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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/26056-8.txt b/26056-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..15c705c --- /dev/null +++ b/26056-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7029 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of A booke called the Foundacion of Rhetorike, by +Richard Rainolde + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A booke called the Foundacion of Rhetorike + because all other partes of Rhetorike are grounded + thereupon, euery parte sette forthe in an Oracion vpon + questions, verie profitable to bee knowen and redde + +Author: Richard Rainolde + +Release Date: July 14, 2008 [EBook #26056] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FOUNDACION OF RHETORIKE *** + + + + +Produced by Greg Lindahl, Linda Cantoni, and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + +[Transcriber's Notes: + +About this book: _A booke called the Foundacion of Rhetorike_ was +published in 1563. Only five copies of the original are known to +exist. This e-book was transcribed from microfiche scans of the +original in the Bodleian Library at Oxford University. The scans can +be viewed at the Bibliothèque nationale de France website at +http://gallica.bnf.fr.</p> + +Typography: The original line and paragraph breaks, hyphenation, +spelling, capitalization, punctuation, inconsistent use of an acute +accent over "ee", the use of u for v and vice versa, and the use of i +for j and vice versa, have been preserved. All apparent printer errors +have also been preserved, and are listed at the end of this document. + +The following alterations have been made: + +1. Long-s has been regularized as s. + +2. The paragraph symbol, resembling a C in the original, is rendered +as ¶. + +3. Missing punctuation, hyphens, and paragraph symbols have been added +in brackets, e.g. [-]. + +4. A decorative capital followed by a capital letter is represented +here as two capital letters, e.g. NAture. + +5. Except for the dedication, which is in modern italics, the majority +of the original book is in blackletter font, with some words in a +modern non-italic font. All modern-font passages are marked by +underscores. + +6. Sidenotes have been placed in-line, approximately where they appear +in the original. + +7. Incorrect page numbers have been corrected, but are included in the +list of printer errors at the end of this e-book. + +8. Abbreviations and contractions represented as special characters in +the original have been expanded as noted in the table below. A +"macron" means a horizontal line over a letter. "Supralinear" means +directly over a letter; "sublinear" means directly under a letter. The +"y" referred to below is an Early Modern English form of the +Anglo-Saxon thorn character, representing "th," but identical in +appearance to the letter "y." + +Original Expansion + +vowel with macron vowel[m] or vowel[n] +y with supralinear e y^e (i.e., the) +accented q with semicolon q[ue] +w with supralinear curve w[ith] +e with sublinear hook [ae] + +Pagination: This book was paginated using folio numbers in a +recto-verso scheme. The front of each folio is the recto page (the +right-hand page); the back of each folio is the verso page (the +left-hand page in a book). In the original, folio numbers (beginning +after the table of contents) are printed only on the recto side of +each leaf. For the reader's convenience, all folio pages in this +e-book, including the verso pages, have been numbered in brackets +according to the original format, with the addition of "r" for recto +and "v" for verso, e.g., [Fol. x.r] is Folio 10 recto, [Fol. x.v] is +Folio 10 verso. + +Sources consulted: The uneven quality of the microfiche scans, as well +as the blackletter font and some ink bleed-through in the original, +made the scans difficult to read in some places. To ensure accuracy, +the transcriber has consulted the facsimile reprint edited by Francis +R. Johnson (Scholars' Facsimiles and Reprints, New York, 1945). The +facsimile reprint was prepared primarily from the Bodleian copy, with +several pages reproduced from the copy in the Chapin Library at +Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts, where the Bodleian copy +was unclear.] + + + + +¶ A booke cal- +_led the Foundacion of Rhetorike, be-_ +cause all other partes of _Rhetorike_ +are grounded thereupon, euery parte sette +forthe in an Oracion vpon questions, +verie profitable to bee knowen +and redde: Made by Ri- +chard Rainolde +Maister of +Arte, +of +the Uniuersitie of +Cambridge. +1563. + +_Mens. Marcij. vj._ + +_¶ Imprinted at London, by +Ihon Kingston._ + + + + +THE EPISTLE DEDICATORIE + + +¶ _To the right honorable and my singuler good Lorde,_ +my Lorde Robert Dudley, Maister of the +Queenes Maiesties horse, one of her highes pri- +uie Counsaile, and knight of the moste honou- +rable order of the Garter: Richard Rai- +nolde wisheth longe life, with +increase of honour. + +_ARISTOTLE the famous Phi- +losopher, writing a boke to king +Alexa[n]der, the great and migh- +tie conquerour, began the Epi- +stle of his Booke in these woor- +des. Twoo thynges moued me +chieflie, O King, to betake to thy Maiesties handes, +this worke of my trauile and labour, thy nobilitie and +vertue, of the whiche thy nobilitie encouraged me, thy +greate and singuler vertue, indued with all humanitie, +forced and draue me thereto. The same twoo in your +good Lordshippe, Nobilitie and Vertue, as twoo migh- +tie Pillers staied me, in this bolde enterprise, to make +your good Lordshippe, beyng a Pere of honour, indued +with all nobilitie and vertue: a patrone and possessoure +of this my booke. In the whiche although copious and +aboundaunte eloquence wanteth, to adorne and beau- +tifie thesame, yet I doubte not for the profite, that is in +this my trauaile conteined, your honour indued with +all singuler humanitie, will vouchsaufe to accepte my +willyng harte, my profitable purpose herein. Many fa- +mous menne and greate learned, haue in the Greke +tongue and otherwise trauailed, to profite all tymes +their countrie and common wealthe. This also was my +ende and purpose, to plante a worke profitable to all ty- +mes, my countrie and common wealthe._ + +_And because your Lordshippe studieth all singula- +ritie to vertue, and wholie is incensed thereto: I haue +compiled this woorke, and dedicated it to your Lorde- +shippe, as vnto who[m] moste noble and vertuous. Wher- +in are set forthe soche Oracions, as are right profitable +to bee redde, for knowledge also necessarie. The duetie +of a subiecte, the worthie state of nobilitie, the prehe- +minent dignitie and Maiestie of a Prince, the office of +counsailours, worthie chiefe veneracion, the office of a +Iudge or Magestrate are here set foorthe. In moste for- +tunate state is the kyngdome and Common wealthe, +where the Nobles and Peres, not onelie daiely doe stu- +die to vertue, for that is the wisedome, that all the +graue and wise Philophers searched to attaine to. For +the ende of all artes and sciences, and of all noble actes +and enterprises is vertue, but also to fauour and vphold +the studentes of learnyng, whiche also is a greate ver- +tue. Whoso is adorned with nobilitie and vertue, of +necessitie nobilitie and vertue, will moue and allure the[m] +to fauour and support vertue in any other, yea, as Tul- +lie the moste famous Oratour dooeth saie, euen to loue +those who[m] we neuer sawe, but by good fame and brute +beutified to vs. For the encrease of vertue, God +dooeth nobilitate with honour worthie +menne, to be aboue other in dignitie +and state, thereupon vertue +doeth encrease your +Lordshipps +honor, +beyng a louer of vertue +and worthie no- +bilitie._ + +Your lordshippes humble ser- +uaunt Richard Rainolde. + + + + +_To the Reader._ + + +APHTHONIVS a famous man, wrote +in Greke of soche declamacions, to en- +structe the studentes thereof, with all fa- +cilitée to grounde in them, a moste plenti- +ous and riche vein of eloquence. No man +is able to inuente a more profitable waie +and order, to instructe any one in the ex- +quisite and absolute perfeccion, of wisedome and eloquence, +then _Aphthonius Quintilianus_ and _Hermogenes_. Tullie al- +so as a moste excellente Orator, in the like sorte trauailed, +whose Eloquence and vertue all tymes extolled, and the of- +spryng of all ages worthilie aduaunceth. And because as yet +the verie grounde of Rhetorike, is not heretofore intreated +of, as concernyng these exercises, though in fewe yeres past, +a learned woorke of Rhetorike is compiled and made in the +Englishe toungue, of one, who floweth in all excellencie of +arte, who in iudgement is profounde, in wisedome and elo- +quence moste famous. In these therefore my diligence is em- +ploied, to profite many, although not with like Eloquence, +beutified and adorned, as the matter requireth. I haue cho- +sen out in these Oracions soche questions, as are right ne- +cessarie to be knowen and redde of all those, whose cogitacio[n] +pondereth vertue and Godlines. I doubte not, but seyng my +trauaile toucheth vertuous preceptes, and vttereth to light, +many famous Histories, the order of arte obserued also, but +that herein the matter it self, shall defende my purpose aga- +inste the enuious, whiche seketh to depraue any good enter- +prise, begon of any one persone. The enuious manne +though learned, readeth to depraue that, which he +readeth, the ignoraunt is no worthie Iudge, +the learned and godlie pondereth vp- +rightly & sincerely, that which +he iudgeth, the order of +these Oracions +followeth afterward, and +the names of the[m]. + + + + +¶ _The contentes of_ +this Booke. + + +AN Oracion made, vpon the Fable of the Shepher- +des and the Wolues, the Wolues requestyng the +Bandogges: wherein is set forthe the state of eue- +ry subiecte, the dignitie of a Prince, the honoura- +ble office of counsailours. + +An Oracion vpon the Fable of the Ante and the Gres- +hopper, teachyng prouidence. + +An Oracion Historicall, howe Semiramis came to bee +Quéene of Babilon. + +An Oracion Historicall, vpon Kyng Richard the thirde +sometyme Duke of Glocester. + +An Oracion Historicall, of the commyng of Iulius Ce- +ser into Englande. + +An Oracion Ciuill or Iudiciall, vpon Themistocles, of +the walle buildyng at Athenes. + +An Oracion Poeticall vpon a redde Rose. + +A profitable Oracion, shewyng the decaie of kingdomes +and nobilitie. + +An Oracion vpon a Sentence, preferryng a Monarchie, +conteinyng all other states of common wealthe. + +The confutacion of the battaile of Troie. + +A confirmacion of the noble facte of Zopyrus. + +An Oracion called a Common place against Theues. + +The praise of Epaminundas Duke of Thebes, wherein +the grounde of nobilitée is placed. + +The dispraise of Domicius Nero Emperour of Roome. + +A comparison betwene Demosthenes and Tullie. + +A lamentable Oracion of Hecuba Queene of Troie. + +A descripcion vpon Xerxes kyng of Persia. + +An Oracion called _Thesis_, as concerning the goodly state +of Mariage. + +An Oracion confutyng a certaine lawe of Solon. + + + + +[Fol. j.r] + +_The foundacion of_ +Rhetorike. + + +NAture hath indued euery man, with +a certain eloquence, and also subtili- +[Sidenote: Rhetorike +and Logike +giuen of na- +ture.] +tée to reason and discusse, of any que- +stion or proposicion propounded, as +_Aristotle_ the Philosopher, in his +Booke of _Rhetorike_ dooeth shewe. +These giftes of nature, singuler doe +flowe and abounde in vs, accordyng +to the greate and ample indumente +and plentuousnes of witte and wisedome, lodged in vs, there- +fore Nature it self beyng well framed, and afterward by arte +[Sidenote: Arte furthe- +reth nature.] +and order of science, instructed and adorned, must be singular- +lie furthered, helped, and aided to all excellencie, to exquisite +[Sidenote: Logike.] +inuencion, and profounde knowledge, bothe in _Logike_ and +[Sidenote: Rhetorike.] +_Rhetorike_. In the one, as a Oratour to pleate with all facili- +tee, and copiouslie to dilate any matter or sentence: in the other +to grounde profunde and subtill argument, to fortifie & make +stronge our assercion or sentence, to proue and defende, by the +[Sidenote: Logike.] +force and power of arte, thinges passyng the compasse & reach +of our capacitée and witte. Nothyng can bee more excellently +[Sidenote: Eloquence.] +giuen of nature then Eloquence, by the which the florishyng +state of commonweales doe consiste: kyngdomes vniuersally +are gouerned, the state of euery one priuatelie is maintained. +The commonwealth also should be maimed, and debilitated, +[Sidenote: Zeno.] +except the other parte be associate to it. _Zeno_ the Philosopher +comparing _Rhetorike_ and _Logike_, doeth assimilate and liken +[Sidenote: Logike.] +them to the hand of man. _Logike_ is like faith he to the fiste, for +euen as the fiste closeth and shutteth into one, the iointes and +partes of the hande, & with mightie force and strength, wrap- +[Sidenote: Similitude[.] +Logike.] +peth and closeth in thynges apprehended: So _Logike_ for the +deepe and profounde knowlege, that is reposed and buried in +it, in soche sort of municion and strength fortified, in few wor- +des taketh soche force and might by argumente, that excepte +[Fol. j.v] +like equalitée in like art and knowledge doe mate it, in vain +the disputacion shalbe, and the repulse of thaduersarie readie. +[Sidenote: Rhetorike +like to the +hande.] +_Rhetorike_ is like to the hand set at large, wherein euery part +and ioint is manifeste, and euery vaine as braunches of trées +[Sidenote: Rhetorike.] +sette at scope and libertee. So of like sorte, _Rhetorike_ in moste +ample and large maner, dilateth and setteth out small thyn- +ges or woordes, in soche sorte, with soche aboundaunce and +plentuousnes, bothe of woordes and wittie inuencion, with +soche goodlie disposicion, in soche a infinite sorte, with soche +pleasauntnes of Oracion, that the moste stonie and hard har- +tes, can not but bee incensed, inflamed, and moued thereto. +[Sidenote: Logike and +Rhetorike +absolute in +fewe.] +These twoo singuler giftes of nature, are absolute and perfect +in fewe: for many therebe, whiche are exquisite and profound +in argument, by art to reason and discusse, of any question or +proposicion propounded, who by nature are disabled, & smal- +lie adorned to speake eloquently, in whom neuertheles more +aboundaunt knowlege doeth somtymes remaine then in the +other, if the cause shalbe in controuersie ioined, and examined +to trie a manifeste truthe. But to whom nature hath giuen +soche abilitée, and absolute excellencie, as that thei can bothe +[Sidenote: The vertue +of eloquence.] +copiouslie dilate any matter or sentence, by pleasauntnes and +swetenes of their wittie and ingenious oracion, to drawe vn- +to theim the hartes of a multitude, to plucke doune and extir- +pate affeccio[n]s and perturbacions of people, to moue pitee and +compassion, to speake before Princes and rulers, and to per- +swade theim in good causes and enterprises, to animate and +incense them, to godlie affaires and busines, to alter the cou[n]- +saill of kynges, by their wisedome and eloquence, to a better +state, and also to be exquisite in thother, is a thing of all most +[Sidenote: Demosthe- +nes. +Tisias. +Gorgias. +Eschines[.] +Tullie. +Cato.] +noble and excellent. The eloquence of Demosthenes, Isocra- +tes, Tisias, Gorgias, Eschines, were a great bulwarke and +staie to Athens and all Grece, Rome also by the like vertue +of Eloquence, in famous and wise orators vpholded: the wise +and eloquente Oracions of Tullie againste Catiline. The +graue and sentencious oracions of Cato in the Senate, haue +[Fol. ij.r] +[Sidenote: The Empe- +rors of Rome +famous in +Eloquence.] +been onelie the meane to vpholde the mightie state of Rome, +in his strength and auncient fame and glorie. Also the Chro- +nicles of auncient time doe shewe vnto vs, the state of Rome +could by no meanes haue growen so meruailous mightie, +but that God had indued the whole line of Cesars, with sin- +guler vertues, with aboundaunt knowlege & singuler Elo- +quence. Thusidides the famous Historiographer sheweth, +[Sidenote: Thusidides.] +how moche Eloquence auailed the citees of Grece, fallyng to +[Sidenote: Corcurians.] +dissencio[n]. How did the Corcurians saue them selues from the +[Sidenote: Pelopone- +sians.] +inuasio[n] and might, of the Poloponesians, their cause pleated +before the Athenians, so moche their eloquence in a truthe +[Sidenote: Corinthians[.]] +preuailed. The Ambassadours of Corinth, wanted not their +copious, wittie, and ingenious Oracions, but thei pleated +before mightie, wise, and graue Senators, whose cause, ac- +cordyng to iudgeme[n]t, truthe, and integritée was ended. The +[Sidenote: Lacedemo- +nians. +Vitulenia[n]s. +Athenians.] +eloque[n]t Embassages of the Corinthia[n]s, the Lacedemonia[n]s, +& the Vituleneans, the Athenians, who so readeth, shall sone +sée that of necessitee, a common wealth or kyngdome must be +fortefied, with famous, graue, and wise counsailours. How +[Sidenote: Demosthe- +nes.] +often did Demosthenes saue the co[m]mon wealthes of Athens, +how moche also did that large dominion prospere and florish +[Sidenote: Socrates. +Cato. +Crassus. +Antonius. +Catulus. +Cesar.] +by Isocrates. Tullie also by his Eloque[n]t please, Cato, Cras- +sus, Antonius, Catulus Cesar, with many other, did support +and vphold the state of that mightie kyngdo[m]. No doubte, but +that Demosthenes made a wittie, copious, and ingenious o- +racions, when the Athenians were minded to giue and be- +[Sidenote: Philippe the +kyng of the +Macidonia[n]s[.]] +take to the handes of Philip kyng of the Macedonians, their +pestiferous enemie moste vile and subtell, the Orators of A- +thens. This Philip forseyng the discorde of Grece, as he by +subtill meanes compassed his enterprices, promised by the +faithe of a Prince, to be at league with the Athenians, if so be +thei would betake to his handes, the eloquente Oratours of +[Sidenote: The saiyng +of Philippe.] +Athens, for as long saith he, as your Oratours are with you +declaryng, so longe your heddes and counsaill are moued to +variaunce and dissencion, this voice ones seased emong you, +[Fol. ij.v] +[Sidenote: Demosthe- +nes.] +in tranquilitée you shalbee gouerned. Demosthenes beyng +eloquente and wise, foresawe the daungers and the mischie- +uous intent of him, wherevpon he framed a goodly Oracion +vpon a Fable, whereby he altered their counsaile, and repul- +sed the enemie. This fable is afterward set forth in an Ora- +cion, after the order of these exercises, profitable to _Rhetorike_. + + +¶ A Fable. + +[Sidenote: The ground +of al learning[.]] + +FIrste it is good that the learner doe vnderstand +what is a fable, for in all matters of learnyng, +it is the firste grounde, as Tullie doeth saie, to +knowe what the thing is, that we may the bet- +[Sidenote: What is a +fable.] +ter perceiue whervpo[n] we doe intreate. A fable +is a forged tale, co[n]taining in it by the colour of a lie, a matter +[Sidenote: Morall.] +of truthe. The moralle is called that, out of the whiche some +godlie precepte, or admonicion to vertue is giuen, to frame +and instruct our maners. Now that we knowe what a fable +is, it is good to learne also, how manifolde or diuers thei be, +[Sidenote: Three sortes +of fables. +i. A fable of +reason.] +I doe finde three maner of fables to be. The first of theim is, +wherein a man being a creature of God indued with reason, +is onely intreated of, as the Fable of the father and his chil- +dren, he willing the[m] to concorde, and this is called _Rationalis +fabula_, whiche is asmoche to saie, as a Fable of men indued +[Sidenote: ii. Morall.] +with reason, or women. The second is called a morall fable, +but I sée no cause whie it is so called, but rather as the other +is called a fable of reasonable creatures, so this is contrarilie +named a fable of beastes, or of other thinges wanting reason +or life, wanting reason as of the Ante and the Greshopper, or +of this the beame caste doun, and the Frogges chosyng their +[Sidenote: iii. Mixt.] +king. The thirde is a mixt Fable so called, bicause in it bothe +man hauyng reason, and a beaste wantyng reason, or any o- +ther thing wanting life, is ioyned with it, as for the example, +of the fable of the woodes and the housebandman, of whom +[Sidenote: Poetes in- +uentours of +fables.] +he desired a helue for his hatchet. Aucthours doe write, that +Poetes firste inuented fables, the whiche Oratours also doe +[Fol. iij.r] +vse in their perswasions, and not without greate cause, both +[Sidenote: Oratours +vse fables.] +Poetes and Oratours doe applie theim to their vse. For, fa- +[Sidenote: Good doctrin +in fables.] +bles dooe conteine goodlie admonicion, vertuous preceptes +[Sidenote: Hesiodus.] +of life. Hesiodus the Poete, intreatyng of the iniurious dea- +lyng of Princes and gouernours, against their subiectes, ad- +monished them by the fable of the Goshauke, and the Nigh- +[Sidenote: Ouide.] +tyngale in his clause. Ouid also the Poete intreated of di- +uers fables, wherein he giueth admonicion, and godly coun- +[Sidenote: Demosthe- +nes vsed fa- +bles.] +saile. Demosthenes the famous Oratour of Athens, vsed +the fable of the Shepeherdes, and Wolues: how the Wol- +ues on a tyme, instauntlie required of the Shepeherdes their +bande dogges, and then thei would haue peace and concorde +with theim, the Shepeherdes gaue ouer their Dogges, their +Dogges deliuered and murdered, the shepe were immediat- +ly deuoured: So saieth he, if ye shall ones deliuer to Philip, +the king of the Macedonians your Oratours, by whose lear- +nyng, knowlege and wisedome, the whole bodie of your do- +minions is saued, for thei as Bandogges, doe repell all mis- +cheuous enterprises and chaunses, no doubte, but that raue- +nyng Wolfe Philip, will eate and consume your people, by +this Fable he made an Oracion, he altered their counsailes +and heddes of the Athenians, from so foolishe an enterprise. +Also thesame Demosthenes, seyng the people careles, sloth- +full, and lothsome to heare the Oratours, and all for the flo- +rishing state of the kingdome: he ascended to the place or pul- +pet, where the Oracions were made, and began with this fa- +[Sidenote: The fable of +Demosthe- +nes, of the +Asse and the +shadowe.] +ble. Ye men of Athens, saied he, it happened on a tyme, that +a certaine man hired an Asse, and did take his iourney from +Athens to Megara, as we would saie, fro[m] London to Yorke, +the owner also of the Asse, did associate hymself in his iour- +ney, to brynge backe the Asse againe, in the voyage the +weather was extreame burning hotte, and the waie tedious +the place also for barenes and sterilitée of trees, wanted sha- +dowe in this long broyle of heate: he that satte one the Asse, +lighted and tooke shadowe vnder the bellie of the Asse, and +[Fol. iij.v] +because the shadowe would not suffice bothe, the Asse beyng +small, the owner saied, he muste haue the shadowe, because +the Asse was his, I deny that saieth the other, the shadowe is +myne, because I hired the Asse, thus thei were at greate con- +tencion, the fable beyng recited, Demosthenes descended fro[m] +his place, the whole multitude were inquisitiue, to knowe +[Sidenote: The conten- +cion vpon the +shadowe and +the Asse.] +the ende about the shadowe, Demosthenes notyng their fol- +lie, ascended to his place, and saied, O ye foolishe Athenians, +whiles I and other, gaue to you counsaill and admonicio[n], of +graue and profitable matters, your eares wer deafe, and your +mindes slombred, but now I tell of a small trifeling matter, +you throng to heare the reste of me. By this Fable he nipped +their follie, and trapped them manifestlie, in their owne dol- +tishenes. Herevpon I doe somwhat long, make copie of wor- +[Sidenote: Fables well +applied bee +singuler.] +des, to shewe the singularitee of fables well applied. In the +tyme of Kyng Richard the thirde, Doctour Mourton, beyng +Bishop of Elie, and prisoner in the Duke of Buckynghams +house in Wales, was often tymes moued of the Duke, to +speake his minde frelie, if king Richard wer lawfully king, +and said to him of his fidelitée, to kepe close and secret his sen- +tence: but the Bishop beyng a godlie man, and no lesse wise, +waied the greate frendship, whiche was sometyme betwene +the Duke & King Richard, aunswered in effect nothyng, but +beyng daily troubled with his mocions & instigacions, spake +a fable of Esope: My lorde saied he, I will aunswere you, by +[Sidenote: The fable of +the Bisshop +of Elie, to the +duke of Buc- +kyngham.] +a Fable of Esope. The Lion on a tyme gaue a commaunde- +ment, that all horned beastes should flie from the woode, and +none to remain there but vnhorned beastes. The Hare hea- +ring of this commaundement, departed with the horned bea- +stes from the woodde: The wilie Foxe metyng the Hare, de- +maunded the cause of his haste, forthwith the Hare aunswe- +red, a commaundemente is come from the Lion, that all hor- +ned beastes should bee exiled, vpon paine of death, from the +woode: why saied the Foxe, this commaundement toucheth +not any sorte of beast as ye are, for thou haste no hornes but +[Fol. iiij.r] +knubbes: yea, but said the Hare, what, if thei saie I haue hor- +nes, that is an other matter, my lorde I saie no more: what he +ment, is euident to all men. + +In the time of king He[n]ry theight (a prince of famous me- +morie) at what time as the small houses of religio[n], wer giuen +ouer to the kinges hand, by the Parliament house: the bishop +of Rochester, Doctour Fisher by name stepped forthe, beyng +greued with the graunt, recited before them, a fable of Esope +to shewe what discommoditee would followe in the Clergie. +[Sidenote: The fable of +the Bisshop +of Rochester, +againste the +graunt of the +Chauntries.] +My lordes and maisters saieth he, Esope recited a fable: how +that on a tyme, a housebande manne desired of the woodes, a +small helue for his hatchet, all the woodes consented thereto +waiyng the graunt to be small, and the thyng lesse, therevpo[n] +the woodes consented, in fine the housbande man cut doune +a small peece of woodde to make a helue, he framyng a helue +to the hatchette, without leaue and graunt, he cut doune the +mightie Okes and Cedars, and destroyed the whole woodd, +then the woodes repented them to late. So saith he, the gift of +these small houses, ar but a small graunt into the kinges ha[n]- +des: but this small graunt, will bee a waie and meane to pull +doune the greate mightie fatte Abbees, & so it happened. But +there is repentau[n]ce to late: & no profite ensued of the graunte. + + +¶ An Oracion made by a fable, to the first exer- +cise to declame by, the other, bee these, + + { A Fable, a Narracion. _Chria_, } + { Sentence. Confutacion, } +An Oracion { Confirmacion. Common place. } +made by a { The praise. The dispraise. } + { The Comparison, _Ethopeia_. } + { A Discripcion. _Thesis, Legislatio_ } + +OF euery one of these, a goodlie Oracio[n] maie be made +these excercises are called of the Grekes _Progimnas- +mata_, of the Latines, profitable introduccions, or fore +exercises, to attain greater arte and knowlege in _Rhetorike_, +[Fol. iiij.v] +and bicause, for the easie capacitée and facilitée of the learner, +to attain greater knowledge in _Rhetorike_, thei are right pro- +fitable and necessarie: Therefore I title this booke, to bee the +foundacio[n] of _Rhetorike_, the exercises being _Progimnasmata_. + +I haue chosen out the fable of the Shepeherdes, and the +Wolues, vpon the whiche fable, Demosthenes made an elo- +quente, copious, and wittie Oracion before the Athenians, +whiche fable was so well applied, that the citée and common +wealth of Athens was saued. + + +[Sidenote: The firste +exercise.] + +¶ A fable. + +These notes must be obserued, to make an Oracion by a +Fable. + + +¶ Praise. + +1. Firste, ye shall recite the fable, as the aucthour telleth it. + +2. There in the seconde place, you shall praise the aucthoure +who made the fable, whiche praise maie sone bee gotte of any +studious scholer, if he reade the aucthours life and actes ther- +in, or the Godlie preceptes in his fables, shall giue abundant +praise. + +3. Then thirdlie place the morall, whiche is the interpreta- +cion annexed to the Fable, for the fable was inuented for the +moralles sake. + +4. Then orderlie in the fowerth place, declare the nature of +thynges, conteined in the Fable, either of man, fishe, foule, +beaste, plante, trées, stones, or whatsoeuer it be. There is no +man of witte so dulle, or of so grosse capacitée, but either by +his naturall witte, or by reading, or sences, he is hable to saie +somwhat in the nature of any thyng. + +5. In the fifte place, sette forthe the thynges, reasonyng one +with an other, as the Ant with the Greshopper, or the Cocke +with the precious stone. + +6. The[n] in the vj. place, make a similitude of the like matter. + +7. Then in the seuenth place, induce an exa[m]ple for thesame +matter to bée proued by. + +8. Laste of all make the _Epilogus_, whiche is called the con- +clusion, and herein marke the notes folowyng, how to make +[Fol. v.r] +an Oracion thereby. + + +¶ An Oracion made vpon the fable of the +Shepeherdes and the wolues. + +¶ The fable. + +THe Wolues on a tyme perswaded the Shepeher- +des, that thei would ioyne amitée, and make a +league of concord and vnitee: the demaunde plea- +sed the Shepeherdes, foorthwith the Wolues re- +quested to haue custodie of the bande Dogges, because els +thei would be as thei are alwaies, an occasion to breake their +league and peace, the Dogges beyng giuen ouer, thei were +one by one murthered, and then the Shepe were wearied. + + +¶ The praise of the aucthour. + +THe posteritee of tymes and ages, muste needes praise +the wisedome and industrie, of all soche as haue lefte +in monumentes of writyng, thynges worthie fame, +[Sidenote: Inuentours +of al excellent +artes and sci- +ences, com- +mended to the +posteritee.] +what can bee more excellently set foorthe: or what deserueth +chiefer fame and glorie, then the knowledge of artes and sci- +ences, inuented by our learned, wise, and graue au[n]cestours: +and so moche the more thei deserue honour, and perpetuall +commendacions, because thei haue been the firste aucthours, +and beginners to soche excellencies. The posteritée praiseth +[Sidenote: Apelles. +Parthesius. +Polucletus.] +and setteth forth the wittie and ingenious workes of Apelles, +Parthesius, and Polucletus, and all soche as haue artificial- +ly set forth their excellent giftes of nature. But if their praise +for fame florishe perpetuallie, and increaseth for the wor- +thines of theim, yet these thynges though moste excellent, are +[Sidenote: The ende of +all artes, is to +godlie life.] +inferiour to vertue: for the ende of artes and sciences, is ver- +tue and godlines. Neither yet these thynges dissonaunt from +vertue, and not associate, are commendable onely for vertues +sake: and to the ende of vertue, the wittes of our auncestours +were incensed to inuent these thynges. But herein Polucle- +tus, Apelles, and Perthesius maie giue place, when greater +[Sidenote: Esope wor- +thie moche +commendacio[n][.]] +vertues come in place, then this my aucthour Esope, for his +godly preceptes, wise counsaill and admonicion, is chiefly to +[Fol. v.v] +bée praised: For, our life maie learne all goodnes, all vertue, +[Sidenote: Philophie in +fables.] +of his preceptes. The Philosophers did neuer so liuely sette +forthe and teache in their scholes and audience, what vertue +[Sidenote: Realmes +maie learne +concorde out +of Esopes +fables.] +and godlie life were, as Esope did in his Fables, Citees, and +common wealthes, maie learne out of his fables, godlie con- +corde and vnitee, by the whiche meanes, common wealthes +florisheth, and kingdoms are saued. Herein ample matter ri- +seth to Princes, and gouernours, to rule their subiectes in all +[Sidenote: Preceptes to +Kynges and +Subiectes. +Preceptes to +parentes and +children.] +godlie lawes, in faithfull obedience: the subiectes also to loue +and serue their prince, in al his affaires and busines. The fa- +ther maie learne to bring vp, and instructe his childe thereby. +The child also to loue and obeie his parentes. The huge and +monsterous vices, are by his vertuous doctrine defaced and +extirpated: his Fables in effect contain the mightie volumes +and bookes of all Philosophers, in morall preceptes, & the in- +[Sidenote: The content +of al Lawes.] +finite monume[n]tes of lawes stablished. If I should not speake +of his commendacion, the fruictes of his vertue would shewe +his commendacions: but that praise surmounteth all fame of +[Sidenote: A true praise +comme[n]ded by +fame it self.] +glory, that commendeth by fame itself, the fruictes of fame +in this one Fable, riseth to my aucthour, whiche he wrote of +the Shepeherd, and the Wolues. + + +¶ The Morall. + +WHerein Esope wittely admonisheth all menne to be- +ware and take heede, of cloked and fained frendship, +of the wicked and vngodlie, whiche vnder a pretence +and offer of frendship or of benefite, seeke the ruin, dammage, +miserie or destruccion of man, toune, citée, region, or countree. + + +¶ The nature of the thyng. + +OF all beastes to the quantitée of his bodie, the +[Sidenote: The Wolue +moste raue- +ning & cruell.] +Wolue passeth in crueltee and desire of bloode, +alwaies vnsaciable of deuouryng, neuer conten- +ted with his pray. The Wolfe deuoureth and ea- +teth of his praie all in feare, and therefore oftentymes he ca- +steth his looke, to be safe from perill and daunger. And herein +[Fol. vj.r] +his nature is straunge fro[m] all beastes: the iyes of the Wolfe, +tourned from his praie immediatlie, the praie prostrate vnder +[Sidenote: The Wolues +of all beastes, +moste obliui- +ous.] +his foote is forgotten, and forthwith he seeketh a newe praie, +so greate obliuion and debilitée of memorie, is giuen to that +beaste, who chieflie seketh to deuoure his praie by night. The +[Sidenote: The Wolue +inferiour to +the bandogge[.]] +Wolues are moche inferior to the banddogges in strength, bi- +cause nature hath framed the[m] in the hinder parts, moche more +weaker, and as it were maimed, and therefore the bandogge +dooeth ouermatche theim, and ouercome them in fight. The +Wolues are not all so mightie of bodie as the Bandogges, +of diuers colours, of fight more sharpe, of lesse heddes: but in +[Sidenote: The Dogge +passeth all +creatures in +smellyng.] +smellyng, the nature of a Dogge passeth all beastes and +creatures, whiche the historie of Plinie dooe shewe, and Ari- +stotle in his booke of the historie of beastes, therein you shall +knowe their excellente nature. The housholde wanteth not +faithfull and trustie watche nor resistaunce, in the cause of the +[Sidenote: Plinie.] +maister, the Bandogge not wantyng. Plinie sheweth out of +his historie, how Bandogges haue saued their Maister, by +their resistaunce. The Dogge of all beastes sheweth moste +loue, and neuer leaueth his maister: the worthines of the ba[n]- +dogge is soche, that by the lawe in a certaine case, he is coun- +ted accessarie of Felonie, who stealeth a Bandogge from his +maister, a robberie immediatly folowing in thesame family. + +[Sidenote: The worthi- +nes of Shepe[.]] +As concernyng the Shepe, for their profite and wealthe, +that riseth of theim, are for worthines, waiyng their smalle +quantitie of bodie, aboue all beastes. Their fleshe nourisheth +purely, beyng swete and pleasaunt: their skinne also serueth +[Sidenote: The wolle of +Shepe, riche +and commo- +dious.] +to diuers vses, their Wolles in so large and ample maner, +commmodious, seruyng all partes of common wealthes. No +state or degrée of persone is, but that thei maie goe cladde and +adorned with their wolles. So GOD in his creatures, hath +[Sidenote: Man a chief +creature.] +created and made man, beyng a chief creatour, and moste ex- +cellent of all other, all thinges to serue him: and therefore the +[Sidenote: Stoike Phi- +losophers.] +Stoicke Philosophers doe herein shewe thexcellencie of man +to be greate, when all thinges vpon the yearth, and from the +[Fol. vj.v] +yearth, doe serue the vse of man, yet emong men there is a di- +uersitee of states, and a difference of persones, in office and co[n]- +[Sidenote: The office of +the shepeher- +des, are pro- +fitable and +necessarie.] +dicion of life. As concernyng the Shepherde, he is in his state +and condicion of life, thoughe meane, he is a righte profi- +table and necessarie member, to serue all states in the commo[n] +wealthe, not onely to his maister whom he serueth: for by his +diligence, and warie keping of the[m], not onely from rauenyng +beastes, but otherwise he is a right profitable member, to all +[Sidenote: Wealth, pro- +fit, and riches +riseth of the +Wolles of +Shepe.] +partes of the common wealth. For, dailie wée féele the co[m]mo- +ditie, wealth and riches, that riseth of theim, but the losse wée +féele not, except flockes perishe. In the body of man God hath +created & made diuerse partes, to make vp a whole and abso- +lute man, whiche partes in office, qualitée and worthinesse, +are moche differing. The bodie of man it self, for the excellent +workemanship of God therein, & meruailous giftes of nature +[Sidenote: Man called +of the Philo- +sophers, a lit- +tle worlde.] +and vertues, lodged and bestowed in thesame bodie, is called +of the Philosophers _Microcosmos_, a little worlde. The body +of man in all partes at co[n]cord, euery part executing his func- +cion & office, florisheth, and in strength prospereth, otherwise +[Sidenote: The bodie of +man without +concord of the +partes, peri- +sheth.] +thesame bodie in partes disseuered, is feeble and weake, and +thereby falleth to ruin, and perisheth. The singuler Fable of +Esope, of the belie and handes, manifestlie sheweth thesame +[Sidenote: The common +wealthe like +to the bodie +of manne.] +and herein a florishing kingdom or common wealth, is com- +pared to the body, euery part vsing his pure vertue, stre[n]gth & +[Sidenote: Menenius.] +operacion. Menenius Agrippa, at what time as the Romai- +were at diuision against the Senate, he vsed the Fable of E- +sope, wherewith thei were perswaded to a concorde, and vni- +[Sidenote: The baseste +parte of the +bodie moste +necessarie.] +tée. The vilest parte of the bodie, and baseste is so necessarie, +that the whole bodie faileth and perisheth, thesame wantyng +although nature remoueth them from our sight, and shame +fastnes also hideth theim: take awaie the moste vilest parte of +the bodie, either in substaunce, in operacion or function, and +forthwith the principall faileth. So likewise in a kyngdome, +or common wealth, the moste meane and basest state of man +taken awaie, the more principall thereby ceaseth: So God to +[Fol. vij.r] +[Sidenote: The amiable +parte of the +body doe con- +siste, by the +baseste and +moste defor- +meste.] +a mutuall concorde, frendship, and perpetuall societie of life, +hath framed his creatures, that the moste principall faileth, +it not vnited with partes more base and inferiour, so moche +the might and force of thynges excellente, doe consiste by the +moste inferiour, other partes of the bodie more amiable and +pleasaunt to sight, doe remain by the force, vse and integritée +of the simpliest. The Prince and chief peres doe decaie, and al +the whole multitude dooe perishe: the baseste kinde of menne +[Sidenote: The Shepe- +herdes state +necessarie.] +wantyng. Remoue the Shepeherdes state, what good follo- +weth, yea, what lacke and famine increaseth not: to all states +[Sidenote: The state of +the husbande +manne, moste +necessarie.] +the belie ill fedde, our backes worse clad. The toilyng house- +bandman is so necessarie, that his office ceasyng vniuersallie +the whole bodie perisheth, where eche laboureth to further +and aide one an other, this a common wealth, there is pro- +sperous state of life. The wisest Prince, the richest, the migh- +tiest and moste valianntes, had nede alwaies of the foolishe, +the weake, the base and simplest, to vpholde his kingdomes, +not onely in the affaires of his kyngdomes, but in his dome- +sticall thinges, for prouisio[n] of victuall, as bread, drinke, meat[,] +clothyng, and in all soche other thynges. Therefore, no office +or state of life, be it neuer so méete, seruyng in any part of the +[Sidenote: No meane +state, to be +contempned.] +common wealthe, muste bée contemned, mocked, or skorned +at, for thei are so necessarie, that the whole frame of the com- +mon wealth faileth without theim: some are for their wicked +behauiour so detestable, that a common wealthe muste séeke +[Sidenote: Rotten mem[-] +bers of the co[m][-] +mon wealth.] +meanes to deface and extirpate theim as wéedes, and rotten +members of the bodie. These are thefes, murtherers, and ad- +ulterers, and many other mischiuous persones. These godly +Lawes, vpright and sincere Magistrates, will extirpate and +cutte of, soche the commo wealth lacketh not, but rather ab- +horreth as an infectiue plague and Pestilence, who in thende +through their owne wickednesse, are brought to mischief. + +[Sidenote: Plato.] +Read Plato in his booke, intiteled of the common wealth +who sheweth the state of the Prince, and whole Realme, to +stande and consiste by the vnitee of partes, all states of the co[m]- +[Fol. vij.v] +[Sidenote: A common +wealth doe +consiste by +vnitie of all +states.] +mon wealth, in office diuers, for dignitée and worthines, bea- +ring not equalitée in one consociatée and knit, doe raise a per- +fite frame, and bodie of kingdome or common wealthe. + +[Sidenote: Aristotle. +What is a co[m]- +mon wealth.] +Aristotle the Philosopher doeth saie, that a co[m]mon welth +is a multitude gathered together in one Citée, or Region, in +state and condicion of life differing, poore and riche, high and +low, wise and foolishe, in inequalitee of minde and bodies dif- +feryng, for els it can not bée a common wealthe. There must +be nobles and peres, kyng and subiect: a multitude inferiour +and more populous, in office, maners, worthines alteryng. +[Sidenote: A liuely exa[m]- +ple of commo[n] +wealthe.] +Manne needeth no better example, or paterne of a common +wealthe, to frame hymself, to serue in his state and callyng, +then to ponder his owne bodie. There is but one hedde, and +many partes, handes, feete, fingers, toes, ioyntes, veines, si- +newes, belie, and so forthe: and so likewise in a co[m]mon welth +there muste be a diuersitee of states. + + +¶ The reasonyng of the thynges +conteined in this Fable. + +THus might the Wolues reason with them sel- +ues, of their Embassage: The Wolues dailie +molested and wearied, with the fearce ragyng +Masties, and ouercome in fight, of their power +and might: one emong the reste, more politike +and wise then the other, called an assemble and counsaill of +[Sidenote: The counsail +of Wolues.] +Wolues, and thus he beganne his oracion. My felowes and +compaignions, sithe nature hath from the beginnyng, made +vs vnsaciable, cruell, liuyng alwaies by praies murthered, +and bloodie spoiles, yet enemies wée haue, that séeke to kepe +vnder, and tame our Woluishe natures, by greate mightie +Bandogges, and Shepeherdes Curres. But nature at the +firste, did so depely frame and set this his peruerse, cruell, and +bloodie moulde in vs, that will thei, nill thei, our nature wil +bruste out, and run to his owne course. I muse moche, wai- +yng the line of our firste progenitour, from whence we came +[Fol. viij.r] +firste: for of a man wee came, yet men as a pestiferous poison +doe exile vs, and abandon vs, and by Dogges and other sub- +[Sidenote: Lycaon.] +till meanes doe dailie destroie vs. Lycaon, as the Poetes doe +faine, excedyng in all crueltées and murthers horrible, by the +murther of straungers, that had accesse to his land: for he was +king and gouernor ouer the Molossians, and in this we maie +worthilie glorie of our firste blood and long auncientrée, that +[Sidenote: The firste +progenie of +Wolues.] +he was not onelie a man, but a kyng, a chief pere and gouer- +nour: by his chaunge and transubstanciacion of bodie, wée +loste by him the honour and dignitee due to him, but his ver- +tues wée kepe, and daily practise to followe them. The fame +[Sidenote: The inuen- +cion of the +Poet Ouide +to compare a +wicked man, +to a Wolue.] +of Lycaons horrible life, ascended before Iupiter, Iupiter the +mightie God, moued with so horrible a facte, left his heauen- +lie palace, came doune like an other mortall man, and passed +doune by the high mountaine Minalus, by twilighte, and +so to Licaons house, our firste auncestoure, to proue, if this +[Sidenote: Lycaon.] +thing was true. Lycaon receiued this straunger, as it semed +doubtyng whether he were a God, or a manne, forthwith he +feasted him with mannes fleshe baked, Iupiter as he can doe +[Sidenote: Lycaon chau[n]- +ged into a +Wolue.] +what he will, brought a ruine on his house, and transubstan- +ciated hym, into this our shape & figure, wherein we are, and +so sens that time, Wolues were firste generated, and that of +manne, by the chaunge of Lycaon, although our shape is +chaunged from the figure of other men, and men knoweth +[Sidenote: Wolue. +Manne.] +vs not well, yet thesame maners that made Wolues, remai- +neth vntill this daie, and perpetuallie in men: for thei robbe, +thei steale, and liue by iniurious catching, we also robbe, al- +so wée steale, and catche to our praie, what wee maie with +murther come to. Thei murther, and wee also murther, and +so in all poinctes like vnto wicked menne, doe we imitate the +like fashion of life, and rather thei in shape of men, are Wol- +ues, and wee in the shape of Wolues menne: Of all these +thynges hauyng consideracion, I haue inuented a pollicie, +whereby we maie woorke a slauter, and perpetuall ruine on +the Shepe, by the murther of the Bandogges. And so wée +[Fol. viij.v] +shall haue free accesse to our bloodie praie, thus we will doe, +wee will sende a Embassage to the Shepeherdes for peace, +[Sidenote: The counsail +of Wolues.] +saiyng, that wee minde to ceasse of all bloodie spoile, so that +thei will giue ouer to vs, the custodie of the Bandogges, for +otherwise the Embassage sent, is in vaine: for their Dogges +being in our handes, and murthered one by one, the daunger +and enemie taken awaie, we maie the better obtain and en- +ioye our bloodie life. This counsaill pleased well the assem- +ble of the Wolues, and the pollicie moche liked theim, and +with one voice thei houled thus, thus. Immediatlie co[m]muni- +cacion was had with the Shepeherdes of peace, and of the gi- +uyng ouer of their Bandogges, this offer pleased theim, thei +co[n]cluded the peace, and gaue ouer their Bandogges, as pled- +ges of thesame. The dogges one by one murthered, thei dis- +solued the peace, and wearied the Shepe, then the Shepeher- +des repented them of their rashe graunt, and foly committed: +[Sidenote: The counsail +of wicked me[n] +to mischief.] +So of like sorte it alwaies chaunceth, tyrauntes and bloodie +menne, dooe seke alwaies a meane, and practise pollicies to +destroye all soche as are godlie affected, and by wisedome and +godlie life, doe seke to subuerte and destroie, the mischeuous +[Sidenote: The cogita- +cions of wic- +ked men, and +their kyngdo[m] +bloodie.] +enterprise of the wicked. For, by crueltie their Woluishe na- +tures are knowen, their glorie, strength, kyngdome and re- +nowne, cometh of blood, of murthers, and beastlie dealynges +and by might so violent, it continueth not: for by violence and +blooddie dealyng, their kyngdome at the last falleth by blood +and bloodilie perisheth. The noble, wise, graue, and goodlie +counsailes, are with all fidelitée, humblenes and sincere har- +[Sidenote: The state of +counsailours +worthie chief +honour and +veneracion.] +tes to be obeied, in worthines of their state and wisedome, to +be embraced in chief honour and veneracion to bee taken, by +whose industrie, knowledge and experience, the whole bodie +of the common wealth and kyngdome, is supported and sa- +ued. The state of euery one vniuersallie would come to par- +dicion, if the inuasion of foraine Princes, by the wisedom and +pollicie of counsailers, were not repelled. The horrible actes +of wicked men would burste out, and a confusion ensue in al +[Fol. ix.r] +states, if the wisedom of politike gouernors, if good lawes if +the power and sword of the magistrate, could uot take place. +The peres and nobles, with the chief gouernour, standeth as +[Sidenote: Plato.] +Shepherds ouer the people: for so Plato alledgeth that name +well and properlie giuen, to Princes and Gouernours, the +[Sidenote: Homere.] +which Homere the Poete attributeth, to Agamemnon king +of Grece: to Menelaus, Ulisses, Nestor, Achillas, Diomedes, +[Sidenote: The Shepe- +herdes name +giue[n] to the of- +fice of kyngs.] +Aiax, and al other. For, bothe the name and care of that state +of office, can be titeled by no better name in all pointes, for di- +ligent kepyng, for aide, succoryng, and with all equitie tem- +peryng the multitude: thei are as Shepeherdes els the selie +poore multitude, would by an oppression of pestiferous men. +The commonaltee or base multitude, liueth more quietlie +[Sidenote: The state or +good counsai- +lers, trou- +blous.] +then the state of soche as daily seke, to vpholde and maintaine +the common wealthe, by counsaill and politike deliberacion, +how troublous hath their state alwaies been: how vnquiete +from time to time, whose heddes in verie deede, doeth seke for +a publike wealth. Therefore, though their honor bée greater, +and state aboue the reste, yet what care, what pensiuenesse of +minde are thei driuen vnto, on whose heddes aucthoritée and +regiment, the sauegard of innumerable people doeth depend. +[Sidenote: A comparison +from a lesse, +to a greater.] +If in our domesticall businesse, of matters pertainyng to our +housholde, euery man by nature, for hym and his, is pensiue, +moche more in so vaste, and infinite a bodie of co[m]mon wealth, +greater must the care be, and more daungerous deliberacion. +We desire peace, we reioyce of a tranquilitée, and quietnesse +to ensue, we wishe, to consist in a hauen of securitée: our hou- +ses not to be spoiled, our wiues and children, not to bee mur- +[Sidenote: The worthie +state of Prin- +ces and coun- +sailours.] +thered. This the Prince and counsailours, by wisedome fore- +sée, to kéepe of, all these calamitées, daungers, miseries, the +whole multitude, and bodie of the Common wealthe, is +without them maimed, weake and feable, a readie confusion +to the enemie. Therefore, the state of peeres and nobles, is +with all humilitée to be obaied, serued and honored, not with- +out greate cause, the Athenians were drawen backe, by the +[Fol. ix.v] +wisedome of Demosthenes, when thei sawe the[m] selues a slau- +ter and praie, to the enemie. + + +¶ A comparson of thynges. + +WHat can bée more rashly and foolishly doen, then the +Shepeherdes, to giue ouer their Dogges, by whose +might and strength, the Shepe were saued: on the o- +ther side, what can be more subtlie doen and craftely, then the +Wolues, vnder a colour of frendship and amitee, to séeke the +[Sidenote: The amitie +of wicked +menne.] +blood of the shepe, as all pestiferous men, vnder a fained pro- +fer of amitée, profered to seeke their owne profite, commoditee +and wealthe, though it be with ruine, calamitie, miserie, de- +struccion of one, or many, toune, or citée, region and countree, +whiche sort of men, are moste detestable and execrable. + + +¶ The contrarie. + +AS to moche simplicitie & lacke of discrecion, is a fur- +theraunce to perill and daunger: so ofte[n]times, he ta- +[Sidenote: To beleue +lightly, afur- +theraunce to +perill.] +steth of smarte and woe, who lightly beleueth: so con- +trariwise, disimulacio[n] in mischeuous practises begon w[ith] fre[n]d- +ly wordes, in the conclusion doeth frame & ende pernisiouslie. + + +¶ The _Epilogus_. + +THerefore fained offers of frendship, are to bee taken +heede of, and the acte of euery man to bee examined, +proued, and tried, for true frendship is a rare thyng, +when as Tullie doth saie: in many ages there are fewe cou- +ples of friendes to be found, Aristotle also co[n]cludeth thesame. + + +¶ The Fable of the Ante, and Greshopper. + +¶ The praise of the aucthour. + +[Sidenote: The praise of +Esope.] +ESope who wrote these Fables, hath chief fame of all +learned aucthours, for his Philosophie, and giuyng +wisedome in preceptes: his Fables dooe shewe vnto +all states moste wholsome doctrine of vertuous life. He who- +ly extolleth vertue, and depresseth vice: he correcteth all states +and setteth out preceptes to amende them. Although he was +deformed and ill shaped, yet Nature wrought in hym soche +[Fol. x.r] +vertue, that he was in minde moste beautifull: and seing that +the giftes of the body, are not equall in dignitie, with the ver- +tue of the mynde, then in that Esope chiefly excelled, ha- +uyng the moste excellente vertue of the minde. The wisedom +[Sidenote: Cresus.] +and witte of Esope semed singuler: for at what tyme as Cre- +sus, the kyng of the Lidians, made warre against the Sami- +ans, he with his wisedome and pollicie, so pacified the minde +of Cresus, that all warre ceased, and the daunger of the coun- +[Sidenote: Samians.] +tree was taken awaie, the Samia[n]s deliuered of this destruc- +cion and warre, receiued Esope at his retourne with many +honours. After that Esope departyng from the Isle Samus, +wandered to straunge regions, at the laste his wisedome be- +[Sidenote: Licerus.] +yng knowen: Licerus the kyng of that countrée, had hym in +soche reuerence and honor, that he caused an Image of gold +to be set vp in the honour of Esope. After that, he wanderyng +[Sidenote: Delphos.] +ouer Grece, to the citée of Delphos, of whom he beyng mur- +thered, a greate plague and Pestilence fell vpon the citee, that +reuenged his death: As in all his Fables, he is moche to bee +commended, so in this Fable he is moche to be praised, which +he wrote of the Ante and the Greshopper. + + +¶ The Fable. + +IN a hotte Sommer, the Grashoppers gaue them sel- +ues to pleasaunt melodie, whose Musicke and melo- +die, was harde from the pleasaunt Busshes: but the +Ante in all this pleasaunt tyme, laboured with pain and tra- +uaile, she scraped her liuyng, and with fore witte and wise- +[Sidenote: Winter.] +dome, preuented the barande and scarce tyme of Winter: for +when Winter time aprocheth, the ground ceasseth fro[m] fruict, +[Sidenote: The Ante.] +then the Ante by his labour, doeth take the fruicte & enioyeth +it: but hunger and miserie fell vpon the Greshoppers, who in +the pleasaunt tyme of Sommer, when fruictes were aboun- +dauute, ceassed by labour to put of necessitée, with the whiche +the long colde and stormie tyme, killed them vp, wantyng al +sustinaunce. + + +[Fol. x.v] + +¶ The Morall. + +HEre in example, all menne maie take to frame their +owne life, and also to bryng vp in godlie educacion +their children: that while age is tender and young, +thei maie learne by example of the Ante, to prouide in their +grene and lustie youth, some meane of art and science, wher- +by thei maie staie their age and necessitée of life, al soche as do +flie labour, and paine in youth, and seeke no waie of Arte and +science, in age thei shall fall in extreme miserie and pouertée. + + +¶ The nature of the thyng. + +NOt without a cause, the Philosophers searchyng the +nature and qualitee of euery beaste, dooe moche com- +[Sidenote: The Ante.] +mende the Ante, for prouidence and diligence, in that +not oneie by nature thei excell in forewisedome to the[m] selues, +[Sidenote: Manne.] +but also thei be a example, and mirrour to all menne, in that +thei iustlie followe the instincte of Nature: and moche more, +where as men indued with reason, and all singulare vertues +and excellent qualitées of the minde and body. Yet thei doe so +moche leaue reason, vertue, & integritée of minde, as that thei +had been framed without reason, indued with no vertue, nor +adorned with any excellent qualitée. All creatures as nature +hath wrought in them, doe applie them selues to followe na- +ture their guide: the Ante is alwaies diligent in his busines, +and prouident, and also fore séeth in Sommer, the sharpe sea- +son of Winter: thei keepe order, and haue a kyng and a com- +mon wealthe as it were, as nature hath taught them. And so +haue all other creatures, as nature hath wrought in the[m] their +giftes, man onelie leaueth reason, and neclecteth the chief or- +namentes of the minde: and beyng as a God aboue all crea- +tures, dooeth leese the excellent giftes. A beaste will not take +excesse in feedyng, but man often tymes is without reason, +and hauyng a pure mynde and soule giuen of God, and a face +to beholde the heauens, yet he doeth abase hymself to yearth- +[Sidenote: Greshopper.] +lie thynges, as concernyng the Greshopper: as the Philoso- +phers doe saie, is made altogether of dewe, and sone perisheth[.] +[Fol. xj.r] +The Greshopper maie well resemble, slothfull and sluggishe +persones, who seke onely after a present pleasure, hauyng no +fore witte and wisedom, to foresée tymes and ceasons: for it is +[Sidenote: A poincte of +wisedome.] +the poinct of wisedo[m], to iudge thinges present, by thinges past +and to take a co[n]iecture of thinges to come, by thinges present. + + +¶ The reasonyng of the twoo thynges. + +THus might the Ante reason with her self, althoughe +the seasons of the yere doe seme now very hotte, plea- +[Sidenote: A wise cogi- +tacion.] +saunt and fruictfull: yet so I do not trust time, as that +like pleasure should alwaies remaine, or that fruictes should +alwaies of like sorte abounde. Nature moueth me to worke, +and wisedome herein sheweth me to prouide: for what hur- +teth plentie, or aboundaunce of store, though greate plentie +commeth thereon, for better it is to bee oppressed with plen- +tie, and aboundaunce, then to bee vexed with lacke. For, to +whom wealthe and plentie riseth, at their handes many bee +releued, and helped, all soche as bee oppressed with necessi- +tie and miserie, beyng caste from all helpe, reason and proui- +dence maimed in theim: All arte and Science, and meane of +life cutte of, to enlarge and maintain better state of life, their +[Sidenote: Pouertie.] +miserie, necessitie, and pouertie, shall continuallie encrease, +who hopeth at other mennes handes, to craue relief, is decei- +ued. Pouertie is so odious a thing, in al places & states reiected +for where lacke is, there fanour, frendship, and acquaintance +[Sidenote: Wisedome.] +decreaseth, as in all states it is wisedome: so with my self I +waie discritlie, to take tyme while tyme is, for this tyme as a +[Sidenote: Housebande +menne.] +floure will sone fade awaie. The housebande manne, hath he +not times diuers, to encrease his wealth, and to fill his barne, +at one tyme and ceason: the housebande man doeth not bothe +plante, plowe, and gather the fruicte of his labour, but in one +tyme and season he ploweth, an other tyme serueth to sowe, +and the laste to gather the fruictes of his labour. So then, I +must forsee time and seasons, wherin I maie be able to beare +of necessitie: for foolishly he hopeth, who of no wealth and no +abundaunt store, trusteth to maintain his own state. For, no- +[Fol. xj.v] +[Sidenote: Frendship.] +thyng soner faileth, then frendship, and the soner it faileth, as +[Sidenote: Homere.] +fortune is impouerished. Seyng that, as Homere doeth saie, +a slothfull man, giuen to no arte or science, to helpe hymself, +or an other, is an vnprofitable burdein to the yearth, and God +dooeth sore plague, punishe, and ouerthrowe Citees, kyng- +domes, and common wealthes, grounded in soche vices: that +the wisedome of man maie well iudge, hym to be vnworthie +of all helpe, and sustinaunce. He is worse then a beast, that is +not able to liue to hymself & other: no man is of witte so vn- +[Sidenote: Nature.] +descrite, or of nature so dulle, but that in hym, nature alwa- +yes coueteth some enterprise, or worke to frame relife, or help +[Sidenote: The cause of +our bearth.] +to hymself, for all wée are not borne, onelie to our selues, but +many waies to be profitable, as to our owne countrie, and all +partes thereof. Especiallie to soche as by sickenes, or infirmi- +tie of bodie are oppressed, that arte and Science can not take +place to help the[m]. Soche as do folowe the life of the Greshop- +per, are worthie of their miserie, who haue no witte to foresée +seasons and tymes, but doe suffer tyme vndescretly to passe, +[Sidenote: Ianus.] +whiche fadeth as a floure, thold Romaines do picture Ianus +with two faces, a face behind, & an other before, which resem- +ble a wiseman, who alwaies ought to knowe thinges paste, +thynges presente, and also to be experte, by the experience of +many ages and tymes, and knowledge of thynges to come. + + +¶ The comparison betwene +the twoo thynges. + +WHat can be more descritlie doen, then the Ante to be +so prouident and politike: as that all daunger of life, +& necessitie is excluded, the stormie times of Winter +ceaseth of might, & honger battereth not his walles, hauyng +[Sidenote: Prouidence.] +soche plentie of foode, for vnlooked bitter stormes and seasons, +happeneth in life, whiche when thei happen, neither wisedo[m] +nor pollicie, is not able to kepe backe. Wisedome therefore, +it is so to stande, that these thynges hurte not, the miserable +ende of the Greshopper sheweth vnto vs, whiche maie be an +example to all menne, of what degree, so euer thei bee, to flie +[Fol. xij.r] +slothe and idelnesse, to be wise and discrite. + + +¶ Of contraries. + +[Sidenote: Diligence.] +AS diligence, prouidence, and discrete life is a singu- +lare gift, whiche increaseth all vertues, a pillar, staie +and a foundacion of all artes and science, of common +wealthes, and kyngdomes. So contrarily sloth and sluggish- +nesse, in all states and causes, defaseth, destroyeth, and pul- +leth doune all vertue, all science and godlines. For, by it, the +mightie kyngdome of the Lidia[n]s, was destroied, as it semeth +[Sidenote: Idelnes.] +no small vice, when the Lawes of Draco, dooe punishe with +death idelnesse. + + +¶ The ende. + +[Sidenote: The Ante.] +THerefore, the diligence of the Ante in this Fable, +not onelie is moche to be commended, but also her +example is to bee followed in life. Therefore, the +wiseman doeth admonishe vs, to go vnto the Ant +and learne prouidence: and also by the Greshopper, lette vs +learne to auoide idelnes, leste the like miserie and calamitie +fall vpon vs. + + +¶ Narratio. + +THis place followyng, is placed of Tullie, after the +exordium or beginnyng of Oracion, as the seconde +parte: whiche parte of _Rhetorike_, is as it were the +light of all the Oracion folowing: conteining the cause, mat- +ter, persone, tyme, with all breuitie, bothe of wordes, and in- +uencion of matter. + + +¶ A Narracion. + +A Narracion is an exposicion, or declaracion of any +thyng dooen in deede, or els a settyng forthe, for- +ged of any thyng, but so declaimed and declared, +as though it were doen. + +A narracion is of three sortes, either it is a narracion hi- +storicall, of any thyng contained, in any aunciente storie, or +true Chronicle. + +[Fol. xij.v] + +Or Poeticall, whiche is a exposicion fained, set forthe by +inuencion of Poetes, or other. + +Or ciuill, otherwise called Iudiciall, whiche is a matter +of controuersie in iudgement, to be dooen, or not dooen well +or euill. + +In euery Narracion, ye must obserue sixe notes. + +1. Firste, the persone, or doer of the thing, whereof you intreate. +2. The facte doen. +3. The place wherein it was doen. +4. The tyme in the whiche it was doen. +5. The maner must be shewed, how it was doen. +6. The cause wherevpon it was doen. + +There be in this Narracion, iiij. other properties belo[n]ging[.] + +1. First, it must be plain and euident to the hearer, not obscure, +2. short and in as fewe wordes as it maie be, for soche amatter. +3. Probable, as not vnlike to be true. +4. In wordes fine and elegante. + + +¶ A narracion historicall, vpon Semiramis Queene of Babilon +how and after what sort she obtained the gouernment thereof. + +[Sidenote: Tyme. +Persone.] +AFter the death of Ninus, somtime kyng of Ba- +bilon, his soonne Ninus also by name, was left +to succede hym, in all the Assirian Monarchie, +Semiramis wife to Ninus the firste, feared the +tender age of her sonne, wherupon she thought +[Sidenote: The cause. +The facte.] +that those mightie nacions and kyngdomes, would not obaie +so young and weake a Prince. Wherfore, she kept her sonne +from the gouernmente: and moste of all she feared, that thei +[Sidenote: The waie +how.] +would not obaie a woman, forthwith she fained her self, to be +the soonne of Ninus, and bicause she would not be knowen +to bee a woman, this Quene inuented a newe kinde of tire, +the whiche all the Babilonians that were men, vsed by her +commaundement. By this straunge disguised tire and appa- +rell, she not knowen to bee a woman, ruled as a man, for the +[Sidenote: The facte. +The place.] +space of twoo and fourtie yeres: she did marueilous actes, for +she enlarged the mightie kyngdome of Babilon, and builded +[Fol. xiij.r] +thesame citée. Many other regions subdued, and valiauntlie +ouerthrowen, she entered India, to the whiche neuer Prince +came, sauing Alexander the greate: she passed not onely men +in vertue, counsaill, and valiaunt stomacke, but also the fa- +mous counsailours of Assiria, might not contende with her +in Maiestie, pollicie, and roialnes. For, at what tyme as thei +knewe her a woman, thei enuied not her state, but maruei- +led at her wisedome, pollicie, and moderacion of life, at the +laste she desiryng the vnnaturall lust, and loue of her soonne +Ninus, was murthered of hym. + + +¶ A narracion historicall vpon kyng Ri- +chard the third, the cruell tiraunt[.] + +[Sidenote: The persone[.]] +RIchard duke of Glocester, after the death of Ed- +ward the fowerth his brother king of England, +vsurped the croune, moste traiterouslie and wic- +kedlie: this kyng Richard was small of stature, +deformed, and ill shaped, his shoulders beared +not equalitee, a pulyng face, yet of countenaunce and looke +cruell, malicious, deceiptfull, bityng and chawing his nether +lippe: of minde vnquiet, pregnaunt of witte, quicke and liue- +ly, a worde and a blowe, wilie, deceiptfull, proude, arrogant +[Sidenote: The tyme. +The place.] +in life and cogitacion bloodie. The fowerth daie of Iulie, he +entered the tower of London, with Anne his wife, doughter +to Richard Erle of Warwick: and there in created Edward +his onely soonne, a child of ten yeres of age, Prince of Wa- +les. At thesame tyme, in thesame place, he created many no- +ble peres, to high prefermente of honour and estate, and im- +mediatly with feare and faint harte, bothe in himself, and his +[Sidenote: The horrible +murther of +king Richard[.]] +nobles and commons, was created king, alwaies a vnfortu- +nate and vnluckie creacion, the harts of the nobles and com- +mons thereto lackyng or faintyng, and no maruaile, he was +a cruell murtherer, a wretched caitiffe, a moste tragicall ty- +raunt, and blood succour, bothe of his nephewes, and brother +George Duke of Clarence, whom he caused to bee drouned +in a Butte of Malmsie, the staires sodainlie remoued, wher- +[Fol. xiij.v] +[Sidenote: The facte.] +on he stepped, the death of the lorde Riuers, with many other +nobles, compassed and wrought at the young Princes com- +myng out of Wales, the .xix. daie of Iuly, in the yere of our +lorde .1483. openly he toke vpon him to be king, who sekyng +hastely to clime, fell according to his desart, sodainly and in- +gloriously, whose Embassage for peace, Lewes the Frenche +king, for his mischeuous & bloodie slaughter, so moche abhor- +red, that he would neither sée the Embassador, nor heare the +Embassage: for he murthered his .ij. nephues, by the handes +[Sidenote: The tyme. +The maner +how.] +of one Iames Tirrell, & .ij. vilaines more associate with him +the Lieutenaunt refusyng so horrible a fact. This was doen +he takyng his waie & progresse to Glocester, whereof he was +before tymes Duke: the murther perpetrated, he doubed the +good squire knight. Yet to kepe close this horrible murther, +he caused a fame and rumour to be spread abrode, in all par- +tes of the realme, that these twoo childre[n] died sodainly, there- +[Sidenote: The cause.] +by thinkyng the hartes of all people, to bee quietlie setteled, +no heire male lefte a liue of kyng Edwardes children. His +mischief was soche, that God shortened his vsurped raigne: +he was al together in feare and dread, for he being feared and +dreaded of other, did also feare & dread, neuer quiete of minde +faint harted, his bloodie conscience by outward signes, conde[m]- +pned hym: his iyes in euery place whirlyng and caste about, +[Sidenote: The state of +a wicked ma[n].] +his hand moche on his Dagger, the infernall furies tormen- +ted him by night, visions and horrible dreames, drawed him +from his bedde, his vnquiet life shewed the state of his consci- +ence, his close murther was vttered, fro[m] the hartes of the sub- +iectes: thei called hym openlie, with horrible titles and na- +mes, a horrible murtherer, and excecrable tiraunt. The peo- +[Sidenote: A dolefull +state of a +quene.] +ple sorowed the death of these twoo babes, the Queene, kyng +Edwardes wife, beeyng in Sanctuarie, was bestraught of +witte and sences, sounyng and falling doune to the grounde +as dedde, the Quéene after reuiued, knéeled doune, and cal- +led on God, to take vengaunce on this murtherer. The con- +science of the people was so wounded, of the tolleracion of the +[Fol. xiiij.r] +[Sidenote: The wicked +facte of kyng +Richard, a +horror and +dread to the +commons.] +facte, that when any blustryng winde, or perilous thonder, or +dreadfull tempest happened: with one voice thei cried out and +quaked, least God would take vengauce of them, for it is al- +waies séen the horrible life of wicked gouernors, bringeth to +ruin their kyngdom and people, & also wicked people, the like +daungers to the kyngdome and Prince: well he and his sup- +porters with the Duke of Buckyngham, died shamefullie. +[Sidenote: God permit +meanes, to +pull doune +tyrauntes.] +The knotte of mariage promised, betwene Henrie Erle of +Richemonde, and Elizabeth doughter to kyng Edward the +fowerth: caused diuerse nobles to aide and associate this erle, +fledde out of this lande with all power, to the attainmente of +the kyngdome by his wife. At Nottyngham newes came to +kyng Richard, that the Erle of Richmonde, with a small co[m]- +paignie of nobles and other, was arriued in Wales, forthe- +with exploratours and spies were sent, who shewed the Erle +[Sidenote: Lichefelde. +Leicester.] +to be encamped, at the toune of Litchfield, forthwith all pre- +paracion of warre, was set forthe to Leicester on euery side, +the Nobles and commons shranke from kyng Richarde, his +[Sidenote: Bosworthe[.]] +power more and more weakened. By a village called Bos- +worthe, in a greate plaine, méete for twoo battailes: by Lei- +cester this field was pitched, wherin king Richard manfully +fightyng hande to hande, with the Erle of Richmonde, was +[Sidenote: Kyng Ri- +chard killed +in Bosworth +fielde.] +slaine, his bodie caried shamefullie, to the toune of Leicester +naked, without honor, as he deserued, trussed on a horse, be- +hinde a Purseuaunte of Armes, like a hogge or a Calfe, his +hedde and his armes hangyng on the one side, and his legges +on the other side: caried through mire and durte, to the graie +Friers churche, to all men a spectacle, and oprobrie of tiran- +nie this was the cruell tirauntes ende. + + +¶ A narracion historicall, of the commyng +of Iulius Cesar into Britaine. + +[Sidenote: The tyme. +The persone.] +WHen Iulius Cesar had ended his mightie and huge +battailes, about the flood Rhene, he marched into the +regio[n] of Fraunce: at thesame time repairing with a +freshe multitude, his Legio[n]s, but the chief cause of his warre +[Fol. xiiij.v] +in Fraunce was, that of long time, he was moued in minde, +[Sidenote: The cause. +The fame +and glorie of +Britaine.] +to see this noble Islande of Britain, whose fame for nobilitée +was knowen and bruted, not onelie in Rome, but also in the +vttermoste la[n]des. Iulius Cesar was wroth with the[m], because +in his warre sturred in Fraunce, the fearce Britaines aided +the Fenche men, and did mightilie encounter battaill with +the Romaines: whose prowes and valiaunt fight, slaked the +proude and loftie stomackes of the Romaines, and droue the[m] +[Sidenote: The prowes +of Iulius +Cesar.] +to diuerse hasardes of battaill. But Cesar as a noble warrier +preferryng nobilitee, and worthinesse of fame, before money +or cowardly quietnes: ceased not to enter on y^e fearce Britai- +nes, and thereto prepared his Shippes, the Winter tyme fo- +lowyng, that assone as oportunitee of the yere serued, to passe +[Sidenote: The maner +how. +Cesars com- +municacion +with the mar[-] +chauntes, as +concernyng +the lande of +Britaine.] +with all power against them. In the meane tyme, Cesar in- +quired of the Marchauntes, who with marchaundise had ac- +cesse to the Islande: as concernyng the qua[n]titée and bignes of +it, the fashion and maner of the people, their lawes, their or- +der, and kinde of gouernmente. As these thynges were in all +poinctes, vnknowen to Cesar, so also the Marchau[n]tes knewe +[Sidenote: The ware & +politike go- +uernement of +y^e Britaines. +Aliaunce in +tyme traite- +rous.] +no more tha[n] the places bordring on the sea side. For, the Bri- +taines fearing the traiterous and dissembled hartes of aliau[n]- +ces, politikelie repelled them: for, no straunger was suffered +to enter from his Shippe, on the lande, but their marchaun- +dice were sold at the sea side. All nacions sought to this land, +the felicitee of it was so greate, whereupon the Grekes kno- +wyng and tastyng the commoditée of this Islande, called it by +[Sidenote: Britain som- +tyme called of +the Grekes +Olbion, not +Albion.] +a Greke name _Olbion_, whiche signifieth a happie and fortu- +nate countrie, though of some called _Albion_, tyme chaunged +the firste letter, as at this daie, London is called for the toune +of kyng Lud. Cesar thereupon before he would marche with +[Sidenote: Caius Uo- +lusenus, Em[-] +bassadour to +Britaine.] +his armie, to the people of Britain, he sent Caius Uolusenus +a noble man of Rome, a valiaunte and hardie Capitaine, as +Embassadour to the Britaines, who as he thoughte by his +Embassage, should knowe the fashion of the Island, the ma- +ner of the people, their gouernemente. But as it seemeth, the +[Fol. xv.r] +Embassadour was not welcome. For, he durste not enter fro[m] +his Ship, to dooe his maisters Embassage, Cesar knewe no- +[Sidenote: Comas A- +trebas, seco[n]de +Embassador +from Cesar.] +thing by him. Yet Cesar was not so contented, but sent an o- +ther Embassadour, a man of more power, stomack, and more +hardie, Comas Atrebas by name, who would enter as an +Embassadour, to accomplish the will & expectacion of Cesar, +Comas Atrebas was so welcome, that the Britains cast him +in prison: Embassages was not common emong theim, nor +the curteous vsage of Embassadours knowen. Al these thin- +ges, made Cesar more wrothe, to assaie the vncourtous Bris[-] +[Sidenote: Cassibelane +king of Lon- +don, at the a- +riue of Cesar[.] +Cassibelane +a worthie +Prince.] +taines. In those daies Cassibelan was kyng of London, this +Cassibelan was a prince of high wisedom, of manly stomacke +and valiaunt in fight: and for power and valiauntnesse, was +chosen of the Britaines, chief gouernour and kyng. Dissen- +cion and cruell warre was emong the[m], through the diuersitie +of diuers kinges in the lande. The Troinouau[n]tes enuied the +[Sidenote: Imanue[n]cius[.]] +state of Cassibelan, bicause Immanuencius, who was kyng +of London, before Cassibelan, was put to death, by the coun- +sail of Cassibelan. The sonne of Immanuencius, hearing of +the commyng of Cesar, did flie traiterouslie to Cesar: The +Troinouauntes fauoured Immanue[n]cius part, & thereupon +[Sidenote: The Troy- +nouauntes by +treason let in +Cesar.] +promised, as moste vile traitours to their countrie, an ente- +ryng to Cesar, seruice and homage, who through a self will, +and priuate fauour of one, sought the ruine of their countrie, +and in the ende, their own destruccion. But Cassibelan gaue +many ouerthrowes to Cesar, and so mightelie encountred +with hym, so inuincible was the parte of Cassibelane: but by +treason of the Troinouauntes, not by manhod of Cesars po- +wer, enteryng was giuen. What house can stande, where- +[Sidenote: Treason a +confusion to +the mightiest +dominions.] +in discord broile? What small power, is not able to enter the +mightiest dominions or regions: to ouercome the strongeste +fortresse, treason open the gate, treason giuyng passage. Al- +though Cesar by treason entered, so Cesar writeth. Yet the +fame of Cesar was more commended, for his enterprise into +Britain, and victorie: then of all his Conquest, either against +[Fol. xv.v] +[Sidenote: A sente[n]ce gra[-] +uen of Bri- +taine, in the +commendaci- +on of Cesar.] +Pompey, or with any other nacion. For in a Piller at Rome +this sentence was engrauen: Of all the dominions, Citees, +and Regions, subdued by Cesar, his warre atte[m]pted against +the fearce Britaines, passeth all other. After this sort Cesar +entred our Islande of Britaine by treason. + + +¶ A narracion iudiciall, out of Theusidides, +vpon the facte of Themistocles. + +THe Athenians brought vnder the thraldome of +the Lacedemonians, soughte meanes to growe +mightie, and to pull them from the yoke, vnder +the Lacedemonians. Lacedemonia was a citee +enuironed with walles. Athenes at thesame +tyme without walles: whereby their state was more feeble, +and power weakened. Themistocles a noble Sage, and a +worthie pere of Athens: gaue the Athenia[n]s counsaile to wall +their citée stro[n]gly, and so forthwith to be lordes and rulers by +them selues, after their owne facion gouerning. In finishing +this enterprise, in all poinctes, policie, and wittie conuei- +aunce wanted not. The Lacedemonians harde of the pur- +pose of the Athenians, & sent Embassadours, to knowe their +doynges, and so to hinder them. Themistocles gaue counsaill +to the Athenians, to kepe in safe custodie, the Embassadours +of Lacedemonia, vntill soche tyme, as he from the Embas- +sage was retourned fro[m] Lacedemonia. The Lacedemonians +hearyng of the commyng of Themistocles, thought little of +the walle buildyng at Athens. Themistocles was long loo- +ked for of the[m], because Themistocles lingered in his Embas- +sage, that or the matter were throughly knowen: the walle +of Athens should be builded. The slowe commyng of The- +mistocles, was blamed of the Lacedemonians: but Themi- +stocles excused hymself, partly infirmitie of bodie, lettyng +his commyng, and the expectacion of other, accompaignied +with hym in this Embassage. The walle ended, necessitie +not artificiall workemanship finishing it, with al hast it was +ended: then Themistocles entered the Senate of Lacedemo- +[Fol. xvj.r] +nia, and saied: the walle whom ye sought to let, is builded at +Athens, ye Lacedemonians, that wee maie be more strong. +Then the Lacedemonians could saie nothyng to it, though +thei enuied the Athenians state, the walle was builded, and +leste thei should shewe violence or crueltie on Themistocles, +their Embassabours were at Athens in custodie, whereby +Themistocles came safe from his Embassage, and the Athe- +nians made strong by their walle: this was politikely dooen +of Themistocles. + + +¶ A narracion Poeticall vpon a Rose. + +WHo so doeth maruaile at the beautée and good- +ly colour of the redde Rose, he must consider the +blood, that came out of Uenus the Goddes foot. +The Goddes Uenus, as foolishe Poetes dooe +feigne, beyng the aucthour of Loue: loued Ado- +nis the soonne of Cynara kyng of Cypres. But Mars called +the God of battaile, loued Uenus, beyng nothyng loued of +Uenus: but Mars loued Uenus as feruently, as Uenus lo- +ued Adonis. Mars beyng a God, loued Uenus a goddes, but +Uenus onely was inflamed with the loue of Adonis, a mor- +tall man. Their loue was feruent, and exremely set on fire +in bothe, but their kinde and nature were contrary, wherev- +pon Mars beyng in gelousie, sought meanes to destroie, faire +amiable, and beautifull Adonis, thinkyng by his death, the +loue of Uenus to be slaked: Adonis and Mars fell to fighting +Uenus as a louer, ranne to helpe Adonis her louer, and by +chaunce she fell into a Rose bushe, and pricked with it her +foote, the blood then ran out of her tender foote, did colour the +Rose redde: wherevpon the Rose beyng white before, is v- +pon that cause chaunged into redde. + + +[¶] _Chria._ + +_CHria_, this profitable exercise of _Rhetorike_, is for the +porfite of it so called: it is a rehersall in fewe wordes, +of any ones fact, or of the saiyng of any man, vpo[n] the +[Fol. xvj.v] +whiche an oracion maie be made. As for example, Isocrates +did say, that the roote of learnng was bitter, but the fruictes +pleasaunt: and vpon this one sentence, you maie dilate a am- +ple and great oracion, obseruyng these notes folowyng. The +saiyng dooeth containe so greate matter, and minister soche +plentie of argumente. + +Aucthors intreatyng of this exercise, doe note three sortes +to bee of theim, one of theim a _Chria verball_, that is to saie, a +profitable exercise, vpon the saiyng of any man, onely con- +teinyng the wordes of the aucthour, as the sentence before. + +The seconde is, conteinyng the facte or deede of the per- +sone: As Diogines beyng asked of Alexander the Greate, if +he lacked any thyng, that he was able to giue hym, thinkyng +his demau[n]de vnder his power, for Diogenes was at thesame +tyme warmyng hymself in the beames of the Sunne: Dio- +genes aunswered, ye take awaie that, that ye are not able to +giue, meanyng that Alexander by his bodie, shadowed hym, +and tooke awaie that, whiche was not in his power to giue, +Alexander tourned hymself to his men, and saied, if I were +not Alexander, I would be Diogenes. + +The thirde is a _Chria_ mixt, bothe _verball_ and notyng the +facte, as Diogenes seyng a boie wanton & dissolute, did strike +his teacher with a staffe, vtteryng these woordes: why dooest +thou teache thy scholer so dissolutlie. + +You shall learne to make this exercise, obseruyng these +notes. + +Firste, you shall praise the aucthour, who wrote the sen- +tence, waighing his life, if his life be vnknowen, and not easie +to finde his sentence or sentences: for godlie preceptes will +minister matter of praise, as if these saiynges bee recited, thei +are sufficient of them selues, to praise the aucthour. + +Then in the seconde place, expounde the meanyng of the +aucthour in that saiyng. + +Then shewe the cause, why he spake this sentence. + +Then compare the matter, by a contrary. + +[Fol. xvij.r] + +Then frame a similitude of thesame. + +Shewe the like example of some, that spake the like, or +did the like. + +Then gather the testimonies of more writers of thesame[.] + +Then knit the conclusion. + + +¶ An Oracion. + +ISocrates did saie, that the roote of learnyng is was bit- +ter, but the fruictes were pleasaunt. + + +¶ The praise. + +THis Oratour Isocrates, was an Athenian borne, +[Sidenote: Lusimachus[.]] +who florished in the time of Lusimachus the chief +gouernor of Athens: this Isocrates was brought +vp in all excelle[n]cie of learning, with the moste fa- +[Sidenote: Prodicus. +Gorgias Le- +ontinus.] +mous and excellent Oratour Prodicus, Gorgias Leontinus +indued him with all singularitie of learnyng and eloquence. +The eloque[n]ce of Isocrates was so famous, that Aristotle the +[Sidenote: Demosthe- +nes learned +eloquence of +Isocrates.] +chief Pholosopher, enuied his vertue & praise therin: Demo- +sthenes also, who emong the Grecians chieflie excelled, lear- +ned his eloquence, of the Oracions whiche Isocrates wrote, +to many mightie and puisaunt princes and kinges, do shewe +his wisedome, & copious eloque[n]ce, as to Demonicus the king +to Nicocles, Euagoras, against Philip the king of the Mace- +donia[n]s, by his wisedome and counsaill, the Senate and vni- +uersal state of Athens was ruled, & the commons and multi- +tude thereby in euery part florished: chieflie what counsaill, +what wisedome, what learnyng might bee required, in any +man of high fame and excellencie: that fame was aboundant[-] +ly in Isocrates, as in all his Oratio[n]s he is to be praised, so in +this sentence, his fame importeth like commendacion. + + +¶ The exposicion. + +IN that he saieth, the roote of learnyng is bitter, and +the fruictes pleasaunt: he signifieth no excellent qua- +[Sidenote: All excellen- +cie with labor +is attained.] +litie or gift, vertue, arte or science can bee attained, +except paine, labour, diligence, doe plant and sette thesame: +[Fol. xvij.v] +but when that noble gift, either learnyng, or any excellente +qualitee, is lodged and reposed in vs, then we gather by pain- +full labours, greate profite, comforte, delectable pleasures, +wealth, glorie, riches, whiche be the fruictes of it. + + +¶ The cause. + +AND seyng that of our owne nature, all men are en- +clined from their tender yeres and infancie, to the ex- +tirpacion of vertue, folowyng with all earnest studie +and gréedie, the free passage to vice, and specially children, +whose iudgementes and reason, are not of that strengthe, to +rule their weake mindes and bodies, therefore, in them chief- +lie, the roote of learning is bitter, because not onely many ye- +res thei runne their race, in studie of arte and science. With +care and paine also, with greuous chastisment and correccio[n], +thei are compelled by their teachers and Maisters, to appre- +hende thesame: the parentes no lesse dreaded, in the educacio[n] +of their children, in chastisement and correction, so that by all +[Sidenote: The roote of +learnyng bit- +ter.] +meanes, the foundacion and roote of all learnyng, in what +sort so euer it is, is at the firste vnpleasaunte, sower, and vn- +sauerie. To folowe the times and seasons, appoincted for the +same, is moste painfull, and in these painfull yeres: other +greate pleasures, as the frailtie of youth, and the imbecilitie +of nature iudgeth, dooeth passe by, but in miserable state is +[Sidenote: Who is a vn- +fortunate +childe.] +that childe, and vnfortunate, that passeth the flower of his +youth and tender yeres, instructed with no arte or Science, +whiche in tyme to come, shalbe the onelie staie, helpe, the pil- +ler to beare of the sore brent, necessitie, and calamities of life. +[Sidenote: Good educa- +cion the foun- +dacion of the +Romaine +Empire.] +Herein the noble Romaines, laied the sure foundacion of +their mightie dominion, in the descrite prouidente, and poli- +tike educacion of children: to whom the Grecians gaue, that +necessarie bulwarke and faundacion, to set vp all vertue, all +arte and science. In Grece no man was knowen, to liue in +that common wealth, but that his arte and science, gaue ma- +nifest probacion and testimonie, how and after what sorte he +liued. The Romaines in like sorte, the sworde and aucthori- +[Fol. xviij.r] +tie of the Magistrate, executyng thesame, did put forthe, and +draw to the attainment of learnyng, art or science, all youth +hauyng maturitie and ripenesse to it, and why, because that +in a common wealth, where the parentes are vndescrete and +foolishe, as in all common wealthes, there are not a fewe, +but many, thei not ponderyng the state of the tyme to come, +bringing vp their children without all ciuilitie, vnframed to +vertue, ignoraunt of all arte and science: the children of their +owne nature, vnbrideled, vntaught, wilfull, and heddie, doe +run with free passage to all wickednes, thei fall into al kinde +of follie, oppressed with all kinde of calamitie, miserie, and +[Sidenote: Euill educa- +cion bringeth +to ruine migh[-] +tie kingdoms[.]] +vnfortunate chaunces, whiche happen in this life. Nothyng +doeth soner pulle doune a kyngdome, or common wealthe, +then the euill and leude educacion of youth, to whom neither +substaunce, wealth, riches, nor possessions doe descende, from +their auncestours and parentes, who also of them selues wa[n]t +all art, science and meanes, to maintain them to liue, who of +them selues are not able to get relief, for onely by this mea- +nes, life is maintained, wealth and riches ar possessed to ma- +ny greate siegniories, landes, and ample possessions, left by +their parentes, and line of auncetours, haue by lacke of ver- +tuous educacion, been brought to naught, thei fell into ex- +treme miserie, pouertie, and wantyng learnyng, or wealth, +to maintaine their state and delicate life, thei haue robbed, +spoiled, murthered, to liue at their owne will. But then as +rotten, dedde, and putride members fro[m] the common wealth +thei are cutte of by the sworde, and aucthoritie of the Magi- +strate. What kyngdome was more mightie and strong, then +[Sidenote: Lydia.] +the kyngdome of Lidia, whiche by no other meanes was +brought to ruine and destruccion, but by idlenes: in that thei +were kepte from all vertuous exercise, from the studie of ar- +tes and sciences, so longe as thei meditated and liued in the +schoole of vertuous life: no nacion was hable to ouerthrowe +them, of them selues thei were prone and readie, to practise all +[Sidenote: Cyrus.] +excellencie. But Cyrus the kyng of Persians, by no other +[Fol. xviij.v] +meanes was able to bring them weaker. He toke from the[m] al +furtherance to artes, destroied all occupacio[n]s of vertue wher- +vpon by commaundeme[n]t aud terrour, wer driuen to practise +[Sidenote: The decay of +a kyngdome.] +the vaine and pestiferous practise, of Cardes and Dice. Har- +lottes then schooled them, and all vnhoneste pastyme nurte- +red them, Tauernes an quaffyng houses, was their accusto- +med and moste frequented vse of occupacion: by this meanes +their nobilitie and strengthe was decaied, and kyngdome +made thrall. Ill educacion or idlenes, is no small vice or euill +when so mightie a prince, hauyng so large dominions, who[m] +all the Easte serued and obaied. Whose regimente and go- +uernemente was so infinite, that as Zenophon saieth, tyme +[Sidenote: The mightie +dominions of +Cyrus.] +would rather want, then matter to speake of his mightie and +large gouernement, how many nacions, how diuerse people +and valiaunte nacions were in subieccion to hym. If this +mightie Prince, with all his power and populous nacions, +was not hable to giue the ouerthrowe, to the kyngdome of +[Sidenote: Euill educa- +cion.] +Lidia, but by ill educacion, not by marciall atte[m]ptes, sworde +or battaill: but by giuyng them scope and libertie, to dooe as +he would. No doubt but that Cyrus sawe, by the like exam- +ple of other kyngdomes, this onelie pollicie to bee a ruine +[Sidenote: Pithagoras.] +of that kyngdome. Pythagoras the famous and godlie Phi- +losopher, saued the kyngdome and people of Crotona, thei +leauyng all studie of arte, vertue and science. This people of +[Sidenote: Catona.] +Crotona, was ouercome of the people of Locrus, thei left all +exercise of vertue, neclectyng the feates of chiualrie, whervpo[n] +Pythagoras hauyng the profitable and godlie lawes of Ly- +curgus, which he brought from Lacedemonia: and the lawes +of Minos kyng of Creta, came to the people of Crotona, and +by his godlie teachyng and Philosophie, reuoked & brought +backe the people, giuen ouer to the neglectyng of all vertue, +declaryng to them the nobilitie and excellencie thereof, he li- +uely set foorthe the beastlinesse of vice. Pithagoras recited to +them, the fall and ruine of many regions, and mightie king- +domes, whiche tooke after those vices. Idlenes beyng forsa- +[Fol. xix.r] +ken, vertue embrased, and good occupacions practised, the +kyngdome and people grewe mightie. + +[Sidenote: Lycurgus.] +Emong the godlie lawes of Lycurgus, Lycurgus omit- +ted not to ordaine Lawes, for the educacion of youthe: in the +whiche he cutte of all pamperyng of them, because in tender +yeres, in whose bodies pleasure harboreth, their vertue, sci- +ence, cunnyng rooteth not: labour, diligence, and industrie +[Sidenote: Uertue. +Uice.] +onelie rooteth vertue, and excellencie. Uices as vnprofitable +weedes, without labour, diligence and industrie growe vp, +and thereby infecteth the minde and bodie, poisoneth all the +mocions, incensed to vertue and singularitie. Who euer at- +tained cunnyng, in any excellent arte or science, where idle- +nes or pleasure helde the swaie. Philosophie sheweth, plea- +[Sidenote: Pleasure. +Idlenes. +Ignoraunce.] +sure to bée vnmete for any man of singularitie, for pleasure, +idlenes, and ignoraunce, are so linked together, that the pos- +session of the one, induceth the other. So many godlie monu- +me[n]tes of learning, had not remained to this posteritie of ours +and of all ages: if famous men in those ages and tymes, had +hu[n]ted after immoderate pleasure. Thindustrie of soche, who +left to the posteritie of all ages, the knowlege of Astronomie +is knowen: the monumentes of all learnyng of lawes, and +of all other woorkes of antiquitie, by vertue, noble, by indu- +strie, labour, and moderacion of life in studie, not by plea- +sure and wantones, was celebraied to all ages. The migh- +tie volumes of Philosophers, bothe in morall preceptes, and +in naturall causes, knewe not the delicate and dissolute life +of these our daies. Palingenius enueighyng against the pa[m]- +pered, and lasciuious life of man, vttereth a singulare sente[n]ce + + _Qui facere et qui nosce, cupit quam plurima et altum, + In terris virtute aliqua sibi querere nomen: + Hunc vigilare opus est, nam non preclara geruntur, + Stertendo, et molles detrectat gloria plumas._ + +Who so coueteth to purchase fame by actes, or whose +minde hunteth for aboundaunte knowledge, or by vertue in +this life, to purchause good fame. He had not nede to slugge +[Fol. xix.v] +and slepe in his doynges: for good fame is not vpholded by +gaie Pecockes feathers. Of this, Demosthenes the famous +Oratour of Athens, vttereth a worthie saiyng to the Athe- +nians in his Epistle: if any will iudge Alexander the greate, +to be famous and happie, in that he had successe in all his do- +[Sidenote: Alexander +the great, co[m]- +mended for +diligence.] +ynges, let this be his cogitacion, that Alexander the greate, +alwaies did inure hymself to doe thynges, and manfullie to +assaie that he enterprised. The felicitie of his successe came +to hym not slepyng, or not cogitatyng thereof: Alexander the +greate now dedde, Fortune seketh with whom she maie ac- +companie, and associate her self. + +Thusidides comparyng the Lacedemonians, and the A- +thenians together, shewed a rare moderacion, and tempera- +ture of life, to be in the Athenians: wherupon thei are moste +commended, and celebrated to the posteritie. + + +¶ The contrarie. + +EUen as idlenes and a sluggishe life, is moste pleasant +to all soche, as neglecte vertuous exercises, and god- +lie life. So paine, labour, and studie, bestowed and +emploied, in the sekyng out of vertue, arte, or science is moste +pleasaunt to well affected mindes: for no godlie thyng can be +attained to, without diligence and labour. + + +¶ The similitude. + +EUen as housbandmen, with labour and trauaile, +dooe labour in plantyng and tillyng the grounde, +before thei receiue any fruicte of thesame. Euen so +no vertue, arte, or science, or any other thyng of ex- +cellencie is attained, without diligence and labour bestowed +thereto. + + +¶ The example. + +LEt Demosthenes, the famous Oratour of Athenes, +bee an example of diligence to vs, who to auoide all +let from studie, vsed a meanes to kepe hymself ther- +to: preuentyng also the industrie of artificers. Thesame De- +[Fol. xx.r] +mosthenes, wrote seuen tymes out the storie of Thusidides, +to learne thereby his eloquence and wisedome. + + +¶ The testimonie. + +PLinie, Plato, and Aristotle, with many other mo, are +like examples for diligence to vs: who wrote vpon +vertue and learnyng like sentences. + + +¶ The conclusion. + +THerefore, Isocrates dooeth pronounce worthelie, the +roote of learning and vertue to be bitter, and the fru- +tes pleasaunte. + + +¶ A Sentence. + +THe Oracion, whiche must be made by a sente[n]ce +is in al partes like to _Chria_, the profitable exer- +cise, onelie that the Oracion made vpon a sen- +tence, as aucthours do saie: hath not alwaie the +name of the aucthour prefixed in the praise, a +small matter of difference, who so can make the one, is ex- +pert and exquisite in the other, aucthours doe define a sente[n]ce +in this maner. A sentence is an Oracion, in fewe woordes, +shewyng a godlie precept of life, exhorting or diswadyng: the +[Sidenote: _Gnome._] +Grekes dooe call godly preceptes, by the name of _Gnome_, or +_Gnomon_, whiche is asmoche to saie, a rule or square, to direct +any thyng by, for by them, the life of manne is framed to all +singularitie. Thei are diuers sortes of sentences, one exhor- +teth, an other diswadeth, some onely sheweth: there is a sen- +tence simple, compounde, profitable, true, & soche like. Frame +your Oracion vpon a sentence, as in the Oracion before. + + { 1. The praise of the aucthour. + { 2. The exposicion of the sentence. + { 3. A confirmacion in the strength of the cause. + { 4. A conference, of the contrarie. + { 5. A similitude. + { 6. The example. + { 7. The testimonie of aucthors, shewing y^e like. + { 8. Then adde the conclusion. + + +[Fol. xx.v] + +¶ An Oracion vpon a sentence. + +¶ The sentence. + +In a common wealthe or kyngdome, many kynges to +beare rule, is verie euill, let there be but one kyng. + + +¶ The praise of the aucthour. + +HOmere, who of all the Poetes chiefly excelled, spake +this sentence in the persone of Ulisses, vpon the king +Agamemnon, kyng of Grece. This Homere intrea- +ting of all princely affaires, and greate enterprices of the +Grecians: and of the mightie warre againste the Troians, +emong whom soche discorde rose, that not onely the warre, +for lacke of vnitie and concorde, continued the space of tenne +yeres. But also moche blood shed, hauocke, and destruccion, +came vpon the Grecians, vttered this sente[n]ce. This Homere +for his learnyng and wisedome remaineth, intteled in many +monumentes of learnyng: with greate fame and commen- +[Sidenote: The praise of +Homere.] +dacion to all ages. What Region, Isle, or nacion is not, by +his inuencion set foorthe: who although he were blinde, his +minde sawe all wisedome, the states of all good kyngdomes +[Sidenote: The content +of Homers +bookes.] +and common wealthes. The verie liuely Image of a Prince +or gouernour, the faithfull and humble obedie[n]ce of a subiect, +toward the prince, the state of a capitaine, the vertue and no- +ble qualities, that are requisite, in soche a personage, be there +set forthe. The perfite state of a wiseman, and politike, is in- +treated of by hym. The Iustice, and equitie of a Prince, the +strength of the bodie, all heroicall vertues: also are set forthe +his eloquence and verse, floweth in soche sorte, with soche +pleasauntnes: so copious, so aboundaunt, so graue and sen- +tencious, that his singularitie therein excelleth, and passeth. + +[Sidenote: Alexander.] +The mightie prince Alexander, in all his marciall enter- +prices, and great conquestes, did continually night by night, +[Sidenote: The Ilias +of Homere, +mete for prin- +ces to looke +vpon.] +reade somewhat of the Ilias of the Poete Homere, before he +slepte, and askyng for the booke, saied: giue me my pillowe. +Alexander as it semeth, learned many heroical vertues, poli- +cie, wisedome, & counsaill thereof, els he occupied in so migh- +[Fol. xxj.r] +tie and greate warres, would not emploied studie therein. + +Iulius Cesar the Emperour, commendeth this Poete, +for his singularitie, his commendacion giueth, ample argu- +ment, in this singulare sentence, whiche preferreth a Monar- +chie aboue all states of common wealthes or kyngdome. + + +¶ The exposicion. + +HOmere the Poete, signified by this one sentence, no +kyngdome or common wealthe can prospere, or flo- +rishe to continue, where many holde gouernement +as kynges. For, the mindes of many rulers and princes, doe +moste affecte a priuate wealthe, commoditie and glorie: and +where, many doe beare soche swaie and dominion, the com- +mon wealth can not be good. For, thei priuatly to theim sel- +ues, doe beare that regiment, and alwaie with the slaughter +of many, do seke to attain and clime, to the whole gouerme[n]t[.] + + +¶ The cause. + +[Sidenote: The state of +many kinges +in one lande.] +MAny occasions dooe rise, whereby many princes, and +gouernours in a common wealth, be diuerslie affec- +ted, so that the gouernme[n]t of many, can not prosper. +For, bothe in quiete state, their counsailes must bee diuerse, +and vncertaine: and where thei so differ, the kyngdome stan- +deth in great ieopardy and daunger. Isocrates intreatyng of +[Sidenote: Athenes.] +a Monarchie, sheweth that the common wealth of Athenes, +whiche detested and refused, that forme and state, after the +ruine and fall of their citee: beyng vnder the thraldome of the +Lacedemonia[n]s, bothe in their externall chiualrie and feates, +bothe by sea and by lande, and also in regimente otherwise, +their citee grewe mightie, and state stedfast. + +[Sidenote: Carthage in +a monarchie.] +The Carthagineans also, gouerned by one, had their go- +uernment stedfaste, and kyngdome roiall: who in puisaunte +actes, might compare with the noble Romaines. As the obe- +dience to one ruler and chief gouernour, sekyng a common +wealth, is in the hartes of the subiectes: feruent and maruei- +lous with loue embraced, so the Maiestie of hym is dreade, +[Fol. xxj.v] +with loue serued, and with sincere harte, and fidelitie obeied, +[Sidenote: The state of +many kinges +in one lande.] +his maners folowed, his lawes imitated. Many gouernours +bearyng regiment, as their maners be diuers, and fashion of +life: euen so the people bee like affected, to the diuersitie of di- +uers princes. And if we weigh the reuolucion of the heauens +and the marueiles of God therein, the maker of thesame, who +[Sidenote: A monarchie +in heauen.] +beyng one God, ruleth heauen and yearth, and all thynges +co[n]tained in thesame. The heauen also adorned with many a +[Sidenote: One Sunne[.]] +starre, and cleare light, haue but one Sunne to gouerne the[m]: +who being of a singulare vertue aboue the rest, by his vertue +and power, giueth vertue to the reste. Also in small thynges +[Sidenote: The Ante. +The Bee.] +the Ante and the Bee, who for prouidence and wisedome, ar +moche commended: haue as it were a common wealth, and a +king to gouerne the[m], so in all thinges as a confusion, the state +of many kings is abhorred in gouernme[n]t. After the death of +[Sidenote: Constancius[.] +Licinius[.] +Marabodius[.]] +Constantinus the greate, Constancius his sonne was made +Emperour, and Licinius with him, partaker in felowship of +the Empire. But forthwith, what blood was shed in Italie, +with all crueltie, vntill Constancius had slaine Licinius, +partaker of the Empire, and Marabodius was slaine also, +whom Licinius did associate with hym in the gouernment. +So moche princes and chief gouernours, doe hate equalitie, +[Sidenote: Pompey. +Cesar. +Marius. +Silla.] +or felowship in kingdomes. After thesame sort, in this migh- +tie Monarchie of Rome, diuerse haue attempted at one and +sondrie tymes, to beare the scepter and regiment therein, but +that mightie Monarchie, could not suffer but one gouernor. +The kyngdome of Thebes, was in miserable state, the twoo +sonnes of Oedipus, Eteocles, and Polunices: striuing bothe +[Sidenote: Assiria the +first monar- +chie.] +to be Monarche, and onely kyng. The kyngdome of Assiria, +whiche was the golden kyngdome, and the first Monarchie: +hauyng .36. kynges by succession, continued .1239. yeres, this +kyngdome for all nobilitie and roialnes excelled, and all in +a Monarchie. The kyngdome of the Medes, in a Monarchie +florished in wealthe and glorie and all felicitie: who in domi- +nion had gouernmente .300. lackyng .8. yeres. After that, the +[Fol. xxij.r] +[Sidenote: The monar- +chie of the +Medes. +The Persia[n]. +Macedonia.] +monarchie of the Medes ceased, the Persia[n] people rose migh- +tie, bothe in people and Princes, and continued in that state +236 and 7 monethes. Macedonia rose from a base and meane +people, to beare the whole regiment, and power ouer all king[-] +domes. So God disposeth the state and seate of princes, ouer- +throwyng often tymes mightier kyngdomes at his will: the +continuaunce of this Monarchie was .157. and eight mone- +[Sidenote: Asia[.] +Siria[.]] +thes, ten kynges linealie descendyng. Asia and Siria, was +gouerned by one succedyng in a sole gouernement. Nicanor +gouerned Siria .32. yeres. In the other Antigonus raigned, +Demetrius Poliorchetes one yere, Antiochus Soter also, the +scepter of gouernment, left to the succession of an other, then +Antiochus Soter, ruled all Asia and Siria, hauyng .16. kin- +[Sidenote: Egipte in a +Monarchie[.]] +ges whiche in a monarchie, co[n]tinued 189 yeres. The Egipci- +ans, had famous, wise, and noble princes, whose kyngdome +and large dominion, in all felicitée prospered: whiche was in +the tyme of Ninus, the first king of the Assiria[n]s, who hauing +10. princes, one by one succedyng, Cleopatra their Quéene, +gouerning, stoode in a monarchie .288. This one thyng she- +weth, that kinde of gouernmente to bee roiall, and moste fa- +mous, not onely for the felicitée and glory therof: but also for +the permanent and stedfast state thereof. Aristotle and Plato +setteth forthe, thother formes of gouernme[n]t. But in all those, +no long co[n]tinuaunce of felicitee, nor of happy state can appere +[Sidenote: Tirannis[.] +Nero[.] +Domicianus[.] +Caligula.] +in them, as for the contrarie to a Monarchie, is tirannis, pe- +stiferous, and to be detested, where one man gouerneth to his +priuate gaine, pillyng and polyng his subiectes, murderyng +with all crueltie, neither Lawe nor reason, leadyng thereto: +but will bearyng regiment ouer lawe, Iustice and equitee, +whiche princes often tymes see not. How the wilfull rashe- +nes, or tirannicall minde doeth abase them, and make them, +though in vtter porte thesame princes, yet in verie déede, thei +[Sidenote: What doeth +beautifie the +throne of a +Prince[.]] +bee thrall and slaue to beastlie affeccion. Nothyng dooeth so +moche adorne and beautifie, the seate and throne of a prince, +as not onely to beare dominion, ouer mightie people and re- +[Fol. xxij.v] +[Sidenote: Aristocratia.] +gions, then to be lorde ouer hymself. The state of a fewe pée- +res or nobles, to holde the chief and whole gouernment, who +bothe in vertue, learnyng, and experience dooe excelle, is a +goodlie state of common wealth. But the profe of that com- +mon wealthe and ende sheweth, and the maner of Princes: +who, although thei be, of life godlie, wise, graue, expert and +politike. For, these vertues or ornamentes, ought to be repo- +sed in soche noble personages, thei doe marueilously chaunge +and alter: So honour and preeminente state, puffeth theim +vp, and blindeth theim, that euery one in the ende, seeketh to +climbe ouer all, as hed and gouernour. Shewe me one kinde +of this state, and forme of gouernmente, whiche either longe +prospered, or without bloodshed, and destruccion of the rest of +the nobles and peres, haue not caught the whole regimente. +Seyng that in all common wealthes and kingdomes, equa- +litée or felowshippe, will not be suffred in gouernmente: for, +it can not bee, that this forme of common wealthe maie bée +[Sidenote: The ende of +Aristocratia.] +good, as Aristotle and Plato sheweth: The ende of this go- +uernemente, fell euer to one, with a ruine of the kingdome +[Sidenote: Politcia.] +and people. The multitude to beare dominion, and though a +publike wealth bée sought for a tyme, moche lesse thei conti- +nue in any good state: for in the ende, their rule and gouerne- +ment, will be without rule, order, reason, modestie, and their +lawe must bee will. The other three states, are the refuse of +good common wealthes, not to bée tollerated in any region. +[Sidenote: Tirannis.] +The one of them is a tyraunte, to bée gouernour onely to his +owne glorie, with crueltie tormented his subiectes, onelie to +[Sidenote: Oligarthia.] +haue his will and lust, ouer all lawe, order, and reason. The +nobilitée rulyng to them selues, euery one for his owne time[.] +[Sidenote: Democratia.] +The third, the base and rude multitude, euery one for hym- +self, and at his will. This troublous state, all Regions and +common wealthes, haue felte in open sedicions and tumul- +tes, raised by theim, it is a plagued and pestiferous kinde of +gouernemente. The example of a good Monarchie, is of +greate force, to confounde the state of al other common weal- +[Fol. xxiij.r] +thes, and formes of Regimente. + +[Sidenote: A monarchie +preferred of +the Persians[.]] +The nobilitée of Persia hauyng no kyng, linially des- +cendyng, to rule that mightie dominion of Persia, Cambises +beyng dedde, the vsurper murthered, thei tooke counsaill in +their assemble, what state of gouernment was beste, thei ha- +uyng the profe of a Monarchie: in their longe counsaill, thei +knewe the felicitie of that state, thei knewe as it seemed, the +perilous state of the other gouernmentes. If these noble and +peres had been ambicious, and that eche of them would haue +had felowshippe, or participacion in kyngdomes: thei would +not haue preferred a Monarchie aboue the reste. The anti- +quitie of that tyme sheweth, their personages, wisedome, +grauitie, and maiestie was soche, that eche one of theim was +mete for his vertues, to haue a whole kyngdome. If Aristo- +cratia would haue contented them, then was tyme and occa- +sion offered, no kyng remainyng to haue preferred that state. +[Sidenote: The duetie of +al noble peres[.]] +But thei as vpright nobles, sincere and faithfull, hauyng al- +together respecte to a publique wealthe: to a permanent state +and felicitie of kingdome, sought no participacion by priuate +wealthe, to dissolue this Monarchie. But thei beyng moste +godlie, eche were content to proue, whose chaunce might be, +to set vp againe that Monarchie. The kyngdome at the laste +[Sidenote: Darius.] +came to the handes of Darius, who was after kyng of the +Persians. This is a goodly example, to shewe the worthines +of a Monarchie, the Persian kingdome after many yeres de- +clinyng, from his power and state, not for any faulte of go- +[Sidenote: Kyngdomes +rise and fall.] +uernment, but God as he seeth tyme, raiseth vp kyngdomes +and plucketh them doune. Afterward Darius the kyng, not +able to make his parte good with Alexander the Greate: of- +fered to hym the greatest parte of his kyngdome, euen to the +flood of Euphrates, and offred his daughter to wife: Alexan- +der was content to take the offer of Darius, so that he would +bee seconde to hym, and not equall with hym in kyngdome. +[Sidenote: The answer +of Alexander +to Darius, +as co[n]cernyng +a monarchie.] +For, Alexander saied, that as the worlde can not bee gouer- +ned with twoo Sunnes, neither the worlde can suffer twoo +[Fol. xxiij.v] +mightie kingdomes: wherupon it is manifest, that no king- +dome will suffer equalitie or felowship, but that if the will & +minde of Princes might brust out, the state of all the worlde, +would bee in one mightie gouernours handes. For, alwaies +[Sidenote: Alexa[n]der the +great prefar- +red a Mo- +narchie.] +Princes dooe seke to a sole regimente. Alexander the greate +co[n]querour also, preferring for worthines a Monarchie, at the +tyme of his death, demaunded who[m] he would haue to succede +him in his mightie dominio[n]s, he by one signifiyng a Monar- +chie, saiyng: _Dignissimus_, that is to saie, the worthiest. After +[Sidenote: Alexanders +monarchie fel +by many kin- +ges. +Antipater. +Crates. +Meliagrus. +Perdiccas. +Ptolomeus. +Learcus. +Cassander. +Menander. +Leonatus. +Lusimacus. +Eumenes[.] +Seleucus.] +the death of Alexander, Antipater caught the gouernmente +of Macedonia and Grece, and Crates was Treasurer. Me- +leagrus and Perdiccas caught other of his dominions, then +Ptolemeus possessed Egipte, Africa and a parte of Arabia, +Learcus, Cassander, Mena[n]der, Leonatus, Lusimachus, Eu- +menes, Seleucus and manie other, who were for their wor- +thines in honor and estimacion with Alexander, caught in- +to their handes other partes of his dominions, euerie one se- +kyng for his time, his owne priuate glorie, dignitie, and ad- +uauncemente, but not a publike wealthe, and so in fine, am- +bicion broiled in their loftie stomackes, eche to attaine to o- +thers honor. Whereupon bloodshed, destruction of the peo- +ple and countries, the fall of these Princes ensued. So moche +kingdomes hate equalitie or felowship: let vs laie before our +[Sidenote: Fraunce. +Spaine. +Germanie. +Britaine.] +iyes, the kyngdomes nere at hand. Fraunce, from the tymes +of Faramundus vntill this daie haue stoode, and did florishe +in a Monarchie. The state of Spaine, from the tyme of the +firste kyng, vntill this daie, hath florished continually in a +Monarchie. The great seigniories of Germanie, by one suc- +cedyng in gouernment, haue been permanent in that good- +lie state. Our noble Isle of Britain from Brutus, hath stoode +by a Monarchie: onely in those daies, the state of gouernme[n]t +chaunged, at the commyng of Iulius Cesar, Emperour of +Rome. The lande beyng at diuision, and discorde, through +the diuersitie of diuerse kynges: so moche the state of diuerse +kynges in one lande, is to be expelled, or the gouernment of +[Fol. xxiiij.r] +the base multitude, to haue vniuersally power of dominion, +or the state of peres, to bee chief in regiment, no kyng lefte to +commaunde ouer the people, and nobles, or els there can not +be but discorde in thende, whiche pulleth doune moste migh- +tie Regions and dominions, so that the beste state, the moste +stedfaste and fortunate, is in all tymes, in all ages, in all la- +wes, and common wealthes, where one king sekyng the ad- +uauncement, wealthe, glorie, of hym and his people. + + +¶ The contrarie. + +THat housholde or familie, can not be well gouerned, +where many and diuerse beareth gouernment, nec- +lectyng the state prosperous vniuersallie: for where +obedience is drawen to diuers and many, there can not bee +good gouernment, nor faithfull obedience. And so in a king- +dome where one chiefly gouerneth, and to a common wealth +there the hartes of the subiectes, be moste knitte to obaie. + + +¶ The similitude. + +EUen as thei, whiche serue one maister, shall soneste +with labour please, and with fidelitie, accomplishe +his will and pleasure. For, the maners of many me[n] +be diuerse, and variable, so in a Monarchie, the state of one is +sone obaied, the minde and lawe of one Prince sone folowed, +his Maiestie dreaded and loued. + + +¶ The example. + +LET the fower chief Monarchies of the Assirian, the +Persian, Grecian, and the Romaine, whiche haue +continued from the beginnyng mightie, moste hap- +pie, bee an example herein. If that state of gouernement, had +not been chiefe of all other, those mightie kyngdomes would +not haue preferred, that kinde of gouernment. + + +¶ The testimonie of auncient writers. + +THerefore, Aristotle, Plato, and all the chief Philoso- +phers, intreatyng of the administracion of a common +wealthe: doe preferre before all states of gouernment +[Fol. xxiiij.v] +a Monarchie, bothe for the felicitie of it, and stedfaste state. + + +¶ The conclusion. + +HOmere therefore deserueth greate commendacion, +for this one sentence, whiche preferreth a Monarchie +before all states. + + +¶ The destruccion. + +THis exercise of _Rhetotike_, is called destruccion, or +subuersion, because it is in a oracion, a certain re- +prehension of any thyng declaimed, or dilated, in +the whiche by order of art, the declaimer shall pro- +cede to caste doune by force, and strengthe of reason, the con- +trarie induced. + +In this exercise of _Rhetorike_, those proposicions are to be +subuerted, whiche are not manifeste true, neither it so repu- +gnaunt from reason, as that there can appere no holde, to in- +duce a probable reason to confounde thesame. But soche pro- +posicions are meete for this parte, as are probable in both si- +des, to induce probabilitie of argument, to reason therupon. + +1. It shall behoue you firste, for the entryng of this matter, +to adde a reprehension there against those, whiche haue con- +firmed as a truthe, that, whiche you will confute. + +2. In thesame place, adde the exposion, and meanyng of his +sentence. + +3. Thirdly, shew the matter to be obsure, that is vncertain[.] + +4. Incrediblie. + +5. Impossible. + +6. Not agreyng to any likelihode of truthe. + +7. Uncomlie to be talked of. + +8. Unprofitable. + +This exercise of _Rhetorike_ doeth contain in it al strength +of arte, as who should saie, all partes of _Rhetorike_, maie co- +piouslie be handled in this parte, called confutacion, so am- +ple a matter Tullie doeth note this parte to be. + + +¶ The theme or proposicion of this Oracion. + +[Fol. xxv.r] + +It is not like to be true, that is said of the battaill of Troie. + + +¶ The reprehension of the auc- +thor, and of all Poetes. + +NOt without a cause, the vanities of Poetes are +to bee reproued, and their forged inuencions to +bee reiected: in whose writynges, so manifestlie +are set forthe as a truthe, and Chronicled to the +posteritie of ages and times, soche forged mat- +[Sidenote: The vanities +of Poetes.] +ters of their Poeticall and vain wittes. Who hath not heard +of their monsterous lies against God, thei inuentyng a gene- +alogie of many Goddes procreated, where as there is but +one God. This vanitie also thei haue set forthe, in their mo- +numentes and woorkes. How a conspiracie was sometyme +emong the Goddes and Goddes, to binde the great God Iu- +piter. How impudentlie doe thei set forthe the Goddes, to bee +louers of women, and their adulterous luste: and how thei +haue transformed theim selues, into diuers shapes of beastes +and foules, to followe after beastly luste. The malice and en- +uie of the Goddes, one to an other: The feigne also the heaue[n] +to haue one God, the sea an other, helle an other, whiche are +mere vanities, and false imaginacio[n]s of their Poeticall wit- +tes. The like forged inuencion haue thei wrote, of the migh- +[Sidenote: The battaill +of Troie .x. +yeres for a +herlotte.] +tie and terrible battaill bruted of Troie, for a beautifull har- +lot susteined ten yeres. In the whiche, not onely men and no- +ble péeres, gaue the combate of battaile, but the Goddes toke +partes against Goddes, and men wounded Goddes: as their +[Sidenote: The vain in- +uention of +Poetes.] +lies exceade all nomber, because thei bee infinite, so also thei +passe all truthe, reason, and iudgemente. These fewe exam- +ples of their vanities and lies, doe shewe the feigned ground +and aucthoritie of the reste. Accordyng to the folie and super- +sticiousnes of those tymes, thei inuented and forged folie vp- +pon folie, lye vpon lye, as in the battaill of Troie, thei aggra- +uate the dolour of the battaill, by pitifull and lamentable in- +[Sidenote: Plato reie- +cteth Poetes +from the com[-] +mon wealth.] +uencion. As for the Poetes them selues, Plato in his booke, +made vpon the administracion of a common wealth, maketh +[Fol. xxv.v] +theim in the nomber of those, whiche are to bee banished out +of all common wealthes. + + +¶ The exposicion. + +HOmere dooeth saie, and many other Poetes, that +the warres of the Grecians against the Troians, +was for beautifull Helena, and continued tenne +yeres. The Goddes and Goddis toke partes, and +all the people of Grece, aided Menelaus, and the kyng Aga- +memnon, to bryng home again Helena, neclecting their own +countrie, their wife and chidre[n], for one woma[n]. The Grekes +inuentyng a huge and mightie horse made of Firre trée, and +couered with brasse, as huge as a mou[n]tain, out of the whiche +the Grecians by treason issuyng, brought Troie to ruine. + + +¶ The obscuritie of the matter. + +IT semeth a matter of folie, that so many people, so +mightie nacions should bee bewitched, to raise so +mightie a armie, hassardyng their liues, leauyng +their countrie, their wiues, their children, for one +[Sidenote: Helena.] +woman: Be it so, that Helena passed all creatures, and that +Nature with beautie had indued her with all vertue, and sin- +gularitie: yet the Grecians would not be so foolishe, that vni- +uersallie thei would seke to caste doune their owne wealthe, +and moche more the common wealthe of Grece, and kyng- +dome to stande in perill. Neither is it to be thought, the Gre- +cians, sekyng to aduau[n]ce the beautie of Helena: would leaue +[Sidenote: The cause of +the forged in- +uencion.] +their owne state. But it is like, the wittes of Poetes did im- +magine so forged a Chronicle, that the posteritie of ages fol- +lowyng, should rather wounder at their forged inuencion, +then to beleue any soche warre truly mencioned. There was +no soche cause, seyng that the kyngdome of Grece, fell by no +title of succession to Helena, for them to moue warre, for, the +bringyng backe of that beutifull harlotte Helena. Neither in +Helena was there vertue, or honestie of life, to moue and ex- +asperate the Grecians, to spende so greate treasures, to raise +[Fol. xxvj.r] +[Sidenote: No commen- +dacion in vp- +holdyng and +maintainyng +of harlottes.] +so mightie an armie on euery side. What comme[n]dacion had +the Troians to aduaunce Helena, and with all roialnesse to +entreate her, she beyng a harlotte: the folie of the Grecians +and the Troians, is so on euery side so greate, that it can not +be thought, soche a warre truely chronicled. If violence and +power, had taken Helena from her housebande, and not her +[Sidenote: Helena follo- +wed Paris.] +owne will and luste, caught with the adulterous loue of Pa- +ris, beyng a straunger. If her moderacion of life had been so +rare, as that the like facte for her chastitie, had not been in a- +ny age or common wealthe, her vertues would haue giuen +occasion: The Princes and nobles of Grece to stomacke the +matter. The example of the facte, would with all praise and +[Sidenote: Uertuous +life, worthie +commendaci- +on in al ages. +Lucrecia. +Tarquinius +the kyng ba- +nished for ra- +uishyng Lu- +crecia, and all +of his name +banished.] +commendacion be mencioned, and celebrated to al ages. Lu- +cretia for her chastite, is perpetuallie to be aduanunced, wher- +vpon the Romaines banished Tarquinius their kyng, his +stocke and name from Rome. The rare chastite of Penelope, +is remainyng as a example herein: So many snares laied to +caste doune her vertuous loue towarde her housebande U- +lisses. But Ulisses made hauocke by murder, on these gaie +and gallante Ruffins, who in his absence sought to alienate +[Sidenote: Penelopes +chastitie.] +and withdrawe, the chaste harte of Penelope, consumyng +his substance. A greater example remaineth in no age, of the +like chastite. As for the battaile of Troie, raised for Helena, +could wise men, and the moste famous nobles of Grece: So +occupie their heddes, and in thesame, bothe to hasarde their +liues for a beautifull strumpet or harlot. The sage and wise +[Sidenote: Nestor. +Ulisses.] +Nestor, whom Agamemnon for wisedome preferred, before +the moste of the péeres of Grece, neither it Ulisses wanted at +thesame tyme, hauyng a politike and subtill hedde, to with- +drawe theim from so leude and foolishe a enterprise. Grece +[Sidenote: Grece the +lande of faire +women.] +wanted not beautifull creatures, Nature in other had besto- +wed amiable faces, personage, and comelie behauiour. For, +at those daies, Grece thei called _Achaida calligunaica_, that is, +Grece the lande of faire women. The dolorous lamentacion +of the Ladies and Matrons in Grece, would haue hindered +[Fol. xxvj.v] +soche a foolishe enterprise, seyng their owne beautie neclec- +ted, their honestie of life caste vp to perilles, one harlot of in- +[Sidenote: Uncomelie.] +numerable people followed and hunted after, in whom neither +honestie, vertue, nor chastite was harbored. + + +¶ Uncredible. + +ALthough the folie of men is greate, and the will of +princes and gouernours beastlie and rashe, yet by +no meanes it can be so many yeres, so greate folie +to take roote in their hartes, and that the wisedom +[Sidenote: Beautie +without ver- +tue, nothyng +of valour.] +of the Grecia[n]s, should not rather caste of as naught, the beau- +tie of Helena: rather then the whole multitude, the state of +the Prince, the welfare of the subiecte, to stande in perill for +[Sidenote: Beautie a +poison, in a +adulterous +mynde.] +the beautie of one. What is beautie, when a beastlie and ad- +ulterous minde is possessed: Beautie without chastitie, har- +boreth a monsterous rabelmente of vices, a snare and baite, +[Sidenote: Beautie sone +fadeth.] +to poison other. Beautie in fewe yeres, is not onely blemi- +shed, but decaied, and wholie extinguished: it is vncredible, +that the Grecians would seeke to bryng home Helena, who +had loste the chaste loue toward her housband, beyng caught +[Sidenote: Paris Hele- +nas louer. +Phrigia.] +with the adulterous loue of Paris, soonne to Priamus kyng +of Troie. The lande of Phrigia was a mightie Region, the +people noble, puissaunte in warre: the kyng for nobilitie of +actes famous. The Citee of Troie, wherein the kyng helde +his Scepter of gouernement, was riche, mightie, and popu- +lous: ruled and gouerned, by the wisedome and policie of fa- +mous counsailours, so that by all meanes it is vncredible, +[Sidenote: Uncomelie.] +without any possibilitie. Thei neclectyng their owne state +and kyngdo[m], so to preferre the beautie of one, that the whole +multitude of Grece thereby to perishe. It is a matter vncre- +[Sidenote: Grece the +fountain of al +learnyng.] +dible in all Grece, whiche for the fame of wisedome, is moste +celebrated emong all nacions, not one wiseman at thesame +tyme to be therein: whose cou[n]saile and politike heddes, might +ponder a better purpose. Grece, whiche was the mother and +fountaine of all artes and sciences, all Eloquence, Philoso- +phie, wisedome flowyng from theim, and yet wisedome to +[Fol. xxvij.r] +want in their breastes. Reason can not make any perswasion +that any probabilitie can rise, of any soche matter enterpri- +sed, what could the intent be of the Grecians, as concerning +[Sidenote: Menelaus +housbande to +Helena.] +Menelaus. In Menelaus there was no wisedom, to seke and +hunte after Helena, or by any meanes to possesse her, she be- +yng a harlotte, her loue alienated, her hart possessed with the +loue of an other manne: foolishlie he hopeth to possesse loue, +[Sidenote: Harlottes +loue dissem- +bled.] +that seeketh to enioye the cloked, poisoned, and dissembled +harte of a harlotte, Grece was well ridde of a harlotte, Troie +[Sidenote: Troians.] +harbouryng Helena. In the Troians it is not to be thought, +that either the kyng, or nobles, for a harlotte, would see the +the people murthered, their owne state, the king to be in dan- +[Sidenote: Grecians.] +ger of ruine. In the Grecians there was neither wisedome, +neither commendacion, to pursue with a maine hoste, with a +greate Nauie of Shippes, to bryng backe againe a harlotte, +whose enterprise rather might better bee borne, to banishe & +exile soche a beastlie disposed persone. The Troians mighte +[Sidenote: Absurditie.] +well scorne the Grecians, if that the possession of a beautifull +moste amiable, and minsyng harlotte, was of soche valour, +estimacion, and price with theim, not onely the beautie of all +other to bee reiected. But moste of all the vertuous life, and +chastitie of all their matrons and honourable Ladies, to bee +caste of as naught. Grece that had the name of all wisedome, +[Sidenote: The defence +of Helena.] +of all learnyng and singularitie, might rather worthelie bee +called, a harbouryng place of harlottes: a Stewe and vphol- +der of whoredome, and all vncleanes. Wherefore, these ab- +surdities ought to bee remoued, from the minde and cogita- +cion of all menne, that should worthelie ponder the state of +[Sidenote: Troie a king[-] +dome of whor[-] +dome.] +Grece. Troie of like sorte to bee a kyngdome and common +wealthe of all vice: whoredome in soche price with the kyng, +and people, that moste fortunate should the harlotte bee, and +the adulterour in soche a common wealthe, that for adulte- +rous loue, putteth rather all their state to hasarde and perill, +for the maintenaunce of beastlie loue, brutishe societie moste +in price with soche a nacion, chastitie, and moderaciou of life, +[Fol. xxvij.v] +abandoned and caste of. + + +¶ Unpossible, and not agreyng. + +[Sidenote: Nature ab- +horreth the +warre of the +Grecians.] +IF wee weigh naturall affeccion, it can not bee, that +the Grecians so moche abhorring fro[m] nature, should +cast of the naturall loue of their wifes, their children +and countrie, to bryng home againe, by slaughter of infinite +people: soche an one as had left honestie, and chaste loue of +her housbande. For, what praise can redounde to the Greci- +[Sidenote: Helena.] +ans by warre, to bryng home Helena, though she of all crea- +tures was moste beautifull, beyng a harlotte: followyng the +bridell and will of an other man. Maie shame or commenda- +cion rise to the Troians, can wisedome, counsaile, or grauitie, +[Sidenote: Priamus.] +defende the adulterous luste of Priamus soonne, yea, could +Priamus so loue Helena, for Paris his sonnes sake, as that +he had rather venter the ruine and destruccion of his citée, and +the falle of his people, the murder and ruine of his children, +and wife for the beautie of one. For what is beautie, where +honestie and vertue lacketh, it is an vncomly matter, though +the Poetes so faigne it, not onely that in heauen, a contencio[n] +should fall emong the Goddises of their beautie, or that Iu- +piter of whom thei make an ignoraunt God, to chuse Paris +the kynges sonne of Troie, chief arbitratour & Iudge of that +matter, to who[m] he should giue the golde[n] Apell to her beautie, +as chief of al other, was ascribed these thynges, are vndecent +to thinke of the Goddeses, and moste of all, to thinke there is +more Goddes then one. And euen as these are vanities, and +forged imaginacions of the Goddes, so of the battaile. + + +¶ Uncomelie and vnprofitable. + +THE daunger of many people doeth shewe, that no +soche thyng should happen, either of the Grecians +or of the Troians: for, it is a matter dissonaunt fro[m] +all truthe, that thei should so moche neclecte the +quiete state, and prosperous renoume of their kyngdome, in +all tymes and ages, since the firste constitucion of all Monar- +[Fol. xxviij.r] +chies and kyngdomes. Who euer harde soche a forged mat- +ter to be Chronicled, and set forthe. Or who can giue credite +to soche warre, to be enterprised of so small a matter: to leaue +the state of waightier thynges for one woman. All the wo- +men of that countrie to stande in perill, the slaughter of their +deare housbandes, the violent murder of their children to in- +sue. Therefore, the wilfulnesse of people and princes, are the +cause of the falle and destruccion, of many mightie kyngdo- +mes, and Empires. The fall of Grece ensued, when the chief +[Sidenote: Ambicion. +Cesar fell by +ambicion.] +citées, Athenes and Lacedemonie tooke partes, and did con- +federate diuers citees to them, to assiste theim, and aide theim +in battaile onely: ambicion and desire of glorie, moued bothe +[Sidenote: Discorde.] +the Athenians and Lacedemonians, fro[m] concorde and vnitie +by whiche meanes, the power, glory, and stre[n]gth of all king- +[Sidenote: Pompey.] +domes falleth. Ambicion was the cause that mightie Pom- +pey fell, and died violently. Cesar likewise caught with am- +bicion, not bearyng the equalitée, or superioritie of Pompei, +was tourned of violentlie fro[m] Fortunes whéele. Many prin- +ces of like sorte and kingdomes. By ambicion onely, had the +cause of their ruine. The glorie of the Assirian Monarchie +grewe moste mightie, by the ambicion of Ninus kyng of +Babilon: the ofspring of Ninus, whiche were kynges line- +allie descendyng to the firste kyngdome of the Medes, bothe +inlarged their kyngdomes, and also had the decaie of theim +by ambicion. Let the Medes also associate them selues to the[m], +from Arbactus the first kyng, vnto Astiages the laste: the be- +ginnyng and falle of the Persian Monarchie. The mightie +[Sidenote: Romulus kil[-] +led Remus +by ambicion.] +state of Grece, the seate Imperiall of Rome, by ambicio[n] first +extolled theim selues: and also by it, their glorie, scepter, and +kyngdome was translated, but the falle of Troie came not, +by ambicion, that the Grecians sought. But as the Poetes +doe faigne, the beautie of one woman so wounded their har- +tes, that the Grecians did hasarde, the perilles of their coun- +trie. The Troians so moche estemed, the beautie of Helena, +as that the state of all their kyngdome perished. It was no +[Fol. xxviij.v] +glorie nor honour to the Grecians, to resiste by armour, and +to defende the violente takyng awaie of Helena, from her +housbande: nor it was no honour, the Grecians to pursue by +armour, the takynge awaie of Helena, beyng a harlotte. So +that by no meanes it can followe, these thynges to bee true, +of the battaile of Troie. + + +¶ Confirmacion. + +The other part, contrary to destruccion or subuersion, is +called confirmacion. + +Confirmacion, hath in it so greate force of argumente, to +stablishe and vpholde the cause or proposicion: as destruccion +hath in castyng doune the sentence or proposicion. + +Confirmacion is a certain oracion, whiche with a certain +reprehension of the persone or facte, by order and waie of art, +casteth doune, the contrary propounded. + +As in the other parte called destruccion, those proposici- +ons are to bee subuerted, whiche are not manyfestlie true, +with all other notes before specified: so in contrariwise, this +oracion by contrary notes is declaimed by, as for example. + +1. It shall behoue you first, for the entring of the oracion, to +induce a reprehension againste those, whiche haue confuted +as a truthe, that whiche you will confirme. + +2. In the seconde parte, place the exposicion and meanyng +of the aucthours sentence. + +3. Shewe the matter to be manifest. + +4. Credible. + +5. Prossible. + +6. Agreyng to the truthe. + +7. Shewe the facte comelie. + +8. Profitable. + +This exercise of _Rhetotike_, doeth contain in it all stre[n]gth +of arte, as who should saie, all partes of _Rhetorike_ maie co- +piouslie bee handled in this parte, called confirmacion. You +maie as matter riseth, ioigne twoo notes together, as the +reason of the argumente cometh in place, whiche Apthonius +[Fol. xxix.r] +a Greke aucthour herein vseth. As manifest and credible, pos- +sible and agreyng to truthe, comelie and profitable, but in al +these, as in all the reste: the theme or proposicion by it self, is +to bee placed, the reprehension of the aucthour by it self, the +exposicion of the theme by it self. + + +¶ The theme or proposicion. + +IT is true that is saied of Zopyrus, the noble Per- +sian, who ve[n]tered his life: & did cause the deformi- +tie of his bodie, for the sauegarde of this countrie. + + +¶ The praise. + +[Sidenote: Iustinus.] +IUstinus the Historiographer, for worthinesse +of fame and wisedome, deserueth in the poste- +ritie of all tymes, immortall fame, by whom +the famous actes of Princes, and other noble +[Sidenote: Chronicles +moste neces- +sary to be red.] +men, doe remaine Chronicled. Giuyng exam- +ples of all valiauntnesse and vertue: for, bothe the actes and +worthie feactes of Princes, would passe as vnknowen in all +ages, excepte the worthinesse of them, were in monumentes +of writyng Chronicled. For, by the fame of their worthines, +and vertues, co[m]mon wealthes and kyngdomes, doe stablishe +and make Lawes, the hartes of people are incensed, and in- +flamed, to the like nobilitie of actes, and famous enter- +[Sidenote: The worthi- +nesse of histo- +ries.] +prices, Histories of auncient tymes, bee vnto vs witnesses of +all tymes and ages, of kyngdomes and common wealthes, a +liuely example. A light to all truthe and knowlege, a schole- +[Sidenote: What is a hi- +storie.] +maister: of maners a memorie of life, for, by it we se the wise- +dom of all ages, the forme of the beste and florishing common +wealthes. We learne by the vertues of Princes and gouer- +nours, to followe like steppe of vertue: to flie and auoide vi- +ces, and all soche thynges, as are to the destruccion and de- +[Sidenote: An ignorant +life, a brutish +life.] +caie, of realme and countrie. How brutishe wer our life, if we +knewe no more then we se presently, in the state of our com- +mon wealthe and kyngdome. The kyngdomes of all Prin- +ces and common wealthes that now florisheth, doe stande by +[Fol. xxix.v] +the longe experience, wisedome, pollicy, counsaile, and god- +lie lawes of Princes of auncient times, no smal praise and +[Sidenote: The know- +lege of Histo- +ries maketh +vs as it were +liuyng in all +ages. +Historiogri- +phers.] +commendation can be attributed, to all suche as doe trauell +in the serching out the veritie of auncient Histories, for bi the +knoledge of them, we are as it were liuyng in all ages, the +fall of all kyngdomes is manifeste to vs, the death of Prin- +ces, the subuersions of kingdomes and common wealthes, +who knoweth not the first risyng & ende of the Assiriane mo- +narchie, the glorie of the Persians, and the ruynge of the +same, the mightie Empire of the Grekes, risyng & fallyng, +the Romane state after what sorte florishyng and decaiyng, +so that no state of common wealthe or kyngdome is vnkno- +wen to vs, therefore Iustine, and all suche as doe leue to the +posteritie, the state of al things chronicled, deserue immortal +commendacions. + + +¶ The exposicion. + +[Sidenote: The treason +of the Assy- +rians.] +IN the time of Darius kyng of the Persians, the +Assyria[n]s who ware subiects to him, sence the time +of Cirus the firste kynge of the Persians, rebel- +led, inuaded and toke the myghtie Citie of Babi- +lon, whiche beyng possessed, with much difficultie, and not +[Sidenote: Darius.] +withoute greate daungers coulde bee attained. Darius the +kynge hearyng of the treason of the Assyrians and that the +[Sidenote: Babilon ta- +ken of the As- +syrians.] +mightie Citie of Babilon was taken, was very wroth wai- +ynge with him selfe, that there by, the ruyne of the Persian +kyngdome mighte happen. Zopyrus one of the .vij. noble +Peres of Persia, seing the daunger of the countrie, the state +of the Prince, and the welfare of the subiectes to decaie, in the +safegarde of his countrie, leuyng all priuate commoditie, for +the behoufe and felicitie of the Persian kyngdome, did ven- +[Sidenote: The fact of +Zopyrus.] +ter his owne life, commaunded his seruauntes at home to +teare and re[n]te his bodie with whippes, to cut of his nose, his +lippes and his eares, these thinges being vnknowen to Da- +rius the kynge. As sone as Darius sawe Zopyrus so torne +[Fol. xxx.r] +[Sidenote: Zopyrus cau[-] +sed the defor- +mitie of his +bodie, for the +good state of +his countrie.] +and deformed, bewailed his state being astonished, at so hor- +rible a faict: but Zopyrus shewed to the kynge his hole in- +tente and purpose that he mynded to go to Babylon, whiche +the Assyrians dyd traitorouslie possesse, & complained as that +these things had ben don by the tyrannie and crueltie of Da- +rius, he we[n]t to Babilon, and there complained of the cruel- +tie of his kyng, whereby purchasyng the fauor and loue of +the Assyrians, he shewed them how Darius came to be kyng +not by worthines, not by vertue, not by the common consent +of men, but by the neynge of a horse. Zopyrus therefore ad- +monished them, that they should trust more to their armour, +[Sidenote: The pollicie +of Zopyrus.] +then to their walles, he willed them to proclame ope[n] warre, +forthwith they encountred with the Persians, and for a time +victorie fel on the Babilonians side, suche was the pollice of +Zopyrus. The Assyrians reioised of the successe and felicitie +of their warres, the king of the Babilonians gaue to Zopy- +rus, the chiefe power & office, to leede a mightie armie, of the +whiche beynge Lieutenaunt, he betraied the Babilonians +and their Citie. + + +¶ Manifeste. + +[Sidenote: Trogus Po[m][-] +peius.] +NOt onlie Trogus Pompeius the famous Historio- +grapher, and Iustine which tooke the Story of him, +but also the Greke writers doe sette forthe, as matter +of truthe, the valiaunte enterprises of Zopyrus: so that the +straunge and mightie facte of him can not seme vncredible, +[Sidenote: Zopyrus.] +hauyng testimonie of it in all ages. Zopyrus hauing not re- +spect to his owne life, to his owne priuate wealthe or glorie, +did thereby put of the daunger that insued to the Persiane +kyngdome: It maie seme a greate matter, to a mynde not +well affected towarde his countrie, to destroie or deforme his +[Sidenote: The saiyng +of Tullie.] +owne bodie, for the sauegarde of countrie or common welth. +But if we waie the State of oure bearth, oure countrie cha- +lengeth more at oure handes then frindes or parentes, so +[Sidenote: Plato. +Aristotel.] +muche price Plato the Philosopher, and Aristotle doe attri- +bute vnto our countrie, the volumes of all lawes and bokes +[Fol. xxx.v] +doe prefare oure naturall countrie before the priuate state of +[Sidenote: The state of +a publike +wealthe, is to +bee preferred +before a pri- +uate wealth. +Pericles.] +owne manne, wealthe, glorie, honor, dignitie, and riches of +one or fewe, the Statutes of all Princes, sekyng the glorie +of their countrie, doe prefare a vniuersal welthe, before a pri- +uate and particulare commoditie. Pericles the noble Athe- +nian in his oration made to the Athenians, sheweth that the +glorie and welthe of one man or manie, cannot plante suche +glorie, and renowne to their countrie, as that in all partes +thereby to be beautified and decorated, but whe[n] glorie a hap- +pie and florishyng state redoundeth to the kyngdome, the +subiectes, the nobelles and hye peres, the gouuernour stan- +deth happie and fortunate. Who so hopeth in sparing costes +and charges, monie or ornaments, to the behouf and imploi- +ment of his countrie and not by all meanes to his power and +strength aydeth and defendeth his naturall countrie, from +[Sidenote: A good sub- +iecte is redie +to liue and +die for his +countrie.] +the daunger and inuasion of his enemie, what state inioyeth +he, or what wealth remaineth priuatlie, when the trone and +scepter of his kyng faileth, the enemie wasteth, spoileth and +destroieth all partes of his state, with the reste his life pe- +risheth, so that no daunger, coste, is to bee refused, to serue +the kingdom and prince, by whose scepter, iustice, lawes, and +equitie we are gouuerned, there is no subiect well affected, +but that he onlie liueth to proffite his countrie, to liue & dye +therein. + + +¶ Probabell. + +IF only Zopyrus had enterprised this valiaunt act, +and that no memorie were remainyng in anie age +of the noble acts of other men, it may seme not true- +lie chronacled, but from time to time, in all ages & +co[m]mon wealthes, famous men for their acts & nobilitie haue +ben, whiche with like courrage and magnanimitie haue sa- +[Sidenote: Horacius Co[-] +cles.] +ued their countrie, by the losse of their owne liues. Horatius +Cocles is bothe a witnesse and a light to the same, by whose +aduenture the mightie and stronge Citie Rome was saued: +For at what time as the Hetruscians entred on the citie, and +[Fol. xxxj.r] +were on the bridge, Horatius cocles defendid the ende of the +same, baryng of the brunte, and stroke of the enemie, vntill +the Romans, for the sauegarde of the cytie, had broken doun +the bridge, as sone as Horatius Cocles sawe the Cytie thus +deliuered, and the repulse of the enemie, he lepte with his ar- +mours into the flud Tibar, it semed he had not regard to his +life, that beyng burdened with the waighte and grauitie of +his armour, durst venter his life to so main and depe a water. +[Sidenote: Marcus +Attilius.] +Marcus Attilius in the defence of his Prince, his right hand +being cut of, the which he laide on the ship of the Massilians, +forthwith he apprehended with the lefte hand, and ceased not +[Sidenote: Cynegerus.] +vntill he hadde soouncke thesame ship. Cynegerus the Athe- +nian lineth by fame and like nobilitie of actes, ve[n]teryng his +life for his countrie. The mightie cytie of Athenes, brought +[Sidenote: Hismenias. +Thrasibulus[.]] +vnder the dominions of the Lacedemonians. Thrasibulus, +Hismenias and Lisias bi their aduenture, and noble atchiue +reduced Athenes to his felicitie so moche loue, soo faithefull +hartes they hadde towardes theire countreie. Leonides the +King of the Lacedemonians, defendyng the narow straights +of the cytie Thermopolie with fower thousand men against +the mightie and huge armie of Xerxes, for Xerxes contemned +[Sidenote: Leonides +kyng of the +Lacedemo- +nians.] +theire smalle number and armie: Leonides the kyng hearde +that the place and hill of the battell was preue[n]tid of .xx. thou- +sande enemies, he exorted his souldiours parte of them to de- +parte vntill a better time might be locked for, and onlie with +the Lacedemonians he proued the conflicte and the combate, +although the campe of Xerxes was mightier & more in num- +ber: yet Leonides the kyng thought it good for the sauegarde +of his contrie, for saieth he, I must rather saue it, then to haue +respecte to my life, although the oracle of Delphos had fore- +shewed, that euen Leonides muste die in the fielde or battell +of the enemie, and therefore Leonides entred battail, & com- +fortid his men for their countrie sake, as to die therein, there- +fore he preuented the narrowe straightes of the countrie, and +the dangerous places, where the force of the enemie mought +[Fol. xxxj.v] +bruste in, he lingered not, leste the enemie mighte compasse +him in, but in the quiet season of the nighte, he set vppon his +enemie vnloked for, and they beynge but sixe hundred men +[Sidenote: Leonides.] +with the kyng Leonides, brust into the ca[m]pe of their enemies +beyng sixe hundred thousand menne, their valiauntnes was +suche, and the ouerthowe of their enemies so great, and Xer- +xes the kyng hauyng two woundes, retired with shame and +[Sidenote: Agesilaus. +Conon.] +loste the honor. Agesilaus and Conon valiaunte in actes, +and excellynge in all nobilitie, what great and mightie dan- +gers haue thei atchiued and venterid for their countrie sake, +howe moche haue thei neglectid their owne wealth, riches, +life and glorie, for the aduauncement and honor of their cou[n]- +[Sidenote: Lisander.] +trie. Lisander also the Lacedemonian, was indued with like +nobilitie with faithfull and syncéer harte towarde his coun- +[Sidenote: Archidamus[.] +Codrus.] +try. Archidamus also lieth not in obliuio[n], whose fame death +buried not the famous aduenture of Codrus kyng of the A- +thenians is maruelous and almoste incredible, but that the +Histores, truelie set forth, and declare a manifest truthe ther- +[Sidenote: Epamniun- +das.] +of, who is more famous then Epaminundas, bothe for vir- +tue, nobilitie and marciall feates among the Thebans, the +[Sidenote: Grecians.] +mightie armie of the Grecians, at the longe sege of Troie, +what valiaunte Capitains hadde thei, whiche in the defence +[Sidenote: Troians.] +of their countrie hasarde their life: the Troians also wanted +not for proues valiauntnes and al nobilitie, their péeres and +[Sidenote: Romans.] +nobles: amonge the Romans, what a greate number was +of noble peres, whose studie alwaies was to liue and dye in +the glorie, aide and defence of their countrie, for he liueth not +by whose cowardlines fainted harte and courage, the contrie +[Sidenote: Who liueth in +shame.] +or kyngdome standeth in perrill, he liueth in shame, that re- +fuseth daunger, coste or charge, in the defence or procuryng, +better state to his countrie. The worthie saiyng of Epami- +nundas declareth, who liueth to his countrie, who diyng va- +liauntlie in the felde, beyng thrust thorow with the speare of +his enemie, asked those questions of these that stoede by him +at the poincte of deathe, is my speare manfullie broken, and +[Fol. xxxij.r] +my enemies chassed awaie, the whiche things his co[m]panions +[Sidenote: Epameunn- +das a most no[-] +ble and vali- +aunt pere.] +in warre affirmed, then saide he: nowe your Capitaine Epa- +minundas beginneth to liue in that he dieth valiauntlie for +his countrie, and in the proffite & aduauncement of the same, +a worthie man, noble and valiaunte, his sentence also was +worthie to be knowen, and followed of all suche as bee well +affected and Godlie mynded to their countrie. Marcus Mar- +cellus of like sorte, and Titus Manlius Torquatus, & Sci- +pio Aemilianus, Marcus Attilius shewed in what hye price +our naturall countrée ought to bee had, by their valiaunt at- +chifes, and enterprises: I might passe by in sile[n]ce Scipio Ca- +to, and Publius Scipio Nasica, but that thei by like fame, +honour and glorie liue immortall to their countrie, the same +also of Uibeus, Ualerius Flaccus, and Pedanius Centurio +giueth ampell and large matter to all menne, endued with +nobilitie and valiaunt proues, for the defence of their coun- +trie with Quintus Coccius, Marcus Sceua and Sceuola. + + +¶ Possibilitie. + +THere nedeth no doute to rise of possibilitie, seinge +that examples doe remain of famous men, of god- +lie and well affected persones, whiche haue with +like magnanimitie putte in daunger their life, to +[Sidenote: The order of +Athenes.] +saue their Prince, kyngdome, and countrie. Greate honour +was giuen of the Athenians, to soche noble and valiaunte +men, whiche ventered their liues for their common wealthe, +to maintaine the florishyng state thereof. The eloquente and +[Sidenote: Thusidides.] +copious oracion of Thusidides, the true, faithfull, and elo- +quente Historiographer doeth shewe: what honour and im- +mortall fame was attributed, to all soche as did venter their +liues, in the florishyng state of their countrie, in supportyng, +mainteinyng, and defendyng thesame. Who, although thei +loste their liues, whiche by death should bee dissolued, their +fame neuer buried, liueth with the soule to immortalitie, the +losse of their Priuate wealthe, glorie, riches, substaunce, or +dignitie, hath purchased and obtained fame, that withereth +[Fol. xxxij.v] +not, and glorie that faileth not. + + +¶ Agreyng and comelie. + +BOthe the true Histories, doe leaue in commenda- +cion, the facte of Zopyrus, and the noble and wor- +thie enterprises of other: whiche haue giuen the +like assaie, and their fame is celebrated and titeled +with immortall commendacion and glorie, to the posteritie +[Sidenote: The duetie +of all good +subiectes.] +of all ages followyng. What harte can bee so stonie, or bru- +tishly affected, that wil not venter his life, goodes, landes, or +possessions: if with the daunger of one, that is of hymself, the +whole bodie and state of his countrie, is thereby supported, +and saued. What securitie and quietnesse remained, what +wealth, honour, or fame to Zopyrus: if not onely Zopyrus +had perished, but the kyng & people vniuersally had been de- +stroied. Therevpon Zopyrus weighing and co[n]sideryng, the +[Sidenote: The cause of +our birthe.] +state of his birthe, that his countrie chalenged his life, rather +then the dissolucion of the whole kyngdome, the decaie of the +Prince, the takyng awaie of the scepter, the slaughter of in- +finite people to ensue. He was borne to be a profitable mem- +ber to his countrie, a glorie and staie to thesame: and not spa- +ryng his life, or shunnyng the greate deformitie of his bo- +die, to bee a ruine of thesame. Was it not better that one pe- +rished, then by the securitie of one, a whole lande ouer run- +ned, as partes thereby spoiled: it was the duetie of Zopirus, +to take vpon hym that greate and famous enterprise. It was +also comelie, the kyngdome standyng in perill, a sage and +descrite persone to preuente and putte of, soche a daunger at +[Sidenote: The facte of +Zopyrus.] +hande: The faicte altogether sheweth all vertue and greate +singularitie, and a rare moderacion of minde, to cast of all re- +spectes and excuses, forsakyng presentlie honour, quietnesse +and obiecting himself to perill, he sawe if he onelie died, or by +ieopardie saued his countrie, many thereby liued, the kyng- +dome & people florished, where otherwise, he with his Prince +and kyngdome might haue perished. + + +¶ Proffitable. + +[Fol. xxxiij.r] + +[Sidenote: The fact of +Zopyrus.] +AL the power of the Babilonians, was by his pol- +icie throwen doune, the Citee taken, the enemie +brought to confusion: on the other side, the Persi- +ans rose mightie, soche a mightie enemie put vn- +derfoote. The fame of Zopyrus and glorie of the facte, will +neuer be obliterated, or put out of memorie, if this were not +profitable to the kyngdome of Persia: if this were not a re- +noume to the prince and people, and immortall glory to Zo- +[Sidenote: Zopyrus de- +formed, a +beautie of his +countree.] +pryus iudge ye. Zopyrus therfore, beautified his countrée, by +the deformitie of his bodie. Better it wer to haue many soche +deformed bodies, then the whole state of the realme destroied +or brought to naught: if we weigh the magnanimitie of that +man, and his enterprise, there is so moche honour in the fact, +that his fame shall neuer cease. + + +¶ A common place. + +[Sidenote: Why it is cal- +led a common +place.] +A Common place is a Oracion, dilatyng and ampli- +fiyng good or euill, whiche is incidente or lodged in +any man. This Oracion is called a common place, +because the matter conteined in it, doeth agree vniuersally to +all menne, whiche are partakers of it, and giltie of thesame[.] + +A Oracion framed againste a certaine Thefe, Extorcio- +ner, Murderer, or Traitor, is for the matter conteined in it, +metelie and aptlie compiled, against all soche as are giltie of +theft, murder, treason, or spotted with any other wickednes. + +This oracion of a common place, is like to the laste argu- +ment or _Epilogus_ of any oracion, whiche the Grekes doe call +_Deuterologian_, whiche is as moche to saie, as a rehearsall of +that whiche is spoken of before. + +Wherefore, a common place hath no _exhordium_, or be- +ginnyng, yet neuerthelesse, for the profite and exercise of the +learner, you maie place soche a _proemium_, or beginnyng of +the oracion, as maie be easie to induce the learner. + +This parte of _Rhetorike_ is large to intreate vpon, for the +aboundaunce of matter. + +This part of _Rhetorike_ is large to intreate vpon, for the +[Fol. xxxiij.v] +aboundaunce of matter. + +The common place, whiche Aphthonius intreateth of, is +to be aplied against any man, for the declaimor to inuade, ei- +ther against vices, or to extoll and amplifie his vertues. + +This oracion of a common place, serueth bothe for the ac- +cuser and the defender. + +For the accuser, to exasperate and moue the Iudges or +hearers, against the offender, or accused. + +For the defendour to replie, and with all force & strength +of matter, to mollifie and appease the perturbacions of the +Iudges and hearers, to pulle doune and deface the contrarie +alledged. + +There is greate force in this oracion, on bothe the sides. + +Properlie this kinde of _Rhetorike_, is called a common +place, though it semeth to be made againste this man, or that +man: because the matter of thesame shall properly pertain to +all, giltie of thesame matter. + +[Sidenote: Pristianus.] +Pristianus sheweth, that this parte of _Rhetorike_, is as it +were a certaine exaggeracion of reason, to induce a manifest +probacion of any thyng committed. + +As for example, a Theife taken in a robberie, in whom +neither shamefastnesse, nor sparcle of grace appereth against +soche a one: this oracion maie be made, to exasperate the Iud- +ges from all fauour or affeccion of pitie, to be shewed. + + +¶ The order of the Oracion followeth +with these notes to be made by. + +¶ The firste Proheme. + +DEmosthenes the famous Orator of Athenes in +his oracio[n] made against Aristogito[n] doeth saie, +[Sidenote: What are +Lawes.] +that Lawes wherewith a common wealthe, ci- +tie or Region is gouerned, are the gifte of God, +a profitable Discipline among men, a restraint +to with holde and kepe backe, the wilfull, rashe, and beastilie +[Sidenote: Aristotle. +Plato.] +life of man, and therupo[n] Aristotle and Plato doe shewe, that +through the wicked behauour of men, good lawes were first +[Fol. xxxiiij.r] +ordained, for, of ill maners, saie thei, rose good lawes, where +[Sidenote: Order.] +lawes doe cease, and good order faileth, there the life of man +will growe, rude, wild and beestlie: Man beyng a chiefe crea- +[Sidenote: Man borne +by nature to +societee.] +ture or God, indued with manie singuler vertues, is framed +of nature to a mutuall and Godlie societie of life, without +the whiche moste horrible wolde the life bee, for not onlie by +concorde and agremente, the life of man dothe consiste but al +things on the earth haue therin their being: the heauens and +lightes conteined in the same, haue a perpetuall harmonie +& concente in finishyng their appointed race. The elementes +[Sidenote: All thinges +beyng on the +yearth, dooe +consiste by a +harmonie or +concorde.] +of the worlde, where with the nature and substaunce of all +thinges, doe consiste onlie by a harmonie and temperature of +eche parte, haue their abidyng increase & prosperous beyng, +otherwise their substaunce, perisheth and nature in all partes +decaieth: Kyngdomes and common wealthes doe consiste in +a harmonie, so long as vertue and all singularitie tempereth +their state and gouernemente, and eche member thereof obe- +ieth his function, office and callynge, and as partes of the- +same bodie, euerie one as nature hath ordained theim occu- +piyng, their roume and place, the vse of euerie parte, all to the +vse and preseruacion of the hole bodie, and as in the bodie so +in the common wealthe, the like concorde of life oughte to be +in euery part, the moste principall parte accordyng to his di- +gnitie of office, as moste principall to gouerne thother inferi- +or partes: and it thei as partes moste principal of thesame bo- +die with all moderacion and equabilitie te[m]peryng their state, +[Sidenote: Order con- +serueth com- +mon wealth.] +office and calling. The meanest parte accordyng to his lowe +state, appliyng hym selfe to obeie and serue the moste prin- +cipall: wherein the perfecte and absolute, frame of common +wealthe or kyngdome is erected. And seyng that as the Phi- +losophers doe saie, of ill maners came good lawes, that is to +saie, the wicked and beastlie life of man, their iniurius beha- +uiour, sekyng to frame themselues from men to beastes mo- +[Sidenote: Euil maners +was the occa- +sion of good +Lawes.] +ued the wise and Godlie, elders to ordaine certaine meanes, +to rote discipline, whereby the wickedlie disposed personne +[Fol. xxxiiij.v] +should bee compelled to liue in order, to obeie Godlie lawes, +to the vpholdyng of societie. Therefore, all suche as dissolue +lawes, caste doune good order, and state of common wealth, +out as putride and vnprofitable weedes, to be extirpated and +plucked vp from Citie and Common wealthe, from societie, +who by mischeuous attemptes seke, to extinguishe societie, +amitie, and concord in life. Princes & gouernors with al other +magistrates ought in their gouernment to imitate the prac- +tise of the Phisician, the nature of man, wekedned and made +feble with to moche abundaunce of yll humors, or ouermoch +with ill bloode replenished, to purge and euacuate that, and +all to the preseruacion and healthe of the whole bodie: for so +was the meanyng of the Philosopher, intreatyng of the po- +litike, gouernment of kingdome and commonwealth, when +[Sidenote: Theiues not +mete to be in +any societie.] +thei compared a kingdome to the bodie of man: the thefe and +robber as a euill and vnprofitable member, and all other as +without all right, order, lawe, equitie and iustice, doe breake +societie of life, bothe against lawe and nature: possessing the +goodes of a other man, are to bee cutte of, as no partes, méete +to remaine in any societie. + + +¶ The seconde Proheme. + +[Sidenote: Why theiues +and wicked +men, are cut +of by lawe.] +THe chifest cause that moued gouernours and ma- +gistrates, to cutte of the race of theues, and viole[n]te +robbers, and of all other mischeuous persons, was +that by them a confusion would ensue in al states. +What Citee could stande in prosperous state, yea, or what +house priuatlie inhabited, where lawes and aucthoritee were +exiled: where violence, will, luste, and appetite of pestiferous +men, might without terrour bee practised. If the labour and +industrie of the godlie, should be alwaie a praie to y^e wicked, +and eche mannes violence and iniurious dealyng, his owne +lawe, the beaste in his state, would bee lesse brutishe and in- +iurious. Who so seketh to caste doune this societée, he is not +méete to be of any societée, whiche he dissolueth. Who so rob- +beth or stealeth, to liue by the gooddes of an other manne, as +[Fol. xxxv.r] +his possession, is by violence and againste Nature: so by vio- +[Sidenote: A due rewar[-] +des for thie- +ues and mur- +therers.] +lence and against nature, their pestiferous doinges do frame +their confusion: their execrable & destetable purpose, do make +theim a outcaste from all good people, and as no members +thereof, cut of from all societée, their euill life rooteth perpetu- +al ignomie and shame. And thus is the tragicall ende of their +enterprise. + + +¶ The contrarie. + +[Sidenote: Democratia.] +HErein the lose and dissolute state of gouernmente +called of the Grekes Democratia, haue conten- +ted the wilfull heddes of pestiferous men: where- +in euery man must bee a ruler. Their owne will +is their Lawe: there luste setteth order, no Magistrate, but +euery one to hymself a Magistrate. All thynges in common, +as long as that state doeth remain emong the wicked, a most +happie state coumpted, a wished state to idell persones, but it +[Sidenote: The thiefe. +The mur- +therer.] +continueth not. Herein the murtherer, the thiefe were meete +to be placed. The greater thiefe, the better manne: the moste +execrable murtherer, a moste mete persone, for soche state of +gouernemente. There is no nacion vnder the Sunne, but +that one tyme or other, this troublous state hath molested +theim: and many haue sought to sette vp soche a monsterous +state of regiment, a plagued common wealthe, and to be de- +tested. Soche was the order of men, when thei liued without +lawes. When the whole multitude were scattered, no citee, +Toune, or house builded or inhabited, but through beastlie +maners, beastlie dispersed, liued wilde and beastlie. But +the wise, sage, and politike heddes reduced by wisedome, into +[Sidenote: Houses. +Families. +Tounes. +Citees.] +a societie of life, nature leadyng thereto: Houses and habita- +cions, were then for necessitie made, families multiplied, vil- +lages and Tounes populouslie increased, and Citees raised +emong so infinite people. Nature by God inuented and sta- +blished Lawe, and the sage and wise persones, pronounced +and gaue sentence vpon Lawes. Whereupon, by the obedi- +ence of lawes, and preeminente aucthoritie of Magistrates: +[Fol. xxxv.v] +The state of mightie Kyngdomes and Common wealthes, +haue growen to soche a roialnesse and loftie state, many fa- +mous kingdomes haue been on the face of the yearth: many +noble Princes from tyme to tyme succedyng, whiche with- +[Sidenote: Obedience of +Lawes did +stablishe the +mightie mo- +narchies.] +out a order of godlie lawes, could not haue continued. What +was the cause that the mightie Monarchies, continued many +hundred yeres: did the losse of dissolute life of subiectes and +Princes, cause thesame but good lawes, and obedience to or- +ders. Therefore, where Magistrates, bothe in life and office, +[Sidenote: The life of +the Magi- +strate, a lawe[.]] +liue in the obedience of Lawes: the multitude inferiour, by +example of the Magistrates singularitie, incensed dooe place +before them, their example of life, as a strong lawe. + +[Sidenote: The Epistle +of Theodosi- +uus Empe- +ror of Rome[.]] +Theodosius Emperor of Rome, writyng to Uolusianus +his chief Pretor, as concernyng his office, in these woordes, +saieth: _Digna vox est maiestate regnantis legibus alligatum se +principem profiteri. Adeo de autoritate Iuris nostra pendet +autoritas et reuera maius imperio est submittere legibus prin[-] +cipatum & oraculo presentis edicti quod nobis licere non pa- +timur alijs indicamus._ It is a worthie saiyng, and meete for +the Maiestie of a Prince, to acknowledge hymself vnder his +lawe. For, our aucthoritie, power, and sworde, doeth depende +vpon the force, might, and aucthoritie of Lawes, and it pas- +seth all power and aucthoritie, his gouernemente and kyng- +dome to be tempered by lawe, as a moste inuiolable Oracle +and decrée, so to doe as we prouulgate to other. Whereupon +it is manifeste, what force godlie lawes gaue to the Prince, +what aucthoritie. Take lawes awaie, all order of states fai- +[Sidenote: Princes +Lawe.] +leth, the Prince by Lawe, is a terrour to the malefactour: his +Maiestie is with all humblenesse serued, feared, and obeied. +By lawes, his state maketh hym as a God, emong menne, at +whose handes the preseruacion of eche one, of house, citee and +countrie is sought. Seing bothe lawes and the Prince, hane +that honour and strength, that without them, a _Chaos_ a con- +fusion would followe, in the bodie of all common wealthes +and kyngdomes. Let them by aucthoritie and lawe bee con- +[Fol. xxxvj.r] +founded, that practise to subuerte aucthoritie, to neclecte the +Prince, and his godlie lawes. + + +¶ The exposicion. + +[Sidenote: Theiues and +all iniurious +persones.] +THe theife, or any other iniurious persone, doeth seke +to bée aboue all lawes, exempted from all order, vn- +der no obedience, their pestiferous dealyng, dooe vt- +[Sidenote: Demosthe- +nes in Ari- +stogiton.] +ter thesame: For, as Demosthenes the famous Orator of A- +thenes doeth saie. If that wicked men cease not their viole[n]ce +if that good men in all quietnes and securitie, can not enioye +their owne goddes, while lawe and aucthoritie of the magi- +strate, seuerelie and sharply vseth his aucthoritie and sword. +If dailie the heddes of wicked men, cease not to subuerte la- +wes, orders, and decrees godlie appoincted. Whiles that in +all Citees and common wealthes, the Princes and gouer- +[Sidenote: The force of +lawes.] +nours, are by lawes a terror to them. Lawes then ceasyng, +the dreadfull sente[n]ce of the Iudge and Magistrate wanting. +The sworde vndrawen, all order confounded, what a con- +fusion would followe: yea, what an open passage would bee +lefte open to all wickednesse. The terrour of Lawes, the +sworde and aucthoritie of the Magestrate, depresseth and put[-] +teth doune, the bloodie cogitacions of the wicked, and so hin- +dereth and cutteth of, many horrible and bloodie enterprises. +Els there would bee neither Prince, Lawe, nor subiecte, no +hedde or Magistrate: but euery manne his owne hedde, his +owne lawe and Magistrate, oppression and violence should +bee lawe, and reason, and wilfull luste would bee in place of +reason, might, force, and power, should ende the case. Where- +fore, soche as no lawe, no order, nor reason, will driue lo liue +as members in a common wealthe, to serue in their functio[n]. +[Sidenote: Wicked men +burdeins of +the yearth.] +Thei are as Homere calleth the:m, burdeins to the yearth, +for thei are of no societie linked with Nature, who through +wickednesse are disseuered, abhorryng concorde of life, socie- +tie and felowship. Whom sinister and bitter stormes of for- +tune, doe daiely vexe and moleste, who in the defence of their +[Fol. xxxvj.v] +[Sidenote: Maimed sol- +diours muste +be prouided +for.] +countrie are maimed, and thereby their arte and science, for, +imbecilitie not practised, all art otherwise wantyng, extreme +pouertee fallyng on them, reason muste moue, and induce all +hartes, to pitée chieflie their state: who in defence and main- +teinaunce of our Countrie, Prince, and to the vpholdyng of +our priuate wealthe at home, are become debilitated, defor- +med and maimed, els their miseries will driue them to soche +hedlesse aduentures, that it maie bee saied, as it was saied to +[Sidenote: The saiyng +of a souldiour +to Alexander +the greate.] +Alexander the Greate. Thy warres, O Prince, maketh ma- +ny theues, and peace will one daie hang them vp. Wherein +the Grecians, as Thusidides noteth, had a carefull proui- +dence, for all soche as in the defence of their Countrie were +maimed, yea, euen for their wiues, and children of all soche, +as died in warre, to be mainteined of the commo[n] charge and +threasure of Grece. Reade his Oracion in the seconde booke, +made vpon the funerall of the dedde soldiours. + + +¶ A comparison of vices. + +[Sidenote: The dru[n]kard[.] +The proude +persone. +The prodigal[.] +The couei- +teous. +The robber.] +THe dronkarde in his state is beastlie, the proude +and arrogante persone odious, the riotous and +prodigall persone to be contempned, the couei- +tous and nigardlie manne to bee reiected. But +who so by violence, taketh awaie the goodes of +an other man, or by any subtill meanes, iniustlie possesseth +thesame, is detestable, with all seueritée to be punished. The +[Sidenote: The adul- +terer. +The harlot.] +adulterer and the harlotte, who by brutishe behauiour, leude +affection, not godlines leadyng thereto: who by their vnchast +behauior, and wanton life doe pollute, and co[n]taminate their +bodie, in whom a pure minde ought to be reposed. Who tho- +rowe beastly affeccion, are by euill maners transformed to +beastes: and as moche as in theim lieth, multipliyng a bru- +[Sidenote: The homi- +cide.] +tishe societie. The homicide in his state more horrible, accor- +dyng to his outragious and bloodie life, is to bee tormented, +in like sort all other vices, accordyng to their mischiues, rea- +son, Lawe and Iustice, must temper and aggrauate due re- +[Fol. xxxvij.r] +ward, and sentence to them. + + +¶ The sentence. + +[Sidenote: Thefte horri[-] +ble amo[n]g the +Scitheans.] +NO vice was more greuous, and horrible emong +the Scithians then thefte, for this was their sai- +yng: _Quid saluum esse poterit si licet furari_, what +can be safe, if thefte bee lefull or tolerated. Herein +[Sidenote: A sentence a- +genst thefte.] +the vniuersalle societée of life is caste doune, hereby a confu- +sion groweth, and a subuersion in all states immediatlie fol- +loweth, equitee, iustice, and all sincere dealyng is abaundo- +ned, violence extirpateth vertue, and aucthoritie is cutte of. + + +¶ The digression. + +THE facte in other maie be with more facilitée to- +lerated, in that to theim selues, the facte and con- +uersacion of life is moste pernicious, and hurtfull, +but by soche kinde of menne, whole kyngdomes +and common wealthes would bee ouerthrowen. And for a +prosperous state and common wealthe, a common woe and +[Sidenote: Horrible vi- +ces.] +calamitée would fall on them, tumultes and vprores main- +tained, right and lawe exiled: neither in field quietnes, welth +or riches, houses spoiled, families extinguished, in all places +sedicion, warre for peace, violence for right, will and lust for +[Sidenote: Userers.] +lawe, a hedlesse order in all states. And as concernyng Usu- +rers, though their gaines be neuer so ample, and plentifull, +to enriche them, whereby thei growe to be lordes, ouer many +thousandes of poundes: yet the wealthe gotten by it, is so in- +iurious, that thei are a greate plague, to all partes of the co[m]- +mon wealthe: so many daungers and mischiues, riseth of the[m][.] +Cato the noble and wise Senator of Rome, being demaun- +ded diuers questions, what was firste to bee sought, in a fa- +milie or housholde, the aunsweres not likyng the demaun- +[Sidenote: The sentence +of Cato a- +gainst vsu- +rers. +Usure is mur[-] +ther.] +der: this question was asked, O Cato, what sente[n]ce giue you +of Usurie, that is a goodlie matter to bee enriched by. Then +Cato aunswered in fewe woordes. _Quid hominem occidere._ +What saie you to be a murderer? Soche a thyng saieth he, is +[Fol. xxxvij.v] +Usurie. A brief sentence againste Usurers, but wittely pro- +nounced from the mouth of a godlie, sage, noble, and descrite +persone, whiche sentence let the Usurer, ioigne to his Usury +retourned, and repeate at the retourne thereof, this sentence +[Sidenote: The sentence +of Cato a dis- +comfort to v- +surers.] +of Cato, I haue murthered. This one sentence will discou- +rage any Usurer, knowyng hymself a murtherer. Though +moche more maie be spoken against it, this shalbe sufficient. +The Hebrues calleth Usurie, by the name of _Shecke_, that is +a bityng gaine, of the whiche many haue been so bitten, that +whole families haue been deuoured, & beggerie haue been +their gaine. And as Palingenius noteth. + + _Debitor aufugiens portat cum fænore sortem._ + +The debtour often tymes saieth he, runneth awaie, and +carieth with hym, the debte and gaines of the Usurie. The +Grekes calleth Usurie _Tokos_, that is properlie the trauaile +of women of their childe: soche is their Usurie, a daungerous +gettyng. Demosthenes likeneth their state as thus, as if ter- +restriall thynges should be aboue the starres: and the heaue[n]s +[Sidenote: Usure a dan- +gerous gaue.] +and celestialle bodies, gouerned by the base and lowe terre- +striall matters, whiche by no meanes, can conserue the ex- +cellencie of them, for, of them onely, is their matter, substau[n]ce +and nature conserued. + + +¶ Exclusion of mercie. + +WHerefore, to whom regimente and gouerne- +mente is committed, on whose administracion, +the frame of the co[m]mon wealth doe staie it self: +thei ought with al wisedome and moderacion, +to procede in soche causes, whose office in wor- +[Sidenote: Princes and +magistrates +be as Gods +on the earth.] +thinesse of state, and dignitée, maketh the[m] as Goddes on the +yearth, at whose mouthes for wisedome, counsaill, and for- +tunate state, infinite people doe depende. It is no smal thing +in that their sword & aucthoritée, doeth sette or determine all +thinges, that tendereth a prosperous state, whereupon with +all integritée and equitée, thei ought to temper the affeccions +of their mynde: and accordyng to the horrible facte, and mis- +[Fol. xxxviij.r] +chiues of the wicked, to exasperate & agrauate their terrible +iudgemente, and to extirpate from the yearth, soche as be of +[Sidenote: The homicide. +The Theue. +The Adulte- +rer.] +no societie in life. The bloodie homicide, the thief, the adul- +terer, for by these all vertue is rooted out, all godlie societie +extinguished, citees, realmes, and countrées, prostrate & pla- +gued for the toleracion of their factes, against soch frendship +in iudgemente muste cease, and accordyng to the state of the +cause, equitee to retaine frendship, money muste not blinde, +nor rewardes to force and temper Iudgementes: but accor- +dyng to the veritee of the cause, to adde a conclusion. Wor- +[Sidenote: Whey the pi- +ctures of ma- +gistrates bee +picturid with- +oute handes.] +thelie the pictures of Princes, Gouernours and Magistrates +in auncient tymes doe shewe this, where the antiquitée ma- +keth theim without handes, therein it sheweth their office, +and iudgemente to proceade with equitée, rewardes not to +blind, or suppresse the sinceritée of the cause. Magistrates not +to bee bounde to giftes, nor rewardes to rule their sentence. +_Alciatus_ in his boke called _Emblemata, in senatu[m] sancti prin- +cipis_. + +[Sidenote: Princes and +magistrates +graue & con- +stante.] + + _Effigies manibus trunc[ae] ante altaria diuum + Hic resident, quarum lumine capta prior + Signa potestatis summ[ae], sanctiq[ue] senatus, + Thebanis fuerant ista reperta viris. + Cur resident? Quia mente graues decet esse quieta + Iuridicos, animo nec variare leui. + Cur sine sunt manibus? Capiant ne xenia, nec se + Pollicitis flecti muneribus ve sinant. + Cecus est princeps quod solis auribus, absq[ue] + Affectu constans iussa senatus agit._ + +Where vertue and integritée sheweth it self, in the persone +and cause, to vpholde and maintein thesame. Roote out hor- +rible vices from common wealthe, that the more surer and +stronge foundacion of vertue maie be laied: for, that onelie +cause, the scepter of kinges, the office of magistrates was left +to the posteritée of all ages. + + +¶ Lawfull and iuste. + +[Fol. xxxviij.v] + +¶ Lawfull and iust. + +[Sidenote: Lawes giue +equitie to all +states.] +SEyng that lawes bee godlie, and vniuersally thei +temper equitée to all states, and giue according to +iustice, euery man his owne: he violateth vertue, +that dispossesseth an other manne of his own, and +[Sidenote: What driueth +y^e magistrate +to horrible +sentence a- +gainst wicked +persons.] +wholie extinguisheth Iustice. And thereupon his beastly life +by merite forceth and driueth, lawe and Magistrate, to terri- +ble iudgement. For, who so against right, without order, or +lawe, violateth an other man, soche a one, lawes of iustice, +muste punishe violentlie, and extirpate from societée, beyng +a dissoluer of societee. + + +¶ Profitable. + +IF soche wicked persones be restrained, and seuerelie +punished, horrible vices will be rooted out: all artes[,] +sciences, and godlie occupacions mainteined, vphol- +ded and kept. Then there must bée a securitée in all states, to +[Sidenote: Magistrate. +Subiect.] +practise godlines, a mutuall concorde. The Magistrate with +equitée, the subiecte with faithful and humble obedience, ac- +complishyng his state, office, and callyng. Whereupon by +good Magistrates, and good subiectes, the common wealthe +and kyngdom is in happie state stablished. For, in these twoo +[Sidenote: Plato.] +poinctes, as Plato doeth saie, there is vertuous rule, and like +obedience. + + +¶ Easie and possible. + +[Sidenote: The begyn- +nyng of vice +is to be cut af.] +AL this maie easely be doen, when wickednes is cutte +of, in his firste groweth, when the magistrate driueth +continually, by sworde and aucthoritée, all menne to +obedience, bothe of lawes and gouernuurs. Then in al good +common wealthes, vices are neuer tolerated to take roote: be- +cause the beginnyng and increase of vices, is sone pulled vp, +his monsterous kyngdome thereby ouerthrowen. + + +¶ The conclusion. + +SO doyng, happie shall the kyng be, happie kyngdome, +and moste fortunate people. + + +[Fol. xxxix.r] + +¶ The parte of Rhetorike, called praise. + +His Oracion, which is titeled praise, is a declamacio[n] +of the vertuous or good qualitées, propertees belon- +gyng to any thyng, whiche doeth procede by certaine +notes of arte. + +All thynges that maie be seen, with the iye of man, tou- +ched, or with any other sence apprehended: that maie be prai- +sed, or dispraised. + + { Manne. Citees. } + { Fisshe. Floodes. } + { Foule. Castles. } + { Beaste. Toures. } + As { Orchardes. Gardeins. } + { Stones. Stones. } + { Trees. Artes. } + { Plantes. Sciences. } + { Mettals. } + +Any vertue maie be praised, as wisedome, rightuousnes[,] +fortitude, magnanimitée, temperaunce, liberalitée, with all +other. + +These are to be celebrated with praise. + +The persone, as Iulius Cesar, Octauius Augustus, +Hieremie, Tullie, Cato, Demosthenes. + +Thynges, as rightuousnes, temperaunce. + +Tymes, as the Spryng tyme of the yere, Sommer, Har- +uest, Winter. + +Places, as Hauens, Orchardes, Gardeins, Toures, +Castles, Temples, Islandes. + +Beastes wantyng reason, as Horse, Shepe, Oxen[,] Pla[n]- +ntes, as Uines, Oliues. + +In the praise of vertue, this maie be saied. + +THe excellencies of it, the antiquitee and originalle be- +ginnyng thereof, the profite that riseth to any region +by it, as no kyngdome can consiste without vertue, +[Fol. xxxix.v] +and to extoll the same, in makyng a comparison, with other +giftes of nature, or with other giftes of fortune, more infe- +riour or base. + +[Sidenote: Wherein the +praise of a ci- +tie consisteth[.]] +Upon a citée, praise maie be recited, consideryng the good- +lie situacion of it, as of Paris, Uenice, London, Yorke: con- +sideryng the fertilitie of the lande, the wealthe and aboun- +daunce, the noble and famous goueruours, whiche haue go- +uerned thesame. The first aucthors and builders of thesame, +the politike lawes, and godlie statutes therein mainteined: +The felicitée of the people, their maners, their valeaunt pro- +wes and hardines. The buildyng and ornatures of thesame, +with Castles, Toures, Hauens, Floodes, Temples: as if a +manne would celebrate with praise. The olde, famous, and +[Sidenote: The praise of +London. +Brutus buil[-] +ded Londo[n] in +the .x. yeare of +his raine.] +aunciente Citée of London, shewyng the auncient buildyng +of thesame: the commyng of Brutus, who was the firste au- +cthor and erector of thesame. As Romulus was of the migh- +tie Citée Rome, what kyngs haue fro[m] tyme to tyme, lineal- +ly descended, and succeded, bearing croune and scepter there- +in: the valiauntnes of the people, what terror thei haue been +to all forraine nacions. What victories thei haue in battaile +obteined, how diuers nacions haue sought their amitée and +[Sidenote: Fraunce and +Scotlande +vpholded by +y^e gouernors +of this lande.] +league. The false Scottes, and Frenche menne truce brea- +kers: many and sonderie tymes, losyng their honour in the +field, and yet thei, through the puissaunt harte of the kynges +of this lande, vpholdyd and saued, from the mighte and force +[Sidenote: Cambridge. +Oxforde.] +of other enemies inuadyng theim. The twoo famous Uni- +uersitées of this lande, from the whiche, no small nomber of +greate learned men and famous, haue in the co[m]mon wealthe +sprong, with all other thynges to it. + +The praise of a Kyng, Prince, Duke, Erle, Lorde, Ba- +ron, Squire, or of any other man be maie declaimed of obser[-] +uing the order of this parte of _Rhetorike_. + +This parte of _Rhetorike_ called praise, is either a particu- +ler praise of one, as of kyng Henry the fifte, Plato, Tullie, +Demosthenes, Cyrus, Darius, Alexander the greate. + +[Fol. xl.r] + +Or a generalle and vniuersalle praise, as the praise of all +the Britaines: or of all the citezeins of London. + + +¶ The order to make this Oracion, is thus declared. + +Firste, for the enteryng of the matter, you shall place a +_exordium_, or beginnyng. + +The seconde place, you shall bryng to his praise, _Genus +eius_, that is to saie: Of what kinde he came of, whiche dooeth +consiste in fower poinctes. + + { Of what nacion. } + { Of what countrée. } + { Of what auncetours. } + { Of what parentes. } + +After that you shall declare, his educacion: the educacion +is conteined in thrée poinctes. + + { Institucion. } + In { Arte. } + { Lawes. } + +Then put there to that, whiche is the chief grounde of al +praise: his actes doen, whiche doe procede out of the giftes, +and excellencies of the minde, as the fortitude of the mynde, +wisedome, and magnanimitée. + +Of the bodie, as a beautifull face, amiable countenaunce[,] +swiftnesse, the might and strength of thesame. + +The excellencies of fortune, as his dignitée, power, au- +cthoritee, riches, substaunce, frendes. + +In the fifte place vse a comparison, wherein that whiche +you praise, maie be aduaunced to the vttermoste. + +Laste of all, vse the _Epilogus_, or conclusion. + + +¶ The example of the Oracion. + +¶ The praise of Epaminundas. + +IN whom nature hath powred singuler giftes, +in whom vertue, & singularitée, in famous en- +terprises aboundeth: whose glorie & renoume, +rooteth to the posteritée, immortall commen- +dacion. In the graue, their vertues and godlie +[Fol. xl.v] +[Sidenote: Obliuion.] +life, tasteth not of Obliuion, whiche at the length ouerthro- +weth all creatures, Citées, and regions. Thei liue onelie in +all ages, whose vertues spreadeth fame and noble enterpri- +[Sidenote: Who liue in +all ages.] +ses, by vertue rooteth immortalitée. Who so liueth, as that +his good fame after death ceaseth not, nor death with the bo- +die cutteth of their memorie of life: Soche not onely in life, +but also in death are moste fortunate. In death all honor, di- +[Sidenote: Good fame +chieflie rou- +teth after +death.] +gnitée, glorie, wealthe, riches, are taken from vs: The fame +and glorie of singulare life is then, chieflie takyng his holde +and roote, wise men and godlie, in life, knowen famous, af- +ter death, remain moste worthie & glorious. Who knoweth +[Sidenote: Tullie. +Demosthe- +nes. +Iulius Ce- +sar. +Octauius +Augustus. +Uespasianus[.] +Theodosius. +Traianns. +Adrianus.] +not of Tullie, the famous Oratour of Rome. Doeth De- +mosthenes lieth hidden, that noble Oratour of Athenes. Is +not y^e fame of Iulius Cesar, Octauius Augustus remainyng +of Uespasianus: of Theodosius, of Traianus, of Adrianus, +who by praise minded, be left to the ende of al ages. Soche a +one was this Epaminundas, the famous Duke of Thebe, +whose vertues gaue hym honour in life, and famous enter- +prises, immortalitée of fame after death. What can bee saied +more, in the praise and commendacion, of any peere of estate, +then was saied in the praise of Epaminundas, for his ver- +tues were so singulare, that it was doubted, he beyng so good +a manne, and so good a Magistrate, whether he were better +manne, or better Magistrate: whose vertues were so vnited, +that vertue alwaies tempered his enterprises, his loftie state +as fortune oftentymes blindeth, did not make hym vnmind- +full of his state. No doubt, but that in all common wealthes, +famous gouernours haue been, but in all those, the moste +parte haue not been soche, that all so good men, and so good +magistrates: that it is doubted, whether thei were better me[n], +[Sidenote: Good man, +good magi- +strate, boothe +a good man +and a good +magistrate.] +or better magistrates. It is a rare thyng to be a good manne, +but a more difficult matter, to bee a good Magistrate: and +moste of all, to be bothe a good man, and a good Magistrate. +Honour and preeminent state, doeth sometyme induce obli- +uion, whereupon thei ought the more vigilantlie to wade: +[Fol. xlj.r] +in all causes, and with all moderacion, to temper their pree- +[Sidenote: The saiynge +of the Philo- +sophers.] +minent state. The Philosophers ponderyng the brickle and +slippere state of fortune, did pronounce this sentence: _Diffici- +lius est res aduersas pati, quam fortunam eflantem ferre_, it is +more easie to beare sharpe and extreme pouertie, then to rule +and moderate fortune, because that the wisest menne of all +[Sidenote: Obliuion.] +haue as Chronicles doe shewe, felte this obliuion, that their +maners haue been so chaunged, as that natures molde in the[m] +had ben altered or nuelie framed, in the life of Epaminu[n]das +moderacion and vertue, so gouerned his state, that he was a +honor and renowne to his state, nothing can be more ample +in his praise, then that which is lefte Chronicled of him. + + +[¶] Of his countrie. + +EPaminundas was borne in Thebe a famous citie in +[Sidenote: Cadmus. +Amphion. +Hercules.] +Beotia, the which Cadmus the sone of Agenor buil- +ded, whiche Amphion did close & enuiron with wal- +les, in the whiche the mightie and valiaunt Hercules was +borne, & manie noble Princes helde therin scepter, the which +Citie is tituled famous to the posterity by the noble gouern- +ment of Epaminundas. + + +¶ Of his auncetours. + +EPaminundas came not of anie highe nobilitie or +blood, but his parentes were honeste and verteous +who as it semed were verie well affected to vertue, +instructyng their soonne in all singulare and good +qualities, for by good and vertuous life and famous enter- +prises from a meane state, manie haue bene extolled to beare +scepter, or to attaine greate honour, for as there is a begyn- +[Sidenote: Nobility rose +by vertue.] +nyng of nobilitie, so there is an ende, by vertue and famous +actes towarde the common wealthe, nobilite first rose. The +[Sidenote: Cesar. +Scipio.] +stock of Cesar and Cesars was exalted from a meaner state, +by vertue onelie to nobilitie. Scipios stocke was not alwais +noble, but his vertues graffed nobilitie to the posteritie of +his line and ofspryng followynge. And euen so as their fa- +[Fol. xlj.v] +mous enterprices excelled, nobilite in theim also increased. +[Sidenote: Catilina.] +Catilina wicked, was of a noble house, but he degenerated +from the nobilitie of his auncestours, the vertues that graf- +fed nobilitie in his auncestors, were first extinguished in Ca- +[Sidenote: Marcus +Antonius.] +iline. Marcus Antonius was a noble Emperour, a Prince +indued with all wisedome and Godlie gouernme[n]t, who was +of a noble pare[n]tage, it what a wicked sonne succeded him, the +[Sidenote: Commodus.] +father was not so godlie, wise, and vertuous, as Commo- +dus was wickedlie disposed and pestiferous. There was no +vertue or excellence, méete for suche a personage, but that +Marcus attained to. Who for wisedome was called Marcus +Philosophus, in his sonne what vice was the[m] that he practi- +sed not, belie chier, druncknes and harlottes, was his delite, +his crueltie and bluddie life was suche that he murthered all +the godlie and wise Senatours, had in price with Marcus +[Sidenote: Seuerus.] +his father. Seuerus in like maner, was a noble and famous +Emperor, in the Senate moste graue, politike, and in his +[Sidenote: Marcus +Antonius +Caracalla.] +warres moste fortunate, but in his sonne Marcus Antoni- +nus Caracalla, what wickednes wanted, whose beastlie life +is rather to be put in silence, then spoken of. In the assemble +of the Grecians, gathered to consulte vpon the contencion of +[Sidenote: Aiax. +Ulisses.] +Achilles armour, Aiax gloriouslie aduaunceth hymself of his +auncestrie, from many kinges descended, whom Ulisses his +aduersarie aunswered: makyng a long and eloquente Ora- +cion, before the noble péeres of Grece, concernyng Aiax his +auncetours. These are his woordes. + + _Nam genus et proauos et que non fecimus ipsi, + Vix ea nostra voco, sed enim quia retulit Aiax, + esse Iouis pronepos._ + +As for our parentage, and line of auncetours, long before +vs, and noble actes of theirs: as we our selues haue not doen +the like, how can we call, and title their actes to be ours. Let +them therefore, whiche haue descended from noble blood, and +famous auncetours: bee like affected to all nobilitée of their +auncetours, what can thei glory in the nobilitée of their aun- +[Fol. xlij.r] +cetours. Well, their auncetours haue laied the foundacion, +[Sidenote: Nobilitee.] +and renoume of nobilitee to their ofspryng. What nobilitee +is founde in them, when thei builde nothyng, to their aunce- +tours woorke of nobilitée. Euen as their auncetours, noblie +endeuoured them selues, to purchase and obtain, by famous +actes their nobilitée) for, nobilitée and vertue, descendeth al- +waies to the like) so thei contrary retire and giue backe, fro[m] +all the nobiliée of their auncestours, where as thei ought, +[Sidenote: A beginnyng +of nobilitee.] +with like nobilitée to imitate them. Many haue been, whiche +through their wisedome, and famous enterprises, in the af- +faires of their Prince, worthelie to honour haue been extol- +led and aduaunced: who also were the firste aucthours and +founders of nobiliée, to their name and ofspring. Whose of- +spring indued with like nobilitée of vertues, and noble actes +haue increased their auncestors glorie: the childre[n] or ofspring +lineally descendyng, hauyng no part of the auncestours glo- +rie, how can thei vaunte them selues of nobiliée, whiche thei +lacke, and dooe nothyng possesse thereof, Euen from lowe +[Sidenote: Galerius a +Shepherds +sonne Empe- +ror of Rome. +Probus a +Gardeiners +sonne, Em- +perour.] +birthe and degrée. Galerius Armentarius was aduaunced, +euen from a Shepherdes sonne, to sit in the Imperiall seat of +Roome. Galerius Maximinus whom all the Easte obaied, +his vertues and noble acts huffed hym to beare scepter in the +Empire of Roome. Probus a Gardiners soonne, to the like +throne and glorie asce[n]ded, so God disposeth the state of euery +man, placyng and bestowing dignitée, where it pleaseth him +as he setteth vp, so he pulleth doune, his prouidence & might +is bounde to no state, stocke, or kindred. + + +¶ Of his educacion. + +EPaminu[n]das beyng borne of soche parentes, was +brought vp in all excellente learnyng, for, vnder +hym Philippe the kyng of the Macedonians, the +soonne of Amintas, was brought vp. This Epa- +minundas, the Histories note hym to be a chief Philosopher, +and a capitaine moste valiaunte. In Musike, in plaiyng, and +[Fol. xlij.v] +singyng finelie to his Instrumente, notable and famous, no +kinde of learnyng, arte, or science, wanted in his breaste: So +greate and aboundante were his vertues, that aboue all go- +uernours, whiche haue been in Thebe, his name and fame +is chieflie aduaunced. + + +¶ The praise of his actes. + +[Sidenote: The dutie of +good gouer- +nors.] +EPaminundas beyng moste valiaunte and no- +ble, leauing all priuate commoditée, glory, and +riches a side: sought the renoume of his coun- +tree, as all rulers and gouernours ought to do. +[Sidenote: Howe a king[-] +dome riseth to +all felicitie.] +For, a kyngdome or common wealth, can not +rise to any high nobilitée or Roialnesse, where gouernours, +rulers, and magistrates, neclecting the vniuersall, and whole +body of the common wealthe, doe cogitate and vigilantly en- +deuour them selues, to stablish to them and theirs, a priuate, +peculiar, and domesticall profite, glorie, or renoume. Couei- +teousnes, whiche is in all ambicious Magistrates the poison, +plague, destruccion, and ruine of the beste and florishing co[m]- +mon wealthes, of al wickednes and mischief the roote: a vice, +[Sidenote: Couetousnes +a great euill.] +whereupon all vice is grounded, from whom all mischiefe +floweth, all execrable purposes issueth. That wanted in +Epaminundas, for in the ende of his life, his coffers were so +thin and poore, that euen to his Funerall, money wanted to +solempnise thesame. Priuate glorie nor excesse, was hunted +after of hym, yet his vertues were of soche excellencie, that +honour, dignitée, and preeminent state, was offered and gi- +uen to hym vnwillinglie. This Epaminundas was in go- +uernement so famous, and so vertuouslie and politikelie ru- +led thesame, that he was a glorie, renoume, honour, and fe- +licitée to his kingdome, by his state. Before the time of Epa- +[Sidenote: Beotia. +Thebes.] +minundas, the countree of Beotia was nothyng so famous +in their enterprises: neither the citee of Thebe so roiall, puis- +saunt or noble, the antiquitee of that tyme sheweth, that E- +paminundas wantyng the power of Thebes, their glorie, +strength, and felicitee fell and decaied. The learning of Epa- +[Fol. xliij.r] +minundas and knowlege, was so aboundant and profounde +bothe in Philosophie, and in all other artes and sciences, that +it was wounderfull. In chiualrie and in feates of warre, no +péere was more couragious and bolde, or hardie, neither in +that, whiche he enterprised, any could be of greater counsaile +in hedde more pollitike, of minde more sage and wittie: his +gouernement so good, that beyng so good a Magistrate, it is +doubted, whether he be better man, or better Magistrate, E- +paminundas died in the defence of his countrée. The Athe- +nians were enemies to the Thebanes, and many greate bat- +tailes were assaied of theim and foughten: and often tymes +the Athenians felt many bitter stormes, and fortune loured +of them, he beyng so valiaunt a capitain. Epaminundas be- +yng dedde, the Athenians ceased to practise, any one parte of +chiualrie, their prowesse and dexteritée decaied: thei hauyng +no aliaunte, and forraine enemie to moleste theim, or whom +[Sidenote: A valiant ca- +pitain, to his +countrie a pil[-] +lar[,] to his ene[-] +mie, a occasio[n] +to dexteritie.] +thei feared. So that a famous, wise, pollitike, and valiaunte +capitaine, is not onely a staie, a pillar and strong bulwarke +to his countrée. But also forraine nacions, hauyng one, who[m] +for his valiauntnes thei dreade, doe practise and inure them +selues, to all dexteritee, counsaile, wisedome, and pollicie: +soche a one was Epaminundas, to his enemies and cou[n]trée. + + +¶ The comparison. + +[Sidenote: Hector. +Achilles. +Numa Pom[-] +peius. +Adrianus.] +NEither Hector of Troie, nor Achilles of Grece, might +bee compared with Epaminundas, Numa Pompili- +us was not more godlie, Adriane the Emperour of +Roome, no better learned, nor Galba the Emperour more +valiaunte, Nerua no more temperate, nor Traianus more +noble, neither Cocles nor Decius, Scipio nor Marcus Regu[-] +lus, did more valianntly in the defence of their countrie, soche +a one was this Epaminundas. + + +¶ The conclusion. + +OF many thynges, these fewe are recited, but if his +whole life and vertues, wer worthely handeled: fewe +would beleue, soche a rare gouernour, so vertuous a +[Fol. xliij.v] +Prince, so hardie and valiaunte a capitaine, to haue remai- +ned in no age. + + +¶ The parte of Rhetorike, called dispraise. + +THis parte of _Rhetorike_, which is called dispraise, is a in- +uectiue Oracion, made againste the life of any man. + +This part of _Rhetorike_, is contrary to that, whiche is be- +fore set, called _laus_, that is to saie, praise: and by contrary no- +tes procedeth, for the Oratour or declaimer to entreate vpo[n]. + +This parte of _Rhetorike_, is called of the Grekes _Psogos_. + +In praise, we extoll the persone: First by his countrée. + +Then by his auncestours and parentes. + +In the third place, by his educacion and institucion. + +Then in the fowerth place, of his actes in life. + +In the fifte place vse a comparison, comparyng the per- +sone with other, whiche are more inferiour. + +Then the conclusion. + +Now in dispraise, contrarily we doe procede. + +Firste, in the dispraise of his countrée. + +Of his auncetours and parentes. + +His educacion is dispraised. + +Then his actes and deedes of life. + +Also in your comparison with other, dispraise hym. + +Then in the laste place, adde the conclusion. + +All thynges that maie be praised, maie be dispraised. + + +¶ The dispraise of Nero. + +[Sidenote: Uertue.] +AS vertue meriteth commendacion and immor- +tall renoume, for the nobilitée and excellencie +reposed in it: so ougle vices for the deformitée of +them, are in mynd to be abhorred and detested, +and with all diligence, counsaile, and wisedome +[Sidenote: Uice.] +auoided. As pestiferous poison extinguisheth with his cor- +rupcion and nautinesse, the good and absolute nature of all +thinges: so vice for his pestiferous nature putteth out vertue +and rooteth out with his force all singularitée. For, vice and +[Fol. xliiij.r] +vertue are so of nature contrary, as fire and water, the vio- +lence of the one expelleth the other: for, in the mansion of ver- +tue, vice at one tyme harboreth not, neither vertue with vice +[Sidenote: What is ver- +tue.] +can be consociate or vnited, for, vertue is a singuler meane, +or Mediocrite in any good enterprise or facte, with order and +reason finished. Whose acte in life, doeth repugne order and +reason, disseuered from all Mediocrite, soche do leaue iustice, +equitée, wisedome, temperaunce, fortitude, magnanimitée, +and al other vertues, bothe of minde and body: onely by ver- +tues life men shewe theim selues, as chief creatures of God, +with reason, as a moste principall gifte, beautified and deco- +rated: In other giftes, man is farre inferiour to beastes, both +in strength of bodie, in celeritée and swiftnesse of foote, in la- +bour, in industrie, in sense, nothyng to bee compared to bea- +stes, with beastes as a peculier and proper thyng, wee haue +our bodie of the yearth: but our minde, whiche for his diuini- +tée, passeth all thynges immortall, maketh vs as gods emo[n]g +other creatures. The bodie therefore, as a aliaunt and forain +enemie, beyng made of a moste base, moste vile and corrup- +tible nature, repugneth the mynde. This is the cause, that +wickednesse taketh soche a hedde, and that the horrible facte +and enterprise of the wicked burste out, in that, reason exiled +and remoued from the minde, the ougle perturbacions of the +minde, haue their regiment, power, and dominio[n]: and where +soche state of gouernemente is in any one bodie, in priuate +and domesticalle causes, in forraine and publike affaires, in +kyngdome and co[m]mon wealthe. Uertue fadeth and decaieth, +and vice onely beareth the swaie. Lawe is ordered by luste, +and their order is will, soche was the tyme and gouernment +of this wicked Nero. + + +¶ Of his countree. + +NEro was a Romaine borne, though in gouerne- +ment he was wicked, yet his cou[n]trée was famous, +and noble: for, the Romaines wer lordes and hed- +des ouer all the worlde. The vttermoste Indians, +[Fol. xliiij.v] +the Ethiopes, the Persians, feared the maiestie and auctho- +[Sidenote: Rome.] +ritée of the Romaines. From Romulus, who was the firste +founder, and builder of that Citee: the Romaines bothe had +their name of hym, and grew afterward to marueilous pui- +saunt roialnes. There was no nacion vnder the Sunne, but +it dreaded their Maiestie, or felte their inuincible handes: +there hath been many mightie kyngdomes, on the face of the +yearth, but no kyngdome was able, with like successe and fe- +licitée in their enterprise, or for like famous gouernors, and +continuance of their state, to compare with them. This was, +and is, the laste mightée Monarchie in the worlde. Roome a +olde aunciente citée, inhabited firste of the Aborigines, which +[Sidenote: Carthage.] +came from Troie. The prouidence of God, so disposeth the +tymes and ages of the world, the state of kyngdomes, by the +fall of mightier kyngdomes, meaner grewe to power and +glorie. The Carthagineans, contended by prowes, and ma- +gnanimitee, to be lordes ouer the Romaines. Carthage was +a greate, mightie, olde, auncient & famous citée, in the whiche +valiaunte, wise, and pollitike gouernours, helde therein re- +giment, long warres was susteined betwene the Romaines +and Carthagineans, emong whom infinite people, and ma- +ny noble péeres fell in the duste. Fortune and happie successe +fell to the Romaines: the people of Carthage va[n]quished, and +prostrate to the grounde. Scipio the noble Consull, beyng at +the destruccion of it, seeyng with his iye, Carthage by fire +brunte to ashes, saied: _Talis exitus aliquando erit Rome_: eue[n] +[Sidenote: Destruction +of Rome to +ashes in time.] +as of Carthage, like shall the destruccion of Rome bee, as for +continuaunce of the Romaine state, of their glorie, power, +and worthie successe, no nacion vnder the Sunne, can com- +pare with theim: soche was the state of Rome, wherein wic- +ked Nero raigned. + + +¶ Of his anncestours. + +DOmitianus Nero, the sonne of Domitius Enobar- +bus, Agrippina was his mothers name: this Agrip- +pina, was Empresse of Rome, wife to Claudius Ti- +[Fol. xlv.r] +[Sidenote: Agrippina.] +berius, the daughter of his brother Germanicus. This A- +grippina, the Chronicle noteth her, to be indued with al mis- +chief and crueltée: For, Tiberius her housbande, hauyng by +his firste wife children, thei were murthered by her, because +she might, thei beyng murthered, with more facilitée, fur- +ther the Empire, to her soonnes handes, many treasons con- +spired against them oftentimes, Agrippina poisoned her hus- +bande, then Nero succeded. + + +¶ Of his educacion. + +[Sidenote: Seneca schol +maister to +Nero.] +SEneca the famous Poete & Philosopher, was schole- +maister to Nero, who brought hym vp in all nobili- +tie of learnyng, mete for his state: though that Nero +was wickedlie of nature disposed, as his beastlie gouerne- +ment sheweth, yet wickednes in him, was by the seueritie of +Seneca, and his castigacion depressed: for Traianus Empe- +rour of Rome, would saie, as concernyng Nero, for the space +of fiue yeres, no Prince was like to hym, for good gouerne- +ment, after fiue yeres, losely and dissolutly he gouerned. + + +¶ Of his actes. + +[Sidenote: The dreame +of Agrippina +mother to +Nero, in his +concepcion.] +THis Nero, at what tyme as his mother was con- +ceiued of him, she dreamed that she was conceiued +of a Uiper: for, the young Uiper alwaies killeth +his dame. He was not onely a Uiper to his mo- +ther whom he killed, but also to his kyngdome and common +wealthe a destroier, whiche afterward shalbe shewed, what +[Sidenote: Nero a viper[.]] +a tyraunte and bloodie gouernour he was. This Nero made +in the Citee of Rome, the rounde seates and scaffoldes, to be- +holde spectacles and sightes, and also the bathes. He subdued +[Sidenote: Pontus. +Colchis. +Cappadocia. +Armenia.] +Pontus a greate countrée, whiche ioineth to the sea Pontus: +whiche countrée containeth these realmes, Colchis, Cappa- +docia, Armenia, and many other countrées, and made it as a +Prouince, by the suffraunce of Polemon Regulus, by whose +name it was called Pontus Polemoniacus. He ouer came +the Alpes, of the king Cotteius, Cottius the king being dedde[.] +[Fol. xlv.v] +[Sidenote: Nero vnwor[-] +thie to be chron[-] +icled. +Seneca.] +The life followyng of Nero was so abhominable, that the +shame of his life, will make any man a fraied, to leaue any +memorie of hym. This Domitius Nero, caused his Schole- +maister Seneca to be put to death, Seneca chosing his owne +death, his veines beyng cutte in a hotte bathe died, bicause he +corrected wicked Nero, to traine hym to vertue. He was out- +ragious wicked, that he had co[n]sideracion, neither to his own +honestie, nor to other, but in continuaunce, he tired hymself +as virgines doe when thei marie, callyng a Senate, the dou- +rie assigned, and as the maner of that solemnitée is, many re- +sortyng and frequentyng, in maidens tire and apparell. He +[Sidenote: The shamful +life of Nero.] +went beyng a man, to be maried as a woman: beside this, at +other tymes he cladde hymself with the skin of a wilde beast, +and beastlie did handle that, whiche Nature remoueth from +the sight. He defiled hymself with his owne mother, whom +he killed immediatlie. He maried twoo wiues, Octauia, and +Sabina, otherwise called Poppea, firste murtheryng their +[Sidenote: Galba. +Caius Iu- +lius.] +housbandes. In that tyme Galba vsurped the Empire, and +Caius Iulius: as sone as Nero heard that Galba came nere +towardes Rome, euen then the Senate of Rome had deter- +mined, that Nero should bee whipped to death with roddes, +accordyng to the old vsage of their auncestours, his necke yo- +ked with a forke. This wicked Nero, seyng himself forsaken +of all his friendes, at midnight he departed out of the Citée, +Ephaon, and Epaphroditus waityng on hym, Neophitus +and Sporus his Eunuche: whiche Sporus before tyme, had +[Sidenote: The death of +Nero.] +Nero assaied to frame and fashion out of kinde. In the ende, +Nero thruste himself through, with the poinct of his sworde, +his wicked man Sporus, thrustyng foreward his trembling +hande: this wicked Nero before that, hauyng none to mur- +ther hym, he made a exclamacion, in these woordes. Is there +neither friende nor enemie to kill me, shamefullie haue I li- +ued, and with more shame shall I die, in the .xxxij. yere of his +age he died. The Persians so entirely loued hym, that after +his death thei sente Ambassadours, desiryng licence to erecte +[Fol. xlvj.r] +to hym a monumente, all countrées and Prouinces, and the +whole Citée of Rome, did so moche reioyce of his death, that +thei all wearyng the Toppintant hattes, whiche bonde men +doe vse to ware, when thei bée sette at libertie, and so thei tri- +umphed of his death, deliuered from so cruell a tyraunte. + + +¶ A comparison. + +[Sidenote: Nero. +Caligula. +Domitianus[.] +Antoninus.] +AS for wicked gouernement, Nero doeth make Ca- +ligula like to Comodus, Domitianus, Antoninus +Caracalla, thei were all so wicked, that the Senate +of Rome thought it méete, to obliterate their name, from all +memorie and Chronicle, because of their wickednesse. + + +¶ The conclusion. + +MOche more the life and gouernement of wicked Ne- +ro, might be intreated of, but this shall be sufficient: +to shewe how tyrannically and beastly, he gouerned +vnmete of that throne. + + +¶ A comparison. + +A Comparison, is a certain Oracion, shewyng by a +collacion the worthines, or excelle[n]cie of any thing: +or the naughtines of thesame, compared with any +other thyng or thynges, either equalle, or more in- +feriour. + +In a comparison good thynges, are compared with good +as one vertue with an other: as wisedome & strength, whiche +of them moste auaileth in peace and warre. + +Euill thynges maie bee compared with good, as Iustice, +with iniustice, wisedome with foolishnes. + +Euill thynges maie be compared, with euill thynges, as +wicked Nero, compared to Domitianus, or Caligula to Co[m]- +modus, theft to homicide, drunkenes with adulterie. + +Small thynges maie be compared with greate: the king +with his subiect, the Elephant or Camell to the Flie, a Cro- +codile to the Scarabe. + +In a comparison, where argumente is supputated on +[Fol. xlvj.v] +bothe the sides, worthelie to praise, or dispraise. + +Where a comparison is made, betwene a thyng excel- +lente, and a thyng more inferiour: the comparison shall pro- +cede with like facilitee. + +All thynges that maie bee celebrated with praise, or that +meriteth dispraise: al soche thynges maie be in a comparison. + +The persone, as Cato being a wise man, maie be compa- +red with Nestor, the sage péere of Grece: Pompei with Ce- +sar, as Lucane compareth them, and so of all other men. + +Thynges maie bee compared, as golde with siluer: one +mettall with an other. + +Tymes maie be compared, as the Spryng with Som- +mer: Harueste with Winter. + +Places maie be compared, as London with Yorke, Ox- +forde with Cambridge. + +Beastes without reason, as the Bée with the Ante, the +Oxe with the Shepe. + +Plantes, as the Uine, and the Oliue. + +First, make a _proemium_ or beginnyng to your co[m]parison[.] + +Then compare them of their countrée. + +Of their parentes. + +Of their auncestours. + +Of their educacion. + +Of their actes. + +Of their death. + +Then adde the conclusion. + + +¶ A comparison betwene De- +mosthenes and Tullie. + +TO speake moche in the praise of famous men, +no argument can wante, nor plentie of matter +to make of them, a copious and excellent Ora- +cion. Their actes in life through nobilitée, +will craue worthelie more, then the witte and +penne of the learned, can by Eloquence expresse. Who can +worthelie expresse and sette foorthe, the noble Philosopher +[Fol. xlvij.r] +[Sidenote: Plato. +Aristotle.] +Plato, or Aristotle, as matter worthelie forceth to commend, +when as of them, all learnyng, and singularitée of artes hath +flowen. All ages hath by their monuments of learning, par- +ticipated of their wisedome. Grece hath fostered many noble +wittes, from whom all light of knowlege, hath been deriued +by whose excellencie Rome in tyme florishyng, did seeke by +nobilitée of learnyng, to mate the noble Grecians. So moche +Italie was adorned, and beautified with the cunnyng of the +Grecians. Emong the Romaines many famous Oratours +and other noble men hath spronge vp, who for their worthi- +nesse, might haue contended with any nacion: either for their +[Sidenote: Tullie.] +glorie of learnyng, or noble regiment. Emong whom Tul- +lie by learning, aboue the rest, rose to high fame, that he was +a renoume to his countree: to learnyng a light, of all singuler +Eloquence a fountaine. Whom Demosthenes the famous +Oratour of Athenes, as a worthie mate is compared with, +whom not onely the nobilitée, and renoume of their Coun- +trée shall decorate, but the[m] selues their owne worthines & no- +bilitée of fame. No age hath had twoo more famous for lear- +nyng, no common wealthe hath tasted, twoo more profitable +to their countrée, and common wealthe: for grauitée and cou[n]- +saile, nor the posteritée of ages, twoo more worthie celebra- +[Sidenote: Thusidides.] +cion. Thusidides speakyng, in the commendacion of famous +men sheweth: as concernyng the fame of noble men, whose +[Sidenote: The enuious +manne.] +vertue farre surmounteth the[m], and passeth al other. Thenui- +ous man seketh to depraue, the worthinesse of fame in other, +[Sidenote: The igno- +raunte.] +his bragging nature with fame of praise, not decorated. The +ignoraunte and simple nature, accordyng to his knowlege, +iudgeth all singularitée, and tempereth by his owne actes the +praise of other. But the fame of these twoo Oratours, nei- +ther the enuious nature can diminishe their praise, nor the +ignoraunt be of them a arbitrator or iudge, so worthely hath +all ages raised fame, and commendacion of their vertues. + + +¶ Of their countree. + +[Fol. xlvij.v] + +IN Grece Demosthenes, the famous Oratour of A- +thenes was borne, whose Countrée or Citee, lacketh +no co[m]mendacion: either for the nobilitée of the lande, +or glorie of the people. What nacion vnder the Sunne, hath +not heard of that mightie Monarchie of Grece: of their migh- +tie citees, and pollitike gouernaunce. What famous Poetes +how many noble Philosophers and Oratours, hath Grece +brede. What science and arte, hath not flowne from Grece, +so that for the worthinesse of it, it maie bee called the mother +of all learnyng. Roome also, in whom Tullie was brought +vp, maie contende in all nobilitée, whose power and puisant +glorie, by nobilitée of actes, rose to that mightie hed. In bothe +soche excellencie is founde, as that no nacion might better +contende, of their singularitée and honour of countrée, then +Grece and Rome: yet first from the Grekes, the light of Phi- +losophie, and the aboundant knowledge of all artes, sprange +to the Romaines, from the Grecians. The Godlie Lawes, +wherewith the Romaine Empire was decorated and gouer- +ned, was brought from the Grecians. If the citee maie bee a +honour and glorie, to these twoo Oratours, or their Citees a +singuler commendacion, there wanteth in bothe, neither ho- +nour, or nobilitée. + + +¶ Of their auncestours, and parentes. + +BOthe Demosthenes and Tullie were borne, of ve- +rie meane parentes and auncestours: yet thei tho- +rowe their learnyng and vertues, became famous, +ascendyng to all nobilitée. Of their vertues and +learnyng, not of their auncestours, nobilitée rose to them. + + +¶ Of the educacion. + +THE singuler vertues of theim bothe, appered euen +in their tender youth: wherupon thei being brought +vp, in all godlie learnyng and noble Sciences, thei +became moste noble Oratours, and by their copious Elo- +quence, counsaile, and wisedom, aspired to nobilitée & honor. + + +¶ Of their scholyng. + +[Fol. xlviij.r] + +BOthe were taught of the mouthe of the best learned, +Demosthenes of Iseus, a man moste Eloquent: Ci- +cero of Philo and Milo, famous in wisedome and +Eloquence. + + +¶ Of their exercise. + +CIcero did exercise hymself verie moche, to declaime, +bothe in Greke and Latine, with Marcus Piso, and +with Quintus Pampeius. Demosthenes wanted +not industrie and labour, to attain to that singularitée, whi- +che he had, bothe in Eloquence, and pronounciacion. + + +¶ Of the giftes of their minde. + +IN bothe, integritee, humanitee, magnanimitee, +and all vertue flowed: at what time as Demosthe- +nes was commaunded of the Athenians, to frame +a accusacion, againste a certaine man, Demosthe- +nes refused the acte. But when the people, and the whole +multitude, were wrothe with hym, and made a exclamacion +against hym, as their maner was. Then Demosthenes rose, +and saied: O ye men of Athenes, againste my will, you haue +me a counsailer, or pleater of causes before you: but as for a +accuser, & calumniator, no, not although ye would. Of this +sorte Tullie was affected, excepte it were onely in the saue- +gard of his conutrée: as against Catiline, bothe were of god- +lie, and of vpright conuersacion, altogether in Mediocrite, +and a newe leadyng their life. + + +¶ Of their actes. + +DEmosthenes and Tullie bothe, gaue them selues +to trauail, in the causes and affaires of their com- +mon wealthe, to the preseruacion of it. How ve- +hemently did Demosthenes pleate, and ingeni- +ouslie handle the cause of all his countrée, against Philip, for +the defence of their libertee: whereupon he gatte fame, and +greate glory. Whereby not onely, he was coumpted a great +wise counsailour: but one of a valiaunte stomacke, at whose +[Fol. xlviij.v] +[Sidenote: Darius. +Philip. +Demosthe- +nes.] +wisedome, all Grece stode in admiracion. The kyng of Per- +sia, laboured to enter fauour with him. Philip the king of the +Macedonians, would saie often tymes, he had to doe against +a famous man, notyng Demosthenes. Tullie also by his E- +loquence and wisedome, saued Roome and all partes of that +dominion, from greate daungers. + + +¶ Of their aucthoritee. + +THeir aucthoritee and dignitee was equalle, in the +common wealthe: For, at their twoo mouthes, +Roome and Athenes was vpholed. Demosthenes +was chief in fauour with Caretes, Diophetes, Le[-] +ostines, Cicero with Pompei: Iulius Cesar, ascending to the +chief seate and dignitée of the Consulship. + + +¶ Of a like fall that happened to +them, before their death. + +YOu can not finde soche twoo Orators, who borne +of meane & poore parentes, that attained so greate +honour, who also did obiecte themselues to tyran- +tes a like, thei had losse of their children a like, +bothe were out of their countree banished men, their returne +was with honour, bothe also fliyng, happened into the han- +des of their enemies. + + +¶ Of their death. + +[Sidenote: Antipater. +Demosthe- +nes. +Archias. +Marcus +Antonius. +Tullie.] +BOthe a like, Demosthenes and Tully wer put to +death, Demosthenes died, Antipater gouernyng +by the handes of Archias. Cicero died by the com- +maundement of Marcus Antonius: by Herenius +his hedde was cutte of, and sette in Marcus Antonius halle. +His handes also were cutte of, with the whiche he wrote the +vehement Oracions against Marcus Antonius. + + +¶ The conclusion. + +TO speake as moche as maie bee saied, in the praise of +theim: their praise would rise to a mightie volume, +but this is sufficiente. + + +[Fol. xlix.r] + +¶ _Ethopoeia._ + +_Ethopoeia_ is a certaine Oracion made by voice, and la- +mentable imitacion, vpon the state of any one. + + + This imitacion is in { _Eidolopoeia._ } + iij. sortes, either it is. { _Prosopopoeia._ } + { _Ethopoeia._ } + +That parte, whiche is called _Ethopoeia_ is that, whiche +hath the persone knowne: but onely it doeth faigne the ma- +ners of thesame, and imitate in a Oracion thesame. + +_Ethopoeia_ is called of Priscianus, a certaine talkyng to +of any one, or a imitacio[n] of talke referred to the maners, apt- +ly of any certaine knowen persone. + +Quintilianus saieth, that _Ethopoeia_ is a imitacion of o- +ther meane maners: whom the Grekes dooe calle, not onelie +_Ethopoeia_, but _mimesis_, & this is in the maners, and the fact. + +This parte is as it were, a liuely expression of the maner +and affeccion of any thyng, whereupon it hath his name. + +The _Ethopoeia_ is in three sortes. + +The firste, a imitacion passiue, whiche expresseth the af- +fection, to whom it parteineth: whiche altogether expresseth +the mocion of the mynde, as what patheticall and dolefull o- +racion, Hecuba the quene made, the citee of Troie destroied, +her housbande, her children slaine. + +The second is called a morall imitacio[n], the whiche doeth +set forthe onely, the maners of any one. + +The thirde is a mixt, the whiche setteth forthe, bothe the +maners and the affection, as how, and after what sorte, A- +chilles spake vpon Patroclus, he beyng dedde, when for his +sake, he determined to fight: the determinacion of hym she- +weth the maner. The frende slaine, the affection. + +In the makyng of _Ethopoeia_, lette it be plaine, and with- +out any large circumstaunce. + +[Fol. xlix.v] + +In the makyng of it, ye shall diuide it thus, to make the +Oracion more plaine, into three tymes. + + { A presente tyme. } + { A tyme paste. } + { A tyme to come. } + +_Eidolopoeia_ is that part of this Oracion, whiche maketh +a persone knowne though dedde, and not able to speake. + +[Sidenote: _Eidolopoeia_[.]] +_Eidolopoeia_ is called of Priscianus, a imitacion of talke +of any one, vpon a dedde manne, it is then called _Eidolopoeia_, +when a dedde man talketh, or communicacion made vpon a +dedde manne. + +_Eidolopoeia_, when a dedde manne talketh, is set forthe of +Euripides, vpon the persone of Polidorus dedde, whose spi- +rite entereth at the Prologue of the tragedie. + +Hector slain, speaketh to Eneas in _Eidolopoeia_. O Eneas +thou goddes sonne, flie and saue thy self, from this ruine and +fire: the enemies hath taken the walles, and loftie Troie is +prostrate to the grounde. I would haue thought, I had died +valiantlie inough to my countrée, and my father Priamus, +if with this my right hande, Troie had bee defended. + +Polidorus beyng dedde, in _Eidolopoeia_ talketh to Eneas +whiche Uirgil sheweth in his thirde booke of Eneados. + +Iulia the wife of Pompei beyng dedde, spake to Pompe, +preparyng his arme against Cesar, _Eidolopoeia_. Reade Lu- +cane, in the beginnyng of his thirde booke. + +Tullie vseth _Eidolopoeia_, when he maketh talke vpon +Hiero beyng dedde. + +If that kyng Hiero were reduced fro[m] his death, who was +a aduauncer of the Romaine Empire, with what counte- +naunce, either Siracusa or Rome, might be shewed to hym, +whom he maie beholde with his iyes. His countree brought +to ruin, & spoiled, if that kyng Hiero should but enter Rome, +euen in the firste entryng, he should beholde the spoile of his +countree. + +Tullie also vseth the like _Eidolopoeia_, as thus, vpon Lu- +[Fol. l.r] +cius Brutus dedde. + +[Sidenote: Lucius +Brutus.] +If it so wer, that Lucius Brutus, that noble and famous +manne were on liue, and before your presence: would he not +vse this oracion: I Brutus, somtyme did banishe and cast out +for crueltee, the state and office of kinges, by the horrible fact +of Tarquinius, againste Lucretia, and all that name bani- +shed, but you haue brought in tyrauntes. I Brutus did re- +duce the Romain Empire, to a fredome and libertée: but you +foolishly can not vphold and maintein, thesame giuen to you. +I Brutus, with the daunger of my life, haue saued my coun[-] +tree of Roome, but you without all daunger, lose it. + + +¶ _Prosopopoeia._ + +AS co[n]cerning _Prosopopoeia_, it is as Pristianus saith, +when to any one againste nature, speache is feigned +to bee giuen. + +Tullie vseth for a like example this, when he maketh +Roome to talke againste Cateline. + + +¶ _Prosopopoeia_ of Roome. + +[Sidenote: Catiline.] +NO mischief hath been perpetrated, this many yeres, +but by thee Catiline, no pestiferous acte enterprised, +without thee: thou a lone, for thy horrible murther +perpetrated vpon the citee of Rome, for the spoile and robbe- +ries of their gooddes art vnpunished. Thou onelie haste been +of that force and power, to caste doune all lawes and aucthori- +tee. Although these thinges were not to be borne, yet I haue +borne them: but now thy horrible factes are come to soche an +issue, that I feare thy mischiues. Wherfore leaue of Cateline +and deminishe this feare from me, that I maie be in securitée[.] + +Lucane the Poete, intreating of mightie and fearce war- +res, againste Pompei and Cesar, maketh Roome to vse this +_Prosopopoeia_ againste Cesar. + + _Quo tenditis vltra quo fertis mea signa viri, + Si iure venitis si aues hucusq[ue] licet._ + +_Prosopopoeia_ is properlie, when all thinges are faigned +bothe the maners, the persone, as of Roome in this place. + + +[Fol. l.v] + +¶ What lamentable Oracion Hecuba Quene of +Troie might make, Troie being destroied. + +[Sidenote: Kyngdomes.] +WHat kyngdome can alwaies assure his state, or +glory? What strength can alwaies last? What +[Sidenote: Okes. +Cedars.] +power maie alwaies stande? The mightie O- +kes are somtyme caste from roote, the Ceadars +high by tempestes falle, so bitter stormes dooe +force their strength. Soft waters pearseth Rockes, and ruste +the massie Iron doeth bryng to naught. So nothyng can by +stre[n]gth so stande, but strength maie ones decaie: yea, mightie +kingdoms in time decaie haue felt. Kingdomes weake haue +rose to might, and mightie kyngdomes fallen, no counsaile +can preuaile, no power, no strength, or might in lande. God +disposeth Princes seates, their kyngdome there with stan- +des. I knewe before the brickell state, how kyngdomes ruine +caught, my iye the chaunge of fortune sawe, as Priamus did +aduaunce his throne, by fauour Fortune gat, on other For- +tune then did froune, whose kingdom did decaie. Well, now +[Sidenote: Fortune +hath no staie.] +I knowe the brickle state, that fortune hath no staie, all rashe +her giftes, Fortune blind doeth kepe no state, her stone doth +roule, as floodes now flowe, floodes also ebbe. So glory doth +remaine, sometyme my state on high, was sette in Princelie +throne, my porte and traine ful roiall was, a kyng my father +also was, my housband scepter held. Troie and Phrigia ser- +ued his becke, many kynges his power did dreade, his wille +their power did serue. The fame of Troie and Brute, his +glorie and renoume, what landes knoweth not? But now +his falle, all toungues can speake, so greate as glorie was, +though kyngdomes stronge was sette, loftie Troie in duste +prostrate doeth lye, in blood their glorie, people, kyng are fal- +len, no Quene more dolefull cause hath felte. The sorowes +depe doe passe my ioyes, as Phebus light with stormes caste +[Sidenote: Hector.] +doune. Hectors death did wounde my hart, by Hectors might +Troie stiffe did stande, my comforte Hector was, Priamus +ioye, of Troie all the[m] life, the strength, and power, his death +[Fol. lj.r] +did wound me for to die, but alas my dolefull and cruell fate +to greater woe reserueth my life, loftie Troie before me +felle, sworde, and fire hath seate and throne doune caste. The +dedde on heapes doeth lye, the tender babes as Lions praies +[Sidenote: Priamus.] +are caught in bloode, before my sight, Priamus deare mur- +dered was, my children also slain, who roiall were, and prin- +ces mates. No Queene more ioye hath tasted, yet woe my io- +yes hath quite defaced. My state alwaie in bondage thrall, to +serue my enemies wille, as enemie wille, I liue or dye. No +cruell force will ridde my life, onely in graue the yearth shal +close my woes, the wormes shall gnawe my dolefull hart in +graue. My hedde shall ponder nought, when death hath sence +doune caste, in life I sought no ioye, as death I craue, no +glorie was so wished as death I seeke, with death no sence. +In prison depe who dolefull lieth, whom Fetters sore dooeth +greue. Their dolefull state moste wisheth death, in dongion +deepe of care my harte moste pensiue is, vnhappie state that +wisheth death, with ioye long life, eche wight doeth craue, in +life who wanteth smart? Who doeth not féele, or beare som- +time, a bitter storme, to doleful tune, mirth full oft chaunged +is, the meaner state, more quiet rest, on high, who climes more +deper care, more dolefull harte doeth presse, moste tempestes +hie trees, hilles, & moutaines beare, valleis lowe rough stor- +mes doeth passe, the bendyng trees doeth giue place to might +by force of might, Okes mightie fall, and Ceders high ar re[n]t +from the roote. The state full meane in hauen hath Ancre +caste, in surgyng seas, full ofte in vaine to saue the maste, the +shippe Ancre casteth. + + +¶ The descripcion. + +THis exercise profitable to _Rhetorike_, is an Ora- +cio[n] that collecteth and representeth to the iye, that +which he sheweth, so Priscianus defineth it: some +are of that opinion, that descripcion is not to bee +placed emo[n]g these exercises, profitable to _Rhetorike_. Because +[Fol. lj.v] +that bothe in euery Oracion, made vpon a Fable, all thyn- +ges therein conteined, are liuely described. And also in euery +Narracion, the cause, the place, the persone, the time, the fact, +the maner how, ar therin liuely described. But most famous +and Eloquente men, doe place descripcion, in the nomber of +these exercises. Descripcio[n] serueth to these things, the person, +as the Poete Lucane describeth Pompei & Cesar: the person +is described, thynges or actes, tymes, places, brute beastes. + + _Nec coiere pares, alter vergentibus annis + In senium longo que toge, tranquilior vsu. + Dedidicit. &c._ + +Homer describeth the persone of Thersites, in the second +booke of his Ilias. + +Homer setteth out Helena, describing the persone of Me- +nalaus and Ulisses, in the fowerth booke of Ilias. + +Thynges are described, as the warres attempted by sea +and lande, of Xerxes. + +Lucan describeth the war of the Massilia[n]s against Cesar[.] + +Thusidides setteth forthe in a descripcion, the warres on +the sea, betwene the Corcurians, and the Corinthians. + +Tymes are described, as the Spryng tyme, Sommer, +Winter, Harueste, Daie, Night. + +Places are described, as Citees, Mountaines, Regions, +Floodes, Hauens, Gardeines, Temples: whiche thynges +are sette out by their commoditees, for Thusidides often ty- +mes setteth forthe Hauens and Citees. + +Lucane also describeth at large, the places, by the whiche +the armie of Cesar and Pompei passed. The descripcion of a- +ny man, in all partes is to bee described, in mynde and bodie, +what he was. + +The acttes are to bee described, farre passed, by the pre- +sente state thereof, and also by the tyme to come. + +As if the warre of Troie, should be set forthe in a descrip- +cion, it must bée described, what happened before the Greci- +ans arriued at Troie, and how, and after what sorte it was +[Fol. lij.r] +ouerthrowne, & what thing chaunced, Troie being destroid. + +So likewise of Carthage, destroied by the Romaines. +Of Hierusalem, destroied by Titus Uespasianus, what ad- +monicion thei had before: of what monsterous thynges hap- +pened also in that ceason: Of a Comete or blasyng Starre, +and after that what followed. + +Lucane also setteth forthe the warres of Pompe and Ce- +sar, what straunge and marueilous thynges fell of it. + + +¶ A descripcion vpon Xerxes. + +WHen Darius was dedde, Xerxes his soonne did +succede hym, who also tooke vpon him to finishe +the warres, bego[n] by his father Darius, against +Grece. For the whiche warres, preperacion +was made, for the space of fiue yeres, after that +[Sidenote: The armie +of Xerxes.] +Xerxes entered Grece, with seuen hundred thousande Persi- +ans, and thrée hundred thousande of forrain power aided him +that not without cause, Chronicles of aunciente tyme dooe +shewe, mightie floodes to be dried vp of his armie. The migh[-] +tie dominions of Grece, was not hable to receiue his houge, +and mightie power, bothe by sea and lande: he was no small +Prince, whom so many nacions, so mightie people followed +hym, his Nauie of Shippes was in nomber tenne hundred +[Sidenote: Xerxes a +cowarde.] +thousande, Xerxes had a mightie power, but Xerxes was a +cowarde, in harte a childe, all in feare the stroke of battaile +moued. In so mightie an armie it was marueile, the chiefe +Prince and Capitaine to be a cowarde, there wanted neither +men, nor treasure, if ye haue respecte to the kyng hymself, for +cowardlinesse ye will dispraise the kyng, but his threasures +beeyng so infinite, ye will maruaile at the plentie thereof, +whose armie and infinite hoste, though mightie floodes and +streames, were not able to suffice for drinke, yet his richesse +[Sidenote: Xerxes laste +in battaile, +and first to +runne awaie.] +semed not spente nor tasted of. Xerxes hymself would be laste +in battaile to fight, and the firste to retire, and runne awaie. +In daungers he was fearfull, and when daunger was paste, +[Fol. lij.v] +he was stoute, mightie, glorious, and wonderfull crakyng, +[Sidenote: The pride +of Xerxes.] +before this hassarde of battaile attempted. He thought hym +self a God ouer nature, all landes and Seas to giue place to +hym, and puffed with pride, he forgatte hymself: his power +was terrible, his harte fainte, whereupon his enteryng into +Grece was not so dreaded, as his flight fro[m] thence was sham[-] +full, mocked and scorned at, for all his power he was driuen +backe from the lande, by Leonides king of the Lacedemoni- +ans, he hauing but a small nomber of men, before his second +battaile fought on the Sea: he sente fower thousande armed +men, to spoile the riche and sumpteous temple of Apollo, at +Delphos, from the whiche place, not one man escaped. After +that Xerxes entered Thespia, Platea, and Athenes, in the +whiche not one man remained, those he burned, woorkyng +his anger vpon the houses: for these citees were admonished +to proue the maisterie in wodden walles, whiche was ment +to bee Shippes, the power of Grece, brought into one place +[Sidenote: Themi- +stocles.] +Themistocles, fauoryng their part, although Xerxes thought +otherwise of Themistocles, then Themistocles perswaded +Xerxes to assaie the Grecians. Artemisia the Quene of Hali- +carnasis aided Xerxes in his battaile: Artemisia fought man[-] +fullie, Xerxes cowardly shronke, so that vnnaturally there +was in the one a manlie stomacke, in the other a cowardlie +harte. The men of Ionia, that fought vnder Xerxes banner, +by the treason of Themistocles, shra[n]ke from Xerxes, he was +not so greate a terrour or dreade, by his maine hoste, as now +smally regarded & least feared. What is power, men, or mo- +ney, when God chaungeth and pulleth doune, bothe the suc- +cesse, and kyngdome of a Prince. He was in all his glorie, a +vnmanlie, and a cowardly prince, yet for a time happie state +fell on his side, now his might and power is not feared. He +flieth awaie in a Fisher boate, whom all the worlde dreaded +and obaied, whom all Grece was not able to receiue, a small +boate lodgeth and harboureth. His owne people contemned +hym at home, his glorie fell, and life ingloriously ended, who[m] +[Fol. liij.r] +whom God setteth vp, neither treason nor malice, power nor +money can pull doune. Worthelie it is to be pondered of all +Princes, the saiyng of Uespasianus Emperour of Rome, at +a certain time a treason wrought and conspired against him, +the conspiratours taken, Uespasianus satte doune betwene +[Sidenote: The saiyng +of Uespasi- +anus.] +theim, commaunded a sworde to be giuen to either of theim, +and saied to them: _Nonne videtis fato potestatem dari._ Dooe +you not see? Power, aucthoritée, and regimente, by the ordi- +[Sidenote: A sentence +comfortable +to al princes.] +naunce of God, is lefte and giuen to princes: A singuler sen- +tence, to comforte all good Princes in their gouernemente, +not to feare the poisoned hartes of men, or the traiterous har- +tes of pestiferous men. No man can pull doune, where God +exalteth, neither power can set vp and extoll, where God dis- +plaseth or putteth doune: Soche is the state of Princes, and +their kyngdomes. + + +¶ _Thesis._ + +_THesis_, is a certain question in consultacion had, to bée +declaimed vpon vncertaine, notyng no certaine per- +sone or thyng. + +As for example. + +Whether are riches chieflie to be sought for, in this life, +as of all good thynges, the chief good. + +Whether is vertue the moste excellente good thynge in +this life. + +Whether dooe the giftes of the mynde, passe and excelle +the giftes and vertues of Fortune, and the bodie. + +Whether doeth pollicie more auaile in war, then stre[n]gth +of menne. + +Who so will reason of any question of these, he hath nede +with reason, and wittie consultacion to discourse, and to de- +claime vpon thesame. + +The Greke Oratours doe call this exercise _Thesis_, that +is to saie, a proposicion in question, a question vncertain, in- +cluded with no certaintée, to any perticuler thyng. + +[Fol. liij.v] + +The Latine men doeth call it a question infinite, or vni- +uersall: Tullie in his booke of places called Topickes, doeth +call _Thesis_, _Propositum_, that is to saie, a question, in deter- +minacion. Priscianus calleth it _positionem_, a proposicion in +question on ether parte to be disputed vpon. + +As for example. + +Whether is it best to marie a wife? + +Whether is frendship aboue all thynges to be regarded. + +Is warre to be moued vpon a iuste cause? + +Is the Greke tongue mete, and necessarie to be learned? + +There is an other kinde of question called _hypothesis_, _hy[-] +pothesis_ is called _questio finita_, that is to saie, a question cer- +taine notyng a certaine persone, or thyng, a certaine place, +tyme, and so forthe. + +As for example. + +Is it mete for Cesar to moue warre against Pompei? + +Is not there a certain persone? + +Is the Greke tongue to be learned of a Diuine? + +Is the Greke tongue meete for a Phisicion? + +In this kinde of exercises, famous men of auncient time +did exercise youth, to attain bothe wisedome and Eloquence +therby, to make a discourse vpo[n] any matter, by art of lerning[.] + +Aristotle the famous Philosopher, did traine vp youthe, +to be perfite in the arte of eloquence, that thei might with all +copiousnes and ingenious inuencion handle any cause. + +Nothing doeth so moche sharpe and acuate the witte and +capacitée of any one, as this kinde of exercise. + +It is a goodly vertue in any one man, at a sodain, to vtter +wittely and ingeniouslie, the secrete and hid wisedome of his +mynde: it is a greate maime to a profounde learned man, to +wante abilitée, to vtter his exquisite and profounde knowe- +ledge of his mynde. + + +¶ _Thesis._ + +THis question _Thesis_, which is a question, noting no cer- +taine persone or thyng: is moche like to that Oracion, +[Fol. liiij.r] +intreated of before, called a Common place. + + +¶ A Common place. + +BUt a Common place, is a certaine exaggeracion of +matter, induced against any persone, conuicted of a- +ny crime, or worthie defence. + + +¶ _Thesis._ + +_Thesis_ is a reasonyng by question, vpon a matter vncer- +taine. + +_Thesis_, that is to saie, a questio[n] generall is in two sortes. + + { Ciuill. + A question { + { Contemplatiue. + +QUestions Ciuill are those, that dooe pertaine to the +state of a common wealth: and are daily practised in +the common wealthe. + +As for example. + +Is it good to marie a wife. + +Is Usurie lefull in a citee, or common wealthe. + +Is a Monarchie the beste state of gouernement. + +Is good educacion the grounde and roote, of a florishyng +common wealthe. + + +¶ A contemplatiue question. + +THe other _Thesis_ is a question contemplatiue, which +the Grekes dooe call _Theoricas_, because the matter +of them is comprehended in the minde, and in the in[-] +telligence of man. + +The example. + +Is the soule immortall? + +Had the worlde a beginnyng? + +Is the heauen greater then the yearth? + + { Simple. + A question is either { + { Compounde. + +Is it good for a man to exercise hymself in wrastlyng, or +[Fol. liiij.v] + +Is it profitable to declaime. + + +[¶] A compounde. + +Is vertue of more value then gold, to the coueitous man[?] + +Doeth wisedome more auaile, then strength in battaile? + +Doe olde men or young men, better gouerne a common +wealthe? + +Is Phisicke more honourable then the Lawe? + +A Oracion made vpon _Thesis_, is after this sorte made. + +Use a _exordium_, or beginnyng. + +Unto the whiche you maie adde a Narracion, whiche is +a exposicion of the thyng doen. + +Then shewe it lawfull. + +Iuste. + +Profitable. + +And possible. + +Then the conclucion. + +To this in some parte of the Oracion, you maie putte in +certaine obieccions, as thus. + +Upon this question: Is it good to marie a wife? + +In Mariage is greate care, and pensiuenesse of minde, by +losse of children, or wife, whom thou loueste. There is also +trouble of dissolute seruauntes. There is also greate sorowe +if thy children proue wicked and dissolute. + +The aunswere to this obiection, will minister matter to +declaime vpon. + + +¶ Is it good to Marie. + +SInce the tyme of all ages, and the creacio[n] of the +worlde, GOD hath so blessed his creacion, and +meruailous workemanship in manne: as in all +his other creatures, that not onelie his omnipo- +teucie, is therby set forthe. But also from tyme +to tyme, the posteritee of men, in their ofspring and procrea- +[Sidenote: Kyngdomes +continue by +mariage and +co[m]mon welth[.]] +cion, doe aboundantlie commonstrate thesame. The state of +all kyngdomes and common wealthes: by procreacion deri- +ued, haue onelie continued on the face of the yearth, thereby +[Fol. lv.r] +many hundred yeres. How sone would the whole worlde be +dissolued, and in perpetuall ruine, if that God from tymes +and ages, had not by godlie procreacion, blessed this infinite +[Sidenote: The dignitee +of man, she- +weth the +worthines of +mariage.] +issue of mankinde. The dignitée of man in his creacion, she- +weth the worthie succession, maintained by procreation. In +vaine were the creacion of the worlde, if there were not as +manne so excellente a creature, to beholde the creatour, and +his meruailous creacion. To what vse were the Elementes +and Heauens, the Starres and Planettes, all Beastes and +Foules, Fisshe, Plantes, Herbes and trees, if men wer not, +for mannes vse and necessitée, all thinges in the yearth were +made and procreated. Wherein the Stoike Philosophers do +note the excellencie of man to be greate: for saie thei, _Que in +terris gignuntur omnia ad vsum hominum creari_. To what +vse then were all thynges, if man were not, for whose cause, +vse, & necessitée these thynges were made. If a continuaunce +of Gods procreacion were not, immediatlie a ruine and ende +would ensue of thinges. What age remaineth aboue a hun- +dred yeres? If after a hu[n]dred yeres, no issue wer to be, on the +[Sidenote: Godlie pro- +creacion.] +face of the yearth, how sone wer kyngdoms dissolued, where +as procreacion rooteth, a newe generacion, issue and ofspring, +and as it were a newe soule and bodie. A continuaunce of la- +wes, a permanente state of common wealthe dooeth ensue. +Though the life of manne be fraile, and sone cutte of, yet by +Mariage, man by his ofspryng, is as it were newe framed, +his bodie by death dissolued, yet by issue reuiued. Euen as +Plantes, by the bitter season of Winter, from their flowers +fadyng and witheryng: yet the seede of them and roote, vegi- +table and liuyng, dooe roote yerelie a newe ofspryng or flo- +[Sidenote: A similitude.] +wer in them. So Mariage by godlie procreacion blessed, doth +perpetually increase a newe bodie, and therby a vaste world, +and infinite nacions or people. Xerxes the mightie kyng of +Persia, vewing and beholding his maine and infinite hoste, +wéeped: who beyng demaunded, why he so did. _Doleo inquit +post centum annos, neminem ex hijs superesse._ It is a pitée- +[Fol. lv.v] +fulle and dolefull case, that after a hundred yeres, not one of +these noble capitaines, and valiant soldiers to be left. + + +¶ The obieccion. + +But you will saie parauenture, mariage is a greate bon- +dage, alwaies to liue with one. + + +¶ The solucion. + +To followe pleasure, and the beastlie mocions of the +mynde: what libertée call you that, to liue in a godly, meane, +[Sidenote: The libertie +in mariage.] +and Mediocritée of life, with thy spoused wife. There is no +greater ioye, libertée, or felicitée, who so practiseth a dissolute +life: whose loue and luste is kindeled, and sette on fire with a +[Sidenote: A brutishe +societie with +harlottes.] +harlotte, he followeth a brutishe societée. What difference is +there, betwene them and beastes? The beaste as nature lea- +deth, he obaieth nature. Reason wanteth in beastes, manne +then indued with reason, whiche is a guide to all excellencie +how is it that he is not ruled by reason. Whom GOD hath +clothed and beautified, with all vertue and all singularitée: +If a godly conuersacion of life, moueth thée to passe thy daies +without mariage, then must the mocions of thy minde, be ta- +[Sidenote: Chastitee +in mariage.] +med and kepte vnder. Other wise, execrable is thy purpose, +and determinacio[n] of the life. If thou hopest of loue of a harlot +though thou enioye her otherwise, thou art deceiued. Bac- +chis the harlot, whom Terence maketh mencion of, in the +persone of her self, sheweth the maners of all harlots to An- +tiphila, saiyng. + + _Quippe forma impulsi nostra nos amatores colunt: + Hec vbi immutata est, illi suum animum alio conferunt. + Nisi prospectu[m] est interea aliquid nobis, deserte viuimus._ + +For saieth she, the louer anamoured with our loue, and +sette on fire therewith, it is for our beautie and fauour: but +when beautie is ones faded, he conuerteth his loue to an o- +ther, whom he better liketh. But that we prouide for our sel- +ues in the meane season, wée should in the ende liue vtterlie +forsaked. But your loue incensed with one, whose maners +and life contenteth you: so you bothe are linked together, +[Fol. lvj.r] +[Sidenote: The loue of a +harlotte.] +that no calamitée can separate you: who so hopeth loue of a +harlotte, or profite, he maie hope as for the fructe of a withe- +red tree, gaine is all their loue, vice their ioye and delite. In +vertue is libertée, in vertue is felicitee, the state of mariage is +vertuous, there can be no greater bo[n]dage, then to obaie ma- +ny beastly affections, to the whiche whoredome forceth hym +vnto, Loue is fained, cloked amitée, a harte dissembled, ma- +ny a mightie person and wise, hath been ouerthrowen by the +deceiptes of harlottes: many a Citee plagued, many a region +ouerthrowen for that mischief, to obaie many affections is a +greate bondage. Who so serueth the beastlie affections of his +[Sidenote: Hercules. +Omphala.] +mynde to that purpose, he must also as Hercules to Ompha- +la bee slaue, not onely to his owne will and affection: but to +the maners, will, and exspectacion of the harlotte. So serued +Thraso, and Phedria Thais, that Gorgious harlot, Antony +and Iulius Cesar, Cleopatra, this is a bondage, to liue slaue +from reason and all all integritee, to a monsterous rableme[n]t +[Sidenote: The harlot- +tes lesson, to +her louers.] +of vices, who so serueth a harlot, thei must learne this lesson. +_Da mihi & affer_, giue and bryng. + +The women of Scithia, abhorryng the godly conuersa- +cion of mariage, with their housbandes, lefte theim, who in +tyme ware so mightie, that thei repelled theim by force: thei +called mariage not Matrimonie, but bondage. For, the chro- +nicles doe testifie, thei became conquerours ouer many kyn- +ges, all Asia obaied them: thei did builde many a great citee, +and for theire successe, thei might compare with many prin- +[Sidenote: The life of +the Amazo- +nes.] +ces. These women were called Amazones afterwarde, the +order of their life was this, ones in the yere thei would en- +ioye the compainie of a man: if it so were that thei had a man +childe, the father to haue it, if a daughter, then thei possessed +her, and foorthwith burned her right pappe: for thei were all +Archers, and wonderfully excelled therein, but in the ende, +[Sidenote: Thalestris.] +thei came all to ruine. One of them, Thalestris their Quene +in the tyme of Alexander the Greate, came to Alexander, +thinkyng that he had been, some monstrous man of stature: +[Fol. lvj.v] +[Sidenote: The offer of +a woman to +Alexander.] +whom, when she did beholde (for Alexander was of no migh- +tie stature) did contemne hym, and offered him hand to hande +[Sidenote: The answer +of Alexander +to the offer.] +to fight with hym. But Alexander like a wise Prince, saied +to his men, if I should ouercome her, that were no victorie, +nor manhoode againste a woman: and being ouercome, that +were greater shame, then commendacion in all my victories +and conquestes, but afterwarde, there was a greate familia- +ritée betwene them. The adulterer and the adulteris, neuer +prospereth, for many mischiues are reserued, to that wicked +and beastly loue. Sincere loue is not rooted, frendship colou- +red: the sober and demure countenaunce, is moche to be com- +mended in a chaste woman, whose breaste pondereth a chaste +[Sidenote: The facte of +the matrones +of Rome.] +life. The facte of the matrones of Rome, semeth straunge to +be tolde, of Papirius a Senators soonne, beyng taken to the +Senate house, of his father: the childe beyng indued with a +singuler wit, harde many causes in the assemble, talked and +consulted vpo[n], at his retourne home, his mother was inqui- +sitiue of their consultacion, to heare somewhat. The childe +was commaunded by his father, to vtter no secrete that he +heard, wherevpon of a long tyme, he refused his mothers de- +maunde: but at the laste subtelie, he satisfied his mothers re- +[Sidenote: Papirius.] +quest. Truth it is, my father willed me, to vtter no secret, you +keping my counsaill, I will shewe you, it is concluded by the +Senate house, that euery man shall haue twoo wiues, that +is a straunge matter, saieth the mother: foorthwith she had +communicacion with all the matrones of Roome, that could +doe somewhat in this matter, thei also full willyngly assem- +bled themselues, to let this purpose, to the Senate house, thei +went to vtter, their swollen griues. The Senators were a- +mased at their commyng, but in this matter bolde thei were, +[Sidenote: The Oracio[n] +of a matrone, +to the Sena- +tours.] +to enterprise that, whiche thei wer greued at. A Dame more +eloquente then all the reste, and of stomacke more hardie, be- +gan in these woordes. Otherwise then right, we are iniuri- +ously handled, and that in this assemble, that now we should +be caste of and neclected: that whereas it is concluded in this +[Fol. lvij.r] +counsaile, that euery manne should haue twoo wiues, more +meter it were, that one woman should haue twoo housban- +des. Straunge it was in the Senators eares soche a request, +whereupon a proofe made how that rumour rose, Papirius +was found the aucthor, who tolde before the Senate, his mo- +ther alwaies inquisitiue to knowe that, whiche he should not +tell, and thereupon he faigned that, whiche he might better +tell. It is to be supposed the Senators mused thereat, and the +matrones of Rome went home ashamed: but their secrete co- +gitacion of minde was manifest, what willingly in hart thei +wished. What greater felicitee can there bee, then in a vnitée +of life, the housebande to liue with his wife. The beastes in +their kinde, doe condemne mannes brutishe affections here- +in: there is no facte that sheweth a man or woman, more like +to beastes, then whoredome. + + +¶ The obieccion. + +But you will saie, many calamitées happeneth in mariage? + + +¶ The solucion. + +Fortunne herein is to bee blamed, and not mariage, if a- +ny misfortune happeneth to manne therein, the felicitée and +[Sidenote: Eleccion in +Mariage.] +quiet state that any man enioieth thereby. The discrete elec- +cion is therein approued, in the state it self, nothyng can bee +founde worthie reprehension, if a man will impute the bit- +ter stormes of life to mariage: whatseouer happeneth, our +owne reason maie iudge contrary. Place before thy iyes all +the affaires, and occupacions of this life, bee all tymes plea- +saunte to the housebande man, many a colde storme perceth +his bodie, and many a mightie tempeste, dooeth molest hym +and greue hym. Sommer is not the tyme, to caste his seede in +the grounde, or implowyng to occupie hymself: shall he ther- +fore leaue his housebandrie, or doeth he rather neclecte it, his +diligence therein is the more, and labour more industrious. +From whence commeth the tempeste, the stormes and bitter +seasons? From his house, from his wife, from his art and oc- +cupacion, all those thynges by violence are expelled from the +[Fol. lvij.v] +aire. No state of life is able to giue riches, healthe, or securitée +[Sidenote: Emperours.] +to his state. There hath been princes and Emperours, nedie, +full of infirmitées and sickenes, in daungerous state, oppres- +sed with many calamitées: was their dignitie and office, the +cause of their calamitées? No, God tempreth the state of eue- +ry one, how, and after what sorte to possesse thesame. Some +[Sidenote: Mariage.] +are fulle fortunate in Mariage, if Mariage were of necessitée +the cause, then all should be onely fortunate, or onely vnfor- +tunate: then in mariage is not the cause, if in marige the ma- +ners doe disagrée, and loue is extinguished, blame thyn own +[Sidenote: The Mari- +ners.] +maners, thy choise, and thy eleccion. The Mariner that pas- +seth the daungerous Seas, and by dreadfull tempestes, and +huffyng waues is alwaies in perille, and many often tymes +[Sidenote: The Mar- +chauntes.] +drouned. The Marchaunt lesyng his marchaundise by ship- +wrack, shall thei impute the daunger and losse, to their wife +at home? Or doe the Mariners leaue for all these tempestes, +their arte of Nauigacion? Or the owner breake his shippe? +Or the Marchaunt proue no aduentures, because of his losse, +and many haue been of this sort drouned. No. But more ear- +[Sidenote: Warre.] +nestlie thei dooe assaie theim selues thereto. Because warre +spoileth many a man of his life, doe Princes therefore, leaue +to moue armour againste the enemie, but because, who so in +the defence of his countrée, dieth manfullie, is worthelie ad- +uaunced, and in perpetuall memorie, no daunger is refused, +because euill thynges happeneth in life, is the state of good +thynges to be auoided and eschued. Were it not vnsemelie, +if housebande men, for no storme or tempeste, doe leaue their +state, their laborious and rough co[n]dicion of life, nor the ship- +man his arte of Nauigacion, because he seeth many drouned +venteryng thesame, and he hymself often tymes in daunger, +nor the soldiour or capitain, their perilous condicion of life, +doe leaue for daunger. Should Mariage bée lesse sette by, be- +cause alwaies riches and quietnes happeneth not. + + +¶ The obieccion. + +The losse of a good wife and children, is a greate grefe to +[Fol. lviij.r] +any man, and a cause to blame mariage. + + +¶ The aunswere. + +[Sidenote: The lawe of +Nature.] +You your self are borne to dye, thei also by death obaye +likewise Nature, this is the Lawe of Nature ones to dye, +whiche you séeme to blame. Then the death of thy wife and +childre[n], is not the blame in Mariage. What is the cause that +you dye? Natures imbecillitée and weakenes, then in theim[.] +Mariage is not the cause: Nature in her firste molde hath so +framed all, wherefore doe you ascribe that to mariage, that +is founde faultée in Nature. Thei die that marie not, what +infirmitie, daunger or peril happeneth to any in mariage, as +sharpe and perilous, doe molest and torment the other. If any +manne by death, leaseth a right honeste wife, clothed with all +chastitée, demurenesse, sobrietée, and also with all singulari- +tée of vertue adorned: he hath loste a rare treasure, a iewell of +[Sidenote: A chaste wo- +man.] +price, not in all to bee founde. Did you loue your wife, that +was so goodlie, so honeste and vertuous: there was greate +cause saie you, for her vertuous sake, God hath chosen her fro[m] +a mortall creature, to immortalitée, with her it can not bée +better. There is no cause why you should blame mariage, +for the losse of her, or of thy children, or for the losse of thee, +she to blame mariage. If for thy owne sake, this sorowe bee, +_Est seipsum amantis non amici_, it is then of a self loue, to thy +self, not for her cause: for I muste aunswere as Lelius did to +Affricanus, _Cum ea optime esseactu[m] quis neget, quid est quod +no[n] assecuta est immortalitatem_. Who can deny saieth he, but +that with her it can not bee better? What is it that she hath +not attained. Immortalitée. She was vertuous, chaiste, so- +ber, descrete, of behauiour womanlie: for her vertues belo- +ued. Well, now she hath immortalitee and blesse, are you so- +rie thereat, that were enuious. Did you loue her liuyng, loue +her also departed, her vertuous shewed vnto vs, her immor- +talitée. + + +¶ The obieccion. + +There is a care for the wife and children, if the housband +[Fol. lviij.v] +dye before theim. + + +¶ The aunswere. + +[Sidenote: A wretched +executour.] +If thou leaue them riches, hope not that thy riches shalbe +a staie to theim, though thei bee innumerable: a wretched, a +miserable executour, wasteth and destroieth oftentymes, the +fruictes of thy trauaile, who reioyseth more of thy death, then +of thy life. Or thy childrens father in Lawe, shall spoile and +spende with a merie harte, that whiche thou haste long tera- +[Sidenote: Gods pro- +uidence.] +uailed for. Staie thy self and thyne vpon Gods prouidence, +for it hath been seen, many a riche widowe, with infinite +treasure lefte, to her children also like porcions descendyng: +afterwarde bothe wife and children, haue been brought to +miserie and beggerlie state. Otherwise, poore children com- +mitted to the prouidence of God, and vertuouslie brought vp, +and the wife in like state, yet thei haue so passed their daies, +that thei haue rose to a goodlie state. See that thy richesse bée +not iniuriouslie gotten by falshode, by liyng, by Usurie, if it +so be, then _Male parta male dilabuntnr_. That is this, gooddes +euill gotte, euill spente, soche riches neuer giue déepe roote +to their ofspryng. That is an euill care, by a iniurious care, +to purchase thynges and gooddes wickedlie. + +Also mariage taketh awaie widowhed, and doeth repare +with a newe freshe mariage, the lacke and priuacion of the +[Sidenote: Death. +Mariage.] +other. She that was by death left a widowe, mariage again +hath coupled her to a newe housbande: and doeth restore that +whiche death tooke awaie. That that death dissolueth and +destroieth, mariage increaseth, augme[n]teth, and multiplieth. +Bee it so, but mariage is a painfull life, it forceth euery one +to trauaile, to vpholde and maintaine his state, I commende +not the idell life, neither a life occupied to no vertuous ende. +Nature moueth euery manne to loue hymself and his, so thy +care and paine be to a godlie purpose. It is commendable. It +is the duetie of euery man, as his power, witte, and industrie +is able, to emploie thereto his cogitacion. To laboure for thy +wife, whom thou loueste, and deare children, thy laboure is +[Fol. lix.r] +pleasure, the ioye easeth thy labour. To behold thy self in thy +children, thei beyng vertuouslie broughte vp, it is a goodlie +[Sidenote: The mariage +of a chaste +woman.] +comfort, to liue with a chaste woman, sober and continente, +her vertues be a continuall pleasure, a passyng ioye. In ma- +riage ought to be greate deliberacion, whom thou chosest to +thy continuall compainie or felowshippe, her life paste well +knowen, her parentes and kindrede how honeste and vertu- +ous, her maners, her fame, how commendable, her counti- +[Sidenote: The choise +of a wife.] +naunce sober, a constaunt iye, and with shamefastnes beau- +tified, a mouthe vttering fewe woordes discretlie. She is not +to be liked, who[m] no vertuous qualitées in her educacio[n], beu- +tifieth and adorneth, the goodlie qualitees sheweth, the well +framed and nurtured mynde. These thynges maie be suffi- +ciente, to shewe what excellencie is in mariage and how ne- +cessarie it is, to the procreacion and preseruacio[n] of mankind. + + +¶ _Legislacio._ + +¶ A Oracion either in the defence of +a Lawe, or againste a Lawe. + +MAny learned menne are in this opinion, that vpon +a Lawe alledged, a Oracion maie bee made in the +defence of it: or matter maie be suppeditated, to in- +uaigh by force of argument againste it. + +Although the lawe alleged be in maner the whole cause, +bicause it doeth co[n]tain al the matter included in the oracion. + +In this Oracion, the persone is induced to be spoken vp- +pon, vnknowne, vncertaine: wherefore it is to be placed, ra- +ther in the state and forme of consultacion, and to bée exami- +ned with iudgement. + +The induccion of a Lawe, is in twoo sortes. + +A confirmacion of any olde Lawe, or a confutacion. + +As for example. + +The Ciuill Lawe doeth well commende, bondmen to be +manumised, that is, to be made free. + +The lawe is herein to be praised, that willeth the cou[n]sail +of the parentes & frendes, to be knowne before the contracte. +[Fol. lix.v] +Upon a Lawe alledged, worthelie matter maie rise, waigh- +yng the godlie ende, whereunto the Lawe was firste inuen- +ted, decreed and stablished, what profite thereof ensueth and +foloweth. What it is to vertue a mainteiner, otherwise if it +be not profitable? What moued any one to frame and ordain +soche a Lawe, as was to a common wealthe vnprofitable, to +vertue no aider, if it were a profitable Lawe and godlie, it is +as Demosthenes saieth, of God inuented, though by famous +[Sidenote: Lawe.] +wise, and godlie menne, stablished and decréed. Good Lawes +tempereth to all states equitee and iustice, without fauour or +frendship, no more to the one then the other. + +The order to make an Oracion by a lawe, is in this sort. +First, make a prohemiu[m] or beginning to enter your matter. + +In the seconde place, adde a contrary to that, whiche you +will entreate vpon. + +Then shewe it lawful. + +Iuste. + +Profitable. + +Possible. + +You maie as in _Thesis_, whiche was the Oracion before, +vse a contradiction or obiection: and to that make an answere +or solucion. + + +¶ A confutacion of that Lawe, whiche suffered +adultrie to bee punished with death, no +iudgement giuen thereupon. + +[Sidenote: The moste +rigorous and +moste cruell +lawe of Solo[n][.]] +SOlon, who was a famous Philosopher, in the +time of Cresus king of Lidia, and a lawe giuer +to the Athenians: by whose Lawes and godlie +meanes, the Athenians were long and prospe- +rouslie gouerned. Emong many of his lawes, +this Solon set forthe againste adulterers. _Fas esse deprehen- +denti mæchum in ipso adulterio interficere_: it shalbee lawfull +saieth he, who so taketh an adulterer in his beastlie facte, to +kill hym. Solon beyng a wise man, was more rigorous and +cruell, in this one Lawe, then he ought to be. A meruailous +[Fol. lx.r] +matter, and almoste vncredible, so wise, so noble and worthy +a Lawe giuer, to bruste out with soche a cruell and bloodie +lawe, that without iudgement or sentence giuen, the matter +neither proued nor examined, adulterie to be death. Where- +fore, reason forceth euery manne, to Iudge and ponder with +[Sidenote: Adulterie a +horrible vice.] +hymself, that either adulterie is a moste horrible vice, moste +beastlie & pestiferous, and not mete to tary vpon the censure, +and sentence of a Iudge: or Solon was not so wise, discrete, +and a politike persone, but a rashe and fonde lawe giuer, that +in soche a terrible voice, he should burste out, as adulterie so +horrible, as not worthie to be pondered, examined and boul- +ted of in Iudgemente. The Athenians receiued that Lawe, +thei did also obaie his other lawes. Their dominions there- +by in felicitée was gouerned: there was no populous nom- +ber of adulterers, to let that Lawe, thei liued moste godlie, a +straunge worlde, a rare moderacion of that age and people. +[Sidenote: Plato aga- +inste adultrie +made a lawe.] +Plato the godlie Philosopher, who lefte in his woorkes, and +monumentes of learnyng, greate wisedome and also godlie +Lawes in his bookes: intiteled vpon Lawes, and gouerne- +ment of a common wealth, did not passe by in silence, to giue +and ordain a Lawe against adulterie. Who also as it semed +Iudged adulterie as moste horrible and detestable, in his .ix. +booke _de Legibus_. This is the Lawe. _Adulteram deprehen- +sam impune occidi a viro posse._ The adultrous woman saith +he, taken in the crime, her housbande maie without daunger +of death, or feare of punishement slea her. A straunge matter +twoo so noble, so famous for wisedome, to make adulterie +present death, no Iudgement or sentence of Magistrate, pro- +cedyng to examine and iudge, vpon the state of the cause. A +man maie saie, O goodlie age, and tyme in vertue tempered, +eche state as seemeth brideled and kepte vnder, and farre fro[m] +voluptuousnes remoued. There was no stewes or Baudes +houses, where soche Lawes and Lawmakers were. Sobrie- +tée was in maides, and chastitée harboured in matrones and +wedded wiues, a harte inuiolable to honeste conuersacion. +[Fol. lx.v] +Where adulterie is cutte of, there many detestable vices, +[Sidenote: Catos sen- +tence vpon +adulterie.] +and execrable purposes are remoued. Cato the sage Peere of +Rome, indued with like seueritée, did fauour that lawe and +highlie extolled it. Although adulterie bee a detestable vice +horrible, yea, although it be worthie death, better it were by +iudgemente, and the sentence of the Magistrate, the faute to +[Sidenote: Lawe.] +bee determined: then at the will of euery manne, as a Lawe +by death to bee ended, the common wealthe shalbee in more +quiet state, when the horrible factes of wicked menne, by the +[Sidenote: The Iudge, +a liuely lawe.] +Lawe made worthie of deathe: are neuerthelesse by a liuelie +Lawe, whiche is the Iudge, pronounced and condemned, ac- +cordyng to the Lawe. Els many mischiues might rise in all +kyngdomes and common wealthes, vnder a colour of lawe, +many a honeste persone murthered: and many a murtherer, +by cloke of a Lawe, from daunger saued. In Rome somtime +a Lawe there was ordained againste adulterie, whiche was +called _Lex Iulia_, this Lawe Octauius Augustus set foorthe. +The Lawe was thus, _Gladio iussit animaduerti in adulteros_[.] +The lawe commaunded adulterers to be hedded. The chro- +nicles of aunciente tymes herein doe shew, and the decrées of +auncient elders also, how horrible a thing adulterie is, when +thei punishe it with death. Who knoweth not emo[n]g the Is- +raelites, and in the olde lawe thei wer stoned to death. Well +as Magistrates are in common wealthes remoued, or as ti- +mes chaunge, lawes also are chaunged and dissolued: and as +the Prouerbe is, _Lex vt Regio_, the Lawes are accordyng to +the Region. Afterwarde Ualerius Publicola, a man ascen- +dyng to high nobilitée of honour, and fame emong, the Ro- +maines gaue this Lawe. _Qua neminem licebat indicta causa +necare._ By this lawe it was not lefull, any manne to be put +[Sidenote: A godly law.] +to death, their cause not examined in Iudgemente, this was +a goodlie Lawe. Then afterwarde, Lawe giuers rose in the +common wealth, that with more facilitee tolerated that vice, +then wickednesse flowed, adulterie not punished by death. +And sence that, the Romaine Empire, wrapped and snared +[Fol. lxj.r] +with soche mischiues hath decaied, in fame, nobilitée and ver- +tue. Many a parte of their dominion plagued, deuoured, and +[Sidenote: The good +manne.] +destroied. The good and godlie menne, nede not to feare any +Lawe godlie, their life beyng in vertue and godlines nurtu- +red. The terrible sentence of a lawe, forceth the good and god- +lie, to perseuere and continue in godlines. The terrible sen- +[Sidenote: Lawe.] +tence of a Lawe, cutteth of the wicked enterprises of pestife- +rous menne. Uice where lawe is not to correcte, will inure it +[Sidenote: Uice as a +lawe by cu- +stome.] +self by custome as a Lawe, or borne and tolerated againste a +[Sidenote: Adulterie.] +Lawe. Therefore as adulterie without Iudgemente, to bee +punished worthie of death is vngodlie: so it ought not to bee +passed ouer, or tolerated in any Region or common wealth, +as no lawe seuerely to punishe thesame. + + +¶ The contrarie. + +AL other lawes doe differ, from that rigorous lawe +of Solon and Plato herein, yea, and though thei +be vices horrible, yet thei ar not determined, with +out the sente[n]ce of the Magistrate and Iudge. But +this cruell Lawe of Solon, doeth repugne all lawes, stabli- +[Sidenote: The lawe v- +niuersall and +equall to all +menne.] +shed in all Citees and common wealthes. And sithe the lawe +is of hymself vniuersall, with equitée, giuing and tempering +to all states. Fonde muste that Lawe bee of Solon, whiche +rashely, without consideracion of iudgement doeth procede, +no man ought in his own cause, to be his own iudge or Ma- +gistrate. This is argument sufficient to confounde the lawe +of Solon. All Lawes are repugnaunte to that, because with +Iudgement thei procede against vices moste pestiferous. In +[Sidenote: Thefte.] +common wealthes Theft is by lawe, pronounced worthie of +death, whereupon also the Magistrate and Iudge, determi- +neth the matter, and heareth of bothe the action of the case, +before he condempneth, so in all other mischiues. + +But you maie saie, many mischiues riseth of adulterie. + +Although it so be, the Iudge determineth vpon Murder, +whiche is in like sort horrible, soche also as dooe séeke to caste +into perill their countrée, and by treason to destroie thesame, +[Fol. lxj.v] +Iudgemente proceadeth by determinacion of the Lawe and +Iudge. And so in all other wicked factes, and mischiuous en- +terprises, the Iudgement in euery cause procedeth, as Lawe +[Sidenote: The Iudge +a liuely lawe.] +and right willeth, from the mouthe of the Iudge, he beyng a +liuelie Lawe, to the Lawe written. The cruell Lawe of So- +lon, is like to the phantasie and wille of a tyraunte, who, as +phantasie and will leadeth, murdereth at his pleasure, whose +will is alwaies a sufficient Lawe to hymself, as who should +[Sidenote: The will of a +tyraunte his +owne lawe.] +saie, so I wille, so I commaunde, my wille shall stande for a +Lawe: but godlie lawes doe iustlie, accordyng to reason and +vertue, tempereth the cause of euery man. No godlie Lawe, +maketh the accuser his owne Iudge. + + +¶ Lawfull. + +[Sidenote: Lawes were +made for two +causes.] +WHo so by Lawe is iudged, and the offence proued, +there is no excuse in the malefactour, nor suspicion +seing that, accordyng to lawe, the fact is punished, +and as Demosthenes saieth, twoo thynges moued +the wise Elders to make Lawes, that the wicked should bee +hindered, and cutte of from their purpose, and that good men +seyng by a lawe, the actes of pestiferous men kepte vnder, by +the terrour of them, are afraied to commit the like facte. This +was euen accordyng to lawe. The terrible sentence of a law +executed, vpon moste wicked persones, doe kepe vnder many +a mischiuous enterprise, whiche through the dolefull and la- +mentable ende of the wicked, doe driue and force all other to +all godlines. + + +¶ Iuste. + +THe accuser by Lawe and Iudge, is able to defende +hymself, whe[n] his cause is ended accordyng to law. +Uertue thereby vpholded, when by order of lawe, +vice is condempned. The malifactour hath no ex- +cuse, all staie and colour remoued, the accuser by iuste Lawe +pleateth, when the law is thereby supported and saued. And +herein a greate parte of Iustice is placed, when the fauour of +the Iudge or frendship, is onely on the cause, the persone nec- +[Fol. lxij.r] +lected, that is Iustice, to giue to euery one his owne. + + +¶ Profitable. + +IT must be profitable to the whole bodie of the com- +mon wealthe, when by the Iustice of godlie lawes, +vertue is in high price aduaunced, vice by the open +sentence, and manifeste profe conuicted, the malefa- +ctour shall be knowen, the sincere and godlie deliuered, and +from tyme to tyme maintained. Lawes as thei be vniuersall +so thei openlie ought to giue sentence. + + +¶ Possible. + +THen without lawe to procede, and iudgemente of +the Magistrate, as Solon did in this lawe, it were +not possible, any common wealthe to florishe ther- +by. Therefore in Iudgemente ought the cause of +euery one to be pleated and examined, that thereby all suspi- +cion, & greuous enormitées, maie be put of. Uice is not there- +fore tolerated, because for a tyme, Iudgemente ceaseth, but +hereupon vices are more depely rooted out, all people know- +yng the determinacion of the lawe, and the manifest sente[n]ce +of the Iudge heard. A terrour ensueth to al malefactours and +pestiferous men, good men are incensed to all godlines, whe[n] +vice by Lawe is condempned, cutte of, and destroied. Good +menne by Lawe and aucthoritée, vpholded and maintained. + +[Sidenote: The state of +good lawes.] +This is the state of good lawes, by order to procede, the +cause in Iudgemente examined, the facte proued, +vertue in any persone vpholded, vice in all +caste doune and defaced, so there is +good Lawe, as Demosthenes +saieth, sincere Iudge, +and sentence +inuiola- +ble. + + * * * * * + +[Transcriber's Note: The following is a list of printer errors in +the original.] + +Page Original Correct + +Fol. j.r faith he faith be +Fol. ij.r Poloponesians Peloponesians +Fol. ij.r oracions, when oracion, when +Fol. v.r Perthesius Parthesius +Fol. vj.v Romai- Romains [or Romaines] +Fol. vij.r valianntes valiauntes +Fol. vij.r commo wealth commo[n] wealth +Fol. ix.r uot not +Fol. ix.r state or state of +Fol. ix.v comparson comparison +Fol. x.r aboundauute aboundaunte +Fol. x.v oneie onelie +Fol. xj.r fanour fauour +Fol. xiiij.r vengauce vengau[n]ce +Fol. xiiij.v Fenche Frenche +Fol. xv.r Bristaines Britaines +Fol. xvj.r porfite profite +Fol. xvj.v learnng learning [or learnyng] +Fol. xvij.r is was was +Fol. xvij.r Pholosopher Philosopher +Fol. xvij.v faundacion foundacion +Fol. xviij.v aud and +Fol. xviij.v Catona Crotona +Fol. xix.r celebraied celebrated +Fol. xx.v intteled intiteled +Fol. xxj.r gouerme[n]t gouernme[n]t +Fol. xxij.v Politcia Politia +Fol. xxiiij.v Rhetotike Rhetorike +Fol. xxiiij.v exposion exposicion +Fol. xxiiij.v Incrediblie Incredible +Fol. xxv.r The feigne Thei feigne +Fol. xxvij.r the the the +Fol. xxvij.r moderaciou moderacion +Fol. xxviij.v Prossible Possible +Fol. xxviij.v Rhetotike Rhetorike +Fol. xxix.r Fol. xxxj. Fol. xxix. +Fol. xxix.v Historiogriphers Historiographers +Fol. xxxj.r Fol. xxxiij. Fol. xxxj. +Fol. xxxj.r lineth liueth +Fol. xxxj.v ouerthowe ouerthrowe +Fol. xxxj.v Epamniundas Epaminundas +Fol. xxxij.r Epameunndas Epaminundas +Fol. xxxiij.r Zopryus Zopyrus +Fol. xxxiiij.r or God of God +Fol. xxxiiij.r wekedned wekened +Fol. xxxv.r destetable detestable +Fol. xxxv.v Theodosiuus Theodosius +Fol. xxxv.v prouulgate promulgate +Fol. xxxv.v hane haue +Fol. xxxvj.r goddes goodes [or gooddes] +Fol. xxxvj.r lo liue to liue +Fol. xxxvj.r the:m theim +Fol. xxxvij.r Fol. xxxix. Fol. xxxvij. +Fol. xxxvij.v dangerous gaue dangerous game +Fol. xxxviij.v cut af cut of +Fol. xxxviij.v gouernuurs gouernours +Fol. xxxix.r Fol. xxxvij. Fol. xxxix. +Fol. xxxix.r His Oracion THis Oracion +Fol. xxxix.v goueruours gouernours +Fol. xl.v Traianns Traianus +Fol. xlij.r nobilitée) for nobilitée (for +Fol. xliij.r valianntly valiauntly +Fol. xliiij.v anncestours auncestours +Fol. xlviij.r conutrée countrée +Fol. liiij.v omnipoteucie omnipotencie +Fol. lvj.r all all all +Fol. lvij.r whatseouer whatsoeuer +Fol. lviij.v terauailed trauailed +Fol. lviij.v dilabuntnr dilabuntur + +The original contains the following additional printer errors: + +Fol. j.r Decorative capital "N" reversed +Fol. xxxiij.r Last sentence repeated +Fol. xxxviij.v Section heading repeated +Fol. liij.r First word repeats last word on previous page +Fol. liiij.r Remainder of last sentence missing? + +The following do not appear to be printer errors, as they are +consistently used in the original: "thesame" for "the same"; "shalbe" +for "shall be"; the use of "a" instead of "an" before a noun +beginning with a vowel; the combination of "the" and a word beginning +with "e" into a single word, as in "theight" for "the eight." + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A booke called the Foundacion of +Rhetorike, by Richard Rainolde + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FOUNDACION OF RHETORIKE *** + +***** This file should be named 26056-8.txt or 26056-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/6/0/5/26056/ + +Produced by Greg Lindahl, Linda Cantoni, and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A booke called the Foundacion of Rhetorike + because all other partes of Rhetorike are grounded + thereupon, euery parte sette forthe in an Oracion vpon + questions, verie profitable to bee knowen and redde + +Author: Richard Rainolde + +Release Date: July 14, 2008 [EBook #26056] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FOUNDACION OF RHETORIKE *** + + + + +Produced by Greg Lindahl, Linda Cantoni, and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + +<div class="notes"> +<p class="centern"><b><i>Transcriber’s Notes</i></b></p> + +<p><b><i>About this book:</i></b> <i>A booke called the Foundacion of Rhetorike</i> was +published in 1563. Only five copies of the original are known to +exist. This e-book was transcribed from microfiche scans of the +original in the Bodleian Library at Oxford University. The scans can +be viewed at the Bibliothèque nationale de France website at +http://gallica.bnf.fr.</p> + +<p><i><b>Typography:</b></i> The original line and paragraph breaks, hyphenation, +spelling, capitalization, punctuation, inconsistent use of an acute +accent over ee, the use of u for v and vice versa, and the use of i +for j and vice versa, have been preserved. All apparent <a href="#Printer_Errors">printer errors</a> have +also been preserved, and are listed at the end of this document.</p> + +<p>The following alterations have been made:</p> + +<p>1. Long-s (ſ) is regularized as s.</p> + +<p>2. The paragraph symbol, resembling a C in the original, is rendered +as ¶.</p> + +<p>3. Missing punctuation, hyphens, and paragraph symbols have been added +in brackets, e.g. [-].</p> + +<p>4. Except for the dedication, which is in modern italics, the majority +of the original book is in blackletter font, with some words in a +modern non-italic font. All modern-font passages are rendered in +italics.</p> + +<p>5. Incorrect page numbers are corrected, but are included in the +list of <a href="#Printer_Errors">printer errors</a> at the end of this e-book.</p> + +<p>6. Abbreviations and contractions represented as special characters in +the original have been expanded as noted in the table below. +“Supralinear” means directly over a letter; “sublinear” means directly +under a letter. The y referred to below is an Early Modern English +form of the Anglo-Saxon thorn character, representing th, but +identical in appearance to the letter y.</p> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="1" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" summary="expansions"> +<tr><td class="centern"><b>Original</b></td><td class="centern"><b>Expansion</b></td></tr> +<tr><td>y with supralinear e</td><td>y<span class="super">e</span> (i.e., the)</td></tr> +<tr><td>accented q with semicolon</td><td>q[ue]</td></tr> +<tr><td>w with supralinear curve</td><td>w[ith]</td></tr> +<tr><td>e with sublinear hook</td><td>[ae]</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>A macron over a vowel represents m or n, and is rendered as it appears +in the original, e.g., cōprehēded = comprehended.</p> + +<p><b><i>Pagination:</i></b> This book was paginated using folio numbers in a +recto-verso scheme. The front of each folio is the recto page (the +right-hand page); the back of each folio is the verso page (the +left-hand page in a book). In the original, folio numbers (beginning +after the table of contents) are printed only on the recto side of +each leaf. For the reader’s convenience, all folio pages in this +e-book, including the verso pages, have been numbered in brackets +according to the original format, with the addition of r for recto +and v for verso, e.g., Fol. x.r is Folio 10 recto, Fol. x.v is +Folio 10 verso.</p> + +<p><b><i>Sources consulted:</i></b> The uneven quality of the microfiche scans, as well +as the blackletter font and some ink bleed-through and blemishes in the original, +made the scans difficult to read in some places. To ensure accuracy, +the transcriber has consulted the facsimile reprint edited by Francis +R. Johnson (Scholars’ Facsimiles and Reprints, New York, 1945). The +1945 reprint was prepared primarily from the Bodleian copy, with +several pages reproduced from the copy in the Chapin Library at +Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts, where the Bodleian copy +was unclear.</p> +</div> + +<p><br /></p> + +<p class="centern"> +<img src="images/title.png" width="500" height="718" alt="title page" title="title page" /> +</p> + +<p><br /></p> + +<div class="bbox"> +<p class="centern"><span class="xlg">¶ A booke cal-</span><br /> +<span class="lg"><i>led the Foundacion of Rhetorike, be-</i></span><br /> +<span class="lg"><b>cause all other partes of</b> Rhetorike</span><br /> +<b>are grounded thereupon, euery parte sette<br /> +forthe in an Oracion vpon questions,<br /> +verie profitable to bee knowen<br /> +and redde: Made by Ri-<br /> +chard Rainolde<br /> +Maister of<br /> +Arte,<br /> +of<br /> +the Uniuersitie of<br /> +Cambridge.</b><br /> +1563. +</p> + +<p class="centern">Mens. Marcij. vj.</p> + +<p class="centern"> +<span class="lg"><i>¶ Imprinted at London, by<br /> +Ihon Kingston.</i></span><br /> +</p> +</div> + + +<div class="narrow"> +<hr /> +<p class="center"><span class="gesplg">THE EPISTLE DEDICATORIE</span></p> + + +<p class="center"> +<span class="lg">¶ <i>To the right honorable and my singuler good Lorde,</i></span><br /> +<span class="lg">my Lorde Robert Dudley, Maister of the</span><br /> +Queenes Maiesties horse, one of her highes pri-<br /> +<span class="sm">uie Counsaile, and knight of the moste honou-<br /> +rable order of the Garter: Richard Rai-<br /> +nolde wisheth longe life, with<br /> +increase of honour.</span><br /> +</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_a_01.png" width="160" height="130" alt="A" title="A" class="floatl" style="padding-right: .8em" /> +<span class="gesperrt">RISTOTLE</span> <i>the famous Phi-<br /> +losopher, writing a boke to king<br /> +Alexāder, the great and migh-<br /> +tie conquerour, began the Epi-<br /> +stle of his Booke in these woor-<br /> +des. Twoo thynges moued me<br /> +chieflie, O King, to betake to thy Maiesties handes,<br /> +this worke of my trauile and labour, thy nobilitie and<br /> +vertue, of the whiche thy nobilitie encouraged me, thy<br /> +greate and singuler vertue, indued with all humanitie,<br /> +forced and draue me thereto. The same twoo in your<br /> +good Lordshippe, Nobilitie and Vertue, as twoo migh-<br /> +tie Pillers staied me, in this bolde enterprise, to make<br /> +your good Lordshippe, beyng a Pere of honour, indued<br /> +with all nobilitie and vertue: a patrone and possessoure<br /> +of this my booke. In the whiche although copious and<br /> +aboundaunte eloquence wanteth, to adorne and beau-<br /> +tifie thesame, yet I doubte not for the profite, that is in<br /> +this my trauaile conteined, your honour indued with<br /> +all singuler humanitie, will vouchsaufe to accepte my<br /> +willyng harte, my profitable purpose herein. Many fa-<br /> +mous menne and greate learned, haue in the Greke<br /> +tongue and otherwise trauailed, to profite all tymes<br /> +their countrie and common wealthe. This also was my<br /> +ende and purpose, to plante a worke profitable to all ty-<br /> +mes, my countrie and common wealthe.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +<i>And because your Lordshippe studieth all singula-<br /> +ritie to vertue, and wholie is incensed thereto: I haue<br /> +compiled this woorke, and dedicated it to your Lorde-<br /> +shippe, as vnto whō moste noble and vertuous. Wher-<br /> +in are set forthe soche Oracions, as are right profitable<br /> +to bee redde, for knowledge also necessarie. The duetie<br /> +of a subiecte, the worthie state of nobilitie, the prehe-<br /> +minent dignitie and Maiestie of a Prince, the office of<br /> +counsailours, worthie chiefe veneracion, the office of a<br /> +Iudge or Magestrate are here set foorthe. In moste for-<br /> +tunate state is the kyngdome and Common wealthe,<br /> +where the Nobles and Peres, not onelie daiely doe stu-<br /> +die to vertue, for that is the wisedome, that all the<br /> +graue and wise Philophers searched to attaine to. For<br /> +the ende of all artes and sciences, and of all noble actes<br /> +and enterprises is vertue, but also to fauour and vphold<br /> +the studentes of learnyng, whiche also is a greate ver-<br /> +tue. Whoso is adorned with nobilitie and vertue, of<br /> +necessitie nobilitie and vertue, will moue and allure thē<br /> +to fauour and support vertue in any other, yea, as Tul-<br /> +lie the moste famous Oratour dooeth saie, euen to loue<br /> +those whō we neuer sawe, but by good fame and brute<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.4em;">beutified to vs. For the encrease of vertue, God</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">dooeth nobilitate with honour worthie</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.4em;">menne, to be aboue other in dignitie</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5.3em;">and state, thereupon vertue</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6.5em;">doeth encrease your</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 8em;">Lordshipps</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 9em;">honor,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5.7em;">beyng a louer of vertue</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 7em;">and worthie no-</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 8.8em;">bilitie.</span></i><br /> +</p> + +<p class="right"> +Your lordshippes humble ser-<br /> +<span style="margin-right: 2em;">uaunt Richard Rainolde.</span><br /> +</p> + + + +<hr /> +<p class="center"><span class="lg"><i>To the Reader.</i></span></p> + + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_a_02.png" width="153" height="152" alt="A" title="A" class="floatl" /> +<span class="gesperrt">PHTHONIVS</span> a famous man, wrote<br /> +in Greke of soche declamacions, to en-<br /> +structe the studentes thereof, with all fa-<br /> +cilitée to grounde in them, a moste plenti-<br /> +ous and riche vein of eloquence. No man<br /> +is able to inuente a more profitable waie<br /> +and order, to instructe any one in the ex-<br /> +quisite and absolute perfeccion, of wisedome and eloquence,<br /> +then <i>Aphthonius Quintilianus</i> and <i>Hermogenes</i>. Tullie al-<br /> +so as a moste excellente Orator, in the like sorte trauailed,<br /> +whose Eloquence and vertue all tymes extolled, and the of-<br /> +spryng of all ages worthilie aduaunceth. And because as yet<br /> +the verie grounde of Rhetorike, is not heretofore intreated<br /> +of, as concernyng these exercises, though in fewe yeres past,<br /> +a learned woorke of Rhetorike is compiled and made in the<br /> +Englishe toungue, of one, who floweth in all excellencie of<br /> +arte, who in iudgement is profounde, in wisedome and elo-<br /> +quence moste famous. In these therefore my diligence is em-<br /> +ploied, to profite many, although not with like Eloquence,<br /> +beutified and adorned, as the matter requireth. I haue cho-<br /> +sen out in these Oracions soche questions, as are right ne-<br /> +cessarie to be knowen and redde of all those, whose cogitaciō<br /> +pondereth vertue and Godlines. I doubte not, but seyng my<br /> +trauaile toucheth vertuous preceptes, and vttereth to light,<br /> +many famous Histories, the order of arte obserued also, but<br /> +that herein the matter it self, shall defende my purpose aga-<br /> +inste the enuious, whiche seketh to depraue any good enter-<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">prise, begon of any one persone. The enuious manne</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.2em;">though learned, readeth to depraue that, which he</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">readeth, the ignoraunt is no worthie Iudge,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">the learned and godlie pondereth vp-</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">rightly & sincerely, that which</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6.8em;">he iudgeth, the order of</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 8.5em;">these Oracions</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6.5em;">followeth afterward, and</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 8em;">the names of thē.</span><br /> +</p> + + + +<hr /> +<p class="center"><span class="lg"> +¶ <i>The contentes of</i><br /> +this Booke.</span></p> + + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_a_03.png" width="80" height="84" alt="A" title="A" class="floatl" /> +N <a href="#shepherds">Oracion</a> made, vpon the Fable of the Shepher-<br /> +des and the Wolues, the Wolues requestyng the<br /> +Bandogges: wherein is set forthe the state of eue-<br /> +ry subiecte, the dignitie of a Prince, the honoura-<br /> +ble office of counsailours.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +An <a href="#ant">Oracion</a> vpon the Fable of the Ante and the Gres-<br /> +hopper, teachyng prouidence.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +An <a href="#semiramis">Oracion</a> Historicall, howe Semiramis came to bee<br /> +Quéene of Babilon.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +An <a href="#richard">Oracion</a> Historicall, vpon Kyng Richard the thirde<br /> +sometyme Duke of Glocester.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +An <a href="#caesar">Oracion</a> Historicall, of the commyng of Iulius Ce-<br /> +ser into Englande.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +An <a href="#themistocles">Oracion</a> Ciuill or Iudiciall, vpon Themistocles, of<br /> +the walle buildyng at Athenes.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +An <a href="#rose">Oracion</a> Poeticall vpon a redde Rose.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +A profitable <a href="#profitable">Oracion</a>, shewyng the decaie of kingdomes<br /> +and nobilitie.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +An <a href="#sentence">Oracion</a> vpon a Sentence, preferryng a Monarchie,<br /> +conteinyng all other states of common wealthe.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +The <a href="#troy">confutacion</a> of the battaile of Troie.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +A <a href="#zopyrus">confirmacion</a> of the noble facte of Zopyrus.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +An <a href="#thieves">Oracion</a> called a Common place against Theues.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +The <a href="#epaminundas">praise</a> of Epaminundas Duke of Thebes, wherein<br /> +the grounde of nobilitée is placed.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +The <a href="#nero">dispraise</a> of Domicius Nero Emperour of Roome.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +A <a href="#comparison">comparison</a> betwene Demosthenes and Tullie.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +A lamentable <a href="#hecuba">Oracion</a> of Hecuba Queene of Troie.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +A <a href="#xerxes">descripcion</a> vpon Xerxes kyng of Persia.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +An <a href="#marriage">Oracion</a> called <i>Thesis</i>, as concerning the goodly state<br /> +of Mariage.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +An <a href="#solon">Oracion</a> confutyng a certaine lawe of Solon.</p> + + + + +<hr /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Fol. j.r]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="lg"> +<i>The foundacion of</i><br /> +Rhetorike.</span> +</p> + +<p><br /></p> + +<p> +<a href="#Additional_Printer_Errors"><img src="images/cap_n_01.png" width="191" height="196" alt="N" title="N" class="floatl" /></a> +Ature hath indued euery man, with<br /> +a certain eloquence, and also subtili-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Rhetorike<br /> +and Logike<br /> +giuen of na-<br /> +ture.</span> +tée to reason and discusse, of any que-<br /> +stion or proposicion propounded, as<br /> +<i>Aristotle</i> the Philosopher, in his<br /> +Booke of <i>Rhetorike</i> dooeth shewe.<br /> +These giftes of nature, singuler doe<br /> +flowe and abounde in vs, accordyng<br /> +to the greate and ample indumente<br /> +and plentuousnes of witte and wisedome, lodged in vs, there-<br /> +fore Nature it self beyng well framed, and afterward by arte<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Arte furthe-<br /> +reth nature.</span> +and order of science, instructed and adorned, must be singular-<br /> +lie furthered, helped, and aided to all excellencie, to exquisite<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Logike.</span> +inuencion, and profounde knowledge, bothe in <i>Logike</i> and<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Rhetorike.</span> +<i>Rhetorike</i>. In the one, as a Oratour to pleate with all facili-<br /> +tee, and copiouslie to dilate any matter or sentence: in the other<br /> +to grounde profunde and subtill argument, to fortifie & make<br /> +stronge our assercion or sentence, to proue and defende, by the<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Logike.</span> +force and power of arte, thinges passyng the compasse & reach<br /> +of our capacitée and witte. Nothyng can bee more excellently<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Eloquence.</span> +giuen of nature then Eloquence, by the which the florishyng<br /> +state of commonweales doe consiste: kyngdomes vniuersally<br /> +are gouerned, the state of euery one priuatelie is maintained.<br /> +The commonwealth also should be maimed, and debilitated,<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Zeno.</span> +except the other parte be associate to it. <i>Zeno</i> the Philosopher<br /> +comparing <i>Rhetorike</i> and <i>Logike</i>, doeth assimilate and liken<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Logike.</span> +them to the hand of man. <i>Logike</i> is like <a href="#Printer_Errors">faith he</a> to the fiste, for<br /> +euen as the fiste closeth and shutteth into one, the iointes and<br /> +partes of the hande, & with mightie force and strength, wrap-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Similitude[.]<br /> +Logike.</span> +peth and closeth in thynges apprehended: So <i>Logike</i> for the<br /> +deepe and profounde knowlege, that is reposed and buried in<br /> +it, in soche sort of municion and strength fortified, in few wor-<br /> +des taketh soche force and might by argumente, that excepte<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Fol. j.v]</a></span>like equalitée in like art and knowledge doe mate it, in vain<br /> +the disputacion shalbe, and the repulse of thaduersarie readie.<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Rhetorike<br /> +like to the<br /> +hande.</span> +<i>Rhetorike</i> is like to the hand set at large, wherein euery part<br /> +and ioint is manifeste, and euery vaine as braunches of trées<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Rhetorike.</span> +sette at scope and libertee. So of like sorte, <i>Rhetorike</i> in moste<br /> +ample and large maner, dilateth and setteth out small thyn-<br /> +ges or woordes, in soche sorte, with soche aboundaunce and<br /> +plentuousnes, bothe of woordes and wittie inuencion, with<br /> +soche goodlie disposicion, in soche a infinite sorte, with soche<br /> +pleasauntnes of Oracion, that the moste stonie and hard har-<br /> +tes, can not but bee incensed, inflamed, and moued thereto.<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Logike and<br /> +Rhetorike<br /> +absolute in<br /> +fewe.</span> +These twoo singuler giftes of nature, are absolute and perfect<br /> +in fewe: for many therebe, whiche are exquisite and profound<br /> +in argument, by art to reason and discusse, of any question or<br /> +proposicion propounded, who by nature are disabled, & smal-<br /> +lie adorned to speake eloquently, in whom neuertheles more<br /> +aboundaunt knowlege doeth somtymes remaine then in the<br /> +other, if the cause shalbe in controuersie ioined, and examined<br /> +to trie a manifeste truthe. But to whom nature hath giuen<br /> +soche abilitée, and absolute excellencie, as that thei can bothe<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The vertue<br /> +of eloquence.</span> +copiouslie dilate any matter or sentence, by pleasauntnes and<br /> +swetenes of their wittie and ingenious oracion, to drawe vn-<br /> +to theim the hartes of a multitude, to plucke doune and extir-<br /> +pate affecciōs and perturbacions of people, to moue pitee and<br /> +compassion, to speake before Princes and rulers, and to per-<br /> +swade theim in good causes and enterprises, to animate and<br /> +incense them, to godlie affaires and busines, to alter the coū-<br /> +saill of kynges, by their wisedome and eloquence, to a better<br /> +state, and also to be exquisite in thother, is a thing of all most<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Demosthe-<br /> +nes.<br /> +Tisias.<br /> +Gorgias.<br /> +Eschines[.]<br /> +Tullie.<br /> +Cato.</span> +noble and excellent. The eloquence of Demosthenes, Isocra-<br /> +tes, Tisias, Gorgias, Eschines, were a great bulwarke and<br /> +staie to Athens and all Grece, Rome also by the like vertue<br /> +of Eloquence, in famous and wise orators vpholded: the wise<br /> +and eloquente Oracions of Tullie againste Catiline. The<br /> +graue and sentencious oracions of Cato in the Senate, haue<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Fol. ij.r]</a></span> +<span class="sidenote">The Empe-<br /> +rors of Rome<br /> +famous in<br /> +Eloquence.</span> +been onelie the meane to vpholde the mightie state of Rome,<br /> +in his strength and auncient fame and glorie. Also the Chro-<br /> +nicles of auncient time doe shewe vnto vs, the state of Rome<br /> +could by no meanes haue growen so meruailous mightie,<br /> +but that God had indued the whole line of Cesars, with sin-<br /> +guler vertues, with aboundaunt knowlege & singuler Elo-<br /> +quence. Thusidides the famous Historiographer sheweth,<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Thusidides.</span> +how moche Eloquence auailed the citees of Grece, fallyng to<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Corcurians.</span> +dissenciō. How did the Corcurians saue them selues from the<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Pelopone-<br /> +sians.</span> +inuasiō and might, of the <a href="#Printer_Errors">Poloponesians</a>, their cause pleated<br /> +before the Athenians, so moche their eloquence in a truthe<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Corinthians[.]</span> +preuailed. The Ambassadours of Corinth, wanted not their<br /> +copious, wittie, and ingenious Oracions, but thei pleated<br /> +before mightie, wise, and graue Senators, whose cause, ac-<br /> +cordyng to iudgemēt, truthe, and integritée was ended. The<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Lacedemo-<br /> +nians.<br /> +Vituleniās.<br /> +Athenians.</span> +eloquēt Embassages of the Corinthiās, the Lacedemoniās,<br /> +& the Vituleneans, the Athenians, who so readeth, shall sone<br /> +sée that of necessitee, a common wealth or kyngdome must be<br /> +fortefied, with famous, graue, and wise counsailours. How<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Demosthe-<br /> +nes.</span> +often did Demosthenes saue the cōmon wealthes of Athens,<br /> +how moche also did that large dominion prospere and florish<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Socrates.<br /> +Cato.<br /> +Crassus.<br /> +Antonius.<br /> +Catulus.<br /> +Cesar.</span> +by Isocrates. Tullie also by his Eloquēt please, Cato, Cras-<br /> +sus, Antonius, Catulus Cesar, with many other, did support<br /> +and vphold the state of that mightie kyngdō. No doubte, but<br /> +that Demosthenes made a wittie, copious, and ingenious <a href="#Printer_Errors">o-<br /> +racions</a>, when the Athenians were minded to giue and be-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Philippe the<br /> +kyng of the<br /> +Macidoniās[.]</span> +take to the handes of Philip kyng of the Macedonians, their<br /> +pestiferous enemie moste vile and subtell, the Orators of A-<br /> +thens. This Philip forseyng the discorde of Grece, as he by<br /> +subtill meanes compassed his enterprices, promised by the<br /> +faithe of a Prince, to be at league with the Athenians, if so be<br /> +thei would betake to his handes, the eloquente Oratours of<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The saiyng<br /> +of Philippe.</span> +Athens, for as long saith he, as your Oratours are with you<br /> +declaryng, so longe your heddes and counsaill are moued to<br /> +variaunce and dissencion, this voice ones seased emong you,<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Fol. ij.v]</a></span> +<span class="sidenote">Demosthe-<br /> +nes.</span> +in tranquilitée you shalbee gouerned. Demosthenes beyng<br /> +eloquente and wise, foresawe the daungers and the mischie-<br /> +uous intent of him, wherevpon he framed a goodly Oracion<br /> +vpon a Fable, whereby he altered their counsaile, and repul-<br /> +sed the enemie. This fable is afterward set forth in an Ora-<br /> +cion, after the order of these exercises, profitable to <i>Rhetorike</i>.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ A Fable.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">The ground<br /> +of al learning[.]</span> +<img src="images/cap_f_01.png" width="102" height="103" alt="F" title="F" class="floatl" /> +Irste it is good that the learner doe vnderstand<br /> +what is a fable, for in all matters of learnyng,<br /> +it is the firste grounde, as Tullie doeth saie, to<br /> +knowe what the thing is, that we may the bet-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">What is a<br /> +fable.</span> +ter perceiue whervpō we doe intreate. A fable<br /> +is a forged tale, cōtaining in it by the colour of a lie, a matter<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Morall.</span> +of truthe. The moralle is called that, out of the whiche some<br /> +godlie precepte, or admonicion to vertue is giuen, to frame<br /> +and instruct our maners. Now that we knowe what a fable<br /> +is, it is good to learne also, how manifolde or diuers thei be,<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Three sortes<br /> +of fables.<br /> +i. A fable of<br /> +reason.</span> +I doe finde three maner of fables to be. The first of theim is,<br /> +wherein a man being a creature of God indued with reason,<br /> +is onely intreated of, as the Fable of the father and his chil-<br /> +dren, he willing thē to concorde, and this is called <i>Rationalis<br /> +fabula</i>, whiche is asmoche to saie, as a Fable of men indued<br /> +<span class="sidenote">ii. Morall.</span> +with reason, or women. The second is called a morall fable,<br /> +but I sée no cause whie it is so called, but rather as the other<br /> +is called a fable of reasonable creatures, so this is contrarilie<br /> +named a fable of beastes, or of other thinges wanting reason<br /> +or life, wanting reason as of the Ante and the Greshopper, or<br /> +of this the beame caste doun, and the Frogges chosyng their<br /> +<span class="sidenote">iii. Mixt.</span> +king. The thirde is a mixt Fable so called, bicause in it bothe<br /> +man hauyng reason, and a beaste wantyng reason, or any o-<br /> +ther thing wanting life, is ioyned with it, as for the example,<br /> +of the fable of the woodes and the housebandman, of whom<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Poetes in-<br /> +uentours of<br /> +fables.<br /> +Oratours<br /> +vse fables.</span> +he desired a helue for his hatchet. Aucthours doe write, that<br /> +Poetes firste inuented fables, the whiche Oratours also doe<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Fol. iij.r]</a></span>vse in their perswasions, and not without greate cause, both<br /> +Poetes and Oratours doe applie theim to their vse. For, fa-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Good doctrin<br /> +in fables.<br /> +Hesiodus.</span> +bles dooe conteine goodlie admonicion, vertuous preceptes<br /> +of life. Hesiodus the Poete, intreatyng of the iniurious dea-<br /> +lyng of Princes and gouernours, against their subiectes, ad-<br /> +monished them by the fable of the Goshauke, and the Nigh-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Ouide.</span> +tyngale in his clause. Ouid also the Poete intreated of di-<br /> +uers fables, wherein he giueth admonicion, and godly coun-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Demosthe-<br /> +nes vsed fa-<br /> +bles.</span> +saile. Demosthenes the famous Oratour of Athens, vsed<br /> +the fable of the Shepeherdes, and Wolues: how the Wol-<br /> +ues on a tyme, instauntlie required of the Shepeherdes their<br /> +bande dogges, and then thei would haue peace and concorde<br /> +with theim, the Shepeherdes gaue ouer their Dogges, their<br /> +Dogges deliuered and murdered, the shepe were immediat-<br /> +ly deuoured: So saieth he, if ye shall ones deliuer to Philip,<br /> +the king of the Macedonians your Oratours, by whose lear-<br /> +nyng, knowlege and wisedome, the whole bodie of your do-<br /> +minions is saued, for thei as Bandogges, doe repell all mis-<br /> +cheuous enterprises and chaunses, no doubte, but that raue-<br /> +nyng Wolfe Philip, will eate and consume your people, by<br /> +this Fable he made an Oracion, he altered their counsailes<br /> +and heddes of the Athenians, from so foolishe an enterprise.<br /> +Also thesame Demosthenes, seyng the people careles, sloth-<br /> +full, and lothsome to heare the Oratours, and all for the flo-<br /> +rishing state of the kingdome: he ascended to the place or pul-<br /> +pet, where the Oracions were made, and began with this fa-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The fable of<br /> +Demosthe-<br /> +nes, of the<br /> +Asse and the<br /> +shadowe.</span> +ble. Ye men of Athens, saied he, it happened on a tyme, that<br /> +a certaine man hired an Asse, and did take his iourney from<br /> +Athens to Megara, as we would saie, frō London to Yorke,<br /> +the owner also of the Asse, did associate hymself in his iour-<br /> +ney, to brynge backe the Asse againe, in the voyage the<br /> +weather was extreame burning hotte, and the waie tedious<br /> +the place also for barenes and sterilitée of trees, wanted sha-<br /> +dowe in this long broyle of heate: he that satte one the Asse,<br /> +lighted and tooke shadowe vnder the bellie of the Asse, and<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Fol. iij.v]</a></span>because the shadowe would not suffice bothe, the Asse beyng<br /> +small, the owner saied, he muste haue the shadowe, because<br /> +the Asse was his, I deny that saieth the other, the shadowe is<br /> +myne, because I hired the Asse, thus thei were at greate con-<br /> +tencion, the fable beyng recited, Demosthenes descended frō<br /> +his place, the whole multitude were inquisitiue, to knowe<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The conten-<br /> +cion vpon the<br /> +shadowe and<br /> +the Asse.</span> +the ende about the shadowe, Demosthenes notyng their fol-<br /> +lie, ascended to his place, and saied, O ye foolishe Athenians,<br /> +whiles I and other, gaue to you counsaill and admoniciō, of<br /> +graue and profitable matters, your eares wer deafe, and your<br /> +mindes slombred, but now I tell of a small trifeling matter,<br /> +you throng to heare the reste of me. By this Fable he nipped<br /> +their follie, and trapped them manifestlie, in their owne dol-<br /> +tishenes. Herevpon I doe somwhat long, make copie of wor-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Fables well<br /> +applied bee<br /> +singuler.</span> +des, to shewe the singularitee of fables well applied. In the<br /> +tyme of Kyng Richard the thirde, Doctour Mourton, beyng<br /> +Bishop of Elie, and prisoner in the Duke of Buckynghams<br /> +house in Wales, was often tymes moued of the Duke, to<br /> +speake his minde frelie, if king Richard wer lawfully king,<br /> +and said to him of his fidelitée, to kepe close and secret his sen-<br /> +tence: but the Bishop beyng a godlie man, and no lesse wise,<br /> +waied the greate frendship, whiche was sometyme betwene<br /> +the Duke & King Richard, aunswered in effect nothyng, but<br /> +beyng daily troubled with his mocions & instigacions, spake<br /> +a fable of Esope: My lorde saied he, I will aunswere you, by<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The fable of<br /> +the Bisshop<br /> +of Elie, to the<br /> +duke of Buc-<br /> +kyngham.</span> +a Fable of Esope. The Lion on a tyme gaue a commaunde-<br /> +ment, that all horned beastes should flie from the woode, and<br /> +none to remain there but vnhorned beastes. The Hare hea-<br /> +ring of this commaundement, departed with the horned bea-<br /> +stes from the woodde: The wilie Foxe metyng the Hare, de-<br /> +maunded the cause of his haste, forthwith the Hare aunswe-<br /> +red, a commaundemente is come from the Lion, that all hor-<br /> +ned beastes should bee exiled, vpon paine of death, from the<br /> +woode: why saied the Foxe, this commaundement toucheth<br /> +not any sorte of beast as ye are, for thou haste no hornes but<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Fol. iiij.r]</a></span>knubbes: yea, but said the Hare, what, if thei saie I haue hor-<br /> +nes, that is an other matter, my lorde I saie no more: what he<br /> +ment, is euident to all men.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +In the time of king Hēry theight (a prince of famous me-<br /> +morie) at what time as the small houses of religiō, wer giuen<br /> +ouer to the kinges hand, by the Parliament house: the bishop<br /> +of Rochester, Doctour Fisher by name stepped forthe, beyng<br /> +greued with the graunt, recited before them, a fable of Esope<br /> +to shewe what discommoditee would followe in the Clergie.<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The fable of<br /> +the Bisshop<br /> +of Rochester,<br /> +againste the<br /> +graunt of the<br /> +Chauntries.</span> +My lordes and maisters saieth he, Esope recited a fable: how<br /> +that on a tyme, a housebande manne desired of the woodes, a<br /> +small helue for his hatchet, all the woodes consented thereto<br /> +waiyng the graunt to be small, and the thyng lesse, therevpō<br /> +the woodes consented, in fine the housbande man cut doune<br /> +a small peece of woodde to make a helue, he framyng a helue<br /> +to the hatchette, without leaue and graunt, he cut doune the<br /> +mightie Okes and Cedars, and destroyed the whole woodd,<br /> +then the woodes repented them to late. So saith he, the gift of<br /> +these small houses, ar but a small graunt into the kinges hā-<br /> +des: but this small graunt, will bee a waie and meane to pull<br /> +doune the greate mightie fatte Abbees, & so it happened. But<br /> +there is repentaūce to late: & no profite ensued of the graunte.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center"> +¶ An Oracion made by a fable, to the first exer-<br /> +cise to declame by, the other, bee these,<br /> +</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="oration exercises"> +<tr><td> </td><td>{</td><td>A Fable, a Narracion. <i>Chria</i>,</td><td>}</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>{</td><td>Sentence. Confutacion,</td><td>}</td></tr> +<tr><td rowspan="2">An Oracion<br />made by a</td><td>{</td><td>Confirmacion. Common place.</td><td>}</td></tr> +<tr><td>{</td><td>The praise. The dispraise.</td><td>}</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>{</td><td>The Comparison, <i>Ethopeia</i>.</td><td>}</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>{</td><td>A Discripcion. <i>Thesis, Legislatio</i></td><td>}</td></tr> +</table> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_o_01.png" width="61" height="62" alt="O" title="O" class="floatl" /> +F euery one of these, a goodlie Oraciō maie be made<br /> +these excercises are called of the Grekes <i>Progimnas-<br /> +mata</i>, of the Latines, profitable introduccions, or fore<br /> +exercises, to attain greater arte and knowlege in <i>Rhetorike</i>,<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Fol. iiij.v]</a></span>and bicause, for the easie capacitée and facilitée of the learner,<br /> +to attain greater knowledge in <i>Rhetorike</i>, thei are right pro-<br /> +fitable and necessarie: Therefore I title this booke, to bee the<br /> +foundaciō of <i>Rhetorike</i>, the exercises being <i>Progimnasmata</i>.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +I haue chosen out the fable of the Shepeherdes, and the<br /> +Wolues, vpon the whiche fable, Demosthenes made an elo-<br /> +quente, copious, and wittie Oracion before the Athenians,<br /> +whiche fable was so well applied, that the citée and common<br /> +wealth of Athens was saued.<br /> +</p> + + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">The firste<br /> +exercise.</span> +</p> + +<p class="center">¶ A fable.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +These notes must be obserued, to make an Oracion by a<br /> +Fable.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ Praise.</p> + +<p>1.<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Firste, ye shall recite the fable, as the aucthour telleth it.</span></p> + +<p class="hang"> +2.<span style="margin-left: 1em;">There in the seconde place, you shall praise the aucthoure</span><br /> +who made the fable, whiche praise maie sone bee gotte of any<br /> +studious scholer, if he reade the aucthours life and actes ther-<br /> +in, or the Godlie preceptes in his fables, shall giue abundant<br /> +praise.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="hang"> +3.<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Then thirdlie place the morall, whiche is the interpreta-</span><br /> +cion annexed to the Fable, for the fable was inuented for the<br /> +moralles sake.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="hang"> +4.<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Then orderlie in the fowerth place, declare the nature of</span><br /> +thynges, conteined in the Fable, either of man, fishe, foule,<br /> +beaste, plante, trées, stones, or whatsoeuer it be. There is no<br /> +man of witte so dulle, or of so grosse capacitée, but either by<br /> +his naturall witte, or by reading, or sences, he is hable to saie<br /> +somwhat in the nature of any thyng.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="hang"> +5.<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In the fifte place, sette forthe the thynges, reasonyng one</span><br /> +with an other, as the Ant with the Greshopper, or the Cocke<br /> +with the precious stone.<br /> +</p> + +<p>6.<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thē in the vj. place, make a similitude of the like matter.</span></p> + +<p class="hang"> +7.<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Then in the seuenth place, induce an exāple for thesame</span><br /> +matter to bée proued by.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="hang"> +8.<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Laste of all make the <i>Epilogus</i>, whiche is called the con-</span><br /> +clusion, and herein marke the notes folowyng, how to make<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Fol. v.r]</a></span>an Oracion thereby.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center"> +<a name="shepherds" id="shepherds"></a>¶ An Oracion made vpon the fable of the<br /> +Shepeherdes and the wolues.<br /> +¶ The fable. +</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_t_01.png" width="82" height="84" alt="T" title="T" class="floatl" /> +He Wolues on a tyme perswaded the Shepeher-<br /> +des, that thei would ioyne amitée, and make a<br /> +league of concord and vnitee: the demaunde plea-<br /> +sed the Shepeherdes, foorthwith the Wolues re-<br /> +quested to haue custodie of the bande Dogges, because els<br /> +thei would be as thei are alwaies, an occasion to breake their<br /> +league and peace, the Dogges beyng giuen ouer, thei were<br /> +one by one murthered, and then the Shepe were wearied.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The praise of the aucthour.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_t_02.png" width="59" height="62" alt="T" title="T" class="floatl" /> +He posteritee of tymes and ages, muste needes praise<br /> +the wisedome and industrie, of all soche as haue lefte<br /> +in monumentes of writyng, thynges worthie fame,<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Inuentours<br /> +of al excellent<br /> +artes and sci-<br /> +ences, com-<br /> +mended to the<br /> +posteritee.</span> +what can bee more excellently set foorthe: or what deserueth<br /> +chiefer fame and glorie, then the knowledge of artes and sci-<br /> +ences, inuented by our learned, wise, and graue aūcestours:<br /> +and so moche the more thei deserue honour, and perpetuall<br /> +commendacions, because thei haue been the firste aucthours,<br /> +and beginners to soche excellencies. The posteritée praiseth<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Apelles.<br /> +Parthesius.<br /> +Polucletus.</span> +and setteth forth the wittie and ingenious workes of Apelles,<br /> +Parthesius, and Polucletus, and all soche as haue artificial-<br /> +ly set forth their excellent giftes of nature. But if their praise<br /> +for fame florishe perpetuallie, and increaseth for the wor-<br /> +thines of theim, yet these thynges though moste excellent, are<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The ende of<br /> +all artes, is to<br /> +godlie life.</span> +inferiour to vertue: for the ende of artes and sciences, is ver-<br /> +tue and godlines. Neither yet these thynges dissonaunt from<br /> +vertue, and not associate, are commendable onely for vertues<br /> +sake: and to the ende of vertue, the wittes of our auncestours<br /> +were incensed to inuent these thynges. But herein Polucle-<br /> +tus, Apelles, and <a href="#Printer_Errors">Perthesius</a> maie giue place, when greater<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Esope wor-<br /> +thie moche<br /> +commendaciō[.]</span> +vertues come in place, then this my aucthour Esope, for his<br /> +godly preceptes, wise counsaill and admonicion, is chiefly to<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Fol. v.v]</a></span>bée praised: For, our life maie learne all goodnes, all vertue,<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Philophie in<br /> +fables.</span> +of his preceptes. The Philosophers did neuer so liuely sette<br /> +forthe and teache in their scholes and audience, what vertue<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Realmes<br /> +maie learne<br /> +concorde out<br /> +of Esopes<br /> +fables.</span> +and godlie life were, as Esope did in his Fables, Citees, and<br /> +common wealthes, maie learne out of his fables, godlie con-<br /> +corde and vnitee, by the whiche meanes, common wealthes<br /> +florisheth, and kingdoms are saued. Herein ample matter ri-<br /> +seth to Princes, and gouernours, to rule their subiectes in all<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Preceptes to<br /> +Kynges and<br /> +Subiectes.<br /> +Preceptes to<br /> +parentes and<br /> +children.</span> +godlie lawes, in faithfull obedience: the subiectes also to loue<br /> +and serue their prince, in al his affaires and busines. The fa-<br /> +ther maie learne to bring vp, and instructe his childe thereby.<br /> +The child also to loue and obeie his parentes. The huge and<br /> +monsterous vices, are by his vertuous doctrine defaced and<br /> +extirpated: his Fables in effect contain the mightie volumes<br /> +and bookes of all Philosophers, in morall preceptes, & the in-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The content<br /> +of al Lawes.</span> +finite monumētes of lawes stablished. If I should not speake<br /> +of his commendacion, the fruictes of his vertue would shewe<br /> +his commendacions: but that praise surmounteth all fame of<br /> +<span class="sidenote">A true praise<br /> +commēded by<br /> +fame it self.</span> +glory, that commendeth by fame itself, the fruictes of fame<br /> +in this one Fable, riseth to my aucthour, whiche he wrote of<br /> +the Shepeherd, and the Wolues.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The Morall.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_w_01.png" width="65" height="62" alt="W" title="W" class="floatl" /> +Herein Esope wittely admonisheth all menne to be-<br /> +ware and take heede, of cloked and fained frendship,<br /> +of the wicked and vngodlie, whiche vnder a pretence<br /> +and offer of frendship or of benefite, seeke the ruin, dammage,<br /> +miserie or destruccion of man, toune, citée, region, or countree.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The nature of the thyng.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_o_02.png" width="83" height="86" alt="O" title="O" class="floatl" /> +F all beastes to the quantitée of his bodie, the<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The Wolue<br /> +moste raue-<br /> +ning & cruell.</span> +Wolue passeth in crueltee and desire of bloode,<br /> +alwaies vnsaciable of deuouryng, neuer conten-<br /> +ted with his pray. The Wolfe deuoureth and ea-<br /> +teth of his praie all in feare, and therefore oftentymes he ca-<br /> +steth his looke, to be safe from perill and daunger. And herein<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Fol. vj.r]</a></span>his nature is straunge frō all beastes: the iyes of the Wolfe,<br /> +tourned from his praie immediatlie, the praie prostrate vnder<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The Wolues<br /> +of all beastes,<br /> +moste obliui-<br /> +ous.</span> +his foote is forgotten, and forthwith he seeketh a newe praie,<br /> +so greate obliuion and debilitée of memorie, is giuen to that<br /> +beaste, who chieflie seketh to deuoure his praie by night. The<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The Wolue<br /> +inferiour to<br /> +the bandogge[.]</span> +Wolues are moche inferior to the banddogges in strength, bi-<br /> +cause nature hath framed thē in the hinder parts, moche more<br /> +weaker, and as it were maimed, and therefore the bandogge<br /> +dooeth ouermatche theim, and ouercome them in fight. The<br /> +Wolues are not all so mightie of bodie as the Bandogges,<br /> +of diuers colours, of fight more sharpe, of lesse heddes: but in<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The Dogge<br /> +passeth all<br /> +creatures in<br /> +smellyng.</span> +smellyng, the nature of a Dogge passeth all beastes and<br /> +creatures, whiche the historie of Plinie dooe shewe, and Ari-<br /> +stotle in his booke of the historie of beastes, therein you shall<br /> +knowe their excellente nature. The housholde wanteth not<br /> +faithfull and trustie watche nor resistaunce, in the cause of the<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Plinie.</span> +maister, the Bandogge not wantyng. Plinie sheweth out of<br /> +his historie, how Bandogges haue saued their Maister, by<br /> +their resistaunce. The Dogge of all beastes sheweth moste<br /> +loue, and neuer leaueth his maister: the worthines of the bā-<br /> +dogge is soche, that by the lawe in a certaine case, he is coun-<br /> +ted accessarie of Felonie, who stealeth a Bandogge from his<br /> +maister, a robberie immediatly folowing in thesame family.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +<span class="sidenote">The worthi-<br /> +nes of Shepe[.]</span> +As concernyng the Shepe, for their profite and wealthe,<br /> +that riseth of theim, are for worthines, waiyng their smalle<br /> +quantitie of bodie, aboue all beastes. Their fleshe nourisheth<br /> +purely, beyng swete and pleasaunt: their skinne also serueth<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The wolle of<br /> +Shepe, riche<br /> +and commo-<br /> +dious.</span> +to diuers vses, their Wolles in so large and ample maner,<br /> +commmodious, seruyng all partes of common wealthes. No<br /> +state or degrée of persone is, but that thei maie goe cladde and<br /> +adorned with their wolles. So GOD in his creatures, hath<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Man a chief<br /> +creature.</span> +created and made man, beyng a chief creatour, and moste ex-<br /> +cellent of all other, all thinges to serue him: and therefore the<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Stoike Phi-<br /> +losophers.</span> +Stoicke Philosophers doe herein shewe thexcellencie of man<br /> +to be greate, when all thinges vpon the yearth, and from the<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Fol. vj.v]</a></span>yearth, doe serue the vse of man, yet emong men there is a di-<br /> +uersitee of states, and a difference of persones, in office and cō-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The office of<br /> +the shepeher-<br /> +des, are pro-<br /> +fitable and<br /> +necessarie.</span> +dicion of life. As concernyng the Shepherde, he is in his state<br /> +and condicion of life, thoughe meane, he is a righte profi-<br /> +table and necessarie member, to serue all states in the commō<br /> +wealthe, not onely to his maister whom he serueth: for by his<br /> +diligence, and warie keping of thē, not onely from rauenyng<br /> +beastes, but otherwise he is a right profitable member, to all<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Wealth, pro-<br /> +fit, and riches<br /> +riseth of the<br /> +Wolles of<br /> +Shepe.</span> +partes of the common wealth. For, dailie wée féele the cōmo-<br /> +ditie, wealth and riches, that riseth of theim, but the losse wée<br /> +féele not, except flockes perishe. In the body of man God hath<br /> +created & made diuerse partes, to make vp a whole and abso-<br /> +lute man, whiche partes in office, qualitée and worthinesse,<br /> +are moche differing. The bodie of man it self, for the excellent<br /> +workemanship of God therein, & meruailous giftes of nature<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Man called<br /> +of the Philo-<br /> +sophers, a lit-<br /> +tle worlde.</span> +and vertues, lodged and bestowed in thesame bodie, is called<br /> +of the Philosophers <i>Microcosmos</i>, a little worlde. The body<br /> +of man in all partes at cōcord, euery part executing his func-<br /> +cion & office, florisheth, and in strength prospereth, otherwise<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The bodie of<br /> +man without<br /> +concord of the<br /> +partes, peri-<br /> +sheth.<br /> +The common<br /> +wealthe like<br /> +to the bodie<br /> +of manne.<br /> +Menenius.</span> +thesame bodie in partes disseuered, is feeble and weake, and<br /> +thereby falleth to ruin, and perisheth. The singuler Fable of<br /> +Esope, of the belie and handes, manifestlie sheweth thesame<br /> +and herein a florishing kingdom or common wealth, is com-<br /> +pared to the body, euery part vsing his pure vertue, strēgth &<br /> +operacion. Menenius Agrippa, at what time as the <a href="#Printer_Errors">Romai-</a><br /> +were at diuision against the Senate, he vsed the Fable of E-<br /> +sope, wherewith thei were perswaded to a concorde, and vni-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The baseste<br /> +parte of the<br /> +bodie moste<br /> +necessarie.</span> +tée. The vilest parte of the bodie, and baseste is so necessarie,<br /> +that the whole bodie faileth and perisheth, thesame wantyng<br /> +although nature remoueth them from our sight, and shame<br /> +fastnes also hideth theim: take awaie the moste vilest parte of<br /> +the bodie, either in substaunce, in operacion or function, and<br /> +forthwith the principall faileth. So likewise in a kyngdome,<br /> +or common wealth, the moste meane and basest state of man<br /> +taken awaie, the more principall thereby ceaseth: So God to<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Fol. vij.r]</a></span> +<span class="sidenote">The amiable<br /> +parte of the<br /> +body doe con-<br /> +siste, by the<br /> +baseste and<br /> +moste defor-<br /> +meste.</span> +a mutuall concorde, frendship, and perpetuall societie of life,<br /> +hath framed his creatures, that the moste principall faileth,<br /> +it not vnited with partes more base and inferiour, so moche<br /> +the might and force of thynges excellente, doe consiste by the<br /> +moste inferiour, other partes of the bodie more amiable and<br /> +pleasaunt to sight, doe remain by the force, vse and integritée<br /> +of the simpliest. The Prince and chief peres doe decaie, and al<br /> +the whole multitude dooe perishe: the baseste kinde of menne<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The Shepe-<br /> +herdes state<br /> +necessarie.</span> +wantyng. Remoue the Shepeherdes state, what good follo-<br /> +weth, yea, what lacke and famine increaseth not: to all states<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The state of<br /> +the husbande<br /> +manne, moste<br /> +necessarie.</span> +the belie ill fedde, our backes worse clad. The toilyng house-<br /> +bandman is so necessarie, that his office ceasyng vniuersallie<br /> +the whole bodie perisheth, where eche laboureth to further<br /> +and aide one an other, this a common wealth, there is pro-<br /> +sperous state of life. The wisest Prince, the richest, the migh-<br /> +tiest and moste <a href="#Printer_Errors">valianntes</a>, had nede alwaies of the foolishe,<br /> +the weake, the base and simplest, to vpholde his kingdomes,<br /> +not onely in the affaires of his kyngdomes, but in his dome-<br /> +sticall thinges, for prouisiō of victuall, as bread, drinke, meat[,]<br /> +clothyng, and in all soche other thynges. Therefore, no office<br /> +or state of life, be it neuer so méete, seruyng in any part of the<br /> +<span class="sidenote">No meane<br /> +state, to be<br /> +contempned.</span> +common wealthe, muste bée contemned, mocked, or skorned<br /> +at, for thei are so necessarie, that the whole frame of the com-<br /> +mon wealth faileth without theim: some are for their wicked<br /> +behauiour so detestable, that a common wealthe muste séeke<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Rotten mem[-]<br /> +bers of the cō[-]<br /> +mon wealth.</span> +meanes to deface and extirpate theim as wéedes, and rotten<br /> +members of the bodie. These are thefes, murtherers, and ad-<br /> +ulterers, and many other mischiuous persones. These godly<br /> +Lawes, vpright and sincere Magistrates, will extirpate and<br /> +cutte of, soche the <a href="#Printer_Errors">commo wealth</a> lacketh not, but rather ab-<br /> +horreth as an infectiue plague and Pestilence, who in thende<br /> +through their owne wickednesse, are brought to mischief.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +<span class="sidenote">Plato.</span> +Read Plato in his booke, intiteled of the common wealth<br /> +who sheweth the state of the Prince, and whole Realme, to<br /> +stande and consiste by the vnitee of partes, all states of the cō-<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Fol. vij.v]</a></span> +<span class="sidenote">A common<br /> +wealth doe<br /> +consiste by<br /> +vnitie of all<br /> +states.</span> +mon wealth, in office diuers, for dignitée and worthines, bea-<br /> +ring not equalitée in one consociatée and knit, doe raise a per-<br /> +fite frame, and bodie of kingdome or common wealthe.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +<span class="sidenote">Aristotle.<br /> +What is a cō-<br /> +mon wealth.</span> +Aristotle the Philosopher doeth saie, that a cōmon welth<br /> +is a multitude gathered together in one Citée, or Region, in<br /> +state and condicion of life differing, poore and riche, high and<br /> +low, wise and foolishe, in inequalitee of minde and bodies dif-<br /> +feryng, for els it can not bée a common wealthe. There must<br /> +be nobles and peres, kyng and subiect: a multitude inferiour<br /> +and more populous, in office, maners, worthines alteryng.<br /> +<span class="sidenote">A liuely exā-<br /> +ple of commō<br /> +wealthe.</span> +Manne needeth no better example, or paterne of a common<br /> +wealthe, to frame hymself, to serue in his state and callyng,<br /> +then to ponder his owne bodie. There is but one hedde, and<br /> +many partes, handes, feete, fingers, toes, ioyntes, veines, si-<br /> +newes, belie, and so forthe: and so likewise in a cōmon welth<br /> +there muste be a diuersitee of states.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="center"> +¶ The reasonyng of the thynges<br /> +conteined in this Fable.<br /> +</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_t_03.png" width="104" height="104" alt="T" title="T" class="floatl" /> +Hus might the Wolues reason with them sel-<br /> +ues, of their Embassage: The Wolues dailie<br /> +molested and wearied, with the fearce ragyng<br /> +Masties, and ouercome in fight, of their power<br /> +and might: one emong the reste, more politike<br /> +and wise then the other, called an assemble and counsaill of<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The counsail<br /> +of Wolues.</span> +Wolues, and thus he beganne his oracion. My felowes and<br /> +compaignions, sithe nature hath from the beginnyng, made<br /> +vs vnsaciable, cruell, liuyng alwaies by praies murthered,<br /> +and bloodie spoiles, yet enemies wée haue, that séeke to kepe<br /> +vnder, and tame our Woluishe natures, by greate mightie<br /> +Bandogges, and Shepeherdes Curres. But nature at the<br /> +firste, did so depely frame and set this his peruerse, cruell, and<br /> +bloodie moulde in vs, that will thei, nill thei, our nature wil<br /> +bruste out, and run to his owne course. I muse moche, wai-<br /> +yng the line of our firste progenitour, from whence we came<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Fol. viij.r]</a></span>firste: for of a man wee came, yet men as a pestiferous poison<br /> +doe exile vs, and abandon vs, and by Dogges and other sub-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Lycaon.</span> +till meanes doe dailie destroie vs. Lycaon, as the Poetes doe<br /> +faine, excedyng in all crueltées and murthers horrible, by the<br /> +murther of straungers, that had accesse to his land: for he was<br /> +king and gouernor ouer the Molossians, and in this we maie<br /> +worthilie glorie of our firste blood and long auncientrée, that<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The firste<br /> +progenie of<br /> +Wolues.</span> +he was not onelie a man, but a kyng, a chief pere and gouer-<br /> +nour: by his chaunge and transubstanciacion of bodie, wée<br /> +loste by him the honour and dignitee due to him, but his ver-<br /> +tues wée kepe, and daily practise to followe them. The fame<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The inuen-<br /> +cion of the<br /> +Poet Ouide<br /> +to compare a<br /> +wicked man,<br /> +to a Wolue.</span> +of Lycaons horrible life, ascended before Iupiter, Iupiter the<br /> +mightie God, moued with so horrible a facte, left his heauen-<br /> +lie palace, came doune like an other mortall man, and passed<br /> +doune by the high mountaine Minalus, by twilighte, and<br /> +so to Licaons house, our firste auncestoure, to proue, if this<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Lycaon.</span> +thing was true. Lycaon receiued this straunger, as it semed<br /> +doubtyng whether he were a God, or a manne, forthwith he<br /> +feasted him with mannes fleshe baked, Iupiter as he can doe<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Lycaon chaū-<br /> +ged into a<br /> +Wolue.</span> +what he will, brought a ruine on his house, and transubstan-<br /> +ciated hym, into this our shape & figure, wherein we are, and<br /> +so sens that time, Wolues were firste generated, and that of<br /> +manne, by the chaunge of Lycaon, although our shape is<br /> +chaunged from the figure of other men, and men knoweth<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Wolue.<br /> +Manne.</span> +vs not well, yet thesame maners that made Wolues, remai-<br /> +neth vntill this daie, and perpetuallie in men: for thei robbe,<br /> +thei steale, and liue by iniurious catching, we also robbe, al-<br /> +so wée steale, and catche to our praie, what wee maie with<br /> +murther come to. Thei murther, and wee also murther, and<br /> +so in all poinctes like vnto wicked menne, doe we imitate the<br /> +like fashion of life, and rather thei in shape of men, are Wol-<br /> +ues, and wee in the shape of Wolues menne: Of all these<br /> +thynges hauyng consideracion, I haue inuented a pollicie,<br /> +whereby we maie woorke a slauter, and perpetuall ruine on<br /> +the Shepe, by the murther of the Bandogges. And so wée<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Fol. viij.v]</a></span>shall haue free accesse to our bloodie praie, thus we will doe,<br /> +wee will sende a Embassage to the Shepeherdes for peace,<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The counsail<br /> +of Wolues.</span> +saiyng, that wee minde to ceasse of all bloodie spoile, so that<br /> +thei will giue ouer to vs, the custodie of the Bandogges, for<br /> +otherwise the Embassage sent, is in vaine: for their Dogges<br /> +being in our handes, and murthered one by one, the daunger<br /> +and enemie taken awaie, we maie the better obtain and en-<br /> +ioye our bloodie life. This counsaill pleased well the assem-<br /> +ble of the Wolues, and the pollicie moche liked theim, and<br /> +with one voice thei houled thus, thus. Immediatlie cōmuni-<br /> +cacion was had with the Shepeherdes of peace, and of the gi-<br /> +uyng ouer of their Bandogges, this offer pleased theim, thei<br /> +cōcluded the peace, and gaue ouer their Bandogges, as pled-<br /> +ges of thesame. The dogges one by one murthered, thei dis-<br /> +solued the peace, and wearied the Shepe, then the Shepeher-<br /> +des repented them of their rashe graunt, and foly committed:<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The counsail<br /> +of wicked mē<br /> +to mischief.</span> +So of like sorte it alwaies chaunceth, tyrauntes and bloodie<br /> +menne, dooe seke alwaies a meane, and practise pollicies to<br /> +destroye all soche as are godlie affected, and by wisedome and<br /> +godlie life, doe seke to subuerte and destroie, the mischeuous<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The cogita-<br /> +cions of wic-<br /> +ked men, and<br /> +their kyngdō<br /> +bloodie.</span> +enterprise of the wicked. For, by crueltie their Woluishe na-<br /> +tures are knowen, their glorie, strength, kyngdome and re-<br /> +nowne, cometh of blood, of murthers, and beastlie dealynges<br /> +and by might so violent, it continueth not: for by violence and<br /> +blooddie dealyng, their kyngdome at the last falleth by blood<br /> +and bloodilie perisheth. The noble, wise, graue, and goodlie<br /> +counsailes, are with all fidelitée, humblenes and sincere har-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The state of<br /> +counsailours<br /> +worthie chief<br /> +honour and<br /> +veneracion.</span> +tes to be obeied, in worthines of their state and wisedome, to<br /> +be embraced in chief honour and veneracion to bee taken, by<br /> +whose industrie, knowledge and experience, the whole bodie<br /> +of the common wealth and kyngdome, is supported and sa-<br /> +ued. The state of euery one vniuersallie would come to par-<br /> +dicion, if the inuasion of foraine Princes, by the wisedom and<br /> +pollicie of counsailers, were not repelled. The horrible actes<br /> +of wicked men would burste out, and a confusion ensue in al<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Fol. ix.r]</a></span>states, if the wisedom of politike gouernors, if good lawes if<br /> +the power and sword of the magistrate, could <a href="#Printer_Errors">uot</a> take place.<br /> +The peres and nobles, with the chief gouernour, standeth as<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Plato.</span> +Shepherds ouer the people: for so Plato alledgeth that name<br /> +well and properlie giuen, to Princes and Gouernours, the<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Homere.</span> +which Homere the Poete attributeth, to Agamemnon king<br /> +of Grece: to Menelaus, Ulisses, Nestor, Achillas, Diomedes,<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The Shepe-<br /> +herdes name<br /> +giuē to the of-<br /> +fice of kyngs.</span> +Aiax, and al other. For, bothe the name and care of that state<br /> +of office, can be titeled by no better name in all pointes, for di-<br /> +ligent kepyng, for aide, succoryng, and with all equitie tem-<br /> +peryng the multitude: thei are as Shepeherdes els the selie<br /> +poore multitude, would by an oppression of pestiferous men.<br /> +The commonaltee or base multitude, liueth more quietlie<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The state <a href="#Printer_Errors">or</a><br /> +good counsai-<br /> +lers, trou-<br /> +blous.</span> +then the state of soche as daily seke, to vpholde and maintaine<br /> +the common wealthe, by counsaill and politike deliberacion,<br /> +how troublous hath their state alwaies been: how vnquiete<br /> +from time to time, whose heddes in verie deede, doeth seke for<br /> +a publike wealth. Therefore, though their honor bée greater,<br /> +and state aboue the reste, yet what care, what pensiuenesse of<br /> +minde are thei driuen vnto, on whose heddes aucthoritée and<br /> +regiment, the sauegard of innumerable people doeth depend.<br /> +<span class="sidenote">A comparison<br /> +from a lesse,<br /> +to a greater.</span> +If in our domesticall businesse, of matters pertainyng to our<br /> +housholde, euery man by nature, for hym and his, is pensiue,<br /> +moche more in so vaste, and infinite a bodie of cōmon wealth,<br /> +greater must the care be, and more daungerous deliberacion.<br /> +We desire peace, we reioyce of a tranquilitée, and quietnesse<br /> +to ensue, we wishe, to consist in a hauen of securitée: our hou-<br /> +ses not to be spoiled, our wiues and children, not to bee mur-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The worthie<br /> +state of Prin-<br /> +ces and coun-<br /> +sailours.</span> +thered. This the Prince and counsailours, by wisedome fore-<br /> +sée, to kéepe of, all these calamitées, daungers, miseries, the<br /> +whole multitude, and bodie of the Common wealthe, is<br /> +without them maimed, weake and feable, a readie confusion<br /> +to the enemie. Therefore, the state of peeres and nobles, is<br /> +with all humilitée to be obaied, serued and honored, not with-<br /> +out greate cause, the Athenians were drawen backe, by the<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Fol. ix.v]</a></span>wisedome of Demosthenes, when thei sawe thē selues a slau-<br /> +ter and praie, to the enemie.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ A <a href="#Printer_Errors">comparson</a> of thynges.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_w_01.png" width="65" height="62" alt="W" title="W" class="floatl" /> +Hat can bée more rashly and foolishly doen, then the<br /> +Shepeherdes, to giue ouer their Dogges, by whose<br /> +might and strength, the Shepe were saued: on the o-<br /> +ther side, what can be more subtlie doen and craftely, then the<br /> +Wolues, vnder a colour of frendship and amitee, to séeke the<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The amitie<br /> +of wicked<br /> +menne.</span> +blood of the shepe, as all pestiferous men, vnder a fained pro-<br /> +fer of amitée, profered to seeke their owne profite, commoditee<br /> +and wealthe, though it be with ruine, calamitie, miserie, de-<br /> +struccion of one, or many, toune, or citée, region and countree,<br /> +whiche sort of men, are moste detestable and execrable.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The contrarie.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_a_04.png" width="60" height="63" alt="A" title="A" class="floatl" /> +S to moche simplicitie & lacke of discrecion, is a fur-<br /> +theraunce to perill and daunger: so oftētimes, he ta-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">To beleue<br /> +lightly, afur-<br /> +theraunce to<br /> +perill.</span> +steth of smarte and woe, who lightly beleueth: so con-<br /> +trariwise, disimulaciō in mischeuous practises begon w[ith] frēd-<br /> +ly wordes, in the conclusion doeth frame & ende pernisiouslie.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The <i>Epilogus</i>.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_t_02.png" width="59" height="62" alt="T" title="T" class="floatl" /> +Herefore fained offers of frendship, are to bee taken<br /> +heede of, and the acte of euery man to bee examined,<br /> +proued, and tried, for true frendship is a rare thyng,<br /> +when as Tullie doth saie: in many ages there are fewe cou-<br /> +ples of friendes to be found, Aristotle also cōcludeth thesame.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center"><a name="ant" id="ant"></a>¶ The Fable of the Ante, and Greshopper.<br /> +¶ The praise of the aucthour.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">The praise of<br /> +Esope.</span> +<img src="images/cap_e_01.png" width="54" height="59" alt="E" title="E" class="floatl" /> +Sope who wrote these Fables, hath chief fame of all<br /> +learned aucthours, for his Philosophie, and giuyng<br /> +wisedome in preceptes: his Fables dooe shewe vnto<br /> +all states moste wholsome doctrine of vertuous life. He who-<br /> +ly extolleth vertue, and depresseth vice: he correcteth all states<br /> +and setteth out preceptes to amende them. Although he was<br /> +deformed and ill shaped, yet Nature wrought in hym soche<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Fol. x.r]</a></span>vertue, that he was in minde moste beautifull: and seing that<br /> +the giftes of the body, are not equall in dignitie, with the ver-<br /> +tue of the mynde, then in that Esope chiefly excelled, ha-<br /> +uyng the moste excellente vertue of the minde. The wisedom<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Cresus.</span> +and witte of Esope semed singuler: for at what tyme as Cre-<br /> +sus, the kyng of the Lidians, made warre against the Sami-<br /> +ans, he with his wisedome and pollicie, so pacified the minde<br /> +of Cresus, that all warre ceased, and the daunger of the coun-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Samians.</span> +tree was taken awaie, the Samiās deliuered of this destruc-<br /> +cion and warre, receiued Esope at his retourne with many<br /> +honours. After that Esope departyng from the Isle Samus,<br /> +wandered to straunge regions, at the laste his wisedome be-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Licerus.</span> +yng knowen: Licerus the kyng of that countrée, had hym in<br /> +soche reuerence and honor, that he caused an Image of gold<br /> +to be set vp in the honour of Esope. After that, he wanderyng<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Delphos.</span> +ouer Grece, to the citée of Delphos, of whom he beyng mur-<br /> +thered, a greate plague and Pestilence fell vpon the citee, that<br /> +reuenged his death: As in all his Fables, he is moche to bee<br /> +commended, so in this Fable he is moche to be praised, which<br /> +he wrote of the Ante and the Greshopper.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The Fable.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_i_01.png" width="59" height="59" alt="I" title="I" class="floatl" /> +N a hotte Sommer, the Grashoppers gaue them sel-<br /> +ues to pleasaunt melodie, whose Musicke and melo-<br /> +die, was harde from the pleasaunt Busshes: but the<br /> +Ante in all this pleasaunt tyme, laboured with pain and tra-<br /> +uaile, she scraped her liuyng, and with fore witte and wise-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Winter.</span> +dome, preuented the barande and scarce tyme of Winter: for<br /> +when Winter time aprocheth, the ground ceasseth frō fruict,<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The Ante.</span> +then the Ante by his labour, doeth take the fruicte & enioyeth<br /> +it: but hunger and miserie fell vpon the Greshoppers, who in<br /> +the pleasaunt tyme of Sommer, when fruictes were <a href="#Printer_Errors">aboun-<br /> +dauute</a>, ceassed by labour to put of necessitée, with the whiche<br /> +the long colde and stormie tyme, killed them vp, wantyng al<br /> +sustinaunce.<br /> +</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Fol. x.v]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The Morall.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_h_01.png" width="61" height="59" alt="H" title="H" class="floatl" /> +Ere in example, all menne maie take to frame their<br /> +owne life, and also to bryng vp in godlie educacion<br /> +their children: that while age is tender and young,<br /> +thei maie learne by example of the Ante, to prouide in their<br /> +grene and lustie youth, some meane of art and science, wher-<br /> +by thei maie staie their age and necessitée of life, al soche as do<br /> +flie labour, and paine in youth, and seeke no waie of Arte and<br /> +science, in age thei shall fall in extreme miserie and pouertée.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The nature of the thyng.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_n_02.png" width="60" height="63" alt="N" title="N" class="floatl" /> +Ot without a cause, the Philosophers searchyng the<br /> +nature and qualitee of euery beaste, dooe moche com-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The Ante.</span> +mende the Ante, for prouidence and diligence, in that<br /> +not <a href="#Printer_Errors">oneie</a> by nature thei excell in forewisedome to thē selues,<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Manne.</span> +but also thei be a example, and mirrour to all menne, in that<br /> +thei iustlie followe the instincte of Nature: and moche more,<br /> +where as men indued with reason, and all singulare vertues<br /> +and excellent qualitées of the minde and body. Yet thei doe so<br /> +moche leaue reason, vertue, & integritée of minde, as that thei<br /> +had been framed without reason, indued with no vertue, nor<br /> +adorned with any excellent qualitée. All creatures as nature<br /> +hath wrought in them, doe applie them selues to followe na-<br /> +ture their guide: the Ante is alwaies diligent in his busines,<br /> +and prouident, and also fore séeth in Sommer, the sharpe sea-<br /> +son of Winter: thei keepe order, and haue a kyng and a com-<br /> +mon wealthe as it were, as nature hath taught them. And so<br /> +haue all other creatures, as nature hath wrought in thē their<br /> +giftes, man onelie leaueth reason, and neclecteth the chief or-<br /> +namentes of the minde: and beyng as a God aboue all crea-<br /> +tures, dooeth leese the excellent giftes. A beaste will not take<br /> +excesse in feedyng, but man often tymes is without reason,<br /> +and hauyng a pure mynde and soule giuen of God, and a face<br /> +to beholde the heauens, yet he doeth abase hymself to yearth-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Greshopper.</span> +lie thynges, as concernyng the Greshopper: as the Philoso-<br /> +phers doe saie, is made altogether of dewe, and sone perisheth[.]<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Fol. xj.r]</a></span>The Greshopper maie well resemble, slothfull and sluggishe<br /> +persones, who seke onely after a present pleasure, hauyng no<br /> +fore witte and wisedom, to foresée tymes and ceasons: for it is<br /> +<span class="sidenote">A poincte of<br /> +wisedome.</span> +the poinct of wisedō, to iudge thinges present, by thinges past<br /> +and to take a cōiecture of thinges to come, by thinges present.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The reasonyng of the twoo thynges.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_t_02.png" width="59" height="62" alt="T" title="T" class="floatl" /> +Hus might the Ante reason with her self, althoughe<br /> +the seasons of the yere doe seme now very hotte, plea-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">A wise cogi-<br /> +tacion.</span> +saunt and fruictfull: yet so I do not trust time, as that<br /> +like pleasure should alwaies remaine, or that fruictes should<br /> +alwaies of like sorte abounde. Nature moueth me to worke,<br /> +and wisedome herein sheweth me to prouide: for what hur-<br /> +teth plentie, or aboundaunce of store, though greate plentie<br /> +commeth thereon, for better it is to bee oppressed with plen-<br /> +tie, and aboundaunce, then to bee vexed with lacke. For, to<br /> +whom wealthe and plentie riseth, at their handes many bee<br /> +releued, and helped, all soche as bee oppressed with necessi-<br /> +tie and miserie, beyng caste from all helpe, reason and proui-<br /> +dence maimed in theim: All arte and Science, and meane of<br /> +life cutte of, to enlarge and maintain better state of life, their<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Pouertie.</span> +miserie, necessitie, and pouertie, shall continuallie encrease,<br /> +who hopeth at other mennes handes, to craue relief, is decei-<br /> +ued. Pouertie is so odious a thing, in al places & states reiected<br /> +for where lacke is, there <a href="#Printer_Errors">fanour</a>, frendship, and acquaintance<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Wisedome.</span> +decreaseth, as in all states it is wisedome: so with my self I<br /> +waie discritlie, to take tyme while tyme is, for this tyme as a<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Housebande<br /> +menne.</span> +floure will sone fade awaie. The housebande manne, hath he<br /> +not times diuers, to encrease his wealth, and to fill his barne,<br /> +at one tyme and ceason: the housebande man doeth not bothe<br /> +plante, plowe, and gather the fruicte of his labour, but in one<br /> +tyme and season he ploweth, an other tyme serueth to sowe,<br /> +and the laste to gather the fruictes of his labour. So then, I<br /> +must forsee time and seasons, wherin I maie be able to beare<br /> +of necessitie: for foolishly he hopeth, who of no wealth and no<br /> +abundaunt store, trusteth to maintain his own state. For, no-<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Fol. xj.v]</a></span> +<span class="sidenote">Frendship.</span> +thyng soner faileth, then frendship, and the soner it faileth, as<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Homere.</span> +fortune is impouerished. Seyng that, as Homere doeth saie,<br /> +a slothfull man, giuen to no arte or science, to helpe hymself,<br /> +or an other, is an vnprofitable burdein to the yearth, and God<br /> +dooeth sore plague, punishe, and ouerthrowe Citees, kyng-<br /> +domes, and common wealthes, grounded in soche vices: that<br /> +the wisedome of man maie well iudge, hym to be vnworthie<br /> +of all helpe, and sustinaunce. He is worse then a beast, that is<br /> +not able to liue to hymself & other: no man is of witte so vn-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Nature.</span> +descrite, or of nature so dulle, but that in hym, nature alwa-<br /> +yes coueteth some enterprise, or worke to frame relife, or help<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The cause of<br /> +our bearth.</span> +to hymself, for all wée are not borne, onelie to our selues, but<br /> +many waies to be profitable, as to our owne countrie, and all<br /> +partes thereof. Especiallie to soche as by sickenes, or infirmi-<br /> +tie of bodie are oppressed, that arte and Science can not take<br /> +place to help thē. Soche as do folowe the life of the Greshop-<br /> +per, are worthie of their miserie, who haue no witte to foresée<br /> +seasons and tymes, but doe suffer tyme vndescretly to passe,<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Ianus.</span> +whiche fadeth as a floure, thold Romaines do picture Ianus<br /> +with two faces, a face behind, & an other before, which resem-<br /> +ble a wiseman, who alwaies ought to knowe thinges paste,<br /> +thynges presente, and also to be experte, by the experience of<br /> +many ages and tymes, and knowledge of thynges to come.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center"> +¶ The comparison betwene<br /> +the twoo thynges.<br /> +</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_w_01.png" width="65" height="62" alt="W" title="W" class="floatl" /> +Hat can be more descritlie doen, then the Ante to be<br /> +so prouident and politike: as that all daunger of life,<br /> +& necessitie is excluded, the stormie times of Winter<br /> +ceaseth of might, & honger battereth not his walles, hauyng<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Prouidence.</span> +soche plentie of foode, for vnlooked bitter stormes and seasons,<br /> +happeneth in life, whiche when thei happen, neither wisedō<br /> +nor pollicie, is not able to kepe backe. Wisedome therefore,<br /> +it is so to stande, that these thynges hurte not, the miserable<br /> +ende of the Greshopper sheweth vnto vs, whiche maie be an<br /> +example to all menne, of what degree, so euer thei bee, to flie<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Fol. xij.r]</a></span>slothe and idelnesse, to be wise and discrite.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ Of contraries.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Diligence.</span> +<img src="images/cap_a_05.png" width="60" height="64" alt="A" title="A" class="floatl" /> +S diligence, prouidence, and discrete life is a singu-<br /> +lare gift, whiche increaseth all vertues, a pillar, staie<br /> +and a foundacion of all artes and science, of common<br /> +wealthes, and kyngdomes. So contrarily sloth and sluggish-<br /> +nesse, in all states and causes, defaseth, destroyeth, and pul-<br /> +leth doune all vertue, all science and godlines. For, by it, the<br /> +mightie kyngdome of the Lidiās, was destroied, as it semeth<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Idelnes.</span> +no small vice, when the Lawes of Draco, dooe punishe with<br /> +death idelnesse.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The ende.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">The Ante.</span> +<img src="images/cap_t_01.png" width="82" height="84" alt="T" title="T" class="floatl" /> +Herefore, the diligence of the Ante in this Fable,<br /> +not onelie is moche to be commended, but also her<br /> +example is to bee followed in life. Therefore, the<br /> +wiseman doeth admonishe vs, to go vnto the Ant<br /> +and learne prouidence: and also by the Greshopper, lette vs<br /> +learne to auoide idelnes, leste the like miserie and calamitie<br /> +fall vpon vs.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ Narratio.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_t_04.png" width="66" height="64" alt="T" title="T" class="floatl" /> +His place followyng, is placed of Tullie, after the<br /> +exordium or beginnyng of Oracion, as the seconde<br /> +parte: whiche parte of <i>Rhetorike</i>, is as it were the<br /> +light of all the Oracion folowing: conteining the cause, mat-<br /> +ter, persone, tyme, with all breuitie, bothe of wordes, and in-<br /> +uencion of matter.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ A Narracion.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_a_06.png" width="79" height="87" alt="A" title="A" class="floatl" /> Narracion +is an exposicion, or declaracion of any<br /> +thyng dooen in deede, or els a settyng forthe, for-<br /> +ged of any thyng, but so declaimed and declared,<br /> +as though it were doen.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +A narracion is of three sortes, either it is a narracion hi-<br /> +storicall, of any thyng contained, in any aunciente storie, or<br /> +true Chronicle.<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Fol. xij.v]</a></span></p> + +<p class="ind"> +Or Poeticall, whiche is a exposicion fained, set forthe by<br /> +inuencion of Poetes, or other.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Or ciuill, otherwise called Iudiciall, whiche is a matter<br /> +of controuersie in iudgement, to be dooen, or not dooen well<br /> +or euill.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind">In euery Narracion, ye must obserue sixe notes.</p> + +<p> +1. Firste, the persone, or doer of the thing, whereof you intreate.<br /> +2. The facte doen.<br /> +3. The place wherein it was doen.<br /> +4. The tyme in the whiche it was doen.<br /> +5. The maner must be shewed, how it was doen.<br /> +6. The cause wherevpon it was doen.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind">There be in this Narracion, iiij. other properties belōging[.]</p> + +<p> +1. First, it must be plain and euident to the hearer, not obscure,<br /> +2. short and in as fewe wordes as it maie be, for soche amatter.<br /> +3. Probable, as not vnlike to be true.<br /> +4. In wordes fine and elegante.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center"> +<a name="semiramis" id="semiramis"></a>¶ A narracion historicall, vpon Semiramis Queene of Babilon<br /> +how and after what sort she obtained the gouernment thereof.<br /> +</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Tyme.<br /> +Persone.</span> +<img src="images/cap_a_07.png" width="101" height="101" alt="A" title="A" class="floatl" /> +Fter the death of Ninus, somtime kyng of Ba-<br /> +bilon, his soonne Ninus also by name, was left<br /> +to succede hym, in all the Assirian Monarchie,<br /> +Semiramis wife to Ninus the firste, feared the<br /> +tender age of her sonne, wherupon she thought<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The cause.<br /> +The facte.</span> +that those mightie nacions and kyngdomes, would not obaie<br /> +so young and weake a Prince. Wherfore, she kept her sonne<br /> +from the gouernmente: and moste of all she feared, that thei<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The waie<br /> +how.</span> +would not obaie a woman, forthwith she fained her self, to be<br /> +the soonne of Ninus, and bicause she would not be knowen<br /> +to bee a woman, this Quene inuented a newe kinde of tire,<br /> +the whiche all the Babilonians that were men, vsed by her<br /> +commaundement. By this straunge disguised tire and appa-<br /> +rell, she not knowen to bee a woman, ruled as a man, for the<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The facte.<br /> +The place.</span> +space of twoo and fourtie yeres: she did marueilous actes, for<br /> +she enlarged the mightie kyngdome of Babilon, and builded<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Fol. xiij.r]</a></span>thesame citée. Many other regions subdued, and valiauntlie<br /> +ouerthrowen, she entered India, to the whiche neuer Prince<br /> +came, sauing Alexander the greate: she passed not onely men<br /> +in vertue, counsaill, and valiaunt stomacke, but also the fa-<br /> +mous counsailours of Assiria, might not contende with her<br /> +in Maiestie, pollicie, and roialnes. For, at what tyme as thei<br /> +knewe her a woman, thei enuied not her state, but maruei-<br /> +led at her wisedome, pollicie, and moderacion of life, at the<br /> +laste she desiryng the vnnaturall lust, and loue of her soonne<br /> +Ninus, was murthered of hym.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center"> +<a name="richard" id="richard"></a>¶ A narracion historicall vpon kyng Ri-<br /> +chard the third, the cruell tiraunt[.]<br /> +</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">The persone[.]</span> +<img src="images/cap_r_01.png" width="100" height="104" alt="R" title="R" class="floatl" /> +Ichard duke of Glocester, after the death of Ed-<br /> +ward the fowerth his brother king of England,<br /> +vsurped the croune, moste traiterouslie and wic-<br /> +kedlie: this kyng Richard was small of stature,<br /> +deformed, and ill shaped, his shoulders beared<br /> +not equalitee, a pulyng face, yet of countenaunce and looke<br /> +cruell, malicious, deceiptfull, bityng and chawing his nether<br /> +lippe: of minde vnquiet, pregnaunt of witte, quicke and liue-<br /> +ly, a worde and a blowe, wilie, deceiptfull, proude, arrogant<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The tyme.<br /> +The place.</span> +in life and cogitacion bloodie. The fowerth daie of Iulie, he<br /> +entered the tower of London, with Anne his wife, doughter<br /> +to Richard Erle of Warwick: and there in created Edward<br /> +his onely soonne, a child of ten yeres of age, Prince of Wa-<br /> +les. At thesame tyme, in thesame place, he created many no-<br /> +ble peres, to high prefermente of honour and estate, and im-<br /> +mediatly with feare and faint harte, bothe in himself, and his<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The horrible<br /> +murther of<br /> +king Richard[.]</span> +nobles and commons, was created king, alwaies a vnfortu-<br /> +nate and vnluckie creacion, the harts of the nobles and com-<br /> +mons thereto lackyng or faintyng, and no maruaile, he was<br /> +a cruell murtherer, a wretched caitiffe, a moste tragicall ty-<br /> +raunt, and blood succour, bothe of his nephewes, and brother<br /> +George Duke of Clarence, whom he caused to bee drouned<br /> +in a Butte of Malmsie, the staires sodainlie remoued, wher-<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Fol. xiij.v]</a></span> +<span class="sidenote">The facte.</span> +on he stepped, the death of the lorde Riuers, with many other<br /> +nobles, compassed and wrought at the young Princes com-<br /> +myng out of Wales, the .xix. daie of Iuly, in the yere of our<br /> +lorde .1483. openly he toke vpon him to be king, who sekyng<br /> +hastely to clime, fell according to his desart, sodainly and in-<br /> +gloriously, whose Embassage for peace, Lewes the Frenche<br /> +king, for his mischeuous & bloodie slaughter, so moche abhor-<br /> +red, that he would neither sée the Embassador, nor heare the<br /> +Embassage: for he murthered his .ij. nephues, by the handes<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The tyme.<br /> +The maner<br /> +how.</span> +of one Iames Tirrell, & .ij. vilaines more associate with him<br /> +the Lieutenaunt refusyng so horrible a fact. This was doen<br /> +he takyng his waie & progresse to Glocester, whereof he was<br /> +before tymes Duke: the murther perpetrated, he doubed the<br /> +good squire knight. Yet to kepe close this horrible murther,<br /> +he caused a fame and rumour to be spread abrode, in all par-<br /> +tes of the realme, that these twoo childrē died sodainly, there-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The cause.</span> +by thinkyng the hartes of all people, to bee quietlie setteled,<br /> +no heire male lefte a liue of kyng Edwardes children. His<br /> +mischief was soche, that God shortened his vsurped raigne:<br /> +he was al together in feare and dread, for he being feared and<br /> +dreaded of other, did also feare & dread, neuer quiete of minde<br /> +faint harted, his bloodie conscience by outward signes, condē-<br /> +pned hym: his iyes in euery place whirlyng and caste about,<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The state of<br /> +a wicked mā.</span> +his hand moche on his Dagger, the infernall furies tormen-<br /> +ted him by night, visions and horrible dreames, drawed him<br /> +from his bedde, his vnquiet life shewed the state of his consci-<br /> +ence, his close murther was vttered, frō the hartes of the sub-<br /> +iectes: thei called hym openlie, with horrible titles and na-<br /> +mes, a horrible murtherer, and excecrable tiraunt. The peo-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">A dolefull<br /> +state of a<br /> +quene.</span> +ple sorowed the death of these twoo babes, the Queene, kyng<br /> +Edwardes wife, beeyng in Sanctuarie, was bestraught of<br /> +witte and sences, sounyng and falling doune to the grounde<br /> +as dedde, the Quéene after reuiued, knéeled doune, and cal-<br /> +led on God, to take vengaunce on this murtherer. The con-<br /> +science of the people was so wounded, of the tolleracion of the<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Fol. xiiij.r]</a></span> +<span class="sidenote">The wicked<br /> +facte of kyng<br /> +Richard, a<br /> +horror and<br /> +dread to the<br /> +commons.</span> +facte, that when any blustryng winde, or perilous thonder, or<br /> +dreadfull tempest happened: with one voice thei cried out and<br /> +quaked, least God would take <a href="#Printer_Errors">vengauce</a> of them, for it is al-<br /> +waies séen the horrible life of wicked gouernors, bringeth to<br /> +ruin their kyngdom and people, & also wicked people, the like<br /> +daungers to the kyngdome and Prince: well he and his sup-<br /> +porters with the Duke of Buckyngham, died shamefullie.<br /> +<span class="sidenote">God permit<br /> +meanes, to<br /> +pull doune<br /> +tyrauntes.</span> +The knotte of mariage promised, betwene Henrie Erle of<br /> +Richemonde, and Elizabeth doughter to kyng Edward the<br /> +fowerth: caused diuerse nobles to aide and associate this erle,<br /> +fledde out of this lande with all power, to the attainmente of<br /> +the kyngdome by his wife. At Nottyngham newes came to<br /> +kyng Richard, that the Erle of Richmonde, with a small cō-<br /> +paignie of nobles and other, was arriued in Wales, forthe-<br /> +with exploratours and spies were sent, who shewed the Erle<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Lichefelde.<br /> +Leicester.</span> +to be encamped, at the toune of Litchfield, forthwith all pre-<br /> +paracion of warre, was set forthe to Leicester on euery side,<br /> +the Nobles and commons shranke from kyng Richarde, his<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Bosworthe[.]</span> +power more and more weakened. By a village called Bos-<br /> +worthe, in a greate plaine, méete for twoo battailes: by Lei-<br /> +cester this field was pitched, wherin king Richard manfully<br /> +fightyng hande to hande, with the Erle of Richmonde, was<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Kyng Ri-<br /> +chard killed<br /> +in Bosworth<br /> +fielde.</span> +slaine, his bodie caried shamefullie, to the toune of Leicester<br /> +naked, without honor, as he deserued, trussed on a horse, be-<br /> +hinde a Purseuaunte of Armes, like a hogge or a Calfe, his<br /> +hedde and his armes hangyng on the one side, and his legges<br /> +on the other side: caried through mire and durte, to the graie<br /> +Friers churche, to all men a spectacle, and oprobrie of tiran-<br /> +nie this was the cruell tirauntes ende.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center"> +<a name="caesar" id="caesar"></a>¶ A narracion historicall, of the commyng<br /> +of Iulius Cesar into Britaine.<br /> +</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">The tyme.<br /> +The persone.</span> +<img src="images/cap_w_01.png" width="65" height="62" alt="W" title="W" class="floatl" /> +Hen Iulius Cesar had ended his mightie and huge<br /> +battailes, about the flood Rhene, he marched into the<br /> +regiō of Fraunce: at thesame time repairing with a<br /> +freshe multitude, his Legiōs, but the chief cause of his warre<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Fol. xiiij.v]</a></span>in Fraunce was, that of long time, he was moued in minde,<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The cause.<br /> +The fame<br /> +and glorie of<br /> +Britaine.</span> +to see this noble Islande of Britain, whose fame for nobilitée<br /> +was knowen and bruted, not onelie in Rome, but also in the<br /> +vttermoste lādes. Iulius Cesar was wroth with thē, because<br /> +in his warre sturred in Fraunce, the fearce Britaines aided<br /> +the <a href="#Printer_Errors">Fenche</a> men, and did mightilie encounter battaill with<br /> +the Romaines: whose prowes and valiaunt fight, slaked the<br /> +proude and loftie stomackes of the Romaines, and droue thē<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The prowes<br /> +of Iulius<br /> +Cesar.</span> +to diuerse hasardes of battaill. But Cesar as a noble warrier<br /> +preferryng nobilitee, and worthinesse of fame, before money<br /> +or cowardly quietnes: ceased not to enter on y<span class="super">e</span> fearce Britai-<br /> +nes, and thereto prepared his Shippes, the Winter tyme fo-<br /> +lowyng, that assone as oportunitee of the yere serued, to passe<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The maner<br /> +how.<br /> +Cesars com-<br /> +municacion<br /> +with the mar[-]<br /> +chauntes, as<br /> +concernyng<br /> +the lande of<br /> +Britaine.</span> +with all power against them. In the meane tyme, Cesar in-<br /> +quired of the Marchauntes, who with marchaundise had ac-<br /> +cesse to the Islande: as concernyng the quātitée and bignes of<br /> +it, the fashion and maner of the people, their lawes, their or-<br /> +der, and kinde of gouernmente. As these thynges were in all<br /> +poinctes, vnknowen to Cesar, so also the Marchaūtes knewe<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The ware &<br /> +politike go-<br /> +uernement of<br /> +y<span class="super">e</span> Britaines.<br /> +Aliaunce in<br /> +tyme traite-<br /> +rous.</span> +no more thā the places bordring on the sea side. For, the Bri-<br /> +taines fearing the traiterous and dissembled hartes of aliaū-<br /> +ces, politikelie repelled them: for, no straunger was suffered<br /> +to enter from his Shippe, on the lande, but their marchaun-<br /> +dice were sold at the sea side. All nacions sought to this land,<br /> +the felicitee of it was so greate, whereupon the Grekes kno-<br /> +wyng and tastyng the commoditée of this Islande, called it by<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Britain som-<br /> +tyme called of<br /> +the Grekes<br /> +Olbion, not<br /> +Albion.</span> +a Greke name <i>Olbion</i>, whiche signifieth a happie and fortu-<br /> +nate countrie, though of some called <i>Albion</i>, tyme chaunged<br /> +the firste letter, as at this daie, London is called for the toune<br /> +of kyng Lud. Cesar thereupon before he would marche with<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Caius Uo-<br /> +lusenus, Em[-]<br /> +bassadour to<br /> +Britaine.</span> +his armie, to the people of Britain, he sent Caius Uolusenus<br /> +a noble man of Rome, a valiaunte and hardie Capitaine, as<br /> +Embassadour to the Britaines, who as he thoughte by his<br /> +Embassage, should knowe the fashion of the Island, the ma-<br /> +ner of the people, their gouernemente. But as it seemeth, the<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Fol. xv.r]</a></span>Embassadour was not welcome. For, he durste not enter frō<br /> +his Ship, to dooe his maisters Embassage, Cesar knewe no-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Comas A-<br /> +trebas, secōde<br /> +Embassador<br /> +from Cesar.</span> +thing by him. Yet Cesar was not so contented, but sent an o-<br /> +ther Embassadour, a man of more power, stomack, and more<br /> +hardie, Comas Atrebas by name, who would enter as an<br /> +Embassadour, to accomplish the will & expectacion of Cesar,<br /> +Comas Atrebas was so welcome, that the Britains cast him<br /> +in prison: Embassages was not common emong theim, nor<br /> +the curteous vsage of Embassadours knowen. Al these thin-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Cassibelane<br /> +king of Lon-<br /> +don, at the a-<br /> +riue of Cesar[.]<br /> +Cassibelane<br /> +a worthie<br /> +Prince.</span> +ges, made Cesar more wrothe, to assaie the vncourtous <a href="#Printer_Errors">Bris[-]<br /> +taines</a>. In those daies Cassibelan was kyng of London, this<br /> +Cassibelan was a prince of high wisedom, of manly stomacke<br /> +and valiaunt in fight: and for power and valiauntnesse, was<br /> +chosen of the Britaines, chief gouernour and kyng. Dissen-<br /> +cion and cruell warre was emong thē, through the diuersitie<br /> +of diuers kinges in the lande. The Troinouaūtes enuied the<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Imanuēcius[.]</span> +state of Cassibelan, bicause Immanuencius, who was kyng<br /> +of London, before Cassibelan, was put to death, by the coun-<br /> +sail of Cassibelan. The sonne of Immanuencius, hearing of<br /> +the commyng of Cesar, did flie traiterouslie to Cesar: The<br /> +Troinouauntes fauoured Immanuēcius part, & thereupon<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The Troy-<br /> +nouauntes by<br /> +treason let in<br /> +Cesar.</span> +promised, as moste vile traitours to their countrie, an ente-<br /> +ryng to Cesar, seruice and homage, who through a self will,<br /> +and priuate fauour of one, sought the ruine of their countrie,<br /> +and in the ende, their own destruccion. But Cassibelan gaue<br /> +many ouerthrowes to Cesar, and so mightelie encountred<br /> +with hym, so inuincible was the parte of Cassibelane: but by<br /> +treason of the Troinouauntes, not by manhod of Cesars po-<br /> +wer, enteryng was giuen. What house can stande, where-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Treason a<br /> +confusion to<br /> +the mightiest<br /> +dominions.</span> +in discord broile? What small power, is not able to enter the<br /> +mightiest dominions or regions: to ouercome the strongeste<br /> +fortresse, treason open the gate, treason giuyng passage. Al-<br /> +though Cesar by treason entered, so Cesar writeth. Yet the<br /> +fame of Cesar was more commended, for his enterprise into<br /> +Britain, and victorie: then of all his Conquest, either against<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Fol. xv.v]</a></span> +<span class="sidenote">A sentēce gra[-]<br /> +uen of Bri-<br /> +taine, in the<br /> +commendaci-<br /> +on of Cesar.</span> +Pompey, or with any other nacion. For in a Piller at Rome<br /> +this sentence was engrauen: Of all the dominions, Citees,<br /> +and Regions, subdued by Cesar, his warre attēpted against<br /> +the fearce Britaines, passeth all other. After this sort Cesar<br /> +entred our Islande of Britaine by treason.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center"> +<a name="themistocles" id="themistocles"></a>¶ A narracion iudiciall, out of Theusidides,<br /> +vpon the facte of Themistocles.<br /> +</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_t_03.png" width="104" height="104" alt="T" title="T" class="floatl" /> +He Athenians brought vnder the thraldome of<br /> +the Lacedemonians, soughte meanes to growe<br /> +mightie, and to pull them from the yoke, vnder<br /> +the Lacedemonians. Lacedemonia was a citee<br /> +enuironed with walles. Athenes at thesame<br /> +tyme without walles: whereby their state was more feeble,<br /> +and power weakened. Themistocles a noble Sage, and a<br /> +worthie pere of Athens: gaue the Atheniās counsaile to wall<br /> +their citée strōgly, and so forthwith to be lordes and rulers by<br /> +them selues, after their owne facion gouerning. In finishing<br /> +this enterprise, in all poinctes, policie, and wittie conuei-<br /> +aunce wanted not. The Lacedemonians harde of the pur-<br /> +pose of the Athenians, & sent Embassadours, to knowe their<br /> +doynges, and so to hinder them. Themistocles gaue counsaill<br /> +to the Athenians, to kepe in safe custodie, the Embassadours<br /> +of Lacedemonia, vntill soche tyme, as he from the Embas-<br /> +sage was retourned frō Lacedemonia. The Lacedemonians<br /> +hearyng of the commyng of Themistocles, thought little of<br /> +the walle buildyng at Athens. Themistocles was long loo-<br /> +ked for of thē, because Themistocles lingered in his Embas-<br /> +sage, that or the matter were throughly knowen: the walle<br /> +of Athens should be builded. The slowe commyng of The-<br /> +mistocles, was blamed of the Lacedemonians: but Themi-<br /> +stocles excused hymself, partly infirmitie of bodie, lettyng<br /> +his commyng, and the expectacion of other, accompaignied<br /> +with hym in this Embassage. The walle ended, necessitie<br /> +not artificiall workemanship finishing it, with al hast it was<br /> +ended: then Themistocles entered the Senate of Lacedemo-<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Fol. xvj.r]</a></span>nia, and saied: the walle whom ye sought to let, is builded at<br /> +Athens, ye Lacedemonians, that wee maie be more strong.<br /> +Then the Lacedemonians could saie nothyng to it, though<br /> +thei enuied the Athenians state, the walle was builded, and<br /> +leste thei should shewe violence or crueltie on Themistocles,<br /> +their Embassabours were at Athens in custodie, whereby<br /> +Themistocles came safe from his Embassage, and the Athe-<br /> +nians made strong by their walle: this was politikely dooen<br /> +of Themistocles.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center"><a name="rose" id="rose"></a>¶ A narracion Poeticall vpon a Rose.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_w_02.png" width="100" height="104" alt="W" title="W" class="floatl" /> +Ho so doeth maruaile at the beautée and good-<br /> +ly colour of the redde Rose, he must consider the<br /> +blood, that came out of Uenus the Goddes foot.<br /> +The Goddes Uenus, as foolishe Poetes dooe<br /> +feigne, beyng the aucthour of Loue: loued Ado-<br /> +nis the soonne of Cynara kyng of Cypres. But Mars called<br /> +the God of battaile, loued Uenus, beyng nothyng loued of<br /> +Uenus: but Mars loued Uenus as feruently, as Uenus lo-<br /> +ued Adonis. Mars beyng a God, loued Uenus a goddes, but<br /> +Uenus onely was inflamed with the loue of Adonis, a mor-<br /> +tall man. Their loue was feruent, and exremely set on fire<br /> +in bothe, but their kinde and nature were contrary, wherev-<br /> +pon Mars beyng in gelousie, sought meanes to destroie, faire<br /> +amiable, and beautifull Adonis, thinkyng by his death, the<br /> +loue of Uenus to be slaked: Adonis and Mars fell to fighting<br /> +Uenus as a louer, ranne to helpe Adonis her louer, and by<br /> +chaunce she fell into a Rose bushe, and pricked with it her<br /> +foote, the blood then ran out of her tender foote, did colour the<br /> +Rose redde: wherevpon the Rose beyng white before, is v-<br /> +pon that cause chaunged into redde.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">[¶] <i>Chria.</i></p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_c_01.png" width="61" height="63" alt="C" title="C" class="floatl" /> +<i>Hria</i>, this profitable exercise of <i>Rhetorike</i>, is for the<br /> +<a href="#Printer_Errors">porfite</a> of it so called: it is a rehersall in fewe wordes,<br /> +of any ones fact, or of the saiyng of any man, vpō the<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Fol. xvj.v]</a></span>whiche an oracion maie be made. As for example, Isocrates<br /> +did say, that the roote of <a href="#Printer_Errors">learnng</a> was bitter, but the fruictes<br /> +pleasaunt: and vpon this one sentence, you maie dilate a am-<br /> +ple and great oracion, obseruyng these notes folowyng. The<br /> +saiyng dooeth containe so greate matter, and minister soche<br /> +plentie of argumente.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Aucthors intreatyng of this exercise, doe note three sortes<br /> +to bee of theim, one of theim a <i>Chria verball</i>, that is to saie, a<br /> +profitable exercise, vpon the saiyng of any man, onely con-<br /> +teinyng the wordes of the aucthour, as the sentence before.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +The seconde is, conteinyng the facte or deede of the per-<br /> +sone: As Diogines beyng asked of Alexander the Greate, if<br /> +he lacked any thyng, that he was able to giue hym, thinkyng<br /> +his demaūde vnder his power, for Diogenes was at thesame<br /> +tyme warmyng hymself in the beames of the Sunne: Dio-<br /> +genes aunswered, ye take awaie that, that ye are not able to<br /> +giue, meanyng that Alexander by his bodie, shadowed hym,<br /> +and tooke awaie that, whiche was not in his power to giue,<br /> +Alexander tourned hymself to his men, and saied, if I were<br /> +not Alexander, I would be Diogenes.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +The thirde is a <i>Chria</i> mixt, bothe <i>verball</i> and notyng the<br /> +facte, as Diogenes seyng a boie wanton & dissolute, did strike<br /> +his teacher with a staffe, vtteryng these woordes: why dooest<br /> +thou teache thy scholer so dissolutlie.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +You shall learne to make this exercise, obseruyng these<br /> +notes.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Firste, you shall praise the aucthour, who wrote the sen-<br /> +tence, waighing his life, if his life be vnknowen, and not easie<br /> +to finde his sentence or sentences: for godlie preceptes will<br /> +minister matter of praise, as if these saiynges bee recited, thei<br /> +are sufficient of them selues, to praise the aucthour.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Then in the seconde place, expounde the meanyng of the<br /> +aucthour in that saiyng.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind">Then shewe the cause, why he spake this sentence.</p> + +<p class="ind">Then compare the matter, by a contrary.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Fol. xvij.r]</a></span></p> + +<p class="ind">Then frame a similitude of thesame.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Shewe the like example of some, that spake the like, or<br /> +did the like.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind">Then gather the testimonies of more writers of thesame[.]</p> + +<p class="ind">Then knit the conclusion.</p> + + +<p class="center"><a name="profitable" id="profitable"></a>¶ An Oracion.</p> + +<p> +<span class="dropcap">I</span>Socrates did saie, that the roote of learnyng <a href="#Printer_Errors">is</a> was bit-<br /> +ter, but the fruictes were pleasaunt.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The praise.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_t_01.png" width="82" height="84" alt="T" title="T" class="floatl" /> +His Oratour Isocrates, was an Athenian borne,<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Lusimachus[.]</span> +who florished in the time of Lusimachus the chief<br /> +gouernor of Athens: this Isocrates was brought<br /> +vp in all excellēcie of learning, with the moste fa-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Prodicus.<br /> +Gorgias Le-<br /> +ontinus.</span> +mous and excellent Oratour Prodicus, Gorgias Leontinus<br /> +indued him with all singularitie of learnyng and eloquence.<br /> +The eloquēce of Isocrates was so famous, that Aristotle the<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Demosthe-<br /> +nes learned<br /> +eloquence of<br /> +Isocrates.</span> +chief <a href="#Printer_Errors">Pholosopher</a>, enuied his vertue & praise therin: Demo-<br /> +sthenes also, who emong the Grecians chieflie excelled, lear-<br /> +ned his eloquence, of the Oracions whiche Isocrates wrote,<br /> +to many mightie and puisaunt princes and kinges, do shewe<br /> +his wisedome, & copious eloquēce, as to Demonicus the king<br /> +to Nicocles, Euagoras, against Philip the king of the Mace-<br /> +doniās, by his wisedome and counsaill, the Senate and vni-<br /> +uersal state of Athens was ruled, & the commons and multi-<br /> +tude thereby in euery part florished: chieflie what counsaill,<br /> +what wisedome, what learnyng might bee required, in any<br /> +man of high fame and excellencie: that fame was aboundant[-]<br /> +ly in Isocrates, as in all his Oratiōs he is to be praised, so in<br /> +this sentence, his fame importeth like commendacion.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The exposicion.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_i_01.png" width="59" height="59" alt="I" title="I" class="floatl" /> +N that he saieth, the roote of learnyng is bitter, and<br /> +the fruictes pleasaunt: he signifieth no excellent qua-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">All excellen-<br /> +cie with labor<br /> +is attained.</span> +litie or gift, vertue, arte or science can bee attained,<br /> +except paine, labour, diligence, doe plant and sette thesame:<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Fol. xvij.v]</a></span>but when that noble gift, either learnyng, or any excellente<br /> +qualitee, is lodged and reposed in vs, then we gather by pain-<br /> +full labours, greate profite, comforte, delectable pleasures,<br /> +wealth, glorie, riches, whiche be the fruictes of it.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The cause.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_a_05.png" width="60" height="64" alt="A" title="A" class="floatl" /> +ND seyng that of our owne nature, all men are en-<br /> +clined from their tender yeres and infancie, to the ex-<br /> +tirpacion of vertue, folowyng with all earnest studie<br /> +and gréedie, the free passage to vice, and specially children,<br /> +whose iudgementes and reason, are not of that strengthe, to<br /> +rule their weake mindes and bodies, therefore, in them chief-<br /> +lie, the roote of learning is bitter, because not onely many ye-<br /> +res thei runne their race, in studie of arte and science. With<br /> +care and paine also, with greuous chastisment and correcciō,<br /> +thei are compelled by their teachers and Maisters, to appre-<br /> +hende thesame: the parentes no lesse dreaded, in the educaciō<br /> +of their children, in chastisement and correction, so that by all<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The roote of<br /> +learnyng bit-<br /> +ter.</span> +meanes, the foundacion and roote of all learnyng, in what<br /> +sort so euer it is, is at the firste vnpleasaunte, sower, and vn-<br /> +sauerie. To folowe the times and seasons, appoincted for the<br /> +same, is moste painfull, and in these painfull yeres: other<br /> +greate pleasures, as the frailtie of youth, and the imbecilitie<br /> +of nature iudgeth, dooeth passe by, but in miserable state is<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Who is a vn-<br /> +fortunate<br /> +childe.</span> +that childe, and vnfortunate, that passeth the flower of his<br /> +youth and tender yeres, instructed with no arte or Science,<br /> +whiche in tyme to come, shalbe the onelie staie, helpe, the pil-<br /> +ler to beare of the sore brent, necessitie, and calamities of life.<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Good educa-<br /> +cion the foun-<br /> +dacion of the<br /> +Romaine<br /> +Empire.</span> +Herein the noble Romaines, laied the sure foundacion of<br /> +their mightie dominion, in the descrite prouidente, and poli-<br /> +tike educacion of children: to whom the Grecians gaue, that<br /> +necessarie bulwarke and <a href="#Printer_Errors">faundacion</a>, to set vp all vertue, all<br /> +arte and science. In Grece no man was knowen, to liue in<br /> +that common wealth, but that his arte and science, gaue ma-<br /> +nifest probacion and testimonie, how and after what sorte he<br /> +liued. The Romaines in like sorte, the sworde and aucthori-<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Fol. xviij.r]</a></span>tie of the Magistrate, executyng thesame, did put forthe, and<br /> +draw to the attainment of learnyng, art or science, all youth<br /> +hauyng maturitie and ripenesse to it, and why, because that<br /> +in a common wealth, where the parentes are vndescrete and<br /> +foolishe, as in all common wealthes, there are not a fewe,<br /> +but many, thei not ponderyng the state of the tyme to come,<br /> +bringing vp their children without all ciuilitie, vnframed to<br /> +vertue, ignoraunt of all arte and science: the children of their<br /> +owne nature, vnbrideled, vntaught, wilfull, and heddie, doe<br /> +run with free passage to all wickednes, thei fall into al kinde<br /> +of follie, oppressed with all kinde of calamitie, miserie, and<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Euill educa-<br /> +cion bringeth<br /> +to ruine migh[-]<br /> +tie kingdoms[.]</span> +vnfortunate chaunces, whiche happen in this life. Nothyng<br /> +doeth soner pulle doune a kyngdome, or common wealthe,<br /> +then the euill and leude educacion of youth, to whom neither<br /> +substaunce, wealth, riches, nor possessions doe descende, from<br /> +their auncestours and parentes, who also of them selues wāt<br /> +all art, science and meanes, to maintain them to liue, who of<br /> +them selues are not able to get relief, for onely by this mea-<br /> +nes, life is maintained, wealth and riches ar possessed to ma-<br /> +ny greate siegniories, landes, and ample possessions, left by<br /> +their parentes, and line of auncetours, haue by lacke of ver-<br /> +tuous educacion, been brought to naught, thei fell into ex-<br /> +treme miserie, pouertie, and wantyng learnyng, or wealth,<br /> +to maintaine their state and delicate life, thei haue robbed,<br /> +spoiled, murthered, to liue at their owne will. But then as<br /> +rotten, dedde, and putride members frō the common wealth<br /> +thei are cutte of by the sworde, and aucthoritie of the Magi-<br /> +strate. What kyngdome was more mightie and strong, then<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Lydia.</span> +the kyngdome of Lidia, whiche by no other meanes was<br /> +brought to ruine and destruccion, but by idlenes: in that thei<br /> +were kepte from all vertuous exercise, from the studie of ar-<br /> +tes and sciences, so longe as thei meditated and liued in the<br /> +schoole of vertuous life: no nacion was hable to ouerthrowe<br /> +them, of them selues thei were prone and readie, to practise all<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Cyrus.</span> +excellencie. But Cyrus the kyng of Persians, by no other<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Fol. xviij.v]</a></span>meanes was able to bring them weaker. He toke from thē al<br /> +furtherance to artes, destroied all occupaciōs of vertue wher-<br /> +vpon by commaundemēt <a href="#Printer_Errors">aud</a> terrour, wer driuen to practise<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The decay of<br /> +a kyngdome.</span> +the vaine and pestiferous practise, of Cardes and Dice. Har-<br /> +lottes then schooled them, and all vnhoneste pastyme nurte-<br /> +red them, Tauernes an quaffyng houses, was their accusto-<br /> +med and moste frequented vse of occupacion: by this meanes<br /> +their nobilitie and strengthe was decaied, and kyngdome<br /> +made thrall. Ill educacion or idlenes, is no small vice or euill<br /> +when so mightie a prince, hauyng so large dominions, whō<br /> +all the Easte serued and obaied. Whose regimente and go-<br /> +uernemente was so infinite, that as Zenophon saieth, tyme<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The mightie<br /> +dominions of<br /> +Cyrus.</span> +would rather want, then matter to speake of his mightie and<br /> +large gouernement, how many nacions, how diuerse people<br /> +and valiaunte nacions were in subieccion to hym. If this<br /> +mightie Prince, with all his power and populous nacions,<br /> +was not hable to giue the ouerthrowe, to the kyngdome of<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Euill educa-<br /> +cion.</span> +Lidia, but by ill educacion, not by marciall attēptes, sworde<br /> +or battaill: but by giuyng them scope and libertie, to dooe as<br /> +he would. No doubt but that Cyrus sawe, by the like exam-<br /> +ple of other kyngdomes, this onelie pollicie to bee a ruine<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Pithagoras.</span> +of that kyngdome. Pythagoras the famous and godlie Phi-<br /> +losopher, saued the kyngdome and people of Crotona, thei<br /> +leauyng all studie of arte, vertue and science. This people of<br /> +<span class="sidenote"><a href="#Printer_Errors">Catona</a>.</span> +Crotona, was ouercome of the people of Locrus, thei left all<br /> +exercise of vertue, neclectyng the feates of chiualrie, whervpō<br /> +Pythagoras hauyng the profitable and godlie lawes of Ly-<br /> +curgus, which he brought from Lacedemonia: and the lawes<br /> +of Minos kyng of Creta, came to the people of Crotona, and<br /> +by his godlie teachyng and Philosophie, reuoked & brought<br /> +backe the people, giuen ouer to the neglectyng of all vertue,<br /> +declaryng to them the nobilitie and excellencie thereof, he li-<br /> +uely set foorthe the beastlinesse of vice. Pithagoras recited to<br /> +them, the fall and ruine of many regions, and mightie king-<br /> +domes, whiche tooke after those vices. Idlenes beyng forsa-<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Fol. xix.r]</a></span>ken, vertue embrased, and good occupacions practised, the<br /> +kyngdome and people grewe mightie.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +<span class="sidenote">Lycurgus.</span> +Emong the godlie lawes of Lycurgus, Lycurgus omit-<br /> +ted not to ordaine Lawes, for the educacion of youthe: in the<br /> +whiche he cutte of all pamperyng of them, because in tender<br /> +yeres, in whose bodies pleasure harboreth, their vertue, sci-<br /> +ence, cunnyng rooteth not: labour, diligence, and industrie<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Uertue.<br /> +Uice.</span> +onelie rooteth vertue, and excellencie. Uices as vnprofitable<br /> +weedes, without labour, diligence and industrie growe vp,<br /> +and thereby infecteth the minde and bodie, poisoneth all the<br /> +mocions, incensed to vertue and singularitie. Who euer at-<br /> +tained cunnyng, in any excellent arte or science, where idle-<br /> +nes or pleasure helde the swaie. Philosophie sheweth, plea-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Pleasure.<br /> +Idlenes.<br /> +Ignoraunce.</span> +sure to bée vnmete for any man of singularitie, for pleasure,<br /> +idlenes, and ignoraunce, are so linked together, that the pos-<br /> +session of the one, induceth the other. So many godlie monu-<br /> +mētes of learning, had not remained to this posteritie of ours<br /> +and of all ages: if famous men in those ages and tymes, had<br /> +hūted after immoderate pleasure. Thindustrie of soche, who<br /> +left to the posteritie of all ages, the knowlege of Astronomie<br /> +is knowen: the monumentes of all learnyng of lawes, and<br /> +of all other woorkes of antiquitie, by vertue, noble, by indu-<br /> +strie, labour, and moderacion of life in studie, not by plea-<br /> +sure and wantones, was <a href="#Printer_Errors">celebraied</a> to all ages. The migh-<br /> +tie volumes of Philosophers, bothe in morall preceptes, and<br /> +in naturall causes, knewe not the delicate and dissolute life<br /> +of these our daies. Palingenius enueighyng against the pā-<br /> +pered, and lasciuious life of man, vttereth a singulare sentēce<br /> +</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Qui facere et qui nosce, cupit quam plurima et altum,</i></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>In terris virtute aliqua sibi querere nomen:</i></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Hunc vigilare opus est, nam non preclara geruntur,</i></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Stertendo, et molles detrectat gloria plumas.</i></span> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Who so coueteth to purchase fame by actes, or whose<br /> +minde hunteth for aboundaunte knowledge, or by vertue in<br /> +this life, to purchause good fame. He had not nede to slugge<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Fol. xix.v]</a></span>and slepe in his doynges: for good fame is not vpholded by<br /> +gaie Pecockes feathers. Of this, Demosthenes the famous<br /> +Oratour of Athens, vttereth a worthie saiyng to the Athe-<br /> +nians in his Epistle: if any will iudge Alexander the greate,<br /> +to be famous and happie, in that he had successe in all his do-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Alexander<br /> +the great, cō-<br /> +mended for<br /> +diligence.</span> +ynges, let this be his cogitacion, that Alexander the greate,<br /> +alwaies did inure hymself to doe thynges, and manfullie to<br /> +assaie that he enterprised. The felicitie of his successe came<br /> +to hym not slepyng, or not cogitatyng thereof: Alexander the<br /> +greate now dedde, Fortune seketh with whom she maie ac-<br /> +companie, and associate her self.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Thusidides comparyng the Lacedemonians, and the A-<br /> +thenians together, shewed a rare moderacion, and tempera-<br /> +ture of life, to be in the Athenians: wherupon thei are moste<br /> +commended, and celebrated to the posteritie.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The contrarie.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_e_01.png" width="54" height="59" alt="E" title="E" class="floatl" /> +Uen as idlenes and a sluggishe life, is moste pleasant<br /> +to all soche, as neglecte vertuous exercises, and god-<br /> +lie life. So paine, labour, and studie, bestowed and<br /> +emploied, in the sekyng out of vertue, arte, or science is moste<br /> +pleasaunt to well affected mindes: for no godlie thyng can be<br /> +attained to, without diligence and labour.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The similitude.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_e_02.png" width="74" height="83" alt="E" title="E" class="floatl" /> +Uen as housbandmen, with labour and trauaile,<br /> +dooe labour in plantyng and tillyng the grounde,<br /> +before thei receiue any fruicte of thesame. Euen so<br /> +no vertue, arte, or science, or any other thyng of ex-<br /> +cellencie is attained, without diligence and labour bestowed<br /> +thereto.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The example.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_l_01.png" width="64" height="63" alt="L" title="L" class="floatl" /> +Et Demosthenes, the famous Oratour of Athenes,<br /> +bee an example of diligence to vs, who to auoide all<br /> +let from studie, vsed a meanes to kepe hymself ther-<br /> +to: preuentyng also the industrie of artificers. Thesame De-<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Fol. xx.r]</a></span>mosthenes, wrote seuen tymes out the storie of Thusidides,<br /> +to learne thereby his eloquence and wisedome.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The testimonie.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_p_01.png" width="60" height="62" alt="P" title="P" class="floatl" /> +Linie, Plato, and Aristotle, with many other mo, are<br /> +like examples for diligence to vs: who wrote vpon<br /> +vertue and learnyng like sentences.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The conclusion.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_t_02.png" width="59" height="62" alt="T" title="T" class="floatl" /> +Herefore, Isocrates dooeth pronounce worthelie, the<br /> +roote of learning and vertue to be bitter, and the fru-<br /> +tes pleasaunte.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center"><a name="sentence" id="sentence"></a>¶ A Sentence.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_t_03.png" width="104" height="104" alt="T" title="T" class="floatl" /> +He Oracion, whiche must be made by a sentēce<br /> +is in al partes like to <i>Chria</i>, the profitable exer-<br /> +cise, onelie that the Oracion made vpon a sen-<br /> +tence, as aucthours do saie: hath not alwaie the<br /> +name of the aucthour prefixed in the praise, a<br /> +small matter of difference, who so can make the one, is ex-<br /> +pert and exquisite in the other, aucthours doe define a sentēce<br /> +in this maner. A sentence is an Oracion, in fewe woordes,<br /> +shewyng a godlie precept of life, exhorting or diswadyng: the<br /> +<span class="sidenote"><i>Gnome.</i></span> +Grekes dooe call godly preceptes, by the name of <i>Gnome</i>, or<br /> +<i>Gnomon</i>, whiche is asmoche to saie, a rule or square, to direct<br /> +any thyng by, for by them, the life of manne is framed to all<br /> +singularitie. Thei are diuers sortes of sentences, one exhor-<br /> +teth, an other diswadeth, some onely sheweth: there is a sen-<br /> +tence simple, compounde, profitable, true, & soche like. Frame<br /> +your Oracion vpon a sentence, as in the Oracion before.<br /> +</p> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="sentence"> +<tr> +<td> +{ 1. The praise of the aucthour.<br /> +{ 2. The exposicion of the sentence.<br /> +{ 3. A confirmacion in the strength of the cause.<br /> +{ 4. A conference, of the contrarie.<br /> +{ 5. A similitude.<br /> +{ 6. The example.<br /> +{ 7. The testimonie of aucthors, shewing y<span class="super">e</span> like.<br /> +{ 8. Then adde the conclusion. +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Fol. xx.v]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center">¶ An Oracion vpon a sentence.<br /> +¶ The sentence.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +In a common wealthe or kyngdome, many kynges to<br /> +beare rule, is verie euill, let there be but one kyng.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The praise of the aucthour.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_h_01.png" width="61" height="59" alt="H" title="H" class="floatl" /> +Omere, who of all the Poetes chiefly excelled, spake<br /> +this sentence in the persone of Ulisses, vpon the king<br /> +Agamemnon, kyng of Grece. This Homere intrea-<br /> +ting of all princely affaires, and greate enterprices of the<br /> +Grecians: and of the mightie warre againste the Troians,<br /> +emong whom soche discorde rose, that not onely the warre,<br /> +for lacke of vnitie and concorde, continued the space of tenne<br /> +yeres. But also moche blood shed, hauocke, and destruccion,<br /> +came vpon the Grecians, vttered this sentēce. This Homere<br /> +for his learnyng and wisedome remaineth, <a href="#Printer_Errors">intteled</a> in many<br /> +monumentes of learnyng: with greate fame and commen-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The praise of<br /> +Homere.</span> +dacion to all ages. What Region, Isle, or nacion is not, by<br /> +his inuencion set foorthe: who although he were blinde, his<br /> +minde sawe all wisedome, the states of all good kyngdomes<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The content<br /> +of Homers<br /> +bookes.</span> +and common wealthes. The verie liuely Image of a Prince<br /> +or gouernour, the faithfull and humble obediēce of a subiect,<br /> +toward the prince, the state of a capitaine, the vertue and no-<br /> +ble qualities, that are requisite, in soche a personage, be there<br /> +set forthe. The perfite state of a wiseman, and politike, is in-<br /> +treated of by hym. The Iustice, and equitie of a Prince, the<br /> +strength of the bodie, all heroicall vertues: also are set forthe<br /> +his eloquence and verse, floweth in soche sorte, with soche<br /> +pleasauntnes: so copious, so aboundaunt, so graue and sen-<br /> +tencious, that his singularitie therein excelleth, and passeth.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +<span class="sidenote">Alexander.</span> +The mightie prince Alexander, in all his marciall enter-<br /> +prices, and great conquestes, did continually night by night,<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The Ilias<br /> +of Homere,<br /> +mete for prin-<br /> +ces to looke<br /> +vpon.</span> +reade somewhat of the Ilias of the Poete Homere, before he<br /> +slepte, and askyng for the booke, saied: giue me my pillowe.<br /> +Alexander as it semeth, learned many heroical vertues, poli-<br /> +cie, wisedome, & counsaill thereof, els he occupied in so migh-<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Fol. xxj.r]</a></span>tie and greate warres, would not emploied studie therein.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Iulius Cesar the Emperour, commendeth this Poete,<br /> +for his singularitie, his commendacion giueth, ample argu-<br /> +ment, in this singulare sentence, whiche preferreth a Monar-<br /> +chie aboue all states of common wealthes or kyngdome.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The exposicion.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_h_01.png" width="61" height="59" alt="H" title="H" class="floatl" /> +Omere the Poete, signified by this one sentence, no<br /> +kyngdome or common wealthe can prospere, or flo-<br /> +rishe to continue, where many holde gouernement<br /> +as kynges. For, the mindes of many rulers and princes, doe<br /> +moste affecte a priuate wealthe, commoditie and glorie: and<br /> +where, many doe beare soche swaie and dominion, the com-<br /> +mon wealth can not be good. For, thei priuatly to theim sel-<br /> +ues, doe beare that regiment, and alwaie with the slaughter<br /> +of many, do seke to attain and clime, to the whole <a href="#Printer_Errors">gouermēt</a>[.]<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The cause.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">The state of<br /> +many kinges<br /> +in one lande.</span> +<img src="images/cap_m_01.png" width="64" height="63" alt="M" title="M" class="floatl" /> +Any occasions dooe rise, whereby many princes, and<br /> +gouernours in a common wealth, be diuerslie affec-<br /> +ted, so that the gouernmēt of many, can not prosper.<br /> +For, bothe in quiete state, their counsailes must bee diuerse,<br /> +and vncertaine: and where thei so differ, the kyngdome stan-<br /> +deth in great ieopardy and daunger. Isocrates intreatyng of<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Athenes.</span> +a Monarchie, sheweth that the common wealth of Athenes,<br /> +whiche detested and refused, that forme and state, after the<br /> +ruine and fall of their citee: beyng vnder the thraldome of the<br /> +Lacedemoniās, bothe in their externall chiualrie and feates,<br /> +bothe by sea and by lande, and also in regimente otherwise,<br /> +their citee grewe mightie, and state stedfast.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +<span class="sidenote">Carthage in<br /> +a monarchie.</span> +The Carthagineans also, gouerned by one, had their go-<br /> +uernment stedfaste, and kyngdome roiall: who in puisaunte<br /> +actes, might compare with the noble Romaines. As the obe-<br /> +dience to one ruler and chief gouernour, sekyng a common<br /> +wealth, is in the hartes of the subiectes: feruent and maruei-<br /> +lous with loue embraced, so the Maiestie of hym is dreade,<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Fol. xxj.v]</a></span>with loue serued, and with sincere harte, and fidelitie obeied,<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The state of<br /> +many kinges<br /> +in one lande.</span> +his maners folowed, his lawes imitated. Many gouernours<br /> +bearyng regiment, as their maners be diuers, and fashion of<br /> +life: euen so the people bee like affected, to the diuersitie of di-<br /> +uers princes. And if we weigh the reuolucion of the heauens<br /> +and the marueiles of God therein, the maker of thesame, who<br /> +<span class="sidenote">A monarchie<br /> +in heauen.</span> +beyng one God, ruleth heauen and yearth, and all thynges<br /> +cōtained in thesame. The heauen also adorned with many a<br /> +<span class="sidenote">One Sunne[.]</span> +starre, and cleare light, haue but one Sunne to gouerne thē:<br /> +who being of a singulare vertue aboue the rest, by his vertue<br /> +and power, giueth vertue to the reste. Also in small thynges<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The Ante.<br /> +The Bee.</span> +the Ante and the Bee, who for prouidence and wisedome, ar<br /> +moche commended: haue as it were a common wealth, and a<br /> +king to gouerne thē, so in all thinges as a confusion, the state<br /> +of many kings is abhorred in gouernmēt. After the death of<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Constancius[.]<br /> +Licinius[.]<br /> +Marabodius[.]</span> +Constantinus the greate, Constancius his sonne was made<br /> +Emperour, and Licinius with him, partaker in felowship of<br /> +the Empire. But forthwith, what blood was shed in Italie,<br /> +with all crueltie, vntill Constancius had slaine Licinius,<br /> +partaker of the Empire, and Marabodius was slaine also,<br /> +whom Licinius did associate with hym in the gouernment.<br /> +So moche princes and chief gouernours, doe hate equalitie,<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Pompey.<br /> +Cesar.<br /> +Marius.<br /> +Silla.</span> +or felowship in kingdomes. After thesame sort, in this migh-<br /> +tie Monarchie of Rome, diuerse haue attempted at one and<br /> +sondrie tymes, to beare the scepter and regiment therein, but<br /> +that mightie Monarchie, could not suffer but one gouernor.<br /> +The kyngdome of Thebes, was in miserable state, the twoo<br /> +sonnes of Oedipus, Eteocles, and Polunices: striuing bothe<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Assiria the<br /> +first monar-<br /> +chie.</span> +to be Monarche, and onely kyng. The kyngdome of Assiria,<br /> +whiche was the golden kyngdome, and the first Monarchie:<br /> +hauyng .36. kynges by succession, continued .1239. yeres, this<br /> +kyngdome for all nobilitie and roialnes excelled, and all in<br /> +a Monarchie. The kyngdome of the Medes, in a Monarchie<br /> +florished in wealthe and glorie and all felicitie: who in domi-<br /> +nion had gouernmente .300. lackyng .8. yeres. After that, the<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Fol. xxij.r]</a></span> +<span class="sidenote">The monar-<br /> +chie of the<br /> +Medes.<br /> +The Persiā.<br /> +Macedonia.</span> +monarchie of the Medes ceased, the Persiā people rose migh-<br /> +tie, bothe in people and Princes, and continued in that state<br /> +236 and 7 monethes. Macedonia rose from a base and meane<br /> +people, to beare the whole regiment, and power ouer all king[-]<br /> +domes. So God disposeth the state and seate of princes, ouer-<br /> +throwyng often tymes mightier kyngdomes at his will: the<br /> +continuaunce of this Monarchie was .157. and eight mone-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Asia[.]<br /> +Siria[.]</span> +thes, ten kynges linealie descendyng. Asia and Siria, was<br /> +gouerned by one succedyng in a sole gouernement. Nicanor<br /> +gouerned Siria .32. yeres. In the other Antigonus raigned,<br /> +Demetrius Poliorchetes one yere, Antiochus Soter also, the<br /> +scepter of gouernment, left to the succession of an other, then<br /> +Antiochus Soter, ruled all Asia and Siria, hauyng .16. kin-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Egipte in a<br /> +Monarchie[.]</span> +ges whiche in a monarchie, cōtinued 189 yeres. The Egipci-<br /> +ans, had famous, wise, and noble princes, whose kyngdome<br /> +and large dominion, in all felicitée prospered: whiche was in<br /> +the tyme of Ninus, the first king of the Assiriās, who hauing<br /> +10. princes, one by one succedyng, Cleopatra their Quéene,<br /> +gouerning, stoode in a monarchie .288. This one thyng she-<br /> +weth, that kinde of gouernmente to bee roiall, and moste fa-<br /> +mous, not onely for the felicitée and glory therof: but also for<br /> +the permanent and stedfast state thereof. Aristotle and Plato<br /> +setteth forthe, thother formes of gouernmēt. But in all those,<br /> +no long cōtinuaunce of felicitee, nor of happy state can appere<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Tirannis[.]<br /> +Nero[.]<br /> +Domicianus[.]<br /> +Caligula.</span> +in them, as for the contrarie to a Monarchie, is tirannis, pe-<br /> +stiferous, and to be detested, where one man gouerneth to his<br /> +priuate gaine, pillyng and polyng his subiectes, murderyng<br /> +with all crueltie, neither Lawe nor reason, leadyng thereto:<br /> +but will bearyng regiment ouer lawe, Iustice and equitee,<br /> +whiche princes often tymes see not. How the wilfull rashe-<br /> +nes, or tirannicall minde doeth abase them, and make them,<br /> +though in vtter porte thesame princes, yet in verie déede, thei<br /> +<span class="sidenote">What doeth<br /> +beautifie the<br /> +throne of a<br /> +Prince[.]</span> +bee thrall and slaue to beastlie affeccion. Nothyng dooeth so<br /> +moche adorne and beautifie, the seate and throne of a prince,<br /> +as not onely to beare dominion, ouer mightie people and re-<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Fol. xxij.v]</a></span> +<span class="sidenote">Aristocratia.</span> +gions, then to be lorde ouer hymself. The state of a fewe pée-<br /> +res or nobles, to holde the chief and whole gouernment, who<br /> +bothe in vertue, learnyng, and experience dooe excelle, is a<br /> +goodlie state of common wealth. But the profe of that com-<br /> +mon wealthe and ende sheweth, and the maner of Princes:<br /> +who, although thei be, of life godlie, wise, graue, expert and<br /> +politike. For, these vertues or ornamentes, ought to be repo-<br /> +sed in soche noble personages, thei doe marueilously chaunge<br /> +and alter: So honour and preeminente state, puffeth theim<br /> +vp, and blindeth theim, that euery one in the ende, seeketh to<br /> +climbe ouer all, as hed and gouernour. Shewe me one kinde<br /> +of this state, and forme of gouernmente, whiche either longe<br /> +prospered, or without bloodshed, and destruccion of the rest of<br /> +the nobles and peres, haue not caught the whole regimente.<br /> +Seyng that in all common wealthes and kingdomes, equa-<br /> +litée or felowshippe, will not be suffred in gouernmente: for,<br /> +it can not bee, that this forme of common wealthe maie bée<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The ende of<br /> +Aristocratia.</span> +good, as Aristotle and Plato sheweth: The ende of this go-<br /> +uernemente, fell euer to one, with a ruine of the kingdome<br /> +<span class="sidenote"><a href="#Printer_Errors">Politcia</a>.</span> +and people. The multitude to beare dominion, and though a<br /> +publike wealth bée sought for a tyme, moche lesse thei conti-<br /> +nue in any good state: for in the ende, their rule and gouerne-<br /> +ment, will be without rule, order, reason, modestie, and their<br /> +lawe must bee will. The other three states, are the refuse of<br /> +good common wealthes, not to bée tollerated in any region.<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Tirannis.</span> +The one of them is a tyraunte, to bée gouernour onely to his<br /> +owne glorie, with crueltie tormented his subiectes, onelie to<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Oligarthia.</span> +haue his will and lust, ouer all lawe, order, and reason. The<br /> +nobilitée rulyng to them selues, euery one for his owne time[.]<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Democratia.</span> +The third, the base and rude multitude, euery one for hym-<br /> +self, and at his will. This troublous state, all Regions and<br /> +common wealthes, haue felte in open sedicions and tumul-<br /> +tes, raised by theim, it is a plagued and pestiferous kinde of<br /> +gouernemente. The example of a good Monarchie, is of<br /> +greate force, to confounde the state of al other common weal-<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Fol. xxiij.r]</a></span>thes, and formes of Regimente.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +<span class="sidenote">A monarchie<br /> +preferred of<br /> +the Persians[.]</span> +The nobilitée of Persia hauyng no kyng, linially des-<br /> +cendyng, to rule that mightie dominion of Persia, Cambises<br /> +beyng dedde, the vsurper murthered, thei tooke counsaill in<br /> +their assemble, what state of gouernment was beste, thei ha-<br /> +uyng the profe of a Monarchie: in their longe counsaill, thei<br /> +knewe the felicitie of that state, thei knewe as it seemed, the<br /> +perilous state of the other gouernmentes. If these noble and<br /> +peres had been ambicious, and that eche of them would haue<br /> +had felowshippe, or participacion in kyngdomes: thei would<br /> +not haue preferred a Monarchie aboue the reste. The anti-<br /> +quitie of that tyme sheweth, their personages, wisedome,<br /> +grauitie, and maiestie was soche, that eche one of theim was<br /> +mete for his vertues, to haue a whole kyngdome. If Aristo-<br /> +cratia would haue contented them, then was tyme and occa-<br /> +sion offered, no kyng remainyng to haue preferred that state.<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The duetie of<br /> +al noble peres[.]</span> +But thei as vpright nobles, sincere and faithfull, hauyng al-<br /> +together respecte to a publique wealthe: to a permanent state<br /> +and felicitie of kingdome, sought no participacion by priuate<br /> +wealthe, to dissolue this Monarchie. But thei beyng moste<br /> +godlie, eche were content to proue, whose chaunce might be,<br /> +to set vp againe that Monarchie. The kyngdome at the laste<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Darius.</span> +came to the handes of Darius, who was after kyng of the<br /> +Persians. This is a goodly example, to shewe the worthines<br /> +of a Monarchie, the Persian kingdome after many yeres de-<br /> +clinyng, from his power and state, not for any faulte of go-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Kyngdomes<br /> +rise and fall.</span> +uernment, but God as he seeth tyme, raiseth vp kyngdomes<br /> +and plucketh them doune. Afterward Darius the kyng, not<br /> +able to make his parte good with Alexander the Greate: of-<br /> +fered to hym the greatest parte of his kyngdome, euen to the<br /> +flood of Euphrates, and offred his daughter to wife: Alexan-<br /> +der was content to take the offer of Darius, so that he would<br /> +bee seconde to hym, and not equall with hym in kyngdome.<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The answer<br /> +of Alexander<br /> +to Darius,<br /> +as cōcernyng<br /> +a monarchie.</span> +For, Alexander saied, that as the worlde can not bee gouer-<br /> +ned with twoo Sunnes, neither the worlde can suffer twoo<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Fol. xxiij.v]</a></span>mightie kingdomes: wherupon it is manifest, that no king-<br /> +dome will suffer equalitie or felowship, but that if the will &<br /> +minde of Princes might brust out, the state of all the worlde,<br /> +would bee in one mightie gouernours handes. For, alwaies<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Alexāder the<br /> +great prefar-<br /> +red a Mo-<br /> +narchie.</span> +Princes dooe seke to a sole regimente. Alexander the greate<br /> +cōquerour also, preferring for worthines a Monarchie, at the<br /> +tyme of his death, demaunded whō he would haue to succede<br /> +him in his mightie dominiōs, he by one signifiyng a Monar-<br /> +chie, saiyng: <i>Dignissimus</i>, that is to saie, the worthiest. After<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Alexanders<br /> +monarchie fel<br /> +by many kin-<br /> +ges.<br /> +Antipater.<br /> +Crates.<br /> +Meliagrus.<br /> +Perdiccas.<br /> +Ptolomeus.<br /> +Learcus.<br /> +Cassander.<br /> +Menander.<br /> +Leonatus.<br /> +Lusimacus.<br /> +Eumenes[.]<br /> +Seleucus.</span> +the death of Alexander, Antipater caught the gouernmente<br /> +of Macedonia and Grece, and Crates was Treasurer. Me-<br /> +leagrus and Perdiccas caught other of his dominions, then<br /> +Ptolemeus possessed Egipte, Africa and a parte of Arabia,<br /> +Learcus, Cassander, Menāder, Leonatus, Lusimachus, Eu-<br /> +menes, Seleucus and manie other, who were for their wor-<br /> +thines in honor and estimacion with Alexander, caught in-<br /> +to their handes other partes of his dominions, euerie one se-<br /> +kyng for his time, his owne priuate glorie, dignitie, and ad-<br /> +uauncemente, but not a publike wealthe, and so in fine, am-<br /> +bicion broiled in their loftie stomackes, eche to attaine to o-<br /> +thers honor. Whereupon bloodshed, destruction of the peo-<br /> +ple and countries, the fall of these Princes ensued. So moche<br /> +kingdomes hate equalitie or felowship: let vs laie before our<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Fraunce.<br /> +Spaine.<br /> +Germanie.<br /> +Britaine.</span> +iyes, the kyngdomes nere at hand. Fraunce, from the tymes<br /> +of Faramundus vntill this daie haue stoode, and did florishe<br /> +in a Monarchie. The state of Spaine, from the tyme of the<br /> +firste kyng, vntill this daie, hath florished continually in a<br /> +Monarchie. The great seigniories of Germanie, by one suc-<br /> +cedyng in gouernment, haue been permanent in that good-<br /> +lie state. Our noble Isle of Britain from Brutus, hath stoode<br /> +by a Monarchie: onely in those daies, the state of gouernmēt<br /> +chaunged, at the commyng of Iulius Cesar, Emperour of<br /> +Rome. The lande beyng at diuision, and discorde, through<br /> +the diuersitie of diuerse kynges: so moche the state of diuerse<br /> +kynges in one lande, is to be expelled, or the gouernment of<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Fol. xxiiij.r]</a></span>the base multitude, to haue vniuersally power of dominion,<br /> +or the state of peres, to bee chief in regiment, no kyng lefte to<br /> +commaunde ouer the people, and nobles, or els there can not<br /> +be but discorde in thende, whiche pulleth doune moste migh-<br /> +tie Regions and dominions, so that the beste state, the moste<br /> +stedfaste and fortunate, is in all tymes, in all ages, in all la-<br /> +wes, and common wealthes, where one king sekyng the ad-<br /> +uauncement, wealthe, glorie, of hym and his people.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The contrarie.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_t_04.png" width="66" height="64" alt="T" title="T" class="floatl" /> +Hat housholde or familie, can not be well gouerned,<br /> +where many and diuerse beareth gouernment, nec-<br /> +lectyng the state prosperous vniuersallie: for where<br /> +obedience is drawen to diuers and many, there can not bee<br /> +good gouernment, nor faithfull obedience. And so in a king-<br /> +dome where one chiefly gouerneth, and to a common wealth<br /> +there the hartes of the subiectes, be moste knitte to obaie.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The similitude.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_e_01.png" width="54" height="59" alt="E" title="E" class="floatl" /> +Uen as thei, whiche serue one maister, shall soneste<br /> +with labour please, and with fidelitie, accomplishe<br /> +his will and pleasure. For, the maners of many mē<br /> +be diuerse, and variable, so in a Monarchie, the state of one is<br /> +sone obaied, the minde and lawe of one Prince sone folowed,<br /> +his Maiestie dreaded and loued.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The example.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_l_01.png" width="64" height="63" alt="L" title="L" class="floatl" /> +ET the fower chief Monarchies of the Assirian, the<br /> +Persian, Grecian, and the Romaine, whiche haue<br /> +continued from the beginnyng mightie, moste hap-<br /> +pie, bee an example herein. If that state of gouernement, had<br /> +not been chiefe of all other, those mightie kyngdomes would<br /> +not haue preferred, that kinde of gouernment.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The testimonie of auncient writers.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_t_02.png" width="59" height="62" alt="T" title="T" class="floatl" /> +Herefore, Aristotle, Plato, and all the chief Philoso-<br /> +phers, intreatyng of the administracion of a common<br /> +wealthe: doe preferre before all states of gouernment<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Fol. xxiiij.v]</a></span>a Monarchie, bothe for the felicitie of it, and stedfaste state.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The conclusion.</p> + +<p> +<span class="dropcap">H</span>Omere therefore deserueth greate commendacion,<br /> +for this one sentence, whiche preferreth a Monarchie<br /> +before all states.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The destruccion.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_t_01.png" width="82" height="84" alt="T" title="T" class="floatl" /> +His exercise of <a href="#Printer_Errors"><i>Rhetotike</i></a>, is called destruccion, or<br /> +subuersion, because it is in a oracion, a certain re-<br /> +prehension of any thyng declaimed, or dilated, in<br /> +the whiche by order of art, the declaimer shall pro-<br /> +cede to caste doune by force, and strengthe of reason, the con-<br /> +trarie induced.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +In this exercise of <i>Rhetorike</i>, those proposicions are to be<br /> +subuerted, whiche are not manifeste true, neither it so repu-<br /> +gnaunt from reason, as that there can appere no holde, to in-<br /> +duce a probable reason to confounde thesame. But soche pro-<br /> +posicions are meete for this parte, as are probable in both si-<br /> +des, to induce probabilitie of argument, to reason therupon.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="hang"> +1.<span style="margin-left: 1em;">It shall behoue you firste, for the entryng of this matter,</span><br /> +to adde a reprehension there against those, whiche haue con-<br /> +firmed as a truthe, that, whiche you will confute.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="hang"> +2.<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In thesame place, adde the <a href="#Printer_Errors">exposion</a>, and meanyng of his</span><br /> +sentence.<br /> +</p> + +<p>3.<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thirdly, shew the matter to be obsure, that is vncertain[.]</span></p> + +<p>4.<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Printer_Errors">Incrediblie</a>.</span></p> + +<p>5.<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Impossible.</span></p> + +<p>6.<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Not agreyng to any likelihode of truthe.</span></p> + +<p>7.<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Uncomlie to be talked of.</span></p> + +<p>8.<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Unprofitable.</span></p> + +<p class="ind"> +This exercise of <i>Rhetorike</i> doeth contain in it al strength<br /> +of arte, as who should saie, all partes of <i>Rhetorike</i>, maie co-<br /> +piouslie be handled in this parte, called confutacion, so am-<br /> +ple a matter Tullie doeth note this parte to be.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The theme or proposicion of this Oracion.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Fol. xxv.r]</a></span></p> + +<p class="ind">It is not like to be true, that is said of the battaill of Troie.</p> + + +<p class="center"> +<a name="troy" id="troy"></a>¶ The reprehension of the auc-<br /> +thor, and of all Poetes.<br /> +</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_n_03.png" width="103" height="104" alt="N" title="N" class="floatl" /> +Ot without a cause, the vanities of Poetes are<br /> +to bee reproued, and their forged inuencions to<br /> +bee reiected: in whose writynges, so manifestlie<br /> +are set forthe as a truthe, and Chronicled to the<br /> +posteritie of ages and times, soche forged mat-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The vanities<br /> +of Poetes.</span> +ters of their Poeticall and vain wittes. Who hath not heard<br /> +of their monsterous lies against God, thei inuentyng a gene-<br /> +alogie of many Goddes procreated, where as there is but<br /> +one God. This vanitie also thei haue set forthe, in their mo-<br /> +numentes and woorkes. How a conspiracie was sometyme<br /> +emong the Goddes and Goddes, to binde the great God Iu-<br /> +piter. How impudentlie doe thei set forthe the Goddes, to bee<br /> +louers of women, and their adulterous luste: and how thei<br /> +haue transformed theim selues, into diuers shapes of beastes<br /> +and foules, to followe after beastly luste. The malice and en-<br /> +uie of the Goddes, one to an other: <a href="#Printer_Errors">The</a> feigne also the heauē<br /> +to haue one God, the sea an other, helle an other, whiche are<br /> +mere vanities, and false imaginaciōs of their Poeticall wit-<br /> +tes. The like forged inuencion haue thei wrote, of the migh-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The battaill<br /> +of Troie .x.<br /> +yeres for a<br /> +herlotte.</span> +tie and terrible battaill bruted of Troie, for a beautifull har-<br /> +lot susteined ten yeres. In the whiche, not onely men and no-<br /> +ble péeres, gaue the combate of battaile, but the Goddes toke<br /> +partes against Goddes, and men wounded Goddes: as their<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The vain in-<br /> +uention of<br /> +Poetes.</span> +lies exceade all nomber, because thei bee infinite, so also thei<br /> +passe all truthe, reason, and iudgemente. These fewe exam-<br /> +ples of their vanities and lies, doe shewe the feigned ground<br /> +and aucthoritie of the reste. Accordyng to the folie and super-<br /> +sticiousnes of those tymes, thei inuented and forged folie vp-<br /> +pon folie, lye vpon lye, as in the battaill of Troie, thei aggra-<br /> +uate the dolour of the battaill, by pitifull and lamentable in-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Plato reie-<br /> +cteth Poetes<br /> +from the com[-]<br /> +mon wealth.</span> +uencion. As for the Poetes them selues, Plato in his booke,<br /> +made vpon the administracion of a common wealth, maketh<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Fol. xxv.v]</a></span>theim in the nomber of those, whiche are to bee banished out<br /> +of all common wealthes.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The exposicion.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_h_02.png" width="82" height="84" alt="H" title="H" class="floatl" /> +Omere dooeth saie, and many other Poetes, that<br /> +the warres of the Grecians against the Troians,<br /> +was for beautifull Helena, and continued tenne<br /> +yeres. The Goddes and Goddis toke partes, and<br /> +all the people of Grece, aided Menelaus, and the kyng Aga-<br /> +memnon, to bryng home again Helena, neclecting their own<br /> +countrie, their wife and chidrē, for one womā. The Grekes<br /> +inuentyng a huge and mightie horse made of Firre trée, and<br /> +couered with brasse, as huge as a moūtain, out of the whiche<br /> +the Grecians by treason issuyng, brought Troie to ruine.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The obscuritie of the matter.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_i_02.png" width="79" height="86" alt="I" title="I" class="floatl" /> +T semeth a matter of folie, that so many people, so<br /> +mightie nacions should bee bewitched, to raise so<br /> +mightie a armie, hassardyng their liues, leauyng<br /> +their countrie, their wiues, their children, for one<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Helena.</span> +woman: Be it so, that Helena passed all creatures, and that<br /> +Nature with beautie had indued her with all vertue, and sin-<br /> +gularitie: yet the Grecians would not be so foolishe, that vni-<br /> +uersallie thei would seke to caste doune their owne wealthe,<br /> +and moche more the common wealthe of Grece, and kyng-<br /> +dome to stande in perill. Neither is it to be thought, the Gre-<br /> +cians, sekyng to aduaūce the beautie of Helena: would leaue<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The cause of<br /> +the forged in-<br /> +uencion.</span> +their owne state. But it is like, the wittes of Poetes did im-<br /> +magine so forged a Chronicle, that the posteritie of ages fol-<br /> +lowyng, should rather wounder at their forged inuencion,<br /> +then to beleue any soche warre truly mencioned. There was<br /> +no soche cause, seyng that the kyngdome of Grece, fell by no<br /> +title of succession to Helena, for them to moue warre, for, the<br /> +bringyng backe of that beutifull harlotte Helena. Neither in<br /> +Helena was there vertue, or honestie of life, to moue and ex-<br /> +asperate the Grecians, to spende so greate treasures, to raise<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Fol. xxvj.r]</a></span> +<span class="sidenote">No commen-<br /> +dacion in vp-<br /> +holdyng and<br /> +maintainyng<br /> +of harlottes.</span> +so mightie an armie on euery side. What commēdacion had<br /> +the Troians to aduaunce Helena, and with all roialnesse to<br /> +entreate her, she beyng a harlotte: the folie of the Grecians<br /> +and the Troians, is so on euery side so greate, that it can not<br /> +be thought, soche a warre truely chronicled. If violence and<br /> +power, had taken Helena from her housebande, and not her<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Helena follo-<br /> +wed Paris.</span> +owne will and luste, caught with the adulterous loue of Pa-<br /> +ris, beyng a straunger. If her moderacion of life had been so<br /> +rare, as that the like facte for her chastitie, had not been in a-<br /> +ny age or common wealthe, her vertues would haue giuen<br /> +occasion: The Princes and nobles of Grece to stomacke the<br /> +matter. The example of the facte, would with all praise and<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Uertuous<br /> +life, worthie<br /> +commendaci-<br /> +on in al ages.<br /> +Lucrecia.<br /> +Tarquinius<br /> +the kyng ba-<br /> +nished for ra-<br /> +uishyng Lu-<br /> +crecia, and all<br /> +of his name<br /> +banished.</span> +commendacion be mencioned, and celebrated to al ages. Lu-<br /> +cretia for her chastite, is perpetuallie to be aduanunced, wher-<br /> +vpon the Romaines banished Tarquinius their kyng, his<br /> +stocke and name from Rome. The rare chastite of Penelope,<br /> +is remainyng as a example herein: So many snares laied to<br /> +caste doune her vertuous loue towarde her housebande U-<br /> +lisses. But Ulisses made hauocke by murder, on these gaie<br /> +and gallante Ruffins, who in his absence sought to alienate<br /> +and withdrawe, the chaste harte of Penelope, consumyng<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Penelopes<br /> +chastitie.</span> +his substance. A greater example remaineth in no age, of the<br /> +like chastite. As for the battaile of Troie, raised for Helena,<br /> +could wise men, and the moste famous nobles of Grece: So<br /> +occupie their heddes, and in thesame, bothe to hasarde their<br /> +liues for a beautifull strumpet or harlot. The sage and wise<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Nestor.<br /> +Ulisses.</span> +Nestor, whom Agamemnon for wisedome preferred, before<br /> +the moste of the péeres of Grece, neither it Ulisses wanted at<br /> +thesame tyme, hauyng a politike and subtill hedde, to with-<br /> +drawe theim from so leude and foolishe a enterprise. Grece<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Grece the<br /> +lande of faire<br /> +women.</span> +wanted not beautifull creatures, Nature in other had besto-<br /> +wed amiable faces, personage, and comelie behauiour. For,<br /> +at those daies, Grece thei called <i>Achaida calligunaica</i>, that is,<br /> +Grece the lande of faire women. The dolorous lamentacion<br /> +of the Ladies and Matrons in Grece, would haue hindered<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Fol. xxvj.v]</a></span>soche a foolishe enterprise, seyng their owne beautie neclec-<br /> +ted, their honestie of life caste vp to perilles, one harlot of in-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Uncomelie.</span> +numerable people followed and hunted after, in whom neither<br /> +honestie, vertue, nor chastite was harbored.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ Uncredible.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_a_06.png" width="77" height="85" alt="A" title="A" class="floatl" /> +Lthough the folie of men is greate, and the will of<br /> +princes and gouernours beastlie and rashe, yet by<br /> +no meanes it can be so many yeres, so greate folie<br /> +to take roote in their hartes, and that the wisedom<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Beautie<br /> +without ver-<br /> +tue, nothyng<br /> +of valour.</span> +of the Greciās, should not rather caste of as naught, the beau-<br /> +tie of Helena: rather then the whole multitude, the state of<br /> +the Prince, the welfare of the subiecte, to stande in perill for<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Beautie a<br /> +poison, in a<br /> +adulterous<br /> +mynde.</span> +the beautie of one. What is beautie, when a beastlie and ad-<br /> +ulterous minde is possessed: Beautie without chastitie, har-<br /> +boreth a monsterous rabelmente of vices, a snare and baite,<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Beautie sone<br /> +fadeth.</span> +to poison other. Beautie in fewe yeres, is not onely blemi-<br /> +shed, but decaied, and wholie extinguished: it is vncredible,<br /> +that the Grecians would seeke to bryng home Helena, who<br /> +had loste the chaste loue toward her housband, beyng caught<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Paris Hele-<br /> +nas louer.<br /> +Phrigia.</span> +with the adulterous loue of Paris, soonne to Priamus kyng<br /> +of Troie. The lande of Phrigia was a mightie Region, the<br /> +people noble, puissaunte in warre: the kyng for nobilitie of<br /> +actes famous. The Citee of Troie, wherein the kyng helde<br /> +his Scepter of gouernement, was riche, mightie, and popu-<br /> +lous: ruled and gouerned, by the wisedome and policie of fa-<br /> +mous counsailours, so that by all meanes it is vncredible,<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Uncomelie.</span> +without any possibilitie. Thei neclectyng their owne state<br /> +and kyngdō, so to preferre the beautie of one, that the whole<br /> +multitude of Grece thereby to perishe. It is a matter vncre-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Grece the<br /> +fountain of al<br /> +learnyng.</span> +dible in all Grece, whiche for the fame of wisedome, is moste<br /> +celebrated emong all nacions, not one wiseman at thesame<br /> +tyme to be therein: whose coūsaile and politike heddes, might<br /> +ponder a better purpose. Grece, whiche was the mother and<br /> +fountaine of all artes and sciences, all Eloquence, Philoso-<br /> +phie, wisedome flowyng from theim, and yet wisedome to<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Fol. xxvij.r]</a></span>want in their breastes. Reason can not make any perswasion<br /> +that any probabilitie can rise, of any soche matter enterpri-<br /> +sed, what could the intent be of the Grecians, as concerning<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Menelaus<br /> +housbande to<br /> +Helena.</span> +Menelaus. In Menelaus there was no wisedom, to seke and<br /> +hunte after Helena, or by any meanes to possesse her, she be-<br /> +yng a harlotte, her loue alienated, her hart possessed with the<br /> +loue of an other manne: foolishlie he hopeth to possesse loue,<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Harlottes<br /> +loue dissem-<br /> +bled.</span> +that seeketh to enioye the cloked, poisoned, and dissembled<br /> +harte of a harlotte, Grece was well ridde of a harlotte, Troie<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Troians.</span> +harbouryng Helena. In the Troians it is not to be thought,<br /> +that either the kyng, or nobles, for a harlotte, would see the<br /> +<a href="#Printer_Errors">the</a> people murthered, their owne state, the king to be in dan-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Grecians.</span> +ger of ruine. In the Grecians there was neither wisedome,<br /> +neither commendacion, to pursue with a maine hoste, with a<br /> +greate Nauie of Shippes, to bryng backe againe a harlotte,<br /> +whose enterprise rather might better bee borne, to banishe &<br /> +exile soche a beastlie disposed persone. The Troians mighte<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Absurditie.</span> +well scorne the Grecians, if that the possession of a beautifull<br /> +moste amiable, and minsyng harlotte, was of soche valour,<br /> +estimacion, and price with theim, not onely the beautie of all<br /> +other to bee reiected. But moste of all the vertuous life, and<br /> +chastitie of all their matrons and honourable Ladies, to bee<br /> +caste of as naught. Grece that had the name of all wisedome,<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The defence<br /> +of Helena.</span> +of all learnyng and singularitie, might rather worthelie bee<br /> +called, a harbouryng place of harlottes: a Stewe and vphol-<br /> +der of whoredome, and all vncleanes. Wherefore, these ab-<br /> +surdities ought to bee remoued, from the minde and cogita-<br /> +cion of all menne, that should worthelie ponder the state of<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Troie a king[-]<br /> +dome of whor[-]<br /> +dome.</span> +Grece. Troie of like sorte to bee a kyngdome and common<br /> +wealthe of all vice: whoredome in soche price with the kyng,<br /> +and people, that moste fortunate should the harlotte bee, and<br /> +the adulterour in soche a common wealthe, that for adulte-<br /> +rous loue, putteth rather all their state to hasarde and perill,<br /> +for the maintenaunce of beastlie loue, brutishe societie moste<br /> +in price with soche a nacion, chastitie, and <a href="#Printer_Errors">moderaciou</a> of life,<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Fol. xxvij.v]</a></span>abandoned and caste of.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ Unpossible, and not agreyng.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Nature ab-<br /> +horreth the<br /> +warre of the<br /> +Grecians.</span> +<img src="images/cap_i_01.png" width="59" height="59" alt="I" title="I" class="floatl" /> +F wee weigh naturall affeccion, it can not bee, that<br /> +the Grecians so moche abhorring frō nature, should<br /> +cast of the naturall loue of their wifes, their children<br /> +and countrie, to bryng home againe, by slaughter of infinite<br /> +people: soche an one as had left honestie, and chaste loue of<br /> +her housbande. For, what praise can redounde to the Greci-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Helena.</span> +ans by warre, to bryng home Helena, though she of all crea-<br /> +tures was moste beautifull, beyng a harlotte: followyng the<br /> +bridell and will of an other man. Maie shame or commenda-<br /> +cion rise to the Troians, can wisedome, counsaile, or grauitie,<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Priamus.</span> +defende the adulterous luste of Priamus soonne, yea, could<br /> +Priamus so loue Helena, for Paris his sonnes sake, as that<br /> +he had rather venter the ruine and destruccion of his citée, and<br /> +the falle of his people, the murder and ruine of his children,<br /> +and wife for the beautie of one. For what is beautie, where<br /> +honestie and vertue lacketh, it is an vncomly matter, though<br /> +the Poetes so faigne it, not onely that in heauen, a contenciō<br /> +should fall emong the Goddises of their beautie, or that Iu-<br /> +piter of whom thei make an ignoraunt God, to chuse Paris<br /> +the kynges sonne of Troie, chief arbitratour & Iudge of that<br /> +matter, to whō he should giue the goldē Apell to her beautie,<br /> +as chief of al other, was ascribed these thynges, are vndecent<br /> +to thinke of the Goddeses, and moste of all, to thinke there is<br /> +more Goddes then one. And euen as these are vanities, and<br /> +forged imaginacions of the Goddes, so of the battaile.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ Uncomelie and vnprofitable.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_t_05.png" width="79" height="81" alt="T" title="T" class="floatl" /> +HE daunger of many people doeth shewe, that no<br /> +soche thyng should happen, either of the Grecians<br /> +or of the Troians: for, it is a matter dissonaunt frō<br /> +all truthe, that thei should so moche neclecte the<br /> +quiete state, and prosperous renoume of their kyngdome, in<br /> +all tymes and ages, since the firste constitucion of all Monar-<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Fol. xxviij.r]</a></span>chies and kyngdomes. Who euer harde soche a forged mat-<br /> +ter to be Chronicled, and set forthe. Or who can giue credite<br /> +to soche warre, to be enterprised of so small a matter: to leaue<br /> +the state of waightier thynges for one woman. All the wo-<br /> +men of that countrie to stande in perill, the slaughter of their<br /> +deare housbandes, the violent murder of their children to in-<br /> +sue. Therefore, the wilfulnesse of people and princes, are the<br /> +cause of the falle and destruccion, of many mightie kyngdo-<br /> +mes, and Empires. The fall of Grece ensued, when the chief<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Ambicion.<br /> +Cesar fell by<br /> +ambicion.</span> +citées, Athenes and Lacedemonie tooke partes, and did con-<br /> +federate diuers citees to them, to assiste theim, and aide theim<br /> +in battaile onely: ambicion and desire of glorie, moued bothe<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Discorde.</span> +the Athenians and Lacedemonians, frō concorde and vnitie<br /> +by whiche meanes, the power, glory, and strēgth of all king-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Pompey.</span> +domes falleth. Ambicion was the cause that mightie Pom-<br /> +pey fell, and died violently. Cesar likewise caught with am-<br /> +bicion, not bearyng the equalitée, or superioritie of Pompei,<br /> +was tourned of violentlie frō Fortunes whéele. Many prin-<br /> +ces of like sorte and kingdomes. By ambicion onely, had the<br /> +cause of their ruine. The glorie of the Assirian Monarchie<br /> +grewe moste mightie, by the ambicion of Ninus kyng of<br /> +Babilon: the ofspring of Ninus, whiche were kynges line-<br /> +allie descendyng to the firste kyngdome of the Medes, bothe<br /> +inlarged their kyngdomes, and also had the decaie of theim<br /> +by ambicion. Let the Medes also associate them selues to thē,<br /> +from Arbactus the first kyng, vnto Astiages the laste: the be-<br /> +ginnyng and falle of the Persian Monarchie. The mightie<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Romulus kil[-]<br /> +led Remus<br /> +by ambicion.</span> +state of Grece, the seate Imperiall of Rome, by ambiciō first<br /> +extolled theim selues: and also by it, their glorie, scepter, and<br /> +kyngdome was translated, but the falle of Troie came not,<br /> +by ambicion, that the Grecians sought. But as the Poetes<br /> +doe faigne, the beautie of one woman so wounded their har-<br /> +tes, that the Grecians did hasarde, the perilles of their coun-<br /> +trie. The Troians so moche estemed, the beautie of Helena,<br /> +as that the state of all their kyngdome perished. It was no<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Fol. xxviij.v]</a></span>glorie nor honour to the Grecians, to resiste by armour, and<br /> +to defende the violente takyng awaie of Helena, from her<br /> +housbande: nor it was no honour, the Grecians to pursue by<br /> +armour, the takynge awaie of Helena, beyng a harlotte. So<br /> +that by no meanes it can followe, these thynges to bee true,<br /> +of the battaile of Troie.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ Confirmacion.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +The other part, contrary to destruccion or subuersion, is<br /> +called confirmacion.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Confirmacion, hath in it so greate force of argumente, to<br /> +stablishe and vpholde the cause or proposicion: as destruccion<br /> +hath in castyng doune the sentence or proposicion.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Confirmacion is a certain oracion, whiche with a certain<br /> +reprehension of the persone or facte, by order and waie of art,<br /> +casteth doune, the contrary propounded.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +As in the other parte called destruccion, those proposici-<br /> +ons are to bee subuerted, whiche are not manyfestlie true,<br /> +with all other notes before specified: so in contrariwise, this<br /> +oracion by contrary notes is declaimed by, as for example.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="hang"> +1.<span style="margin-left: 1em;">It shall behoue you first, for the entring of the oracion, to</span><br /> +induce a reprehension againste those, whiche haue confuted<br /> +as a truthe, that whiche you will confirme.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="hang"> +2.<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In the seconde parte, place the exposicion and meanyng</span><br /> +of the aucthours sentence.<br /> +</p> + +<p>3.<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shewe the matter to be manifest.</span></p> + +<p>4.<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Credible.</span></p> + +<p>5.<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Printer_Errors">Prossible</a>.</span></p> + +<p>6.<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Agreyng to the truthe.</span></p> + +<p>7.<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shewe the facte comelie.</span></p> + +<p>8.<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Profitable.</span></p> + +<p class="ind"> +This exercise of <a href="#Printer_Errors"><i>Rhetotike</i></a>, doeth contain in it all strēgth<br /> +of arte, as who should saie, all partes of <i>Rhetorike</i> maie co-<br /> +piouslie bee handled in this parte, called confirmacion. You<br /> +maie as matter riseth, ioigne twoo notes together, as the<br /> +reason of the argumente cometh in place, whiche Apthonius<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Fol. xxix.r]</a></span>a Greke aucthour herein vseth. As manifest and credible, pos-<br /> +sible and agreyng to truthe, comelie and profitable, but in al<br /> +these, as in all the reste: the theme or proposicion by it self, is<br /> +to bee placed, the reprehension of the aucthour by it self, the<br /> +exposicion of the theme by it self.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center"><a name="zopyrus" id="zopyrus"></a>¶ The theme or proposicion.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_i_01.png" width="59" height="59" alt="I" title="I" class="floatl" /> +T is true that is saied of Zopyrus, the noble Per-<br /> +sian, who vētered his life: & did cause the deformi-<br /> +tie of his bodie, for the sauegarde of this countrie.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The praise.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Iustinus.</span> +<img src="images/cap_i_03.png" width="107" height="107" alt="I" title="I" class="floatl" /> +Ustinus the Historiographer, for worthinesse<br /> +of fame and wisedome, deserueth in the poste-<br /> +ritie of all tymes, immortall fame, by whom<br /> +the famous actes of Princes, and other noble<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Chronicles<br /> +moste neces-<br /> +sary to be red.</span> +men, doe remaine Chronicled. Giuyng exam-<br /> +ples of all valiauntnesse and vertue: for, bothe the actes and<br /> +worthie feactes of Princes, would passe as vnknowen in all<br /> +ages, excepte the worthinesse of them, were in monumentes<br /> +of writyng Chronicled. For, by the fame of their worthines,<br /> +and vertues, cōmon wealthes and kyngdomes, doe stablishe<br /> +and make Lawes, the hartes of people are incensed, and in-<br /> +flamed, to the like nobilitie of actes, and famous enter-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The worthi-<br /> +nesse of histo-<br /> +ries.</span> +prices, Histories of auncient tymes, bee vnto vs witnesses of<br /> +all tymes and ages, of kyngdomes and common wealthes, a<br /> +liuely example. A light to all truthe and knowlege, a schole-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">What is a hi-<br /> +storie.</span> +maister: of maners a memorie of life, for, by it we se the wise-<br /> +dom of all ages, the forme of the beste and florishing common<br /> +wealthes. We learne by the vertues of Princes and gouer-<br /> +nours, to followe like steppe of vertue: to flie and auoide vi-<br /> +ces, and all soche thynges, as are to the destruccion and de-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">An ignorant<br /> +life, a brutish<br /> +life.</span> +caie, of realme and countrie. How brutishe wer our life, if we<br /> +knewe no more then we se presently, in the state of our com-<br /> +mon wealthe and kyngdome. The kyngdomes of all Prin-<br /> +ces and common wealthes that now florisheth, doe stande by<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Fol. xxix.v]</a></span>the longe experience, wisedome, pollicy, counsaile, and god-<br /> +lie lawes of Princes of auncient times, no smal praise and<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The know-<br /> +lege of Histo-<br /> +ries maketh<br /> +vs as it were<br /> +liuyng in all<br /> +ages.<br /> +<a href="#Printer_Errors">Historiogri-<br /> +phers</a>.</span> +commendation can be attributed, to all suche as doe trauell<br /> +in the serching out the veritie of auncient Histories, for bi the<br /> +knoledge of them, we are as it were liuyng in all ages, the<br /> +fall of all kyngdomes is manifeste to vs, the death of Prin-<br /> +ces, the subuersions of kingdomes and common wealthes,<br /> +who knoweth not the first risyng & ende of the Assiriane mo-<br /> +narchie, the glorie of the Persians, and the ruynge of the<br /> +same, the mightie Empire of the Grekes, risyng & fallyng,<br /> +the Romane state after what sorte florishyng and decaiyng,<br /> +so that no state of common wealthe or kyngdome is vnkno-<br /> +wen to vs, therefore Iustine, and all suche as doe leue to the<br /> +posteritie, the state of al things chronicled, deserue immortal<br /> +commendacions.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The exposicion.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">The treason<br /> +of the Assy-<br /> +rians.</span> +<img src="images/cap_i_02.png" width="79" height="86" alt="I" title="I" class="floatl" /> +N the time of Darius kyng of the Persians, the<br /> +Assyriās who ware subiects to him, sence the time<br /> +of Cirus the firste kynge of the Persians, rebel-<br /> +led, inuaded and toke the myghtie Citie of Babi-<br /> +lon, whiche beyng possessed, with much difficultie, and not<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Darius.</span> +withoute greate daungers coulde bee attained. Darius the<br /> +kynge hearyng of the treason of the Assyrians and that the<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Babilon ta-<br /> +ken of the As-<br /> +syrians.</span> +mightie Citie of Babilon was taken, was very wroth wai-<br /> +ynge with him selfe, that there by, the ruyne of the Persian<br /> +kyngdome mighte happen. Zopyrus one of the .vij. noble<br /> +Peres of Persia, seing the daunger of the countrie, the state<br /> +of the Prince, and the welfare of the subiectes to decaie, in the<br /> +safegarde of his countrie, leuyng all priuate commoditie, for<br /> +the behoufe and felicitie of the Persian kyngdome, did ven-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The fact of<br /> +Zopyrus.</span> +ter his owne life, commaunded his seruauntes at home to<br /> +teare and rēte his bodie with whippes, to cut of his nose, his<br /> +lippes and his eares, these thinges being vnknowen to Da-<br /> +rius the kynge. As sone as Darius sawe Zopyrus so torne<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Fol. xxx.r]</a></span> +<span class="sidenote">Zopyrus cau[-]<br /> +sed the defor-<br /> +mitie of his<br /> +bodie, for the<br /> +good state of<br /> +his countrie.</span> +and deformed, bewailed his state being astonished, at so hor-<br /> +rible a faict: but Zopyrus shewed to the kynge his hole in-<br /> +tente and purpose that he mynded to go to Babylon, whiche<br /> +the Assyrians dyd traitorouslie possesse, & complained as that<br /> +these things had ben don by the tyrannie and crueltie of Da-<br /> +rius, he wēt to Babilon, and there complained of the cruel-<br /> +tie of his kyng, whereby purchasyng the fauor and loue of<br /> +the Assyrians, he shewed them how Darius came to be kyng<br /> +not by worthines, not by vertue, not by the common consent<br /> +of men, but by the neynge of a horse. Zopyrus therefore ad-<br /> +monished them, that they should trust more to their armour,<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The pollicie<br /> +of Zopyrus.</span> +then to their walles, he willed them to proclame opē warre,<br /> +forthwith they encountred with the Persians, and for a time<br /> +victorie fel on the Babilonians side, suche was the pollice of<br /> +Zopyrus. The Assyrians reioised of the successe and felicitie<br /> +of their warres, the king of the Babilonians gaue to Zopy-<br /> +rus, the chiefe power & office, to leede a mightie armie, of the<br /> +whiche beynge Lieutenaunt, he betraied the Babilonians<br /> +and their Citie.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ Manifeste.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Trogus Pō[-]<br /> +peius.</span> +<img src="images/cap_n_02.png" width="60" height="63" alt="N" title="N" class="floatl" /> +Ot onlie Trogus Pompeius the famous Historio-<br /> +grapher, and Iustine which tooke the Story of him,<br /> +but also the Greke writers doe sette forthe, as matter<br /> +of truthe, the valiaunte enterprises of Zopyrus: so that the<br /> +straunge and mightie facte of him can not seme vncredible,<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Zopyrus.</span> +hauyng testimonie of it in all ages. Zopyrus hauing not re-<br /> +spect to his owne life, to his owne priuate wealthe or glorie,<br /> +did thereby put of the daunger that insued to the Persiane<br /> +kyngdome: It maie seme a greate matter, to a mynde not<br /> +well affected towarde his countrie, to destroie or deforme his<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The saiyng<br /> +of Tullie.</span> +owne bodie, for the sauegarde of countrie or common welth.<br /> +But if we waie the State of oure bearth, oure countrie cha-<br /> +lengeth more at oure handes then frindes or parentes, so<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Plato.<br /> +Aristotel.</span> +muche price Plato the Philosopher, and Aristotle doe attri-<br /> +bute vnto our countrie, the volumes of all lawes and bokes<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Fol. xxx.v]</a></span>doe prefare oure naturall countrie before the priuate state of<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The state of<br /> +a publike<br /> +wealthe, is to<br /> +bee preferred<br /> +before a pri-<br /> +uate wealth.<br /> +Pericles.</span> +owne manne, wealthe, glorie, honor, dignitie, and riches of<br /> +one or fewe, the Statutes of all Princes, sekyng the glorie<br /> +of their countrie, doe prefare a vniuersal welthe, before a pri-<br /> +uate and particulare commoditie. Pericles the noble Athe-<br /> +nian in his oration made to the Athenians, sheweth that the<br /> +glorie and welthe of one man or manie, cannot plante suche<br /> +glorie, and renowne to their countrie, as that in all partes<br /> +thereby to be beautified and decorated, but whē glorie a hap-<br /> +pie and florishyng state redoundeth to the kyngdome, the<br /> +subiectes, the nobelles and hye peres, the gouuernour stan-<br /> +deth happie and fortunate. Who so hopeth in sparing costes<br /> +and charges, monie or ornaments, to the behouf and imploi-<br /> +ment of his countrie and not by all meanes to his power and<br /> +strength aydeth and defendeth his naturall countrie, from<br /> +<span class="sidenote">A good sub-<br /> +iecte is redie<br /> +to liue and<br /> +die for his<br /> +countrie.</span> +the daunger and inuasion of his enemie, what state inioyeth<br /> +he, or what wealth remaineth priuatlie, when the trone and<br /> +scepter of his kyng faileth, the enemie wasteth, spoileth and<br /> +destroieth all partes of his state, with the reste his life pe-<br /> +risheth, so that no daunger, coste, is to bee refused, to serue<br /> +the kingdom and prince, by whose scepter, iustice, lawes, and<br /> +equitie we are gouuerned, there is no subiect well affected,<br /> +but that he onlie liueth to proffite his countrie, to liue & dye<br /> +therein.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ Probabell.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_i_02.png" width="79" height="86" alt="I" title="I" class="floatl" /> +F only Zopyrus had enterprised this valiaunt act,<br /> +and that no memorie were remainyng in anie age<br /> +of the noble acts of other men, it may seme not true-<br /> +lie chronacled, but from time to time, in all ages &<br /> +cōmon wealthes, famous men for their acts & nobilitie haue<br /> +ben, whiche with like courrage and magnanimitie haue sa-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Horacius Co[-]<br /> +cles.</span> +ued their countrie, by the losse of their owne liues. Horatius<br /> +Cocles is bothe a witnesse and a light to the same, by whose<br /> +aduenture the mightie and stronge Citie Rome was saued:<br /> +For at what time as the Hetruscians entred on the citie, and<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Fol. xxxj.r]</a></span>were on the bridge, Horatius cocles defendid the ende of the<br /> +same, baryng of the brunte, and stroke of the enemie, vntill<br /> +the Romans, for the sauegarde of the cytie, had broken doun<br /> +the bridge, as sone as Horatius Cocles sawe the Cytie thus<br /> +deliuered, and the repulse of the enemie, he lepte with his ar-<br /> +mours into the flud Tibar, it semed he had not regard to his<br /> +life, that beyng burdened with the waighte and grauitie of<br /> +his armour, durst venter his life to so main and depe a water.<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Marcus<br /> +Attilius.</span> +Marcus Attilius in the defence of his Prince, his right hand<br /> +being cut of, the which he laide on the ship of the Massilians,<br /> +forthwith he apprehended with the lefte hand, and ceased not<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Cynegerus.</span> +vntill he hadde soouncke thesame ship. Cynegerus the Athe-<br /> +nian <a href="#Printer_Errors">lineth</a> by fame and like nobilitie of actes, vēteryng his<br /> +life for his countrie. The mightie cytie of Athenes, brought<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Hismenias.<br /> +Thrasibulus[.]</span> +vnder the dominions of the Lacedemonians. Thrasibulus,<br /> +Hismenias and Lisias bi their aduenture, and noble atchiue<br /> +reduced Athenes to his felicitie so moche loue, soo faithefull<br /> +hartes they hadde towardes theire countreie. Leonides the<br /> +King of the Lacedemonians, defendyng the narow straights<br /> +of the cytie Thermopolie with fower thousand men against<br /> +the mightie and huge armie of Xerxes, for Xerxes contemned<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Leonides<br /> +kyng of the<br /> +Lacedemo-<br /> +nians.</span> +theire smalle number and armie: Leonides the kyng hearde<br /> +that the place and hill of the battell was preuētid of .xx. thou-<br /> +sande enemies, he exorted his souldiours parte of them to de-<br /> +parte vntill a better time might be locked for, and onlie with<br /> +the Lacedemonians he proued the conflicte and the combate,<br /> +although the campe of Xerxes was mightier & more in num-<br /> +ber: yet Leonides the kyng thought it good for the sauegarde<br /> +of his contrie, for saieth he, I must rather saue it, then to haue<br /> +respecte to my life, although the oracle of Delphos had fore-<br /> +shewed, that euen Leonides muste die in the fielde or battell<br /> +of the enemie, and therefore Leonides entred battail, & com-<br /> +fortid his men for their countrie sake, as to die therein, there-<br /> +fore he preuented the narrowe straightes of the countrie, and<br /> +the dangerous places, where the force of the enemie mought<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Fol. xxxj.v]</a></span>bruste in, he lingered not, leste the enemie mighte compasse<br /> +him in, but in the quiet season of the nighte, he set vppon his<br /> +enemie vnloked for, and they beynge but sixe hundred men<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Leonides.</span> +with the kyng Leonides, brust into the cāpe of their enemies<br /> +beyng sixe hundred thousand menne, their valiauntnes was<br /> +suche, and the <a href="#Printer_Errors">ouerthowe</a> of their enemies so great, and Xer-<br /> +xes the kyng hauyng two woundes, retired with shame and<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Agesilaus.<br /> +Conon.</span> +loste the honor. Agesilaus and Conon valiaunte in actes,<br /> +and excellynge in all nobilitie, what great and mightie dan-<br /> +gers haue thei atchiued and venterid for their countrie sake,<br /> +howe moche haue thei neglectid their owne wealth, riches,<br /> +life and glorie, for the aduauncement and honor of their coū-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Lisander.</span> +trie. Lisander also the Lacedemonian, was indued with like<br /> +nobilitie with faithfull and syncéer harte towarde his coun-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Archidamus[.]<br /> +Codrus.</span> +try. Archidamus also lieth not in obliuiō, whose fame death<br /> +buried not the famous aduenture of Codrus kyng of the A-<br /> +thenians is maruelous and almoste incredible, but that the<br /> +Histores, truelie set forth, and declare a manifest truthe ther-<br /> +<span class="sidenote"><a href="#Printer_Errors">Epamniun-<br /> +das</a>.</span> +of, who is more famous then Epaminundas, bothe for vir-<br /> +tue, nobilitie and marciall feates among the Thebans, the<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Grecians.</span> +mightie armie of the Grecians, at the longe sege of Troie,<br /> +what valiaunte Capitains hadde thei, whiche in the defence<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Troians.</span> +of their countrie hasarde their life: the Troians also wanted<br /> +not for proues valiauntnes and al nobilitie, their péeres and<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Romans.</span> +nobles: amonge the Romans, what a greate number was<br /> +of noble peres, whose studie alwaies was to liue and dye in<br /> +the glorie, aide and defence of their countrie, for he liueth not<br /> +by whose cowardlines fainted harte and courage, the contrie<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Who liueth in<br /> +shame.</span> +or kyngdome standeth in perrill, he liueth in shame, that re-<br /> +fuseth daunger, coste or charge, in the defence or procuryng,<br /> +better state to his countrie. The worthie saiyng of Epami-<br /> +nundas declareth, who liueth to his countrie, who diyng va-<br /> +liauntlie in the felde, beyng thrust thorow with the speare of<br /> +his enemie, asked those questions of these that stoede by him<br /> +at the poincte of deathe, is my speare manfullie broken, and<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Fol. xxxij.r]</a></span>my enemies chassed awaie, the whiche things his cōpanions<br /> +<span class="sidenote"><a href="#Printer_Errors">Epameunn-<br /> +das</a> a most no[-]<br /> +ble and vali-<br /> +aunt pere.</span> +in warre affirmed, then saide he: nowe your Capitaine Epa-<br /> +minundas beginneth to liue in that he dieth valiauntlie for<br /> +his countrie, and in the proffite & aduauncement of the same,<br /> +a worthie man, noble and valiaunte, his sentence also was<br /> +worthie to be knowen, and followed of all suche as bee well<br /> +affected and Godlie mynded to their countrie. Marcus Mar-<br /> +cellus of like sorte, and Titus Manlius Torquatus, & Sci-<br /> +pio Aemilianus, Marcus Attilius shewed in what hye price<br /> +our naturall countrée ought to bee had, by their valiaunt at-<br /> +chifes, and enterprises: I might passe by in silēce Scipio Ca-<br /> +to, and Publius Scipio Nasica, but that thei by like fame,<br /> +honour and glorie liue immortall to their countrie, the same<br /> +also of Uibeus, Ualerius Flaccus, and Pedanius Centurio<br /> +giueth ampell and large matter to all menne, endued with<br /> +nobilitie and valiaunt proues, for the defence of their coun-<br /> +trie with Quintus Coccius, Marcus Sceua and Sceuola.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ Possibilitie.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_t_01.png" width="82" height="84" alt="T" title="T" class="floatl" /> +Here nedeth no doute to rise of possibilitie, seinge<br /> +that examples doe remain of famous men, of god-<br /> +lie and well affected persones, whiche haue with<br /> +like magnanimitie putte in daunger their life, to<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The order of<br /> +Athenes.</span> +saue their Prince, kyngdome, and countrie. Greate honour<br /> +was giuen of the Athenians, to soche noble and valiaunte<br /> +men, whiche ventered their liues for their common wealthe,<br /> +to maintaine the florishyng state thereof. The eloquente and<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Thusidides.</span> +copious oracion of Thusidides, the true, faithfull, and elo-<br /> +quente Historiographer doeth shewe: what honour and im-<br /> +mortall fame was attributed, to all soche as did venter their<br /> +liues, in the florishyng state of their countrie, in supportyng,<br /> +mainteinyng, and defendyng thesame. Who, although thei<br /> +loste their liues, whiche by death should bee dissolued, their<br /> +fame neuer buried, liueth with the soule to immortalitie, the<br /> +losse of their Priuate wealthe, glorie, riches, substaunce, or<br /> +dignitie, hath purchased and obtained fame, that withereth<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Fol. xxxij.v]</a></span>not, and glorie that faileth not.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ Agreyng and comelie.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_b_01.png" width="84" height="85" alt="B" title="B" class="floatl" /> +Othe the true Histories, doe leaue in commenda-<br /> +cion, the facte of Zopyrus, and the noble and wor-<br /> +thie enterprises of other: whiche haue giuen the<br /> +like assaie, and their fame is celebrated and titeled<br /> +with immortall commendacion and glorie, to the posteritie<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The duetie<br /> +of all good<br /> +subiectes.</span> +of all ages followyng. What harte can bee so stonie, or bru-<br /> +tishly affected, that wil not venter his life, goodes, landes, or<br /> +possessions: if with the daunger of one, that is of hymself, the<br /> +whole bodie and state of his countrie, is thereby supported,<br /> +and saued. What securitie and quietnesse remained, what<br /> +wealth, honour, or fame to Zopyrus: if not onely Zopyrus<br /> +had perished, but the kyng & people vniuersally had been de-<br /> +stroied. Therevpon Zopyrus weighing and cōsideryng, the<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The cause of<br /> +our birthe.</span> +state of his birthe, that his countrie chalenged his life, rather<br /> +then the dissolucion of the whole kyngdome, the decaie of the<br /> +Prince, the takyng awaie of the scepter, the slaughter of in-<br /> +finite people to ensue. He was borne to be a profitable mem-<br /> +ber to his countrie, a glorie and staie to thesame: and not spa-<br /> +ryng his life, or shunnyng the greate deformitie of his bo-<br /> +die, to bee a ruine of thesame. Was it not better that one pe-<br /> +rished, then by the securitie of one, a whole lande ouer run-<br /> +ned, as partes thereby spoiled: it was the duetie of Zopirus,<br /> +to take vpon hym that greate and famous enterprise. It was<br /> +also comelie, the kyngdome standyng in perill, a sage and<br /> +descrite persone to preuente and putte of, soche a daunger at<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The facte of<br /> +Zopyrus.</span> +hande: The faicte altogether sheweth all vertue and greate<br /> +singularitie, and a rare moderacion of minde, to cast of all re-<br /> +spectes and excuses, forsakyng presentlie honour, quietnesse<br /> +and obiecting himself to perill, he sawe if he onelie died, or by<br /> +ieopardie saued his countrie, many thereby liued, the kyng-<br /> +dome & people florished, where otherwise, he with his Prince<br /> +and kyngdome might haue perished.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ Proffitable.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Fol. xxxiij.r]</a></span></p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">The fact of<br /> +Zopyrus.</span> +<img src="images/cap_a_03.png" width="80" height="84" alt="A" title="A" class="floatl" /> +L the power of the Babilonians, was by his pol-<br /> +icie throwen doune, the Citee taken, the enemie<br /> +brought to confusion: on the other side, the Persi-<br /> +ans rose mightie, soche a mightie enemie put vn-<br /> +derfoote. The fame of Zopyrus and glorie of the facte, will<br /> +neuer be obliterated, or put out of memorie, if this were not<br /> +profitable to the kyngdome of Persia: if this were not a re-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Zopyrus de-<br /> +formed, a<br /> +beautie of his<br /> +countree.</span> +noume to the prince and people, and immortall glory to <a href="#Printer_Errors">Zo-<br /> +pryus</a> iudge ye. Zopyrus therfore, beautified his countrée, by<br /> +the deformitie of his bodie. Better it wer to haue many soche<br /> +deformed bodies, then the whole state of the realme destroied<br /> +or brought to naught: if we weigh the magnanimitie of that<br /> +man, and his enterprise, there is so moche honour in the fact,<br /> +that his fame shall neuer cease.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ A common place.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Why it is cal-<br /> +led a common<br /> +place.</span> +<img src="images/cap_a_04.png" width="60" height="63" alt="A" title="A" class="floatl" /> Common place is a Oracion, dilatyng and ampli-<br /> +fiyng good or euill, whiche is incidente or lodged in<br /> +any man. This Oracion is called a common place,<br /> +because the matter conteined in it, doeth agree vniuersally to<br /> +all menne, whiche are partakers of it, and giltie of thesame[.]<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +A Oracion framed againste a certaine Thefe, Extorcio-<br /> +ner, Murderer, or Traitor, is for the matter conteined in it,<br /> +metelie and aptlie compiled, against all soche as are giltie of<br /> +theft, murder, treason, or spotted with any other wickednes.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +This oracion of a common place, is like to the laste argu-<br /> +ment or <i>Epilogus</i> of any oracion, whiche the Grekes doe call<br /> +<i>Deuterologian</i>, whiche is as moche to saie, as a rehearsall of<br /> +that whiche is spoken of before.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Wherefore, a common place hath no <i>exhordium</i>, or be-<br /> +ginnyng, yet neuerthelesse, for the profite and exercise of the<br /> +learner, you maie place soche a <i>proemium</i>, or beginnyng of<br /> +the oracion, as maie be easie to induce the learner.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +This parte of <i>Rhetorike</i> is large to intreate vpon, for the<br /> +aboundaunce of matter.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +<a href="#Additional_Printer_Errors">This part of <i>Rhetorike</i> is large to intreate vpon, for the</a><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Fol. xxxiij.v]</a></span> +<a href="#Printer_Errors">aboundaunce of matter.</a><br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +The common place, whiche Aphthonius intreateth of, is<br /> +to be aplied against any man, for the declaimor to inuade, ei-<br /> +ther against vices, or to extoll and amplifie his vertues.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +This oracion of a common place, serueth bothe for the ac-<br /> +cuser and the defender.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +For the accuser, to exasperate and moue the Iudges or<br /> +hearers, against the offender, or accused.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +For the defendour to replie, and with all force & strength<br /> +of matter, to mollifie and appease the perturbacions of the<br /> +Iudges and hearers, to pulle doune and deface the contrarie<br /> +alledged.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind">There is greate force in this oracion, on bothe the sides.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Properlie this kinde of <i>Rhetorike</i>, is called a common<br /> +place, though it semeth to be made againste this man, or that<br /> +man: because the matter of thesame shall properly pertain to<br /> +all, giltie of thesame matter.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +<span class="sidenote">Pristianus.</span> +Pristianus sheweth, that this parte of <i>Rhetorike</i>, is as it<br /> +were a certaine exaggeracion of reason, to induce a manifest<br /> +probacion of any thyng committed.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +As for example, a Theife taken in a robberie, in whom<br /> +neither shamefastnesse, nor sparcle of grace appereth against<br /> +soche a one: this oracion maie be made, to exasperate the Iud-<br /> +ges from all fauour or affeccion of pitie, to be shewed.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center"> +<a name="thieves" id="thieves"></a>¶ The order of the Oracion followeth<br /> +with these notes to be made by.<br /> +¶ The firste Proheme.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_d_01.png" width="101" height="102" alt="D" title="D" class="floatl" /> +Emosthenes the famous Orator of Athenes in<br /> +his oraciō made against Aristogitō doeth saie,<br /> +<span class="sidenote">What are<br /> +Lawes.</span> +that Lawes wherewith a common wealthe, ci-<br /> +tie or Region is gouerned, are the gifte of God,<br /> +a profitable Discipline among men, a restraint<br /> +to with holde and kepe backe, the wilfull, rashe, and beastilie<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Aristotle.<br /> +Plato.</span> +life of man, and therupō Aristotle and Plato doe shewe, that<br /> +through the wicked behauour of men, good lawes were first<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Fol. xxxiiij.r]</a></span>ordained, for, of ill maners, saie thei, rose good lawes, where<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Order.</span> +lawes doe cease, and good order faileth, there the life of man<br /> +will growe, rude, wild and beestlie: Man beyng a chiefe crea-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Man borne<br /> +by nature to<br /> +societee.</span> +ture <a href="#Printer_Errors">or</a> God, indued with manie singuler vertues, is framed<br /> +of nature to a mutuall and Godlie societie of life, without<br /> +the whiche moste horrible wolde the life bee, for not onlie by<br /> +concorde and agremente, the life of man dothe consiste but al<br /> +things on the earth haue therin their being: the heauens and<br /> +lightes conteined in the same, haue a perpetuall harmonie<br /> +& concente in finishyng their appointed race. The elementes<br /> +<span class="sidenote">All thinges<br /> +beyng on the<br /> +yearth, dooe<br /> +consiste by a<br /> +harmonie or<br /> +concorde.</span> +of the worlde, where with the nature and substaunce of all<br /> +thinges, doe consiste onlie by a harmonie and temperature of<br /> +eche parte, haue their abidyng increase & prosperous beyng,<br /> +otherwise their substaunce, perisheth and nature in all partes<br /> +decaieth: Kyngdomes and common wealthes doe consiste in<br /> +a harmonie, so long as vertue and all singularitie tempereth<br /> +their state and gouernemente, and eche member thereof obe-<br /> +ieth his function, office and callynge, and as partes of the-<br /> +same bodie, euerie one as nature hath ordained theim occu-<br /> +piyng, their roume and place, the vse of euerie parte, all to the<br /> +vse and preseruacion of the hole bodie, and as in the bodie so<br /> +in the common wealthe, the like concorde of life oughte to be<br /> +in euery part, the moste principall parte accordyng to his di-<br /> +gnitie of office, as moste principall to gouerne thother inferi-<br /> +or partes: and it thei as partes moste principal of thesame bo-<br /> +die with all moderacion and equabilitie tēperyng their state,<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Order con-<br /> +serueth com-<br /> +mon wealth.</span> +office and calling. The meanest parte accordyng to his lowe<br /> +state, appliyng hym selfe to obeie and serue the moste prin-<br /> +cipall: wherein the perfecte and absolute, frame of common<br /> +wealthe or kyngdome is erected. And seyng that as the Phi-<br /> +losophers doe saie, of ill maners came good lawes, that is to<br /> +saie, the wicked and beastlie life of man, their iniurius beha-<br /> +uiour, sekyng to frame themselues from men to beastes mo-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Euil maners<br /> +was the occa-<br /> +sion of good<br /> +Lawes.</span> +ued the wise and Godlie, elders to ordaine certaine meanes,<br /> +to rote discipline, whereby the wickedlie disposed personne<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Fol. xxxiiij.v]</a></span>should bee compelled to liue in order, to obeie Godlie lawes,<br /> +to the vpholdyng of societie. Therefore, all suche as dissolue<br /> +lawes, caste doune good order, and state of common wealth,<br /> +out as putride and vnprofitable weedes, to be extirpated and<br /> +plucked vp from Citie and Common wealthe, from societie,<br /> +who by mischeuous attemptes seke, to extinguishe societie,<br /> +amitie, and concord in life. Princes & gouernors with al other<br /> +magistrates ought in their gouernment to imitate the prac-<br /> +tise of the Phisician, the nature of man, <a href="#Printer_Errors">wekedned</a> and made<br /> +feble with to moche abundaunce of yll humors, or ouermoch<br /> +with ill bloode replenished, to purge and euacuate that, and<br /> +all to the preseruacion and healthe of the whole bodie: for so<br /> +was the meanyng of the Philosopher, intreatyng of the po-<br /> +litike, gouernment of kingdome and commonwealth, when<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Theiues not<br /> +mete to be in<br /> +any societie.</span> +thei compared a kingdome to the bodie of man: the thefe and<br /> +robber as a euill and vnprofitable member, and all other as<br /> +without all right, order, lawe, equitie and iustice, doe breake<br /> +societie of life, bothe against lawe and nature: possessing the<br /> +goodes of a other man, are to bee cutte of, as no partes, méete<br /> +to remaine in any societie.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The seconde Proheme.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Why theiues<br /> +and wicked<br /> +men, are cut<br /> +of by lawe.</span> +<img src="images/cap_t_01.png" width="82" height="84" alt="T" title="T" class="floatl" /> +He chifest cause that moued gouernours and ma-<br /> +gistrates, to cutte of the race of theues, and violēte<br /> +robbers, and of all other mischeuous persons, was<br /> +that by them a confusion would ensue in al states.<br /> +What Citee could stande in prosperous state, yea, or what<br /> +house priuatlie inhabited, where lawes and aucthoritee were<br /> +exiled: where violence, will, luste, and appetite of pestiferous<br /> +men, might without terrour bee practised. If the labour and<br /> +industrie of the godlie, should be alwaie a praie to y<span class="super">e</span> wicked,<br /> +and eche mannes violence and iniurious dealyng, his owne<br /> +lawe, the beaste in his state, would bee lesse brutishe and in-<br /> +iurious. Who so seketh to caste doune this societée, he is not<br /> +méete to be of any societée, whiche he dissolueth. Who so rob-<br /> +beth or stealeth, to liue by the gooddes of an other manne, as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Fol. xxxv.r]</a></span><br /> +his possession, is by violence and againste Nature: so by vio-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">A due rewar[-]<br /> +des for thie-<br /> +ues and mur-<br /> +therers.</span> +lence and against nature, their pestiferous doinges do frame<br /> +their confusion: their execrable & <a href="#Printer_Errors">destetable</a> purpose, do make<br /> +theim a outcaste from all good people, and as no members<br /> +thereof, cut of from all societée, their euill life rooteth perpetu-<br /> +al ignomie and shame. And thus is the tragicall ende of their<br /> +enterprise.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The contrarie.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Democratia.</span> +<img src="images/cap_h_02.png" width="82" height="84" alt="H" title="H" class="floatl" /> +Erein the lose and dissolute state of gouernmente<br /> +called of the Grekes Democratia, haue conten-<br /> +ted the wilfull heddes of pestiferous men: where-<br /> +in euery man must bee a ruler. Their owne will<br /> +is their Lawe: there luste setteth order, no Magistrate, but<br /> +euery one to hymself a Magistrate. All thynges in common,<br /> +as long as that state doeth remain emong the wicked, a most<br /> +happie state coumpted, a wished state to idell persones, but it<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The thiefe.<br /> +The mur-<br /> +therer.</span> +continueth not. Herein the murtherer, the thiefe were meete<br /> +to be placed. The greater thiefe, the better manne: the moste<br /> +execrable murtherer, a moste mete persone, for soche state of<br /> +gouernemente. There is no nacion vnder the Sunne, but<br /> +that one tyme or other, this troublous state hath molested<br /> +theim: and many haue sought to sette vp soche a monsterous<br /> +state of regiment, a plagued common wealthe, and to be de-<br /> +tested. Soche was the order of men, when thei liued without<br /> +lawes. When the whole multitude were scattered, no citee,<br /> +Toune, or house builded or inhabited, but through beastlie<br /> +maners, beastlie dispersed, liued wilde and beastlie. But<br /> +the wise, sage, and politike heddes reduced by wisedome, into<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Houses.<br /> +Families.<br /> +Tounes.<br /> +Citees.</span> +a societie of life, nature leadyng thereto: Houses and habita-<br /> +cions, were then for necessitie made, families multiplied, vil-<br /> +lages and Tounes populouslie increased, and Citees raised<br /> +emong so infinite people. Nature by God inuented and sta-<br /> +blished Lawe, and the sage and wise persones, pronounced<br /> +and gaue sentence vpon Lawes. Whereupon, by the obedi-<br /> +ence of lawes, and preeminente aucthoritie of Magistrates:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Fol. xxxv.v]</a></span><br /> +The state of mightie Kyngdomes and Common wealthes,<br /> +haue growen to soche a roialnesse and loftie state, many fa-<br /> +mous kingdomes haue been on the face of the yearth: many<br /> +noble Princes from tyme to tyme succedyng, whiche with-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Obedience of<br /> +Lawes did<br /> +stablishe the<br /> +mightie mo-<br /> +narchies.</span> +out a order of godlie lawes, could not haue continued. What<br /> +was the cause that the mightie Monarchies, continued many<br /> +hundred yeres: did the losse of dissolute life of subiectes and<br /> +Princes, cause thesame but good lawes, and obedience to or-<br /> +ders. Therefore, where Magistrates, bothe in life and office,<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The life of<br /> +the Magi-<br /> +strate, a lawe[.]</span> +liue in the obedience of Lawes: the multitude inferiour, by<br /> +example of the Magistrates singularitie, incensed dooe place<br /> +before them, their example of life, as a strong lawe.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +<span class="sidenote">The Epistle<br /> +of <a href="#Printer_Errors">Theodosi-<br /> +uus</a> Empe-<br /> +ror of Rome[.]</span> +Theodosius Emperor of Rome, writyng to Uolusianus<br /> +his chief Pretor, as concernyng his office, in these woordes,<br /> +saieth: <i>Digna vox est maiestate regnantis legibus alligatum se<br /> +principem profiteri. Adeo de autoritate Iuris nostra pendet<br /> +autoritas et reuera maius imperio est submittere legibus prin[-]<br /> +cipatum & oraculo presentis edicti quod nobis licere non pa-<br /> +timur alijs indicamus.</i> It is a worthie saiyng, and meete for<br /> +the Maiestie of a Prince, to acknowledge hymself vnder his<br /> +lawe. For, our aucthoritie, power, and sworde, doeth depende<br /> +vpon the force, might, and aucthoritie of Lawes, and it pas-<br /> +seth all power and aucthoritie, his gouernemente and kyng-<br /> +dome to be tempered by lawe, as a moste inuiolable Oracle<br /> +and decrée, so to doe as we <a href="#Printer_Errors">prouulgate</a> to other. Whereupon<br /> +it is manifeste, what force godlie lawes gaue to the Prince,<br /> +what aucthoritie. Take lawes awaie, all order of states fai-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Princes<br /> +Lawe.</span> +leth, the Prince by Lawe, is a terrour to the malefactour: his<br /> +Maiestie is with all humblenesse serued, feared, and obeied.<br /> +By lawes, his state maketh hym as a God, emong menne, at<br /> +whose handes the preseruacion of eche one, of house, citee and<br /> +countrie is sought. Seing bothe lawes and the Prince, <a href="#Printer_Errors">hane</a><br /> +that honour and strength, that without them, a <i>Chaos</i> a con-<br /> +fusion would followe, in the bodie of all common wealthes<br /> +and kyngdomes. Let them by aucthoritie and lawe bee con-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Fol. xxxvj.r]</a></span><br /> +founded, that practise to subuerte aucthoritie, to neclecte the<br /> +Prince, and his godlie lawes.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The exposicion.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Theiues and<br /> +all iniurious<br /> +persones.</span> +<img src="images/cap_t_04.png" width="66" height="64" alt="T" title="T" class="floatl" /> +He theife, or any other iniurious persone, doeth seke<br /> +to bée aboue all lawes, exempted from all order, vn-<br /> +der no obedience, their pestiferous dealyng, dooe vt-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Demosthe-<br /> +nes in Ari-<br /> +stogiton.</span> +ter thesame: For, as Demosthenes the famous Orator of A-<br /> +thenes doeth saie. If that wicked men cease not their violēce<br /> +if that good men in all quietnes and securitie, can not enioye<br /> +their owne <a href="#Printer_Errors">goddes</a>, while lawe and aucthoritie of the magi-<br /> +strate, seuerelie and sharply vseth his aucthoritie and sword.<br /> +If dailie the heddes of wicked men, cease not to subuerte la-<br /> +wes, orders, and decrees godlie appoincted. Whiles that in<br /> +all Citees and common wealthes, the Princes and gouer-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The force of<br /> +lawes.</span> +nours, are by lawes a terror to them. Lawes then ceasyng,<br /> +the dreadfull sentēce of the Iudge and Magistrate wanting.<br /> +The sworde vndrawen, all order confounded, what a con-<br /> +fusion would followe: yea, what an open passage would bee<br /> +lefte open to all wickednesse. The terrour of Lawes, the<br /> +sworde and aucthoritie of the Magestrate, depresseth and put[-]<br /> +teth doune, the bloodie cogitacions of the wicked, and so hin-<br /> +dereth and cutteth of, many horrible and bloodie enterprises.<br /> +Els there would bee neither Prince, Lawe, nor subiecte, no<br /> +hedde or Magistrate: but euery manne his owne hedde, his<br /> +owne lawe and Magistrate, oppression and violence should<br /> +bee lawe, and reason, and wilfull luste would bee in place of<br /> +reason, might, force, and power, should ende the case. Where-<br /> +fore, soche as no lawe, no order, nor reason, will driue <a href="#Printer_Errors">lo</a> liue<br /> +as members in a common wealthe, to serue in their functiō.<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Wicked men<br /> +burdeins of<br /> +the yearth.</span> +Thei are as Homere calleth <a href="#Printer_Errors">the:m</a>, burdeins to the yearth,<br /> +for thei are of no societie linked with Nature, who through<br /> +wickednesse are disseuered, abhorryng concorde of life, socie-<br /> +tie and felowship. Whom sinister and bitter stormes of for-<br /> +tune, doe daiely vexe and moleste, who in the defence of their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Fol. xxxvj.v]</a></span><br /> +<span class="sidenote">Maimed sol-<br /> +diours muste<br /> +be prouided<br /> +for.</span> +countrie are maimed, and thereby their arte and science, for,<br /> +imbecilitie not practised, all art otherwise wantyng, extreme<br /> +pouertee fallyng on them, reason muste moue, and induce all<br /> +hartes, to pitée chieflie their state: who in defence and main-<br /> +teinaunce of our Countrie, Prince, and to the vpholdyng of<br /> +our priuate wealthe at home, are become debilitated, defor-<br /> +med and maimed, els their miseries will driue them to soche<br /> +hedlesse aduentures, that it maie bee saied, as it was saied to<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The saiyng<br /> +of a souldiour<br /> +to Alexander<br /> +the greate.</span> +Alexander the Greate. Thy warres, O Prince, maketh ma-<br /> +ny theues, and peace will one daie hang them vp. Wherein<br /> +the Grecians, as Thusidides noteth, had a carefull proui-<br /> +dence, for all soche as in the defence of their Countrie were<br /> +maimed, yea, euen for their wiues, and children of all soche,<br /> +as died in warre, to be mainteined of the commō charge and<br /> +threasure of Grece. Reade his Oracion in the seconde booke,<br /> +made vpon the funerall of the dedde soldiours.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ A comparison of vices.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">The drūkard[.]<br /> +The proude<br /> +persone.<br /> +The prodigal[.]<br /> +The couei-<br /> +teous.<br /> +The robber.</span> +<img src="images/cap_t_03.png" width="104" height="104" alt="T" title="T" class="floatl" /> +He dronkarde in his state is beastlie, the proude<br /> +and arrogante persone odious, the riotous and<br /> +prodigall persone to be contempned, the couei-<br /> +tous and nigardlie manne to bee reiected. But<br /> +who so by violence, taketh awaie the goodes of<br /> +an other man, or by any subtill meanes, iniustlie possesseth<br /> +thesame, is detestable, with all seueritée to be punished. The<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The adul-<br /> +terer.<br /> +The harlot.</span> +adulterer and the harlotte, who by brutishe behauiour, leude<br /> +affection, not godlines leadyng thereto: who by their vnchast<br /> +behauior, and wanton life doe pollute, and cōtaminate their<br /> +bodie, in whom a pure minde ought to be reposed. Who tho-<br /> +rowe beastly affeccion, are by euill maners transformed to<br /> +beastes: and as moche as in theim lieth, multipliyng a bru-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The homi-<br /> +cide.</span> +tishe societie. The homicide in his state more horrible, accor-<br /> +dyng to his outragious and bloodie life, is to bee tormented,<br /> +in like sort all other vices, accordyng to their mischiues, rea-<br /> +son, Lawe and Iustice, must temper and aggrauate due re-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Fol. xxxvij.r]</a></span><br /> +ward, and sentence to them.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The sentence.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Thefte horri[-]<br /> +ble amōg the<br /> +Scitheans.</span> +<img src="images/cap_n_04.png" width="90" height="84" alt="N" title="N" class="floatl" /> +O vice was more greuous, and horrible emong<br /> +the Scithians then thefte, for this was their sai-<br /> +yng: <i>Quid saluum esse poterit si licet furari</i>, what<br /> +can be safe, if thefte bee lefull or tolerated. Herein<br /> +<span class="sidenote">A sentence a-<br /> +genst thefte.</span> +the vniuersalle societée of life is caste doune, hereby a confu-<br /> +sion groweth, and a subuersion in all states immediatlie fol-<br /> +loweth, equitee, iustice, and all sincere dealyng is abaundo-<br /> +ned, violence extirpateth vertue, and aucthoritie is cutte of.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The digression.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_t_01.png" width="82" height="84" alt="T" title="T" class="floatl" /> +HE facte in other maie be with more facilitée to-<br /> +lerated, in that to theim selues, the facte and con-<br /> +uersacion of life is moste pernicious, and hurtfull,<br /> +but by soche kinde of menne, whole kyngdomes<br /> +and common wealthes would bee ouerthrowen. And for a<br /> +prosperous state and common wealthe, a common woe and<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Horrible vi-<br /> +ces.</span> +calamitée would fall on them, tumultes and vprores main-<br /> +tained, right and lawe exiled: neither in field quietnes, welth<br /> +or riches, houses spoiled, families extinguished, in all places<br /> +sedicion, warre for peace, violence for right, will and lust for<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Userers.</span> +lawe, a hedlesse order in all states. And as concernyng Usu-<br /> +rers, though their gaines be neuer so ample, and plentifull,<br /> +to enriche them, whereby thei growe to be lordes, ouer many<br /> +thousandes of poundes: yet the wealthe gotten by it, is so in-<br /> +iurious, that thei are a greate plague, to all partes of the cō-<br /> +mon wealthe: so many daungers and mischiues, riseth of thē[.]<br /> +Cato the noble and wise Senator of Rome, being demaun-<br /> +ded diuers questions, what was firste to bee sought, in a fa-<br /> +milie or housholde, the aunsweres not likyng the demaun-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The sentence<br /> +of Cato a-<br /> +gainst vsu-<br /> +rers.<br /> +Usure is mur[-]<br /> +ther.</span> +der: this question was asked, O Cato, what sentēce giue you<br /> +of Usurie, that is a goodlie matter to bee enriched by. Then<br /> +Cato aunswered in fewe woordes. <i>Quid hominem occidere.</i><br /> +What saie you to be a murderer? Soche a thyng saieth he, is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Fol. xxxvij.v]</a></span><br /> +Usurie. A brief sentence againste Usurers, but wittely pro-<br /> +nounced from the mouth of a godlie, sage, noble, and descrite<br /> +persone, whiche sentence let the Usurer, ioigne to his Usury<br /> +retourned, and repeate at the retourne thereof, this sentence<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The sentence<br /> +of Cato a dis-<br /> +comfort to v-<br /> +surers.</span> +of Cato, I haue murthered. This one sentence will discou-<br /> +rage any Usurer, knowyng hymself a murtherer. Though<br /> +moche more maie be spoken against it, this shalbe sufficient.<br /> +The Hebrues calleth Usurie, by the name of <i>Shecke</i>, that is<br /> +a bityng gaine, of the whiche many haue been so bitten, that<br /> +whole families haue been deuoured, & beggerie haue been<br /> +their gaine. And as Palingenius noteth.<br /> +</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Debitor aufugiens portat cum fænore sortem.</i></span><br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +The debtour often tymes saieth he, runneth awaie, and<br /> +carieth with hym, the debte and gaines of the Usurie. The<br /> +Grekes calleth Usurie <i>Tokos</i>, that is properlie the trauaile<br /> +of women of their childe: soche is their Usurie, a daungerous<br /> +gettyng. Demosthenes likeneth their state as thus, as if ter-<br /> +restriall thynges should be aboue the starres: and the heauēs<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Usure a dan-<br /> +gerous <a href="#Printer_Errors">gaue</a>.</span> +and celestialle bodies, gouerned by the base and lowe terre-<br /> +striall matters, whiche by no meanes, can conserue the ex-<br /> +cellencie of them, for, of them onely, is their matter, substaūce<br /> +and nature conserued.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ Exclusion of mercie.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_w_02.png" width="100" height="104" alt="W" title="W" class="floatl" /> +Herefore, to whom regimente and gouerne-<br /> +mente is committed, on whose administracion,<br /> +the frame of the cōmon wealth doe staie it self:<br /> +thei ought with al wisedome and moderacion,<br /> +to procede in soche causes, whose office in wor-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Princes and<br /> +magistrates<br /> +be as Gods<br /> +on the earth.</span> +thinesse of state, and dignitée, maketh thē as Goddes on the<br /> +yearth, at whose mouthes for wisedome, counsaill, and for-<br /> +tunate state, infinite people doe depende. It is no smal thing<br /> +in that their sword & aucthoritée, doeth sette or determine all<br /> +thinges, that tendereth a prosperous state, whereupon with<br /> +all integritée and equitée, thei ought to temper the affeccions<br /> +of their mynde: and accordyng to the horrible facte, and mis-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Fol. xxxviij.r]</a></span><br /> +chiues of the wicked, to exasperate & agrauate their terrible<br /> +iudgemente, and to extirpate from the yearth, soche as be of<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The homicide.<br /> +The Theue.<br /> +The Adulte-<br /> +rer.</span> +no societie in life. The bloodie homicide, the thief, the adul-<br /> +terer, for by these all vertue is rooted out, all godlie societie<br /> +extinguished, citees, realmes, and countrées, prostrate & pla-<br /> +gued for the toleracion of their factes, against soch frendship<br /> +in iudgemente muste cease, and accordyng to the state of the<br /> +cause, equitee to retaine frendship, money muste not blinde,<br /> +nor rewardes to force and temper Iudgementes: but accor-<br /> +dyng to the veritee of the cause, to adde a conclusion. Wor-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Whey the pi-<br /> +ctures of ma-<br /> +gistrates bee<br /> +picturid with-<br /> +oute handes.</span> +thelie the pictures of Princes, Gouernours and Magistrates<br /> +in auncient tymes doe shewe this, where the antiquitée ma-<br /> +keth theim without handes, therein it sheweth their office,<br /> +and iudgemente to proceade with equitée, rewardes not to<br /> +blind, or suppresse the sinceritée of the cause. Magistrates not<br /> +to bee bounde to giftes, nor rewardes to rule their sentence.<br /> +<i>Alciatus</i> in his boke called <i>Emblemata, in senatū sancti prin-<br /> +cipis</i>.<br /> +</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Princes and<br /> +magistrates<br /> +graue & con-<br /> +stante.</span> +</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;"><i>Effigies manibus trunc[ae] ante altaria diuum</i></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Hic resident, quarum lumine capta prior</i></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Signa potestatis summ[ae], sanctiq[ue] senatus,</i></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Thebanis fuerant ista reperta viris.</i></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Cur resident? Quia mente graues decet esse quieta</i></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Iuridicos, animo nec variare leui.</i></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Cur sine sunt manibus? Capiant ne xenia, nec se</i></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Pollicitis flecti muneribus ve sinant.</i></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Cecus est princeps quod solis auribus, absq[ue]</i></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Affectu constans iussa senatus agit.</i></span><br /> +</p> + +<p> +Where vertue and integritée sheweth it self, in the persone<br /> +and cause, to vpholde and maintein thesame. Roote out hor-<br /> +rible vices from common wealthe, that the more surer and<br /> +stronge foundacion of vertue maie be laied: for, that onelie<br /> +cause, the scepter of kinges, the office of magistrates was left<br /> +to the posteritée of all ages.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ Lawfull and iuste.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Fol. xxxviij.v]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"><a href="#Additional_Printer_Errors">¶ Lawfull and iust.</a></p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Lawes giue<br /> +equitie to all<br /> +states.</span> +<img src="images/cap_s_01.png" width="85" height="81" alt="S" title="S" class="floatl" /> +Eyng that lawes bee godlie, and vniuersally thei<br /> +temper equitée to all states, and giue according to<br /> +iustice, euery man his owne: he violateth vertue,<br /> +that dispossesseth an other manne of his own, and<br /> +<span class="sidenote">What driueth<br /> +y<span class="super">e</span> magistrate<br /> +to horrible<br /> +sentence a-<br /> +gainst wicked<br /> +persons.</span> +wholie extinguisheth Iustice. And thereupon his beastly life<br /> +by merite forceth and driueth, lawe and Magistrate, to terri-<br /> +ble iudgement. For, who so against right, without order, or<br /> +lawe, violateth an other man, soche a one, lawes of iustice,<br /> +muste punishe violentlie, and extirpate from societée, beyng<br /> +a dissoluer of societee.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ Profitable.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_i_01.png" width="59" height="59" alt="I" title="I" class="floatl" /> +F soche wicked persones be restrained, and seuerelie<br /> +punished, horrible vices will be rooted out: all artes[,]<br /> +sciences, and godlie occupacions mainteined, vphol-<br /> +ded and kept. Then there must bée a securitée in all states, to<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Magistrate.<br /> +Subiect.</span> +practise godlines, a mutuall concorde. The Magistrate with<br /> +equitée, the subiecte with faithful and humble obedience, ac-<br /> +complishyng his state, office, and callyng. Whereupon by<br /> +good Magistrates, and good subiectes, the common wealthe<br /> +and kyngdom is in happie state stablished. For, in these twoo<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Plato.</span> +poinctes, as Plato doeth saie, there is vertuous rule, and like<br /> +obedience.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ Easie and possible.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">The begyn-<br /> +nyng of vice<br /> +is to be cut <a href="#Printer_Errors">af</a>.</span> +<img src="images/cap_a_05.png" width="60" height="64" alt="A" title="A" class="floatl" /> +L this maie easely be doen, when wickednes is cutte<br /> +of, in his firste groweth, when the magistrate driueth<br /> +continually, by sworde and aucthoritée, all menne to<br /> +obedience, bothe of lawes and <a href="#Printer_Errors">gouernuurs</a>. Then in al good<br /> +common wealthes, vices are neuer tolerated to take roote: be-<br /> +cause the beginnyng and increase of vices, is sone pulled vp,<br /> +his monsterous kyngdome thereby ouerthrowen.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The conclusion.</p> + +<p> +<span class="dropcap">S</span>O doyng, happie shall the kyng be, happie kyngdome,<br /> +and moste fortunate people.<br /> +</p> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Fol. xxxix.r]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center">¶ The parte of Rhetorike, called praise.</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;"><a href="#Printer_Errors">His</a> Oracion, which is titeled praise, is a declamaciō</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">of the vertuous or good qualitées, propertees belon-</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">gyng to any thyng, whiche doeth procede by certaine</span><br /> +notes of arte.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +All thynges that maie be seen, with the iye of man, tou-<br /> +ched, or with any other sence apprehended: that maie be prai-<br /> +sed, or dispraised.<br /> +</p> + +<div class="indented"> +<table style="width: 50%" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="things"> +<tr><td> </td><td>{</td><td>Manne.</td><td>Citees.</td><td>}</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>{</td><td>Fisshe.</td><td>Floodes.</td><td>}</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>{</td><td>Foule.</td><td>Castles.</td><td>}</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>{</td><td>Beaste.</td><td>Toures.</td><td>}</td></tr> +<tr><td>As</td><td>{</td><td>Orchardes.</td><td>Gardeins.</td><td>}</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>{</td><td>Stones.</td><td>Stones.</td><td>}</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>{</td><td>Trees.</td><td>Artes.</td><td>}</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>{</td><td>Plantes.</td><td>Sciences.</td><td>}</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>{</td><td>Mettals.</td><td> </td><td>}</td></tr> +</table> +</div> + +<p class="ind"> +Any vertue maie be praised, as wisedome, rightuousnes[,]<br /> +fortitude, magnanimitée, temperaunce, liberalitée, with all<br /> +other.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind">These are to be celebrated with praise.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +The persone, as Iulius Cesar, Octauius Augustus,<br /> +Hieremie, Tullie, Cato, Demosthenes.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind">Thynges, as rightuousnes, temperaunce.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Tymes, as the Spryng tyme of the yere, Sommer, Har-<br /> +uest, Winter.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Places, as Hauens, Orchardes, Gardeins, Toures,<br /> +Castles, Temples, Islandes.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Beastes wantyng reason, as Horse, Shepe, Oxen[,] Plā-<br /> +ntes, as Uines, Oliues.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind">In the praise of vertue, this maie be saied.</p> + +<p> +<span class="dropcap">T</span>He excellencies of it, the antiquitee and originalle be-<br /> +ginnyng thereof, the profite that riseth to any region<br /> +by it, as no kyngdome can consiste without vertue,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Fol. xxxix.v]</a></span><br /> +and to extoll the same, in makyng a comparison, with other<br /> +giftes of nature, or with other giftes of fortune, more infe-<br /> +riour or base.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +<span class="sidenote">Wherein the<br /> +praise of a ci-<br /> +tie consisteth[.]</span> +Upon a citée, praise maie be recited, consideryng the good-<br /> +lie situacion of it, as of Paris, Uenice, London, Yorke: con-<br /> +sideryng the fertilitie of the lande, the wealthe and aboun-<br /> +daunce, the noble and famous <a href="#Printer_Errors">goueruours</a>, whiche haue go-<br /> +uerned thesame. The first aucthors and builders of thesame,<br /> +the politike lawes, and godlie statutes therein mainteined:<br /> +The felicitée of the people, their maners, their valeaunt pro-<br /> +wes and hardines. The buildyng and ornatures of thesame,<br /> +with Castles, Toures, Hauens, Floodes, Temples: as if a<br /> +manne would celebrate with praise. The olde, famous, and<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The praise of<br /> +London.<br /> +Brutus buil[-]<br /> +ded Londō in<br /> +the .x. yeare of<br /> +his raine.</span> +aunciente Citée of London, shewyng the auncient buildyng<br /> +of thesame: the commyng of Brutus, who was the firste au-<br /> +cthor and erector of thesame. As Romulus was of the migh-<br /> +tie Citée Rome, what kyngs haue frō tyme to tyme, lineal-<br /> +ly descended, and succeded, bearing croune and scepter there-<br /> +in: the valiauntnes of the people, what terror thei haue been<br /> +to all forraine nacions. What victories thei haue in battaile<br /> +obteined, how diuers nacions haue sought their amitée and<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Fraunce and<br /> +Scotlande<br /> +vpholded by<br /> +y<span class="super">e</span> gouernors<br /> +of this lande.</span> +league. The false Scottes, and Frenche menne truce brea-<br /> +kers: many and sonderie tymes, losyng their honour in the<br /> +field, and yet thei, through the puissaunt harte of the kynges<br /> +of this lande, vpholdyd and saued, from the mighte and force<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Cambridge.<br /> +Oxforde.</span> +of other enemies inuadyng theim. The twoo famous Uni-<br /> +uersitées of this lande, from the whiche, no small nomber of<br /> +greate learned men and famous, haue in the cōmon wealthe<br /> +sprong, with all other thynges to it.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +The praise of a Kyng, Prince, Duke, Erle, Lorde, Ba-<br /> +ron, Squire, or of any other man be maie declaimed of obser[-]<br /> +uing the order of this parte of <i>Rhetorike</i>.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +This parte of <i>Rhetorike</i> called praise, is either a particu-<br /> +ler praise of one, as of kyng Henry the fifte, Plato, Tullie,<br /> +Demosthenes, Cyrus, Darius, Alexander the greate.<br /> +</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Fol. xl.r]</a></span></p> + +<p class="ind"> +Or a generalle and vniuersalle praise, as the praise of all<br /> +the Britaines: or of all the citezeins of London.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The order to make this Oracion, is thus declared.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Firste, for the enteryng of the matter, you shall place a<br /> +<i>exordium</i>, or beginnyng.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +The seconde place, you shall bryng to his praise, <i>Genus<br /> +eius</i>, that is to saie: Of what kinde he came of, whiche dooeth<br /> +consiste in fower poinctes.<br /> +</p> + + +<div class="indented2"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="genus eius"> +<tr><td>{ Of what nacion.</td><td>}</td></tr> +<tr><td>{ Of what countrée.</td><td>}</td></tr> +<tr><td>{ Of what auncetours.</td><td>}</td></tr> +<tr><td>{ Of what parentes.</td><td>}</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="ind"> +After that you shall declare, his educacion: the educacion<br /> +is conteined in thrée poinctes.<br /> +</p> + + +<div class="indented2"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="education"> +<tr><td> </td><td>{ Institucion.</td><td>}</td></tr> +<tr><td>In</td><td>{ Arte.</td><td>}</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>{ Lawes.</td><td>}</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="ind"> +Then put there to that, whiche is the chief grounde of al<br /> +praise: his actes doen, whiche doe procede out of the giftes,<br /> +and excellencies of the minde, as the fortitude of the mynde,<br /> +wisedome, and magnanimitée.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Of the bodie, as a beautifull face, amiable countenaunce[,]<br /> +swiftnesse, the might and strength of thesame.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +The excellencies of fortune, as his dignitée, power, au-<br /> +cthoritee, riches, substaunce, frendes.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +In the fifte place vse a comparison, wherein that whiche<br /> +you praise, maie be aduaunced to the vttermoste.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind">Laste of all, vse the <i>Epilogus</i>, or conclusion.</p> + + +<p class="center"><a name="epaminundas" id="epaminundas"></a>¶ The example of the Oracion.<br /> +¶ The praise of Epaminundas.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_i_03.png" width="107" height="107" alt="I" title="I" class="floatl" /> +N whom nature hath powred singuler giftes,<br /> +in whom vertue, & singularitée, in famous en-<br /> +terprises aboundeth: whose glorie & renoume,<br /> +rooteth to the posteritée, immortall commen-<br /> +dacion. In the graue, their vertues and godlie<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Fol. xl.v]</a></span><br /> +<span class="sidenote">Obliuion.</span> +life, tasteth not of Obliuion, whiche at the length ouerthro-<br /> +weth all creatures, Citées, and regions. Thei liue onelie in<br /> +all ages, whose vertues spreadeth fame and noble enterpri-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Who liue in<br /> +all ages.</span> +ses, by vertue rooteth immortalitée. Who so liueth, as that<br /> +his good fame after death ceaseth not, nor death with the bo-<br /> +die cutteth of their memorie of life: Soche not onely in life,<br /> +but also in death are moste fortunate. In death all honor, di-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Good fame<br /> +chieflie rou-<br /> +teth after<br /> +death.</span> +gnitée, glorie, wealthe, riches, are taken from vs: The fame<br /> +and glorie of singulare life is then, chieflie takyng his holde<br /> +and roote, wise men and godlie, in life, knowen famous, af-<br /> +ter death, remain moste worthie & glorious. Who knoweth<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Tullie.<br /> +Demosthe-<br /> +nes.<br /> +Iulius Ce-<br /> +sar.<br /> +Octauius<br /> +Augustus.<br /> +Uespasianus[.]<br /> +Theodosius.<br /> +<a href="#Printer_Errors">Traianns</a>.<br /> +Adrianus.</span> +not of Tullie, the famous Oratour of Rome. Doeth De-<br /> +mosthenes lieth hidden, that noble Oratour of Athenes. Is<br /> +not y<span class="super">e</span> fame of Iulius Cesar, Octauius Augustus remainyng<br /> +of Uespasianus: of Theodosius, of Traianus, of Adrianus,<br /> +who by praise minded, be left to the ende of al ages. Soche a<br /> +one was this Epaminundas, the famous Duke of Thebe,<br /> +whose vertues gaue hym honour in life, and famous enter-<br /> +prises, immortalitée of fame after death. What can bee saied<br /> +more, in the praise and commendacion, of any peere of estate,<br /> +then was saied in the praise of Epaminundas, for his ver-<br /> +tues were so singulare, that it was doubted, he beyng so good<br /> +a manne, and so good a Magistrate, whether he were better<br /> +manne, or better Magistrate: whose vertues were so vnited,<br /> +that vertue alwaies tempered his enterprises, his loftie state<br /> +as fortune oftentymes blindeth, did not make hym vnmind-<br /> +full of his state. No doubt, but that in all common wealthes,<br /> +famous gouernours haue been, but in all those, the moste<br /> +parte haue not been soche, that all so good men, and so good<br /> +magistrates: that it is doubted, whether thei were better mē,<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Good man,<br /> +good magi-<br /> +strate, boothe<br /> +a good man<br /> +and a good<br /> +magistrate.</span> +or better magistrates. It is a rare thyng to be a good manne,<br /> +but a more difficult matter, to bee a good Magistrate: and<br /> +moste of all, to be bothe a good man, and a good Magistrate.<br /> +Honour and preeminent state, doeth sometyme induce obli-<br /> +uion, whereupon thei ought the more vigilantlie to wade:<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Fol. xlj.r]</a></span>in all causes, and with all moderacion, to temper their pree-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The saiynge<br /> +of the Philo-<br /> +sophers.</span> +minent state. The Philosophers ponderyng the brickle and<br /> +slippere state of fortune, did pronounce this sentence: <i>Diffici-<br /> +lius est res aduersas pati, quam fortunam eflantem ferre</i>, it is<br /> +more easie to beare sharpe and extreme pouertie, then to rule<br /> +and moderate fortune, because that the wisest menne of all<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Obliuion.</span> +haue as Chronicles doe shewe, felte this obliuion, that their<br /> +maners haue been so chaunged, as that natures molde in thē<br /> +had ben altered or nuelie framed, in the life of Epaminūdas<br /> +moderacion and vertue, so gouerned his state, that he was a<br /> +honor and renowne to his state, nothing can be more ample<br /> +in his praise, then that which is lefte Chronicled of him.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">[¶] Of his countrie.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_e_01.png" width="54" height="59" alt="E" title="E" class="floatl" /> +Paminundas was borne in Thebe a famous citie in<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Cadmus.<br /> +Amphion.<br /> +Hercules.</span> +Beotia, the which Cadmus the sone of Agenor buil-<br /> +ded, whiche Amphion did close & enuiron with wal-<br /> +les, in the whiche the mightie and valiaunt Hercules was<br /> +borne, & manie noble Princes helde therin scepter, the which<br /> +Citie is tituled famous to the posterity by the noble gouern-<br /> +ment of Epaminundas.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ Of his auncetours.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_e_02.png" width="74" height="83" alt="E" title="E" class="floatl" /> +Paminundas came not of anie highe nobilitie or<br /> +blood, but his parentes were honeste and verteous<br /> +who as it semed were verie well affected to vertue,<br /> +instructyng their soonne in all singulare and good<br /> +qualities, for by good and vertuous life and famous enter-<br /> +prises from a meane state, manie haue bene extolled to beare<br /> +scepter, or to attaine greate honour, for as there is a begyn-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Nobility rose<br /> +by vertue.</span> +nyng of nobilitie, so there is an ende, by vertue and famous<br /> +actes towarde the common wealthe, nobilite first rose. The<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Cesar.<br /> +Scipio.</span> +stock of Cesar and Cesars was exalted from a meaner state,<br /> +by vertue onelie to nobilitie. Scipios stocke was not alwais<br /> +noble, but his vertues graffed nobilitie to the posteritie of<br /> +his line and ofspryng followynge. And euen so as their fa-<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Fol. xlj.v]</a></span>mous enterprices excelled, nobilite in theim also increased.<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Catilina.</span> +Catilina wicked, was of a noble house, but he degenerated<br /> +from the nobilitie of his auncestours, the vertues that graf-<br /> +fed nobilitie in his auncestors, were first extinguished in Ca-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Marcus<br /> +Antonius.</span> +iline. Marcus Antonius was a noble Emperour, a Prince<br /> +indued with all wisedome and Godlie gouernmēt, who was<br /> +of a noble parētage, it what a wicked sonne succeded him, the<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Commodus.</span> +father was not so godlie, wise, and vertuous, as Commo-<br /> +dus was wickedlie disposed and pestiferous. There was no<br /> +vertue or excellence, méete for suche a personage, but that<br /> +Marcus attained to. Who for wisedome was called Marcus<br /> +Philosophus, in his sonne what vice was thē that he practi-<br /> +sed not, belie chier, druncknes and harlottes, was his delite,<br /> +his crueltie and bluddie life was suche that he murthered all<br /> +the godlie and wise Senatours, had in price with Marcus<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Seuerus.</span> +his father. Seuerus in like maner, was a noble and famous<br /> +Emperor, in the Senate moste graue, politike, and in his<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Marcus<br /> +Antonius<br /> +Caracalla.</span> +warres moste fortunate, but in his sonne Marcus Antoni-<br /> +nus Caracalla, what wickednes wanted, whose beastlie life<br /> +is rather to be put in silence, then spoken of. In the assemble<br /> +of the Grecians, gathered to consulte vpon the contencion of<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Aiax.<br /> +Ulisses.</span> +Achilles armour, Aiax gloriouslie aduaunceth hymself of his<br /> +auncestrie, from many kinges descended, whom Ulisses his<br /> +aduersarie aunswered: makyng a long and eloquente Ora-<br /> +cion, before the noble péeres of Grece, concernyng Aiax his<br /> +auncetours. These are his woordes.<br /> +</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Nam genus et proauos et que non fecimus ipsi,</i></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Vix ea nostra voco, sed enim quia retulit Aiax,</i></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>esse Iouis pronepos.</i></span><br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +As for our parentage, and line of auncetours, long before<br /> +vs, and noble actes of theirs: as we our selues haue not doen<br /> +the like, how can we call, and title their actes to be ours. Let<br /> +them therefore, whiche haue descended from noble blood, and<br /> +famous auncetours: bee like affected to all nobilitée of their<br /> +auncetours, what can thei glory in the nobilitée of their aun-<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Fol. xlij.r]</a></span>cetours. Well, their auncetours haue laied the foundacion,<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Nobilitee.</span> +and renoume of nobilitee to their ofspryng. What nobilitee<br /> +is founde in them, when thei builde nothyng, to their aunce-<br /> +tours woorke of nobilitée. Euen as their auncetours, noblie<br /> +endeuoured them selues, to purchase and obtain, by famous<br /> +actes their <a href="#Printer_Errors">nobilitée) for</a>, nobilitée and vertue, descendeth al-<br /> +waies to the like) so thei contrary retire and giue backe, frō<br /> +all the nobiliée of their auncestours, where as thei ought,<br /> +<span class="sidenote">A beginnyng<br /> +of nobilitee.</span> +with like nobilitée to imitate them. Many haue been, whiche<br /> +through their wisedome, and famous enterprises, in the af-<br /> +faires of their Prince, worthelie to honour haue been extol-<br /> +led and aduaunced: who also were the firste aucthours and<br /> +founders of nobiliée, to their name and ofspring. Whose of-<br /> +spring indued with like nobilitée of vertues, and noble actes<br /> +haue increased their auncestors glorie: the childrē or ofspring<br /> +lineally descendyng, hauyng no part of the auncestours glo-<br /> +rie, how can thei vaunte them selues of nobiliée, whiche thei<br /> +lacke, and dooe nothyng possesse thereof, Euen from lowe<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Galerius a<br /> +Shepherds<br /> +sonne Empe-<br /> +ror of Rome.<br /> +Probus a<br /> +Gardeiners<br /> +sonne, Em-<br /> +perour.</span> +birthe and degrée. Galerius Armentarius was aduaunced,<br /> +euen from a Shepherdes sonne, to sit in the Imperiall seat of<br /> +Roome. Galerius Maximinus whom all the Easte obaied,<br /> +his vertues and noble acts huffed hym to beare scepter in the<br /> +Empire of Roome. Probus a Gardiners soonne, to the like<br /> +throne and glorie ascēded, so God disposeth the state of euery<br /> +man, placyng and bestowing dignitée, where it pleaseth him<br /> +as he setteth vp, so he pulleth doune, his prouidence & might<br /> +is bounde to no state, stocke, or kindred.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ Of his educacion.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_e_02.png" width="74" height="83" alt="E" title="E" class="floatl" /> +Paminūdas beyng borne of soche parentes, was<br /> +brought vp in all excellente learnyng, for, vnder<br /> +hym Philippe the kyng of the Macedonians, the<br /> +soonne of Amintas, was brought vp. This Epa-<br /> +minundas, the Histories note hym to be a chief Philosopher,<br /> +and a capitaine moste valiaunte. In Musike, in plaiyng, and<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Fol. xlij.v]</a></span>singyng finelie to his Instrumente, notable and famous, no<br /> +kinde of learnyng, arte, or science, wanted in his breaste: So<br /> +greate and aboundante were his vertues, that aboue all go-<br /> +uernours, whiche haue been in Thebe, his name and fame<br /> +is chieflie aduaunced.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The praise of his actes.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">The dutie of<br /> +good gouer-<br /> +nors.</span> +<img src="images/cap_e_03.png" width="102" height="102" alt="E" title="E" class="floatl" /> +Paminundas beyng moste valiaunte and no-<br /> +ble, leauing all priuate commoditée, glory, and<br /> +riches a side: sought the renoume of his coun-<br /> +tree, as all rulers and gouernours ought to do.<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Howe a king[-]<br /> +dome riseth to<br /> +all felicitie.</span> +For, a kyngdome or common wealth, can not<br /> +rise to any high nobilitée or Roialnesse, where gouernours,<br /> +rulers, and magistrates, neclecting the vniuersall, and whole<br /> +body of the common wealthe, doe cogitate and vigilantly en-<br /> +deuour them selues, to stablish to them and theirs, a priuate,<br /> +peculiar, and domesticall profite, glorie, or renoume. Couei-<br /> +teousnes, whiche is in all ambicious Magistrates the poison,<br /> +plague, destruccion, and ruine of the beste and florishing cō-<br /> +mon wealthes, of al wickednes and mischief the roote: a vice,<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Couetousnes<br /> +a great euill.</span> +whereupon all vice is grounded, from whom all mischiefe<br /> +floweth, all execrable purposes issueth. That wanted in<br /> +Epaminundas, for in the ende of his life, his coffers were so<br /> +thin and poore, that euen to his Funerall, money wanted to<br /> +solempnise thesame. Priuate glorie nor excesse, was hunted<br /> +after of hym, yet his vertues were of soche excellencie, that<br /> +honour, dignitée, and preeminent state, was offered and gi-<br /> +uen to hym vnwillinglie. This Epaminundas was in go-<br /> +uernement so famous, and so vertuouslie and politikelie ru-<br /> +led thesame, that he was a glorie, renoume, honour, and fe-<br /> +licitée to his kingdome, by his state. Before the time of Epa-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Beotia.<br /> +Thebes.</span> +minundas, the countree of Beotia was nothyng so famous<br /> +in their enterprises: neither the citee of Thebe so roiall, puis-<br /> +saunt or noble, the antiquitee of that tyme sheweth, that E-<br /> +paminundas wantyng the power of Thebes, their glorie,<br /> +strength, and felicitee fell and decaied. The learning of Epa-<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Fol. xliij.r]</a></span>minundas and knowlege, was so aboundant and profounde<br /> +bothe in Philosophie, and in all other artes and sciences, that<br /> +it was wounderfull. In chiualrie and in feates of warre, no<br /> +péere was more couragious and bolde, or hardie, neither in<br /> +that, whiche he enterprised, any could be of greater counsaile<br /> +in hedde more pollitike, of minde more sage and wittie: his<br /> +gouernement so good, that beyng so good a Magistrate, it is<br /> +doubted, whether he be better man, or better Magistrate, E-<br /> +paminundas died in the defence of his countrée. The Athe-<br /> +nians were enemies to the Thebanes, and many greate bat-<br /> +tailes were assaied of theim and foughten: and often tymes<br /> +the Athenians felt many bitter stormes, and fortune loured<br /> +of them, he beyng so valiaunt a capitain. Epaminundas be-<br /> +yng dedde, the Athenians ceased to practise, any one parte of<br /> +chiualrie, their prowesse and dexteritée decaied: thei hauyng<br /> +no aliaunte, and forraine enemie to moleste theim, or whom<br /> +<span class="sidenote">A valiant ca-<br /> +pitain, to his<br /> +countrie a pil[-]<br /> +lar[,] to his ene[-]<br /> +mie, a occasiō<br /> +to dexteritie.</span> +thei feared. So that a famous, wise, pollitike, and valiaunte<br /> +capitaine, is not onely a staie, a pillar and strong bulwarke<br /> +to his countrée. But also forraine nacions, hauyng one, whō<br /> +for his valiauntnes thei dreade, doe practise and inure them<br /> +selues, to all dexteritee, counsaile, wisedome, and pollicie:<br /> +soche a one was Epaminundas, to his enemies and coūtrée.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The comparison.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Hector.<br /> +Achilles.<br /> +Numa Pom[-]<br /> +peius.<br /> +Adrianus.</span> +<img src="images/cap_n_02.png" width="60" height="63" alt="N" title="N" class="floatl" /> +Either Hector of Troie, nor Achilles of Grece, might<br /> +bee compared with Epaminundas, Numa Pompili-<br /> +us was not more godlie, Adriane the Emperour of<br /> +Roome, no better learned, nor Galba the Emperour more<br /> +valiaunte, Nerua no more temperate, nor Traianus more<br /> +noble, neither Cocles nor Decius, Scipio nor Marcus Regu[-]<br /> +lus, did more <a href="#Printer_Errors">valianntly</a> in the defence of their countrie, soche<br /> +a one was this Epaminundas.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The conclusion.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_o_01.png" width="61" height="62" alt="O" title="O" class="floatl" /> +F many thynges, these fewe are recited, but if his<br /> +whole life and vertues, wer worthely handeled: fewe<br /> +would beleue, soche a rare gouernour, so vertuous a<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Fol. xliij.v]</a></span>Prince, so hardie and valiaunte a capitaine, to haue remai-<br /> +ned in no age.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The parte of Rhetorike, called dispraise.</p> + +<p> +<span class="dropcap">T</span>His parte of <i>Rhetorike</i>, which is called dispraise, is a in-<br /> +uectiue Oracion, made againste the life of any man.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +This part of <i>Rhetorike</i>, is contrary to that, whiche is be-<br /> +fore set, called <i>laus</i>, that is to saie, praise: and by contrary no-<br /> +tes procedeth, for the Oratour or declaimer to entreate vpō.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind">This parte of <i>Rhetorike</i>, is called of the Grekes <i>Psogos</i>.</p> + +<p class="ind">In praise, we extoll the persone: First by his countrée.</p> + +<p class="ind">Then by his auncestours and parentes.</p> + +<p class="ind">In the third place, by his educacion and institucion.</p> + +<p class="ind">Then in the fowerth place, of his actes in life.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +In the fifte place vse a comparison, comparyng the per-<br /> +sone with other, whiche are more inferiour.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind">Then the conclusion.</p> + +<p class="ind">Now in dispraise, contrarily we doe procede.</p> + +<p class="ind">Firste, in the dispraise of his countrée.</p> + +<p class="ind">Of his auncetours and parentes.</p> + +<p class="ind">His educacion is dispraised.</p> + +<p class="ind">Then his actes and deedes of life.</p> + +<p class="ind">Also in your comparison with other, dispraise hym.</p> + +<p class="ind">Then in the laste place, adde the conclusion.</p> + +<p class="ind">All thynges that maie be praised, maie be dispraised.</p> + + +<p class="center"><a name="nero" id="nero"></a>¶ The dispraise of Nero.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Uertue.</span> +<img src="images/cap_a_07.png" width="101" height="101" alt="A" title="A" class="floatl" /> +S vertue meriteth commendacion and immor-<br /> +tall renoume, for the nobilitée and excellencie<br /> +reposed in it: so ougle vices for the deformitée of<br /> +them, are in mynd to be abhorred and detested,<br /> +and with all diligence, counsaile, and wisedome<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Uice.</span> +auoided. As pestiferous poison extinguisheth with his cor-<br /> +rupcion and nautinesse, the good and absolute nature of all<br /> +thinges: so vice for his pestiferous nature putteth out vertue<br /> +and rooteth out with his force all singularitée. For, vice and<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Fol. xliiij.r]</a></span>vertue are so of nature contrary, as fire and water, the vio-<br /> +lence of the one expelleth the other: for, in the mansion of ver-<br /> +tue, vice at one tyme harboreth not, neither vertue with vice<br /> +<span class="sidenote">What is ver-<br /> +tue.</span> +can be consociate or vnited, for, vertue is a singuler meane,<br /> +or Mediocrite in any good enterprise or facte, with order and<br /> +reason finished. Whose acte in life, doeth repugne order and<br /> +reason, disseuered from all Mediocrite, soche do leaue iustice,<br /> +equitée, wisedome, temperaunce, fortitude, magnanimitée,<br /> +and al other vertues, bothe of minde and body: onely by ver-<br /> +tues life men shewe theim selues, as chief creatures of God,<br /> +with reason, as a moste principall gifte, beautified and deco-<br /> +rated: In other giftes, man is farre inferiour to beastes, both<br /> +in strength of bodie, in celeritée and swiftnesse of foote, in la-<br /> +bour, in industrie, in sense, nothyng to bee compared to bea-<br /> +stes, with beastes as a peculier and proper thyng, wee haue<br /> +our bodie of the yearth: but our minde, whiche for his diuini-<br /> +tée, passeth all thynges immortall, maketh vs as gods emōg<br /> +other creatures. The bodie therefore, as a aliaunt and forain<br /> +enemie, beyng made of a moste base, moste vile and corrup-<br /> +tible nature, repugneth the mynde. This is the cause, that<br /> +wickednesse taketh soche a hedde, and that the horrible facte<br /> +and enterprise of the wicked burste out, in that, reason exiled<br /> +and remoued from the minde, the ougle perturbacions of the<br /> +minde, haue their regiment, power, and dominiō: and where<br /> +soche state of gouernemente is in any one bodie, in priuate<br /> +and domesticalle causes, in forraine and publike affaires, in<br /> +kyngdome and cōmon wealthe. Uertue fadeth and decaieth,<br /> +and vice onely beareth the swaie. Lawe is ordered by luste,<br /> +and their order is will, soche was the tyme and gouernment<br /> +of this wicked Nero.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ Of his countree.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_n_04.png" width="90" height="84" alt="N" title="N" class="floatl" /> +Ero was a Romaine borne, though in gouerne-<br /> +ment he was wicked, yet his coūtrée was famous,<br /> +and noble: for, the Romaines wer lordes and hed-<br /> +des ouer all the worlde. The vttermoste Indians,<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Fol. xliiij.v]</a></span>the Ethiopes, the Persians, feared the maiestie and auctho-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Rome.</span> +ritée of the Romaines. From Romulus, who was the firste<br /> +founder, and builder of that Citee: the Romaines bothe had<br /> +their name of hym, and grew afterward to marueilous pui-<br /> +saunt roialnes. There was no nacion vnder the Sunne, but<br /> +it dreaded their Maiestie, or felte their inuincible handes:<br /> +there hath been many mightie kyngdomes, on the face of the<br /> +yearth, but no kyngdome was able, with like successe and fe-<br /> +licitée in their enterprise, or for like famous gouernors, and<br /> +continuance of their state, to compare with them. This was,<br /> +and is, the laste mightée Monarchie in the worlde. Roome a<br /> +olde aunciente citée, inhabited firste of the Aborigines, which<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Carthage.</span> +came from Troie. The prouidence of God, so disposeth the<br /> +tymes and ages of the world, the state of kyngdomes, by the<br /> +fall of mightier kyngdomes, meaner grewe to power and<br /> +glorie. The Carthagineans, contended by prowes, and ma-<br /> +gnanimitee, to be lordes ouer the Romaines. Carthage was<br /> +a greate, mightie, olde, auncient & famous citée, in the whiche<br /> +valiaunte, wise, and pollitike gouernours, helde therein re-<br /> +giment, long warres was susteined betwene the Romaines<br /> +and Carthagineans, emong whom infinite people, and ma-<br /> +ny noble péeres fell in the duste. Fortune and happie successe<br /> +fell to the Romaines: the people of Carthage vāquished, and<br /> +prostrate to the grounde. Scipio the noble Consull, beyng at<br /> +the destruccion of it, seeyng with his iye, Carthage by fire<br /> +brunte to ashes, saied: <i>Talis exitus aliquando erit Rome</i>: euē<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Destruction<br /> +of Rome to<br /> +ashes in time.</span> +as of Carthage, like shall the destruccion of Rome bee, as for<br /> +continuaunce of the Romaine state, of their glorie, power,<br /> +and worthie successe, no nacion vnder the Sunne, can com-<br /> +pare with theim: soche was the state of Rome, wherein wic-<br /> +ked Nero raigned.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ Of his <a href="#Printer_Errors">anncestours</a>.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_d_02.png" width="58" height="63" alt="D" title="D" class="floatl" /> +Omitianus Nero, the sonne of Domitius Enobar-<br /> +bus, Agrippina was his mothers name: this Agrip-<br /> +pina, was Empresse of Rome, wife to Claudius Ti-<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Fol. xlv.r]</a></span> +<span class="sidenote">Agrippina.</span> +berius, the daughter of his brother Germanicus. This A-<br /> +grippina, the Chronicle noteth her, to be indued with al mis-<br /> +chief and crueltée: For, Tiberius her housbande, hauyng by<br /> +his firste wife children, thei were murthered by her, because<br /> +she might, thei beyng murthered, with more facilitée, fur-<br /> +ther the Empire, to her soonnes handes, many treasons con-<br /> +spired against them oftentimes, Agrippina poisoned her hus-<br /> +bande, then Nero succeded.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ Of his educacion.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Seneca schol<br /> +maister to<br /> +Nero.</span> +<img src="images/cap_s_02.png" width="62" height="63" alt="S" title="S" class="floatl" /> +Eneca the famous Poete & Philosopher, was schole-<br /> +maister to Nero, who brought hym vp in all nobili-<br /> +tie of learnyng, mete for his state: though that Nero<br /> +was wickedlie of nature disposed, as his beastlie gouerne-<br /> +ment sheweth, yet wickednes in him, was by the seueritie of<br /> +Seneca, and his castigacion depressed: for Traianus Empe-<br /> +rour of Rome, would saie, as concernyng Nero, for the space<br /> +of fiue yeres, no Prince was like to hym, for good gouerne-<br /> +ment, after fiue yeres, losely and dissolutly he gouerned.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ Of his actes.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">The dreame<br /> +of Agrippina<br /> +mother to<br /> +Nero, in his<br /> +concepcion.</span> +<img src="images/cap_t_01.png" width="82" height="84" alt="T" title="T" class="floatl" /> +His Nero, at what tyme as his mother was con-<br /> +ceiued of him, she dreamed that she was conceiued<br /> +of a Uiper: for, the young Uiper alwaies killeth<br /> +his dame. He was not onely a Uiper to his mo-<br /> +ther whom he killed, but also to his kyngdome and common<br /> +wealthe a destroier, whiche afterward shalbe shewed, what<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Nero a viper[.]</span> +a tyraunte and bloodie gouernour he was. This Nero made<br /> +in the Citee of Rome, the rounde seates and scaffoldes, to be-<br /> +holde spectacles and sightes, and also the bathes. He subdued<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Pontus.<br /> +Colchis.<br /> +Cappadocia.<br /> +Armenia.</span> +Pontus a greate countrée, whiche ioineth to the sea Pontus:<br /> +whiche countrée containeth these realmes, Colchis, Cappa-<br /> +docia, Armenia, and many other countrées, and made it as a<br /> +Prouince, by the suffraunce of Polemon Regulus, by whose<br /> +name it was called Pontus Polemoniacus. He ouer came<br /> +the Alpes, of the king Cotteius, Cottius the king being dedde[.]<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Fol. xlv.v]</a></span> +<span class="sidenote">Nero vnwor[-]<br /> +thie to be chron[-]<br /> +icled.<br /> +Seneca.</span> +The life followyng of Nero was so abhominable, that the<br /> +shame of his life, will make any man a fraied, to leaue any<br /> +memorie of hym. This Domitius Nero, caused his Schole-<br /> +maister Seneca to be put to death, Seneca chosing his owne<br /> +death, his veines beyng cutte in a hotte bathe died, bicause he<br /> +corrected wicked Nero, to traine hym to vertue. He was out-<br /> +ragious wicked, that he had cōsideracion, neither to his own<br /> +honestie, nor to other, but in continuaunce, he tired hymself<br /> +as virgines doe when thei marie, callyng a Senate, the dou-<br /> +rie assigned, and as the maner of that solemnitée is, many re-<br /> +sortyng and frequentyng, in maidens tire and apparell. He<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The shamful<br /> +life of Nero.</span> +went beyng a man, to be maried as a woman: beside this, at<br /> +other tymes he cladde hymself with the skin of a wilde beast,<br /> +and beastlie did handle that, whiche Nature remoueth from<br /> +the sight. He defiled hymself with his owne mother, whom<br /> +he killed immediatlie. He maried twoo wiues, Octauia, and<br /> +Sabina, otherwise called Poppea, firste murtheryng their<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Galba.<br /> +Caius Iu-<br /> +lius.</span> +housbandes. In that tyme Galba vsurped the Empire, and<br /> +Caius Iulius: as sone as Nero heard that Galba came nere<br /> +towardes Rome, euen then the Senate of Rome had deter-<br /> +mined, that Nero should bee whipped to death with roddes,<br /> +accordyng to the old vsage of their auncestours, his necke yo-<br /> +ked with a forke. This wicked Nero, seyng himself forsaken<br /> +of all his friendes, at midnight he departed out of the Citée,<br /> +Ephaon, and Epaphroditus waityng on hym, Neophitus<br /> +and Sporus his Eunuche: whiche Sporus before tyme, had<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The death of<br /> +Nero.</span> +Nero assaied to frame and fashion out of kinde. In the ende,<br /> +Nero thruste himself through, with the poinct of his sworde,<br /> +his wicked man Sporus, thrustyng foreward his trembling<br /> +hande: this wicked Nero before that, hauyng none to mur-<br /> +ther hym, he made a exclamacion, in these woordes. Is there<br /> +neither friende nor enemie to kill me, shamefullie haue I li-<br /> +ued, and with more shame shall I die, in the .xxxij. yere of his<br /> +age he died. The Persians so entirely loued hym, that after<br /> +his death thei sente Ambassadours, desiryng licence to erecte<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Fol. xlvj.r]</a></span>to hym a monumente, all countrées and Prouinces, and the<br /> +whole Citée of Rome, did so moche reioyce of his death, that<br /> +thei all wearyng the Toppintant hattes, whiche bonde men<br /> +doe vse to ware, when thei bée sette at libertie, and so thei tri-<br /> +umphed of his death, deliuered from so cruell a tyraunte.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ A comparison.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Nero.<br /> +Caligula.<br /> +Domitianus[.]<br /> +Antoninus.</span> +<img src="images/cap_a_05.png" width="60" height="64" alt="A" title="A" class="floatl" /> +S for wicked gouernement, Nero doeth make Ca-<br /> +ligula like to Comodus, Domitianus, Antoninus<br /> +Caracalla, thei were all so wicked, that the Senate<br /> +of Rome thought it méete, to obliterate their name, from all<br /> +memorie and Chronicle, because of their wickednesse.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The conclusion.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_m_01.png" width="64" height="63" alt="M" title="M" class="floatl" /> +Oche more the life and gouernement of wicked Ne-<br /> +ro, might be intreated of, but this shall be sufficient:<br /> +to shewe how tyrannically and beastly, he gouerned<br /> +vnmete of that throne.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ A comparison.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_a_03.png" width="80" height="84" alt="A" title="A" class="floatl" /> Comparison, +is a certain Oracion, shewyng by a<br /> +collacion the worthines, or excellēcie of any thing:<br /> +or the naughtines of thesame, compared with any<br /> +other thyng or thynges, either equalle, or more in-<br /> +feriour.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +In a comparison good thynges, are compared with good<br /> +as one vertue with an other: as wisedome & strength, whiche<br /> +of them moste auaileth in peace and warre.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Euill thynges maie bee compared with good, as Iustice,<br /> +with iniustice, wisedome with foolishnes.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Euill thynges maie be compared, with euill thynges, as<br /> +wicked Nero, compared to Domitianus, or Caligula to Cō-<br /> +modus, theft to homicide, drunkenes with adulterie.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Small thynges maie be compared with greate: the king<br /> +with his subiect, the Elephant or Camell to the Flie, a Cro-<br /> +codile to the Scarabe.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +In a comparison, where argumente is supputated on<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Fol. xlvj.v]</a></span>bothe the sides, worthelie to praise, or dispraise.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Where a comparison is made, betwene a thyng excel-<br /> +lente, and a thyng more inferiour: the comparison shall pro-<br /> +cede with like facilitee.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +All thynges that maie bee celebrated with praise, or that<br /> +meriteth dispraise: al soche thynges maie be in a comparison.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +The persone, as Cato being a wise man, maie be compa-<br /> +red with Nestor, the sage péere of Grece: Pompei with Ce-<br /> +sar, as Lucane compareth them, and so of all other men.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Thynges maie bee compared, as golde with siluer: one<br /> +mettall with an other.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Tymes maie be compared, as the Spryng with Som-<br /> +mer: Harueste with Winter.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Places maie be compared, as London with Yorke, Ox-<br /> +forde with Cambridge.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Beastes without reason, as the Bée with the Ante, the<br /> +Oxe with the Shepe.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind">Plantes, as the Uine, and the Oliue.</p> + +<p class="ind">First, make a <i>proemium</i> or beginnyng to your cōparison[.]</p> + +<p class="ind">Then compare them of their countrée.</p> + +<p class="ind">Of their parentes.</p> + +<p class="ind">Of their auncestours.</p> + +<p class="ind">Of their educacion.</p> + +<p class="ind">Of their actes.</p> + +<p class="ind">Of their death.</p> + +<p class="ind">Then adde the conclusion.</p> + + +<p class="center"> +<a name="comparison" id="comparison"></a>¶ A comparison betwene De-<br /> +mosthenes and Tullie.<br /> +</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_t_03.png" width="104" height="104" alt="T" title="T" class="floatl" /> +O speake moche in the praise of famous men,<br /> +no argument can wante, nor plentie of matter<br /> +to make of them, a copious and excellent Ora-<br /> +cion. Their actes in life through nobilitée,<br /> +will craue worthelie more, then the witte and<br /> +penne of the learned, can by Eloquence expresse. Who can<br /> +worthelie expresse and sette foorthe, the noble Philosopher<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Fol. xlvij.r]</a></span> +<span class="sidenote">Plato.<br /> +Aristotle.</span> +Plato, or Aristotle, as matter worthelie forceth to commend,<br /> +when as of them, all learnyng, and singularitée of artes hath<br /> +flowen. All ages hath by their monuments of learning, par-<br /> +ticipated of their wisedome. Grece hath fostered many noble<br /> +wittes, from whom all light of knowlege, hath been deriued<br /> +by whose excellencie Rome in tyme florishyng, did seeke by<br /> +nobilitée of learnyng, to mate the noble Grecians. So moche<br /> +Italie was adorned, and beautified with the cunnyng of the<br /> +Grecians. Emong the Romaines many famous Oratours<br /> +and other noble men hath spronge vp, who for their worthi-<br /> +nesse, might haue contended with any nacion: either for their<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Tullie.</span> +glorie of learnyng, or noble regiment. Emong whom Tul-<br /> +lie by learning, aboue the rest, rose to high fame, that he was<br /> +a renoume to his countree: to learnyng a light, of all singuler<br /> +Eloquence a fountaine. Whom Demosthenes the famous<br /> +Oratour of Athenes, as a worthie mate is compared with,<br /> +whom not onely the nobilitée, and renoume of their Coun-<br /> +trée shall decorate, but thē selues their owne worthines & no-<br /> +bilitée of fame. No age hath had twoo more famous for lear-<br /> +nyng, no common wealthe hath tasted, twoo more profitable<br /> +to their countrée, and common wealthe: for grauitée and coū-<br /> +saile, nor the posteritée of ages, twoo more worthie celebra-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Thusidides.</span> +cion. Thusidides speakyng, in the commendacion of famous<br /> +men sheweth: as concernyng the fame of noble men, whose<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The enuious<br /> +manne.</span> +vertue farre surmounteth thē, and passeth al other. Thenui-<br /> +ous man seketh to depraue, the worthinesse of fame in other,<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The igno-<br /> +raunte.</span> +his bragging nature with fame of praise, not decorated. The<br /> +ignoraunte and simple nature, accordyng to his knowlege,<br /> +iudgeth all singularitée, and tempereth by his owne actes the<br /> +praise of other. But the fame of these twoo Oratours, nei-<br /> +ther the enuious nature can diminishe their praise, nor the<br /> +ignoraunt be of them a arbitrator or iudge, so worthely hath<br /> +all ages raised fame, and commendacion of their vertues.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ Of their countree.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Fol. xlvij.v]</a></span></p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_i_01.png" width="59" height="59" alt="I" title="I" class="floatl" /> +N Grece Demosthenes, the famous Oratour of A-<br /> +thenes was borne, whose Countrée or Citee, lacketh<br /> +no cōmendacion: either for the nobilitée of the lande,<br /> +or glorie of the people. What nacion vnder the Sunne, hath<br /> +not heard of that mightie Monarchie of Grece: of their migh-<br /> +tie citees, and pollitike gouernaunce. What famous Poetes<br /> +how many noble Philosophers and Oratours, hath Grece<br /> +brede. What science and arte, hath not flowne from Grece,<br /> +so that for the worthinesse of it, it maie bee called the mother<br /> +of all learnyng. Roome also, in whom Tullie was brought<br /> +vp, maie contende in all nobilitée, whose power and puisant<br /> +glorie, by nobilitée of actes, rose to that mightie hed. In bothe<br /> +soche excellencie is founde, as that no nacion might better<br /> +contende, of their singularitée and honour of countrée, then<br /> +Grece and Rome: yet first from the Grekes, the light of Phi-<br /> +losophie, and the aboundant knowledge of all artes, sprange<br /> +to the Romaines, from the Grecians. The Godlie Lawes,<br /> +wherewith the Romaine Empire was decorated and gouer-<br /> +ned, was brought from the Grecians. If the citee maie bee a<br /> +honour and glorie, to these twoo Oratours, or their Citees a<br /> +singuler commendacion, there wanteth in bothe, neither ho-<br /> +nour, or nobilitée.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ Of their auncestours, and parentes.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_b_02.png" width="77" height="81" alt="B" title="B" class="floatl" /> +Othe Demosthenes and Tullie were borne, of ve-<br /> +rie meane parentes and auncestours: yet thei tho-<br /> +rowe their learnyng and vertues, became famous,<br /> +ascendyng to all nobilitée. Of their vertues and<br /> +learnyng, not of their auncestours, nobilitée rose to them.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ Of the educacion.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_t_04.png" width="66" height="64" alt="T" title="T" class="floatl" /> +HE singuler vertues of theim bothe, appered euen<br /> +in their tender youth: wherupon thei being brought<br /> +vp, in all godlie learnyng and noble Sciences, thei<br /> +became moste noble Oratours, and by their copious Elo-<br /> +quence, counsaile, and wisedom, aspired to nobilitée & honor.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ Of their scholyng.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Fol. xlviij.r]</a></span></p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_b_03.png" width="59" height="62" alt="B" title="B" class="floatl" /> +Othe were taught of the mouthe of the best learned,<br /> +Demosthenes of Iseus, a man moste Eloquent: Ci-<br /> +cero of Philo and Milo, famous in wisedome and<br /> +Eloquence.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ Of their exercise.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_c_01.png" width="61" height="63" alt="C" title="C" class="floatl" /> +Icero did exercise hymself verie moche, to declaime,<br /> +bothe in Greke and Latine, with Marcus Piso, and<br /> +with Quintus Pampeius. Demosthenes wanted<br /> +not industrie and labour, to attain to that singularitée, whi-<br /> +che he had, bothe in Eloquence, and pronounciacion.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ Of the giftes of their minde.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_i_02.png" width="79" height="86" alt="I" title="I" class="floatl" /> +N bothe, integritee, humanitee, magnanimitee,<br /> +and all vertue flowed: at what time as Demosthe-<br /> +nes was commaunded of the Athenians, to frame<br /> +a accusacion, againste a certaine man, Demosthe-<br /> +nes refused the acte. But when the people, and the whole<br /> +multitude, were wrothe with hym, and made a exclamacion<br /> +against hym, as their maner was. Then Demosthenes rose,<br /> +and saied: O ye men of Athenes, againste my will, you haue<br /> +me a counsailer, or pleater of causes before you: but as for a<br /> +accuser, & calumniator, no, not although ye would. Of this<br /> +sorte Tullie was affected, excepte it were onely in the saue-<br /> +gard of his <a href="#Printer_Errors">conutrée</a>: as against Catiline, bothe were of god-<br /> +lie, and of vpright conuersacion, altogether in Mediocrite,<br /> +and a newe leadyng their life.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ Of their actes.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_d_03.png" width="84" height="85" alt="D" title="D" class="floatl" /> +Emosthenes and Tullie bothe, gaue them selues<br /> +to trauail, in the causes and affaires of their com-<br /> +mon wealthe, to the preseruacion of it. How ve-<br /> +hemently did Demosthenes pleate, and ingeni-<br /> +ouslie handle the cause of all his countrée, against Philip, for<br /> +the defence of their libertee: whereupon he gatte fame, and<br /> +greate glory. Whereby not onely, he was coumpted a great<br /> +wise counsailour: but one of a valiaunte stomacke, at whose<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Fol. xlviij.v]</a></span> +<span class="sidenote">Darius.<br /> +Philip.<br /> +Demosthe-<br /> +nes.</span> +wisedome, all Grece stode in admiracion. The kyng of Per-<br /> +sia, laboured to enter fauour with him. Philip the king of the<br /> +Macedonians, would saie often tymes, he had to doe against<br /> +a famous man, notyng Demosthenes. Tullie also by his E-<br /> +loquence and wisedome, saued Roome and all partes of that<br /> +dominion, from greate daungers.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ Of their aucthoritee.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_t_05.png" width="79" height="81" alt="T" title="T" class="floatl" /> +Heir aucthoritee and dignitee was equalle, in the<br /> +common wealthe: For, at their twoo mouthes,<br /> +Roome and Athenes was vpholed. Demosthenes<br /> +was chief in fauour with Caretes, Diophetes, Le[-]<br /> +ostines, Cicero with Pompei: Iulius Cesar, ascending to the<br /> +chief seate and dignitée of the Consulship.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center"> +¶ Of a like fall that happened to<br /> +them, before their death.<br /> +</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_y_01.png" width="85" height="83" alt="Y" title="Y" class="floatl" /> +Ou can not finde soche twoo Orators, who borne<br /> +of meane & poore parentes, that attained so greate<br /> +honour, who also did obiecte themselues to tyran-<br /> +tes a like, thei had losse of their children a like,<br /> +bothe were out of their countree banished men, their returne<br /> +was with honour, bothe also fliyng, happened into the han-<br /> +des of their enemies.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ Of their death.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Antipater.<br /> +Demosthe-<br /> +nes.<br /> +Archias.<br /> +Marcus<br /> +Antonius.<br /> +Tullie.</span> +<img src="images/cap_b_01.png" width="84" height="85" alt="B" title="B" class="floatl" /> +Othe a like, Demosthenes and Tully wer put to<br /> +death, Demosthenes died, Antipater gouernyng<br /> +by the handes of Archias. Cicero died by the com-<br /> +maundement of Marcus Antonius: by Herenius<br /> +his hedde was cutte of, and sette in Marcus Antonius halle.<br /> +His handes also were cutte of, with the whiche he wrote the<br /> +vehement Oracions against Marcus Antonius.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The conclusion.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_t_02.png" width="59" height="62" alt="T" title="T" class="floatl" /> +O speake as moche as maie bee saied, in the praise of<br /> +theim: their praise would rise to a mightie volume,<br /> +but this is sufficiente.<br /> +</p> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Fol. xlix.r]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center">¶ <i>Ethopœia.</i></p> + +<p class="ind"> +<i>Ethopœia</i> is a certaine Oracion made by voice, and la-<br /> +mentable imitacion, vpon the state of any one.<br /> +</p> + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="imitation"> +<tr><td rowspan="3">This imitacion is in<br />iij. sortes, either it is.</td><td>{</td><td><i>Eidolopœia.</i></td><td>}</td></tr> +<tr><td>{</td><td><i>Prosopopœia.</i></td><td>}</td></tr> +<tr><td>{</td><td><i>Ethopœia.</i></td><td>}</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="ind"> +That parte, whiche is called <i>Ethopœia</i> is that, whiche<br /> +hath the persone knowne: but onely it doeth faigne the ma-<br /> +ners of thesame, and imitate in a Oracion thesame.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +<i>Ethopœia</i> is called of Priscianus, a certaine talkyng to<br /> +of any one, or a imitaciō of talke referred to the maners, apt-<br /> +ly of any certaine knowen persone.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Quintilianus saieth, that <i>Ethopœia</i> is a imitacion of o-<br /> +ther meane maners: whom the Grekes dooe calle, not onelie<br /> +<i>Ethopœia</i>, but <i>mimesis</i>, & this is in the maners, and the fact.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +This parte is as it were, a liuely expression of the maner<br /> +and affeccion of any thyng, whereupon it hath his name.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind">The <i>Ethopœia</i> is in three sortes.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +The firste, a imitacion passiue, whiche expresseth the af-<br /> +fection, to whom it parteineth: whiche altogether expresseth<br /> +the mocion of the mynde, as what patheticall and dolefull o-<br /> +racion, Hecuba the quene made, the citee of Troie destroied,<br /> +her housbande, her children slaine.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +The second is called a morall imitaciō, the whiche doeth<br /> +set forthe onely, the maners of any one.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +The thirde is a mixt, the whiche setteth forthe, bothe the<br /> +maners and the affection, as how, and after what sorte, A-<br /> +chilles spake vpon Patroclus, he beyng dedde, when for his<br /> +sake, he determined to fight: the determinacion of hym she-<br /> +weth the maner. The frende slaine, the affection.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +In the makyng of <i>Ethopœia</i>, lette it be plaine, and with-<br /> +out any large circumstaunce.<br /> +</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Fol. xlix.v]</a></span></p> + +<p class="ind"> +In the makyng of it, ye shall diuide it thus, to make the<br /> +Oracion more plaine, into three tymes.<br /> +</p> + + +<div class="indented2"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="times"> +<tr><td>{</td><td>A presente tyme.</td><td>}</td></tr> +<tr><td>{</td><td>A tyme paste.</td><td>}</td></tr> +<tr><td>{</td><td>A tyme to come.</td><td>}</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="ind"> +<i>Eidolopœia</i> is that part of this Oracion, whiche maketh<br /> +a persone knowne though dedde, and not able to speake.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +<span class="sidenote"><i>Eidolopœia</i>[.]</span> +<i>Eidolopœia</i> is called of Priscianus, a imitacion of talke<br /> +of any one, vpon a dedde manne, it is then called <i>Eidolopœia</i>,<br /> +when a dedde man talketh, or communicacion made vpon a<br /> +dedde manne.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +<i>Eidolopœia</i>, when a dedde manne talketh, is set forthe of<br /> +Euripides, vpon the persone of Polidorus dedde, whose spi-<br /> +rite entereth at the Prologue of the tragedie.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Hector slain, speaketh to Eneas in <i>Eidolopœia</i>. O Eneas<br /> +thou goddes sonne, flie and saue thy self, from this ruine and<br /> +fire: the enemies hath taken the walles, and loftie Troie is<br /> +prostrate to the grounde. I would haue thought, I had died<br /> +valiantlie inough to my countrée, and my father Priamus,<br /> +if with this my right hande, Troie had bee defended.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Polidorus beyng dedde, in <i>Eidolopœia</i> talketh to Eneas<br /> +whiche Uirgil sheweth in his thirde booke of Eneados.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Iulia the wife of Pompei beyng dedde, spake to Pompe,<br /> +preparyng his arme against Cesar, <i>Eidolopœia</i>. Reade Lu-<br /> +cane, in the beginnyng of his thirde booke.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Tullie vseth <i>Eidolopœia</i>, when he maketh talke vpon<br /> +Hiero beyng dedde.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +If that kyng Hiero were reduced frō his death, who was<br /> +a aduauncer of the Romaine Empire, with what counte-<br /> +naunce, either Siracusa or Rome, might be shewed to hym,<br /> +whom he maie beholde with his iyes. His countree brought<br /> +to ruin, & spoiled, if that kyng Hiero should but enter Rome,<br /> +euen in the firste entryng, he should beholde the spoile of his<br /> +countree.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Tullie also vseth the like <i>Eidolopœia</i>, as thus, vpon Lu-<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Fol. l.r]</a></span>cius Brutus dedde.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +<span class="sidenote">Lucius<br /> +Brutus.</span> +If it so wer, that Lucius Brutus, that noble and famous<br /> +manne were on liue, and before your presence: would he not<br /> +vse this oracion: I Brutus, somtyme did banishe and cast out<br /> +for crueltee, the state and office of kinges, by the horrible fact<br /> +of Tarquinius, againste Lucretia, and all that name bani-<br /> +shed, but you haue brought in tyrauntes. I Brutus did re-<br /> +duce the Romain Empire, to a fredome and libertée: but you<br /> +foolishly can not vphold and maintein, thesame giuen to you.<br /> +I Brutus, with the daunger of my life, haue saued my coun[-]<br /> +tree of Roome, but you without all daunger, lose it.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ <i>Prosopopœia.</i></p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_a_04.png" width="60" height="63" alt="A" title="A" class="floatl" /> +S cōcerning <i>Prosopopœia</i>, it is as Pristianus saith,<br /> +when to any one againste nature, speache is feigned<br /> +to bee giuen.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Tullie vseth for a like example this, when he maketh<br /> +Roome to talke againste Cateline.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ <i>Prosopopœia</i> of Roome.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Catiline.</span> +<img src="images/cap_n_02.png" width="60" height="63" alt="N" title="N" class="floatl" /> +O mischief hath been perpetrated, this many yeres,<br /> +but by thee Catiline, no pestiferous acte enterprised,<br /> +without thee: thou a lone, for thy horrible murther<br /> +perpetrated vpon the citee of Rome, for the spoile and robbe-<br /> +ries of their gooddes art vnpunished. Thou onelie haste been<br /> +of that force and power, to caste doune all lawes and aucthori-<br /> +tee. Although these thinges were not to be borne, yet I haue<br /> +borne them: but now thy horrible factes are come to soche an<br /> +issue, that I feare thy mischiues. Wherfore leaue of Cateline<br /> +and deminishe this feare from me, that I maie be in securitée[.]<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Lucane the Poete, intreating of mightie and fearce war-<br /> +res, againste Pompei and Cesar, maketh Roome to vse this<br /> +<i>Prosopopœia</i> againste Cesar.<br /> +</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Quo tenditis vltra quo fertis mea signa viri,</i></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Si iure venitis si aues hucusq[ue] licet.</i></span><br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +<i>Prosopopœia</i> is properlie, when all thinges are faigned<br /> +bothe the maners, the persone, as of Roome in this place.<br /> +</p> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Fol. l.v]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"> +<a name="hecuba" id="hecuba"></a>¶ What lamentable Oracion Hecuba Quene of<br /> +Troie might make, Troie being destroied.<br /> +</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Kyngdomes.</span> +<img src="images/cap_w_02.png" width="100" height="104" alt="W" title="W" class="floatl" /> +Hat kyngdome can alwaies assure his state, or<br /> +glory? What strength can alwaies last? What<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Okes.<br /> +Cedars.</span> +power maie alwaies stande? The mightie O-<br /> +kes are somtyme caste from roote, the Ceadars<br /> +high by tempestes falle, so bitter stormes dooe<br /> +force their strength. Soft waters pearseth Rockes, and ruste<br /> +the massie Iron doeth bryng to naught. So nothyng can by<br /> +strēgth so stande, but strength maie ones decaie: yea, mightie<br /> +kingdoms in time decaie haue felt. Kingdomes weake haue<br /> +rose to might, and mightie kyngdomes fallen, no counsaile<br /> +can preuaile, no power, no strength, or might in lande. God<br /> +disposeth Princes seates, their kyngdome there with stan-<br /> +des. I knewe before the brickell state, how kyngdomes ruine<br /> +caught, my iye the chaunge of fortune sawe, as Priamus did<br /> +aduaunce his throne, by fauour Fortune gat, on other For-<br /> +tune then did froune, whose kingdom did decaie. Well, now<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Fortune<br /> +hath no staie.</span> +I knowe the brickle state, that fortune hath no staie, all rashe<br /> +her giftes, Fortune blind doeth kepe no state, her stone doth<br /> +roule, as floodes now flowe, floodes also ebbe. So glory doth<br /> +remaine, sometyme my state on high, was sette in Princelie<br /> +throne, my porte and traine ful roiall was, a kyng my father<br /> +also was, my housband scepter held. Troie and Phrigia ser-<br /> +ued his becke, many kynges his power did dreade, his wille<br /> +their power did serue. The fame of Troie and Brute, his<br /> +glorie and renoume, what landes knoweth not? But now<br /> +his falle, all toungues can speake, so greate as glorie was,<br /> +though kyngdomes stronge was sette, loftie Troie in duste<br /> +prostrate doeth lye, in blood their glorie, people, kyng are fal-<br /> +len, no Quene more dolefull cause hath felte. The sorowes<br /> +depe doe passe my ioyes, as Phebus light with stormes caste<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Hector.</span> +doune. Hectors death did wounde my hart, by Hectors might<br /> +Troie stiffe did stande, my comforte Hector was, Priamus<br /> +ioye, of Troie all thē life, the strength, and power, his death<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Fol. lj.r]</a></span>did wound me for to die, but alas my dolefull and cruell fate<br /> +to greater woe reserueth my life, loftie Troie before me<br /> +felle, sworde, and fire hath seate and throne doune caste. The<br /> +dedde on heapes doeth lye, the tender babes as Lions praies<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Priamus.</span> +are caught in bloode, before my sight, Priamus deare mur-<br /> +dered was, my children also slain, who roiall were, and prin-<br /> +ces mates. No Queene more ioye hath tasted, yet woe my io-<br /> +yes hath quite defaced. My state alwaie in bondage thrall, to<br /> +serue my enemies wille, as enemie wille, I liue or dye. No<br /> +cruell force will ridde my life, onely in graue the yearth shal<br /> +close my woes, the wormes shall gnawe my dolefull hart in<br /> +graue. My hedde shall ponder nought, when death hath sence<br /> +doune caste, in life I sought no ioye, as death I craue, no<br /> +glorie was so wished as death I seeke, with death no sence.<br /> +In prison depe who dolefull lieth, whom Fetters sore dooeth<br /> +greue. Their dolefull state moste wisheth death, in dongion<br /> +deepe of care my harte moste pensiue is, vnhappie state that<br /> +wisheth death, with ioye long life, eche wight doeth craue, in<br /> +life who wanteth smart? Who doeth not féele, or beare som-<br /> +time, a bitter storme, to doleful tune, mirth full oft chaunged<br /> +is, the meaner state, more quiet rest, on high, who climes more<br /> +deper care, more dolefull harte doeth presse, moste tempestes<br /> +hie trees, hilles, & moutaines beare, valleis lowe rough stor-<br /> +mes doeth passe, the bendyng trees doeth giue place to might<br /> +by force of might, Okes mightie fall, and Ceders high ar rēt<br /> +from the roote. The state full meane in hauen hath Ancre<br /> +caste, in surgyng seas, full ofte in vaine to saue the maste, the<br /> +shippe Ancre casteth.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The descripcion.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_t_01.png" width="82" height="84" alt="T" title="T" class="floatl" /> +His exercise profitable to <i>Rhetorike</i>, is an Ora-<br /> +ciō that collecteth and representeth to the iye, that<br /> +which he sheweth, so Priscianus defineth it: some<br /> +are of that opinion, that descripcion is not to bee<br /> +placed emōg these exercises, profitable to <i>Rhetorike</i>. Because<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Fol. lj.v]</a></span>that bothe in euery Oracion, made vpon a Fable, all thyn-<br /> +ges therein conteined, are liuely described. And also in euery<br /> +Narracion, the cause, the place, the persone, the time, the fact,<br /> +the maner how, ar therin liuely described. But most famous<br /> +and Eloquente men, doe place descripcion, in the nomber of<br /> +these exercises. Descripciō serueth to these things, the person,<br /> +as the Poete Lucane describeth Pompei & Cesar: the person<br /> +is described, thynges or actes, tymes, places, brute beastes.<br /> +</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Nec coiere pares, alter vergentibus annis</i></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>In senium longo que toge, tranquilior vsu.</i></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Dedidicit. &c.</i></span><br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Homer describeth the persone of Thersites, in the second<br /> +booke of his Ilias.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Homer setteth out Helena, describing the persone of Me-<br /> +nalaus and Ulisses, in the fowerth booke of Ilias.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Thynges are described, as the warres attempted by sea<br /> +and lande, of Xerxes.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind">Lucan describeth the war of the Massiliās against Cesar[.]</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Thusidides setteth forthe in a descripcion, the warres on<br /> +the sea, betwene the Corcurians, and the Corinthians.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Tymes are described, as the Spryng tyme, Sommer,<br /> +Winter, Harueste, Daie, Night.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Places are described, as Citees, Mountaines, Regions,<br /> +Floodes, Hauens, Gardeines, Temples: whiche thynges<br /> +are sette out by their commoditees, for Thusidides often ty-<br /> +mes setteth forthe Hauens and Citees.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Lucane also describeth at large, the places, by the whiche<br /> +the armie of Cesar and Pompei passed. The descripcion of a-<br /> +ny man, in all partes is to bee described, in mynde and bodie,<br /> +what he was.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +The acttes are to bee described, farre passed, by the pre-<br /> +sente state thereof, and also by the tyme to come.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +As if the warre of Troie, should be set forthe in a descrip-<br /> +cion, it must bée described, what happened before the Greci-<br /> +ans arriued at Troie, and how, and after what sorte it was<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Fol. lij.r]</a></span>ouerthrowne, & what thing chaunced, Troie being destroid.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +So likewise of Carthage, destroied by the Romaines.<br /> +Of Hierusalem, destroied by Titus Uespasianus, what ad-<br /> +monicion thei had before: of what monsterous thynges hap-<br /> +pened also in that ceason: Of a Comete or blasyng Starre,<br /> +and after that what followed.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Lucane also setteth forthe the warres of Pompe and Ce-<br /> +sar, what straunge and marueilous thynges fell of it.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center"><a name="xerxes" id="xerxes"></a>¶ A descripcion vpon Xerxes.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_w_02.png" width="100" height="104" alt="W" title="W" class="floatl" /> +Hen Darius was dedde, Xerxes his soonne did<br /> +succede hym, who also tooke vpon him to finishe<br /> +the warres, begō by his father Darius, against<br /> +Grece. For the whiche warres, preperacion<br /> +was made, for the space of fiue yeres, after that<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The armie<br /> +of Xerxes.</span> +Xerxes entered Grece, with seuen hundred thousande Persi-<br /> +ans, and thrée hundred thousande of forrain power aided him<br /> +that not without cause, Chronicles of aunciente tyme dooe<br /> +shewe, mightie floodes to be dried vp of his armie. The migh[-]<br /> +tie dominions of Grece, was not hable to receiue his houge,<br /> +and mightie power, bothe by sea and lande: he was no small<br /> +Prince, whom so many nacions, so mightie people followed<br /> +hym, his Nauie of Shippes was in nomber tenne hundred<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Xerxes a<br /> +cowarde.</span> +thousande, Xerxes had a mightie power, but Xerxes was a<br /> +cowarde, in harte a childe, all in feare the stroke of battaile<br /> +moued. In so mightie an armie it was marueile, the chiefe<br /> +Prince and Capitaine to be a cowarde, there wanted neither<br /> +men, nor treasure, if ye haue respecte to the kyng hymself, for<br /> +cowardlinesse ye will dispraise the kyng, but his threasures<br /> +beeyng so infinite, ye will maruaile at the plentie thereof,<br /> +whose armie and infinite hoste, though mightie floodes and<br /> +streames, were not able to suffice for drinke, yet his richesse<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Xerxes laste<br /> +in battaile,<br /> +and first to<br /> +runne awaie.</span> +semed not spente nor tasted of. Xerxes hymself would be laste<br /> +in battaile to fight, and the firste to retire, and runne awaie.<br /> +In daungers he was fearfull, and when daunger was paste,<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Fol. lij.v]</a></span>he was stoute, mightie, glorious, and wonderfull crakyng,<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The pride<br /> +of Xerxes.</span> +before this hassarde of battaile attempted. He thought hym<br /> +self a God ouer nature, all landes and Seas to giue place to<br /> +hym, and puffed with pride, he forgatte hymself: his power<br /> +was terrible, his harte fainte, whereupon his enteryng into<br /> +Grece was not so dreaded, as his flight frō thence was sham[-]<br /> +full, mocked and scorned at, for all his power he was driuen<br /> +backe from the lande, by Leonides king of the Lacedemoni-<br /> +ans, he hauing but a small nomber of men, before his second<br /> +battaile fought on the Sea: he sente fower thousande armed<br /> +men, to spoile the riche and sumpteous temple of Apollo, at<br /> +Delphos, from the whiche place, not one man escaped. After<br /> +that Xerxes entered Thespia, Platea, and Athenes, in the<br /> +whiche not one man remained, those he burned, woorkyng<br /> +his anger vpon the houses: for these citees were admonished<br /> +to proue the maisterie in wodden walles, whiche was ment<br /> +to bee Shippes, the power of Grece, brought into one place<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Themi-<br /> +stocles.</span> +Themistocles, fauoryng their part, although Xerxes thought<br /> +otherwise of Themistocles, then Themistocles perswaded<br /> +Xerxes to assaie the Grecians. Artemisia the Quene of Hali-<br /> +carnasis aided Xerxes in his battaile: Artemisia fought man[-]<br /> +fullie, Xerxes cowardly shronke, so that vnnaturally there<br /> +was in the one a manlie stomacke, in the other a cowardlie<br /> +harte. The men of Ionia, that fought vnder Xerxes banner,<br /> +by the treason of Themistocles, shrāke from Xerxes, he was<br /> +not so greate a terrour or dreade, by his maine hoste, as now<br /> +smally regarded & least feared. What is power, men, or mo-<br /> +ney, when God chaungeth and pulleth doune, bothe the suc-<br /> +cesse, and kyngdome of a Prince. He was in all his glorie, a<br /> +vnmanlie, and a cowardly prince, yet for a time happie state<br /> +fell on his side, now his might and power is not feared. He<br /> +flieth awaie in a Fisher boate, whom all the worlde dreaded<br /> +and obaied, whom all Grece was not able to receiue, a small<br /> +boate lodgeth and harboureth. His owne people contemned<br /> +hym at home, his glorie fell, and life ingloriously ended, whō<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Fol. liij.r]</a></span><a href="#Additional_Printer_Errors">whom</a> God setteth vp, neither treason nor malice, power nor<br /> +money can pull doune. Worthelie it is to be pondered of all<br /> +Princes, the saiyng of Uespasianus Emperour of Rome, at<br /> +a certain time a treason wrought and conspired against him,<br /> +the conspiratours taken, Uespasianus satte doune betwene<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The saiyng<br /> +of Uespasi-<br /> +anus.</span> +theim, commaunded a sworde to be giuen to either of theim,<br /> +and saied to them: <i>Nonne videtis fato potestatem dari.</i> Dooe<br /> +you not see? Power, aucthoritée, and regimente, by the ordi-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">A sentence<br /> +comfortable<br /> +to al princes.</span> +naunce of God, is lefte and giuen to princes: A singuler sen-<br /> +tence, to comforte all good Princes in their gouernemente,<br /> +not to feare the poisoned hartes of men, or the traiterous har-<br /> +tes of pestiferous men. No man can pull doune, where God<br /> +exalteth, neither power can set vp and extoll, where God dis-<br /> +plaseth or putteth doune: Soche is the state of Princes, and<br /> +their kyngdomes.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ <i>Thesis.</i></p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_t_02.png" width="59" height="62" alt="T" title="T" class="floatl" /> +<i>Hesis</i>, is a certain question in consultacion had, to bée<br /> +declaimed vpon vncertaine, notyng no certaine per-<br /> +sone or thyng.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind">As for example.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Whether are riches chieflie to be sought for, in this life,<br /> +as of all good thynges, the chief good.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Whether is vertue the moste excellente good thynge in<br /> +this life.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Whether dooe the giftes of the mynde, passe and excelle<br /> +the giftes and vertues of Fortune, and the bodie.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Whether doeth pollicie more auaile in war, then strēgth<br /> +of menne.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Who so will reason of any question of these, he hath nede<br /> +with reason, and wittie consultacion to discourse, and to de-<br /> +claime vpon thesame.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +The Greke Oratours doe call this exercise <i>Thesis</i>, that<br /> +is to saie, a proposicion in question, a question vncertain, in-<br /> +cluded with no certaintée, to any perticuler thyng.<br /> +</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Fol. liij.v]</a></span></p> + +<p class="ind"> +The Latine men doeth call it a question infinite, or vni-<br /> +uersall: Tullie in his booke of places called Topickes, doeth<br /> +call <i>Thesis</i>, <i>Propositum</i>, that is to saie, a question, in deter-<br /> +minacion. Priscianus calleth it <i>positionem</i>, a proposicion in<br /> +question on ether parte to be disputed vpon.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind">As for example.</p> + +<p class="ind">Whether is it best to marie a wife?</p> + +<p class="ind">Whether is frendship aboue all thynges to be regarded.</p> + +<p class="ind">Is warre to be moued vpon a iuste cause?</p> + +<p class="ind">Is the Greke tongue mete, and necessarie to be learned?</p> + +<p class="ind"> +There is an other kinde of question called <i>hypothesis</i>, <i>hy[-]<br /> +pothesis</i> is called <i>questio finita</i>, that is to saie, a question cer-<br /> +taine notyng a certaine persone, or thyng, a certaine place,<br /> +tyme, and so forthe.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind">As for example.</p> + +<p class="ind">Is it mete for Cesar to moue warre against Pompei?</p> + +<p class="ind">Is not there a certain persone?</p> + +<p class="ind">Is the Greke tongue to be learned of a Diuine?</p> + +<p class="ind">Is the Greke tongue meete for a Phisicion?</p> + +<p class="ind"> +In this kinde of exercises, famous men of auncient time<br /> +did exercise youth, to attain bothe wisedome and Eloquence<br /> +therby, to make a discourse vpō any matter, by art of lerning[.]<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Aristotle the famous Philosopher, did traine vp youthe,<br /> +to be perfite in the arte of eloquence, that thei might with all<br /> +copiousnes and ingenious inuencion handle any cause.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Nothing doeth so moche sharpe and acuate the witte and<br /> +capacitée of any one, as this kinde of exercise.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +It is a goodly vertue in any one man, at a sodain, to vtter<br /> +wittely and ingeniouslie, the secrete and hid wisedome of his<br /> +mynde: it is a greate maime to a profounde learned man, to<br /> +wante abilitée, to vtter his exquisite and profounde knowe-<br /> +ledge of his mynde.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ <i>Thesis.</i></p> + +<p> +<span class="dropcap">T</span>His question <i>Thesis</i>, which is a question, noting no cer-<br /> +taine persone or thyng: is moche like to that Oracion,<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Fol. liiij.r]</a></span>intreated of before, called a Common place.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ A Common place.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_b_03.png" width="59" height="62" alt="B" title="B" class="floatl" /> +Ut a Common place, is a certaine exaggeracion of<br /> +matter, induced against any persone, conuicted of a-<br /> +ny crime, or worthie defence.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ <i>Thesis.</i></p> + +<p class="ind"> +<i>Thesis</i> is a reasonyng by question, vpon a matter vncer-<br /> +taine.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"><i>Thesis</i>, that is to saie, a questiō generall is in two sortes.</p> + + +<div class="indented"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="question"> +<tr><td> </td><td>{</td><td>Ciuill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A question</td><td>{</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>{</td><td>Contemplatiue.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_q_01.png" width="62" height="63" alt="Q" title="Q" class="floatl" /> +Uestions Ciuill are those, that dooe pertaine to the<br /> +state of a common wealth: and are daily practised in<br /> +the common wealthe.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind">As for example.</p> + +<p class="ind">Is it good to marie a wife.</p> + +<p class="ind">Is Usurie lefull in a citee, or common wealthe.</p> + +<p class="ind">Is a Monarchie the beste state of gouernement.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Is good educacion the grounde and roote, of a florishyng<br /> +common wealthe.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ A contemplatiue question.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_t_04.png" width="66" height="64" alt="T" title="T" class="floatl" /> +He other <i>Thesis</i> is a question contemplatiue, which<br /> +the Grekes dooe call <i>Theoricas</i>, because the matter<br /> +of them is comprehended in the minde, and in the in[-]<br /> +telligence of man.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind">The example.</p> + +<p class="ind">Is the soule immortall?</p> + +<p class="ind">Had the worlde a beginnyng?</p> + +<p class="ind">Is the heauen greater then the yearth?</p> + +<div class="indented"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="question"> +<tr><td rowspan="2">A question is either</td><td>{</td><td>Simple.</td></tr> +<tr><td>{</td><td>Compounde.</td></tr> +</table> +</div> + +<p class="ind"><a href="#Additional_Printer_Errors">Is it good for a man to exercise hymself in wrastlyng, or</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Fol. liiij.v]</a></span></p> + +<p class="ind">Is it profitable to declaime.</p> + + +<p class="center">[¶] A compounde.</p> + +<p class="ind">Is vertue of more value then gold, to the coueitous man[?]</p> + +<p class="ind">Doeth wisedome more auaile, then strength in battaile?</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Doe olde men or young men, better gouerne a common<br /> +wealthe?<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind">Is Phisicke more honourable then the Lawe?</p> + +<p class="ind">A Oracion made vpon <i>Thesis</i>, is after this sorte made.</p> + +<p class="ind">Use a <i>exordium</i>, or beginnyng.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Unto the whiche you maie adde a Narracion, whiche is<br /> +a exposicion of the thyng doen.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind">Then shewe it lawfull.</p> + +<p class="ind">Iuste.</p> + +<p class="ind">Profitable.</p> + +<p class="ind">And possible.</p> + +<p class="ind">Then the conclucion.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +To this in some parte of the Oracion, you maie putte in<br /> +certaine obieccions, as thus.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind">Upon this question: Is it good to marie a wife?</p> + +<p class="ind"> +In Mariage is greate care, and pensiuenesse of minde, by<br /> +losse of children, or wife, whom thou loueste. There is also<br /> +trouble of dissolute seruauntes. There is also greate sorowe<br /> +if thy children proue wicked and dissolute.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +The aunswere to this obiection, will minister matter to<br /> +declaime vpon.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center"><a name="marriage" id="marriage"></a>¶ Is it good to Marie.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_s_03.png" width="101" height="100" alt="S" title="S" class="floatl" /> +Ince the tyme of all ages, and the creaciō of the<br /> +worlde, GOD hath so blessed his creacion, and<br /> +meruailous workemanship in manne: as in all<br /> +his other creatures, that not onelie his <a href="#Printer_Errors">omnipo-<br /> +teucie</a>, is therby set forthe. But also from tyme<br /> +to tyme, the posteritee of men, in their ofspring and procrea-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Kyngdomes<br /> +continue by<br /> +mariage and<br /> +cōmon welth[.]</span> +cion, doe aboundantlie commonstrate thesame. The state of<br /> +all kyngdomes and common wealthes: by procreacion deri-<br /> +ued, haue onelie continued on the face of the yearth, thereby<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Fol. lv.r]</a></span>many hundred yeres. How sone would the whole worlde be<br /> +dissolued, and in perpetuall ruine, if that God from tymes<br /> +and ages, had not by godlie procreacion, blessed this infinite<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The dignitee<br /> +of man, she-<br /> +weth the<br /> +worthines of<br /> +mariage.</span> +issue of mankinde. The dignitée of man in his creacion, she-<br /> +weth the worthie succession, maintained by procreation. In<br /> +vaine were the creacion of the worlde, if there were not as<br /> +manne so excellente a creature, to beholde the creatour, and<br /> +his meruailous creacion. To what vse were the Elementes<br /> +and Heauens, the Starres and Planettes, all Beastes and<br /> +Foules, Fisshe, Plantes, Herbes and trees, if men wer not,<br /> +for mannes vse and necessitée, all thinges in the yearth were<br /> +made and procreated. Wherein the Stoike Philosophers do<br /> +note the excellencie of man to be greate: for saie thei, <i>Que in<br /> +terris gignuntur omnia ad vsum hominum creari</i>. To what<br /> +vse then were all thynges, if man were not, for whose cause,<br /> +vse, & necessitée these thynges were made. If a continuaunce<br /> +of Gods procreacion were not, immediatlie a ruine and ende<br /> +would ensue of thinges. What age remaineth aboue a hun-<br /> +dred yeres? If after a hūdred yeres, no issue wer to be, on the<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Godlie pro-<br /> +creacion.</span> +face of the yearth, how sone wer kyngdoms dissolued, where<br /> +as procreacion rooteth, a newe generacion, issue and ofspring,<br /> +and as it were a newe soule and bodie. A continuaunce of la-<br /> +wes, a permanente state of common wealthe dooeth ensue.<br /> +Though the life of manne be fraile, and sone cutte of, yet by<br /> +Mariage, man by his ofspryng, is as it were newe framed,<br /> +his bodie by death dissolued, yet by issue reuiued. Euen as<br /> +Plantes, by the bitter season of Winter, from their flowers<br /> +fadyng and witheryng: yet the seede of them and roote, vegi-<br /> +table and liuyng, dooe roote yerelie a newe ofspryng or flo-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">A similitude.</span> +wer in them. So Mariage by godlie procreacion blessed, doth<br /> +perpetually increase a newe bodie, and therby a vaste world,<br /> +and infinite nacions or people. Xerxes the mightie kyng of<br /> +Persia, vewing and beholding his maine and infinite hoste,<br /> +wéeped: who beyng demaunded, why he so did. <i>Doleo inquit<br /> +post centum annos, neminem ex hijs superesse.</i> It is a pitée-<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Fol. lv.v]</a></span>fulle and dolefull case, that after a hundred yeres, not one of<br /> +these noble capitaines, and valiant soldiers to be left.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The obieccion.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +But you will saie parauenture, mariage is a greate bon-<br /> +dage, alwaies to liue with one.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The solucion.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +To followe pleasure, and the beastlie mocions of the<br /> +mynde: what libertée call you that, to liue in a godly, meane,<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The libertie<br /> +in mariage.</span> +and Mediocritée of life, with thy spoused wife. There is no<br /> +greater ioye, libertée, or felicitée, who so practiseth a dissolute<br /> +life: whose loue and luste is kindeled, and sette on fire with a<br /> +<span class="sidenote">A brutishe<br /> +societie with<br /> +harlottes.</span> +harlotte, he followeth a brutishe societée. What difference is<br /> +there, betwene them and beastes? The beaste as nature lea-<br /> +deth, he obaieth nature. Reason wanteth in beastes, manne<br /> +then indued with reason, whiche is a guide to all excellencie<br /> +how is it that he is not ruled by reason. Whom GOD hath<br /> +clothed and beautified, with all vertue and all singularitée:<br /> +If a godly conuersacion of life, moueth thée to passe thy daies<br /> +without mariage, then must the mocions of thy minde, be ta-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Chastitee<br /> +in mariage.</span> +med and kepte vnder. Other wise, execrable is thy purpose,<br /> +and determinaciō of the life. If thou hopest of loue of a harlot<br /> +though thou enioye her otherwise, thou art deceiued. Bac-<br /> +chis the harlot, whom Terence maketh mencion of, in the<br /> +persone of her self, sheweth the maners of all harlots to An-<br /> +tiphila, saiyng.<br /> +</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Quippe forma impulsi nostra nos amatores colunt:</i></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Hec vbi immutata est, illi suum animum alio conferunt.</i></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Nisi prospectū est interea aliquid nobis, deserte viuimus.</i></span><br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +For saieth she, the louer anamoured with our loue, and<br /> +sette on fire therewith, it is for our beautie and fauour: but<br /> +when beautie is ones faded, he conuerteth his loue to an o-<br /> +ther, whom he better liketh. But that we prouide for our sel-<br /> +ues in the meane season, wée should in the ende liue vtterlie<br /> +forsaked. But your loue incensed with one, whose maners<br /> +and life contenteth you: so you bothe are linked together,<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Fol. lvj.r]</a></span> +<span class="sidenote">The loue of a<br /> +harlotte.</span> +that no calamitée can separate you: who so hopeth loue of a<br /> +harlotte, or profite, he maie hope as for the fructe of a withe-<br /> +red tree, gaine is all their loue, vice their ioye and delite. In<br /> +vertue is libertée, in vertue is felicitee, the state of mariage is<br /> +vertuous, there can be no greater bōdage, then to obaie ma-<br /> +ny beastly affections, to the whiche whoredome forceth hym<br /> +vnto, Loue is fained, cloked amitée, a harte dissembled, ma-<br /> +ny a mightie person and wise, hath been ouerthrowen by the<br /> +deceiptes of harlottes: many a Citee plagued, many a region<br /> +ouerthrowen for that mischief, to obaie many affections is a<br /> +greate bondage. Who so serueth the beastlie affections of his<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Hercules.<br /> +Omphala.</span> +mynde to that purpose, he must also as Hercules to Ompha-<br /> +la bee slaue, not onely to his owne will and affection: but to<br /> +the maners, will, and exspectacion of the harlotte. So serued<br /> +Thraso, and Phedria Thais, that Gorgious harlot, Antony<br /> +and Iulius Cesar, Cleopatra, this is a bondage, to liue slaue<br /> +from reason and all <a href="#Printer_Errors">all</a> integritee, to a monsterous rablemēt<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The harlot-<br /> +tes lesson, to<br /> +her louers.</span> +of vices, who so serueth a harlot, thei must learne this lesson.<br /> +<i>Da mihi & affer</i>, giue and bryng.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +The women of Scithia, abhorryng the godly conuersa-<br /> +cion of mariage, with their housbandes, lefte theim, who in<br /> +tyme ware so mightie, that thei repelled theim by force: thei<br /> +called mariage not Matrimonie, but bondage. For, the chro-<br /> +nicles doe testifie, thei became conquerours ouer many kyn-<br /> +ges, all Asia obaied them: thei did builde many a great citee,<br /> +and for theire successe, thei might compare with many prin-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The life of<br /> +the Amazo-<br /> +nes.</span> +ces. These women were called Amazones afterwarde, the<br /> +order of their life was this, ones in the yere thei would en-<br /> +ioye the compainie of a man: if it so were that thei had a man<br /> +childe, the father to haue it, if a daughter, then thei possessed<br /> +her, and foorthwith burned her right pappe: for thei were all<br /> +Archers, and wonderfully excelled therein, but in the ende,<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Thalestris.</span> +thei came all to ruine. One of them, Thalestris their Quene<br /> +in the tyme of Alexander the Greate, came to Alexander,<br /> +thinkyng that he had been, some monstrous man of stature:<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Fol. lvj.v]</a></span> +<span class="sidenote">The offer of<br /> +a woman to<br /> +Alexander.</span> +whom, when she did beholde (for Alexander was of no migh-<br /> +tie stature) did contemne hym, and offered him hand to hande<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The answer<br /> +of Alexander<br /> +to the offer.</span> +to fight with hym. But Alexander like a wise Prince, saied<br /> +to his men, if I should ouercome her, that were no victorie,<br /> +nor manhoode againste a woman: and being ouercome, that<br /> +were greater shame, then commendacion in all my victories<br /> +and conquestes, but afterwarde, there was a greate familia-<br /> +ritée betwene them. The adulterer and the adulteris, neuer<br /> +prospereth, for many mischiues are reserued, to that wicked<br /> +and beastly loue. Sincere loue is not rooted, frendship colou-<br /> +red: the sober and demure countenaunce, is moche to be com-<br /> +mended in a chaste woman, whose breaste pondereth a chaste<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The facte of<br /> +the matrones<br /> +of Rome.</span> +life. The facte of the matrones of Rome, semeth straunge to<br /> +be tolde, of Papirius a Senators soonne, beyng taken to the<br /> +Senate house, of his father: the childe beyng indued with a<br /> +singuler wit, harde many causes in the assemble, talked and<br /> +consulted vpō, at his retourne home, his mother was inqui-<br /> +sitiue of their consultacion, to heare somewhat. The childe<br /> +was commaunded by his father, to vtter no secrete that he<br /> +heard, wherevpon of a long tyme, he refused his mothers de-<br /> +maunde: but at the laste subtelie, he satisfied his mothers re-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Papirius.</span> +quest. Truth it is, my father willed me, to vtter no secret, you<br /> +keping my counsaill, I will shewe you, it is concluded by the<br /> +Senate house, that euery man shall haue twoo wiues, that<br /> +is a straunge matter, saieth the mother: foorthwith she had<br /> +communicacion with all the matrones of Roome, that could<br /> +doe somewhat in this matter, thei also full willyngly assem-<br /> +bled themselues, to let this purpose, to the Senate house, thei<br /> +went to vtter, their swollen griues. The Senators were a-<br /> +mased at their commyng, but in this matter bolde thei were,<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The Oraciō<br /> +of a matrone,<br /> +to the Sena-<br /> +tours.</span> +to enterprise that, whiche thei wer greued at. A Dame more<br /> +eloquente then all the reste, and of stomacke more hardie, be-<br /> +gan in these woordes. Otherwise then right, we are iniuri-<br /> +ously handled, and that in this assemble, that now we should<br /> +be caste of and neclected: that whereas it is concluded in this<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Fol. lvij.r]</a></span>counsaile, that euery manne should haue twoo wiues, more<br /> +meter it were, that one woman should haue twoo housban-<br /> +des. Straunge it was in the Senators eares soche a request,<br /> +whereupon a proofe made how that rumour rose, Papirius<br /> +was found the aucthor, who tolde before the Senate, his mo-<br /> +ther alwaies inquisitiue to knowe that, whiche he should not<br /> +tell, and thereupon he faigned that, whiche he might better<br /> +tell. It is to be supposed the Senators mused thereat, and the<br /> +matrones of Rome went home ashamed: but their secrete co-<br /> +gitacion of minde was manifest, what willingly in hart thei<br /> +wished. What greater felicitee can there bee, then in a vnitée<br /> +of life, the housebande to liue with his wife. The beastes in<br /> +their kinde, doe condemne mannes brutishe affections here-<br /> +in: there is no facte that sheweth a man or woman, more like<br /> +to beastes, then whoredome.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The obieccion.</p> + +<p>But you will saie, many calamitées happeneth in mariage?</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The solucion.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Fortunne herein is to bee blamed, and not mariage, if a-<br /> +ny misfortune happeneth to manne therein, the felicitée and<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Eleccion in<br /> +Mariage.</span> +quiet state that any man enioieth thereby. The discrete elec-<br /> +cion is therein approued, in the state it self, nothyng can bee<br /> +founde worthie reprehension, if a man will impute the bit-<br /> +ter stormes of life to mariage: <a href="#Printer_Errors">whatseouer</a> happeneth, our<br /> +owne reason maie iudge contrary. Place before thy iyes all<br /> +the affaires, and occupacions of this life, bee all tymes plea-<br /> +saunte to the housebande man, many a colde storme perceth<br /> +his bodie, and many a mightie tempeste, dooeth molest hym<br /> +and greue hym. Sommer is not the tyme, to caste his seede in<br /> +the grounde, or implowyng to occupie hymself: shall he ther-<br /> +fore leaue his housebandrie, or doeth he rather neclecte it, his<br /> +diligence therein is the more, and labour more industrious.<br /> +From whence commeth the tempeste, the stormes and bitter<br /> +seasons? From his house, from his wife, from his art and oc-<br /> +cupacion, all those thynges by violence are expelled from the<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Fol. lvij.v]</a></span>aire. No state of life is able to giue riches, healthe, or securitée<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Emperours.</span> +to his state. There hath been princes and Emperours, nedie,<br /> +full of infirmitées and sickenes, in daungerous state, oppres-<br /> +sed with many calamitées: was their dignitie and office, the<br /> +cause of their calamitées? No, God tempreth the state of eue-<br /> +ry one, how, and after what sorte to possesse thesame. Some<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Mariage.</span> +are fulle fortunate in Mariage, if Mariage were of necessitée<br /> +the cause, then all should be onely fortunate, or onely vnfor-<br /> +tunate: then in mariage is not the cause, if in marige the ma-<br /> +ners doe disagrée, and loue is extinguished, blame thyn own<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The Mari-<br /> +ners.</span> +maners, thy choise, and thy eleccion. The Mariner that pas-<br /> +seth the daungerous Seas, and by dreadfull tempestes, and<br /> +huffyng waues is alwaies in perille, and many often tymes<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The Mar-<br /> +chauntes.</span> +drouned. The Marchaunt lesyng his marchaundise by ship-<br /> +wrack, shall thei impute the daunger and losse, to their wife<br /> +at home? Or doe the Mariners leaue for all these tempestes,<br /> +their arte of Nauigacion? Or the owner breake his shippe?<br /> +Or the Marchaunt proue no aduentures, because of his losse,<br /> +and many haue been of this sort drouned. No. But more ear-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Warre.</span> +nestlie thei dooe assaie theim selues thereto. Because warre<br /> +spoileth many a man of his life, doe Princes therefore, leaue<br /> +to moue armour againste the enemie, but because, who so in<br /> +the defence of his countrée, dieth manfullie, is worthelie ad-<br /> +uaunced, and in perpetuall memorie, no daunger is refused,<br /> +because euill thynges happeneth in life, is the state of good<br /> +thynges to be auoided and eschued. Were it not vnsemelie,<br /> +if housebande men, for no storme or tempeste, doe leaue their<br /> +state, their laborious and rough cōdicion of life, nor the ship-<br /> +man his arte of Nauigacion, because he seeth many drouned<br /> +venteryng thesame, and he hymself often tymes in daunger,<br /> +nor the soldiour or capitain, their perilous condicion of life,<br /> +doe leaue for daunger. Should Mariage bée lesse sette by, be-<br /> +cause alwaies riches and quietnes happeneth not.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The obieccion.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +The losse of a good wife and children, is a greate grefe to<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Fol. lviij.r]</a></span>any man, and a cause to blame mariage.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The aunswere.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +<span class="sidenote">The lawe of<br /> +Nature.</span> +You your self are borne to dye, thei also by death obaye<br /> +likewise Nature, this is the Lawe of Nature ones to dye,<br /> +whiche you séeme to blame. Then the death of thy wife and<br /> +childrē, is not the blame in Mariage. What is the cause that<br /> +you dye? Natures imbecillitée and weakenes, then in theim[.]<br /> +Mariage is not the cause: Nature in her firste molde hath so<br /> +framed all, wherefore doe you ascribe that to mariage, that<br /> +is founde faultée in Nature. Thei die that marie not, what<br /> +infirmitie, daunger or peril happeneth to any in mariage, as<br /> +sharpe and perilous, doe molest and torment the other. If any<br /> +manne by death, leaseth a right honeste wife, clothed with all<br /> +chastitée, demurenesse, sobrietée, and also with all singulari-<br /> +tée of vertue adorned: he hath loste a rare treasure, a iewell of<br /> +<span class="sidenote">A chaste wo-<br /> +man.</span> +price, not in all to bee founde. Did you loue your wife, that<br /> +was so goodlie, so honeste and vertuous: there was greate<br /> +cause saie you, for her vertuous sake, God hath chosen her frō<br /> +a mortall creature, to immortalitée, with her it can not bée<br /> +better. There is no cause why you should blame mariage,<br /> +for the losse of her, or of thy children, or for the losse of thee,<br /> +she to blame mariage. If for thy owne sake, this sorowe bee,<br /> +<i>Est seipsum amantis non amici</i>, it is then of a self loue, to thy<br /> +self, not for her cause: for I muste aunswere as Lelius did to<br /> +Affricanus, <i>Cum ea optime esseactū quis neget, quid est quod<br /> +nō assecuta est immortalitatem</i>. Who can deny saieth he, but<br /> +that with her it can not bee better? What is it that she hath<br /> +not attained. Immortalitée. She was vertuous, chaiste, so-<br /> +ber, descrete, of behauiour womanlie: for her vertues belo-<br /> +ued. Well, now she hath immortalitee and blesse, are you so-<br /> +rie thereat, that were enuious. Did you loue her liuyng, loue<br /> +her also departed, her vertuous shewed vnto vs, her immor-<br /> +talitée.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The obieccion.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +There is a care for the wife and children, if the housband<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Fol. lviij.v]</a></span>dye before theim.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The aunswere.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +<span class="sidenote">A wretched<br /> +executour.</span> +If thou leaue them riches, hope not that thy riches shalbe<br /> +a staie to theim, though thei bee innumerable: a wretched, a<br /> +miserable executour, wasteth and destroieth oftentymes, the<br /> +fruictes of thy trauaile, who reioyseth more of thy death, then<br /> +of thy life. Or thy childrens father in Lawe, shall spoile and<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Gods pro-<br /> +uidence.</span> +spende with a merie harte, that whiche thou haste long <a href="#Printer_Errors">tera-<br /> +uailed</a> for. Staie thy self and thyne vpon Gods prouidence,<br /> +for it hath been seen, many a riche widowe, with infinite<br /> +treasure lefte, to her children also like porcions descendyng:<br /> +afterwarde bothe wife and children, haue been brought to<br /> +miserie and beggerlie state. Otherwise, poore children com-<br /> +mitted to the prouidence of God, and vertuouslie brought vp,<br /> +and the wife in like state, yet thei haue so passed their daies,<br /> +that thei haue rose to a goodlie state. See that thy richesse bée<br /> +not iniuriouslie gotten by falshode, by liyng, by Usurie, if it<br /> +so be, then <i>Male parta male <a href="#Printer_Errors">dilabuntnr</a></i>. That is this, gooddes<br /> +euill gotte, euill spente, soche riches neuer giue déepe roote<br /> +to their ofspryng. That is an euill care, by a iniurious care,<br /> +to purchase thynges and gooddes wickedlie.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Also mariage taketh awaie widowhed, and doeth repare<br /> +with a newe freshe mariage, the lacke and priuacion of the<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Death.<br /> +Mariage.</span> +other. She that was by death left a widowe, mariage again<br /> +hath coupled her to a newe housbande: and doeth restore that<br /> +whiche death tooke awaie. That that death dissolueth and<br /> +destroieth, mariage increaseth, augmēteth, and multiplieth.<br /> +Bee it so, but mariage is a painfull life, it forceth euery one<br /> +to trauaile, to vpholde and maintaine his state, I commende<br /> +not the idell life, neither a life occupied to no vertuous ende.<br /> +Nature moueth euery manne to loue hymself and his, so thy<br /> +care and paine be to a godlie purpose. It is commendable. It<br /> +is the duetie of euery man, as his power, witte, and industrie<br /> +is able, to emploie thereto his cogitacion. To laboure for thy<br /> +wife, whom thou loueste, and deare children, thy laboure is<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Fol. lix.r]</a></span>pleasure, the ioye easeth thy labour. To behold thy self in thy<br /> +children, thei beyng vertuouslie broughte vp, it is a goodlie<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The mariage<br /> +of a chaste<br /> +woman.</span> +comfort, to liue with a chaste woman, sober and continente,<br /> +her vertues be a continuall pleasure, a passyng ioye. In ma-<br /> +riage ought to be greate deliberacion, whom thou chosest to<br /> +thy continuall compainie or felowshippe, her life paste well<br /> +knowen, her parentes and kindrede how honeste and vertu-<br /> +ous, her maners, her fame, how commendable, her counti-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The choise<br /> +of a wife.</span> +naunce sober, a constaunt iye, and with shamefastnes beau-<br /> +tified, a mouthe vttering fewe woordes discretlie. She is not<br /> +to be liked, whō no vertuous qualitées in her educaciō, beu-<br /> +tifieth and adorneth, the goodlie qualitees sheweth, the well<br /> +framed and nurtured mynde. These thynges maie be suffi-<br /> +ciente, to shewe what excellencie is in mariage and how ne-<br /> +cessarie it is, to the procreacion and preseruaciō of mankind.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ <i>Legislacio.</i><br /> +¶ A Oracion either in the defence of<br /> +a Lawe, or againste a Lawe.<br /> +</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_m_02.png" width="86" height="84" alt="M" title="M" class="floatl" /> +Any learned menne are in this opinion, that vpon<br /> +a Lawe alledged, a Oracion maie bee made in the<br /> +defence of it: or matter maie be suppeditated, to in-<br /> +uaigh by force of argument againste it.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Although the lawe alleged be in maner the whole cause,<br /> +bicause it doeth cōtain al the matter included in the oracion.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +In this Oracion, the persone is induced to be spoken vp-<br /> +pon, vnknowne, vncertaine: wherefore it is to be placed, ra-<br /> +ther in the state and forme of consultacion, and to bée exami-<br /> +ned with iudgement.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind">The induccion of a Lawe, is in twoo sortes.</p> + +<p class="ind">A confirmacion of any olde Lawe, or a confutacion.</p> + +<p class="ind">As for example.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +The Ciuill Lawe doeth well commende, bondmen to be<br /> +manumised, that is, to be made free.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +The lawe is herein to be praised, that willeth the coūsail<br /> +of the parentes & frendes, to be knowne before the contracte.<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Fol. lix.v]</a></span>Upon a Lawe alledged, worthelie matter maie rise, waigh-<br /> +yng the godlie ende, whereunto the Lawe was firste inuen-<br /> +ted, decreed and stablished, what profite thereof ensueth and<br /> +foloweth. What it is to vertue a mainteiner, otherwise if it<br /> +be not profitable? What moued any one to frame and ordain<br /> +soche a Lawe, as was to a common wealthe vnprofitable, to<br /> +vertue no aider, if it were a profitable Lawe and godlie, it is<br /> +as Demosthenes saieth, of God inuented, though by famous<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Lawe.</span> +wise, and godlie menne, stablished and decréed. Good Lawes<br /> +tempereth to all states equitee and iustice, without fauour or<br /> +frendship, no more to the one then the other.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +The order to make an Oracion by a lawe, is in this sort.<br /> +First, make a prohemiū or beginning to enter your matter.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind"> +In the seconde place, adde a contrary to that, whiche you<br /> +will entreate vpon.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind">Then shewe it lawful.</p> + +<p class="ind">Iuste.</p> + +<p class="ind">Profitable.</p> + +<p class="ind">Possible.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +You maie as in <i>Thesis</i>, whiche was the Oracion before,<br /> +vse a contradiction or obiection: and to that make an answere<br /> +or solucion.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center"> +<a name="solon" id="solon"></a>¶ A confutacion of that Lawe, whiche suffered<br /> +adultrie to bee punished with death, no<br /> +iudgement giuen thereupon.<br /> +</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">The moste<br /> +rigorous and<br /> +moste cruell<br /> +lawe of Solō[.]</span> +<img src="images/cap_s_03.png" width="101" height="100" alt="S" title="S" class="floatl" /> +Olon, who was a famous Philosopher, in the<br /> +time of Cresus king of Lidia, and a lawe giuer<br /> +to the Athenians: by whose Lawes and godlie<br /> +meanes, the Athenians were long and prospe-<br /> +rouslie gouerned. Emong many of his lawes,<br /> +this Solon set forthe againste adulterers. <i>Fas esse deprehen-<br /> +denti mæchum in ipso adulterio interficere</i>: it shalbee lawfull<br /> +saieth he, who so taketh an adulterer in his beastlie facte, to<br /> +kill hym. Solon beyng a wise man, was more rigorous and<br /> +cruell, in this one Lawe, then he ought to be. A meruailous<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Fol. lx.r]</a></span>matter, and almoste vncredible, so wise, so noble and worthy<br /> +a Lawe giuer, to bruste out with soche a cruell and bloodie<br /> +lawe, that without iudgement or sentence giuen, the matter<br /> +neither proued nor examined, adulterie to be death. Where-<br /> +fore, reason forceth euery manne, to Iudge and ponder with<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Adulterie a<br /> +horrible vice.</span> +hymself, that either adulterie is a moste horrible vice, moste<br /> +beastlie & pestiferous, and not mete to tary vpon the censure,<br /> +and sentence of a Iudge: or Solon was not so wise, discrete,<br /> +and a politike persone, but a rashe and fonde lawe giuer, that<br /> +in soche a terrible voice, he should burste out, as adulterie so<br /> +horrible, as not worthie to be pondered, examined and boul-<br /> +ted of in Iudgemente. The Athenians receiued that Lawe,<br /> +thei did also obaie his other lawes. Their dominions there-<br /> +by in felicitée was gouerned: there was no populous nom-<br /> +ber of adulterers, to let that Lawe, thei liued moste godlie, a<br /> +straunge worlde, a rare moderacion of that age and people.<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Plato aga-<br /> +inste adultrie<br /> +made a lawe.</span> +Plato the godlie Philosopher, who lefte in his woorkes, and<br /> +monumentes of learnyng, greate wisedome and also godlie<br /> +Lawes in his bookes: intiteled vpon Lawes, and gouerne-<br /> +ment of a common wealth, did not passe by in silence, to giue<br /> +and ordain a Lawe against adulterie. Who also as it semed<br /> +Iudged adulterie as moste horrible and detestable, in his .ix.<br /> +booke <i>de Legibus</i>. This is the Lawe. <i>Adulteram deprehen-<br /> +sam impune occidi a viro posse.</i> The adultrous woman saith<br /> +he, taken in the crime, her housbande maie without daunger<br /> +of death, or feare of punishement slea her. A straunge matter<br /> +twoo so noble, so famous for wisedome, to make adulterie<br /> +present death, no Iudgement or sentence of Magistrate, pro-<br /> +cedyng to examine and iudge, vpon the state of the cause. A<br /> +man maie saie, O goodlie age, and tyme in vertue tempered,<br /> +eche state as seemeth brideled and kepte vnder, and farre frō<br /> +voluptuousnes remoued. There was no stewes or Baudes<br /> +houses, where soche Lawes and Lawmakers were. Sobrie-<br /> +tée was in maides, and chastitée harboured in matrones and<br /> +wedded wiues, a harte inuiolable to honeste conuersacion.<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Fol. lx.v]</a></span>Where adulterie is cutte of, there many detestable vices,<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Catos sen-<br /> +tence vpon<br /> +adulterie.</span> +and execrable purposes are remoued. Cato the sage Peere of<br /> +Rome, indued with like seueritée, did fauour that lawe and<br /> +highlie extolled it. Although adulterie bee a detestable vice<br /> +horrible, yea, although it be worthie death, better it were by<br /> +iudgemente, and the sentence of the Magistrate, the faute to<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Lawe.</span> +bee determined: then at the will of euery manne, as a Lawe<br /> +by death to bee ended, the common wealthe shalbee in more<br /> +quiet state, when the horrible factes of wicked menne, by the<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The Iudge,<br /> +a liuely lawe.</span> +Lawe made worthie of deathe: are neuerthelesse by a liuelie<br /> +Lawe, whiche is the Iudge, pronounced and condemned, ac-<br /> +cordyng to the Lawe. Els many mischiues might rise in all<br /> +kyngdomes and common wealthes, vnder a colour of lawe,<br /> +many a honeste persone murthered: and many a murtherer,<br /> +by cloke of a Lawe, from daunger saued. In Rome somtime<br /> +a Lawe there was ordained againste adulterie, whiche was<br /> +called <i>Lex Iulia</i>, this Lawe Octauius Augustus set foorthe.<br /> +The Lawe was thus, <i>Gladio iussit animaduerti in adulteros</i>[.]<br /> +The lawe commaunded adulterers to be hedded. The chro-<br /> +nicles of aunciente tymes herein doe shew, and the decrées of<br /> +auncient elders also, how horrible a thing adulterie is, when<br /> +thei punishe it with death. Who knoweth not emōg the Is-<br /> +raelites, and in the olde lawe thei wer stoned to death. Well<br /> +as Magistrates are in common wealthes remoued, or as ti-<br /> +mes chaunge, lawes also are chaunged and dissolued: and as<br /> +the Prouerbe is, <i>Lex vt Regio</i>, the Lawes are accordyng to<br /> +the Region. Afterwarde Ualerius Publicola, a man ascen-<br /> +dyng to high nobilitée of honour, and fame emong, the Ro-<br /> +maines gaue this Lawe. <i>Qua neminem licebat indicta causa<br /> +necare.</i> By this lawe it was not lefull, any manne to be put<br /> +<span class="sidenote">A godly law.</span> +to death, their cause not examined in Iudgemente, this was<br /> +a goodlie Lawe. Then afterwarde, Lawe giuers rose in the<br /> +common wealth, that with more facilitee tolerated that vice,<br /> +then wickednesse flowed, adulterie not punished by death.<br /> +And sence that, the Romaine Empire, wrapped and snared<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Fol. lxj.r]</a></span>with soche mischiues hath decaied, in fame, nobilitée and ver-<br /> +tue. Many a parte of their dominion plagued, deuoured, and<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The good<br /> +manne.</span> +destroied. The good and godlie menne, nede not to feare any<br /> +Lawe godlie, their life beyng in vertue and godlines nurtu-<br /> +red. The terrible sentence of a lawe, forceth the good and god-<br /> +lie, to perseuere and continue in godlines. The terrible sen-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Lawe.</span> +tence of a Lawe, cutteth of the wicked enterprises of pestife-<br /> +rous menne. Uice where lawe is not to correcte, will inure it<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Uice as a<br /> +lawe by cu-<br /> +stome.<br /> +Adulterie.</span> +self by custome as a Lawe, or borne and tolerated againste a<br /> +Lawe. Therefore as adulterie without Iudgemente, to bee<br /> +punished worthie of death is vngodlie: so it ought not to bee<br /> +passed ouer, or tolerated in any Region or common wealth,<br /> +as no lawe seuerely to punishe thesame.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ The contrarie.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_a_06.png" width="79" height="87" alt="A" title="A" class="floatl" /> +L other lawes doe differ, from that rigorous lawe<br /> +of Solon and Plato herein, yea, and though thei<br /> +be vices horrible, yet thei ar not determined, with<br /> +out the sentēce of the Magistrate and Iudge. But<br /> +this cruell Lawe of Solon, doeth repugne all lawes, stabli-<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The lawe v-<br /> +niuersall and<br /> +equall to all<br /> +menne.</span> +shed in all Citees and common wealthes. And sithe the lawe<br /> +is of hymself vniuersall, with equitée, giuing and tempering<br /> +to all states. Fonde muste that Lawe bee of Solon, whiche<br /> +rashely, without consideracion of iudgement doeth procede,<br /> +no man ought in his own cause, to be his own iudge or Ma-<br /> +gistrate. This is argument sufficient to confounde the lawe<br /> +of Solon. All Lawes are repugnaunte to that, because with<br /> +Iudgement thei procede against vices moste pestiferous. In<br /> +<span class="sidenote">Thefte.</span> +common wealthes Theft is by lawe, pronounced worthie of<br /> +death, whereupon also the Magistrate and Iudge, determi-<br /> +neth the matter, and heareth of bothe the action of the case,<br /> +before he condempneth, so in all other mischiues.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="ind">But you maie saie, many mischiues riseth of adulterie.</p> + +<p class="ind"> +Although it so be, the Iudge determineth vpon Murder,<br /> +whiche is in like sort horrible, soche also as dooe séeke to caste<br /> +into perill their countrée, and by treason to destroie thesame,<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Fol. lxj.v]</a></span>Iudgemente proceadeth by determinacion of the Lawe and<br /> +Iudge. And so in all other wicked factes, and mischiuous en-<br /> +terprises, the Iudgement in euery cause procedeth, as Lawe<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The Iudge<br /> +a liuely lawe.</span> +and right willeth, from the mouthe of the Iudge, he beyng a<br /> +liuelie Lawe, to the Lawe written. The cruell Lawe of So-<br /> +lon, is like to the phantasie and wille of a tyraunte, who, as<br /> +phantasie and will leadeth, murdereth at his pleasure, whose<br /> +will is alwaies a sufficient Lawe to hymself, as who should<br /> +<span class="sidenote">The will of a<br /> +tyraunte his<br /> +owne lawe.</span> +saie, so I wille, so I commaunde, my wille shall stande for a<br /> +Lawe: but godlie lawes doe iustlie, accordyng to reason and<br /> +vertue, tempereth the cause of euery man. No godlie Lawe,<br /> +maketh the accuser his owne Iudge.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ Lawfull.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Lawes were<br /> +made for two<br /> +causes.</span> +<img src="images/cap_w_03.png" width="89" height="85" alt="W" title="W" class="floatl" /> +Ho so by Lawe is iudged, and the offence proued,<br /> +there is no excuse in the malefactour, nor suspicion<br /> +seing that, accordyng to lawe, the fact is punished,<br /> +and as Demosthenes saieth, twoo thynges moued<br /> +the wise Elders to make Lawes, that the wicked should bee<br /> +hindered, and cutte of from their purpose, and that good men<br /> +seyng by a lawe, the actes of pestiferous men kepte vnder, by<br /> +the terrour of them, are afraied to commit the like facte. This<br /> +was euen accordyng to lawe. The terrible sentence of a law<br /> +executed, vpon moste wicked persones, doe kepe vnder many<br /> +a mischiuous enterprise, whiche through the dolefull and la-<br /> +mentable ende of the wicked, doe driue and force all other to<br /> +all godlines.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ Iuste.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_t_05.png" width="79" height="81" alt="T" title="T" class="floatl" /> +He accuser by Lawe and Iudge, is able to defende<br /> +hymself, whē his cause is ended accordyng to law.<br /> +Uertue thereby vpholded, when by order of lawe,<br /> +vice is condempned. The malifactour hath no ex-<br /> +cuse, all staie and colour remoued, the accuser by iuste Lawe<br /> +pleateth, when the law is thereby supported and saued. And<br /> +herein a greate parte of Iustice is placed, when the fauour of<br /> +the Iudge or frendship, is onely on the cause, the persone nec-<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Fol. lxij.r]</a></span>lected, that is Iustice, to giue to euery one his owne.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ Profitable.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_i_02.png" width="79" height="86" alt="I" title="I" class="floatl" /> +T must be profitable to the whole bodie of the com-<br /> +mon wealthe, when by the Iustice of godlie lawes,<br /> +vertue is in high price aduaunced, vice by the open<br /> +sentence, and manifeste profe conuicted, the malefa-<br /> +ctour shall be knowen, the sincere and godlie deliuered, and<br /> +from tyme to tyme maintained. Lawes as thei be vniuersall<br /> +so thei openlie ought to giue sentence.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center">¶ Possible.</p> + +<p> +<img src="images/cap_t_01.png" width="82" height="84" alt="T" title="T" class="floatl" /> +Hen without lawe to procede, and iudgemente of<br /> +the Magistrate, as Solon did in this lawe, it were<br /> +not possible, any common wealthe to florishe ther-<br /> +by. Therefore in Iudgemente ought the cause of<br /> +euery one to be pleated and examined, that thereby all suspi-<br /> +cion, & greuous enormitées, maie be put of. Uice is not there-<br /> +fore tolerated, because for a tyme, Iudgemente ceaseth, but<br /> +hereupon vices are more depely rooted out, all people know-<br /> +yng the determinacion of the lawe, and the manifest sentēce<br /> +of the Iudge heard. A terrour ensueth to al malefactours and<br /> +pestiferous men, good men are incensed to all godlines, whē<br /> +vice by Lawe is condempned, cutte of, and destroied. Good<br /> +menne by Lawe and aucthoritée, vpholded and maintained.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<span class="sidenote">The state of<br /> +good lawes.</span> +This is the state of good lawes, by order to procede, the<br /> +cause in Iudgemente examined, the facte proued,<br /> +vertue in any persone vpholded, vice in all<br /> +caste doune and defaced, so there is<br /> +good Lawe, as Demosthenes<br /> +saieth, sincere Iudge,<br /> +and sentence<br /> +inuiola-<br /> +ble.<br /> +</p> + +</div> <!-- end narrow div --> + +<hr /> +<div class="notes"> +<h3><a name="Printer_Errors" id="Printer_Errors"></a>Printer Errors</h3> + +<p class="centern"><i>Transcriber's Note:</i> The following is a list of printer errors in +the original.</p> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="printer errors"> +<tr><td class="centern" style="border-bottom: solid black 2px"><b>Page</b></td><td class="centern" style="border-bottom: solid black 2px"><b>Original</b></td><td class="centern" style="border-bottom: solid black 2px"><b>Correct</b></td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_8">Fol. j.r</a></td><td>faith he</td><td>faith be</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_10">Fol. ij.r</a></td><td>Poloponesians</td><td>Peloponesians</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_10">Fol. ij.r</a></td><td>oracions, when</td><td>oracion, when</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_16">Fol. v.r</a></td><td>Perthesius</td><td>Parthesius</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_19">Fol. vj.v</a></td><td>Romai-</td><td>Romains [or Romaines]</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_20">Fol. vij.r</a></td><td>valianntes</td><td>valiauntes</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_20">Fol. vij.r</a></td><td>commo wealth</td><td>commō wealth</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_24">Fol. ix.r</a></td><td>uot</td><td>not</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_24">Fol. ix.r</a></td><td>state or</td><td>state of</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_25">Fol. ix.v</a></td><td>comparson</td><td>comparison</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_26">Fol. x.r</a></td><td>aboundauute</td><td>aboundaunte</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_27">Fol. x.v</a></td><td>oneie</td><td>onelie</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_28">Fol. xj.r</a></td><td>fanour</td><td>fauour</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_34">Fol. xiiij.r</a></td><td>vengauce</td><td>vengaūce</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_35">Fol. xiiij.v</a></td><td>Fenche</td><td>Frenche</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_36">Fol. xv.r</a></td><td>Bristaines</td><td>Britaines</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_38">Fol. xvj.r</a></td><td>porfite</td><td>profite</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_39">Fol. xvj.v</a></td><td>learnng</td><td>learning [or learnyng]</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_40">Fol. xvij.r</a></td><td>is was</td><td>was</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_40">Fol. xvij.r</a></td><td>Pholosopher</td><td>Philosopher</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_41">Fol. xvij.v</a></td><td>faundacion</td><td>foundacion</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_43">Fol. xviij.v</a></td><td>aud</td><td>and</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_43">Fol. xviij.v</a></td><td>Catona</td><td>Crotona</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_44">Fol. xix.r</a></td><td>celebraied</td><td>celebrated</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_47">Fol. xx.v</a></td><td>intteled</td><td>intiteled</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_48">Fol. xxj.r</a></td><td>gouermēt</td><td>gouernmēt</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_51">Fol. xxij.v</a></td><td>Politcia</td><td>Politia</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_55">Fol. xxiiij.v</a></td><td>Rhetotike</td><td>Rhetorike</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_55">Fol. xxiiij.v</a></td><td>exposion</td><td>exposicion</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_55">Fol. xxiiij.v</a></td><td>Incrediblie</td><td>Incredible</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_56">Fol. xxv.r</a></td><td>The feigne</td><td>Thei feigne</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_60">Fol. xxvij.r</a></td><td>the the</td><td>the</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_60">Fol. xxvij.r</a></td><td>moderaciou</td><td>moderacion</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_63">Fol. xxviij.v</a></td><td>Prossible</td><td>Possible</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_63">Fol. xxviij.v</a></td><td>Rhetotike</td><td>Rhetorike</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_64">Fol. xxix.r</a></td><td>Fol. xxxj.</td><td>Fol. xxix.</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_65">Fol. xxix.v</a></td><td>Historiogriphers</td><td>Historiographers</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_68">Fol. xxxj.r</a></td><td>Fol. xxxiij.</td><td>Fol. xxxj.</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_68">Fol. xxxj.r</a></td><td>lineth</td><td>liueth</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_69">Fol. xxxj.v</a></td><td>ouerthowe</td><td>ouerthrowe</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_69">Fol. xxxj.v</a></td><td>Epamniundas</td><td>Epaminundas</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_70">Fol. xxxij.r</a></td><td>Epameunndas</td><td>Epaminundas</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_72">Fol. xxxiij.r</a></td><td>Zopryus</td><td>Zopyrus</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_74">Fol. xxxiiij.r</a></td><td>or God</td><td>of God</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_74">Fol. xxxiiij.r</a></td><td>wekedned</td><td>wekened</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_76">Fol. xxxv.r</a></td><td>destetable</td><td>detestable</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_77">Fol. xxxv.v</a></td><td>Theodosiuus</td><td>Theodosius</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_77">Fol. xxxv.v</a></td><td>prouulgate</td><td>promulgate</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_77">Fol. xxxv.v</a></td><td>hane</td><td>haue</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_78">Fol. xxxvj.r</a></td><td>goddes</td><td>goodes [or gooddes]</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_78">Fol. xxxvj.r</a></td><td>lo liue</td><td>to liue</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_78">Fol. xxxvj.r</a></td><td>the:m</td><td>theim</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_80">Fol. xxxvij.r</a></td><td>Fol. xxxix.</td><td>Fol. xxxvij.</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_81">Fol. xxxvij.v</a></td><td>dangerous gaue</td><td>dangerous game</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_83">Fol. xxxviij.v</a></td><td>cut af</td><td>cut of</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_83">Fol. xxxviij.v</a></td><td>gouernuurs</td><td>gouernours</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_84">Fol. xxxix.r</a></td><td>Fol. xxxvij.</td><td>Fol. xxxix.</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_84">Fol. xxxix.r</a></td><td>His Oracion</td><td>THis Oracion</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_85">Fol. xxxix.v</a></td><td>goueruours</td><td>gouernours</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_87">Fol. xl.v</a></td><td>Traianns</td><td>Traianus</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_90">Fol. xlij.r</a></td><td>nobilitée) for</td><td>nobilitée (for</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_92">Fol. xliij.r</a></td><td>valianntly</td><td>valiauntly</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_95">Fol. xliiij.v</a></td><td>anncestours</td><td>auncestours</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_102">Fol. xlviij.r</a></td><td>conutrée</td><td>countrée</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_115">Fol. liiij.v</a></td><td>omnipoteucie</td><td>omnipotencie</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_118">Fol. lvj.r</a></td><td>all all</td><td>all</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_120">Fol. lvij.r</a></td><td>whatseouer</td><td>whatsoeuer</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_123">Fol. lviij.v</a></td><td>terauailed</td><td>trauailed</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_123">Fol. lviij.v</a></td><td>dilabuntnr</td><td>dilabuntur</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><br /></p> + +<p class="centern"><a name="Additional_Printer_Errors" id="Additional_Printer_Errors"></a>The original contains the following additional printer errors:</p> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="additional errors"> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_8">Fol. j.r</a></td><td>Decorative capital “N” reversed</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_72">Fol. xxxiij.r</a></td><td>Last sentence repeated</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_83">Fol. xxxviij.v</a></td><td>Section heading repeated</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_112">Fol. liij.r</a></td><td>First word repeats last word on previous page</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Page_114">Fol. liiij.r</a></td><td>Remainder of last sentence missing?</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><br /></p> + +<p>The following do not appear to be printer errors, as they are +consistently used in the original: “thesame” for “the same”; “shalbe” +for “shall be”; the use of “a” instead of “an” before a noun +beginning with a vowel; the combination of “the” and a word beginning +with “e” into a single word, as in “theight” for “the eight.”</p> +</div> + + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A booke called the Foundacion of +Rhetorike, by Richard Rainolde + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FOUNDACION OF RHETORIKE *** + +***** This file should be named 26056-h.htm or 26056-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of 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