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diff --git a/26037.txt b/26037.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e2636e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/26037.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3621 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Shepp's Photographs of the World, by +James W. Shepp and Daniel B. Shepp + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Shepp's Photographs of the World + +Author: James W. Shepp + Daniel B. Shepp + +Release Date: July 12, 2008 [EBook #26037] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SHEPP'S PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE WORLD *** + + + + +Produced by Robert J. Hall + + + + +SHEPP'S PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE WORLD. + +CONSISTING OF + +Panoramic Views of Cities--Street Scenes--Public Buildings--Cathedrals-- +Mosques--Churches--Temples--Observatories--Castles--Palaces--Homes of +Noted People--Private Apartments of Presidents, Queens, Kings, Emperors, +Monarchs and Rulers--Harems--Universities--Colleges--Active Volcanoes-- +Mountain Scenery--Lake Scenery--Lochs--Fjords--Falls--River Scenery-- +Canyons--Geysers--Bridges--Parks--Fountains--Theatres--Obelisks--Towers-- +Memorials--Tombs--Caves--Cemeteries--Pyramids--Ruins of Castles--Ruins +of Temples--Ruins of Ancient Cities--Tropical Scenery--Towns--Villages-- +Huts, + +Together with a large array of instantaneous photographs, showing +the every-day life of the people in the various countries of the +world. + +COLLECTED FROM + +EUROPE, ASIA, AFRICA, AUSTRALIA, NORTH AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA AND +THE PACIFIC ISLANDS, + +REPRESENTING + +THE WORLD AS IT EXISTS TO-DAY. + +Also, direct copies of all the original famous paintings and statuary, +by the world's old masters and modern artists, taken from the leading +galleries, including the + +FRENCH SALON, LOUVRE AND LUXEMBOURG GALLERIES, PARIS; AND VERSAILLES +GALLERY, VERSAILLES, FRANCE; THE DRESDEN GALLERY, DRESDEN, GERMANY; +THE UFFIZI AND PITTI GALLERIES, FLORENCE, ITALY; AND THE VATICAN +GALLERY, ROME. + +Forming the largest and most valuable collection of works of art +in the world. + +---- + +CAREFULLY ARRANGED AND APPROPRIATELY EXPLAINED BY + +JAMES W. SHEPP AND DANIEL B. SHEPP. + +---- + +SOLD BY SUBSCRIPTION ONLY. + +---- + +GLOBE BIBLE PUBLISHING CO., + +NO. 705 CHESTNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PENNA. + + + + +PREFACE + +[Illustration: I]n all ages, men have been eager to tell and to +hear new things; and before books were printed, travellers wandered +abroad, bringing home wonderful stories of unknown lands. + +In the construction of this publication, the object is not to tell +stories or relate experiences, but to exhibit, by carefully taken +photographs, the great sights of the world as they exist to-day. + +The art of teaching with pictures is very old. The ancient Egyptians +used emblems and designs to record the various incidents of their +history, traces of which are still found on obelisks and ruined +temples. + +Wood illustrations were also introduced many years ago; and as +time rolled on, marked improvements were made in the art of +wood-engraving. Notwithstanding the fact that they have not the +power of truly representing the original objects they intend to +portray, they are still largely used for illustrating printed books +and papers. + +Over a century ago, the art of photography was made known to the +world by Scheele, a Swedish chemist; since then, many improvements +have been made in this art, until now, by the photo-electro process, +an exact photograph can be transferred on a copper plate, without +losing a single line or shade, and from this plate, photographs +can be printed, such as appear in this book. + +Owing to the increasing popularity of the graphic and pictorial +methods of imparting information, the photographic camera was employed +to secure photographs of the greatest things of the world as seen +to-day, both for instruction and entertainment. + +We forget knowledge acquired by common conversation, and descriptions +of places and things; but when we observe them, and their forms +are conveyed to our minds through the medium of our eyes, they +are indelibly impressed upon the memory. + +The object, then, of this Publication is to present photographs +of all the great sights of the world, from every corner of the +globe, carefully reproducing them by the photo-electro process, +and adding a few lines of explanation to every picture, so that +any one can comprehend each subject. + +To make this collection, every country was carefully ransacked, +starting in Ireland, with the famous Blarney Castle and Lakes of +Killarney in the south, and extending to the Giant's Causeway in +the north, said by an old legend to have been built by giants to +form a road across the channel to Scotland. + +Passing through Scotland, we photographed its hills, castles, lochs, +bridges and cities. Throughout Wales and England, we represent their +busy seaport and manufacturing towns; the home of Shakespeare, +the Bard of Avon; Windsor Castle, far-famed for its beauty and +battlements; Greenwich Observatory, from which the longitude of the +world is computed; Hampton Court, a relic of royalty; and London, +the metropolis of the world, with over six million people, its +crowded streets, imperial buildings, historic abbeys, famous towers +and monuments. + +The Netherlands and Denmark are represented by the dykes and windmills, +Copenhagen, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Antwerp, Brussels, the battlefield +of Waterloo; Russia, the land of the Czar, by Moscow, The Kremlin; +St. Petersburg, the Winter Palace. Thence our photographers travelled +across the steppes to Lapland, Finland, Poland, and over the tundras +to sterile Siberia, inflicting its cruel tortures on unhappy exiled +prisoners. + +Germany, that romantic country of northern Europe, affords Berlin; +Potsdam, its Royal Palaces; Dresden and its Picture Galleries; +Frankfort-on-the-Main, the former home of Luther, the reformer, +and Rothschild, the financial king of the world; the picturesque +Rhine, lined with its historic castles. + +France furnishes for our collection Paris, the proudest city of the +whole world, ever gay, its pretty boulevards, monuments, towers, +bridges, historic buildings, the Louvre and Luxembourg Galleries, +and their treasures of painting and sculptures; Versailles, its +royal palaces, the largest in the world; the palace at Fontainbleau, +buried in the midst of that imperial forest, the home where Napoleon +ruled and abdicated; the cities of the interior and those of the +ever-delightful Riveria, from Marseilles to Monte Carlo, the latter +both lovely, hideous, serene, sensational, beautiful and damnable. + +Through Spain and Portugal, every object of interest was photographed, +from the wild and thrilling scenery of the Pyrenees in the north +to that bold headland rock of Gibraltar in the south, and from +the calm Mediterranean in the east to the turbulent waters of the +Atlantic on the west. + +Of Switzerland, we exhibit its snow-capped peaks of perpetual ice +and snow; Mont Blanc, Matterhorn and Jungfrau; its placid lakes; +mountain passes, like shelves cut in rock; its bridges of ice and +variety of wild scenery that is seen nowhere but in Switzerland. + +Through sunny Italy we gathered photographs from lakes Lugano, +Maggiore and Como with perpetual spring, in the north, to the fiery +crater of Mount Vesuvius in the south; Venice, the "Queen of the +Adriatic;" Genoa, the home of Columbus; Pisa, its leaning tower; +Florence, the "flower of cities," with its galleries of statues +and paintings that the wealth of nations could not purchase; and +Rome, that mighty city by the Tiber, that once ruled the world, +and is still the abode of the Pope; St. Peters and its ruins; yet +now calm, peaceful and powerless. + +Austria, where the Catholic bows his head to every shrine, favored +us with its sublime mountain scenery; the picturesque Tyrol; the +blue Danube, famous in history and song; and Vienna, the home of the +Emperor and the former abode of Maria Theresa, strangely fascinating +and unlike any other city in the whole world. Turkey, the land of +the Sultan and the followers of Mahomet, with its strange people +and curious habits, is represented by Constantinople, with its +mosques and minarets, from the top of which the Mussulman sings +out his daily calls for prayer, Ali! Ali!--there is but one God, +and Mahomet is his prophet; its streets, gates and squares; the +Bosphorus and Golden Horn. + +Classic Greece, once the centre of art and learning, adorns our +collection with Athens, the Acropolis and Parthenon, the latter +almost completely and shamefully bereft of those famous marbles, +chiseled by Phidias nearly five hundred years before Christ. + +In ancient Egypt we photographed the Suez Canal; Alexandria, the +former city of Cleopatra; Cairo, the home of the Khedive and his +harems; the Sphynx and Pyramids, the latter the tombs of the selected +Ptolemies; the river Nile, fed by the melting snows from the mountains +of the Moon, and pouring its waters over this ancient valley with +a regularity as though the ruined temples on its banks give it +command. + +Palestine, the Holy Land, made famous in the history of the Christian +Church, added Jeruselem, the City of David; Bethlehem, the cradle +of Christ; Jordan, where He was baptized; the Sea of Galilee, on +whose shores He preached to the multitude; Nazareth, from which +He was called a Nazarene; Gethsemane, where He suffered; Calvary, +where He was crucified. + +Asia furnished Mecca, that eternal city to which Mahomet's disciples +make their weary pilgrimages; Hindoostan, from Bombay to Calcutta; +the grottos of Illora; the caverns of Salcette; the Hindoo priests, +chanting the verses of the Vedas; the ruins of the city of the +great Bali, the domes of the pagodas; glacier views, snow bridges, +rattan bridges in the Himalayas; the sacred caves of Amurnath, +to which pilgrimages are made by the Hindoos; Srinugurr and its +floating gardens; curious bridges; bazaars for the sale of the +world-renowned Cashmere shawls, the winding river Jheulm, with +its many curves, suggesting the pattern or design for these famous +wraps; Darjeeling and Mussorie, celebrated hill sanitariums, in +the heart of the Himalayas, much frequented by tourists during +summer; Melapore, where St. Thomas was martyred and where Christ, +perhaps, lived during His absence from Judea, drawing from the +books of the Brahmins, the most perfect precepts of His divine +teachings; the subterranean caverns of Candy; the splendor of the +Valley of Rubies; Adam's Peak; the footmark of Buddha; the fairy-like +view of the Straits of Sunda. + +Our photographers also traversed the Celestial Empire, South America, +Central America, Mexico, Greenland, Iceland, Alaska, Canada and +the United States, from the Golden Gate in the west to the Rocky +Coast of New England in the east, and from the Lake Cities in the +north to the Cotton States in the south. Through every country and +every clime, north, south, east and west, wherever was located a +point of interest, an historic castle, a famous monument, a grand +cathedral, a world's wonder, a great city, a crowded avenue, an imperial +building, a pretty picture, an exquisite statue, a picturesque river, +an inspiring grandeur of nature, a curious cavern, a lofty peak, a +deep valley, a strange people, the same was reflected through the +camera and added to this book. + +The result of this collection entailed therefore the expenditure +of a vast amount of money and labor, as may be supposed; and the +only wish of the publishers is, that it may afford pleasure and +instruction to those that view the result of their labors. + + + + +CONTENTS. + +IRELAND. + Blarney Castle + Lakes of Killarney + Dublin (Instantaneous) + Giant's Causeway + +SCOTLAND. + Municipal Buildings, Glasgow + Loch Lomond + Forth Bridge + Balmoral Castle + Clamshell Cave, Island of Staffa + Edinburgh (Instantaneous) + +ENGLAND. + Liverpool (Instantaneous) + Lime Street, Liverpool (Instantaneous) + Manchester (Instantaneous) + Warwick Castle, Warwick + Shakespeare's House, Stratford-on-Avon + Brighton + Osborne House, Isle of Wight + Hampton Court Palace, Hampton Court + Greenwich Observatory, Greenwich + + WINDSOR CASTLE. + Windsor Castle + Green Drawing Room + + LONDON. + Midland Grand Hotel and St. Pancras Station + The Strand (Instantaneous) + Cheapside (Instantaneous) + St. Paul's Cathedral + The Bank of England (Instantaneous) + Tower of London + London Bridge (Instantaneous) + Westminster Abbey + Houses of Parliament + Trafalgar Square + Buckingham Palace + Rotten Row (Instantaneous) + Albert Memorial + +BELGIUM. + Antwerp + + BRUSSELS. + Panoramic View of Brussels + Palace of the King + Bourse (Instantaneous) + City Hall + Cathedral of Ste. Gudule + The Forbidden Book. Painting, Ooms + +HOLLAND. + Scheveningen + Amsterdam (Instantaneous) + Windmill + +NORWAY. + Christiansand + Bergen + Naerdfjord, Gudvnagen + North Cape + +RUSSIA. + Moscow + Winter Palace, St. Petersburg + +GERMANY. + The Cathedral, Cologne + Bingen + Ehrenbreitstein + Frankfort-on-the-Main + Martin Luther's House, Frankfort-on-the-Main + Ariadne on the Panther, Statuary, Dannecker + University Building, Leipsic + + BERLIN. + Royal Palace + Berlin, Unter den Linden + Statue of Frederick the Great + The Brandenburg Gate + Monument of Victory + + POTSDAM. + The Historic Windmill + + DRESDEN GALLERY. + Madonna di San Sisto, Painting, Raphael + Magdalene, Painting, Battoni, + +FRANCE. + PARIS. + Bird's-eye View of Paris + Place de la Concorde (Instantaneous) + Madeleine (Instantaneous) + Opera House (Instantaneous) + Great Boulevards + July Column + Statue of the Republic + Vendome Column + Royal Palace + Hotel de Ville + Cathedral of Notre Dame + Palace of Justice + Arc of Triumph + Dome des Invalides + Tomb of Napoleon + Eiffel Tower + Pantheon + Louvre Buildings + + LOUVRE GALLERY. + Venus de Milo, Statuary, Unknown + Tomb of Phillippe Pot, Statuary, Renaissance + Peacemaker of the Village, Painting, Greuze + + LUXEMBOURG GALLERY. + + The Last Veil, Statuary, Bouret + Arrest in the Village, Painting, Salmson + A Mother, Statuary, Lenoir + Joan of Arc, Statuary, Chapu + Paying the Reapers, Painting, Lhermitte + Ignorance, Painting, Paton + + VERSAILLES. + Royal Palace + Royal Carriage + + VERSAILLES GALLERY. + Last Victims of the Reign of Terror, Painting, Muller + Napoleon at Austerlitz, Painting, Vernet + Napoleon, Painting, Gosse + + FONTAINEBLEAU. + Royal Palace + Throne Room + Apartment of Tapestries + Apartment of Mme. de Maintenon + +SOUTHERN FRANCE. + Nice + Monaco + Monte Carlo + Gaming Hall, Monte Carlo + +SPAIN. + Madrid + Seville + Bull Fight, Seville (Instantaneous) + Toledo + Gibraltar + +PORTUGAL. + Lisbon + +SWITZERLAND. + Kirchenfeld Bridge, Berne + Clock Tower, Berne + Peasant Woman + Interlaken and the Jungfrau + Grindelwald + A Thousand Foot Chasm + Brunig Pass + Lucerne + Rigi + Rigi-Kulm + Pilatus + Simplon's Pass + Zermatt and the Matterhorn + Chamounix and Mont Blanc + Engleberg + St. Gotthard Railway + Axenstrasse + +AUSTRIA. + VIENNA. + Panorama of Vienna + Hotel Metropole + Church of St. Stephen + Theseus, Statuary, Canova, + Schoenbrunn + +TURKEY. + CONSTANTINOPLE. + Galata Bridge (Instantaneous) + Mosque of St. Sophia + Interior of the Mosque of St. Sophia + Street Scene (Instantaneous) + Mosque of Ahmed + Turkish Lady + Street Merchants + Sultan's Harem + +GREECE. + Acropolis, Athens + Parthenon, Athens + +ITALY. + MILAN. + Grand Cathedral and Square + Corso Venezia + + TURIN. + Exposition Buildings + Duke Ferdinand of Genoa + + GENOA. + General View of Genoa + Statue of Columbus + + PISA. + Leaning Tower + + VENICE. + Palace of the Doges + Grand Canal + Cathedral of St. Mark + Street Scene in Venice + The Rialto (Instantaneous) + + FLORENCE. + The Cathedral + Vecchio Bridge + Monk + Loggia dei Lanzi + Uffizi Buildings + + LOGGIA DEI LANZI. + Rape of Polyxena, Statuary, Fedi + + UFFIZI GALLERY. + Wild Boar, Bronze + The Grinder, Statuary, 16th Century + + ROME. + Appian Way and Tomb of Cecilia Metella + Pyramid of Cestius and St. Paul Gate + Roman Forum + Forum of Trajan + Baths of Caracalla + Colosseum + Interior of Colosseum + Pantheon + Bridge of St. Angelo and Tomb of Hadrian + St. Peter's and Vatican + Interior of St. Peter's + Romulus and Remus + + VATICAN GALLERY. + Transfiguration, Painting, Raphael + La Ballerina, Statuary, Canova + Laocoonte, Statuary + + NAPLES. + Toledo Street (Instantaneous) + + MOUNT VESUVIUS. + Crater + + POMPEII. + Street of Tombs + Civil Forum + + ISLAND OF CAPRI. + General View and Landing + + ISLAND OF ISCHIA. + Castello + +EGYPT. + ALEXANDRIA. + Harbor + Place of Mehemet Ali + + CAIRO. + Citadel + Mosque of Mohammed 'Ali + Street Scene + Palace of Gezireh + + On Camel-Back + Pyramids of Gizeh + Corner View of the Great Pyramid + The Sphynx + In Central Africa + + SUEZ CANAL. + Landing on Suez Canal (Instantaneous) + Post Office, Suez + +PALESTINE. + Yaffa or Jaffa + + JERUSALEM. + General View of Jerusalem + Wailing Place of the Jews + Street Scene + + Garden of Gethsemane + Bethlehem + Dead Sea + Nazareth + Jacob's Well + +SYRIA. + Beyrouth + Great Mosque, Damascus + Ba'albek + Mecca + +INDIA. + Kalbadevie Road, Bombay + Benares + Tropical Scenery + Heathen Temple + Royal Observatory + +CHINA. + Wong Tai Ken + +SANDWICH ISLANDS. + Typical Scene + +ALASKA. + Sitka + Totem Poles + +CANADA. + Parliament Buildings + +UNITED STATES. + + SAN FRANCISCO. + Golden Gate + Market Street, San Francisco + + YOSEMITE VALLEY. + General View + Glacier Point + Mirror Lake + Big Tree + + SALT LAKE CITY. + Great Mormon Temple + + YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. + Pulpit Terrace + Obsidian Cliff + Mammoth Paint Pots + Old Faithful Geyser + Yellowstone Lake and Hot Springs + Yellowstone Falls + Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone + + COLORADO. + Animas Canyon + Grand Canyon of the Arkansas River + Mountain of the Holy Cross + Manitou and Pike's Peak + Summit of Pike's Peak + Gateway to the Garden of the Gods + Cathedral Spires + + Life in Oklahoma + Indian Wigwam, Indian Territory + State Street, Chicago, Ill. + Niagara Falls, N. Y. + Bunker Hill Monument, Boston, Mass. + + NEW YORK. + Park Row + Brooklyn Bridge + Elevated Railroad + Statue of Liberty + + PHILADELPHIA. + Chestnut Street + Market Street + + ST. AUGUSTINE, FLA. + Fort San Marco + Ponce de Leon + + WASHINGTON, D. C. + The Capitol + White House + +[Illustration: BLARNEY CASTLE, IRELAND.--Here are observed the +ruins of a famous old fortress, visited by thousands of tourists +every year, on account of a tradition which has been attached for +centuries to one of the stones used in building the castle. Its +walls are 120 feet high and 18 feet thick; but it is principally +noted for the "Blarney Stone," which is said to be endowed with the +property of communicating to those who kiss its polished surface, +the gift of gentle, insinuating speech. The triangular stone is 20 +feet from the top, and contains this inscription: Cormack MacCarthy, +"Fortis me fieri fecit A. D. 1446."] + +[Illustration: LAKES OF KILLARNEY, IRELAND.--These are three connected +lakes, near the centre of County Kerry. The largest contains thirty +islands, and covers an area of fifteen square miles. The beautiful +scenery along the lakes consists in the gracefulness of the mountain +outlines and the rich and varied colorings of the wooded shores. +Here the beholder falters, and his spirit is overawed as in a dream, +while he contemplates the power and grandeur of the Creator. The +lakes are visited by thousands of tourists annually. The above +photograph gives a general view of them.] + +[Illustration: DUBLIN, IRELAND.--Dublin, the capital and chief +city of Ireland, is the centre of the political, ecclesiastical, +educational, commercial, military and railroad enterprises of the +kingdom. It is the residence of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, +and it claims a high antiquity, having been in existence since the +time of Ptolemy. In the ninth century it was taken by the Danes, +who held sway for over two hundred years. In 1169 it was taken back +by the English, and seven years later, its history began to be +identified with that of Ireland. The city is divided into two parts +by the Liffey, which is spanned by nine bridges. This photograph +represents Sackville street, one of its principal thoroughfares.] + +[Illustration: GIANT'S CAUSEWAY, IRELAND.--The Giant's Causeway +derives its name from a mythical legend, representing it to be +the commencement of a road to be constructed by giants across the +channel from Ireland to Scotland. It is a sort of pier or promontory +of columnar basalt, projecting from the north coast of Antrim, +Ireland, into the North Sea. It is divided by whin-dykes into the +Little Causeway, the Middle or "Honeycomb Causeway" here represented, +and the Grand Causeway. The pillars vary in diameter from 15 to 20 +inches, and in height, from 10 to 20 feet. It is a most curious +formation.] + +[Illustration: MUNICIPAL BUILDINGS, GLASGOW, SCOTLAND.--Glasgow +is one of the best governed cities in Great Britain, and has a +broad, bold and enlightened policy that conduces to the health, +comfort and advancement of its citizens. This photograph represents +its municipal buildings and a statue of Sir Walter Scott. The building +is large and imposing, and of a mixed style of architecture. It +was erected in 1860, at a cost of nearly half a million dollars, +and has a tower 210 feet high. The Post Office, Bank of Scotland, +Town Hall, Exchange and Revenue Buildings are close by.] + +[Illustration: LOCH LOMOND, SCOTLAND.--Here is presented the largest +and, in many respects, the most beautiful of the Scottish Lakes; it +is nearly twenty-five miles long, and from one to five miles wide. +Its beauty is enhanced by the numerous wooded islands, among which +the steamer threads its way. Some of the islands are of considerable +size, and, by their craggy and wooded features, add greatly to the +scenic beauty of the lake. Loch Lomond is unquestionably the pride +of Scottish Lakes. It exceeds all others in extent and variety of +scenery.] + +[Illustration: FORTH BRIDGE, SCOTLAND.--This bridge, crossing the +Firth of Forth, is pronounced the largest structure in the world, +and is the most striking feat yet achieved in bridge-building. It +is 8296 feet long, 354 feet high, and cost $12,500,000. It was +begun in 1883, and completed in 1890. It is built on the cantilever +and central girder system, the principle of which is that of "stable +equilibrium," its own weight helping to balance it more firmly +in position. Each of the main spans is 1700 feet long, and the +deepest foundations are 88 feet. The weight of the metal in the +bridge is 50,000 tons.] + +[Illustration: BALMORAL CASTLE, SCOTLAND.--The above-named castle, +the summer residence of Queen Victoria, is most beautifully and +romantically situated in the Highlands of Scotland. The Queen has +two other residences, one on the Isle of Wight, and the other at +Windsor; but the Highland home is the most pleasant and attractive. +The surrounding country is rich in deer, grouse and every other kind +of game. The place is always guarded by soldiers, and no one is +allowed to come near the castle, unless by special permission. The +cairns which crown most of the hills, are memorials of friends of +Her Majesty. The property covers forty thousand acres, three-fourths +of which is a deer forest.] + +[Illustration: CLAMSHELL CAVE, ISLAND OF STAFFA, SCOTLAND.--The +above cave is located on the Island of Staffa, in the Atlantic +Ocean, not far from the mainland. It is one of those remarkable +islands whose wonders have been known to the world for but little +over a hundred years. The name of the island signifies _columns +or staves_. At one time the coast was visited by violent volcanic +actions, the effects of which may still be traced. Staffa is a +little over a third of a mile in circumference, and presents a most +interesting field of study for geologists.] + +[Illustration: EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND.--Edinburgh, the capital of +Scotland, and one of the most romantically beautiful cities in +Europe, is finely situated near the Firth of Forth. It is the seat +of the administrative and judicial authorities of Scotland, and is +renowned for its excellent university and schools. Its authentic +history begins in 617, when King Edwin established a fortress on +the Castle Rock. It consists of the picturesque Old Town, familiar +to all readers of Walter Scott, and of the New Town, started in +1768. This photograph represents Princess Street, the principal +thoroughfare of the New Town, Scott's Monument, and Castle Rock, +the ancient seat of Scottish Kings.] + +[Illustration: LIVERPOOL, ENGLAND.--Liverpool, the second city and +principal seaport of England, is situated on the right bank of the +Mersey, three miles from the sea, and one hundred and eighty-five +miles from London. The town was founded by King John in 1207, and +its growth for several centuries was very slow. In 1840 regular +steamboat communications were opened between it and New York, which, +no doubt, established the modern pre-eminence of Liverpool. The +importation of raw cotton from the United States forms the great +staple of its commerce. The docks which flank the Mersey for a +distance of seven miles, and give employment to thousands of workmen, +are its most characteristic and interesting sights.] + +[Illustration: LIME STREET, LIVERPOOL, ENGLAND.--Situated on the +north-east side of the River Mersey, near its mouth, stands the +above city, extending for miles along its banks. Liverpool is noted +for the magnificence of its docks, which are constructed on the +most stupendous scale, and said to cover, including the dry docks, +over two hundred acres, and fifteen miles of quays. Its principal +avenue is Lime Street, represented by the above picture. The large +building in the centre is the Terminal Hotel, of the London and +Northwestern Railway, which starts from the rear of the building.] + +[Illustration: MANCHESTER, ENGLAND.--Manchester is the chief industrial +town of England, and the great metropolis of the manufacturers +of cotton, silk, worsted, chemicals and machinery. Most of the +streets of the older parts of the city are narrow, but those in +the new parts are wide and attractive. The above picture represents +Piccadilly Street, which is one of the principal thoroughfares. +This avenue is bordered by magnificent shops, and always crowded +with pedestrians, omnibuses and other vehicles. The statue in the +centre is that of the Duke of Wellington. Piccadilly has a very +animated appearance.] + +[Illustration: WARWICK CASTLE, WARWICK, ENGLAND.--Warwick, a quaint +old town with 12,000 inhabitants, is situated on a hill rising +from the River Avon, and is a place of great antiquity, having +been originally a British settlement, and afterward occupied by +the Romans. Legend goes back for its foundation to King Cymbeline, +and the year one. On a commanding position, overlooking the Avon, +stands Warwick Castle, the ancient and stately home of the Earl of +Warwick. The Castle, which is one of the finest and most picturesque +feudal residences in England, dates from Saxon times.] + +[Illustration: SHAKESPEARE'S HOUSE, STRATFORD-ON-AVON, ENGLAND.--Of +all the ancient castles and monuments throughout England, the house +of William Shakespeare at Stratford-on-Avon is perhaps the most +interesting and popular. The chief literary glory of the world +was born here, April 23, 1564, which gives his home an ancient +and noted history. The house has undergone various vicissitudes +since his time, but the framework remains substantially unaltered. +The rooms to the right on the ground floor contain interesting +collections of portraits, early editions of his productions, his +school-desk and signet-ring. The garden back of the house contains +a selection of the trees and flowers mentioned in his plays.] + +[Illustration: BRIGHTON, ENGLAND.--This town, situated on the English +Channel, forty-seven miles from London, extends three miles along +the coast, and is fronted by a sea wall sixty feet in height, which +forms a magnificent promenade. The town has elegant streets, squares +and terraces, built in a style equal to the best in the metropolis. +Its fisheries furnish large quantities of fish to the London market. +In the time of George III., it was a mere fishing-village; but +since his day, it has become the most fashionable watering-place +in England.] + +[Illustration: OSBORNE HOUSE, ISLE OF WIGHT, ENGLAND.--This is +the residence of the Queen of England; it was completed in 1845, +and is located near Cowes. The latter town is on the north coast +of the Isle of Wight, directly opposite to the mouth of Southampton +Water. The port between them is the chief one of the island, and +the headquarters of the Royal Yacht Squadron. Behind the harbor +the houses rise picturesquely on gentle wooded slopes, and numerous +villas adorn the vicinity. Magnificent residences and castles are +located near by, of which the above picture is a fair representation.] + +[Illustration: HAMPTON COURT PALACE, HAMPTON COURT, ENGLAND.--This +palace was built by Cardinal Wolsey, the favorite of Henry VIII., and +was afterwards presented to the King. It was subsequently occupied +by Cromwell, the Stewarts, William III., and the first two monarchs +of the House of Hanover. Since the time of George II., Hampton +Court has ceased to be a royal residence, and is now inhabited +by various pensioners of the Crown. The various rooms that were +formerly occupied by the royalty, are now devoted to the use of +an extensive picture-gallery.] + +[Illustration: GREENWICH OBSERVATORY, GREENWICH, ENGLAND.--Greenwich +Observatory is situated six miles from London Bridge, on a hill +one hundred and eighty feet high, in the centre of Greenwich Park. +It marks the meridian from which English astronomers make their +calculations. The correct time for the whole of England is settled +here every day at one o'clock P. M.; a large colored ball descends +many feet, when the time is telegraphed to the most important towns +throughout the country. A standard clock, with the hours numbered +from one to twenty-four, and various standard measures of length +are placed outside the entrance, pro bono publico.] + +[Illustration: WINDSOR CASTLE, ENGLAND.--This favorite seat of +the sovereigns of Great Britain, twenty miles from London, at the +town of Windsor, was frequently extended under succeeding monarchs, +until finally, in the reign of Queen Victoria, when it was completed +at a total cost of $4,500,000, it became one of the largest and +most magnificent royal residences in the world. The Saxon kings +resided on this spot long before the castle was founded by William +the Conqueror. In its vaults are buried the sovereigns of England, +including Henry VIII. and Charles I. The interior of the castle is +richly and profusely decorated, and filled with pictures, statuary, +bronze monuments and other works of art.] + +[Illustration: GREEN DRAWING-ROOM, WINDSOR CASTLE, ENGLAND.--Windsor +Castle, the residence of the Queen, is one of the largest and most +magnificent royal residences in the world. The interior of the +drawing-room, which is fitted up at an expense of many hundred +thousand dollars, gives a person a fair conception of the elaborate +and artistic display to be witnessed in numerous other apartments. +The interior, beautified with colored marble, mosaics, sculpture, +stained-glass, precious stones, and gilding in extraordinary profusion +and richness, places it among the finest castles in all Europe.] + +[Illustration: MIDLAND GRAND HOTEL AND ST. PANCRAS STATION, LONDON, +ENGLAND.--The roof of this station is said to be the most extensive +in the world, being seven hundred feet long, two hundred and forty +feet span, and one hundred and fifty feet high. The hotel is the +terminus of the railway by the same name, and is one of the largest +in London. Travelers arriving at the metropolis of the world, by +almost any of the large railway lines, can secure hotel accommodations +at the end of their journey in the Railway Hotel.] + +[Illustration: THE STRAND, London, England.--This street has been +so named from its skirting the bank of the river, which is concealed +here by the buildings. It is very broad, contains many handsome +shops, and is the great artery of traffic between the city and the +West End, and one of the busiest and most important thoroughfares +in London. It was unpaved down to 1532. At that period many of the +mansions of the nobility and hierarchy stood here, with gardens +stretching down to the Thames. The buildings on the left are the +new Law Courts.] + +[Illustration: CHEAPSIDE, LONDON, ENGLAND.--This street is in the +very heart of the "city" and is especially noted for its so-called +"cheap shops," where is offered for sale every variety of articles, +from a locomotive to a toothpick. The street is constantly so crowded +with vehicles, that pedestrians are often delayed from fifteen to +twenty minutes in crossing from one side to the other. It affords +much pleasure to stroll along Cheapside and watch the crowds of +pedestrians and vehicles pass up and down the avenue. The buildings +lining Cheapside have an imposing appearance, and are of uniform +architecture.] + +[Illustration: ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL, LONDON, ENGLAND.--Conspicuous, on +a slight eminence in the very heart of London, stands the above-named +cathedral, the most prominent building of the city. It is claimed that +in Pagan times a temple of Diana occupied the site of St. Paul's. +The present church was begun in 1675, opened for divine service +in 1697, and completed in 1710. The bulk of its cost, amounting +to nearly $4,000,000, was defrayed by a tax on coal. The church +resembles St. Peter's at Rome, and is in the form of a Latin cross, +five hundred feet long and one hundred and eighteen feet wide.] + +[Illustration: THE BANK OF ENGLAND, LONDON, ENGLAND.--This irregular, +isolated, one-story building, covering an area of four acres, and +located in the central part of London, is the largest and most +powerful institution in the world. It is the only bank in London +which has the power to issue paper money; its average daily business +is over $10,000,000. It employs 900 people, and usually carries in +its vaults from $75,000,000 to $100,000,000, while there are from +100 to 125,000,000 dollars of the bank's notes in circulation. On +the right is the Stock Exchange, giving 1000 stock brokers daily +employment.] + +[Illustration: TOWER OF LONDON, LONDON, ENGLAND.--This celebrated +fortress is located on the Thames in the eastern portion of London. +Some of the most interesting events in the history of the Old World +are clustered around these ancient relics. Some say the tower was +commenced by Julius Caesar, while most writers affirm that William +the Conqueror commenced it in 1078. The tower-walls enclose about +twelve acres, on the outside of which is a deep ditch or moat, +formerly filled with water. The tower was for a time a residence for +the Monarchs of England; afterwards a prison for State criminals.] + +[Illustration: LONDON BRIDGE, LONDON, ENGLAND.--Centuries ago the +Saxons and Romans erected various wooden bridges over the Thames, +on the site of the present London Bridge; but they were all carried +away by floods, or destroyed by fire. This bridge was begun in +1825 and completed in 1831 at a cost of $10,000,000. The bridge, +928 feet long and 54 feet wide, is borne by five granite arches, +that in the centre having a span of 152 feet. The lamp-posts on +the bridge are cast of the metal of French cannons captured in +the Peninsular War. About 15,000 vehicles and 100,000 pedestrians +cross the bridge daily.] + +[Illustration: WESTMINSTER ABBEY, LONDON, ENGLAND.--The Abbey, +built in the form of cross, four hundred feet long and two hundred +feet wide, is of Gothic design, and was founded in 610 A. D. + + "That antique pile, + Where royal heads receive the sacred gold; + It give them crowns, and does their ashes keep; + There made like gods, like mortals there they sleep, + Making the circle of their reign complete. + These sons of Empire, where they rise, they set."] + +[Illustration: HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT, LONDON, ENGLAND.--These edifices +form a single pile of buildings of the richest Gothic style. They +cover over eight acres, contain one hundred stair-cases, eleven +hundred apartments, and cost $15,000,000. They are perhaps the +most costly national structure in the world. The Queen enters on +the opening and prorogation of Parliament through the Victoria +Tower, which is three hundred and forty feet high. The imposing +river-front of the edifice is nine hundred and forty feet long, +and adorned with statues of English monarchs, from William the +Conqueror to Queen Victoria.] + +[Illustration: TRAFALGAR SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND.--Here is one of +the finest open places in London. This great square, which is a +centre of attraction, was dedicated to Lord Nelson, and commemorates +his glorious death in the battle of Trafalgar, October 22, 1805, +gained by the English fleet over the combined armaments of France +and Spain. In the centre of the Square, rises to the memory of the +great hero, a massive granite column, one hundred and fifty-four +feet high, and crowned with a statue of Nelson. At the foot of the +pedestal is inscribed his last command, "England expects every +man will do his duty."] + +[Illustration: BUCKINGHAM PALACE, LONDON, ENGLAND.--The above palace, +being now the Queen's residence and occupying the site of Buckingham +House, was erected in 1703 by the Duke of Buckingham, and purchased +by George III. His successor remodeled it in 1825, but it remained +vacant until 1837, when it was occupied by Queen Victoria, whose +residence it has since continued to be. The palace now forms a +quadrangle, and is three hundred and sixty feet long. It contains a +sculpture-gallery, a library, green drawing-room, throne-room, grand +saloon, state ball-room, picture-gallery and private apartments.] + +[Illustration: ROTTEN ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND.--Rotten Row is the +finest portion of Hyde Park, irrespectively of the magnificent +groups of trees and expanses of grass for which English parks stand +pre-eminent. The Park is surrounded by a handsome and lofty iron +railing, and provided with nine carriage entrances. In the spring +and summer the fashionable world rides, drives or walks through the +Row; and in the drives are seen unbroken files of elegant equipages +and high-bred horses in handsome trappings moving continually, +presided over by sleek coachmen and powdered lackeys, and occupied +by some of the most beautiful and exquisitely dressed women in +the world.] + +[Illustration: ALBERT MEMORIAL, LONDON, ENGLAND.--This magnificent +monument to Albert, the late Prince Consort, was erected by the +English nation at a cost of $600,000. On a spacious platform, to +which granite steps ascend on each side, rises a basement adorned +with reliefs in marble, representing artists of every period, poets. +musicians, painters and sculptors. In the centre of the basement +sits the colossal bronze-gilt figure of Prince Albert. The canopy +terminates at the top in a Gothic spire, rising in three stages and +surmounted by a cross. The monument is one hundred and seventy-five +feet high, and gorgeously embellished with bronze and marble statues, +gildings, colored stones and mosaic.] + +[Illustration: ANTWERP, BELGIUM.--Antwerp, the capital of a province +of its own name, stands on the right bank of the Scheldt. It is +strongly fortified; its walls and other defenses completely encompass +the city on the land sides, having more than twelve miles of massive +ramparts. The appearance of Antwerp is exceedingly picturesque, an +effect produced by its numerous churches, convents, magnificent +public buildings, its elaborate and extensive fortifications, the +profusion of beautiful trees, and by the stately antique-looking +houses which line its older thoroughfares. Of the docks, dock-yards +and basins, constructed by Bonaparte at an expense of $10,000,000, +the last only remains. Its harbor is one of the finest in the world.] + +[Illustration: PANORAMIC VIEW OF BRUSSELS, BELGIUM.--Brussels, +the capitol of Belgium and the residence of the royal family, is +situated nearly in the centre of the Kingdom. The above picture +presents a general view of the city, the tile roofs of the houses, +with the Palace of Justice looming up in the background. This stately +edifice, completed in 1883, was erected at an expense of over +$10,000,000. This high tower of marble forcibly suggests the mighty +structures of ancient Egypt or Assyria, and the vast amount of +energy spent in their erection.] + +[Illustration: PALACE OF THE KING, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM.--The above +edifice originally consisted of two buildings, which were erected +during the last century. These were connected by an intervening +structure, and adorned in 1827 with a Corinthian colonnade. It is +one of the principal and notable buildings of the City of Brussels. +The interior contains a number of apartments handsomely fitted up, +and a great variety of ancient and modern pictures. A flag hoisted +on the palace announces the presence of the King.] + +[Illustration: BOURSE, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM.--In the central portion +of the City of Brussels on the Boulevard Anspach, rises the Bourse +or New Exchange, an imposing pile in Louis XIV. style. Its vast +proportions and almost excessive richness of ornamentation combine +to make the building worthy of being the commercial centre of an +important metropolis; but it has been sadly disfigured by the +application of a coat of paint, necessitated by the foible nature +of the stone. The principal facade is embellished with a Corinthian +colonnade, to which there is an ascent of twenty steps.] + +[Illustration: CITY HALL, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM.--This is by far the +most interesting edifice in the city, and one of the noblest and +most beautiful buildings of the kind in Belgium. It is of irregular, +quadrangular form, one hundred and ninety-eight feet in length, and +one hundred and sixty-five feet in depth, and encloses a court. +The principal facade is of Gothic style, and the graceful tower, +which, however, for some unexplained reason does not rise from +the centre of the structure, is three hundred and seventy feet in +height. The entire building dates back to the fourteenth century, +and is still occupied by municipal offices.] + +[Illustration: CATHEDRAL OF STE. GUDULE.--In the central part of +the City of Brussels, overlooking its lower section, is the above +edifice, one of the most imposing and most ancient Gothic churches +in Belgium. It consists of a nave and aisle, having a retro-choir, +and deep bays, resembling chapels. It was built in 1220, and has +been in constant use for 670 years. While the elements of time are +crumbling its outside surface, leaving an abundance of disintegrated +matter at the base of its walls, its interior is adorned with fine +paintings and kept in apparently good order.] + +[Illustration: THE FORBIDDEN BOOK (BY OOMS), ACADEMY OF FINE ARTS, +BRUSSELS, BELGIUM--This striking painting by that celebrated artist, +is a pleasing commingling of many colors, which, of course, are lost +in the photograph. The picture represents a private library, the +father and daughter eagerly devouring the contents of the Bible. +Unexpected foot-steps are heard; hence the frightened look of both, +for, in those days, reading the Bible was punished by death. The +painting is a subject study for the earnest Bible-reader.] + +[Illustration: SCHEVENINGEN, HOLLAND.--This famous and popular +summer resort is annually visited by thousands of people. The sand +is firm and smooth, and the place possesses a great advantage over +other watering-places on the North Sea, having The Hague and woods +in close proximity, the latter affording pleasant and shady walks. +What appear like wooden posts driven in the sand in the above picture, +are wicker-basket chairs, with roofs to keep off the sun. Scores +of canvas tents line the shore, and thousands of people lie on +the beach from early morning until late at night.] + +[Illustration: AMSTERDAM, HOLLAND.--This is the largest and most +important city in Holland, and constitutionally its capital. It +stands on a soft, wet ground, under which, at a depth of fifty +feet, is a bed of sand. Into this sand piles are driven, on which +buildings are reared, a fact which gave rise to the jest of Erasmus +of Rotterdam, that he knew a city whose inhabitants dwelt on tops +of trees like rooks. The city is surrounded by grassy meadows. +Amsterdam ranks much higher as a trading than as a manufacturing +town. The photograph represents St. Antoine Street.] + +[Illustration: WIND-MILL, HOLLAND.--Millions wonder that a country +so situated as Holland can exist; and the stranger is almost unable +to decide whether land or water predominates. Those broken and +compressed coasts, those deep bays and great rivers, the lakes +and canals crossing each other, all combine to give the idea of +a country that may at any time disintegrate and disappear. In the +thirteenth century the sea broke the dykes in northern Holland +and formed the Zuyder Zee, destroying many villages and causing +the death of eighty thousand people. To drain the lakes, and save +the country from destructive inundations, the Hollanders press +the air into their service, which is represented by the above +wind-mill.] + +[Illustration: CHRISTIANSAND, NORWAY.--Christiansand is the largest +town on the south coast of the Scandinavian peninsula, and the +residence of one of the five Norwegian Bishops. It is beautifully +situated at the mouth of the Otteraa, on the Christiansand Fjord. +The town is named after Christian IV., by whom it was founded in +1641, and is regularly laid out with streets intersecting at right +angles. It possesses an excellent harbor, at which all the coasting +steamers of that country, and those from England, Germany and Denmark, +arrive regularly.] + +[Illustration: BERGEN, NORWAY.--Bergen is one of the oldest and +most picturesque cities in Norway. The general aspect of the town +is modern, though traces of its antiquity are not wanting. The +older part adjoins the spacious harbor called Vaagen, and spreads +over the rocky heights at the base of the Florfjeld and over the +peninsula of Mordanes. Fish has always been the staple commodity +of the city, and it is still the greatest fish market in Norway. +The above picture represents the harbor, with vegetable-peddlers +and their portable stalls in the foreground.] + +[Illustration: NIERDFJORD, GUDVNAGEN, NORWAY.--One of the grandest +and most picturesque of the many Fjords on the broken coast of +Norway, is represented here. Enormous waterfalls, formed by the +melting snows and ice, are seen along the steep precipices of the +high mountains on every side. The mountains on both sides of this +inland sea, rise to the height of several thousand feet. The steamer +in the foreground is one of the many that make weekly trips between +Christiansand and Hammerfest, the latter being the most northern +town in the world. During the summer season, these steamers are +crowded with tourists to their utmost capacity. This fact evinces +the grandeur of the place, and the interest it must afford to +travellers.] + +[Illustration: NORTH CAPE, NORWAY.--This cape (71 deg. 10' N. Lat.), +consisting of a dark gray slate-rock, furrowed with deep clefts, +rising abruptly from the sea, is usually considered the most northern +point of Europe; its height is about nine hundred and seventy feet. +The northern sun, creeping at midnight (the time this photograph was +taken) along the horizon, and the immeasurable ocean in apparent +contact with the skies, form the grandest outlines and the most +sublime pictures to the astonished beholder. Here, as in a dream, +the many cares and anxieties of restless mortals seem to culminate.] + +[Illustration: MOSCOW, RUSSIA.--Moscow, which was at one time the +capital of all Russia and home of the Czar, was founded nearly seven +hundred and fifty years ago. The principal event in its history +is the burning of it in 1812, for the purpose of dislodging the +French from their winter quarters during the French and Russian +war. The city is built with strange irregularities, having streets +and numerous paltry lanes opening all at once into magnificent +squares. It has a great number of churches and monasteries, and +a university with 1000 students. This photograph represents the +principal portion of the city and the river Moskva, on whose bank +it is situated, with the Kremlin in the distance, piercing the +air with its lofty spires.] + +[Illustration: WINTER PALACE, ST. PETERSBURG, RUSSIA.--This magnificent +palace is fronted with a large number of Corinthian columns, which +give it a formidable yet beautiful appearance. On the top, along the +front and sides, it is adorned by a number of statues representing +various emblems and figures in Russian history. The most beautiful +apartment of the edifice is the Salle Blanche, or white saloon, +where the court fetes are held. The room contains the crown jewels +of Russia, and is decorated in pure white and gold. The effect +is most dazzling.] + +[Illustration: THE CATHEDRAL, COLOGNE, GERMANY.--This building +justly excites the admiration of every beholder, and is probably +the most magnificent Gothic edifice in the world. It stands on a +slight eminence, sixty feet above the Rhine. As early as the ninth +century, an Episcopal church occupied the site, but the inhabitants +regarded it to be unworthy, as compared with the prosperity of the +city, and consequently started a new one. The foundation-stone +of the present structure was laid on August 14, 1248. On the 15th +of October, 1880, the completion of the Cathedral was celebrated +in the presence of William I.] + +[Illustration: BINGEN, GERMANY.--Bingen, a Hessian town of Prussia, +with a population of 7100, is situated at the confluence of the +Nahe and Rhine rivers. The Romans erected a castle here in 70, +when a battle was fought between them and the Gauls. Bingen carries +on a large trade in wine, starch and leather. The town is in a +beautiful and highly picturesque country, and is visited by thousands +of tourists during the summer season. On an island in the Rhine is +the Mansethum, or "Rat Tower," a structure erected in the thirteenth +century. Bingen is celebrated in song, poetry, story and history.] + +[Illustration: EHRENBREITSTEIN, GERMANY.--This small town, with +five thousand three hundred inhabitants, prettily situated in a +valley, is crowned with the fortresses of Ehrenbreitstein and +Asterstein, which are connected with Coblenz by a bridge of boats, +about four hundred yards in length. The majestic fortress of +Ehrenbreitstein rises opposite the influx of the Moselle, and is +situated on a precipitous rock, three hundred and eighty-five feet +above the Rhine, inaccessible on three sides, and connected with +the neighboring heights on the north side only. The view from the +top is one of the finest on the Rhine. It embraces the fertile +Rhine Valley from Stolzenfels to Andernach.] + +[Illustration: FRANKFORT-ON-THE-MAIN, GERMANY.--The above city, +formerly one of the few independent towns of Germany, now belongs +to Prussia. Old watch-towers in the vicinity indicate its ancient +extent. The city lies on a spacious plain bounded by mountains, +on the right bank of the navigable river Main. On the left bank +lies Sachenhausen, a suburb connected with Frankfort by four stone +bridges and one suspension bridge. In a commercial, and particularly +a financial, point of view, Frankfort is one of the most important +cities of Germany.] + +[Illustration: MARTIN LUTHER'S HOUSE, FRANKFORT-ON-THE-MAIN, +GERMANY.--Here is a historic relic which justly excites the admiration +of the beholder. This is where Martin Luther lived for a time after +he had nailed to a church-door in Wittenberg the theses in which +he contested the doctrine at the root of the detestable traffic +carried on for the Pope by Tetzel and his accomplices. This brought +to the front a man who had certainly many faults, but who amply +made up for them by his force of intellect and the loftiness of +his aims.] + +[Illustration: ARIADNE ON THE PANTHER, BETHMANN'S MUSEUM, +FRANKFORT-ON-THE-MAIN, GERMANY.--This exquisite piece of sculpture +is the masterpiece of Dannecker, a sculptor of Stuttgart, who is +likewise famous for his bust of Schiller. Of the many subjects +sculptured by Dannecker, Ariadne, especially, has a peculiar charm +of novelty, which has made it a European favorite in a reduced +size. It is perhaps the contrast between the delicacy of the female +human form and the subdued rude force of the panther she rides, +that attracts the admiration.] + +[Illustration: UNIVERSITY BUILDING, LEIPSIC, GERMANY.--Leipsic +is one of the great commercial cities of Germany, the centre of +the German book-trade, the seat of the supreme law-courts of the +German Empire, and contains one of the most ancient and important +universities in Europe. The interior of the city consists of lofty +and closely built houses, dating chiefly from the seventeenth and +eighteenth centuries, and is surrounded by five handsome suburbs, +beyond which is a series of villages, almost adjacent to the town. +The above picture represents one of the University buildings.] + +[Illustration: ROYAL PALACE, BERLIN, GERMANY.--This palace, six +hundred and fifty feet long, three hundred and eighty feet wide, +and rectangular in form, rises in four stories to the height of +one hundred feet, while the dome on the right is two hundred and +thirty feet high. In the time of Frederick the Great, it served +as a residence for all the members of the royal family, contained +all the royal collections, and was the seat of several government +officials. Now it is used for reception rooms, and a dwelling for +royal officials. The exterior of the palace is massive and imposing; +the interior is beautifully embellished.] + +[Illustration: BERLIN, GERMANY.--Berlin, the capital of Prussia +and the home of the emperor, with its large and beautiful buildings +and its regularity of streets, ranks among the finest cities in +Europe. The most noted street is that called "Unter den Linden," +the city's pride, a broad and imposing thoroughfare, resembling the +boulevards of Paris. It contains four rows of trees, ornamented at +one end by the Brandenburg Gate, and at the other by the equestrian +statue of Frederick the Great, well represented by this photograph. +The palace of the king, different gardens, the aquarial museum and +many other noted buildings border on "Unter den Linden," which is +nearly a mile long, and thronged all day with pedestrians.] + +[Illustration: STATUE OF FREDERICK THE GREAT, BERLIN, GERMANY.--This +impressive and masterly work was erected in 1851 at one end of +the "Linden," and is probably the grandest monument of its kind +in Europe. The great King is represented on horse-back, with his +coronation-robes and walking-stick. The pedestal is divided into +four sections. The upper one contains allegorical figures and scenes +in Frederick's life, with the figures Moderation, Justice, Wisdom +and Strength at the corners; the second section contains figures +of the King's officers, and the lower section, the names of other +distinguished men.] + +[Illustration: THE BRANDENBURG GATE, BERLIN, GERMANY.--The Brandenburg +Gate, forming the entrance to Berlin, from the Thiergarten, was erected +in 1793 in imitation of the Propylaea at Athens. It is 85 feet high +and 205 feet wide, and has five different passages, separated by +massive Doric columns. It is at the one end of "Unter den Linden," +and its middle passage is reserved for royal carriages only. The +material is sandstone, and it is surmounted by a Quadriga of Victory +from copper, taken to Paris by Napoleon in 1807, but restored in +1814. On the side are two wings resembling Grecian Temples, one +of which is a pneumatic post-office and the other a guard-house. +Both combine in their construction, strength, elegance and beauty.] + +[Illustration: MONUMENT OF VICTORY, BERLIN, GERMANY.--This monument, +rising to a height of two hundred feet, stands on a circular terrace, +approached by eight granite steps in the Thiergarten. It was dedicated +on September 2, 1873, to commemorate the great victories of 1870 +and 1871. The massive square pedestal is adorned with reliefs in +bronze. Above, in the flutings of the column, which consists of +yellow, grayish sandstone, are placed three rows of Danish, Austrian +and French cannon, captured in the different battles fought with +those nations.] + +[Illustration: THE HISTORIC WINDMILL, POTSDAM, GERMANY.--Potsdam +is almost entirely surrounded by a fringe of royal palaces, parks +and pleasure-grounds. Here is located the palace of Sanssouci. +Adjacent to the palace is the famous windmill, now royal property, +which its owner refused to sell to the King, meeting threatened +violence by an appeal to the judges of its supreme court.] + +[Illustration: MADONNA DI SAN SISTO (BY RAPHAEL), DRESDEN GALLERY, +DRESDEN, GERMANY.--This masterpiece of Raphael, was photographed direct +from the original painting, worth $400,000. It is an altar-piece, +representing the Virgin and Child in clouds, with St. Sixtus on +the right, St. Barbara on the left, and the cherubs beneath. A +curtain has just been drawn back, and the Virgin issues, as it +were, from the depth of Heaven, her large serene eyes seeming to +embrace the whole world in their gaze. The most striking feature +of the painting is the expression of naive innocence depicted on +the faces of the cherubs.] + +[Illustration: MAGDALENE (BY BATTONI), DRESDEN GALLERY, DRESDEN, +GERMANY.] + +[Illustration: BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF PARIS, FRANCE.--Paris, the largest +city in the French Republic, and its capital, covers an area of +thirty square miles, with a population of about 2,000,000. The +river Seine, which flows through the centre of the city, is spanned +by twenty-eight bridges, of which the seven principal are shown on +this photograph. The city is noted for its fine parks, magnificent +churches, colossal buildings, and wide boulevards, of which the Champs +Elysees is the most famous. Paris is the centre of the political, +artistic, scientific, commercial and industrial life of the nation.] + +[Illustration: PLACE DE LA CONCORDE, PARIS, FRANCE.--Place de la +Concorde, one of the most beautiful and extensive public parks +in Paris, being considered, by the best authorities, the finest +in the world, is bounded by the Seine, Champs Elysees, Tuileries +and Rue de Rivoli. Numerous historical associations are connected +with the place. The guillotine did much bloody work here during +1793-4-5; upwards of 2800 people perished by it. Foreign troops +frequently bivouacked on the square when Paris was in their power. +The Obelisk of Luxor, a Monolith or single block of reddish granite +76 feet high, was presented to Louis Phillipi by Mohamed Ali and +erected in the centre of the Place. It adds very much to the interest +of the park.] + +[Illustration: MADELEINE, PARIS, FRANCE.--The foundation of this +church was laid by Louis XV. in 1764. The Revolution found the +edifice unfinished, and Napoleon I. ordered the building to be +completed as a "Temple of Glory." Louis XVIII., however, returned +to the original intention of making it a church. The edifice was +finally completed in 1842, and the amount of money expended was +upwards of $2,500,000. It stands on a basement, surrounded by massive +Corinthian columns. The building, which is destitute of windows, +is constructed exclusively of stone, light being admitted through +sky-lights in the roof.] + +[Illustration: OPERA HOUSE, PARIS, FRANCE.--This is a most sumptuous +edifice, completed in 1874, and covering an area of nearly three +acres. Nothing can surpass the magnificence of the materials with +which it is decorated, and for which almost all Europe has made +contributions. Sweden and Scotland yielded a supply of green and +red granite; from Italy were brought the yellow and white marbles; +from Finland, red porphyry; from Spain, "brocatello;" and from +France, other marbles of various colors. The cost of the site was +over $2,000,000, and that of the building nearly $8,000,000.] + +[Illustration: GREAT BOULEVARDS, PARIS, FRANCE.--The splendid line +of streets, known as the Great Boulevards, which extend on the +north side of the Seine, from the Madeleine at one end, to the +Bastile at the other, was originally the line of fortifications or +bulwarks of the City of Paris. In 1670, the city having extended +northward far beyond the fortifications, the moats were filled up, +the walls destroyed and the above Boulevards formed. This photograph +represents the Grand Hotel at the corner of the Place de l'Opera.] + +[Illustration: JULY COLUMN, PARIS, FRANCE.--The above monument +was erected after the Revolution of July, 1830, in honor of the +heroes who fell on that occasion, and solemnly dedicated in 1840. +The total height of the monument is one hundred and fifty-four feet, +resting on a massive round sub-struction of white marble, originally +intended for Napoleon's Elephant, which he had planned to erect in +bronze on this spot; but his plans were never consummated. On the +sub-struction rises a square basement, on each side of which are +four bronze medallions, symbolical of Justice, the Constitution, +Strength and Freedom.] + +[Illustration: STATUE OF THE REPUBLIC, PARIS, FRANCE.--This national +statue is made of bronze, and was erected in 1883. The stone pedestal, +fifty feet in height, is surrounded with seated bronze figures +of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity. The statue, thirty-two feet +high to the top of the olive branch, makes a striking and imposing +appearance. In front is a brazen lion, with the urn of universal +suffrage. On the stone pedestal are hewn the words, "To the Glory +of the Republic of France, to the City of Paris, 1883." This statue +was the model for the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor.] + +[Illustration: VENDOME COLUMN, PARIS, FRANCE.--Here is an imitation +of Trajan's column at Rome. It is one hundred and forty-two feet +high, and thirteen feet in diameter, and was erected by the order +of Napoleon I., from 1806 to 1810, to commemorate his victories in +1805, over the Russians and Austrians. The figures on the spiral +column represent memorable scenes, from the breaking up of the +camp at Boulogne, to the battle of Austerlitz. The metal of these +figures was obtained by melting 1200 Russian and Austrian cannons. +The top is a statue of Napoleon.] + +[Illustration: ROYAL PALACE, PARIS, FRANCE.--The above palace, +erected by Cardinal Richelieu in 1634, was occupied after his death +by Anne of Austria, the widow of Louis XIII., with her sons Louis +XIV., and Philip of Orleans, then in their minority. In 1815 the +Orleans family regained possession of the Palais Royal; and it was +occupied by Louis Philippe to 1830. Shortly before the outbreak of +the revolution of July, he gave a sumptuous ball here in honor of +Neapolitan notabilities then visiting Paris. In 1871, the Communists +set the Palais Royal on fire, but it has since been carefully restored.] + +[Illustration: HOTEL DE VILLE, PARIS, FRANCE.--The above edifice, in +many respects one of the finest buildings in Paris, may be regarded +as an enlarged reproduction of the original building, with richer +ornamentation and more convenient arrangements. It has played a +conspicuous part in the different revolutions, having been the usual +rallying place of the Democratic party. Here was also celebrated +the union of the July Monarchy with the Bourgeoisie, when Louis +Philippe presented himself at one of the windows in August, 1830, +and, in view of the populace, embraced Lafayette.] + +[Illustration: CATHEDRAL OF NOTRE DAME, PARIS, FRANCE.--Founded in +1163, but not completed until the thirteenth century. Since then +the building has been frequently altered. During the Revolution +the Cathedral was sadly desecrated. The side chapels were devoted to +orgies of various kinds. In 1802 it was again re-opened by Napoleon +as a place of divine worship. During 1871 Notre Dame was desecrated +by the Communists. The treasury was rifled, and the building used +as a military depot. When the insurgents were compelled to retreat, +they set fire to the church, but fortunately little damage was +done.] + +[Illustration: PALACE OF JUSTICE, PARIS, FRANCE.--This palace, +occupying the site of the ancient palace of the kings of France, +was presented by Charles VIII., in 1431, to the Parliament or Supreme +Court of Justice. The palace was so much injured by fire in 1618 +and in 1776, that nothing of it now remains except the two round +domes which are seen on the right of the picture. The bridge seen +in connection with the avenue in the foreground, spans the Seine, +having been built by Napoleon, while the avenue itself leads to +the Exchange.] + +[Illustration: ARC OF TRIUMPH, PARIS, FRANCE.--This is the finest +triumphal arch in existence. It is situated at one end of the Champs +Elysees, on an eminence, and can be seen from nearly every part of +the city. Twelve magnificent avenues radiate from it, nearly all +of them sloping upward to the arch. It was commenced by Napoleon +I. in 1806, and completed by Louis Philippe in 1836, at a cost of +$2,000,000.] + +[Illustration: DOME DES INVALIDES, PARIS, FRANCE.--The beautiful +gilded dome, three hundred and forty feet high, which surmounts the +church of the Invalides, and which can be seen at a great distance, +is built on the north side of the Seine, and forms a part of the +Hotel des Invalides. The Hotel des Invalides, founded in 1670 by +Louis XIV., for aged veterans, covers an area of thirty-one acres. +Immediately under the gilded dome, is a crypt below the floor, +containing the tomb of Napoleon.] + +[Illustration: TOMB OF NAPOLEON, PARIS, FRANCE.--This tomb is situated +beneath the Dome des Invalides, in an open circular crypt, twenty +feet in depth and thirty-six feet in diameter. The walls are of +polished granite, adorned with ten marble reliefs. On the mosaic +pavement rises the Sarcophagus, thirteen feet long, six and one-half +feet wide, and fourteen and one-half feet high, a huge block of +reddish-brown granite weighing sixty-seven tons, and costing $30,000. +At the further end of the crypt appears Napoleon's last request: +"I wish that my ashes rest on the banks of the Seine, in the midst +of the French people, whom I loved so well." To these words, as +well as to the tomb of the great leader, every Frenchman reverts +with pride.] + +[Illustration: EIFFEL TOWER, PARIS, FRANCE.--This enormous monument +surpasses anything of the kind hitherto erected. From all parts +of the city its graceful head may be seen, completely dwarfing +into insignificance every public building and spire that Paris +contains. It has three platforms. The first, of vast extent and +comfortably arranged for many hundred visitors at a time, contains +cafes and restaurants. The second is 376 feet from the ground, and +the third, 863 feet. The total height of the Tower is 985 feet, +being the loftiest monument in the world.] + +[Illustration: PANTHEON, PARIS, FRANCE.--This structure standing +on the highest ground in the City of Paris, occupies the site of +the tomb of Ste. Genevieve, the patron saint of Paris. The present +edifice was completed in 1790. The new church was dedicated to +Ste. Genevieve, but in 1791 the Convention resolved to convert it +into a kind of memorial temple, which they named the "Pantheon." +In 1885 it was secularized for the obsequies of Victor Hugo. The +edifice is of most imposing dimensions, in the form of a Greek +cross. The building resembles the Pantheon in Rome.] + +[Illustration: LOUVRE BUILDINGS, PARIS, FRANCE.--Here are presented +the most important public buildings in Paris, both architecturally +and on account of the treasures of art they contain. The oldest +part of the Louvre has been the scene of many historical events. +It is divided into two different sections, the ground floor being +devoted to an Egyptian museum. The other apartments contain the +Asiatic museum, collections of ancient sculpture, collections of +Renaissance sculpture, collections of modern sculpture, a picture +gallery, a saloon of the ancient bronzes, and a collection of Greek +and other antiquities.] + +[Illustration: VENUS DE MILO, LOUVRE GALLERY, PARIS.--This statue +of Aphrodite, which was found on the Island of Melos, now Milo, +at the entrance to the Greek Archipelago, was sold to the French +Government for 6000 francs, and is now not for sale for its weight +in gold. It is exhibited in the Louvre and represents one of the most +celebrated treasures of the Gallery. Aphrodite is here represented, +not only as a beautiful woman, but as a goddess, as is seen by +her powerful and majestic form and the noble expression of the +head, indicating her independence of human needs and the placid +self-competence of her divine character. It is one of the masterpieces +which constitute the great marvel of antiquity.] + +[Illustration: TOMB OF PHILLIPPE POT, LOUVRE GALLERY, PARIS, FRANCE.] + +[Illustration: PEACEMAKER OF THE VILLAGE (BY GREUZE), LOUVRE GALLERY, +PARIS, FRANCE.--This painting was executed by the renowned French +artist when nearly at the zenith of his powers, and is only one of +the many giant masterpieces by this celebrated painter. Greuze, +when quite young, showed considerable talent, which was encouraged +by a Lyonese artist. At the advice of the latter, he drifted to +Paris and produced several Biblical subjects, followed by others of +the same class. He left France for Italy, but returned soon after +and produced the above painting in 1759-61, followed by others, +with increasing success.] + +[Illustration: THE LAST VEIL (BY BOURET), LUXEMBOURG GALLERY, PARIS, +FRANCE] + +[Illustration: ARREST IN THE VILLAGE (BY SALMSON), LUXEMBOURG GALLERY, +PARIS, FRANCE.] + +[Illustration: A MOTHER (BY LENOIR), LUXEMBOURG GALLERY, PARIS, +FRANCE.] + +[Illustration: JOAN OF ARC (BY CHAPU), LUXEMBOURG GALLERY, PARIS, +FRANCE--Known in France as Jeanne d'Arc, the maid of Orleans was +born about 1411. In 1428, when Orleans, the key to the south of +France, was infested by the English, she rode at the head of an +army, clothed in a coat of mail, armed with an ancient sword, and +carrying a white standard of her own design, embroidered with lilies, +and having on the one side the image of God holding the world in +His hand, on the other a representation of the annunciation. The +siege of the town was broken, but she was often accused of being +a heretic and sorcerer, and was burned at the stake May 30, 1431.] + +[Illustration: PAYING THE REAPERS (BY LHERMITTE), LUXEMBOURG GALLERY, +PARIS, FRANCE.--This famous painting, from which the photograph is a +direct copy, represents a farm scene. The laborers have just finished +their day's work. The man with the scythe, rolled-up sleeves and open +shirt, is a genuine representation of an honest and industrious +laborer. The expression on his face shows a tired look, but a spirit +of contentment gently steals over his face, which nearly all true +and honest country people possess after a day's hard labor.] + +[Illustration: IGNORANCE (BY J. COMERRE PATON), LUXEMBOURG GALLERY, +PARIS, FRANCE.--This is one of the most celebrated paintings by +this popular artist. The outlines of the girl are perfect. The +graceful curves of the arms, the sweet expression of the face and +the tender look of the eyes are all charmingly beautiful. The tiny +cap, the loose garment, the uncovered feet, the bare arms, and +the comfortable position of the girl, all add to her beauty. In +the photograph the blended colors of the original painting are +lost, yet the subject can be well studied from this copy.] + +[Illustration: ROYAL PALACE, VERSAILLES, FRANCE.--This palace presents +a most imposing appearance; the principal facade is no less than +one-fourth of a mile long. The building dates back, for the erection +of its various parts, to several different periods, and was the +royal residence of the various rulers of France. It has remained +uninhabited since it was sacked by a Parisian mob, which included +many thousand women. The various halls and rooms are now devoted +to the use of most interesting picture galleries.] + +[Illustration: ROYAL CARRIAGE, VERSAILLES, FRANCE.--In the Museum +of Carriages at Versailles is a collection of royal vehicles from +the time of the first Emperor to the baptism of the Prince Imperial +in 1856, besides sledges of the time of Louis XIV., and sedan chairs. +The royal carriage in the picture is that of Charles X., afterwards +used by Napoleon on various occasions, the letter "N" being still +seen on the drapery adorning the seat. The carriage is valued at +$200,000, and considered one of the finest vehicles of its kind +in the world.] + +[Illustration: LAST VICTIMS OF THE REIGN OF TERROR (BY MULLER) +VERSAILLES GALLERY, VERSAILLES, FRANCE.--The French Revolution, +more commonly termed the "Reign of Terror," is perhaps unparalleled +in the history of civilized countries. Hundreds of citizens were +guillotined, and when that process proved too slow, they were shot +down by platoon-fire. The picture represents a prison scene crowded +with "suspects." The officer to the right, with a list of condemned +criminals, calls out the names of those to be put to death, each +one fearing that his or her name will be next called to join the +procession to the guillotine on the Place de la Concorde. The photograph +presents a view of the last victims of that terrible war.] + +[Illustration: NAPOLEON AT AUSTERLITZ (BY VERNET), VERSAILLES GALLERY, +VERSAILLES, FRANCE.--The conqueror here views the progress of the +battle between the French troops, numbering 90,000 men, and the +allied forces of fully 80,000. Napoleon, on his white horse, receives +reports from his generals in the field, while with his field-glass +he watches the advancing columns of both sides. This decisive battle +was witnessed by three Emperors, those of France, Russia and Austria, +and resulted in a glorious victory for Napoleon and the French. A +treaty of peace followed between France and Austria; but it was +of short duration, for the dangerous ambition of Napoleon could +not fail to force all European nations into alliance.] + +[Illustration: NAPOLEON (BY GOSSE), VERSAILLES GALLERY, VERSAILLES, +FRANCE.--The above represents the "Little Corporal" on July 7, +1807, at Tilsit, a commercial town of Eastern Prussia, ratifying +the treaty with Russia and Prussia. Russia needed rest, and Napoleon +was not sorry to pause. It was the highest point of the Emperor's +renown. His hand was felt throughout all Europe; it seemed as if +England alone were beyond his power.] + +[Illustration: ROYAL PALACE, FONTAINEBLEAU, FRANCE.--This palace, +situated on the south-west side of the town, is said to occupy +the site of a former fortified chateau, founded in 1162. It was +Francis I., however, who converted the mediaeval fortress into a +palace of almost unparalleled extent and magnificence. The exterior +is less imposing than that of some other contemporaneous edifices, +as the building, with the exception of several pavilions, is only +two stories in height. It was a favorite residence of Napoleon.] + +[Illustration: THRONE ROOM, FONTAINELEAU PALACE, FRANCE.--This +magnificent hall, with a ceiling in relief, containing a chandelier +in rock-crystal, and wainscoated in the reign of Louis XIV., is +perhaps the most sumptuous apartment of the palace. From here Napoleon +almost ruled the world. The canopy of the throne rises by graceful +folds to the rim of the high crown. The bees and the letter "N" +on the chair, and on either side of the throne, are symbolic of +Napoleon. It was in this same room where the Emperor declared his +divorce from Josephine.] + +[Illustration: APARTMENT OF TAPESTRIES, FONTAINEBLEAU PALACE, +FRANCE.--This room is embellished with tapestry from Flanders, +woven into the myth of Psyche. The ceiling is in relief, the +old-fashioned mantel-piece dating back to the sixteenth century, +while the vases and clock are the finest Sevres ware. The table in +the centre is the same one on which Napoleon signed his abdication +before taking his parting leave from his old Guard on the 20th of +April, 1814, to go into exile at Elba. The floor of inlaid polished +wood has been much worn by the feet of travelers passing through +the palace daily.] + +[Illustration: APARTMENT OF MME. DE MAINTENON, FONTAINEBLEAU PALACE, +FRANCE.--Madame de Maintenon was the second wife of Louis XIV., +although no written proof of such a marriage is extant; but, that +it took place, is nevertheless certain. As a wife, she was wholly +admirable; she had to entertain a man that would not be amused, +and was obliged to submit to a terribly strict court etiquette +of absolute obedience to the King's inclinations. This she always +did cheerfully, and never complained of weariness or illness. Her +apartments still appear as they did when occupied by her.] + +[Illustration: NICE, FRANCE.--Superbly situated on the shores of +the Mediterranean is the City of Nice. In winter it is the rendezvous +of invalids and others from all parts of Europe, who seek refuge +here from the bleak and vigorous atmosphere of the North. The season +begins with the races early in January, and closes with a great +regatta at the beginning of April; but visitors abound from October +until May. In summer the place is deserted.] + +[Illustration: MONACO.--This principality of Europe, French in +language, but Italian in tradition, is located in the southern part +of France, on the Mediterranean Sea. Its area is six square miles, +and consists principally of the town of Monaco and its suburbs, +which stand on a high promontory. Monaco has a fine palace, a new +cathedral, a college, a noted casino, where gambling is licensed to +pay with its profits the state expenses; it has also manufactories +of spirits, fine pottery, bricks, perfumery, and objects of myth. +The principality is now virtually under French control.] + +[Illustration: MONTE CARLO, FRANCE.--This place is a health-resort +in winter and a sea-bathing place in summer; but the chief attraction +to many is the "tapis vert" at the Casino. Monte Carlo belongs +politically to the diminutive principality of Monaco; the former, +as seen in the picture, is picturesquely situated on a small level +at the foot of a high range of mountains, skirting the Mediterranean. +The building to the left with turrets is the Casino. The population +of the place is almost entirely transient.] + +[Illustration: GAMING HALL, MONTE CARLO, FRANCE.--Every portion of +the interior of the Casino, of which the gaming-rooms are a part, +is luxuriously fitted up. The ceilings are elaborately frescoed, +while the walls and niches are adorned with works of art. Admission +to the above room is obtained free upon presentation of a visiting +card at the office. The games in progress from 11 A. M. until 11 +P. M., are generally roulette, and patronized by men and women of +all ages and from all countries. For the student of human nature, +the gambling halls present an excellent opportunity to study mankind.] + +[Illustration: MADRID, SPAIN.-General view. This city is finely +situated on a wide plain of the Guadalquivir. It contains an abundance +of wealth and power, and is famous for its oranges and women. The +city is very old, its history dating back as far as 600. It is +noted for being the birthplace of many distinguished Spaniards. +Magellan, the famous navigator, sailed from here in 1519, to discover +Magellan Strait. The winter season is very mild and pleasant, and +there is not a day in the whole year in which the sun does not +shine.] + +[Illustration: SEVILLE, SPAIN.--On the left bank of the Guadalquiver, +in a level country as productive as a garden, stands the city of +Seville. It is highly picturesque in its combination of buildings +and with a river navigable to its very limits; it is astir with +life and commerce. From the earliest time, this city has been the +chief outlet for the wealth of Spain. In the poorer portions of +the town, the open places are converted into market-stands, as seen +above. Across the river, spanned by a bridge, is a Gypsy quarter +of Triana.] + +[Illustration: BULL FIGHT, SEVILLE, SPAIN.--This photograph represents +the great bull-ring of the city, with a capacity for eighteen thousand +people and crowded with spectators to witness the great national +amusement. A general holiday prevails on such occasions. Every +one, rich and poor, possessing a grain of taste for bloody scenes +and striking spectacles, can be found in the Amphitheatre on such +occasions. The show generally lasts for several hours, during which +several bulls, more horses, and not unfrequently, men are killed +in the combat.] + +[Illustration: TOLEDO, SPAIN.--This city is situated on a rocky +height, forty-one miles south-west of Madrid; its climate is very +cold in winter and hot in summer. The Cathedral of Toledo, the +metropolitan church of Spain, founded in 587, is four hundred feet +in length, and two hundred and four feet in width, with a lofty +tower and spire. Toledo has long been famous for its manufactories +of sword-blades, and great skill is still shown in tempering the +m. It was taken by the Goths in 467, and by the Moors in 714; it +was retained by the latter until 1085, when it was permanently +annexed to the crown of Castile.] + +[Illustration: GIBRALTAR, SPAIN.--This remarkable fortress, which +is a strongly fortified rock at the southern extremity of Spain, and +forms the key to the Mediterranean, is connected with the continent +by a low sandy isthmus, one and one-half miles long, and three-fourths +of a mile wide. The highest point of the rock is about one thousand +four hundred feet above the sea level. Vast sums of money and immense +labor have been spent in fortifying this stronghold. The water +for the supply of the town and garrison is collected during the +rainy season, the roofs of the houses gathering all the falling +rain.] + +[Illustration: LISBON, PORTUGAL.--This interesting city is situated +on the Tagus, near the Atlantic Ocean. The length of the city is four +miles, and its breadth about two miles. Lisbon is nobly situated for +commerce, and has the finest harbor in the world. The earthquake +of 1755, traces of which are still visible, destroyed a considerable +portion of it, and killed about sixty thousand of its inhabitants. +This photograph is a correct representation of the better portion +of the city and harbor.] + +[Illustration: KIRCHENFELD BRIDGE, BERNE, SWITZERLAND.--The above +structure is a huge iron bridge, seven hundred and fifty-one feet +long, built in 1882-1883, across the river Aare, from the town +proper to Helvetia Platz, where a new quarter of the town is being +built by an English company. In the foreground are the terrace-like +hot-houses and gardens of the peasants, who earn their livelihood +by supplying the inhabitants of Berne with vegetables from their +little farms. From the top of the bridge, in clear weather, the +Bernese Alps can be seen better than from any other point in the +Oberland.] + +[Illustration: CLOCK TOWER, BERNE, SWITZERLAND.] + +[Illustration: PEASANT WOMAN, SWITZERLAND.--Here is a photograph +of a Swiss girl on her way to church. She presents a true type of +her sex, being well-developed, refined and accomplished. These +peasants are fond of georgeous apparel, and on holidays and Sundays +present a very pleasing spectacle. Their head-dress is particularly +striking, consisting of a cap adorned with fine stiff lace, so +arranged as to form a sort of fan at the back of the head. They +all dress in similar costumes, which are both comfortable and +attractive.] + +[Illustration: INTERLAKEN AND THE JUNGFRAU, SWITZERLAND.--The low +land between lakes Thun and Brienz, is called "Brodeli." These lakes +once probably formed a single sheet of water, but were gradually +separated by deposit carried from the mountain-sides. On this piece +of land, "between the lakes," lies Interlaken. The town is a favorite +summer resort and is noted for its mild and equal temperature. The +above picture gives a general idea of the place, with the Jungfrau +nine miles in the distance.] + +[Illustration: GRINDELWALD, SWITZERLAND.--Grindelwald is a large +village of widely-scattered houses, in the heart of the Alps and +near the snow-fields. It is an excellent starting-point for mountain +excursions, and also a favorite summer resort, the situation being +sheltered and healthful. The place owes its reputation chiefly to +its glaciers close by. Three gigantic mountains bound the valley. +In years when ice is scarce, these glaciers serve as ice-quarries.] + +[Illustration: A THOUSAND FOOT CHASM, GRINDELWALD, SWITZERLAND.--The +above picture represents a chasm over a thousand feet in depth, +with an almost perpendicular wall of rock rising on both sides. +It has been cut down to its present level by the waters of the +melting snows and ice on the mountain above, and strongly impresses +the beholder with the power of the wheel of time. The stream in +the foreground is only one of the many that rise into the dashing +torrents within a hundred yards from their source in the Alpine +country.] + +[Illustration: BRUNIG PASS, SWITZERLAND.--There is, perhaps, no +other country in the world that can boast of such expensive and +magnificent public roads as Switzerland. This picture represents +the over-hanging rock of the Brunig Pass, on the way from Lucerne +to Interlaken. High up, along the mountain-side, the road winds +its way, affording to the beholder a magnificent panorama of the +distant snow-fields above, and the green valleys and placid lakes +below.] + +[Illustration: LUCERNE, SWITZERLAND.--The above is the capital +of the canton of Lucerne, and one of the three seats of the Swiss +Diet on the Rense, located twenty-five miles from Zurich by rail. +It is highly picturesque, enclosed by a wall and watch-towers. +The principal edifices are a cathedral and other fine churches, +several convents, a town hall, an arsenal with ancient armor, two +hospitals, an orphan asylum, jail, theatre, and covered bridges +adorned with ancient paintings. It is a very attractive summer +resort, the above picture showing its principal promenade.] + +[Illustration: RIGI, SWITZERLAND.--The Rigi is a group of mountains +about twenty-five miles in circumference, lying between lakes Lucerne, +Zug and Lowerz. The north side is precipitous, but the south side +consists of broad terraces and gentle slopes, covered with fresh, +green pastures, which support upwards of four thousand head of +cattle; it is planted toward the base with fig, chestnut and almond +trees. The photograph represents the Rigi inclined railway.] + +[Illustration: RIGI-KULM, SWITZERLAND.--The summit of the Rigi, +owing to its isolated position, commands an extensive view, three +hundred miles in circumference, that is unsurpassed for beauty +in Switzerland. In 1816 a very modest hotel was erected on the +Kulm by private subscriptions, and in 1848 it was superseded by +the oldest of the three houses on the Kulm. Since then the number +of inns has been steadily increasing, and the Rigi is now one of +the most popular Swiss resorts, and is visited by thousands of +tourists yearly.] + +[Illustration: PILATUS, SWITZERLAND.--This lofty mountain rises +boldly in a rugged and imposing mass, almost isolated from the +surrounding heights. Pilatus was formerly one of the best known +Swiss mountains, but in later years it was supplanted by the Rigi. +An inclined railway extends from the base to the summit, and is +said to be one of the boldest undertakings of its kind ever carried +through. Many legends are connected with Pilatus. One of the oldest +is, that when Pontius Pilate was banished from Galilee he fled +hither, and, in the bitterness of his remorse, drowned himself in +the lake.] + +[Illustration: SIMPLON'S PASS, SWITZERLAND.--This is the first +Alpine route after Brenner, constructed by order of Napoleon I. A +good walker may easily outstrip the "diligence" in ascending from +either side, especially if he takes short cuts. At the highest +point of the Simplon is a large building, with a lofty flight of +stairs, founded by Napoleon, for the reception of travelers, and +subject to the same rules as that of the Great St. Bernard. This +famous mountain-road is seen in the foreground passing through the +town of Simplon, a little village in the very heart of the Alps.] + +[Illustration: ZERMATT AND THE MATTERHORN, SWITZERLAND.--The former +lies in a green valley, with pine-clad slopes, while to the left +rises the huge rock-pyramid of the Matterhorn. In no other locality +is the traveler so completely admitted into the heart of the Alpine +world as here. The Matterhorn was ascended for the first time on +the 14th of July, 1865, but the ascent is now frequently made. +The rock has been blasted at the most difficult points, and a rope +attached to it, so that the most formidable difficulties have been +removed; but even now the ascent is seldom made by any but proficient +climbers.] + +[Illustration: CHAMOUNIX AND MONT BLANC.--This Alpine valley is +much frequented in summer, owing to its immediate proximity to Mont +Blanc. It is inferior in picturesqueness to some other portions +of Switzerland, but superior in grandeur of its glaciers, in which +respect it has no rival but Zermatt. The picture shows the little +village of Chamounix, with its few hotels and peasant homes in the +valley below, and the perpetual ice and snow in the background, +seemingly but a few minutes' walk away, yet requiring a good two +hours' journey on mule-back. Apparent Alpine distances are very +deceptive.] + +[Illustration: ENGLEBERG, SWITZERLAND.--Engleberg is loftily and +prettily situated in the great mountain region of the Alps, with +a population of about two thousand inhabitants. The church which +appears nearest the mountain, is quite ancient, but contains famous +modern pictures. The snow-covered mountains, five miles in the +distance, change the climate in summer, so that the tourist can +wear an overcoat with comfort. The winters are very severe, and on +account of the deep snows, the inhabitants are sometimes compelled +to remain indoors for eight weeks. The houses and barns are generally +under one roof.] + +[Illustration: ST. GOTTHARD RAILWAY, SWITZERLAND.--The railway here +passes through beautiful landscapes, richly wooded with walnut and +chestnut trees, on the left bank of the Ticino. Numerous Campaniles +in the Italian style, crowning the hills, have a very picturesque +effect. The peaks above are covered with snow. From the cliffs +on every side, fall cascades. Huge masses of rock lie scattered +about. Three tunnels of the railway are seen in the picture, the +latter making a descent of three hundred feet by means of two +loop-tunnels, one below the other, in cork-screw fashion.] + +[Illustration: AXENSTRASSE, SWITZERLAND.--This famous road extends +nine miles along the Lake of Uri, from Brunnen to Fluelen, and is +noted for the remarkable boldness displayed in its construction. +It is to a great extent hewn out of solid rock, cut like a shelf +into the side of the mountain, with occasional pillars to hold the +thousands of tons of rock above, and a strong balustrade to guard +travelers from tumbling over the abrupt precipice into the lake +many feet below. It is the great highway leading from Switzerland +to Italy, and is regarded as one of the most picturesque roads in +the world.] + +[Illustration: PANORAMA OF VIENNA, AUSTRIA--The capital of the +Empire of Austria and residence of the Emperor, is situated in a +plain surrounded by distant mountains, the Danube Canal flowing +through a portion of the city. It was originally a Celtic settlement, +dating back to 14 A. D. The streets of the present city are narrow, +generally well-paved and enclosed by very lofty houses. A great +number of old passages through the courts of houses, by means of +which pedestrians may often make a short cut, are still seen. In +the last quarter of a century, Vienna has acquired an importance +as a seat of art.] + +[Illustration: HOTEL METROPOLE, VIENNA, AUSTRIA.--On a branch of +the Danube, flowing through the heart of the City of Vienna, stands +the Hotel Metropole, an enormous building, admirably adapted for +travelers. The picture shows a prominent feature in the street +architecture of Vienna; and the Metropole is only one of the many +private and public buildings of colossal dimensions which have +sprung up within the last few years. The interiors of all these +structures are generally decorated throughout with painting and +sculpture, which shows the perfection attained by the Vienese in +the fine arts.] + +[Illustration: CHURCH OF ST. STEPHEN, VIENNA, AUSTRIA.--This is +the most important edifice in the Austrian capital, dating back +in its construction to the thirteenth century. It is constructed +of solid limestone, and built in the form of a Latin cross. Below +the church are extensive catacombs, consisting of three vaults, +filled with bones and skulls. Centuries ago, the sovereigns of +Austria were buried in these vaults. The Tower, built between 1860 +and 1864, affords an extensive view, embracing the river Danube +and the battle-fields of Loban, Wagram and Essling.] + +[Illustration: THESEUS (BY CANOYA), VOLKSGARTEN, VIENNA, AUSTRIA.--In +the centre of this pleasure ground stands the Temple of Theseus, +containing Canova's fine marble group of the victory of Theseus +over Centaur, originally destined by Napoleon I. for Milan. The +figures are of heroic size. The victorious Theseus is represented +as seated on the lifeless body of the monster, and the exhaustion +that visibly pervades his whole frame, proves the terrible nature +of the conflict in which he has been engaged.] + +[Illustration: SCHONBRUNN, AUSTRIA.--This sumptuous edifice, the +summer palace of the Austrian Emperor, was completed by Maria Theresa +in 1775. The building has a most imposing appearance. The gardens in +the rear are open to the public. To the left of the principal avenue +are the Roman ruins, the Obelisk and the "Schoene Brunnen" (beautiful +fountain), from which the palace derives its name. Statues, vases +and other objects of taste of the period are scattered about the +ground. Extensive parks are attached to the palace.] + +[Illustration: GALATA BRIDGE, CONSTANTINOPLE, TURKEY.--Along the +north shore of the Golden Horn spreads the quarter known as Galata, +rising up to the crest of the hill, and including the massive tower +that crowns it. Beyond and above Galata, Pera stretches forward +along the ridge that runs parallel with the shore. These places are +connected with Constantinople by two bridges crossing the Golden +Horn. One of these bridges is represented in the above picture. +Unlike those of most other countries, people do not keep on the +sidewalks, but wander along in any portion of the street. The scene +on the Bridge of Galata affords an interesting subject for study.] + +[Illustration: MOSQUE OF ST. SOPHIA, CONSTANTINOPLE, TURKEY.--This +is the finest and most important ecclesiastical building of the +city. The first stone of the building was laid in 532. No fewer +than ten thousand workmen are said to have been engaged under the +direction of one hundred master builders, and when the work was +completed, it had cost the imperial treasury $5,000,000. The dome +rises to the height of one hundred and eighty feet, and is one +hundred and seven feet in diameter. To render it as light as possible, +it was constructed of pumice stone and Rhodian bricks. Not long +after its completion, the dome was shaken by an earthquake, but +was immediately restored.] + +[Illustration: INTERIOR OF THE MOSQUE OF ST. SOPHIA, CONSTANTINOPLE, +TURKEY.--The whole interior of this noted structure is lined with +costly marble. To add to its splendor, the temples of the ancient +gods at Heliopolis and Ephesus, at Delos and Baalbec, at Athens and +Cyzicus, were plundered of their columns. To secure the building +from ravages of fire, no wood was employed in its construction +except for the doors. The visitor cannot fail to be impressed by +the bold span of the arches and the still bolder sweep of the dome, +while his eye is at once bewildered and charmed by the rich, if +not altogether harmonious, variety of decorations, from the many +colored pillars down to the mosaics and inscriptions on the walls.] + +[Illustration: STREET SCENE, CONSTANTINOPLE, TURKEY.--The American +traveler upon entering this city is almost bewildered at the many +novelties that confront him before he reaches his hotel. Nothing +strikes him more forcibly than the awful silence that pervades so +large a place. The only sound heard is an occasional cry of some +vender, with a large wooden tray on his head, selling sweetmeats, +sherbet, fruit or bread. Dogs at intervals disturb the pedestrian. +Hundreds of them lie in the middle of the street, and only move +when aroused by blows. At ten o'clock at night, the city is as +silent as death.] + +[Illustration: MOSQUE OF SULTAN AHMED, CONSTANTINOPLE, TURKEY.--Of +all the mosques in the Ottoman Empire, this is the principal one. +It is not as richly decorated as St. Sophia, but it is the only +one that possesses six minarets. It is located on a square called +the Hippodrome, named after the spot that was in former years used +for circus purposes. The exterior view gives it a magnificent +appearance. The place is one of the chief objects of interest in +the city. The crumbling monument in the foreground is a relic of +antiquity.] + +[Illustration: TURKISH LADY, CONSTANTINOPLE, TURKEY.] + +[Illustration: STREET MERCHANTS, CONSTANTINOPLE, TURKEY.] + +[Illustration: SULTAN'S HAREM, CONSTANTINOPLE, TURKEY.--This photograph +represents an odalisque, one of the beautiful inmates of the harem +of the Sultan of Turkey. The photographer who took this picture +found her most courteous and obliging, and able to converse fluently +in English, French and German. Abdul Mezed, who ruled Turkey during +the Crimean War, had 1200 wives and odalisques in his harem. When +a Turkish Sultan wishes to show especial honor to a subject, he +makes him a present of one of the cast-off wives. To refuse the +gift would be to invite death. The harem is continually recruited +by the gifts of those who wish to carry favor with the Sultan, +and these comprise slaves of every nationality.] + +[Illustration: ACROPOLIS, ATHENS.--The natural centre of all the +settlements in the Attic plain within the historical period was +the Acropolis, a rocky plateau of crystalline limestone, rising +precipitously to a height of two hundred feet. The semi-mythical +Pelasgi, of whom but a few isolated traces have been found in Attica, +are said to have leveled the top, increased the natural steepness +of the rock on three sides, and fortified the only accessible part +by nine gates. It was the earliest seat of the Athenian kings, +who here sat in judgment and assembled their councils, as well as +of the chief sanctuaries of the State.] + +[Illustration: PARTHENON, ATHENS, GREECE.--This structure is the +most perfect monument of ancient art, and even in ruins presents +an imposing and soul-stirring appearance, occupying the culminating +point of the Acropolis. It was erected by Pericles and opened for +public worship in 433 B.C. The crowning glory of the Parthenon +was its magnificent sculpture, ascribed to Phidias, registering +the highest level ever attained in plastic art. The Parthenon was +used as a Christian Church in the fifth century. In 1460 it became +the Turkish Mosque, and in 1670 the stately edifice was blown into +ruins.] + +[Illustration: GRAND CATHEDRAL AND SQUARE, MILAN, ITALY.--This +is the focus of the commercial and public life of the city, and +is now enclosed by imposing edifices on every side. The celebrated +Cathedral, the eighth wonder of the world, is next to St. Peter's +in Rome, the largest church in Europe. It covers an area of fourteen +thousand square yards, and holds about forty thousand people. The +building is in cruciform shape, with double aisles and transept. +The interior is supported by fifty-two pillars, each twelve feet +in diameter. The floor consists of mosaic, in marble of different +colors.] + +[Illustration: CORSO VENEZIA, MILAN, ITALY.--The principal shopping +street of the city, and the favorite promenade of the Milanese is +here represented. The buildings have a modern aspect, with little +balconies at almost every window, which are often adorned with +plants, flowers and creeping vines. The street, which is well paved, +is wide, extending almost from house to house. The pavements are +very narrow, consisting of only four smooth slabs of stone, laid +side by side. The shop-windows are decorated in the most tempting +style with the wares of the various merchants. The picture was +secured in the early morning, giving the street a deserted look, +which at all other times is crowded with people.] + +[Illustration: EXPOSITION BUILDINGS, TURIN, ITALY.--The city of +Turin was the capital of the county of Piedmont in the Middle Ages, +and in 1418 it became subject to the Dukes of Savoy, who frequently +resided here. From 1859 to 1865 it was the capital of Italy, and +the residence of the King. It lies on an extensive plain on the +banks of the River Po. Turin was the chief centre of those national +struggles which led to a unification of Italy. The removal of the +seat of government to Florence seriously impaired the prosperity +of the city for a time, but it long since recovered, and celebrated +its commercial success in 1884 by the exhibition.] + +[Illustration: DUKE FERDINAND OF GENOA, TURIN, ITALY.--In the centre +of the piazza Solferino stands the equestrian statue of Duke Ferdinand +of Genoa, commanding-general at the battle of Novara. The statue was +executed by Balzico, and is remarkable for the life-like expression +of the wounded horse, with extended nostrils and gasping breath, +sinking under the burden of his gallant rider. This piazza is one +of the prettiest spots of Turin. Private residences face it on +every side, with sloping lawns relieved by beds of flowers.] + +[Illustration: GENOA, ITALY.--Genoa, with a population of about +200,000, is located in the northern portion of the Peninsula, and +is the principal seaport of Italy. The city is in the form of a +crescent, and its gradual ascent from the shore, renders its appearance +beautiful and attractive. It is enclosed by a double line of +fortifications, which places it among the leading fortified cities +in Europe. A beautiful light-house on the west side, 300 feet in +height, stands like a sentinel on the edge of the bay. In the older +portions of the city, the streets are only ten feet wide and are +lined with high buildings on both sides.] + +[Illustration: STATUE OF COLUMBUS, GENOA, ITALY.--In the front +of the principal railway station, rises the statue of Columbus, +who was born at Genoa in 1435. The statue is in the centre of the +spacious Piazza Acquaverde, embosomed in palm-trees. The pedestal +is adorned with ships' prows. At the feet of the statue, which +leans on an anchor, kneels the figure of America. The surrounding +allegorical figures represent Religion, Science, Geography, Strength +and Wisdom. Between these, are reliefs from the history of Columbus, +with the inscription, "A Christoforo Colombo la Patria."] + +[Illustration: LEANING TOWER, PISA, ITALY.--Pisa is principally +noted for its famous "Leaning Tower," begun in 1174, and built of +white marble; it is 178 feet high, and fronted with 207 columns. +It is 50 feet in diameter, and leans 13 feet from the perpendicular. +The foundation being made insufficiently solid, it began to incline +before it was one-third completed. The Cathedral on the right was +begun in 1604, and consecrated in 1618 by Pope Gelasius; it contains +the famous chandelier which Galileo saw swinging, and which led to +his invention of the pendulum of the clock. The Baptistry, close +by, is noted for its marvelous echo.] + +[Illustration: PALACE OF THE DOGES, VENICE, ITALY.--This magnificent +edifice, founded in 800, and destroyed five times, has as often been +re-erected in grander style. The palace is flanked with colonnades, +forming two pointed arcades on the south and west. The upper portion +of the building is constructed of red and white marble. The interior +presents a noble specimen of Venetian art. Many famous masters +are here represented, the subjects either portraying the glory of +Venice, or being of a religious order. The Bridge of Sighs connects +the palace with the prison adjoining, which contains a series of +gloomy dungeons, a torture chamber and a place of execution for +political criminals.] + +[Illustration: GRAND CANAL, VENICE, ITALY.--This canal, the main +artery of the traffic of Venice, nearly two miles in length, and +thirty-three to sixty-six yards in width, intersects the city from +north-west to south-east, dividing it into two unequal parts. +Steam-launches, hundreds of gondolas and other vessels are seen +gliding in every direction. Handsome houses and magnificent palaces +rise on the banks, for this is the street of the _Nobili_, the ancient +aristocracy of Venice. A barge, with a military band, navigates +the canal every Sunday evening. A trip on the canal is extremely +interesting; the posts are painted with the heraldic colors of +their proprietors.] + +[Illustration: CATHEDRAL OF ST. MARK, VENICE, ITALY.--Facing the +piazza of St. Mark, which is in the heart of Venice and the grand +focus of attraction, rises the magnificent Cathedral of St. Mark, +decorated with almost oriental splendor. The building dates back +to the tenth and eleventh centuries, and portions of the materials +used in its construction have been brought from almost every country +in Europe. The ceiling of the interior is richly adorned with mosaics +in the form of various noted paintings. Behind the High Altar repose +the remains of St. Mark, while further back stand four spiral columns +said to have belonged to the Temple of Solomon. The building to +the right is the Ducal Palace.] + +[Illustration: VENICE, ITALY.--The capital of the Province of Venice, +is situated on the lagoons, a long breast of lowlands in the Adriatic. +For a time it was the first maritime and commercial power of the +world, and one of the finest cities in Europe, but now it is nothing +but a vast museum. The eighty islands on which Venice is built, +are divided by wide and narrow canals, while small foot-paths wind +throughout the city, occasionally crossing a canal, as is seen +by the bridge in the above picture. Venice is popularly known as +the "Queen of the Adriatic."] + +[Illustration: THE RIALTO, VENICE, ITALY.--This famous bridge, +one hundred and fifty-eight feet long and forty-six feet wide, +rests on twelve hundred posts. It was erected from 1588 to 1591. +Its sides are lined with little shops, extending from a fish-market +at one end, past jewelry-shops in the centre of the structure, down +to a fruit-market at the other side. It always presents a busy +appearance, and is considered a marvel of engineering skill, and +one of the finest bridges in the world. The picture represents the +annual parade on the Grand Canal, with the Rialto in the background, +which is always the rallying centre on such occasions.] + +[Illustration: THE CATHEDRAL, FLORENCE, ITALY.--This stately edifice, +erected from 1294 to 1462, on the site of the earlier church of +St. Reparata, is a striking example of Italian architecture. The +church was finally consecrated in 1436, but the lantern on the +top of the dome was not completed until 1462. The building is one +hundred and eighty-five and one-half yards long, and one hundred +and fourteen yards wide; the dome is three hundred feet high. The +bell-tower, a square structure adjoining the cathedral, two hundred +and ninety-two feet in height, is regarded as one of the finest +existing works of its kind. It consists of four stories of richly +decorated and colored marbles.] + +[Illustration: VECCHIO BRIDGE, FLORENCE, ITALY.--Florence is situated +on both banks of the Arno, but by far the greatest part of the city +lies on the right bank. The bridge in the picture dates back to +the fourteenth century, and is flanked on both sides with shops +which have belonged to gold-smiths ever since their erection. It +forms one of the principal bridgeways between the city proper and +that portion of Florence which stands on the south bank of the +Arno, and has always been considered one of the greatest sights +of the town.] + +[Illustration: MONK, ITALY.--Monasticism primarily meant the state +of dwelling alone; and then, by an easy and natural transition, it +came to denote a life of poverty, celibacy and divine obedience +under fixed rules of discipline. The radical idea of the term, in +all its varieties of age, creed and country, is the same, namely, +retirement from society in search of some ideal life, which society +cannot supply, but which is thought attainable by self-denial and +withdrawal from the world. The picture represents an Italian monk +in funeral attire.] + +[Illustration: LOGGIA DEI LANZI, FLORENCE, ITALY.--This magnificent +open-vaulted hall is one of the kind with which it was usual to +provide both public and private patrons of Florence, in order that +the inmate might enjoy the open air or participate in public +demonstrations, without being obliged to descend to the street. +The style of architecture shows a falling off from the Gothic, +while the works of sculpture, representing Faith, Hope and Charity, +Temperance and Fortitude, exhibit an incipient leaning toward +Renaissance forms. Every afternoon the Loggia is crowded with the +poorer people of Florence, who seek a cool spot in the open air.] + +[Illustration: UFFIZI BUILDINGS, FLORENCE, ITALY.--This gallery +originated with the Medici collections and was afterwards so improved +with the numerous additions by the Lorraine Family, that it is +now one of the best in the world, both for value and extent. The +Portico of the Uffizi Gallery, seen on both sides of the open court, +contains niches, which are adorned with marble statues of celebrated +Tuscans. At the farthest end of the court, rises the Vecchio Palace, +a castle-like building, with huge projecting battlements, being +originally the seat of the Signora, and subsequently used as a +casino.] + +[Illustration: RAPE OF POLYXENA (BY FEDI), LOGGIA DEI LANZI, FLORENCE, +ITALY.--Polyxena, according to Greek legend, was the daughter of +Priam, King of Troy. Having by her grace and beauty captivated +Achilles, the Grecian hero, she was betrothed to him. But Achilles +was slain by Paris, son of Priam; and after his death and the +destruction of Troy, his manes appeared to the returning Greeks, +and demanded of them the sacrifice of Polyxena. The Greeks consented, +and Neoptolemus, the son of Achilles, sacrificed her on his father's +grave. This work of art is of modern execution. It was placed in +the Loggia in 1866.] + +[Illustration: WILD BOAR, UFFIZI GALLERY, FLORENCE, ITALY.] + +[Illustration: THE GRINDER, UFFIZI GALLERY, FLORENCE, ITALY.--This +magnificent statue was found in Rome in the sixteenth century. +It has never been exactly ascertained what it represents, but it +is supposed to be a Scythian whetting his knife to flay Marsyas.] + +[Illustration: APPIAN WAY and TOMB OF CAECILIA METELLA, ITALY.--This +military road, paved with stone blocks, and extending from Brindisi +to Rome, was constructed by Appius Claudius Caecus, 312 B.C. Even +at the present time its proud ancient title is that of the "Queen +of Roads," and it is remembered as being the way on which St. Paul +came to Rome. The tomb of Caecilia Metella, which forms an interesting +and conspicuous object, is a circular structure sixty-five feet in +diameter, erected in honor of the daughter of Metellus Creticus, +wife of the younger Crassus, son of the triumvir.] + +[Illustration: PYRAMID OF CESTIUS AND ST. PAUL GATE, ROME, ITALY.--The +pyramid enclosed by Aurelian within the city and wall is the tomb of +Caius Cestius, who died in the year 12 B. C. The Egyptian pyramidical +form was not unfrequently adopted by the Romans in their tombs. +That of Cestius is built of brick and covered with marble blocks. +Immediately to the right of the pyramid is the gate of St. Paul, +leading on to the church of St. Paul beyond. Midway between the +gate and church, legend says, St. Peter and St. Paul took leave +of each other on their last journey.] + +[Illustration: ROMAN FORUM, ROME, ITALY.--After the Sabine tribes +were amalgamated into a single state, they chose the Forum as its +centre; and it was there that some of the most noted events in the +history of the Roman Empire transpired. After the Samnite War, which +resulted in the extension of Rome's supremacy over all Italy, the +Forum became too small for its multifarious business; and therefore +underwent many changes. After its destruction, during the Dark Ages, +its remains were gradually buried beneath the rubbish and debris +of some former centuries, but have recently been excavated.] + +[Illustration: FORUM OF TRAJAN, ROME, ITALY.--This forum, which +adjoined that of Augustus, contained a collection of magnificent +edifices, and is said to have been designed by Apollodorus of Damascus. +Trajan's forum must have measured two hundred and twenty yards in +width, and was probably of still greater length; it was considered +the most magnificent in Rome. On the north side of the Basilica +rises Trajan's Column, one hundred and forty-seven feet high, +constructed entirely of marble. Around the column runs a spiral +band, covered with admirable reliefs from Trajan's War with the +Dacians. Beneath this monument Trajan was interred; on the summit +stood his statue, now replaced by St Peter's.] + +[Illustration: BATHS OF CARACALLA, ROME, ITALY.--These ancient baths +were begun in 212 by Caracalla, and completed by Alex. Severus, and +they could accommodate 1600 bathers at one time. The magnificence +of these baths was unparalleled; numerous statues, including the +Farnese Bull, Hercules and Flora at Naples, have been found here; and +the uncovered walls still bear testimony to the technical perfection +of the structure. The establishment was quadrangular in form, and +surrounded by a wall.] + +[Illustration: COLOSSEUM, ROME, ITALY.--The Colosseum, originally +called the Amphitheatrum Flavium and completed by Titus in 80 A.D., +was the largest theatre and one of the most imposing structures in +the world. It was inaugurated by 100 days' gladiatorial combats, in +which 5000 wild animals were killed. It contained seats for 87,000 +spectators. Only one-third of the gigantic structure now remains, +yet the ruins are still stupendously impressive. The Colosseum has +ever been a symbol of the greatness of Rome, and gave rise in the +eighth century to a prophetic saying of the pilgrims: "While stands +the Colosseum, Rome shall stand; when falls the Colosseum, Rome shall +fall; and when Rome falls, with it shall fall the world!"] + +[Illustration: INTERIOR OF COLOSSEUM, ROME, ITALY.--The arches +of the first tier are marked by Roman numbers, as they formed so +many entrances, through which, by means of internal stairways, the +upper balconies were reached. The Arena had two openings enclosed +by railings of bronze, through which the gladiators and wild beasts +entered. Above was the Podium, a place intended for the Emperors +and their families, for the magistrates, the senators, the priests +and the vestals. Thousands of Christians in this place suffered +martyrdom, by becoming the prey of wild beasts. The picture presents +the imposing spectacle of the interior of this monument at the +present day.] + +[Illustration: PANTHEON, ROME, ITALY.--This is the only ancient +edifice at Rome which is still in perfect preservation, as regards +the walls and vaulting. The original statues and architectural +decorations have long since been replaced by modern and inferior +works, but the huge circular structure with its vast colonnade +still presents a strikingly imposing appearance. The walls are +twenty feet in thickness and were originally covered with marble +and stucco. The height and diameter of the dome are each one hundred +and forty feet. The opening of the dome at the top is thirty feet +in diameter, and through this aperture the ancients supposed the +gods to descend. The building is supposed to have been constructed +in the first century B. C.] + +[Illustration: BRIDGE OF ST. ANGELO AND TOMB OF HADRIAN, ROME, +ITALY.--This bridge is of most ancient construction. It was built +by Hadrian in 136 A. D., to connect his tomb with the city. Ten +colossal angels, formerly much admired, and executed in 1688, testify +to the low ebb of plastic art at that period. The tomb was built +by Emperor Hadrian for himself and his successors. The massive +circular tower stands on a square basement on the banks of the +Tiber. The bronze statue of St. Michael, the Archangel, which is +seen on the summit, gives the tower its present name, Castello +S. Angelo.] + +[Illustration: ST. PETER'S AND VATICAN, ROME, ITALY.--St. Peter's +is fronted by an elliptical piazza, enclosed by imposing colonnades, +and is the largest and most beautiful Catholic Cathedral in the +world; it was founded by Constantine and erected where St. Peter +is said to have suffered martyrdom. Its erection and improvements +cost over $50,000,000. The great Obelisk in the centre of the piazza, +having no hieroglyphics, was brought from Heliopolis. The Vatican +on the right is the Pope's residence, and is elegantly fitted up, +being adorned with paintings and statues by the world's greatest +masters.] + +[Illustration: INTERIOR OF ST. PETER'S, ROME, ITALY.--This most +marvellous church in the world was built on the place where stood +the temple of Jupiter Vaticanus. The first church here is said to +have been built A. D., 90. It was a memorial chapel to St. Peter, +and was, according to tradition, erected on the spot where the +saint was buried. Constantine built a Basilica on the site. The +present structure, the glory of Michael Angelo, was begun about +1503. The picture shows the high altar with the statue of St. Peter +to the very right.] + +[Illustration: ROMULUS AND REMUS SUCKING THE WOLF, CAPITOL MUSEUM, +ROME, ITALY.--Thus wrote Virgil ("AEN." VIII-630): + + "By the wolf were laid the martial twins, + Intrepid on her swelling dugs they hung; + The foster dam lolled out her fawning tongue; + She sucked secure; while bending back her head, + She licked their tender limbs, and formed them as they fed."] + +[Illustration: TRANSFIGURATION (BY RAPHAEL), VATICAN GALLERY, ROME, +ITALY.--The last great work and masterpiece of this celebrated +artist, unfinished at his death and completed by Clement VIII., was +preserved in St. Peter's until 1797. The upper part is by Raphael's +own hand; Christ hovers between Moses and Elias; Peter, James and +John are prostrate on the ground, and dazzled by the light. The +figures to the left, in an attitude of adoration, are St. Lawrence +and St. Stephen. The lower half, where the other disciples are +requested to heal the possessed boy, was partly executed by Raphael's +pupils.] + +[Illustration: LA BALLERINA (BY CANOVA), ROME, ITALY.--Here is +another of the masterpieces of this famous master-sculptor. It +is hewn out of a solid block of marble, and comes under the head +of "grace and elegance," one of the divisions of Canova's works. +This subject is a most striking one. Like all his other subjects +of grace, it is in all its details, an expression of attitude, +delicacy of finish and elegance. The profile is charming, the twist +of the hair natural, and the lines and curves of the arms perfect, +while the drapery is next to real.] + +[Illustration: LAOCOONTE, VATICAN GALLERY, ROME, ITALY.--This famous +group represents Laocoon and his two sons, who were strangled by +serpents at the command of Apollo. According to Pliny, it was executed +by three Rhodians, and placed in the Palace of Titus. It was discovered +under Julius II., in 1506, near Sette Sale, and was termed by Michael +Angelo a "marvel of art." The work is admirably preserved, with the +exception of the three uplifted arms, which have been incorrectly +restored. The dramatic suspense of the moment, and the profoundly +expressive attitude of the heads, denote the perfection of the +Rhodian school of art.] + +[Illustration: TOLEDO STREET, NAPLES, ITALY.--This famous city is +beautifully situated on the Bay of Naples, with Mount Vesuvius in +the distance. Its charming position has given rise to the phrase +"See Naples and die." It was founded by the Greeks, and here Virgil +spent his time in study, his tomb being one of the points of interest +for travelers. The city is still surrounded by a wall. It has often +suffered from earthquakes and eruptions. The manufactures are numerous, +of which macaroni and vermicelli are of first importance. The photograph +represents Toledo Street, which intersects the city from south to +north, and with its immense amount of well-conducted business, +presents a very interesting sight.] + +[Illustration: CRATER OF MOUNT VESUVIUS, ITALY.--This volcano, +with a crater of nearly a quarter of a mile in circumference, rises +in lonely majesty from the Bay of Naples, and varies in height from +3900 to 4900 feet, according to the varied eruptions. Vesuvius +in the time of Nero manifested itself by a fearful earthquake, +damaging Herculaneum and Pompeii. An eruption occurred in 79 A.D. +by which the two cities named, were lost to the world for seventeen +centuries. Another most terrific eruption occurred in 1631, by +which a stone weighing twenty-five tons was thrown a distance of +fifteen miles, and streams of lava poured from the summit, destroying +over three thousand people.] + +[Illustration: STREET OF TOMBS, POMPEII, ITALY.--This photograph +exhibits a suburb of Pompeii named Pagus Augustus Felix, in honor +of Augustus; it lay outside the city walls. It consisted chiefly +of one main street, which has been partly excavated. This is the +so-called Street of Tombs. The ancient custom of burying the dead +by the side of a high road is well known. It has been ascertained +that rows of graves, similar to those discovered here, exist beyond +other gates of Pompeii. The Street of Tombs is, in point of situation, +the most beautiful part of the town.] + +[Illustration: CIVIL FORUM, POMPEII, ITALY.--The ancient market-place +in the central part of Pompeii was destroyed by the eruption of Mount +Vesuvius in 79 A. D. The Forum has been excavated during the present +century, and found to be five hundred and fifteen feet long and one +hundred and seven feet wide; it is surrounded by granite columns +of the Doric order. From the discoveries made, it is supposed that +the Forum was far from complete when the eruption occurred. The +smoking mountain is still seen in the distance, while the ruins +of the ancient market stand prominent in the foreground of this +photograph. The Forum is a most interesting spot, and is familiar +to all readers of "The Last Days of Pompeii."] + +[Illustration: ISLAND OF CAPRI, ITALY.--This is a small mountainous +island of oblong form; its picturesque outline forms one of the +most charming points in the view of the Bay of Naples. The highest +point is the Monte Solarno, nineteen hundred and twenty feet above +the level of the sea. The island, which contains five thousand +inhabitants and the two small towns of Capri and Anacapri, yields +fruit, oil and excellent red and white wines in abundance. The +inhabitants receive their support mainly from strangers who visit +the island yearly to the number of thirty thousand. The above picture +shows the principal landing-place of Capri.] + +[Illustration: CASTELLO, ISLAND OF ISCHIA, ITALY.--The climate of +these charming islands is genial, the sky rarely overcast, the winters +mild, the inhabitants bounteously supplied with the necessaries of +life, and the sick with healing springs. Trees, shrubs and all +kinds of plants thrive luxuriantly in this volcanic soil. Here +and there are observed groves of young oaks and chestnuts. The +inhabitants are distinguished by a peculiar costume, dialect and +figure. Fashion is unknown; not one of the islands can boast of a +horse or carriage. Castello, in the foreground, is a most curious +volcanic formation.] + +[Illustration: HARBOR, ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT.--The perfectly flat coast +of Egypt, and even Alexandria itself, are not visible to the steam-boat +passenger until very shortly before the vessel enters the harbor. +The latter consists of an outer breakwater, forming an obtuse angle +nearly two miles in length. A second pier, nearly a mile in length, +protects an inner harbor covering nearly five hundred acres of water, +twenty-seven feet deep. No fewer than thirty thousand artificial +blocks, weighing twenty tons each, and two million tons of natural +blocks of stone were used in the construction of these magnificent +harbor works.] + +[Illustration: PLACE OF MEHEMET ALI, ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT.--The site +of this open square is embellished with trees and fountains. It +became a scene of destruction during 1882. In the centre rises the +equestrian statue of Mohammed' Ali, the founder of the reigning +dynasty of Egypt. The Mohammedan religion forbids the pictorial or +plastic representations of the human form. The erection of this +monument was long opposed by the Ulama, or chief professor of divine +and legal learning. The buildings on both sides are shops. That +at the further end is the English church.] + +[Illustration: CITADEL, CAIRO, EGYPT.--This citadel affords a +magnificent view of the city and surrounding country. It was erected +in 1166, and built by stones taken from the small pyramids at Gizeh, +the site having been selected, according to Arabian history, owing +to the fact that meat could be kept here fresh twice as long as +in any other part of Cairo. The fortress commands the city, yet +its site is unfavorable, as a commanding height close by compelled +its surrender during the wars of 1805.] + +[Illustration: MOSQUE OF MOHAMMED' ALI, CAIRO, EGYPT.--The "Alabaster +Mosque," whose lofty and graceful minarets are so conspicuous from the +distance, form one of the landmarks of Cairo. In plan, it represents the +Turkish mosques, built on the model of Hagia Sofla, at Constantinople. +The execution of the design displays but little artistic taste, +and the treatment of the material is somewhat unsatisfactory. The +alabaster used for the incrustation of the masonry consists partly +of blocks and partly of slabs. The beautiful yellow-tint stone soon +fades when exposed to the sun.] + +[Illustration: STREET SCENE, CAIRO, EGYPT.--Most of the streets in +the old part of the town are unpaved, inaccessible to carriages, +and often excessively dirty. They present an inexhaustible field +of amusement and delight, admirably illustrating the whole world +of oriental fiction. The lanes separating the rows of houses in +the Arabian quarter are so narrow that the projecting balconies of +harems, with their gratings, often nearly meet. Rickety, tumbling +houses of every variety of oriental architecture strike the beholder +at every turn, as is illustrated above.] + +[Illustration: PALACE OF GEZIREH, CAIRO, EGYPT.--This palace is +located on the Nile, at one end of a park by the same name. Its +external appearance is simple. All the distinguished guests who +were invited to attend the ceremony of the opening of the Suez +Canal were entertained here. The building is State property and +rarely occupied. The interior is furnished in the most sumptuous +and elaborate manner. The onyx mantel-pieces, with mirrors, cost +each $15,000. Portions of the palace are fitted up in suites of +apartments for visitors, each consisting of bed-room, dressing-room +and sitting-room.] + +[Illustration: ON CAMEL-BACK, EGYPT.--To people accustomed to all +the comforts and luxuries of the world, who have never experienced +desert tent-life, nor traveled through countries where there are +no people to consult, it is hard to convey an idea of oriental +camel-back traveling. The "ship of the desert" is a most faithful +animal, and loved by his master as much as a child; but his back +affords a very uncomfortable seat. The long backward and forward +motion recalls to the rider the swells of the sea. The above picture +is a perfect specimen of hundreds of such caravans during the traveling +season.] + +[Illustration: PYRAMIDS OF GIZEH, EGYPT.--Here are represented the +great Pyramids of Gizeh, occupying a plateau gradually ascending +from east to west, parts of which are very precipitous at places. +The three pyramids are so situated on this plateau as to face the +four points of the compass, although the magnet shows a deviation +toward the west. The Sphinx is situated close by. Numerous tombs, +almost all in ruins, surround these pyramids, and extend over the +plateau to the east. They are sometimes hewn in the form of grottoes +in the external rocky slope.] + +[Illustration: THE SPHYNX, EGYPT.-- + + "Since what unnumbered year, "No faithless slumber snatching, + Hast thou kept watch and ward, Still couched in silence brave, + And o'er the buried Land of Fear, Like some fierce hound long watching, + So grimly held thy guard?" Above her master's grave." + +[Illustration: LANDING ON SUEZ CANAL, EGYPT.--The Suez Canal, which +connects the Red Sea with the Mediterranean, was completed in 1863. +During the time of construction, which lasted five years, 25,000 +men were employed, and 1600 camels to supply them with water. The +cost of constructing the canal was $95,000,000, part of which was +raised by shareholders, and the balance by the Khedive. This picture +represents a landing stage and one of the English trading vessels +sailing between England and India. A number of camels and Arabs +are seen on a ferry-boat, ready to be taken across the Canal, the +latter furnishing the great highway for all European vessels sailing +to or from the Orient.] + +[Illustration: POST-OFFICE, SUEZ, EGYPT.--The site of this town +is naturally an absolute desert, and, until the water of the Nile +was introduced by the fresh water canal in 1863, the water-supply +of Suez was brought across the head of the gulf from the "wells +of Moses," on the Arabian coast, or else carried on camels, after +an hour's journey, from the fortified brackish of Bir Suweis. In +spite of its favorable position for commerce, the place was quite +small prior to the time of the canal, and even to-day the canal +carries traffic past Suez rather than to it. The picture shows +the post-office square.] + +[Illustration: IN CENTRAL AFRICA.--No country in the world creates +more interest among the civilized nations than does Africa. In the +far interior, where African explorers have failed to find traces +of the outer world, every variety of savage humanity exists. These +uncivilized people, who know nothing of the progress of nations, +live in tribes, preying upon each other's settlements, whenever +opportunity presents itself. The above picture represents the typical +natives of the Dark Continent.] + +[Illustration: YAFFA OR JAFFA, PALESTINE.--Jaffa is a small town +lying on the coast of the Mediterranean, at the foot of a rock +one hundred and sixteen feet in height. This town is very ancient, +and a road runs directly from it to Jerusalem. The houses are built +of tuff-stone, and the streets are generally very narrow and dirty, +and, after the slightest rain, exceedingly muddy. The town walls are +falling to decay, and the interior of the town is uninteresting. +Tradition points out the place as the one in which Napoleon is +said to have caused plague-patients to be poisoned, and in which +St. Peter once fished; but the authenticity of it seems to proceed +from a confusion of ideas.] + +[Illustration: JERUSALEM, PALESTINE.--Here is a place of overwhelming +interest, but at first sight sadly disappointing. Little is seen +of the ancient City of Zion and Moriah, the far-famed capital of +the Jewish Empire, in the narrow, crooked and ill-paved streets of +the modern town. The combination of wild superstitions, with the +merest formalism which is everywhere observed, and the fanaticism +and jealous exclusiveness of the numerous religious communities of +Jerusalem, form the chief modern characteristics of that memorable +city which was once the fountain-head from which the knowledge of +the true God was wont to be vouchsafed to mankind, and which has +exercised the greatest influence on religious thought throughout +the world.] + +[Illustration: WAILING-PLACE OF THE JEWS, JERUSALEM, PALESTINE.--Outside +of the enclosure of Mosque El Aksa, at Jerusalem, is the noted +wailing-place of the Jews. A large number of them, including old and +young, male and female, gather here on Friday, kiss the stones and +water them with their tears. They bewail the downfall of Jerusalem, +and read from their well-worn Hebrew Bibles and prayer-books the +Lamentations of Jeremiah. The following few words are an exact +copy from their litany: "For the Palace that lies desolate, we sit +in solitude and mourn." They present a curious spectacle.] + +[Illustration: STREET SCENE, JERUSALEM, PALESTINE.--The above photograph +represents one of the fourteen stations of the "street of pain," +over which Christ is said to have carried the cross on His way +to Golgotha. The place where Christ was laid upon the cross, the +house of Dives, the rich man, where Simon of Cyrene took the cross +from Christ, the house against which Christ is said to have leaned, +or near which He fell a second time, and the place where Christ +is said to have addressed the women that accompanied Him, are all +seen along this avenue.] + +[Illustration: GARDEN OF GETHSEMANE, PALESTINE.--This holy place +is situated at the foot of Mount Olivet across the Kedron, and +noted as the scene of our Lord's agony. Jesus frequently came here, +as did also His disciples. It is a small irregular spot surrounded +by a high wall. This wall was built in 1847 by Franciscan monks, +who claimed it necessary to keep from the garden, pilgrims who +injured the olive trees. There are seven of these trees remaining +in the Garden, whose trunks, nineteen feet in circumference, are +cracked open with age, and claimed to date back to the time of +our Saviour.] + +[Illustration: BETHLEHEM, PALESTINE.--"But thou, Bethlehem Ephratah, +though thou be little among the thousands of Judah, yet out of thee +shall He come forth unto Me that is to be ruler in Israel." In +Hebrew the word signifies the "place of bread," or, more generally, +"the place of food," and is possibly derived from the fact that the +region about Bethlehem has from very remote antiquity presented +a marked contrast to the surrounding "wilderness." We learn from +the Bible that the inhabitants of Bethlehem possessed cornfields, +vineyards and flocks of goats, and that they made cheese. The natural +products of to-day in every respect confirm this record.] + +[Illustration: DEAD SEA, PALESTINE.--This sea, situated sixteen +miles from Jerusalem and visible from the Mount of Olives, occupies +that deep depression thirteen hundred feet below the Mediterranean, +which extends from the mountains of Lebanon to the Gulf of Akabah, +and is forty-six miles long and about ten miles wide. The River +Jordan and smaller streams empty their waters into it, and it has no +visible outlet. The water of the Dead Sea contains a large quantity +of mineral substances, consisting of chlorides of sodium, calcium +and magnesium, which give it a bitter taste, and render it smooth +and oily.] + +[Illustration: NAZARETH, PALESTINE.--This village, situated in +Galilee about sixty-five miles from Jerusalem, is the place where +Jesus grew up from infancy. From its highest elevation the most +beautiful views of the Holy Land can be taken. The place must have +been very small in the time of Christ, as the village is not named in +the Old Testament. The population in those times was mainly Jewish, +but it now has Greek, Latin and Moslem quarters and a Protestant +mission. During the Middle Ages many Christians visited Nazareth, +but when the Turks seized Palestine in 1517, they were again driven +out.] + +[Illustration: JACOB'S WELL, PALESTINE.--Jews, Christians and Muslims +agree that this is the "Well of Jacob" of Scripture. (Gen. XXXIII., +19.) It is situated on the high road from Jerusalem to Galilee, +according perfectly with the narrative of St. John IV., 5-30. In +summer, it is often dry. It is seven and one-half feet in diameter +and lined with masonry. If, as is probable, this well was the scene +of Christ's conversation with the Samaritan woman, the tradition +had already attached to it, that this was Jacob's Well, and around +it was the field which he purchased, and where Joseph was afterwards +buried. (Joshua XXIV., 32.)] + +[Illustration: BEYROUTH, SYRIA.--The above city, located on the +Mediterranean, is one of great antiquity. The city proper is an +irregular square, open towards the sea, and surrounded on the land +side by a substantial tower-flanked wall. The streets are wider +than is usual in Syrian towns, and are paved with large stones. +The houses, for the most part, are lofty and spacious. During the +hot season the wealthier inhabitants move inland. The surrounding +hills consist of reddish sand, interspersed with rock, and are +covered with a light soil.] + +[Illustration: GREAT MOSQUE, DAMASCUS, SYRIA.--It is possible that +during the first century of the Christian era, a heathen temple +stood on the site of the present mosque. The building was converted +into a Christian church, and contained a casket in which the head +of John the Baptist was shown. The Christian church was destroyed, +and the present mosque erected. Antique columns were collected +in towns of Syria, and used in the decoration. The pavement and +lower walls are covered with rarest marbles. The ceiling, from +which hang six hundred golden lamps, is of wood, inlaid with gold. +The urn above the altar is said to still contain the remains of +the head of John the Baptist.] + +[Illustration: BAALBEC, SYRIA.--These magnificent ruins have excited +the wonder and admiration of every beholder. In view of the fact +that the Jewish style of architecture is mingled with that of the +Doric and the Corinthian order, this building is supposed to have +been the house that Solomon built for his Egyptian wife. It may +be surpassed in classical taste by the Temple of Athens, and, in +some respects, Rome may rival it. Even in magnitude the Nile exceeds +it, but there is something about Baalbec that causes it to stand +alone, and makes it peer of all. Its origin is not known, yet it +passed through the Greek, Arab and Roman hands, and suffered assaults +by the Crusades.] + +[Illustration: MECCA, SYRIA.--The pilgrimage to Mecca, which every +Muslim is bound to undertake once in his life, is a most curious +religious custom. In the neighborhood of Mecca the pilgrims undress, +laying aside even their head-gear, and put on aprons and a piece of +cloth over the left shoulder. They then perform the circuit of the +Ka'ba, kiss the black stone, hear the sermon on Mount Arafat, near +Mecca, pelt Satan with stones in the Valley of Mina, and conclude +their pilgrimage with a great sacrificial feast. The picture shows the +famous cemetery of Mecca, the bodies all buried above the ground.] + +[Illustration: KALBADEVIE ROAD, BOMBAY, INDIA.--The city of Bombay, +under English rule, with a population of nearly a million inhabitants, +is one or the most flourishing cities in India, on account of its +nearness to the Suez Canal. The approach from the sea discloses +one of the finest panoramas in the world, the only European analogy +being the Bay of Naples. The town itself consists of well-built and +usually handsome native bazaars, and of spacious streets devoted +to European commerce, of which the above is one of the principal +avenues.] + +[Illustration: BENARES, INDIA.--The city here represented is the +religious centre of Hindooism, and one of the oldest cities on the +globe. The bank of the Ganges is entirely lined with stone, and +there are many very fine landing-places, built by pious devotees, and +highly ornamented. The internal streets are so narrow and winding, +that there is not room for a carriage to pass; and it is difficult +to penetrate them even on horseback. The houses are built of Chanar +stone, and are lofty, none being less than two, and many five and +six, stories high.] + +[Illustration: TROPICAL SCENERY, INDIA.] + +[Illustration: HEATHEN TEMPLE, INDIA.] + +[Illustration: ROYAL OBSERVATORY, INDIA.] + +[Illustration: WONG TAI KEN, CHINA.--The people of China are a +thoroughly settled class of agriculturists and traders. They are +partially Buddhist, and have a peculiar monosyllabic, uninflected +language, with writing consisting of symbols, which represent words, +not letters. The photograph represents one of the better class, +dressed in a richly made costume after the fashion of her country. +Her feet, like all of her race, are extremely small and encased +in velvet sandals, with thick wooden shoes, which are peculiar +to these people.] + +[Illustration: TYPICAL SCENE, SANDWICH ISLANDS.--The ravines and +mountain-slopes on the windward side of the larger islands contain +much forest growth, while the leeward uplands and plains are +comparatively bare. Among the most remarkable forms of vegetation +is a screw-pine and candle-nut tree, so named from the fact that +the natives string together the kernels, which are very oily, and +make candles. The natives derive their sustenance chiefly from +pork and fish, both fresh and dried, and from the banana, sweet +potato, yam, bread, fruit and cocoanut.] + +[Illustration: SITKA, ALASKA.--Sitka, the capital of Alaska, is +situated on the west coast of the Baranoff Island, which is one of +the principal of the Alexander Islands. It is the second town in +size, and has a custom house, a Greco-Russian church, a hospital, +a half dozen stores, schools and several saw mills. Its principal +business is fishing, and a number of steamers ply between this +place and Portland, Oregon. The island is about seventy miles long +and fifteen miles wide, and is densely timbered.] + +[Illustration: TOTEM POLES, ALASKA.--A totem is a class of material +objects which a savage regards with superstitious respect, believing +that there exists between him and every member of the class an intimate +and special relation. These poles, which rise to the height of 70 +feet, are elaborately carved from top to bottom with a succession +of figures, representing the wolf, frog, bear, eagle, whale and a +variety of other animals. They are planted near Indian villages, +but it is hoped church steeples will soon tower in their places +and work a change in these strange people.] + +[Illustration: PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS, OTTAWA, CANADA.--The capital +of the Dominion of Canada is situated on the Ottawa River, four +hundred and fifty miles from New York, and one hundred and twenty-six +miles from Montreal. It is one of the most flourishing cities in +Ontario, on account of the great lumber products in the surrounding +districts. The city was founded sixty-three years ago, its chief +attraction being the Government Buildings, which stand on Barrack +Hill, and are built mainly of light-colored sandstone. The style +of architecture is that of Italian Gothic. The main building is +five hundred feet long, covering nearly four acres, and involving +a cost of $4,000,000 in its construction.] + +[Illustration: GOLDEN GATE, CALIFORNIA.--This forms the entrance +to San Francisco Bay, which is about seventy miles long and from +ten to fifteen wide, and is narrowed into a channel only about +one mile wide; here the waters escape in a current as the tide +ebbs and flows to and from the ocean. As one approaches from the +ocean towards the bay, the south side of the Golden Gate exhibits +a shelving point of land which terminates in a long fortification +called Fort Point. The portion of the strait between the light +house on the north and the fort on the south, is termed "The Golden +Gate," or "Chrysopylae."] + +[Illustration: SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA.--The city is the commercial +metropolis of California, and is situated nearly six miles from +the ocean on the west side of the magnificent bay from which it +derives its name. It stands on a plain which inclines towards the +bay, and has numerous hills behind it. The city is regularly laid +out, the streets crossing each other at right angles. Market Street, +which has four street-car tracks, two of which are cable lines, is +the principal business street; it runs south-west from the bay, +and divides the older from the newer portion of the city. The city +was originally called Yerba Buena ("good herbs"), and was settled +by the Spaniards about 1777, but was changed to San Francisco in +1847.] + +[Illustration: YOSEMITE VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.--The Yosemite Valley +is situated one hundred and fifty miles distant, in a direct line, +a little to the southeast of San Francisco. It is six miles in +length and from half a mile to a mile in width, and sunk from two +thousand to three thousand feet in perpendicular depth below the +general level of the surrounding country. The waterfalls in and +about this valley are of great beauty and variety. The Nevada and +Vernal Falls of the Merced River, which flows through the whole +length of the valley, are wonderfully grand.] + +[Illustration: MIRROR LAKE, YOSEMITE VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.--Up the +canyon of the Tenaya is situated this beautiful little lake, called +"Mirror Lake," which is an expansion of the Tenaya Fork. It is +generally visited early in the morning, for the purpose of seeing +the reflection of the overhanging rock, which is known as Mount +Watkins. Mirror Lake is one of the principal points of interest +of this marvelous depression of nature.] + +[Illustration: GLAZIER POINT, YOSEMITE VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.--Glazier +Point, one of the most remarkable and striking features of nature +in the world, is composed of solid rock, thirty-two hundred feet +in perpendicular height. It is reached by a trail from the floor +of the valley, and the time generally consumed is from four to six +hours. From this great point of interest, a general view of the +whole valley can be obtained, and nothing is more soul-stirring +to the beholder than to look at the great and marvelous wonders +of nature abounding in the Yosemite Valley.] + +[Illustration: BIG TREE, CALIFORNIA.--The big trees of California +are known the world over and are specifically termed the _sequoia +gigantea_, and abound only in California. They occur in groves +or patches, which are scattered over limited areas. They grow to +a great height, ranging from two hundred to three hundred feet, +and attain a circumference from seventy-five to one hundred feet. +The above is a photograph of one of the trees, showing the trunk, +through which a four-horse stage coach passes. This tree measures +twenty-five feet in diameter, and it stands in the Mariposa Grove.] + +[Illustration: GREAT MORMON TEMPLE, SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH.--The +Mormon religion was founded by Joseph Smith, at Manchester, New +York, in 1830, and the same year was published "The Book of Mormon," +in which Joseph Smith was declared to be God's "Prophet." He soon +removed, with his followers, to Kirtland, Ohio, which was to be +the seat of the New Jerusalem. Several years later the Mormon band +emigrated to Missouri, and later to Salt Lake City, Utah. After the +death of Smith, Brigham Young succeeded, until 1877, when he died +and left a fortune of $2,000,000 to seventeen wives and fifty-six +children. Here they prospered and started to build the great temple, +which is not yet quite finished.] + +[Illustration: PULPIT TERRACE, YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.-The +Yellowstone Park has in the vicinity of the Mammoth Hot Springs +many remarkable terrace-building springs, which are situated one +thousand feet above the Gardiner River, into which they discharge +their waters. The water finds its way to the surface through deep-lying +cretaceous strata, and contains a great deposit of calcareous material. +As the water flows out at the various elevations on the terraces +through many vents, it forms corrugated layers of carbonate of +lime, which is generally hard while wet, but becomes soft when dry. +While these springs are active, vegetation dies in their vicinity; +but when dry, grass and trees again grow on the crumbling calcareous +deposit.] + +[Illustration: OBSIDIAN CLIFF, YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.--This +noted and volcanic glass mountain, situated in the Yellowstone +Park, glistens like jet, is opaque and rises like basalt in almost +vertical columns, from the shore of Beaver Lake. It is unequalled +in the world, and is about two hundred feet high and one thousand +feet in length, being variegated with streaks of red and yellow. +When the carriage road was constructed over the side of the mountain +along the lake, great fires were built upon the masses of Obsidian; +and after they had been sufficiently expanded by the heat, cold +water was thrown on them, which fractured the blocks into fragments +that could be handled. Thus a glass carriage way was made one-quarter +of a mile in length, which is without doubt the only piece of glass +road in the world.] + +[Illustration: MAMMOTH PAINT POTS, YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.--Among +all the geysers and hot springs in Yellowstone Park, there is nothing +more striking to behold than the Mammoth Paint Pots, which measure +forty by sixty feet, with a mud rim on three sides from three to +four feet in height. The whitish substance in this basin, which +looks like paint, is in constant agitation, and resembles a vast bed +of mortar with numerous points of ebullition. There is a constant +bubbling up of this peculiar formation, which produces a sound +similar to a hoarse whisper. Its contents have been reduced by +the constant action to a mixed silicious clay, which in former +years consisted of different colors, but is now active only in the +white portion of its formation.] + +[Illustration: OLD FAITHFUL GEYSER, YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.--Of +all the geysers in the Yellowstone Park, this is one of the most +interesting and noted on account of the great regularity of its +eruptions, affording splendid opportunities for observation. It +is located in the Upper Geyser Basin, and is situated on a mound +of geyserite built by its own water. The eruptions begin with +preliminary splashes, and continue for several minutes, becoming +more powerful as they follow in rapid succession, when all at once +the steam and water are thrown to a height of one hundred and fifty +feet; this action occurs at intervals of every sixty-five minutes +and lasts from four to five minutes.] + +[Illustration: YELLOWSTONE LAKE AND HOT SPRINGS, YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL +PARK.--This large and beautiful sheet of water is nearly one-half mile +higher than the summit of Mount Washington, N. H., and is surrounded +by snow-capped mountains. It covers an area of one hundred and fifty +square miles, and has a great depth. Trout are so plentiful that +there is little pleasure afforded in capturing them. The lake is +fed by numerous large tributaries and a score of smaller streams. +A number of boiling springs, charged with sulphur, alum and alkali, +dot its shores; and the fishermen can cook their trout by dropping +them into the boiling springs without walking from the spot where +they are caught.] + +[Illustration: YELLOWSTONE FALLS, YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.--After +the water of the Yellowstone releases itself from the deep, symmetrical +pool at the foot of the Upper Falls, the river turns to the left and +flows through high bluffs for a short distance, until its sea-green +water leaps from the top of the Great Falls, three hundred and +sixty feet deep, into the profound, abysmal solitude of the Grand +Canyon. This great mass of water breaks into fleecy columns and +sheets of glistening foam as it descends; but it strikes the pool +below with such a great concussion that it is forced upwards in +fountains of spray and clouds of mist.] + +[Illustration: GRAND CANYON OF THE YELLOWSTONE, WYOMING.--This wonderful +gorge, whose scenic beauty is not equaled anywhere, has a scene of +enchantment surpassing all expectations. From the Lower Falls it +reveals the most varied groups of crags and rock ever beheld. It +passes through a volcanic plateau, forming broken walls of barbaric +richness of coloring that almost defies description. Red, purple +and yellow predominate, and with the white foam of the rushing +river through the bottom, and the dark green of the forest upon +the plateau, form one of the grandest natural sights in earth.] + +[Illustration: ANIMAS CANYON, COLORADO.--This canyon is between +Durango and Silverton, and the scenery through it is of surpassing +grandeur and beauty. The railroad follows the course of the Animas +River (to which the Spaniard gave the musical but melancholy title +of "Rio de las Animas Perdidas," or River of Lost Souls) until +the picturesque mining town of Silverton is reached. To the right +is the silvery Animas River, which frets in its narrowing bed, +and breaks into foam against the opposing boulders, beyond which +rise the hills; to the left are mountains, increasing in rugged +contour as the advance is made, and in the shadow of the rocks +all is solitary, weird and awful; the startled traveler loses all +apprehension in the wondrous beauty and grandeur of the scene.] + +[Illustration: GRAND CANYON Of THE ARKANSAS RIVER, COLORADO.--There +are no words which can properly describe this great and magnificent +canyon, the crowning attraction, the wonder of wonders, the marvel +of marvels, in Colorado's scenery. This canyon is seven miles in +length, and presents the grandest scenery in the world. This photograph +represents the Royal Gorge, where the canyon is three hundred feet +deep. As it is not sufficiently wide for railroad and river to +pass through, the road is carried above the river, on a hanging +bridge, which is shown in the picture.] + +[Illustration: MOUNTAIN OF THE HOLY CROSS, COLORADO.--This mountain +is without doubt the most remarkable and the most noted of the +Rockies, on account of the cross from which it received its name. +Near the top is seen the cross, formed by deep crevices in its side, +which are filled with perpetual snow and ice. The sight of wildwood, +of tree-crowned slope, of rocky heights, of silvery cascades whose +white threads of water are occasionally seen wearing away rifts +in the rocks, renders the mountain one of the most enchanting of +the many mountains in Colorado.] + +[Illustration: MANITOU AND PIKE'S PEAK, COLORADO.--Manitou was +known to white men long before Major Pike discovered the peak, and +is noted for its famous soda springs, whose health-giving properties +were familiar to the Indians from time immemorial. To this favored +spot they made their pilgrimages, and in grateful recognition of +the beneficent characteristics of the waters, they named the place +in honor of the Great Spirit, and bestowed upon it the musical and +significant title, Manitou. It is visited by thousands of tourists +every season, and many make the ascent from here to the top of +Pike's Peak, which is seen in the background.] + +[Illustration: SUMMIT OF PIKE'S PEAK, COLORADO.--In 1806 Major +Zebulon Pike first described this wonderful snow-capped peak, which +now bears his name, and which he called the "Great Snow Mountain." +When the mountain first dawned on his view, he was one hundred +miles east on the plains. This noted peak towers to the height +of 14,147 feet, and its top is covered with perpetual snow. This +photograph represents the U. S. Signal Station on its summit. The +top is now reached by an incline railway from Manitou, and from it +the traveler may behold one of the grandest sights in Colorado.] + +[Illustration: GATEWAY TO THE GARDEN OF THE GODS, COLORADO.--Why +this wonderful valley, which has not the appearance of a garden, +was named the Garden of the Gods, no one knows; but, no doubt, by +reason of its apt alliterations, the name has become so popular +that it would be foolish to change it. There are many remains which +show that Titanic forces have been at work here. It does not require +a lively imagination to discover in the garden an endless variety +of beings, such as the lion, the seal, the elephant, birds and +reptiles of imitative forms. The most noted object is the Great +Gateway.] + +[Illustration: CATHEDRAL SPIRES, COLORADO.--The stranger passing +through Manitou should not fail to visit the Garden of the Gods, in +which are located the Cathedral Spires, wonderful rock formations, +standing upright, with pinnacles several hundred feet high. The +wonderful region in which these spires are, in point of attraction, +ranks with the sunny slopes of Italy, and the rugged grandeur of +the Bernese Oberland. The scenery in this locality is so varied, +so grand, and so impressive, that contemplative pauses must be +made in order that the eye may grasp all the charming details of +the view.] + +[Illustration: LIFE IN OKLAHOMA, OKLAHOMA TERRITORY.--Oklahoma +Territory is a beautiful stretch of country, abounding in vast +and fertile plains. In the eastern part, the soil is particularly +rich and well irrigated, making it almost as productive as a garden. +The territory was formerly the special domain for all the Indian +tribes, but this original race seems to be gradually becoming extinct. +The above photograph represents a scene in Oklahoma County. This +county is nearly in the centre of the territory, on the line of +it railroad which has recently been opened. Owing to its admirable +adaptability for agriculture, it is fast becoming populated. The +picture suggests the most primitive rural simplicity.] + +[Illustration: INDIAN WIGWAM, INDIAN TERRITORY.--The red man, the +original inhabitant of American soil, is represented here at his +hut, with his gun and the reins of his horse in his hands. He has a +universal belief in a Supreme Being, though his religious attributes +are associated with various manifestations of natural phenomena. +He believes in the immortality of the soul, but his conceptions +of the future system of reward and punishment are confused. The +American Indians are slowly diminishing in number on account of +the progress of the white man. Their present population is about +255,000, and the greatest number are gathered upon their reservations +in Indian Territory.] + +[Illustration: CHICAGO, ILLINOIS.--This city, which is now the +most important centre of commerce in the Northwestern States, is +situated at the mouth of the Chicago River, on Lake Michigan. The +first inhabitants known to have been in the locality were the +Pollawatomie Indians, and the earliest Europeans were French fur +traders, who visited the site in 1654. Fort Dearborn was built +in 1804, when the first attempt was made to settle here; but the +Indians destroyed and massacred most of the garrison in 1812. In +1816 the place was rebuilt and to-day stands as one of the leading +cities of America. The above represents State Street, one of the +principal thoroughfares, and the Palmer House, one of its leading +hotels.] + +[Illustration: NIAGARA FALLS, NEW YORK.--The above falls constitute +perhaps the most striking natural wonder in the world. Above the +falls, the river is divided by Goat Island, forming the Horseshoe +Falls, with a perpendicular descent of one hundred and fifty-eight +feet. The height of the American Falls is one hundred and sixty-seven +feet. Below the cataract, the river is very deep and narrow, varying +from one hundred to three hundred yards, and flows between perpendicular +rocks, two hundred and fifty feet high, into a gorge, which is +crossed by several suspension bridges. These falls are world-famed, +and are visited by thousands of tourists from different parts of +the world.] + +[Illustration: BUNKER HILL MONUMENT, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS.--On an +elevation of one hundred and ten feet, in the town of Charlestown, +one mile from Boston, towers the above-named monument to commemorate +one of the most celebrated battles of the American Revolution, +fought here on the 17th of June, 1775. The British remained master +of the field after a long and bloody contest, but their victory +was dearly bought. The monument, two hundred and twenty-one feet +in height, stands in the centre of the ground, included within +the redoubts on Breed's Hill.] + +[Illustration: NEW YORK, N. Y.--The metropolis of the United States, +is considered the headquarters of the stock and money market. It is +here where the greater number of foreign vessels land and depart, +and where the majority of immigrants first step upon our shores. +The city is built on Manhattan Island, which is 13 miles long, and +from 2 to 4 miles wide. This picture represents Park Row, and the +New York Times' Building in the front, and the general Post-Office +on the right, which is a large granite structure, and an ornament to +the city. New York has a population of nearly two million people, +composed of all nationalities. This city gives to the student of +human nature an excellent opportunity to observe the life and habits +of the different nations.] + +[Illustration: BROOKLYN BRIDGE, NEW YORK.--This bridge, connecting +New York with Brooklyn, is by far the largest suspension bridge yet +constructed. The work commenced in 1870, and opened for traffic +on May 24, 1883. The central span, from tower to tower, measures +fifteen hundred and ninety-five and one-half feet. In the centre +is a foot-way, fifteen and one-half feet wide, and raised twelve +feet above the other passages, affording an open view on both sides. +There are tracks on each side for cable cars, worked by a stationary +engine on the Brooklyn side, and on the outside are wagon-ways. +The entire cost was $15,500,000.] + +[Illustration: ELEVATED RAILROAD, NEW YORK, N. Y.--The steam cars, +the street railway and the electric road are the three modern modes +of transportation. The motive power of the elevated railroads of New +York City is steam, and the quick facilities afforded exceed that of +any other country. These elevated railroads are sufficiently high so +as not to interfere with street traffic, stations are located every +four or five blocks apart, there is little delay, and a passenger +can ride from one end of the city to the other in a very short +time. It is said that one million people ride daily on the elevated +railroads of New York giving the company an income of $50,000 per +day. The above photograph represents the railroad at Chatham Square, +where it branches off into different directions.] + +[Illustration: STATUE OF LIBERTY, NEW YORK HARBOR, N. Y.--This +magnificent monument, the work of Bartholdi, was presented by the +French Government to the people of the United States as a token of +sisterly love and respect, and as a means of still further cementing +the good feelings of the two greatest republics on the globe. The +statue stands on Bedloe's Island, in New York harbor. The torch +of liberty, held in the right hand, is illuminated at night by +a huge electric light. The pedestal on which the statue stands +was built by voluntary contributions, solicited by the New York +_World_.] + +[Illustration: CHESTNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA, +PENNSYLVANIA.--Philadelphia, the third city of the United States and +the metropolis of Pennsylvania, often called the City of Brotherly +Love, was founded in 1682 by William Penn. This picture represents +Chestnut Street, the principal retail business street and the avenue +on which the leading banking institutions are located. The building on +the right is Independence Hall, in which was declared the independence +of the United States. The liberty bell is still preserved and found +at the entrance of the building. The structure in the background +is a banking house.] + +[Illustration: MARKET STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA.--Perhaps +no street in the world furnishes an avenue for so much business as +does Market Street. The street from this point, which terminates +at the Delaware River, making a total of fourteen squares, is full +of wholesale houses. There are times during the day when it is +packed with teams and pedestrians, presenting an interesting sight +for a stranger. The building on the right-hand side is considered +the largest store of its kind in the world. The cars on Market +Street are run by cable, a system introduced a few years ago.] + +[Illustration: FORT SAN MARCO, ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA, U. S. A.--St. +Augustine, having the distinction of being the oldest city in the +United States, was founded by Europeans and has recently become +a popular winter watering-place. It is thirty-six miles from +Jacksonville, and stands on a sandy peninsula. Along the sea-front, +for nearly a mile, extends a granite-coped sea-wall; and, at its +northern end, stands the Fort of San Marco, a well-preserved specimen +of Spanish military architecture, built in 1756. The fort has a +moat and outworks, and its walls are twenty-one feet high. It is +in the form of a trapezium, and covers four acres.] + +[Illustration: PONCE DE LEON, ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA.] + +[Illustration: THE CAPITOL, WASHINGTON, D. C.] + +[Illustration: WHITE HOUSE, WASHINGTON, D. C.--The official residence +of the President of the United States, is beautifully situated at +the western extremity of Pennsylvania Avenue, about a mile and a +half west of the Capitol. It is constructed of Freestone, painted +white. Its dimensions are 170 feet front and 86 feet deep. The +garden-front is very beautiful and admirably kept, the lawn sloping +down to the Potomac River. In the square in front of the Mansion, +stands the celebrated equestrian statue of General Jackson. Very +close to the White House are located the State Treasury, and Navy +and War departments.] + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Shepp's Photographs of the World, by +James W. Shepp and Daniel B. Shepp + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SHEPP'S PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE WORLD *** + +***** This file should be named 26037.txt or 26037.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/6/0/3/26037/ + +Produced by Robert J. Hall + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. 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