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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A booke called the Foundacion of Rhetorike, by 
+Richard Rainolde
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A booke called the Foundacion of Rhetorike
+       because all other partes of Rhetorike are grounded
+       thereupon, euery parte sette forthe in an Oracion vpon
+       questions, verie profitable to bee knowen and redde
+
+Author: Richard Rainolde
+
+Release Date: July 14, 2008 [EBook #26056]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FOUNDACION OF RHETORIKE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Greg Lindahl, Linda Cantoni, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Transcriber's Notes:
+
+About this book: _A booke called the Foundacion of Rhetorike_ was
+published in 1563. Only five copies of the original are known to
+exist. This e-book was transcribed from microfiche scans of the
+original in the Bodleian Library at Oxford University. The scans can
+be viewed at the Bibliothèque nationale de France website at
+http://gallica.bnf.fr.</p>
+
+Typography: The original line and paragraph breaks, hyphenation,
+spelling, capitalization, punctuation, inconsistent use of an acute
+accent over "ee", the use of u for v and vice versa, and the use of i
+for j and vice versa, have been preserved. All apparent printer errors
+have also been preserved, and are listed at the end of this document.
+
+The following alterations have been made:
+
+1. Long-s has been regularized as s.
+
+2. The paragraph symbol, resembling a C in the original, is rendered
+as ¶.
+
+3. Missing punctuation, hyphens, and paragraph symbols have been added
+in brackets, e.g. [-].
+
+4. A decorative capital followed by a capital letter is represented
+here as two capital letters, e.g. NAture.
+
+5. Except for the dedication, which is in modern italics, the majority
+of the original book is in blackletter font, with some words in a
+modern non-italic font. All modern-font passages are marked by
+underscores.
+
+6. Sidenotes have been placed in-line, approximately where they appear
+in the original.
+
+7. Incorrect page numbers have been corrected, but are included in the
+list of printer errors at the end of this e-book.
+
+8. Abbreviations and contractions represented as special characters in
+the original have been expanded as noted in the table below. A
+"macron" means a horizontal line over a letter. "Supralinear" means
+directly over a letter; "sublinear" means directly under a letter. The
+"y" referred to below is an Early Modern English form of the
+Anglo-Saxon thorn character, representing "th," but identical in
+appearance to the letter "y."
+
+Original                     Expansion
+
+vowel with macron            vowel[m] or vowel[n]
+y with supralinear e         y^e (i.e., the)
+accented q with semicolon    q[ue]
+w with supralinear curve     w[ith]
+e with sublinear hook        [ae]
+
+Pagination: This book was paginated using folio numbers in a
+recto-verso scheme. The front of each folio is the recto page (the
+right-hand page); the back of each folio is the verso page (the
+left-hand page in a book). In the original, folio numbers (beginning
+after the table of contents) are printed only on the recto side of
+each leaf. For the reader's convenience, all folio pages in this
+e-book, including the verso pages, have been numbered in brackets
+according to the original format, with the addition of "r" for recto
+and "v" for verso, e.g., [Fol. x.r] is Folio 10 recto, [Fol. x.v] is
+Folio 10 verso.
+
+Sources consulted: The uneven quality of the microfiche scans, as well
+as the blackletter font and some ink bleed-through in the original,
+made the scans difficult to read in some places. To ensure accuracy,
+the transcriber has consulted the facsimile reprint edited by Francis
+R. Johnson (Scholars' Facsimiles and Reprints, New York, 1945). The
+facsimile reprint was prepared primarily from the Bodleian copy, with
+several pages reproduced from the copy in the Chapin Library at
+Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts, where the Bodleian copy
+was unclear.]
+
+
+
+
+¶ A booke cal-
+_led the Foundacion of Rhetorike, be-_
+cause all other partes of _Rhetorike_
+are grounded thereupon, euery parte sette
+forthe in an Oracion vpon questions,
+verie profitable to bee knowen
+and redde: Made by Ri-
+chard Rainolde
+Maister of
+Arte,
+of
+the Uniuersitie of
+Cambridge.
+1563.
+
+_Mens. Marcij. vj._
+
+_¶ Imprinted at London, by
+Ihon Kingston._
+
+
+
+
+THE EPISTLE DEDICATORIE
+
+
+¶ _To the right honorable and my singuler good Lorde,_
+my Lorde Robert Dudley, Maister of the
+Queenes Maiesties horse, one of her highes pri-
+uie Counsaile, and knight of the moste honou-
+rable order of the Garter: Richard Rai-
+nolde wisheth longe life, with
+increase of honour.
+
+_ARISTOTLE the famous Phi-
+losopher, writing a boke to king
+Alexa[n]der, the great and migh-
+tie conquerour, began the Epi-
+stle of his Booke in these woor-
+des. Twoo thynges moued me
+chieflie, O King, to betake to thy Maiesties handes,
+this worke of my trauile and labour, thy nobilitie and
+vertue, of the whiche thy nobilitie encouraged me, thy
+greate and singuler vertue, indued with all humanitie,
+forced and draue me thereto. The same twoo in your
+good Lordshippe, Nobilitie and Vertue, as twoo migh-
+tie Pillers staied me, in this bolde enterprise, to make
+your good Lordshippe, beyng a Pere of honour, indued
+with all nobilitie and vertue: a patrone and possessoure
+of this my booke. In the whiche although copious and
+aboundaunte eloquence wanteth, to adorne and beau-
+tifie thesame, yet I doubte not for the profite, that is in
+this my trauaile conteined, your honour indued with
+all singuler humanitie, will vouchsaufe to accepte my
+willyng harte, my profitable purpose herein. Many fa-
+mous menne and greate learned, haue in the Greke
+tongue and otherwise trauailed, to profite all tymes
+their countrie and common wealthe. This also was my
+ende and purpose, to plante a worke profitable to all ty-
+mes, my countrie and common wealthe._
+
+_And because your Lordshippe studieth all singula-
+ritie to vertue, and wholie is incensed thereto: I haue
+compiled this woorke, and dedicated it to your Lorde-
+shippe, as vnto who[m] moste noble and vertuous. Wher-
+in are set forthe soche Oracions, as are right profitable
+to bee redde, for knowledge also necessarie. The duetie
+of a subiecte, the worthie state of nobilitie, the prehe-
+minent dignitie and Maiestie of a Prince, the office of
+counsailours, worthie chiefe veneracion, the office of a
+Iudge or Magestrate are here set foorthe. In moste for-
+tunate state is the kyngdome and Common wealthe,
+where the Nobles and Peres, not onelie daiely doe stu-
+die to vertue, for that is the wisedome, that all the
+graue and wise Philophers searched to attaine to. For
+the ende of all artes and sciences, and of all noble actes
+and enterprises is vertue, but also to fauour and vphold
+the studentes of learnyng, whiche also is a greate ver-
+tue. Whoso is adorned with nobilitie and vertue, of
+necessitie nobilitie and vertue, will moue and allure the[m]
+to fauour and support vertue in any other, yea, as Tul-
+lie the moste famous Oratour dooeth saie, euen to loue
+those who[m] we neuer sawe, but by good fame and brute
+beutified to vs. For the encrease of vertue, God
+dooeth nobilitate with honour worthie
+menne, to be aboue other in dignitie
+and state, thereupon vertue
+doeth encrease your
+Lordshipps
+honor,
+beyng a louer of vertue
+and worthie no-
+bilitie._
+
+Your lordshippes humble ser-
+uaunt Richard Rainolde.
+
+
+
+
+_To the Reader._
+
+
+APHTHONIVS a famous man, wrote
+in Greke of soche declamacions, to en-
+structe the studentes thereof, with all fa-
+cilitée to grounde in them, a moste plenti-
+ous and riche vein of eloquence. No man
+is able to inuente a more profitable waie
+and order, to instructe any one in the ex-
+quisite and absolute perfeccion, of wisedome and eloquence,
+then _Aphthonius Quintilianus_ and _Hermogenes_. Tullie al-
+so as a moste excellente Orator, in the like sorte trauailed,
+whose Eloquence and vertue all tymes extolled, and the of-
+spryng of all ages worthilie aduaunceth. And because as yet
+the verie grounde of Rhetorike, is not heretofore intreated
+of, as concernyng these exercises, though in fewe yeres past,
+a learned woorke of Rhetorike is compiled and made in the
+Englishe toungue, of one, who floweth in all excellencie of
+arte, who in iudgement is profounde, in wisedome and elo-
+quence moste famous. In these therefore my diligence is em-
+ploied, to profite many, although not with like Eloquence,
+beutified and adorned, as the matter requireth. I haue cho-
+sen out in these Oracions soche questions, as are right ne-
+cessarie to be knowen and redde of all those, whose cogitacio[n]
+pondereth vertue and Godlines. I doubte not, but seyng my
+trauaile toucheth vertuous preceptes, and vttereth to light,
+many famous Histories, the order of arte obserued also, but
+that herein the matter it self, shall defende my purpose aga-
+inste the enuious, whiche seketh to depraue any good enter-
+prise, begon of any one persone. The enuious manne
+though learned, readeth to depraue that, which he
+readeth, the ignoraunt is no worthie Iudge,
+the learned and godlie pondereth vp-
+rightly & sincerely, that which
+he iudgeth, the order of
+these Oracions
+followeth afterward, and
+the names of the[m].
+
+
+
+
+¶ _The contentes of_
+this Booke.
+
+
+AN Oracion made, vpon the Fable of the Shepher-
+des and the Wolues, the Wolues requestyng the
+Bandogges: wherein is set forthe the state of eue-
+ry subiecte, the dignitie of a Prince, the honoura-
+ble office of counsailours.
+
+An Oracion vpon the Fable of the Ante and the Gres-
+hopper, teachyng prouidence.
+
+An Oracion Historicall, howe Semiramis came to bee
+Quéene of Babilon.
+
+An Oracion Historicall, vpon Kyng Richard the thirde
+sometyme Duke of Glocester.
+
+An Oracion Historicall, of the commyng of Iulius Ce-
+ser into Englande.
+
+An Oracion Ciuill or Iudiciall, vpon Themistocles, of
+the walle buildyng at Athenes.
+
+An Oracion Poeticall vpon a redde Rose.
+
+A profitable Oracion, shewyng the decaie of kingdomes
+and nobilitie.
+
+An Oracion vpon a Sentence, preferryng a Monarchie,
+conteinyng all other states of common wealthe.
+
+The confutacion of the battaile of Troie.
+
+A confirmacion of the noble facte of Zopyrus.
+
+An Oracion called a Common place against Theues.
+
+The praise of Epaminundas Duke of Thebes, wherein
+the grounde of nobilitée is placed.
+
+The dispraise of Domicius Nero Emperour of Roome.
+
+A comparison betwene Demosthenes and Tullie.
+
+A lamentable Oracion of Hecuba Queene of Troie.
+
+A descripcion vpon Xerxes kyng of Persia.
+
+An Oracion called _Thesis_, as concerning the goodly state
+of Mariage.
+
+An Oracion confutyng a certaine lawe of Solon.
+
+
+
+
+[Fol. j.r]
+
+_The foundacion of_
+Rhetorike.
+
+
+NAture hath indued euery man, with
+a certain eloquence, and also subtili-
+[Sidenote: Rhetorike
+and Logike
+giuen of na-
+ture.]
+tée to reason and discusse, of any que-
+stion or proposicion propounded, as
+_Aristotle_ the Philosopher, in his
+Booke of _Rhetorike_ dooeth shewe.
+These giftes of nature, singuler doe
+flowe and abounde in vs, accordyng
+to the greate and ample indumente
+and plentuousnes of witte and wisedome, lodged in vs, there-
+fore Nature it self beyng well framed, and afterward by arte
+[Sidenote: Arte furthe-
+reth nature.]
+and order of science, instructed and adorned, must be singular-
+lie furthered, helped, and aided to all excellencie, to exquisite
+[Sidenote: Logike.]
+inuencion, and profounde knowledge, bothe in _Logike_ and
+[Sidenote: Rhetorike.]
+_Rhetorike_. In the one, as a Oratour to pleate with all facili-
+tee, and copiouslie to dilate any matter or sentence: in the other
+to grounde profunde and subtill argument, to fortifie & make
+stronge our assercion or sentence, to proue and defende, by the
+[Sidenote: Logike.]
+force and power of arte, thinges passyng the compasse & reach
+of our capacitée and witte. Nothyng can bee more excellently
+[Sidenote: Eloquence.]
+giuen of nature then Eloquence, by the which the florishyng
+state of commonweales doe consiste: kyngdomes vniuersally
+are gouerned, the state of euery one priuatelie is maintained.
+The commonwealth also should be maimed, and debilitated,
+[Sidenote: Zeno.]
+except the other parte be associate to it. _Zeno_ the Philosopher
+comparing _Rhetorike_ and _Logike_, doeth assimilate and liken
+[Sidenote: Logike.]
+them to the hand of man. _Logike_ is like faith he to the fiste, for
+euen as the fiste closeth and shutteth into one, the iointes and
+partes of the hande, & with mightie force and strength, wrap-
+[Sidenote: Similitude[.]
+Logike.]
+peth and closeth in thynges apprehended: So _Logike_ for the
+deepe and profounde knowlege, that is reposed and buried in
+it, in soche sort of municion and strength fortified, in few wor-
+des taketh soche force and might by argumente, that excepte
+[Fol. j.v]
+like equalitée in like art and knowledge doe mate it, in vain
+the disputacion shalbe, and the repulse of thaduersarie readie.
+[Sidenote: Rhetorike
+like to the
+hande.]
+_Rhetorike_ is like to the hand set at large, wherein euery part
+and ioint is manifeste, and euery vaine as braunches of trées
+[Sidenote: Rhetorike.]
+sette at scope and libertee. So of like sorte, _Rhetorike_ in moste
+ample and large maner, dilateth and setteth out small thyn-
+ges or woordes, in soche sorte, with soche aboundaunce and
+plentuousnes, bothe of woordes and wittie inuencion, with
+soche goodlie disposicion, in soche a infinite sorte, with soche
+pleasauntnes of Oracion, that the moste stonie and hard har-
+tes, can not but bee incensed, inflamed, and moued thereto.
+[Sidenote: Logike and
+Rhetorike
+absolute in
+fewe.]
+These twoo singuler giftes of nature, are absolute and perfect
+in fewe: for many therebe, whiche are exquisite and profound
+in argument, by art to reason and discusse, of any question or
+proposicion propounded, who by nature are disabled, & smal-
+lie adorned to speake eloquently, in whom neuertheles more
+aboundaunt knowlege doeth somtymes remaine then in the
+other, if the cause shalbe in controuersie ioined, and examined
+to trie a manifeste truthe. But to whom nature hath giuen
+soche abilitée, and absolute excellencie, as that thei can bothe
+[Sidenote: The vertue
+of eloquence.]
+copiouslie dilate any matter or sentence, by pleasauntnes and
+swetenes of their wittie and ingenious oracion, to drawe vn-
+to theim the hartes of a multitude, to plucke doune and extir-
+pate affeccio[n]s and perturbacions of people, to moue pitee and
+compassion, to speake before Princes and rulers, and to per-
+swade theim in good causes and enterprises, to animate and
+incense them, to godlie affaires and busines, to alter the cou[n]-
+saill of kynges, by their wisedome and eloquence, to a better
+state, and also to be exquisite in thother, is a thing of all most
+[Sidenote: Demosthe-
+nes.
+Tisias.
+Gorgias.
+Eschines[.]
+Tullie.
+Cato.]
+noble and excellent. The eloquence of Demosthenes, Isocra-
+tes, Tisias, Gorgias, Eschines, were a great bulwarke and
+staie to Athens and all Grece, Rome also by the like vertue
+of Eloquence, in famous and wise orators vpholded: the wise
+and eloquente Oracions of Tullie againste Catiline. The
+graue and sentencious oracions of Cato in the Senate, haue
+[Fol. ij.r]
+[Sidenote: The Empe-
+rors of Rome
+famous in
+Eloquence.]
+been onelie the meane to vpholde the mightie state of Rome,
+in his strength and auncient fame and glorie. Also the Chro-
+nicles of auncient time doe shewe vnto vs, the state of Rome
+could by no meanes haue growen so meruailous mightie,
+but that God had indued the whole line of Cesars, with sin-
+guler vertues, with aboundaunt knowlege & singuler Elo-
+quence. Thusidides the famous Historiographer sheweth,
+[Sidenote: Thusidides.]
+how moche Eloquence auailed the citees of Grece, fallyng to
+[Sidenote: Corcurians.]
+dissencio[n]. How did the Corcurians saue them selues from the
+[Sidenote: Pelopone-
+sians.]
+inuasio[n] and might, of the Poloponesians, their cause pleated
+before the Athenians, so moche their eloquence in a truthe
+[Sidenote: Corinthians[.]]
+preuailed. The Ambassadours of Corinth, wanted not their
+copious, wittie, and ingenious Oracions, but thei pleated
+before mightie, wise, and graue Senators, whose cause, ac-
+cordyng to iudgeme[n]t, truthe, and integritée was ended. The
+[Sidenote: Lacedemo-
+nians.
+Vitulenia[n]s.
+Athenians.]
+eloque[n]t Embassages of the Corinthia[n]s, the Lacedemonia[n]s,
+& the Vituleneans, the Athenians, who so readeth, shall sone
+sée that of necessitee, a common wealth or kyngdome must be
+fortefied, with famous, graue, and wise counsailours. How
+[Sidenote: Demosthe-
+nes.]
+often did Demosthenes saue the co[m]mon wealthes of Athens,
+how moche also did that large dominion prospere and florish
+[Sidenote: Socrates.
+Cato.
+Crassus.
+Antonius.
+Catulus.
+Cesar.]
+by Isocrates. Tullie also by his Eloque[n]t please, Cato, Cras-
+sus, Antonius, Catulus Cesar, with many other, did support
+and vphold the state of that mightie kyngdo[m]. No doubte, but
+that Demosthenes made a wittie, copious, and ingenious o-
+racions, when the Athenians were minded to giue and be-
+[Sidenote: Philippe the
+kyng of the
+Macidonia[n]s[.]]
+take to the handes of Philip kyng of the Macedonians, their
+pestiferous enemie moste vile and subtell, the Orators of A-
+thens. This Philip forseyng the discorde of Grece, as he by
+subtill meanes compassed his enterprices, promised by the
+faithe of a Prince, to be at league with the Athenians, if so be
+thei would betake to his handes, the eloquente Oratours of
+[Sidenote: The saiyng
+of Philippe.]
+Athens, for as long saith he, as your Oratours are with you
+declaryng, so longe your heddes and counsaill are moued to
+variaunce and dissencion, this voice ones seased emong you,
+[Fol. ij.v]
+[Sidenote: Demosthe-
+nes.]
+in tranquilitée you shalbee gouerned. Demosthenes beyng
+eloquente and wise, foresawe the daungers and the mischie-
+uous intent of him, wherevpon he framed a goodly Oracion
+vpon a Fable, whereby he altered their counsaile, and repul-
+sed the enemie. This fable is afterward set forth in an Ora-
+cion, after the order of these exercises, profitable to _Rhetorike_.
+
+
+¶ A Fable.
+
+[Sidenote: The ground
+of al learning[.]]
+
+FIrste it is good that the learner doe vnderstand
+what is a fable, for in all matters of learnyng,
+it is the firste grounde, as Tullie doeth saie, to
+knowe what the thing is, that we may the bet-
+[Sidenote: What is a
+fable.]
+ter perceiue whervpo[n] we doe intreate. A fable
+is a forged tale, co[n]taining in it by the colour of a lie, a matter
+[Sidenote: Morall.]
+of truthe. The moralle is called that, out of the whiche some
+godlie precepte, or admonicion to vertue is giuen, to frame
+and instruct our maners. Now that we knowe what a fable
+is, it is good to learne also, how manifolde or diuers thei be,
+[Sidenote: Three sortes
+of fables.
+i. A fable of
+reason.]
+I doe finde three maner of fables to be. The first of theim is,
+wherein a man being a creature of God indued with reason,
+is onely intreated of, as the Fable of the father and his chil-
+dren, he willing the[m] to concorde, and this is called _Rationalis
+fabula_, whiche is asmoche to saie, as a Fable of men indued
+[Sidenote: ii. Morall.]
+with reason, or women. The second is called a morall fable,
+but I sée no cause whie it is so called, but rather as the other
+is called a fable of reasonable creatures, so this is contrarilie
+named a fable of beastes, or of other thinges wanting reason
+or life, wanting reason as of the Ante and the Greshopper, or
+of this the beame caste doun, and the Frogges chosyng their
+[Sidenote: iii. Mixt.]
+king. The thirde is a mixt Fable so called, bicause in it bothe
+man hauyng reason, and a beaste wantyng reason, or any o-
+ther thing wanting life, is ioyned with it, as for the example,
+of the fable of the woodes and the housebandman, of whom
+[Sidenote: Poetes in-
+uentours of
+fables.]
+he desired a helue for his hatchet. Aucthours doe write, that
+Poetes firste inuented fables, the whiche Oratours also doe
+[Fol. iij.r]
+vse in their perswasions, and not without greate cause, both
+[Sidenote: Oratours
+vse fables.]
+Poetes and Oratours doe applie theim to their vse. For, fa-
+[Sidenote: Good doctrin
+in fables.]
+bles dooe conteine goodlie admonicion, vertuous preceptes
+[Sidenote: Hesiodus.]
+of life. Hesiodus the Poete, intreatyng of the iniurious dea-
+lyng of Princes and gouernours, against their subiectes, ad-
+monished them by the fable of the Goshauke, and the Nigh-
+[Sidenote: Ouide.]
+tyngale in his clause. Ouid also the Poete intreated of di-
+uers fables, wherein he giueth admonicion, and godly coun-
+[Sidenote: Demosthe-
+nes vsed fa-
+bles.]
+saile. Demosthenes the famous Oratour of Athens, vsed
+the fable of the Shepeherdes, and Wolues: how the Wol-
+ues on a tyme, instauntlie required of the Shepeherdes their
+bande dogges, and then thei would haue peace and concorde
+with theim, the Shepeherdes gaue ouer their Dogges, their
+Dogges deliuered and murdered, the shepe were immediat-
+ly deuoured: So saieth he, if ye shall ones deliuer to Philip,
+the king of the Macedonians your Oratours, by whose lear-
+nyng, knowlege and wisedome, the whole bodie of your do-
+minions is saued, for thei as Bandogges, doe repell all mis-
+cheuous enterprises and chaunses, no doubte, but that raue-
+nyng Wolfe Philip, will eate and consume your people, by
+this Fable he made an Oracion, he altered their counsailes
+and heddes of the Athenians, from so foolishe an enterprise.
+Also thesame Demosthenes, seyng the people careles, sloth-
+full, and lothsome to heare the Oratours, and all for the flo-
+rishing state of the kingdome: he ascended to the place or pul-
+pet, where the Oracions were made, and began with this fa-
+[Sidenote: The fable of
+Demosthe-
+nes, of the
+Asse and the
+shadowe.]
+ble. Ye men of Athens, saied he, it happened on a tyme, that
+a certaine man hired an Asse, and did take his iourney from
+Athens to Megara, as we would saie, fro[m] London to Yorke,
+the owner also of the Asse, did associate hymself in his iour-
+ney, to brynge backe the Asse againe, in the voyage the
+weather was extreame burning hotte, and the waie tedious
+the place also for barenes and sterilitée of trees, wanted sha-
+dowe in this long broyle of heate: he that satte one the Asse,
+lighted and tooke shadowe vnder the bellie of the Asse, and
+[Fol. iij.v]
+because the shadowe would not suffice bothe, the Asse beyng
+small, the owner saied, he muste haue the shadowe, because
+the Asse was his, I deny that saieth the other, the shadowe is
+myne, because I hired the Asse, thus thei were at greate con-
+tencion, the fable beyng recited, Demosthenes descended fro[m]
+his place, the whole multitude were inquisitiue, to knowe
+[Sidenote: The conten-
+cion vpon the
+shadowe and
+the Asse.]
+the ende about the shadowe, Demosthenes notyng their fol-
+lie, ascended to his place, and saied, O ye foolishe Athenians,
+whiles I and other, gaue to you counsaill and admonicio[n], of
+graue and profitable matters, your eares wer deafe, and your
+mindes slombred, but now I tell of a small trifeling matter,
+you throng to heare the reste of me. By this Fable he nipped
+their follie, and trapped them manifestlie, in their owne dol-
+tishenes. Herevpon I doe somwhat long, make copie of wor-
+[Sidenote: Fables well
+applied bee
+singuler.]
+des, to shewe the singularitee of fables well applied. In the
+tyme of Kyng Richard the thirde, Doctour Mourton, beyng
+Bishop of Elie, and prisoner in the Duke of Buckynghams
+house in Wales, was often tymes moued of the Duke, to
+speake his minde frelie, if king Richard wer lawfully king,
+and said to him of his fidelitée, to kepe close and secret his sen-
+tence: but the Bishop beyng a godlie man, and no lesse wise,
+waied the greate frendship, whiche was sometyme betwene
+the Duke & King Richard, aunswered in effect nothyng, but
+beyng daily troubled with his mocions & instigacions, spake
+a fable of Esope: My lorde saied he, I will aunswere you, by
+[Sidenote: The fable of
+the Bisshop
+of Elie, to the
+duke of Buc-
+kyngham.]
+a Fable of Esope. The Lion on a tyme gaue a commaunde-
+ment, that all horned beastes should flie from the woode, and
+none to remain there but vnhorned beastes. The Hare hea-
+ring of this commaundement, departed with the horned bea-
+stes from the woodde: The wilie Foxe metyng the Hare, de-
+maunded the cause of his haste, forthwith the Hare aunswe-
+red, a commaundemente is come from the Lion, that all hor-
+ned beastes should bee exiled, vpon paine of death, from the
+woode: why saied the Foxe, this commaundement toucheth
+not any sorte of beast as ye are, for thou haste no hornes but
+[Fol. iiij.r]
+knubbes: yea, but said the Hare, what, if thei saie I haue hor-
+nes, that is an other matter, my lorde I saie no more: what he
+ment, is euident to all men.
+
+In the time of king He[n]ry theight (a prince of famous me-
+morie) at what time as the small houses of religio[n], wer giuen
+ouer to the kinges hand, by the Parliament house: the bishop
+of Rochester, Doctour Fisher by name stepped forthe, beyng
+greued with the graunt, recited before them, a fable of Esope
+to shewe what discommoditee would followe in the Clergie.
+[Sidenote: The fable of
+the Bisshop
+of Rochester,
+againste the
+graunt of the
+Chauntries.]
+My lordes and maisters saieth he, Esope recited a fable: how
+that on a tyme, a housebande manne desired of the woodes, a
+small helue for his hatchet, all the woodes consented thereto
+waiyng the graunt to be small, and the thyng lesse, therevpo[n]
+the woodes consented, in fine the housbande man cut doune
+a small peece of woodde to make a helue, he framyng a helue
+to the hatchette, without leaue and graunt, he cut doune the
+mightie Okes and Cedars, and destroyed the whole woodd,
+then the woodes repented them to late. So saith he, the gift of
+these small houses, ar but a small graunt into the kinges ha[n]-
+des: but this small graunt, will bee a waie and meane to pull
+doune the greate mightie fatte Abbees, & so it happened. But
+there is repentau[n]ce to late: & no profite ensued of the graunte.
+
+
+¶ An Oracion made by a fable, to the first exer-
+cise to declame by, the other, bee these,
+
+           { A Fable, a Narracion. _Chria_,      }
+           { Sentence. Confutacion,              }
+An Oracion { Confirmacion. Common place.         }
+made by a  { The praise. The dispraise.          }
+           { The Comparison, _Ethopeia_.         }
+           { A Discripcion. _Thesis, Legislatio_ }
+
+OF euery one of these, a goodlie Oracio[n] maie be made
+these excercises are called of the Grekes _Progimnas-
+mata_, of the Latines, profitable introduccions, or fore
+exercises, to attain greater arte and knowlege in _Rhetorike_,
+[Fol. iiij.v]
+and bicause, for the easie capacitée and facilitée of the learner,
+to attain greater knowledge in _Rhetorike_, thei are right pro-
+fitable and necessarie: Therefore I title this booke, to bee the
+foundacio[n] of _Rhetorike_, the exercises being _Progimnasmata_.
+
+I haue chosen out the fable of the Shepeherdes, and the
+Wolues, vpon the whiche fable, Demosthenes made an elo-
+quente, copious, and wittie Oracion before the Athenians,
+whiche fable was so well applied, that the citée and common
+wealth of Athens was saued.
+
+
+[Sidenote: The firste
+exercise.]
+
+¶ A fable.
+
+These notes must be obserued, to make an Oracion by a
+Fable.
+
+
+¶ Praise.
+
+1. Firste, ye shall recite the fable, as the aucthour telleth it.
+
+2. There in the seconde place, you shall praise the aucthoure
+who made the fable, whiche praise maie sone bee gotte of any
+studious scholer, if he reade the aucthours life and actes ther-
+in, or the Godlie preceptes in his fables, shall giue abundant
+praise.
+
+3. Then thirdlie place the morall, whiche is the interpreta-
+cion annexed to the Fable, for the fable was inuented for the
+moralles sake.
+
+4. Then orderlie in the fowerth place, declare the nature of
+thynges, conteined in the Fable, either of man, fishe, foule,
+beaste, plante, trées, stones, or whatsoeuer it be. There is no
+man of witte so dulle, or of so grosse capacitée, but either by
+his naturall witte, or by reading, or sences, he is hable to saie
+somwhat in the nature of any thyng.
+
+5. In the fifte place, sette forthe the thynges, reasonyng one
+with an other, as the Ant with the Greshopper, or the Cocke
+with the precious stone.
+
+6. The[n] in the vj. place, make a similitude of the like matter.
+
+7. Then in the seuenth place, induce an exa[m]ple for thesame
+matter to bée proued by.
+
+8. Laste of all make the _Epilogus_, whiche is called the con-
+clusion, and herein marke the notes folowyng, how to make
+[Fol. v.r]
+an Oracion thereby.
+
+
+¶ An Oracion made vpon the fable of the
+Shepeherdes and the wolues.
+
+¶ The fable.
+
+THe Wolues on a tyme perswaded the Shepeher-
+des, that thei would ioyne amitée, and make a
+league of concord and vnitee: the demaunde plea-
+sed the Shepeherdes, foorthwith the Wolues re-
+quested to haue custodie of the bande Dogges, because els
+thei would be as thei are alwaies, an occasion to breake their
+league and peace, the Dogges beyng giuen ouer, thei were
+one by one murthered, and then the Shepe were wearied.
+
+
+¶ The praise of the aucthour.
+
+THe posteritee of tymes and ages, muste needes praise
+the wisedome and industrie, of all soche as haue lefte
+in monumentes of writyng, thynges worthie fame,
+[Sidenote: Inuentours
+of al excellent
+artes and sci-
+ences, com-
+mended to the
+posteritee.]
+what can bee more excellently set foorthe: or what deserueth
+chiefer fame and glorie, then the knowledge of artes and sci-
+ences, inuented by our learned, wise, and graue au[n]cestours:
+and so moche the more thei deserue honour, and perpetuall
+commendacions, because thei haue been the firste aucthours,
+and beginners to soche excellencies. The posteritée praiseth
+[Sidenote: Apelles.
+Parthesius.
+Polucletus.]
+and setteth forth the wittie and ingenious workes of Apelles,
+Parthesius, and Polucletus, and all soche as haue artificial-
+ly set forth their excellent giftes of nature. But if their praise
+for fame florishe perpetuallie, and increaseth for the wor-
+thines of theim, yet these thynges though moste excellent, are
+[Sidenote: The ende of
+all artes, is to
+godlie life.]
+inferiour to vertue: for the ende of artes and sciences, is ver-
+tue and godlines. Neither yet these thynges dissonaunt from
+vertue, and not associate, are commendable onely for vertues
+sake: and to the ende of vertue, the wittes of our auncestours
+were incensed to inuent these thynges. But herein Polucle-
+tus, Apelles, and Perthesius maie giue place, when greater
+[Sidenote: Esope wor-
+thie moche
+commendacio[n][.]]
+vertues come in place, then this my aucthour Esope, for his
+godly preceptes, wise counsaill and admonicion, is chiefly to
+[Fol. v.v]
+bée praised: For, our life maie learne all goodnes, all vertue,
+[Sidenote: Philophie in
+fables.]
+of his preceptes. The Philosophers did neuer so liuely sette
+forthe and teache in their scholes and audience, what vertue
+[Sidenote: Realmes
+maie learne
+concorde out
+of Esopes
+fables.]
+and godlie life were, as Esope did in his Fables, Citees, and
+common wealthes, maie learne out of his fables, godlie con-
+corde and vnitee, by the whiche meanes, common wealthes
+florisheth, and kingdoms are saued. Herein ample matter ri-
+seth to Princes, and gouernours, to rule their subiectes in all
+[Sidenote: Preceptes to
+Kynges and
+Subiectes.
+Preceptes to
+parentes and
+children.]
+godlie lawes, in faithfull obedience: the subiectes also to loue
+and serue their prince, in al his affaires and busines. The fa-
+ther maie learne to bring vp, and instructe his childe thereby.
+The child also to loue and obeie his parentes. The huge and
+monsterous vices, are by his vertuous doctrine defaced and
+extirpated: his Fables in effect contain the mightie volumes
+and bookes of all Philosophers, in morall preceptes, & the in-
+[Sidenote: The content
+of al Lawes.]
+finite monume[n]tes of lawes stablished. If I should not speake
+of his commendacion, the fruictes of his vertue would shewe
+his commendacions: but that praise surmounteth all fame of
+[Sidenote: A true praise
+comme[n]ded by
+fame it self.]
+glory, that commendeth by fame itself, the fruictes of fame
+in this one Fable, riseth to my aucthour, whiche he wrote of
+the Shepeherd, and the Wolues.
+
+
+¶ The Morall.
+
+WHerein Esope wittely admonisheth all menne to be-
+ware and take heede, of cloked and fained frendship,
+of the wicked and vngodlie, whiche vnder a pretence
+and offer of frendship or of benefite, seeke the ruin, dammage,
+miserie or destruccion of man, toune, citée, region, or countree.
+
+
+¶ The nature of the thyng.
+
+OF all beastes to the quantitée of his bodie, the
+[Sidenote: The Wolue
+moste raue-
+ning & cruell.]
+Wolue passeth in crueltee and desire of bloode,
+alwaies vnsaciable of deuouryng, neuer conten-
+ted with his pray. The Wolfe deuoureth and ea-
+teth of his praie all in feare, and therefore oftentymes he ca-
+steth his looke, to be safe from perill and daunger. And herein
+[Fol. vj.r]
+his nature is straunge fro[m] all beastes: the iyes of the Wolfe,
+tourned from his praie immediatlie, the praie prostrate vnder
+[Sidenote: The Wolues
+of all beastes,
+moste obliui-
+ous.]
+his foote is forgotten, and forthwith he seeketh a newe praie,
+so greate obliuion and debilitée of memorie, is giuen to that
+beaste, who chieflie seketh to deuoure his praie by night. The
+[Sidenote: The Wolue
+inferiour to
+the bandogge[.]]
+Wolues are moche inferior to the banddogges in strength, bi-
+cause nature hath framed the[m] in the hinder parts, moche more
+weaker, and as it were maimed, and therefore the bandogge
+dooeth ouermatche theim, and ouercome them in fight. The
+Wolues are not all so mightie of bodie as the Bandogges,
+of diuers colours, of fight more sharpe, of lesse heddes: but in
+[Sidenote: The Dogge
+passeth all
+creatures in
+smellyng.]
+smellyng, the nature of a Dogge passeth all beastes and
+creatures, whiche the historie of Plinie dooe shewe, and Ari-
+stotle in his booke of the historie of beastes, therein you shall
+knowe their excellente nature. The housholde wanteth not
+faithfull and trustie watche nor resistaunce, in the cause of the
+[Sidenote: Plinie.]
+maister, the Bandogge not wantyng. Plinie sheweth out of
+his historie, how Bandogges haue saued their Maister, by
+their resistaunce. The Dogge of all beastes sheweth moste
+loue, and neuer leaueth his maister: the worthines of the ba[n]-
+dogge is soche, that by the lawe in a certaine case, he is coun-
+ted accessarie of Felonie, who stealeth a Bandogge from his
+maister, a robberie immediatly folowing in thesame family.
+
+[Sidenote: The worthi-
+nes of Shepe[.]]
+As concernyng the Shepe, for their profite and wealthe,
+that riseth of theim, are for worthines, waiyng their smalle
+quantitie of bodie, aboue all beastes. Their fleshe nourisheth
+purely, beyng swete and pleasaunt: their skinne also serueth
+[Sidenote: The wolle of
+Shepe, riche
+and commo-
+dious.]
+to diuers vses, their Wolles in so large and ample maner,
+commmodious, seruyng all partes of common wealthes. No
+state or degrée of persone is, but that thei maie goe cladde and
+adorned with their wolles. So GOD in his creatures, hath
+[Sidenote: Man a chief
+creature.]
+created and made man, beyng a chief creatour, and moste ex-
+cellent of all other, all thinges to serue him: and therefore the
+[Sidenote: Stoike Phi-
+losophers.]
+Stoicke Philosophers doe herein shewe thexcellencie of man
+to be greate, when all thinges vpon the yearth, and from the
+[Fol. vj.v]
+yearth, doe serue the vse of man, yet emong men there is a di-
+uersitee of states, and a difference of persones, in office and co[n]-
+[Sidenote: The office of
+the shepeher-
+des, are pro-
+fitable and
+necessarie.]
+dicion of life. As concernyng the Shepherde, he is in his state
+and condicion of life, thoughe meane, he is a righte profi-
+table and necessarie member, to serue all states in the commo[n]
+wealthe, not onely to his maister whom he serueth: for by his
+diligence, and warie keping of the[m], not onely from rauenyng
+beastes, but otherwise he is a right profitable member, to all
+[Sidenote: Wealth, pro-
+fit, and riches
+riseth of the
+Wolles of
+Shepe.]
+partes of the common wealth. For, dailie wée féele the co[m]mo-
+ditie, wealth and riches, that riseth of theim, but the losse wée
+féele not, except flockes perishe. In the body of man God hath
+created & made diuerse partes, to make vp a whole and abso-
+lute man, whiche partes in office, qualitée and worthinesse,
+are moche differing. The bodie of man it self, for the excellent
+workemanship of God therein, & meruailous giftes of nature
+[Sidenote: Man called
+of the Philo-
+sophers, a lit-
+tle worlde.]
+and vertues, lodged and bestowed in thesame bodie, is called
+of the Philosophers _Microcosmos_, a little worlde. The body
+of man in all partes at co[n]cord, euery part executing his func-
+cion & office, florisheth, and in strength prospereth, otherwise
+[Sidenote: The bodie of
+man without
+concord of the
+partes, peri-
+sheth.]
+thesame bodie in partes disseuered, is feeble and weake, and
+thereby falleth to ruin, and perisheth. The singuler Fable of
+Esope, of the belie and handes, manifestlie sheweth thesame
+[Sidenote: The common
+wealthe like
+to the bodie
+of manne.]
+and herein a florishing kingdom or common wealth, is com-
+pared to the body, euery part vsing his pure vertue, stre[n]gth &
+[Sidenote: Menenius.]
+operacion. Menenius Agrippa, at what time as the Romai-
+were at diuision against the Senate, he vsed the Fable of E-
+sope, wherewith thei were perswaded to a concorde, and vni-
+[Sidenote: The baseste
+parte of the
+bodie moste
+necessarie.]
+tée. The vilest parte of the bodie, and baseste is so necessarie,
+that the whole bodie faileth and perisheth, thesame wantyng
+although nature remoueth them from our sight, and shame
+fastnes also hideth theim: take awaie the moste vilest parte of
+the bodie, either in substaunce, in operacion or function, and
+forthwith the principall faileth. So likewise in a kyngdome,
+or common wealth, the moste meane and basest state of man
+taken awaie, the more principall thereby ceaseth: So God to
+[Fol. vij.r]
+[Sidenote: The amiable
+parte of the
+body doe con-
+siste, by the
+baseste and
+moste defor-
+meste.]
+a mutuall concorde, frendship, and perpetuall societie of life,
+hath framed his creatures, that the moste principall faileth,
+it not vnited with partes more base and inferiour, so moche
+the might and force of thynges excellente, doe consiste by the
+moste inferiour, other partes of the bodie more amiable and
+pleasaunt to sight, doe remain by the force, vse and integritée
+of the simpliest. The Prince and chief peres doe decaie, and al
+the whole multitude dooe perishe: the baseste kinde of menne
+[Sidenote: The Shepe-
+herdes state
+necessarie.]
+wantyng. Remoue the Shepeherdes state, what good follo-
+weth, yea, what lacke and famine increaseth not: to all states
+[Sidenote: The state of
+the husbande
+manne, moste
+necessarie.]
+the belie ill fedde, our backes worse clad. The toilyng house-
+bandman is so necessarie, that his office ceasyng vniuersallie
+the whole bodie perisheth, where eche laboureth to further
+and aide one an other, this a common wealth, there is pro-
+sperous state of life. The wisest Prince, the richest, the migh-
+tiest and moste valianntes, had nede alwaies of the foolishe,
+the weake, the base and simplest, to vpholde his kingdomes,
+not onely in the affaires of his kyngdomes, but in his dome-
+sticall thinges, for prouisio[n] of victuall, as bread, drinke, meat[,]
+clothyng, and in all soche other thynges. Therefore, no office
+or state of life, be it neuer so méete, seruyng in any part of the
+[Sidenote: No meane
+state, to be
+contempned.]
+common wealthe, muste bée contemned, mocked, or skorned
+at, for thei are so necessarie, that the whole frame of the com-
+mon wealth faileth without theim: some are for their wicked
+behauiour so detestable, that a common wealthe muste séeke
+[Sidenote: Rotten mem[-]
+bers of the co[m][-]
+mon wealth.]
+meanes to deface and extirpate theim as wéedes, and rotten
+members of the bodie. These are thefes, murtherers, and ad-
+ulterers, and many other mischiuous persones. These godly
+Lawes, vpright and sincere Magistrates, will extirpate and
+cutte of, soche the commo wealth lacketh not, but rather ab-
+horreth as an infectiue plague and Pestilence, who in thende
+through their owne wickednesse, are brought to mischief.
+
+[Sidenote: Plato.]
+Read Plato in his booke, intiteled of the common wealth
+who sheweth the state of the Prince, and whole Realme, to
+stande and consiste by the vnitee of partes, all states of the co[m]-
+[Fol. vij.v]
+[Sidenote: A common
+wealth doe
+consiste by
+vnitie of all
+states.]
+mon wealth, in office diuers, for dignitée and worthines, bea-
+ring not equalitée in one consociatée and knit, doe raise a per-
+fite frame, and bodie of kingdome or common wealthe.
+
+[Sidenote: Aristotle.
+What is a co[m]-
+mon wealth.]
+Aristotle the Philosopher doeth saie, that a co[m]mon welth
+is a multitude gathered together in one Citée, or Region, in
+state and condicion of life differing, poore and riche, high and
+low, wise and foolishe, in inequalitee of minde and bodies dif-
+feryng, for els it can not bée a common wealthe. There must
+be nobles and peres, kyng and subiect: a multitude inferiour
+and more populous, in office, maners, worthines alteryng.
+[Sidenote: A liuely exa[m]-
+ple of commo[n]
+wealthe.]
+Manne needeth no better example, or paterne of a common
+wealthe, to frame hymself, to serue in his state and callyng,
+then to ponder his owne bodie. There is but one hedde, and
+many partes, handes, feete, fingers, toes, ioyntes, veines, si-
+newes, belie, and so forthe: and so likewise in a co[m]mon welth
+there muste be a diuersitee of states.
+
+
+¶ The reasonyng of the thynges
+conteined in this Fable.
+
+THus might the Wolues reason with them sel-
+ues, of their Embassage: The Wolues dailie
+molested and wearied, with the fearce ragyng
+Masties, and ouercome in fight, of their power
+and might: one emong the reste, more politike
+and wise then the other, called an assemble and counsaill of
+[Sidenote: The counsail
+of Wolues.]
+Wolues, and thus he beganne his oracion. My felowes and
+compaignions, sithe nature hath from the beginnyng, made
+vs vnsaciable, cruell, liuyng alwaies by praies murthered,
+and bloodie spoiles, yet enemies wée haue, that séeke to kepe
+vnder, and tame our Woluishe natures, by greate mightie
+Bandogges, and Shepeherdes Curres. But nature at the
+firste, did so depely frame and set this his peruerse, cruell, and
+bloodie moulde in vs, that will thei, nill thei, our nature wil
+bruste out, and run to his owne course. I muse moche, wai-
+yng the line of our firste progenitour, from whence we came
+[Fol. viij.r]
+firste: for of a man wee came, yet men as a pestiferous poison
+doe exile vs, and abandon vs, and by Dogges and other sub-
+[Sidenote: Lycaon.]
+till meanes doe dailie destroie vs. Lycaon, as the Poetes doe
+faine, excedyng in all crueltées and murthers horrible, by the
+murther of straungers, that had accesse to his land: for he was
+king and gouernor ouer the Molossians, and in this we maie
+worthilie glorie of our firste blood and long auncientrée, that
+[Sidenote: The firste
+progenie of
+Wolues.]
+he was not onelie a man, but a kyng, a chief pere and gouer-
+nour: by his chaunge and transubstanciacion of bodie, wée
+loste by him the honour and dignitee due to him, but his ver-
+tues wée kepe, and daily practise to followe them. The fame
+[Sidenote: The inuen-
+cion of the
+Poet Ouide
+to compare a
+wicked man,
+to a Wolue.]
+of Lycaons horrible life, ascended before Iupiter, Iupiter the
+mightie God, moued with so horrible a facte, left his heauen-
+lie palace, came doune like an other mortall man, and passed
+doune by the high mountaine Minalus, by twilighte, and
+so to Licaons house, our firste auncestoure, to proue, if this
+[Sidenote: Lycaon.]
+thing was true. Lycaon receiued this straunger, as it semed
+doubtyng whether he were a God, or a manne, forthwith he
+feasted him with mannes fleshe baked, Iupiter as he can doe
+[Sidenote: Lycaon chau[n]-
+ged into a
+Wolue.]
+what he will, brought a ruine on his house, and transubstan-
+ciated hym, into this our shape & figure, wherein we are, and
+so sens that time, Wolues were firste generated, and that of
+manne, by the chaunge of Lycaon, although our shape is
+chaunged from the figure of other men, and men knoweth
+[Sidenote: Wolue.
+Manne.]
+vs not well, yet thesame maners that made Wolues, remai-
+neth vntill this daie, and perpetuallie in men: for thei robbe,
+thei steale, and liue by iniurious catching, we also robbe, al-
+so wée steale, and catche to our praie, what wee maie with
+murther come to. Thei murther, and wee also murther, and
+so in all poinctes like vnto wicked menne, doe we imitate the
+like fashion of life, and rather thei in shape of men, are Wol-
+ues, and wee in the shape of Wolues menne: Of all these
+thynges hauyng consideracion, I haue inuented a pollicie,
+whereby we maie woorke a slauter, and perpetuall ruine on
+the Shepe, by the murther of the Bandogges. And so wée
+[Fol. viij.v]
+shall haue free accesse to our bloodie praie, thus we will doe,
+wee will sende a Embassage to the Shepeherdes for peace,
+[Sidenote: The counsail
+of Wolues.]
+saiyng, that wee minde to ceasse of all bloodie spoile, so that
+thei will giue ouer to vs, the custodie of the Bandogges, for
+otherwise the Embassage sent, is in vaine: for their Dogges
+being in our handes, and murthered one by one, the daunger
+and enemie taken awaie, we maie the better obtain and en-
+ioye our bloodie life. This counsaill pleased well the assem-
+ble of the Wolues, and the pollicie moche liked theim, and
+with one voice thei houled thus, thus. Immediatlie co[m]muni-
+cacion was had with the Shepeherdes of peace, and of the gi-
+uyng ouer of their Bandogges, this offer pleased theim, thei
+co[n]cluded the peace, and gaue ouer their Bandogges, as pled-
+ges of thesame. The dogges one by one murthered, thei dis-
+solued the peace, and wearied the Shepe, then the Shepeher-
+des repented them of their rashe graunt, and foly committed:
+[Sidenote: The counsail
+of wicked me[n]
+to mischief.]
+So of like sorte it alwaies chaunceth, tyrauntes and bloodie
+menne, dooe seke alwaies a meane, and practise pollicies to
+destroye all soche as are godlie affected, and by wisedome and
+godlie life, doe seke to subuerte and destroie, the mischeuous
+[Sidenote: The cogita-
+cions of wic-
+ked men, and
+their kyngdo[m]
+bloodie.]
+enterprise of the wicked. For, by crueltie their Woluishe na-
+tures are knowen, their glorie, strength, kyngdome and re-
+nowne, cometh of blood, of murthers, and beastlie dealynges
+and by might so violent, it continueth not: for by violence and
+blooddie dealyng, their kyngdome at the last falleth by blood
+and bloodilie perisheth. The noble, wise, graue, and goodlie
+counsailes, are with all fidelitée, humblenes and sincere har-
+[Sidenote: The state of
+counsailours
+worthie chief
+honour and
+veneracion.]
+tes to be obeied, in worthines of their state and wisedome, to
+be embraced in chief honour and veneracion to bee taken, by
+whose industrie, knowledge and experience, the whole bodie
+of the common wealth and kyngdome, is supported and sa-
+ued. The state of euery one vniuersallie would come to par-
+dicion, if the inuasion of foraine Princes, by the wisedom and
+pollicie of counsailers, were not repelled. The horrible actes
+of wicked men would burste out, and a confusion ensue in al
+[Fol. ix.r]
+states, if the wisedom of politike gouernors, if good lawes if
+the power and sword of the magistrate, could uot take place.
+The peres and nobles, with the chief gouernour, standeth as
+[Sidenote: Plato.]
+Shepherds ouer the people: for so Plato alledgeth that name
+well and properlie giuen, to Princes and Gouernours, the
+[Sidenote: Homere.]
+which Homere the Poete attributeth, to Agamemnon king
+of Grece: to Menelaus, Ulisses, Nestor, Achillas, Diomedes,
+[Sidenote: The Shepe-
+herdes name
+giue[n] to the of-
+fice of kyngs.]
+Aiax, and al other. For, bothe the name and care of that state
+of office, can be titeled by no better name in all pointes, for di-
+ligent kepyng, for aide, succoryng, and with all equitie tem-
+peryng the multitude: thei are as Shepeherdes els the selie
+poore multitude, would by an oppression of pestiferous men.
+The commonaltee or base multitude, liueth more quietlie
+[Sidenote: The state or
+good counsai-
+lers, trou-
+blous.]
+then the state of soche as daily seke, to vpholde and maintaine
+the common wealthe, by counsaill and politike deliberacion,
+how troublous hath their state alwaies been: how vnquiete
+from time to time, whose heddes in verie deede, doeth seke for
+a publike wealth. Therefore, though their honor bée greater,
+and state aboue the reste, yet what care, what pensiuenesse of
+minde are thei driuen vnto, on whose heddes aucthoritée and
+regiment, the sauegard of innumerable people doeth depend.
+[Sidenote: A comparison
+from a lesse,
+to a greater.]
+If in our domesticall businesse, of matters pertainyng to our
+housholde, euery man by nature, for hym and his, is pensiue,
+moche more in so vaste, and infinite a bodie of co[m]mon wealth,
+greater must the care be, and more daungerous deliberacion.
+We desire peace, we reioyce of a tranquilitée, and quietnesse
+to ensue, we wishe, to consist in a hauen of securitée: our hou-
+ses not to be spoiled, our wiues and children, not to bee mur-
+[Sidenote: The worthie
+state of Prin-
+ces and coun-
+sailours.]
+thered. This the Prince and counsailours, by wisedome fore-
+sée, to kéepe of, all these calamitées, daungers, miseries, the
+whole multitude, and bodie of the Common wealthe, is
+without them maimed, weake and feable, a readie confusion
+to the enemie. Therefore, the state of peeres and nobles, is
+with all humilitée to be obaied, serued and honored, not with-
+out greate cause, the Athenians were drawen backe, by the
+[Fol. ix.v]
+wisedome of Demosthenes, when thei sawe the[m] selues a slau-
+ter and praie, to the enemie.
+
+
+¶ A comparson of thynges.
+
+WHat can bée more rashly and foolishly doen, then the
+Shepeherdes, to giue ouer their Dogges, by whose
+might and strength, the Shepe were saued: on the o-
+ther side, what can be more subtlie doen and craftely, then the
+Wolues, vnder a colour of frendship and amitee, to séeke the
+[Sidenote: The amitie
+of wicked
+menne.]
+blood of the shepe, as all pestiferous men, vnder a fained pro-
+fer of amitée, profered to seeke their owne profite, commoditee
+and wealthe, though it be with ruine, calamitie, miserie, de-
+struccion of one, or many, toune, or citée, region and countree,
+whiche sort of men, are moste detestable and execrable.
+
+
+¶ The contrarie.
+
+AS to moche simplicitie & lacke of discrecion, is a fur-
+theraunce to perill and daunger: so ofte[n]times, he ta-
+[Sidenote: To beleue
+lightly, afur-
+theraunce to
+perill.]
+steth of smarte and woe, who lightly beleueth: so con-
+trariwise, disimulacio[n] in mischeuous practises begon w[ith] fre[n]d-
+ly wordes, in the conclusion doeth frame & ende pernisiouslie.
+
+
+¶ The _Epilogus_.
+
+THerefore fained offers of frendship, are to bee taken
+heede of, and the acte of euery man to bee examined,
+proued, and tried, for true frendship is a rare thyng,
+when as Tullie doth saie: in many ages there are fewe cou-
+ples of friendes to be found, Aristotle also co[n]cludeth thesame.
+
+
+¶ The Fable of the Ante, and Greshopper.
+
+¶ The praise of the aucthour.
+
+[Sidenote: The praise of
+Esope.]
+ESope who wrote these Fables, hath chief fame of all
+learned aucthours, for his Philosophie, and giuyng
+wisedome in preceptes: his Fables dooe shewe vnto
+all states moste wholsome doctrine of vertuous life. He who-
+ly extolleth vertue, and depresseth vice: he correcteth all states
+and setteth out preceptes to amende them. Although he was
+deformed and ill shaped, yet Nature wrought in hym soche
+[Fol. x.r]
+vertue, that he was in minde moste beautifull: and seing that
+the giftes of the body, are not equall in dignitie, with the ver-
+tue of the mynde, then in that Esope chiefly excelled, ha-
+uyng the moste excellente vertue of the minde. The wisedom
+[Sidenote: Cresus.]
+and witte of Esope semed singuler: for at what tyme as Cre-
+sus, the kyng of the Lidians, made warre against the Sami-
+ans, he with his wisedome and pollicie, so pacified the minde
+of Cresus, that all warre ceased, and the daunger of the coun-
+[Sidenote: Samians.]
+tree was taken awaie, the Samia[n]s deliuered of this destruc-
+cion and warre, receiued Esope at his retourne with many
+honours. After that Esope departyng from the Isle Samus,
+wandered to straunge regions, at the laste his wisedome be-
+[Sidenote: Licerus.]
+yng knowen: Licerus the kyng of that countrée, had hym in
+soche reuerence and honor, that he caused an Image of gold
+to be set vp in the honour of Esope. After that, he wanderyng
+[Sidenote: Delphos.]
+ouer Grece, to the citée of Delphos, of whom he beyng mur-
+thered, a greate plague and Pestilence fell vpon the citee, that
+reuenged his death: As in all his Fables, he is moche to bee
+commended, so in this Fable he is moche to be praised, which
+he wrote of the Ante and the Greshopper.
+
+
+¶ The Fable.
+
+IN a hotte Sommer, the Grashoppers gaue them sel-
+ues to pleasaunt melodie, whose Musicke and melo-
+die, was harde from the pleasaunt Busshes: but the
+Ante in all this pleasaunt tyme, laboured with pain and tra-
+uaile, she scraped her liuyng, and with fore witte and wise-
+[Sidenote: Winter.]
+dome, preuented the barande and scarce tyme of Winter: for
+when Winter time aprocheth, the ground ceasseth fro[m] fruict,
+[Sidenote: The Ante.]
+then the Ante by his labour, doeth take the fruicte & enioyeth
+it: but hunger and miserie fell vpon the Greshoppers, who in
+the pleasaunt tyme of Sommer, when fruictes were aboun-
+dauute, ceassed by labour to put of necessitée, with the whiche
+the long colde and stormie tyme, killed them vp, wantyng al
+sustinaunce.
+
+
+[Fol. x.v]
+
+¶ The Morall.
+
+HEre in example, all menne maie take to frame their
+owne life, and also to bryng vp in godlie educacion
+their children: that while age is tender and young,
+thei maie learne by example of the Ante, to prouide in their
+grene and lustie youth, some meane of art and science, wher-
+by thei maie staie their age and necessitée of life, al soche as do
+flie labour, and paine in youth, and seeke no waie of Arte and
+science, in age thei shall fall in extreme miserie and pouertée.
+
+
+¶ The nature of the thyng.
+
+NOt without a cause, the Philosophers searchyng the
+nature and qualitee of euery beaste, dooe moche com-
+[Sidenote: The Ante.]
+mende the Ante, for prouidence and diligence, in that
+not oneie by nature thei excell in forewisedome to the[m] selues,
+[Sidenote: Manne.]
+but also thei be a example, and mirrour to all menne, in that
+thei iustlie followe the instincte of Nature: and moche more,
+where as men indued with reason, and all singulare vertues
+and excellent qualitées of the minde and body. Yet thei doe so
+moche leaue reason, vertue, & integritée of minde, as that thei
+had been framed without reason, indued with no vertue, nor
+adorned with any excellent qualitée. All creatures as nature
+hath wrought in them, doe applie them selues to followe na-
+ture their guide: the Ante is alwaies diligent in his busines,
+and prouident, and also fore séeth in Sommer, the sharpe sea-
+son of Winter: thei keepe order, and haue a kyng and a com-
+mon wealthe as it were, as nature hath taught them. And so
+haue all other creatures, as nature hath wrought in the[m] their
+giftes, man onelie leaueth reason, and neclecteth the chief or-
+namentes of the minde: and beyng as a God aboue all crea-
+tures, dooeth leese the excellent giftes. A beaste will not take
+excesse in feedyng, but man often tymes is without reason,
+and hauyng a pure mynde and soule giuen of God, and a face
+to beholde the heauens, yet he doeth abase hymself to yearth-
+[Sidenote: Greshopper.]
+lie thynges, as concernyng the Greshopper: as the Philoso-
+phers doe saie, is made altogether of dewe, and sone perisheth[.]
+[Fol. xj.r]
+The Greshopper maie well resemble, slothfull and sluggishe
+persones, who seke onely after a present pleasure, hauyng no
+fore witte and wisedom, to foresée tymes and ceasons: for it is
+[Sidenote: A poincte of
+wisedome.]
+the poinct of wisedo[m], to iudge thinges present, by thinges past
+and to take a co[n]iecture of thinges to come, by thinges present.
+
+
+¶ The reasonyng of the twoo thynges.
+
+THus might the Ante reason with her self, althoughe
+the seasons of the yere doe seme now very hotte, plea-
+[Sidenote: A wise cogi-
+tacion.]
+saunt and fruictfull: yet so I do not trust time, as that
+like pleasure should alwaies remaine, or that fruictes should
+alwaies of like sorte abounde. Nature moueth me to worke,
+and wisedome herein sheweth me to prouide: for what hur-
+teth plentie, or aboundaunce of store, though greate plentie
+commeth thereon, for better it is to bee oppressed with plen-
+tie, and aboundaunce, then to bee vexed with lacke. For, to
+whom wealthe and plentie riseth, at their handes many bee
+releued, and helped, all soche as bee oppressed with necessi-
+tie and miserie, beyng caste from all helpe, reason and proui-
+dence maimed in theim: All arte and Science, and meane of
+life cutte of, to enlarge and maintain better state of life, their
+[Sidenote: Pouertie.]
+miserie, necessitie, and pouertie, shall continuallie encrease,
+who hopeth at other mennes handes, to craue relief, is decei-
+ued. Pouertie is so odious a thing, in al places & states reiected
+for where lacke is, there fanour, frendship, and acquaintance
+[Sidenote: Wisedome.]
+decreaseth, as in all states it is wisedome: so with my self I
+waie discritlie, to take tyme while tyme is, for this tyme as a
+[Sidenote: Housebande
+menne.]
+floure will sone fade awaie. The housebande manne, hath he
+not times diuers, to encrease his wealth, and to fill his barne,
+at one tyme and ceason: the housebande man doeth not bothe
+plante, plowe, and gather the fruicte of his labour, but in one
+tyme and season he ploweth, an other tyme serueth to sowe,
+and the laste to gather the fruictes of his labour. So then, I
+must forsee time and seasons, wherin I maie be able to beare
+of necessitie: for foolishly he hopeth, who of no wealth and no
+abundaunt store, trusteth to maintain his own state. For, no-
+[Fol. xj.v]
+[Sidenote: Frendship.]
+thyng soner faileth, then frendship, and the soner it faileth, as
+[Sidenote: Homere.]
+fortune is impouerished. Seyng that, as Homere doeth saie,
+a slothfull man, giuen to no arte or science, to helpe hymself,
+or an other, is an vnprofitable burdein to the yearth, and God
+dooeth sore plague, punishe, and ouerthrowe Citees, kyng-
+domes, and common wealthes, grounded in soche vices: that
+the wisedome of man maie well iudge, hym to be vnworthie
+of all helpe, and sustinaunce. He is worse then a beast, that is
+not able to liue to hymself & other: no man is of witte so vn-
+[Sidenote: Nature.]
+descrite, or of nature so dulle, but that in hym, nature alwa-
+yes coueteth some enterprise, or worke to frame relife, or help
+[Sidenote: The cause of
+our bearth.]
+to hymself, for all wée are not borne, onelie to our selues, but
+many waies to be profitable, as to our owne countrie, and all
+partes thereof. Especiallie to soche as by sickenes, or infirmi-
+tie of bodie are oppressed, that arte and Science can not take
+place to help the[m]. Soche as do folowe the life of the Greshop-
+per, are worthie of their miserie, who haue no witte to foresée
+seasons and tymes, but doe suffer tyme vndescretly to passe,
+[Sidenote: Ianus.]
+whiche fadeth as a floure, thold Romaines do picture Ianus
+with two faces, a face behind, & an other before, which resem-
+ble a wiseman, who alwaies ought to knowe thinges paste,
+thynges presente, and also to be experte, by the experience of
+many ages and tymes, and knowledge of thynges to come.
+
+
+¶ The comparison betwene
+the twoo thynges.
+
+WHat can be more descritlie doen, then the Ante to be
+so prouident and politike: as that all daunger of life,
+& necessitie is excluded, the stormie times of Winter
+ceaseth of might, & honger battereth not his walles, hauyng
+[Sidenote: Prouidence.]
+soche plentie of foode, for vnlooked bitter stormes and seasons,
+happeneth in life, whiche when thei happen, neither wisedo[m]
+nor pollicie, is not able to kepe backe. Wisedome therefore,
+it is so to stande, that these thynges hurte not, the miserable
+ende of the Greshopper sheweth vnto vs, whiche maie be an
+example to all menne, of what degree, so euer thei bee, to flie
+[Fol. xij.r]
+slothe and idelnesse, to be wise and discrite.
+
+
+¶ Of contraries.
+
+[Sidenote: Diligence.]
+AS diligence, prouidence, and discrete life is a singu-
+lare gift, whiche increaseth all vertues, a pillar, staie
+and a foundacion of all artes and science, of common
+wealthes, and kyngdomes. So contrarily sloth and sluggish-
+nesse, in all states and causes, defaseth, destroyeth, and pul-
+leth doune all vertue, all science and godlines. For, by it, the
+mightie kyngdome of the Lidia[n]s, was destroied, as it semeth
+[Sidenote: Idelnes.]
+no small vice, when the Lawes of Draco, dooe punishe with
+death idelnesse.
+
+
+¶ The ende.
+
+[Sidenote: The Ante.]
+THerefore, the diligence of the Ante in this Fable,
+not onelie is moche to be commended, but also her
+example is to bee followed in life. Therefore, the
+wiseman doeth admonishe vs, to go vnto the Ant
+and learne prouidence: and also by the Greshopper, lette vs
+learne to auoide idelnes, leste the like miserie and calamitie
+fall vpon vs.
+
+
+¶ Narratio.
+
+THis place followyng, is placed of Tullie, after the
+exordium or beginnyng of Oracion, as the seconde
+parte: whiche parte of _Rhetorike_, is as it were the
+light of all the Oracion folowing: conteining the cause, mat-
+ter, persone, tyme, with all breuitie, bothe of wordes, and in-
+uencion of matter.
+
+
+¶ A Narracion.
+
+A Narracion is an exposicion, or declaracion of any
+thyng dooen in deede, or els a settyng forthe, for-
+ged of any thyng, but so declaimed and declared,
+as though it were doen.
+
+A narracion is of three sortes, either it is a narracion hi-
+storicall, of any thyng contained, in any aunciente storie, or
+true Chronicle.
+
+[Fol. xij.v]
+
+Or Poeticall, whiche is a exposicion fained, set forthe by
+inuencion of Poetes, or other.
+
+Or ciuill, otherwise called Iudiciall, whiche is a matter
+of controuersie in iudgement, to be dooen, or not dooen well
+or euill.
+
+In euery Narracion, ye must obserue sixe notes.
+
+1. Firste, the persone, or doer of the thing, whereof you intreate.
+2. The facte doen.
+3. The place wherein it was doen.
+4. The tyme in the whiche it was doen.
+5. The maner must be shewed, how it was doen.
+6. The cause wherevpon it was doen.
+
+There be in this Narracion, iiij. other properties belo[n]ging[.]
+
+1. First, it must be plain and euident to the hearer, not obscure,
+2. short and in as fewe wordes as it maie be, for soche amatter.
+3. Probable, as not vnlike to be true.
+4. In wordes fine and elegante.
+
+
+¶ A narracion historicall, vpon Semiramis Queene of Babilon
+how and after what sort she obtained the gouernment thereof.
+
+[Sidenote: Tyme.
+Persone.]
+AFter the death of Ninus, somtime kyng of Ba-
+bilon, his soonne Ninus also by name, was left
+to succede hym, in all the Assirian Monarchie,
+Semiramis wife to Ninus the firste, feared the
+tender age of her sonne, wherupon she thought
+[Sidenote: The cause.
+The facte.]
+that those mightie nacions and kyngdomes, would not obaie
+so young and weake a Prince. Wherfore, she kept her sonne
+from the gouernmente: and moste of all she feared, that thei
+[Sidenote: The waie
+how.]
+would not obaie a woman, forthwith she fained her self, to be
+the soonne of Ninus, and bicause she would not be knowen
+to bee a woman, this Quene inuented a newe kinde of tire,
+the whiche all the Babilonians that were men, vsed by her
+commaundement. By this straunge disguised tire and appa-
+rell, she not knowen to bee a woman, ruled as a man, for the
+[Sidenote: The facte.
+The place.]
+space of twoo and fourtie yeres: she did marueilous actes, for
+she enlarged the mightie kyngdome of Babilon, and builded
+[Fol. xiij.r]
+thesame citée. Many other regions subdued, and valiauntlie
+ouerthrowen, she entered India, to the whiche neuer Prince
+came, sauing Alexander the greate: she passed not onely men
+in vertue, counsaill, and valiaunt stomacke, but also the fa-
+mous counsailours of Assiria, might not contende with her
+in Maiestie, pollicie, and roialnes. For, at what tyme as thei
+knewe her a woman, thei enuied not her state, but maruei-
+led at her wisedome, pollicie, and moderacion of life, at the
+laste she desiryng the vnnaturall lust, and loue of her soonne
+Ninus, was murthered of hym.
+
+
+¶ A narracion historicall vpon kyng Ri-
+chard the third, the cruell tiraunt[.]
+
+[Sidenote: The persone[.]]
+RIchard duke of Glocester, after the death of Ed-
+ward the fowerth his brother king of England,
+vsurped the croune, moste traiterouslie and wic-
+kedlie: this kyng Richard was small of stature,
+deformed, and ill shaped, his shoulders beared
+not equalitee, a pulyng face, yet of countenaunce and looke
+cruell, malicious, deceiptfull, bityng and chawing his nether
+lippe: of minde vnquiet, pregnaunt of witte, quicke and liue-
+ly, a worde and a blowe, wilie, deceiptfull, proude, arrogant
+[Sidenote: The tyme.
+The place.]
+in life and cogitacion bloodie. The fowerth daie of Iulie, he
+entered the tower of London, with Anne his wife, doughter
+to Richard Erle of Warwick: and there in created Edward
+his onely soonne, a child of ten yeres of age, Prince of Wa-
+les. At thesame tyme, in thesame place, he created many no-
+ble peres, to high prefermente of honour and estate, and im-
+mediatly with feare and faint harte, bothe in himself, and his
+[Sidenote: The horrible
+murther of
+king Richard[.]]
+nobles and commons, was created king, alwaies a vnfortu-
+nate and vnluckie creacion, the harts of the nobles and com-
+mons thereto lackyng or faintyng, and no maruaile, he was
+a cruell murtherer, a wretched caitiffe, a moste tragicall ty-
+raunt, and blood succour, bothe of his nephewes, and brother
+George Duke of Clarence, whom he caused to bee drouned
+in a Butte of Malmsie, the staires sodainlie remoued, wher-
+[Fol. xiij.v]
+[Sidenote: The facte.]
+on he stepped, the death of the lorde Riuers, with many other
+nobles, compassed and wrought at the young Princes com-
+myng out of Wales, the .xix. daie of Iuly, in the yere of our
+lorde .1483. openly he toke vpon him to be king, who sekyng
+hastely to clime, fell according to his desart, sodainly and in-
+gloriously, whose Embassage for peace, Lewes the Frenche
+king, for his mischeuous & bloodie slaughter, so moche abhor-
+red, that he would neither sée the Embassador, nor heare the
+Embassage: for he murthered his .ij. nephues, by the handes
+[Sidenote: The tyme.
+The maner
+how.]
+of one Iames Tirrell, & .ij. vilaines more associate with him
+the Lieutenaunt refusyng so horrible a fact. This was doen
+he takyng his waie & progresse to Glocester, whereof he was
+before tymes Duke: the murther perpetrated, he doubed the
+good squire knight. Yet to kepe close this horrible murther,
+he caused a fame and rumour to be spread abrode, in all par-
+tes of the realme, that these twoo childre[n] died sodainly, there-
+[Sidenote: The cause.]
+by thinkyng the hartes of all people, to bee quietlie setteled,
+no heire male lefte a liue of kyng Edwardes children. His
+mischief was soche, that God shortened his vsurped raigne:
+he was al together in feare and dread, for he being feared and
+dreaded of other, did also feare & dread, neuer quiete of minde
+faint harted, his bloodie conscience by outward signes, conde[m]-
+pned hym: his iyes in euery place whirlyng and caste about,
+[Sidenote: The state of
+a wicked ma[n].]
+his hand moche on his Dagger, the infernall furies tormen-
+ted him by night, visions and horrible dreames, drawed him
+from his bedde, his vnquiet life shewed the state of his consci-
+ence, his close murther was vttered, fro[m] the hartes of the sub-
+iectes: thei called hym openlie, with horrible titles and na-
+mes, a horrible murtherer, and excecrable tiraunt. The peo-
+[Sidenote: A dolefull
+state of a
+quene.]
+ple sorowed the death of these twoo babes, the Queene, kyng
+Edwardes wife, beeyng in Sanctuarie, was bestraught of
+witte and sences, sounyng and falling doune to the grounde
+as dedde, the Quéene after reuiued, knéeled doune, and cal-
+led on God, to take vengaunce on this murtherer. The con-
+science of the people was so wounded, of the tolleracion of the
+[Fol. xiiij.r]
+[Sidenote: The wicked
+facte of kyng
+Richard, a
+horror and
+dread to the
+commons.]
+facte, that when any blustryng winde, or perilous thonder, or
+dreadfull tempest happened: with one voice thei cried out and
+quaked, least God would take vengauce of them, for it is al-
+waies séen the horrible life of wicked gouernors, bringeth to
+ruin their kyngdom and people, & also wicked people, the like
+daungers to the kyngdome and Prince: well he and his sup-
+porters with the Duke of Buckyngham, died shamefullie.
+[Sidenote: God permit
+meanes, to
+pull doune
+tyrauntes.]
+The knotte of mariage promised, betwene Henrie Erle of
+Richemonde, and Elizabeth doughter to kyng Edward the
+fowerth: caused diuerse nobles to aide and associate this erle,
+fledde out of this lande with all power, to the attainmente of
+the kyngdome by his wife. At Nottyngham newes came to
+kyng Richard, that the Erle of Richmonde, with a small co[m]-
+paignie of nobles and other, was arriued in Wales, forthe-
+with exploratours and spies were sent, who shewed the Erle
+[Sidenote: Lichefelde.
+Leicester.]
+to be encamped, at the toune of Litchfield, forthwith all pre-
+paracion of warre, was set forthe to Leicester on euery side,
+the Nobles and commons shranke from kyng Richarde, his
+[Sidenote: Bosworthe[.]]
+power more and more weakened. By a village called Bos-
+worthe, in a greate plaine, méete for twoo battailes: by Lei-
+cester this field was pitched, wherin king Richard manfully
+fightyng hande to hande, with the Erle of Richmonde, was
+[Sidenote: Kyng Ri-
+chard killed
+in Bosworth
+fielde.]
+slaine, his bodie caried shamefullie, to the toune of Leicester
+naked, without honor, as he deserued, trussed on a horse, be-
+hinde a Purseuaunte of Armes, like a hogge or a Calfe, his
+hedde and his armes hangyng on the one side, and his legges
+on the other side: caried through mire and durte, to the graie
+Friers churche, to all men a spectacle, and oprobrie of tiran-
+nie this was the cruell tirauntes ende.
+
+
+¶ A narracion historicall, of the commyng
+of Iulius Cesar into Britaine.
+
+[Sidenote: The tyme.
+The persone.]
+WHen Iulius Cesar had ended his mightie and huge
+battailes, about the flood Rhene, he marched into the
+regio[n] of Fraunce: at thesame time repairing with a
+freshe multitude, his Legio[n]s, but the chief cause of his warre
+[Fol. xiiij.v]
+in Fraunce was, that of long time, he was moued in minde,
+[Sidenote: The cause.
+The fame
+and glorie of
+Britaine.]
+to see this noble Islande of Britain, whose fame for nobilitée
+was knowen and bruted, not onelie in Rome, but also in the
+vttermoste la[n]des. Iulius Cesar was wroth with the[m], because
+in his warre sturred in Fraunce, the fearce Britaines aided
+the Fenche men, and did mightilie encounter battaill with
+the Romaines: whose prowes and valiaunt fight, slaked the
+proude and loftie stomackes of the Romaines, and droue the[m]
+[Sidenote: The prowes
+of Iulius
+Cesar.]
+to diuerse hasardes of battaill. But Cesar as a noble warrier
+preferryng nobilitee, and worthinesse of fame, before money
+or cowardly quietnes: ceased not to enter on y^e fearce Britai-
+nes, and thereto prepared his Shippes, the Winter tyme fo-
+lowyng, that assone as oportunitee of the yere serued, to passe
+[Sidenote: The maner
+how.
+Cesars com-
+municacion
+with the mar[-]
+chauntes, as
+concernyng
+the lande of
+Britaine.]
+with all power against them. In the meane tyme, Cesar in-
+quired of the Marchauntes, who with marchaundise had ac-
+cesse to the Islande: as concernyng the qua[n]titée and bignes of
+it, the fashion and maner of the people, their lawes, their or-
+der, and kinde of gouernmente. As these thynges were in all
+poinctes, vnknowen to Cesar, so also the Marchau[n]tes knewe
+[Sidenote: The ware &
+politike go-
+uernement of
+y^e Britaines.
+Aliaunce in
+tyme traite-
+rous.]
+no more tha[n] the places bordring on the sea side. For, the Bri-
+taines fearing the traiterous and dissembled hartes of aliau[n]-
+ces, politikelie repelled them: for, no straunger was suffered
+to enter from his Shippe, on the lande, but their marchaun-
+dice were sold at the sea side. All nacions sought to this land,
+the felicitee of it was so greate, whereupon the Grekes kno-
+wyng and tastyng the commoditée of this Islande, called it by
+[Sidenote: Britain som-
+tyme called of
+the Grekes
+Olbion, not
+Albion.]
+a Greke name _Olbion_, whiche signifieth a happie and fortu-
+nate countrie, though of some called _Albion_, tyme chaunged
+the firste letter, as at this daie, London is called for the toune
+of kyng Lud. Cesar thereupon before he would marche with
+[Sidenote: Caius Uo-
+lusenus, Em[-]
+bassadour to
+Britaine.]
+his armie, to the people of Britain, he sent Caius Uolusenus
+a noble man of Rome, a valiaunte and hardie Capitaine, as
+Embassadour to the Britaines, who as he thoughte by his
+Embassage, should knowe the fashion of the Island, the ma-
+ner of the people, their gouernemente. But as it seemeth, the
+[Fol. xv.r]
+Embassadour was not welcome. For, he durste not enter fro[m]
+his Ship, to dooe his maisters Embassage, Cesar knewe no-
+[Sidenote: Comas A-
+trebas, seco[n]de
+Embassador
+from Cesar.]
+thing by him. Yet Cesar was not so contented, but sent an o-
+ther Embassadour, a man of more power, stomack, and more
+hardie, Comas Atrebas by name, who would enter as an
+Embassadour, to accomplish the will & expectacion of Cesar,
+Comas Atrebas was so welcome, that the Britains cast him
+in prison: Embassages was not common emong theim, nor
+the curteous vsage of Embassadours knowen. Al these thin-
+ges, made Cesar more wrothe, to assaie the vncourtous Bris[-]
+[Sidenote: Cassibelane
+king of Lon-
+don, at the a-
+riue of Cesar[.]
+Cassibelane
+a worthie
+Prince.]
+taines. In those daies Cassibelan was kyng of London, this
+Cassibelan was a prince of high wisedom, of manly stomacke
+and valiaunt in fight: and for power and valiauntnesse, was
+chosen of the Britaines, chief gouernour and kyng. Dissen-
+cion and cruell warre was emong the[m], through the diuersitie
+of diuers kinges in the lande. The Troinouau[n]tes enuied the
+[Sidenote: Imanue[n]cius[.]]
+state of Cassibelan, bicause Immanuencius, who was kyng
+of London, before Cassibelan, was put to death, by the coun-
+sail of Cassibelan. The sonne of Immanuencius, hearing of
+the commyng of Cesar, did flie traiterouslie to Cesar: The
+Troinouauntes fauoured Immanue[n]cius part, & thereupon
+[Sidenote: The Troy-
+nouauntes by
+treason let in
+Cesar.]
+promised, as moste vile traitours to their countrie, an ente-
+ryng to Cesar, seruice and homage, who through a self will,
+and priuate fauour of one, sought the ruine of their countrie,
+and in the ende, their own destruccion. But Cassibelan gaue
+many ouerthrowes to Cesar, and so mightelie encountred
+with hym, so inuincible was the parte of Cassibelane: but by
+treason of the Troinouauntes, not by manhod of Cesars po-
+wer, enteryng was giuen. What house can stande, where-
+[Sidenote: Treason a
+confusion to
+the mightiest
+dominions.]
+in discord broile? What small power, is not able to enter the
+mightiest dominions or regions: to ouercome the strongeste
+fortresse, treason open the gate, treason giuyng passage. Al-
+though Cesar by treason entered, so Cesar writeth. Yet the
+fame of Cesar was more commended, for his enterprise into
+Britain, and victorie: then of all his Conquest, either against
+[Fol. xv.v]
+[Sidenote: A sente[n]ce gra[-]
+uen of Bri-
+taine, in the
+commendaci-
+on of Cesar.]
+Pompey, or with any other nacion. For in a Piller at Rome
+this sentence was engrauen: Of all the dominions, Citees,
+and Regions, subdued by Cesar, his warre atte[m]pted against
+the fearce Britaines, passeth all other. After this sort Cesar
+entred our Islande of Britaine by treason.
+
+
+¶ A narracion iudiciall, out of Theusidides,
+vpon the facte of Themistocles.
+
+THe Athenians brought vnder the thraldome of
+the Lacedemonians, soughte meanes to growe
+mightie, and to pull them from the yoke, vnder
+the Lacedemonians. Lacedemonia was a citee
+enuironed with walles. Athenes at thesame
+tyme without walles: whereby their state was more feeble,
+and power weakened. Themistocles a noble Sage, and a
+worthie pere of Athens: gaue the Athenia[n]s counsaile to wall
+their citée stro[n]gly, and so forthwith to be lordes and rulers by
+them selues, after their owne facion gouerning. In finishing
+this enterprise, in all poinctes, policie, and wittie conuei-
+aunce wanted not. The Lacedemonians harde of the pur-
+pose of the Athenians, & sent Embassadours, to knowe their
+doynges, and so to hinder them. Themistocles gaue counsaill
+to the Athenians, to kepe in safe custodie, the Embassadours
+of Lacedemonia, vntill soche tyme, as he from the Embas-
+sage was retourned fro[m] Lacedemonia. The Lacedemonians
+hearyng of the commyng of Themistocles, thought little of
+the walle buildyng at Athens. Themistocles was long loo-
+ked for of the[m], because Themistocles lingered in his Embas-
+sage, that or the matter were throughly knowen: the walle
+of Athens should be builded. The slowe commyng of The-
+mistocles, was blamed of the Lacedemonians: but Themi-
+stocles excused hymself, partly infirmitie of bodie, lettyng
+his commyng, and the expectacion of other, accompaignied
+with hym in this Embassage. The walle ended, necessitie
+not artificiall workemanship finishing it, with al hast it was
+ended: then Themistocles entered the Senate of Lacedemo-
+[Fol. xvj.r]
+nia, and saied: the walle whom ye sought to let, is builded at
+Athens, ye Lacedemonians, that wee maie be more strong.
+Then the Lacedemonians could saie nothyng to it, though
+thei enuied the Athenians state, the walle was builded, and
+leste thei should shewe violence or crueltie on Themistocles,
+their Embassabours were at Athens in custodie, whereby
+Themistocles came safe from his Embassage, and the Athe-
+nians made strong by their walle: this was politikely dooen
+of Themistocles.
+
+
+¶ A narracion Poeticall vpon a Rose.
+
+WHo so doeth maruaile at the beautée and good-
+ly colour of the redde Rose, he must consider the
+blood, that came out of Uenus the Goddes foot.
+The Goddes Uenus, as foolishe Poetes dooe
+feigne, beyng the aucthour of Loue: loued Ado-
+nis the soonne of Cynara kyng of Cypres. But Mars called
+the God of battaile, loued Uenus, beyng nothyng loued of
+Uenus: but Mars loued Uenus as feruently, as Uenus lo-
+ued Adonis. Mars beyng a God, loued Uenus a goddes, but
+Uenus onely was inflamed with the loue of Adonis, a mor-
+tall man. Their loue was feruent, and exremely set on fire
+in bothe, but their kinde and nature were contrary, wherev-
+pon Mars beyng in gelousie, sought meanes to destroie, faire
+amiable, and beautifull Adonis, thinkyng by his death, the
+loue of Uenus to be slaked: Adonis and Mars fell to fighting
+Uenus as a louer, ranne to helpe Adonis her louer, and by
+chaunce she fell into a Rose bushe, and pricked with it her
+foote, the blood then ran out of her tender foote, did colour the
+Rose redde: wherevpon the Rose beyng white before, is v-
+pon that cause chaunged into redde.
+
+
+[¶] _Chria._
+
+_CHria_, this profitable exercise of _Rhetorike_, is for the
+porfite of it so called: it is a rehersall in fewe wordes,
+of any ones fact, or of the saiyng of any man, vpo[n] the
+[Fol. xvj.v]
+whiche an oracion maie be made. As for example, Isocrates
+did say, that the roote of learnng was bitter, but the fruictes
+pleasaunt: and vpon this one sentence, you maie dilate a am-
+ple and great oracion, obseruyng these notes folowyng. The
+saiyng dooeth containe so greate matter, and minister soche
+plentie of argumente.
+
+Aucthors intreatyng of this exercise, doe note three sortes
+to bee of theim, one of theim a _Chria verball_, that is to saie, a
+profitable exercise, vpon the saiyng of any man, onely con-
+teinyng the wordes of the aucthour, as the sentence before.
+
+The seconde is, conteinyng the facte or deede of the per-
+sone: As Diogines beyng asked of Alexander the Greate, if
+he lacked any thyng, that he was able to giue hym, thinkyng
+his demau[n]de vnder his power, for Diogenes was at thesame
+tyme warmyng hymself in the beames of the Sunne: Dio-
+genes aunswered, ye take awaie that, that ye are not able to
+giue, meanyng that Alexander by his bodie, shadowed hym,
+and tooke awaie that, whiche was not in his power to giue,
+Alexander tourned hymself to his men, and saied, if I were
+not Alexander, I would be Diogenes.
+
+The thirde is a _Chria_ mixt, bothe _verball_ and notyng the
+facte, as Diogenes seyng a boie wanton & dissolute, did strike
+his teacher with a staffe, vtteryng these woordes: why dooest
+thou teache thy scholer so dissolutlie.
+
+You shall learne to make this exercise, obseruyng these
+notes.
+
+Firste, you shall praise the aucthour, who wrote the sen-
+tence, waighing his life, if his life be vnknowen, and not easie
+to finde his sentence or sentences: for godlie preceptes will
+minister matter of praise, as if these saiynges bee recited, thei
+are sufficient of them selues, to praise the aucthour.
+
+Then in the seconde place, expounde the meanyng of the
+aucthour in that saiyng.
+
+Then shewe the cause, why he spake this sentence.
+
+Then compare the matter, by a contrary.
+
+[Fol. xvij.r]
+
+Then frame a similitude of thesame.
+
+Shewe the like example of some, that spake the like, or
+did the like.
+
+Then gather the testimonies of more writers of thesame[.]
+
+Then knit the conclusion.
+
+
+¶ An Oracion.
+
+ISocrates did saie, that the roote of learnyng is was bit-
+ter, but the fruictes were pleasaunt.
+
+
+¶ The praise.
+
+THis Oratour Isocrates, was an Athenian borne,
+[Sidenote: Lusimachus[.]]
+who florished in the time of Lusimachus the chief
+gouernor of Athens: this Isocrates was brought
+vp in all excelle[n]cie of learning, with the moste fa-
+[Sidenote: Prodicus.
+Gorgias Le-
+ontinus.]
+mous and excellent Oratour Prodicus, Gorgias Leontinus
+indued him with all singularitie of learnyng and eloquence.
+The eloque[n]ce of Isocrates was so famous, that Aristotle the
+[Sidenote: Demosthe-
+nes learned
+eloquence of
+Isocrates.]
+chief Pholosopher, enuied his vertue & praise therin: Demo-
+sthenes also, who emong the Grecians chieflie excelled, lear-
+ned his eloquence, of the Oracions whiche Isocrates wrote,
+to many mightie and puisaunt princes and kinges, do shewe
+his wisedome, & copious eloque[n]ce, as to Demonicus the king
+to Nicocles, Euagoras, against Philip the king of the Mace-
+donia[n]s, by his wisedome and counsaill, the Senate and vni-
+uersal state of Athens was ruled, & the commons and multi-
+tude thereby in euery part florished: chieflie what counsaill,
+what wisedome, what learnyng might bee required, in any
+man of high fame and excellencie: that fame was aboundant[-]
+ly in Isocrates, as in all his Oratio[n]s he is to be praised, so in
+this sentence, his fame importeth like commendacion.
+
+
+¶ The exposicion.
+
+IN that he saieth, the roote of learnyng is bitter, and
+the fruictes pleasaunt: he signifieth no excellent qua-
+[Sidenote: All excellen-
+cie with labor
+is attained.]
+litie or gift, vertue, arte or science can bee attained,
+except paine, labour, diligence, doe plant and sette thesame:
+[Fol. xvij.v]
+but when that noble gift, either learnyng, or any excellente
+qualitee, is lodged and reposed in vs, then we gather by pain-
+full labours, greate profite, comforte, delectable pleasures,
+wealth, glorie, riches, whiche be the fruictes of it.
+
+
+¶ The cause.
+
+AND seyng that of our owne nature, all men are en-
+clined from their tender yeres and infancie, to the ex-
+tirpacion of vertue, folowyng with all earnest studie
+and gréedie, the free passage to vice, and specially children,
+whose iudgementes and reason, are not of that strengthe, to
+rule their weake mindes and bodies, therefore, in them chief-
+lie, the roote of learning is bitter, because not onely many ye-
+res thei runne their race, in studie of arte and science. With
+care and paine also, with greuous chastisment and correccio[n],
+thei are compelled by their teachers and Maisters, to appre-
+hende thesame: the parentes no lesse dreaded, in the educacio[n]
+of their children, in chastisement and correction, so that by all
+[Sidenote: The roote of
+learnyng bit-
+ter.]
+meanes, the foundacion and roote of all learnyng, in what
+sort so euer it is, is at the firste vnpleasaunte, sower, and vn-
+sauerie. To folowe the times and seasons, appoincted for the
+same, is moste painfull, and in these painfull yeres: other
+greate pleasures, as the frailtie of youth, and the imbecilitie
+of nature iudgeth, dooeth passe by, but in miserable state is
+[Sidenote: Who is a vn-
+fortunate
+childe.]
+that childe, and vnfortunate, that passeth the flower of his
+youth and tender yeres, instructed with no arte or Science,
+whiche in tyme to come, shalbe the onelie staie, helpe, the pil-
+ler to beare of the sore brent, necessitie, and calamities of life.
+[Sidenote: Good educa-
+cion the foun-
+dacion of the
+Romaine
+Empire.]
+Herein the noble Romaines, laied the sure foundacion of
+their mightie dominion, in the descrite prouidente, and poli-
+tike educacion of children: to whom the Grecians gaue, that
+necessarie bulwarke and faundacion, to set vp all vertue, all
+arte and science. In Grece no man was knowen, to liue in
+that common wealth, but that his arte and science, gaue ma-
+nifest probacion and testimonie, how and after what sorte he
+liued. The Romaines in like sorte, the sworde and aucthori-
+[Fol. xviij.r]
+tie of the Magistrate, executyng thesame, did put forthe, and
+draw to the attainment of learnyng, art or science, all youth
+hauyng maturitie and ripenesse to it, and why, because that
+in a common wealth, where the parentes are vndescrete and
+foolishe, as in all common wealthes, there are not a fewe,
+but many, thei not ponderyng the state of the tyme to come,
+bringing vp their children without all ciuilitie, vnframed to
+vertue, ignoraunt of all arte and science: the children of their
+owne nature, vnbrideled, vntaught, wilfull, and heddie, doe
+run with free passage to all wickednes, thei fall into al kinde
+of follie, oppressed with all kinde of calamitie, miserie, and
+[Sidenote: Euill educa-
+cion bringeth
+to ruine migh[-]
+tie kingdoms[.]]
+vnfortunate chaunces, whiche happen in this life. Nothyng
+doeth soner pulle doune a kyngdome, or common wealthe,
+then the euill and leude educacion of youth, to whom neither
+substaunce, wealth, riches, nor possessions doe descende, from
+their auncestours and parentes, who also of them selues wa[n]t
+all art, science and meanes, to maintain them to liue, who of
+them selues are not able to get relief, for onely by this mea-
+nes, life is maintained, wealth and riches ar possessed to ma-
+ny greate siegniories, landes, and ample possessions, left by
+their parentes, and line of auncetours, haue by lacke of ver-
+tuous educacion, been brought to naught, thei fell into ex-
+treme miserie, pouertie, and wantyng learnyng, or wealth,
+to maintaine their state and delicate life, thei haue robbed,
+spoiled, murthered, to liue at their owne will. But then as
+rotten, dedde, and putride members fro[m] the common wealth
+thei are cutte of by the sworde, and aucthoritie of the Magi-
+strate. What kyngdome was more mightie and strong, then
+[Sidenote: Lydia.]
+the kyngdome of Lidia, whiche by no other meanes was
+brought to ruine and destruccion, but by idlenes: in that thei
+were kepte from all vertuous exercise, from the studie of ar-
+tes and sciences, so longe as thei meditated and liued in the
+schoole of vertuous life: no nacion was hable to ouerthrowe
+them, of them selues thei were prone and readie, to practise all
+[Sidenote: Cyrus.]
+excellencie. But Cyrus the kyng of Persians, by no other
+[Fol. xviij.v]
+meanes was able to bring them weaker. He toke from the[m] al
+furtherance to artes, destroied all occupacio[n]s of vertue wher-
+vpon by commaundeme[n]t aud terrour, wer driuen to practise
+[Sidenote: The decay of
+a kyngdome.]
+the vaine and pestiferous practise, of Cardes and Dice. Har-
+lottes then schooled them, and all vnhoneste pastyme nurte-
+red them, Tauernes an quaffyng houses, was their accusto-
+med and moste frequented vse of occupacion: by this meanes
+their nobilitie and strengthe was decaied, and kyngdome
+made thrall. Ill educacion or idlenes, is no small vice or euill
+when so mightie a prince, hauyng so large dominions, who[m]
+all the Easte serued and obaied. Whose regimente and go-
+uernemente was so infinite, that as Zenophon saieth, tyme
+[Sidenote: The mightie
+dominions of
+Cyrus.]
+would rather want, then matter to speake of his mightie and
+large gouernement, how many nacions, how diuerse people
+and valiaunte nacions were in subieccion to hym. If this
+mightie Prince, with all his power and populous nacions,
+was not hable to giue the ouerthrowe, to the kyngdome of
+[Sidenote: Euill educa-
+cion.]
+Lidia, but by ill educacion, not by marciall atte[m]ptes, sworde
+or battaill: but by giuyng them scope and libertie, to dooe as
+he would. No doubt but that Cyrus sawe, by the like exam-
+ple of other kyngdomes, this onelie pollicie to bee a ruine
+[Sidenote: Pithagoras.]
+of that kyngdome. Pythagoras the famous and godlie Phi-
+losopher, saued the kyngdome and people of Crotona, thei
+leauyng all studie of arte, vertue and science. This people of
+[Sidenote: Catona.]
+Crotona, was ouercome of the people of Locrus, thei left all
+exercise of vertue, neclectyng the feates of chiualrie, whervpo[n]
+Pythagoras hauyng the profitable and godlie lawes of Ly-
+curgus, which he brought from Lacedemonia: and the lawes
+of Minos kyng of Creta, came to the people of Crotona, and
+by his godlie teachyng and Philosophie, reuoked & brought
+backe the people, giuen ouer to the neglectyng of all vertue,
+declaryng to them the nobilitie and excellencie thereof, he li-
+uely set foorthe the beastlinesse of vice. Pithagoras recited to
+them, the fall and ruine of many regions, and mightie king-
+domes, whiche tooke after those vices. Idlenes beyng forsa-
+[Fol. xix.r]
+ken, vertue embrased, and good occupacions practised, the
+kyngdome and people grewe mightie.
+
+[Sidenote: Lycurgus.]
+Emong the godlie lawes of Lycurgus, Lycurgus omit-
+ted not to ordaine Lawes, for the educacion of youthe: in the
+whiche he cutte of all pamperyng of them, because in tender
+yeres, in whose bodies pleasure harboreth, their vertue, sci-
+ence, cunnyng rooteth not: labour, diligence, and industrie
+[Sidenote: Uertue.
+Uice.]
+onelie rooteth vertue, and excellencie. Uices as vnprofitable
+weedes, without labour, diligence and industrie growe vp,
+and thereby infecteth the minde and bodie, poisoneth all the
+mocions, incensed to vertue and singularitie. Who euer at-
+tained cunnyng, in any excellent arte or science, where idle-
+nes or pleasure helde the swaie. Philosophie sheweth, plea-
+[Sidenote: Pleasure.
+Idlenes.
+Ignoraunce.]
+sure to bée vnmete for any man of singularitie, for pleasure,
+idlenes, and ignoraunce, are so linked together, that the pos-
+session of the one, induceth the other. So many godlie monu-
+me[n]tes of learning, had not remained to this posteritie of ours
+and of all ages: if famous men in those ages and tymes, had
+hu[n]ted after immoderate pleasure. Thindustrie of soche, who
+left to the posteritie of all ages, the knowlege of Astronomie
+is knowen: the monumentes of all learnyng of lawes, and
+of all other woorkes of antiquitie, by vertue, noble, by indu-
+strie, labour, and moderacion of life in studie, not by plea-
+sure and wantones, was celebraied to all ages. The migh-
+tie volumes of Philosophers, bothe in morall preceptes, and
+in naturall causes, knewe not the delicate and dissolute life
+of these our daies. Palingenius enueighyng against the pa[m]-
+pered, and lasciuious life of man, vttereth a singulare sente[n]ce
+
+     _Qui facere et qui nosce, cupit quam plurima et altum,
+     In terris virtute aliqua sibi querere nomen:
+     Hunc vigilare opus est, nam non preclara geruntur,
+     Stertendo, et molles detrectat gloria plumas._
+
+Who so coueteth to purchase fame by actes, or whose
+minde hunteth for aboundaunte knowledge, or by vertue in
+this life, to purchause good fame. He had not nede to slugge
+[Fol. xix.v]
+and slepe in his doynges: for good fame is not vpholded by
+gaie Pecockes feathers. Of this, Demosthenes the famous
+Oratour of Athens, vttereth a worthie saiyng to the Athe-
+nians in his Epistle: if any will iudge Alexander the greate,
+to be famous and happie, in that he had successe in all his do-
+[Sidenote: Alexander
+the great, co[m]-
+mended for
+diligence.]
+ynges, let this be his cogitacion, that Alexander the greate,
+alwaies did inure hymself to doe thynges, and manfullie to
+assaie that he enterprised. The felicitie of his successe came
+to hym not slepyng, or not cogitatyng thereof: Alexander the
+greate now dedde, Fortune seketh with whom she maie ac-
+companie, and associate her self.
+
+Thusidides comparyng the Lacedemonians, and the A-
+thenians together, shewed a rare moderacion, and tempera-
+ture of life, to be in the Athenians: wherupon thei are moste
+commended, and celebrated to the posteritie.
+
+
+¶ The contrarie.
+
+EUen as idlenes and a sluggishe life, is moste pleasant
+to all soche, as neglecte vertuous exercises, and god-
+lie life. So paine, labour, and studie, bestowed and
+emploied, in the sekyng out of vertue, arte, or science is moste
+pleasaunt to well affected mindes: for no godlie thyng can be
+attained to, without diligence and labour.
+
+
+¶ The similitude.
+
+EUen as housbandmen, with labour and trauaile,
+dooe labour in plantyng and tillyng the grounde,
+before thei receiue any fruicte of thesame. Euen so
+no vertue, arte, or science, or any other thyng of ex-
+cellencie is attained, without diligence and labour bestowed
+thereto.
+
+
+¶ The example.
+
+LEt Demosthenes, the famous Oratour of Athenes,
+bee an example of diligence to vs, who to auoide all
+let from studie, vsed a meanes to kepe hymself ther-
+to: preuentyng also the industrie of artificers. Thesame De-
+[Fol. xx.r]
+mosthenes, wrote seuen tymes out the storie of Thusidides,
+to learne thereby his eloquence and wisedome.
+
+
+¶ The testimonie.
+
+PLinie, Plato, and Aristotle, with many other mo, are
+like examples for diligence to vs: who wrote vpon
+vertue and learnyng like sentences.
+
+
+¶ The conclusion.
+
+THerefore, Isocrates dooeth pronounce worthelie, the
+roote of learning and vertue to be bitter, and the fru-
+tes pleasaunte.
+
+
+¶ A Sentence.
+
+THe Oracion, whiche must be made by a sente[n]ce
+is in al partes like to _Chria_, the profitable exer-
+cise, onelie that the Oracion made vpon a sen-
+tence, as aucthours do saie: hath not alwaie the
+name of the aucthour prefixed in the praise, a
+small matter of difference, who so can make the one, is ex-
+pert and exquisite in the other, aucthours doe define a sente[n]ce
+in this maner. A sentence is an Oracion, in fewe woordes,
+shewyng a godlie precept of life, exhorting or diswadyng: the
+[Sidenote: _Gnome._]
+Grekes dooe call godly preceptes, by the name of _Gnome_, or
+_Gnomon_, whiche is asmoche to saie, a rule or square, to direct
+any thyng by, for by them, the life of manne is framed to all
+singularitie. Thei are diuers sortes of sentences, one exhor-
+teth, an other diswadeth, some onely sheweth: there is a sen-
+tence simple, compounde, profitable, true, & soche like. Frame
+your Oracion vpon a sentence, as in the Oracion before.
+
+     { 1. The praise of the aucthour.
+     { 2. The exposicion of the sentence.
+     { 3. A confirmacion in the strength of the cause.
+     { 4. A conference, of the contrarie.
+     { 5. A similitude.
+     { 6. The example.
+     { 7. The testimonie of aucthors, shewing y^e like.
+     { 8. Then adde the conclusion.
+
+
+[Fol. xx.v]
+
+¶ An Oracion vpon a sentence.
+
+¶ The sentence.
+
+In a common wealthe or kyngdome, many kynges to
+beare rule, is verie euill, let there be but one kyng.
+
+
+¶ The praise of the aucthour.
+
+HOmere, who of all the Poetes chiefly excelled, spake
+this sentence in the persone of Ulisses, vpon the king
+Agamemnon, kyng of Grece. This Homere intrea-
+ting of all princely affaires, and greate enterprices of the
+Grecians: and of the mightie warre againste the Troians,
+emong whom soche discorde rose, that not onely the warre,
+for lacke of vnitie and concorde, continued the space of tenne
+yeres. But also moche blood shed, hauocke, and destruccion,
+came vpon the Grecians, vttered this sente[n]ce. This Homere
+for his learnyng and wisedome remaineth, intteled in many
+monumentes of learnyng: with greate fame and commen-
+[Sidenote: The praise of
+Homere.]
+dacion to all ages. What Region, Isle, or nacion is not, by
+his inuencion set foorthe: who although he were blinde, his
+minde sawe all wisedome, the states of all good kyngdomes
+[Sidenote: The content
+of Homers
+bookes.]
+and common wealthes. The verie liuely Image of a Prince
+or gouernour, the faithfull and humble obedie[n]ce of a subiect,
+toward the prince, the state of a capitaine, the vertue and no-
+ble qualities, that are requisite, in soche a personage, be there
+set forthe. The perfite state of a wiseman, and politike, is in-
+treated of by hym. The Iustice, and equitie of a Prince, the
+strength of the bodie, all heroicall vertues: also are set forthe
+his eloquence and verse, floweth in soche sorte, with soche
+pleasauntnes: so copious, so aboundaunt, so graue and sen-
+tencious, that his singularitie therein excelleth, and passeth.
+
+[Sidenote: Alexander.]
+The mightie prince Alexander, in all his marciall enter-
+prices, and great conquestes, did continually night by night,
+[Sidenote: The Ilias
+of Homere,
+mete for prin-
+ces to looke
+vpon.]
+reade somewhat of the Ilias of the Poete Homere, before he
+slepte, and askyng for the booke, saied: giue me my pillowe.
+Alexander as it semeth, learned many heroical vertues, poli-
+cie, wisedome, & counsaill thereof, els he occupied in so migh-
+[Fol. xxj.r]
+tie and greate warres, would not emploied studie therein.
+
+Iulius Cesar the Emperour, commendeth this Poete,
+for his singularitie, his commendacion giueth, ample argu-
+ment, in this singulare sentence, whiche preferreth a Monar-
+chie aboue all states of common wealthes or kyngdome.
+
+
+¶ The exposicion.
+
+HOmere the Poete, signified by this one sentence, no
+kyngdome or common wealthe can prospere, or flo-
+rishe to continue, where many holde gouernement
+as kynges. For, the mindes of many rulers and princes, doe
+moste affecte a priuate wealthe, commoditie and glorie: and
+where, many doe beare soche swaie and dominion, the com-
+mon wealth can not be good. For, thei priuatly to theim sel-
+ues, doe beare that regiment, and alwaie with the slaughter
+of many, do seke to attain and clime, to the whole gouerme[n]t[.]
+
+
+¶ The cause.
+
+[Sidenote: The state of
+many kinges
+in one lande.]
+MAny occasions dooe rise, whereby many princes, and
+gouernours in a common wealth, be diuerslie affec-
+ted, so that the gouernme[n]t of many, can not prosper.
+For, bothe in quiete state, their counsailes must bee diuerse,
+and vncertaine: and where thei so differ, the kyngdome stan-
+deth in great ieopardy and daunger. Isocrates intreatyng of
+[Sidenote: Athenes.]
+a Monarchie, sheweth that the common wealth of Athenes,
+whiche detested and refused, that forme and state, after the
+ruine and fall of their citee: beyng vnder the thraldome of the
+Lacedemonia[n]s, bothe in their externall chiualrie and feates,
+bothe by sea and by lande, and also in regimente otherwise,
+their citee grewe mightie, and state stedfast.
+
+[Sidenote: Carthage in
+a monarchie.]
+The Carthagineans also, gouerned by one, had their go-
+uernment stedfaste, and kyngdome roiall: who in puisaunte
+actes, might compare with the noble Romaines. As the obe-
+dience to one ruler and chief gouernour, sekyng a common
+wealth, is in the hartes of the subiectes: feruent and maruei-
+lous with loue embraced, so the Maiestie of hym is dreade,
+[Fol. xxj.v]
+with loue serued, and with sincere harte, and fidelitie obeied,
+[Sidenote: The state of
+many kinges
+in one lande.]
+his maners folowed, his lawes imitated. Many gouernours
+bearyng regiment, as their maners be diuers, and fashion of
+life: euen so the people bee like affected, to the diuersitie of di-
+uers princes. And if we weigh the reuolucion of the heauens
+and the marueiles of God therein, the maker of thesame, who
+[Sidenote: A monarchie
+in heauen.]
+beyng one God, ruleth heauen and yearth, and all thynges
+co[n]tained in thesame. The heauen also adorned with many a
+[Sidenote: One Sunne[.]]
+starre, and cleare light, haue but one Sunne to gouerne the[m]:
+who being of a singulare vertue aboue the rest, by his vertue
+and power, giueth vertue to the reste. Also in small thynges
+[Sidenote: The Ante.
+The Bee.]
+the Ante and the Bee, who for prouidence and wisedome, ar
+moche commended: haue as it were a common wealth, and a
+king to gouerne the[m], so in all thinges as a confusion, the state
+of many kings is abhorred in gouernme[n]t. After the death of
+[Sidenote: Constancius[.]
+Licinius[.]
+Marabodius[.]]
+Constantinus the greate, Constancius his sonne was made
+Emperour, and Licinius with him, partaker in felowship of
+the Empire. But forthwith, what blood was shed in Italie,
+with all crueltie, vntill Constancius had slaine Licinius,
+partaker of the Empire, and Marabodius was slaine also,
+whom Licinius did associate with hym in the gouernment.
+So moche princes and chief gouernours, doe hate equalitie,
+[Sidenote: Pompey.
+Cesar.
+Marius.
+Silla.]
+or felowship in kingdomes. After thesame sort, in this migh-
+tie Monarchie of Rome, diuerse haue attempted at one and
+sondrie tymes, to beare the scepter and regiment therein, but
+that mightie Monarchie, could not suffer but one gouernor.
+The kyngdome of Thebes, was in miserable state, the twoo
+sonnes of Oedipus, Eteocles, and Polunices: striuing bothe
+[Sidenote: Assiria the
+first monar-
+chie.]
+to be Monarche, and onely kyng. The kyngdome of Assiria,
+whiche was the golden kyngdome, and the first Monarchie:
+hauyng .36. kynges by succession, continued .1239. yeres, this
+kyngdome for all nobilitie and roialnes excelled, and all in
+a Monarchie. The kyngdome of the Medes, in a Monarchie
+florished in wealthe and glorie and all felicitie: who in domi-
+nion had gouernmente .300. lackyng .8. yeres. After that, the
+[Fol. xxij.r]
+[Sidenote: The monar-
+chie of the
+Medes.
+The Persia[n].
+Macedonia.]
+monarchie of the Medes ceased, the Persia[n] people rose migh-
+tie, bothe in people and Princes, and continued in that state
+236 and 7 monethes. Macedonia rose from a base and meane
+people, to beare the whole regiment, and power ouer all king[-]
+domes. So God disposeth the state and seate of princes, ouer-
+throwyng often tymes mightier kyngdomes at his will: the
+continuaunce of this Monarchie was .157. and eight mone-
+[Sidenote: Asia[.]
+Siria[.]]
+thes, ten kynges linealie descendyng. Asia and Siria, was
+gouerned by one succedyng in a sole gouernement. Nicanor
+gouerned Siria .32. yeres. In the other Antigonus raigned,
+Demetrius Poliorchetes one yere, Antiochus Soter also, the
+scepter of gouernment, left to the succession of an other, then
+Antiochus Soter, ruled all Asia and Siria, hauyng .16. kin-
+[Sidenote: Egipte in a
+Monarchie[.]]
+ges whiche in a monarchie, co[n]tinued 189 yeres. The Egipci-
+ans, had famous, wise, and noble princes, whose kyngdome
+and large dominion, in all felicitée prospered: whiche was in
+the tyme of Ninus, the first king of the Assiria[n]s, who hauing
+10. princes, one by one succedyng, Cleopatra their Quéene,
+gouerning, stoode in a monarchie .288. This one thyng she-
+weth, that kinde of gouernmente to bee roiall, and moste fa-
+mous, not onely for the felicitée and glory therof: but also for
+the permanent and stedfast state thereof. Aristotle and Plato
+setteth forthe, thother formes of gouernme[n]t. But in all those,
+no long co[n]tinuaunce of felicitee, nor of happy state can appere
+[Sidenote: Tirannis[.]
+Nero[.]
+Domicianus[.]
+Caligula.]
+in them, as for the contrarie to a Monarchie, is tirannis, pe-
+stiferous, and to be detested, where one man gouerneth to his
+priuate gaine, pillyng and polyng his subiectes, murderyng
+with all crueltie, neither Lawe nor reason, leadyng thereto:
+but will bearyng regiment ouer lawe, Iustice and equitee,
+whiche princes often tymes see not. How the wilfull rashe-
+nes, or tirannicall minde doeth abase them, and make them,
+though in vtter porte thesame princes, yet in verie déede, thei
+[Sidenote: What doeth
+beautifie the
+throne of a
+Prince[.]]
+bee thrall and slaue to beastlie affeccion. Nothyng dooeth so
+moche adorne and beautifie, the seate and throne of a prince,
+as not onely to beare dominion, ouer mightie people and re-
+[Fol. xxij.v]
+[Sidenote: Aristocratia.]
+gions, then to be lorde ouer hymself. The state of a fewe pée-
+res or nobles, to holde the chief and whole gouernment, who
+bothe in vertue, learnyng, and experience dooe excelle, is a
+goodlie state of common wealth. But the profe of that com-
+mon wealthe and ende sheweth, and the maner of Princes:
+who, although thei be, of life godlie, wise, graue, expert and
+politike. For, these vertues or ornamentes, ought to be repo-
+sed in soche noble personages, thei doe marueilously chaunge
+and alter: So honour and preeminente state, puffeth theim
+vp, and blindeth theim, that euery one in the ende, seeketh to
+climbe ouer all, as hed and gouernour. Shewe me one kinde
+of this state, and forme of gouernmente, whiche either longe
+prospered, or without bloodshed, and destruccion of the rest of
+the nobles and peres, haue not caught the whole regimente.
+Seyng that in all common wealthes and kingdomes, equa-
+litée or felowshippe, will not be suffred in gouernmente: for,
+it can not bee, that this forme of common wealthe maie bée
+[Sidenote: The ende of
+Aristocratia.]
+good, as Aristotle and Plato sheweth: The ende of this go-
+uernemente, fell euer to one, with a ruine of the kingdome
+[Sidenote: Politcia.]
+and people. The multitude to beare dominion, and though a
+publike wealth bée sought for a tyme, moche lesse thei conti-
+nue in any good state: for in the ende, their rule and gouerne-
+ment, will be without rule, order, reason, modestie, and their
+lawe must bee will. The other three states, are the refuse of
+good common wealthes, not to bée tollerated in any region.
+[Sidenote: Tirannis.]
+The one of them is a tyraunte, to bée gouernour onely to his
+owne glorie, with crueltie tormented his subiectes, onelie to
+[Sidenote: Oligarthia.]
+haue his will and lust, ouer all lawe, order, and reason. The
+nobilitée rulyng to them selues, euery one for his owne time[.]
+[Sidenote: Democratia.]
+The third, the base and rude multitude, euery one for hym-
+self, and at his will. This troublous state, all Regions and
+common wealthes, haue felte in open sedicions and tumul-
+tes, raised by theim, it is a plagued and pestiferous kinde of
+gouernemente. The example of a good Monarchie, is of
+greate force, to confounde the state of al other common weal-
+[Fol. xxiij.r]
+thes, and formes of Regimente.
+
+[Sidenote: A monarchie
+preferred of
+the Persians[.]]
+The nobilitée of Persia hauyng no kyng, linially des-
+cendyng, to rule that mightie dominion of Persia, Cambises
+beyng dedde, the vsurper murthered, thei tooke counsaill in
+their assemble, what state of gouernment was beste, thei ha-
+uyng the profe of a Monarchie: in their longe counsaill, thei
+knewe the felicitie of that state, thei knewe as it seemed, the
+perilous state of the other gouernmentes. If these noble and
+peres had been ambicious, and that eche of them would haue
+had felowshippe, or participacion in kyngdomes: thei would
+not haue preferred a Monarchie aboue the reste. The anti-
+quitie of that tyme sheweth, their personages, wisedome,
+grauitie, and maiestie was soche, that eche one of theim was
+mete for his vertues, to haue a whole kyngdome. If Aristo-
+cratia would haue contented them, then was tyme and occa-
+sion offered, no kyng remainyng to haue preferred that state.
+[Sidenote: The duetie of
+al noble peres[.]]
+But thei as vpright nobles, sincere and faithfull, hauyng al-
+together respecte to a publique wealthe: to a permanent state
+and felicitie of kingdome, sought no participacion by priuate
+wealthe, to dissolue this Monarchie. But thei beyng moste
+godlie, eche were content to proue, whose chaunce might be,
+to set vp againe that Monarchie. The kyngdome at the laste
+[Sidenote: Darius.]
+came to the handes of Darius, who was after kyng of the
+Persians. This is a goodly example, to shewe the worthines
+of a Monarchie, the Persian kingdome after many yeres de-
+clinyng, from his power and state, not for any faulte of go-
+[Sidenote: Kyngdomes
+rise and fall.]
+uernment, but God as he seeth tyme, raiseth vp kyngdomes
+and plucketh them doune. Afterward Darius the kyng, not
+able to make his parte good with Alexander the Greate: of-
+fered to hym the greatest parte of his kyngdome, euen to the
+flood of Euphrates, and offred his daughter to wife: Alexan-
+der was content to take the offer of Darius, so that he would
+bee seconde to hym, and not equall with hym in kyngdome.
+[Sidenote: The answer
+of Alexander
+to Darius,
+as co[n]cernyng
+a monarchie.]
+For, Alexander saied, that as the worlde can not bee gouer-
+ned with twoo Sunnes, neither the worlde can suffer twoo
+[Fol. xxiij.v]
+mightie kingdomes: wherupon it is manifest, that no king-
+dome will suffer equalitie or felowship, but that if the will &
+minde of Princes might brust out, the state of all the worlde,
+would bee in one mightie gouernours handes. For, alwaies
+[Sidenote: Alexa[n]der the
+great prefar-
+red a Mo-
+narchie.]
+Princes dooe seke to a sole regimente. Alexander the greate
+co[n]querour also, preferring for worthines a Monarchie, at the
+tyme of his death, demaunded who[m] he would haue to succede
+him in his mightie dominio[n]s, he by one signifiyng a Monar-
+chie, saiyng: _Dignissimus_, that is to saie, the worthiest. After
+[Sidenote: Alexanders
+monarchie fel
+by many kin-
+ges.
+Antipater.
+Crates.
+Meliagrus.
+Perdiccas.
+Ptolomeus.
+Learcus.
+Cassander.
+Menander.
+Leonatus.
+Lusimacus.
+Eumenes[.]
+Seleucus.]
+the death of Alexander, Antipater caught the gouernmente
+of Macedonia and Grece, and Crates was Treasurer. Me-
+leagrus and Perdiccas caught other of his dominions, then
+Ptolemeus possessed Egipte, Africa and a parte of Arabia,
+Learcus, Cassander, Mena[n]der, Leonatus, Lusimachus, Eu-
+menes, Seleucus and manie other, who were for their wor-
+thines in honor and estimacion with Alexander, caught in-
+to their handes other partes of his dominions, euerie one se-
+kyng for his time, his owne priuate glorie, dignitie, and ad-
+uauncemente, but not a publike wealthe, and so in fine, am-
+bicion broiled in their loftie stomackes, eche to attaine to o-
+thers honor. Whereupon bloodshed, destruction of the peo-
+ple and countries, the fall of these Princes ensued. So moche
+kingdomes hate equalitie or felowship: let vs laie before our
+[Sidenote: Fraunce.
+Spaine.
+Germanie.
+Britaine.]
+iyes, the kyngdomes nere at hand. Fraunce, from the tymes
+of Faramundus vntill this daie haue stoode, and did florishe
+in a Monarchie. The state of Spaine, from the tyme of the
+firste kyng, vntill this daie, hath florished continually in a
+Monarchie. The great seigniories of Germanie, by one suc-
+cedyng in gouernment, haue been permanent in that good-
+lie state. Our noble Isle of Britain from Brutus, hath stoode
+by a Monarchie: onely in those daies, the state of gouernme[n]t
+chaunged, at the commyng of Iulius Cesar, Emperour of
+Rome. The lande beyng at diuision, and discorde, through
+the diuersitie of diuerse kynges: so moche the state of diuerse
+kynges in one lande, is to be expelled, or the gouernment of
+[Fol. xxiiij.r]
+the base multitude, to haue vniuersally power of dominion,
+or the state of peres, to bee chief in regiment, no kyng lefte to
+commaunde ouer the people, and nobles, or els there can not
+be but discorde in thende, whiche pulleth doune moste migh-
+tie Regions and dominions, so that the beste state, the moste
+stedfaste and fortunate, is in all tymes, in all ages, in all la-
+wes, and common wealthes, where one king sekyng the ad-
+uauncement, wealthe, glorie, of hym and his people.
+
+
+¶ The contrarie.
+
+THat housholde or familie, can not be well gouerned,
+where many and diuerse beareth gouernment, nec-
+lectyng the state prosperous vniuersallie: for where
+obedience is drawen to diuers and many, there can not bee
+good gouernment, nor faithfull obedience. And so in a king-
+dome where one chiefly gouerneth, and to a common wealth
+there the hartes of the subiectes, be moste knitte to obaie.
+
+
+¶ The similitude.
+
+EUen as thei, whiche serue one maister, shall soneste
+with labour please, and with fidelitie, accomplishe
+his will and pleasure. For, the maners of many me[n]
+be diuerse, and variable, so in a Monarchie, the state of one is
+sone obaied, the minde and lawe of one Prince sone folowed,
+his Maiestie dreaded and loued.
+
+
+¶ The example.
+
+LET the fower chief Monarchies of the Assirian, the
+Persian, Grecian, and the Romaine, whiche haue
+continued from the beginnyng mightie, moste hap-
+pie, bee an example herein. If that state of gouernement, had
+not been chiefe of all other, those mightie kyngdomes would
+not haue preferred, that kinde of gouernment.
+
+
+¶ The testimonie of auncient writers.
+
+THerefore, Aristotle, Plato, and all the chief Philoso-
+phers, intreatyng of the administracion of a common
+wealthe: doe preferre before all states of gouernment
+[Fol. xxiiij.v]
+a Monarchie, bothe for the felicitie of it, and stedfaste state.
+
+
+¶ The conclusion.
+
+HOmere therefore deserueth greate commendacion,
+for this one sentence, whiche preferreth a Monarchie
+before all states.
+
+
+¶ The destruccion.
+
+THis exercise of _Rhetotike_, is called destruccion, or
+subuersion, because it is in a oracion, a certain re-
+prehension of any thyng declaimed, or dilated, in
+the whiche by order of art, the declaimer shall pro-
+cede to caste doune by force, and strengthe of reason, the con-
+trarie induced.
+
+In this exercise of _Rhetorike_, those proposicions are to be
+subuerted, whiche are not manifeste true, neither it so repu-
+gnaunt from reason, as that there can appere no holde, to in-
+duce a probable reason to confounde thesame. But soche pro-
+posicions are meete for this parte, as are probable in both si-
+des, to induce probabilitie of argument, to reason therupon.
+
+1. It shall behoue you firste, for the entryng of this matter,
+to adde a reprehension there against those, whiche haue con-
+firmed as a truthe, that, whiche you will confute.
+
+2. In thesame place, adde the exposion, and meanyng of his
+sentence.
+
+3. Thirdly, shew the matter to be obsure, that is vncertain[.]
+
+4. Incrediblie.
+
+5. Impossible.
+
+6. Not agreyng to any likelihode of truthe.
+
+7. Uncomlie to be talked of.
+
+8. Unprofitable.
+
+This exercise of _Rhetorike_ doeth contain in it al strength
+of arte, as who should saie, all partes of _Rhetorike_, maie co-
+piouslie be handled in this parte, called confutacion, so am-
+ple a matter Tullie doeth note this parte to be.
+
+
+¶ The theme or proposicion of this Oracion.
+
+[Fol. xxv.r]
+
+It is not like to be true, that is said of the battaill of Troie.
+
+
+¶ The reprehension of the auc-
+thor, and of all Poetes.
+
+NOt without a cause, the vanities of Poetes are
+to bee reproued, and their forged inuencions to
+bee reiected: in whose writynges, so manifestlie
+are set forthe as a truthe, and Chronicled to the
+posteritie of ages and times, soche forged mat-
+[Sidenote: The vanities
+of Poetes.]
+ters of their Poeticall and vain wittes. Who hath not heard
+of their monsterous lies against God, thei inuentyng a gene-
+alogie of many Goddes procreated, where as there is but
+one God. This vanitie also thei haue set forthe, in their mo-
+numentes and woorkes. How a conspiracie was sometyme
+emong the Goddes and Goddes, to binde the great God Iu-
+piter. How impudentlie doe thei set forthe the Goddes, to bee
+louers of women, and their adulterous luste: and how thei
+haue transformed theim selues, into diuers shapes of beastes
+and foules, to followe after beastly luste. The malice and en-
+uie of the Goddes, one to an other: The feigne also the heaue[n]
+to haue one God, the sea an other, helle an other, whiche are
+mere vanities, and false imaginacio[n]s of their Poeticall wit-
+tes. The like forged inuencion haue thei wrote, of the migh-
+[Sidenote: The battaill
+of Troie .x.
+yeres for a
+herlotte.]
+tie and terrible battaill bruted of Troie, for a beautifull har-
+lot susteined ten yeres. In the whiche, not onely men and no-
+ble péeres, gaue the combate of battaile, but the Goddes toke
+partes against Goddes, and men wounded Goddes: as their
+[Sidenote: The vain in-
+uention of
+Poetes.]
+lies exceade all nomber, because thei bee infinite, so also thei
+passe all truthe, reason, and iudgemente. These fewe exam-
+ples of their vanities and lies, doe shewe the feigned ground
+and aucthoritie of the reste. Accordyng to the folie and super-
+sticiousnes of those tymes, thei inuented and forged folie vp-
+pon folie, lye vpon lye, as in the battaill of Troie, thei aggra-
+uate the dolour of the battaill, by pitifull and lamentable in-
+[Sidenote: Plato reie-
+cteth Poetes
+from the com[-]
+mon wealth.]
+uencion. As for the Poetes them selues, Plato in his booke,
+made vpon the administracion of a common wealth, maketh
+[Fol. xxv.v]
+theim in the nomber of those, whiche are to bee banished out
+of all common wealthes.
+
+
+¶ The exposicion.
+
+HOmere dooeth saie, and many other Poetes, that
+the warres of the Grecians against the Troians,
+was for beautifull Helena, and continued tenne
+yeres. The Goddes and Goddis toke partes, and
+all the people of Grece, aided Menelaus, and the kyng Aga-
+memnon, to bryng home again Helena, neclecting their own
+countrie, their wife and chidre[n], for one woma[n]. The Grekes
+inuentyng a huge and mightie horse made of Firre trée, and
+couered with brasse, as huge as a mou[n]tain, out of the whiche
+the Grecians by treason issuyng, brought Troie to ruine.
+
+
+¶ The obscuritie of the matter.
+
+IT semeth a matter of folie, that so many people, so
+mightie nacions should bee bewitched, to raise so
+mightie a armie, hassardyng their liues, leauyng
+their countrie, their wiues, their children, for one
+[Sidenote: Helena.]
+woman: Be it so, that Helena passed all creatures, and that
+Nature with beautie had indued her with all vertue, and sin-
+gularitie: yet the Grecians would not be so foolishe, that vni-
+uersallie thei would seke to caste doune their owne wealthe,
+and moche more the common wealthe of Grece, and kyng-
+dome to stande in perill. Neither is it to be thought, the Gre-
+cians, sekyng to aduau[n]ce the beautie of Helena: would leaue
+[Sidenote: The cause of
+the forged in-
+uencion.]
+their owne state. But it is like, the wittes of Poetes did im-
+magine so forged a Chronicle, that the posteritie of ages fol-
+lowyng, should rather wounder at their forged inuencion,
+then to beleue any soche warre truly mencioned. There was
+no soche cause, seyng that the kyngdome of Grece, fell by no
+title of succession to Helena, for them to moue warre, for, the
+bringyng backe of that beutifull harlotte Helena. Neither in
+Helena was there vertue, or honestie of life, to moue and ex-
+asperate the Grecians, to spende so greate treasures, to raise
+[Fol. xxvj.r]
+[Sidenote: No commen-
+dacion in vp-
+holdyng and
+maintainyng
+of harlottes.]
+so mightie an armie on euery side. What comme[n]dacion had
+the Troians to aduaunce Helena, and with all roialnesse to
+entreate her, she beyng a harlotte: the folie of the Grecians
+and the Troians, is so on euery side so greate, that it can not
+be thought, soche a warre truely chronicled. If violence and
+power, had taken Helena from her housebande, and not her
+[Sidenote: Helena follo-
+wed Paris.]
+owne will and luste, caught with the adulterous loue of Pa-
+ris, beyng a straunger. If her moderacion of life had been so
+rare, as that the like facte for her chastitie, had not been in a-
+ny age or common wealthe, her vertues would haue giuen
+occasion: The Princes and nobles of Grece to stomacke the
+matter. The example of the facte, would with all praise and
+[Sidenote: Uertuous
+life, worthie
+commendaci-
+on in al ages.
+Lucrecia.
+Tarquinius
+the kyng ba-
+nished for ra-
+uishyng Lu-
+crecia, and all
+of his name
+banished.]
+commendacion be mencioned, and celebrated to al ages. Lu-
+cretia for her chastite, is perpetuallie to be aduanunced, wher-
+vpon the Romaines banished Tarquinius their kyng, his
+stocke and name from Rome. The rare chastite of Penelope,
+is remainyng as a example herein: So many snares laied to
+caste doune her vertuous loue towarde her housebande U-
+lisses. But Ulisses made hauocke by murder, on these gaie
+and gallante Ruffins, who in his absence sought to alienate
+[Sidenote: Penelopes
+chastitie.]
+and withdrawe, the chaste harte of Penelope, consumyng
+his substance. A greater example remaineth in no age, of the
+like chastite. As for the battaile of Troie, raised for Helena,
+could wise men, and the moste famous nobles of Grece: So
+occupie their heddes, and in thesame, bothe to hasarde their
+liues for a beautifull strumpet or harlot. The sage and wise
+[Sidenote: Nestor.
+Ulisses.]
+Nestor, whom Agamemnon for wisedome preferred, before
+the moste of the péeres of Grece, neither it Ulisses wanted at
+thesame tyme, hauyng a politike and subtill hedde, to with-
+drawe theim from so leude and foolishe a enterprise. Grece
+[Sidenote: Grece the
+lande of faire
+women.]
+wanted not beautifull creatures, Nature in other had besto-
+wed amiable faces, personage, and comelie behauiour. For,
+at those daies, Grece thei called _Achaida calligunaica_, that is,
+Grece the lande of faire women. The dolorous lamentacion
+of the Ladies and Matrons in Grece, would haue hindered
+[Fol. xxvj.v]
+soche a foolishe enterprise, seyng their owne beautie neclec-
+ted, their honestie of life caste vp to perilles, one harlot of in-
+[Sidenote: Uncomelie.]
+numerable people followed and hunted after, in whom neither
+honestie, vertue, nor chastite was harbored.
+
+
+¶ Uncredible.
+
+ALthough the folie of men is greate, and the will of
+princes and gouernours beastlie and rashe, yet by
+no meanes it can be so many yeres, so greate folie
+to take roote in their hartes, and that the wisedom
+[Sidenote: Beautie
+without ver-
+tue, nothyng
+of valour.]
+of the Grecia[n]s, should not rather caste of as naught, the beau-
+tie of Helena: rather then the whole multitude, the state of
+the Prince, the welfare of the subiecte, to stande in perill for
+[Sidenote: Beautie a
+poison, in a
+adulterous
+mynde.]
+the beautie of one. What is beautie, when a beastlie and ad-
+ulterous minde is possessed: Beautie without chastitie, har-
+boreth a monsterous rabelmente of vices, a snare and baite,
+[Sidenote: Beautie sone
+fadeth.]
+to poison other. Beautie in fewe yeres, is not onely blemi-
+shed, but decaied, and wholie extinguished: it is vncredible,
+that the Grecians would seeke to bryng home Helena, who
+had loste the chaste loue toward her housband, beyng caught
+[Sidenote: Paris Hele-
+nas louer.
+Phrigia.]
+with the adulterous loue of Paris, soonne to Priamus kyng
+of Troie. The lande of Phrigia was a mightie Region, the
+people noble, puissaunte in warre: the kyng for nobilitie of
+actes famous. The Citee of Troie, wherein the kyng helde
+his Scepter of gouernement, was riche, mightie, and popu-
+lous: ruled and gouerned, by the wisedome and policie of fa-
+mous counsailours, so that by all meanes it is vncredible,
+[Sidenote: Uncomelie.]
+without any possibilitie. Thei neclectyng their owne state
+and kyngdo[m], so to preferre the beautie of one, that the whole
+multitude of Grece thereby to perishe. It is a matter vncre-
+[Sidenote: Grece the
+fountain of al
+learnyng.]
+dible in all Grece, whiche for the fame of wisedome, is moste
+celebrated emong all nacions, not one wiseman at thesame
+tyme to be therein: whose cou[n]saile and politike heddes, might
+ponder a better purpose. Grece, whiche was the mother and
+fountaine of all artes and sciences, all Eloquence, Philoso-
+phie, wisedome flowyng from theim, and yet wisedome to
+[Fol. xxvij.r]
+want in their breastes. Reason can not make any perswasion
+that any probabilitie can rise, of any soche matter enterpri-
+sed, what could the intent be of the Grecians, as concerning
+[Sidenote: Menelaus
+housbande to
+Helena.]
+Menelaus. In Menelaus there was no wisedom, to seke and
+hunte after Helena, or by any meanes to possesse her, she be-
+yng a harlotte, her loue alienated, her hart possessed with the
+loue of an other manne: foolishlie he hopeth to possesse loue,
+[Sidenote: Harlottes
+loue dissem-
+bled.]
+that seeketh to enioye the cloked, poisoned, and dissembled
+harte of a harlotte, Grece was well ridde of a harlotte, Troie
+[Sidenote: Troians.]
+harbouryng Helena. In the Troians it is not to be thought,
+that either the kyng, or nobles, for a harlotte, would see the
+the people murthered, their owne state, the king to be in dan-
+[Sidenote: Grecians.]
+ger of ruine. In the Grecians there was neither wisedome,
+neither commendacion, to pursue with a maine hoste, with a
+greate Nauie of Shippes, to bryng backe againe a harlotte,
+whose enterprise rather might better bee borne, to banishe &
+exile soche a beastlie disposed persone. The Troians mighte
+[Sidenote: Absurditie.]
+well scorne the Grecians, if that the possession of a beautifull
+moste amiable, and minsyng harlotte, was of soche valour,
+estimacion, and price with theim, not onely the beautie of all
+other to bee reiected. But moste of all the vertuous life, and
+chastitie of all their matrons and honourable Ladies, to bee
+caste of as naught. Grece that had the name of all wisedome,
+[Sidenote: The defence
+of Helena.]
+of all learnyng and singularitie, might rather worthelie bee
+called, a harbouryng place of harlottes: a Stewe and vphol-
+der of whoredome, and all vncleanes. Wherefore, these ab-
+surdities ought to bee remoued, from the minde and cogita-
+cion of all menne, that should worthelie ponder the state of
+[Sidenote: Troie a king[-]
+dome of whor[-]
+dome.]
+Grece. Troie of like sorte to bee a kyngdome and common
+wealthe of all vice: whoredome in soche price with the kyng,
+and people, that moste fortunate should the harlotte bee, and
+the adulterour in soche a common wealthe, that for adulte-
+rous loue, putteth rather all their state to hasarde and perill,
+for the maintenaunce of beastlie loue, brutishe societie moste
+in price with soche a nacion, chastitie, and moderaciou of life,
+[Fol. xxvij.v]
+abandoned and caste of.
+
+
+¶ Unpossible, and not agreyng.
+
+[Sidenote: Nature ab-
+horreth the
+warre of the
+Grecians.]
+IF wee weigh naturall affeccion, it can not bee, that
+the Grecians so moche abhorring fro[m] nature, should
+cast of the naturall loue of their wifes, their children
+and countrie, to bryng home againe, by slaughter of infinite
+people: soche an one as had left honestie, and chaste loue of
+her housbande. For, what praise can redounde to the Greci-
+[Sidenote: Helena.]
+ans by warre, to bryng home Helena, though she of all crea-
+tures was moste beautifull, beyng a harlotte: followyng the
+bridell and will of an other man. Maie shame or commenda-
+cion rise to the Troians, can wisedome, counsaile, or grauitie,
+[Sidenote: Priamus.]
+defende the adulterous luste of Priamus soonne, yea, could
+Priamus so loue Helena, for Paris his sonnes sake, as that
+he had rather venter the ruine and destruccion of his citée, and
+the falle of his people, the murder and ruine of his children,
+and wife for the beautie of one. For what is beautie, where
+honestie and vertue lacketh, it is an vncomly matter, though
+the Poetes so faigne it, not onely that in heauen, a contencio[n]
+should fall emong the Goddises of their beautie, or that Iu-
+piter of whom thei make an ignoraunt God, to chuse Paris
+the kynges sonne of Troie, chief arbitratour & Iudge of that
+matter, to who[m] he should giue the golde[n] Apell to her beautie,
+as chief of al other, was ascribed these thynges, are vndecent
+to thinke of the Goddeses, and moste of all, to thinke there is
+more Goddes then one. And euen as these are vanities, and
+forged imaginacions of the Goddes, so of the battaile.
+
+
+¶ Uncomelie and vnprofitable.
+
+THE daunger of many people doeth shewe, that no
+soche thyng should happen, either of the Grecians
+or of the Troians: for, it is a matter dissonaunt fro[m]
+all truthe, that thei should so moche neclecte the
+quiete state, and prosperous renoume of their kyngdome, in
+all tymes and ages, since the firste constitucion of all Monar-
+[Fol. xxviij.r]
+chies and kyngdomes. Who euer harde soche a forged mat-
+ter to be Chronicled, and set forthe. Or who can giue credite
+to soche warre, to be enterprised of so small a matter: to leaue
+the state of waightier thynges for one woman. All the wo-
+men of that countrie to stande in perill, the slaughter of their
+deare housbandes, the violent murder of their children to in-
+sue. Therefore, the wilfulnesse of people and princes, are the
+cause of the falle and destruccion, of many mightie kyngdo-
+mes, and Empires. The fall of Grece ensued, when the chief
+[Sidenote: Ambicion.
+Cesar fell by
+ambicion.]
+citées, Athenes and Lacedemonie tooke partes, and did con-
+federate diuers citees to them, to assiste theim, and aide theim
+in battaile onely: ambicion and desire of glorie, moued bothe
+[Sidenote: Discorde.]
+the Athenians and Lacedemonians, fro[m] concorde and vnitie
+by whiche meanes, the power, glory, and stre[n]gth of all king-
+[Sidenote: Pompey.]
+domes falleth. Ambicion was the cause that mightie Pom-
+pey fell, and died violently. Cesar likewise caught with am-
+bicion, not bearyng the equalitée, or superioritie of Pompei,
+was tourned of violentlie fro[m] Fortunes whéele. Many prin-
+ces of like sorte and kingdomes. By ambicion onely, had the
+cause of their ruine. The glorie of the Assirian Monarchie
+grewe moste mightie, by the ambicion of Ninus kyng of
+Babilon: the ofspring of Ninus, whiche were kynges line-
+allie descendyng to the firste kyngdome of the Medes, bothe
+inlarged their kyngdomes, and also had the decaie of theim
+by ambicion. Let the Medes also associate them selues to the[m],
+from Arbactus the first kyng, vnto Astiages the laste: the be-
+ginnyng and falle of the Persian Monarchie. The mightie
+[Sidenote: Romulus kil[-]
+led Remus
+by ambicion.]
+state of Grece, the seate Imperiall of Rome, by ambicio[n] first
+extolled theim selues: and also by it, their glorie, scepter, and
+kyngdome was translated, but the falle of Troie came not,
+by ambicion, that the Grecians sought. But as the Poetes
+doe faigne, the beautie of one woman so wounded their har-
+tes, that the Grecians did hasarde, the perilles of their coun-
+trie. The Troians so moche estemed, the beautie of Helena,
+as that the state of all their kyngdome perished. It was no
+[Fol. xxviij.v]
+glorie nor honour to the Grecians, to resiste by armour, and
+to defende the violente takyng awaie of Helena, from her
+housbande: nor it was no honour, the Grecians to pursue by
+armour, the takynge awaie of Helena, beyng a harlotte. So
+that by no meanes it can followe, these thynges to bee true,
+of the battaile of Troie.
+
+
+¶ Confirmacion.
+
+The other part, contrary to destruccion or subuersion, is
+called confirmacion.
+
+Confirmacion, hath in it so greate force of argumente, to
+stablishe and vpholde the cause or proposicion: as destruccion
+hath in castyng doune the sentence or proposicion.
+
+Confirmacion is a certain oracion, whiche with a certain
+reprehension of the persone or facte, by order and waie of art,
+casteth doune, the contrary propounded.
+
+As in the other parte called destruccion, those proposici-
+ons are to bee subuerted, whiche are not manyfestlie true,
+with all other notes before specified: so in contrariwise, this
+oracion by contrary notes is declaimed by, as for example.
+
+1. It shall behoue you first, for the entring of the oracion, to
+induce a reprehension againste those, whiche haue confuted
+as a truthe, that whiche you will confirme.
+
+2. In the seconde parte, place the exposicion and meanyng
+of the aucthours sentence.
+
+3. Shewe the matter to be manifest.
+
+4. Credible.
+
+5. Prossible.
+
+6. Agreyng to the truthe.
+
+7. Shewe the facte comelie.
+
+8. Profitable.
+
+This exercise of _Rhetotike_, doeth contain in it all stre[n]gth
+of arte, as who should saie, all partes of _Rhetorike_ maie co-
+piouslie bee handled in this parte, called confirmacion. You
+maie as matter riseth, ioigne twoo notes together, as the
+reason of the argumente cometh in place, whiche Apthonius
+[Fol. xxix.r]
+a Greke aucthour herein vseth. As manifest and credible, pos-
+sible and agreyng to truthe, comelie and profitable, but in al
+these, as in all the reste: the theme or proposicion by it self, is
+to bee placed, the reprehension of the aucthour by it self, the
+exposicion of the theme by it self.
+
+
+¶ The theme or proposicion.
+
+IT is true that is saied of Zopyrus, the noble Per-
+sian, who ve[n]tered his life: & did cause the deformi-
+tie of his bodie, for the sauegarde of this countrie.
+
+
+¶ The praise.
+
+[Sidenote: Iustinus.]
+IUstinus the Historiographer, for worthinesse
+of fame and wisedome, deserueth in the poste-
+ritie of all tymes, immortall fame, by whom
+the famous actes of Princes, and other noble
+[Sidenote: Chronicles
+moste neces-
+sary to be red.]
+men, doe remaine Chronicled. Giuyng exam-
+ples of all valiauntnesse and vertue: for, bothe the actes and
+worthie feactes of Princes, would passe as vnknowen in all
+ages, excepte the worthinesse of them, were in monumentes
+of writyng Chronicled. For, by the fame of their worthines,
+and vertues, co[m]mon wealthes and kyngdomes, doe stablishe
+and make Lawes, the hartes of people are incensed, and in-
+flamed, to the like nobilitie of actes, and famous enter-
+[Sidenote: The worthi-
+nesse of histo-
+ries.]
+prices, Histories of auncient tymes, bee vnto vs witnesses of
+all tymes and ages, of kyngdomes and common wealthes, a
+liuely example. A light to all truthe and knowlege, a schole-
+[Sidenote: What is a hi-
+storie.]
+maister: of maners a memorie of life, for, by it we se the wise-
+dom of all ages, the forme of the beste and florishing common
+wealthes. We learne by the vertues of Princes and gouer-
+nours, to followe like steppe of vertue: to flie and auoide vi-
+ces, and all soche thynges, as are to the destruccion and de-
+[Sidenote: An ignorant
+life, a brutish
+life.]
+caie, of realme and countrie. How brutishe wer our life, if we
+knewe no more then we se presently, in the state of our com-
+mon wealthe and kyngdome. The kyngdomes of all Prin-
+ces and common wealthes that now florisheth, doe stande by
+[Fol. xxix.v]
+the longe experience, wisedome, pollicy, counsaile, and god-
+lie lawes of Princes of auncient times, no smal praise and
+[Sidenote: The know-
+lege of Histo-
+ries maketh
+vs as it were
+liuyng in all
+ages.
+Historiogri-
+phers.]
+commendation can be attributed, to all suche as doe trauell
+in the serching out the veritie of auncient Histories, for bi the
+knoledge of them, we are as it were liuyng in all ages, the
+fall of all kyngdomes is manifeste to vs, the death of Prin-
+ces, the subuersions of kingdomes and common wealthes,
+who knoweth not the first risyng & ende of the Assiriane mo-
+narchie, the glorie of the Persians, and the ruynge of the
+same, the mightie Empire of the Grekes, risyng & fallyng,
+the Romane state after what sorte florishyng and decaiyng,
+so that no state of common wealthe or kyngdome is vnkno-
+wen to vs, therefore Iustine, and all suche as doe leue to the
+posteritie, the state of al things chronicled, deserue immortal
+commendacions.
+
+
+¶ The exposicion.
+
+[Sidenote: The treason
+of the Assy-
+rians.]
+IN the time of Darius kyng of the Persians, the
+Assyria[n]s who ware subiects to him, sence the time
+of Cirus the firste kynge of the Persians, rebel-
+led, inuaded and toke the myghtie Citie of Babi-
+lon, whiche beyng possessed, with much difficultie, and not
+[Sidenote: Darius.]
+withoute greate daungers coulde bee attained. Darius the
+kynge hearyng of the treason of the Assyrians and that the
+[Sidenote: Babilon ta-
+ken of the As-
+syrians.]
+mightie Citie of Babilon was taken, was very wroth wai-
+ynge with him selfe, that there by, the ruyne of the Persian
+kyngdome mighte happen. Zopyrus one of the .vij. noble
+Peres of Persia, seing the daunger of the countrie, the state
+of the Prince, and the welfare of the subiectes to decaie, in the
+safegarde of his countrie, leuyng all priuate commoditie, for
+the behoufe and felicitie of the Persian kyngdome, did ven-
+[Sidenote: The fact of
+Zopyrus.]
+ter his owne life, commaunded his seruauntes at home to
+teare and re[n]te his bodie with whippes, to cut of his nose, his
+lippes and his eares, these thinges being vnknowen to Da-
+rius the kynge. As sone as Darius sawe Zopyrus so torne
+[Fol. xxx.r]
+[Sidenote: Zopyrus cau[-]
+sed the defor-
+mitie of his
+bodie, for the
+good state of
+his countrie.]
+and deformed, bewailed his state being astonished, at so hor-
+rible a faict: but Zopyrus shewed to the kynge his hole in-
+tente and purpose that he mynded to go to Babylon, whiche
+the Assyrians dyd traitorouslie possesse, & complained as that
+these things had ben don by the tyrannie and crueltie of Da-
+rius, he we[n]t to Babilon, and there complained of the cruel-
+tie of his kyng, whereby purchasyng the fauor and loue of
+the Assyrians, he shewed them how Darius came to be kyng
+not by worthines, not by vertue, not by the common consent
+of men, but by the neynge of a horse. Zopyrus therefore ad-
+monished them, that they should trust more to their armour,
+[Sidenote: The pollicie
+of Zopyrus.]
+then to their walles, he willed them to proclame ope[n] warre,
+forthwith they encountred with the Persians, and for a time
+victorie fel on the Babilonians side, suche was the pollice of
+Zopyrus. The Assyrians reioised of the successe and felicitie
+of their warres, the king of the Babilonians gaue to Zopy-
+rus, the chiefe power & office, to leede a mightie armie, of the
+whiche beynge Lieutenaunt, he betraied the Babilonians
+and their Citie.
+
+
+¶ Manifeste.
+
+[Sidenote: Trogus Po[m][-]
+peius.]
+NOt onlie Trogus Pompeius the famous Historio-
+grapher, and Iustine which tooke the Story of him,
+but also the Greke writers doe sette forthe, as matter
+of truthe, the valiaunte enterprises of Zopyrus: so that the
+straunge and mightie facte of him can not seme vncredible,
+[Sidenote: Zopyrus.]
+hauyng testimonie of it in all ages. Zopyrus hauing not re-
+spect to his owne life, to his owne priuate wealthe or glorie,
+did thereby put of the daunger that insued to the Persiane
+kyngdome: It maie seme a greate matter, to a mynde not
+well affected towarde his countrie, to destroie or deforme his
+[Sidenote: The saiyng
+of Tullie.]
+owne bodie, for the sauegarde of countrie or common welth.
+But if we waie the State of oure bearth, oure countrie cha-
+lengeth more at oure handes then frindes or parentes, so
+[Sidenote: Plato.
+Aristotel.]
+muche price Plato the Philosopher, and Aristotle doe attri-
+bute vnto our countrie, the volumes of all lawes and bokes
+[Fol. xxx.v]
+doe prefare oure naturall countrie before the priuate state of
+[Sidenote: The state of
+a publike
+wealthe, is to
+bee preferred
+before a pri-
+uate wealth.
+Pericles.]
+owne manne, wealthe, glorie, honor, dignitie, and riches of
+one or fewe, the Statutes of all Princes, sekyng the glorie
+of their countrie, doe prefare a vniuersal welthe, before a pri-
+uate and particulare commoditie. Pericles the noble Athe-
+nian in his oration made to the Athenians, sheweth that the
+glorie and welthe of one man or manie, cannot plante suche
+glorie, and renowne to their countrie, as that in all partes
+thereby to be beautified and decorated, but whe[n] glorie a hap-
+pie and florishyng state redoundeth to the kyngdome, the
+subiectes, the nobelles and hye peres, the gouuernour stan-
+deth happie and fortunate. Who so hopeth in sparing costes
+and charges, monie or ornaments, to the behouf and imploi-
+ment of his countrie and not by all meanes to his power and
+strength aydeth and defendeth his naturall countrie, from
+[Sidenote: A good sub-
+iecte is redie
+to liue and
+die for his
+countrie.]
+the daunger and inuasion of his enemie, what state inioyeth
+he, or what wealth remaineth priuatlie, when the trone and
+scepter of his kyng faileth, the enemie wasteth, spoileth and
+destroieth all partes of his state, with the reste his life pe-
+risheth, so that no daunger, coste, is to bee refused, to serue
+the kingdom and prince, by whose scepter, iustice, lawes, and
+equitie we are gouuerned, there is no subiect well affected,
+but that he onlie liueth to proffite his countrie, to liue & dye
+therein.
+
+
+¶ Probabell.
+
+IF only Zopyrus had enterprised this valiaunt act,
+and that no memorie were remainyng in anie age
+of the noble acts of other men, it may seme not true-
+lie chronacled, but from time to time, in all ages &
+co[m]mon wealthes, famous men for their acts & nobilitie haue
+ben, whiche with like courrage and magnanimitie haue sa-
+[Sidenote: Horacius Co[-]
+cles.]
+ued their countrie, by the losse of their owne liues. Horatius
+Cocles is bothe a witnesse and a light to the same, by whose
+aduenture the mightie and stronge Citie Rome was saued:
+For at what time as the Hetruscians entred on the citie, and
+[Fol. xxxj.r]
+were on the bridge, Horatius cocles defendid the ende of the
+same, baryng of the brunte, and stroke of the enemie, vntill
+the Romans, for the sauegarde of the cytie, had broken doun
+the bridge, as sone as Horatius Cocles sawe the Cytie thus
+deliuered, and the repulse of the enemie, he lepte with his ar-
+mours into the flud Tibar, it semed he had not regard to his
+life, that beyng burdened with the waighte and grauitie of
+his armour, durst venter his life to so main and depe a water.
+[Sidenote: Marcus
+Attilius.]
+Marcus Attilius in the defence of his Prince, his right hand
+being cut of, the which he laide on the ship of the Massilians,
+forthwith he apprehended with the lefte hand, and ceased not
+[Sidenote: Cynegerus.]
+vntill he hadde soouncke thesame ship. Cynegerus the Athe-
+nian lineth by fame and like nobilitie of actes, ve[n]teryng his
+life for his countrie. The mightie cytie of Athenes, brought
+[Sidenote: Hismenias.
+Thrasibulus[.]]
+vnder the dominions of the Lacedemonians. Thrasibulus,
+Hismenias and Lisias bi their aduenture, and noble atchiue
+reduced Athenes to his felicitie so moche loue, soo faithefull
+hartes they hadde towardes theire countreie. Leonides the
+King of the Lacedemonians, defendyng the narow straights
+of the cytie Thermopolie with fower thousand men against
+the mightie and huge armie of Xerxes, for Xerxes contemned
+[Sidenote: Leonides
+kyng of the
+Lacedemo-
+nians.]
+theire smalle number and armie: Leonides the kyng hearde
+that the place and hill of the battell was preue[n]tid of .xx. thou-
+sande enemies, he exorted his souldiours parte of them to de-
+parte vntill a better time might be locked for, and onlie with
+the Lacedemonians he proued the conflicte and the combate,
+although the campe of Xerxes was mightier & more in num-
+ber: yet Leonides the kyng thought it good for the sauegarde
+of his contrie, for saieth he, I must rather saue it, then to haue
+respecte to my life, although the oracle of Delphos had fore-
+shewed, that euen Leonides muste die in the fielde or battell
+of the enemie, and therefore Leonides entred battail, & com-
+fortid his men for their countrie sake, as to die therein, there-
+fore he preuented the narrowe straightes of the countrie, and
+the dangerous places, where the force of the enemie mought
+[Fol. xxxj.v]
+bruste in, he lingered not, leste the enemie mighte compasse
+him in, but in the quiet season of the nighte, he set vppon his
+enemie vnloked for, and they beynge but sixe hundred men
+[Sidenote: Leonides.]
+with the kyng Leonides, brust into the ca[m]pe of their enemies
+beyng sixe hundred thousand menne, their valiauntnes was
+suche, and the ouerthowe of their enemies so great, and Xer-
+xes the kyng hauyng two woundes, retired with shame and
+[Sidenote: Agesilaus.
+Conon.]
+loste the honor. Agesilaus and Conon valiaunte in actes,
+and excellynge in all nobilitie, what great and mightie dan-
+gers haue thei atchiued and venterid for their countrie sake,
+howe moche haue thei neglectid their owne wealth, riches,
+life and glorie, for the aduauncement and honor of their cou[n]-
+[Sidenote: Lisander.]
+trie. Lisander also the Lacedemonian, was indued with like
+nobilitie with faithfull and syncéer harte towarde his coun-
+[Sidenote: Archidamus[.]
+Codrus.]
+try. Archidamus also lieth not in obliuio[n], whose fame death
+buried not the famous aduenture of Codrus kyng of the A-
+thenians is maruelous and almoste incredible, but that the
+Histores, truelie set forth, and declare a manifest truthe ther-
+[Sidenote: Epamniun-
+das.]
+of, who is more famous then Epaminundas, bothe for vir-
+tue, nobilitie and marciall feates among the Thebans, the
+[Sidenote: Grecians.]
+mightie armie of the Grecians, at the longe sege of Troie,
+what valiaunte Capitains hadde thei, whiche in the defence
+[Sidenote: Troians.]
+of their countrie hasarde their life: the Troians also wanted
+not for proues valiauntnes and al nobilitie, their péeres and
+[Sidenote: Romans.]
+nobles: amonge the Romans, what a greate number was
+of noble peres, whose studie alwaies was to liue and dye in
+the glorie, aide and defence of their countrie, for he liueth not
+by whose cowardlines fainted harte and courage, the contrie
+[Sidenote: Who liueth in
+shame.]
+or kyngdome standeth in perrill, he liueth in shame, that re-
+fuseth daunger, coste or charge, in the defence or procuryng,
+better state to his countrie. The worthie saiyng of Epami-
+nundas declareth, who liueth to his countrie, who diyng va-
+liauntlie in the felde, beyng thrust thorow with the speare of
+his enemie, asked those questions of these that stoede by him
+at the poincte of deathe, is my speare manfullie broken, and
+[Fol. xxxij.r]
+my enemies chassed awaie, the whiche things his co[m]panions
+[Sidenote: Epameunn-
+das a most no[-]
+ble and vali-
+aunt pere.]
+in warre affirmed, then saide he: nowe your Capitaine Epa-
+minundas beginneth to liue in that he dieth valiauntlie for
+his countrie, and in the proffite & aduauncement of the same,
+a worthie man, noble and valiaunte, his sentence also was
+worthie to be knowen, and followed of all suche as bee well
+affected and Godlie mynded to their countrie. Marcus Mar-
+cellus of like sorte, and Titus Manlius Torquatus, & Sci-
+pio Aemilianus, Marcus Attilius shewed in what hye price
+our naturall countrée ought to bee had, by their valiaunt at-
+chifes, and enterprises: I might passe by in sile[n]ce Scipio Ca-
+to, and Publius Scipio Nasica, but that thei by like fame,
+honour and glorie liue immortall to their countrie, the same
+also of Uibeus, Ualerius Flaccus, and Pedanius Centurio
+giueth ampell and large matter to all menne, endued with
+nobilitie and valiaunt proues, for the defence of their coun-
+trie with Quintus Coccius, Marcus Sceua and Sceuola.
+
+
+¶ Possibilitie.
+
+THere nedeth no doute to rise of possibilitie, seinge
+that examples doe remain of famous men, of god-
+lie and well affected persones, whiche haue with
+like magnanimitie putte in daunger their life, to
+[Sidenote: The order of
+Athenes.]
+saue their Prince, kyngdome, and countrie. Greate honour
+was giuen of the Athenians, to soche noble and valiaunte
+men, whiche ventered their liues for their common wealthe,
+to maintaine the florishyng state thereof. The eloquente and
+[Sidenote: Thusidides.]
+copious oracion of Thusidides, the true, faithfull, and elo-
+quente Historiographer doeth shewe: what honour and im-
+mortall fame was attributed, to all soche as did venter their
+liues, in the florishyng state of their countrie, in supportyng,
+mainteinyng, and defendyng thesame. Who, although thei
+loste their liues, whiche by death should bee dissolued, their
+fame neuer buried, liueth with the soule to immortalitie, the
+losse of their Priuate wealthe, glorie, riches, substaunce, or
+dignitie, hath purchased and obtained fame, that withereth
+[Fol. xxxij.v]
+not, and glorie that faileth not.
+
+
+¶ Agreyng and comelie.
+
+BOthe the true Histories, doe leaue in commenda-
+cion, the facte of Zopyrus, and the noble and wor-
+thie enterprises of other: whiche haue giuen the
+like assaie, and their fame is celebrated and titeled
+with immortall commendacion and glorie, to the posteritie
+[Sidenote: The duetie
+of all good
+subiectes.]
+of all ages followyng. What harte can bee so stonie, or bru-
+tishly affected, that wil not venter his life, goodes, landes, or
+possessions: if with the daunger of one, that is of hymself, the
+whole bodie and state of his countrie, is thereby supported,
+and saued. What securitie and quietnesse remained, what
+wealth, honour, or fame to Zopyrus: if not onely Zopyrus
+had perished, but the kyng & people vniuersally had been de-
+stroied. Therevpon Zopyrus weighing and co[n]sideryng, the
+[Sidenote: The cause of
+our birthe.]
+state of his birthe, that his countrie chalenged his life, rather
+then the dissolucion of the whole kyngdome, the decaie of the
+Prince, the takyng awaie of the scepter, the slaughter of in-
+finite people to ensue. He was borne to be a profitable mem-
+ber to his countrie, a glorie and staie to thesame: and not spa-
+ryng his life, or shunnyng the greate deformitie of his bo-
+die, to bee a ruine of thesame. Was it not better that one pe-
+rished, then by the securitie of one, a whole lande ouer run-
+ned, as partes thereby spoiled: it was the duetie of Zopirus,
+to take vpon hym that greate and famous enterprise. It was
+also comelie, the kyngdome standyng in perill, a sage and
+descrite persone to preuente and putte of, soche a daunger at
+[Sidenote: The facte of
+Zopyrus.]
+hande: The faicte altogether sheweth all vertue and greate
+singularitie, and a rare moderacion of minde, to cast of all re-
+spectes and excuses, forsakyng presentlie honour, quietnesse
+and obiecting himself to perill, he sawe if he onelie died, or by
+ieopardie saued his countrie, many thereby liued, the kyng-
+dome & people florished, where otherwise, he with his Prince
+and kyngdome might haue perished.
+
+
+¶ Proffitable.
+
+[Fol. xxxiij.r]
+
+[Sidenote: The fact of
+Zopyrus.]
+AL the power of the Babilonians, was by his pol-
+icie throwen doune, the Citee taken, the enemie
+brought to confusion: on the other side, the Persi-
+ans rose mightie, soche a mightie enemie put vn-
+derfoote. The fame of Zopyrus and glorie of the facte, will
+neuer be obliterated, or put out of memorie, if this were not
+profitable to the kyngdome of Persia: if this were not a re-
+noume to the prince and people, and immortall glory to Zo-
+[Sidenote: Zopyrus de-
+formed, a
+beautie of his
+countree.]
+pryus iudge ye. Zopyrus therfore, beautified his countrée, by
+the deformitie of his bodie. Better it wer to haue many soche
+deformed bodies, then the whole state of the realme destroied
+or brought to naught: if we weigh the magnanimitie of that
+man, and his enterprise, there is so moche honour in the fact,
+that his fame shall neuer cease.
+
+
+¶ A common place.
+
+[Sidenote: Why it is cal-
+led a common
+place.]
+A Common place is a Oracion, dilatyng and ampli-
+fiyng good or euill, whiche is incidente or lodged in
+any man. This Oracion is called a common place,
+because the matter conteined in it, doeth agree vniuersally to
+all menne, whiche are partakers of it, and giltie of thesame[.]
+
+A Oracion framed againste a certaine Thefe, Extorcio-
+ner, Murderer, or Traitor, is for the matter conteined in it,
+metelie and aptlie compiled, against all soche as are giltie of
+theft, murder, treason, or spotted with any other wickednes.
+
+This oracion of a common place, is like to the laste argu-
+ment or _Epilogus_ of any oracion, whiche the Grekes doe call
+_Deuterologian_, whiche is as moche to saie, as a rehearsall of
+that whiche is spoken of before.
+
+Wherefore, a common place hath no _exhordium_, or be-
+ginnyng, yet neuerthelesse, for the profite and exercise of the
+learner, you maie place soche a _proemium_, or beginnyng of
+the oracion, as maie be easie to induce the learner.
+
+This parte of _Rhetorike_ is large to intreate vpon, for the
+aboundaunce of matter.
+
+This part of _Rhetorike_ is large to intreate vpon, for the
+[Fol. xxxiij.v]
+aboundaunce of matter.
+
+The common place, whiche Aphthonius intreateth of, is
+to be aplied against any man, for the declaimor to inuade, ei-
+ther against vices, or to extoll and amplifie his vertues.
+
+This oracion of a common place, serueth bothe for the ac-
+cuser and the defender.
+
+For the accuser, to exasperate and moue the Iudges or
+hearers, against the offender, or accused.
+
+For the defendour to replie, and with all force & strength
+of matter, to mollifie and appease the perturbacions of the
+Iudges and hearers, to pulle doune and deface the contrarie
+alledged.
+
+There is greate force in this oracion, on bothe the sides.
+
+Properlie this kinde of _Rhetorike_, is called a common
+place, though it semeth to be made againste this man, or that
+man: because the matter of thesame shall properly pertain to
+all, giltie of thesame matter.
+
+[Sidenote: Pristianus.]
+Pristianus sheweth, that this parte of _Rhetorike_, is as it
+were a certaine exaggeracion of reason, to induce a manifest
+probacion of any thyng committed.
+
+As for example, a Theife taken in a robberie, in whom
+neither shamefastnesse, nor sparcle of grace appereth against
+soche a one: this oracion maie be made, to exasperate the Iud-
+ges from all fauour or affeccion of pitie, to be shewed.
+
+
+¶ The order of the Oracion followeth
+with these notes to be made by.
+
+¶ The firste Proheme.
+
+DEmosthenes the famous Orator of Athenes in
+his oracio[n] made against Aristogito[n] doeth saie,
+[Sidenote: What are
+Lawes.]
+that Lawes wherewith a common wealthe, ci-
+tie or Region is gouerned, are the gifte of God,
+a profitable Discipline among men, a restraint
+to with holde and kepe backe, the wilfull, rashe, and beastilie
+[Sidenote: Aristotle.
+Plato.]
+life of man, and therupo[n] Aristotle and Plato doe shewe, that
+through the wicked behauour of men, good lawes were first
+[Fol. xxxiiij.r]
+ordained, for, of ill maners, saie thei, rose good lawes, where
+[Sidenote: Order.]
+lawes doe cease, and good order faileth, there the life of man
+will growe, rude, wild and beestlie: Man beyng a chiefe crea-
+[Sidenote: Man borne
+by nature to
+societee.]
+ture or God, indued with manie singuler vertues, is framed
+of nature to a mutuall and Godlie societie of life, without
+the whiche moste horrible wolde the life bee, for not onlie by
+concorde and agremente, the life of man dothe consiste but al
+things on the earth haue therin their being: the heauens and
+lightes conteined in the same, haue a perpetuall harmonie
+& concente in finishyng their appointed race. The elementes
+[Sidenote: All thinges
+beyng on the
+yearth, dooe
+consiste by a
+harmonie or
+concorde.]
+of the worlde, where with the nature and substaunce of all
+thinges, doe consiste onlie by a harmonie and temperature of
+eche parte, haue their abidyng increase & prosperous beyng,
+otherwise their substaunce, perisheth and nature in all partes
+decaieth: Kyngdomes and common wealthes doe consiste in
+a harmonie, so long as vertue and all singularitie tempereth
+their state and gouernemente, and eche member thereof obe-
+ieth his function, office and callynge, and as partes of the-
+same bodie, euerie one as nature hath ordained theim occu-
+piyng, their roume and place, the vse of euerie parte, all to the
+vse and preseruacion of the hole bodie, and as in the bodie so
+in the common wealthe, the like concorde of life oughte to be
+in euery part, the moste principall parte accordyng to his di-
+gnitie of office, as moste principall to gouerne thother inferi-
+or partes: and it thei as partes moste principal of thesame bo-
+die with all moderacion and equabilitie te[m]peryng their state,
+[Sidenote: Order con-
+serueth com-
+mon wealth.]
+office and calling. The meanest parte accordyng to his lowe
+state, appliyng hym selfe to obeie and serue the moste prin-
+cipall: wherein the perfecte and absolute, frame of common
+wealthe or kyngdome is erected. And seyng that as the Phi-
+losophers doe saie, of ill maners came good lawes, that is to
+saie, the wicked and beastlie life of man, their iniurius beha-
+uiour, sekyng to frame themselues from men to beastes mo-
+[Sidenote: Euil maners
+was the occa-
+sion of good
+Lawes.]
+ued the wise and Godlie, elders to ordaine certaine meanes,
+to rote discipline, whereby the wickedlie disposed personne
+[Fol. xxxiiij.v]
+should bee compelled to liue in order, to obeie Godlie lawes,
+to the vpholdyng of societie. Therefore, all suche as dissolue
+lawes, caste doune good order, and state of common wealth,
+out as putride and vnprofitable weedes, to be extirpated and
+plucked vp from Citie and Common wealthe, from societie,
+who by mischeuous attemptes seke, to extinguishe societie,
+amitie, and concord in life. Princes & gouernors with al other
+magistrates ought in their gouernment to imitate the prac-
+tise of the Phisician, the nature of man, wekedned and made
+feble with to moche abundaunce of yll humors, or ouermoch
+with ill bloode replenished, to purge and euacuate that, and
+all to the preseruacion and healthe of the whole bodie: for so
+was the meanyng of the Philosopher, intreatyng of the po-
+litike, gouernment of kingdome and commonwealth, when
+[Sidenote: Theiues not
+mete to be in
+any societie.]
+thei compared a kingdome to the bodie of man: the thefe and
+robber as a euill and vnprofitable member, and all other as
+without all right, order, lawe, equitie and iustice, doe breake
+societie of life, bothe against lawe and nature: possessing the
+goodes of a other man, are to bee cutte of, as no partes, méete
+to remaine in any societie.
+
+
+¶ The seconde Proheme.
+
+[Sidenote: Why theiues
+and wicked
+men, are cut
+of by lawe.]
+THe chifest cause that moued gouernours and ma-
+gistrates, to cutte of the race of theues, and viole[n]te
+robbers, and of all other mischeuous persons, was
+that by them a confusion would ensue in al states.
+What Citee could stande in prosperous state, yea, or what
+house priuatlie inhabited, where lawes and aucthoritee were
+exiled: where violence, will, luste, and appetite of pestiferous
+men, might without terrour bee practised. If the labour and
+industrie of the godlie, should be alwaie a praie to y^e wicked,
+and eche mannes violence and iniurious dealyng, his owne
+lawe, the beaste in his state, would bee lesse brutishe and in-
+iurious. Who so seketh to caste doune this societée, he is not
+méete to be of any societée, whiche he dissolueth. Who so rob-
+beth or stealeth, to liue by the gooddes of an other manne, as
+[Fol. xxxv.r]
+his possession, is by violence and againste Nature: so by vio-
+[Sidenote: A due rewar[-]
+des for thie-
+ues and mur-
+therers.]
+lence and against nature, their pestiferous doinges do frame
+their confusion: their execrable & destetable purpose, do make
+theim a outcaste from all good people, and as no members
+thereof, cut of from all societée, their euill life rooteth perpetu-
+al ignomie and shame. And thus is the tragicall ende of their
+enterprise.
+
+
+¶ The contrarie.
+
+[Sidenote: Democratia.]
+HErein the lose and dissolute state of gouernmente
+called of the Grekes Democratia, haue conten-
+ted the wilfull heddes of pestiferous men: where-
+in euery man must bee a ruler. Their owne will
+is their Lawe: there luste setteth order, no Magistrate, but
+euery one to hymself a Magistrate. All thynges in common,
+as long as that state doeth remain emong the wicked, a most
+happie state coumpted, a wished state to idell persones, but it
+[Sidenote: The thiefe.
+The mur-
+therer.]
+continueth not. Herein the murtherer, the thiefe were meete
+to be placed. The greater thiefe, the better manne: the moste
+execrable murtherer, a moste mete persone, for soche state of
+gouernemente. There is no nacion vnder the Sunne, but
+that one tyme or other, this troublous state hath molested
+theim: and many haue sought to sette vp soche a monsterous
+state of regiment, a plagued common wealthe, and to be de-
+tested. Soche was the order of men, when thei liued without
+lawes. When the whole multitude were scattered, no citee,
+Toune, or house builded or inhabited, but through beastlie
+maners, beastlie dispersed, liued wilde and beastlie. But
+the wise, sage, and politike heddes reduced by wisedome, into
+[Sidenote: Houses.
+Families.
+Tounes.
+Citees.]
+a societie of life, nature leadyng thereto: Houses and habita-
+cions, were then for necessitie made, families multiplied, vil-
+lages and Tounes populouslie increased, and Citees raised
+emong so infinite people. Nature by God inuented and sta-
+blished Lawe, and the sage and wise persones, pronounced
+and gaue sentence vpon Lawes. Whereupon, by the obedi-
+ence of lawes, and preeminente aucthoritie of Magistrates:
+[Fol. xxxv.v]
+The state of mightie Kyngdomes and Common wealthes,
+haue growen to soche a roialnesse and loftie state, many fa-
+mous kingdomes haue been on the face of the yearth: many
+noble Princes from tyme to tyme succedyng, whiche with-
+[Sidenote: Obedience of
+Lawes did
+stablishe the
+mightie mo-
+narchies.]
+out a order of godlie lawes, could not haue continued. What
+was the cause that the mightie Monarchies, continued many
+hundred yeres: did the losse of dissolute life of subiectes and
+Princes, cause thesame but good lawes, and obedience to or-
+ders. Therefore, where Magistrates, bothe in life and office,
+[Sidenote: The life of
+the Magi-
+strate, a lawe[.]]
+liue in the obedience of Lawes: the multitude inferiour, by
+example of the Magistrates singularitie, incensed dooe place
+before them, their example of life, as a strong lawe.
+
+[Sidenote: The Epistle
+of Theodosi-
+uus Empe-
+ror of Rome[.]]
+Theodosius Emperor of Rome, writyng to Uolusianus
+his chief Pretor, as concernyng his office, in these woordes,
+saieth: _Digna vox est maiestate regnantis legibus alligatum se
+principem profiteri. Adeo de autoritate Iuris nostra pendet
+autoritas et reuera maius imperio est submittere legibus prin[-]
+cipatum & oraculo presentis edicti quod nobis licere non pa-
+timur alijs indicamus._ It is a worthie saiyng, and meete for
+the Maiestie of a Prince, to acknowledge hymself vnder his
+lawe. For, our aucthoritie, power, and sworde, doeth depende
+vpon the force, might, and aucthoritie of Lawes, and it pas-
+seth all power and aucthoritie, his gouernemente and kyng-
+dome to be tempered by lawe, as a moste inuiolable Oracle
+and decrée, so to doe as we prouulgate to other. Whereupon
+it is manifeste, what force godlie lawes gaue to the Prince,
+what aucthoritie. Take lawes awaie, all order of states fai-
+[Sidenote: Princes
+Lawe.]
+leth, the Prince by Lawe, is a terrour to the malefactour: his
+Maiestie is with all humblenesse serued, feared, and obeied.
+By lawes, his state maketh hym as a God, emong menne, at
+whose handes the preseruacion of eche one, of house, citee and
+countrie is sought. Seing bothe lawes and the Prince, hane
+that honour and strength, that without them, a _Chaos_ a con-
+fusion would followe, in the bodie of all common wealthes
+and kyngdomes. Let them by aucthoritie and lawe bee con-
+[Fol. xxxvj.r]
+founded, that practise to subuerte aucthoritie, to neclecte the
+Prince, and his godlie lawes.
+
+
+¶ The exposicion.
+
+[Sidenote: Theiues and
+all iniurious
+persones.]
+THe theife, or any other iniurious persone, doeth seke
+to bée aboue all lawes, exempted from all order, vn-
+der no obedience, their pestiferous dealyng, dooe vt-
+[Sidenote: Demosthe-
+nes in Ari-
+stogiton.]
+ter thesame: For, as Demosthenes the famous Orator of A-
+thenes doeth saie. If that wicked men cease not their viole[n]ce
+if that good men in all quietnes and securitie, can not enioye
+their owne goddes, while lawe and aucthoritie of the magi-
+strate, seuerelie and sharply vseth his aucthoritie and sword.
+If dailie the heddes of wicked men, cease not to subuerte la-
+wes, orders, and decrees godlie appoincted. Whiles that in
+all Citees and common wealthes, the Princes and gouer-
+[Sidenote: The force of
+lawes.]
+nours, are by lawes a terror to them. Lawes then ceasyng,
+the dreadfull sente[n]ce of the Iudge and Magistrate wanting.
+The sworde vndrawen, all order confounded, what a con-
+fusion would followe: yea, what an open passage would bee
+lefte open to all wickednesse. The terrour of Lawes, the
+sworde and aucthoritie of the Magestrate, depresseth and put[-]
+teth doune, the bloodie cogitacions of the wicked, and so hin-
+dereth and cutteth of, many horrible and bloodie enterprises.
+Els there would bee neither Prince, Lawe, nor subiecte, no
+hedde or Magistrate: but euery manne his owne hedde, his
+owne lawe and Magistrate, oppression and violence should
+bee lawe, and reason, and wilfull luste would bee in place of
+reason, might, force, and power, should ende the case. Where-
+fore, soche as no lawe, no order, nor reason, will driue lo liue
+as members in a common wealthe, to serue in their functio[n].
+[Sidenote: Wicked men
+burdeins of
+the yearth.]
+Thei are as Homere calleth the:m, burdeins to the yearth,
+for thei are of no societie linked with Nature, who through
+wickednesse are disseuered, abhorryng concorde of life, socie-
+tie and felowship. Whom sinister and bitter stormes of for-
+tune, doe daiely vexe and moleste, who in the defence of their
+[Fol. xxxvj.v]
+[Sidenote: Maimed sol-
+diours muste
+be prouided
+for.]
+countrie are maimed, and thereby their arte and science, for,
+imbecilitie not practised, all art otherwise wantyng, extreme
+pouertee fallyng on them, reason muste moue, and induce all
+hartes, to pitée chieflie their state: who in defence and main-
+teinaunce of our Countrie, Prince, and to the vpholdyng of
+our priuate wealthe at home, are become debilitated, defor-
+med and maimed, els their miseries will driue them to soche
+hedlesse aduentures, that it maie bee saied, as it was saied to
+[Sidenote: The saiyng
+of a souldiour
+to Alexander
+the greate.]
+Alexander the Greate. Thy warres, O Prince, maketh ma-
+ny theues, and peace will one daie hang them vp. Wherein
+the Grecians, as Thusidides noteth, had a carefull proui-
+dence, for all soche as in the defence of their Countrie were
+maimed, yea, euen for their wiues, and children of all soche,
+as died in warre, to be mainteined of the commo[n] charge and
+threasure of Grece. Reade his Oracion in the seconde booke,
+made vpon the funerall of the dedde soldiours.
+
+
+¶ A comparison of vices.
+
+[Sidenote: The dru[n]kard[.]
+The proude
+persone.
+The prodigal[.]
+The couei-
+teous.
+The robber.]
+THe dronkarde in his state is beastlie, the proude
+and arrogante persone odious, the riotous and
+prodigall persone to be contempned, the couei-
+tous and nigardlie manne to bee reiected. But
+who so by violence, taketh awaie the goodes of
+an other man, or by any subtill meanes, iniustlie possesseth
+thesame, is detestable, with all seueritée to be punished. The
+[Sidenote: The adul-
+terer.
+The harlot.]
+adulterer and the harlotte, who by brutishe behauiour, leude
+affection, not godlines leadyng thereto: who by their vnchast
+behauior, and wanton life doe pollute, and co[n]taminate their
+bodie, in whom a pure minde ought to be reposed. Who tho-
+rowe beastly affeccion, are by euill maners transformed to
+beastes: and as moche as in theim lieth, multipliyng a bru-
+[Sidenote: The homi-
+cide.]
+tishe societie. The homicide in his state more horrible, accor-
+dyng to his outragious and bloodie life, is to bee tormented,
+in like sort all other vices, accordyng to their mischiues, rea-
+son, Lawe and Iustice, must temper and aggrauate due re-
+[Fol. xxxvij.r]
+ward, and sentence to them.
+
+
+¶ The sentence.
+
+[Sidenote: Thefte horri[-]
+ble amo[n]g the
+Scitheans.]
+NO vice was more greuous, and horrible emong
+the Scithians then thefte, for this was their sai-
+yng: _Quid saluum esse poterit si licet furari_, what
+can be safe, if thefte bee lefull or tolerated. Herein
+[Sidenote: A sentence a-
+genst thefte.]
+the vniuersalle societée of life is caste doune, hereby a confu-
+sion groweth, and a subuersion in all states immediatlie fol-
+loweth, equitee, iustice, and all sincere dealyng is abaundo-
+ned, violence extirpateth vertue, and aucthoritie is cutte of.
+
+
+¶ The digression.
+
+THE facte in other maie be with more facilitée to-
+lerated, in that to theim selues, the facte and con-
+uersacion of life is moste pernicious, and hurtfull,
+but by soche kinde of menne, whole kyngdomes
+and common wealthes would bee ouerthrowen. And for a
+prosperous state and common wealthe, a common woe and
+[Sidenote: Horrible vi-
+ces.]
+calamitée would fall on them, tumultes and vprores main-
+tained, right and lawe exiled: neither in field quietnes, welth
+or riches, houses spoiled, families extinguished, in all places
+sedicion, warre for peace, violence for right, will and lust for
+[Sidenote: Userers.]
+lawe, a hedlesse order in all states. And as concernyng Usu-
+rers, though their gaines be neuer so ample, and plentifull,
+to enriche them, whereby thei growe to be lordes, ouer many
+thousandes of poundes: yet the wealthe gotten by it, is so in-
+iurious, that thei are a greate plague, to all partes of the co[m]-
+mon wealthe: so many daungers and mischiues, riseth of the[m][.]
+Cato the noble and wise Senator of Rome, being demaun-
+ded diuers questions, what was firste to bee sought, in a fa-
+milie or housholde, the aunsweres not likyng the demaun-
+[Sidenote: The sentence
+of Cato a-
+gainst vsu-
+rers.
+Usure is mur[-]
+ther.]
+der: this question was asked, O Cato, what sente[n]ce giue you
+of Usurie, that is a goodlie matter to bee enriched by. Then
+Cato aunswered in fewe woordes. _Quid hominem occidere._
+What saie you to be a murderer? Soche a thyng saieth he, is
+[Fol. xxxvij.v]
+Usurie. A brief sentence againste Usurers, but wittely pro-
+nounced from the mouth of a godlie, sage, noble, and descrite
+persone, whiche sentence let the Usurer, ioigne to his Usury
+retourned, and repeate at the retourne thereof, this sentence
+[Sidenote: The sentence
+of Cato a dis-
+comfort to v-
+surers.]
+of Cato, I haue murthered. This one sentence will discou-
+rage any Usurer, knowyng hymself a murtherer. Though
+moche more maie be spoken against it, this shalbe sufficient.
+The Hebrues calleth Usurie, by the name of _Shecke_, that is
+a bityng gaine, of the whiche many haue been so bitten, that
+whole families haue been deuoured, & beggerie haue been
+their gaine. And as Palingenius noteth.
+
+     _Debitor aufugiens portat cum fænore sortem._
+
+The debtour often tymes saieth he, runneth awaie, and
+carieth with hym, the debte and gaines of the Usurie. The
+Grekes calleth Usurie _Tokos_, that is properlie the trauaile
+of women of their childe: soche is their Usurie, a daungerous
+gettyng. Demosthenes likeneth their state as thus, as if ter-
+restriall thynges should be aboue the starres: and the heaue[n]s
+[Sidenote: Usure a dan-
+gerous gaue.]
+and celestialle bodies, gouerned by the base and lowe terre-
+striall matters, whiche by no meanes, can conserue the ex-
+cellencie of them, for, of them onely, is their matter, substau[n]ce
+and nature conserued.
+
+
+¶ Exclusion of mercie.
+
+WHerefore, to whom regimente and gouerne-
+mente is committed, on whose administracion,
+the frame of the co[m]mon wealth doe staie it self:
+thei ought with al wisedome and moderacion,
+to procede in soche causes, whose office in wor-
+[Sidenote: Princes and
+magistrates
+be as Gods
+on the earth.]
+thinesse of state, and dignitée, maketh the[m] as Goddes on the
+yearth, at whose mouthes for wisedome, counsaill, and for-
+tunate state, infinite people doe depende. It is no smal thing
+in that their sword & aucthoritée, doeth sette or determine all
+thinges, that tendereth a prosperous state, whereupon with
+all integritée and equitée, thei ought to temper the affeccions
+of their mynde: and accordyng to the horrible facte, and mis-
+[Fol. xxxviij.r]
+chiues of the wicked, to exasperate & agrauate their terrible
+iudgemente, and to extirpate from the yearth, soche as be of
+[Sidenote: The homicide.
+The Theue.
+The Adulte-
+rer.]
+no societie in life. The bloodie homicide, the thief, the adul-
+terer, for by these all vertue is rooted out, all godlie societie
+extinguished, citees, realmes, and countrées, prostrate & pla-
+gued for the toleracion of their factes, against soch frendship
+in iudgemente muste cease, and accordyng to the state of the
+cause, equitee to retaine frendship, money muste not blinde,
+nor rewardes to force and temper Iudgementes: but accor-
+dyng to the veritee of the cause, to adde a conclusion. Wor-
+[Sidenote: Whey the pi-
+ctures of ma-
+gistrates bee
+picturid with-
+oute handes.]
+thelie the pictures of Princes, Gouernours and Magistrates
+in auncient tymes doe shewe this, where the antiquitée ma-
+keth theim without handes, therein it sheweth their office,
+and iudgemente to proceade with equitée, rewardes not to
+blind, or suppresse the sinceritée of the cause. Magistrates not
+to bee bounde to giftes, nor rewardes to rule their sentence.
+_Alciatus_ in his boke called _Emblemata, in senatu[m] sancti prin-
+cipis_.
+
+[Sidenote: Princes and
+magistrates
+graue & con-
+stante.]
+
+       _Effigies manibus trunc[ae] ante altaria diuum
+     Hic resident, quarum lumine capta prior
+     Signa potestatis summ[ae], sanctiq[ue] senatus,
+     Thebanis fuerant ista reperta viris.
+     Cur resident? Quia mente graues decet esse quieta
+     Iuridicos, animo nec variare leui.
+     Cur sine sunt manibus? Capiant ne xenia, nec se
+     Pollicitis flecti muneribus ve sinant.
+     Cecus est princeps quod solis auribus, absq[ue]
+     Affectu constans iussa senatus agit._
+
+Where vertue and integritée sheweth it self, in the persone
+and cause, to vpholde and maintein thesame. Roote out hor-
+rible vices from common wealthe, that the more surer and
+stronge foundacion of vertue maie be laied: for, that onelie
+cause, the scepter of kinges, the office of magistrates was left
+to the posteritée of all ages.
+
+
+¶ Lawfull and iuste.
+
+[Fol. xxxviij.v]
+
+¶ Lawfull and iust.
+
+[Sidenote: Lawes giue
+equitie to all
+states.]
+SEyng that lawes bee godlie, and vniuersally thei
+temper equitée to all states, and giue according to
+iustice, euery man his owne: he violateth vertue,
+that dispossesseth an other manne of his own, and
+[Sidenote: What driueth
+y^e magistrate
+to horrible
+sentence a-
+gainst wicked
+persons.]
+wholie extinguisheth Iustice. And thereupon his beastly life
+by merite forceth and driueth, lawe and Magistrate, to terri-
+ble iudgement. For, who so against right, without order, or
+lawe, violateth an other man, soche a one, lawes of iustice,
+muste punishe violentlie, and extirpate from societée, beyng
+a dissoluer of societee.
+
+
+¶ Profitable.
+
+IF soche wicked persones be restrained, and seuerelie
+punished, horrible vices will be rooted out: all artes[,]
+sciences, and godlie occupacions mainteined, vphol-
+ded and kept. Then there must bée a securitée in all states, to
+[Sidenote: Magistrate.
+Subiect.]
+practise godlines, a mutuall concorde. The Magistrate with
+equitée, the subiecte with faithful and humble obedience, ac-
+complishyng his state, office, and callyng. Whereupon by
+good Magistrates, and good subiectes, the common wealthe
+and kyngdom is in happie state stablished. For, in these twoo
+[Sidenote: Plato.]
+poinctes, as Plato doeth saie, there is vertuous rule, and like
+obedience.
+
+
+¶ Easie and possible.
+
+[Sidenote: The begyn-
+nyng of vice
+is to be cut af.]
+AL this maie easely be doen, when wickednes is cutte
+of, in his firste groweth, when the magistrate driueth
+continually, by sworde and aucthoritée, all menne to
+obedience, bothe of lawes and gouernuurs. Then in al good
+common wealthes, vices are neuer tolerated to take roote: be-
+cause the beginnyng and increase of vices, is sone pulled vp,
+his monsterous kyngdome thereby ouerthrowen.
+
+
+¶ The conclusion.
+
+SO doyng, happie shall the kyng be, happie kyngdome,
+and moste fortunate people.
+
+
+[Fol. xxxix.r]
+
+¶ The parte of Rhetorike, called praise.
+
+His Oracion, which is titeled praise, is a declamacio[n]
+of the vertuous or good qualitées, propertees belon-
+gyng to any thyng, whiche doeth procede by certaine
+notes of arte.
+
+All thynges that maie be seen, with the iye of man, tou-
+ched, or with any other sence apprehended: that maie be prai-
+sed, or dispraised.
+
+        { Manne.      Citees.   }
+        { Fisshe.     Floodes.  }
+        { Foule.      Castles.  }
+        { Beaste.     Toures.   }
+     As { Orchardes.  Gardeins. }
+        { Stones.     Stones.   }
+        { Trees.      Artes.    }
+        { Plantes.    Sciences. }
+        { Mettals.              }
+
+Any vertue maie be praised, as wisedome, rightuousnes[,]
+fortitude, magnanimitée, temperaunce, liberalitée, with all
+other.
+
+These are to be celebrated with praise.
+
+The persone, as Iulius Cesar, Octauius Augustus,
+Hieremie, Tullie, Cato, Demosthenes.
+
+Thynges, as rightuousnes, temperaunce.
+
+Tymes, as the Spryng tyme of the yere, Sommer, Har-
+uest, Winter.
+
+Places, as Hauens, Orchardes, Gardeins, Toures,
+Castles, Temples, Islandes.
+
+Beastes wantyng reason, as Horse, Shepe, Oxen[,] Pla[n]-
+ntes, as Uines, Oliues.
+
+In the praise of vertue, this maie be saied.
+
+THe excellencies of it, the antiquitee and originalle be-
+ginnyng thereof, the profite that riseth to any region
+by it, as no kyngdome can consiste without vertue,
+[Fol. xxxix.v]
+and to extoll the same, in makyng a comparison, with other
+giftes of nature, or with other giftes of fortune, more infe-
+riour or base.
+
+[Sidenote: Wherein the
+praise of a ci-
+tie consisteth[.]]
+Upon a citée, praise maie be recited, consideryng the good-
+lie situacion of it, as of Paris, Uenice, London, Yorke: con-
+sideryng the fertilitie of the lande, the wealthe and aboun-
+daunce, the noble and famous goueruours, whiche haue go-
+uerned thesame. The first aucthors and builders of thesame,
+the politike lawes, and godlie statutes therein mainteined:
+The felicitée of the people, their maners, their valeaunt pro-
+wes and hardines. The buildyng and ornatures of thesame,
+with Castles, Toures, Hauens, Floodes, Temples: as if a
+manne would celebrate with praise. The olde, famous, and
+[Sidenote: The praise of
+London.
+Brutus buil[-]
+ded Londo[n] in
+the .x. yeare of
+his raine.]
+aunciente Citée of London, shewyng the auncient buildyng
+of thesame: the commyng of Brutus, who was the firste au-
+cthor and erector of thesame. As Romulus was of the migh-
+tie Citée Rome, what kyngs haue fro[m] tyme to tyme, lineal-
+ly descended, and succeded, bearing croune and scepter there-
+in: the valiauntnes of the people, what terror thei haue been
+to all forraine nacions. What victories thei haue in battaile
+obteined, how diuers nacions haue sought their amitée and
+[Sidenote: Fraunce and
+Scotlande
+vpholded by
+y^e gouernors
+of this lande.]
+league. The false Scottes, and Frenche menne truce brea-
+kers: many and sonderie tymes, losyng their honour in the
+field, and yet thei, through the puissaunt harte of the kynges
+of this lande, vpholdyd and saued, from the mighte and force
+[Sidenote: Cambridge.
+Oxforde.]
+of other enemies inuadyng theim. The twoo famous Uni-
+uersitées of this lande, from the whiche, no small nomber of
+greate learned men and famous, haue in the co[m]mon wealthe
+sprong, with all other thynges to it.
+
+The praise of a Kyng, Prince, Duke, Erle, Lorde, Ba-
+ron, Squire, or of any other man be maie declaimed of obser[-]
+uing the order of this parte of _Rhetorike_.
+
+This parte of _Rhetorike_ called praise, is either a particu-
+ler praise of one, as of kyng Henry the fifte, Plato, Tullie,
+Demosthenes, Cyrus, Darius, Alexander the greate.
+
+[Fol. xl.r]
+
+Or a generalle and vniuersalle praise, as the praise of all
+the Britaines: or of all the citezeins of London.
+
+
+¶ The order to make this Oracion, is thus declared.
+
+Firste, for the enteryng of the matter, you shall place a
+_exordium_, or beginnyng.
+
+The seconde place, you shall bryng to his praise, _Genus
+eius_, that is to saie: Of what kinde he came of, whiche dooeth
+consiste in fower poinctes.
+
+     { Of what nacion.      }
+     { Of what countrée.    }
+     { Of what auncetours.  }
+     { Of what parentes.    }
+
+After that you shall declare, his educacion: the educacion
+is conteined in thrée poinctes.
+
+        { Institucion. }
+     In { Arte.        }
+        { Lawes.       }
+
+Then put there to that, whiche is the chief grounde of al
+praise: his actes doen, whiche doe procede out of the giftes,
+and excellencies of the minde, as the fortitude of the mynde,
+wisedome, and magnanimitée.
+
+Of the bodie, as a beautifull face, amiable countenaunce[,]
+swiftnesse, the might and strength of thesame.
+
+The excellencies of fortune, as his dignitée, power, au-
+cthoritee, riches, substaunce, frendes.
+
+In the fifte place vse a comparison, wherein that whiche
+you praise, maie be aduaunced to the vttermoste.
+
+Laste of all, vse the _Epilogus_, or conclusion.
+
+
+¶ The example of the Oracion.
+
+¶ The praise of Epaminundas.
+
+IN whom nature hath powred singuler giftes,
+in whom vertue, & singularitée, in famous en-
+terprises aboundeth: whose glorie & renoume,
+rooteth to the posteritée, immortall commen-
+dacion. In the graue, their vertues and godlie
+[Fol. xl.v]
+[Sidenote: Obliuion.]
+life, tasteth not of Obliuion, whiche at the length ouerthro-
+weth all creatures, Citées, and regions. Thei liue onelie in
+all ages, whose vertues spreadeth fame and noble enterpri-
+[Sidenote: Who liue in
+all ages.]
+ses, by vertue rooteth immortalitée. Who so liueth, as that
+his good fame after death ceaseth not, nor death with the bo-
+die cutteth of their memorie of life: Soche not onely in life,
+but also in death are moste fortunate. In death all honor, di-
+[Sidenote: Good fame
+chieflie rou-
+teth after
+death.]
+gnitée, glorie, wealthe, riches, are taken from vs: The fame
+and glorie of singulare life is then, chieflie takyng his holde
+and roote, wise men and godlie, in life, knowen famous, af-
+ter death, remain moste worthie & glorious. Who knoweth
+[Sidenote: Tullie.
+Demosthe-
+nes.
+Iulius Ce-
+sar.
+Octauius
+Augustus.
+Uespasianus[.]
+Theodosius.
+Traianns.
+Adrianus.]
+not of Tullie, the famous Oratour of Rome. Doeth De-
+mosthenes lieth hidden, that noble Oratour of Athenes. Is
+not y^e fame of Iulius Cesar, Octauius Augustus remainyng
+of Uespasianus: of Theodosius, of Traianus, of Adrianus,
+who by praise minded, be left to the ende of al ages. Soche a
+one was this Epaminundas, the famous Duke of Thebe,
+whose vertues gaue hym honour in life, and famous enter-
+prises, immortalitée of fame after death. What can bee saied
+more, in the praise and commendacion, of any peere of estate,
+then was saied in the praise of Epaminundas, for his ver-
+tues were so singulare, that it was doubted, he beyng so good
+a manne, and so good a Magistrate, whether he were better
+manne, or better Magistrate: whose vertues were so vnited,
+that vertue alwaies tempered his enterprises, his loftie state
+as fortune oftentymes blindeth, did not make hym vnmind-
+full of his state. No doubt, but that in all common wealthes,
+famous gouernours haue been, but in all those, the moste
+parte haue not been soche, that all so good men, and so good
+magistrates: that it is doubted, whether thei were better me[n],
+[Sidenote: Good man,
+good magi-
+strate, boothe
+a good man
+and a good
+magistrate.]
+or better magistrates. It is a rare thyng to be a good manne,
+but a more difficult matter, to bee a good Magistrate: and
+moste of all, to be bothe a good man, and a good Magistrate.
+Honour and preeminent state, doeth sometyme induce obli-
+uion, whereupon thei ought the more vigilantlie to wade:
+[Fol. xlj.r]
+in all causes, and with all moderacion, to temper their pree-
+[Sidenote: The saiynge
+of the Philo-
+sophers.]
+minent state. The Philosophers ponderyng the brickle and
+slippere state of fortune, did pronounce this sentence: _Diffici-
+lius est res aduersas pati, quam fortunam eflantem ferre_, it is
+more easie to beare sharpe and extreme pouertie, then to rule
+and moderate fortune, because that the wisest menne of all
+[Sidenote: Obliuion.]
+haue as Chronicles doe shewe, felte this obliuion, that their
+maners haue been so chaunged, as that natures molde in the[m]
+had ben altered or nuelie framed, in the life of Epaminu[n]das
+moderacion and vertue, so gouerned his state, that he was a
+honor and renowne to his state, nothing can be more ample
+in his praise, then that which is lefte Chronicled of him.
+
+
+[¶] Of his countrie.
+
+EPaminundas was borne in Thebe a famous citie in
+[Sidenote: Cadmus.
+Amphion.
+Hercules.]
+Beotia, the which Cadmus the sone of Agenor buil-
+ded, whiche Amphion did close & enuiron with wal-
+les, in the whiche the mightie and valiaunt Hercules was
+borne, & manie noble Princes helde therin scepter, the which
+Citie is tituled famous to the posterity by the noble gouern-
+ment of Epaminundas.
+
+
+¶ Of his auncetours.
+
+EPaminundas came not of anie highe nobilitie or
+blood, but his parentes were honeste and verteous
+who as it semed were verie well affected to vertue,
+instructyng their soonne in all singulare and good
+qualities, for by good and vertuous life and famous enter-
+prises from a meane state, manie haue bene extolled to beare
+scepter, or to attaine greate honour, for as there is a begyn-
+[Sidenote: Nobility rose
+by vertue.]
+nyng of nobilitie, so there is an ende, by vertue and famous
+actes towarde the common wealthe, nobilite first rose. The
+[Sidenote: Cesar.
+Scipio.]
+stock of Cesar and Cesars was exalted from a meaner state,
+by vertue onelie to nobilitie. Scipios stocke was not alwais
+noble, but his vertues graffed nobilitie to the posteritie of
+his line and ofspryng followynge. And euen so as their fa-
+[Fol. xlj.v]
+mous enterprices excelled, nobilite in theim also increased.
+[Sidenote: Catilina.]
+Catilina wicked, was of a noble house, but he degenerated
+from the nobilitie of his auncestours, the vertues that graf-
+fed nobilitie in his auncestors, were first extinguished in Ca-
+[Sidenote: Marcus
+Antonius.]
+iline. Marcus Antonius was a noble Emperour, a Prince
+indued with all wisedome and Godlie gouernme[n]t, who was
+of a noble pare[n]tage, it what a wicked sonne succeded him, the
+[Sidenote: Commodus.]
+father was not so godlie, wise, and vertuous, as Commo-
+dus was wickedlie disposed and pestiferous. There was no
+vertue or excellence, méete for suche a personage, but that
+Marcus attained to. Who for wisedome was called Marcus
+Philosophus, in his sonne what vice was the[m] that he practi-
+sed not, belie chier, druncknes and harlottes, was his delite,
+his crueltie and bluddie life was suche that he murthered all
+the godlie and wise Senatours, had in price with Marcus
+[Sidenote: Seuerus.]
+his father. Seuerus in like maner, was a noble and famous
+Emperor, in the Senate moste graue, politike, and in his
+[Sidenote: Marcus
+Antonius
+Caracalla.]
+warres moste fortunate, but in his sonne Marcus Antoni-
+nus Caracalla, what wickednes wanted, whose beastlie life
+is rather to be put in silence, then spoken of. In the assemble
+of the Grecians, gathered to consulte vpon the contencion of
+[Sidenote: Aiax.
+Ulisses.]
+Achilles armour, Aiax gloriouslie aduaunceth hymself of his
+auncestrie, from many kinges descended, whom Ulisses his
+aduersarie aunswered: makyng a long and eloquente Ora-
+cion, before the noble péeres of Grece, concernyng Aiax his
+auncetours. These are his woordes.
+
+     _Nam genus et proauos et que non fecimus ipsi,
+     Vix ea nostra voco, sed enim quia retulit Aiax,
+     esse Iouis pronepos._
+
+As for our parentage, and line of auncetours, long before
+vs, and noble actes of theirs: as we our selues haue not doen
+the like, how can we call, and title their actes to be ours. Let
+them therefore, whiche haue descended from noble blood, and
+famous auncetours: bee like affected to all nobilitée of their
+auncetours, what can thei glory in the nobilitée of their aun-
+[Fol. xlij.r]
+cetours. Well, their auncetours haue laied the foundacion,
+[Sidenote: Nobilitee.]
+and renoume of nobilitee to their ofspryng. What nobilitee
+is founde in them, when thei builde nothyng, to their aunce-
+tours woorke of nobilitée. Euen as their auncetours, noblie
+endeuoured them selues, to purchase and obtain, by famous
+actes their nobilitée) for, nobilitée and vertue, descendeth al-
+waies to the like) so thei contrary retire and giue backe, fro[m]
+all the nobiliée of their auncestours, where as thei ought,
+[Sidenote: A beginnyng
+of nobilitee.]
+with like nobilitée to imitate them. Many haue been, whiche
+through their wisedome, and famous enterprises, in the af-
+faires of their Prince, worthelie to honour haue been extol-
+led and aduaunced: who also were the firste aucthours and
+founders of nobiliée, to their name and ofspring. Whose of-
+spring indued with like nobilitée of vertues, and noble actes
+haue increased their auncestors glorie: the childre[n] or ofspring
+lineally descendyng, hauyng no part of the auncestours glo-
+rie, how can thei vaunte them selues of nobiliée, whiche thei
+lacke, and dooe nothyng possesse thereof, Euen from lowe
+[Sidenote: Galerius a
+Shepherds
+sonne Empe-
+ror of Rome.
+Probus a
+Gardeiners
+sonne, Em-
+perour.]
+birthe and degrée. Galerius Armentarius was aduaunced,
+euen from a Shepherdes sonne, to sit in the Imperiall seat of
+Roome. Galerius Maximinus whom all the Easte obaied,
+his vertues and noble acts huffed hym to beare scepter in the
+Empire of Roome. Probus a Gardiners soonne, to the like
+throne and glorie asce[n]ded, so God disposeth the state of euery
+man, placyng and bestowing dignitée, where it pleaseth him
+as he setteth vp, so he pulleth doune, his prouidence & might
+is bounde to no state, stocke, or kindred.
+
+
+¶ Of his educacion.
+
+EPaminu[n]das beyng borne of soche parentes, was
+brought vp in all excellente learnyng, for, vnder
+hym Philippe the kyng of the Macedonians, the
+soonne of Amintas, was brought vp. This Epa-
+minundas, the Histories note hym to be a chief Philosopher,
+and a capitaine moste valiaunte. In Musike, in plaiyng, and
+[Fol. xlij.v]
+singyng finelie to his Instrumente, notable and famous, no
+kinde of learnyng, arte, or science, wanted in his breaste: So
+greate and aboundante were his vertues, that aboue all go-
+uernours, whiche haue been in Thebe, his name and fame
+is chieflie aduaunced.
+
+
+¶ The praise of his actes.
+
+[Sidenote: The dutie of
+good gouer-
+nors.]
+EPaminundas beyng moste valiaunte and no-
+ble, leauing all priuate commoditée, glory, and
+riches a side: sought the renoume of his coun-
+tree, as all rulers and gouernours ought to do.
+[Sidenote: Howe a king[-]
+dome riseth to
+all felicitie.]
+For, a kyngdome or common wealth, can not
+rise to any high nobilitée or Roialnesse, where gouernours,
+rulers, and magistrates, neclecting the vniuersall, and whole
+body of the common wealthe, doe cogitate and vigilantly en-
+deuour them selues, to stablish to them and theirs, a priuate,
+peculiar, and domesticall profite, glorie, or renoume. Couei-
+teousnes, whiche is in all ambicious Magistrates the poison,
+plague, destruccion, and ruine of the beste and florishing co[m]-
+mon wealthes, of al wickednes and mischief the roote: a vice,
+[Sidenote: Couetousnes
+a great euill.]
+whereupon all vice is grounded, from whom all mischiefe
+floweth, all execrable purposes issueth. That wanted in
+Epaminundas, for in the ende of his life, his coffers were so
+thin and poore, that euen to his Funerall, money wanted to
+solempnise thesame. Priuate glorie nor excesse, was hunted
+after of hym, yet his vertues were of soche excellencie, that
+honour, dignitée, and preeminent state, was offered and gi-
+uen to hym vnwillinglie. This Epaminundas was in go-
+uernement so famous, and so vertuouslie and politikelie ru-
+led thesame, that he was a glorie, renoume, honour, and fe-
+licitée to his kingdome, by his state. Before the time of Epa-
+[Sidenote: Beotia.
+Thebes.]
+minundas, the countree of Beotia was nothyng so famous
+in their enterprises: neither the citee of Thebe so roiall, puis-
+saunt or noble, the antiquitee of that tyme sheweth, that E-
+paminundas wantyng the power of Thebes, their glorie,
+strength, and felicitee fell and decaied. The learning of Epa-
+[Fol. xliij.r]
+minundas and knowlege, was so aboundant and profounde
+bothe in Philosophie, and in all other artes and sciences, that
+it was wounderfull. In chiualrie and in feates of warre, no
+péere was more couragious and bolde, or hardie, neither in
+that, whiche he enterprised, any could be of greater counsaile
+in hedde more pollitike, of minde more sage and wittie: his
+gouernement so good, that beyng so good a Magistrate, it is
+doubted, whether he be better man, or better Magistrate, E-
+paminundas died in the defence of his countrée. The Athe-
+nians were enemies to the Thebanes, and many greate bat-
+tailes were assaied of theim and foughten: and often tymes
+the Athenians felt many bitter stormes, and fortune loured
+of them, he beyng so valiaunt a capitain. Epaminundas be-
+yng dedde, the Athenians ceased to practise, any one parte of
+chiualrie, their prowesse and dexteritée decaied: thei hauyng
+no aliaunte, and forraine enemie to moleste theim, or whom
+[Sidenote: A valiant ca-
+pitain, to his
+countrie a pil[-]
+lar[,] to his ene[-]
+mie, a occasio[n]
+to dexteritie.]
+thei feared. So that a famous, wise, pollitike, and valiaunte
+capitaine, is not onely a staie, a pillar and strong bulwarke
+to his countrée. But also forraine nacions, hauyng one, who[m]
+for his valiauntnes thei dreade, doe practise and inure them
+selues, to all dexteritee, counsaile, wisedome, and pollicie:
+soche a one was Epaminundas, to his enemies and cou[n]trée.
+
+
+¶ The comparison.
+
+[Sidenote: Hector.
+Achilles.
+Numa Pom[-]
+peius.
+Adrianus.]
+NEither Hector of Troie, nor Achilles of Grece, might
+bee compared with Epaminundas, Numa Pompili-
+us was not more godlie, Adriane the Emperour of
+Roome, no better learned, nor Galba the Emperour more
+valiaunte, Nerua no more temperate, nor Traianus more
+noble, neither Cocles nor Decius, Scipio nor Marcus Regu[-]
+lus, did more valianntly in the defence of their countrie, soche
+a one was this Epaminundas.
+
+
+¶ The conclusion.
+
+OF many thynges, these fewe are recited, but if his
+whole life and vertues, wer worthely handeled: fewe
+would beleue, soche a rare gouernour, so vertuous a
+[Fol. xliij.v]
+Prince, so hardie and valiaunte a capitaine, to haue remai-
+ned in no age.
+
+
+¶ The parte of Rhetorike, called dispraise.
+
+THis parte of _Rhetorike_, which is called dispraise, is a in-
+uectiue Oracion, made againste the life of any man.
+
+This part of _Rhetorike_, is contrary to that, whiche is be-
+fore set, called _laus_, that is to saie, praise: and by contrary no-
+tes procedeth, for the Oratour or declaimer to entreate vpo[n].
+
+This parte of _Rhetorike_, is called of the Grekes _Psogos_.
+
+In praise, we extoll the persone: First by his countrée.
+
+Then by his auncestours and parentes.
+
+In the third place, by his educacion and institucion.
+
+Then in the fowerth place, of his actes in life.
+
+In the fifte place vse a comparison, comparyng the per-
+sone with other, whiche are more inferiour.
+
+Then the conclusion.
+
+Now in dispraise, contrarily we doe procede.
+
+Firste, in the dispraise of his countrée.
+
+Of his auncetours and parentes.
+
+His educacion is dispraised.
+
+Then his actes and deedes of life.
+
+Also in your comparison with other, dispraise hym.
+
+Then in the laste place, adde the conclusion.
+
+All thynges that maie be praised, maie be dispraised.
+
+
+¶ The dispraise of Nero.
+
+[Sidenote: Uertue.]
+AS vertue meriteth commendacion and immor-
+tall renoume, for the nobilitée and excellencie
+reposed in it: so ougle vices for the deformitée of
+them, are in mynd to be abhorred and detested,
+and with all diligence, counsaile, and wisedome
+[Sidenote: Uice.]
+auoided. As pestiferous poison extinguisheth with his cor-
+rupcion and nautinesse, the good and absolute nature of all
+thinges: so vice for his pestiferous nature putteth out vertue
+and rooteth out with his force all singularitée. For, vice and
+[Fol. xliiij.r]
+vertue are so of nature contrary, as fire and water, the vio-
+lence of the one expelleth the other: for, in the mansion of ver-
+tue, vice at one tyme harboreth not, neither vertue with vice
+[Sidenote: What is ver-
+tue.]
+can be consociate or vnited, for, vertue is a singuler meane,
+or Mediocrite in any good enterprise or facte, with order and
+reason finished. Whose acte in life, doeth repugne order and
+reason, disseuered from all Mediocrite, soche do leaue iustice,
+equitée, wisedome, temperaunce, fortitude, magnanimitée,
+and al other vertues, bothe of minde and body: onely by ver-
+tues life men shewe theim selues, as chief creatures of God,
+with reason, as a moste principall gifte, beautified and deco-
+rated: In other giftes, man is farre inferiour to beastes, both
+in strength of bodie, in celeritée and swiftnesse of foote, in la-
+bour, in industrie, in sense, nothyng to bee compared to bea-
+stes, with beastes as a peculier and proper thyng, wee haue
+our bodie of the yearth: but our minde, whiche for his diuini-
+tée, passeth all thynges immortall, maketh vs as gods emo[n]g
+other creatures. The bodie therefore, as a aliaunt and forain
+enemie, beyng made of a moste base, moste vile and corrup-
+tible nature, repugneth the mynde. This is the cause, that
+wickednesse taketh soche a hedde, and that the horrible facte
+and enterprise of the wicked burste out, in that, reason exiled
+and remoued from the minde, the ougle perturbacions of the
+minde, haue their regiment, power, and dominio[n]: and where
+soche state of gouernemente is in any one bodie, in priuate
+and domesticalle causes, in forraine and publike affaires, in
+kyngdome and co[m]mon wealthe. Uertue fadeth and decaieth,
+and vice onely beareth the swaie. Lawe is ordered by luste,
+and their order is will, soche was the tyme and gouernment
+of this wicked Nero.
+
+
+¶ Of his countree.
+
+NEro was a Romaine borne, though in gouerne-
+ment he was wicked, yet his cou[n]trée was famous,
+and noble: for, the Romaines wer lordes and hed-
+des ouer all the worlde. The vttermoste Indians,
+[Fol. xliiij.v]
+the Ethiopes, the Persians, feared the maiestie and auctho-
+[Sidenote: Rome.]
+ritée of the Romaines. From Romulus, who was the firste
+founder, and builder of that Citee: the Romaines bothe had
+their name of hym, and grew afterward to marueilous pui-
+saunt roialnes. There was no nacion vnder the Sunne, but
+it dreaded their Maiestie, or felte their inuincible handes:
+there hath been many mightie kyngdomes, on the face of the
+yearth, but no kyngdome was able, with like successe and fe-
+licitée in their enterprise, or for like famous gouernors, and
+continuance of their state, to compare with them. This was,
+and is, the laste mightée Monarchie in the worlde. Roome a
+olde aunciente citée, inhabited firste of the Aborigines, which
+[Sidenote: Carthage.]
+came from Troie. The prouidence of God, so disposeth the
+tymes and ages of the world, the state of kyngdomes, by the
+fall of mightier kyngdomes, meaner grewe to power and
+glorie. The Carthagineans, contended by prowes, and ma-
+gnanimitee, to be lordes ouer the Romaines. Carthage was
+a greate, mightie, olde, auncient & famous citée, in the whiche
+valiaunte, wise, and pollitike gouernours, helde therein re-
+giment, long warres was susteined betwene the Romaines
+and Carthagineans, emong whom infinite people, and ma-
+ny noble péeres fell in the duste. Fortune and happie successe
+fell to the Romaines: the people of Carthage va[n]quished, and
+prostrate to the grounde. Scipio the noble Consull, beyng at
+the destruccion of it, seeyng with his iye, Carthage by fire
+brunte to ashes, saied: _Talis exitus aliquando erit Rome_: eue[n]
+[Sidenote: Destruction
+of Rome to
+ashes in time.]
+as of Carthage, like shall the destruccion of Rome bee, as for
+continuaunce of the Romaine state, of their glorie, power,
+and worthie successe, no nacion vnder the Sunne, can com-
+pare with theim: soche was the state of Rome, wherein wic-
+ked Nero raigned.
+
+
+¶ Of his anncestours.
+
+DOmitianus Nero, the sonne of Domitius Enobar-
+bus, Agrippina was his mothers name: this Agrip-
+pina, was Empresse of Rome, wife to Claudius Ti-
+[Fol. xlv.r]
+[Sidenote: Agrippina.]
+berius, the daughter of his brother Germanicus. This A-
+grippina, the Chronicle noteth her, to be indued with al mis-
+chief and crueltée: For, Tiberius her housbande, hauyng by
+his firste wife children, thei were murthered by her, because
+she might, thei beyng murthered, with more facilitée, fur-
+ther the Empire, to her soonnes handes, many treasons con-
+spired against them oftentimes, Agrippina poisoned her hus-
+bande, then Nero succeded.
+
+
+¶ Of his educacion.
+
+[Sidenote: Seneca schol
+maister to
+Nero.]
+SEneca the famous Poete & Philosopher, was schole-
+maister to Nero, who brought hym vp in all nobili-
+tie of learnyng, mete for his state: though that Nero
+was wickedlie of nature disposed, as his beastlie gouerne-
+ment sheweth, yet wickednes in him, was by the seueritie of
+Seneca, and his castigacion depressed: for Traianus Empe-
+rour of Rome, would saie, as concernyng Nero, for the space
+of fiue yeres, no Prince was like to hym, for good gouerne-
+ment, after fiue yeres, losely and dissolutly he gouerned.
+
+
+¶ Of his actes.
+
+[Sidenote: The dreame
+of Agrippina
+mother to
+Nero, in his
+concepcion.]
+THis Nero, at what tyme as his mother was con-
+ceiued of him, she dreamed that she was conceiued
+of a Uiper: for, the young Uiper alwaies killeth
+his dame. He was not onely a Uiper to his mo-
+ther whom he killed, but also to his kyngdome and common
+wealthe a destroier, whiche afterward shalbe shewed, what
+[Sidenote: Nero a viper[.]]
+a tyraunte and bloodie gouernour he was. This Nero made
+in the Citee of Rome, the rounde seates and scaffoldes, to be-
+holde spectacles and sightes, and also the bathes. He subdued
+[Sidenote: Pontus.
+Colchis.
+Cappadocia.
+Armenia.]
+Pontus a greate countrée, whiche ioineth to the sea Pontus:
+whiche countrée containeth these realmes, Colchis, Cappa-
+docia, Armenia, and many other countrées, and made it as a
+Prouince, by the suffraunce of Polemon Regulus, by whose
+name it was called Pontus Polemoniacus. He ouer came
+the Alpes, of the king Cotteius, Cottius the king being dedde[.]
+[Fol. xlv.v]
+[Sidenote: Nero vnwor[-]
+thie to be chron[-]
+icled.
+Seneca.]
+The life followyng of Nero was so abhominable, that the
+shame of his life, will make any man a fraied, to leaue any
+memorie of hym. This Domitius Nero, caused his Schole-
+maister Seneca to be put to death, Seneca chosing his owne
+death, his veines beyng cutte in a hotte bathe died, bicause he
+corrected wicked Nero, to traine hym to vertue. He was out-
+ragious wicked, that he had co[n]sideracion, neither to his own
+honestie, nor to other, but in continuaunce, he tired hymself
+as virgines doe when thei marie, callyng a Senate, the dou-
+rie assigned, and as the maner of that solemnitée is, many re-
+sortyng and frequentyng, in maidens tire and apparell. He
+[Sidenote: The shamful
+life of Nero.]
+went beyng a man, to be maried as a woman: beside this, at
+other tymes he cladde hymself with the skin of a wilde beast,
+and beastlie did handle that, whiche Nature remoueth from
+the sight. He defiled hymself with his owne mother, whom
+he killed immediatlie. He maried twoo wiues, Octauia, and
+Sabina, otherwise called Poppea, firste murtheryng their
+[Sidenote: Galba.
+Caius Iu-
+lius.]
+housbandes. In that tyme Galba vsurped the Empire, and
+Caius Iulius: as sone as Nero heard that Galba came nere
+towardes Rome, euen then the Senate of Rome had deter-
+mined, that Nero should bee whipped to death with roddes,
+accordyng to the old vsage of their auncestours, his necke yo-
+ked with a forke. This wicked Nero, seyng himself forsaken
+of all his friendes, at midnight he departed out of the Citée,
+Ephaon, and Epaphroditus waityng on hym, Neophitus
+and Sporus his Eunuche: whiche Sporus before tyme, had
+[Sidenote: The death of
+Nero.]
+Nero assaied to frame and fashion out of kinde. In the ende,
+Nero thruste himself through, with the poinct of his sworde,
+his wicked man Sporus, thrustyng foreward his trembling
+hande: this wicked Nero before that, hauyng none to mur-
+ther hym, he made a exclamacion, in these woordes. Is there
+neither friende nor enemie to kill me, shamefullie haue I li-
+ued, and with more shame shall I die, in the .xxxij. yere of his
+age he died. The Persians so entirely loued hym, that after
+his death thei sente Ambassadours, desiryng licence to erecte
+[Fol. xlvj.r]
+to hym a monumente, all countrées and Prouinces, and the
+whole Citée of Rome, did so moche reioyce of his death, that
+thei all wearyng the Toppintant hattes, whiche bonde men
+doe vse to ware, when thei bée sette at libertie, and so thei tri-
+umphed of his death, deliuered from so cruell a tyraunte.
+
+
+¶ A comparison.
+
+[Sidenote: Nero.
+Caligula.
+Domitianus[.]
+Antoninus.]
+AS for wicked gouernement, Nero doeth make Ca-
+ligula like to Comodus, Domitianus, Antoninus
+Caracalla, thei were all so wicked, that the Senate
+of Rome thought it méete, to obliterate their name, from all
+memorie and Chronicle, because of their wickednesse.
+
+
+¶ The conclusion.
+
+MOche more the life and gouernement of wicked Ne-
+ro, might be intreated of, but this shall be sufficient:
+to shewe how tyrannically and beastly, he gouerned
+vnmete of that throne.
+
+
+¶ A comparison.
+
+A Comparison, is a certain Oracion, shewyng by a
+collacion the worthines, or excelle[n]cie of any thing:
+or the naughtines of thesame, compared with any
+other thyng or thynges, either equalle, or more in-
+feriour.
+
+In a comparison good thynges, are compared with good
+as one vertue with an other: as wisedome & strength, whiche
+of them moste auaileth in peace and warre.
+
+Euill thynges maie bee compared with good, as Iustice,
+with iniustice, wisedome with foolishnes.
+
+Euill thynges maie be compared, with euill thynges, as
+wicked Nero, compared to Domitianus, or Caligula to Co[m]-
+modus, theft to homicide, drunkenes with adulterie.
+
+Small thynges maie be compared with greate: the king
+with his subiect, the Elephant or Camell to the Flie, a Cro-
+codile to the Scarabe.
+
+In a comparison, where argumente is supputated on
+[Fol. xlvj.v]
+bothe the sides, worthelie to praise, or dispraise.
+
+Where a comparison is made, betwene a thyng excel-
+lente, and a thyng more inferiour: the comparison shall pro-
+cede with like facilitee.
+
+All thynges that maie bee celebrated with praise, or that
+meriteth dispraise: al soche thynges maie be in a comparison.
+
+The persone, as Cato being a wise man, maie be compa-
+red with Nestor, the sage péere of Grece: Pompei with Ce-
+sar, as Lucane compareth them, and so of all other men.
+
+Thynges maie bee compared, as golde with siluer: one
+mettall with an other.
+
+Tymes maie be compared, as the Spryng with Som-
+mer: Harueste with Winter.
+
+Places maie be compared, as London with Yorke, Ox-
+forde with Cambridge.
+
+Beastes without reason, as the Bée with the Ante, the
+Oxe with the Shepe.
+
+Plantes, as the Uine, and the Oliue.
+
+First, make a _proemium_ or beginnyng to your co[m]parison[.]
+
+Then compare them of their countrée.
+
+Of their parentes.
+
+Of their auncestours.
+
+Of their educacion.
+
+Of their actes.
+
+Of their death.
+
+Then adde the conclusion.
+
+
+¶ A comparison betwene De-
+mosthenes and Tullie.
+
+TO speake moche in the praise of famous men,
+no argument can wante, nor plentie of matter
+to make of them, a copious and excellent Ora-
+cion. Their actes in life through nobilitée,
+will craue worthelie more, then the witte and
+penne of the learned, can by Eloquence expresse. Who can
+worthelie expresse and sette foorthe, the noble Philosopher
+[Fol. xlvij.r]
+[Sidenote: Plato.
+Aristotle.]
+Plato, or Aristotle, as matter worthelie forceth to commend,
+when as of them, all learnyng, and singularitée of artes hath
+flowen. All ages hath by their monuments of learning, par-
+ticipated of their wisedome. Grece hath fostered many noble
+wittes, from whom all light of knowlege, hath been deriued
+by whose excellencie Rome in tyme florishyng, did seeke by
+nobilitée of learnyng, to mate the noble Grecians. So moche
+Italie was adorned, and beautified with the cunnyng of the
+Grecians. Emong the Romaines many famous Oratours
+and other noble men hath spronge vp, who for their worthi-
+nesse, might haue contended with any nacion: either for their
+[Sidenote: Tullie.]
+glorie of learnyng, or noble regiment. Emong whom Tul-
+lie by learning, aboue the rest, rose to high fame, that he was
+a renoume to his countree: to learnyng a light, of all singuler
+Eloquence a fountaine. Whom Demosthenes the famous
+Oratour of Athenes, as a worthie mate is compared with,
+whom not onely the nobilitée, and renoume of their Coun-
+trée shall decorate, but the[m] selues their owne worthines & no-
+bilitée of fame. No age hath had twoo more famous for lear-
+nyng, no common wealthe hath tasted, twoo more profitable
+to their countrée, and common wealthe: for grauitée and cou[n]-
+saile, nor the posteritée of ages, twoo more worthie celebra-
+[Sidenote: Thusidides.]
+cion. Thusidides speakyng, in the commendacion of famous
+men sheweth: as concernyng the fame of noble men, whose
+[Sidenote: The enuious
+manne.]
+vertue farre surmounteth the[m], and passeth al other. Thenui-
+ous man seketh to depraue, the worthinesse of fame in other,
+[Sidenote: The igno-
+raunte.]
+his bragging nature with fame of praise, not decorated. The
+ignoraunte and simple nature, accordyng to his knowlege,
+iudgeth all singularitée, and tempereth by his owne actes the
+praise of other. But the fame of these twoo Oratours, nei-
+ther the enuious nature can diminishe their praise, nor the
+ignoraunt be of them a arbitrator or iudge, so worthely hath
+all ages raised fame, and commendacion of their vertues.
+
+
+¶ Of their countree.
+
+[Fol. xlvij.v]
+
+IN Grece Demosthenes, the famous Oratour of A-
+thenes was borne, whose Countrée or Citee, lacketh
+no co[m]mendacion: either for the nobilitée of the lande,
+or glorie of the people. What nacion vnder the Sunne, hath
+not heard of that mightie Monarchie of Grece: of their migh-
+tie citees, and pollitike gouernaunce. What famous Poetes
+how many noble Philosophers and Oratours, hath Grece
+brede. What science and arte, hath not flowne from Grece,
+so that for the worthinesse of it, it maie bee called the mother
+of all learnyng. Roome also, in whom Tullie was brought
+vp, maie contende in all nobilitée, whose power and puisant
+glorie, by nobilitée of actes, rose to that mightie hed. In bothe
+soche excellencie is founde, as that no nacion might better
+contende, of their singularitée and honour of countrée, then
+Grece and Rome: yet first from the Grekes, the light of Phi-
+losophie, and the aboundant knowledge of all artes, sprange
+to the Romaines, from the Grecians. The Godlie Lawes,
+wherewith the Romaine Empire was decorated and gouer-
+ned, was brought from the Grecians. If the citee maie bee a
+honour and glorie, to these twoo Oratours, or their Citees a
+singuler commendacion, there wanteth in bothe, neither ho-
+nour, or nobilitée.
+
+
+¶ Of their auncestours, and parentes.
+
+BOthe Demosthenes and Tullie were borne, of ve-
+rie meane parentes and auncestours: yet thei tho-
+rowe their learnyng and vertues, became famous,
+ascendyng to all nobilitée. Of their vertues and
+learnyng, not of their auncestours, nobilitée rose to them.
+
+
+¶ Of the educacion.
+
+THE singuler vertues of theim bothe, appered euen
+in their tender youth: wherupon thei being brought
+vp, in all godlie learnyng and noble Sciences, thei
+became moste noble Oratours, and by their copious Elo-
+quence, counsaile, and wisedom, aspired to nobilitée & honor.
+
+
+¶ Of their scholyng.
+
+[Fol. xlviij.r]
+
+BOthe were taught of the mouthe of the best learned,
+Demosthenes of Iseus, a man moste Eloquent: Ci-
+cero of Philo and Milo, famous in wisedome and
+Eloquence.
+
+
+¶ Of their exercise.
+
+CIcero did exercise hymself verie moche, to declaime,
+bothe in Greke and Latine, with Marcus Piso, and
+with Quintus Pampeius. Demosthenes wanted
+not industrie and labour, to attain to that singularitée, whi-
+che he had, bothe in Eloquence, and pronounciacion.
+
+
+¶ Of the giftes of their minde.
+
+IN bothe, integritee, humanitee, magnanimitee,
+and all vertue flowed: at what time as Demosthe-
+nes was commaunded of the Athenians, to frame
+a accusacion, againste a certaine man, Demosthe-
+nes refused the acte. But when the people, and the whole
+multitude, were wrothe with hym, and made a exclamacion
+against hym, as their maner was. Then Demosthenes rose,
+and saied: O ye men of Athenes, againste my will, you haue
+me a counsailer, or pleater of causes before you: but as for a
+accuser, & calumniator, no, not although ye would. Of this
+sorte Tullie was affected, excepte it were onely in the saue-
+gard of his conutrée: as against Catiline, bothe were of god-
+lie, and of vpright conuersacion, altogether in Mediocrite,
+and a newe leadyng their life.
+
+
+¶ Of their actes.
+
+DEmosthenes and Tullie bothe, gaue them selues
+to trauail, in the causes and affaires of their com-
+mon wealthe, to the preseruacion of it. How ve-
+hemently did Demosthenes pleate, and ingeni-
+ouslie handle the cause of all his countrée, against Philip, for
+the defence of their libertee: whereupon he gatte fame, and
+greate glory. Whereby not onely, he was coumpted a great
+wise counsailour: but one of a valiaunte stomacke, at whose
+[Fol. xlviij.v]
+[Sidenote: Darius.
+Philip.
+Demosthe-
+nes.]
+wisedome, all Grece stode in admiracion. The kyng of Per-
+sia, laboured to enter fauour with him. Philip the king of the
+Macedonians, would saie often tymes, he had to doe against
+a famous man, notyng Demosthenes. Tullie also by his E-
+loquence and wisedome, saued Roome and all partes of that
+dominion, from greate daungers.
+
+
+¶ Of their aucthoritee.
+
+THeir aucthoritee and dignitee was equalle, in the
+common wealthe: For, at their twoo mouthes,
+Roome and Athenes was vpholed. Demosthenes
+was chief in fauour with Caretes, Diophetes, Le[-]
+ostines, Cicero with Pompei: Iulius Cesar, ascending to the
+chief seate and dignitée of the Consulship.
+
+
+¶ Of a like fall that happened to
+them, before their death.
+
+YOu can not finde soche twoo Orators, who borne
+of meane & poore parentes, that attained so greate
+honour, who also did obiecte themselues to tyran-
+tes a like, thei had losse of their children a like,
+bothe were out of their countree banished men, their returne
+was with honour, bothe also fliyng, happened into the han-
+des of their enemies.
+
+
+¶ Of their death.
+
+[Sidenote: Antipater.
+Demosthe-
+nes.
+Archias.
+Marcus
+Antonius.
+Tullie.]
+BOthe a like, Demosthenes and Tully wer put to
+death, Demosthenes died, Antipater gouernyng
+by the handes of Archias. Cicero died by the com-
+maundement of Marcus Antonius: by Herenius
+his hedde was cutte of, and sette in Marcus Antonius halle.
+His handes also were cutte of, with the whiche he wrote the
+vehement Oracions against Marcus Antonius.
+
+
+¶ The conclusion.
+
+TO speake as moche as maie bee saied, in the praise of
+theim: their praise would rise to a mightie volume,
+but this is sufficiente.
+
+
+[Fol. xlix.r]
+
+¶ _Ethopoeia._
+
+_Ethopoeia_ is a certaine Oracion made by voice, and la-
+mentable imitacion, vpon the state of any one.
+
+
+     This imitacion is in       { _Eidolopoeia._  }
+     iij. sortes, either it is. { _Prosopopoeia._ }
+                                { _Ethopoeia._    }
+
+That parte, whiche is called _Ethopoeia_ is that, whiche
+hath the persone knowne: but onely it doeth faigne the ma-
+ners of thesame, and imitate in a Oracion thesame.
+
+_Ethopoeia_ is called of Priscianus, a certaine talkyng to
+of any one, or a imitacio[n] of talke referred to the maners, apt-
+ly of any certaine knowen persone.
+
+Quintilianus saieth, that _Ethopoeia_ is a imitacion of o-
+ther meane maners: whom the Grekes dooe calle, not onelie
+_Ethopoeia_, but _mimesis_, & this is in the maners, and the fact.
+
+This parte is as it were, a liuely expression of the maner
+and affeccion of any thyng, whereupon it hath his name.
+
+The _Ethopoeia_ is in three sortes.
+
+The firste, a imitacion passiue, whiche expresseth the af-
+fection, to whom it parteineth: whiche altogether expresseth
+the mocion of the mynde, as what patheticall and dolefull o-
+racion, Hecuba the quene made, the citee of Troie destroied,
+her housbande, her children slaine.
+
+The second is called a morall imitacio[n], the whiche doeth
+set forthe onely, the maners of any one.
+
+The thirde is a mixt, the whiche setteth forthe, bothe the
+maners and the affection, as how, and after what sorte, A-
+chilles spake vpon Patroclus, he beyng dedde, when for his
+sake, he determined to fight: the determinacion of hym she-
+weth the maner. The frende slaine, the affection.
+
+In the makyng of _Ethopoeia_, lette it be plaine, and with-
+out any large circumstaunce.
+
+[Fol. xlix.v]
+
+In the makyng of it, ye shall diuide it thus, to make the
+Oracion more plaine, into three tymes.
+
+     { A presente tyme. }
+     { A tyme paste.    }
+     { A tyme to come.  }
+
+_Eidolopoeia_ is that part of this Oracion, whiche maketh
+a persone knowne though dedde, and not able to speake.
+
+[Sidenote: _Eidolopoeia_[.]]
+_Eidolopoeia_ is called of Priscianus, a imitacion of talke
+of any one, vpon a dedde manne, it is then called _Eidolopoeia_,
+when a dedde man talketh, or communicacion made vpon a
+dedde manne.
+
+_Eidolopoeia_, when a dedde manne talketh, is set forthe of
+Euripides, vpon the persone of Polidorus dedde, whose spi-
+rite entereth at the Prologue of the tragedie.
+
+Hector slain, speaketh to Eneas in _Eidolopoeia_. O Eneas
+thou goddes sonne, flie and saue thy self, from this ruine and
+fire: the enemies hath taken the walles, and loftie Troie is
+prostrate to the grounde. I would haue thought, I had died
+valiantlie inough to my countrée, and my father Priamus,
+if with this my right hande, Troie had bee defended.
+
+Polidorus beyng dedde, in _Eidolopoeia_ talketh to Eneas
+whiche Uirgil sheweth in his thirde booke of Eneados.
+
+Iulia the wife of Pompei beyng dedde, spake to Pompe,
+preparyng his arme against Cesar, _Eidolopoeia_. Reade Lu-
+cane, in the beginnyng of his thirde booke.
+
+Tullie vseth _Eidolopoeia_, when he maketh talke vpon
+Hiero beyng dedde.
+
+If that kyng Hiero were reduced fro[m] his death, who was
+a aduauncer of the Romaine Empire, with what counte-
+naunce, either Siracusa or Rome, might be shewed to hym,
+whom he maie beholde with his iyes. His countree brought
+to ruin, & spoiled, if that kyng Hiero should but enter Rome,
+euen in the firste entryng, he should beholde the spoile of his
+countree.
+
+Tullie also vseth the like _Eidolopoeia_, as thus, vpon Lu-
+[Fol. l.r]
+cius Brutus dedde.
+
+[Sidenote: Lucius
+Brutus.]
+If it so wer, that Lucius Brutus, that noble and famous
+manne were on liue, and before your presence: would he not
+vse this oracion: I Brutus, somtyme did banishe and cast out
+for crueltee, the state and office of kinges, by the horrible fact
+of Tarquinius, againste Lucretia, and all that name bani-
+shed, but you haue brought in tyrauntes. I Brutus did re-
+duce the Romain Empire, to a fredome and libertée: but you
+foolishly can not vphold and maintein, thesame giuen to you.
+I Brutus, with the daunger of my life, haue saued my coun[-]
+tree of Roome, but you without all daunger, lose it.
+
+
+¶ _Prosopopoeia._
+
+AS co[n]cerning _Prosopopoeia_, it is as Pristianus saith,
+when to any one againste nature, speache is feigned
+to bee giuen.
+
+Tullie vseth for a like example this, when he maketh
+Roome to talke againste Cateline.
+
+
+¶ _Prosopopoeia_ of Roome.
+
+[Sidenote: Catiline.]
+NO mischief hath been perpetrated, this many yeres,
+but by thee Catiline, no pestiferous acte enterprised,
+without thee: thou a lone, for thy horrible murther
+perpetrated vpon the citee of Rome, for the spoile and robbe-
+ries of their gooddes art vnpunished. Thou onelie haste been
+of that force and power, to caste doune all lawes and aucthori-
+tee. Although these thinges were not to be borne, yet I haue
+borne them: but now thy horrible factes are come to soche an
+issue, that I feare thy mischiues. Wherfore leaue of Cateline
+and deminishe this feare from me, that I maie be in securitée[.]
+
+Lucane the Poete, intreating of mightie and fearce war-
+res, againste Pompei and Cesar, maketh Roome to vse this
+_Prosopopoeia_ againste Cesar.
+
+     _Quo tenditis vltra quo fertis mea signa viri,
+     Si iure venitis si aues hucusq[ue] licet._
+
+_Prosopopoeia_ is properlie, when all thinges are faigned
+bothe the maners, the persone, as of Roome in this place.
+
+
+[Fol. l.v]
+
+¶ What lamentable Oracion Hecuba Quene of
+Troie might make, Troie being destroied.
+
+[Sidenote: Kyngdomes.]
+WHat kyngdome can alwaies assure his state, or
+glory? What strength can alwaies last? What
+[Sidenote: Okes.
+Cedars.]
+power maie alwaies stande? The mightie O-
+kes are somtyme caste from roote, the Ceadars
+high by tempestes falle, so bitter stormes dooe
+force their strength. Soft waters pearseth Rockes, and ruste
+the massie Iron doeth bryng to naught. So nothyng can by
+stre[n]gth so stande, but strength maie ones decaie: yea, mightie
+kingdoms in time decaie haue felt. Kingdomes weake haue
+rose to might, and mightie kyngdomes fallen, no counsaile
+can preuaile, no power, no strength, or might in lande. God
+disposeth Princes seates, their kyngdome there with stan-
+des. I knewe before the brickell state, how kyngdomes ruine
+caught, my iye the chaunge of fortune sawe, as Priamus did
+aduaunce his throne, by fauour Fortune gat, on other For-
+tune then did froune, whose kingdom did decaie. Well, now
+[Sidenote: Fortune
+hath no staie.]
+I knowe the brickle state, that fortune hath no staie, all rashe
+her giftes, Fortune blind doeth kepe no state, her stone doth
+roule, as floodes now flowe, floodes also ebbe. So glory doth
+remaine, sometyme my state on high, was sette in Princelie
+throne, my porte and traine ful roiall was, a kyng my father
+also was, my housband scepter held. Troie and Phrigia ser-
+ued his becke, many kynges his power did dreade, his wille
+their power did serue. The fame of Troie and Brute, his
+glorie and renoume, what landes knoweth not? But now
+his falle, all toungues can speake, so greate as glorie was,
+though kyngdomes stronge was sette, loftie Troie in duste
+prostrate doeth lye, in blood their glorie, people, kyng are fal-
+len, no Quene more dolefull cause hath felte. The sorowes
+depe doe passe my ioyes, as Phebus light with stormes caste
+[Sidenote: Hector.]
+doune. Hectors death did wounde my hart, by Hectors might
+Troie stiffe did stande, my comforte Hector was, Priamus
+ioye, of Troie all the[m] life, the strength, and power, his death
+[Fol. lj.r]
+did wound me for to die, but alas my dolefull and cruell fate
+to greater woe reserueth my life, loftie Troie before me
+felle, sworde, and fire hath seate and throne doune caste. The
+dedde on heapes doeth lye, the tender babes as Lions praies
+[Sidenote: Priamus.]
+are caught in bloode, before my sight, Priamus deare mur-
+dered was, my children also slain, who roiall were, and prin-
+ces mates. No Queene more ioye hath tasted, yet woe my io-
+yes hath quite defaced. My state alwaie in bondage thrall, to
+serue my enemies wille, as enemie wille, I liue or dye. No
+cruell force will ridde my life, onely in graue the yearth shal
+close my woes, the wormes shall gnawe my dolefull hart in
+graue. My hedde shall ponder nought, when death hath sence
+doune caste, in life I sought no ioye, as death I craue, no
+glorie was so wished as death I seeke, with death no sence.
+In prison depe who dolefull lieth, whom Fetters sore dooeth
+greue. Their dolefull state moste wisheth death, in dongion
+deepe of care my harte moste pensiue is, vnhappie state that
+wisheth death, with ioye long life, eche wight doeth craue, in
+life who wanteth smart? Who doeth not féele, or beare som-
+time, a bitter storme, to doleful tune, mirth full oft chaunged
+is, the meaner state, more quiet rest, on high, who climes more
+deper care, more dolefull harte doeth presse, moste tempestes
+hie trees, hilles, & moutaines beare, valleis lowe rough stor-
+mes doeth passe, the bendyng trees doeth giue place to might
+by force of might, Okes mightie fall, and Ceders high ar re[n]t
+from the roote. The state full meane in hauen hath Ancre
+caste, in surgyng seas, full ofte in vaine to saue the maste, the
+shippe Ancre casteth.
+
+
+¶ The descripcion.
+
+THis exercise profitable to _Rhetorike_, is an Ora-
+cio[n] that collecteth and representeth to the iye, that
+which he sheweth, so Priscianus defineth it: some
+are of that opinion, that descripcion is not to bee
+placed emo[n]g these exercises, profitable to _Rhetorike_. Because
+[Fol. lj.v]
+that bothe in euery Oracion, made vpon a Fable, all thyn-
+ges therein conteined, are liuely described. And also in euery
+Narracion, the cause, the place, the persone, the time, the fact,
+the maner how, ar therin liuely described. But most famous
+and Eloquente men, doe place descripcion, in the nomber of
+these exercises. Descripcio[n] serueth to these things, the person,
+as the Poete Lucane describeth Pompei & Cesar: the person
+is described, thynges or actes, tymes, places, brute beastes.
+
+     _Nec coiere pares, alter vergentibus annis
+     In senium longo que toge, tranquilior vsu.
+     Dedidicit. &c._
+
+Homer describeth the persone of Thersites, in the second
+booke of his Ilias.
+
+Homer setteth out Helena, describing the persone of Me-
+nalaus and Ulisses, in the fowerth booke of Ilias.
+
+Thynges are described, as the warres attempted by sea
+and lande, of Xerxes.
+
+Lucan describeth the war of the Massilia[n]s against Cesar[.]
+
+Thusidides setteth forthe in a descripcion, the warres on
+the sea, betwene the Corcurians, and the Corinthians.
+
+Tymes are described, as the Spryng tyme, Sommer,
+Winter, Harueste, Daie, Night.
+
+Places are described, as Citees, Mountaines, Regions,
+Floodes, Hauens, Gardeines, Temples: whiche thynges
+are sette out by their commoditees, for Thusidides often ty-
+mes setteth forthe Hauens and Citees.
+
+Lucane also describeth at large, the places, by the whiche
+the armie of Cesar and Pompei passed. The descripcion of a-
+ny man, in all partes is to bee described, in mynde and bodie,
+what he was.
+
+The acttes are to bee described, farre passed, by the pre-
+sente state thereof, and also by the tyme to come.
+
+As if the warre of Troie, should be set forthe in a descrip-
+cion, it must bée described, what happened before the Greci-
+ans arriued at Troie, and how, and after what sorte it was
+[Fol. lij.r]
+ouerthrowne, & what thing chaunced, Troie being destroid.
+
+So likewise of Carthage, destroied by the Romaines.
+Of Hierusalem, destroied by Titus Uespasianus, what ad-
+monicion thei had before: of what monsterous thynges hap-
+pened also in that ceason: Of a Comete or blasyng Starre,
+and after that what followed.
+
+Lucane also setteth forthe the warres of Pompe and Ce-
+sar, what straunge and marueilous thynges fell of it.
+
+
+¶ A descripcion vpon Xerxes.
+
+WHen Darius was dedde, Xerxes his soonne did
+succede hym, who also tooke vpon him to finishe
+the warres, bego[n] by his father Darius, against
+Grece. For the whiche warres, preperacion
+was made, for the space of fiue yeres, after that
+[Sidenote: The armie
+of Xerxes.]
+Xerxes entered Grece, with seuen hundred thousande Persi-
+ans, and thrée hundred thousande of forrain power aided him
+that not without cause, Chronicles of aunciente tyme dooe
+shewe, mightie floodes to be dried vp of his armie. The migh[-]
+tie dominions of Grece, was not hable to receiue his houge,
+and mightie power, bothe by sea and lande: he was no small
+Prince, whom so many nacions, so mightie people followed
+hym, his Nauie of Shippes was in nomber tenne hundred
+[Sidenote: Xerxes a
+cowarde.]
+thousande, Xerxes had a mightie power, but Xerxes was a
+cowarde, in harte a childe, all in feare the stroke of battaile
+moued. In so mightie an armie it was marueile, the chiefe
+Prince and Capitaine to be a cowarde, there wanted neither
+men, nor treasure, if ye haue respecte to the kyng hymself, for
+cowardlinesse ye will dispraise the kyng, but his threasures
+beeyng so infinite, ye will maruaile at the plentie thereof,
+whose armie and infinite hoste, though mightie floodes and
+streames, were not able to suffice for drinke, yet his richesse
+[Sidenote: Xerxes laste
+in battaile,
+and first to
+runne awaie.]
+semed not spente nor tasted of. Xerxes hymself would be laste
+in battaile to fight, and the firste to retire, and runne awaie.
+In daungers he was fearfull, and when daunger was paste,
+[Fol. lij.v]
+he was stoute, mightie, glorious, and wonderfull crakyng,
+[Sidenote: The pride
+of Xerxes.]
+before this hassarde of battaile attempted. He thought hym
+self a God ouer nature, all landes and Seas to giue place to
+hym, and puffed with pride, he forgatte hymself: his power
+was terrible, his harte fainte, whereupon his enteryng into
+Grece was not so dreaded, as his flight fro[m] thence was sham[-]
+full, mocked and scorned at, for all his power he was driuen
+backe from the lande, by Leonides king of the Lacedemoni-
+ans, he hauing but a small nomber of men, before his second
+battaile fought on the Sea: he sente fower thousande armed
+men, to spoile the riche and sumpteous temple of Apollo, at
+Delphos, from the whiche place, not one man escaped. After
+that Xerxes entered Thespia, Platea, and Athenes, in the
+whiche not one man remained, those he burned, woorkyng
+his anger vpon the houses: for these citees were admonished
+to proue the maisterie in wodden walles, whiche was ment
+to bee Shippes, the power of Grece, brought into one place
+[Sidenote: Themi-
+stocles.]
+Themistocles, fauoryng their part, although Xerxes thought
+otherwise of Themistocles, then Themistocles perswaded
+Xerxes to assaie the Grecians. Artemisia the Quene of Hali-
+carnasis aided Xerxes in his battaile: Artemisia fought man[-]
+fullie, Xerxes cowardly shronke, so that vnnaturally there
+was in the one a manlie stomacke, in the other a cowardlie
+harte. The men of Ionia, that fought vnder Xerxes banner,
+by the treason of Themistocles, shra[n]ke from Xerxes, he was
+not so greate a terrour or dreade, by his maine hoste, as now
+smally regarded & least feared. What is power, men, or mo-
+ney, when God chaungeth and pulleth doune, bothe the suc-
+cesse, and kyngdome of a Prince. He was in all his glorie, a
+vnmanlie, and a cowardly prince, yet for a time happie state
+fell on his side, now his might and power is not feared. He
+flieth awaie in a Fisher boate, whom all the worlde dreaded
+and obaied, whom all Grece was not able to receiue, a small
+boate lodgeth and harboureth. His owne people contemned
+hym at home, his glorie fell, and life ingloriously ended, who[m]
+[Fol. liij.r]
+whom God setteth vp, neither treason nor malice, power nor
+money can pull doune. Worthelie it is to be pondered of all
+Princes, the saiyng of Uespasianus Emperour of Rome, at
+a certain time a treason wrought and conspired against him,
+the conspiratours taken, Uespasianus satte doune betwene
+[Sidenote: The saiyng
+of Uespasi-
+anus.]
+theim, commaunded a sworde to be giuen to either of theim,
+and saied to them: _Nonne videtis fato potestatem dari._ Dooe
+you not see? Power, aucthoritée, and regimente, by the ordi-
+[Sidenote: A sentence
+comfortable
+to al princes.]
+naunce of God, is lefte and giuen to princes: A singuler sen-
+tence, to comforte all good Princes in their gouernemente,
+not to feare the poisoned hartes of men, or the traiterous har-
+tes of pestiferous men. No man can pull doune, where God
+exalteth, neither power can set vp and extoll, where God dis-
+plaseth or putteth doune: Soche is the state of Princes, and
+their kyngdomes.
+
+
+¶ _Thesis._
+
+_THesis_, is a certain question in consultacion had, to bée
+declaimed vpon vncertaine, notyng no certaine per-
+sone or thyng.
+
+As for example.
+
+Whether are riches chieflie to be sought for, in this life,
+as of all good thynges, the chief good.
+
+Whether is vertue the moste excellente good thynge in
+this life.
+
+Whether dooe the giftes of the mynde, passe and excelle
+the giftes and vertues of Fortune, and the bodie.
+
+Whether doeth pollicie more auaile in war, then stre[n]gth
+of menne.
+
+Who so will reason of any question of these, he hath nede
+with reason, and wittie consultacion to discourse, and to de-
+claime vpon thesame.
+
+The Greke Oratours doe call this exercise _Thesis_, that
+is to saie, a proposicion in question, a question vncertain, in-
+cluded with no certaintée, to any perticuler thyng.
+
+[Fol. liij.v]
+
+The Latine men doeth call it a question infinite, or vni-
+uersall: Tullie in his booke of places called Topickes, doeth
+call _Thesis_, _Propositum_, that is to saie, a question, in deter-
+minacion. Priscianus calleth it _positionem_, a proposicion in
+question on ether parte to be disputed vpon.
+
+As for example.
+
+Whether is it best to marie a wife?
+
+Whether is frendship aboue all thynges to be regarded.
+
+Is warre to be moued vpon a iuste cause?
+
+Is the Greke tongue mete, and necessarie to be learned?
+
+There is an other kinde of question called _hypothesis_, _hy[-]
+pothesis_ is called _questio finita_, that is to saie, a question cer-
+taine notyng a certaine persone, or thyng, a certaine place,
+tyme, and so forthe.
+
+As for example.
+
+Is it mete for Cesar to moue warre against Pompei?
+
+Is not there a certain persone?
+
+Is the Greke tongue to be learned of a Diuine?
+
+Is the Greke tongue meete for a Phisicion?
+
+In this kinde of exercises, famous men of auncient time
+did exercise youth, to attain bothe wisedome and Eloquence
+therby, to make a discourse vpo[n] any matter, by art of lerning[.]
+
+Aristotle the famous Philosopher, did traine vp youthe,
+to be perfite in the arte of eloquence, that thei might with all
+copiousnes and ingenious inuencion handle any cause.
+
+Nothing doeth so moche sharpe and acuate the witte and
+capacitée of any one, as this kinde of exercise.
+
+It is a goodly vertue in any one man, at a sodain, to vtter
+wittely and ingeniouslie, the secrete and hid wisedome of his
+mynde: it is a greate maime to a profounde learned man, to
+wante abilitée, to vtter his exquisite and profounde knowe-
+ledge of his mynde.
+
+
+¶ _Thesis._
+
+THis question _Thesis_, which is a question, noting no cer-
+taine persone or thyng: is moche like to that Oracion,
+[Fol. liiij.r]
+intreated of before, called a Common place.
+
+
+¶ A Common place.
+
+BUt a Common place, is a certaine exaggeracion of
+matter, induced against any persone, conuicted of a-
+ny crime, or worthie defence.
+
+
+¶ _Thesis._
+
+_Thesis_ is a reasonyng by question, vpon a matter vncer-
+taine.
+
+_Thesis_, that is to saie, a questio[n] generall is in two sortes.
+
+                { Ciuill.
+     A question {
+                { Contemplatiue.
+
+QUestions Ciuill are those, that dooe pertaine to the
+state of a common wealth: and are daily practised in
+the common wealthe.
+
+As for example.
+
+Is it good to marie a wife.
+
+Is Usurie lefull in a citee, or common wealthe.
+
+Is a Monarchie the beste state of gouernement.
+
+Is good educacion the grounde and roote, of a florishyng
+common wealthe.
+
+
+¶ A contemplatiue question.
+
+THe other _Thesis_ is a question contemplatiue, which
+the Grekes dooe call _Theoricas_, because the matter
+of them is comprehended in the minde, and in the in[-]
+telligence of man.
+
+The example.
+
+Is the soule immortall?
+
+Had the worlde a beginnyng?
+
+Is the heauen greater then the yearth?
+
+                          { Simple.
+     A question is either {
+                          { Compounde.
+
+Is it good for a man to exercise hymself in wrastlyng, or
+[Fol. liiij.v]
+
+Is it profitable to declaime.
+
+
+[¶] A compounde.
+
+Is vertue of more value then gold, to the coueitous man[?]
+
+Doeth wisedome more auaile, then strength in battaile?
+
+Doe olde men or young men, better gouerne a common
+wealthe?
+
+Is Phisicke more honourable then the Lawe?
+
+A Oracion made vpon _Thesis_, is after this sorte made.
+
+Use a _exordium_, or beginnyng.
+
+Unto the whiche you maie adde a Narracion, whiche is
+a exposicion of the thyng doen.
+
+Then shewe it lawfull.
+
+Iuste.
+
+Profitable.
+
+And possible.
+
+Then the conclucion.
+
+To this in some parte of the Oracion, you maie putte in
+certaine obieccions, as thus.
+
+Upon this question: Is it good to marie a wife?
+
+In Mariage is greate care, and pensiuenesse of minde, by
+losse of children, or wife, whom thou loueste. There is also
+trouble of dissolute seruauntes. There is also greate sorowe
+if thy children proue wicked and dissolute.
+
+The aunswere to this obiection, will minister matter to
+declaime vpon.
+
+
+¶ Is it good to Marie.
+
+SInce the tyme of all ages, and the creacio[n] of the
+worlde, GOD hath so blessed his creacion, and
+meruailous workemanship in manne: as in all
+his other creatures, that not onelie his omnipo-
+teucie, is therby set forthe. But also from tyme
+to tyme, the posteritee of men, in their ofspring and procrea-
+[Sidenote: Kyngdomes
+continue by
+mariage and
+co[m]mon welth[.]]
+cion, doe aboundantlie commonstrate thesame. The state of
+all kyngdomes and common wealthes: by procreacion deri-
+ued, haue onelie continued on the face of the yearth, thereby
+[Fol. lv.r]
+many hundred yeres. How sone would the whole worlde be
+dissolued, and in perpetuall ruine, if that God from tymes
+and ages, had not by godlie procreacion, blessed this infinite
+[Sidenote: The dignitee
+of man, she-
+weth the
+worthines of
+mariage.]
+issue of mankinde. The dignitée of man in his creacion, she-
+weth the worthie succession, maintained by procreation. In
+vaine were the creacion of the worlde, if there were not as
+manne so excellente a creature, to beholde the creatour, and
+his meruailous creacion. To what vse were the Elementes
+and Heauens, the Starres and Planettes, all Beastes and
+Foules, Fisshe, Plantes, Herbes and trees, if men wer not,
+for mannes vse and necessitée, all thinges in the yearth were
+made and procreated. Wherein the Stoike Philosophers do
+note the excellencie of man to be greate: for saie thei, _Que in
+terris gignuntur omnia ad vsum hominum creari_. To what
+vse then were all thynges, if man were not, for whose cause,
+vse, & necessitée these thynges were made. If a continuaunce
+of Gods procreacion were not, immediatlie a ruine and ende
+would ensue of thinges. What age remaineth aboue a hun-
+dred yeres? If after a hu[n]dred yeres, no issue wer to be, on the
+[Sidenote: Godlie pro-
+creacion.]
+face of the yearth, how sone wer kyngdoms dissolued, where
+as procreacion rooteth, a newe generacion, issue and ofspring,
+and as it were a newe soule and bodie. A continuaunce of la-
+wes, a permanente state of common wealthe dooeth ensue.
+Though the life of manne be fraile, and sone cutte of, yet by
+Mariage, man by his ofspryng, is as it were newe framed,
+his bodie by death dissolued, yet by issue reuiued. Euen as
+Plantes, by the bitter season of Winter, from their flowers
+fadyng and witheryng: yet the seede of them and roote, vegi-
+table and liuyng, dooe roote yerelie a newe ofspryng or flo-
+[Sidenote: A similitude.]
+wer in them. So Mariage by godlie procreacion blessed, doth
+perpetually increase a newe bodie, and therby a vaste world,
+and infinite nacions or people. Xerxes the mightie kyng of
+Persia, vewing and beholding his maine and infinite hoste,
+wéeped: who beyng demaunded, why he so did. _Doleo inquit
+post centum annos, neminem ex hijs superesse._ It is a pitée-
+[Fol. lv.v]
+fulle and dolefull case, that after a hundred yeres, not one of
+these noble capitaines, and valiant soldiers to be left.
+
+
+¶ The obieccion.
+
+But you will saie parauenture, mariage is a greate bon-
+dage, alwaies to liue with one.
+
+
+¶ The solucion.
+
+To followe pleasure, and the beastlie mocions of the
+mynde: what libertée call you that, to liue in a godly, meane,
+[Sidenote: The libertie
+in mariage.]
+and Mediocritée of life, with thy spoused wife. There is no
+greater ioye, libertée, or felicitée, who so practiseth a dissolute
+life: whose loue and luste is kindeled, and sette on fire with a
+[Sidenote: A brutishe
+societie with
+harlottes.]
+harlotte, he followeth a brutishe societée. What difference is
+there, betwene them and beastes? The beaste as nature lea-
+deth, he obaieth nature. Reason wanteth in beastes, manne
+then indued with reason, whiche is a guide to all excellencie
+how is it that he is not ruled by reason. Whom GOD hath
+clothed and beautified, with all vertue and all singularitée:
+If a godly conuersacion of life, moueth thée to passe thy daies
+without mariage, then must the mocions of thy minde, be ta-
+[Sidenote: Chastitee
+in mariage.]
+med and kepte vnder. Other wise, execrable is thy purpose,
+and determinacio[n] of the life. If thou hopest of loue of a harlot
+though thou enioye her otherwise, thou art deceiued. Bac-
+chis the harlot, whom Terence maketh mencion of, in the
+persone of her self, sheweth the maners of all harlots to An-
+tiphila, saiyng.
+
+     _Quippe forma impulsi nostra nos amatores colunt:
+     Hec vbi immutata est, illi suum animum alio conferunt.
+     Nisi prospectu[m] est interea aliquid nobis, deserte viuimus._
+
+For saieth she, the louer anamoured with our loue, and
+sette on fire therewith, it is for our beautie and fauour: but
+when beautie is ones faded, he conuerteth his loue to an o-
+ther, whom he better liketh. But that we prouide for our sel-
+ues in the meane season, wée should in the ende liue vtterlie
+forsaked. But your loue incensed with one, whose maners
+and life contenteth you: so you bothe are linked together,
+[Fol. lvj.r]
+[Sidenote: The loue of a
+harlotte.]
+that no calamitée can separate you: who so hopeth loue of a
+harlotte, or profite, he maie hope as for the fructe of a withe-
+red tree, gaine is all their loue, vice their ioye and delite. In
+vertue is libertée, in vertue is felicitee, the state of mariage is
+vertuous, there can be no greater bo[n]dage, then to obaie ma-
+ny beastly affections, to the whiche whoredome forceth hym
+vnto, Loue is fained, cloked amitée, a harte dissembled, ma-
+ny a mightie person and wise, hath been ouerthrowen by the
+deceiptes of harlottes: many a Citee plagued, many a region
+ouerthrowen for that mischief, to obaie many affections is a
+greate bondage. Who so serueth the beastlie affections of his
+[Sidenote: Hercules.
+Omphala.]
+mynde to that purpose, he must also as Hercules to Ompha-
+la bee slaue, not onely to his owne will and affection: but to
+the maners, will, and exspectacion of the harlotte. So serued
+Thraso, and Phedria Thais, that Gorgious harlot, Antony
+and Iulius Cesar, Cleopatra, this is a bondage, to liue slaue
+from reason and all all integritee, to a monsterous rableme[n]t
+[Sidenote: The harlot-
+tes lesson, to
+her louers.]
+of vices, who so serueth a harlot, thei must learne this lesson.
+_Da mihi & affer_, giue and bryng.
+
+The women of Scithia, abhorryng the godly conuersa-
+cion of mariage, with their housbandes, lefte theim, who in
+tyme ware so mightie, that thei repelled theim by force: thei
+called mariage not Matrimonie, but bondage. For, the chro-
+nicles doe testifie, thei became conquerours ouer many kyn-
+ges, all Asia obaied them: thei did builde many a great citee,
+and for theire successe, thei might compare with many prin-
+[Sidenote: The life of
+the Amazo-
+nes.]
+ces. These women were called Amazones afterwarde, the
+order of their life was this, ones in the yere thei would en-
+ioye the compainie of a man: if it so were that thei had a man
+childe, the father to haue it, if a daughter, then thei possessed
+her, and foorthwith burned her right pappe: for thei were all
+Archers, and wonderfully excelled therein, but in the ende,
+[Sidenote: Thalestris.]
+thei came all to ruine. One of them, Thalestris their Quene
+in the tyme of Alexander the Greate, came to Alexander,
+thinkyng that he had been, some monstrous man of stature:
+[Fol. lvj.v]
+[Sidenote: The offer of
+a woman to
+Alexander.]
+whom, when she did beholde (for Alexander was of no migh-
+tie stature) did contemne hym, and offered him hand to hande
+[Sidenote: The answer
+of Alexander
+to the offer.]
+to fight with hym. But Alexander like a wise Prince, saied
+to his men, if I should ouercome her, that were no victorie,
+nor manhoode againste a woman: and being ouercome, that
+were greater shame, then commendacion in all my victories
+and conquestes, but afterwarde, there was a greate familia-
+ritée betwene them. The adulterer and the adulteris, neuer
+prospereth, for many mischiues are reserued, to that wicked
+and beastly loue. Sincere loue is not rooted, frendship colou-
+red: the sober and demure countenaunce, is moche to be com-
+mended in a chaste woman, whose breaste pondereth a chaste
+[Sidenote: The facte of
+the matrones
+of Rome.]
+life. The facte of the matrones of Rome, semeth straunge to
+be tolde, of Papirius a Senators soonne, beyng taken to the
+Senate house, of his father: the childe beyng indued with a
+singuler wit, harde many causes in the assemble, talked and
+consulted vpo[n], at his retourne home, his mother was inqui-
+sitiue of their consultacion, to heare somewhat. The childe
+was commaunded by his father, to vtter no secrete that he
+heard, wherevpon of a long tyme, he refused his mothers de-
+maunde: but at the laste subtelie, he satisfied his mothers re-
+[Sidenote: Papirius.]
+quest. Truth it is, my father willed me, to vtter no secret, you
+keping my counsaill, I will shewe you, it is concluded by the
+Senate house, that euery man shall haue twoo wiues, that
+is a straunge matter, saieth the mother: foorthwith she had
+communicacion with all the matrones of Roome, that could
+doe somewhat in this matter, thei also full willyngly assem-
+bled themselues, to let this purpose, to the Senate house, thei
+went to vtter, their swollen griues. The Senators were a-
+mased at their commyng, but in this matter bolde thei were,
+[Sidenote: The Oracio[n]
+of a matrone,
+to the Sena-
+tours.]
+to enterprise that, whiche thei wer greued at. A Dame more
+eloquente then all the reste, and of stomacke more hardie, be-
+gan in these woordes. Otherwise then right, we are iniuri-
+ously handled, and that in this assemble, that now we should
+be caste of and neclected: that whereas it is concluded in this
+[Fol. lvij.r]
+counsaile, that euery manne should haue twoo wiues, more
+meter it were, that one woman should haue twoo housban-
+des. Straunge it was in the Senators eares soche a request,
+whereupon a proofe made how that rumour rose, Papirius
+was found the aucthor, who tolde before the Senate, his mo-
+ther alwaies inquisitiue to knowe that, whiche he should not
+tell, and thereupon he faigned that, whiche he might better
+tell. It is to be supposed the Senators mused thereat, and the
+matrones of Rome went home ashamed: but their secrete co-
+gitacion of minde was manifest, what willingly in hart thei
+wished. What greater felicitee can there bee, then in a vnitée
+of life, the housebande to liue with his wife. The beastes in
+their kinde, doe condemne mannes brutishe affections here-
+in: there is no facte that sheweth a man or woman, more like
+to beastes, then whoredome.
+
+
+¶ The obieccion.
+
+But you will saie, many calamitées happeneth in mariage?
+
+
+¶ The solucion.
+
+Fortunne herein is to bee blamed, and not mariage, if a-
+ny misfortune happeneth to manne therein, the felicitée and
+[Sidenote: Eleccion in
+Mariage.]
+quiet state that any man enioieth thereby. The discrete elec-
+cion is therein approued, in the state it self, nothyng can bee
+founde worthie reprehension, if a man will impute the bit-
+ter stormes of life to mariage: whatseouer happeneth, our
+owne reason maie iudge contrary. Place before thy iyes all
+the affaires, and occupacions of this life, bee all tymes plea-
+saunte to the housebande man, many a colde storme perceth
+his bodie, and many a mightie tempeste, dooeth molest hym
+and greue hym. Sommer is not the tyme, to caste his seede in
+the grounde, or implowyng to occupie hymself: shall he ther-
+fore leaue his housebandrie, or doeth he rather neclecte it, his
+diligence therein is the more, and labour more industrious.
+From whence commeth the tempeste, the stormes and bitter
+seasons? From his house, from his wife, from his art and oc-
+cupacion, all those thynges by violence are expelled from the
+[Fol. lvij.v]
+aire. No state of life is able to giue riches, healthe, or securitée
+[Sidenote: Emperours.]
+to his state. There hath been princes and Emperours, nedie,
+full of infirmitées and sickenes, in daungerous state, oppres-
+sed with many calamitées: was their dignitie and office, the
+cause of their calamitées? No, God tempreth the state of eue-
+ry one, how, and after what sorte to possesse thesame. Some
+[Sidenote: Mariage.]
+are fulle fortunate in Mariage, if Mariage were of necessitée
+the cause, then all should be onely fortunate, or onely vnfor-
+tunate: then in mariage is not the cause, if in marige the ma-
+ners doe disagrée, and loue is extinguished, blame thyn own
+[Sidenote: The Mari-
+ners.]
+maners, thy choise, and thy eleccion. The Mariner that pas-
+seth the daungerous Seas, and by dreadfull tempestes, and
+huffyng waues is alwaies in perille, and many often tymes
+[Sidenote: The Mar-
+chauntes.]
+drouned. The Marchaunt lesyng his marchaundise by ship-
+wrack, shall thei impute the daunger and losse, to their wife
+at home? Or doe the Mariners leaue for all these tempestes,
+their arte of Nauigacion? Or the owner breake his shippe?
+Or the Marchaunt proue no aduentures, because of his losse,
+and many haue been of this sort drouned. No. But more ear-
+[Sidenote: Warre.]
+nestlie thei dooe assaie theim selues thereto. Because warre
+spoileth many a man of his life, doe Princes therefore, leaue
+to moue armour againste the enemie, but because, who so in
+the defence of his countrée, dieth manfullie, is worthelie ad-
+uaunced, and in perpetuall memorie, no daunger is refused,
+because euill thynges happeneth in life, is the state of good
+thynges to be auoided and eschued. Were it not vnsemelie,
+if housebande men, for no storme or tempeste, doe leaue their
+state, their laborious and rough co[n]dicion of life, nor the ship-
+man his arte of Nauigacion, because he seeth many drouned
+venteryng thesame, and he hymself often tymes in daunger,
+nor the soldiour or capitain, their perilous condicion of life,
+doe leaue for daunger. Should Mariage bée lesse sette by, be-
+cause alwaies riches and quietnes happeneth not.
+
+
+¶ The obieccion.
+
+The losse of a good wife and children, is a greate grefe to
+[Fol. lviij.r]
+any man, and a cause to blame mariage.
+
+
+¶ The aunswere.
+
+[Sidenote: The lawe of
+Nature.]
+You your self are borne to dye, thei also by death obaye
+likewise Nature, this is the Lawe of Nature ones to dye,
+whiche you séeme to blame. Then the death of thy wife and
+childre[n], is not the blame in Mariage. What is the cause that
+you dye? Natures imbecillitée and weakenes, then in theim[.]
+Mariage is not the cause: Nature in her firste molde hath so
+framed all, wherefore doe you ascribe that to mariage, that
+is founde faultée in Nature. Thei die that marie not, what
+infirmitie, daunger or peril happeneth to any in mariage, as
+sharpe and perilous, doe molest and torment the other. If any
+manne by death, leaseth a right honeste wife, clothed with all
+chastitée, demurenesse, sobrietée, and also with all singulari-
+tée of vertue adorned: he hath loste a rare treasure, a iewell of
+[Sidenote: A chaste wo-
+man.]
+price, not in all to bee founde. Did you loue your wife, that
+was so goodlie, so honeste and vertuous: there was greate
+cause saie you, for her vertuous sake, God hath chosen her fro[m]
+a mortall creature, to immortalitée, with her it can not bée
+better. There is no cause why you should blame mariage,
+for the losse of her, or of thy children, or for the losse of thee,
+she to blame mariage. If for thy owne sake, this sorowe bee,
+_Est seipsum amantis non amici_, it is then of a self loue, to thy
+self, not for her cause: for I muste aunswere as Lelius did to
+Affricanus, _Cum ea optime esseactu[m] quis neget, quid est quod
+no[n] assecuta est immortalitatem_. Who can deny saieth he, but
+that with her it can not bee better? What is it that she hath
+not attained. Immortalitée. She was vertuous, chaiste, so-
+ber, descrete, of behauiour womanlie: for her vertues belo-
+ued. Well, now she hath immortalitee and blesse, are you so-
+rie thereat, that were enuious. Did you loue her liuyng, loue
+her also departed, her vertuous shewed vnto vs, her immor-
+talitée.
+
+
+¶ The obieccion.
+
+There is a care for the wife and children, if the housband
+[Fol. lviij.v]
+dye before theim.
+
+
+¶ The aunswere.
+
+[Sidenote: A wretched
+executour.]
+If thou leaue them riches, hope not that thy riches shalbe
+a staie to theim, though thei bee innumerable: a wretched, a
+miserable executour, wasteth and destroieth oftentymes, the
+fruictes of thy trauaile, who reioyseth more of thy death, then
+of thy life. Or thy childrens father in Lawe, shall spoile and
+spende with a merie harte, that whiche thou haste long tera-
+[Sidenote: Gods pro-
+uidence.]
+uailed for. Staie thy self and thyne vpon Gods prouidence,
+for it hath been seen, many a riche widowe, with infinite
+treasure lefte, to her children also like porcions descendyng:
+afterwarde bothe wife and children, haue been brought to
+miserie and beggerlie state. Otherwise, poore children com-
+mitted to the prouidence of God, and vertuouslie brought vp,
+and the wife in like state, yet thei haue so passed their daies,
+that thei haue rose to a goodlie state. See that thy richesse bée
+not iniuriouslie gotten by falshode, by liyng, by Usurie, if it
+so be, then _Male parta male dilabuntnr_. That is this, gooddes
+euill gotte, euill spente, soche riches neuer giue déepe roote
+to their ofspryng. That is an euill care, by a iniurious care,
+to purchase thynges and gooddes wickedlie.
+
+Also mariage taketh awaie widowhed, and doeth repare
+with a newe freshe mariage, the lacke and priuacion of the
+[Sidenote: Death.
+Mariage.]
+other. She that was by death left a widowe, mariage again
+hath coupled her to a newe housbande: and doeth restore that
+whiche death tooke awaie. That that death dissolueth and
+destroieth, mariage increaseth, augme[n]teth, and multiplieth.
+Bee it so, but mariage is a painfull life, it forceth euery one
+to trauaile, to vpholde and maintaine his state, I commende
+not the idell life, neither a life occupied to no vertuous ende.
+Nature moueth euery manne to loue hymself and his, so thy
+care and paine be to a godlie purpose. It is commendable. It
+is the duetie of euery man, as his power, witte, and industrie
+is able, to emploie thereto his cogitacion. To laboure for thy
+wife, whom thou loueste, and deare children, thy laboure is
+[Fol. lix.r]
+pleasure, the ioye easeth thy labour. To behold thy self in thy
+children, thei beyng vertuouslie broughte vp, it is a goodlie
+[Sidenote: The mariage
+of a chaste
+woman.]
+comfort, to liue with a chaste woman, sober and continente,
+her vertues be a continuall pleasure, a passyng ioye. In ma-
+riage ought to be greate deliberacion, whom thou chosest to
+thy continuall compainie or felowshippe, her life paste well
+knowen, her parentes and kindrede how honeste and vertu-
+ous, her maners, her fame, how commendable, her counti-
+[Sidenote: The choise
+of a wife.]
+naunce sober, a constaunt iye, and with shamefastnes beau-
+tified, a mouthe vttering fewe woordes discretlie. She is not
+to be liked, who[m] no vertuous qualitées in her educacio[n], beu-
+tifieth and adorneth, the goodlie qualitees sheweth, the well
+framed and nurtured mynde. These thynges maie be suffi-
+ciente, to shewe what excellencie is in mariage and how ne-
+cessarie it is, to the procreacion and preseruacio[n] of mankind.
+
+
+¶ _Legislacio._
+
+¶ A Oracion either in the defence of
+a Lawe, or againste a Lawe.
+
+MAny learned menne are in this opinion, that vpon
+a Lawe alledged, a Oracion maie bee made in the
+defence of it: or matter maie be suppeditated, to in-
+uaigh by force of argument againste it.
+
+Although the lawe alleged be in maner the whole cause,
+bicause it doeth co[n]tain al the matter included in the oracion.
+
+In this Oracion, the persone is induced to be spoken vp-
+pon, vnknowne, vncertaine: wherefore it is to be placed, ra-
+ther in the state and forme of consultacion, and to bée exami-
+ned with iudgement.
+
+The induccion of a Lawe, is in twoo sortes.
+
+A confirmacion of any olde Lawe, or a confutacion.
+
+As for example.
+
+The Ciuill Lawe doeth well commende, bondmen to be
+manumised, that is, to be made free.
+
+The lawe is herein to be praised, that willeth the cou[n]sail
+of the parentes & frendes, to be knowne before the contracte.
+[Fol. lix.v]
+Upon a Lawe alledged, worthelie matter maie rise, waigh-
+yng the godlie ende, whereunto the Lawe was firste inuen-
+ted, decreed and stablished, what profite thereof ensueth and
+foloweth. What it is to vertue a mainteiner, otherwise if it
+be not profitable? What moued any one to frame and ordain
+soche a Lawe, as was to a common wealthe vnprofitable, to
+vertue no aider, if it were a profitable Lawe and godlie, it is
+as Demosthenes saieth, of God inuented, though by famous
+[Sidenote: Lawe.]
+wise, and godlie menne, stablished and decréed. Good Lawes
+tempereth to all states equitee and iustice, without fauour or
+frendship, no more to the one then the other.
+
+The order to make an Oracion by a lawe, is in this sort.
+First, make a prohemiu[m] or beginning to enter your matter.
+
+In the seconde place, adde a contrary to that, whiche you
+will entreate vpon.
+
+Then shewe it lawful.
+
+Iuste.
+
+Profitable.
+
+Possible.
+
+You maie as in _Thesis_, whiche was the Oracion before,
+vse a contradiction or obiection: and to that make an answere
+or solucion.
+
+
+¶ A confutacion of that Lawe, whiche suffered
+adultrie to bee punished with death, no
+iudgement giuen thereupon.
+
+[Sidenote: The moste
+rigorous and
+moste cruell
+lawe of Solo[n][.]]
+SOlon, who was a famous Philosopher, in the
+time of Cresus king of Lidia, and a lawe giuer
+to the Athenians: by whose Lawes and godlie
+meanes, the Athenians were long and prospe-
+rouslie gouerned. Emong many of his lawes,
+this Solon set forthe againste adulterers. _Fas esse deprehen-
+denti mæchum in ipso adulterio interficere_: it shalbee lawfull
+saieth he, who so taketh an adulterer in his beastlie facte, to
+kill hym. Solon beyng a wise man, was more rigorous and
+cruell, in this one Lawe, then he ought to be. A meruailous
+[Fol. lx.r]
+matter, and almoste vncredible, so wise, so noble and worthy
+a Lawe giuer, to bruste out with soche a cruell and bloodie
+lawe, that without iudgement or sentence giuen, the matter
+neither proued nor examined, adulterie to be death. Where-
+fore, reason forceth euery manne, to Iudge and ponder with
+[Sidenote: Adulterie a
+horrible vice.]
+hymself, that either adulterie is a moste horrible vice, moste
+beastlie & pestiferous, and not mete to tary vpon the censure,
+and sentence of a Iudge: or Solon was not so wise, discrete,
+and a politike persone, but a rashe and fonde lawe giuer, that
+in soche a terrible voice, he should burste out, as adulterie so
+horrible, as not worthie to be pondered, examined and boul-
+ted of in Iudgemente. The Athenians receiued that Lawe,
+thei did also obaie his other lawes. Their dominions there-
+by in felicitée was gouerned: there was no populous nom-
+ber of adulterers, to let that Lawe, thei liued moste godlie, a
+straunge worlde, a rare moderacion of that age and people.
+[Sidenote: Plato aga-
+inste adultrie
+made a lawe.]
+Plato the godlie Philosopher, who lefte in his woorkes, and
+monumentes of learnyng, greate wisedome and also godlie
+Lawes in his bookes: intiteled vpon Lawes, and gouerne-
+ment of a common wealth, did not passe by in silence, to giue
+and ordain a Lawe against adulterie. Who also as it semed
+Iudged adulterie as moste horrible and detestable, in his .ix.
+booke _de Legibus_. This is the Lawe. _Adulteram deprehen-
+sam impune occidi a viro posse._ The adultrous woman saith
+he, taken in the crime, her housbande maie without daunger
+of death, or feare of punishement slea her. A straunge matter
+twoo so noble, so famous for wisedome, to make adulterie
+present death, no Iudgement or sentence of Magistrate, pro-
+cedyng to examine and iudge, vpon the state of the cause. A
+man maie saie, O goodlie age, and tyme in vertue tempered,
+eche state as seemeth brideled and kepte vnder, and farre fro[m]
+voluptuousnes remoued. There was no stewes or Baudes
+houses, where soche Lawes and Lawmakers were. Sobrie-
+tée was in maides, and chastitée harboured in matrones and
+wedded wiues, a harte inuiolable to honeste conuersacion.
+[Fol. lx.v]
+Where adulterie is cutte of, there many detestable vices,
+[Sidenote: Catos sen-
+tence vpon
+adulterie.]
+and execrable purposes are remoued. Cato the sage Peere of
+Rome, indued with like seueritée, did fauour that lawe and
+highlie extolled it. Although adulterie bee a detestable vice
+horrible, yea, although it be worthie death, better it were by
+iudgemente, and the sentence of the Magistrate, the faute to
+[Sidenote: Lawe.]
+bee determined: then at the will of euery manne, as a Lawe
+by death to bee ended, the common wealthe shalbee in more
+quiet state, when the horrible factes of wicked menne, by the
+[Sidenote: The Iudge,
+a liuely lawe.]
+Lawe made worthie of deathe: are neuerthelesse by a liuelie
+Lawe, whiche is the Iudge, pronounced and condemned, ac-
+cordyng to the Lawe. Els many mischiues might rise in all
+kyngdomes and common wealthes, vnder a colour of lawe,
+many a honeste persone murthered: and many a murtherer,
+by cloke of a Lawe, from daunger saued. In Rome somtime
+a Lawe there was ordained againste adulterie, whiche was
+called _Lex Iulia_, this Lawe Octauius Augustus set foorthe.
+The Lawe was thus, _Gladio iussit animaduerti in adulteros_[.]
+The lawe commaunded adulterers to be hedded. The chro-
+nicles of aunciente tymes herein doe shew, and the decrées of
+auncient elders also, how horrible a thing adulterie is, when
+thei punishe it with death. Who knoweth not emo[n]g the Is-
+raelites, and in the olde lawe thei wer stoned to death. Well
+as Magistrates are in common wealthes remoued, or as ti-
+mes chaunge, lawes also are chaunged and dissolued: and as
+the Prouerbe is, _Lex vt Regio_, the Lawes are accordyng to
+the Region. Afterwarde Ualerius Publicola, a man ascen-
+dyng to high nobilitée of honour, and fame emong, the Ro-
+maines gaue this Lawe. _Qua neminem licebat indicta causa
+necare._ By this lawe it was not lefull, any manne to be put
+[Sidenote: A godly law.]
+to death, their cause not examined in Iudgemente, this was
+a goodlie Lawe. Then afterwarde, Lawe giuers rose in the
+common wealth, that with more facilitee tolerated that vice,
+then wickednesse flowed, adulterie not punished by death.
+And sence that, the Romaine Empire, wrapped and snared
+[Fol. lxj.r]
+with soche mischiues hath decaied, in fame, nobilitée and ver-
+tue. Many a parte of their dominion plagued, deuoured, and
+[Sidenote: The good
+manne.]
+destroied. The good and godlie menne, nede not to feare any
+Lawe godlie, their life beyng in vertue and godlines nurtu-
+red. The terrible sentence of a lawe, forceth the good and god-
+lie, to perseuere and continue in godlines. The terrible sen-
+[Sidenote: Lawe.]
+tence of a Lawe, cutteth of the wicked enterprises of pestife-
+rous menne. Uice where lawe is not to correcte, will inure it
+[Sidenote: Uice as a
+lawe by cu-
+stome.]
+self by custome as a Lawe, or borne and tolerated againste a
+[Sidenote: Adulterie.]
+Lawe. Therefore as adulterie without Iudgemente, to bee
+punished worthie of death is vngodlie: so it ought not to bee
+passed ouer, or tolerated in any Region or common wealth,
+as no lawe seuerely to punishe thesame.
+
+
+¶ The contrarie.
+
+AL other lawes doe differ, from that rigorous lawe
+of Solon and Plato herein, yea, and though thei
+be vices horrible, yet thei ar not determined, with
+out the sente[n]ce of the Magistrate and Iudge. But
+this cruell Lawe of Solon, doeth repugne all lawes, stabli-
+[Sidenote: The lawe v-
+niuersall and
+equall to all
+menne.]
+shed in all Citees and common wealthes. And sithe the lawe
+is of hymself vniuersall, with equitée, giuing and tempering
+to all states. Fonde muste that Lawe bee of Solon, whiche
+rashely, without consideracion of iudgement doeth procede,
+no man ought in his own cause, to be his own iudge or Ma-
+gistrate. This is argument sufficient to confounde the lawe
+of Solon. All Lawes are repugnaunte to that, because with
+Iudgement thei procede against vices moste pestiferous. In
+[Sidenote: Thefte.]
+common wealthes Theft is by lawe, pronounced worthie of
+death, whereupon also the Magistrate and Iudge, determi-
+neth the matter, and heareth of bothe the action of the case,
+before he condempneth, so in all other mischiues.
+
+But you maie saie, many mischiues riseth of adulterie.
+
+Although it so be, the Iudge determineth vpon Murder,
+whiche is in like sort horrible, soche also as dooe séeke to caste
+into perill their countrée, and by treason to destroie thesame,
+[Fol. lxj.v]
+Iudgemente proceadeth by determinacion of the Lawe and
+Iudge. And so in all other wicked factes, and mischiuous en-
+terprises, the Iudgement in euery cause procedeth, as Lawe
+[Sidenote: The Iudge
+a liuely lawe.]
+and right willeth, from the mouthe of the Iudge, he beyng a
+liuelie Lawe, to the Lawe written. The cruell Lawe of So-
+lon, is like to the phantasie and wille of a tyraunte, who, as
+phantasie and will leadeth, murdereth at his pleasure, whose
+will is alwaies a sufficient Lawe to hymself, as who should
+[Sidenote: The will of a
+tyraunte his
+owne lawe.]
+saie, so I wille, so I commaunde, my wille shall stande for a
+Lawe: but godlie lawes doe iustlie, accordyng to reason and
+vertue, tempereth the cause of euery man. No godlie Lawe,
+maketh the accuser his owne Iudge.
+
+
+¶ Lawfull.
+
+[Sidenote: Lawes were
+made for two
+causes.]
+WHo so by Lawe is iudged, and the offence proued,
+there is no excuse in the malefactour, nor suspicion
+seing that, accordyng to lawe, the fact is punished,
+and as Demosthenes saieth, twoo thynges moued
+the wise Elders to make Lawes, that the wicked should bee
+hindered, and cutte of from their purpose, and that good men
+seyng by a lawe, the actes of pestiferous men kepte vnder, by
+the terrour of them, are afraied to commit the like facte. This
+was euen accordyng to lawe. The terrible sentence of a law
+executed, vpon moste wicked persones, doe kepe vnder many
+a mischiuous enterprise, whiche through the dolefull and la-
+mentable ende of the wicked, doe driue and force all other to
+all godlines.
+
+
+¶ Iuste.
+
+THe accuser by Lawe and Iudge, is able to defende
+hymself, whe[n] his cause is ended accordyng to law.
+Uertue thereby vpholded, when by order of lawe,
+vice is condempned. The malifactour hath no ex-
+cuse, all staie and colour remoued, the accuser by iuste Lawe
+pleateth, when the law is thereby supported and saued. And
+herein a greate parte of Iustice is placed, when the fauour of
+the Iudge or frendship, is onely on the cause, the persone nec-
+[Fol. lxij.r]
+lected, that is Iustice, to giue to euery one his owne.
+
+
+¶ Profitable.
+
+IT must be profitable to the whole bodie of the com-
+mon wealthe, when by the Iustice of godlie lawes,
+vertue is in high price aduaunced, vice by the open
+sentence, and manifeste profe conuicted, the malefa-
+ctour shall be knowen, the sincere and godlie deliuered, and
+from tyme to tyme maintained. Lawes as thei be vniuersall
+so thei openlie ought to giue sentence.
+
+
+¶ Possible.
+
+THen without lawe to procede, and iudgemente of
+the Magistrate, as Solon did in this lawe, it were
+not possible, any common wealthe to florishe ther-
+by. Therefore in Iudgemente ought the cause of
+euery one to be pleated and examined, that thereby all suspi-
+cion, & greuous enormitées, maie be put of. Uice is not there-
+fore tolerated, because for a tyme, Iudgemente ceaseth, but
+hereupon vices are more depely rooted out, all people know-
+yng the determinacion of the lawe, and the manifest sente[n]ce
+of the Iudge heard. A terrour ensueth to al malefactours and
+pestiferous men, good men are incensed to all godlines, whe[n]
+vice by Lawe is condempned, cutte of, and destroied. Good
+menne by Lawe and aucthoritée, vpholded and maintained.
+
+[Sidenote: The state of
+good lawes.]
+This is the state of good lawes, by order to procede, the
+cause in Iudgemente examined, the facte proued,
+vertue in any persone vpholded, vice in all
+caste doune and defaced, so there is
+good Lawe, as Demosthenes
+saieth, sincere Iudge,
+and sentence
+inuiola-
+ble.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Transcriber's Note: The following is a list of printer errors in
+the original.]
+
+Page             Original           Correct
+
+Fol. j.r         faith he           faith be
+Fol. ij.r        Poloponesians      Peloponesians
+Fol. ij.r        oracions, when     oracion, when
+Fol. v.r         Perthesius         Parthesius
+Fol. vj.v        Romai-             Romains [or Romaines]
+Fol. vij.r       valianntes         valiauntes
+Fol. vij.r       commo wealth       commo[n] wealth
+Fol. ix.r        uot                not
+Fol. ix.r        state or           state of
+Fol. ix.v        comparson          comparison
+Fol. x.r         aboundauute        aboundaunte
+Fol. x.v         oneie              onelie
+Fol. xj.r        fanour             fauour
+Fol. xiiij.r     vengauce           vengau[n]ce
+Fol. xiiij.v     Fenche             Frenche
+Fol. xv.r        Bristaines         Britaines
+Fol. xvj.r       porfite            profite
+Fol. xvj.v       learnng            learning [or learnyng]
+Fol. xvij.r      is was             was
+Fol. xvij.r      Pholosopher        Philosopher
+Fol. xvij.v      faundacion         foundacion
+Fol. xviij.v     aud                and
+Fol. xviij.v     Catona             Crotona
+Fol. xix.r       celebraied         celebrated
+Fol. xx.v        intteled           intiteled
+Fol. xxj.r       gouerme[n]t        gouernme[n]t
+Fol. xxij.v      Politcia           Politia
+Fol. xxiiij.v    Rhetotike          Rhetorike
+Fol. xxiiij.v    exposion           exposicion
+Fol. xxiiij.v    Incrediblie        Incredible
+Fol. xxv.r       The feigne         Thei feigne
+Fol. xxvij.r     the the            the
+Fol. xxvij.r     moderaciou         moderacion
+Fol. xxviij.v    Prossible          Possible
+Fol. xxviij.v    Rhetotike          Rhetorike
+Fol. xxix.r      Fol. xxxj.         Fol. xxix.
+Fol. xxix.v      Historiogriphers   Historiographers
+Fol. xxxj.r      Fol. xxxiij.       Fol. xxxj.
+Fol. xxxj.r      lineth             liueth
+Fol. xxxj.v      ouerthowe          ouerthrowe
+Fol. xxxj.v      Epamniundas        Epaminundas
+Fol. xxxij.r     Epameunndas        Epaminundas
+Fol. xxxiij.r    Zopryus            Zopyrus
+Fol. xxxiiij.r   or God             of God
+Fol. xxxiiij.r   wekedned           wekened
+Fol. xxxv.r      destetable         detestable
+Fol. xxxv.v      Theodosiuus        Theodosius
+Fol. xxxv.v      prouulgate         promulgate
+Fol. xxxv.v      hane               haue
+Fol. xxxvj.r     goddes             goodes [or gooddes]
+Fol. xxxvj.r     lo liue            to liue
+Fol. xxxvj.r     the:m              theim
+Fol. xxxvij.r    Fol. xxxix.        Fol. xxxvij.
+Fol. xxxvij.v    dangerous gaue     dangerous game
+Fol. xxxviij.v   cut af             cut of
+Fol. xxxviij.v   gouernuurs         gouernours
+Fol. xxxix.r     Fol. xxxvij.       Fol. xxxix.
+Fol. xxxix.r     His Oracion        THis Oracion
+Fol. xxxix.v     goueruours         gouernours
+Fol. xl.v        Traianns           Traianus
+Fol. xlij.r      nobilitée) for     nobilitée (for
+Fol. xliij.r     valianntly         valiauntly
+Fol. xliiij.v    anncestours        auncestours
+Fol. xlviij.r    conutrée           countrée
+Fol. liiij.v     omnipoteucie       omnipotencie
+Fol. lvj.r       all all            all
+Fol. lvij.r      whatseouer         whatsoeuer
+Fol. lviij.v     terauailed         trauailed
+Fol. lviij.v     dilabuntnr         dilabuntur
+
+The original contains the following additional printer errors:
+
+Fol. j.r         Decorative capital "N" reversed
+Fol. xxxiij.r    Last sentence repeated
+Fol. xxxviij.v   Section heading repeated
+Fol. liij.r      First word repeats last word on previous page
+Fol. liiij.r     Remainder of last sentence missing?
+
+The following do not appear to be printer errors, as they are
+consistently used in the original: "thesame" for "the same"; "shalbe"
+for "shall be"; the use of "a" instead of "an" before a noun
+beginning with a vowel; the combination of "the" and a word beginning
+with "e" into a single word, as in "theight" for "the eight."
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A booke called the Foundacion of
+Rhetorike, by Richard Rainolde
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FOUNDACION OF RHETORIKE ***
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