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diff --git a/26129.txt b/26129.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..480c161 --- /dev/null +++ b/26129.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1550 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of John Hus, by William Dallmann + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: John Hus + A brief story of the life of a martyr + +Author: William Dallmann + +Release Date: July 25, 2008 [EBook #26129] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOHN HUS *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, D Alexander and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + +JOHN HUS + +A BRIEF STORY OF THE LIFE OF A MARTYR + +_by_ + +WILLIAM DALLMANN + +CONCORDIA PUBLISHING HOUSE SAINT LOUIS, MO. 1915 + + + + +[Illustration: JOHN HUS] + + + + +CONTENTS. + + PAGE + + + 1. The Youth of Hus 1 + 2. Wiclif's Influence on Hus 5 + 3. Hus is Opposed 6 + 4. Hus Offends the Clergy 6 + 5. Hus Again Rector 8 + 6. Hus is Accused to the Pope 10 + 7. Hus Opposes the Pope 15 + 8. Hus is Excommunicated 17 + 9. Hus in Exile 18 + 10. The Council of Constance is Called to Convene 20 + 11. Hus Arrives at Constance 22 + 12. Hus in Prison 28 + 13. Hus Before the Council 35 + 14. Hus Again Before the Council 38 + 15. Hus Once More Before the Council 40 + 16. Hus Prepares for Death 45 + 17. Hus Condemned 48 + 18. Hus Degraded 51 + 19. Hus Made Over to the Emperor 55 + 20. Hus Burned 55 + + + + +JOHN HUS + +BURNED JULY 6th. 1415 + + + + +I. + +The Youth of Hus. + + +In a humble hamlet in the southern section of beautiful Bohemia near +the Bavarian border of poor peasant parents was born a boy and called +Jan--Hus was added from Husinec, his birthplace; some say he saw the +light of day on July 6, 1373, but that is not certain. + +When about sixteen Hus went to the University of Prag, the first one +founded in the German empire by Charles IV in 1348. Here he sang for +bread in the streets, like Luther after him, and often had to go to +sleep hungry on the bare ground. + +[Illustration: WHERE HUS WAS BORN] + +Though many of the thousands of students from all parts of Europe +were rowdies and immoral, the behavior of Hus was excellent and his +diligence great. He took part in the rough sports; sometimes he played +chess and even won money prizes. To the day of his death none of his +many bitter enemies even so much as breathed a suspicion on his pure +life. When pardons for sins were publicly sold during a jubilee in +1393, the devout young student gave up his last four pennies to secure +this heavenly favor from the Pope. + +Jerome of Prag was a fellow student. + +In 1393, at a very early age, Hus was made a Bachelor of Arts; in 1394, +a Bachelor of Theology; in 1396, a Master of Arts; like Melanchthon, he +never took his degree as Doctor of Theology. In 1400, Hus was ordained a +priest; in 1401, appointed Dean of the Philosophical Faculty; in 1402, +chosen Rector of the University--at an unusually early age. In the same +year he became preacher at the important Bethlehem chapel, seating about +1,000 worshipers, founded by John of Milheim in 1391, that the people +might hear the Word of God in their own language. + +From the very first the powerful preacher made his pulpit potent and +popular, even among the nobility; Queen Sophia was a frequent worshiper, +made him her confessor, and had him appointed court chaplain. + +[Illustration: BETHLEHEM CHAPEL] + + + + +II. + +Wiclif's Influence on Hus. + + +When Anne, the daughter of Emperor Charles IV, and sister of King Wenzel +of Bohemia and of King Sigismund of Hungary, was married to King Richard +II of England in 1382, there was much travel between Bohemia and +England, and Jerome of Prag brought the writings of Wiclif from Oxford. +They spread like wild fire, deeply impressed Hus, and made him an apt +pupil and loyal follower of the great "Evangelical Doctor." He saw the +dangers ahead and said in a sermon: "O Wiclif, Wiclif, you will trouble +the heads of many!" + +Converted by missionaries from Greece, the Bohemians never felt quite so +dependent on Rome. They had the Bible translated in their own language; +Queen Anne took with her the Gospels in Latin and German and Bohemian. +In addition Milic of Kremsier and Matthias of Janov had but recently +fiercely denounced the wicked lives of popes and prelates and priests. +So it came that the teaching of Wiclif and the preaching of Hus fell +upon the Bohemian soul as upon a prepared soil. + + + + +III. + +Hus is Opposed. + + +On May 28, 1403, Master John Huebner in the Church of the Black Rose +called attention to certain condemned statements of Wiclif--many of +which had been forged. Hus cried out the falsifiers ought to be executed +the same as recently the two adulterators of food. After a stormy debate +in the great hall of the Carolinum, a majority of the professors forbade +the public and private teaching of these articles, forty-five in all. + +The decree produced no effect, and the opponents of Hus got Pope +Innocent VII to order the Archbishop to root out the heresy of Wiclif, +in 1405. + + + + +IV. + +Hus Offends the Clergy. + + +In 1405, Archbishop Sbynko appointed Hus the Synodal preacher, and he +often with fierce and fiery fervor severely scored the avarice and +immorality of the clergy. He held sin no more permitted to a clergyman +than to a layman, and indeed more blameworthy--a most astonishing +novelty, especially to the priesthood. They honored him with their +undying hatred. + +About this time two followers of Wiclif, James and Conrad of Canterbury, +came to Prag and in their house outside the city painted a cartoon +contrasting the lowly Christ and the proud pope. Crowds went to view it, +and Hus recommended it from the pulpit as a true representation of the +opposition between Christ and Antichrist. Later Luther edited similar +cartoons--"Passional of Christ and Antichrist." + +When amid the wreckage of a church at Wilsnack in Brandenburg a red +wafer was found, it was proclaimed the blood of Christ, preserved +through thirteen centuries or sent direct from heaven, had baptized and +reddened the white wafer, or host. The miracle drew many pilgrims from +even distant countries to be cured of their incurable diseases; of +course, they left much money to the pious priests. Hus condemned this +coarse fraud, and Archbishop Zbynek, or Sbynko, forbade the pilgrimages +from his diocese. + +In order to justify his step, Hus wrote a book asserting a Christian +need not seek for signs and miracles but need only hold by the Holy +Scriptures. + +Hurt in pride and pocket, the enraged clergy lodged complaints against +Hus as a pestiferous heretic, who had to be suppressed; he lost his +position as the Synodal preacher in 1408. + + + + +V. + +Hus Again Rector. + + +Since 1378, there were two sets of rival popes most lustily pelting one +another with papal curses. The Council of Pisa in 1409 deposed popes +Benedict XIII and Gregory XII as heretics and schismatics and then +elected Alexander V, who died on May 11, 1410, most probably poisoned by +"Diavolo Cardinale" Cossa, who then became Pope John XXIII. Now there +were three popes and a three-cornered fight. To make the good old times +still more interesting, three rivals struggled for the crown of the Holy +Roman Empire. + +[Illustration: POPE ALEXANDER V] + +Though King Wenzel demanded strict neutrality, Archbishop Sbynko sided +with Gregory XII, and at the University the Bohemian "nation" under the +lead of Hus was the only one to remain neutral. Wenzel was bitter and +on Jan. 18, 1409, decreed the Bohemian "nation" three votes and the +three German "nations" one vote in all University affairs. + +Aeneas Sylvius, later Pope Pius II, estimates that 200 German professors +and students on May 16, 1409, left Prag and founded the University of +Leipzig and spread the news of the Bohemian heresies and hatred of Hus. + +At Prag Hus was now at the height of his influence, enjoying the favor +of the Court; he was again elected Rector of the University. + + + + +VI. + +Hus is Accused to the Pope. + + +Now Archbishop Sbynko went over to the rival pope, Alexander V, and +convinced him that all the troubles in Bohemia were due to the teachings +of Wiclif spread by Hus. These teachings, he said, made the clergy +disobedient and led them to ignore the authority of the Roman Church, +made the laity think it was for them to lead the clergy, encouraged the +King to lay hands on the property of the Church. + +[Illustration: KING WENZEL OF BOHEMIA] + +As a result Alexander V sent a bull on Dec. 20, 1409, ordering the +Archbishop to suppress all books of Wiclif and all preaching except at +the usual places; this last was to silence Hus in Bethlehem Chapel. + +On July 16, 1410, the Archbishop burned two hundred manuscripts of +Wiclif, many of them in costly binding; two days later he excommunicated +Hus and his followers. + +[Illustration: POPE JOHN XXIII] + +This caused an indescribable sensation all over, in some places serious +riots resulted. The publishers of the excommunication were in danger of +their lives. The King compelled the Archbishop to pay damages to those +whose manuscripts had been burned. Hus defended the writings of Wiclif +in public debates. The Wiclifites in England were delighted. Hus wrote +them: "The whole Bohemian people thirst for the truth, it will have +nothing but the Gospel and the Epistles, and wherever in a city or +village or castle a preacher of the holy truth appears, the people +stream together in great crowds. Our king, all his court, the barons, +and the plain people favor the word of Christ." Hus continued to preach +in the Bethlehem Chapel in ever bolder tones. He said: "We must obey God +rather than men in things which are necessary for salvation." Against +the authority of the Church Hus placed the individual conscience. The +decisive step of a breach with the Papal system had been taken. + +Hus, the King, and the Queen repeatedly appealed to the new Pope, but +John XXIII twice confirmed the sentence of Pope Alexander V; Hus was +declared a heretic and Prag placed under interdict. This was done on the +advice of Cardinal Otto Colonna, later Pope Martin V. Hus was summoned +to appear before the Pope. Hus did not appear; he was pronounced +excommunicated in February 1411, published in Prag on March 15, 1411. + +The bold preacher said: "I avow it to be my purpose to defend the truth +which God has enabled me to know, and especially the truth of the Holy +Scriptures, even to death, since I know that the truth stands and is +forever mighty and abides eternally; and with Him there is no respect of +persons. And if the fear of death should terrify me, still I hope in my +God and in the assistance of the Holy Spirit that the Lord will give me +firmness. And if I have found favor in His sight He will crown me with +martyrdom." + +In June the King's commission requested the removal of the interdict. On +September 28, the Archbishop died; they say he poisoned himself. In the +attempt to sacrifice Hus, he sacrificed himself. + + + + +VII. + +Hus Opposes the Pope. + + +On Dec. 2, 1411, Pope John XXIII decreed a crusade against King Ladislas +of Naples, who favored the rival Pope Gregory XII, "the heretic, +blasphemer, schismatic," as John called him, and offered a plenary +indulgence, or forgiveness of sins, to all who would give money for the +war. + +Tiem, the papal pedler, like Tetzel a century later, caused trouble. He +came to Prag and with beating of drums ordered the people into the +churches, where contribution boxes had been placed; even the +confessional was abused to extort money from the people. + +In the University and in the Church Hus protested against this shameless +business. On June 7, 1412, there was a great disputation on the subject +in the large hall of the Carolinum. Hus held no pope or bishop had the +right to draw the sword in the name of the Church, he must pray for his +enemies and bless them that curse him. Man gets forgiveness of sins +through real sorrow and repentance, not through money. Unless one be of +the elect, the indulgence will do him no good. If the Pope's bulls are +against the Bible, they are to be resisted. + +Jerome also made a stormy speech, and the younger scholars escorted him +home in triumph. + +On June 24, there was an uproarious procession, and a crowd burned the +Pope's bull. + +The King threatened death for speaking against the indulgence. + +On Sunday, July 10, three young men in church called the indulgence a +lie. Hus and thousands of students pleaded for them. The magistrates +made fair promises, but on Monday the three young men were executed. +They were buried in Bethlehem Chapel, which the people now called the +"Church of the Three Saints." The Reformation had won its first martyrs. + +King Wenzel now forbade the preaching of Wiclif's teaching. Hus demanded +it be proven against the Bible, and proceeded to prove it in accordance +with the Bible. + + + + +VIII. + +Hus is Excommunicated. + + +The riots at Prag caused a disagreeable sensation in all Bohemia, but +all efforts for peace were vain. + +Pope John XXIII turned the case of Hus over to Cardinal Annibaldi, who +promptly pronounced the greater excommunication against Hus: if within +twenty days he did not submit to the Church, none were to speak to him +or receive him into their houses; all church services were to cease when +he was present, and the sentence was to be read in all churches in all +Bohemia on all Sundays. A second decree ordered all the faithful to +seize Hus and deliver him to be burned; Bethlehem Chapel was to be +leveled with the ground. + +As Bishop Robert Grosseteste of Lincoln before him, Hus now appealed +from the Pope to Jesus Christ, the Supreme Head of the Church. + +The excitement grew greater. Bloody conflicts loomed ahead. On the royal +request Hus left Prag in the autumn of 1412. + + + + +IX. + +Hus in Exile. + + +As later Luther in the Wartburg, so Hus now found shelter in the castle +of the Lord of Usti, and later with Henry of Lazan in his castle of +Cracowec. + +Hus had a rare gift of persuasion, and wherever he preached, in city or +country, everybody became his follower; he was the pastor of his people; +his immense popularity clings to his memory to the present day. + +Besides much preaching, the exile did much writing. He revised a +Bohemian translation of the Bible of the fourteenth century and thereby +greatly improved the popular language, much like Luther with his German +Bible. He guarded the purity of his Bohemian language against the +foreign, disfiguring influences. He labored to establish fixed rules of +grammar and invented a new system of spelling, which is in general use +today! He wrote letters, tracts, poems, and hymns. His chief work was +"On the Church," based on Wiclif, often to the word and letter. + +[Illustration: CONSTANCE ON THE RHINE] + +The excitement in Prag continued. The King convened the Estates of the +realm for Christmas, 1412. These called for a Synod, which met Feb. 2, +in the Archbishop's palace at Prag; it was a failure. The King had a +Commission continue the work of peace in April, 1414. The papists held +the Pope the Head of the Church, the Cardinals the body of the Church, +and all commands of this Church are to be obeyed. Of course, Hus and his +followers could not accept such monstrously wicked teaching. On the +contrary, Hus held it the duty of kings to restrain the wickedness of +the clergy and root out simony. + + + + +X. + +The Council of Constance is Called to Convene. + + +King Sigismund and Pope John XXIII, the two vilest men then living on +the face of the earth, were the rulers of the Christian world, and +they agreed to call a General Council at Constance, in Baden, near +Switzerland, for Nov. 1, 1414, in order to end the Schism, to begin the +sorely needed reform of the Church, and to settle the heresies of Wiclif +and Hus. + +[Illustration: THE EMPEROR SIGISMUND] + +Heir to his childless brother Wenzel's Bohemian crown, King Sigismund of +Hungary was naturally anxious to have the stain of heresy removed from +the fair land that was now the talk of the world, and he ordered three +Bohemian noblemen to protect Hus on his way to Constance, during his +stay at the Council, and on his return to Bohemia. + +Even Divucek, one of Sigismund's envoys, warned Hus, "Master, be sure +that thou wilt be condemned." + +Thinking he was going to his death, Hus put his house in order, got a +certificate of orthodoxy from his bishop, and bade farewell to his +people--"Beloved, if my death ought to contribute to the Master's glory, +pray that it may come quickly and that He may enable me to support all +my calamities with constancy. You will probably nevermore behold my face +at Prag." + +He set out on Oct. 11, as boldly as later Luther to Worms. + + + + +XI. + +Hus Arrives at Constance. + + +On his journey Hus was everywhere welcomed heartily and at Biberach even +triumphantly. He reached Constance, a beautiful city of fifty thousand +inhabitants, on Nov. 3, and found lodgings with Fida, "a second widow +of Sarepta," in St. Paul St.,--now Hus St.--near the Schnetz Gate, not +far from the abode of Pope John XXIII. On the same day came the historic +and notorious safe-conduct of Sigismund--"The honorable Master John Hus +we have taken under the protection and guardianship of ourselves and of +the Holy Empire. We enjoin upon you to allow him to pass, to stop, to +remain and to return, freely and without any hindrance whatever; and you +will, as in duty bound, provide for him and for his, whenever it shall +be needed, secure and safe conduct, to the honor and dignity of our +Majesty." Dated at Speyer, October 18, 1414. + +[Illustration: HOUSE WITH TABLET WHERE HUS LODGED AND THE SCHNETZ GATE.] + +John XXIII with piratical pomposity promised the papal protection: "Even +if Hus had killed my own brother, he shall be safe in Constance." + +With the Emperor Sigismund came twenty princes and one hundred and forty +counts. The Pope had been a pirate; at Bologna he had plundered and +oppressed his people and sold licenses to usurers, gamblers, and +prostitutes; his cruelty thinned the population; in the first year as +legate at Bologna he outraged two hundred maidens, wives, or widows, +and a multitude of nuns; at least so Catholic historians say. + +With this holy father there came to the Council twenty-nine cardinals, +seven patriarchs, over three hundred bishops and archbishops, four +thousand priests, two hundred and fifty university professors, besides +Greeks and Turks, Armenians and Russians, Africans and Ethiopians, in +all from sixty to a hundred thousand strangers, and thirty thousand +horses. + +In order to amuse these godly fathers amid their grave labors there +came seventeen hundred artists, dancers, actors, jugglers, musicians +and--prostitutes, seven hundred public ones, not counting the private +ones. + +Hus wrote: "Would that you could see this Council, which is called most +holy and infallible; truly you would see great wickedness, so that I +have been told by Suabians that Constance could not in thirty years be +purged of the sins which the Council has committed in the city." + +These men of sin, who kissed the toe of Pope John XXIII, a man of sin, +burned the saintly Hus; no wonder he likened them to the scarlet whore +of the Revelation. At one stage of the holy and infallible Council these +learned fathers used arguments that strike us as rather striking: a +cardinal assaulted an archbishop; a patriarch hit a protonotary; a +Spanish prelate hurled an Englishman into the mud; the English were +caught in arms to assault Pierre d'Ailly, the Cardinal of Cambray. As +members of the Church militant they were certainly fighting a good +fight. + +Sigismund burnt Hus as a Wiclifite, the next year the Council called the +Emperor a Wiclifite and Hussite and heretic. Pope John XXIII condemned +Hus as a heretic, soon after he was a prisoner in the same prison with +Hus. Dramatic! + +[Illustration: PIERRE D'AILLY] + +John Gerson, the celebrated Chancellor of the great University of Paris +and "Doctor Christianissimus," and Pierre d'Ailly, the great Cardinal of +Cambray, accused Hus of heresy; later on themselves were accused of +heresy by the same Council. Gerson declared Hus had never been sentenced +had not an attorney been denied him, and himself would rather be tried +by Jews and infidels than before the commission. Such were the men +that were to try a man such as Hus. + +As Paul preached in his own hired house under the very palace of Nero, +so Hus preached Christ to all who came to his humble house and with a +few friends maintained daily worship, close to the Pope's palace. +Greater than emperors and popes, princes and prelates from all Europe +that crowded Constance, was the humble Bohemian Hus; they are seen today +mainly in the light shed from his shining name. + + + + +XII. + +Hus in Prison. + + +Despite the royal safe-conduct and the promised papal protection, Hus +was flung into prison in a prelate's palace on Nov. 28. + +John of Chlum forced his way into the papal apartments and charged the +holy ex-pirate Pope John XXIII to his infallible face with having broken +his sacred papal promise, and then fixed on the doors of the Cathedral a +solemn protest against the papal perfidy and the shameless violation of +the royal safe-conduct. + +[Illustration: HUS TOWER] + +On Dec. 6, Hus was dragged to the Dominican convent on an island in +Lake Constance, and stuck into a dark hole at the opening of a sewer, +where he was struck down by a violent fever, so that his life was +despaired of, and the Pope sent his own physician. + +Crowned in Aachen on Nov. 8, as Emperor of Germany, Sigismund arrived in +Constance on Christmas and seated himself in his imperial robes on his +throne in the cathedral during the imposing religious service. + +The Emperor read the Gospel for the day from Luke 2:1--"There went out +a decree from Caesar Augustus." The Pope trembled as he saw before him +the successor to the throne and power of Caesar. + +Near the Emperor sat the Empress; beside him stood the Markgraf of +Brandenburg with the scepter; the Duke of Saxony, as marshal of the +realm, held aloft a drawn sword; between the Pope and the Emperor stood +his father-in-law, Count Cilley, holding the golden globe; the Pope +handed the Emperor a sword with the charge to use it in defence of the +Church, which Sigismund promised to do. + +When the Emperor heard his safe-conduct had been disgracefully broken, +he blustered. The Pope insisted the Emperor had no right to interfere in +the treatment of a pestilent heretic. The Emperor broke his sacred word +and sacrificed Hus to his enemies. + +This treachery cost him the kingdom of Bohemia. The Holy Synod defended +Sigismund, declaring "no faith whatever, either by natural, human or +divine right, ought to be observed toward a heretic." + +On the same day, New Year, 1415, the Emperor also sacrificed the Holy +Father, John XXIII. + +About the first of March Hus was taken to the Franciscan convent near +the Pope's dwelling and fed from the Pope's kitchen, that is, he was +almost starved; on March 20, the Pope fled, and Hus had to go without +food for three days. + +[Illustration: CASTLE OF GOTTLIEBEN ON THE RHINE] + +Did the Emperor release Hus, now that the Pope was fled? On March 25, +the Emperor turned Hus over to the Bishop of Constance, who imprisoned +him in his Castle of Gottlieben in a chamber so low Hus could not stand +upright. He was handcuffed by day and chained to the wall by night, +poorly fed, and separated from his friends; and this went on for +seventy-three days! + +"The holy and infallible Council," as the Pope called it, brought +against the infallible Pope seventy-two charges--the murder of Pope +Alexander V, rape, adultery, sodomy, incest, simony, corruption, +poisoning, denying the resurrection and eternal life, etc., etc. + +Though hostile to the Pope personally, the Patriarch of Antioch quoted +Gratian that if a Pope, by his misconduct and negligence, should lead +crowds of men into hell, no one but God would be entitled to find fault +with him. + +The Pope promised to resign, and the Emperor joyfully kissed the toe of +John XXIII and thanked him in the name of the Council. + +[Illustration: MONUMENT TO POPE JOHN XXIII] + +The Council considered the charges proved and on May 25, 1415, deposed +him as "the supporter of iniquity, the defender of simonists, the enemy +of all virtue, the slave of lasciviousness, a devil incarnate." The +Bishop of Salisbury thought he ought to be burnt at the stake. And yet +this precious prelate was made a cardinal and after his death at +Florence on Nov. 23, 1419, an exquisite monument by Donatello was +erected in 1427 to his saintly memory. + +When the Council deposed John XXIII, Hus wrote: "Courage, friends! You +can now give answer to those who declare that the Pope is God on earth; +that he is the head and heart of the Church; that he is the fountain +from which all virtue and excellence issue; that he is the sun, the sure +asylum where all Christians ought to find refuge. Behold this earthly +god bound in chains!" + +On June 3, Pope John XXIII was a prisoner in the same prison with Hus! + +On May 4, Wiclif's writings were ordered to be burnt as heretical; his +memory was condemned, and it was decreed to dig out his bones and cast +them out of consecrated ground. It does not need a prophet to foretell +the end of Hus. It needed only to show Hus was a follower of Wiclif, and +he would be burned also. + + + + +XIII. + +Hus Before the Council. + + +Though the Bohemians and Moravians earnestly protested against the harsh +treatment of Hus and demanded his release, he was not released. On June +5, he was brought to the Franciscan cloister, between the Cathedral and +St. Stephen's Church, where he spent his last days on earth. + +[Illustration: CATHEDRAL OF CONSTANCE] + +In the afternoon, bearing his chains, he was brought before the Council. +He admitted the authorship of his books and declared himself ready to +retract every expression that could be proved wrong. + +The first article was then read. When Hus tried to reply, he was +bellowed into silence. When he was silent, they said, Silence gives +consent. + +Socrates was allowed to make a long defence before his heathen judges; +Hus was overwhelmed with angry outcries by the representatives of all +Christendom! + +Luther commented: "All worked themselves into a rage like wild boars. +The bristles of their backs stood on end; they bent their brows and +gnashed their teeth against John Hus." + +Hus protested: "I supposed that there would have been more fairness, +kindness, and order in the Council." Hus asked wherein he had erred. +"Recant first, and then you will be informed!" Thus ended the first +hearing. + + + + +XIV. + +Hus Again Before the Council. + + +When a synod would condemn Wiclif's writings in May, 1382, an earthquake +delayed the decision, and when the Council on June 7, 1415, would +condemn Hus, a total eclipse of the sun delayed the proceeding. At one +o'clock the sky was clear and Hus was again brought in, again in chains, +and under guard. He was accused of denying the presence of Christ's body +in the sacrament. Hus repelled the charge and stuck to it against the +famous Pierre d'Ailly of Cambray and many other French and Italian +prelates, and he did it so stoutly that the British objected: "This man, +so far as we see, has right views as to the sacrament of the altar." +Violent disputes arose. As the Roman captain had to interfere when Paul +stood before the factions of the Jewish Sanhedrin, so the Emperor +Sigismund had now to exercise his authority and command and compel order +in the grave and reverend holy Council. Hus could not with a good +conscience condemn all of Wiclif's writings until they were proven +against Holy Scriptures, and such was his admiration of the stainless +life of the man, that he wished his soul might be where Wiclif's was. + +[Illustration: THE INTERIOR OF THE CATHEDRAL] + +Renewed jeers and derision. Pierre d'Ailly advised Hus to submit to the +Council; the Emperor likewise, since he would not protect a heretic; +rather would he with his own hands fire the stake. + +"I call God to witness ... that I came here of my own accord with this +intent--that if any one could give me better instruction I would +unhesitatingly change my views." + + + + +XV. + +Hus Once More Before the Council. + + +In the final hearing, on June 8, thirty-nine articles from his books +were brought against Hus, twenty-six of them from his "On the Church." +He was charged with teaching that only the electing grace of God made +one a true member of the Church, not any outward sign or high office. +This God's truth was condemned as false by the Council. + +Hus held the Pope a vicar of Christ only as he imitates Christ in his +living; if he lives wickedly, he is the agent of Antichrist. + +The prelates looked at one another, shook their heads and laughed. If +Hus was to be burned for only saying that, what did they deserve for +actually imprisoning the Pope? + +Hus held the Pope's temporal power came from the (forged) donation of +the Emperor Constantine, not from Christ, and stoutly stuck to it +against the great Cardinal of Cambray. + +Hus had spoken and written plainly against the wicked lives of prelates +and popes, and for this he was to be burned, although d'Ailly and Gerson +also had done so, and this very Council had deposed a vile wretch, Pope +John XXIII. + +Another heresy of Hus was this: "A heretic ought to be first instructed +kindly, justly, and humbly from the Sacred Scriptures," then he may be +burned. + +"All those who give up to the civil sword any innocent man, as the +scribes and Pharisees did Christ," are like the Pharisees. + +[Illustration: HUS BEFORE THE COUNCIL, BY BROZIK] + +The Prelates felt the thrust. "You mean to condemn the dignitaries of +the Church!" For this they would burn Hus. + +Hus said an evil nature cannot do good. In a state of grace, however, +the man, whether he eat or drink or sleep, does everything to the glory +of God. This plain truth of God was damned as heresy! + +Hus was charged with calling an unjust excommunication a benediction. +"In truth, I say the same thing now, according to that Scripture, 'They +shall curse, but Thou shalt bless'." + +Another heresy ran thus: "If pope, bishop or prelate be in mortal sin, +then is he no longer pope, bishop or prelate." Hus defended it by asking +pointedly: "If John XXIII was a true pope, why did you depose him from +his office?" + +Hus said the Church did not need an earthly head, a pope; Christ, the +true head, can rule His church better without the popes, who were often +monsters of iniquity. Shouts of derision! + +Hus calmly added the telling point: "Surely the Church in the times of +the Apostles was infinitely better ruled than now. At present we have no +such head at all." + +He could not be answered, and so he was derided. + +An Englishman correctly pointed out that this was the teaching of +Wiclif. That was ample to damn Hus as a heretic. + +Pierre d'Ailly said to the Emperor Sigismund: "Almost all the articles +are based on Wiclif, so that the Englishman John Stokes was right in +saying Hus had no right to boast of these teachings as his property, +since they all demonstrably belonged to Wiclif." + +In order to embitter the Emperor against Hus, they tried to show his +teachings to be dangerous to the civil government. Finally d'Ailly +advised Hus to submit to the Council. Hus again said he was open to +conviction. He only asked for a hearing to explain and prove his +doctrines. If his reasons and Bible proofs were not sufficient, he would +be ready to be taught better. + +The Cardinal said: "You have only to perform the three conditions +required of you--to confess your errors, to promise not to teach them +hereafter, and to renounce all the articles charged against you." + +Sigismund also again urged Hus to submit, and said, in effect: "Recant +now, or die." + +Hus humbly but firmly refused to do anything against his conscience; he +asked for proof from God's word, then he would submit. + +"I stand before the judgment of God; He will judge me and you in +righteousness, as we deserve it." + +As Hus was led back to prison, John of Chlum, a Bohemian nobleman, shook +hands with him, just as Frundsberg comforted Luther at Worms. + +Sigismund hounded on the prelates to make an end of Hus, even if he +recanted. This lost him the Bohemian crown for ever. + + + + +XVI. + +Hus Prepares for Death. + + +Hus had about a month after the trial to await the end. He remembered +his and his friends' forebodings, and wrote bitterly: "Put not your +trust in princes. I thought the Emperor had some regard for law and +truth; now I perceive that these weigh little with him. Truly did they +say that Sigismund would deliver me up to my adversaries: he has +condemned me before they did. Would that he could have shown me as much +moderation as the heathen Pilate." + +He wrote a touching farewell letter to his beloved flock in the +Bethlehem Chapel and another to the University at Prag. + +After Hus had left Prag, Jacobellus of Mies began to give the cup as +well as the bread to the lay communicants. The General Council on June +15, admitted Christ had instituted the Lord's Supper in the two species +of bread and wine, yet it decreed to burn as heretics all who did as +Christ commanded. + +Hus on June 21, writes to Gallus (Havlik), preacher at the Bethlehem +Chapel: "What wickedness! Behold, they condemn Christ's institutions as +heresy!" + +Till the end of June they made many efforts to get Hus to recant; he +firmly refused: "I cannot recant; in the first place, I would thereby +recant many truths, and in the second place, I would commit perjury and +give offence to pious souls. I stand at the judgment-seat of Christ, to +whom I have appealed, knowing that He will judge every man, not +according to false witness, but according to the truth and each one's +deserts." Against the authority of men Hus asserted the authority of +his conscience enlightened by the Holy Scriptures. + +On July 1, Hus was brought out again to recant his heresies. He replied +in writing: "I, John Hus, fearing to sin against God, and fearing to +commit perjury, am not willing to abjure ... any of them." + +On July 5, a deputation of some of the most eminent members of the +Council made a final effort to get Hus to recant. Wenzel of Duba said: +"Behold Master John, I am a layman and cannot give advice. Consider then +if thou feelest thyself guilty of any of the things of which thou art +accused. If so, do not hesitate to accept instruction and recant. But if +thou dost not feel guilty of these things that are brought forward +against thee, be guided by thy conscience, do nothing against thy +conscience, nor lie before the face of God; rather hold unto death to +the truth as thou hast understood it." + +Hus answered in tears: "Be it known to you that if I knew I had written +or preached anything against the law and holy Mother Church, I would +humbly recant; may God be my witness to this; but I always desired that +they should show me doctrines better and more credible than those I have +written and taught. If such be shown me, I will gladly recant." + +A bishop sneered: "Wilt thou then be wiser than the whole Council?" + +Master Hus replied: "I do not claim to be wiser than the whole Council, +but, I beg you, give me the least man at the Council that he may +instruct me out of the word of God, and I am ready to recant at once." + +"Behold, how obstinate he is in his heresy!" + + + + +XVII. + +Hus Condemned. + + +On Saturday, July 6, the Council had great scruples in condemning the +Duke of Burgundy, a self-confessed would-be assassin, but it had +absolutely no scruples in condemning the blameless patriot reformer of +Bohemia. + +"Dressed in black with a handsome silver girdle, and wore his robes as a +Magister"--Hus was led after Mass before the whole Council in the +cathedral. He kneeled and prayed fervently for several minutes. James +Arigoni, Bishop of Lodi, preached from Rom. 6:6--"That the body of sin +might be destroyed." Henry de Piro proposed that Hus be delivered to the +civil power for burning. + +Sixteen charges from Wiclif's writings were read. When Hus tried to +explain, he was brutally refused. Thirty articles from Hus' own works +were then read. He attempted to speak, but was stopped by loud cries, +despite the admonition of the Bishop of Constance. + +Hus knelt down and cried: "I beg you, in the name of God, to grant me a +hearing, that those who are present may not think I am a heretic. After +that deal with me as you see fit." + +They threatened to silence him forcibly by the soldiers. He continued to +kneel and pray with uplifted face to God, the just Judge. + +Hus was next charged with saying, "that he was and would be a Fourth +Person in the Trinity." + +Even the Roman Catholic Hefele admits the absolute falsehood of this +infamous accusation. + +When his appeal to Christ was condemned as a damnable heresy, Hus cried +out: "O God and Lord, now the Council condemns even Thine own act and +Thy law as heresy, for Thou Thyself didst commend Thy case into the +hands of Thy Father as the righteous judge." + +Charged with treating the papal excommunication with contempt, Hus +replied he had three times sent representatives to the papal court and +had never had a hearing. "For this reason I came freely to this Council, +relying upon the public faith of the Emperor, who is here present, +assuring me that I should be safe from all violence, so that I might +attest my innocence and give a reason of my faith to the whole Council." + +As he spoke of the safe-conduct, the prisoner looked straight at the +Emperor; the Emperor blushed. That blush was never forgotten. Urged to +betray Luther at Worms, the Emperor Charles V said: "I should not like +to blush like Sigismund." + +"A bald and old Italian priest" then read the two decrees of the Council +that all the writings of Hus, both Latin and Bohemian, should be +destroyed, and that Hus as a true and manifest heretic was to be burned. + +Hus loudly protested: "Up to now you have not proved that my books +contain any heresies. As to my Bohemian writings, which you have never +seen, why do you condemn them?" + +Hus again knelt and prayed with a loud voice: "Lord Jesus Christ, +forgive all my enemies, I entreat Thee, because of Thy great mercy. Thou +knowest that they have falsely accused me, brought forth false witnesses +against me, devised false articles against me. Forgive them because of +Thy boundless mercy." + +This touching prayer was greeted with derisive laughter by the foremost +ecclesiastical dignitaries. + + + + +XVIII. + +Hus Degraded. + + +The priestly robes were now put on Hus, and the sacramental cup into his +hands. When the white robe, the alb, was put on, Hus said: "My Master +Christ, when He was sent away by Herod to Pilate, was clothed in a white +robe." + +[Illustration: HUS DEGRADED, BY MARTERSTEIG] + +He was once more urged to swear off his errors. Turning to the people +with tears in his eyes and emotion in his trembling voice--"How could +I thus sin against my conscience and divine truth alike?" + +As they took off his priestly robes, the Archbishop of Milan said: "O +cursed Judas, who hast left the realms of peace and allied thyself with +the Jews, we today take from thee the chalice of salvation." + +"I hope to drink of the chalice in the heavenly kingdom this day." + +The holy fathers of the General Council of all Christendom then gravely +and learnedly debated whether to use shears or a razor to remove the +tonsure. Finally they decided for the shears, and his hair was cut to +leave bare the form of a cross. Next his head was washed, to remove the +oil of anointing, by which he had been consecrated to the priesthood. + +A paper cap, two feet high, painted with three ghastly devils tormenting +a soul, and with the words, "This is a heretic," was placed on his head; +Hus remarked: "My Lord Jesus Christ wore for me a crown of thorns; why +should I not for His sake wear this easier though shameful badge?" + +[Illustration: HUS WITH THE HERETIC'S CAP] + + + + +XIX. + +Hus Made Over to the Emperor. + + +Doomed by the Church, Hus was now made over to the Emperor, with the +usual hypocritical prayer that he might not be put to death. + +Sigismund said: "Sweet Cousin, Duke Louis, Elector of the Holy Roman +Empire and our High Steward, since I bear the temporal sword, take thou +this man in my stead and treat him as a heretic." + +The "sweet cousin" called the warden of Constance: "Warden, take this +man, because of the judgment against him, and burn him as a heretic." +Others added: "And we give thy soul over to the devil." + +"And I commit my soul to the Lord Jesus Christ." + +The Warden made him over to the executioner, who led Hus out under a +strong guard, escorted by eight hundred armed men, followed by an +immense multitude of people curious to see the final scene. + + + + +XX. + +Hus Burned. + + +In the church-yard they were just burning the books of Hus; he +smiled sadly. With a firm step, singing and praying, Hus went to +the "Bruehl," a quarter of a mile north of the Schnetz gate. There +he knelt, spread out his hands, lifted up his face, and prayed with +a loud voice: "Into Thy hands I commit my spirit." + +[Illustration: HUS LED TO DEATH, BY HELLQUIST] + +The paper cap, "the crown of blasphemy," as it was called, fell to the +ground, and Hus noticed the three painted devils; smiling sadly, he +said: "Lord Jesus Christ, I will bear patiently and humbly this horrible +and shameful and cruel death for the sake of Thy Gospel and the +preaching of Thy word." + +He was stripped of his clothes, his hands roped behind his back, his +neck chained to the stake, wood and straw were piled around him +neck-high. They say as an old woman brought her few fagots to the +funeral pile, Hus cried out: "O sancta simplicitas!"--O holy simplicity. +Another story goes Hus said: "Today you are burning a goose (hus in +Bohemian); in a hundred years will come a swan you will not burn." This +came true in Luther. + +In the last moment the Marshal of the realm, Pappenheim, called on Hus +to recant and save his life. "God is my witness that I never taught of +what false witnesses accuse me. In the truth of the Gospel, that I have +written, taught, and preached, I will today joyfully die." + +The fagots were lighted. With raised voice Hus sang: "O Christ, Thou Son +of the living God, have mercy on me." When he sang that and continued, +"Thou that art born of the Virgin Mary," the wind drove the flames into +his face; his lips and head still moved; then he choked without a sound. + +As the flames flickered down, the executioners knocked over the stake +with the charred body still dangling by the neck, heaped on more wood, +poked up the bones with sticks, broke in the skull, ran a sharp stake +through the heart, and set the whole ablaze again. The jumbled embers +were thrown into a wheelbarrow and tipped into the Rhine. + +Like Luther later, Hus placed his conscience above the mighty Emperor, +the infallible Pope, and the learning of the world; he would rather die +than lie. + +[Illustration: JEROME OF PRAG] + +Even Aeneas Sylvius, later Pope Pius II, afterwards said with +admiration: "No one of the ancient Stoics ever met his death more +bravely." + +A year later, on May 30, on the same spot in the same clover field they +burned Jerome of Prag. He went to his death with a smiling face. "You +condemn me, though innocent. But after my death I will leave a sting in +you. I call on you to answer me before Almighty God within a hundred +years." + +When the fagots were lighted, he sang the Easter hymn, "Hail, Festal +Day," and protested his innocence to the bystanders. His last words were +in Bohemian, "God Father, forgive me my sins." + +A great stone marks the spot where the two Bohemian saints ascended to +heaven in chariots of fire. + +The words of Erasmus might well have been his epitaph--"John Hus, +burned, not convicted." Lechler says: "To inflict defeat by meeting +defeat, that was his lot." + +Wiclif and Hus are the constellation "Gemini," or Twins, shining in the +papal night till their dim twinkling is swallowed up in the glorious sun +bursting from Wittenberg in Luther. + +[Illustration: THE BRUEHL, PLACE OF BURNING] + +The Synod of Pisa tried to reform the Church and failed. The Synod of +Constance tried it and failed. The Synod of Basel and Ferrara tried it +and failed. The Fifth General Lateran Synod from 1512-1517 tried it and +failed. The great Roman Catholic scholar Von Doellinger says: "The last +hope of a reformation of the Church was carried to the grave." + +What could not be done by all Europe was done by Luther. + +Luther's reformation brought liberty for Church and State, and to him we +owe it that men like Hus can no longer be burned. + + + + +BY THE SAME AUTHOR + +=JESUS=--His Words and His Works, 20 Art Plates in Colors after Dudley, +195 Half-tones, and 2 maps of Palestine. IX and 481 pages. Size 7-3/4 x +10. Beautifully bound. Gilt top. $3.00. + + =United Lutheran=--Most beautiful book of its kind we have ever + seen. + +=THE TEN COMMANDMENTS= Third Edition. 335 Pages. $1.00. + + =Lutheran Church Review=--Style vigorous and racy. Not a dull line. + Masterly. + +=FOLLOW JESUS= 300 Pages. Cloth, $1.00. + + =Theol. Quartalschrift=--Typically American. Sound to the core. + Thoroughly evangelical. + +=THE LORD'S PRAYER= 271 Pages, $1.00. + + =P. L., in Luth. Kirchenblatt=--Short and terse, but unfold a deep + treasure of thought. The language is noble and powerful. + +=PORTRAITS OF JESUS= Cloth, 227 Pages. $1.00. + + =Der Lutheraner=--Everybody can draw information, exhortation, and + joy from these sermons with their doctrinal yet crisp, terse, + powerful sentences. + + + + +BY THE SAME AUTHOR + + + Christian Science Unchristian. 5th Ed. 05c + Mission Work. 4th Edition 05c + What is Christianity? 3d Edition 05c + Temperance. 2d Edition 05c + Why Lutheran, not 7 Day Advent. 2d + Edition 05c + Why the Name "Lutheran." 2d Ed. 05c + Infant Baptism. 6th Edition 05c + Christian Giving No. 2. 3d Thousand 10c + Why I Believe the Bible. 2d Edition 15c + The Real Presence. 10c + The Dance. 5th Edition 05c + The Theater. 2d Edition 05c + Opinions on Secret Societies. 2d Ed. 05c + Freemasonry. 2d Edition 05c + Oddfellowship. 2d Edition 05c + Churchgoing. 3d Edition 05c + What Think Ye of Christ? 2d Ed. 05c + Wm. Tyndale, Translator Eng. Bible. 10c + Patrick Hamilton, Scotch Martyr. 10c + The Pope in Politics. 2d Edition 05c + Church and State. 2d Edition 05c + Carlyle's Luther. leather 20c + paper 10c + Why Protestant, not Roman Catholic. 05c + Principles of Protestantism. 02c + Why I am a Lutheran. 5th Edition 05c + Luther's Catechism. 8th Edition 10c + The Congregational Meeting. 05c + Luther and our Fourth of July. 05c + + + + +TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES: + + +1. Minor changes have been made to correct typesetters' errors; every +effort has been made, otherwise, to remain true to the author's words +and intent. + +2. 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