diff options
| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 02:19:52 -0700 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 02:19:52 -0700 |
| commit | adc722728fc334605b971c39f202eeeee8626503 (patch) | |
| tree | 0ea5f9329f73d164aedc16d975ade76e6834b9fb /26038-h | |
Diffstat (limited to '26038-h')
| -rw-r--r-- | 26038-h/26038-h.htm | 1317 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 26038-h/images/capital_t.png | bin | 0 -> 509 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 26038-h/images/i004.png | bin | 0 -> 32263 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 26038-h/images/i008.png | bin | 0 -> 7423 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 26038-h/images/i010.png | bin | 0 -> 18240 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 26038-h/images/i011.png | bin | 0 -> 21608 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 26038-h/images/i013.jpg | bin | 0 -> 167394 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 26038-h/images/i014a.png | bin | 0 -> 17716 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 26038-h/images/i014b.png | bin | 0 -> 16857 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 26038-h/images/i015.png | bin | 0 -> 9495 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 26038-h/images/i016.png | bin | 0 -> 19911 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 26038-h/images/i017.png | bin | 0 -> 53562 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 26038-h/images/i018.png | bin | 0 -> 6978 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 26038-h/images/i019.png | bin | 0 -> 12568 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 26038-h/images/i023a.png | bin | 0 -> 11069 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 26038-h/images/i023b.png | bin | 0 -> 12526 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 26038-h/images/i024a.png | bin | 0 -> 22664 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 26038-h/images/i024b.png | bin | 0 -> 8133 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 26038-h/images/i026.png | bin | 0 -> 14015 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 26038-h/images/i027.png | bin | 0 -> 15508 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 26038-h/images/i028.png | bin | 0 -> 33754 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 26038-h/images/i029.png | bin | 0 -> 12477 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 26038-h/images/i030.png | bin | 0 -> 24768 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 26038-h/images/icover.png | bin | 0 -> 77983 bytes |
24 files changed, 1317 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/26038-h/26038-h.htm b/26038-h/26038-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..048362d --- /dev/null +++ b/26038-h/26038-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1317 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" +"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> +<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content= +"text/html;charset=utf-8" /> +<title>Drawings and Pharmacy in al-Zahrāwī’s 10th-Century Surgical Treatise by Sami Hamarneh</title> +<style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + + p { margin-top: 1em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: 1em;} + + p.right { margin-top: 1em; + text-align: right; font-size: 1.2em; + margin-bottom: 1em;} + + p.indent { margin-top: 0em; margin-bottom: 0em; + text-align: justify; font-size: .85em; + margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em; } + + + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; font-weight: normal; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; font-weight: normal; margin-top: .2em; + margin-bottom: .2em; + } + hr { width: 80%; + margin-top: 1.5em; + margin-bottom: 1.5em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + body {margin-left: 12%; margin-right: 12%;} + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: .8em; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .blockquot {font-size: .84em;} + + + + .footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} + .footnote {margin-left: 12%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 82%; text-align: right; font-size: .9em;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;} + + + .center {text-align: center; margin-top: 1.0em; margin-bottom: .5em; + margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%;} + + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps; font-weight: normal;} + .u {text-decoration: underline;} + + + img {border: 2px solid black;} + + img.floatLeft {float: left; height: 3.20em; margin-right: 0em; border: none;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center; margin-top: + 0em; margin-bottom: 0em; border: none;} + + // --> + + /* XML end ]]>*/ + +</style> +</head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Drawings and Pharmacy in Al-Zahrawi's +10th-Century Surgical Treatise, by Sami Hamarneh + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Drawings and Pharmacy in Al-Zahrawi's 10th-Century Surgical Treatise + +Author: Sami Hamarneh + +Release Date: July 24, 2008 [EBook #26038] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DRAWINGS AND PHARMACY *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Turgut Dincer, Joseph Cooper and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + +<h1> </h1> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/icover.png" width="500" height="669" +alt= "cover." title="" /><br /><br /></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'>Pg 81</span></p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Contributions From</span></p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">The Museum of History and Technology</span></p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Paper 22</span><br /><br /></p> + +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Drawings and Pharmacy in al-Zahrāwī’s</span></p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">10th-Century Surgical Treatise</span></p> +<p class="right"><i>Sami Hamarneh</i><br /><br /></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'>82</span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/i004.png" width="500" height="773" alt= "Figure 1." +title="" /><br /><br /><p class="indent">Figure 1.—Reproduction of a page from original Arabic +manuscript indexed as "Cod. N.F. 476A" at Oesterreichische +Nationalbibliothek in Vienna. Courtesy Oesterreichische +Nationalbibliothek.</p><br /><br /></div> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'>83</span></p> +<h2>Drawings and Pharmacy in al-Zahrāwī’s</h2> +<h2>10th-Century Surgical Treatise<br /><br /></h2> +<h4><i>by Sami Hamarneh</i><br /><br /></h4> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Probably the earliest independent work in Arabic Spain to embrace +the whole of medical knowledge of the time is the encyclopedic</i> al-Tasrīf, +<i>written in the late 10th century by Abū al-Qāsim al-Zahrāwī, +also known as Abulcasis. Consisting of 30 treatises, it is +the only known work of al-Zahrāwī and it brought him high prestige +in the western world.</i></p> + +<p><i>Here we are concerned only with his last treatise, on surgery. +With its many drawings of surgical instruments, intended for the +instruction of apprentices, its descriptions of formulas and medicinal +preparations, and its lucid observations on surgical procedures, this +treatise is perhaps the oldest of its kind.</i></p> + +<p><i>Scholars today have available a translation of the text and reproductions +of the drawings, but many of the latter are greatly modified +from the originals.</i></p> + +<p><i>This study reproduces examples of al-Zahrāwī’s original illustrations, +compares some with early drawings based on them, and comments +on passages in the treatise of interest to students of pharmacy +and medical therapy.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Author</span>: <i>Sami Hamarneh undertook this research into the +history of medicine in connection with his duties as associate curator +of medical sciences in the United States National Museum, Smithsonian +Institution.</i></p></div> +<hr /> +<p><img src="images/capital_t.png" class= +"floatLeft" alt="T" />HE INTRODUCTION OF THE WRITINGS +of Abū al-Qāsim Khalaf ibn ʻAbbās +al-Zahrāwī—better known as Abulcasis (d. +ca. 1013)—to Western Europe was through the +Latin translation of his surgical treatise (maqālah) +by Gerard of Cremona (d. 1187).<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">1</a> The response to +this treatise, thereafter, was much greater than the +attention paid to the surgery of any of the three +renowned physicians of the Eastern Caliphate: al-Rāzī +(Latin, Rhazes, d. ca. 925), the greatest clinician +in Arabic medicine; al-Majūsī (Haly Abbās, d. 994), +the author of the encyclopedic medical work, <i>al</i>-<i>Malakī</i>;<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">2</a> +<span class='pagenum'>84</span>and Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna, 980-1037), the +author of the famous <i>al-Qānūn fī al-Ṭibb</i>, a codification +of the whole of medical knowledge. Because of the +widespread dissemination of this Latin version in +medieval Europe beginning with the latter part of +the 12th century, al-Zahrāwī attained more prestige +in the West than he did in Arabic Spain, his native +country, or in any other part of the Islamic world.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">3</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="f_2" id="f_2" /><img src="images/i008.png" width="500" height="306" alt= "Figure 2." +title="" /><br /><br /><p class="indent">Figure 2.—The myrtle-leaf shape recommended for paper on which medicine is to be +placed for cauterizing eyelid. <i>Top</i>, from original Arabic manuscript (Tüb. MS. 91), +courtesy Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen. <i>Bottom</i>, from Channing, <i>Albucasis</i></p></div> + +<p>The fame attached to this surgical treatise, the 30th +and last in al-Zahrāwī’s encyclopedic work <i>al-Taṣrīf +Liman ʻAjiza ʻan al-Taʼ līf</i>, is founded on certain merits. +The text is characterized by lucidity, careful description, +and a touch of original observation of the +surgical operations to which the treatise as a whole is +devoted.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">4</a> Al-Zahrāwī furnishes his own drawings of +the surgical and dental instruments he used, devised, +or recommended for a more efficient performance. +The illustrations were intended to provide instructional +material for apprentices—whom al-Zahrāwī calls his +children—as well as for the benefit of those who +would read the work later on.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">5</a> The treatise is +<span class='pagenum'>85</span>probably the oldest one known today that contains +such instructive surgical illustrations and text.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">6</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="f_3" id="f_3" /><img src="images/i010.png" width="500" height="335" alt= "Figure 3." +title="" /><br /><br /><p class="indent">Figure 3.—Small funnel for pouring heated +lead into fistula of the eye for cauterization. +<i>Top</i>, from original Arabic manuscript (Vel. +2491), courtesy Süleymaniye Umumi Kütüphanesi +Müdürlüğü. <i>Bottom</i>, from Sudhoff, +<i>Chirurgie</i>, courtesy National Library of +Medicine.<br /><br /></p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="f_4" id="f_4" /><img src="images/i011.png" width="500" height="757" alt= "Figure 4." +title="" /><br /><br /><p class="indent">Figure 4.--Circular cauterization in stomach +ailments. <i>Top</i>, from original Arabic manuscript +(Tüb. MS. 91), courtesy Universitätsbibliothek +Tübingen. <i>Bottom</i>, from the +1531 Latin edition of Pietro d’Argellata, +<i>Chirurgia Argellata cum Albucasis</i>, hereinafter +cited as Argellata 1531, courtesy National +Library of Medicine.</p></div> + +<p>This surgical treatise has been investigated, translated, +and commented upon by eminent historians +of medicine and surgery to whose works I shall refer +in this article. However, the pharmaceutic and +therapeutic details of the treatise have been somewhat +overlooked.</p> + +<p>As to the various illustrations of the surgical instruments +(over 200 figures in all), an almost complete +representation of samples has been introduced by +Channing,<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">7</a> Leclerc,<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">8</a> Gurlt,<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">9</a> Sudhoff,<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">10</a> and others. +Nevertheless, a good number of the reproduced +drawings are greatly modified, most likely having been +influenced by earlier illustrations in several Latin and +vernacular versions of the treatise.<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">11</a> This becomes +clearer on comparison with seven Arabic manuscripts +that have not been fully examined by Western +scholars before and that—in several instances—show +more authentic drawings of al-Zahrāwī’s surgical +instruments than any heretofore published.<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">12</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="f_5" id="f_5" /><img src="images/i013.jpg" width="500" height="757" alt= "Figure 5." +title="" /><br /><br /><p class="indent">Figure 5.--Ink markings for identifying place +of cauterization. <i>Top</i>, from original Arabic +manuscript (Vel. 2491), courtesy Süleymaniye Umumi Kütüphanesi. +<i>Bottom</i>, from Argellata 1531, courtesy National +Library of Medicine.<br /><br /></p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="f_6" id="f_6" /><img src="images/i014a.png" width="500" height="415" alt= "Figure 6." +title="" /><br /><br /><p class="indent">Figure 6.—Cautery in hernia. <i>Top</i>, from +original Arabic manuscript (Vel. 2491), +courtesy Süleymaniye Umumi Kütüphanesi +Müdürlüğü. <i>Bottom</i>, from Leclerc, <i>Albulcasis</i>.</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'>86</span>This article therefore, is an attempt to present a +sample of these illustrations with brief comments +regarding certain figures and passages of interest to +pharmacy and medical therapy.</p> + +<p>With much gratitude I express my indebtedness to +Prof. G. Folch Jou of Madrid, to Dr. A. Süheyl Ünver +and Mr. H. Dener of Istanbul, and to the librarians of +the depository institutions for their cooperation in the +reproduction of the manuscripts on microfilm.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="f_7" id="f_7" /><img src="images/i014b.png" width="500" height="389" alt= "Figure 7." +title="" /><br /><br /><p class="indent">Figure 7.—Fine tweezer for removing foreign +bodies from the ear. <i>Top</i>, from original +Arabic manuscript (Ali 2854), courtesy +Süleymaniye Umumi Kütüphanesi Müdürlüğü. +<i>Bottom</i>, from Leclerc, <i>Abulcasis</i>.<br /><br /></p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="f_8" id="f_8" /><img src="images/i015.png" width="500" height="389" alt= "Figure 8." +title="" /><br /><br /><p class="indent">Figure 8.--Syringe with metal plunger-pump. +<i>Top</i>, from original Arabic manuscript +(Ali 2854), courtesy Süleymaniye Umumi Kütüphanesi Müdürlüğü. <i>Bottom</i>, from +Channing, <i>Albucasis</i>.</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'>87</span>Al-Zahrāwī frequently introduces his treatises with +brief instructive and sometimes informative preludes. +However, in launching the last treatise of <i>al-Taṣrīf</i> he +expounded in a most interesting and illuminating +manner the status of surgery during his time. He also +explains the reasons that forced him to write on this +topic and why he wished to include, as he did, precautions, +advice, instructional notes, and beautifully +illustrated surgical drawings. For example, the prelude +to the treatise mentions four incidents that he +witnessed, all ending with tragic results because of the +ignorance of physicians who attempted to operate on +patients without the proper training in anatomy and +surgical manipulation. "For if one does not have the +knowledge of anatomy," al-Zahrāwī protests, then +" ... he is apt to fall in errors that lead to death as +I have seen it happen to many."<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">13</a></p> + +<p>Al-Zahrāwī divides his surgical treatise into three +sections (abwāb). In the first section (56 chapters)<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">14</a> +he elaborates upon the uses and disadvantages of +cautery in general. And on the ground that "fire +touches only the ailing part ... without causing +much damage to surrounding area," as caustic medicine +does, he prefers cautery by fire (al-kay bi al-nār) +to cautery by medicine (bi al-dawā).<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">15</a> This, he adds, +"became clear to us through lifelong experience, diligent +practice, and thorough investigations of facts."<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">16</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="f_9" id="f_9" /><img src="images/i016.png" width="500" height="793" alt= "Figure 9." +title="" /><br /><br /><p class="indent">Figure 9.—Metal nose dropper. <i>Top</i>, from +original Arabic manuscript (Tüb. MS. 91), +courtesy Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen. +<i>Middle</i>, from Channing, <i>Albucasis</i> (<i>Smithsonian +photo 46891-C</i>). <i>Bottom</i>, from Sudhoff, +<i>Chirurgie</i>, courtesy National Library of +Medicine.</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'>88</span>He also proposes that instruments made of iron are +more practical in many ways than those made of gold, +because often, when gold instruments are put in fire, +they either are not heated enough or are overheated, +causing the gold to melt.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="f_10" id="f_10" /><img src="images/i017.png" width="500" height="825" alt= "Figure 10." +title="" /><br /><br /><p class="indent">Figure 10.—Dental scrapers. <i>Top</i>, from original +Arabic manuscript (Vel. 2491), courtesy +Süleymaniye Umumi Kütüphanesi Müdürlüğü. +<i>Left</i>, from Argellata 1531, courtesy +National Library of Medicine. <i>Right</i>, from +Channing, <i>Albucasis</i>.</p></div> + +<p>Al-Zahrāwī gently refutes the superstition that +cautery is "good only in springtime," and states that +under the right conditions of the body’s humors it +could be used in all seasons."<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">17</a> Although he recommends +cautery rather highly, he never minimizes the +importance of treatment by drugs. Actually, he +encourages the use of drugs, before, with, and after +cauterization.<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">18</a> For example, in chapter 16 on "the +cauterization of eyelid when its hair grows reversedly +into the eye," he recommends treatment by cautery +and by medicine. In cautery, the area where fire is +to be placed is marked with ink in the shape of a +myrtle leaf. In drug treatment, the caustic medicine +is applied to the eyelid over a paper in the shape of a +myrtle leaf (<a href="#f_2">fig. 2</a>).</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="f_11" id="f_11" /><img src="images/i018.png" width="500" height="341" alt= "Figure 11." +title="" /><br /><br /><p class="indent">Figure 11.—Dental forceps. <i>Top</i>, from original +Arabic manuscript (Tüb. MS. 91), courtesy +Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen. <i>Bottom</i>, +from Leclerc, <i>Abulcasis</i>.</p></div> + +<p>In chapter 17 the author refers to an ancient method +regarding cautery of the fistula in the inner corner of +the eye. After incising the fistula, one "dirham" +(derived from the Greek "drachma," which is equal +to about 2.97 grams)<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">19</a> of melted lead is poured into it +through a fine funnel used for cauterization (<a href="#f_3">fig. 3</a>).</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="f_12" id="f_12" /><img src="images/i019.png" width="500" height="307" alt= "Figure 12." +title="" /><br /><br /><p class="indent">Figure 12.—Golden bridge to stabilize shaky teeth. <i>Top</i>, from original Arabic manuscript +(Tüb. MS. 91), courtesy Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen. <i>Left</i>, from Argellata 1531, +courtesy National Library of Medicine. <i>Right</i>, from Channing, <i>Albucasis</i>.</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'>89</span>In like manner, al-Zahrāwī discusses cautery of the +stomach and the "cold liver" in chapters 26 and 27, +respectively. The drawings therein represent shapes +of the burns on the skin (<a href="#f_4">fig. 4</a>) and marks of ink to be +drawn beneath the cartilage of the ribs (<a href="#f_5">fig. 5</a>) for the +purpose of spotting the area of operation. Here also +he describes carefully and clearly the methods of +applying cautery and the types, position, and number +of tools employed in each case. He likewise depicts +(in chapter 45) instruments used in the treatment +of hernia (<a href="#f_6">fig. 6</a>).</p> + +<p>The second section (bāb), with about 99 chapters,<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">20</a> +deals with incision, puncturing, venesection, cupping, +surgery on abscesses, and the withdrawal of arrows +from the body. Al-Zahrāwī warns that ignorance in +such operations may lead to damage of an artery or +vein, causing loss of blood "by which life is sustained."<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">21</a> +Moreover, needle and thread (more than +one kind is mentioned) for the stitching of wounds are +repeatedly recommended.</p> + +<p>According to al-Zahrāwī, foreign bodies that lodge +in the ear (chapter 6) are of four origins: (1) "mineral +stones" or substances resembling mineral stones +such as iron and glass; (2) plant seeds (chick-peas and +beans); (3) liquids, such as water and vinegar; and (4) +animals, such as fleas. Several instruments are recommended +for the removal of such foreign bodies—fine +tweezers shaped like a dropper (<a href="#f_7">fig. 7</a>), a syringe +with plunger-pump, and a tube made of silver or +copper (<a href="#f_8">fig. 8</a>). Also of interest to pharmacy and +therapy is the advice in regard to the use of lubricants +to be applied before administering these fine instruments +into the body’s cavities.</p> + +<p>Chapter 24 is concerned with the treatment of the +polypus that grows in the nose. The various kinds +(including cancer growth), shapes, and colors of this +type tumor and its treatment by surgery or medicine +are described. A hollowed nose-dropper made of +metal in the shape of a small kerosene lamp<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">22</a> is suggested +(<a href="#f_9">fig. 9</a>). The dropper is held by its handle +while its contents are heated before use. Applying +heat to nose drops was probably proposed because it +serves two purposes: it allows easier flow of the +"duhn," or the fatty substance used, and it raises the +temperature of the drops to that of the body.</p> + +<p>In his discussion on dental hygiene,<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">23</a> al-Zahrāwī +<span class='pagenum'>90</span>describes scrapers and dental forceps for teeth cleaning +and extraction (figs. <a href="#f_10">10,</a> <a href="#f_11">11</a>) and brings in a few points +of historical interest.<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">24</a> He warns of the common error +of extracting the adjacent healthy tooth instead of the +ailing one due to the patient’s sense deception. For a +gargle he prescribes salt water, vinegar, and wine +(sharāb). To stop hemorrhage he used blue vitriol +(al-zāj)—copper sulfate in our modern terminology.</p> + +<p>In chapter 33 al-Zahrāwī discusses bridge-making +for the consolidation of shaky teeth (<a href="#f_12">fig. 12</a>). He +prefers the use of stable gold over silver which, he says, +putrifies and rots in a short time. In a rational approach, +he also suggests that the fallen tooth itself, or +a similar one shaped out of a cow’s bone, be installed +and connected with adjacent, stable teeth by a bridge.</p> + +<p>Now, turning to chapter 36, we find al-Zahrāwī +describing a knife-thin tongue depressor (<a href="#f_13">fig. 13</a>) that +he used to facilitate the examination of inflamed +tonsils and other swellings of the throat; it was made +of silver or copper. And in chapter 37 (chapter 34 +in Bes. 503), he describes the excision of an inflamed +uvula by surgery. In the same chapter, he also mentions +the use of instruments made of steel. Of +pharmaceutical interest is the following free translation +of the formula he prescribes "as a milder treatment +by fumigation ... to be resorted to only when the +swelling is subsiding":<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">25</a></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Take pennyroyal [<i>Mentha pulegium</i> Linn.], absinthe +[<i>Artemisia maritima</i> Linn.], thyme, rue, hyssop, camomile, +abrotanum [<i>Artemisia abrotanum</i> Linn.], and other similar +herbs. Put all in a casserole and cover them with vinegar. +Then close tightly with clay [<i>lutum-sapientiae</i>]—except for a +small hole in the middle of the cover—and boil. Connect +one end of a hollowed instrument, a crude form of an +inhaler [<a href="#f_14">fig. 14</a>], with the hole in the cover and insert the +other end, which contains the nozzle, into the patient’s +mouth, allowing the vapor to rise up to the uvula. And +if you are not able to secure this instrument, take a straw +and attach its end to an egg-shell. The egg-shell will +prevent burns in the patient’s mouth that might be caused +by the heated vapor.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="f_13" id="f_13" /><img src="images/i023a.png" width="500" height="499" alt= "Figure 13." +title="" /><br /><br /><p class="indent">Figure 13.—Metal tongue depressor. <i>Top</i>, +from original Arabic manuscript (Ali 2854), +courtesy Süleymaniye Umumi Kütüphanesi +Müdürlüğü.<i> Bottom</i>, from Channing, <i>Albucasis</i>.<br /><br /></p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="f_14" id="f_14" /><img src="images/i023b.png" width="500" height="419" alt= "Figure 14." +title="" /><br /><br /><p class="indent">Figure 14.—Crude form of an inhaler. <i>Top</i>, +from original Arabic manuscript (Tüb. MS. +91), courtesy Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen. +<i>Bottom</i>, from Argellata 1531, courtesy +National Library of Medicine.</p></div> + +<p>Al-Zahrāwī repeats in chapter 53, on cancer, what +Greek physicians had said earlier, that cancer could +be removed by surgery only at its first stage and when +found in a removable part of the body, such as the +<span class='pagenum'>91</span>breast. Therefore, he confesses that neither he nor +any one else he knew of ever applied surgery with +success on advanced cancer.<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">26</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="f_15" id="f_15" /><img src="images/i024a.png" width="500" height="529" alt= "Figure 15." +title="" /><br /><br /><p class="indent">Figure 15.--Metallic syringe for injecting solutions +into the bladder. <i>Top</i>, from original +Arabic manuscript (Bes. 503), courtesy +Süleymaniye Umumi Kütüphanesi Müdürlüğü. +<i>Bottom</i>, from Argellata 1531, courtesy +National Library of Medicine.<br /><br /></p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="f_16" id="f_16" /><img src="images/i024b.png" width="500" height="417" alt= "Figure 16." +title="" /><br /><br /><p class="indent">Figure 16.—Metallic or porcelain syringes for +injection of enemas. <i>Top</i>, from original +Arabic manuscript (Ali 2854), courtesy +Süleymaniye Umumi Kütüphanesi Müdürlüğü. +<i>Bottom</i>, from Argellata 1531, courtesy +National Library of Medicine.</p></div> + +<p>Of special interest in chapter 59 is the metallic +"syringe" (<a href="#f_15">fig. 15</a>) used to inject medicinal solutions +into the bladder: "The hollow passage [of the syringe] +should be exactly equal to the plunger it contains and +no more, so that when such fluids from an excess of +humors are aspirated they will be drawn out, and +likewise when the solutions are injected they will be +pushed in easily." Such description of the use of a +"bladder syringe" in the late 10th century clearly +points to the practical and interesting approach to +surgery in <i>al-Taṣrīf</i>. Moreover, his description of the +removal of a stone from the bladder—an operation +we now call lithotomy—is considered a contribution +to bladder surgery.</p> + +<p>One of the earliest recorded operations for the +extractions of two dead fetuses from the womb is +clearly described in chapter 76. The account of this +case shows not only al-Zahrāwī’s intelligent approach +as a shrewd observer but also his clinical and surgical +ability.</p> + +<p>Drawings of bulb-syringe instruments used for administering +enemas in ailments of the rectum and for +the treatment of diarrhea and colic are depicted in +chapter 83. The text describes several kinds of +syringes made of silver, porcelain, and copper in +various sizes (<a href="#f_16">fig. 16</a>). Of particular interest is an +illustration of a syringe, especially recommended for +children, to which a piece of leather (jildah) is +attached (<a href="#f_17">fig. 17</a>). This instrument is a precursor of +our modern bulb syringe.</p> + +<p>In chapter 84 al-Zahrāwī turns to the treatment +of various wounds. He prescribes the following +powder formula for use: "Take olibanum [frankincense] +and dragon’s blood,<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">27</a> two parts of each, and +three parts of slaked or unslaked lime. Pound them +well, pass through a sieve and apply the powder to +the wound." In cases of damaged blood vessels, he +tied the arteries by ligature, a practice of which he +was a pioneer. In another chapter he describes four +methods for suturing the intestines.</p> + +<p>Al-Zahrāwī, being associated with war casualties +and writing his treatise about the end of the 10th +<span class='pagenum'>92</span>century, no doubt had the experience of dealing with +cases involving injuries caused by arrows. The text +in chapter 94 discloses his observations in elaborate +investigations regarding the extraction of various kinds +of arrows from the body.<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">28</a> Accordingly, several kinds +of hooks and forceps for removing arrows are described +and depicted in the treatise (see <a href="#f_18">fig. 18</a>). Al-Zahrāwī’s +mention of Turkish bows and arrows led Freind to +believe, erroneously, that the author of the treatise +must have lived in the 12th century,<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">29</a> notwithstanding +the fact that Turkish bows and arrows were in common +use in the latter part of the 10th century.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="f_17" id="f_17" /><img src="images/i026.png" width="500" height="527" alt= "Figure 17." +title="" /><br /><br /><p class="indent">Figure 17.—A crude form of bulb syringe +recommended for use with children. <i>Top</i>, +from original Arabic manuscript (Ali 2854), +courtesy Süleymaniye Umumi Kütüphanesi +Müdürlüğü. <i>Bottom</i>, from Leclerc, <i>Abulcasis</i>.</p></div> + +<p>The next chapter, on cupping, mentions the use of +cups made of horns, wood, copper, or glass, according +to circumstances and the availability of material. +The methods of treatment are divided into two kinds: +dry cupping, with or without fire, and wet cupping +(see <a href="#f_19">fig. 19</a>). He prescribes ointments and aromatic +and medicated waters to be applied before and after +cupping to facilitate healing. Only when cupping is +not possible, as on the nose, fingers, and similar parts +of the human body, does he propose the use of +leeches for treatment.<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">30</a> Evidently this is an indication +that he did not, as generally supposed, encourage +the widespread use of leeches.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="f_18" id="f_18" /><img src="images/i027.png" width="500" height="734" alt= "Figure 18." +title="" /><br /><br /><p class="indent">Figure 18.—Hooks and forceps used for the +extraction of arrows. <i>Top</i>, from original +Arabic manuscript (Tüb. MS. 91), courtesy +Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen. <i>Bottom</i>, +from Channing, <i>Albucasis</i>.<br /><br /></p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="f_19" id="f_19" /><img src="images/i028.png" width="500" height="827" alt= "Figure 19." +title="" /><br /><br /><p class="indent">Figure 19.—Cupping. <i>Top</i>, from original +Arabic manuscript (Tüb. MS. 91), courtesy +Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen. <i>Bottom</i>, +from Argellata 1531, courtesy National +Library of Medicine.</p></div> + +<p>The third and final section, of 35 chapters, deals +with the reduction, luxation, and treatment of injured +bones, including fracture of the pelvis. The advices +and warnings in the prelude of this section appear to +repeat some of al-Zahrāwī’s sayings that had been +covered in his previous introductions. The text, however, +presents many facets of interest to the health +<span class='pagenum'>93</span>professions. It elaborates upon the application of +various forms of bandages and plasters in a variety +of operations. Al-Zahrāwī’s detailed description relating +to fractures of bones is a fine anatomical +document of historical interest. He illustrates and +describes special methods for tying injured or broken +bones, and he suggests that bandages made of soft +linen be less and less tight as distance increases from +the injured place (chapter 1). For the protection of +areas adjacent to the injured part against contact +with edges of splints he advocates padding with soft +gauze and carded wool. In some cases, to guard +against swelling, he preferred a delay of one or more +days in applying bandages over splints. Al-Zahrāwī +also devised and depicted many kinds and shapes of +splints for use in simple and compound fractures of +the head, shoulders, arms, fingers, etc. (see <a href="#f_20">fig. 20</a>). +For example, in discussing the reduction of the +humerus, he recommends a splint consisting of a +smooth, thin stick bent in the shape of a bow +with two strings, each attached to one end of +the stick (<a href="#f_21">fig. 21</a>). The injured bone is then placed +in the middle of the bent splint for reduction while +the patient is seated on a chair. Tying is applied +only when there is no "hot" swelling (chapter 11). +One of the remarkable observations made in this section +is the description of the paralysis caused by fracture +of the spine.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="f_20" id="f_20" /><img src="images/i029.png" width="500" height="563" alt= "Figure 20." +title="" /><br /><br /><p class="indent">Figure 20.—Splint "in the shape of a spoon +without a bowl." <i>Top</i>, from original Arabic +manuscript (Tüb. MS. 91), courtesy Universitätsbibliothek +Tübingen. <i>Bottom</i>, from +Channing, <i>Albucasis</i>.</p></div> + +<p>Of interest to historians of medical therapy and pharmacy +are the recipes for poultices that al-Zahrāwī +recommends for use over fractured bones. For example, +he gives the following recipe for one such +poultice: "Take the so-called 'mill’s dust' [ghubār +al-rahā], which is the part of the wheat flour that +clings to the walls of the mill during grinding [lubāb +al-daqīq], and, without sifting away the bran, knead +<span class='pagenum'>94</span>with white-of-egg to a medium consistency, and +apply." Another, more elaborate, recipe calls for +10 dirhams each of the roots of wild pomegranate +[<i>Glossostemon bruguieri</i> D.C.], chickling vetch [the grass +pea, <i>Lathymus sativus</i>], and white marshmallow; 5 +dirhams each of myrrh and aloes; 6 dirhams of white +gum Arabic [<i>Acacia</i>]; and 20 dirhams of bole [friable +earthy clay consisting largely of hydrous silicates of +aluminum and magnesium, usually colored red +because of impurities of iron oxide]. Procedure was +to pound all ingredients gently, pass them through +a sieve, and knead with water or white-of-egg (chapter +1).</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="f_21" id="f_21" /><img src="images/i030.png" width="500" height="550" alt= "Figure 21." +title="" /><br /><br /><p class="indent">Figure 21.—A splint to support the arm. +<i>Top</i>, from original Arabic manuscript (Cod. +N.F. 476A), courtesy Oesterreichische Nationalbibliothek. +<i>Bottom</i>, from Argellata +1531, courtesy National Library of Medicine.</p></div> + +<p>The question arises as to whether al-Zahrāwī did +any human dissection. The answer is uncertain because +our knowledge of his life is fragmentary. However, +he gives no clue to the dissection of humans in +any of the 30 treatises of <i>al-Taṣrīf</i>—his only known +writings—and there is no evidence that he practiced +it in secret. His upright attitude as a Muslim who +repeatedly emphasized his adherence to his faith suggests +that he relied completely on animal dissection +and the writings of his Greek-Roman and Islamic +predecessors. Physicians in both the Islamic domain +and in Christendom for many centuries were hostile +to the idea of human dissection for any purpose because +of their traditional socio-religious convictions, +considering it an unethical and undignified practice. +Perhaps it has been al-Zahrāwī’s original contributions +to surgery, his enthusiasm in emphasizing the +value of anatomical knowledge, and his recognition of +the necessity that only well-educated, well-trained +doctors should perform surgery that have led some +medical historians to wonder whether he did human +dissection at some time in his long years of experience.</p> + + +<div class="center"><big>In Summary</big></div> + +<p>The few examples of illustrations of surgical instruments +given here indicate that the Arabic manuscripts, +in general, have preserved the original, oriental, +artistic features of the drawings in a way that has been +overlooked in Latin and vernacular versions of +<i>al-Taṣrīf</i>.</p> + +<p>In presenting his personal observations and original +ideas on surgery late in life, al-Zahrāwī, for the most +part, was inspired by a thorough acquaintance with +Greek and Arabic medical literature supplemented +by lifelong intelligent observation and experience.</p> + +<p>Through its descriptions and illustrations, the surgical +treatise of al-Zahrāwī very likely played a +significant role in the designing of improved surgical +instruments in the Middle Ages. Also, the treatise no +doubt promoted the development of improved surgical +techniques in Islam and, through its translations, +promoted these techniques to an even greater extent +in the West, a fact that justifies the fame of this +treatise as the highest expression of the development +of surgery in Arabic Spain—a treatise whose influence +continued to the Renaissance. It contributed in no +small measure to the idea of equipping learned and +well-trained surgeons with the best surgical tools and +techniques of the time; moreover, it encouraged the +invention of new instruments to meet differing circumstances +and special conditions. These tools no +doubt greatly facilitated the work of the surgeon.</p> + +<p>Throughout the text of <i>al-Taṣrīf</i> al-Zahrāwī gave +careful attention to the importance of pharmaceutical +preparations in the healing art, including cases +requiring surgery.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">1</span></a> George Sarton, <i>Introduction to the History of Science</i>, Baltimore, +1927, vol. 1, p. 681.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">2</span></a> Mohammad S. Abu Ganima, in <i>Abul-Kasim ein Forscher der +Arabischen Medizin</i>, Berlin, 1929, suggested that description of +operations in al-Majūsī’s surgery is clearer than that in al-Zahrāwī’s—a +statement which does not seem acceptable.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">3</span></a> Max Neuburger, <i>Geschichte der Medizin</i>, Stuttgart, 1911, vol. +2, pt. 1, pp. 178-179.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">4</span></a> Heinrich Haeser, <i>Lehrbuch der Geschichte der Medizin und der +epidemischen Krankheiten</i>, Jena, 1875, vol. 1, pp. 578-584; and +Donald Campbell, <i>Arabian Medicine and Its Influence on the +Middle Ages</i>, London, 1926, vol. 1, p. 88.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">5</span></a> See the prelude to the treatise.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">6</span></a> Fielding H. Garrison (<i>An Introduction of the History of Medicine</i>, +ed. 4, rev., Philadelphia, 1929, p. 132), states, in reference to +"Sudhoff and others," that many drawings earlier than those +of al-Zahrāwī have been discovered in medieval manuscripts. +However, Garrison overlooked the fact that al-Zahrāwī’s +surgical illustrations were mainly depicted for instructional +purposes—a unique approach. It should be noted also that +al-Zahrāwī died almost a century earlier than Garrison thought. +See also Martin S. Spink, "Arabian Gynaecological, Obstetrical +and Genito-Urinary Practice Illustrated from Albucasis," <i>Proceedings +of the Royal Society of Medicine</i>, 1937, vol. 30, p. 654.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">7</span></a> Johannis Channing, <i>Albucasis de Chirurgia. Arabice et Latine</i>, +Oxford, 1778, 2 vols. (hereinafter referred to as Channing, +<i>Albucasis</i>). The text has many errors in spelling and grammar, +but Leclerc went too far in criticizing this edition, which has +many merits. Moreover, the surgical illustrations (reproduced +from the Huntington and Marsh manuscripts of the Bodleian +Library) in Channing’s edition are of special interest.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">8</span></a> Lucien Leclerc, <i>La Chirurgie d’Abulcasis</i>, Paris, 1861 (hereinafter +referred to as Leclerc, <i>Abulcasis</i>). This excellent French +version was first published in a series of articles in <i>Gazette +Médicale de l’Algérie</i>, and seems influenced by Channing’s +edition more than Leclerc admits. Leclerc consulted several +Arabic copies of the treatise as well as Latin and vernacular +translations, but only a few of these Arabic manuscripts are +considered complete. The Arabic manuscripts studied for the +present article are not the same as those used by Leclerc. See +also Leclerc’s monumental work, <i>Histoire de la Médecine Arabe</i>, +Paris, 1876, vol. 1, pp. 453-457.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">9</span></a> Ernst Gurlt, <i>Geschichte der Chirurgie und ihrer Ausübung +Volkschirurgie-Alterthum-Mittelalter-Renaissance</i>, Berlin, 1898, vol. +1, pp. 620-649, with more than 100 figures. In the text and +illustrations, Gurlt relied upon Leclerc’s translation and modified +drawings of the surgical instruments; nevertheless, he +presents a brief, systematic study—probably the best so far—of +the entire treatise.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">10</span></a> Karl Sudhoff, <i>Beiträge zur Geschichte der Chirurgie im Mittelalter</i>, +Leipzig, 1918 (hereinafter referred to as Sudhoff, +<i>Chirurgie</i>), vol. 2, pp. 16-84, with a few plates. Although Sudhoff +consulted the fragmentary Arabic manuscript indexed as "Cod. +Arab. 1989" in Gotha, Germany, he relied mainly upon Latin +versions of the treatise and the illustrations contained in them.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">11</span></a> See Leclerc, <i>Abulcasis</i>, in introduction.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">12</span></a> The seven Arabic manuscripts are indexed as "Berlin MS. +Or. fol. 91," temporarily at Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, +in Germany; "Escorial MS. Arabe No. 876," at Biblioteca del +Monasterio de San Lorenzo el Real de El Escorial, in Spain; +"Wien MS. Cod. N.F. 476 A.," at Oesterreichische Nationalbibliothek, +in Vienna; and "Ali Emiri Arabi No. 2854," "Beșir +Ağa Nos. 502 and 503," and "Veliyyudin No. 2491," all at +Süleymaniye Umumi Kütüphanesi Müdürlüğü, in Istanbul. +Hereinafter these manuscripts are referred to, respectively, as +Tüb. MS. 91; Esc. 876; Wien 476 A; Ali 2854; Bes. 502; Bes. +503; and Vel. 2491. The Smithsonian Institution recently obtained +a microfilm copy of Bankipore Manuscript No. 17 from +the Khuda Bakhsh O. P. Library, Patna (Bihar), India. This +manuscript, containing only the 30th treatise of <i>al-Taṣrīf</i>, was +copied in 1189; therefore, it is the earliest dated Arabic manuscript +of the surgical treatise known to exist. The surgical +illustrations therein add weight to the belief that the Arabic +manuscripts show more originality in the drawings than do +the later copied versions, which often were inaccurate and +possibly distorted. About ten other illustrations from the +Arabic manuscript in Istanbul indexed as "Topkapi MS. No. +1990" (which contains 215 beautifully illustrated figures) were +presented by A. S. Ünver and Hüseyin Usman in an extract +titled "Meșhur Arab Cerrahi Elbülkasimi Zehravi ve onun Kitabül +Cerrahiyesi," Istanbul, 1935. See also Ünver, <i>Serefeddin +Sabuncuoğlu: Kitabül Cerrahiyei Illhaniye</i>, Istanbul, 1939, pp. [5]-7.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">13</span></a> See introduction to the treatise; for example, Bes. 502, fol. +522v-523v and Vel. 2491, fol. 104r-105v. See also K. P. J. +Sprengel, <i>Versuch einer pragmatischen Geschichte der Arzneikunde</i>, +Halle, 1823, vol. 2, pp. 449-451. George J. Fisher, in "Abul-Casem +Chalaf Ibn Abbas al-Zahrāwī, Commonly Called +Albucasis," <i>Annals of Anatomy and Surgery</i>, July-December, 1883, +vol. 8, pp. 24-25, gives a translation of only the first part of +the introduction.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">14</span></a> There are 56 chapters listed in almost all manuscripts and +commentary works I checked except Tüb. MS. 91 and Esc. 876, +where only 55 chapters are listed.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">15</span></a> Al-Zahrāwī mentions several caustic medicines used in +cautery, among which are garlic, mustard, melted lead, slaked +or unslaked lime with or without "common" soap, Thapsia +(<i>Ruta graveolens</i> Linn.), and juice of the Oriental cashew nut +(<i>Senecarpus anacardium</i> Linn.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">16</span></a> Vel. 2491, fol. 106; Bes. 502, fol. 523r-524v.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">17</span></a> Al-Zahrāwī criticizes those who interpret the saying +"cautery is the end of treatment" to mean that cauterization +is the best and only conclusive treatment at the physician’s +disposal. He points out that other treatments, such as drugs, +should be resorted to first, and used until they prove of no +avail; and he states that only after cautery proves to be the +cure should it be considered the completion of medical treatment—"al-kay +ākhir al-Ṭibb." See Vel. 2491, fol. 106; and +Bes. 502, fol. 524r-525v.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">18</span></a> For healing, soothing, or emollient purposes, al-Zahwārī +suggested medications, such as egg white, salt water (normal +saline), sap of psyllium, several ointments, "duhn" of rose, and +other "adhān" (plural of "duhn," the fatty or oily essences +extracted from various substances through pharmaceutical +processes).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">19</span></a> For a more accurate estimate of the equivalence of "dirham" +according to the area in which the measurement was taken, the +reader may consult Walter Hinz, <i>Islamische Masse und Gewichte +umgerechnet ins metrische System</i>, Leiden, 1955, pt. 1, pp. 2-8; +and George C. Miles, <i>Early Arabic Glass Weights and Stamps</i>, +New York, 1948, p. 6.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">20</span></a> The contents of several manuscripts (such as Ali 2854, +Wien 476 A, Bes. 503, and Tüb. MS. 91) give different numbers.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">21</span></a> See, for example, Tüb. MS. 91, fol. 45v; and Bes. 502, +fol. 530v.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">22</span></a> Sudhoff, <i>op. cit.</i> (footnote 10), p. 29, fig. 6.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">23</span></a> For a more detailed and interesting discussion with +beautiful illustrations included, the reader may consult Ch. +Niel, "La Chirurgie Dentaire D’Abulcasis Comparée a celle +des Maures du Trarza," <i>Revue de Stematologie</i>, April 1911, +vol. 18, pp. [169]-180 and 222-229.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">24</span></a> It is regrettable that Franz Rosenthal in his fine article +"Bibliographical Notes on Medieval Muslim Dentistry" +(<i>Bulletin of the History of Medicine</i>, 1960, vol. 34, pp. 52-60) +failed to refer to this or any other section of al-Zahrāwī’s work.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">25</span></a> Bes. 502, fol. 538. See also Channing, <i>Albucasis</i>, pp. 206-208. +For the identification of the drugs and their botanical origins +the author of the present paper consulted H. P. J. Renaud and +Georges S. Colin, <i>Tuḥfat al-Aḥbāb, Glossaire de la Matière +Médicale Marocaine</i>, Paris, 1934, pp. 133, 143, 193-194, and +Max Meyerhof, <i>Un Glossaire de Matière Médicale Composé par +Maimonide</i>, Cairo, 1940, pp. 168-169.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">26</span></a> Tüb. MS. 91, fol. 99v.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">27</span></a> Dragon’s blood is a resin obtained from the scales covering +the surface of the ripe fruits of "<i>Daemonorops draco Blume</i>" +(Heber W. Youngken, <i>Textbook of Pharmacognosy</i>, ed. 6, Philadelphia, +1948, p. 175). See also Renaud and Colin, <i>op. cit.</i> +(footnote 25), pp. 54-55.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">28</span></a> Heinrich Frölich, "Abul-Kasem als Kriegschirurg," <i>Archiv +für klinische Chirurgie</i>, 1884, vol. 30, pp. 365-376. This well-presented +study was reviewed by Paul Schede in <i>Centralblatt +für Chirurgie</i>, 1884, no. 38, pp. 626-627.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">29</span></a> Johannis Freind, <i>The History of Physick</i>, London, 1726, vol. +2, p. 129.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">30</span></a> In several manuscripts, the chapter on the use of leeches is +the last one in the second section of the treatise.</p></div> + + +<p>U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1961</p> + +<p>For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office +Washington 25, D. C.—Price 20 cents</p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Drawings and Pharmacy in Al-Zahrawi's +10th-Century Surgical Treatise, by Sami Hamarneh + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DRAWINGS AND PHARMACY *** + +***** This file should be named 26038-h.htm or 26038-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/6/0/3/26038/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Turgut Dincer, Joseph Cooper and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + +</pre> + +</body> +</html> diff --git a/26038-h/images/capital_t.png b/26038-h/images/capital_t.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..800fb92 --- /dev/null +++ b/26038-h/images/capital_t.png diff --git a/26038-h/images/i004.png b/26038-h/images/i004.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..28318e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/26038-h/images/i004.png diff --git a/26038-h/images/i008.png b/26038-h/images/i008.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b93782d --- /dev/null +++ b/26038-h/images/i008.png diff --git a/26038-h/images/i010.png b/26038-h/images/i010.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4fe12f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/26038-h/images/i010.png diff --git a/26038-h/images/i011.png b/26038-h/images/i011.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..633c7ec --- /dev/null +++ b/26038-h/images/i011.png diff --git a/26038-h/images/i013.jpg b/26038-h/images/i013.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..da16d45 --- /dev/null +++ b/26038-h/images/i013.jpg diff --git a/26038-h/images/i014a.png b/26038-h/images/i014a.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0e884ca --- /dev/null +++ b/26038-h/images/i014a.png diff --git a/26038-h/images/i014b.png b/26038-h/images/i014b.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..11471f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/26038-h/images/i014b.png diff --git a/26038-h/images/i015.png b/26038-h/images/i015.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..99371ec --- /dev/null +++ b/26038-h/images/i015.png diff --git a/26038-h/images/i016.png b/26038-h/images/i016.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..6c9394c --- /dev/null +++ b/26038-h/images/i016.png diff --git a/26038-h/images/i017.png b/26038-h/images/i017.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..3691eed --- /dev/null +++ b/26038-h/images/i017.png diff --git a/26038-h/images/i018.png b/26038-h/images/i018.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4de22dc --- /dev/null +++ b/26038-h/images/i018.png diff --git a/26038-h/images/i019.png b/26038-h/images/i019.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..375d5de --- /dev/null +++ b/26038-h/images/i019.png diff --git a/26038-h/images/i023a.png b/26038-h/images/i023a.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..992f964 --- /dev/null +++ b/26038-h/images/i023a.png diff --git a/26038-h/images/i023b.png b/26038-h/images/i023b.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..145777a --- /dev/null +++ b/26038-h/images/i023b.png diff --git a/26038-h/images/i024a.png b/26038-h/images/i024a.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..5431a61 --- /dev/null +++ b/26038-h/images/i024a.png diff --git a/26038-h/images/i024b.png b/26038-h/images/i024b.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b8e7502 --- /dev/null +++ b/26038-h/images/i024b.png diff --git a/26038-h/images/i026.png b/26038-h/images/i026.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f9e478f --- /dev/null +++ b/26038-h/images/i026.png diff --git a/26038-h/images/i027.png b/26038-h/images/i027.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a72eedf --- /dev/null +++ b/26038-h/images/i027.png diff --git a/26038-h/images/i028.png b/26038-h/images/i028.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..530c79c --- /dev/null +++ b/26038-h/images/i028.png diff --git a/26038-h/images/i029.png b/26038-h/images/i029.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..adc0115 --- /dev/null +++ b/26038-h/images/i029.png diff --git a/26038-h/images/i030.png b/26038-h/images/i030.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..270948f --- /dev/null +++ b/26038-h/images/i030.png diff --git a/26038-h/images/icover.png b/26038-h/images/icover.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..203a899 --- /dev/null +++ b/26038-h/images/icover.png |
