florent. 29. 2 man. primi
+correctoris.]
+
+
+_Man's sight compared with that of the eagle._
+
+2. But such was not the opinion of my master Socrates. For once when
+he saw a youth of handsome appearance who remained for a long time
+without uttering a syllable, he said to him, 'Say something, that I
+may see what you are like.' For Socrates felt that a man who spoke not
+at all was in a sense invisible, since he held that it was not with
+the bodily vision, but with the mind's eye and the sight of the soul
+that men should be regarded. In this he disagreed with the soldier in
+Plautus, who says,
+
+     _One man that has eyes is better by far as a witness than
+     ten that have ears._
+
+Indeed, for the purpose of examining men he had practically reversed
+the meaning of the line to
+
+     _One man that has ears is better by far as a witness than
+     ten that have eyes._
+
+Moreover, if the judgements of the eye were of greater value than
+those of the soul, we should assuredly have to yield the palm for
+wisdom to the eagle. For we men cannot see things far removed from us
+nor yet things that are very near us, but all of us to a certain
+extent are blind. And if you confine us to the eyes alone with their
+dim earthly vision, the words of the great poet will be very true,
+that a cloud as it were is shed upon our eyes and we cannot see beyond
+a stone's cast. The eagle, on the other hand, soars exceeding high in
+heaven to the very clouds, and rides on his pinions through all that
+space where there is rain and snow, regions beyond whose heights
+thunderbolts and lightnings have no place, even to the very floor of
+heaven and the topmost verge of the storms of earth. And having
+towered thus high, with gentle motion he turns his great body to glide
+to left or right, directing his wings, that are as sails, whither he
+will by the movement of his tail, which, small though it be, serves as
+a rudder. Thence he gazes down on the world, staying awhile in that
+far height[36] the ceaseless oarage of his wings and, poised almost
+motionless with hovering flight, looks all around him and seeks what
+prey he shall choose whereon to swoop[37] sudden like a thunderbolt
+from heaven on high. In one glance he sees all cattle in the field,
+all beasts upon the mountains, all men in their cities, all threatened
+at once by his intended swoop, and thence he falls to pierce with his
+beak and clutch with his claws the unsuspecting lamb, the timid hare,
+or whatsoever living creature chance offers to his hunger or his
+talons.
+
+[Footnote 36: _inhibens_ (Heinsius) _pinnarum eminus_ (MSS.).]
+
+[Footnote 37: _fulminis vicem de caelo improvisa, simul._ Van der
+Vliet places a comma after _vicem_ and gives none after _improvisa_.]
+
+
+_The story of Marsyas and his challenge to Apollo._
+
+3. Hyagnis, according to tradition, was the father and instructor of
+the piper Marsyas, and skilled in song beyond all others in the years
+when music was still in its infancy. It is true that as yet the sound
+of his breath lacked the finer modulations; he knew but a few simple
+modes and his pipe had but few stops. For the art was but newly born
+and only just beginning to grow. There is nothing that can attain
+perfection in its first beginnings; everything must commence by
+mastering the elements in hope, ere it can attain experience and
+success. Well, then, before Hyagnis the majority of musicians could do
+no more than the shepherds or cowherds of Vergil who
+
+     _Made sorry strains on pipes of scrannel straw._
+
+If any of them seemed to have made some real advance in art, even he
+played only on one pipe or one trumpet. Hyagnis was the first to
+separate his hands when he played, the first to fill two pipes with
+one breath, the first to finger stops with either hand and make sweet
+harmony of shrill treble and booming bass. Marsyas was his son, and
+though he possessed his father's skill upon the pipe, he was in all
+else a barbarous Phrygian, with a filthy beard and the grim and shaggy
+face of a wild beast. All his body was covered with hair and bristles,
+and yet--good heavens! he is said to have striven for mastery with
+Apollo. 'Twas hideousness contending with beauty, a rude boor against
+a sage, a beast against a god. The Muses and Minerva, hiding their
+amusement, stood by to judge, that they might make a mockery of the
+monster's uncouth presumption and punish his stupidity. But Marsyas,
+like the peerless fool he was, never perceived that he was an object
+of ridicule, and before he began to blow upon his pipes stammered out
+in his barbarous jargon some insane boasts about himself and Apollo.
+He prided himself on the mane thrown back from his brow, on his
+unkempt beard, his shaggy breast, his skill upon the pipes and his
+lack of wealth. By contrast--oh the absurdity of it!--he blamed Apollo
+for the opposite of these qualities, for being Apollo, for wearing his
+hair long, for having a fair face and smooth body, for his skill in so
+many arts, and for the opulence of his fortune. 'In the first place,'
+he said, 'his hair is smoothed and plastered into tufts and curls that
+fall about his brow and hang before his face. His body is fair from
+head to foot, his limbs shine bright, his tongue gives oracles, and he
+is equally eloquent in prose or verse, propose which you will. What of
+his robes so fine in texture, so soft to the touch, aglow with purple?
+What of his lyre that flashes gold, gleams white with ivory, and
+shimmers with rainbow gems? What of his song, so cunning and so sweet?
+Nay, all these allurements suit with naught save luxury. To virtue
+they bring shame alone!' And then he proceeded to display his own body
+as the model of perfection. The Muses laughed when they heard him
+denounce Apollo for possessing gifts such as the wise would pray to
+possess, and when this boastful piper had been defeated in the contest
+and had been skinned as though he were a two-footed bear, they left
+him with his entrails torn and exposed to the air. Thus did Marsyas
+sing for his own undoing, and such was his fall. As for Apollo he was
+ashamed of so inglorious a victory.
+
+
+_The piper Antigenidas._
+
+4. There was a certain piper named Antigenidas, whose every note made
+honeyed harmony. He had skill, too, to make music in every mode,
+choose which you would, the simple Aeolian or the complex Ionian, the
+mournful Lydian, the solemn Phrygian, or the warlike Dorian. Being
+therefore the most famous of all that played upon the pipe, he said
+that nothing so tormented him, nothing so vexed his heart and soul, as
+the fact that the musicians who played the trumpet at funerals were
+dignified by the name of pipers. But he would have endured this
+identity of names with equanimity, had he ever seen the performance of
+mimes; for he would have noted that the magistrates, who preside in
+the theatre, and the characters on the stage, who come in for a good
+cudgelling, are clad in practically the same purple garments. So too,
+had he ever watched our games! For he would have seen one presiding,
+another fighting, yet both of them sharing the same common humanity.
+He would have noted that the Roman toga is worn alike by him who
+performs a vow to heaven and by him that lies dead upon the bier, that
+the Grecian pallium serves to shroud the dead no less than to clothe
+the philosopher.
+
+
+_Fragment from the opening of a discourse delivered in a theatre._
+
+5. You have, I feel assured, come to this theatre with the best will
+in the world. For you know that the importance of an oration does not
+depend on the place in which it is delivered, but that the first thing
+that has to be considered is, 'What form of entertainment is the
+theatre going to provide?' If it is a mime, you will laugh; if a
+rope-walker, you will tremble lest he fall; if a comedian, you will
+applaud him, while, if it be a philosopher, you will learn from him.
+
+
+_India and the Gymnosophists._
+
+6. India is a populous country of enormous extent. It lies far to the
+east of us, close to the point where ocean turns back upon himself and
+the sun rises, on that verge where meet the last of lands and the
+first stars of heaven. Far away it lies, beyond the learned Egyptians,
+beyond the superstitious Jews and the merchants of Nabataea, beyond
+the children of Arsaces in their long flowing robes, the Ityreans, to
+whom earth gives but scanty harvest, and the Arabs, whose perfumes are
+their wealth. Wherefore I marvel not so much at the great stores of
+ivory possessed by these Indians, their harvests of pepper, their
+exports of cinnamon, their finely-tempered steel, their mines of
+silver and their rivers of gold. I marvel not so much that in the
+Ganges they have the greatest of all rivers which
+
+     _Lord of all the waters of the East
+     Is cloven and parted in a hundred streams.
+     A hundred vales are his, a hundred mouths,
+     And hundred-fold the flood that meets the main_;
+
+nor wonder I that the Indians that dwell at the very portals of day
+are yet of the hue of night, nor that in their land vast serpents
+engage in combat with huge elephants, to the equal danger and the
+common destruction of either; for they envelop and bind their prey in
+slippery coils so that they cannot disengage their feet nor in any
+wise break the scaly fetters of these clinging snakes, but must needs
+find vengeance by hurling their vast bulk to the ground and crushing
+the foe that grips them by the weight of their whole bodies. But it is
+of the marvels of men rather than of nature that I would speak.[38]
+For the dwellers in this land are divided into many castes. There is
+one whose sole skill lies in tending herds of oxen, whence they are
+known as the oxherds. There are others who are cunning in the barter
+of merchandise, others who are sturdy warriors in battle and have
+skill to fight at long range with arrows or hand to hand with swords.
+There is, further, one caste that is especially remarkable. They are
+called gymnosophists. At these I marvel most of all. For they are
+skilled--not in growing the vine, or grafting fruit-trees, or
+ploughing the soil. They know not how to till the fields, or wash
+gold, or break horses, or tame bulls, or to clip or feed sheep or
+goats. What, then, is their claim to distinction? This: one thing they
+know outweighing all they know not. They honour wisdom one and all,
+the old that teach and the young that learn. Nor is there aught I more
+commend in them than that they hate that their minds should be
+sluggish and idle. And so, when the table is set in its place, before
+the viands are served, all the youths leave their homes and
+professions to flock to the banquet. The masters ask each one of them
+what good deed he has performed between the rising of the sun and the
+present hour. Thereupon one tells how he has been chosen as arbiter
+between two of his fellows, has healed their quarrel, reconciled their
+strife, dispelled their suspicions and made them friends instead of
+foes. Another tells how he has obeyed some command of his parents,
+another relates some discovery that his meditations have brought him
+or some new knowledge won from another's exposition. And so with the
+rest of them,[39] they tell their story. He who can give no good
+reason for joining in the feast is thrust fasting from the doors to go
+to his work.
+
+[Footnote 38: _libentius ego_ (MSS.).]
+
+[Footnote 39: _denique ceteri commemorant_ (MSS.).]
+
+
+_On Alexander and false philosophers._
+
+7. The famous Alexander, by far the noblest of all kings, won the
+title of the Great from the deeds that he had done and the empire he
+had built, and thus it was secured that the man who had won glory
+without peer should never be so much as named without a word of
+praise. For he alone since time began, alone of all whereof man's
+memory bears record, after he had conquered a world-wide empire such
+as none may ever surpass, proved himself greater than his fortune. By
+his energy he challenged the most glorious successes that fortune
+could bestow, equalled them by his worth, surpassed them by his
+virtues, and stood alone in peerless glory, so that none might dare
+even hope for such virtue or pray for such fortune. The life of this
+Alexander is marked by so many lofty deeds and glorious acts, be it of
+prowess in the battle or statecraft in the council chamber, that you
+may marvel at them till you are weary. It is the story of all these
+great achievements that my friend Clemens, most learned and sweetest
+of poets, has attempted to glorify in the exquisite strains of his
+verse.
+
+Now among the most remarkable acts recorded of Alexander is this.
+Desiring that his likeness should be handed down to posterity with as
+little variation as possible, he refused to permit it to be profaned
+by a multitude of artists, and issued a proclamation to all the world
+over which he ruled that no one should rashly counterfeit the king's
+likeness in bronze or with the painter's colours, or with the
+sculptor's chisel. Only Polycletus might portray him in bronze, only
+Apelles depict him in colour, only Pyrgoteles carve his form with the
+engraver's chisel. If any other than these three, each supreme in his
+peculiar art, should be discovered to have set his hand to reproduce
+the sacred image of the king, he should be punished as severely as
+though he had committed sacrilege. This order struck such fear into
+all men that Alexander alone of mankind was always like his portraits,
+and that every statue, painting, or bronze revealed the same fierce
+martial vigour, the same great and glorious genius, the same fresh and
+youthful beauty, the same fair forehead with its back-streaming hair.
+And would that philosophy could issue a like proclamation that should
+have equal weight, forbidding unauthorized persons to reproduce her
+likeness; then the study and contemplation of wisdom in all her
+aspects would be in the hands of a few good craftsmen who had been
+carefully trained, and unlettered fellows of base life and little
+learning would ape the philosopher no longer (though their imitation
+does not go beyond the professor's gown), and the queen of all
+studies, whose aim is no less excellence of speech than excellence of
+life, would no longer be profaned by evil speech and evil living: and,
+mark you, profanation of either kind is far from hard. What is more
+readily come by than madness of speech and worthlessness of character?
+The former springs from contempt of others, the latter from contempt
+of self. For to show little care for one's own character is
+self-contempt, while to attack others with uncouth and savage speech
+is an insult to those that hear you. For is it not the height of
+insolence, think you, that a man should deem you to rejoice in hearing
+abuse of the best of men, and should believe that you do not
+understand evil and wicked words, or, if you do understand them, hold
+them to be good? What boor, what porter, what taverner is so poor of
+speech that could not curse more eloquently than these folk, if he
+would consent to assume the professor's gown?
+
+
+_A eulogy of the proconsul of Africa._
+
+8. He owes more to his personal character than to his rank, although
+even his rank is one that is shared by few. For out of numberless
+multitudes of men not many are senators, of senators but few are of
+noble birth, of the noble but few attain to the rank of consul, of
+consuls but few are good, and of the good but few are learned. But to
+confine what I have to say to his high office, 'tis not lightly that
+any man may assume the insignia of his rank either as regards clothing
+or foot-gear.
+
+
+_A defence of himself against his critics and a laudation of the
+proconsul Severianus._
+
+9. If it should so chance that in this magnificent gathering there
+should sit any of those that envy or hate me, since in a great city
+persons may always be found who prefer to abuse rather than imitate
+persons better than themselves, and, since they cannot be like them,
+affect to hate them. They do this of course in order to illumine the
+obscurity that shrouds their own names by the splendour that falls
+from mine; if then, I say, any one of these envious persons sullies
+this distinguished audience with the stain of his presence, I would
+ask him for a moment to cast his eyes round this incredibly vast
+concourse. When he has contemplated a throng such as before my day
+never yet gathered to listen to a philosopher, let him consider in his
+heart how great a risk to his reputation is undertaken by a man who is
+not used to contempt in appearing here to-day; for it is an arduous
+task, and far from easy of accomplishment, to satisfy even the
+moderate expectations of a few. Above all it is difficult for me, for
+the fame I have already won and your own kindly anticipation of my
+skill will not permit me to deliver any ill-considered or superficial
+utterance. For what man among you would pardon me one solecism or
+condone the barbarous pronunciation of so much as one syllable? Who of
+you will suffer me to stammer in disorderly and faulty phrases such as
+might rise to the lips of madmen? In others of course you would pardon
+such lapses, and very rightly so. But you subject every word that _I_
+utter to the closest examination, you weigh it carefully, you try it
+by the plumb-line and the file, you test it by the polish of the lathe
+and the sublimity of the tragic buskin. Such is the indulgence
+accorded to mediocrity, such the severity meted out to distinction. I
+recognize, therefore, the difficulty of the task that lies before me,
+and I do not ask you to alter the opinions you entertain of me. Yet I
+would not have you deceived by false and petty resemblances, for, as I
+have often said, there are certain strolling beggars who assume a
+professor's gown to win their livelihood. Not only the proconsul, but
+the town crier also ascends the tribunal and appears wearing the toga
+like his master. But the crier stands upon his feet for hours
+together, or strides to and fro, or bawls his news with all the
+strength of his lungs. The proconsul, on the contrary, speaks quietly
+and with frequent pauses, sits while he speaks, and often reads from a
+written document. This is only natural. For the garrulous voice of the
+crier is the voice of a hired servant, the words read by the
+proconsul from a written document constitute a judgement, which, once
+read, may not have one letter added to it or taken away, but so soon
+as it is delivered, is set down in the provincial records. My literary
+position will provide a humble analogy. All that I utter before you is
+forthwith taken down and read. I can withdraw or change nothing, nor
+make the least correction. I must therefore be all the more careful in
+what I say before you, and that too with regard to more than one form
+of composition. For there is greater variety in the works of my muse
+than in all the elaborate achievements of Hippias. If you will give me
+your best attention I will explain what I mean with greater detail and
+precision.
+
+Hippias was one of the sophists, and surpassed all his fellows in the
+variety of his accomplishments, while as an orator he was second to
+none. He was a contemporary of Socrates, and a native of Elis. Of his
+family nothing is known. But his fame was great, his fortune moderate;
+moreover he had a noble wk and an extraordinary memory, pursued many
+branches of study, and had many rivals. This Hippias, of whom I speak,
+once came to Pisa during the Olympian games arrayed in raiment that
+was as remarkable to the eye as it was wonderful in its workmanship.
+For he had purchased nothing of what he wore: it was all the work of
+his own hands, the clothes in which he was clad, the shoes wherewith
+he was shod, and the jewels that made him conspicuous. Next his skin
+he wore an undershirt of triple weft and the finest texture, double
+dyed with purple. He had woven it for himself in his own house with
+his own hands. He had for girdle a belt, broidered in Babylonian
+fashion with many varied colours. In this also no man else had helped
+him. For outer garment he had a white cloak cast about his shoulders;
+this cloak also is known to have been the work of his own hands. He
+had fashioned even the shoes that covered his feet and the ring of
+gold with its cunningly engraved signet which he displayed on his left
+hand. Himself he had wrought the circle of gold, had closed the bezel
+around the gem and engraved the stone. I have not yet told you all the
+tale of his achievements. But I will not shrink from enumerating all
+the marvels that he thought it no shame to show. For he proclaimed
+before that vast concourse that his own hands had fashioned the
+oil-flask which he carried. It was in shape a flattened sphere, and
+its outlines were round and smooth. Beside it he showed an exquisite
+flesh-scraper, the handle[40] of which was straight, while the tongue
+was curved and grooved with hollow channels, so that the hand might
+have a firm grip and the sweat might be carried off in a trickling
+stream from the blade. Who could withhold praise from a man who had
+such manifold knowledge of so many arts, who had won such glory in
+every branch of knowledge, who was, in fact, a very Daedalus,[41] such
+skill had he to fashion so many useful instruments? Nay, I myself
+praise Hippias, but I prefer to imitate his fertile genius in respect
+of the learning, rather than of the furniture with which it was so
+richly equipped. I have, I confess, but indifferent skill in these
+sedentary arts. When I want clothes I buy them from the weaver, when I
+want sandals, such as I am now wearing, I purchase them from the
+shoemaker. I do not carry a ring, since I regard gold and precious
+stones of as little value as pebbles or lead. As for flesh-scrapers
+and oil-flasks and other utensils of the bath I procure them in the
+market. I will not go to the extent of denying that I am wholly
+ignorant how to use a shuttle, an awl, a file, a lathe, and other
+tools of the kind, but I confess that I infinitely prefer to all these
+instruments one simple pen, with which I may write poems of all kinds,
+such as may suit with the reciter's wand and the accompaniment of the
+lyre or grace the comic or the tragic stage. Satires also do I write
+and riddles, histories also on diverse themes, speeches that the
+eloquent and dialogues that philosophers have praised. Nay, and I
+write all these and much besides with equal fluency in Greek and
+Latin, with equal pleasure, like ardour and uniform skill. Most
+excellent proconsul, I would I could offer all these works of mine not
+in fragments and quotations but in entirety and completeness! Would I
+might enjoy the priceless boon of your testimony to the merits of all
+the offspring of my muse! It is not that I lack praise, for my glory
+has long bloomed fresh and bright before the eyes of all your
+predecessors, till to-day it is presented to you! But there is none
+whose admiration I would more gladly win than yours, for I admire you
+beyond all other men by reason of your surpassing virtues. Such is the
+ordinance of nature. Praise implies love and, love once given to
+another, we demand his praise in return. And I acknowledge that I love
+you; no private tie of interest binds me to you, it is in your public
+capacity that you have won my devotion. I have never received any
+favour at your hands, for I have never asked for one. But philosophy
+has taught me not only to love my benefactors, but even such as may
+have done me injury, to attach greater importance to justice than to
+my private interests, and to prefer the furtherance of the public
+welfare to the service of my own. And so it comes about that while
+most men love you for the actual benefits conferred upon them by your
+goodness, I love you for the zeal with which that goodness is
+inspired. And the secret of my devotion is this. I have seen your
+moderation in dealing with the affairs of the inhabitants of this
+province, a moderation which has won the affection of those who have
+come into contact with you by the benefits you have conferred on them,
+of those with whom you have never come into contact by the good
+example you have set. For while many have received your benefits, all
+have profited by your example. Who would not gladly learn from you by
+what moderation one may acquire your pleasing gravity, your severity
+tempered with mercy, your unruffled resolution and the kindly energy
+of your character? Africa has within my knowledge had no proconsul
+whom she reverenced more or feared less. Your year of office stands
+alone; for in it shame rather than fear has been the motive to set a
+check on crime. No other invested with your power has more often
+blessed, more rarely terrified: no governor has ever brought a son
+with him more like his father's virtues than is yours; and for this
+reason no proconsul has ever resided longer at Carthage than have you.
+For during the period which you devoted to visiting the province,
+Honorinus remained with us; wherefore, though we have never regretted
+our governor's absence more, we have felt it less. For the son has all
+his father's sense of justice, the youth has all an old man's wisdom,
+the deputy has all the consul's authority. In a word, he presents such
+a perfect pattern and likeness of your virtues, that the glory
+acquired by one so young would, I vow, be a greater source of wonder
+than your own, save for one fact; he has inherited it from you. Would
+we might live in the joy of his perpetual presence! What need have we
+of change of governors? What profit of these short years, these
+fleeting months of office? Ah! how swiftly pass the days, when the
+good are with us, how quickly spent the term of power for all the best
+of those who have ruled over us! Ah! Severianus, the whole province
+will sigh for your departure. But Honorinus at least is called away
+by the honours which are his due; the praetorship awaits him; the
+favour of the two Caesars forms him for the consulate; to-day our love
+enfolds him, and the hopes of Carthage promise that in the years to
+come he will be here once more. Your example is our sole comfort; he
+who has served as deputy shall soon return to us as proconsul!
+
+[Footnote 40: _clausulae_ vulgo.]
+
+[Footnote 41: _Daedalum_ (Krueger).]
+
+
+_On Providence and its marvels._
+
+     10. _First hail we thee, O Sun,
+         Whose fiery course and rushing steeds reveal
+         The glowing splendour of thy ardent flame._
+
+Hail we also the Moon, who learns of his light how she herself may
+shine, and the influences also of the five planets--Jupiter that
+brings blessings, Venus that brings pleasure, Mercury the giver of
+swiftness, Saturn the worker of bane, Mars with his temper of fire.
+There are also other divine influences, that lie midway 'twixt earth
+and heaven, influences that we may feel but not see, such as the power
+of Love and the like, whose force we feel, though we have never seen
+their form. So too on earth 'tis this force that, in accordance with
+the wise behests of providence, here bids the lofty peaks of mountains
+rise, there has spread forth the low flat levels of the plain, has
+marked out the streams of rivers and the greensward of the meadows,
+has given birds the power to fly, reptiles to crawl, wild beasts to
+run, and men to walk.
+
+
+_A comparison between those who lack wealth and those who lack
+virtue._
+
+11. He whose soul is barren of virtue is like those poor wretches that
+till a barren inheritance of stony fields, mere heaps of rocks and
+thorns. Since they may win no harvest from their own wildernesses, and
+find no fruit in a soil where only
+
+     _Wild oats and darnel rank have mastery_,
+
+conscious of their own poverty they go forth to steal the fruits of
+others and rifle their gardens, that they may mingle their neighbours'
+flowers with their own thistles.
+
+
+_On the Parrot._
+
+12. The parrot is an Indian bird, in size very slightly smaller than a
+dove. But there is nothing dovelike in its hue. For it has nothing of
+the milky whiteness or dull blue, blended or distinct, nor yet of the
+pale yellow or iridescence that characterize the dove. The parrot is
+green from the roots of its feathers to their very tips, save only for
+the markings on the neck. For its tiny neck is girdled and crowned
+with a slender band of crimson like a collar of gold, which is of
+equal brilliance through all its extent. Its beak is extraordinarily
+hard. If after it has soared to a great height it swoops headlong on
+to some rock, it breaks the force of its fall with its beak, which it
+uses as an anchor. Its head is not less hard than its beak. When it is
+being taught to imitate human speech, it is beaten over the head with
+an iron wand, that it may recognize its master's command. This is the
+rod of its school-days. It can be taught to speak from the day of its
+birth to its second year, while its mouth is still easily formed and
+its tongue sufficiently soft to learn the requisite modulations. On
+the other hand, if caught when it is old, it is hard to teach and
+forgets what it has learned. The parrot which is most easily taught
+the language of man is one that feeds on acorns and manlike has five
+toes on each foot. All parrots do not possess this last peculiarity,
+but there is one point which all have in common: their tongue is
+broader than that of any other bird. Wherefore they articulate human
+words more easily owing to the size of their palate and the organ of
+speech. When it has learnt anything, it sings or rather speaks it out
+with such perfect imitation that, if you should hear it, you would
+think a man was speaking; on the contrary if you hear a crow[42]
+attempting to speak, you would still call the result croaking rather
+than speech. But crow and parrot are alike in this; they can only
+utter words that they have been taught. Teach a parrot to curse and it
+will curse continually, making night and day hideous with its
+imprecations. Cursing becomes its natural note and its ideal of
+melody. When it has repeated all its curses, it repeats the same
+strain again. Should you desire to rid yourself of its bad language,
+you must either cut out its tongue or send it back as soon as possible
+to its native woods.
+
+[Footnote 42: _corvinam quidem si audias idem conantem, crocire non
+loqui._ The text is corrupt, Van der Vliet's suggestion probably gives
+the correct sense.]
+
+
+_A comparison between the eloquence of the philosopher and the song of
+birds._
+
+13. ... For the eloquence bestowed on me by philosophy has no
+resemblance to the song that nature has given to certain birds which
+sing but for a brief space and at certain times only. For instance,
+the swallows sing at morn, the cicalas at noon, the night-owl late in
+the dark, the screech-owl at even, the horned-owl at midnight, the
+cock before the dawn. Indeed these animals seem to have made a compact
+together as to the various times and tones of their song. The crowing
+of the cock is a sound should wake men from their beds, the horned-owl
+groans, the screech-owl shrieks, the night-owl cries 'tuwhit, tuwhoo',
+the cicalas chatter, and the swallows twitter shrill. But the wisdom
+and eloquence of the philosopher are ready at all times, waken awe in
+them that hear, are profitable to the understanding, and their music
+is of every tone.
+
+
+_On Crates the Cynic._
+
+14. These arguments and the like which he had heard from the lips of
+Diogenes, together with others which suggested themselves to him on
+other occasions, had such influence with Crates, that at last he
+rushed out into the market-place and there renounced all his fortune
+as being a mere filthy encumbrance, a burden rather than a benefit.
+His action having caused a crowd to collect, he cried in a loud voice,
+saying, 'Crates, even Crates sets thee free.' Thenceforth he lived not
+only in solitude, but naked and in perfect freedom and, so long as he
+lived, his life was happy. And such was the passion he inspired that a
+maiden of noble birth, spurning suitors more youthful and more wealthy
+than he, actually went so far as to beg him to marry her. In answer
+Crates bared his shoulders which were crowned with a hump, placed his
+wallet, staff and cloak upon the ground, and said to the girl, 'There
+is all my gear! and your eyes can judge of my beauty. Take good
+counsel, lest later I find you complaining of your lot.' But Hipparche
+accepted his conditions, replying that she had already considered the
+question and taken sufficient counsel, for nowhere in all the world
+could she find a richer or a fairer husband. 'Take me where you will!'
+she cried....
+
+
+_Of the isle of Samos and Pythagoras._
+
+15. Samos is an island of no great size in the Icarian sea, and lies
+over against Miletus to the west, with but a small space of sea
+between them. In whichever direction you sail from this island, though
+you make no great haste, the next day will see you safe in harbour.
+The land does not respond readily to the cultivation of corn, and it
+is waste of time to plough it. But the olive grows better in it, and
+those who grow vines or vegetables have no fault to find with it. Its
+farmers are entirely taken up with hoeing the ground and the
+cultivation of trees, for it is from these rather than from cereals
+that Samos derives its wealth. The native population is numerous, and
+the island is visited by many strangers. The capital town is unworthy
+of its reputation, but the abundant ruins of its walls testify to its
+former size.
+
+It possesses, however, a temple of Juno famous from remote antiquity:
+to reach it, if I remember aright, one must follow the shore for not
+more than twenty furlongs from the city. The treasury of the goddess
+is extraordinarily rich, containing great quantities of gold and
+silver plate, in the form of platters, mirrors, cups, and all manner
+of utensils. There is also a great quantity of brazen images of
+different kinds. These are of great antiquity, and remarkable for
+their workmanship; I may mention one of them in particular, a statue
+of Bathyllus standing in front of the altar; it was the gift of the
+tyrant Polycrates, and I think I have never seen anything more
+perfect. Some hold that it represents Pythagoras, but this opinion is
+incorrect. The statue represents a youth of remarkable beauty; his
+hair is parted evenly in the midst of his forehead and streams over
+either cheek. Behind his hair is longer and reaches down to his
+shoulders, covering the neck whose sheen one may detect between the
+tresses. The neck is plump, the jaws full, the cheeks fine, and there
+is a dimple in the middle of his chin. His pose is that of a player on
+the lyre. He is looking at the goddess, and has the appearance of one
+that sings, while his embroidered tunic streams to his very feet. He
+is girt in the Greek style, and a cloak covers either arm down to the
+wrists. The rest of the cloak hangs down in graceful folds. His lyre
+is fastened by an engraven baldric, which holds it close to the body.
+His hands are delicate and taper. The left touches the strings with
+parted fingers, the right is in the attitude of one that plays and is
+approaching the lyre with the plectrum, as though ready to strike as
+soon as the voice ceases for a moment to sing. Meanwhile the song
+seems to well forth from the delicate mouth, whose lips are half open
+for the effort. This statue may represent one of the youthful
+favourites of the tyrant Polycrates[43] hymning his master's love in
+Anacreontic[44] strain. But it is far from[45] likely that it is a
+statue of the philosopher Pythagoras. It is true he was a native of
+Samos, remarkable for his unusual beauty, and skilled beyond all men
+in harping and all manner of music, and living at the period when
+Polycrates was lord of Samos. But the philosopher was far from being a
+favourite of this tyrant. Indeed Pythagoras fled secretly from the
+island at the very beginning of the tyrant's reign. He had recently
+lost his father Mnesarchus, who was, I read, a skilful jeweller
+excelling in the carving of gems, though it was fame rather than
+wealth that he sought in the exercise of his art. There are some who
+assert that Pythagoras was about this time carried to Egypt among the
+captives of King Cambyses, and studied under the _magi_ of Persia,
+more especially under Zoroaster the priest of all holy mysteries;
+later they assert he was ransomed by a certain Gillus, King of Croton.
+However, the more generally accepted tradition asserts that it was of
+his own choice he went to study the wisdom of the Egyptians. There he
+was initiated by their priests into the mighty secrets of their
+ceremonies, passing all belief; there he learned numbers in all their
+marvellous combinations, and the ingenious laws of geometry. Not
+content with these sciences, he next approached the Chaldaeans and the
+Brahmins, a race of wise men who live in India.[46] Among these
+Brahmins he sought out the gymnosophists. The Chaldaeans taught him
+the lore of the stars, the fixed orbits[47] of the wandering lords of
+heaven, and the influence of each on the births of men. Also they
+instructed him in the art of healing, and revealed to him remedies in
+the search for which men have lavished their wealth and wandered far
+by land and sea.[48] But it was from the Brahmins that he derived the
+greater part of his philosophy, the arts of teaching the mind and
+exercising the body, the doctrines as to the parts of the soul and its
+various transmigrations, the knowledge of the torments and rewards
+ordained for each man, according to his deserts, in the world of the
+gods below. Further he had for his master Pherecydes, a native of the
+island of Syros and the first who dared throw off the shackles of
+verse and write in the free style of unfettered prose. Pherecydes died
+of a horrible disease, for his flesh rotted and was devoured of lice;
+Pythagoras buried him with reverent care. He is said also to have
+studied the laws of nature under Anaximander of Miletus, to have
+followed the Cretan Epimenides, a famous prophet skilled also in rites
+of expiation, that he might learn from him and also Leodamas, the
+pupil of Creophylus, the reputed guest and rival of the poet Homer.
+Taught by so many sages, and having drained such deep and varied
+draughts of learning through all the world, and being moreover dowered
+with a vast intellect whose grandeur almost passes man's
+understanding, he was the founder of the science and the inventor of
+the name of philosophy. The first of all his lessons to his disciples
+was the lesson of silence. With him meditation was a necessary
+preliminary to wisdom, meditation set a bridle on all speech, robbed
+words, which poets style winged, of their pinions and restrained them
+within the white barrier of the teeth. This, I tell you, was for him
+the first axiom of wisdom, 'Meditation is learning, speech is
+unlearning.' His disciples, however, did not refrain from speech all
+their lives, nor did their master impose dumbness on all for a like
+space of time. For those of more solid character a brief term of
+silence was considered sufficient discipline; the more talkative were
+punished by exile from speech for as much as five years. I may add
+that my master Plato deviates little or not at all from the principles
+of this school, and in most of his utterances is a follower of
+Pythagoras. And that I too might win from my instructors the right to
+be called one of his followers, I have learned this double lesson in
+the course of my philosophical studies--to speak boldly when there is
+need of speech and gladly to be mute when there is need of silence. As
+a result of this self-command, I think I may say that I have won from
+your predecessors no less praise for my seasonable silence than
+approval for the timeliness of my speech.
+
+[Footnote 43: _qui_ vulgo.]
+
+[Footnote 44: _Anacreonteum_ vulgo.]
+
+[Footnote 45: _ceterum multum abest_ (MSS.).]
+
+[Footnote 46: Omitting _illa_ before _Indiae gens est_.]
+
+[Footnote 47: _statos ambitus_ (Krueger).]
+
+[Footnote 48: _mortalibus_ MSS. _late pecuniis_ (Stewech).]
+
+
+_An oration of thanks to Aemilianus Strabo and the senate of Carthage
+for decreeing a statue in his honour._
+
+16. Before I begin, illustrious representatives of Africa, to thank
+you for the statue, with the demand for which you honoured me while I
+was still with you, setting the seal upon your kindness by actually
+decreeing its erection during my absence, I wish first to explain to
+you why I absented myself for a considerable number of days from the
+sight of my audience and betook myself to the Persian baths, where the
+healthy may find delightful bathing, and the sick a no less welcome
+relief. For I have resolved to make it clear to you, to whose service
+I have dedicated myself irrevocably and for ever, that every moment of
+my life is well spent. There shall be no action of mine, important or
+trivial, but you shall be informed of it and pass judgement upon it.
+Well then! to come to the reason for my sudden departure from the
+presence of this most distinguished assembly, I will tell you a story
+of the comic poet Philemon which is not so very unlike my own and will
+serve to show you how sudden and unexpected are the perils that
+threaten the life of man. You all are well acquainted with his
+talents, listen then to a few words concerning his death, or perhaps
+you would like a few words on his talents as well.
+
+This Philemon was a poet, a writer of the middle comedy, and composed
+plays for the stage in competition with Menander and contested against
+him. He may not have been his equal, he was certainly his rival. Nay,
+on not a few occasions--I am almost ashamed to mention it--he actually
+defeated him. However this may be, you will certainly find his works
+full of humour: the plots are full of wittily contrived intrigue, the
+_denouements_ clear, the characters suited to the situations, the
+words true to life, the jests never unworthy of true comedy, the
+serious passages never quite on the level of tragedy. Seductions are
+rare in his plays; if he introduces love affairs, it is as a
+concession to human weakness. That does not, however, prevent the
+presence in his plays of the faithless pander, the passionate lover,
+the cunning slave, the coquetting mistress, the jealous wife whose
+word is law, the indulgent mother, the crusty uncle, the friend in
+need, the warlike soldier, aye and hungry parasites, skinflint
+parents, and saucy drabs. One day, long after these excellences had
+made him famous as a writer of comedy, he happened to give a
+recitation of a portion of a play which he had just written. He had
+reached the third act, and was beginning to arouse in his audience
+those pleasurable emotions so dear to comedy, when a sudden shower
+descended and forced him to put off the audience gathered to hear him
+and the recitation which he had just begun. A similar event befell me,
+you will remember, quite recently when I was addressing you. However,
+Philemon, at the demand of various persons, promised to finish his
+recitation the next day without further postponement. On the morrow,
+therefore, a vast crowd assembled to hear him with the utmost
+enthusiasm. Everybody who could do so took a seat facing the stage and
+as near to it as he could get. Late arrivals made signs to their
+friends to make room for them to sit: those who sat at the end of a
+row complained of being thrust off their seat into the gangway; the
+whole theatre was crammed with a vast audience. A hum of
+conversation[49] arose. Those who had not been present the previous
+day began to ask what had been recited; those who had been present
+began to recall what they had heard, and finally when everybody had
+made themselves acquainted with what had preceded, all began to look
+forward to what was to come. Meanwhile the day wore on and Philemon
+failed to come at the appointed time. Some blamed the poet for the
+delay, more defended him. But when they had sat there for quite an
+unreasonable length of time and still Philemon did not make his
+appearance, some of the more active members of the audience were sent
+to fetch him. They found him lying in his bed--dead. He had just
+breathed his last, and lay there upon the couch stiff and stark in the
+attitude of one plunged in meditation. His fingers still were twined
+about his book, his mouth still pressed against the page he had been
+reading. But the life had left him; he had forgotten his book, and
+little recked he now of his audience. Those who had entered the room
+stood motionless for a space, struck dumb by the strange suddenness of
+the blow and the wondrous beauty of his death. Then they returned and
+reported to the people that the poet Philemon, for whom they were
+waiting that there in the theatre he might finish the drama of his
+imagination, had finished the one true play, the drama of life, in his
+own home. To this world he had said 'farewell' and 'applaud', but to
+his friends 'weep and make your moan'. 'The shower of yesterday,' they
+continued, 'was an omen of our tears; the comedy has ended in the
+torch of funeral or ever it could come to the torch of marriage. Nay,
+since so great a poet has laid aside the mask of this life, let us go
+straight from the theatre to perform his burial. 'Tis his bones we now
+must gather to our hearts; his verse must for awhile take second
+place.'
+
+[Footnote 49: _loqui_ (Van der Vliet).]
+
+It was long ago that I first learned the story I have just told you,
+but the peril I have undergone during the last few days[50] has
+brought it afresh to my mind. For when my recitation was--as I am sure
+you remember--interrupted by the rain, at your desire I put it off
+till the morrow, and in good truth it was nearly with me as it was
+with Philemon. For on that same day I twisted my ankle so violently at
+the wrestling school that I almost tore the joint from my leg.
+However, it returned to its socket, though my leg is still weak with
+the sprain. But there is more to tell you. My efforts to reduce the
+dislocation were so great that my body broke out into a profuse sweat
+and I caught a severe chill. This was followed by agonizing pain in my
+bowels, which only subsided when its violence was on the point of
+killing me. A moment more and like Philemon I should have gone to the
+grave, not to my recital, should have finished not my speech but my
+destiny, should have brought not my tale but my life to a close. Well
+then, as soon as the gentle temperature and still more the soothing
+medical properties of the Persian baths had restored to me the use of
+my foot--for though it gave naught save the most feeble support, it
+sufficed me in my eagerness to appear before you--I set forth to
+perform my pledge. And in the interval you have conferred such a boon
+upon me that you have not only removed my lameness but have made me
+positively nimble.
+
+[Footnote 50: The reading is uncertain. Van der Vliet's suggestion
+seems to give the outline of the sense desired.]
+
+Was I not right to make all speed that I might express my boundless
+gratitude for the honour which you have conferred unasked. True,
+Carthage is so illustrious a city that it were an honour to her that a
+philosopher should beg to be thus rewarded, but I wished the boon you
+have bestowed on me to have its full value with no taint of
+detraction, to suffer no loss of grace by any petition on my part, in
+a word to be wholly disinterested. For he that begs pays so heavily,
+and so large is the price that he to whom the petition is addressed
+receives, that, where the necessaries of life are concerned, one had
+rather purchase them one and all than ask them as a gift. Above all,
+this principle applies to cases where honours are concerned. He to
+whom they come as the result of importunate petition owes[51] no
+gratitude for his success to any save himself. On the other hand, he
+who receives honours without descending to vexatious canvassing is
+obliged to the givers for two reasons; he has not asked and yet he has
+received. The thanks, therefore, which I owe you are double or rather
+manifold, and my lips shall proclaim them at all times and places. But
+on the present occasion I will, as is my wont, make public
+protestation of my gratitude from a written address which I have
+specially composed in view of this distinction. For assuredly that is
+the method in which a philosopher should return thanks to a city that
+has decreed him a public statue. My discourse will, however, depart
+slightly from this method as a mark of respect to the exalted
+character and position of Aemilianus Strabo. I hope that I may be able
+to compose a suitable discourse if only you will permit me to submit
+it to your approbation[52] to-day. For Strabo is so distinguished a
+scholar, that his own talents bring him even greater honour than his
+noble rank and his tenure of the consulate. In what terms, Aemilianus
+Strabo, who of all men that have been, are, or yet shall be, are most
+renowned among the virtuous, most virtuous among the renowned, most
+learned amongst either, in what terms can I hope to thank or
+commemorate the gracious thoughts you have entertained for me? How may
+I hope adequately to celebrate the honour to which your kindness has
+prompted you? How may my speech repay you worthily for the glory
+conferred by your action? It baffles my imagination. But I will seek
+earnestly and strive to find a way
+
+     _While breath still rules these limbs and memory
+     Is conscious of its being._
+
+[Footnote 51: _unam gratiam_ vulgo.]
+
+[Footnote 52: _vobis comprobari_ (Krueger).]
+
+For at the present moment, I will not deny it, the gladness of my
+heart is too loud for my eloquence, I cannot think for pleasure,
+delight is master of my soul and bids me rejoice rather than speak.
+What shall I do? I wish to show my gratitude, but my joy is such that
+I have not yet leisure to express my thanks. No one, however sour and
+stern he be, will blame me if the honour bestowed on me makes me no
+less nervous[53] than appreciative, if the testimony to my merits,
+delivered by a man of such fame and learning, has transported me with
+exultation. For he delivered it in the senate of Carthage, a body
+whose kindness is only equalled by its distinction; and he that spoke
+was one who had held the consulship, one by whom it were an honour
+even to be known. Such was the man who appeared before the most
+illustrious citizens of the province of Africa to sing my praise!
+
+[Footnote 53: _non minus uereor quam intellego_ (Krueger).]
+
+I have been told that two days ago he sent a written request in which
+he demanded that my statue should be given a conspicuous place, and
+above all told of the bonds of friendship which began under such
+honourable circumstances, when we served together beneath the banner
+of literature and studied under the same masters; he then recorded[54]
+all the good wishes for his success with which I had welcomed each
+successive step of his advance in his official career. He had already
+done me a compliment in remembering that I had once been his fellow
+student: it was a fresh compliment that so great a man should record
+my friendship for him as though I were his equal. But he went further.
+He stated that other peoples and cities had decreed not only statues,
+but other distinctions as well in my honour. Could anything be added
+to such a panegyric as this, delivered by the lips of an ex-consul?
+Yes: for he cited the priesthood I had undertaken, and showed that I
+had attained the highest honour that Carthage can bestow. But the
+greatest and most remarkable compliment[55] paid me was this: after
+producing such a wealth of flattering testimonials he commended me to
+your notice by himself voting in my favour. Finally, he, a man in
+whose honour every province rejoices through all the world to erect
+four or six horse chariots, promised that he would erect my statue at
+Carthage at his own expense.
+
+[Footnote 54: _nunc postea vota omnia mea_ (MSS.).]
+
+[Footnote 55: om. _honos_ following MSS.]
+
+What lacks there to sanction and establish my glory and to set it on
+the topmost pinnacle of fame? I ask you, what is there lacking?
+Aemilianus Strabo, who has already held the consulship and is
+destined, as we all hope and pray, soon to be a proconsul, proposed
+the resolution conferring these honours upon me in the senate-house of
+Carthage. You gave your unanimous assent to the proposal. Surely in
+your eyes this was more than a mere resolution, it was a solemn
+enactment of law. Nay more, all the Carthaginians gathered in this
+august assembly showed such readiness in granting a site for the
+statue that they might make it clear to you that, if they put off a
+resolution for the erection of a second statue, as I hope,[56] to the
+next meeting of the senate, they were influenced by the desire to show
+the fullest reverence and respect to their honourable consular, and to
+avoid seeming to emulate rather than imitate his beneficence. That is
+to say, they wished to set apart a whole day for the business of
+conferring on me the public honour still in store. Moreover, these
+most excellent magistrates, these most gracious chiefs of your city,
+remembered that the charge with which you men of Carthage had
+entrusted them was in full harmony with their desires. Would you have
+me be ignorant, be silent, as to these details? It would be rank
+ingratitude. Far from that, I offer my very warmest thanks to the
+whole assembly for their most lavish favour. I could not be more
+grateful. For they have honoured me with the most flattering applause
+in that senate-house, where even to be named is the height of honour.
+And so I have in some sense achieved--pardon my vanity--that which was
+so hard to achieve, and seemed indeed not unnaturally to be beyond my
+powers. I have won the affections of the people, the favour of the
+senate, the approbation of the magistrates and the chief men of the
+city. What lacks there now to the honour of my statue, save the price
+of the bronze and the service of the artist? These have never been
+denied me even in small cities. Much less shall Carthage deny it,
+Carthage, whose senate, even where greater issues are at stake,
+decrees and counts not the cost. But I will speak of this more fully
+at a later date, when you have given fuller effect to your resolution.
+Moreover, when the time comes for the dedication of my statue, I will
+proclaim my gratitude to you yet more amply in another written
+discourse, will declare it to you, noble senators, to you, renowned
+citizens, to you, my worthy friends. Yes, I will commit my gratitude
+to the retentive pages of a book, that it may travel through every
+province and, worlds and ages hence, record my praises of your
+kindness to all peoples and all time.
+
+[Footnote 56: _quantum spero_ (MSS.).]
+
+
+_Fragment of a panegyric on Scipio Orfitus._
+
+17. I leave it to those who are in the habit of obtruding themselves
+upon their proconsul's leisure moments[57] to attempt to commend their
+wits by the exuberance of their speech, and to glorify themselves by
+affecting to bask in the smiles of your friendship. Both of these
+offences are far from me, Scipio Orfitus. For on the one hand my poor
+wit, such as it is, is too well known to all men to have any need of
+further commendation; on the other hand, I prefer to enjoy rather than
+to parade the friendship of yourself and such as you; I desire such
+friendship, but I do not boast of it, for desire can in no case be
+other than genuine, whereas boasting may always be false. With this in
+view I have ever cultivated the arts of virtue, I have always sought
+both here in Africa and when I moved among your friends in Rome to win
+a fair name both for my character and studies, as you yourself can
+amply testify, with the result that you should be no less eager to
+court my friendship than I to long for yours. Reluctance to excuse the
+rarity of a friend's appearances is a sign that you desire his
+continual presence; if you delight in the frequency of his visits or
+are angry with him for neglecting to come, if you welcome his company
+and regret its cessation, it is clear proof of love, since it is
+obvious that his presence must be a pleasure whose absence is a pain.
+But the voice, if it be refrained in continued silence, is as useless
+as the nostrils when choked by a cold in the head, the ears when they
+are blocked with dirt, the eyes when they are sealed by cataract. What
+can the hands do, if they are fettered, or what the feet, if they are
+shackled? What can[58] the mind that rules and directs us do, if it be
+relaxed in sleep or drowned in wine or crushed beneath the weight of
+disease? Nay, as the sword acquires its sheen by usage, and rusts if
+it lie idle, so the voice is dulled by its long torpor if it be hidden
+in the sheath of silence. Desuetude must needs beget sloth, and sloth
+decay. If the tragic actor declaim not daily, the resonance of his
+voice is dulled and its channels grow hoarse. Wherefore he purges his
+huskiness by loud and repeated recitation. However, it is vain toil
+and useless labour[59] for a man to attempt to improve the natural
+quality of the human voice. There are many sounds that surpass it. The
+trumpet's blare is louder, the music of the lyre more varied, the
+plaint of the flute more pleasing, the murmurs of the pipe sweeter,
+the message of the bugle further heard. I forbear to mention the
+natural sounds of many animals which challenge admiration by their
+different peculiarities, as, for instance, the deep bellow of the
+bull, the wolf's shrill howl, the dismal trumpeting of the elephant,
+the horse's lively neigh, the bird's piercing song, the angry roar of
+the lion, together with the cries of other beasts, harsh or musical,
+according as they are roused by the madness of anger or the charms of
+pleasure. In place of such cries the gods have given man a voice of
+narrower compass; but if it give less delight to the ear, it is far
+more useful to the understanding. Wherefore it should be all the more
+cultivated by the most frequent use, and that nowhere else[60] than in
+the presence of an audience presided over by so great a man, and in
+the midst of so numerous and distinguished a gathering of learned men
+who come kindly disposed to hear. For my part, if I were skilled to
+make ravishing music on the lyre, I should never play save before
+crowded assemblies. It was in solitude that
+
+     _Orpheus to woods, to fish Arion sang._
+
+[Footnote 57: om. _et negotiosis_ following MSS.]
+
+[Footnote 58: _quid si etiam_ (Krueger).]
+
+[Footnote 59: _cassus labor supervacaneo studio. Plurifariam
+superatur_, (MSS.). The reading is uncertain, but the above
+punctuation will yield adequate sense.]
+
+[Footnote 60: om. _usquam libentius_ with MSS.]
+
+For if we may believe legend, Orpheus had been driven to lonely exile,
+Arion hurled from his ship. One of them soothed savage beasts, the
+other charmed beasts that were compassionate: both musicians were
+unhappy, inasmuch as they strove not for honour nor of their free
+choice, but for their safety and of hard necessity. I should have
+admired them more if they had pleased men, not beasts. Such solitude
+were far better suited to birds, to blackbird and nightingale and
+swan. The blackbird whistles like a happy boy in distant wilds, the
+nightingale trills its song of youthful passion in the lonely places
+of Africa, the swan by far-off rivers chants the music of old age. But
+he who would produce a song that shall profit boys, youths, and
+greybeards, must sing it in the midst of thousands of men, even as now
+I sing the virtues of Orfitus. It is late, perhaps, but it is meant in
+all earnestness, and may prove no less pleasing than profitable to the
+boys, the youths, and the old men of Carthage. For all have enjoyed
+the indulgence of the best of all proconsuls: he has tempered their
+desires and restrained them with gentle remedies, he has given to boys
+the boon of plenty, to young men merriment, and to the old security.
+But now, Scipio, that I have come to touch on your merits, I fear lest
+either your own noble modesty or my own native bashfulness may close
+my mouth. But I cannot refrain from touching on a very few of the many
+virtues which we so justly admire in you. Citizens whom he has saved,
+show with me that you recognize them!
+
+
+_A discourse pronounced before the Carthaginians, incidentally
+treating of Thales and Protagoras._
+
+18. You have come in such large numbers to hear me that I feel I ought
+rather to congratulate Carthage for possessing so many friends of
+learning among her citizens than demand pardon for myself, the
+professed philosopher who ventures to speak in public. For the crowd
+that has collected is worthy of the grandeur of our city, and the
+place chosen for my speech is worthy of so great a multitude.
+Moreover, in a theatre we must consider, not the marble of its
+pavements, not the boards of the stage, nor the columns of the
+back-scene, nay, nor yet the height of its gables, the splendour of
+its fretted roofs, the expanse of its tiers of seats; we need not call
+to mind that this place is sometimes the scene for the foolery of the
+mime, the dialogue of comedy, the sonorous rant of tragedy, the
+perilous antics of the rope-walker, the juggler's sleight of hand, the
+gesticulation of the dancer, with all the tricks of their respective
+arts that are displayed before the people by other artists. All these
+considerations may be put on one side; all that we need consider is
+this, the discourse of the orator and the reasons for the presence of
+the audience. Wherefore, just as poets in this place shift the scene
+to various other cities--take, for instance, the tragic poet who makes
+his actor say
+
+     _Liber, that dwellest on these heights august
+     Of famed Cithaeron_
+
+or the comic poet who says
+
+     _Plautus but asks you for a tiny space
+     Within the circuit vast of these fair walls,
+     Whither without the aid of architect
+     He may transport old Athens,--_
+
+even so I beg your leave to shift my scene, not, however, to any
+distant city overseas, but to the senate-house or public library of
+Carthage. I ask you, therefore, if any of my utterances be worthy of
+the senate-house, to imagine that you are listening to me within the
+very walls of the senate-house; if my words reveal learning, I beg you
+to regard them as though you were reading them in the public library.
+Would that I could find words enough to do justice to the magnitude of
+this assembly and did not falter just when I would be most eloquent.
+But the old saying is true, that heaven never blesses any man with
+unmixed and flawless prosperity; even in the keenest joys there is
+ever some slight undertone of grief, some blend of gall and honey;
+there is no rose without a thorn. I have often experienced the truth
+of this, and never more than at the present moment. For the more I
+realize how ready you are to praise me, the more exaggerated becomes
+the awe in which I stand of you, and the greater my reluctance to
+speak. I have spoken to strange audiences often, and with the utmost
+fluency, but now that I am confronted with my own folk, I hesitate.
+Strange to say, I am frightened by what should allure, curbed by what
+should spur me on, and restrained by what should make me bold. There
+is much that should give me courage in your presence. I have made my
+home in your city which I knew well as a boy, and where my student
+days were spent. You know my philosophic views, my voice is no
+stranger to you, you have read my books and approved of them. My
+birthplace is represented in the council of Africa, that is, in your
+own assembly; my boyhood was spent with you, you were my teachers, it
+was here that my philosophy found its first inspiration, though 'twas
+Attic Athens brought it to maturity, and, during the last six years,
+my voice, speaking in either language, has been familiar to your ears.
+Nay more, my books have no higher title to the universal praise that
+is theirs, than the fact that you have passed a favourable judgement
+upon them. All these great and varied allurements, appealing as they
+do to you as well as to me, hamper and intimidate me just in
+proportion as they attract you to the pleasure of hearing me. I should
+find it far easier to sing your praises before the citizens of some
+other city than to your face. To such an extent is it true that
+modesty is a serious obstacle to one confronted by his fellow
+citizens, while truth may speak unfettered in the presence of
+strangers. But always and everywhere I praise you as my parents and
+the first teachers of my youth, and do my best to repay my debt. But
+the reward I offer you is not that which the sophist Protagoras
+stipulated to receive and never got, but that which the wise Thales
+got without ever stipulating for it. What is it you want? Ah! I
+understand. I will tell you both stories.
+
+Protagoras was a sophist with knowledge on an extraordinary number of
+subjects, and one of the most eloquent among the first inventors of
+the art of rhetoric. He was a fellow citizen and contemporary of the
+physicist Democritus, and it was from Democritus he derived his
+learning. The story runs that Protagoras made a rash bargain with his
+pupil Euathlus, contracting for an exceptionally high fee on the
+following conditions. The money was to be paid if Euathlus was
+successful in the first suit he pleaded in court. The young man
+therefore first learned all the methods employed to win the votes of
+the jurors, all the tricks of opposing counsel, and all the artifices
+of oratory. This he did with ease, for he was a very clever fellow
+with a natural aptitude for strategy. When he had satisfied himself
+that he had learned all he desired to know, he began to show
+reluctance to perform his part of the contract. At first he baffled
+his teacher's requests for payment by interposing various ingenious
+delays, and for a considerable time refused either to plead in court
+or to pay the stipulated fee. At last Protagoras called him into
+court, set forth the conditions under which he had accepted him as a
+pupil, and propounded the following dilemma. 'If I win,' he said, 'you
+must pay the fee, for you will be condemned to do so. If you win, you
+will still have to pay under the terms of your contract. For you will
+have won the first suit you have ever pleaded. So if you win, you lose
+under the terms of the contract: if you are defeated, you lose by the
+sentence of the court.' What more would you have? The jury thought the
+argument a marvel of shrewdness and quite irrefutable. But Euathlus
+showed himself a very perfect pupil of so cunning a master, and turned
+back the dilemma on its inventor. 'In that case,' he replied, 'I owe
+your fee under neither count. For either I win and am acquitted by the
+court, or lose and am released from the bargain, which states that I
+do not owe you the fee if I am defeated in my first case in court. And
+this is my first case! So in any case I come off scot free; if I lose,
+I am saved by the contract; if I win, by the verdict of the jury.'
+What think you? Does not the opposition of these sophistic arguments
+remind you of brambles, that the wind has entangled one with another?
+They cling together; thorns of like length on either side, each
+penetrating to an equal depth, each dealing wound for wound. So we
+will leave Protagoras' reward to shrewd and greedy folk. It involves
+too many thorny difficulties. Far better is that other reward, which
+they say was suggested by[61] Thales.
+
+[Footnote 61: _Thalem ... suasisse_ (MSS.).]
+
+Thales of Miletus was easily the most remarkable of the famous seven
+sages. For he was the first of the Greeks to discover the science of
+geometry, was a most accurate investigator of the laws of nature, and
+a most skilful observer of the stars. With the help of a few small
+lines he discovered the most momentous facts: the revolution of the
+years, the blasts of the winds, the wanderings of the stars, the
+echoing miracle of thunder, the slanting path of the zodiac, the
+annual turnings of the sun, the waxing of the moon when young, her
+waning when she has waxed old, and the shadow of her eclipse; of all
+these he discovered the laws. Even when he was far advanced into the
+vale of years, he evolved a divinely inspired theory concerning the
+period of the sun's revolution through the circle in which he moves
+in all his majesty. This theory, I may say, I have not only learned
+from books, but have also proved its truth by experiment. This theory
+Thales is said to have taught soon after its discovery to Mandraytus
+of Priene. The latter, fascinated by the strangeness and novelty of
+his newly acquired knowledge, bade Thales choose whatever recompense
+he might desire in return for such precious instruction. 'It is enough
+recompense,' replied Thales the wise, 'if you will refrain from
+claiming as your own the theory I have taught you, whenever you begin
+to impart it to others, and will proclaim me and no other as the
+discoverer of this new law.' In truth that was a noble recompense,
+worthy of so great a man and beyond the reach of time. For that
+recompense has been paid to Thales down to this very day, and shall be
+paid to all eternity by all of us who have realized the truth of his
+discoveries concerning the heavens.
+
+Such is the recompense I pay you, citizens of Carthage, through all
+the world, in return for the instruction that Carthage gave me as a
+boy. Everywhere I boast myself your city's nursling, everywhere and in
+every way I sing your praises, do zealous honour to your learning,
+give glory to your wealth and reverent worship to your gods. Now,
+therefore, I will begin by speaking of the god Aesculapius. With what
+more auspicious theme could I engage your ears? For he honours the
+citadel of our own Carthage with the protection of his undoubted
+presence. See, I will sing to you both in Greek and Latin a hymn
+which I have composed to his glory and long since dedicated to him.
+For I am well known as a frequenter of his rites, my worship of him is
+no new thing, my priesthood has received the smile of his favour, and
+ere now I have expressed my veneration for him both in prose and
+verse. Even so now I will chant a hymn to his glory both in Greek and
+Latin. I have prefaced it with a dialogue likewise in both tongues, in
+which Sabidius Severus and Julius Persius shall speak together. They
+are men who are deservedly bound alike to one another, and to you and
+the public weal by the closest ties of friendship. Both are equally
+distinguished for their learning, their eloquence, and their
+benevolence. It is difficult to say whether they are more remarkable
+for their great moderation, their ready energy, or the distinction of
+their career. They are united one to another by the most complete
+harmony. There is but one point on which rivalry exists between them,
+namely this: they dispute which has the greater love for Carthage; for
+this they contend with all their strength and all their soul, and
+neither is vanquished in the contest. Thinking, then, that you would
+be most delighted to listen to their converse, and that such a theme
+suited my powers and would be a welcome offering to the god, I begin
+at the outset of my book by making one of my fellow students of Athens
+demand of Persius in Greek what was the subject of the declamation
+delivered by myself on the previous day in the temple of Aesculapius.
+As the dialogue proceeds I introduce Severus to their company. His
+part is written in the language of Rome. For Persius, although a
+master of Latin, shall yet to-day speak to you in the Attic tongue.
+
+
+_A story of the physician Asclepiades._
+
+19. The famous Asclepiades, who ranks among the greatest of doctors,
+indeed, if you except Hippocrates, as the very greatest, was the first
+to discover the use of wine as a remedy. It requires, however, to be
+administered at the proper moment, and it was in the discovery of the
+right moment that he showed especial skill, noting most carefully the
+slightest symptom of disorder or undue rapidity of the pulse. It
+chanced that once, when he was returning to town from his country
+house, he observed an enormous funeral procession in the suburbs of
+the city. A huge multitude of men who had come out to perform the last
+honours stood round about the bier, all of them plunged in deep sorrow
+and wearing worn and ragged apparel. He asked whom they were burying,
+but no one replied; so he went nearer[62] to satisfy his curiosity and
+to see who it might be that was dead, or, it may be, in the hope to
+make some discovery in the interests of his profession. Be this as it
+may, he certainly snatched the man from the jaws of death as he lay
+there on the verge of burial. The poor fellow's limbs were already
+covered with spices, his mouth filled with sweet-smelling unguent. He
+had been anointed and was all ready for the pyre. But Asclepiades
+looked upon him, took careful note of certain signs, handled his body
+again and again and perceived that the life was still in him, though
+scarcely to be detected. Straightway he cried out 'He lives! Throw
+down your torches, take away your fire demolish the pyre, take back
+the funeral feast and spread it on his board at home'. While he spoke
+a murmur arose; some said that they must take the doctor's word,
+others mocked at the physician's skill. At last, in spite of the
+opposition offered even by his relations, perhaps because they had
+already entered into possession of the dead man's property, perhaps
+because they did not yet believe his words, Asclepiades persuaded them
+to put off the burial for a brief space. Having thus rescued him from
+the hands of the undertaker, he carried the man home, as it were from
+the very mouth of hell, and straightway revived the spirit within him,
+and by means of certain drugs called forth the life that still lay
+hidden in the secret places of the body.
+
+[Footnote 62: _uti_ (Beyte) _cognosceret more ingenii_ (MSS.). _more
+ingenii_ may be corrupt. If it may stand, it must mean 'as his nature
+prompted him', i.e. to satisfy his curiosity.]
+
+
+_A panegyric on his own talents._
+
+20. There is a remarkable saying of a wise man concerning the
+pleasures of the table to the effect that, 'The first glass quenches
+thirst, the second makes merry, the third kindles desire, the fourth
+madness.' But in the case of a draught from the Muses' fountain the
+reverse is true. The more cups you drink and the more undiluted the
+draught the better it will be for your soul's good. The first cup is
+given by the master that teaches you to read and write and redeems you
+from ignorance[63], the second is given by the teacher of literature
+and equips you with learning, the third arms you with the eloquence of
+the rhetorician. Of these three cups most men drink. I, however, have
+drunk yet other cups at Athens--the imaginative draught of poetry, the
+clear draught of geometry, the sweet draught of music, the austerer
+draught of dialectic, and the nectar of all philosophy, whereof no man
+may ever drink enough. For Empedocles composed verse, Plato dialogues,
+Socrates hymns, Epicharmus music, Xenophon histories, and Xenocrates
+satire. But your friend Apuleius cultivates all these branches of art
+together and worships all nine Muses with equal zeal. His enthusiasm
+is, I admit, in advance of his capacity, but that perhaps makes him
+all the more praiseworthy, inasmuch as in all high enterprises it is
+the effort that merits praise, success is after all a matter of
+chance. As an illustration I may remind you, that the law punishes
+even the premeditation of crime, though the criminal's purpose may
+never have been carried out; the hand may be pure, but there is blood
+upon the soul, and that suffices. As, then, to call down the doom of
+law it suffices to purpose deeds meet for punishment, so to win praise
+it is sufficient to essay deeds worthy of the voice of fame; and what
+greater or surer claim to praise may any man have than to glorify
+Carthage? For you, her citizens, are full of learning to a man, your
+boys learn, your young men display, and your old men teach all manner
+of knowledge. Carthage is the venerable instructress of our province,
+Carthage is the heavenly muse of Africa, Carthage is the fount whence
+all the Roman world draws draughts of inspiration.
+
+[Footnote 63: _litteratoris, ruditate_ (Krueger).]
+
+
+_An excuse for delay caused by social duties._
+
+21. Sometimes even when haste is most incumbent on us, the delays that
+slow our progress may bring such honour, that often we shall be glad
+to have been thwarted of our purpose. For instance, take the case of
+persons who are compelled to journey in such high haste, that they
+prefer the perils of the saddle to a seat in a carriage on account of
+the trouble caused by their baggage, the weight of the vehicle, the
+delays to progress, the roughness of the track, not to mention the
+boulders that beset the route, the tree trunks fallen across the way,
+the rivers that intersect the level, and the steep slopes of the
+mountains. Well, then, those who wish to avoid all these obstacles
+select a horse of tried endurance, mettle, and speed, that is to say,
+one strong to bear and swift to go, like the horse described by
+Lucilius that
+
+     _With one sole stride o'erpasses plain and hill._
+
+None the less, if as this horse bears them along on the wings of his
+speed, they chance to see some great personage, a man of noble birth,
+high wisdom, and universal fame, then, however pressing their haste,
+they refrain their speed that they may do him honour, slacken their
+pace and rein in their horse: then straightway leaping to the ground
+they transfer to their left hand the switch, which they carry
+wherewith to beat the horse, and with right hand thus left free
+approach the great man and salute him. If it please him for a while to
+ask questions of them, they will walk with him for a while and talk
+with him: in fact they will gladly suffer any amount of delay in the
+performance of the duty which they owe him.
+
+
+_On the Virtues of Crates._
+
+22. Crates, the well-known disciple of Diogenes, was honoured at
+Athens by the men of his own day as though he had been a household
+god. No house was ever closed to him, no head of a family had ever so
+close a secret as to regard Crates as an unseasonable intruder: he was
+always welcome; there was never a quarrel, never a lawsuit between
+kinsfolk, but he was accepted as mediator and his word was law. The
+poets tell that Hercules of old by his valour subdued all the wild
+monsters of legend, beast or man, and purged all the world of them.
+Even so our philosopher was a very Hercules in the conquest of anger,
+envy, avarice, lust, and all the other monstrous sins that beset the
+human soul. He expelled all these pests from their minds, purged
+households, and tamed vice. Nay, he too went half-naked and was
+distinguished by the club he carried, aye, and he sprang from that
+same Thebes, where Hercules, men say, was born. Even before he became
+Crates pure and simple, he was accounted one of the chief men in
+Thebes: his family was noble, his establishment numerous, his house
+had a fair and ample porch: his lands were rich and his clothing
+sumptuous. But later, when he understood that the wealth which had
+been transmitted to him, carried with it no safeguard whereon he might
+lean as on a staff in the ways of life, but that all was fragile and
+transitory, that all the wealth that is in all the world was of no
+assistance to a virtuous life....
+
+
+_On the uncertainty of fortune._
+
+23. Imagine some good ship, wrought by skilled hands, well built
+within and fairly adorned without, with rudder answering to the touch,
+taut rigging, lofty mast, resplendent tops, and shining sails; in a
+word, supplied with all such gear as may serve either for use or the
+delight of the eye. Imagine all this and then think how easily, if the
+tempest and no helmsman be her guide, the deep may engulf her or the
+reefs grind her to pieces with all her goodly gear. Again, when
+physicians enter a sick man's house to visit him, none of them bids
+the invalid be of good cheer on account of the exquisite balconies
+with which they see the house to be adorned, nor on account of the
+fretted ceilings all overlaid with gold, or the multitudes of handsome
+boys and youths that stand about the couch in his chamber. Rather the
+physician sits down by the man's bedside, takes his hand, feels it and
+explores the beat and movements of the pulse. If he discovers any
+irregularity or disorder, he informs his patient that he is seriously
+ill. Our rich man is bidden fast: on that day mid all the abundant
+store of his own house, he touches not even bread: and meanwhile all
+his slaves feast and are merry, and their servile state makes no
+difference to them.
+
+
+_An improvisation._
+
+24. You have asked me to give you an improvisation. Listen then. You
+have heard me speak prepared, now hear me unprepared. I think I risk
+but little in making an attempt to speak without premeditation in view
+of the extraordinary approval which I have won by my set speeches. For
+having pleased you by more serious efforts, I have no fear of
+displeasing you when I speak on a frivolous subject. But in order that
+you may know me in all my infinite variety, make trial of me in what
+Lucilius called
+
+     _The improviser's formless art_,
+
+and see whether I have the same skill at short notice as I have after
+preparation; if indeed there be any of you who have never heard the
+trifles I toss off on the spur of the moment. You will listen to them
+with the same critical exactitude that I have bestowed on their
+composition, but with greater complaisance, I hope, than I can feel in
+reciting them. For prudent judges are wont to judge finished works by
+a somewhat severe standard, but are far more complaisant to
+improvisations. For you weigh and examine all that is actually
+written, but in the case of extempore speaking pardon and criticism go
+hand in hand, as it is right they should. For what we read forth from
+manuscript will remain such as it was when set down, even though you
+say nothing, but those words which I must utter now and the travail of
+whose birth you must share with me, will be just such as your favour
+shall make them. For the more I modify my style to suit your taste,
+the more I shall please you.[64] I see that you hear me gladly. From
+this moment it lies with you to furl or spread my sails, that they
+hang not slack and drooping nor be reefed and brailed.
+
+[Footnote 64: _modificabor, tanto a vobis in maius tolletur._ So all
+editions before Van der Vliet. The words _tanto ... tolletur_ have no
+MS. support, but some such insertion is necessary for the sense.]
+
+I will try to apply the saying of Aristippus. Aristippus was the
+founder of the Cyrenaic school of philosophy and was a disciple of
+Socrates--a fact which he regarded as the greater honour of the two. A
+certain tyrant asked him what benefit he had derived from so long and
+so devoted a study of philosophy. 'It has given me the power,' replied
+Aristippus, 'to converse with all men without fear or concern.'
+
+My speech has begun with a certain abruptness of expression due to the
+suddenness with which the subject suggested itself to me. It is as
+though I were building a loose wall in which one must be content to
+pile the stones haphazard without filling the interior with rubble,
+levelling the front, or making all lines true to rule. For in building
+up this speech I shall not bring stones from my own quarry, hewn
+foursquare and planed on all sides with their outer edge cut smooth
+and level, so that the nail slips lightly over it. No! at every point
+I must fit in material that is rough and uneven, or slippery and
+smooth, or jagged, projecting and angular, or round and rolling. There
+will be no correction by rule, no measure or proportion, no attention
+to the perpendicular. For it is impossible to produce a thing on the
+spur of the moment and to give it careful consideration, nor is there
+anything in the world that can hope at one and the same time to be
+praised for its care and admired for its speed.
+
+
+_The fable of the fox and the crow._
+
+25. I have complied with the desire of certain persons who just now
+begged me to speak extempore. But, by Hercules, I fear that I may
+suffer the fate that befell the crow in Aesop's fable: namely, that in
+the attempt to win this new species of glory I may lose the little I
+have already acquired. What is this parable, you ask me? I will gladly
+turn fabulist for awhile. A crow and a fox caught sight of a morsel of
+food at the same moment and hurried to seize it. Their greed was
+equal, but their speed was not. Reynard ran, but the crow flew, with
+the result that the bird was too quick for the quadruped, sailed down
+the wind on extended pinions, outstripped and forestalled him. Then,
+rejoicing at his victory in the race for the booty, the crow flew into
+a neighbouring oak and sat out of reach on the topmost bough. The fox
+being unable to hurl a stone, launched a trick at him and reached him.
+For coming up to the foot of the tree, he stopped there, and seeing
+the robber high above him exulting in his booty, began to praise him
+with cunning words. 'Fool that I was thus vainly to contend with
+Apollo's bird! For his body is exquisitely proportioned, neither
+exceeding small nor yet too large, but just of the size demanded by
+use and beauty; his plumage is soft, his head sharp and fine, his beak
+strong. Nay, more, he has wings with which to follow, keen eyes with
+which to see, and claws with which to seize his prey. As for his
+colour, what can I say? There are two transcendent hues, the blackness
+of pitch and the whiteness of snow, the colours that distinguish night
+and day. Both of these hues Apollo has given to the birds he loves,
+white to the swan and black to the crow. Would he had given the latter
+a voice like the sweet song he has conferred upon the swan, that so
+fair a bird, so far excelling all the fowls of the air, might not
+live, as now he lives, voiceless, the darling of the god of eloquence,
+but himself mute and tongueless.' When the crow heard that, though
+possessed of so many qualities, there yet lacked this one, he was
+seized with a desire to utter as loud a cry as possible, that the swan
+might not have the advantage of him in this respect at any rate, and
+forgetting the morsel which he held in his beak, he opened his mouth
+to its widest extent, and thus lost by his song what his wings had won
+him, while the fox recovered by craft what his feet had lost him. Let
+us reduce this fable to the smallest number of words possible. The
+crow, to prove himself musical--for the fox pretended that this, the
+absence of a voice, was the sole slur on such exquisite beauty--began
+to croak, and delivered over the spoil which he carried in his mouth
+to the enemy who had thus ensnared him.
+
+
+_A transition from Greek to Latin._
+
+26. I have known for a long time what it is your demonstrations
+demand: namely, that I should deal with the rest of my material in
+Latin. For I remember that at the very beginning, when you were
+divided in opinion, I promised that neither party among you, neither
+those who insisted on Greek nor those who insisted on Latin, should go
+away without hearing the language he desired. Wherefore, if it seems
+good to you, let us consider that my speech has been Attic long
+enough. It is time to migrate from Greece to Latium. For we are now
+almost half through our inquiry and, as far as I can see, the second
+half does not yield to the first part which I have delivered in Greek.
+It is as strong in argument, as full of epigram, as rich in
+illustration and as admirable in style.
+
+
+
+
+NOTES
+
+
+THE APOLOGIA
+
+CHAPTER 1. _Claudius Maximus_, proconsul of Africa, is spoken of as
+having succeeded Lollianus Avitus. Lollianus Avitus was consul in 144
+A.D. As ten to thirteen years usually elapsed between tenure of the
+consulate and proconsulate, Lollianus Avitus may have been proconsul
+154-7 A.D., and Claudius Maximus 155-8 A.D.
+
+_gentlemen who sit beside him on the bench._ The governor of the
+province, when holding his assize, would be assisted by a _consilium_
+of assessors drawn partly from his staff, partly from the local
+_conventus civium Romanorum_.
+
+_Granii._ Nothing is known of this suit. Granii are mentioned as
+connexions of Lollius Urbicus (C.I.L. viii. 6705).
+
+CHAPTER 2. _Lollius Urbicus_ is described a few lines lower down as
+_praefectus urbi_, which is borne out by an inscription (C.I.L. vi.
+28). The lawsuit of Aemilianus must therefore have been heard at Rome.
+The explanation of the words _quam quidem vocem_, &c., which follow,
+imply that Lollius was now in Numidia. This is possible enough since
+an inscription (C.I.L. viii. 6705) proves him to have been a native of
+Tiddis in Numidia. The _praefectus urbi_ was assisted by a
+_consilium_, not by _iudices_. Here the members of the _consilium_ are
+described as _consulares_. [Cp. Karlowa, Roem. Rechtgesch., p. 551.]
+
+CHAPTER 4. _not merely in Latin but also in Greek._ Cp. Florida,
+chaps. 18 and 26.
+
+_Tannonius Pudens_, an advocatus of the accusers and, presumably, a
+relative.
+
+_Homer_, sc. Il. iii. 65.
+
+_Pythagoras_, inventor of the term [Greek: philosophia]; cp. Diog.
+Laert. i, proem. 12. He was a native of Samos and migrated to Croton.
+See Florida, chap. 15. Floruit circa 530 B.C.
+
+_Zeno_ of Velia or Elea in Lucania was the founder of dialectic.
+Floruit circa 450 B.C.
+
+_self inconsistency._ The phrase _argumenta ambifariam dissolvere_ is
+very obscure. I am indebted to Professor Cook Wilson for the following
+note. 'A comparison of the passage with the captious argument of
+Protagoras (Florida, chap. 17, _ambifariam proposuit_), which is in
+the form of a dilemma, might suggest that _ambifariam_ in both places
+means "by dilemma". But this is not a natural way of describing the
+method of Zeno. The characteristic of his philosophy was, according to
+tradition, that he tried to prove the thesis of Parmenides negatively
+by disproving the hypothesis contradictory to it. The disproof
+consisted in showing that the hypothesis in question involved a
+contradiction. If, therefore, _ambifariam_ means "by dilemma" it would
+appear that Apuleius did not understand the true characteristic of
+Zeno's method; for _dissolvere_ should refer to Zeno's method of
+disproof, which is not properly called dilemma.
+
+'But perhaps it is not necessary to assume such a mistake on the part
+of Apuleius. _Ambifariam_ may mean "ambiguously" in the sense of
+involving both sides of a contradiction (i.e. both of two
+contradictory propositions). This would suit the Protagoras passage
+well, for the argument, as the context shows, involves a
+contradiction. Zeno's argumentation also could be correctly described
+as _ambifariam dissolvere_, because he refuted the thesis opposed to
+that of Parmenides by showing that it involves a contradiction. Then
+the meaning of the passage would be that Zeno's cleverness
+(_sollertissimum artificium_) lay in the use of the _reductio ad
+absurdum_ argument. In that case the translation would be as given in
+the text.' I find a confirmation of Professor Cook Wilson's view in
+the following line, cited from Timon of Phlius by Diog. Laert. ix. v.
+2, where the word [Greek: amphoteroglossos] is used with reference to
+Zeno's methods of argument, sc. [Greek: amphoteroglossou te mega
+sthenos ouk alapadnon].
+
+_Plato_, sc. Parmenides, 127_b_.
+
+_capital charge._ There is an untranslatable pun here, _capitalis_
+bearing the double meaning 'capital' and 'pertaining to the head'.
+
+CHAPTER 5. _Statius Caecilius_, one of the most famous writers of
+comedy. He died 168 B.C.
+
+CHAPTER 6. _tooth-powder_, clearly a magical compound according to the
+accusers.
+
+_Catullus_, sc. xxxix. 17-21.
+
+CHAPTER 7. _the barrier of the teeth._ Homer, Odyss. i. 64.
+
+CHAPTER 8. _the crocodile._ See Herodotus ii. 68.
+
+CHAPTER 9. _Teian_, sc. Anacreon, circa 520 B.C.
+
+_Lacedaemonian_, sc. Alcman, circa 650 B.C.
+
+_Cean_, sc. Simonides, circa 520 B.C.
+
+_Lesbian_, sc. Sappho, circa 600 B.C.
+
+_Aedituus_, _Porcius_, _Catulus_, erotic epigrammatists of the
+Republican period, 130-100 B.C. The latter was Marius' colleague in
+the Cimbrian wars.
+
+_Solon._ The line ascribed to Solon is almost too gross in the
+original to be genuine.
+
+_Diogenes_, the founder of the Cynic school (died 324 B.C.), wrote
+'concerning marriage and the begetting of children' in an erotic
+fashion. Diog. Laert. vi. 2. 12.
+
+_Zeno_ of Citium, founder of the Stoic school (died 264 B.C.), wrote
+an 'art of love'. Diog. Laert. vii. 21. 29.
+
+CHAPTER 10. _Ticidas_, an erotic poet, contemporary with Catullus and,
+like him, belonging to the Alexandrian school.
+
+_Lucilius_, the first of Rome's great satirists (148-103 B.C.),
+famous for the extraordinary vigour with which he lashed the vices of
+the age. The allusion in the present passage is unknown, though a
+fragment is preserved containing the name of Macedo and possibly also
+of Gentius (cp. Baehrens, Fragm. Poet. Rom., p. 168).
+
+_the Mantuan poet._ Vergil, Ecl. ii.
+
+_Serranus_, the cognomen of Atilius Regulus, consul 257 B.C., the
+famous Regulus of the first Punic war.
+
+_Curius_ Dentatus, thrice consul, and victor over the Samnites and
+Pyrrhus.
+
+_Fabricius_, general in the war against Pyrrhus. Consul in 282 and 278
+B.C. These three great soldiers were selected as types of Roman
+virtue. Cp. Verg. Aen. vi. 485.
+
+_Dion_, brother-in-law and son-in-law of Dionysius II, tyrant of
+Syracuse, the friend and pupil of Plato, and for a brief space tyrant
+of Syracuse.
+
+CHAPTER 11. _Catullus_ xvi. 5.
+
+_Hadrian_, Emperor, 117-138 A.D.
+
+_Voconius_, mentioned here only.
+
+CHAPTER 12. _Venus is not one goddess but two._ For this doctrine see
+Plato's Symposium, p. 181.
+
+_Afranius_, the most famous writer of purely Roman comedy (_fabulae
+togatae_), floruit circa 110 B.C.
+
+CHAPTER 13. _Ennius_ (239-169 B.C.), the 'father of Roman Poetry'. Cp.
+Cic. de Or. ii. 156 'ac sic decrevi philosophari potius ut Neoptolemus
+apud Ennium "paucis: nam omnino haud placet"'.
+
+_the mirror_, clearly regarded by the accusers, though Apuleius does
+not say so, as a magical instrument.
+
+CHAPTER 15. _The Lacedaemonian Agesilaus_, the greatest of the Spartan
+kings, 440-360 B.C. Cp. Cic. ad Fam. v. 12.
+
+_Socrates._ Cp. Diog. Laert. ii. 5, 33.
+
+_Demosthenes_ and _Plato_. Cp. Quint. xii. 2. 22 and 10. 23.
+
+_Eubulides_, a sophist of Miletus. Cp. Diog. Laert. ii. 10. 4.
+
+_the orator when he wrangles_, &c. The pun on _iurgari_, 'wrangles,'
+and _obiurgari_, 'rebukes,' can scarcely be reproduced. 'Disproves'
+and 'disapproves' would weaken the translation.
+
+_Epicurus_ of Samos, born 342 B.C. For his views on vision cp. Lucret.
+iv. 156, on mirrors, 293.
+
+_Plato._ Cp. Timaeus, p. 46 A, 'Within the eyes they (the gods)
+planted that variety of fire which does not burn, but it is called
+light homogeneous with the light without. We are enabled to see in the
+daytime, because the light within our eyes pours out through the
+centre of them and commingles with the light without. The two being
+thus confounded together transmit movements from every object they
+touch through the eye inward to the soul, and thus bring about the
+sensation of the sight.' Grote's Plato iii. 265.
+
+_Archytas_ of Tarentum, a Pythagorean (circa 400 B.C.). _The
+Stoics_--believed that sight consisted in a refined fluid or visual
+effluence proceeding from the central intelligence through the eyes.
+'In the process of seeing, the [Greek: horatikon pneuma] (visual
+effluence) coming into the eyes from the [Greek: hegemonikon] (central
+intelligence) gives a spherical form to the air before the eye by
+virtue of its [Greek: tonike kinesis] (i.e. the tension it sets up),
+and by means of the sphere of air comes in contact with things; and
+since by this process rays of light emanate from the eye, darkness
+must be visible.' Zeller, The Stoics, Epicureans, and Sceptics, p.
+209, note. Cp. Plut. Plac. Phil. iv. 15.
+
+CHAPTER 16. _two rival images of the sun._ Apparently an allusion to
+the phenomenon of mock suns. Archimedes had, according to Apuleius,
+treated of the rainbow and the mock sun in connexion with his
+researches into mirrors.
+
+CHAPTER 17. _Marcus Antonius_, the orator, born 143 B.C., Consul 99
+B.C.
+
+_Carbo_, consul 85-82 B.C., one of the leaders of the Marian party
+and the chief opponent of Sulla after Marius' death.
+
+_Manius Curius._ See note on chap. 10.
+
+_Marcus Cato_, consul in 195 B.C., conducted a successful campaign in
+Spain in that and the following year.
+
+CHAPTER 18. _Aristides_, the Athenian statesman and general, surnamed
+the just, died circa 468 B.C.
+
+_Phocion_, an Athenian general and statesman, born 402 B.C., died 317
+B.C. He was famous for his virtue and his poverty.
+
+_Epaminondas_, the great Theban general who fell at Mantinea, 362 B.C.
+He was of noble birth but poor.
+
+_Fabricius._ See note on chap. 10.
+
+_Gnaeus Scipio._ Cp. Val. Max. iv. 4. 10. 'In the second Punic war
+Gnaeus Scipio wrote to the senate from Spain, begging that he might be
+replaced in his command. For his daughter was now of marriageable age,
+but could not be provided with a dowry during his absence from Rome.'
+
+_Publicola_ (_Valerius_), colleague of Brutus in the consulship in the
+first year of the Republic.
+
+_Agrippa_, Menenius, consul 503 B.C., mediator between the _plebs_ and
+the nobles in 493 B.C., in which year he died.
+
+_Atilius Regulus._ See note on _Serranus_, chap. 10.
+
+CHAPTER 20. _Philus_, a sceptical academician, one of the circle of
+Scipio Africanus the younger.
+
+_Laelius_, the intimate friend of the younger Africanus.
+
+_Crassus_, the famous financier, triumvir with Caesar and Pompey.
+
+CHAPTER 22. _Crates._ See Florida 14 for some account of him. The rest
+of the poem on his wallet is preserved by Diog. Laert. vi. 5. 1, but
+is scarcely worth quoting.
+
+_Antisthenes_, the founder of the Cynic school of philosophy,
+flourished circa 366 B.C. He was the teacher of Diogenes.
+
+CHAPTER 24. _Lollianus Avitus._ See note on Claudius Maximus, chap.
+1.
+
+_Anacharsis_, a Scythian prince who travelled far in search of
+knowledge. He came to Athens in the time of Solon and created a great
+impression by his wisdom.
+
+_Meletides_ (or more properly Melitides) was an Athenian of proverbial
+stupidity, whose name was synonymous for blockhead. Eustathius on
+Odyss. x. 552, says that he could not count above five or distinguish
+between his father and mother!
+
+_Syphax_, king of the Massaesyli in W. Numidia, fought for the
+Carthaginians during the second Punic war, and was finally defeated
+and captured by Scipio in 203 B.C. After his fall _Masinissa_, King of
+the Massyli, was left supreme in Numidia.
+
+_duumvir._ The chief magistrates in a _colonia_ were styled _duumviri
+iure dicundo_.
+
+_the dignity of my position._ This is generally interpreted as meaning
+that Apuleius himself had become _duumvir_. It is more likely,
+considering his age and his continued absences from Madaura, that it
+means merely the position acquired for him by his father's
+distinguished office.
+
+CHAPTER 25. _Magician is the Persian word for priest._ 'The name
+_magi_ applied to all workers of miracles, strictly designates the
+priests of Mazdeism, and well-attested tradition made certain Persians
+the inventors of genuine magic, the magic which the Middle Ages styled
+the black art. If they did not invent it, for it is as old as
+humanity, they were at least the first to give magic a doctrinal basis
+and to assign it a place in a well-defined theological system.... By
+the Alexandrian period, books attributed to Zoroaster, Hostanes, and
+Hystaspes were translated into Greek.' Cumont, Les Religions
+Orientales dans le Paganisme Romain, p. 227. Cp. Pliny, N.H. xxx. 7.
+_Plato_, Alcibiades i. 121 E.
+
+_Zoroaster, son of Oromazes_, the founder of the ancient religion of
+Persia (Mazdeism).
+
+CHAPTER 26. _Plato._ The allusion is to Charmides, p. 157 A. Socrates
+offers Charmides a charm to cure the headache. But the charm will do
+more than cure the headache. 'I learnt it, when serving with the army,
+of one of the physicians of the Thracian King Zamolxis. He was one of
+those who are said to give immortality. This Thracian said to me ...
+"Zamolxis, our king, who is also a god, says that as you ought not to
+attempt to cure the eyes without the head or the head without the
+eyes, so neither ought you to attempt to cure the body without the
+soul," ... "For all good and evil, whether in the body or in human
+nature, originates, as he declared, in the soul, and overflows from
+thence, as from the head into the eyes. And therefore if the head and
+body are to be well, you must begin by curing the soul; that is the
+first thing. And the cure has to be effected by the use of certain
+charms, _and these charms are fair words_; and by them temperance is
+implanted in the soul, and where temperance is, there health is
+speedily implanted, not only to the head, but to the whole body."'
+(Jowett's Translation.) Apuleius scarcely makes a fair use of Plato's
+words, which he has so far detached from their context as to give them
+almost entirely a new meaning.
+
+_Zamolxis_, probably an indigenous deity of the Getae. Greek legend
+made him a Getan slave of Pythagoras, who on manumission went home,
+became priest of the chief deity of the Getae, and taught the
+Pythagorean doctrine of the immortality of the soul.
+
+CHAPTER 27. _Anaxagoras_ of Clazomenae, born about 499 B.C. He came to
+Athens and had great influence there, being the friend of Pericles and
+Euripides. He was, however, banished for unorthodoxy and died at
+Lampsacus aged 72.
+
+_Leucippus_, the founder of the atomic theory. His exact date and
+place of birth are uncertain.
+
+_Democritus_ of Abdera, born about 450 B.C. He developed the atomic
+theory of Leucippus.
+
+_Epicurus_, like Democritus and Leucippus, maintained the atomic
+theory. Cp. note on chap. 15.
+
+_Epimenides_, a seer and prophet of Crete who purified Athens of the
+plague with which she was afflicted in consequence of the crime of
+Cylon, circa 596 B.C.
+
+_Ostanes_, or Hostanes, a famous semi-fabulous magician of Persia.
+
+_the 'purifications' of Empedocles._ Empedocles of Agrigentum
+(flourished circa 450 B.C.) wrote a poem of 3,000 lines, entitled
+'purifications' ([Greek: katharmoi]). In this he recommended good
+moral conduct as a means of averting epidemics and other evils. But as
+a fragment quoted by Diog. Laert. viii. 59, shows, he claimed also to
+have power over the winds.
+
+_the 'demon' of Socrates_, the divine sign or voice [Greek:
+daimonion], which is represented by Socrates as having guided his
+actions, is never spoken of by him in terms that would lead us to
+suppose that he regarded it as a familiar spirit, though it is so
+treated by later writers (e.g. Plutarch, de genio Socratis, and
+Apuleius, de deo Socratis).
+
+_the 'good' of Plato._ The reference is probably to the identification
+of [Greek: to agathon] with the [Greek: demiourgos] the creator spoken
+of in the Timaeus.
+
+CHAPTER 30. _Vergil._ Cp. Ecl. viii. 64-82. Aen. iv. 513-16.
+
+_the wondrous talisman._ The allusion is to the _hippomanes_ or growth
+said to be found on the forehead of a new-born foal. Unless the mother
+was prevented she devoured it.
+
+_Theocritus_, sc. Id. ii.
+
+_Homer_, e.g. the adventures with Circe.
+
+_Orpheus._ See the Orphica (Abel), _Fr._ 172; Argonaut. 955 sqq.
+Lithica 172 sqq.
+
+_Laevius._ The MSS. give Laelius. But no poet Laelius is known. There
+was, however, a poet _Laevius_ at the beginning of the first century
+B.C.
+
+_the lover's knot._ The Latin is _antipathes_, explained by Abt
+(Apologie des Apuleius, p. 103) as _quod mutuum affectum provocat_.
+
+_the magic wheel_ spun rapidly to draw the beloved to the lover. Cp.
+Theocr. ii. 30. 'And as this brazen wheel spins, so may Delphis be
+spun by Aphrodite to my door.'
+
+_nails._ Portions of the beloved were valuable ingredients in charms.
+Cp. Apul. Metamorph. bk. iii, 16, 17, where hair from the beloved's
+head is required.
+
+_ribbons_ used as fillets during the ritual. Cp. chap. 30, 'soft
+garlands.'
+
+_the two-tailed lizard._ Theocr. ii. 57, testifies to the use of the
+lizard as a love charm. A magic papyrus from Egypt (Griffiths
+Thompson, col. xiii (23), p. 97) mentions a two-tailed lizard as an
+ingredient in a charm to cause death.
+
+_the charm that glads_, &c., sc. _hippomanes_; see note on preceding
+page.
+
+CHAPTER 31. _Homer._ Iliad xi. 741. Odyssey iv. 229.
+
+_Proteus._ Odyssey iv. 364.
+
+_Ulysses._ Odyssey xi. 25.
+
+_Aeolus._ Odyssey x. 19.
+
+_Helen._ Odyssey iv. 59.
+
+_Circe._ Odyssey x. 234.
+
+_Venus._ Iliad xiv. 214.
+
+_Mercury._ Cp. the magic hymn contained in a magical papyrus (Papyr.
+Lond. 46. 414). 'Thou art told of as foreknower of the fates and as
+the godlike dream sending oracles both by day and night.'
+
+_Trivia_ = Hecate.
+
+_Salacia_, a Roman sea-goddess, the wife of Neptune.
+
+_Portumnus_, the Roman harbour-god.
+
+CHAPTER 32. _Menelaus._ Hom. Odyss. iv. 368.
+
+CHAPTER 35. _A shell for the making of a will._ The pun _testa ad
+testamentum_ cannot be reproduced in English.
+
+_seaweed for an ague._ Here again there is an untranslatable jest.
+_Alga_ (seaweed) suggests _algere_, 'to be cold,' one of the symptoms
+of the ague (_querceram_).
+
+CHAPTER 36. _Theophrastus_ of Eresus, the favourite pupil of
+Aristotle.
+
+_Eudemus_ of Rhodes, also a disciple of Aristotle.
+
+_Lycon_ of Troas, a distinguished Peripatetic philosopher (floruit
+circa 272 B.C.).
+
+CHAPTER 39. _Quintus Ennius_, 239-169 B.C. The lines which follow are
+all that survive of the Hedyphagetica. They seem to be closely
+imitated from the Gastronomia of Archestratus quoted by Athenaeus iii,
+pp. 92. 300. 318. There is great uncertainty as to the text, and but
+few of the fish mentioned can be identified with any certainty.
+
+CHAPTER 40. _Homer._ Odyssey xix. 456.
+
+CHAPTER 41. _And yet it is a greater crime_, &c. An allusion to the
+vegetarianism of the Pythagoreans and others.
+
+_Nicander_ of Colophon, an Alexandrian didactic poet. The [Greek:
+theriaka] survives, is over 1,000 lines long, and deals with the bites
+of wild beasts.
+
+_Plato._ The words are not actually found in Plato's extant works;
+Apuleius is probably slightly misquoting Timaeus 59_c_.
+
+CHAPTER 42. _Varro_ (Marcus Terentius), 116-28 B.C. The most learned
+and voluminous of Roman authors.
+
+_an image of Mercury._ Clearly the reference is to some such practice
+as that of 'screeing' in the ink-pool. Cp. Kinglake, Eothen, chap. 18.
+
+_Cato_ (the famous Marcus Cato, see chap. 17, note) was priest of
+Apollo and received offerings to the god.
+
+CHAPTER 43. _Plato._ Sympos. 202, where [Greek: daimones] are spoken
+of as powers 'which interpret and convey to the gods the prayers and
+sacrifices of men and to men the commands and rewards of gods.' Also
+cp. de deo Socratis, chap. 6.
+
+_fair and unblemished of body._ Beauty and virginity are insisted on
+in various passages in the magical papyri (see Abt op. cit., p. 185)
+as necessary in the boy through whom the god is to speak. Cp. also
+Benvenuto Cellini's Autobiography (Symond's Translation, p. 126, ed.
+1901).
+
+_Pythagoras._ 'I think also it was said by the Pythagoreans respecting
+those who teach for the sake of reward, that they show themselves to
+be worse than statuaries or those artists who perform their work
+sitting. For these, when some one orders them to make a statue of
+Hermes, search for wood adapted to the reception of the proper form;
+but those pretend that they can readily produce the works of virtue
+from every nature.' Iamblichus, Life of Pythagoras, chap. 34 (Taylor's
+Translation).
+
+CHAPTER 44. _as might fairly be produced at a sacrifice_, &c. The
+divination is preceded by sacrifice just as in Benvenuto Cellini (loc.
+cit.) the sorcerer first burns incense. The head is touched as being
+the source from which the oracle is to proceed (_arx et regia_, chap.
+50). The clean robe is necessary, to ritual purity and is mentioned
+more than once in the magic papyri.
+
+CHAPTER 45. _Gagates_ is, according to Pliny, N.H. xxxvi. 141, 2, a
+black smooth stone, resembling pumice. It is light and fragile and
+differs but little from wood. When powdered it emits a strong odour;
+when burned it smells sulphurous, and, wonderful to relate, it is
+kindled by water and extinguished by oil.
+
+CHAPTER 47. _Twelve Tables._ In this, the earliest Roman code,
+punishment was imposed on any person _qui fruges excantassit_, or _qui
+malum carmen incantassit_. Pliny, N.H. xxviii. 2. 17.
+
+_Quindecimvirs._ The _quindecimviri sacris faciundis_ were priests of
+Apollo and had charge of the Sibylline books.
+
+CHAPTER 49. _The Timaeus_, pp. 82-6.
+
+The _three powers that make up the soul_ are those mentioned in the
+Timaeus, 35 sqq., i.e. _Same_, _Other_, and _Essence_.
+
+CHAPTER 50. _The Comitial sickness_, so called because, if a case of
+epilepsy occurred during the meeting of the _comitia_, the assembly
+was immediately broken up.
+
+CHAPTER 51. _The Problems._ Aristot. Fr. ed. Rose, p. 181.
+
+_Theophrastus_, cp. fragm. 175_w_. Diog. Laert. v. 2. 13.
+
+CHAPTER 52. _Thallus contracts his hands_, &c. 'Thallus manus
+contrahit, tu patronos.' The pun is (_a_) bad and (_b_) untranslatable
+into reasonably good English. The literal meaning is 'Thallus
+contracts his hands, you collect advocates'.
+
+CHAPTER 55. _The comrades of Ulysses_, &c. Odyss. x. 28-55.
+
+_Aesculapius._ Cp. Florida 18.
+
+_the mysteries of father Liber._ The mysterious object is probably the
+mystic casket (_cista_) containing the [Greek: phallos], emblem of
+fertility.
+
+CHAPTER 56. _The followers of Orpheus and Pythagoras_ abstained from
+the slaying of animals for the service of man. Cp. Herodotus ii. 81.
+
+_Mezentius._ Cp. Verg. Aen. vii. 647 'contemptor divom'.
+
+CHAPTER 57. _Ulysses._ Odyss i. 58.
+
+CHAPTER 62. _High and low through all the town._ The pun on _oppido_,
+'exceedingly,' and _oppido_, 'town,' does not admit of reproduction.
+
+CHAPTER 64. _The Phaedrus_, 247. 'For the immortal souls, when they
+are at the end of their course, go out and stand upon the back of
+heaven, and the revolution of the spheres carries them round and they
+behold the world beyond. Now of the heaven which is above the heavens,
+no earthly poet has sung or ever will sing in a worthy manner. But I
+must tell, for I am bound to speak truly when speaking of the truth.
+The colourless and formless and intangible essence is visible to the
+mind, which is the only lord of the soul. Circling around this in the
+region above the heavens is the place of true knowledge.' (Jowett's
+Translation).
+
+_The King._ The passage quoted is from Plato, Epist. ii, p. 312 (403).
+It goes on to say 'and he is the cause of all things that are
+beautiful'. Compare the [Greek: nous basileus] identified with the
+cosmic soul in the Philebus 29E-30A.
+
+CHAPTER 65. _The Laws_, pp. 955, 6. It is possible that [Greek:
+monoxylon] may mean 'of one wood only'.
+
+CHAPTER 66. _Marcus Antonius_, _Cnaeus Carbo_, &c. Of these _causes
+celebres_ nothing is known worthy of mention here. Apuleius errs in
+saying that Mucius accused Albucius. As a matter of fact Albucius
+accused Mucius on the ground of extortion. Cp. Cic. Brut. 26. 102. For
+the suit between Metellus and Curio cp. Ascon. in Cornel. 63. Cnaeus
+Norbanus should probably be Caius Norbanus, and Caius Furius, Lucius
+Fufius. Cp. Cic. de Off. ii. 14. 49, de Or. ii. 21. 89, and Cic. Brut.
+62. 222, de Off. ii. 14. 50.
+
+CHAPTER 73. _A discourse in public._ Fragments of such discourses are
+to be found in the Florida.
+
+CHAPTER 75. _His gold rings._ By the time of Hadrian the wearing of a
+gold ring (_ius anuli aurei_) was no more than a sign of free birth,
+and the only privilege conferred was that of obtaining office. See
+_Anulus_, Dict. Ant.
+
+CHAPTER 78. _When you dance in those characters._ Tragedy proper had
+been replaced on the Roman stage by the _saltica fabula_, in which the
+_pantomimus_ executed a mimetic dance illustrating a libretto sung by
+a chorus.
+
+CHAPTER 81. _Palamedes_ was famous for having detected the pretended
+madness of Ulysses, by which he sought to avoid going upon the
+expedition to Troy. Ulysses was ploughing and Palamedes placed the
+infant Telemachus in front of the ploughshare. Ulysses revealed his
+sanity by stopping the plough.
+
+_Sisyphus_, King of Corinth, was famous as a master of all manner of
+deceit, outwitting even the arch-thief Autolycus. He was finally cast
+into Tartarus for having discovered the amour of Zeus with the nymph
+Aegina.
+
+_Eurybates_ (or Eurybatus) coupled with Phrynondas by Plato
+(Protagoras 327). He was an Ephesian sent by Croesus to Greece with a
+large sum of money to hire mercenaries. He betrayed his trust and went
+over to Cyrus.
+
+_Phrynondas_, a stranger (probably a Boeotian) who lived at Athens
+during the Peloponnesian war and became proverbial as a scoundrel.
+
+_clowns and pantaloons._ _Maccus_ and _Bucco_ were stock characters in
+the Atellan farce.
+
+CHAPTER 85. _The viper._ This superstition arises from the fact that
+the viper does not lay eggs, but is viviparous.
+
+_a well-known line._ The author is unknown.
+
+CHAPTER 87. _Quite at home in Greek._ See note on chap. 4.
+
+CHAPTER 88. _The line so well known in comedy._ The reading nearest to
+the MSS. would be [Greek: paidon ep' apoto, gnesion epi spora] (Van
+der Vliet). Unless, however, the phrase [Greek: paidon ep' apoto
+gnesion] is a stock phrase which occurred in more than one comedy,
+which might perhaps be argued from the plural _comoediis_, there can
+be no doubt that the words [Greek: epi spora] are interpolated,
+inasmuch as the line occurs in the fragment of the [Greek:
+perikeiromene] of Menander, discovered at Oxyrhynchus by Drs.
+Greenfell and Hunt (Ox. Pap. ii, No. 211, p. 11 sqq.), and runs as
+follows
+
+                 [Greek: tauten gnesion
+     paidon ep' apoto soi didomi. Pol. lambano].
+
+_Serranus._ See note on chap. 10.
+
+CHAPTER 89. _Multiplying by four._ The pun in the word _quadruplator_
+cannot be reproduced in English. The name was given to a public
+informer who sued for a fourfold penalty.
+
+_a slip in the gesture._ Bede (Op. Colon., MDCXII, vol. i, p. 132 _b_)
+says, 'When you say ten, you will place the nail of the forefinger
+against the middle joint of the thumb, when you say thirty, you will
+join the nails of thumb and forefinger in a gentle embrace.' Here the
+MSS. read _adperisse_, which suggests _aperuisse_. But _aperuisse_
+does not naturally express the gesture described by Bede, and Helm's
+emendation _adgessisse_ seems necessary.
+
+CHAPTER 90. _Carmendas_, _Damigeron_, &c. _Carmendas_ is unknown.
+_Damigeron_ is mentioned elsewhere as a magician (Tertull. de Anima,
+57), but nothing is known of him. _Moses_ appears as a magician in the
+magical papyri (Griffiths Thompson pap. col. v, p. 47 (13)). The
+miracles wrought by Moses in Egypt sufficiently account for this.
+_Jannes_, one of the Egyptian magicians worsted by Moses. Cp. Epistle
+to Timothy ii. 3. 8. _Apollobex_, a magician named _Apollobeches_ is
+mentioned by Pliny, N.H. xxx. 9, as also is _Dardanus_. For _Ostanes_
+and _Zoroaster_ see chaps. 25 and 27, notes.
+
+CHAPTER 95. _Cato_, the earliest of the great orators of Rome: for his
+excellences see Cicero, Brutus, 65 sqq. (Cp. note on chap. 17).
+
+_Laelius_, see note on chap. 20. Cicero selects _lenitas_ as the chief
+characteristic of his style (de Orat. iii. 7. 28).
+
+_Gracchus_ (Caius Sempronius) was famous for the fire of his oratory
+(cp. Cic. Brut. 125, 126, de Orat. iii. 56. 214).
+
+_Caesar_ is generally praised chiefly for _elegantia_ in his oratory,
+rather than for his warmth (cp. Cic. Brut. 252, 261, Quint. x. 1.
+114).
+
+_Hortensius_, Cicero's chief rival: a master of the Asiatic style (cp.
+Cic. Brut. 228, 9. 302, 3. 325-8).
+
+_Calvus_, a contemporary of Cicero. One of the chief representatives
+of the Attic style (cp. Cic. Brut. 283).
+
+_Sallust_, the famous historian.
+
+CHAPTER 98. _The garb of manhood._ He had already assumed the _toga
+virilis_, cp. chap. 88. This must be taken metaphorically = 'You let
+him behave like a man.'
+
+CHAPTER 101. _He who can plead in court_, &c. There is a play on
+_perorare_ (= to plead in court) and _exorare_ (= to win over his
+mother by prayer).
+
+CHAPTER 102. _What a criminal use of love-philtres_, &c. There is a
+pun on _veneficium_ and _beneficium_ which cannot be reproduced.
+
+
+THE FLORIDA
+
+CHAPTER 2. _Plautus._ Truculentus, ii. 6. 8.
+
+_the great poet._ Homer, Iliad, iii. 12.
+
+CHAPTER 3. _Vergil._ Ecl. iii. 27.
+
+CHAPTER 4. _Antigenidas_, a famous musician of the first half of the
+fourth century B.C. Others attribute the grievance to his pupil
+Ismenias. This story is also told by Dio Chrysostom xlix.
+
+CHAPTER 6. _Nabataea_, a district at the north-east end of the Red
+Sea.
+
+_Arsaces_, a king of Persia (perhaps Artaxerxes II, 379 B.C.) from
+whom the Parthian kings traced their descent. Here _Arsacidae_ =
+Parthians.
+
+_Ityraea_, a district under Mount Hermon to the north of Bashan.
+
+_Ganges._ The quotation is from Statius, Silvae, ii. 4. 25.
+
+_wash gold._ Lat. _colare_ = to strain, sift.
+
+CHAPTER 7. _Alexander._ This story of his portraits is told by many
+writers, though Lysippus is substituted for Polycletus by the more
+accurate, inasmuch as Polycletus was a sculptor of the fifth century,
+and contemporary with Pheidias! This is quite characteristic of
+Apuleius.
+
+_Apelles_, the greatest of Greek painters, floruit circa 332 B.C.
+
+_Pyrgoteles_, one of the most famous gem-engravers of Greece. Little
+is known of him beyond this story.
+
+_the professor's gown._ Cp. Aulus Gellius, ix. 2, where a man with a
+long beard and huge cloak tries to persuade Herodes Atticus that he is
+a philosopher. Herodes replies, 'I see the cloak and the gown, but not
+the philosopher.'
+
+CHAPTER 9. _Hippias of Elis_, one of the early sophists (middle of the
+fifth century B.C.); cp. Plat. Hipp. Min. 368 B.
+
+_the reciter's wand._ It was the custom in Greece for a reciter to
+hold in his hand a wand or [Greek: rhabdos].
+
+_Severianus_, proconsul of Africa between 161 and 169 A.D., as is
+shown by the words _the two Caesars_, M. Aurelius and L. Verus.
+
+CHAPTER 10. _The Sun._ The passage quoted is from some unknown
+tragedy, perhaps a Phoenissae, cp. Eur. Phoen. 1.
+
+_Mercury._ Those born under Mercury had a 'mercurial' disposition,
+those under Mars a 'martial' temper (cp. _ignita_).
+
+_other divine influences that lie midway._ Cp. note on Apologia, chap.
+43.
+
+CHAPTER 11. _darnel._ The quotation is from Vergil, Georgic i. 154.
+Cp. also Ecl. v. 37.
+
+CHAPTER 14. _Crates._ Cp. Florida 22, and Apologia, chap. 22.
+
+CHAPTER 15. _Polycrates_, floruit circa 530 B.C.
+
+_Pythagoras._ See note on Apologia, chap. 4.
+
+_Pherecydes._ See note on Apologia, ch. 27.
+
+_Anaximander_, an Ionian philosopher, born 610 B.C.
+
+_Epimenides._ See note on Apologia, chap. 27.
+
+_Creophylus_, an early epic poet, reputed author of the 'Capture of
+Oechalia', which he was said to have received from Homer as the dowry
+of the latter's daughter.
+
+_Leodamas._ Nothing is known of this Leodamas. Apuleius may have made
+a slip and written Leodamas for Hermodamas, who is mentioned by Diog.
+Laert. viii. 2, as the descendant of Creophylus.
+
+CHAPTER 16. _Philemon_ was a writer of the 'new', not the 'middle' comedy.
+
+_'farewell' and 'applaud'._ Cp. the well-known epitaph:--'iam mea
+peracta, mox vestra agetur fabula: valete et plaudite.'
+
+_Aemilianus Strabo_ was _consul suffectus_ in 156 A.D. See
+Prosopographia imp. Rom. part 3. nr. 674, p. 275.
+
+_while breath still_, &c., from Vergil, Aeneid iv. 336.
+
+_priesthood_ of the province of Africa. See Introduction, p. 12.
+
+CHAPTER 17. _Scipio Orfitus_, proconsul of Africa, 163, 4 A.D. See
+Prosopographia imp. Rom. part 1, nr. 1184, p. 464.
+
+_Orpheus to woods_, &c., from Vergil, Eclogue vii. 56.
+
+CHAPTER 18. _the tragic poet._ Unknown.
+
+_Plautus._ Truculentus, prologue 1-3.
+
+_no rose without a thorn._ The Latin is _ubi uber, ibi tuber_.
+Wherever you get rich soil, there you will find pignuts.
+
+_the council of Africa_ was theoretically an association for the
+worship of the imperial house. It had some political importance,
+however, inasmuch as it might criticize the governor and forward its
+criticisms to the Emperor at Rome.
+
+_Protagoras_, a famous sophist of Abdera (latter half of fifth
+century).
+
+_dilemma._ See note on Apologia, chap. 9, _self-inconsistency_. A
+closely parallel story is told of Corax and Tisias, rhetoricians
+slightly earlier in date.
+
+_Thales of Miletus_, the first of the great mathematicians and
+physical philosophers of Greece: one of the seven sages. He flourished
+towards the end of the seventh century B.C.
+
+CHAPTER 19. _Asclepiades_, a famous physician from Bithynia, of the
+first half of the first century B.C.
+
+CHAPTER 20. _The first cup_, &c. The wise author of this saying was,
+according to Diog. Laert, i. 72, Anacharsis.
+
+_Empedocles._ See note on Apologia, chap. 27.
+
+_Epicharmus_, a famous comic poet of Megara in Sicily. He flourished
+early in the fifth century B.C.
+
+_Xenocrates._ Diog. Laert. mentions five writers of this name, none of
+them of any great importance. It is possible that we should read
+_Xenophanes_, who, according to Diog. Laert. ix. 10, wrote _silli_, a
+form of lampoon or satire. He was the founder of the Eleatic school
+and probably flourished about 500 B.C.
+
+CHAPTER 22. _Crates pure and simple_, i.e. by his renunciation of the
+world described in chap. 15.
+
+CHAPTER 24. The MSS. give this as a prologue to the de deo Socratis.
+It belongs, however, manifestly to the Florida.
+
+_Aristippus_, founder of the Cyrenaic school, a friend and younger
+contemporary of Socrates.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+OXFORD
+PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
+BY HORACE HART, M.A.
+PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Apologia and Florida of Apuleius
+of Madaura, by Lucius Apuleius
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
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