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diff --git a/26019-h/26019-h.htm b/26019-h/26019-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2bd69cd --- /dev/null +++ b/26019-h/26019-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,7898 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Europa's Fairy Book, by Joseph Jacobs + </title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- +body { margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; background-color:#FFFFFF; } + +p { margin-top: .75em; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: .75em; } + +h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 +{ + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +hr +{ + width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; +} + +a[name] { position: static; } + a:link {color:#0000ff; text-decoration:none; } + a:visited {color:#0000ff; text-decoration:none; } + a:hover { color:#ff0000; } + +table { width:80%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} +.tocch { text-align: right; vertical-align: top;} +.tocpg {text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;} + +.pagenum +{ /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + font-style: normal; +} /* page numbers */ + +ul { list-style:none; } +.blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} +p.f1 {font-size:larger; font-style:italic; margin-left:8em; } +p.f2 {margin-left:80%;} +p.f3 { text-align:right;} +p.f4 {margin-left:15%;} +p.f5 {margin-left:10%;} +td.f1 { font-size:smaller; } +span.f3 { margin-left:80%;} +img.img1 {border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; } + +.center {text-align: center;} +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} +.caption {font-weight: bold;} + +/* Images */ +.figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + +.figleft +{ + float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0em; + margin-top: 0em; margin-right: 0.5em; padding: 0; text-align: center; +} + +.figright +{ + float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; + margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0; padding: 0; text-align: center; +} + + +/* Poetry */ +.poem {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; text-align: left;} + +.poem br {display: none;} + +.poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + +.poem span.i0 +{ + display: block; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em; +} + +.poem span.i2 +{ + display: block; margin-left: 2em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em; +} + +.poem span.i4 +{ + display: block; margin-left: 4em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em; +} + +// --> +/* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Europa's Fairy Book, by Joseph Jacobs + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Europa's Fairy Book + +Author: Joseph Jacobs + +Illustrator: John D. Batten + +Release Date: July 10, 2008 [EBook #26019] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EUROPA'S FAIRY BOOK *** + + + + +Produced by Sankar Viswanathan, David Edwards, and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net +(This file was produced from images generously made +available by The Internet Archive) + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="400" height="612" alt="Cover" /> +</div> + +<p> </p> + +<p class="f1">"Do tell us a fairy tale, ganpa."</p> + +<p class="f1">"Well, will you be good and quiet if I do?"</p> + +<p class="f1">"Of course we will; we are always good when you are telling us fairy +tales."</p> + +<p class="f1">"Well, here goes.—Once upon a time, though it wasn't in my time, and +it wasn't in your time, and it wasn't in anybody else's time, there +was a——"</p> + +<p class="f1">"But that would be no time at all."</p> + +<p class="f1">"That's fairy tale time."</p> +<p> </p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="picture_1" id="picture_1"></a> +<img src="images/frontis.jpg" width="500" height="687" alt="The Marshal tells how he killed the Dragon" /> +</div> +<p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img class="img1" src="images/titlepage.jpg" alt="Title Page" width="500" height="795" /></div> + +<p> </p> + +<h1>EUROPA'S<br /> +FAIRY BOOK</h1> +<p> </p> +<h4>RESTORED AND RETOLD BY</h4> +<p> </p> +<h2>JOSEPH JACOBS</h2> + <p> </p> + <h4>DONE INTO PICTURES BY</h4> + + <h2>JOHN D. BATTEN</h2> + <p> </p> + <div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"> +<img src="images/image_006.jpg" width="200" height="184" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <h3> G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS</h3> + <h4>NEW YORK AND LONDON</h4> + <h3>The Knickerbocker Press</h3> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + + + <h4><span class="smcap">Copyright</span>, 1916 + </h4> + <h5>BY</h5> + <h4>JOSEPH JACOBS</h4> + + <hr style="width: 65%;" /> + <h4>To</h4> + <h4><span class="smcap">Peggy, and Madge, and Pearl, and Maggie,<br /> + and Marguerite, and Peggotty, and Meg,<br /> + and Marjory, and Daisy, and Pegg, and</span></h4> + + <h3>MARGARET HAYS</h3> + <h4>(How many granddaughters does that make?)</h4> + <p><span class="smcap">My Dear Little Peggy</span>:—</p> + +<p>Many, many, many years ago I wrote a book for your Mummey—when she +was my little May—telling the fairy tales which the little boys and +girls of England used to hear from their mummeys, who had heard them +from their mummeys years and years and years before. My friend Mr. +Batten made such pretty pictures for it—but of course you know the +book—it has "Tom, Tit, Tot" and "The little old woman that went to +market," and all those tales you like. Now I have been making a +fairy-tale book for your own self, and here it is. This time I have +told, again the fairy tales that all the mummeys of Europe have been +telling their little Peggys, Oh for ever so many years! They must have +liked them because they have spread from Germany to Russia, from Italy +to France, from Holland to Scotland, and from England to Norway, and +from every country in Europe that you will read about in your +geography to every other one. Mr. Batten, who made the pictures for +your mummey's book, has made some more for yours—isn't it good of +him when he has never seen you?</p> + +<p>Though this book is your very, very own, you will not mind if other +little girls and boys also get copies of it from their mummeys and +papas and ganmas and ganpas, for when you meet some of them you will, +all of you, have a number of common friends like "The Cinder-Maid," or +"The Earl of Cattenborough," or "The Master-Maid," and you can talk to +one another about them so that you are old friends at once. Oh, won't +that be nice? And when one of these days you go over the Great Sea, in +whatever land you go, you will find girls and boys, as well as +grown-ups, who will know all of these tales, even if they have +different names. Won't that be nice too?</p> + +<p>And when you tell your new friends here or abroad of these stories +that you and they will know so well, do not forget to tell them that +you have a book, all of your very own, which was made up specially for +you of these old, old stories by your old, old</p> + +<p class="f2"><span class="smcap">Ganpa.</span></p> + +<p>P.S.—Do you hear me calling as I always do, "Peggy, Peggy"? Then you +must answer as usual, "Ganpa, Ganpa."</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[v]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE</h2> + + +<p>Ever since—almost exactly a hundred years ago—the Grimms produced +their Fairy Tale Book, folk-lorists have been engaged in making +similar collections for all the other countries of Europe, outside +Germany, till there is scarcely a nook or a corner in the whole +continent that has not been ransacked for these products of the +popular fancy. The Grimms themselves and most of their followers have +pointed out the similarity or, one might even say, the identity of +plot and incident of many of these tales throughout the European +Folk-Lore field. Von Hahn, when collecting the Greek and Albanian +Fairy Tales in 1864, brought together these common "formulæ" of the +European Folk-Tale. These were supplemented by Mr. S. Baring-Gould in +1868, and I myself in 1892 contributed an even fuller list to the +<i>Hand Book of Folk-Lore</i>. Most, if not all of these formulæ, have been +found in all the countries of Europe where folk-tales have been +collected. In 1893 Miss M. Roalfe Cox brought together, in a volume of +the Folk-Lore Society, no less than 345 variants of "Cinderella" and +kindred stories showing how widespread this particular formula was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[vi]</a></span> +throughout Europe and how substantially identical the various +incidents as reproduced in each particular country.</p> + +<p>It has occurred to me that it would be of great interest and, for +folk-lore purposes, of no little importance, to bring together these +common Folk-Tales of Europe, retold in such a way as to bring out the +original form from which all the variants were derived. I am, of +course, aware of the difficulty and hazardous nature of such a +proceeding; yet it is fundamentally the same as that by which scholars +are accustomed to restore the <i>Ur</i>-text from the variants of different +families of MSS. and still more similar to the process by which Higher +Critics attempt to restore the original narratives of Holy Writ. Every +one who has had to tell fairy tales to children will appreciate the +conservative tendencies of the child mind; every time you vary an +incident the children will cry out, "That was not the way you told us +before." The Folk-Tale collections can therefore be assumed to retain +the original readings with as much fidelity as most MSS. That there +was such an original rendering eminating from a single folk artist no +serious student of Miss Cox's volume can well doubt. When one finds +practically the same "tags" of verse in such different dialects as +Danish and Romaic, German and Italian, one cannot imagine that these +sprang up independently in Denmark, Greece, Germany, and Florence. The +same<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[vii]</a></span> phenomenon is shown in another field of Folk-Lore where, as the +late Mr. Newell showed, the same rhymes are used to brighten up the +same children's games in Barcelona and in Boston; one cannot imagine +them springing up independently in both places. So, too, when the same +incidents of a fairy tale follow in the same artistic concatenation in +Scotland, and in Sicily, in Brittany, and in Albania, one cannot but +assume that the original form of the story was hit upon by one +definite literary artist among the folk. What I have attempted to do +in this book is to restore the original form, which by a sort of +international selection has spread throughout all the European folks.</p> + +<p>But while I have attempted thus to restore the original substance of +the European Folk-Tales, I have ever had in mind that the particular +form in which they are to appear is to attract English-speaking +children. I have, therefore, utilized the experience I had some years +ago in collecting and retelling the Fairy Tales of the English +Folk-Lore field (<i>English Fairy Tales</i>, <i>More English Fairy Tales</i>), +in order to tell these new tales in the way which English-speaking +children have abundantly shown they enjoy. In other words, while the +plot and incidents are "common form" throughout Europe, the manner in +which I have told the stories is, so far as I have been able to +imitate it, that of the English story-teller.</p> + +<p>I have indeed been conscious throughout of my<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[viii]</a></span> audience of little ones +and of the reverence due to them. Whenever an original incident, so +far as I could penetrate to it, seemed to me too crudely primitive for +the children of the present day, I have had no scruples in modifying +or mollifying it, drawing attention to such Bowdlerization in the +somewhat elaborate notes at the end of the volume, which I trust will +be found of interest and of use to the serious student of the +Folk-Tale.</p> + +<p>It must, of course, be understood that the tales I now give are only +those found practically identical in all European countries. Besides +these there are others which are peculiar to each of the countries or +only found in areas covered by cognate languages like the Celtic or +the Scandinavian. Of these I have already covered the English and the +Celtic fields, and may, one of these days, extend my collections to +the French and Scandinavian or the Slavonic fields. Meanwhile it may +be assumed that the stories that have pleased all European children +for so long a time are, by a sort of international selection, best +fitted to survive, and that the Fairy Tales that follow are the +choicest gems in the Fairy Tale field. I can only express the hope +that I have succeeded in placing them in an appropriate setting.</p> + +<p>It remains only to thank those of my colleagues and friends who have +aided in various ways in the preparation of this volume, though of +course their co-operation does not, in the slightest, imply +responsibility for or approval of the method of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[ix]</a></span> treatment I have +applied to the old, old stories. Miss Roalfe Cox was good enough to +look over my reconstruction of "Cinderella" and suggest alterations in +it. Prof. Crane gave me permission to utilize the version of the +"Dancing Water," in his Italian Popular Tales. Sir James G. Frazer +looked through my restoration of the "Language of Animals," which was +suggested by him many years ago; and Mr. E. S. Hartland criticized the +Swan-Maiden story. I have also to thank my old friend and publisher, +Dr. G. H. Putnam, for the personal interest he has taken in the +progress of the book.</p> + +<p class="f3">J. J.</p> + +<p class="f5"><span class="smcap">Yonkers, N. Y.</span></p> + +<p class="f4">July, 1915.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[xi]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS</h2> + +<table summary="Contents"> +<tr><td colspan="3"> </td> + <td class="tocpg f1">PAGE</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap"><a href="#PREFACE">Preface</a></span></td> + <td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_v">v</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap"><a href="#ILLUSTRATIONS">List of Illustrations</a></span></td> + <td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_xiii">xiii</a></td></tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tocch">I.</td> + <td><a href="#THE_CINDER-MAID">—<span class="smcap">Cinder-Maid</span></a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tocch">II.</td> + <td><a href="#ALL_CHANGE">—<span class="smcap">All Change</span></a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td></tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tocch">III.</td> + <td><a href="#THE_KING_OF_THE_FISHES">—<span class="smcap">The King of the Fishes</span></a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tocch">IV.</td> + <td><a href="#SCISSORS">—<span class="smcap">Scissors</span></a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td></tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tocch">V.</td> + <td><a href="#BEAUTY_AND_THE_BEAST">—<span class="smcap">Beauty and the Beast</span></a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td></tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tocch">VI.</td> + <td><a href="#REYNARD_AND_BRUIN">—<span class="smcap">Reynard and Bruin</span></a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td></tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tocch">VII.</td> + <td><a href="#THE_DANCING_WATER_THE_SINGING_APPLE_AND_THE_SPEAKING_BIRD">—<span class="smcap">The Dancing Water, Singing Apple, and Speaking Bird</span></a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td></tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tocch">VIII.</td> + <td><a href="#THE_LANGUAGE_OF_ANIMALS">—<span class="smcap">The Language of Animals</span></a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td></tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tocch">IX.</td> + <td><a href="#THE_THREE_SOLDIERS">—<span class="smcap">The Three Soldiers</span></a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td></tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tocch">X.</td> + <td><a href="#A_DOZEN_AT_A_BLOW">—<span class="smcap">A Dozen at a Blow</span></a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td></tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tocch">XI.</td> + <td><a href="#THE_EARL_OF_CATTENBOROUGH">—<span class="smcap">The Earl of Cattenborough</span></a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td></tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tocch">XII.</td> + <td><a href="#THE_SWAN_MAIDENS">—<span class="smcap">The Swan Maidens</span></a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td></tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tocch">XIII.</td> + <td><a href="#ANDROCLES_AND_THE_LION">—<span class="smcap">Androcles and the Lion</span></a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td></tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tocch">XIV.</td> + <td><a href="#DAY-DREAMING">—<span class="smcap">Day Dreaming</span></a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td></tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tocch">XV.</td> + <td><a href="#KEEP_COOL">—<span class="smcap">Keep Cool</span></a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td></tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tocch">XVI.</td> + <td><a href="#THE_MASTER_THIEF">—<span class="smcap">The Master Thief</span></a></td> + <td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td></tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tocch">XVII.</td> + <td><a href="#THE_UNSEEN_BRIDEGROOM">—<span class="smcap">The Unseen Bridegroom</span></a></td> + <td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td></tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tocch">XVIII.</td> + <td><a href="#THE_MASTER-MAID">—<span class="smcap">The Master-Maid</span></a></td> + <td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td></tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tocch">XIX.</td> + <td><a href="#A_VISITOR_FROM_PARADISE">—<span class="smcap">A Visitor from Paradise</span></a></td> + <td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td></tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tocch">XX.</td> + <td><a href="#INSIDE_AGAIN">—<span class="smcap">Inside Again</span></a></td> + <td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_165">165</a></td></tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tocch">XXI.</td> + <td><a href="#JOHN_THE_TRUE">—<span class="smcap">John the True</span></a></td> + <td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_170">170</a></td></tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tocch">XXII.</td> + <td><a href="#JOHNNIE_AND_GRIZZLE">—<span class="smcap">Johnnie and Grizzle</span></a></td> + <td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td></tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tocch">XXIII.</td> + <td><a href="#THE_CLEVER_LASS">—<span class="smcap">The Clever Lass</span></a></td> + <td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td></tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tocch">XXIV.</td> + <td><a href="#THUMBKIN">—<span class="smcap">Thumbkin</span></a></td> + <td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td></tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tocch">XV.</td> + <td><a href="#SNOWWHITE">—<span class="smcap">Snowwhite</span></a></td> + <td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap"><a href="#INTRODUCTION_TO_NOTES">Notes</a></span></td> + <td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_215">215</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap"><a href="#LIST_OF_INCIDENTS">List of Incidents</a></span></td> + <td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></td></tr> +</table> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[xiii]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="ILLUSTRATIONS" id="ILLUSTRATIONS"></a>ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> + + +<table summary="Illustrations"> +<tr><td></td><td class="tocpg f1">PAGE</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_1">The Marshal Tells how he Killed the Dragon</a></span></td> +<td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="tocpg"><i><a href="#picture_1">Frontispiece</a></i></td> +</tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_2">The Herald Announces the Court Ball</a></span></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_3">The Soldier Lays a Honey Trap</a></span></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_4">The Step-Sister Cuts off her Toe</a></span></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#picture_5">"<span class="smcap">Will you Mind my Pea?</span>"</a></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_6">The Seven-Headed Dragon</a></span></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_7">The Marshal Tells how he Killed the Dragon</a></span></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_8">Scissors</a></span></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_9">Beauty and the Beast</a></span></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_10">Reynard</a></span></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_11">Bruin Gets a Beating</a></span></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_12">Bruin Carries Reynard</a></span></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_13">The Foster Mother</a></span></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_14">The King Begs Pardon</a></span></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_15">The Girl and the Frog</a></span></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_16">The Pope is Elected</a></span></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_17">The Magic Purse</a></span></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_18">The Princess Finds Horns on her Head</a></span></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_19">The Unicorn</a></span></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_20">The Earl of Cattenborough will be Pleased to Partake of a Potato</a></span></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_21">The Cat and the Ogre</a></span></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#picture_22">"<span class="smcap">Had you not better Throw me into the Millstream?</span>"</a></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_23">The Child Finds the Feather Dress</a></span></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_24">The Dolphin who Came Late</a></span></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_25">East o' the Sun and West o' the Moon</a></span></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_26">Androcles and the Lion</a></span></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_27">Day-Dreaming</a></span></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_28">The Pig's Tail</a></span></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_29">The Dummy</a></span></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_30">Anima Goes down the Hole</a></span></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_31">The Lamp</a></span></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_32">The Dog</a></span></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_33">The Casket</a></span></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_34">The Master-Maid with the Glass Axe</a></span></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_35">The Prince Wants his Lunch</a></span></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_36">The Giant Tries to Drink the Stream</a></span></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_37">The Visitor</a></span></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_38">Up the Tree</a></span></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_163">163</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_39">The Snake</a></span></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_165">165</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_40">The Three Ravens</a></span></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_170">170</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_41">The Wounded Dragon</a></span></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_42">The Witch</a></span></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_43">The Duck</a></span></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#picture_44">"<span class="smcap">Mirror, Mirror, on the Wall, Who Is the Fairest of us All?</span>"</a></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap"><a href="#picture_45">Snowwhite and the Three Dwarfs</a></span></td> +<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td></tr> +</table> + + + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="picture_2" id="picture_2"></a> +<img src="images/image_001.jpg" width="500" height="465" alt="The Herald Announces the Court Ball" title="" /> +</div> +<h2><a name="THE_CINDER-MAID" id="THE_CINDER-MAID"></a>THE CINDER-MAID</h2> + + +<p>Once upon a time, though it was not in my time or in your time, or in +anybody else's time, there was a great King who had an only son, the +Prince and Heir who was about to come of age. So the King sent round a +herald who should blow his trumpet at every four corners where two +roads met. And when the people came together he would call out, "O +yes, O yes, O yes, know ye that His Grace the King will give on Monday +sennight"—that meant seven nights or a week after—"a Royal Ball to +which all maidens of noble birth are hereby summoned; and be it +furthermore known unto you that at this ball his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span> Highness the Prince +will select unto himself a lady that shall be his bride and our future +Queen. God save the King."</p> + +<p>Now there was among the nobles of the King's Court one who had married +twice, and by the first marriage he had but one daughter, and as she +was growing up her father thought that she ought to have some one to +look after her. So he married again, a lady with two daughters, and +his new wife, instead of caring for his daughter, thought only of her +own and favoured them in every way. She would give them beautiful +dresses but none to her step-daughter who had only to wear the +cast-off clothes of the other two. The noble's daughter was set to do +all the drudgery of the house, to attend the kitchen fire, and had +naught to sleep on but the heap of cinders raked out in the scullery; +and that is why they called her Cinder-Maid. And no one took pity on +her and she would go and weep at her mother's grave where she had +planted a hazel tree, under which she sat.</p> + +<p>You can imagine how excited they all were when they heard the King's +proclamation called out by the herald. "What shall we wear, mother; +what shall we wear?" cried out the two daughters, and they all began +talking about which dress should suit the one and what dress should +suit the other, but when the father suggested that Cinder-Maid should +also have a dress they all cried out: "What, Cinder-Maid going to the +King's Ball;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span> why, look at her, she would only disgrace us all." And +so her father held his peace.</p> + +<p>Now when the night came for the Royal Ball Cinder-Maid had to help the +two sisters to dress in their fine dresses and saw them drive off in +the carriage with her father and their mother. But she went to her own +mother's grave and sat beneath the hazel tree and wept and cried out:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Tree o'mine, O tree o'me,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With my tears I've watered thee;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Make me a lady fair to see,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Dress me as splendid as can be."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>And with that the little bird on the tree called out to her,</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Cinder-Maid, Cinder-Maid, shake the tree,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Open the first nut that you see."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>So Cinder-Maid shook the tree and the first nut that fell she took up +and opened, and what do you think she saw?—a beautiful silk dress +blue as the heavens, all embroidered with stars, and two little lovely +shoon made of shining copper. And when she had dressed herself the +hazel tree opened and from it came a coach all made of copper with +four milk-white horses, with coachman and footmen all complete. And as +she drove away the little bird called out to her:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span></p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Be home, be home ere mid-o'night<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Or else again you'll be a fright."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>When Cinder-Maid entered the ball-room she was the loveliest of all +the ladies and the Prince, who had been dancing with her step-sisters, +would only dance with her. But as it came towards midnight Cinder-Maid +remembered what the little bird had told her and slipped away to her +carriage. And when the Prince missed her he went to the guards at the +Palace door and told them to follow the carriage. But Cinder-Maid when +she saw this, called out:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Mist behind and light before,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Guide me to my father's door."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>And when the Prince's soldiers tried to follow her there came such a +mist that they couldn't see their hands before their faces. So they +couldn't find which way Cinder-Maid went.</p> + +<p>When her father and step-mother and two sisters came home after the +ball they could talk of nothing but the lovely lady: "Ah, would not +you have liked to have been there?" said the sisters to Cinder-Maid as +she helped them to take off their fine dresses. "There was a most +lovely lady with a dress like the heavens and shoes of bright copper, +and the Prince would dance with none but her; and when midnight came +she disappeared and the Prince could not find her. He is going to give +a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span> second ball in the hope that she will come again. Perhaps she will +not, and then we will have our chance."</p> + +<p>When the time of the second Royal Ball came round the same thing +happened as before; the sisters teased Cinder-Maid saying, "Wouldn't +you like to come with us?" and drove off again as before. And +Cinder-Maid went again to the hazel tree over her mother's grave and +cried:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Tree o'mine, O tree o'me,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Shiver and shake, dear little tree<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Make me a lady fair to see,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Dress me as splendid as can be."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>And then the little bird on the tree called out:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Cinder-Maid, Cinder-Maid, shake the tree,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Open the first nut that you see."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>But this time she found a dress all golden brown like the earth +embroidered with flowers, and her shoon were made of silver; and when +the carriage came from the tree, lo and behold, that was made of +silver too, drawn by black horses with trappings all of silver, and +the lace on the coachman's and footmen's liveries was also of silver; +and when Cinder-Maid went to the ball the Prince would dance with none +but her; and when midnight came round she fled as before. But the +Prince, hoping<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> to prevent her running away, had ordered the soldiers +at the foot of the stair-case to pour out honey on the stairs so that +her shoes would stick in it. But Cinder-Maid leaped from stair to +stair and got away just in time, calling out as the soldiers tried to +follow her:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Mist behind and light before,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Guide me to my father's door."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="picture_3" id="picture_3"></a> +<img src="images/image_002.jpg" width="600" height="571" alt="The Soldier Lays a Honey Trap" title="" /> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span></p> + +<p>And when her sisters got home they told her once more of the beautiful +lady that had come in a silver coach and silver shoon and in a dress +all embroidered with flowers: "Ah, wouldn't you have liked to have +been there?" said they.</p> + +<p>Once again the Prince gave a great ball in the hope that his unknown +beauty would come to it. All happened as before; as soon as the +sisters had gone Cinder-Maid went to the hazel tree over her mother's +grave and called out:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Tree o'mine, O tree o'me<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Shiver and quiver, dear little tree;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Make me a lady fair to see,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Dress me as splendid as can be."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>And then the little bird appeared and said:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Cinder-Maid, Cinder-Maid, shake the tree<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Open the first nut that you see."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>And when she opened the nut in it was a dress of silk green as the sea +with waves upon it, and her shoes this time were made of gold; and +when the coach came out of the tree it was also made of gold, with +gold trappings for the horses and for the retainers. And as she drove +off the little bird from the tree called out:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Be home, be home ere mid-o'night<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Or else again you'll be a fright."<br /></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span></div></div> + +<p>Now this time, when Cinder-Maid came to the ball, she was as desirous +to dance only with the Prince as he with her, and so, when midnight +came round, she had forgotten to leave till the clock began to strike, +one—two—three—four—five—six,—and then she began to run away down +the stairs as the clock struck, eight—nine—ten. But the Prince had +told his soldiers to put tar upon the lower steps of the stairs; and +as the clock struck eleven her shoes stuck in the tar, and when she +jumped to the foot of the stairs one of her golden shoes was left +behind, and just then the clock struck TWELVE, and the golden coach, +with its horses and footmen, disappeared, and the beautiful dress of +Cinder-Maid changed again into her ragged clothes and she had to run +home with only one golden shoe.</p> + +<p>You can imagine how excited the sisters were when they came home and +told Cinder-Maid all about it, how that the beautiful lady had come in +a golden coach in a dress like the sea, with golden shoes, and how all +had disappeared at midnight except the golden shoe. "Ah, wouldn't you +have liked to have been there?" said they.</p> + +<p>Now when the Prince found out that he could not keep his lady-love nor +trace where she had gone he spoke to his father and showed him the +golden shoe, and told him that he would never marry any one but the +maiden who could wear that shoe. So the King, his father, ordered the +herald<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> to take round the golden shoe upon a velvet cushion and to go +to every four corners where two streets met and sound the trumpet and +call out: "O yes, O yes, O yes, be it known unto you all that +whatsoever lady of noble birth can fit this shoe upon her foot shall +become the bride of his Highness<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> the Prince and our future Queen. God +save the King."</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="picture_4" id="picture_4"></a> +<img src="images/image_003.jpg" width="600" height="702" alt="The Step-Sister Cuts off her Toe" title="" /> +</div> + +<p>And when the herald came to the house of Cinder-Maid's father the +eldest of her two step-sisters tried on the golden shoe. But it was +much too small for her, as it was for every other lady that had tried +it up to that time; but she went up into her room and with a sharp +knife cut off one of her toes and part of her heel, and then fitted +her foot into the shoe, and when she came down she showed it to the +herald, who sent a message to the Palace saying that the lady had been +found who could wear the golden shoe. Thereupon the Prince jumped at +once upon his horse and rode to the house of Cinder-Maid's father. But +when he saw the step-sister with the golden shoe, "Ah," he said, "but +this is not the lady." "But," she said, "you promised to marry the one +that could wear the golden shoe." And the Prince could say nothing, +but offered to take her on his horse to his father's Palace, for in +those days ladies used to ride on a pillion at the back of the +gentleman riding on horseback. Now as they were riding towards the +Palace her foot began to drip with blood, and the little bird from the +hazel tree that had followed them called out:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Turn and peep, turn and peep,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">There's blood within the shoe;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A bit is cut from off the heel<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And a bit from off the toe."<br /></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span></div></div> + +<p>And the Prince looked down and saw the blood streaming from her shoe +and then he knew that this was not his true bride, and he rode back to +the house of Cinder-Maid's father; and then the second sister tried +her chance; but when she found that her foot wouldn't fit the shoe she +did the same as her sister, but all happened as before. The little +bird called out:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Turn and peep, turn and peep,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">There's blood within the shoe;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A bit is cut from off the heel<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And a bit from off the toe."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>And the Prince took her back to her mother's house, and then he asked, +"Have you no other daughter?" and the sisters cried out, "No, sir." +But the father said, "Yes, I have another daughter." And the sisters +cried out, "Cinder-Maid, Cinder-Maid, she could not wear that shoe." +But the Prince said, "As she is of noble birth she has a right to try +the shoe." So the herald went down to the kitchen and found +Cinder-Maid; and when she saw her golden shoe she took it from him and +put it on her foot, which it fitted exactly; and then she took the +other golden shoe from underneath the cinders where she had hidden it +and put that on too. Then the herald knew that she was the true bride +of his master; and he took her upstairs to where the Prince was; when +he saw her face, he knew that she was the lady of his love. So<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> he +took her behind him upon his horse; and as they rode to the Palace, +the little bird from the hazel tree cried out:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Some cut their heel, and some cut their toe,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But she sat by the fire who could wear the shoe."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>And so they were married and lived happy ever afterwards.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="picture_5" id="picture_5"></a> +<img src="images/image_004.jpg" width="600" height="461" alt=""Will you Mind my Pea?"" title="" /> +</div> +<h2><a name="ALL_CHANGE" id="ALL_CHANGE"></a>ALL CHANGE</h2> + + +<p>There was once a man who was the laziest man in all the world. He +wouldn't take off his clothes when he went to bed because he didn't +want to have to put them on again. He wouldn't raise his cup to his +lips but went down and sucked up his tea without carrying the cup. He +wouldn't play any sports because he said they made him sweat. And he +wouldn't work with his hands for the same reason. But at last he found +that he couldn't get anything to eat unless he did some work for it. +So he hired himself out to a farmer for the season. But all through +the harvest<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> he ate as much and he worked as little as he could; and +when the fall came and he went to get his wages from his master all he +got was a single pea. "What do you mean by giving me this?" he said to +his master. "Why, that is all that your labor is worth," was the +reply. "You have eaten as much as you have earned." "None of your +lip," said the man; "give me my pea; at any rate I have earned that." +So when he got it he went to an inn by the roadside and said to the +landlady, "Can you give me lodging for the night, me and my pea?" +"Well, no," said the landlady, "I haven't got a bed free, but I can +take care of your pea for you." No sooner said than done. The pea was +lodged with the landlady, and the laziest man went and lay in a barn +near-by.</p> + +<p>The landlady put the pea upon a dresser and left it there, and a +chicken wandering by saw it and jumped up on the dresser and ate it. +So when the laziest man called the next day and asked for his pea the +landlady couldn't find it. She said, "The chicken must have swallowed +it." "Well, I want my pea," said the man. "You had better give me the +chicken." "Why, what—when—how?" stammered the landlady. "The chicken +is worth thousands of your pea." "I don't care for that; it has got my +pea inside it, and the only way I can get my pea is to have that which +holds the pea." "What, give you my chicken for a single pea, +nonsense!" "Well, if you don't I'll summon you<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span> before the justice." +"Ah, well, take the chicken and my bad wishes with it."</p> + +<p>So off went the man and sauntered along all day, till that night he +came to another inn, and asked the landlord if he and his chicken +could stop there. He said, "No, no, we have no room for you, but we +can put your chicken in the stable if you like." So the man said, +"Yes," and went off for the night. But there was a savage sow in the +stable, and during the night she ate up the poor chicken. And when the +man came the next morning he said to the landlord, "Please give me my +chicken." "I am awfully sorry, sir," said he, "but my sow has eaten it +up." The laziest man said, "Then give me your sow." "What, a sow for +your chicken, nonsense; go away, my man." "Then if you don't do that +I'll have you before the justice." "Ah, well, take the sow and my +curses with it," said the landlord.</p> + +<p>And the man took the sow and followed it along the road till he came +to another inn, and said to the landlady, "Have you room for me and my +sow?" "I have not," said the landlady, "but I can put your sow up." So +the sow was put in the stable, and the man went off to lie in the barn +for the night. Now the sow went roaming about the stable, and coming +too near the hoofs of the mare, was hit in the forehead and killed by +the mare's hoofs. So when the man came in the morning and asked for +his sow the landlady said, "I'm very<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> sorry, sir, but an accident has +occurred; my mare has hit your sow in the skull and she is dead." +"What, the mare?" "No, your sow." "Then give me the mare." "What, my +mare for your sow, nonsense." "Well, if you don't I'll take you before +the justice; you'll see if it's nonsense." So after some time the +landlady agreed to give the man her mare in exchange for the dead sow.</p> + +<p>Then the man followed on in the steps of the mare till he came to +another inn, and asked the landlord if he could put him up for the +night, him and his mare. The landlord said, "All our beds are full, +but you can put the mare up in the stable if you will." "Very well," +said the man, and tied the halter of the mare into the ring of the +stable. Next morning early the landlord's daughter said to her father, +"That poor mare has had nothing to drink; I'll go and lead it to the +river." "That is none of your business," said the landlord; "let the +man do it himself." "Ah, but the poor thing has had nothing to drink. +I'll bring it back soon." So the girl took the mare to the river brink +and let it drink the water; but, by chance, the mare slipped into the +stream, which was so strong that it carried the mare away. And the +young girl ran back to her mother and said, "Oh mother, the mare fell +into the stream and it was carried quite away. What shall we do? What +shall we do?"</p> + +<p>When the man came round that morning he said, "Please give me my +mare." "I'm very<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> sorry indeed, sir, but my daughter—that one +there—wanted to give the poor thing a drink and took it down to the +river and it fell in and was carried away by the stream; I'm very +sorry indeed." "Your sorrow won't pay my loss," said the man; "the +least you can do is to give me your daughter." "What, my daughter to +you because of the mare!" "Well, if you don't I will take you before +the justice." Now the landlord didn't like going before the justice.</p> + +<p>So after much haggling he agreed to let his daughter go with the man. +And they went along, and they went along, and they went along, till at +last they came to another inn which was kept by the girl's aunt, +though the man didn't know it. So he went in and said, "Can you give +me beds for me and my girl here?" So the landlady looked at the girl +who said nothing, and said, "Well, I haven't got a bed for you but I +have got a bed for her; but perhaps she'll run away." "Oh, I will +manage that," said the man. And he went and got a sack and put the +girl in it and tied her up; and then he went off. As soon as he was +gone the girl's aunt opened the bag and said, "What has happened, my +dear?" And she told the whole story. So the aunt took a big dog and +put it in the sack; and when the man came the next morning he said, +"Where's my girl?" "There she is, so far as I know." So he took the +sack and put it on his shoulder and went on his way for a time.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> Then +as the sun grew high he sat down under the shade of a tree and thought +he would speak to the girl. And when he opened the sack the big dog +flew out at him, and he fell back, and that's the last I heard of +him.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="picture_6" id="picture_6"></a> +<img src="images/image_005.jpg" width="600" height="471" alt="The Seven-Headed Dragon" title="" /> +</div> +<h2><a name="THE_KING_OF_THE_FISHES" id="THE_KING_OF_THE_FISHES"></a>THE KING OF THE FISHES</h2> + + +<p>Once upon a time there was a fisherman who was very poor and felt +poorer still because he had no children. Now one day as he was fishing +he caught in his net the finest fish he had ever seen, the scales all +gold and eyes as bright as diamonds; and just as he was going to take +it out of the net what do you think happened? The fish opened his jaws +and said, "I am the King of the Fishes, and if you throw me back into +the water you will never want a catch." The fisherman was so surprised +that he let the fish slip into the water, and he flapped his big tail +and dived under the waves. When he got home he told his wife<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> all +about it, and she said, "Oh, what a pity, I have had such a longing to +eat such a fish."</p> + +<p>Well, next day the fisherman went again a-fishing and, sure enough, he +caught the same fish again, and it said, "I am the King of the Fishes, +if you let me go you shall always have your nets full." So the +fisherman let him go again; and when he went back to his home he told +his wife that he had done so. She began to cry and wail and said, "I +told you I wanted such a fish, and yet you let him go; I am sure you +do not love me." The fisherman felt quite ashamed of himself and +promised that if he caught the King of the Fishes again he would bring +him home to his wife for her to cook. So next day the fisherman went +to the same place and caught the same fish the third time. But when +the fish begged the fisherman to let him go he told the King of the +Fishes what his wife had said and what he had promised her. "Well," +said the King of the Fishes, "if you must kill me you must, but as you +let me go twice I will do this for you. When the wife cuts me up throw +some of my bones under the mare, and some of my bones under the bitch, +and the rest of my bones bury beneath the rose-tree in the garden and +then you will see what you will see."</p> + +<p>So the fisherman took the King of the Fishes home to his wife, to whom +he told what the fish had said; and when she cut up the fish for +cooking they threw some of the bones under the mare, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> some under +the bitch, and the rest they buried under the rose-tree in the garden.</p> + +<p>Now after a time the fisherman's wife gave him two fine twin boys, +whom they named George and Albert, each with a star on his forehead +just under his hair, and at the same time the mare brought into the +world two fine colts, and the bitch two puppies. And under the +rose-tree grew up two rose bushes, each of which bore every year only +one rose, but what a rose that was! It lasted through the summer and +it lasted through the winter and, most curious of all, when George +fell ill one of the roses began to wilt, and if Albert had an illness +the same thing happened with the other rose.</p> + +<p>Now when George and Albert grew up they heard that a Seven-Headed +Dragon was ravaging the neighbouring kingdom, and that the king had +promised his daughter's hand to anyone that would free the land from +this scourge. They both wanted to go and fight the dragon, but at last +the twins agreed that George go and Albert stop at home and look after +their father and mother, who had now grown old. So George took his +horse and his dog and rode off where the dragon had last been seen. +And when he came to Middlegard, the capital of the kingdom, he rode +with his horse and his dog to the chief inn of the town and asked the +landlady why everything looked so gloomy and why the houses were +draped in black. "Have you not heard, sir," asked the landlady, "that +the Dragon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> with the Seven Heads has been eating up a pure maiden +every month? And now he demands that the princess herself shall be +delivered up to him this day. That is why the town is draped in black +and we are all so gloomy." Thereupon George took his horse and his dog +and rode out to where the princess was exposed to the coming of the +Dragon with Seven Heads. And when the princess saw George with his +horse and his sword and his dog she asked him, "Why come you here, +sir? Soon the Dragon with Seven Heads, whom none can withstand, will +be here to claim me. Flee before it is too late." But George said, +"Princess, a man can die once, and I will willingly try to save you +from the dragon." Now as they were talking a horrible roar rent the +air and the Dragon with the Seven Heads came towards the princess. But +when it saw George it called out, "Can'st fight?" and George said, "If +I can't I can learn." "I'll learn thee," said the dragon. And +thereupon began a mighty combat between George and the dragon; and +whenever the dragon came near to George his dog would spring at one of +his paws, and when one of the heads reared back to deal with it +George's horse would spring to that side, and George's sword would +sweep that head away. And so at last all the seven heads of the dragon +were shorn off by George's sword, and the princess was saved. And +George opened the mouths of seven of the dragon's heads and cut out +the tongues,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> and the princess gave him her handkerchief, and he wrapt +all the seven tongues in it and put them away next his heart. But +George was so tired out by the fight that he laid down to sleep with +his head in the princess's lap, and she parted his hair with her hands +and saw the star on his brow.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile the king's marshal, who was to have married the princess if +he would slay the dragon, had been watching the fight from afar off; +and when he saw that the dragon had been slain and that George was +lying asleep after the fight, he crept up behind the princess and, +drawing his dagger, said, "Put his head on the ground or else I will +slay thee." And when she had done that he bade her rise and come with +him after he had collected the seven heads of the dragon and strung +them on the leash of his whip. The princess would have wakened George +but the marshal threatened to kill her if she did. "If I cannot wed +thee he shall not." And then he made her swear that she would say that +the marshal had slain the Dragon with the Seven Heads. And when the +princess and the marshal came near the city the king and his courtiers +and all his people came out to meet them with great rejoicing, and the +king said to his daughter, "Who saved thee?" and she said, "this man." +"Then he shall marry thee," said the king. "No, no, father," said the +princess, "I am not old enough to marry yet; give me, at any rate, a +year and a day before the wedding takes place," for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> she hoped that +George would come and save her from the wicked marshal. The king +himself, who loved his daughter greatly, gave way at last and promised +that she should not be married for a year and a day.</p> + +<p>When George awoke and saw the dead body and found the princess there +no longer he did not know what to make of it but thought that she did +not wish to marry a fisherman's son. So he mounted his horse, and with +his faithful hound went on seeking further adventures through the +world, and did not come that way again till a year had passed, when he +rode into Middlegard again and alighted at the same inn where he had +stopped before. "How now, hostess," he cried, "last time I was here +the city was all in mourning but now everything is agog with glee; +trumpets are blaring, lads and lasses are dancing round the trees, and +every house has flags and banners flowing from its windows. What is +happening?" "Know you not, sir," said the hostess, "that our princess +marries to-morrow?" "Why, last time," he said, "she was going to be +devoured by the Dragon with Seven Heads." "Nay, but he was slain by +the king's marshal who weds the princess to-morrow as a reward for his +bravery, and every one that wishes may join the wedding feast to-night +in the king's castle."</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="picture_7" id="picture_7"></a> +<img src="images/frontis.jpg" width="500" height="687" alt="The Marshal tells how he killed the Dragon" title="" /> +</div> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span></p> +<p>That night George went up to the king's castle and took his place at +the table not far off from where sat the king with the princess on +one side of him and the marshal on the other; and after the banquet +the king called upon the marshal once more to tell how he had slain +the Dragon with the Seven Heads. And the marshal told a long tale of +how he had cut off the seven heads of the dragon, and at the finish he +ordered his squire to bring in a platter on which were the seven +heads. Then up rose George and spoke to the king and said, "And pray, +my lord, how does it happen that the dragon's heads had no tongues?" +And the king said, "That I know not; let us look and see." And the +jaws of the dragon's heads were opened, and behold there were no +tongues in them. Then the king asked the marshal, "Know you aught of +this?" And the marshal had nothing to say. And the princess looked up +and saw her champion again. Then George took out from his doublet the +seven tongues of the dragon, and it was found that they fitted. "What +is the meaning of this, sir," said the king. Then George told the +story of how he had slain the dragon and fallen asleep in the +princess's lap and had awoke and found her gone. And the princess, +when asked by her father, could not but tell of the treachery of the +marshal. "Away with him," cried out the king, "let his head be taken +off and his tongue be taken out, and let his place be taken by this +young stranger."</p> + +<p>So George and the princess were married and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> lived happily, till one +night, looking out of the window of the castle where they lived, +George saw in the distance another castle with windows all lit up and +shining like fire. And he asked the princess, his wife, what that +castle might be. "Go not near that, George," said the princess, "for I +have always heard that none who enters that castle ever comes out +again." The next morning George went with horse and hound to seek the +castle; and when he got near it he found at the gate an old dame with +but one eye; and he asked her to open the gate, and she said she would +but that it was a custom of the castle that who ever entered had to +drink a glass of wine before doing so; and she offered him a goblet +full of wine; but when he had drunk it he and his horse and his dog +were all turned into stone.</p> + +<p>Just at the very moment when George was turned to stone Albert, who +had heard nothing of him, saw George's rose in the garden close up and +turn the colour of marble; then he knew that something had happened to +his brother, and he had out his horse and his dog and rode off to find +out what had been George's fate. And he rode, and he rode, till he +came to Middlegard, and as soon as he reached the gate the guard of +the gate said, "Your highness, the princess has been in great anxiety +about you; she will be so happy to know that you have returned safe." +Albert said nothing, but followed the guard until he came to the +princess's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span> chamber, and she ran to him and embraced him and cried +out, "Oh, George, I am so delighted that you have come back safe." +"Why should I not," said Albert. "Because I feared that you had gone +to that castle with flaming windows, from which nobody ever returns +alive," said the princess.</p> + +<p>Then Albert guessed what had happened to George, and he soon made an +excuse and went off again to seek the castle which the princess had +pointed out from the window. When Albert got there he found the same +old dame sitting by the gate, and asked if he might go in and see the +castle. She said again that none might enter the castle unless they +had taken a glass of wine and brought out the goblet of wine once +more. Albert was about to drink it up when his faithful dog jumped up +and spilt the wine, which he began to lap up, and as soon as he had +drunk a little of it his body turned to marble, just by the side of +another stone which looked exactly the same. Then Albert guessed what +had happened, and descending from his horse he took out his sword and +threatened the old witch that he would kill her unless she restored +his brother to his proper shape. In fear and trembling the old dame +muttered something over the four stones in front of the castle, and +George and his horse and his hound and Albert's dog became alive again +as they were before. Then George and Albert rode back to the princess +who, when she saw them both so much alike, could not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span> tell which was +which; then she remembered and went up to Albert and parted his hair +on his forehead and saw there the star, and said, "This is my George"; +but then George parted his own hair, and she saw the same star there. +At last Albert told her all that had happened, and she knew her own +husband again. And soon after the king died, and George ruled in his +place, and Albert married one of the neighbouring princesses.</p> + + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="picture_8" id="picture_8"></a> +<img src="images/image_007.jpg" width="500" height="388" alt="Scissors" title="" /> +</div> +<h2><a name="SCISSORS" id="SCISSORS"></a>SCISSORS</h2> + + +<p>Once upon a time, though it was not in my time nor in your time nor in +anybody else's time, there lived a cobbler named Tom and his wife +named Joan. And they lived fairly happily together, except that +whatever Tom did Joan did the opposite, and whatever Joan thought Tom +thought quite contrary-wise. When Tom wanted beef for dinner Joan +liked pork, and if Joan wanted to have chicken Tom would like to have +duck. And so it went on all the time.</p> + +<p>Now it happened that one day Joan was cleaning up the kitchen and, +turning suddenly, she knocked two or three pots and pans together and +broke them all. So Tom, who was working in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> front room, came and +asked Joan, "What's all this? What have you been doing?" Now Joan had +got the pair of scissors in her hand, and sooner than tell him what +had really happened she said, "I cut these pots and pans into pieces +with my scissors."</p> + +<p>"What," said Tom, "cut pottery with your scissors, you nonsensical +woman; you can't do it!"</p> + +<p>"I tell you I did with my scissors!"</p> + +<p>"You couldn't."</p> + +<p>"I did."</p> + +<p>"You couldn't."</p> + +<p>"I did."</p> + +<p>"Couldn't."</p> + +<p>"Did."</p> + +<p>"Couldn't."</p> + +<p>"Did."</p> + +<p>"Couldn't."</p> + +<p>"Did."</p> + +<p>At last Tom got so angry that he seized Joan by the shoulders and +shoved her out of the house and said, "If you don't tell me how you +broke those pots and pans I'll throw you into the river." But Joan +kept on saying, "It was with the scissors"; and Tom got so enraged +that at last he took her to the bank of the river and said, "Now for +the last time, will you tell me the truth; how did you break those +pots and pans?"</p> + +<p>"With the scissors."</p> + +<p>And with that he threw her into the river, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span> she sank once, and she +sank twice, and just before she was about to sink for the third time +she put her hand up into the air, out of the water, and made a motion +with her first and middle finger as if she were moving the scissors. +So Tom saw it was no use to try to persuade her to do anything but +what she wanted. So he rushed up the stream and met a neighbour who +said, "Tom, Tom, what are you running for?"</p> + +<p>"Oh, I want to find Joan; she fell into the river just in front of our +house, and I am afraid she is going to be drowned."</p> + +<p>"But," said the neighbour, "you're running up stream."</p> + +<p>"Well," said Tom, "Joan always went contrary-wise whatever happened." +And so he never found her in time to save her.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"> +<img src="images/image_008.jpg" width="300" height="186" alt="Decorative Image" title="" /> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="BEAUTY_AND_THE_BEAST" id="BEAUTY_AND_THE_BEAST"></a>BEAUTY AND THE BEAST</h2> + + +<p>There was once a merchant that had three daughters, and he loved them +better than himself. Now it happened that he had to go a long journey +to buy some goods, and when he was just starting he said to them, +"What shall I bring you back, my dears?" And the eldest daughter asked +to have a necklace; and the second daughter wished to have a gold +chain; but the youngest daughter said, "Bring back yourself, Papa, and +that is what I want the most." "Nonsense, child," said her father, +"you must say something that I may remember to bring back for you." +"So," she said, "then bring me back a rose, father."</p> + +<p>Well, the merchant went on his journey and did his business and bought +a pearl necklace for his eldest daughter, and a gold chain for his +second daughter; but he knew it was no use getting a rose for the +youngest while he was so far away because it would fade before he got +home. So he made up his mind he would get a rose for her the day he +got near his house.</p> + +<p>When all his merchanting was done he rode off<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span> home and forgot all +about the rose till he was near his house; then he suddenly remembered +what he had promised his youngest daughter, and looked about to see if +he could find a rose. Near where he had stopped he saw a great garden, +and getting off his horse he wandered about in it till he found a +lovely rose-bush; and he plucked the most beautiful rose he could see +on it. At that moment he heard a crash like thunder, and looking +around he saw a huge monster—two tusks in his mouth and fiery eyes +surrounded by bristles, and horns coming out of its head and spreading +over its back.</p> + +<p>"Mortal," said the Beast, "who told thee thou mightest pluck my +roses?"</p> + +<p>"Please, sir," said the merchant in fear and terror for his life, "I +promised my daughter to bring her home a rose and forgot about it till +the last moment, and then I saw your beautiful garden and thought you +would not miss a single rose, or else I would have asked your +permission."</p> + +<p>"Thieving is thieving," said the Beast, "whether it be a rose or a +diamond; thy life is forfeit."</p> + +<p>The merchant fell on his knees and begged for his life for the sake of +his three daughters who had none but him to support them.</p> + +<p>"Well, mortal, well," said the Beast, "I grant thy life on one +condition: Seven days from now thou must bring this youngest daughter +of thine, for whose sake thou hast broken into my garden, and leave +her here in thy stead. Otherwise swear<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span> that thou wilt return and +place thyself at my disposal."</p> + +<p>So the merchant swore, and taking his rose mounted his horse and rode +home.</p> + +<p>As soon as he got into his house his daughters came rushing round him, +clapping their hands and showing their joy in every way, and soon he +gave the necklace to his eldest daughter, the chain to his second +daughter, and then he gave the rose to his youngest, and as he gave it +he sighed. "Oh, thank you, Father," they all cried. But the youngest +said, "Why did you sigh so deeply when you gave me my rose?"</p> + +<p>"Later on I will tell you," said the merchant.</p> + +<p>So for several days they lived happily together, though the merchant +wandered about gloomy and sad, and nothing his daughters could do +would cheer him up till at last he took his youngest daughter aside +and said to her, "Bella, do you love your father?"</p> + +<p>"Of course I do, Father, of course I do."</p> + +<p>"Well, now you have a chance of showing it"; and then he told her of +all that had occurred with the Beast when he got the rose for her. +Bella was very sad, as you can well think, and then she said, "Oh, +Father, it was all on account of me that you fell into the power of +this Beast; so I will go with you to him; perhaps he will do me no +harm; but even if he does better harm to me than evil to my dear +father."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span></p> + +<p>So next day the merchant took Bella behind him on his horse, as was +the custom in those days, and rode off to the dwelling of the Beast. +And when he got there and they alighted from his horse the doors of +the house opened, and what do you think they saw there! Nothing. So +they went up the steps and went through the hall, and went into the +dining-room and there they saw a table spread with all manner of +beautiful glasses and plates and dishes and napery, with plenty to eat +upon it. So they waited and they waited, thinking that the owner of +the house would appear, till at last the merchant said, "Let's sit +down and see what will happen then." And when they sat down invisible +hands passed them things to eat and to drink, and they ate and drank +to their heart's content. And when they arose from the table it arose +too and disappeared through the door as if it were being carried by +invisible servants.</p> + +<p>Suddenly there appeared before them the Beast who said to the +merchant, "Is this thy youngest daughter?" And when he had said that +it was, he said, "Is she willing to stop here with me?" And then he +looked at Bella who said, in a trembling voice, "Yes, sir."</p> + +<p>"Well, no harm shall befall thee." With that he led the merchant down +to his horse and told him he might come that day week to visit his +daughter. Then the Beast returned to Bella and said to her, "This +house with all that therein is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span> thine; if thou desirest aught clap +thine hands and say the word and it shall be brought unto thee." And +with that he made a sort of bow and went away.</p> + +<p>So Bella lived on in the home with the Beast and was waited on by +invisible servants and had whatever she liked to eat and to drink; but +she soon got tired of the solitude and, next day, when the Beast came +to her, though he looked so terrible, she had been so well treated +that she had lost a great deal of her terror of him. So they spoke +together about the garden and about the house and about her father's +business and about all manner of things, so that Bella lost altogether +her fear of the Beast. Shortly afterwards her father came to see her +and found her quite happy, and he felt much less dread of her fate at +the hands of the Beast. So it went on for many days, Bella seeing and +talking to the Beast every day, till she got quite to like him, until +one day the Beast did not come at his usual time, just after the +midday meal, and Bella quite missed him. So she wandered about the +garden trying to find him, calling out his name, but received no +reply. At last she came to the rose-bush from which her father had +plucked the rose, and there, under it, what do you think she saw! +There was the Beast lying huddled up without any life or motion. Then +Bella was sorry indeed and remembered all the kindness that the Beast +had shown her; and she threw herself down by it and said, "Oh, +Beast, Beast, why did you die? I was getting to love you so much."</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="picture_9" id="picture_9"></a> +<img src="images/image_009.jpg" width="500" height="733" alt="Beauty and the Beast" title="" /> +</div> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span></p> +<p>No sooner had she said this than the hide of the Beast split in two +and out came the most handsome young prince who told her that he had +been enchanted by a magician and that he could not recover his natural +form unless a maiden should, of her own accord, declare that she loved +him.</p> + +<p>Thereupon the prince sent for the merchant and his daughters, and he +was married to Bella, and they all lived happy together ever +afterwards.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><a name="picture_10" id="picture_10"></a> +<img src="images/image_010.jpg" width="300" height="312" alt="Reynard" title="" /> +</div> +<h2><a name="REYNARD_AND_BRUIN" id="REYNARD_AND_BRUIN"></a>REYNARD AND BRUIN</h2> + + +<p>You must know that once upon a time Reynard the Fox and Bruin the Bear +went into partnership and kept house together. Would you like to know +the reason? Well, Reynard knew that Bruin had a beehive full of +honeycomb, and that was what he wanted; but Bruin kept so close a +guard upon his honey that Master Reynard didn't know how to get away +from him and get hold of the honey. So one day he said to Bruin, +"Pardner, I have to go and be gossip—that means god-father, you +know—to one of my old friends." "Why, certainly," said Bruin. So off +Reynard goes into the woods, and after a time he crept back and +uncovered the beehive and had such a feast of honey. Then he went back +to Bruin, who asked him what name had been given to the child. Reynard +had forgotten all about the christening and could only say, +"Just-begun." "What a funny name," said Master Bruin.</p> + +<p>A little while after Reynard thought he would<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span> like another feast of +honey. So he told Bruin that he had to go to another christening; and +off he went. And when he came back and Bruin asked him what was the +name given to the child Reynard said, "Half-eaten." The third time the +same thing occurred, and this time the name given by Reynard to the +child that didn't exist was "All-gone,"—you can guess why.</p> + +<p>A short time afterwards Master Bruin thought he would like to eat up +some of his honey and asked Reynard to come and join him in the feast. +When they got to the beehive Bruin was so surprised to find that there +was no honey left; and he turned round to Reynard and said, +"Just-begun, Half-eaten, All-gone—so that is what you meant; you have +eaten my honey." "Why no," said Reynard, "how could that be? I have +never stirred from your side except when I went a-gossiping, and then +I was far away from here. You must have eaten the honey yourself, +perhaps when you were asleep; at any rate we can easily tell; let us +lie down here in the sunshine, and if either of us has eaten the +honey, the sun will soon sweat it out of us." No sooner said than +done, and the two lay side by side in the sunshine. Soon Master Bruin +commenced to doze, and Mr. Reynard took some honey from the hive and +smeared it round Bruin's snout; then he woke him up and said, "See, +the honey is oozing out of your snout; you must have eaten it when you +were asleep."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span></p> + +<p>Some time after this Reynard saw a man driving a cart full of fish, +which made his mouth water. So he ran and he ran and he ran till he +got far away in front of the cart and lay down in the road as still as +if he were dead. When the man came up to him and saw him lying there +dead, as he thought, he said to himself, "Why, that will make a +beautiful red fox scarf and muff for my wife Ann." And he got down and +seized hold of Reynard and threw him into the cart all along with the +fish, and then he went driving on as before. Reynard began to throw +the fish out till there were none left, and then he jumped out himself +without the man noticing it, who drove up to his door and called out, +"Ann, Ann, see what I have brought you." And when his wife came to the +door she looked into the cart and said, "Why, there is nothing there."</p> + +<p>Reynard in the meantime had brought all his fish together and began +eating some when up comes Bruin and asked for a share. "No, no," said +Reynard, "we only share food when we have shared work. I fished for +these, you go and fish for others."</p> + +<p>"Why, how could you fish for these? the water is all frozen over," +said Bruin.</p> + +<p>"I'll soon show you," said Reynard, and brought him down to the bank +of the river, and pointed to a hole in the ice and said, "I put my +tail in that, and the fish were so hungry I couldn't draw<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span> them up +quick enough. Why do you not do the same?"</p> + +<p>So Bruin put his tail down and waited and waited but no fish came. +"Have patience, man," said Reynard; "as soon as one fish comes the +rest will follow."</p> + +<p>"Ah, I feel a bite," said Bruin, as the water commenced to freeze +round his tail and caught it in the ice.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="picture_11" id="picture_11"></a> +<img src="images/image_011.jpg" width="600" height="285" alt="Bruin Gets a Beating" title="" /> +</div> + +<p>"Better wait till two or three have been caught and then you can catch +three at a time. I'll go back and finish my lunch."</p> + +<p>And with that Master Reynard trotted up to the man's wife and said to +her, "Ma'am, there's a big black bear caught by the tail in the ice; +you can do what you like with him." So the woman called her husband +and they took big sticks and went down to the river and commenced +whacking Bruin who, by this time, was fast in the ice. He pulled and +he pulled and he pulled, till at last he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span> got away leaving three +quarters of his tail in the ice, and that is why bears have such short +tails up to the present day.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile Master Reynard was having a great time in the man's house, +golloping everything he could find till the man and his wife came back +and found him with his nose in the cream jug. As soon as he heard them +come in he tried to get away, but not before the man had seized hold +of the cream jug and thrown it at him, just catching him on the tail, +and that is the reason why the tips of foxes' tails are cream white to +this very day.</p> + +<p><a name="picture_12" id="picture_12"></a></p><div class="figleft" style="width: 300px;"><img src="images/image_012.jpg" width="300" height="514" alt="Bruin Carries Reynard" title="" /> +</div> + +<p>Well, Reynard crept home and found Bruin in such a state, who +commenced to grumble and complain that it was all Reynard's fault that +he had lost his tail. So Reynard pointed to his own tail and said, +"Why, that's nothing; see my tail; they hit me so hard upon the head +my brains<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span> fell out upon my tail. Oh, how bad I feel; won't you carry +me to my little bed." So Bruin, who was a good-hearted soul, took him +upon his back and rolled with him towards the house. And as he went on +Reynard kept saying, "The sick carries the sound, the sick carries the +sound."</p> + +<p>"What's that you are saying?" asked Bruin.</p> + +<p>"Oh, I have no brains left, I do not know what I am saying," said +Reynard but kept on singing, "The sick carries the sound, ha, ha, the +sick carries the sound."</p> + +<p>Then Bruin knew that he had been done and threw Reynard down upon the +ground, and would have eaten him up but that the fox slunk away and +rushed into a briar bush. Bruin followed him closely into the briar +bush and caught Reynard's hind leg in his mouth. Then Reynard called +out, "That's right, you fool, bite the briar root, bite the briar +root."</p> + +<p>Bruin thinking that he was biting the briar root, let go Reynard's +foot and snapped at the nearest briar root. "That's right, now you've +got me,</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">don't hurt me too much,"<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>called out Reynard, and slunk away.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Don't hurt me too much,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">don't hurt me too much."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>When Bruin heard Reynard's voice dying away in the distance he knew +that he had been done<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span> again, and that was the end of their +partnership.</p> + +<p>Some time after this a man was plowing in the field with his two oxen, +who were very lazy that day. So the man called out at them, "Get a +move on or I'll give you to the Bear"; and when they didn't quicken +their pace he tried to frighten them by calling out, "Bear, Bear, come +and take these lazy oxen." Sure enough, Bruin heard him and came out +of the woods and said, "Here I am, give me the oxen, or else it'll be +worse for you." The man was in despair but said, "Yes, yes, of course +they are yours, but please let me finish my morning's plowing so I may +finish this acre." Bruin could not say "No" to that, and sat down +licking his chops and waiting for the oxen. The man went on plowing, +thinking what he should do, when just at the corner of the field +Reynard came up to him and said, "If you will give me two geese, I'll +help you out of this fix and deliver the Bear into your hands." The +man agreed and he told him what to do and went away into the woods. +Soon after, the Bear and the man heard a noise like "Bow-wow, +Bow-wow"; and the Bear came to the man and said, "What's that?" "Oh, +that must be the lord's hounds out hunting for bears." "Hide me, hide +me," said Bruin, "and I will let you off the oxen." Then Reynard +called out from the wood, "What's that black thing you've got there?" +And the Bear said, "Say it's the stump of a tree." So when the man had +called this out<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span> to the Fox, Reynard called out, "Put it in the cart; +fix it with the chain; cut off the boughs, and drive your axe into the +stump." Then the Bear said to the man, "Pretend to do what he bids +you; heave me into the cart; bind me with the chain; pretend to cut +off the boughs, and drive the axe into the stump." So the man lifted +Bruin into the cart, bound him with the chain, then cut off his limbs +and buried the axe in his head.</p> + +<p>Then Reynard came forward and asked for his reward, and the man went +back to his house to get the pair of geese that he had promised.</p> + +<p>"Wife, wife," he called out, as he neared the house, "get me a pair of +geese, which I have promised the Fox for ridding me of the Bear."</p> + +<p>"I can do better than that," said his wife Ann, and brought him out a +bag with two struggling animals in it.</p> + +<p>"Give these to Master Reynard," said she; "they will be geese enough +for him." So the man took the bag and went down to the field and gave +the bag to Reynard; but when he opened it out sprang two hounds, and +he had great trouble in running away from them to his den.</p> + +<p>When he got to his den the Fox asked each of his limbs, how they had +helped him in his flight. His nose said, "I smelt the hounds"; his +eyes said, "We looked for the shortest way"; his ears said, "We +listened for the breathing of the hounds"; and his legs said, "We ran +away with you."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span> Then he asked his tail what it had done, and it said, +"Why, I got caught in the bushes or made your leg stumble; that is all +I could do." So, as a punishment, the Fox stuck his tail out of his +den, and the hounds saw it and caught hold of it, and dragged the Fox +out of his den by it and ate him all up. So that was the end of Master +Reynard, and well he deserved it. Don't you think so?</p> + + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/image_013.jpg" width="600" height="562" alt="Decorative Image" title="" /> +</div> +<h2><a name="THE_DANCING_WATER_THE_SINGING_APPLE_AND_THE_SPEAKING_BIRD" id="THE_DANCING_WATER_THE_SINGING_APPLE_AND_THE_SPEAKING_BIRD"></a>THE DANCING WATER, THE SINGING APPLE, AND THE SPEAKING BIRD</h2> + + +<p>There was once an herb-gatherer who had three daughters who earned +their living by spinning. One day their father died and left them all +alone in the world. Now the king had a habit of going about the +streets at night, and listening at the doors to hear what the people +said of him. So one night he listened at the door of the house where +the three sisters lived, and heard them<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span> disputing. The oldest said: +"If I were the wife of the royal butler, I could give the whole court +to drink out of one glass of water, and there would be some left."</p> + +<p>The second said: "If I were the wife of the keeper of the royal +wardrobe, with one piece of cloth I could clothe all the attendants, +and have some left."</p> + +<p>But the youngest daughter said: "Were I the king's wife, I would bear +him two children: a son with a sun on his forehead, and a daughter +with a moon on her brow."</p> + +<p>The king went back to his palace, and the next morning sent for the +sisters, and said to them: "Do not be frightened, but tell me what you +said last night." The oldest told him what she had said, and the king +had a glass of water brought, and commanded her to prove her words. +She took the glass, and gave all the attendants some water to drink, +and still there was some water left.</p> + +<p>"Bravo!" cried the king, and summoned the butler. "This is your +husband. Now it is your turn," said the king to the next sister, and +commanded a piece of cloth to be brought, and the young girl at once +cut out garments for all the attendants, and had some cloth left.</p> + +<p>"Bravo!" cried the king again, and gave her the keeper of the wardrobe +for her husband. "Now it is your turn," said the king to the +youngest.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span></p> + +<p>"Please your Majesty, I said that if I were the king's wife, I would +bear him two children: a son with a sun on his forehead, and a +daughter with a moon on her brow."</p> + +<p>"If that is true," replied the king, "you shall be my queen; if not, +you shall die," and straightway he married her.</p> + +<p>Very soon the two older sisters began to be envious of the youngest. +"Look," said they; "she is going to be queen, and we must be +servants!" and they began to hate her. A few months before the queen's +children were to be born, the king declared war, and was obliged to go +with his army, but he left word that if the queen had two children: a +son with a sun on his forehead, and a girl with a moon on her brow, +the mother was to be respected as queen; if not, he was to be informed +of it, and would tell his servants what to do. Then he departed for +the war.</p> + +<p>When the queen's children were born, a son with a sun on his forehead +and a daughter with a moon on her brow, as she had promised, the +envious sisters bribed the nurse to put little dogs in the place of +the queen's children, and sent word to the king that his wife had +given birth to two puppies. He wrote back that she should be taken +care of for two weeks, and then put into a tread-mill.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile the nurse took the little babies, and carried them out of +doors, saying: "I will make<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span> the dogs eat them up," and she left them +alone. While they were thus exposed, three fairies passed by and +exclaimed: "Oh how beautiful these children are!" and one of the +fairies said: "What present shall we make these children?" One +answered: "I will give them a deer to nurse them." "And I a purse +always full of money." "And I," said the third fairy, "will give them +a ring which will change colour when any misfortune happens to one of +them."</p> + +<p>The deer nursed and took care of the children until they grew up. Then +the fairy who had given them the deer came and said: "Now that you +have grown up, how can you stay here any longer?" "Very well," said +the brother, "I will go to the city and hire a house." "Take care," +said the deer, "that you hire one opposite the royal palace." So they +went to the city and hired a palace as directed, and furnished it as +if they had been princes. When the aunts saw the brother and sister, +imagine their terror! "They are alive!" they said. They could not be +mistaken for there was the sun on the forehead of the son, and the +moon on the girl's brow. They called the nurse and said to her: +"Nurse, what does this mean? are our nephew and niece alive?" The +nurse watched at the window until she saw the brother go out, and then +she went over as if to make a visit to the new house. She entered and +said: "What is the matter, my daughter; how do you do? Are you +perfectly happy? You lack nothing. But do you know what is necessary +to make you really happy? It is the Dancing Water. If your brother +loves you, he will get it for you!" She remained a moment longer and +then departed.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="picture_13" id="picture_13"></a> +<img src="images/image_014.jpg" width="500" height="734" alt="The Foster Mother" title="" /> +</div> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span></p> +<p>When the brother returned, his sister said to him; "Ah! my brother, if +you love me go and get me the Dancing Water." He consented, and next +morning saddled a fine horse, and departed. On his way he met a +hermit, who asked him, "Where are you going, cavalier?"</p> + +<p>"I am going for the Dancing Water." "You are going to your death, my +son; but keep on until you find a hermit older than I." He continued +his journey until he met another hermit, who asked him the same +question, and gave him the same direction. Finally he met a third +hermit, older than the other two, with a white beard that came down to +his feet, who gave him the following directions: "You must climb +yonder mountain. On top of it you will find a great plain and a house +with a beautiful gate. Before the gate you will see four giants with +swords in their hands. Take heed; do not make a mistake; for if you +do, that is the end of you! When the giants have their eyes closed, do +not enter; when they have their eyes open, enter. Then you will come +to a door. If you find it open, do not enter; if you find it shut, +push it open and enter. Then you will find four lions. When they have +their eyes<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span> shut, do not enter; when their eyes are open, enter, and +you will see the Dancing Water." The youth took leave of the hermit, +and hastened on his way.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile the sister kept looking at the ring constantly, to see +whether the stone in it changed colour; but as it did not, she +remained undisturbed.</p> + +<p>A few days after leaving the hermit the youth arrived at the top of +the mountain, and saw the palace with the four giants before it. They +had their eyes shut, and the door was open. "No," said the youth, +"that won't do." And so he remained on the lookout a while. When the +giants opened their eyes, and the door closed, he entered, waited +until the lions opened their eyes, and passed in. There he found the +Dancing Water, and filled his bottles with it, and escaped when the +lions again opened their eyes.</p> + +<p>The aunts, meanwhile, were delighted because their nephew did not +return; but in a few days he appeared and embraced his sister. Then +they had two golden basins made, and put into them the Dancing Water, +which leaped from one basin to the other. When the aunts saw it they +exclaimed: "Ah! how did he manage to get that water?" and called the +nurse, who again waited until the sister was alone, and then visited +her. "You see," said she, "how beautiful the Dancing Water is! But do +you know what you want now? The Singing Apple." Then she departed. +When the brother who had brought the Dancing Water<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span> returned, his +sister said to him: "If you love me you must get for me the Singing +Apple." "Yes, my sister, I will go and get it."</p> + +<p>Next morning he mounted his horse, and set out. After a time he met +the first hermit, who sent him to an older one. He asked the youth +where he was going, and said: "It is a difficult task to get the +Singing Apple, but hear what you must do: Climb the mountain; beware +of the giants, the door, and the lions; then you will find a little +door and a pair of shears in it. If the shears are open, enter; if +closed, do not risk it." The youth continued his way, found the +palace, entered, and found everything favourable. When he saw the +shears open, he went in a room and saw a wonderful tree, on top of +which was an apple. He climbed up and tried to pick the apple, but the +top of the tree swayed now this way, now that. He waited until it was +still a moment, seized the branch, and picked the apple. He succeeded +in getting safely out of the palace, mounted his horse, and rode home, +and all the time he was carrying the apple it kept on singing.</p> + +<p>The aunts were again delighted because their nephew was so long +absent; but when they saw him return, they felt as though the house +had fallen on them. Again they summoned the nurse, and again she +visited the young girl, and said: "See how beautiful they are, the +Dancing Water and the Singing Apple! But should you see the Speaking<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span> +Bird, there would be nothing left for you to see." "Very well," said +the young girl; "we will see whether my brother will get it for me."</p> + +<p>When her brother came she asked him for the Speaking Bird, and he +promised to get it for her. He met, as usual on his journey, the first +hermit, who sent him to the second, who sent him on to a third one, +who said to him: "Climb the mountain and enter the palace. You will +find many statues. Then you will come to a garden, in the midst of +which is a fountain, and on the basin is the Speaking Bird. If it +should say anything to you, do not answer. Pick a feather from the +bird's wing, dip it into a jar you will find there, and anoint all the +statues. Keep your eyes open, and all will go well."</p> + +<p>The youth already knew well the way, and soon was in the palace. He +found the garden and the bird, which, as soon as it saw him, +exclaimed: "What is the matter, noble sir; have you come for me? You +have missed it. Your aunts have sent you to your death, and you must +remain here. Your mother has been sent to the tread-mill." "My mother +in the tread-mill?" cried the youth, and scarcely were the words out +of his mouth when he became a statue like all the others.</p> + +<p>Now when her brother did not come back the third time the sister +looked at her ring, and it had become black, and she knew that +something had befallen him. Poor child! not having anything<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span> else to +do, she dressed herself like a page and set out.</p> + +<p>Like her brother, she met the three hermits, and received their +instructions. The third concluded thus: "Beware, for if you answer +when the bird speaks you will lose your life, but if you speak not, it +will come to you; take one of its feathers and dip it in the jar you +will see there and anoint your brother's nostril with it." She +continued her way, followed exactly the hermit's directions, and +reached the garden in safety. When the bird saw her it exclaimed: "Ah! +you here, too? Now you will meet the same fate as your brother. Do you +see him lying there? Your father is at the war. Your mother is in the +tread-mill. Your aunts are rejoicing."</p> + +<p>But the sister made no reply, but let the bird sing on. When it had +nothing more to say it flew down, and the young girl caught it, pulled +a feather from its wing, dipped it into the jar, and anointed her +brother's nostrils, and he at once came to life again. Then she did +the same with all the other statues, with the lions and the giants, +until all became alive again. Then she departed with her brother, and +all the noblemen, princes, barons, and kings' sons rejoiced greatly. +Now when they had all come to life again the palace disappeared, and +the hermits disappeared, for they were the three fairies.</p> + +<p>The day after the brother and sister reached the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span> city where they +lived, they summoned a goldsmith, and had him make a gold chain, and +fasten the bird with it. The next time the aunts looked out they saw +in the window of the palace opposite the Dancing Water, the Singing +Apple, and the Speaking Bird. "Well," said they, "the real trouble is +coming now!"</p> + +<p>The bird directed the brother and sister to procure a carriage finer +than the king's, with twenty-four attendants, and to have the service +of their palace, cooks, and servants, more numerous and better than +the king's. All of which the brother and sister did at once. And when +the aunts saw these things they were ready to die of rage.</p> + +<p>At last the king returned from the war, and his subjects told him all +the news of the kingdom, and the thing they talked about the least was +his wife and children. One day the king looked out of the window and +saw the palace opposite furnished in a magnificent manner. "Who lives +there?" he asked, but no one could answer him. He looked again and saw +the brother and sister, the former with the sun on his forehead, and +the latter with the moon on her brow. "Gracious! if I did not know +that my wife had given birth to puppies, I should say that those were +my children," exclaimed the king. Another day he stood by the window +and enjoyed the Dancing Water and the Singing Apple, but the bird was +silent.</p> + +<p>After the king had heard all the music, the bird<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span> said: "What does +your Majesty think of it?" The king was astonished at hearing the +Speaking Bird, and answered: "What should I think? It is marvellous."</p> + +<p>"There is something more marvellous," said the bird; "just wait."</p> + +<p>Then the bird told his mistress to call her brother, and said: "There +is the king; let us invite him to dinner on Sunday. Shall we not?"</p> + +<p>"Yes, yes," they said. So the king was invited and accepted, and on +Sunday the bird had a grand dinner prepared and the king came. When he +saw the young people near, he clapped his hands and said: "They must +be my children."</p> + +<p>He went over the palace and was astonished at its richness. Then they +went to dinner, and while they were eating the king said: "Bird, every +one is talking; you alone are silent."</p> + +<p>"Ah! your Majesty, I am ill; but next Sunday I shall be well and able +to talk, and will come and dine at your palace with this lady and this +gentleman."</p> + +<p>The next Sunday the bird directed his mistress and her brother to put +on their finest clothes; so they dressed in royal style and took the +bird with them. The king showed them through his palace and treated +them with the greatest ceremony; the aunts were nearly dead with fear. +When they had seated themselves at the table, the king said: "Come, +bird, you promised me you would speak;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span> have you nothing to say?" Then +the bird began and related all that had happened from the time the +king had listened at the door until his poor wife had been sent to the +tread-mill; then the bird added: "These are your children, and your +wife was sent to the tread-mill, and is dying."</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="picture_14" id="picture_14"></a> +<img src="images/image_015.jpg" width="600" height="462" alt="The King Begs Pardon" title="" /> +</div> + +<p>When the king heard all this, he hastened to embrace his children, and +then went to find his poor wife, who was reduced to skin and bones and +was at the point of death. He knelt before her and begged her pardon, +and then summoned her sisters and the nurse, and when they were in his +presence he said to the bird: "Bird, you who have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span> told me everything, +now pronounce their sentence." Then the bird sentenced the nurse to be +thrown out of the window, and the sisters to be cast into a cauldron +of boiling oil. This was at once done. The king was never tired of +embracing his wife. Then the bird departed and the king and his wife +and children lived together in peace.</p> + + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="picture_15" id="picture_15"></a> +<img src="images/image_016.jpg" width="600" height="631" alt="The Girl and the Frog" title="" /> +</div> +<h2><a name="THE_LANGUAGE_OF_ANIMALS" id="THE_LANGUAGE_OF_ANIMALS"></a>THE LANGUAGE OF ANIMALS</h2> + + +<p>There was once a man who had a son named Jack, who was very simple in +mind and backward in his thought. So his father sent him away to +school so that he might learn something; and after a year he came back +from school.</p> + +<p>"Well, Jack," said his father, "what have you learnt at school?"</p> + +<p>And Jack said, "I know what dogs mean when they bark."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span></p> + +<p>"That's not much," said his father. "You must go to school again."</p> + +<p>So he sent him to school for another year, and when he came back he +asked him what he had learnt.</p> + +<p>"Well, father," said the boy, "when frogs croak I know what they +mean."</p> + +<p>"You must learn more than that," said the father, and sent him once +more to school.</p> + +<p>And when he returned, after another year, he asked him once more what +he had learnt.</p> + +<p>"I know all the birds say when they twitter and chirp, caw and coo, +gobble and cluck."</p> + +<p>"Well I must say," said the father, "that does not seem much for three +years' schooling. But let us see if you have learnt your lessons +properly. What does that bird say just above our heads in the tree +there?"</p> + +<p>Jack listened for some time but did not say anything.</p> + +<p>"Well, Jack, what is it?" asked his father.</p> + +<p>"I don't like to say, father."</p> + +<p>"I don't believe you know or else you would say. Whatever it is I +shall not mind."</p> + +<p>Then the boy said, "The bird kept on saying as clear as could be, 'the +time is not so far away when Jack's father will offer him water on +bended knees for him to wash his hands; and his mother shall offer him +a towel to wipe them with.'"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span></p> + +<p>Thereupon the father grew very angry at Jack and his love for him +changed to hatred, and one day he spoke to a robber and promised him +much money if he would take Jack away into the forest and kill him +there and bring back his heart to show that he had done what he had +promised. But instead of doing this the robber told Jack all about it +and advised him to flee away, while the robber took back to Jack's +father the heart of a deer saying that it was Jack's. Then Jack +travelled on and on till one night he stopped at a castle on the way; +and while they were all supping together in the castle hall the dogs +in the court-yard began barking and baying. And Jack went up to the +lord of the castle and said, "There will be an attack upon the castle +to-night."</p> + +<p>"How do you know that?" asked the lord.</p> + +<p>"The dogs say so," said Jack.</p> + +<p>At that the lord and his men laughed, but never-the-less put an extra +guard around the castle that night, and, sure enough, the attack was +made, which was easily beaten off because the men were prepared. So +the lord gave Jack a great reward for warning him, and he went on his +way with a fellow traveller who had heard him warn the lord.</p> + +<p>Soon afterwards they arrived at another castle in which the lord's +daughter was lying sick unto death; and a great reward had been +offered to him that should cure her. Now Jack had been listening to +the frogs as they were croaking in the moat<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span> which surrounded the +castle. So Jack went to the lord of the castle and said, "I know what +ails your daughter."</p> + +<p>"What is it," asked the lord.</p> + +<p>"She has dropped the holy wafer from her mouth and it has been +swallowed by one of the frogs in the moat."</p> + +<p>"How do you know that?" said the lord.</p> + +<p>"I heard the frogs say so."</p> + +<p>At first the lord would not believe it; but in order to save his +daughter's life he got Jack to point out the frog who was boasting of +what he had swallowed, and, catching it, found what Jack had said was +true. The frog was caught and killed, the wafer got back, and the girl +recovered. So the lord gave Jack the reward which was promised, and he +went on further with his companion and with another guest of the +castle who had heard what Jack had said and done.</p> + +<p>So Jack, with his two companions, travelled on towards Rome, the city +of cities where dwelt the Pope, in those days the head of all +Christendom. And as they were resting by the roadside Jack said to his +companions, "Who would have thought it? One of us is going to be the +Pope of Rome."</p> + +<p>And his comrades asked him how he knew.</p> + +<p>And he said, "The birds above in the tree have said so."</p> + +<p>And his comrades at first laughed at him, but then remembered that +what he had said before of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span> the barking of dogs and of the croaking of +frogs had turned out to be true.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="picture_16" id="picture_16"></a> +<img src="images/image_017.jpg" width="600" height="439" alt="The Pope is Elected" title="" /> +</div> + +<p>Now when they arrived at Rome they found that the Pope had just died +and that they were about to select his successor. And it was decided +that all the people should pass under an arch whereon was a bell and +two doves, and he upon whose shoulders the doves should alight, and +for whom the bell should ring as he passed under the arch was to be +the next Pope. And when Jack and his companions came near the arch +they all remembered his prophecy and wondered which of the three +should receive the signs. And his first comrade passed under the arch +and nothing happened, and then the second and nothing happened,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span> but +when Jack went through the doves descended and alighted upon his +shoulder and the bell began to toll. So Jack was made Pope of all +Christendom, and he took the name of Pope Sylvester.</p> + +<p>After a while the new Pope went upon his travels and came to the town +where his father dwelt. And there was a great banquet held, to which +Jack's father and mother were invited at his request. And when they +came he ordered his servants to give to his father the basin of water, +and to his mother the towel, wherewith the Pope would wash his hands +after dinner. Now this was, in those days, a great honour, and people +wondered why Jack's father and mother should be so honoured. But after +Jack's father had offered him the basin of water, and his mother the +towel, Jack said to them, "Do you not know me, mother? Do you not know +me, father?" and made himself known to them and reminded his father of +what the bird had said. So he forgave his father and took him and his +mother to live with him ever afterwards.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"> +<img src="images/image_018.jpg" width="300" height="203" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="THE_THREE_SOLDIERS" id="THE_THREE_SOLDIERS"></a>THE THREE SOLDIERS</h2> + + +<p>Once upon a time three soldiers returned from the wars; one was a +sergeant, one was a corporal, and the third was a simple private. One +night they were caught in a forest and made a fire up to sleep by; and +the sergeant had to do sentry-go. While he was walking up and down an +old woman, bent double, came up to him and said:</p> + +<p>"Please, sir, may I warm myself by your fire?"</p> + +<p>"Why, certainly, mother, you are welcome to all the warmth you can +get."</p> + +<p>So the old woman sat by the fire for a time, and when she had got +thoroughly warmed she said to the sergeant:</p> + +<p>"Thank you, soldier; here is something for your trouble." And she +handed him a purse, which seemed to have nothing in it.</p> + +<p>"Oh, thank you, marm," said the sergeant, "but I wouldn't deprive you +of it, especially as there is nothing in it."</p> + +<p>"That may be so now," said the old woman, "but take it in your hand +and turn it upside-down and, while you hold it like that gold +pieces will come pouring out of it."</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="picture_17" id="picture_17"></a> +<img src="images/image_019.jpg" width="500" height="705" alt="The Magic Purse" title="" /> +</div> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span></p> +<p>He took it, and, sure enough, whenever he held it up out came the gold +pieces. So he thanked her very much, and off she went.</p> + +<p>Next night the corporal had to play sentry, and the old woman came up +to him and asked to sit by the side of the fire.</p> + +<p>"Certainly, marm," said he, "and welcome you are. I have known what it +is to shiver in my bones."</p> + +<p>So the old woman sat by the fire for a time, and when she was leaving +gave the corporal a tablecloth.</p> + +<p>Said he, "Thank you, marm, kindly, but we soldiers rarely use +tablecloths when we are eating our vittles."</p> + +<p>"Yes, but this gives you vittles to eat," said the old woman. +"Whenever you put this over a table or on the ground and call out 'Be +covered!' the finest dinner you could eat at once comes upon it."</p> + +<p>"If that is so," said the corporal, "I'll take it and thank you +kindly." And with that the old woman departed, and the corporal woke +up his comrades and called out: "Tablecloth be covered!" And, sure +enough, the finest dinner you could imagine appeared upon the cloth.</p> + +<p>Next night the private marched up and down doing sentry-go, when the +old woman appeared again and asked to sit by the fire.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span></p> + +<p>"Surely," said the private, "you're as welcome as my own mother would +be."</p> + +<p>And after she had sat some time by the fire she got up and said:</p> + +<p>"Thank you kindly, sir; I hope this will pay you for your trouble." +And she gave him a whistle.</p> + +<p>"And what's this for?" said the private. "I can't play on the +whistle."</p> + +<p>"But you can blow it," said she, "and whenever you blow it out will +come a regiment of armed men that will do whatever you tell them."</p> + +<p>And with that the old woman departed, and they never saw her more.</p> + +<p>So the three soldiers travelled on till they came to a city where +there was a princess, who was so proud of her card playing that she +had agreed to marry any one who could beat her at cards. Now the +sergeant was also very proud of his card playing, and he thought he +would try his luck with the princess. So when he went up to the palace +he offered to play a game with her, but she said to him:</p> + +<p>"What are your stakes? If I lose I have to marry you. But if you lose +what do you lose?"</p> + +<p>So the sergeant said: "I'll stake my purse."</p> + +<p>"Why, what's a purse with nothing in it!" said the princess.</p> + +<p>"There may be nothing in it now," said the sergeant, "but see here," +and he turned the purse upside-down and put his hand under it, and it<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span> +kept on dropping gold pieces into his hand as long as he held it +upside-down.</p> + +<p>So the princess agreed to play for the purse. But she had arranged a +mirror at the back of his head in which she could see all his cards. +And so she won easily, and he had to give up the purse.</p> + +<p>But this princess was so charming that the sergeant had fallen in love +with her, and when he went back to his comrades he asked the corporal +to lend him his tablecloth. And he went back to the princess and said +to her:</p> + +<p>"Will you play me for this tablecloth?"</p> + +<p>And she said: "It may be a very beautiful tablecloth but it isn't +quite equal to me."</p> + +<p>Then he laid it on a table and said, "Cloth, cover thyself." And there +was a most delicious dinner spread upon it.</p> + +<p>But, as the princess knew she would be able to beat him, she agreed to +play him for the tablecloth, and, sure enough, by means of the mirror, +she won the tablecloth from him.</p> + +<p>The same thing happened when he borrowed the whistle from the private +and tried his luck with the princess again. But this time he watched +what she was doing, and knew that she had cheated him though he dared +not say so. He lost again and went back to his comrades and asked them +to forgive him, but he could not help it as the princess had cheated +him. So his friends forgave him, and they all went their various +ways.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span></p> + +<p>Now the sergeant wandered along, and wandered along, and wandered +along, till he came to the bank of a stream on which there grew fig +trees, white and black. And he gathered some of these figs from the +different trees, and sat down by the bank to eat them. And he ate a +black fig, and then, feeling thirsty, went down to the stream to drink +some of the water, and as he looked in he found that he had two horns +on the side of his head just like a goat, instead of two ears. He +didn't know what to do; but as he was still hungry he ate one of the +white figs; and when he went to drink again he found the horns had +disappeared. So then he knew that the black figs brought the horns and +the white figs took them away. So he gathered some more of them and +went back to the palace of the princess, and sent her up some of the +black figs as a present from an admirer.</p> + +<p>And after a while there was a rumour spread around the city that the +princess had horns in her head, and would give anything to any one who +could remove them.</p> + +<p>So the sergeant went up to the palace and presented himself before the +princess and said to her:</p> + +<p>"I can remove your horns, but I want my purse, and my tablecloth, and +my whistle back."</p> + +<p>Then she ordered them to be brought and promised to give them back to +him as soon as the horns were removed.</p> + +<p>So he gave her a white fig, and as soon as she<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span> had eaten it the horns +disappeared; and he took up the purse, the tablecloth, and the +whistle. Then he said to her:</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="picture_18" id="picture_18"></a> +<img src="images/image_020.jpg" width="600" height="646" alt="The Princess Finds Horns on her Head" title="" /> +</div> + +<p>"Now, will you marry me?"</p> + +<p>"No," she replied, "why should I?"</p> + +<p>"Because you didn't win these fairly."</p> + +<p>"That may be, or that may not be, but I see no reason why I should +marry you."</p> + +<p>Thereupon he blew his whistle, and the palace<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span> was filled with a +regiment of soldiers. And the sergeant said:</p> + +<p>"If you do not marry me these men shall seize your father and I will +seize his throne."</p> + +<p>So the princess married him, and he sent for the corporal and the +private and made them rich and prosperous, and they all lived fairly +happily together.</p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="picture_19" id="picture_19"></a> +<img src="images/image_021.jpg" width="600" height="496" alt="The Unicorn" title="" /> +</div> +<h2><a name="A_DOZEN_AT_A_BLOW" id="A_DOZEN_AT_A_BLOW"></a>A DOZEN AT A BLOW</h2> + + +<p>A little tailor was sitting cross-legged at his bench and was +stitching away as busy as could be when a woman came up the street +calling out: "Home-made jam, home-made jam!"</p> + +<p>So the tailor called out to her: "Come here, my good woman, and give +me a quarter of a pound."</p> + +<p>And when she had poured it out for him he spread it on some bread and +butter and laid it aside for his lunch. But, in the summer-time, the +flies commenced to collect around the bread and jam.</p> + +<p>When the tailor noticed this, he raised his leather strap and brought +it down upon the crowd<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span> of flies and killed twelve of them +straightway. He was mighty proud of that. So he made himself a +shoulder-sash, on which he stitched the letters: A Dozen at One Blow.</p> + +<p>When he looked down upon this he thought to himself: "A man who could +do such things ought not to stay at home; he ought to go out to +conquer the world."</p> + +<p>So he put into his wallet the cream cheese that he had bought that day +and a favourite blackbird that used to hop about his shop, and went +out to seek his fortune.</p> + +<p>He hadn't gone far when he met a giant, and went up to him and said: +"Well, comrade, how goes it with you?"</p> + +<p>"Comrade," sneered the giant, "a pretty comrade you would make for +me."</p> + +<p>"Look at this," said the tailor pointing to his sash.</p> + +<p>And when the giant read, "A Dozen at a Blow," he thought to himself: +"This little fellow is no fool of a fighter if what he says is true. +But let's test him."</p> + +<p>So the giant said to the tailor: "If what you've got there is true, we +may well be comrades. But let's see if you can do what I can do."</p> + +<p>And he bent down in the road and took up a large stone and pressed it +with his hand till it all crushed up and water commenced to pour out +from it.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span></p> + +<p>"Can you do that?" said the giant.</p> + +<p>The tailor also bent down in the road, but took out from his wallet +the piece of cheese and pretended to pick it up.</p> + +<p>When he took it in his hand he pressed and pressed till the cream +poured forth from it.</p> + +<p>The giant said: "Well, you can do that fairly well. Let's see if you +can throw."</p> + +<p>He took another stone and threw it till it went right across the river +by which they were standing.</p> + +<p>So the little tailor took his blackbird in his hand and pretended to +throw it, and of course when it felt itself in the air it flew away +and disappeared.</p> + +<p>The giant said: "That wasn't a bad throw. You may as well come home +and stop with us giants, and we'll do great things together."</p> + +<p>As they went along the giant said: "We want some twigs for our night +fires. You may as well help me carry some home." And he pointed to a +tree that had fallen by the wayside and said: "Help me carry that, +will you?"</p> + +<p>So the tailor said, "Why certainly," and went to the top of the tree, +and said: "I'll carry these branches which are the heavier; you carry +the trunk which has no branches."</p> + +<p>And when the giant got the trunk on his shoulders the tailor seated +himself on one of the branches and let the giant carry him along.</p> + +<p>After a time the giant got tired and said: "Ho<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span> there, wait a minute, +I'm going to drop the tree and rest awhile."</p> + +<p>So the tailor jumped down and caught the tree around the branches +again and said: "Well, you are easily tired."</p> + +<p>At last they got to the giant's castle and there the giant spoke to +his brothers and told them what a brave and powerful fellow this +little tailor was. They spoke together and determined to get rid of +him lest he might do them some harm. But they determined to kill him +in the night because he was so strong and might kill twelve of them at +a blow.</p> + +<p>But the tailor saw them whispering together, and guessing that +something was wrong went out into the yard and got a big bladder which +he filled with blood and put it in the bed which the giants pointed +out to him.</p> + +<p>Then he crept under it, and during the night they brought their big +clubs and hit the bed over and over again till the blood spurted out +onto their faces.</p> + +<p>Then they thought the tailor was dead and went back to sleep.</p> + +<p>But in the morning there was the tailor as large as life. And they +were so surprised to see him that they asked him if he had not felt +anything during the night.</p> + +<p>"Oh, I don't know, there seemed to be plenty of fleas in that bed," +said the tailor. "I do not think I would care to sleep there again." +And<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span> with that he took his leave of the giants and went on his way.</p> + +<p>After a time he came to the King's court and fell asleep under a tree. +And some of the courtiers passing by saw written upon his sash, "A +Dozen at One Blow."</p> + +<p>They went and told the King who said: "Why, he's just the man for us; +he will be able to destroy the wild boar and the unicorn that are +ravaging our kingdom. Bring him to us."</p> + +<p>So they woke up the little tailor and brought him to the King, who +said to him: "There is a wild boar ravaging our kingdom. You are so +powerful that you will easily be able to capture it."</p> + +<p>"What shall I get if I do?" asked the little tailor.</p> + +<p>"Well, I have promised to give my daughter's hand and half the kingdom +to the man who can do it, and other things."</p> + +<p>"What other things?" said the little tailor.</p> + +<p>"Oh, it will be time to learn that when you have caught the boar."</p> + +<p>Then the little tailor went out to the wood where the boar was last +seen, and when he came near him he ran away, and ran away, and ran +away, till at last he came to a little chapel in the wood into which +he ran, and the boar at his heels. He climbed up to a high window and +got outside the chapel, and then rushed around to the door and closed +and locked it.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span></p> + +<p>Then he went back to the King and said to him: "I have your wild boar +for you in the chapel in the woods. Send some of your men to kill him, +or do what you like with him."</p> + +<p>"How did you manage to get him there?" said the King.</p> + +<p>"Oh, I caught him by the bristles and threw him in there as I thought +you wanted to have him safe and sound. What's the next thing I must +do?"</p> + +<p>"Well," said the King, "there's a unicorn in this country killing +everyone that he meets. I do not want him slain; I want him caught and +brought to me."</p> + +<p>So the little tailor said, "Give me a rope and a hatchet and I will +see what I can do."</p> + +<p>So he went with the rope and hatchet to the wood, where the unicorn +had been seen. And when he came towards it he dodged it, and he dodged +it, till at last he dodged behind a big tree, till the unicorn, in +trying to pierce, ran his horn into the tree where it stuck fast.</p> + +<p>Then the little tailor came forth and tied the rope around the +unicorn's neck, and dug out the horn with his hatchet, and dragged the +unicorn to the King.</p> + +<p>"What's the next thing?" said the little tailor.</p> + +<p>"Well, there is only one thing more. There are two giants who are +destroying everybody they meet. Get rid of them, and my daughter and +the half of my kingdom shall be yours."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span></p> + +<p>Then the little tailor went to seek the giants and found them sleeping +under some trees in the woods. He filled his box with stones, climbed +up a tree overlooking the giants, and when he had hidden himself in +the branches he threw a stone at the chest of one of the giants who +woke up and said to his brother giant, "What are you doing there?"</p> + +<p>And the other giant woke up and said, "I have done nothing."</p> + +<p>"Well, don't do it again," said the other giant, and laid down to +sleep again.</p> + +<p>Then the tailor threw a stone at the other giant and hit him a whack +on the chin. That giant rose up and said to his fellow giant, "What do +you do that for?"</p> + +<p>"Do what?"</p> + +<p>"Hit me on the chin."</p> + +<p>"I didn't."</p> + +<p>"You did."</p> + +<p>"I didn't."</p> + +<p>"You did."</p> + +<p>"Well, take that for not doing it."</p> + +<p>And with that the other giant hit him a rousing blow on the head. With +that they commenced fighting and tore up the trees and hit one another +till at last one of them was killed, and the other one was so badly +injured that the tailor had no difficulty in killing him with his +hatchet.</p> + +<p>Then he went back to the King and said: "I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span> have got rid of your +giants for you; send your men and bury them in the forest. They tore +up the trees and tried to kill me with them but I was too much for +them. Now for the Princess."</p> + +<p>Well, the King had nothing more to say, and gave him his daughter in +marriage and half the kingdom to rule.</p> + +<p>But shortly after they were married the Princess heard the tailor +saying in his sleep: "Fix that button better; baste that side gore; +don't drop your stitches like that."</p> + +<p>And then she knew she had married a tailor. And she went to her father +weeping bitterly and complained.</p> + +<p>"Well, my dear," he said, "I promised, and he certainly showed himself +a great hero. But I will try and get rid of him for you. To-night I +will send into your bedroom a number of soldiers that shall slay him +even if he can kill a dozen at a blow."</p> + +<p>So that night the little tailor noticed there was something wrong and +heard the soldiers moving about near the bedroom. So he pretended to +fall asleep and called out in his sleep: "I have killed a dozen at a +blow; I have slain two giants; I have caught a wild boar by his +bristles, and captured a unicorn alive. Show me the man that I need +fear."</p> + +<p>And when the soldiers heard that they said to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span> the Princess that the +job was too much for them, and went away.</p> + +<p>And the Princess thought better of it, and was proud of her little +hero, and they lived happily ever afterwards.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="picture_20" id="picture_20"></a> +<img src="images/image_022.jpg" width="600" height="554" alt="The Earl of Cattenborough will be Pleased to Partake of +a Potato" title="" /> +</div> +<h2><a name="THE_EARL_OF_CATTENBOROUGH" id="THE_EARL_OF_CATTENBOROUGH"></a>THE EARL OF CATTENBOROUGH</h2> + + +<p>Once upon a time there was a miller who had three sons, Charles, Sam, +and John. And every night when the servant went to bed he used to call +out:</p> + +<p>"Good-night, Missus; good-night, Master; Good-night, Charles, Sam, +John."</p> + +<p>Now after a time the miller's wife died, and, soon after, the miller, +leaving only the mill, the donkey, and the cat. And Charles, as the +eldest, took the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span> mill, and Sam took the donkey and went off with it, +and John was left with only the cat.</p> + +<p>Now how do you think the cat used to help John to live? She used to +take a bag with a string around the top and place it with some cheese +in the bushes, and when a hare or a partridge would come and try to +get the piece of cheese—snap! Miss Puss would draw the string and +there was the hare or partridge for Master Jack to eat. One day two +hares happened to rush into the bag at the same time. So the cat, +after giving one to Jack, took the other and went with it to the +King's palace. And when she came outside the palace gate she cried +out, "Miaou."</p> + +<p>The sentry at the gate came to see what was the matter. Miss Puss gave +him the hare with a bow and said: "Give this to the King with the +compliments of the Earl of Cattenborough."</p> + +<p>The King liked jugged hare very much and was glad to get such a fine +present.</p> + +<p>Shortly after this Miss Puss found a gold coin rolling in the dirt. +And she went up to the palace and asked the sentry if he would lend +her a corn measure.</p> + +<p>The sentry asked who wanted it. And Puss said: "My Master, the Earl of +Cattenborough."</p> + +<p>So the sentry gave her the corn measure. And a little while afterwards +she took it back with the gold coin, which she had found, fixed in a +crack in the corn measure.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span></p> + +<p>So the King was told that the Earl of Cattenborough measured his gold +in a corn measure. When the King heard this he told the sentry that if +such a thing happened again he was to deliver a message asking the +Earl to come and stop at the palace.</p> + +<p>Some time after the cat caught two partridges, and took one of them to +the palace. And when she called out, "Miaou," and presented it to the +sentry, in the name of the Earl of Cattenborough, the sentry told her +that the King wished to see the Earl at his palace.</p> + +<p>So Puss went back to Jack and said to him: "The King desires to see +the Earl of Cattenborough at his palace."</p> + +<p>"What is that to do with me?" said Jack.</p> + +<p>"Oh, you can be the Earl of Cattenborough if you like. I'll help you."</p> + +<p>"But I have no clothes, and they'll soon find out what I am when I +talk."</p> + +<p>"As for that," said Miss Puss, "I'll get you proper clothes if you do +what I tell you; and when you come to the palace I will see that you +do not make any mistakes."</p> + +<p>So next day she told Jack to take off his clothes and hide them under +a big stone and dip himself into the river. And while he was doing +this she went up to the palace gate and said: "Miaou, miaou, miaou!"</p> + +<p>And when the sentry came to the gate she said: "My Master, the Earl of +Cattenborough, has been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span> robbed of all he possessed, even of his +clothes, and he is hiding in the bramble bush by the side of the +river. What is to be done? What is to be done?"</p> + +<p>The sentry went and told the King. And the King gave orders that a +suitable suit of clothes, worthy of an Earl, should be sent to Master +Jack, who soon put them on and went to the King's palace accompanied +by Puss. When they got there they were introduced into the chamber of +the King, who thanked Jack for his kind presents.</p> + +<p>Miss Puss stood forward and said: "My Master, the Earl of +Cattenborough, desires to state to your Majesty that there is no need +of any thanks for such trifles."</p> + +<p>The King thought it was very grand of Jack not to speak directly to +him, and summoned his lord chamberlain, and from that time onward only +spoke through him. Thus, when they sat down to dinner with the Queen +and the Princess, the King would say to his chamberlain, "Will the +Earl of Cattenborough take a potato?"</p> + +<p>Whereupon Miss Puss would bow and say: "The Earl of Cattenborough +thanks his Majesty and would be glad to partake of a potato."</p> + +<p>The King was so much struck by Jack's riches and grandeur, and the +Princess was so pleased with his good looks and fine dress that it was +determined that he should marry the Princess.</p> + +<p>But the King thought he would try and see if he were really so nobly +born and bred as he seemed.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span> So he told his servants to put a mean +truckle bed in the room in which Jack was to sleep, knowing that no +noble would put up with such a thing.</p> + +<p>When Miss Puss saw this bed she at once guessed what was up. And when +Jack began to undress to get into bed, she made him stop, and called +the attendants to say that he could not sleep in such a bed.</p> + +<p>So they took him into another bedroom, where there was a fine +four-poster with a dais, and everything worthy of a noble to sleep +upon. Then the King became sure that Jack was a real noble, and +married him soon to his daughter the Princess.</p> + +<p>After the wedding feast was over the King told Jack that he and the +Queen and the Princess would come with him to his castle of +Cattenborough, and Jack did not know what to do. But Miss Puss told +him it would be all right if he only didn't speak much while on the +journey. And that suited Jack very well.</p> + +<p>So they all set out in a carriage with four horses, and with the +King's life-guards riding around it. But Miss Puss ran on in front of +the carriage, and when she came to a field where men were mowing down +the hay she pointed to the life-guards riding along, and said: "Men, +if you do not say that this field belongs to the Earl of Cattenborough +those soldiers will cut you to pieces with their swords."</p> + +<p>So when the carriage came along the King called one of the men to the +side of it and said, "Whose is this field?"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span></p> + +<p>And the man said, "It belongs to the Earl of Cattenborough."</p> + +<p>And the King turned to his son-in-law and said, "I did not know that +you had estates so near us."</p> + +<p>And Jack said, "I had forgotten it myself."</p> + +<p>And this only confirmed the King in his idea about Jack's great +wealth.</p> + +<p>A little farther on there was another great field in which men were +raking hay. And Miss Puss spoke to them as before. So, when the +carriage came up, they also declared that this field belonged to the +Earl of Cattenborough. And so it went on through the whole drive. Then +the King said, "Let us now go to your castle."</p> + +<p>Then Jack looked at Miss Puss, and she said: "If your Majesty will but +wait an hour I will go on before and order the castle to be made ready +for you."</p> + +<p>With that she jumped away and went to the castle of a great ogre and +asked to see him. When she came into his presence she said:</p> + +<p>"I have come to give you warning. The King with all his army is coming +to the castle and will batter its walls down and kill you if he finds +you here."</p> + +<p>"What shall I do? What shall I do?" said the ogre.</p> + +<p>"Is there no place where you can hide yourself?"</p> + +<p>"I am too big to hide," said the ogre, "but my mother gave me a +powder, and when I take that I can make myself as small as I like."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span></p> + +<p>"Well, why not take it now?" said the cat.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="picture_21" id="picture_21"></a> +<img src="images/image_023.jpg" width="600" height="499" alt="The Cat and the Ogre" title="" /> +</div> + +<p>And with that he took the powder and shrunk into a little body no +bigger than a mouse. And thereupon Miss Puss jumped upon him and ate +him all up, and then went down into the great yard of the castle and +told the guards that it now belonged to her Master the Earl of +Cattenborough. Then she ordered them to open the gates and let in the +King's carriage, which came along just then.</p> + +<p>The King was delighted to find what a fine castle his son-in-law +possessed, and left his daughter the Princess with him at the castle +while he drove<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span> back to his own palace. And Jack and the Princess +lived happily in the castle.</p> + +<p>But one day Miss Puss felt very ill and lay down as if dead, and the +chamberlain of the castle went to Jack and said:</p> + +<p>"My lord, your cat is dead."</p> + +<p>And Jack said: "Well, throw her out on the dunghill."</p> + +<p>But Miss Puss, when she heard it, called out: "Had you not better +throw me into the mill stream?"</p> + +<p>And Jack remembered where he had come from and was frightened that the +cat would say. So he ordered the physician of the castle to attend to +her, and ever after gave her whatever she wanted.</p> + +<p>And when the King died he succeeded him, and that was the end of the +Earl of Cattenborough.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="picture_22" id="picture_22"></a> +<img src="images/image_024.jpg" width="600" height="368" alt=""Had You not Better Throw me into the Millstream?"" title="" /> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="picture_23" id="picture_23"></a> +<img src="images/image_025.jpg" width="600" height="488" alt="The Child Finds the Feather Dress" title="" /> +</div> +<h2><a name="THE_SWAN_MAIDENS" id="THE_SWAN_MAIDENS"></a>THE SWAN MAIDENS</h2> + + +<p>There was once a hunter who used often to spend the whole night +stalking the deer or setting traps for game. Now it happened one night +that he was watching in a clump of bushes near the lake for some wild +ducks that he wished to trap. Suddenly he heard, high up in the air, a +whirring of wings and thought the ducks were coming; and he strung his +bow and got ready his arrows. But instead of ducks there appeared +seven maidens all clad in robes made of feathers, and they alighted on +the banks of the lake, and taking off their robes plunged into the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span> +waters and bathed and sported in the lake. They were all beautiful, +but of them all the youngest and smallest pleased most the hunter's +eye, and he crept forward from the bushes and seized her dress of +plumage and took it back with him into the bushes.</p> + +<p>After the swan maidens had bathed and sported to their heart's +delight, they came back to the bank wishing to put on their feather +robes again; and the six eldest found theirs, but the youngest could +not find hers. They searched and they searched till at last the dawn +began to appear, and the six sisters called out to her:</p> + +<p>"We must away; 'tis the dawn; you meet your fate whatever it be." And +with that they donned their robes and flew away, and away, and away.</p> + +<p>When the hunter saw them fly away he came forward with the feather +robe in his hand; and the swan maiden begged and begged that he would +give her back her robe. He gave her his cloak but would not give her +her robe, feeling that she would fly away. And he made her promise to +marry him, and took her home, and hid her feather robe where she could +not find it. So they were married and lived happily together and had +two fine children, a boy and a girl, who grew up strong and beautiful; +and their mother loved them with all her heart.</p> + +<p>One day her little daughter was playing at hide-and-seek with her +brother, and she went<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span> behind the wainscoting to hide herself, and +found there a robe all made of feathers, and took it to her mother. As +soon as she saw it she put it on and said to her daughter:</p> + +<p>"Tell father that if he wishes to see me again he must find me in the +Land East o' the Sun and West o' the Moon;" and with that she flew +away.</p> + +<p>When the hunter came home next morning his little daughter told him +what had happened and what her mother said. So he set out to find his +wife in the Land East o' the Sun and West o' the Moon. And he wandered +for many days till he came across an old man who had fallen on the +ground, and he lifted him up and helped him to a seat and tended him +till he felt better.</p> + +<p>Then the old man asked him what he was doing and where he was going. +And he told him all about the swan maidens and his wife, and he asked +the old man if he had heard of the Land East o' the Sun and West o' +the Moon.</p> + +<p>And the old man said: "No, but I can ask."</p> + +<p>Then he uttered a shrill whistle and soon all the plain in front of +them was filled with all of the beasts of the world, for the old man +was no less than the King of the Beasts.</p> + +<p>And he called out to them: "Who is there here that knows where the +Land is East o' the Sun and West o' the Moon?" But none of the beasts +knew.</p> + +<p>Then the old man said to the hunter: "You<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span> must go seek my brother who +is the King of the Birds," and told him how to find his brother.</p> + +<p>And after a time he found the King of the Birds, and told him what he +wanted. So the King of the Birds whistled loud and shrill, and soon +the sky was darkened with all the birds of the air, who came around +him. Then he asked:</p> + +<p>"Which of you knows where is the Land East o' the Sun and West o' the +Moon?"</p> + +<p>And none answered, and the King of the Birds said:</p> + +<p>"Then you must consult my brother the King of the Fishes," and he told +him how to find him.</p> + +<p>And the hunter went on, and he went on, and he went on, till he came +to the King of the Fishes, and he told him what he wanted. And the +King of the Fishes went to the shore of the sea and summoned all the +fishes of the sea. And when they came around him he called out:</p> + +<p>"Which of you knows where is the Land East o' the Sun and West o' the +Moon?"</p> + +<p>And none of them answered, till at last a dolphin that had come late +called out:</p> + +<p>"I have heard that at the top of the Crystal Mountain lies the Land +East o' the Sun and West o' the Moon; but how to get there I know not +save that it is near the Wild Forest."</p> + +<p>So the hunter thanked the King of the Fishes and went to the Wild +Forest. And as he got near there he found two men quarrelling, and as +he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span> came near they came towards him and asked him to settle their +dispute.</p> + +<p>"Now what is it?" said the hunter.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="picture_24" id="picture_24"></a> +<img src="images/image_026.jpg" width="600" height="515" alt="The Dolphin who Came Late" title="" /> +</div> + +<p>"Our father has just died and he has left but two things, this cap +which, whenever you wear it, nobody can see you, and these shoon, +which will carry you through the air to whatever place you will. Now I +being the elder claim the right of choice, which of these two I shall +have; and he declares that, as the younger, he has the right to the +shoon. Which do you think is right?"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span></p> + +<p>So the hunter thought and thought, and at last he said:</p> + +<p>"It is difficult to decide, but the best thing I can think of is for +you to race from here to that tree yonder, and whoever gets back to me +first I will hand him either the shoes or the cap, whichever he +wishes."</p> + +<p>So he took the shoes in one hand and the cap in the other, and waited +till they had started off running towards the tree. And as soon as +they had started running towards the tree he put on the shoes of +swiftness and placed the invisible cap on his head and wished himself +in the Land East o' the Sun and West o' the Moon. And he flew, and he +flew, and he flew, over seven Bends, and seven Glens, and seven +Mountain Moors, till at last he came to the Crystal Mountain. And on +the top of that, as the dolphin had said, there was the Land East o' +the Sun and West o' the Moon.</p> + +<p>Now when he got there he took off his invisible cap and shoes of +swiftness and asked who ruled over the Land; and he was told that +there was a King who had seven daughters who dressed in swans' +feathers and flew wherever they wished.</p> + +<p>Then the hunter knew that he had come to the Land of his wife. And he +went boldly to the King and said:</p> + +<p>"Hail O King, I have come to seek my wife."</p> + +<p>And the King said, "Who is she?"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span></p> + +<p>And the hunter said, "Your youngest daughter." Then he told him how he +had won her.</p> + +<p>Then the King said: "If you can tell her from her sisters then I know +that what you say is true." And he summoned his seven daughters to +him, and there they all were, dressed in their robes of feathers and +looking each like all the rest.</p> + +<p>So the hunter said: "If I may take each of them by the hand I will +surely know my wife"; for when she had dwelt with him she had sewn the +little shifts and dresses of her children, and the forefinger of her +right hand had the marks of the needle.</p> + +<p>And when he had taken the hand of each of the swan maidens he soon +found which was his wife and claimed her for his own. Then the King +gave them great gifts and sent them by a sure way down the Crystal +Mountain.</p> + +<p>And after a while they reached home, and lived happily together ever +afterwards.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="picture_25" id="picture_25"></a> +<img src="images/image_027.jpg" width="500" height="669" alt="East o' the Sun & West o' the Moon" title="" /> +</div> + + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="picture_26" id="picture_26"></a> +<img src="images/image_028.jpg" width="600" height="633" alt="Androcles and the Lion" title="" /> +</div> +<h2><a name="ANDROCLES_AND_THE_LION" id="ANDROCLES_AND_THE_LION"></a>ANDROCLES AND THE LION</h2> + + +<p>It happened in the old days at Rome that a slave named Androcles +escaped from his master and fled into the forest, and he wandered +there for a long time till he was weary and well nigh spent with +hunger and despair. Just then he heard a lion near him moaning and +groaning and at times roaring terribly. Tired as he was Androcles rose +up and rushed away, as he thought, from the lion; but as he made his +way through the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span> bushes he stumbled over the root of a tree and fell +down lamed, and when he tried to get up there he saw the lion coming +towards him, limping on three feet and holding his fore-paw in front +of him. Poor Androcles was in despair; he had not strength to rise and +run away, and there was the lion coming upon him. But when the great +beast came up to him instead of attacking him it kept on moaning and +groaning and looking at Androcles, who saw that the lion was holding +out his right paw, which was covered with blood and much swollen. +Looking more closely at it Androcles saw a great big thorn pressed +into the paw, which was the cause of all the lion's trouble. Plucking +up courage he seized hold of the thorn and drew it out of the lion's +paw, who roared with pain when the thorn came out, but soon after +found such relief from it that he fawned upon Androcles and showed, in +every way that he knew, to whom he owed the relief. Instead of eating +him up he brought him a young deer that he had slain, and Androcles +managed to make a meal from it. For some time the lion continued to +bring the game he had killed to Androcles, who became quite fond of +the huge beast.</p> + +<p>But one day a number of soldiers came marching through the forest and +found Androcles, and as he could not explain what he was doing they +took him prisoner and brought him back to the town from which he had +fled. Here his master<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span> soon found him and brought him before the +authorities, and he was condemned to death because he had fled from +his master. Now it used to be the custom to throw murderers and other +criminals to the lions in a huge circus, so that while the criminals +were punished the public could enjoy the spectacle of a combat between +them and the wild beasts. So Androcles was condemned to be thrown to +the lions, and on the appointed day he was led forth into the Arena +and left there alone with only a spear to protect him from the lion. +The Emperor was in the royal box that day and gave the signal for the +lion to come out and attack Androcles. But when it came out of its +cage and got near Androcles, what do you think it did? Instead of +jumping upon him it fawned upon him and stroked him with its paw and +made no attempt to do him any harm. It was of course the lion which +Androcles had met in the forest. The Emperor, surprised at seeing such +a strange behaviour in so cruel a beast, summoned Androcles to him and +asked him how it happened that this particular lion had lost all its +cruelty of disposition. So Androcles told the Emperor all that had +happened to him and how the lion was showing its gratitude for his +having relieved it of the thorn. Thereupon the Emperor pardoned +Androcles and ordered his master to set him free, while the lion was +taken back into the forest and let loose to enjoy liberty once more.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="picture_27" id="picture_27"></a> +<img src="images/image_029.jpg" width="600" height="491" alt="Day-Dreaming" title="" /> +</div> +<h2><a name="DAY-DREAMING" id="DAY-DREAMING"></a>DAY-DREAMING</h2> + + +<p>Now there was once a man at Bagdad who had seven sons, and when he +died he left to each of them one hundred dirhems; and his fifth son, +called Alnaschar the Babbler, invested all this money in some +glassware, and, putting it in a big tray, from which to show and sell +it, he sat down on a raised bench, at the foot of a wall, against +which he leant back, placing the tray on the ground in front of him. +As he sat he began day-dreaming and said to himself: "I have laid out +a hundred dirhems on this glass. Now I will surely sell it for two +hundred, and with it I will buy more glass and sell that for four +hundred;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span> nor will I cease to buy and sell till I become master of +much wealth. With this I will buy all kinds of merchandise and jewels +and perfumes and gain great profit on them till, God willing, I will +make my capital a hundred thousand dinars or two million dirhems. Then +I will buy a handsome house, together with slaves and horses and +trappings of gold, and eat and drink, nor will there be a singing girl +in the city but I will have her to sing to me." This he said looking +at the tray before him with glassware worth a hundred dirhems. Then he +continued: "When I have amassed a hundred thousand dinars I will send +out marriage-brokers to demand for me in marriage the hand of the +Vizier's daughter, for I hear that she is perfect in beauty and of +surpassing grace. I will give her a dowry of a thousand dinars, and if +her father consent, 'tis well; if not, I will take her by force, in +spite of him. When I return home, I will buy ten little slaves and +clothes for myself such as are worn by kings and sultans and get a +saddle of gold, set thick with precious jewels. Then I will mount and +parade the city, with slaves before and behind me, while the people +will salute me and call down blessings upon me: after which I will go +to the Vizier, the girl's father, with slaves behind and before me, as +well as on either hand. When the Vizier sees me, he will rise and +seating me in his own place, sit down below me, because I am his +son-in-law. Now I will have with me two slaves<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span> with purses, in each a +thousand dinars, and I will give him the thousand dinars of the dowry +and make him a present of another thousand dinars so that he may +recognize my nobility and generosity and greatness of mind and the +littleness of the world in my eyes; and for every ten words he will +say to me, I will answer him only two. Then I will return to my house, +and if any one come to me on the bride's part, I will make him a +present of money and clothe him in a robe of honour; but if he bring +me a present I will return it to him and will not accept it so that +they may know how great of soul I am." After a while Alnaschar +continued: "Then I will command them to bring the Vizier's daughter to +me in state and will get ready my house in fine condition to receive +her. When the time of the unveiling of the bride is come, I will put +on my richest clothes and sit down on a couch of brocaded silk, +leaning on a cushion and turning my eyes neither to the right nor to +the left, to show the haughtiness of my mind and the seriousness of my +character. My bride shall stand before me like the full moon, in her +robes and ornaments, and I, out of my pride and my disdain, will not +look at her, till all who are present shall say to me: 'O my lord, thy +wife and thy handmaid stands before thee; deign to look upon her, for +standing is irksome to her.' And they will kiss the earth before me +many times, whereupon I will lift my eyes and give one glance at her, +then bend down<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span> my head again. Then they will carry her to the +bride-chamber, and meanwhile I will rise and change my clothes for a +richer suit. When they bring in the bride for the second time, I will +not look at her till they have implored me several times, when I will +glance at her and bow down my head; nor will I cease doing thus, till +they have made an end of parading and displaying her. Then I will +order one of my slaves to fetch a purse, and, giving it to the +tire-women, command them to lead her to the bride-chamber. When they +leave me alone with the bride, I will not look at her or speak to her, +but will sit by her with averted face, that she may say I am high of +soul. Presently her mother will come to me and kiss my head and hands +and say to me: 'O my lord, look on thy handmaid, for she longs for thy +favour, and heal her spirit,' But I will give her no answer; and when +she sees this, she will come and kiss my feet and say, 'O my lord, +verily my daughter is a beautiful girl, who has never seen man; and if +thou show her this aversion, her heart will break; so do thou be +gracious to her and speak to her.' Then she will rise and fetch a cup +of wine, and her daughter will take it and come to me; but I will +leave her standing before me, while I recline upon a cushion of cloth +of gold, and will not look at her to show the haughtiness of my heart, +so that she will think me to be a Sultan of exceeding dignity and will +say to me: 'O my lord, for God's sake,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span> do not refuse to take the cup +from thy servant's hand, for indeed I am thy handmaid.' But I will not +speak to her, and she will press me, saying: 'Needs must thou drink +it,' and put it to my lips. Then I will shake my fist in her face and +spurn her with my foot thus." So saying, he gave a kick with his foot +and knocked over the tray of glass, which fell over to the ground, and +all that was in it was broken.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="KEEP_COOL" id="KEEP_COOL"></a>KEEP COOL</h2> + + +<p>There was once a man and he had three sons, and when he died they all +had to go out to seek a living. So the eldest went out first, leaving +his two brothers at home, and went to a neighbouring farmer to try and +get work from him.</p> + +<p>"Well, well, my man," said the farmer, "I can give you work but on +only one condition."</p> + +<p>"What is that?"</p> + +<p>"I cannot abear any high talk on my farm. You must keep cool and not +lose your temper."</p> + +<p>"Oh, never bother about that," said the youngster, "I never lose my +temper, or scarcely ever."</p> + +<p>"Ah, but if you do," said the farmer, "I make it a condition that I +shall tear a strip of your skin from your nape to your waist; that +will make a pretty ribbon to tie around the throat of my dog there."</p> + +<p>"That doesn't suit me," was the reply. "So fare thee well, master, I +must try another place."</p> + +<p>"Keep cool, keep cool," said the farmer. "I am a just man; what's good +for the man I consider good for the master. So if I should lose my +temper<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span> I am quite willing that you should take the ribbon of flesh +from my back."</p> + +<p>"Oh, if that's so," said the youngster, "I'll agree to stay. But we +must have it in black and white."</p> + +<p>So they sent for the notary and wrote it all down that if either lost +his temper he should also lose a strip of skin from his back. But the +eldest son had not been in the house a week when the master gave him +so hard a task that he lost his temper and had to give up a strip of +skin from his back. So he went home and told his brothers about it.</p> + +<p>Well, the brothers were savage at hearing what he had suffered. And +the second son went to the same man in the hope of getting revenge for +his brother. But the same thing happened to him, and he had to come +with a strip of skin from his back like his elder brother.</p> + +<p>Now the third son, whose name was Jack, made up his mind he wouldn't +be done like the other two. And he went to the man and he engaged +himself to serve him for the same wage but on the same conditions that +his two brothers had done.</p> + +<p>The very first morning that Jack had to go out to work his master gave +him a piece of dry bread and told him to mind the sheep.</p> + +<p>"Is this all I'm to get to eat?" said Jack.</p> + +<p>"Why, yes," said the master; "there'll be supper when you come home."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span></p> + +<p>Jack was going to complain when his master called out to him, "Keep +cool, Jack, keep cool," and pointed to his back.</p> + +<p>So Jack swallowed his rage and went out into the field. But on his way +he met a man, to whom he sold one of the sheep for five shillings, and +went and bought enough to eat and drink for a whole week.</p> + +<p>When he got home that evening his master began to count the sheep, and +when he found one was missing, he said to Jack:</p> + +<p>"You've let one of the sheep run away."</p> + +<p>"No, no, sir," said Jack, "I sold him to a man passing along."</p> + +<p>"You shouldn't have done that without my telling you; but where's the +money?"</p> + +<p>"Oh, with the money," said Jack, "I went and bought me some eats." And +he showed him what he had bought.</p> + +<p>The master was going to fly in a rage, but Jack said to him: "Keep +cool, master, keep cool," and pointed to his back. So he remembered +and said nothing more.</p> + +<p>The next day Jack was ordered to take the pigs to market to sell them, +and after he had cut off all their tails he sold them and pocketed the +money; and then he went to a marsh near the farm and planted all the +tails in the marsh.</p> + +<p>When he got home the master asked him if he had sold the pigs.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span></p> + +<p>He said: "No, they all rushed into the marsh at the foot of the +valley."</p> + +<p>"I don't believe you," said the master, and was going to get into a +rage when Jack said to him:</p> + +<p>"Keep cool, master, keep cool."</p> + +<p>So he went with Jack to the marsh, and when he saw the pigs' tails all +peeping out the marsh he went and plucked one of them out of the +ground, and Jack said:</p> + +<p>"There, you've torn the tail from the poor pig's back."</p> + +<p>Then the master was going to get into a rage again but Jack said: +"Keep cool, master, keep cool," and pointed to his back.</p> + +<p>Next day the master didn't like sending Jack out with the animals or +else he might sell them to get some dinner. So he said to him:</p> + +<p>"Jack, I want you today to clean the horses and the stable within and +without."</p> + +<p>"Very well, master," said Jack, and went to the stable; and he +whitewashed it within and he whitewashed it without. Then he went to +the horses and killed them and took out their insides and cleaned them +within; and then he washed their skins.</p> + +<p>In the evening the master came to see how Jack had got on with his +work and was delighted to find the stable looking so clean.</p> + +<p>"But where are the horses?" he said; and Jack pointed to them lying +dead on their backs.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span></p> + +<p>"Why, what have you done?" said the master.</p> + +<p>"You told me to clean them within and without and how could I clean +them within without killing them?" said Jack.</p> + +<p>Then the master was just going to fly into a rage, when Jack said to +him: "Keep cool, master, keep cool," and pointed to his back.</p> + +<p>So next day the master had sent Jack out with the sheep, but so that +he should not sell any of them to get money for his lunch he sent his +wife with them telling her to watch Jack from behind a bush, and if he +tried to sell any of the sheep to stop him. But Jack saw her and +didn't say anything or try and sell any of the sheep.</p> + +<p>But next day, when he went out with them, he took with him his gun, +and when the farmer's wife got behind the bush to watch him, he called +out: "Ah, wolf, I see you," and fired his gun at her and hit her in +the leg. She screamed out, and the master came running up and said:</p> + +<p>"What's this, Jack, what's this?"</p> + +<p>Then Jack said: "Why, master, I thought that was a wolf and I shot my +gun at it and it turned out to be the missus."</p> + +<p>"How dare you, you scoundrel, shoot my wife!" cried out the master.</p> + +<p>"Don't be in a rage, master, don't be in a rage," said Jack.</p> + +<p>"Anybody would be in a rage if his wife was shot," said the master.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span></p> + +<p>"Well, then," said Jack, "I'll have that strip off your back." And as +there were witnesses present the master had to let Jack take a strip +of skin from his back.</p> + +<p>And with that he went home to his brothers.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="picture_28" id="picture_28"></a> +<img src="images/image_030.jpg" width="600" height="513" alt="The Pig's Tail" title="" /> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="picture_29" id="picture_29"></a> +<img src="images/image_031.jpg" width="600" height="578" alt="The Dummy" title="" /> +</div> +<h2><a name="THE_MASTER_THIEF" id="THE_MASTER_THIEF"></a>THE MASTER THIEF</h2> + + +<p>There was once a farmer who had a son named Will, and he sent him out +in the world to learn a trade and seek his fortune. Now he hadn't gone +far when he was stopped by a band of robbers who called out to him:</p> + +<p>"Your purse or your life!"</p> + +<p>And he gave them his purse and said: "That is an easy way of getting +money, I'd like to be a robber myself."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span></p> + +<p>So they agreed to take him into their band if he could show he was +able to do a robber's work. And the first person who went through the +wood again they sent Will to see if he could rob him. So he went up to +the man and said to him:</p> + +<p>"Your purse or your life!"</p> + +<p>The man gave him his purse, whereupon Will took all the money out of +it and gave it back to the man and took the purse back to the robbers, +who said:</p> + +<p>"Well, what luck?"</p> + +<p>"Oh, I got his purse from him quite easily; here it is."</p> + +<p>"Well, what about the money?" said they.</p> + +<p>"Well, that I gave back to him. You only asked me to say, 'Your purse +or your life.'"</p> + +<p>At that the robbers roared with laughter and said: "You'll never be a +thief."</p> + +<p>Will was quite ashamed of making such a fool of himself and determined +he would do better next time.</p> + +<p>So one day he saw two farmers driving a herd of cattle to market, and +told the robbers that he knew a way to take the cattle from them +without fighting for them.</p> + +<p>"If you do that," said they, "you will be a Master Thief."</p> + +<p>Then Will went a little way ahead of the robbers with a stout cord, +which he tied under his armpits and then fixed himself upon a branch +of a tree over the road so that it looked as if he had been hanged.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span></p> + +<p>When the farmers came with their cattle they said: "There's one of the +robbers hung up for an example," and drove their cattle on farther.</p> + +<p>Then Will got down, and running across a bypath got again in front of +the farmers and hung himself up as before on a tree by the side of the +road.</p> + +<p>When the farmers came up to him one of them said: "Goodness gracious +me, why there's the same robber hanged up here again."</p> + +<p>"Oh, that's not the same robber," said the other.</p> + +<p>"Yes, it is," said the first, "for I noticed he had a white horn +button on his coat, and see, there it is. It must be the same man."</p> + +<p>"How could that be?" said the other. "We left that one hanging up dead +half a mile back."</p> + +<p>"I am sure it is."</p> + +<p>"I am certain it isn't."</p> + +<p>"Well, give a good look at him, and we'll go back and see if it isn't +the same."</p> + +<p>So the farmers went back to look, and Will took their cattle and drove +them back to the robbers, who agreed that he was a Master Thief.</p> + +<p>He stopped with them for several years and made much money, and then +drove back in a carriage and pair to his father's farm.</p> + +<p>When he came there his father came to the carriage and bowed to him +and asked him, "What is your pleasure, sir?"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span></p> + +<p>"Oh, I want to make some inquiries about a young fellow named William +who used to be on this farm. What has become of him?"</p> + +<p>"Oh, I don't know; he was my son and I have not heard from him for +many years; I am afraid he has come to no good."</p> + +<p>"Look at me closely and see if you see any resemblance to him."</p> + +<p>Then the farmer recognized Will and took him into the farmhouse and +called Will's mother to come and welcome him back.</p> + +<p>"So, Will, you've come back in a carriage and pair," said she. "How +have you earnt so much money?"</p> + +<p>So Will told his mother that he had become a Master Thief but begged +her not to mention it to any one, but to tell them that he had been an +explorer and had found gold.</p> + +<p>Well, the very next day a neighbouring gossip called in upon Will's +mother and asked her to tell her the news about Will and what he had +been doing.</p> + +<p>So she said: "Oh, Will has been an exploiter, I mean explorer, but he +really was a Master Thief. But you mustn't tell anybody; you'll +promise, won't you?"</p> + +<p>So the gossip promised, but of course the moment she got home she told +all about Will being a Master Thief.</p> + +<p>Now the lord of the village soon heard of this,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span> and he called Will up +to him and said: "I hear you are a Master Thief. You know that you +deserve death for that. But if you can prove that you are really a +master in your thievery I will let you go free. First let us see +whether you can steal my horse out of my stable to-night."</p> + +<p>To prevent his horse being stolen, the lord ordered it to be saddled +and put a stable boy on it, telling him to stop there all night.</p> + +<p>Will took two flasks of brandy into one of which he had poured a drug, +and dressing himself as an old woman he went to the lord's stable late +at night and asked to rest there as it was so cold and she was so +tired.</p> + +<p>The stable boy pointed to some straw in the corner and told the woman +she might rest there for a time.</p> + +<p>When she sat down she took one of the brandy flasks out of her pocket +and drank it off, saying, "Ah, that warms one! Would you like to have +a drink?"</p> + +<p>And when the stable boy said "Yes," Will gave him the other flask, and +as soon as he had drunk it he fell dead asleep.</p> + +<p>So Will lifted him off of the horse and put him on the cross-bar of +the stable as if he were riding, and then he got on the horse and rode +away.</p> + +<p>In the morning the lord went down to the stable and there he saw the +stable boy riding the cross-bar and his horse gone.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span></p> + +<p>Then Will rode up to the stable on the lord's horse and said: "Am I +not a Master Thief?"</p> + +<p>"Oh, stealing my horse was not so hard. Let us see if you can steal +the sheet from off my bed to-night. But, look out, if you come near my +bedroom I shall shoot you."</p> + +<p>That night Will took a dummy man and propped it up on a ladder, which +he put up to the lord's bedroom.</p> + +<p>And when the lord saw the dummy coming in at the window he shot his +pistol at it and it fell down. He rushed downstairs and out into the +open air looking to see if he had shot Will.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile Will went up to the lord's bedroom and, speaking in the +lord's voice, said to his wife: "Give me the sheet, my dear, to wrap +the body of that poor Master Thief in."</p> + +<p>So she gave him the sheet and he went away.</p> + +<p>Next morning Will brought up the sheet to the lord, who said: "That +was a good trick, I must confess. But if you want really to prove that +you are a Master Thief bring to me the priest in a bag, and then I +will own your mastery."</p> + +<p>So that night Will took a number of crabs and tied candle ends upon +them, and taking them to the cemetery lit the candle ends and let them +loose.</p> + +<p>When the priest of the village saw these lights moving over the +cemetery he came to the door and watched them and called out:</p> + +<p>"What is that?"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span></p> + +<p>Now Will had dressed himself up like an angel.</p> + +<p>"It is the last day of judgment, and I have come for thee, Father +Lawrence, to carry thee to heaven. Come within this bag, and in a +short time thou wilt be in thine appointed place."</p> + +<p>So Father Lawrence crept within the bag, and Will dragged him along, +and when he bumped against the ground Father Lawrence said:</p> + +<p>"Oh, we must be going through purgatory."</p> + +<p>And then Will took him to the hen-coops and threw him in among the +chickens and ducks and geese, and Father Lawrence said:</p> + +<p>"We must be getting near the angels for I hear the rustling of their +wings."</p> + +<p>So Will went up to the lord's house and made him come down to the +hen-coops and there showed him the priest in the bag, and the lord +said:</p> + +<p>"I do not know how you do these things. I cannot tell if you are +really a Master Thief unless you take my horse from under me. If you +can do that I will call you the Master of all Master Thieves."</p> + +<p>Well, next day, Will dressed himself up as an old woman, and taking a +cart with an old horse put in it a cask of beer, and then went driving +along with his thumb in the bunghole.</p> + +<p>Soon after he met the lord on horseback who asked him if he had seen a +man like Will lurking about there in the forest.</p> + +<p>"I think I have," said Will, "and could bring<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span> him to you if you +wanted. But I can't leave this cask before the taps come out; I have +to keep my thumb in the bunghole."</p> + +<p>"Oh, I will do that," said the lord, "if you will only go and get that +man. Take my horse and run him down."</p> + +<p>So Will got on the lord's horse and rode off, leaving the nobleman +with his thumb in the bunghole. He waited and he waited and he waited +till at last he drove in the cart back to his house, and there he saw +no less a person than Will himself riding his horse.</p> + +<p>Then the noble said unto Will: "You are indeed a Master Thief. Go your +way in peace."</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="picture_30" id="picture_30"></a> +<img src="images/image_032.jpg" width="600" height="636" alt="Anima Goes down the Hole" title="" /> +</div> +<h2><a name="THE_UNSEEN_BRIDEGROOM" id="THE_UNSEEN_BRIDEGROOM"></a>THE UNSEEN BRIDEGROOM</h2> + + +<p>Once upon a time there was a king and queen, as many a one has been, +and they had three daughters, all of them beautiful; but the most +beautiful of all was the youngest whose name was Anima. Now it +happened one day that all three sisters were playing in the meadows, +and Anima saw a bush with lovely flowers. As she wished to carry it +home to plant in her own garden<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span> she plucked at the root and plucked +and plucked again. At last it gave way, and she saw beneath it a +stairway going down farther into the earth. Being a brave girl and +very curious as to where this could lead to, without calling her +sisters, she crept down the stairs for a long, long way, till at last +she came out into the open air again in a country which she had never +seen before, and not far away, in front of her, she saw a magnificent +palace.</p> + +<p>Anima ran towards it, and when she came to the door she knocked at the +knocker and it opened without anybody being there. So she went in and +found all inside richly bedecked with marble walls and rich trappings; +and, as she went along, lovely music broke out and came with her +wherever she went. At last she came to a room with cosy couches, and +she threw herself into one because she was tired with her searching. +Scarcely had she done so, when there appeared a table coming towards +her on wheels, without anybody moving it, and upon the table were +delightful fruits and cakes and cool drinks of all kinds. So Anima +took as much as she needed and fell into slumber and did not awake +till it was getting dark. And then appeared through the air two large +candlesticks, each with three candles in them; and they swam through +the air and settled upon the tables near her, so that she had plenty +of light. But she cried out: "Oh, I must go back to my father and +mother; how shall I go? How shall I go?"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span></p> + +<p>Then a sweet voice near her spoke out and said: "Abide with me and be +my bride, and thou shalt have all thy heart desires."</p> + +<p>But Anima cried out in fear and trembling: "But who art thou? Who art +thou? Come forth and let me see thee."</p> + +<p>But the voice replied: "Nay, nay, that is forbidden. Never must thou +look upon my face or we must part, for my mother, the Queen, wishes +not that I should wed."</p> + +<p>So sweet was his voice and so lonely did Anima feel, that she +consented to become his bride, and they lived happily together, though +he never came near her till all was dark, so that she could not see +him. But after a time Anima became weary even with all these +splendours and happiness, and wished to see her own people again, and +said to her husband:</p> + +<p>"Please may I go home and see my father and my mother and my dear +sisters?"</p> + +<p>"Nay, nay, child," said the voice of her husband, "ill will come of it +if thou seest them again, and thou and I must part."</p> + +<p>But she kept on begging him to let her return to her people for a +visit, or at least to let them come and see her, till at last he +consented and sent a message to her father and mother and sisters, +asking them to come and spend some days with her, at a time when he +himself would have to be absent.</p> + +<p>So the King and Queen and Anima's two sisters<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span> came and wondered at +the splendours of her new home, and, above all, was surprised to find +that they were waited on by invisible hands, who did all for them that +they could wish for. But Anima's sisters soon became both curious and +envious; they could not guess who or what her husband was, and envied +her having so wonderful a household.</p> + +<p>So one of them said to her: "But Anima, how marry a man without ever +seeing him? There must be some reason why he will not show himself; +perhaps he is deformed, or maybe he is some beast transformed."</p> + +<p>But Anima laughed and said: "He is no beast, that I am sure; and see +how kind he is to me. I do not care if he is not as handsome as he +does."</p> + +<p>Still the sisters kept on insisting that there must be something wrong +where there was something concealed, and at last they got their mother +the Queen to say to her as she was leaving: "Now, Anima, I think it +right to know who and what thy husband is. Wait till he is asleep and +light a lamp, and then see what he is."</p> + +<p>Soon after this they all departed. And the same night her husband came +to Anima again, but she had already prepared a lamp of oil with a +spark of fire ready to kindle it. And when she heard him sleeping by +her side she lit the candle and looked at him. She was delighted to +find that he was most handsome, with a strong and well-made body. But +as she was looking at him her hand trembled with delight and three +drops of oil fell upon his cheek from the lamp she was holding. Then +he woke up and saw her, and knew that she had broken her promise, and +said:</p> + +<p>"Oh, Anima, oh, Anima, why hast thou done this? Here we part until +thou canst persuade my mother the Queen to let thee see me again."</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="picture_31" id="picture_31"></a> +<img src="images/image_033.jpg" width="500" height="676" alt="The Lamp" title="" /> +</div> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span></p> +<p>With that came a rumbling of thunder and her lamp went out, and Anima +fell to the ground in a swoon. And when she awoke the palace had +disappeared and she was on a bleak, bleak moor. She walked and she +walked till she came to a house by the wayside where an old woman +received her and gave her something to eat and drink, and then asked +Anima how she came there. So Anima told all that had happened to her, +and the old woman said:</p> + +<p>"Thou hast married my nephew, my sister's son, and I fear she will +never forgive thee. But pluck up courage, go to her and demand thy +husband, and she'll have to give him up to thee if thou canst do all +that she demands from thee. Take this twig; if she asks what I think +she will ask, strike it on the ground thrice and help will come to +thee."</p> + +<p>Then she told Anima the way to her husband's mother, and, as it was +far distant, gave her directions where she could find another sister +of hers who might help her. So she came to another house along the way +where she saw another old woman, to whom she told her story, and this +old woman,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span> the Queen's sister, gave her a raven's feather and told +her how to use it.</p> + +<p>At last Anima came to the palace of the Queen, the mother of her +invisible husband, and when she came into her presence demanded to see +him.</p> + +<p>"What, thou low-born mortal," cried the Queen; "how didst thou dare to +wed my son?"</p> + +<p>"It was his choice," said Anima, "and I am now his wife. Surely you +will let me see him once more."</p> + +<p>"Well," said the Queen, "if thou canst do what I demand of thee thou +shalt see my son again. And first go into that barn where my stupid +stewards have poured together all the wheat and oats and rice into one +great heap. If by nightfall thou canst separate them into three heaps +perhaps I may grant thy request."</p> + +<p>So Anima was led to the great barn of the Queen and there was a huge +heap of grain all mixed together, and she was left alone, and the barn +was closed upon her. Then she bethought herself of the twig that the +Queen's sister had given her, and she struck it thrice upon the +ground, whereupon thousands of ants came out of the ground and began +to work upon the heap of grain, some of them taking the wheat to one +corner, some the oats to another, and the rest carrying off the grains +of rice to a third. By nightfall all the grain had been separated, and +when the Queen came to let out Anima she found the task had been +done.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span></p> + +<p>"Thou hast had help," she cried; "we'll see to-morrow if thou canst do +something by thyself."</p> + +<p>Next day the Queen took her into a large loft at the top of the palace +almost filled with feathers of geese, of eider ducks, and of swans, +and from her cupboard she took twelve mattresses and said:</p> + +<p>"See these mattresses; by the end of the day thou must fill four of +them with swans' feathers, four of them with eider-down, and the rest +with feathers of geese. Do that and then we will see."</p> + +<p>With that she left Anima and closed and locked the door behind her. +And Anima remembered what the other Queen's sister had given her, and +took out the raven's feather and waved it thrice. Immediately birds, +and birds, and birds came flying through the windows, and each of them +picked out different kinds of feathers and placed them in the +mattresses, so that long before night the twelve mattresses were +filled as the Queen had ordered.</p> + +<p>Again at nightfall the Queen came in, and as soon as she saw that the +second task had been carried out, she said:</p> + +<p>"Again thou hast had help; to-morrow thou shalt have something to do +which thou alone canst carry out."</p> + +<p>Next day the Queen summoned her and gave her a small flask and a +letter and said to her:</p> + +<p>"Take these to my sister, the Queen of the Nether-World, and bring +back what she will give to thee safely, and then I may let thee see my +son."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span></p> + +<p>"How can I find your sister?" said Anima.</p> + +<p>"That thou must find for thyself," and left her.</p> + +<p>Poor Anima did not know which way to go, but as she walked along the +voice of some one invisible to her said softly:</p> + +<p>"Take with thee a copper coin and a loaf of bread and go down that +deep defile there till thou comest to a deep river and there thou wilt +see an old man ferrying people across the river. Put the coin between +your teeth and let him take it from you, and he will carry you across, +but speak not to him. Then, on the other side, thou wilt come to a +dark cave, and at the entrance is a savage dog; give him the loaf of +bread and he will let thee pass and thou wilt soon come to the Queen +of the Nether-World. Take what she gives thee, but beware lest thou +eat anything or sit down while thou art within the cave."</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="picture_32" id="picture_32"></a> +<img src="images/image_034.jpg" width="600" height="661" alt="The Dog" title="" /> +</div> + +<p>Anima recognized the voice of her husband and did all that he had told +her, till she came to the Queen of the Nether-World, who read the +letter she had handed to her. Then she offered Anima cake and wine, +but she refused, shaking her head, but saying nothing. Then the Queen +of the Nether-World gave her a curiously wrought box and said to her:</p> + +<p>"Take this, I pray thee, to my sister, but beware lest thou open it on +the way or ill may befall thee," and then dismissed her.</p> + +<p>Anima went back past the great dog and crossed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span> the dark river. When +she got into the forest beyond she could not resist the temptation to +open the box, and when she did so out jumped a number of little dolls, +which commenced dancing about in front of her and around her and +amused her much by their playful antics. But soon the night was coming +on, and she wanted to put them into the box, and they ran away and hid +behind the trees,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span> and Anima knew that she could not get them back. So +she sat down upon the ground and wept, and wept, and wept. But at last +she heard the voice of her husband once more, who said:</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="picture_33" id="picture_33"></a> +<img src="images/image_035.jpg" width="600" height="471" alt="The Casket" title="" /> +</div> + +<p>"See what thy curiosity has again brought upon thee; thou canst not +bring back the box to my mother just as my aunt the Queen of the +Nether-World has given it to you, and so we shall not see one another +again."</p> + +<p>But at this Anima burst out into weeping and wailing so piteously that +he took compassion on her and said:</p> + +<p>"See that golden bough on yonder tree; pluck<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span> it and strike the ground +three times with it and see what thou wilt see."</p> + +<p>Anima did as she had been told, and soon the little dolls came running +from behind the trees and jumped of their own accord into the box; and +she closed it quickly and took it back to the Queen, her husband's +mother.</p> + +<p>The Queen opened the box, and when she found all the little dolls were +in it laughed aloud and said:</p> + +<p>"I know who has helped thee; I cannot help myself; I suppose thou must +have my son."</p> + +<p>And as soon as she had said this Anima's husband appeared and took her +to him, and they lived happy ever afterwards.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="picture_34" id="picture_34"></a> +<img src="images/image_036.jpg" width="600" height="602" alt="The Master-Maid with the Glass Axe" title="" /> +</div> +<h2><a name="THE_MASTER-MAID" id="THE_MASTER-MAID"></a>THE MASTER-MAID</h2> + + +<p>There was once a king and a queen and they had a bonny boy whom they +loved beyond anything. Now when he was grown up into a fine young +prince, the King, his father, went a-hunting one day and lost his way +in the forest, and when he came through it he found a raging stream +between him and his palace. He did not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span> know how to get home, when +suddenly a huge giant came out of the forest and said:</p> + +<p>"What would you give if I carried you across?"</p> + +<p>"Anything, anything," said the King.</p> + +<p>"Will you give me the first thing that meets you as you come to the +palace gate?"</p> + +<p>The King thought for a while and then remembered that whenever he came +to the gate of the palace his favourite deerhound Bevis always came to +greet him. So, though he was sorry to lose him, he thought it was +worth while, and agreed with the giant.</p> + +<p>Thereupon the giant took the King upon his shoulders and wading across +the raging stream landed him on the farther bank and saying to him, +"Remember what you have promised," went back again to the other side.</p> + +<p>The King soon found his way towards the palace, but as he came to the +palace gate it happened that his son Prince Edgar was standing there, +and before Bevis the hound could dash out to greet his master, Prince +Edgar had rushed towards his father and caught him by the hand. The +King was rather startled but thought to himself:</p> + +<p>"Oh, how will the giant know who met me? After all I intended to give +him Bevis, and that's what I'll do when he comes."</p> + +<p>The next day the giant came to the castle gates and asked to see the +King, and when he was admitted to his presence he said:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span></p> + +<p>"I come for your promise."</p> + +<p>"Bring Bevis the hound," said the King to his attendants.</p> + +<p>But the giant said: "I want no hound; give me your Prince."</p> + +<p>The King was alarmed at finding that the giant knew who had met him; +but he told him that the Prince was away, but he would send and summon +him. Then he called his High Steward and told him to dress up the +herd-boy of the palace in some of the Prince's clothes. And when this +was done he gave him to the giant, who hoisted him on his shoulder and +strode off with him.</p> + +<p>When they had gone a little way along the herd-boy in the Prince's +suit called out:</p> + +<p>"Stop, stop, I am hungry; this is the time the herd rests and I have +my luncheon."</p> + +<p>Then the giant knew that he had been deceived and went back to the +King's palace and said to him:</p> + +<p>"Take your herd-boy and give me the Prince."</p> + +<p>The King was again startled to find that the giant had found out his +trick, but thought to himself:</p> + +<p>"Well, he didn't find out at once; we'll have another try," and +ordered his Steward to dress up the shepherd boy in the Prince's +clothes and give him to the giant.</p> + +<p>Again the giant strode off with the shepherd boy in Prince's clothes +upon his shoulder, and they had not gone far when the boy called out:</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="picture_35" id="picture_35"></a> +<img src="images/image_037.jpg" width="500" height="741" alt="The Prince wants his Lunch" title="" /> +</div> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span></p> +<p>"Stop, stop, it is time for lunch; this is when the sheep all rest."</p> + +<p>Then again the giant knew that he had been tricked and rushed back in +a rage to the King's palace and threw the shepherd boy to the ground +and called out:</p> + +<p>"Take your shepherd boy and give me the Prince you promised, or it +will be worse for you."</p> + +<p>This time the King dared not refuse and called Prince Edgar to him and +gave him to the giant, who seized him as before and put him on his +shoulder.</p> + +<p>After they had gone a little way, the Prince called out:</p> + +<p>"'Tis time to stop; this is the time I have always lunched with my +father the King and my mother the Queen."</p> + +<p>Then the giant knew that he had got the right Prince and took him home +to his castle. When he got him there he gave him his supper and told +him that he would have to work for him and that his first work would +be next day to clean out the stable.</p> + +<p>"That's not much," thought the Prince, and went to bed quite happy and +comfortable.</p> + +<p>Next day the giant took Edgar into the giant's stable, which was full +of straw and dirt and all huddled up, and pointing to a pitchfork +said:</p> + +<p>"Clear all of this straw out of this stable by to-night," and left him +to his task.</p> + +<p>The Prince thought this was an easy thing to do,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span> and before starting +went to get a drink at the well, and there he saw a most beautiful +maiden sitting by the well and knitting.</p> + +<p>"Who are you?" said she.</p> + +<p>And so he told her all that had happened and said:</p> + +<p>"At any rate I have an easy master; all he has given me to do is to +clear out the stable."</p> + +<p>"That is not so easy as you think," said the maid. "How are you going +to do it?"</p> + +<p>"With a pitchfork."</p> + +<p>"You will find that not so easy; if you try to use the pitchfork in +the ordinary way, the more you shove the more there will be; but turn +the pitchfork upside-down and push with the handle and all the straw +and stuff will run away from it."</p> + +<p>So Prince Edgar went back to the stable, and sure enough, when he +tried to push the straw with the fork it only grew more and more, but +if he turned the handle towards it the straw moved away from the fork +and so he soon cleared it out of the stable.</p> + +<p>When the giant came home the first thing he did was to go to the +stable; and when he saw it had all been cleared out he said to the +Prince:</p> + +<p>"Ah, you've been talking to my Master-Maid. Well, to-morrow you'll +have to cut down that clump of trees."</p> + +<p>"Very well, Master," said Prince Edgar, and thought that would not be +difficult.</p> + +<p>But next morning the giant gave him an axe<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span> made of glass and told him +that he must cut down every one of the trees before nightfall.</p> + +<p>When he had gone away, the Prince went to the Master-Maid and told her +what his task was.</p> + +<p>"You cannot do that with such an axe, but never mind, I can help you. +Sleep here in peace and when you wake up you will see what you will +see."</p> + +<p>So Prince Edgar trusted the Master-Maid and lay down and slept till +late in the afternoon, when he woke up and looked, and there were the +trees all felled and the Master-Maid was smiling by his side.</p> + +<p>"How did you do it?" he said.</p> + +<p>"That I may not say, but done it is, and that is all that you need +care for."</p> + +<p>When the giant came home, the first thing he did was to go to the +clump of trees and found, to his surprise, that they had all been +felled.</p> + +<p>"Ah, you've spoken to my Master-Maid," he said once more.</p> + +<p>"Who is she?" said the Prince.</p> + +<p>"You know well enough," said the giant. "But for her you could not +have cut down those trees with that glass axe."</p> + +<p>"I do not know what you mean," said the Prince. "But at any rate, +there you have your trees cut down, what more do you want?"</p> + +<p>"Well, well," grumbled the giant, "we'll see to-morrow whether you can +do what I tell you then," and would not say what his task should be +next day.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span></p> + +<p>When the morning came, the giant pointed to the tallest tree in the +forest near them, and said:</p> + +<p>"Do you see that birds' nest in the top of that tree? In it are six +eggs; you must climb up there and get all those eggs for me before +nightfall, and if one is broken woe betide you!"</p> + +<p>At that Prince Edgar did not feel so happy, for there were no branches +to the tree till very near the top, and it was as smooth, as smooth as +it could be, and he did not see how possibly he could reach the birds' +nest. But when the giant had gone out for the day he went at once to +the Master-Maid and told her of his new task.</p> + +<p>"That is the hardest of all," said the Master-Maid. "There is only one +way to do the task. You must cut me up into small pieces and take out +my bones, and out of the bones you must make a ladder, and with that +ladder you can reach the top."</p> + +<p>"That I will never do," said the Prince. "You've been so good to me, +shall I do you harm? Before that, I should suffer whatever punishment +the giant will give me for not carrying out the task."</p> + +<p>"But all will be well," said the Master-Maid. "As soon as you have +brought down the nest, all that you will have to do is to put the +bones together and sprinkle on them the water from this flask, and +then I shall be whole again just as before."</p> + +<p>After much persuasion the Prince agreed to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span> do what the Master-Maid +had told him, and made a ladder out of her bones and climbed up to the +top of the tree and took the birds' nest with the six eggs in it, and +then he put the bones together, but forgot to put one little bone in +its proper place.</p> + +<p>So when he had sprinkled the water over the bones the Master-Maid +stood up before him just as before, but the little finger of her left +hand was not there. She cried and said:</p> + +<p>"Ah, why did you not do what I told you—put all my bones together in +their place? You forgot my little finger; I shall never have one all +the days of my life."</p> + +<p>When the giant came home, he asked the Prince:</p> + +<p>"Where is the birds' nest?"</p> + +<p>And the Prince brought it to him with the eggs all safe within it. And +then the giant said:</p> + +<p>"Ah, you have spoken to my Master-Maid."</p> + +<p>"Whom do you mean by your Master-Maid?" said the Prince. "There are +your eggs, what more do you want?"</p> + +<p>But the giant said: "Well, as the Master-Maid has helped you so far +she can help you always. You shall marry her today and sleep in my own +four-poster."</p> + +<p>The Prince was well content with that arrangement and went and sought +the Master-Maid and told her what the giant had said.</p> + +<p>The Master-Maid wept and said: "You know not what he means. His +four-poster rolls up and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span> would crush us and we would be dead before +the morning. Let me think, let me think."</p> + +<p>So the Master-Maid took an apple and divided it into six parts and put +two at the foot of the bed and two at the door of the room and two at +the foot of the stairs.</p> + +<p>When night came, the Master-Maid and her Prince went up into the room +with the four-poster, but as soon as it was dark crept down the stairs +and went out to the stable and chose two of the swiftest horses there +and rode away as quickly as they could.</p> + +<p>The giant waited for some time after they had gone upstairs and then +called out:</p> + +<p>"Are you asleep?"</p> + +<p>And the two apple shares near the bed called out:</p> + +<p>"Not yet, not yet!"</p> + +<p>So after waiting some time he called out again:</p> + +<p>"Are you asleep?"</p> + +<p>And the apple shares at the door called out:</p> + +<p>"Not yet, not yet!"</p> + +<p>And still a third time the giant called out:</p> + +<p>"Are you asleep?"</p> + +<p>And the apple shares on the stairs replied:</p> + +<p>"Not yet, not yet!"</p> + +<p>Then the giant knew that the voice was outside the bedroom, and rushed +up to find Edgar and his bride, but found they were gone. He rushed to +the stable and chose his great horse Dapplegrim and rode after Prince +Edgar and the Master-Maid.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span></p> + +<p>They had gone on a good way in front; but after a time they heard the +trampling of the hoofs of the great horse Dapplegrim, and the +Master-Maid said to Prince Edgar:</p> + +<p>"That is the giant; he will soon overtake us if we do not do +something." And she jumped off her horse and bade Prince Edgar do the +same.</p> + +<p>Then the Master-Maid took three twigs and threw them behind her with +magic spells; and they grew and they grew and they grew, till they +became a huge thick forest. And the Master-Maid and Edgar jumped upon +their horses again and rode away as fast as they could.</p> + +<p>But the giant, as soon as he came to the forest, had to take his axe +from his side and hew his way through the thick trees, so that Edgar +and the Master-Maid got far ahead. But soon they heard once more the +trampling of Dapplegrim close behind them; and the Master-Maid took +the glass axe that the giant had given Edgar on the second day, and +threw it behind her with magic spells. And a huge glass mountain rose +behind them, so that the giant had to stop and split his way through +the glass mountain.</p> + +<p>Edgar and the Master-Maid rode on at full speed, but once again they +heard Dapplegrim trampling behind them, and the Master-Maid took the +flask of water from her side and cast it down back of her, and out of +it gushed a huge stream.</p> + +<p>When the giant came up to the stream and tried<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span> to make Dapplegrim +swim through it he would not; and then he lay down on the bank of the +stream and commenced to drink up as much of it as he could. And he +drank and he drank and he drank, till at last he swallowed so much +that he burst; and that was the end of the giant.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="picture_36" id="picture_36"></a> +<img src="images/image_038.jpg" width="600" height="556" alt="The Giant Tries to Drink the Stream" title="" /> +</div> + +<p>Meanwhile Edgar and the Master-Maid had ridden on fast and furious +till they came near where the palace of the King, Edgar's father, +could be seen in the far distance. And Edgar said:</p> + +<p>"Let me go on first and tell my father and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span> mother all that you have +done for me, and they will welcome you as their daughter."</p> + +<p>The Master-Maid shook her head sadly and said:</p> + +<p>"Do as you will, but beware lest any one kiss you before you see me +again."</p> + +<p>"I want no kisses from any one but you," said Prince Edgar, and +leaving her in a hut by the roadside he went on to greet the King and +Queen.</p> + +<p>When he got to the palace gate everybody was astonished to see him, as +they had all thought he had been destroyed by the giant. And when they +took him to the Queen, his mother, she rushed to him and kissed him +before he could say nay.</p> + +<p>No sooner had his mother kissed him than all memory of the Master-Maid +disappeared from his mind. And when he told his mother and his father +what he had done in the giant's castle and how he had escaped, he said +nothing of the help given him by the Master-Maid.</p> + +<p>Soon afterwards the King and the Queen arranged for the marriage of +Prince Edgar with a great Princess from a neighbouring country. And +she was brought home with great pomp and ceremony to the King's +palace. And one day after her marriage, when she was out, she passed +by the hut in which the Master-Maid was dwelling.</p> + +<p>Now the Master-Maid had put on that day a beautiful dress of rich +silk, and when the Prince's wife saw it she went to the Master-Maid +and said:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span></p> + +<p>"I should like that dress. Will you not sell it to me?"</p> + +<p>"Yes," said the Master-Maid, "but at a price you are not likely to +give."</p> + +<p>"What do you want for it?" said the Princess.</p> + +<p>"I want to spend one night in the room of your bridegroom, Prince +Edgar."</p> + +<p>At first the Princess would not think of such a thing; but after +thinking the matter over she thought of a plan, and said:</p> + +<p>"Well, you shall have your wish," and took away with her the silken +dress.</p> + +<p>But at night, when the Master-Maid came to the palace and claimed her +promise, the Princess put a sleep-giving drug in Edgar's cup.</p> + +<p>When the Master-Maid came into Edgar's room she bent over his bed and +cried:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"I cleaned the byre for thee,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I swung the axe for thee,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And now thou'lt not speak to me."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>But still Edgar slept on, and in the morning the Master-Maid had to +leave without speaking to him.</p> + +<p>Next day, when the Princess went out to see what the Master-Maid had +been doing, she found her dressed in a rich silver dress, and said to +her:</p> + +<p>"Will you sell that dress to me?"</p> + +<p>And the Master-Maid said, "Yes, at a price."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span></p> + +<p>Then the Princess said, "What price?"</p> + +<p>"One night in Edgar's room," replied the Master-Maid.</p> + +<p>The Princess knew what had happened the night before, so she agreed to +let the Master-Maid pass still another night with her bridegroom. But +all happened as before; and when the Master-Maid came into the room +she bent over Edgar, lying upon the bed, and called out:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"I gave my bones for thee,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I shared the apples for thee,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And yet thou'lt not speak to me";<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>and had to leave him as before, without his waking up.</p> + +<p>But this time Prince Edgar had heard something of what she said in his +sleep. And when he woke up he asked his chamberlain what had happened +during the night. And he told the Prince that for two nights running a +maiden had been in his room and sung to him, but he had not answered.</p> + +<p>Next day the Princess sought out the Master-Maid as before. And this +time she was dressed in a dress of shining gold; and for that the +Princess agreed to let her spend one more night in the Prince's room.</p> + +<p>But this time the Prince, guessing what had happened, threw away the +wine-cup, in which the Princess had placed the sleeping draught, and +lay<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span> awake on his bed when the Master-Maid came in. She bent over him +and cried:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"I grew the forest for thee,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I made the glass mount for thee,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">For thee a stream flowed from my magic flask,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And yet thou'lt not wake and speak to me."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>But this time Prince Edgar rose up in bed and recognized the +Master-Maid, and called in his father and his mother and told them all +that had happened, which had now come back to him.</p> + +<p>So the Princess was sent back to her home, and Edgar married the +Master-Maid and lived happy ever afterwards.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="picture_37" id="picture_37"></a> +<img src="images/image_039.jpg" width="600" height="679" alt="The Visitor" title="" /> +</div> +<h2><a name="A_VISITOR_FROM_PARADISE" id="A_VISITOR_FROM_PARADISE"></a>A VISITOR FROM PARADISE</h2> + + +<p>There was once a woman, good but simple, who had been twice married. +One day when her husband was in the field—of course that was her +second husband, you know—a weary tramp came trudging by her door and +asked for a drink of water. When she gave it to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span> him, being rather a +gossip, she asked where he came from.</p> + +<p>"From Paris," said the man.</p> + +<p>The woman was a little bit deaf, and thought the man said from +Paradise.</p> + +<p>"From Paradise! Did you meet there my poor dear husband, Lord rest his +soul?"</p> + +<p>"What was his name?" asked the man.</p> + +<p>"Why, John Goody, of course," said the woman. "Did you know him in +Paradise?"</p> + +<p>"What, John Goody!" said the man. "Him and me was as thick as +thieves."</p> + +<p>"Does he want for anything?" said the woman. "I suppose up in Paradise +you get all you want."</p> + +<p>"All we want! Why, look at me," said the man pointing to his rags and +tatters. "They treat some of us right shabby up there."</p> + +<p>"Dear me, that's bad. Are you likely to go back?"</p> + +<p>"Go back to Paradise, marm; I should say! We have to be in every night +at ten."</p> + +<p>"Well, perhaps you wouldn't mind taking back some things for my poor +old John," said the woman.</p> + +<p>"In course, marm, delighted to help my old chum John."</p> + +<p>So the woman went indoors and got a big pile of clothes and a long +pipe and three bottles of beer, and a beer jug, and gave them to the +man.</p> + +<p>"But," he said, "please marm, I can't carry all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span> these by my own self. +Ain't you got a horse or a donkey that I can take along with me to +carry them? I'll bring them back to-morrow."</p> + +<p>Then the woman said, "There's our old Dobbin in the stable; I can't +lend you mare Juniper cos my husband's ploughing with her just now."</p> + +<p>"Ah, well, Dobbin'll do as its only till to-morrow."</p> + +<p>So the woman got out Dobbin and saddled him, and the man took the +clothes and the beer and the pipe and rode off with them.</p> + +<p>Shortly afterwards her husband came home and said,</p> + +<p>"What's become of Dobbin? He's not in the stable."</p> + +<p>So his wife told him all that had happened. And he said,</p> + +<p>"I don't like that. How do we know that he is going to Paradise? And +how do we know that he'll bring Dobbin back to-morrow? I'll saddle +Juniper and get the things back. Which way did he go?"</p> + +<p>So he saddled Juniper and rode after the man, who saw him coming afar +off and guessed what had happened. So he got off from Dobbin and drove +him into a clump of trees near the roadside, and then went and laid +down on his back and looked up to the sky.</p> + +<p>When the farmer came up to him he got down from Juniper and said, +"What are you doing there?"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span></p> + +<p>"Oh, such a funny thing," said the man; "a fellow came along here on a +horse with some clothes and things, and when he got to the top of the +hill here he simply gave a shout and the horse went right up into the +sky; and I was watching him when you came up."</p> + +<p>"Oh, it's all right then," said the farmer. "He's gone to Paradise, +sure enough," and went back to his wife.</p> + +<p>Next day they waited, and they waited for the man to bring back +Dobbin; but he didn't come that day nor the next day, nor the next. So +the farmer said to his wife,</p> + +<p>"My dear, we've been done. But I'll find that man if I have to trudge +through the whole kingdom. And you must come with me, as you know +him."</p> + +<p>"But what shall we do with the house?" said the wife. "You know there +have been robbers around here, and while we are away they'll come and +take my best chiny."</p> + +<p>"Oh, that's all right," said the farmer. "He who minds the door minds +the house. So we'll take the door with us and then they can't get in."</p> + +<p>So he took the door off its hinges and put it on his back and they +went along to find the man from Paradise. So they went along, and they +went along, and they went along till night came, and they didn't know +what to do for shelter. So the man said,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span></p> + +<p>"That's a comfortable tree there; let us roost in the branches like +the birds." So they took the door up with them and laid down to sleep +on it as comfortable, as comfortable can be.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="picture_38" id="picture_38"></a> +<img src="images/image_040.jpg" width="600" height="629" alt="Up the Tree" title="" /> +</div> + +<p>Now it happened that a band of robbers had just broken into a castle +near by and taken out a great lot of plunder; and they came under the +very tree to divide it. And when they began to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span> settle how much each +should have they began to quarrel and woke up the farmer and his wife. +They were so frightened when they heard the robbers underneath them +that they tried to get up farther into the tree, and in doing so let +the door fall down right on the robbers' heads.</p> + +<p>"The heavens are falling," cried the robbers, who were so frightened +that they all rushed away. And the farmer and his wife came down from +the tree and collected all the booty and went home and lived happy +ever afterwards.</p> + +<p>It was and it was not.</p> + + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="picture_39" id="picture_39"></a> +<img src="images/image_041.jpg" width="600" height="505" alt="The Snake" title="" /> +</div> +<h2><a name="INSIDE_AGAIN" id="INSIDE_AGAIN"></a>INSIDE AGAIN</h2> + + +<p>A man was walking through the forest one day when he saw a funny black +thing like a whip wriggling about under a big stone. He was curious to +know what it all meant. So he lifted up the stone and found there a +huge black snake.</p> + +<p>"That's well," said the snake. "I have been trying to get out for two +days, and, Oh, how hungry I am. I must have something to eat, and +there is nobody around, so I must eat you."</p> + +<p>"But that wouldn't be fair," said the man with a trembling voice. "But +for me you would never have come out from under the stone."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span></p> + +<p>"I do not care for that," said the snake. "Self-preservation is the +first law of life; you ask anybody if that isn't so."</p> + +<p>"Any one will tell you," said the man, "that gratitude is a person's +first duty, and surely you owe me thanks for saving your life."</p> + +<p>"But you haven't saved my life, if I am to die of hunger," said the +snake.</p> + +<p>"Oh yes, I have," said the man; "all you have to do is to wait till +you find something to eat."</p> + +<p>"Meanwhile I shall die, and what's the use of being saved!"</p> + +<p>So they disputed and they disputed whether the case was to be decided +by the claims of gratitude or the rights of self-preservation, till +they did not know what to do.</p> + +<p>"I tell you what I'll do," said the snake, "I'll let the first +passer-by decide which is right."</p> + +<p>"But I can't let my life depend upon the word of the first comer."</p> + +<p>"Well, we'll ask the first two that pass by."</p> + +<p>"Perhaps they won't agree," said the man; "what are we to do then? We +shall be as badly off as we are now."</p> + +<p>"Ah, well," said the snake, "let it be the first three. In all law +courts it takes three judges to make a session. We'll follow the +majority of votes."</p> + +<p>So they waited till at last there came along an old, old horse. And +they put the case to him, whether gratitude should ward off death.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span></p> + +<p>"I don't see why it should," said the horse. "Here have I been slaving +for my master for the last fifteen years, till I am thoroughly worn +out, and only this morning I heard him say, 'Roger'—that's my +name—'is no use to me any longer; I shall have to send him to the +knacker's and get a few pence for his hide and his hoofs.' There's +gratitude for you."</p> + +<p>So the horse's vote was in favour of the snake. And they waited till +at last an old hound passed by limping on three legs, half blind with +scarcely any teeth. So they put the case to him.</p> + +<p>"Look at me," said he; "I have slaved for my master for ten years, and +this very day he has kicked me out of his house because I am no use to +him any longer, and he grudged me a few bones to eat. So far as I can +see nobody acts from gratitude."</p> + +<p>"Well," said the snake, "there's two votes for me. What's the use of +waiting for the third? he's sure to decide in my favour, and if he +doesn't it's two to one. Come here and I'll eat you!"</p> + +<p>"No, no," said the man, "a bargain's a bargain; perhaps the third +judge will be able to convince the other two and my life will be +saved."</p> + +<p>So they waited and they waited, till at last a fox came trotting +along; and they stopped him and explained to him both sides of the +case. He sat up and scratched his left ear with his hind paw, and +after a while he beckons the man to come near him. And when he did so +the fox whispered,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span></p> + +<p>"What will you give me if I get you out of this?"</p> + +<p>The man whispered back, "A pair of fat chickens."</p> + +<p>"Well," said the fox, "if I am to decide this case I must clearly +understand the situation. Let me see! If I comprehend aright, the man +was lying under the stone and the snake——"</p> + +<p>"No, no," cried out the horse and the hound and the snake. "It was the +other way."</p> + +<p>"Ah, ha, I see! The stone was rolling down and the man sat on it, and +then——"</p> + +<p>"Oh, how stupid you are," they all cried; "it wasn't that way at all."</p> + +<p>"Dear me, you are quite right. I am very stupid, but, really, you +haven't explained the case quite clearly to me."</p> + +<p>"I'll show you," said the snake, impatient from his long hunger; and +he twisted himself again under the stone and wriggled his tail till at +last the stone settled down upon him and he couldn't move out. "That's +the way it was."</p> + +<p>"And that's the way it will be," said the fox, and, taking the man's +arm, he walked off, followed by the horse and the hound. "And now for +my chickens."</p> + +<p>"I'll go and get them for you," said the man, and went up to his +house, which was near, and told his wife all about it.</p> + +<p>"But," she said, "why waste a pair of chickens on a foxy old fox! I +know what I'll do."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span></p> + +<p>So she went into the back yard and unloosed the dog and put it into a +meal-bag and gave it to the man, who took it down and gave it to the +fox, who trotted off with it to his den.</p> + +<p>But when he opened the bag out sprung the dog and gobbled him all up.</p> + +<p>There's gratitude for you.</p> + + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="picture_40" id="picture_40"></a> +<img src="images/image_042.jpg" width="600" height="496" alt="The Three Ravens" title="" /> +</div> +<h2><a name="JOHN_THE_TRUE" id="JOHN_THE_TRUE"></a>JOHN THE TRUE</h2> + + +<p>There was once a king who had long been unmarried. Now one day, going +through his palace, he came to a room that he had never opened before. +So he sent for the key and entered it, and opposite the door was the +picture of a most beautiful princess with skin white as snow and +cheeks red as blood and hair black as ebony. No sooner had he seen +this picture than he fell in love with it and asked who she was.</p> + +<p>His chamberlain said, "That is the Princess of the Golden Horde, with +which your Majesty's kingdom has been at war these last twenty years.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span> +Only three years ago, when your Majesty's father was alive, there was +some talk of peace and of betrothing you to her, and that was when her +portrait was sent here. But now the two kingdoms are at war and it +does not seem that peace will ever come."</p> + +<p>But though there was no hope of marrying her the King could not help +but think of the Princess of the Golden Horde, and thought and thought +till he became quite pale and sick with love for her. Now he had a +faithful servant, the son of his own nurse, and thus his +foster-brother, and he was so devoted to the King that everybody +called him John the True.</p> + +<p>When John the True saw his foster-brother pining away he went to him +and said:</p> + +<p>"What ails thee, Oh sire?" for he alone had the right of calling the +King "thou."</p> + +<p>Then said the King to John the True:</p> + +<p>"Come and I will show thee, John." And he took him to the closed +chamber and showed him the portrait and told him how he felt towards +the Princess of the Golden Horde.</p> + +<p>"Be of good cheer," said John the True; "I will go and fetch her for +thee."</p> + +<p>"How can that be?" said the King; "we are at war with the Golden +Horde, and they would never give her to be my bride."</p> + +<p>"Leave that to me," said John the True; "give me only a ship full of +merchandise and put in it a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span> complete set of furniture made all of +gold, and see if I do not bring the Princess back to thee."</p> + +<p>So the King did all that John the True demanded. And he sailed away +with the ship and its merchandise to the country of the Golden Horde. +And when he came there to the chief port he did not declare from what +country he was but sent up, as tribute to the King of the Golden +Horde, a beautiful chair all made of gold.</p> + +<p>Now when the King saw this he became curious about this merchant and +his wares, and came down with his Queen and the Princess to view the +rarities. And when he saw the set of furniture all made of gold he +asked John the True what its price was.</p> + +<p>But John said it was not for sale, but that he kept it to make gifts +of tribute to the kings whose realm he was visiting.</p> + +<p>But the Princess had set her heart upon one dressing-table all of +gold, with crystal mirrors and lovely fittings, and asked John if he +could not sell it to her.</p> + +<p>But John said, "No, that is kept for a special purpose, which I am not +allowed to tell."</p> + +<p>This aroused the curiosity of the Princess, and later on towards the +evening she came down with only one maid to see if she could not +persuade John to let her have the dressing-table.</p> + +<p>When she came on board John went to the captain and told him to set +sail as soon as the Princess went down into the cabin. And when she +came<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span> there he began telling her a long story, how that his master the +King had sent him to visit all the kingdoms of the earth, and that +this dressing-table was intended for the most beautiful princess whom +he should come across in his travels.</p> + +<p>And then the Princess wanted to know whether he would have to finish +his travels before giving the table, and what the King expected from +the Princess.</p> + +<p>John told her that everything was left to him and that, when he found +a princess with skin as white as snow, and cheeks as red as blood, and +hair as black as ebony, he was to present the table to her.</p> + +<p>Then the Princess looked in the mirror and said:</p> + +<p>"Have I not skin as white as snow, and cheeks as red as blood, and +hair as black as ebony? Then give me the table."</p> + +<p>But just then she began to feel the motion of the ship and knew that +it was sailing away, and commenced to shriek and cry. But John told +her all that had happened, and how that he had come only for her, and +that his foster-brother the King was dying for love of her, and could +not come himself because the two countries were at war. So at last the +Princess became content, and they sailed on and on towards the country +of John the True.</p> + +<p>As they were nearing land John was sitting in the prow, and the +Princess was reclining on a couch on deck, and three black ravens were +flying about the mast of the vessel. Now John, being the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></span> son of a +huntsman, knew the language of birds; and he listened to what they +said, and this was it:</p> + +<p>"Caw, caw!" said the first raven. "There sits the Princess of the +Golden Horde, thinking that she will marry John's master the King. But +I know something which will prevent that."</p> + +<p>"What is that?" asked the second raven.</p> + +<p>"Why," said the first, "when the Princess lands and the King meets her +they will bring out to him a bay horse richly caparisoned, with a +pillion for the Princess. And if the King takes her with him on the +horse he will run away with them and dash them both to pieces. Caw, +caw!"</p> + +<p>"But is there no remedy for that?" said the third raven.</p> + +<p>"Only if some one cuts off the head of the horse, or tells the King; +but woe unto him if he does that, for as soon as he has told he will +become marble up to his knees. Caw, caw!"</p> + +<p>"Even if he escapes that," said the second raven, "the King would +never marry the Princess, for at the wedding feast wine will be +presented to him, in a glass goblet, and at the first drop of it he +drinks he will fall down dead. Caw, caw!"</p> + +<p>"But is there nothing to remedy that?" asked the first raven.</p> + +<p>"Only if some one dashes the glass from his hand, or tells of the +danger; but if he tells he will become marble up to his waist. Caw, +caw!"</p> + +<p>"Caw, caw!" said the third raven. "There is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span> still another danger. On +the wedding night a dreadful dragon will creep into the bridal chamber +and kill both King and Princess. And there is no remedy against that +unless some one drives off the dragon or tells of the danger. But if +he tells he will become marble from head to foot. Caw, caw!"</p> + +<p>When John the True heard all this he made up his mind he would save +his brother the King without telling him of the dangers that +threatened him. And when they neared the shore he caused a trumpet to +be sounded three times, which was the signal agreed upon between +himself and the King, that he had succeeded in bringing back the +Princess of the Golden Horde.</p> + +<p>So the King came quickly down to the ship in all his glory and +received with joy the Princess, and thanked John the True for his +faithful service.</p> + +<p>When it came time for the King to lead the Princess to his palace, +some one brought forth a noble bay horse richly caparisoned and with a +pillion at the back of the saddle for the Princess to ride on. And +just as the King gave her his hand and was about to mount the horse, +John the True drew his sword and cut off the head of the bay horse.</p> + +<p>"Treason, treason!" cried the courtiers. "John the True has drawn his +sword in the King's presence."</p> + +<p>But the King said, "What John the True does is done for me. Let a +coach be brought and we will return to the palace."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[176]</a></span></p> + +<p>So the King and the Princess and John the True went to the palace, and +preparations were made for a grand wedding. And on the day of the +wedding there was a great banquet held, and at the beginning a glass +of wine was brought forth and presented to the King, and just as he +was lifting it to his lips John the True, who stood behind the King's +throne, rushed forward and dashed the goblet to the ground.</p> + +<p>"Treason, treason!" cried the courtiers. "John the True is mad."</p> + +<p>"Nay, nay," said the King; "what John the True does is for our good. +Wherefore did'st thou do that, John?"</p> + +<p>"That I must not say," said John the True.</p> + +<p>"Well, well," said the King; "doubtless thou hadst thy reasons; let +the banquet proceed."</p> + +<p>On the night of the wedding John the True took his place with drawn +sword before the bridal chamber, and watched and watched and watched. +Towards midnight he heard a rustling in the bridal chamber and, +rushing in, saw a winged dragon coming through the window towards the +King and Princess. He dashed towards it and wounded it with his sword, +so that it flew out of the window, dropping blood on the way.</p> + +<p>But the noise that John the True had made awakened the King and Queen, +and they saw him before them with sword dripping with blood. And not +recognizing him at first, the King called out for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[177]</a></span> his guard, who came +in quickly and seized John the True.</p> + +<p>When the King saw who it was he asked John if he had any explanation +of his conduct, and John said:</p> + +<p>"That I may not say."</p> + +<p>"This is more than I can bear," said the King. "Perhaps love has +turned thy brain."</p> + +<p>And turning to the captain of his guard, the King said, "Let him be +executed in the morning in our presence."</p> + +<p>When the morning came everything was ready for John's execution, when +he stood forth and said to the King:</p> + +<p>"If your Majesty wills, I will explain my conduct."</p> + +<p>"So be it," said the King; "I trust thou wilt prove that thou art +indeed John the True."</p> + +<p>And John the True told the King and the Queen and the courtiers all +that had occurred and what he had heard from the ravens, and how he +had saved the life of the King and the Queen by wounding the dragon on +the preceding night. But as he told why he killed the horse his legs +became marble up to the knees. And when he explained why he had dashed +the poisoned wine-cup from the King's hand, the marble came up to his +waist. And when he explained how he had turned the dragon from the +bridal chamber, his whole body became marble from head to foot.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[178]</a></span></p> + +<p>Then the King knew what a faithful servant he had in John the True; +and he bade his men to place the marble body on a golden stand on +which was written, "This is John the True who gave his life for his +King." And whenever the soldiers and the courtiers passed it they gave +it a salute.</p> + +<p>Now after a time there came to the Queen two little twin boys, whom +she loved better than all the world. And they grew and they grew, till +they learned to speak. And every time they passed the statue of John +the True they would raise their little hands and give it a salute, for +the Queen, their mother, had told them what John the True had done for +their father and her.</p> + +<p>But one night the Queen dreamed that a voice from Heaven said to her, +"John the True can live again if the two Princes be slain for his sake +and his body smeared with their blood."</p> + +<p>The Queen told this dream to the King, and they were terrified at it, +but thought it only a dream. But twice again the same dream came to +the Queen on the following two nights; and then she said to her +husband the King,</p> + +<p>"John the True gave his life for us; I feel we ought to give our +children for him."</p> + +<p>The King at last agreed to the terrible sacrifice, and the heads of +the two Princes were cut off, and the statue of John smeared with +their blood, when it came to life and John the True lived again.</p> + +<p>But when he learned how he had been brought to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a></span> life again, he asked +to have the bodies of the Princes brought to his chamber, and, going +to the bridal chamber, scraped from the floor some of the dragon's +blood that had fallen there, and went back into his chamber and closed +the door.</p> + +<p>Shortly after, the King and the Queen heard the voices of their sons +calling out for them; and when the door was opened there they were +alive again.</p> + +<p>So the King and the Queen and the Princes lived together in all joy, +with their faithful servant John the True.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="picture_41" id="picture_41"></a> +<img src="images/image_043.jpg" width="600" height="544" alt="The Wounded Dragon" title="" /> +</div> + + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[180]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="picture_42" id="picture_42"></a> +<img src="images/image_044.jpg" width="600" height="636" alt="The Witch" title="" /> +</div> +<h2><a name="JOHNNIE_AND_GRIZZLE" id="JOHNNIE_AND_GRIZZLE"></a>JOHNNIE AND GRIZZLE</h2> + + +<p>There was once a poor farmer who had two children named Johnnie and +Grizzle. Now things grew worse and worse for the farmer till he could +scarcely earn enough to eat and drink. All his crops went to pay rent +and taxes. So one night he said to his wife,</p> + +<p>"Betty, my dear, I really do not know what to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[181]</a></span> do; there is scarcely +anything in the house to eat, and in a few days we shall all be +starving. What I think of doing is to take the poor lad and lassie +into the forest and leave them there; if somebody finds them they will +surely keep them alive, and if nobody finds them they might as well +die there as here; I cannot see any other way; it is their lives or +ours; and if we die what can become of them?"</p> + +<p>"No, no, father," said the farmer's wife; "wait but a few days and +perhaps something will turn up."</p> + +<p>"We have waited and have waited and things are getting worse every +day; if we wait much longer we shall all be dead. No, I am determined +on it; to-morrow the children to the forest."</p> + +<p>Now it happened that Johnnie was awake in the next room and heard his +father and his mother talking. He said nothing but thought and thought +and thought; and early next morning he went out and picked a large +number of bright-coloured pebbles and put them in his pocket. After +breakfast, which consisted of bread and water, the farmer said to +Johnnie and Grizzle,</p> + +<p>"Come, my dears, I am going to take you for a walk," and with that he +went with them into the forest near-by.</p> + +<p>Johnnie said nothing, but dropped one of his pebbles at every turning, +which would show him the way back. When they got far into the forest +the farmer said to the children,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[182]</a></span></p> + +<p>"My dears, I have to go and get something. Stay here and don't go +away, and I'll soon come back. Give me a kiss, children," and with +that he hurried away and went back home by another road.</p> + +<p>After a time Grizzle began to cry and said,</p> + +<p>"Where's father? Where's father? We can't get home. We can't get +home."</p> + +<p>But Johnnie said, "Never mind, Grizzle, I can take you home; you just +follow me."</p> + +<p>So Johnnie looked out for the pebbles he had dropped, and found them +at each turn of the road, and a little after midday got home and asked +their mother for their dinner.</p> + +<p>"There's nothing in the house, children, but you can go and get some +water from the well and, please God, we'll have bread in the morning."</p> + +<p>When the farmer came home he was astonished to find that the children +had found their way home, and could not imagine how they had done so. +But at night he said to his wife,</p> + +<p>"Betty, my dear, I do not know how the children came home; but that +does not make any difference; I cannot bear to see them starve before +my eyes, better that they should starve in the forest. I will take +them there again to-morrow."</p> + +<p>Johnnie heard all this and crept downstairs and put some more pebbles +into his pocket; and though the farmer took them this time further +into the forest the same thing occurred as the day before.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[183]</a></span> But this +time Grizzle said to her mother and father,</p> + +<p>"Johnnie did such a funny thing; whenever we turned a new road he +dropped pebbles. Wasn't that funny? And when we came back he looked +for the pebbles, and there they were; they had not moved."</p> + +<p>Then the farmer knew how he had been done, and as evening came on he +locked all the doors so that Johnnie could not get out to get any +pebbles. In the morning he gave them a hunk of bread as before for +their breakfast and told them he was going to take them into the nice +forest again. Grizzle ate her bread, but Johnnie put his into his +pocket, and when they got inside the forest at every turning he +dropped a few crumbs of his bread. When his father left them he tried +to trace his way back by means of these crumbs. But, alas, and +alackaday! The little birds had seen the crumbs and eaten them all up, +and when Johnnie went to search for them they had all disappeared.</p> + +<p>So they wandered and they wandered, more and more hungry all the time, +till they came to a glade in which there was a funny little house; and +what do you think it was made of? The door was made of butter-scotch, +the windows of sugar candy, the bricks were all chocolate creams, the +pillars of lollypops, and the roof of gingerbread.</p> + +<p>No sooner had the children seen this funny little<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[184]</a></span> house than they +rushed up to it and commenced to pick pieces off the door, and take +out some of the bricks, while Johnnie climbed on Grizzle's back, and +tore off some of the roof (what was that made of?). Just as they were +eating all this the door opened and a little old woman, with red eyes, +came out and said,</p> + +<p>"Naughty, naughty children to break up my house like that. Why didn't +you knock at the door and ask to have something, and I would gladly +give it to you?"</p> + +<p>"Please ma'am," said Johnnie, "I will ask for something; I am so, so +hungry, or else I wouldn't have hurt your pretty roof."</p> + +<p>"Come inside my house," said the old woman, and let them come into her +parlour. And that was made all of candies, the chairs and table of +maple-sugar, and the couch of cocoanut. But as soon as the old woman +got them inside her door she seized hold of Johnnie and took him +through the kitchen and put him in a dark cubby-hole, and left him +there with the door locked.</p> + +<p>Now this old woman was a witch, who looked out for little children, +whom she fattened up and ate. So she went back to Grizzle, and said,</p> + +<p>"You shall be my little servant and do my work for me, and, as for +that brother of yours, he'll make a fine meal when he's fattened up."</p> + +<p>So this witch kept Johnnie and Grizzle with her, making Grizzle do all +the housework, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[185]</a></span> every morning she went to the cubby-hole in which +she kept Johnnie and gave him a good breakfast, and later in the day a +good dinner, and at night a good supper; but after she gave him his +supper she would say to him,</p> + +<p>"Put out your forefinger," and when he put it out the old witch, who +was nearly blind, felt it and muttered,</p> + +<p>"Not fat enough yet!"</p> + +<p>After a while Johnnie felt he was getting real fat and was afraid the +witch would eat him up. So he searched about till he found a stick +about the size of his finger, and when the old witch asked him to put +out his finger he put out the stick, and she said,</p> + +<p>"Goodness gracious me, the boy is as thin as a lath! I must feed him +up more."</p> + +<p>So she gave him more and more food, and every day he put out the stick +till at last one day he got careless, and when she took the stick it +fell out of his hand, and she felt what it was. So she flew into a +terrible rage and called out,</p> + +<p>"Grizzle, Grizzle, make the oven hot. This lad is fat enough for +Christmas."</p> + +<p>Poor Grizzle did not know what to do, but she had to obey the witch. +So she piled the wood on under the oven and set it alight. And after a +while the old witch said to her,</p> + +<p>"Grizzle, Grizzle, is the oven hot?"</p> + +<p>And Grizzle said, "I don't know, mum."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[186]</a></span></p> + +<p>And when the witch asked her again whether it was hot enough, Grizzle +said,</p> + +<p>"I do not know how hot an oven ought to be."</p> + +<p>"Get away, get away," said the old witch; "I know, let me see." And +she poked her old head into the oven. Then Grizzle pushed her right +into the oven and closed the door and rushed out into the back yard +and let Johnnie out of the cubby-hole.</p> + +<p>Then Johnnie and Grizzle ran away towards the setting sun where they +knew their own house was, till at last they came to a broad stream too +deep for them to wade. But just at that moment they looked back, and +what do you think they saw? The old witch, by some means or other, had +got out of the oven and was rushing after them. What were they to do? +What were they to do?</p> + +<p>Suddenly Grizzle saw a fine big duck swimming towards them, and she +called out:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Duck, duck, come to me,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Johnnie and Grizzle depend upon thee;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Take Johnnie and Grizzle on thy back,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Or else they'll be eaten—"<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>And the duck said,</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Quack! Quack!"<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Then the duck came up to the bank, and Johnnie and Grizzle went into +the water and, by resting<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span> their hands on the duck's back, swam across +the stream just as the old witch came up.</p> + +<p>At first she tried to make the duck come over and carry her, but the +duck said, "Quack! Quack!" and shook its head.</p> + +<p>Then she lay down and commenced swallowing up the stream, so that it +should run dry and she could get across. She drank, and she drank, and +she drank, and she drank, till she drank so much that she burst!</p> + +<p>So Johnnie and Grizzle ran back home, and when they got there they +found that their father the farmer had earned a lot of money and had +been searching and searching for them over the forest, and was mighty +glad to get back Johnnie and Grizzle again.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="picture_43" id="picture_43"></a> +<img src="images/image_045.jpg" width="600" height="431" alt="The Duck" title="" /> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[188]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="THE_CLEVER_LASS" id="THE_CLEVER_LASS"></a>THE CLEVER LASS</h2> + + +<p>Now there was once a farmer who had but one daughter of whom he was +very proud because she was so clever. So whenever he was in any +difficulty he would go to her and ask her what he should do. It +happened that he had a dispute with one of his neighbours, and the +matter came before the King, and he, after hearing from both of them, +did not know how to decide and said:</p> + +<p>"You both seem to be right and you both seem to be wrong, and I do not +know how to decide; so I will leave it to yourselves in this way: +whichever of you can answer best the three questions I am about to ask +shall win this trial. What is the most beautiful thing? What is the +strongest thing? and, What is the richest thing? Now go home and think +over your answers and bring them to me to-morrow morning."</p> + +<p>So the farmer went home and told his daughter what had happened, and +she told him what to answer next day.</p> + +<p>So when the matter came up for trial before the King he asked first +the farmer's neighbour,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[189]</a></span></p> + +<p>"What is the most beautiful thing?"</p> + +<p>And he answered, "My wife."</p> + +<p>Then he asked him, "What is the strongest thing?"</p> + +<p>"My ox."</p> + +<p>"And what is the richest?"</p> + +<p>And he answered, "Myself."</p> + +<p>Then he turned to the farmer and asked him,</p> + +<p>"What is the most beautiful thing?"</p> + +<p>And the farmer answered, "Spring."</p> + +<p>Then he asked him, "What is the strongest?"</p> + +<p>"The earth."</p> + +<p>Then he asked, "What is the richest thing?"</p> + +<p>He answered, "The harvest."</p> + +<p>Then the King decided that the farmer had answered best, and gave +judgment in his favour. But he had noticed that the farmer had +hesitated in his answers and seemed to be trying to remember things. +So he called him up to him and said,</p> + +<p>"I fancy those arrows did not come from your quiver. Who told you how +to answer so cleverly?"</p> + +<p>Then the farmer said, "Please your Majesty, it was my daughter who is +the cleverest girl in all the world."</p> + +<p>"Is that so?" said the King. "I should like to test that."</p> + +<p>Shortly afterwards the King sent one of his servants to the farmer's +daughter with a round cake and thirty small biscuits and a roast +capon, and told him to ask her whether the moon was full,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span> and what +day of the month it was, and whether the rooster had crowed in the +night. On the way the servant ate half the cake and half of the +biscuits and hid the capon away for his supper. And when he had +delivered the rest to the Clever Girl and told his message she gave +this reply to be brought back to the King:</p> + +<p>"It is only half-moon and the 15th of the month and the rooster has +flown away to the mill; but spare the pheasant for the sake of the +partridge."</p> + +<p>And when the servant had brought back this message to the King, he +cried out,</p> + +<p>"You have eaten half the cake and fifteen of the biscuits and didn't +hand over the capon at all."</p> + +<p>Then the servant confessed that this was all true, and the King said,</p> + +<p>"I would have punished you severely but that this Clever Girl begs me +to forgive the pheasant, by which she meant you, for the sake of the +partridge, by which she meant herself. So you may go unpunished."</p> + +<p>The King was so delighted with the cleverness of the girl that he +determined to marry her. But, wishing to test her once more before +doing so, he sent her a message that she should come to him clothed, +yet unclothed, neither walking, nor driving, nor riding, neither in +shadow nor in sun, and with a gift which is no gift.</p> + +<p>When the farmer's daughter received this message<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[191]</a></span> she went near the +King's palace, and having undressed herself wrapped herself up in her +long hair, and then had herself placed in a net which was attached to +the tail of a horse. With one hand she held a sieve over her head to +shield herself from the sun; and in the other she held a platter +covered with another platter.</p> + +<p>Thus she came to the King neither clothed nor unclothed, neither +walking, nor riding, nor driving, neither in sun nor in shadow.</p> + +<p>Now when she was released from the net and a mantle had been placed +over her she handed the platter to the King, who took the top platter +off, whereupon a little bird that had been between the two platters +flew away. This was the gift that was no gift.</p> + +<p>The King was so delighted at the way in which the farmer's daughter +had solved the riddle that he immediately married her and made her his +Queen. And they lived very happily together though no children came to +them. The King depended upon her for advice in all his affairs and +would often have her seated by him when he was giving judgment in law +matters.</p> + +<p>Now it happened that one day at the end of all the other cases there +came two peasants, each of whom claimed a foal that had been born in a +stable where they had both left their carts, one with a horse and the +other with a mare. The King was tired with the day's pleadings, and +without thinking<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[192]</a></span> and without consulting his Queen who sat by his +side, he said,</p> + +<p>"Let the first man have it," who happened to be the peasant whose cart +was drawn by the horse.</p> + +<p>Now the Queen was vexed that her husband should have decided so +unjustly, and when the court was over she went to the other peasant +and told him how he could convince the King that he had made a rash +judgment. So the next day he took a stool outside the King's window +and commenced fishing with a fishing-rod in the road.</p> + +<p>The King looking out of his window saw this and began to laugh and +called out to the man,</p> + +<p>"You won't find many fish on a dry road," to which the peasant +answered,</p> + +<p>"As many as foals that come from a horse."</p> + +<p>Then the King remembered his judgment of yesterday and, calling the +men before him, decided that the foal should belong to the man who had +the mare and who had fished in front of his windows. But he said to +him as he dismissed them,</p> + +<p>"That arrow never came from your quiver."</p> + +<p>Then he went to his Queen in a towering rage and said to her,</p> + +<p>"How dare you interfere in my judgments?"</p> + +<p>And she said, "I did not like my dear husband to do what was unjust." +But the King said,</p> + +<p>"Then you ought to have spoken to me, not shamed me before my people. +That is too much. You shall go back to your father who is so proud of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[193]</a></span> +you. And the only favour I can grant you will be that you can take +with you from the palace whatever you love best."</p> + +<p>"Your Majesty's wish shall be my law," said the Queen, "but let us at +least not part in anger. Let me have my last dinner as Queen in your +company."</p> + +<p>When they dined together the Queen put a sleeping potion in the King's +cup, and when he fell asleep she directed the servants to put him in +the carriage that was waiting to take her home, and carried him into +her bed. When he woke up next morning he asked,</p> + +<p>"Where am I, and why are you still with me?"</p> + +<p>Then the Queen said, "You allowed me to take with me that which I +loved best in the palace, and so I took you."</p> + +<p>Then the King recognized the love his Queen had for him, and brought +her back to his palace, and they lived together there forever +afterwards.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[194]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="THUMBKIN" id="THUMBKIN"></a>THUMBKIN</h2> + + +<p>A woman was once stringing beans in her kitchen, and she thought to +herself:</p> + +<p>"Oh, why have I not got a little baby boy; if I had only one as big as +one of these beans or as big as my thumb I should be content. How I +would love it, and dress it, and talk to it."</p> + +<p>As she was speaking thus to herself and finishing off the beans, +suddenly she thought they all turned into little baby boys, jumping +and writhing about. She was so startled and afraid that she shook out +her apron, in which they all lay, into a big bowl of water with which +she was going to wash the beans. And then she hid her head in her +apron so as not to see what happened; and after a while she looked out +from under her apron and looked at the bowl, and there were all the +little boys floating and drowned, except one little boy at the top. +And she took pity on him and drew him out of the bowl; then she showed +him to her husband when he came home.</p> + +<p>"We have always wanted a boy," she said to him, "even if it were not +bigger than our thumbs, and here we have him."</p> + +<p>So they took him and dressed him up in a little<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[195]</a></span> doll's dress and made +much of him; and he learnt to talk, but he never grew any bigger than +their thumbs; and so they called him Thumbkin.</p> + +<p>One day the man had to go down into the field, and he said to his +wife:</p> + +<p>"My dear, I am going to get ready the horse and cart, and then I am +going down to the field to reap, and just at eleven o'clock I want you +to drive the cart down for me."</p> + +<p>"Isn't that just like a man?" said his wife. "I suppose you'll want +your dinner at twelve, and how do you expect me to get it ready if I +have to drive your horse and cart down to the field and then have to +trudge back on my ten toes and get your dinner ready? What do you +think I am made of?"</p> + +<p>"Well, it has to be done," said the man, "even if dinner has to be +late."</p> + +<p>So they commenced quarrelling, till Thumbkin called out:</p> + +<p>"Leave it to me, Father; leave it to me."</p> + +<p>"Why, what can you do?" asked the man.</p> + +<p>"Well," said Thumbkin, "if mother will only put me in Dobbin's ear, I +can guide him down to the field as well as she could."</p> + +<p>At first they laughed, but then they thought they would try. So the +man went off to the field, and at eleven o'clock the woman put +Thumbkin into the horse's right ear; and he immediately called out, +"Gee!"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[196]</a></span></p> + +<p>And the horse began to move. And as it went on towards the field +Thumbkin kept calling out:</p> + +<p>"Right! Left! Left! Right!" and so on till they got near the field.</p> + +<p>Now it happened that two men were coming that way, and they saw a +horse and cart coming towards them, with nobody on it, and yet the +horse was picking his way and turning the corners just as if somebody +was guiding him. So they followed the horse and cart till they got to +the field, when they saw the man take Thumbkin out of the horse's ear +and stroke him and thank him. They looked at one another and said:</p> + +<p>"That lad is a wonder; if we could exhibit him we would make our +fortunes."</p> + +<p>So the men went up to the man and said:</p> + +<p>"Will you sell that lad?"</p> + +<p>But the man said:</p> + +<p>"No, not for a fortune; he's the light of our life."</p> + +<p>But Thumbkin, who was seated on the man's shoulder, whispered to him:</p> + +<p>"Sell me and I'll soon get back."</p> + +<p>So the man after a time agreed to sell Thumbkin for a great deal of +money, and the men took him away with them.</p> + +<p>"How shall we carry him?" said they.</p> + +<p>But Thumbkin called out:</p> + +<p>"Put me on the rim of your hat and I shall be able to see the +country."</p> + +<p>And that is what they did.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[197]</a></span></p> + +<p>After a time as it got dusk the men sat down by the wayside to eat +their supper. And the man took off his hat and put it on the ground, +when Thumbkin jumped off and hid himself in the crevice of a tree.</p> + +<p>When they had finished their supper the men looked about to find +Thumbkin, but he was not there. And after a while they had to give up +the search and go away without him.</p> + +<p>When they had gone three robbers came and sat down near the tree where +Thumbkin was and began to speak of their plans to rob the Squire's +house.</p> + +<p>"The only way," said one, "would be to break down the door of the +pantry which they always lock at night."</p> + +<p>"But," said another, "that'll make so much noise it will wake up the +whole house."</p> + +<p>"Then one of us," said the first robber, "will have to creep in +through the window and unlock the door."</p> + +<p>"But the window is too small," said the third robber; "none of us +could get through it."</p> + +<p>"But I can," called out Thumbkin.</p> + +<p>"What is that? Who was that?" called out the robbers, who commenced +thinking of running away. And then Thumbkin called out again:</p> + +<p>"Do not be afraid, I'll not hurt you, and I can help you get into the +Squire's pantry."</p> + +<p>Then he came out of the hole in the tree, and the robbers were +surprised to see how small he was.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[198]</a></span> So they took him up with them to +the Squire's house, and when they got there they lifted him up and put +him through the window and told him to look out for the silver.</p> + +<p>"I've found it! I've found it!" he called out at the top of his shrill +voice.</p> + +<p>"Not so loud; not so loud," said they.</p> + +<p>"What shall I hand out first, the spoons or the ladles?" he shouted +out again.</p> + +<p>But this time the butler heard him and came down with his blunderbuss, +and the robbers ran off. So when the butler opened the door Thumbkin +crept out and went to the stable, and laid down to sleep in a nice +cozy bed of hay in the manger.</p> + +<p>But in the morning the cows came into the stable, and one of them +walked up to the manger. And what do you think she did? She swallowed +the hay with little Thumbkin in it, and took him right down into her +tummy.</p> + +<p>Shortly afterwards the cows were driven out to the milking place, and +the milkmaid commenced to milk the cow which had swallowed Thumbkin. +And when he heard the milk rattling into the pail he called out:</p> + +<p>"Let me out! Let me out! Let me out!"</p> + +<p>The milkmaid was so startled to hear a voice coming from the cow that +she upset the milking pail and rushed to her master, and said:</p> + +<p>"The cow's bewitched! The cow's bewitched! She's talking through her +tummy."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[199]</a></span></p> + +<p>The farmer came and looked at the cow, and when he heard Thumbkin +speaking out of her tummy he thought the milkmaid was quite right, and +gave orders for the cow to be slaughtered.</p> + +<p>And when she was cut up by the butcher he didn't want the paunch—that +is the stomach—so he threw it out into the yard. And a wolf coming by +swallowed the paunch and Thumbkin with it.</p> + +<p>When he found himself again in the wolf's stomach he called out as +before:</p> + +<p>"Let me out! Let me out! Let me out!"</p> + +<p>But the wolf said to him:</p> + +<p>"What'll you do for me if I let you out?"</p> + +<p>"I know a place where you can get as many chickens as you like, and if +you let me out I'll show you the way."</p> + +<p>"No, no, my fine master," said the wolf; "you can tell me where it is, +and if I find you are right then I'll let you out."</p> + +<p>So Thumbkin told him a way to his father's farm, and guided him to a +hole in the larder just big enough for the wolf to get through. When +he got through there were two fine fat ducks and a noble goose hung up +ready for the Sunday dinner. So Mr. Wolf set to work and ate the ducks +and the goose while Thumbkin kept calling out:</p> + +<p>"Don't want any duck or geese. Let me out! Let me out!"</p> + +<p>And when the wolf would not he called out:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[200]</a></span></p> + +<p>"Father! Father! Mother! Mother!"</p> + +<p>And his father and mother heard him, and they came rushing towards the +larder. Then the wolf tried to get through the hole he had come +through before, but he had eaten so much that he stuck there, and the +farmer and his wife came up and killed him.</p> + +<p>Then they began to cut the wolf open and Thumbkin called out:</p> + +<p>"Be careful! Be careful! I'm here, and you'll cut me up." And he had +to dodge the knife as it was coming through the wolf.</p> + +<p>But at last the paunch of the wolf was slit open, and Thumbkin jumped +out and went to his mother. And she cleansed him and dressed him in +new clothes, and they sat down to supper as happy as could be.</p> + + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[201]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="picture_44" id="picture_44"></a> +<img src="images/image_046.jpg" width="600" height="568" alt=""Mirror, mirror, on the wall, +Who is the fairest of us all?"" title="" /> +</div> + +<h2><a name="SNOWWHITE" id="SNOWWHITE"></a>SNOWWHITE</h2> + + +<p>There was once a queen who had no children, and it grieved her sorely. +One winter's afternoon she was sitting by the window sewing when she +pricked her finger, and three drops of blood fell on the snow. Then +she thought to herself:</p> + +<p>"Ah, what would I give to have a daughter with skin as white as snow +and cheeks as red as blood."</p> + +<p>After a while a little daughter came to her with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[202]</a></span> skin as white as +snow and cheeks as red as blood. So they called her Snowwhite.</p> + +<p>But before Snowwhite had grown up, her mother, the Queen, died and her +father married again, a most beautiful princess who was very vain of +her beauty and jealous of all women who might be thought as beautiful +as she was. And every morning she used to stand before her mirror and +say:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Mirror, mirror, on the wall,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Who is the fairest of us all?"<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>And the mirror always used to reply:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Queen, Queen, on thy throne,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The greatest beauty is thine own."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>But Snowwhite grew fairer and fairer every year, till at last one day +when the Queen in the morning spoke to her mirror and said:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Mirror, mirror, on the wall,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Who is the fairest of us all?"<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>the mirror replied:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Queen, Queen, on thy throne,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Snowwhite's the fairest thou must own."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Then the Queen grew terribly jealous of Snowwhite and thought and +thought how she could get rid of her, till at last she went to a +hunter and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[203]</a></span> engaged him for a large sum of money to take Snowwhite out +into the forest and there kill her and bring back her heart.</p> + +<p>But when the hunter had taken Snowwhite out into the forest and +thought to kill her, she was so beautiful that his heart failed him, +and he let her go, telling her she must not, for his sake and for her +own, return to the King's palace. Then he killed a deer and took back +the heart to the Queen, telling her that it was the heart of +Snowwhite.</p> + +<p>Snowwhite wandered on and on till she got through the forest and came +to a mountain hut and knocked at the door, but she got no reply. She +was so tired that she lifted up the latch and walked in, and there she +saw three little beds and three little chairs and three little +cupboards all ready for use. And she went up to the first bed and lay +down upon it, but it was so hard that she couldn't rest; and then she +went up to the second bed and lay down upon that, but that was so soft +that she got too hot and couldn't go to sleep. So she tried the third +bed, but that was neither too hard nor too soft, but suited her +exactly; and she fell asleep there.</p> + +<p>In the evening the owners of the hut, who were three little dwarfs who +earned their living by digging coal in the hills, came back to their +home. And when they came in, after they had washed themselves, they +went to their beds, and the first of them said:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[204]</a></span></p> + +<p>"Somebody has been sleeping in my bed!"</p> + +<p>And then the second one said:</p> + +<p>"And somebody's been sleeping in my bed!"</p> + +<p>And the third one called out in a shrill voice, for he was so excited:</p> + +<p>"Somebody is sleeping in my bed, just look how beautiful she is!"</p> + +<p>So they waited till she woke up, and asked her how she had come there, +and she told them all that the hunter had said to her about the Queen +wanting to slay her.</p> + +<p>Then the dwarfs asked her if she would be willing to stop with them +and keep house for them; and she said that she would be delighted.</p> + +<p>Next morning the Queen went up as usual to her mirror, and called out:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Mirror, mirror, on the wall,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Who is the fairest of us all?"<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>And the mirror answered as usual:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Queen, Queen, on thy throne,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Snowwhite's the fairest thou must own."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>And the Queen knew that Snowwhite had not been slain. So she sent for +the hunter and made him confess that he had let Snowwhite go; and she +made him search about beyond the forest, till at last he brought back +word to her that Snowwhite<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[205]</a></span> was dwelling in a little hut on the hill +with some coal-miners.</p> + +<p>Then the Queen dressed herself up like an old woman, and, taking a +poisoned comb with her, went back the next day to the hut where +Snowwhite was living. Now the dwarfs had warned her not to open the +door to anybody lest evil might befall her; and she found it very +lonesome keeping always within doors.</p> + +<p>When the Queen, disguised as an old woman, came to the door of the +house she knocked upon it with her stick, but Snowwhite called out +from within:</p> + +<p>"Who is there? Go away! I must not let anybody come in."</p> + +<p>"All right," answered the Queen. "If you can come to the window we can +have a little chat there, and I can show you my wares."</p> + +<p>So when Snowwhite came to the window the Queen said:</p> + +<p>"Oh, what beautiful black hair; you ought to have a comb to bind it +up;" and she showed her the comb that she had brought with her.</p> + +<p>But Snowwhite said:</p> + +<p>"I have no money and cannot afford to buy so fine a comb."</p> + +<p>Then the Queen said:</p> + +<p>"That is no matter; perhaps you have something golden that you can +give me in exchange."</p> + +<p>And Snowwhite thought of a golden ring that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[206]</a></span> her father had given to +her, and offered to give it for the comb. The Queen took it and gave +Snowwhite the comb and bade her good-bye, and went back to the palace.</p> + +<p>Snowwhite lost no time in going to the mirror, and binding up her hair +and putting the comb into it. But it had scarcely been in her hair a +few minutes when she fell down as if she were dead, and all the blood +left her cheeks, and she was Snowwhite indeed.</p> + +<p>When the dwarfs came home that evening they were surprised to find +that the table was not spread for them, and looking about they soon +found Snowwhite lying upon the ground as if she were dead. But one of +them listened to her heart and said: "She lives! She lives!"</p> + +<p>And they began to consider what caused Snowwhite to fall into such a +swoon. They soon found the comb, and when they took it out Snowwhite +soon opened her eyes and became as lively as she ever was before.</p> + +<p>Next morning the Queen went to the mirror on the wall and said to it:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Mirror, mirror, on the wall,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Who is the fairest of us all?"<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Then the mirror said as before:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Queen, Queen, on thy throne,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Snowwhite's the fairest thou must own."<br /></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[207]</a></span></div></div> + +<p>Then the Queen knew that something had happened to the comb and that +Snowwhite was still alive. So she dressed herself once more as an old +woman and took with her a poisoned ribbon and went to the hut of the +three dwarfs. And when she got there she knocked at the door, but +Snowwhite called out:</p> + +<p>"You cannot enter; I must not open the door."</p> + +<p>Then, as before, the Queen called out in reply:</p> + +<p>"Then come to the window, and you can see my wares."</p> + +<p>When Snowwhite came to the window the Queen said:</p> + +<p>"You are looking more beautiful than ever, but how unbecomingly you +arrange your hair. Did you use that comb I gave you yesterday?"</p> + +<p>"Yes, indeed," said Snowwhite, "and I fell into a swoon because of it; +I am afraid there is something the matter with it."</p> + +<p>"No, no, that cannot be," said the Queen; "there must be some mistake. +But if you cannot use the comb I will let you have this pretty ribbon +instead," and she held out the poisoned ribbon. Snowwhite took it, and +after the old woman, as she thought she was, had gone away, Snowwhite +went to the mirror and tied up her hair with the piece of ribbon. But +scarcely had she done so when she fell to the ground lifeless and lay +there as if she were dead.</p> + +<p>That evening the dwarfs came home and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[208]</a></span> found Snowwhite lying on the +ground as if dead, but soon discovered the poisoned ribbon and untied +it; and almost as soon as this was done Snowwhite revived again.</p> + +<p>Next morning the Queen went once more to the mirror on the wall, and +called out:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Mirror, mirror, on the wall,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Who is the fairest of us all?"<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>to which the mirror replied, without any change:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Queen, Queen, on thy throne,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Snowwhite's the fairest thou must own."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>And the Queen recognized that once again her plans had failed, and +Snowwhite was still alive. So she dressed herself once more and took +with her a poisoned apple, which was so arranged that only one half of +it was poisoned and the rest of it was left as before. And when the +Queen got to the hut of the dwarfs she tried to open the door, but +Snowwhite called out:</p> + +<p>"You can't come in!"</p> + +<p>"Then I'll come to the window," said the Queen.</p> + +<p>"Ah, you are the old lady that came twice before; you have not brought +me good luck, each time something has befallen me."</p> + +<p>But the Queen said:</p> + +<p>"I do not know how that can be; I only brought<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[209]</a></span> you something for your +hair; perhaps you tied it too tight. To show you that I have no +ill-will against you I have brought you this beautiful apple."</p> + +<p>"But my guardians," said Snowwhite, "told me that I must take nothing +more from you."</p> + +<p>"Oh, this is nothing to wear," said the Queen, "this is something to +eat. To show you that there can be no harm in it I will take half of +it myself and you shall eat the other half."</p> + +<p>So she cut the apple in two and gave the poisoned half to Snowwhite. +And the moment she had swallowed the first bite of it she fell down +dead. Then the Queen slunk away and went back to the palace and went +at once to her chamber and addressed the mirror on the wall:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Mirror, mirror, on the wall,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Who is the fairest of us all?"<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>And this time the mirror answered, as it used to do:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Queen, Queen, on thy throne,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The greatest beauty is thine own."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Then the Queen knew that Snowwhite was dead at last, and that she was +without a rival in beauty.</p> + +<p>When the dwarfs came home that night they found Snowwhite lying upon +the ground quite dead, and could not find out what had happened<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[210]</a></span> or +how they could cure her. But, though she seemed dead, Snowwhite kept +her beautiful white skin and seemed more like a statue than a dead +person. So the dwarfs had a glass coffer made, and put Snowwhite in +and locked it up. And she remained there for days and days without +changing the slightest, looking oh, so beautiful under the glass case.</p> + +<p>Now a great prince of the neighbouring country happened to be hunting +near the hill of the dwarfs and called at their hut to get a glass of +water. And when he came in he found nobody there but Snowwhite lying +in her crystal coffer. And he fell at once in love with her and sat by +her side till the dwarfs came home, and he asked them who she was. +Then they told him her history, and he begged that he might carry the +coffer away so that he might always have her near him. At first they +would not do so. But he showed how much he loved her, so that they at +last yielded, and he called for his men to carry the coffer home to +his palace.</p> + +<p>And when the men commenced carrying the coffer down the mountain they +jolted it so much that the piece of poisoned apple in Snowwhite's +throat fell out, and she revived and opened her eyes and looked upon +the Prince who was riding by her side. Then he ordered the coffer to +be opened, and told her all that had happened. And he took her home to +his castle and married her.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[211]</a></span></p> + +<p>After this happened the Queen once more came to her room and spoke to +the mirror on the wall and said:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Mirror, mirror, on the wall,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Who is the fairest of us all?"<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>And the mirror this time said again:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Queen, Queen, on thy throne,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Snowwhite's the fairest thou must own."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>And the Queen was so enraged because she had not destroyed Snowwhite +that she rushed to the window and threw herself out of it and died on +the spot.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="picture_45" id="picture_45"></a> +<img src="images/image_047.jpg" width="600" height="502" alt="Snowwhite and the Three Dwarfs" title="" /> +</div> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[213]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/image_048.jpg" width="600" height="455" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[215]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="INTRODUCTION_TO_NOTES" id="INTRODUCTION_TO_NOTES"></a>INTRODUCTION TO NOTES</h2> + + +<p>Ever since the Brothers Grimm in 1812 made for the first time a fairly +complete collection of the folk-tales of a definite local or national +area in Europe, the resemblance of many of these tales, not alone in +isolated incidents but in continuous plots, has struck inquirers into +these delightful little novels for children, as the Italians call them +(<i>Novelline</i>). Wilhelm Grimm, in the comparative notes which he added +to successive editions of the <i>Mährchen</i> up to 1859, drew attention to +many of these parallels and especially emphasized the resemblances of +different incidents to similar ones in the Teutonic myths and sagas +which he and his brother were investigating. Indeed it may be said +that the very considerable amount of attention that was paid to the +collection of folk tales throughout Europe for the half century +between 1840 and 1890 was due to the hope that they would throw some +light upon the origins of mythology. The stories and incidents common +to all the European field were thought likely to be original +mythopœic productions of the Indo-European peoples just in the same +manner as the common roots of the various Aryan languages indicated +their original linguistic store.</p> + +<p>In 1864 J. G. von Hahn, Austrian Consul for Eastern Greece, in the +introduction to his collection of Greek and Albanian folk tales, made +the first attempt to bring together in systematic form this common +story-store of Europe and gave an analysis of forty folk-tale and saga +"formulæ," which outlined the plots of the stories found scattered<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[216]</a></span> +through the German, Greek, Italian, Servian, Roumanian, Lithuanian, +and Indian myth and folk-tale areas. These formulæ were translated and +adapted by the Rev. S. Baring-Gould in an appendix to Henderson's +<i>Folk-Lore of the Northern Counties of England</i> (London, 1866), and he +expanded them into fifty-two formulæ. Those were the days when Max +Müller's solar and lunar explanations of myths were in the ascendant +and Mr. Baring-Gould applied his views to the explanation of folk +tales. I have myself expanded Hahn's and Baring-Gould's formulæ into a +list of seventy-two given in the English Folk-Lore Society's +<i>Hand-Book of Folk-Lore</i>, London, 1891 (repeated in the second +edition, 1912).</p> + +<p>Meanwhile the erudition of Theodor Benfey, in his introduction to the +Indian story book, <i>Pantschatantra</i> (Leipzig, 1859), had suggested +another explanation of the similarities of European folk-tales. For +many of the incidents and several of the complete tales Benfey showed +Indian parallels, and suggested that the stories had originated in +India and had been transferred by oral tradition to the different +countries of Europe. This entirely undermined the mythological +theories of the Grimms and Max Müller and considerably reduced the +importance of folk tales as throwing light upon the primitive +psychology of the Aryan peoples. Benfey's researches were followed up +by E. Cosquin who, in the elaborate notes to his <i>Contes de Lorraine</i>, +Paris, 1886, largely increased the evidence both for the common +European popularity of many of the tales and incidents as well as for +the parallels to be found in Oriental collections.</p> + +<p>Still a third theory to account for the similarity of folk-tale +incidents was started by James A. Farrer and elaborated by Andrew Lang +in connection with the general movement initiated by Sir Edward Tylor +to explain mythology and superstition by the similar processes of +savage psychology at definite stages of primitive culture. In +introductions to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[217]</a></span> Perrault and Grimm and elsewhere, Andrew Lang +pointed out the similarity of some of the incidents of folk +tales—speaking of animals, transference of human feeling to inanimate +objects and the like—with the mental processes of contemporary +savages. He drew the conclusion that the original composers of fairy +tales were themselves in a savage state of mind and, by inference, +explained the similarities found in folk tales as due to the +similarity of the states of minds. In a rather elaborate controversy +on the subject between Mr. Lang and myself, carried through the +transactions of the Folk-Lore Congress of 1891, the introduction to +Miss Roalfe Cox's "Cinderella," and in various numbers of "Folk-Lore," +I urged the improbability of this explanation as applied to the +<i>plots</i> of fairy tales. Similar states of mind might account for +similar incidents arising in different areas independently, but not +for whole series of incidents artistically woven together to form a +definite plot which must, I contended, arise in a single artist mind. +The similarities in plot would thus be simply due to borrowing from +one nation to another, though incidents or series of incidents might +be inserted or omitted during the process. Mr. Lang ultimately yielded +this point and indeed insisted that he had never denied the +possibility of the transmission of complete folk-tale formulæ from one +nation and language to another.</p> + +<p>During all this discussion as to the causes of the similarity of +folk-tale plots no attempt has been made to reconstitute any of these +formulæ in their original shape. Inquirers have been content to point +out the parallelisms to be found in the various folk-tale collections, +and of course these parallelisms have bred and mustered with the +growth of the collections. In some cases the parallels have run into +the hundreds. (See "Reynard and Bruin.") In only one case have +practically all the parallels been brought together in a single volume +by Miss Roalfe Cox on Cinderella (Folk-Lore<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[218]</a></span> Society Publication for +1893; see notes on "Cinder-Maid"). These variants of incidents +obviously resemble the <i>variæ lectiones</i> of MSS. and naturally suggest +the possibility of getting what may be termed the original readings. +In 1889 the following suggestion was made by Mr. (now Sir) James G. +Frazer in an essay on the "Language of Animals," in the <i>Archæological +Review</i>, i., p. 84:</p> + +<p>"In the case of authors who wrote before the invention of printing, +scholars are familiar with the process of comparing the various MSS. +of a single work in order from such a comparison to reconstruct the +archetype or original MS., from which the various existing MSS. are +derived. Similarly in Folk-Lore, by comparing the different versions +of a single tale, it may be possible to arrive, with tolerable +certainty, at the original story, of which the different versions are +more or less imperfect and incorrect representations."</p> + +<p>Independently of Sir James Frazer's suggestion, which I have only +recently come across, I have endeavoured in the present book to carry +it out as applied to a considerable number of the common formulas of +European folk-tales, and I hope in a succeeding volume to complete the +task and thus give to the students of the folk-tale as close approach +as possible to the original form of the common folk-tales of Europe as +the materials at our disposal permit.</p> + +<p>My procedure has been entirely similar to that of an editor of a text. +Having collected together all the variants, I have reduced them to +families of types and from these families have conjectured the +original concatenation of incidents into plot. I have assumed that the +original teller of the tale was animated by the same artistic logic as +the contemporary writers of <i>Contes</i> (see notes on "Cinder-Maid," +"Language of Animals"), and have thus occasionally introduced an +incident which seemed vital to the plot, though it occurs only in some +of the families of the variants. My procedure can only be justified by +the success of my<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[219]</a></span> versions and their internal coherence. As regards +the actual form of the narrative, this does not profess to be European +but follows the general style of the English fairy tale, of which I +have published two collections (<i>English Fairy Tales</i>, 1890; <i>More +English Fairy Tales</i>, 1894).</p> + +<p>In the following notes I have not wasted space on proving the European +character of the various tales by enumerating the different variants, +being content for the most part to give references to special +discussions of the story where the requisite bibliography is given. +With the more serious tales I have rather concerned myself with trying +to restore the original formula and to establish its artistic +coherence. Though I have occasionally discussed an incident of +primitive character, I have not made a point of drawing attention to +savage parallels, nor again have I systematically given references to +the appearance of whole tales or separate incidents in mediæval +literature or in the Indian collections. For the time being I have +concentrated myself on the task of getting back as near as possible to +the original form of the fairy tales common to all Europe. Only when +that has been done satisfactorily can we begin to argue as to the +causes or origin of the separate items in these originals. It must, of +course, always be remembered that, outside this common nucleus, each +country or linguistic area has its own story-store, which is equally +deserving of special investigation by the serious student of the +folk-tale. I have myself dealt with some of these non-European or +national folk-tales for the English, Celtic and Indian areas and hope +in the near future to treat of other folk-tale districts, like the +French, the Scandinavian, the Teutonic or the Slavonian.</p> + +<p>I had gone through three-quarters of the tales and notes contained in +the present book before I became acquainted with the modestly named +<i>Anmerkungen zu Grimm's Mährchen</i>, 2 vols., 1913-15, by J. Bolte and +E. Polivka. This is one of those works of colossal erudition of which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[220]</a></span> +German savants alone seem to have the secret. It sums up the enormous +amount of research that has been going on in Europe for the last +hundred years, on the parallelism and provenance of the folk-tales of +Europe, and in a measure does for all the Grimm stories what Miss +Roalfe Cox did for Cinderella. Only two volumes have as yet appeared +dealing with the first 120 numbers of the Grimm collection in over a +thousand pages crammed with references and filled with details as to +variants. The book has obviously been planned and worked out by Dr. +Bolte, who had previously edited the collected works of his chief +predecessor, R. Koehler. Dr. Polivka's contribution mainly consists in +the collection and collation of the Slavonic variants, which are here +made accessible for the first time. I therefore refer to the volume +henceforth by Dr. Bolte's name. The book is indispensable for the +serious students of the folk-tale, and would have saved me an immense +amount of trouble if I had become acquainted with it earlier.</p> + +<p>In thirty-eight or nearly a third of the tales Dr. Bolte gives a +formula, or radicle, summing up the "common form" of the story, and I +am happy to find that in those cases, which occur in the early part of +the present volume, my own formulæ, agree with his, though of course +for the purposes of this book I have had to go into more detail. Dr. +Bolte has not as yet expounded any theory of the origin of the Folk +Tale, but, with true scientific caution, judges each case on its +merits. But his whole treatment assumes the organic unity of each +particular formula, and one cannot conceive him regarding the +similarities of the tales as due to similar mental workings of the +folk mind at a particular stage of social development.</p> + +<p>Finally, I should perhaps explain that in my selection of typical +folk-tales for the present volume, I have included not only those +which could possibly be traced back to real primitive times and mental +conditions, like the "Cupid<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[221]</a></span> and Psyche" formula, but others of more +recent date and composition, provided they have spread throughout +Europe, which is my criterion. For instance "Beauty and the Beast" in +its current shape was composed in the eighteenth century, but has +found its place in the story-store of European children. A couple, +like "Androcles and the Lion" and "Day Dreaming," owe a similar spread +to literary communication even though in the latter case it is the +popular literature of the <i>Arabian Nights</i>. These must be regarded as +specimens only of a large class of stories that are found among the +folk and can be traced in the popular mediæval collections like +Alfonsi's <i>Disciplina-Clericalis</i> or Jacques de Vitry's <i>Exempla</i>, not +to speak of the <i>Fables of Bidpai</i> or <i>The Seven Wise Masters of +Rome</i>. These form quite a class by themselves and though they have +come to be in many cases Folk-Lore of European spread, they differ in +quality from the ordinary folk-tale which is characterized by its +tendency to variation as it passes from mouth to mouth. Still one has +to recognize that they are now European and take their place among the +folk and for that reason I have given a couple of specimens of them, +but of course my main attention has been directed to attempting to +reconstruct the original form of the true folk-tale from the +innumerable variants now current among the folk.</p> + + +<h3>I. CINDER-MAID</h3> +<p><i>Source.</i>—Miss Roalfe Cox's volume on Cinderella, published by the +Folk-Lore Society (London: David Nutt, 1893), contains 130 abstracts +and tabulations of the pure Cinderella "formula," found in Finland, +the Riviera, Scotland, Italy, Armenia, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, +France, Greece, Germany, Spain, Calcutta, Ireland, Servia, Poland, +Russia, Denmark, Albania, Cyprus, Galicia Lithuania, Catalonia, +Portugal, Sicily, Hungary, Martinique,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[222]</a></span> Holland, Bohemia, Bulgaria, +and the Tyrol. Besides these there are 31 intermediate stories +approximating to the Cinderella type, from Russia, Asia Minor, Italy, +Lorraine, The Deccan, Poland, Hungary, Catalonia, Corsica, Finland, +Switzerland, and in Basque, Spain. The earliest form in which the pure +type occurs is in Basile's <i>Pentamerone</i>, 1634, and of the +indeterminate type in Bonaventure des Periers <i>Nouvelles Récréations</i>, +1557, though the latter seems more cognate to the Catskin formula.</p> + +<p>In many of the variants there is an introductory series of incidents +in which the heroine, after the loss of her mother, is set tasks by +the envious step-mother and sisters, which she is aided to perform by +means of an animal helper, mainly sheep or cow, which, in some of the +versions, is clearly identified with her mother either in a +transformed or a natural state. In these versions the magic dresses, +for example, are taken out of the ear of the cow or sheep! These +incidents however seem to me to be incongruous with the rest of the +story, which involves a monogamous society with fairly fixed social +grades and with the wearing of shoes at least among the upper strata +of society. They belong rather to the type of story represented by the +Grimm's "One eye, Two eyes, Three eyes"; and I have therefore reserved +them for my retelling of this formula. In a similar way, in some of +the Celtic versions, a long series of incidents is inserted, clearly +taken from the Sea Maiden story (see <i>Celtic Fairy Tales</i>, xvii.).</p> + +<p>The central incident of the Cinder-Maid formula is clearly the Shoe +Marriage Test, up to which everything leads and upon which the +mutilation incidents at the end depends. The mutilation again implies +that the shoe in question must have been of a hard or metallic +substance which could not be pressed out of shape. In the form +endeared to most European children of the upper classes by Charles +Perrault, the slipper is made of glass. It was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[223]</a></span> first suggested by +Balzac that Perrault's <i>pantoffles de verre</i> was due to his +misunderstanding of the <i>pantoffles de vair</i>, or fur (the word <i>vair</i> +is still used to indicate this in heraldry), which he had heard from +his nurse or other folk-tale informant. But the step-sisters would not +have been compelled to hack their heels to get inside a fur slipper, +and, from this point of view, the glass shoe would be preferable. I +have had, however, to reject it because it occurs in only six of the +variants obviously derived directly, or indirectly, from Perrault. The +majority of the versions prefer <i>gold</i> (see Miss Roalfe Cox's +enumeration p. 342).</p> + +<p>The Shoe Marriage Test again involves the previous meetings of the +high-born lover and the menial heroine, transformed for the nonce by +her dress into a dame of equal standing. In some of the variants these +meetings are in church and not at a ball, royal or otherwise. But the +Shoe Marriage Test involves a highly desirable <i>parti</i> who can +practically command any wife he desires; this points to some +super-chief or king. I have, therefore, reserved the church meetings +for the Catskin type of story in which the heroine is scullery-maid in +the young lord's own household. The obtaining of the dresses needed +for the Royal Balls involves some animal or supernatural aid (in +Perrault it is, of course, a fairy god-mother, unknown to the folk +mind), while the menial condition of the heroine is best explained in +the usual folk-tale manner by the envious step-mother or sisters.</p> + +<p>I have pointed out in <i>English Fairy Tales</i> (Note to "Childe Rowland") +that in most folk-tales of a romantic type the mode of telling is by +prose narrative interspersed with rhyming formulæ analogous to the +cante-fable as in "Aucassin and Nicolete." The Cinderella formula +shows clear traces of such rhymes, especially at the stages of the +narrative where incidents are repeated—the appeal for aid at the +mother's grave (Dress Rhyme), the avoidance of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[224]</a></span> pursuit by the guards +(Pursuit Rhyme), and the calling attention of the Prince to the +mutilated feet of the step-sisters (Feet Rhyme).</p> + +<p>Now some of these rhymes are found in similar and almost identical +shape in collections made in different countries and different +languages; thus the Tree Rhyme is found in the <i>Archivio</i> (Cox, p. +139) and in Ive (p. 265), in Bechstein (p. 166), and in Grimm (p. +222), and in Hahn (p. 244), and Moe (p. 322), each pair having +practically identical rhymes. Thus we have the existence of a Tree +Rhyme, shown in Italy and Germany, Greece and Denmark. So, too, the +Feet Rhyme is found in Scotland and Denmark, Germany and Brittany. It +is scarcely possible to doubt that all these came from one original +form of the story in which similar rhymes occurred at the same stage +of the narrative. The possibility of such coincidences arising +casually may fairly be regarded as out of the question.</p> + +<p>The subordinate incidents growing out of these essential elements of +the formula are of course more flexible, but the Shoe Marriage Test +itself involves some remarkable dresses used to disguise the identity +of the Cinder Maid at her meetings with the hero, and this again +involves, though not so directly, a series of metal carriages. The +Pursuit Rhyme might easily give rise to the expedients of the Honey +and Tar Traps though these do not occur in very many of the variants. +I have never-the-less inserted them for the sake of the children if +not for that of Folk-Lore Science.</p> + +<p>Thus, from what may be called the artistic logic of the Cinderella +story, one is enabled to reconstitute its original formula somewhat as +follows:</p> + +<p>Noble Father—Single Daughter—Mother's Death—Tree Planted on +Mother's Grave—Second Marriage—Two Ugly Step-Sisters—Menial +Heroine—Cinder-Maid—Prince Coming of Age—Royal Ball—Step-Sisters +Dressing—Tree Rhyme—Bird Aid—Magic Dress (blue heaven with +stars)—Copper<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[225]</a></span> Chariot from Tree—Copper Shoes—Caution Rhyme—Ball +Success—Pursuit Rhyme—Step-Sisters' Envy—Second Ball—Magic Dress +(golden brown earth with flowers)—Silver Chariot—Silver Shoes—Honey +trap—Pursuit Rhyme—Third Ball—Magic Dress (green sea with +waves)—Golden Chariot—Golden Slippers—Tar Trap (lost shoe)—Time +Expired—Shoe Marriage Test—Mutilated Foot—Feet Rhyme (<i>bis</i>)—Happy +Marriage.</p> + +<p>It is in accordance with the above formula that the version presented +in the preceding pages has been written, the rhymes being, in most +cases, compounded from the various renderings given in Miss Cox's +volume. I have only added the Caution Rhyme about returning at +midnight, which is in prose in the versions; it would be incongruous +for the little bird to change her mode of diction so suddenly. I can +only hope I will not remind the reader of the guide's description of +Wallenstein's horse at Prague: "The head, neck, forelegs, left +hind-leg, and part of the back and tail have been restored; all the +rest is the original horse."</p> + +<p><i>Parallels.</i>—Miss Cox's volume contains all the parallels of the +Cinder-Maid formulæ, to which reference has been made above, and she +has supplemented these by a few additional ones in <i>Folk-Lore</i> for +1907, pages xviii; 191-6. In addition, she gives, in her notes, +parallels to the different incidents:</p> + +<p>Note 4. (Help by dead parent.) Note 6. (Pursuit checked by mist.) Note +7. (Magic tree on buried mother's grave.) Note 8. (Substituted bride.) +Note 26. (Sitting on ashes.) Note 32. (Birds' language.) Note 38. +(Tree or rock treasures.) Note 48. (Lost shoe.) Note 50. (Iron shoes,) +and further notes on, Helpful, animals, p. 526. Fairy god-mother, p. +527 and Talking birds, p. 527-9.</p> + +<p>Of these the most important for our present purposes is the 48th note +dealing with the Lost Shoe, which we have suggested is the central +incident in the "original." In<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[226]</a></span> Strabo xvii. and in Ælian xiii.—33, +the myth of Rhodope informs us that, while she was bathing, an eagle +snatched one of her sandals and dropped it in the lap of Psammetichus +who, struck by its neatness, had all Egypt search for its owner, whom +he then took to wife. In other Egyptian and in Indian stories a +severed lock of hair of the heroine leads to the same result. Jacob +Grimm drew attention to the old German custom of using a shoe at +betrothals, which was placed on the bride's foot as a sign of her +being subjected to the groom's authority. King Rother had two shoes +forged, a silver and a golden one, which he fitted on the feet of his +bride, placed on his knee for that purpose. (See <i>Deutsche +Rechts-Alterthumer</i>, Göttingen, 1828, p. 155.) It is, of course, +possible that some reminiscence of the Rhodope myth had spread among +the folk to which the original teller of Cinder-Maid belonged, and if +the shoe betrothal was confined to German custom this would seem to +give a clue to the original home of the Cinder-Maid.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—The hazardous character of the reconstruction process +involved in the restoration of the original Cinder-Maid formula +cannot, of course, be exaggerated. It is even more precarious than the +similar procedure gone through by scholars to restore the original +reading of MSS. or by the Higher Critics in recovering the J. +narrative of Joseph or the E. narrative of Lot. But I think I have +shown that the incidents selected by me are those which are +necessitated by the artistic logic of the Shoe Marriage Test which +forms the decisive incident in the Cinder-Maid formula. Where the +majority of the incidents contained in the reconstruction occurred in +the same order in far distant countries it is practically impossible +to imagine that the resemblance is due to chance. Nor is it pertinent +to point out that the separate incidents occur equally widespread in +connection with other formulæ, since it must not be forgotten that no<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[227]</a></span> +folk teller ever indulges in a single incident; he tells a tale of +many incidents. At the same time it is obvious that a series of +incidents may be transferred appropriately (or inappropriately) from +one tale to another; and this has occurred with the Cinderella tales, +as is shown abundantly in Miss Cox's notes. It is thus quite easy for +a folk teller, who is familiar with other stories, to introduce an +analogous set of incidents in the Cinder-Maid formula, just as Rob +Roy's son can introduce variations of an air when playing the +bagpipes; but the air remains the same throughout.</p> + +<p>If the formula I have reconstructed for the Cinder-Maid compares at +all with the original, one ought to be able to take any variant and +see where the teller of it has diverged from the original, inserted +new incidents or adopted new ones to local conditions. When one reads +over Miss Cox's variants one can often discern such additions or +variations introduced by the fancy of the teller. It is even possible +that in Cinderella itself the original folk artist who conceived it +made use of the Catskin formula to embellish the details of the three +meetings of the lovers; even in my own telling I fear there may be +traces of the same process. There is still doubt whether the bird in +the hazel tree was meant to represent the soul of the mother in whom, +we may even say, there is a double identification involved, as in the +Golden Bough. The tree rising from the mother's grave is obviously +connected spiritually with her; the relation of the bird in the tree +to the Cinder-Maid also implies a similar relation to the mother. In +my telling of the tale I have purposely avoided emphasizing this, +which might lead to inconvenient questionings from the little ones. In +the scheme of the story the guardian influence of the mother-soul is +prominent throughout but need not be too much emphasized for modern +children.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[228]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>II. ALL CHANGE</h3> +<p>This nonsense story is found widely spread, especially in Romance +tongues, French, Italian, Provencal, and Portuguese; but it is also +found in Ireland (see <i>Celtic Fairy Tales</i>), Hanover, Transylvania, +Esthonia, and Russia; so that it has claims to be included in the +fairy book of all Europe. Cosquin, ii., 209-14, gives a number of +Oriental stories, Annamite, Kalmuk, Kaffir, which contain the incident +of the girl in the bag, and Indian and Kabyle stories, which go +through the same exchanges as our story. In the latter case it is an +animal story in which the jackal has a thorn picked out of his paws by +an old woman, and gets an egg out of her in exchange for the thorn +which he has "lost." In this form the jackal helps considerably in the +disappearance of the successive exchanges. It is difficult to say +whether the European or the Indian form was the earlier. The animal +<i>dramatis personæ</i> seem less incongruous and turn the scale in favour +of India.</p> + + +<h3>III. KING OF THE FISHES</h3> +<p>This is practically the Perseus legend of antiquity, which has been +made the subject of an elaborate study by Mr. E. Sidney Hartland, <i>The +Legend of Perseus</i>, 3 vols., London, 1894-6. Mr. Hartland +distinguishes four chains of incidents in the story:</p> + + +<ul> +<li>1. The Supernatural Birth.</li> +<li>2. The Life Token.</li> +<li>3. The Rescue of Andromeda.</li> +<li>4. The Medusa Witch.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Not all the variants, which are very numerous, running from Ireland to +Cambodia, include all these four incidents. The Greek Perseus legend, +for instance, has not the Life Token. Cosquin, i., 67, knows of only +eighteen which have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[229]</a></span> the full contingent, one in Brittany, two in +Greece, one in Sicily, four in Italy, one each—Basque, Spanish, +Catalan, Portuguese, Danish, and Swedish; two German; one Lithuanian; +and a Russian variant. There must be many more in Bolte's notes to +Grimm, 60. These are sufficient to prove that the whole concatenation +of incident is European, though it is difficult to understand how the +Medusa incident got tacked on to the preceding three, with which it is +very loosely combined, the only point of connection being with the +Life Token. Strangely enough, in the ancient form of the folk-tale, +the Gorgon is an almost essential part of the story, though the Life +Token has disappeared, and the Supernatural Birth only applies to the +hero and not to his animal companions. In the modern European +folk-tales these animal friends are rather supernumeraries and are +occasionally replaced by the formula of the Grateful Animals, to whom +the hero does some service during his wanderings, in reward for which +they rescue him from some extremity. In some ancient variants of the +Perseus legend there are traces of the Substituted Champion in the +form of Pentheus, a former suitor of Andromeda, who had failed to meet +the dragon.</p> + +<p>It would be impossible here to consider the folk-lore analogies of the +four chief incidents of the tale which have occupied Mr. Hartland for +three fairly large volumes to develop, out of which have grown two +more (<i>Primitive Paternity</i>, London, 1910). It is only necessary here +to refer to a few points in their relation to the tale itself. The +Supernatural Birth, which is also treated by M. Saintyves (?) is found +attributed to heroes among all nations; it is only of significance in +the story here in its bearing upon the Life Token of the hero, which +is connected with it. With regard to the Life Token, Major Temple has +a full analysis in the notes to <i>Wide Awake Stories</i>, 1884, pp. 404-5, +under the title of the "Life Index," and is closely connected with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[230]</a></span> +the idea of the External Soul, which Sir James G. Frazer has studied +in his <i>Balder</i>, London, 1913, pp. 95-152. The Fight with the Dragon +is celebrated outside folk-tales in the lives of the saints (whence +St. George, the titular saint of England, gets his emblem) in the saga +of Siegfried, and in the poetry of Schiller, where it is made the +subject of a moral apologue. The Medusa-witch, who transforms into +stone, or destroys life in other ways, is quite a familiar figure in +folk tales, but is usually thwarted, as here, by some means of cure.</p> + +<p>The chief interest, however, of the "King of the Fishes," from a +folk-tale point of view, is the remarkable similarity of the later +folk-tales with the Greek legend, from which they are separated by so +many centuries. The absence of the Life Token in the Greek version and +the comparative insignificance of Medusa in the modern tales are +sufficient evidence that these latter are not directly derived from +the former. Yet even Mr. Hartland, who is a strong adherent of the +anthropological treatment of folk-tales, fully agrees that this +particular tale must have, at one time, been composed in artistic +unity, if not containing all the four chains of incidents at least +containing two of them (<i>Legend of Perseus</i>, iii., 151). It should be +added that Rassmann and the Grimms connect the folk-tales with the +Siegfried saga (Bolte, i., 547, 555).</p> + + +<h3>IV. SCISSORS</h3> +<p>This familiar story is found as early as Pauli, "Schimpf und Ernst," +No. 595. It is frequent in Italy, especially in Pitre's Selections. +Koehler has references to the other European versions in Bladé, p. +155. Crane, <i>Italian Popular Tales</i>, No. xcvi, has rendered one of +Pitre's versions.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[231]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>V. BEAUTY AND THE BEAST</h3> +<p>This rather artificial tale has never-the-less spread through all +Europe. One finds it in Italy almost in the same form as in the +original French by the Princesse de Beaumont, from whom it has got +into the ordinary fairy books of England, France and Germany. See +Crane II., "Zelinda and the Monster," pp. 7-11, with note 6, p. 324, +which contain a reference to Miss Stokes's <i>Indian Fairy Tales</i>, p. +292. The Grimm story No. 108, "Hans the Hedgehog," is more primitive +in character, and we get there the story how the Beast obtained his +terrible form. I have, however, rejected this form of it as it is not +so widespread as "Beauty and the Beast," which is one of the few +stories that we can trace, spreading through Europe practically within +our own time. The artificiality of the leading motive is sufficient +proof of the late origin of the tale. But, after all, tradition does +not distinguish between primitive or later strata. Ralston dealt with +the whole formula from the sun-moon point of view in <i>Nineteenth +Century</i>, Dec., 1878.</p> + + +<h3>VI. REYNARD AND BRUIN</h3> +<p>The main incidents of "Reynard the Fox" occur in folk-tales throughout +Europe, and it has often been discussed whether the folk-tales were +the foundation of the beast epic or vice versa. Since, however, it has +been proven that many other incidents besides those used in the beast +satire are found among the folk, it is generally allowed nowadays +that, apart from a few Æsopic fables included in the satire, the main +incidents were derived from the folk. On this subject see my +introduction to "Reynard the Fox" in the Cranford Series.</p> + +<p>I have selected a number of the most characteristic of these +folk-tales relating to the former friendship and later enmity of the +Fox and the Bear, basing my compilation on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[232]</a></span> the admirable monographs +of Prof. K. Krohn of Helsingfors, "Mann und Fuchs," 1891, "Baer (Wolf) +und Fuchs; eine nordische Tiermärchenkette," in <i>Journal de la Société +Finno-Ougrienne</i>, vi., Helsingissa, 1889, and "Die geografische +Verbreitung einer nordischen in Finnland," in <i>Fennia</i>, iv., 4. The +latter monograph is accompanied by an interesting map of Finland, +showing the distribution of the Scandinavian form of these stories, in +which the Bear is the opponent of the Fox, and the Slavonic form in +which the Wolf takes that position. As there is obviously a +mythological tendency at the root of the stories, intending to account +for the shortness of the Bear's tail and the white tip of the Fox's, +it is clear that the Scandinavian form is the more original.</p> + +<p>I have tried to collect together in a logical narrative:</p> + + +<ul> +<li>(a) Fox and Bear in partnership—(Top-off, Half-gone, All-gone).</li> +<li>(b) Fox in fish cart.</li> +<li>(c) Iced Bear's tail.</li> +<li>(d) Fox and cream jug.</li> +<li>(e) Fox on Bear's back.</li> +<li>(f) Fox in briar bush.</li> +<li>(g) Man promises Fox two geese for freeing him from Bear.</li> +<li>(h) Gives him two dogs.</li> +<li>(k) Fox and limbs; sacrifices tail.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>In his article in <i>Fennia</i>, Prof. Krohn refers to no less than 708 +variants of these different episodes, of which, however, 362 are from +the enormous Finnish collections of folk lore in possession of the +Finnish Literary Society at Helsingfors. The others include the +majority of European folk-tale collections with a goodly sprinkling of +Asiatic, African and American ones, the last, however, being confined +to "Uncle Remus," in which four out of the ten incidents occur in +isolated adventures of Brer Rabbit.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[233]</a></span></p> + +<p>Many of the incidents occur separately in early literature; (g) (h) +(k) for example, which form one sequence, are found not alone in +Renard but also in Alfonsi, 1115, and Waldis. (c) The iced bear's tail +occurs in the Latin <i>Ysengrimus</i>, of the twelfth century, in the +<i>Renart</i> of the thirteenth, and, strangely enough, in the Hebrew <i>Fox +Fables</i> of Berachyah ha-Nakadan, whom I have identified with an Oxford +Jew late in the twelfth century. See my edition of Caxton, <i>Fables of +Europe</i>, i., p. 176. The fact that ice is referred to in the last case +would seem to preclude an Indian origin for this part of the +collection.</p> + +<p>It is not quite certain however that all the above incidents were +necessarily connected together originally. The fish cart (b), and the +iced bear's tail (c), are so closely allied that they probably formed +a unity in the original conception, though they are often found +separately nowadays among the folk. Bear and Fox in partnership (a), +is found elsewhere told of other animals, notably of the firm of Cat +and Mouse in Grimm No. 2. It is difficult to determine at present +whether stories relating to other animals, or even to associations of +men, have been applied by peasant narrators to the general opposition +of the sly <i>versus</i> the strong animal, which they have dramatized in +the beast satire of Reynard and Bruin.</p> + +<p>For a discussion of the whole subject, see A. Gerber, <i>Great Russian +Animal Tales</i>, Baltimore, 1891, who discusses the incidents included +in the above compilation in his notes on v. (a), i. (b), ii. (c), iii. +(d), iv. (e), iva. (f), ix. (g), x. (h), xi. (k). It will be found +that few of the other incidents contained in Gerber can be traced +throughout Europe except when they are evidently derived from Æsop.</p> + + +<h3>VII. DANCING WATER</h3> +<p>This story has the peculiarity, that it occurs in the Arabian Nights +as well as in so many European folk-tales.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[234]</a></span> Hahn includes it under his +formula No. 4, Genoveva (add Gonz. 5, Dozon 2, Denton 238, Day xix.), +H. Coote, in <i>Folk-Lore Record</i>, vol. iii., part 2, in a paper on +"Folk-Lore, the Source of some of M. Galland's Tales," contends that +the "Tale of the Two Sisters who Envied their Cadette," as well as Ali +Baba, Aladdin, and Ahmed and Paribanou, were derived from Arabic +folk-lore rather than from any Arabic manuscript version. We know now +that this is not true of Aladdin; and Zotenberg has traced all these +extra tales of Galland to the oral recitation of his Christian +dragoman Hanna. Coote finds the two envious sisters to be an enormous +favorite in Italy and Sicily, being found in Pitre, Berti, Imbriani, +Nerucci, and Comparetti. The story of the girl is sometimes told +separately as a <i>fiaba</i>. Coote remarks that Leon Bruno is Greek (see +Hahn, p. 131 and F. L. R., i., 209), and is derived from the <i>Arabian +Nights</i> in the story of the princess of the islands of Wakwak; it also +occurs in Straparola and Madame D'Aulnoy; Brueyre has something +similar in Brittany, p. 93; Kohler in <i>Melusine</i>, pp. 213, 214, +compares the Breton tale, given there, with the <i>Arabian Nights</i>.</p> + +<p>The boy with the moon or the sun on his forehead is a frequent +character in Indian folk-tales (see Temple, <i>Wide Awake Stories</i>). The +possibility of Galland's version having passed into the East from +Europe does not seem to have been considered till I suggested it in my +Introduction to the <i>Arabian Nights</i>. There is little doubt that Open +Sesame is European, and similarly this story occurs in Straparola +early enough to prevent any possibility of doubt on the subject. The +sequel of incidents appears to be as follows:</p> + +<p>Overheard Boasting—Three Marriages—Substituted Children—Quest +Tasks—Life Token—Speech Taboo—Brother's Failure—Sister's +Success—Guilt Revelation—Punishment of Envious Sisters. Some of +these incidents, like the Life Token, occur in other collocations but +are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[235]</a></span> sufficiently appropriate here; Imbriani has three versions, vi., +vii., viii., with notes.</p> + +<p>I have mostly followed Crane, pp. 17-25 (see also his notes, pp. +325-6).</p> + + +<h3>VIII. LANGUAGE OF ANIMALS</h3> +<p><i>Source.</i>—Sir J. G. Frazer, in <i>Archæological Review</i>, i., 81-91, +161-81, who made an attempt, the first of its kind, to restore the +original archetype of the story of "The Boy Who Became Pope," on the +same principle as classical scholars restore readings from families of +MSS. He uses Grimm, xxxiii.; Crane, xliii.; Sebillot, 2d series xxv.; +and Fleury, 123 <i>seq.</i> I have, on the whole, followed his +reconstruction, but have introduced, from the version in the "Seven +Wise Masters," the motive for the father's anger when learning that he +would have, some day, to offer his son water to wash in; Sir James, in +a private communication, concurs in the insertion. The folk versions +are, in this instance, peculiarly poor, and I have therefore had +largely to rewrite, preserving, however, the common incidents.</p> + +<p><i>Formula.</i>—The following formula gives the common elements of the +four parallels used by Sir James Frazer, with my insertion of the bird +prophecy (father-water, mother-towel):</p> + +<p>Simple Boy—Sent to School—Learns Language of Dogs, Frogs and +Birds—Bird Prophecy (Father-Water, Mother-Towel)—Hero +Exposed—Intended Murderer Brings Back Deer's Heart—Three adventures +on Road—Dogs Warn Burglary—Frog Restores Host to Sick Girl—Bird +Prophesies Papacy (one of three companions)—Pope Election—Heavenly +Sign (dove and bell)—Bird Prophecy Fulfilled—Father Repentance.</p> + +<p><i>Parallels.</i>—Besides the four sources used by Sir James Frazer, he +gives two variants of the Breton from <i>Melusine</i>,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[236]</a></span> i., cols. 300, 374, +and the "Seven Wise Masters" version, with six variants: Russian, +Masurian, two Basques, and a Turkish one. In the Russian version the +father-water, mother-towel prophecy occurs, which could not have +arisen independently. In the Masurian version the prophecy is more +primitive ("Your mother will wash your feet, and your father will +drink the water"). In the remaining versions the prophecy is more +vague, that the parents shall be the son's servants. In the +<i>Pentamerone</i> there is a story in which a father has five simple sons +whom he sends into the world to learn experience. The younger returns +with a knowledge of the language of birds. But the rest of the story +is not of our type.</p> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—In his second paper (<i>Arch. Rev.</i> i., 161 <i>seq.</i>) Sir +James Frazer has many interesting remarks upon the folk conception of +the means of acquiring a knowledge of the language of animals. This is +generally done by a gift of magic rings, or by eating magic plants +(mainly fern) or eating serpents (generally white). Sir James Frazer +connects the rings with serpents by suggesting that serpents are +supposed to have stones in their head which confer magic powers (<i>As +You Like It</i>, iv., 2.) He further connects the notion of eating +serpents with acquiring the language of birds by referring to the +views of Democritus that serpents are generated from the mixed blood +of diverse birds and are therefore in a strict sense blood relations +of them; this idea, he suggests, may have arisen from the fact that +serpents eat birds' eggs. It would be an easy transition in +folk-thought to consider that serpents would understand the language +of the birds they ate and that persons eating serpents would +understand the language of both. So Sigurd understands the language of +birds, after eating the blood of Fafnir the Worm. But all this throws +little light upon the story itself.</p> + +<p>Bolte gives, i., 323-4, many folk-tales in which the hero<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[237]</a></span> becomes not +a pope but a king and compares the story of Joseph in the Bible as +possibly a source of the Prophetic Dream of the father and mother +waiting upon the son. The transference to the pope may have been +influenced by the tradition given by Vincent of Beauvais (<i>Spec. +Hist.</i>, xxiv., 98) that Sylvester II. learned at Seville the language +of birds. There was also the tradition that at the election of +Innocent III., 1198, three doves flew about the cathedral, one of +which, a white one, at last settled down upon his shoulder. Raumer, +<i>Gesch. d. Hohenstaufen</i>, ii., 595.</p> + + +<h3>IX. THE THREE SOLDIERS</h3> +<p>This tale is widely spread through Europe, being found from Ireland to +Greece, from Esthonia to Catalonia. It is generally told of three +soldiers, or often brothers, but more frequently casual comrades. In +Kohler's notes on Imbriani, p. 356-7, he points out that there are +three different forms, in the first of which the fairy's gifts are +recovered by means of a defect produced, which only one of the +soldiers can cure. In the second form the latter part is wanting, and +in the third the two gifts are restored by means of the third, which +is generally in the form of a stick. See <i>English Fairy Tales</i>, No. +32. In my reconstruction I have followed the first form. Cosquin, XI., +has a fairly good variant of this, with comparative notes. Crane, +XXXI., gives, from Gonzenbach, the story of the shepherd boy who makes +the princess laugh, which is allied to our formula, mainly by its +second part. And it is curious to find the three soldiers reproduced +in Campbell's Gaelic, No. 10. In this version the magic gifts are +wheedled out of the soldiers by the princess, but they get them back +and go back to their "girls."</p> + +<p>In the Chinese version of the Buddhist Tripitaka, a monk presents a +man who has befriended him with a copper jug,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[238]</a></span> which gives him all he +wishes. The king gets this from the monk, but has to return it when he +gets another jar which is full of sticks and stones. Aarne in +<i>Fennia</i>, xxvii., 1-96, 1909, after a careful study of the numerous +variants of the East and West, declares that the original contained +three gifts and arose in southern Europe. From the three gifts came +three persons and afterwards the form in which only two gifts occur. +Against this is the earliest of the Tripitaka versions, 516 <span class="smcap">a.d.</span>, +which has only two magic gifts. Albertus Magnus was credited with a +bag out of which used to spring lads with cudgels to assail his +enemies.</p> + + +<h3>X. DOZEN AT ONE BLOW</h3> +<p>This story is familiar to English-speaking children as Jack the Giant +Killer, but it is equally widespread abroad as told of a little tailor +or cobbler. In the former case there is almost invariably the +introduction of the ingenious incident, "Seven at a Blow," the number +varying from three to twenty-seven. I have adopted a fair average. The +latter part of the story is found very early in M. Montanus, +<i>Wegfuehrer</i>, Strassburg, 1557, though most of the incidents occur in +folk tales scattered throughout the European area. Bolte even suggests +that the source of the whole formula is to be found in Montanus and +gives references to early chapbook visions in German, Dutch, Danish, +Swedish and English (i., 154-6). But the very numerous versions in +East Europe must in that case have been derived from oral tradition +from these. Something similar has even spread to Greenland, where the +story of the Giant and the boy is told by Rae, <i>Great White +Peninsula</i>. (See Grimm, tr. Hunt, i., 364.) The Dutch version is told +of Kobis the Dauntless. Cosquin, who has two versions (8 and 25), has +more difficulty than usual in finding the full plot in Oriental +sources, though various incidents have obviously<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[239]</a></span> trickled through to +the East, as for example the hero Nasnai Bahadur in the Caucasus, who +overcomes his three narts, or giants, very much in the same manner as +our tailor.</p> + + +<h3>XI. EARL OF CATTENBOROUGH</h3> +<p>This Puss-in-Boots formula has become universally European from +Perrault's version, to whom we owe the boots that occur in no other +version, so that I have been reluctantly obliged to take them off. But +apart from this the story in its entirety existed earlier in +Straparola, xi., 1, and in the <i>Pentamerone</i>, and is found widely +spread through Italy (Pitre, 88; Imbriani, 10; Gonzenbach, 65, etc.), +as well as in Hungary (Jones and Kropf, No. 1), Germany (Grimm, 33a), +and even in Finland (see Jones and Kropf, p. 305). In some of these +cases the cat is a vixen (or female fox), and the incident of the +false bathing and the marriage occurs before reaching the ogre's +castle, as is indeed more natural. I have, therefore, so far amended +Perrault. In most of the folk versions the miller's son betrays +ingratitude towards his animal protector, who sometimes reduces him to +his original state. This final incident, unknown to Perrault, shows +the independence of these versions from that contained in his Mother +Goose Stories. In Sweden the hero, if one may speak Hibernically, is a +girl, who turns up her nose at everything in the palace as not being +so good as in her castle of Cattenburg (Thorpe quoted by Lang, +<i>Perrault</i>, p. lxxi.). In India it is found in Day, <i>Folk Tales of +Bengal</i>, under the title of "The Matchmaking Jackal," which has +numerous Indian touches; thus the jackal remembers the grandeur of the +weaver's forefathers and rolls himself in betel leaves. Sultan Darai, +in the Swahili version (Steere), has the stripping incident and the +no-talking trick, as well as the ingratitude at end. Lang argues +elaborately that it is impossible to determine<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[240]</a></span> the original home of +Puss-in-Boots, though he seems to own that it had one. His criterion +is the absence or presence of a moral in the story, in this case the +incident showing the ingratitude of the Marquis. This occurs, as we +have seen, as far south as Madagascar, and as far east as India, but, +after all, does not seem to be the essence of the story, though in one +of the versions the cat does his tricks for the miller because he had +previously saved him from the hunters. The late Mr. Ralston has an +interesting article on Puss-in-Boots in the <i>Nineteenth Century</i>, +August, 1883, though in his days there was a tendency to explain all +fairy tales as variants of the Sun and Moon myths.</p> + +<p>It is right that I should add that the servant's evening salute has +nothing to do with the story but is a tradition in my own family, +where my grandfather's servant used to utter this rhyme in a sort of +chant when bidding the family good-night.</p> + + +<h3>XII. THE SWAN MAIDENS</h3> +<p>The Swan Maidens occur very widely spread and have been studied with +great diligence by Mr. E. S. Hartland in two chapters (x., xi.) of his +<i>Science of Fairy Tales</i> (pp. 255-347). In consonance with his general +principle of interpretation, Mr. Hartland is mainly concerned with the +traces of primitive thought and custom to be seen in the Swan Maidens. +Originally these were, according to him, probably regarded as actual +swans, the feathery robe being a later symbolic euphemism, though I +would incidentally remark that the whole of the story <i>as a story</i> +depends upon the seizure of a separate dress involving the capture of +the swan bride. Mr. Hartland is inclined to believe partly with F. +Liebrecht in <i>Zur Volkskunde</i>, pp. 54-65, that these mysterious +visitors from another world are really the souls of deceased persons +(probably regarded as totemistic<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[241]</a></span> ancestresses). In some forms of the +story, enumerated by Mr. Hartland, the captured wife returns to her +original home, not when she recovers her robe of feathers but when the +husband breaks some tabu (strikes her, chides her, refers to her +sisters, sees her nude, etc.).</p> + +<p>From the standpoint of "storyology" from which we are mainly +considering the stories here purely as stories, the Swan Maidens +formula is especially interesting as showing the ease with which a +simple theme can be elaborated and contaminated by analogous ones. The +essence of the story is the capture of a bride by a young man who +seizes her garment and thus gets her <i>in manu</i>, as the Roman lawyers +say. She bears him children, but, on recovering her garment, flies +away and is no more heard of. Sometimes she superfluously imposes a +tabu upon her husband, which he breaks and she disappears (Melusine +variant; compare Lohengrin). This is the effective and affecting +incident of which Matthew Arnold makes such good use in his <i>Merman</i>. +It could obviously be used, as Mr. Hartland points out, in a +quasi-mythological manner to account for supernatural ancestry, as in +the cases of the physicians of Myddvai in Wales, or of the Counts of +Lusignan. But on this simple basis folk tellers have developed +elaborations derived from other formulæ. In several cases, notably in +the <i>Arabian Nights</i> (Jamshah and Hasan of Bassora), the capture of +the swan maiden is preceded by the Forbidden Chamber formula. Then +when the bride flies away there is the Bride-Quest, which is often +helped by Thankful Animals and aided by the Magical Weapons. When the +hero reaches the home of the bride he has often to undergo a +Recognition-Test, or even is made to undertake Acquisition Tasks +derived from the Jason formula; and even when he obtains his wishes in +many versions of the story there is the Pursuit with Obstacles also +familiar from the same formula.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[242]</a></span></p> + +<p>Cosquin, ii., 16, has, with his usual analytical grasp, seen the +separable character of these various series of incidents. He, however, +attempts to show that all of them, including the germ of the Swan +Maidens, are to be found in the East, and is successful in affiliating +the Greek of Hahn, No. 15, with the two stories of the <i>Arabian +Nights</i> mentioned above, as well as the Siberian version given by +Radloff, iv., 321, the hero of which has even derived his name from +the Jamshah of the <i>Thousand and One Nights</i>.</p> + +<p>In my own version I have utilized a few of these incidents but reserve +most of them for their proper story environment. I have introduced, +from the Campbell version, the phrase "seven Bens, and seven Glens, +and seven Mountain Moors," which so attracted Stevenson's Catriona, in +order to point out as a remarkable coincidence that Hasan of Bassora, +in the <i>Arabian Nights</i>, flies over "seven Waddys, seven Seas, and +seven Mountains." It is difficult to understand that such a remarkable +phrase should recur accidentally in Bagdad and in the West Highlands. +Without some actual intermediation, oral or literary, the hypothesis +of universal human tendency can scarcely explain such a coincidence.</p> + + +<h3>XIII. ANDROCLES AND THE LION</h3> +<p>This well-known story occurs first in the fables of Phædrus, though +not in the extant form, only being preserved in the mediæval prose +version known as <i>Romulus</i>. It is also referred to in Appian, Aulus +Gellius, and Seneca (see the references in my <i>History of Æsop</i>, p. +243, Ro. III., i.). It is told in Caxton's <i>Esope</i>, p. 62, from whom I +have borrowed a few touches. He calls his hero Androclus, whereas +Painter, in his <i>Palace of Pleasure</i>, ed. Jacobs, i., 89-90, calls the +slave Androdus. We moderns, including Mr. Bernard Shaw, get our +"Androcles" from Day's <i>Sanford and Merton</i>. It also<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[243]</a></span> occurs in <i>Gesta +Romanorum</i>, 104, edit., Oesterley, who gives a long list of parallels +in almost all the countries of Europe.</p> + +<p>Benfey, in the introduction to his edition of <i>Pantschatantra</i>, i., +112, contends that the story is of Oriental origin, showing Buddhistic +traits in the kindly relations between the slave and the lion; but the +parallels he gives are by no means convincing, though the general +evidence for Oriental provenance of many of Phædrus' fables gives a +certain plausibility to this derivation. From our present standpoint +this is of less importance since Androcles, though it has spread +through Europe and is current among the folk, is clearly of literary +origin and is one of the few examples where we can trace such literary +spread.</p> + + +<h3>XIV. DAY DREAMING</h3> +<p>I have given the story of the barber's fifth brother from the <i>Arabian +Nights</i> as another example of the rare instances of tales that have +become current among the folk, but which can be definitely traced to +literary sources, though possibly, in the far-off past, it was a folk +tale arising in the East. The various stages by which the story came +into Europe have been traced by Benfey in the introduction to his +edition of <i>Pantschatantra</i>, § 209, and after him by Max Mueller in +his essay "On the Migration of Fables" (<i>Chips from a German +Workshop</i>, iv., 145-209; it was thus a chip from another German's +workshop). It came to Europe before the <i>Arabian Nights</i> and became +popular in La Fontaine's fable of Perrette who counted her chickens +before they were hatched, as the popular phrase puts it. In such a +case one can only give a reproduction of the literary <i>source</i>, and it +is a problem which of the various forms which appear in the folk books +should be chosen. I have selected that from the <i>Thousand and One +Nights</i> because I have given elsewhere the story of Perrette (Jacobs,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[244]</a></span> +<i>Æsop's Fables</i>, No. 45), and did not care to repeat it in this place. +I have made my version a sort of composite from those of Mr. Payne and +Sir Richard Burton, and have made the few changes necessary to fit the +tale to youthful minds. It is from the quasi-literary spread of +stories like this that the claim for an Oriental origin of all folk +tales has received its chief strength, and it was necessary, +therefore, to include one or two of them in <i>Europa's Fairy Book</i> +(Androcles is another). But the mode of transmission is quite +different and definitely traceable and, for the most part, the tales +remain entirely unchanged; whereas, in the true folk tale, the popular +story-tellers exercised their choice, modifying incidents and giving +local colour.</p> + + +<h3>XV. KEEP COOL</h3> +<p>There is no doubt about the European character of this tale, which is +found in Brittany, Picardy, Lorraine, among the Basques, in Spain, +Corsica, Italy, Tyrol, Germany (though not in Grimm), among +Lithuanians, Moravians, Roumanians, Greeks, Irish, Scotch, Danes, +Norwegians (Cosquin, ii., 50). The central idea of the Rage-Wager is +retained throughout, and in many places the punishment is the +same—the loss of a strip of skin. In all but three instances the +story is told of three brothers, which practically proves its +identity. I have given the Irish version in <i>More Celtic Fairy Tales</i>.</p> + +<p>The "sells" however change considerably, though in most of them the +final dénoument comes with the death or wounding of the wife. The +pigs' tails incident is also very common and is indeed found in +another set of tales, more of the Master Thief type. Campbell's No. 45 +had an entirely different set, some of them very amusing. +Mac-A-Rusgaich has all three meals at once and lies down. He holds the +plough and does nothing else; he sees after the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[245]</a></span> mountain; literally +casts ox-eyes at the master, and makes a sheep foot-path out of +sheep's feet. I have taken from Campbell the direction to wash horses +and stable within and without, though it does not occur elsewhere. Yet +Mac-A-Rusgaich has a bout with a giant, in which he slits an +artificial stomach, like Jack the Giant Killer; and this incident +occurs in four other of the European tales, again showing identity. +"Keep cool" is thus an interesting example of identity of framework, +with variation of incident.</p> + + +<h3>XVI. THE MASTER THIEF</h3> +<p>The sneaking regard of the folk-mind for the clever rogue who can +outwit the guardians of order (the ever-present enemy of the folk) was +shown in early days by the myth of Rhampsinitus in Herodotus, ii., +121, which is found to this day among the Italians (see Crane, No. 44, +and S. Prato, <i>La Leggenda del Tesoro di Rampsinite</i>, Como, 1882). But +the more usual European form is that I have chosen for the text, the +formula of which might be summed up as follows:</p> + +<p>Apprenticeship in thievery—Purse or life—Hanging "sell"—Master +Thief—Three Tests—Horse from Stable—Sheet off bed—Priest in +bag—Horse from under (Thumb-Bung).</p> + +<p>Almost the whole of this is found as early as Straparola i., 2, where +Cassandrino is ordered by the provost of Perugia to steal his bed and +his horse and to bring to him in a sack the rector of the village.</p> + +<p>The purse incident occurs in Brittany, Piedmont, Tuscany, and Tyrol; +in Iceland (Arnason, p. 609) occurs the man twice hanged which also +occurs in Norway, Ireland, Saxony, Tuscany, and in Germany (Kuhn and +Schwartz, 362); in Servia (Vuk, 46) the Master Thief steals sheep by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[246]</a></span> +throwing two shoes successively in the road, which also occurs in +Bengal (Day, xi.); the theft of the horse occurs in Brittany, Norway, +Ireland, Tuscany, Scotland (Campbell, 40), Flanders, in Basque and +Catalan, Russia and Servia. The third test of kidnapping the priest +occurs in Brittany, Flanders, Norway, Basque, Catalan, Scotland, +Ireland, Lithuania, Tuscany. In Iceland the persons carried away are a +king and a queen.</p> + +<p>The three tests of the Master Thief, the stealing of bed, horse, and +priest, occur as early as Straparola, i., 2, who also has a somewhat +similar story of the "Scholar in Magic," viii., 5, which contains the +zigzag transformation of the <i>Arabian Nights</i>. Both forms occur in +Grimm, 68, 192. While the three tests are fairly uniform throughout +Europe, the introduction by which the lad becomes a thief and proves +himself a Master Thief varies considerably; and I have had to make a +selection rather than a collation.</p> + +<p>In some forms the farmer has three sons, of whom the youngest adopts +thievery as a profession, which indeed it was in the Middle Ages (as +we know from the Cul-le-jatte of <i>The Cloister and the Hearth</i>). In +Hahn, 3, the Master Thief has to bring a "Drakos" instead of a priest. +Curiously enough, in Gonzenbach, 83, the Master Thief has to bring +back a "dragu."</p> + +<p>In many of the variants the Master Thief executes his tricks in order +to gain the King's daughter by a sort of Bride Wager. But in most +cases he does them in order to escape the natural consequences of his +thievery.</p> + + +<h3>XVII. THE UNSEEN BRIDEGROOM</h3> +<p>The adult reader will of course recognize that this is the story of +Cupid and Psyche, as told by Apuleius, and translated with such +felicity by Pater in his <i>Marius</i>, Pt. i., ch. 5. Though the names of +the gods and goddesses—Venus,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[247]</a></span> Mercury, Jupiter, Juno, Proserpine, +etc.—are scattered through the tale, it is now acknowledged on all +hands that it has nothing to do with mythology but is a fairy tale +pure and simple, as indeed is acknowledged by Apuleius who calls it a +"fabella anilis." From this point of view it is of extreme interest to +the student of the folk-tale as practically the same tale, with the +Unseen Bridegroom, the Sight Taboo, the Jealous Mother-in-law, the +Tasks, and the Visit to the Nether-World, occur in contemporary +folk-tales scattered throughout Europe, from Norway (Dasent, "East o' +the Sun and West o' the Moon") to Italy (Gonzenbach No. 15, Pitre No. +18 given in Crane No. 1, <i>King of Love</i>); for the variants elsewhere +see Koehler on Gonzenbach. The earliest form of the modern versions is +found in Basile (1637), <i>Pentamerone</i> v., 4, <i>The Golden Root</i>.</p> + +<p>Now there are several circumstances showing the identity of the +ancient and modern forms of this story. All of them contain the +punishment for curiosity motive, which is doubled both in Apuleius +(with the coffer at the end) and in Basile and Crane. In several of +the folk-tales the Ant-Help occurs in the performance of the tasks, +and in Apuleius the successive visits to Juno and Ceres evidently +represent the visits to the Queen-mother's sisters, often known as +ogresses, found in Dasent, Basile, and in Grimm 88. It is possible, of +course, that in some cases dim memories of Apuleius have percolated +down to the folk, as is shown by the name of the hero in Pitre's +version <i>Il Re d'Amore</i>. Kawczynski (Abh. d. Krakauer Akad. 1909, xlv. +1) declares for the derivation of the whole series of folk-tales from +Apuleius but against this is the doubt whether this author was at all +known during the Middle Ages.</p> + +<p>But, to prove that the folk-tales were not derived directly or solely +from the classical romance they, in almost every case, had a series of +adventures not found there, including the incidents, Obstacles to +Pursuit, False Bride, and Sale<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[248]</a></span> of Bed. Now these incidents really +belong to another formula, that of the Master-Maid, in which an ogre's +or giant's daughter, helps the hero to perform tasks, flees away with +him, is pursued by the ogre, loses her beloved through an Oblivion +Kiss and has to win him again from his False Bride by purchasing the +right of spending three nights with him. These incidents come in +logically in the Master-Maid formula but are dragged in without real +relevance into Cupid and Psyche; yet they occur as early as Basile +where there is a dim reminiscence of the Oblivion Kiss. In +reconstructing the formula I have therefore omitted these incidents, +reserving them for their proper place (see Master-Maid).</p> + +<p>Cupid and Psyche is of special interest to the student of the +folk-tale since it is a means of testing the mythological, the +anthropological, and the Indian theories of its origin. The +mythological interpretation is nowadays so discredited that it is +needless to discuss it, especially as we have seen that the +mythological names given by Apuleius are only dragged in perforce. The +anthropological explanation, given most fully by Andrew Lang in his +admirable introduction to Addington's translation of Apuleius in the +<i>Bibliotheque de Carabas</i>, gives savage parallels from all quarters of +the globe to the seven chief incidents making up the tale, but leaves +altogether out of account the artistic concatenation of the incidents +in the tale itself and does not consider the later complications of +the European folk-tales connected with it. M. Cosquin and others bring +in the Vedic myth of Urvasi and Pururavas, but we have seen reason to +reject the notion that the tale is, in its essence, mythological, and +therefore need not consider its relation to Indian mythology. Cosquin, +however, gives reference to the tale of Tulisa taken down from a +washerwoman of Benares in 1833 (<i>Asiatic Journal</i>, new series, vol. +2), which has the invisible husband and the breaking of taboo, the +jealous mother-in-law, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[249]</a></span> the tasks. This is indeed a close +parallelism sufficient to raise the general question of relation +between the Indian and the European folk-tale. But the earlier +existence of the tale in Apuleius and Basile would give the preference +to European influence on India rather than <i>vice versa</i>.</p> + +<p>I should add that I have followed Apuleius in giving a symbolic name +to the heroine of the tale, in order to suggest its relation to the +classical folk-tale of Cupid and Psyche, but not of course to indicate +that it is in any sense mythological. The Descent-to-hell incident, +which is found both in the classical and in the modern European forms +and therefore in my reconstruction is only, after all, the application +of a common form to the notion of difficult Tasks, which is of the +essence of the story.</p> + + +<h3>XVIII. THE MASTER-MAID</h3> +<p>This is one of the oldest and widest spread tales of the world, and +the resultant formula was, therefore, more than usually difficult to +reconstruct. The essence of the tale consists in the Menial +Hero—Three Tasks—Master-Maid Help—Obstacles to Pursuit—Oblivion +Kiss—False Bride—Sale of Bed—Happy Marriage. In essentials this is +the story of Jason and Medea, where we have the Tasks, the Pursuit, +and the False Bride, though the dramatic genius of the Greeks has +given a tragic ending to the tale. Lang, in his <i>Custom and Myth</i>, pp. +87-102, has pointed out parallels, not alone in modern folk-tales, +like Grimm 92, Campbell 2, Dasent 11, and Basile 11, but even in +Madagascar (<i>Folk-Lore Journal</i>, Aug., 1883), and Samoa (Turner 102) +while the Flight and Obstacles are found in Japan and Zululand. Even +in America there is the Algonquin form of the Tasks (School-craft, +Algic Researches ii., 94-104), and the Flight is given in an +interesting article in the <i>Century Magazine</i>, 1884. According to +Lang's general<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[250]</a></span> views, he seems to regard these incidents as being +universally human and having no affiliation with one another, though +he entitles his essay, "A Far Travelled Tale."</p> + +<p>The modern Folk-Tales, however, make it practically impossible that +these at least could have arisen independently. Many of them have an +introductory set of incidents, Jephtha-Vow, Herd-Boy, Shepherd-Boy, +Prince; this I have adopted in my version. But besides this the Tasks +are often identical, Cleaning Stable (Dasent, Campbell), Finger-Ladder +(Campbell, trace in Cosquin 32), Building Castle (Grimm 113, Hahn 54); +the Oblivion Kiss occurs in Scotland, Germany, Spain, Tyrol, Tuscany, +Sicily, and Rome, all in connection with similar stories.</p> + +<p>The tale has been especially popular in Celtdom. I have enumerated no +less than fourteen versions in my notes on the "Battle of the Birds" +(<i>Celtic Fairy Tales</i>, p. 265). There we have the Obstacles to Pursuit +mainly in the form of forest, mountain, and river, which the late Mr. +Alfred Nutt pointed out to be the natural boundaries of the +Nether-World in Teutonic Paganism. It is, therefore, possible that our +story has been "contaminated" or influenced by the notion of the +"Descent to Hell."</p> + +<p>Here, as in the parallel case of Cupid and Psyche, we find a classical +story, with many of the incidents clearly reproduced in modern +Folk-Tales, while others have been inserted to make the tale longer or +more of the folk-tale character.</p> + +<p>At the same time the story as a <i>whole</i> is found spread from America +to Samoa, from India to Scotland, with indubitable signs of being the +same story dressed up according to local requirements. The Master-Maid +is, accordingly, one of the most instructive of all folk-tales, from +the point of view of the problem of diffusion.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[251]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>XIX. A VISITOR FROM PARADISE</h3> +<p>This droll, in its two parts, occurs throughout Europe as has been +shown by Cosquin in his elaborate Notes to No. 22. The Visitor from +Paradise, for example, occurs in Brittany, Germany, Norway, and +Sweden, England, Roumania, Tyrol, and Ireland. In some of the versions +the silly wife gives some household treasure to a passer-by because +her husband had said that he was keeping this for Christmas, for +Easter, or for "Hereafterthis" and the Visitor claims it in that name. +(See <i>More English Fairy Tales</i>.) The idea also occurs in the +literature of jests in Pauli, 1519, Hans Sachs, and in <i>Trésor du +Ridicule</i>, Paris, 1644. Cosquin has also traced it to Ceylon, +<i>Orientalist</i>, 1884, p. 62.</p> + +<p>The adventure of the door and the robbers is equally widely spread in +Normandy, Germany, Austria, Bosnia, Rome, Catalonia, and Sicily. +(Gonz., i., 251-2.) It forms part of the tale of "Mr. Vinegar" in +<i>English Fairy Tales</i>. The two adventures are, however, rarely +combined; Cosquin knows of only two instances. I have, however, +ventured to combine them here instead of making two separate tales of +them.</p> + +<p>In telling the story one has to slur over the pronunciation of +"Paradise," making the last vowel short, so as to explain the +misunderstanding about "Paris." I have retained the Paris <i>motif</i> as +all through the Middle Ages, wayfarers from and to Paris (wandering +scholars or clerics) would be familiar sights to the peasantry +throughout Europe.</p> + +<p>Bolte gives in full (ii., 441-6) a Latin poem by Wickram in 1509 +entitled, "De Barta et marito eius per studentem Parisiensem +subtiliter deceptis," which is practically identical with the early +part of our story and has this misunderstanding about Paris and +Paradise. It accordingly occurs in most of the German books of Drolls +as those by Bebel<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[252]</a></span> and Pauli, and it is possible that the folk +versions were derived from this, though they stretch as far as Cairo +and North India. See Clouston, <i>Book of Noodles</i>, pp. 205, 214. In +some of the folk-tales, there is an introduction in which the Foolish +Wife sells three cows, but keeps one of the three as a pledge. +Thereupon her husband leaves her until he can find any one as silly, +which he does by posing as a Visitor from Paradise. This is more +suitable for an introduction for "The Three Sillies."</p> + + +<h3>XX. INSIDE AGAIN</h3> +<p>This story is one of the most interesting in the study of the popular +diffusion of tales, and I therefore give it here though I have given +an excellent version from Temple and Steel in <i>Indian Fairy Tales</i>, +ix., "The Tiger, the Brahman, and the Jackal," and have there +discussed the original form. Its interest, from the point of view of +diffusion, lies in the fact that it occurs in India, both early (see +Benfey, i., 117) and late (Temple, 12, Frere, 14), in Greece, both +classical (Æsopic fable of the serpent in the bosom) and modern (Hahn, +87, Schmidt, p. 3), and in the earliest mediæval collection of popular +tales by Petrus Alfonsi (<i>Disciplina clericalis</i>, vii.), as well as in +the Reynard cycle. Besides these quasi-literary sources ranging over +more than two thousand years, there are innumerable folk-versions +collected in the last century and ranging from Burmah (Semeaton, <i>The +Karens</i>, 128) to America (Harris, <i>Uncle Remus</i>, 86). These are all +enumerated by Professor Krohn in an elaborate dissertation, "Mann und +Fuchs" (Helsingfors, 1891). In essentials the trick by which the +fisherman gets the djin inside the bottle again, in the first story +within the frame of the <i>Arabian Nights</i> (adapted so admirably by Mr. +Anstey in his <i>Brass Bottle</i>), is practically the same device. Richard +I. is said, by Matthew Paris (ed. Luard,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[253]</a></span> ii., 413-16), to have told +the nobles of England, after his return from captivity in the East, a +similar apologue proving the innate ingratitude of man. This is +derived from the Karma Jataka, which was possibly the ultimate source +of the whole series of tales.</p> + +<p>Amid all these hundred variants there is one common idea, that of the +ingratitude of a rescued animal (crocodile, snake, tiger, etc.), which +is thwarted by its being placed back in the situation from which it +was rescued. In some cases the bystander who restores equilibrium is +alone; in most instances there are three of them; the first two having +suffered from man's ingratitude see no reason for interfering. This is +the "common form" which I have adopted in my version. In India the +sufferer from ingratitude is sometimes a tree (a mulberry tree, in +<i>Indian Fairy Tales</i>), but the European versions prefer horses or +dogs.</p> + +<p>Now it is obvious that such an artificial apologue on man's +ingratitude could not have been invented twice for that particular +purpose; and thus the hundred different versions (to which Dr. Bolte +could probably add another century) must all, in the last resort, have +emanated from a single source. When and where that original was +concocted is one of the most interesting problems of folk-tale +diffusion; the moralizing tendency of the tale, the animistic note +underlying it, all point to India, where we find it in the Bidpai +literature before the Christian era and current among the folk at the +present day. The case for Indian origin is strongest for drolls of +this kind.</p> + +<p>I may add that the ingratitude of the man towards the fox at the end +is not so universal a tail piece to the story as the rest of it, and +is ultimately derived from the Reynard cycle, in which I have also +introduced it (see "Bruin and Reynard").</p> + +<p>But it occurs in many of the variants and comes in so appropriately +that I thought it desirable to add it also here.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[254]</a></span> The substitution of +a dog for something else desired also occurs in the story of the +Hobyahs in <i>More English Fairy Tales</i>, where Mr. Batten's released dog +is so fierce (p. 125) that it drives one of the Hobyahs over on to the +next page belonging to altogether another story.</p> + + +<h3>XXI. JOHN THE TRUE</h3> +<p>I have followed Bolte's formula "Anmerkungen" 45, keeping however as +far as possible to the alternatives nearest to Basile, iv., 9, and +where that fails making use of the Grimms' "Faithful John," No. 6, one +of their best told tales. The story is popular in Italy where Crane, +344, refers to six other versions. It is also found in Greece (Hahn +29), and Roumania (Schott, p. 144), and indeed throughout the east of +Europe. Traces of it in British Isles are but slight.</p> + +<p>In India, however, there are a number of very close parallels (Day, +17-52; Knowles, 421-41; Frere, 98; and Somadeva; edit. Tawney, i., +519, ii., 251, which contains the similar story of Vivara the True); +Benfey, i., 417, draws attention to other Oriental traits in the story +and aptly compares the half-marble figure of the King of the Black +Islands in the Arabian Nights. The probabilities of an Indian origin +for this formula are rendered greater by the early age of the +Pantschatantra and Somadeva parallels.</p> + +<p>On the other hand the sacrifice of the children for the faithful +servant has its closest parallel in the old French romance of Amis and +Amilun, where Amis smears Amilun with the blood of his child to cure +him of leprosy. The analogy is so close as almost to force the +assumption of derivation. Koehler accordingly in his <i>Aufsaetze</i>, +1894, pp. 24-35, regards the tale as a development of the Indian story +influenced by the romance of Amis.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[255]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>XXII. JOHNNIE AND GRIZZLE</h3> +<p>I have followed Bolte's formula s. v. Hansel and Gretel, 15, i., 115, +though with some misgivings. Very few of his variants have his section +F, which he divides into three variants: F 1. Ducks or angels carry +the children over the stream. F 2. Or they throw out obstacles to +pursuit. F 3. Or the witch drinks up the stream and bursts. F 2 is +obviously "contaminated" by the similar incident in the Master Maid, +and the existence of such alternatives indicates, to my mind, an +absence of a consistent tradition as to the ending of the story, which +obviously ended with the baking of the witch in the oven. I have +combined, in my ending F 1 and F 2, the former from the Grimms' +"Hansel and Gretel"; I have also adapted their title, with a +reminiscence of Sir James Barrie.</p> + +<p>The predicament of the farmer must have often really occurred in the +Middle Ages when famine was the rule rather than the exception; and +the decision to "expose" the children recalls the general practice in +ancient Greece and Rome and in Arabia. A touch of comedy, however, is +given to this grim beginning of our tale by the house made of cookies +and sweetmeats, probably derived from the myth of a Schlarafenland of +the Germans and similar imaginations of the Celts (see <i>More Celtic +Fairy Tales</i>).</p> + +<p>The beginning of the tale occurs early in Basile, v., 8, "Nennillo and +Nennila," in which the three kings' children find their way home twice +by similar devices, but at the third time scatter peas, which the +birds eat up. Perrault has the same beginning in his "Petit Poucet," +which has been Englished as "Hop o' my Thumb," who shares some of the +adventures of Tom Thumb, as well as of the valiant Tailor. Lang has an +interesting but, as usual, inconclusive discussion of the incidents of +our tale in his Perrault civ.-cxi., and finds many of the incidents +among the Kaffirs,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[256]</a></span> Zulus, and other savage tribes, but scarcely the +whole set of incidents from A to F, and that is what we want to find +in studying the story. Dr. Bolte finds several instances where the +full formula still exists in popular tradition. It is surely easiest +to assume that they were once brought together by a folk artist whose +bright little tale has spread among various folks, with the +alterations suggested by the divergent fancy of the different folk +minds.</p> + + +<h3>XXIII. CLEVER LASS</h3> +<p>The Clever Lass is of exceptional interest to the student of the +Folk-Tale because of its exceptionally wide spread throughout Europe +and Asia, and also because it is one of those tales which have been +made the basis of the theory of the Eastern origin of all Folk-Tales. +Bolte, in his elaborate monograph on the formula ("<i>Anmerkungen</i>," +ii., 349-73), enumerates no less than eighty-six variants, twelve in +Germany, six in other Teutonic lands, thirteen in Romance countries, +no less than thirty-seven in Slavonic dialects, seven in Finnish, +Hungarian and Tartar, six in the Semitic tongues, and also five in +India, though there the parallelism is only partial. But in the +European variants the parallels are so close and the riddles answered +by the Clever Lass are in so many cases identical, and the order of +incidents is so uniform that none can doubt the practical identity of +the story throughout the Western area. There occurs some variation in +the opening which, at times, takes the form of the father of the +Clever Girl finding a golden mortar and giving it to the King, against +the advice of his daughter who foresees that the monarch will demand +the accompanying pestle. This seems however to be confined to the +Teutonic lands or those in immediate cultural connection with them. +The riddles about strongest, richest, most beautiful, form the opening +elsewhere, and I have therefore chosen this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[257]</a></span> alternative. The +variations, both in questions and answers, are many, as is perhaps +natural considering the popularity of the riddle in the folk mind, +which would make it easy for a story-teller to make changes.</p> + +<p>The King or Prince, in some of the variants, discovers the cleverness +of the farmer's daughter on a visit to the farmer, when he elaborately +carves and divides a chicken on a method which the Clever Lass +discerns. This however does not occur so frequently except in Italy, +and I have therefore omitted it. The discovery of the theft by the +King's messenger is much more widely spread. (See Crane, 382, and +compare "Gobborn Seer," in <i>More English Fairy Tales</i>.)</p> + +<p>The Grimms, in their notes, point to a remarkable parallel in the Saga +of Aslaug, the daughter of Brunhild and Sigurd. Here the King Ragnar +demands that Aslaug should come to him naked yet clothed, eating yet +not eating, not alone but without companion. She uses the fish-net as +in the Folk-Tale, bites into an onion, and takes her dog along with +her. From the last incident some of the Folk-Tales have possibly taken +the awkward attitude of limping along with one of her feet on the back +of a dog. But the first incident, being dragged along in a fish-net, +is so unlikely to occur to anybody's mind without prompting, that one +cannot help agreeing with the Grimms that the incident was taken into +the Folk-Tale from the Saga, or that both were derived from a common +source. On the whole subject of the curious ride, R. Kohler has an +elaborate treatment in his <i>Gesammelte Schriften</i>, i., 446-56.</p> + +<p>The attraction of the riddle for the folk mind is well known, and +before the spread of cards appears to have been one of the chief forms +of gambling in which even life was staked, as in the case of Samson or +the Sphinx. In the Folk-Tale it often occurs in the form of the +Riddle-Bride-Wager, in which a princess is married to him that can +guess<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[258]</a></span> some elaborate conundrum. The first two of Child's Ballads deal +with similar riddles, and his notes are a mine of erudition on the +subject: on the Clever Lass herself see his elaborate treatment, +<i>English Ballads</i>, i., 485 <i>seq.</i></p> + +<p>It is perhaps worthy of note that the questions as to the strongest, +most beautiful, and richest occur in Plutarch's Symposium, 152 a, and +it is a striking coincidence that, in the same treatise, 151 b, occurs +another practical riddle, how to drink up the ocean, which occurs in +several variants of the Clever Lass. But there is no evidence of any +story connection between the two riddles in Plutarch, and one can +easily imagine this sort of verbal amusement spreading from the +learned to the folk.</p> + +<p>The plan by which the Clever Lass becomes reconciled to the King, by +carrying off what is dearest to her, is found in the Midrash probably +as early as the eighth century. A still more remarkable parallel is +that of the True Wives of Weinsberg who, when that town was invested, +were allowed by the besiegers to carry off with them whatever they +liked best. When the town gate was opened they tottered forth, each of +them carrying her husband on her shoulders. But whether the incident +ever really occurred, and if it occurred, whether the ruse was +suggested by the Folk-Tale, cannot now be ascertained.</p> + +<p>Benfey, in an elaborate dissertation, first communicated to "Ausland" +in 1859, but now included in his <i>Kleinere Schriften</i>, ii., 156-223, +argues for the Eastern origin of the whole cycle, which he traces back +to the "Seventy Tales of the Parrot" (Suka Saptati) probably as early +as the sixth century. Here the vizier Sakatala of the King Nanda is +released from prison in order to determine which of two identical +horses is mare and which is foal, and which part of a truncated log is +root or branch. Benfey traces this and similar riddlesome difficulties +to a good deal of Eastern literature in Tibet, Mongolia and Persia, +and Arabia. But<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[259]</a></span> he fails to find any very exact parallels in the +European area which, at that time, was very little explored. He finds +the nearest parallel in Wuk, No. 25, but this is by no means a full +variant of the other European tales and may have even been +"contaminated" from the East. Benfey notices the Saga parallel but +goes so far as even to claim this as being influenced by Eastern +stories. Since his time a much closer parallel has been found in +Kashmir by Knowles' <i>Folk Tales of Kashmir</i>, pages 484-90, repeated in +<i>Indian Fairy Tales</i>, No. xxiv., "Why the Fish Laughed." But the +parallelism here extends only to the cleverness of the girl and the +ingenuity of her answers to the riddles, not to the actual plot of the +story which is so uniform in Europe. Altogether we must reject +Benfey's contention, at any rate for this particular story.</p> + + +<h3>XXIV. THUMBKIN</h3> +<p>I have followed, for the most part, Bolte's reconstruction, which +practically consists of a combination of Grimm, 37 and 45. But in +combining the two I have found it necessary to omit sections D and E +of Bolte's formula which form the beginning of Grimm, 45, "Thumbkin as +Journeyman."</p> + +<p>The notion of a baby the size of a doll might be regarded as +"universally human"; even the Greeks knew of manikins no bigger than +their thumbs and weighing not more than an obolus (Athenæus, xii., +77); there is an epigram of the same subject in the Greek Anthology, +ii., 350. But the particular adventures of Thumbkin are so +consistently identical throughout Europe, especially with regard to +the adventures in the cow's stomach, that it is impossible to consider +the stories as independent. Cosquin, 53, has more difficulty than +usual in finding real parallels in the Orient. In England, of course, +Thumbkin is known as Tom Thumb<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[260]</a></span> (see <i>English Fairy Tales</i>). In the +days when mythological explanations of folk-tales were popular, Gaston +Paris, in a special monograph ("Petit Poucet," Paris 1875) tried to +prove that Tom Thumb was a stellar hero because his French name was +given to the smallest star in the Great Bear. But it is more likely +that the name came from the tale than the tale from the star.</p> + +<p>According to Gaston Paris, the chief variants known to him were +Teutonic and Slav. Those of the Roumanians, Albanians, and Greeks were +derived from the Slavs. He concludes that the French form must have +been borrowed from the Germans, and declares that it is not found in +Italy or Spain, but Cosquin, ii., gives Basque and Catalan variants, +as well as a Portuguese one, and Crane gives a Tuscan variant, 242, +with other occurrences in Italy in note 3, p. 372. This only shows the +danger of deciding questions of origin on an imperfect induction.</p> + +<p>The opening is not found in Grimm; I have taken it from Andrews; for +which an excellent parallel is given in Crane, lxxvii., "Little +Chick-pea." A similar beginning occurs in Hahn, 56, "Pepper-corn."</p> + + +<h3>XXV. SNOWWHITE</h3> +<p>Snowwhite is of special interest to the students of the folk-tale as +being obviously a late product combining many <i>motifs</i> from different, +more primitive, or at least earlier formulæ. E. Boeklen, in his +<i>Schneewitchen Studien</i>, I, Leipzig 1910, suggests influence by Hansel +and Gretel; The Seven Ravens; The Sleeping Beauty; The Maiden without +Hands; One Eye, Two Eyes, Three Eyes; False Bride, etc.; and Bolte, +i., 453, appears to agree with him. Certainly almost every one of the +incidents can be paralleled in other sets of folk-tales. The +combination "white as snow," "red as blood," "black as ebony," has +already been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[261]</a></span> given in the present volume (see p. 173). Bringing back +an animal's heart instead of the proposed victim's is common form as +early as the Book of Genesis; and the trial of the three beds is +familiar to English children in Southey's "Three Bears." It would seem +that a story something like "Snowwhite" was known in Shakespeare's +time, as there appears to be a reference to it in the main plot of +"Cymbeline" (see <i>Germania</i>, ix., 458).</p> + +<p>The form I have given to the formula follows very closely that of the +Grimms' 53. It is one of their best stories and occurs widely spread +throughout Germany. Whether that implies original composition in +Central Europe cannot at present be determined, but it certainly looks +that way. I have, however, omitted Bolte's F referring to the +punishment of the Queen, which is wanting in the majority of the +variants. No editor of a text would under similar circumstances take +account of so rare a variant.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[263]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="LIST_OF_INCIDENTS" id="LIST_OF_INCIDENTS"></a>LIST OF INCIDENTS</h2> + + +<p>I give in the following list the chief incidents that occur in the +preceding tales, using for the most part the nomenclature used in the +notes or in the list of incidents attached to my paper on "The Problem +of Diffusion" in the <i>Transactions of the International Folk-Lore +Congress</i>, 1892, pp. 87-98.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>N. B. Incidents in Drolls are placed in italics. In some few +cases, the incidents are referred to only in the notes.</p></div> + + +<ul> +<li>Acquisition Task, xii.</li> + +<li>Animal Aid, xi., xvii.</li> + +<li>Apple Speaking, xviii.</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li>Bean Transformation, xxiv.</li> + +<li>Bird Aid, i.</li> + +<li>Bird Election, viii.</li> + +<li>Bird Prophecy, viii., xxi.</li> + +<li>Bird Throwing, x.</li> + +<li>Blood Resuscitation, xvi.</li> + +<li>Bread Crumb Track, xxii.</li> + +<li>Bride Quest, xii.</li> +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Captured Bride, xii., xxi.</li> + +<li><i>Casting Sheep's Eyes</i>, xv.</li> + +<li>Castle Building Task, xviii.</li> + +<li><i>Cheese Squeezing</i>, x.</li> + +<li>Children Sacrifice, xvi.</li> + +<li>Cleansing Stable Task, xviii.</li> + +<li><i>Cow's Stomach Refuge</i>, xxiv.</li> + +<li>Cure by Fruit, ix.</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li>Descent to Hell, xvii., xviii.</li> + +<li>Dogs in Bag, vi., xx.</li> + +<li><i>Door Dropping</i>, xix.</li> + +<li>Dragon Slayer, xxi.</li> + +<li>Dress Rhyme, i.</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li>Enclosure in Bag, vi.</li> + +<li>Envious Sisters, i., vii.</li> + +<li>Exchange Series, ii.</li> + +<li>Exposed Hero, viii., xxii.</li> + +<li>External Soul, iii.</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li>Fairy Godmother, i.</li> + +<li><i>False Bathing</i>, xi.</li> + +<li>False Bride, xviii.</li> + +<li><i>False Sale</i>, xxiv.</li> + +<li>Feather Dress, vii.</li> + +<li>Feet Rhyme, i.</li> + +<li>Finger Ladder Task, xviii.</li> + +<li><i>Flea Bite Blows</i>, x.</li> + +<li>Flight from Ogre, xviii.</li> + +<li>Forbidden Chamber, xii.</li> + +<li><i>Fox in Briar Bush</i>, vi.</li> + +<li><i>Fox in Fish-cart</i>, vi.</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li><i>Giants Quarrelling</i>, x.</li> + +<li><i>Girl in Bag</i>, ii.</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li>Helpful Animals, i.</li> + +<li>Honey Trap, i.</li> + +<li><i>Horse from Stable Theft</i>, xvi.</li> + +<li><i>Horse's Ear Guide</i>, xxiv.</li> +<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[264]</a></span></li> + +<li><i>Iced Bear's Tail</i>, vi.</li> + +<li><i>Inside Again</i>, xx.</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li>Jealous Brother-in-law, xvii.</li> + +<li>Jealous Mother-in-law, xvii., xxv.</li> + +<li>Jephtha Vow, xviii.</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li>Language of Animals, viii.</li> + +<li>Life Token, iii., vii.</li> + +<li><i>Lollipop House</i>, xxii.</li> + +<li>Lost Shoe, i.</li> + +<li>Love at Distance, xxi.</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li><i>Magic Cudgel</i>, ix.</li> + +<li>Magic Dress, i.</li> + +<li>Magic Purse, ix.</li> + +<li>Magical Weapons, xii.</li> + +<li>Menial Hero, xviii.</li> + +<li>Menial Heroine, i.</li> + +<li>Moon on Forehead, vii.</li> + +<li>Mutilated Foot, i.</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li>Nobility Test, xi.</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li>Oblivion Kiss, xviii.</li> + +<li>Obstacle Pursuit, xii., xviii., xxii.</li> + +<li>Ogre Transformation, xi.</li> + +<li>Overheard Boasting, vii.</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li><i>Paradise Visitor</i>, xix.</li> + +<li>Pebble Track, xxii.</li> + +<li><i>Planting Pigs' Tails</i>, xv.</li> + +<li>Poisoned Comb, xxv.</li> + +<li>Poisoned Cup, xvi.</li> + +<li>Poisoned Half-apple, xxv.</li> + +<li>Pride before Fall, xiv.</li> + +<li><i>Priest in Bag Ride</i>, xvi.</li> + +<li>Prince Rescue, xxv.</li> + +<li>Punishment for Curiosity, xvii.</li> + +<li><i>Purse or Life</i>, xvi.</li> + +<li>Pursuit Rhyme, i.</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li>Quarrel of Limbs, vi.</li> + +<li>Quest Tasks, vii.</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li><i>Rage Wager</i>, xv.</li> + +<li>Recognition Test, xii.</li> + +<li>Rescue from Dragon, iii.</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li>Sale of Bed, xviii.</li> + +<li><i>Scissors</i>, iv.</li> + +<li>Seven Bens and Seven Glens, xii.</li> + +<li>Sight Taboo, xvii.</li> + +<li><i>Sheet off Bed Theft</i>, xvi.</li> + +<li>Shoe Marriage Test, i.</li> + +<li>Snow-white, Blood-red, xxv.</li> + +<li>Speech Taboo, vii.</li> + +<li><i>Stick Finger</i>, xxii.</li> + +<li>Substituted Children, vii.</li> + +<li>Substituted Heart, vii., xxv.</li> + +<li>Supernatural birth, iii.</li> + +<li>Swan Maidens, xii.</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li>Thankful Animals, xii., xiii.</li> + +<li><i>Thief Apprentice</i>, xvi.</li> + +<li>Three Beds Trial, xxv.</li> + +<li><i>Thumb Bung</i>, xvi.</li> + +<li><i>Thumbkin</i>, xxiv.</li> + +<li><i>Top-off, Half-gone, All-gone</i>, vi.</li> + +<li>Transformation by Fruit, ix.</li> + +<li>Tree Rhyme, i.</li> + +<li>Turned to Stone, iii., xxi.</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li>Ungrateful Animal, xx.</li> + +<li><i>Unicorn Captured</i>, x.</li> + +<li>Unseen Bridegroom, xvii.</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li><i>Visitor from Paradise</i>, xix.</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li><i>Washing Horses within</i>, xv.</li> + +<li><i>Wolf Caught in Hole</i>, xxiv.</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li><i>X at a Blow</i>, x.</li> +</ul> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>A Staircase<br /> +of Stories</h2> + +<h4>Chosen by</h4> +<h3>Louey Chisholm</h3> +<h4>and</h4> +<h3>Amy Steedman</h3> +<p><i>Thick Handsome 8<sup>o</sup>, 31 Full-page Illustrations in Color 41 in Black +and White. 540 Pages. 64 Tales</i></p> + +<p class="blockquot">The appeal is to children between the ages of four and fourteen, and +the aim, to concentrate solely on what it is believed children will +most enjoy. There is a gradual ascent in difficulty as the pages are +turned—hence the title. This thick handsome book will make a solid +and delightful foundation to a child's library.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<h3>G. P. Putnam's Sons</h3> +<div> +<b>New York</b><span class="f3"><b>London</b></span> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>Old Favorites</h2> + + +<p><b>Forty Famous Fairy Tales</b></p> + +<p class="blockquot">Jack and the Beanstalk—The Three Dwarfs—The Six Swans—The Sleeping +Beauty—Beauty and the Beast—Blue Beard—Tom Thumb—-Snowdrop—Jack +the Giant-Killer—Little Red Riding Hood, and many others. 400 pages. +14 full-page illustrations. Wrapper in color.</p> + + +<p><b>Two and Four Footed Friends</b></p> + +<p class="blockquot">Stories by Anna Sewell, H. Rider Haggard, Bret Harte, Ernest +Ingersoll, Charles Dudley Warner, Hezekiah Butterworth, and others. +382 pages. 17 full-page illustrations. Decorative wrapper.</p> + + +<p><b>Stories Grandmother Knew</b></p> + +<p class="blockquot">Little Merchants—Three Cakes—Suspicious Jackdaw—Lazy +Lawrence—Grand Feast—Mad Bull—Birthday Present—Preparing for a +Ride, and others. 400 pages. 14 full-page illustrations. Decorative +wrapper.</p> + + +<p><b>A Little Lame Prince</b></p> + +<p class="blockquot">This little story of "the most beautiful prince that ever was born," +and of his good friends, the fairy god-mother, the magpie, and many +other equally engaging creatures, has now become a classic among tales +for children. 150 pages. Fully illustrated. Handsome Wrapper.</p> + + +<p><b>Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</b> <i>and</i> <b>Through the Looking Glass and +What Alice Found There</b></p> + +<p><b>By Lewis Carroll</b></p> + +<p class="blockquot">Alice's adventures, and the friends she made among the preposterous +and impossible creatures, are now part of the mental furniture of +every child, and of most children of an older growth as well.</p> + +<p><b>The two preceding stories are also printed separately.</b></p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<h3>G. P. Putnam's Sons</h3> +<p> +<b>New York</b><span class="f3"><b>London</b></span> +</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>Injun Babies</h2> + +<h4>By</h4> +<h3>Maynard Dixon</h3> +<p class="blockquot">These stories of little red men and women have the flavor of +actuality, with all the wonder and strangeness that children demand. +The background of the Western plains when Injun babies lived in tepees +made of buffalo skins is a new one for children's stories; the +adventures of the little Indians with animals and their simple life of +every day make the collection a unique one for young readers of today. +The book is charmingly illustrated with drawings by the author.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<h3>G. P. Putnam's Sons</h3> +<p> +<b>New York</b><span class="f3"><b>London</b></span> +</p> +<hr style='width: 65%;' /> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Europa's Fairy Book, by Joseph Jacobs + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EUROPA'S FAIRY BOOK *** + +***** This file should be named 26019-h.htm or 26019-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/6/0/1/26019/ + +Produced by Sankar Viswanathan, David Edwards, and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net +(This file was produced from images generously made +available by The Internet Archive) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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