initial commit of ebook 25975HEADmain

1 files changed, 1314 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/25975-8.txt b/25975-8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c491b9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25975-8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1314 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Deluge in the Light of Modern Science, by 
+William Denton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Deluge in the Light of Modern Science
+       A Discourse
+
+Author: William Denton
+
+Release Date: July 6, 2008 [EBook #25975]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DELUGE IN LIGHT OF MODERN SCIENCE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, Stephen Blundell and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from scans of public domain works at the
+University of Michigan's Making of America collection.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+         THE DELUGE
+
+           IN THE
+
+  LIGHT OF MODERN SCIENCE.
+
+
+        A Discourse.
+
+
+             BY
+       WILLIAM DENTON.
+
+
+     WELLESLEY, MASS.:
+ DENTON PUBLISHING COMPANY.
+           1882.
+
+
+
+
+THE DELUGE IN THE LIGHT OF MODERN SCIENCE.
+
+
+If the Bible is God's book, we ought to know it. If the Creator of the
+universe has spoken to man, how important that we should listen to his
+voice and obey his instructions! On the other hand, if the Bible is not
+God's book, we ought to know it. Why should we go through the world with
+a lie in our right hand, dupes of the ignorant men who preceded us? It
+can never be for our soul's benefit to cherish a falsehood.
+
+Science is, perhaps, the best test that we can apply to decide the
+question. Science is really a knowledge of what Nature has done, and is
+doing; and since the upholders of the divinity of the Bible believe that
+it proceeded from the Author of nature, if their faith is true, it
+cannot possibly disagree with what science teaches.
+
+Science is a fiery furnace, that has consumed a thousand delusions, and
+must consume all that remain. We cast into it astrology and alchemy, and
+their ashes barely remain to tell of their existence. Old notions of the
+earth and heavens went in, and vanished as their dupes gazed upon them.
+Old religions, old gods, have become as the incense that was burned
+before their altars.
+
+I purpose to try the Bible in its searching fire. Fear not, my brother:
+it can but burn the straw and stubble; if gold, it will shine as bright
+after the fiery ordeal as before, and reflect as perfectly the image of
+truth.
+
+The Bible abounds with marvellous stories,--stories that we should at
+once reject from their intrinsic improbability, not to say
+impossibility, if we should find them in any other book. But, among all
+the stories, there is none that equals the account of the deluge, as
+given in the sixth, seventh, and eighth chapters of Genesis. It towers
+above the rest as Mount Washington does above the New-England hills;
+and, as travellers delight to climb the loftiest peaks, I suppose that
+many would be pleased to examine this lofty story, and see how the world
+of truth and actuality looks from its summit.
+
+According to the account, in less than two thousand years after God had
+created all things, and pronounced them very good, he became thoroughly
+dissatisfied with every living thing, and determined to destroy them
+with the earth. He thus expresses himself: "I will destroy man, whom I
+have created, from the face of the earth,--both man and beast, and the
+creeping thing, and the fowls of the air; for it repenteth me that I
+have made them." Again he says to Noah, "The end of all flesh is come
+before me; for the earth is filled with violence through them, and
+behold I will destroy them with the earth."
+
+Why should the beasts, birds, and creeping things be destroyed? What had
+the larks, the doves, and the bob-o-links done? What had the squirrels
+and the tortoises been guilty of, that they should be destroyed?
+
+He proceeds to inform Noah how he will do this: "And behold I, even I,
+do bring a flood of waters upon the earth, to destroy all flesh, wherein
+is the breath of life, from under heaven; and every thing that is in the
+earth shall die." And we are subsequently informed that "every thing
+that was in the dry land died." But why not every thing in the sea? Were
+the dogs sinners, and the dog-fish saints? Had the sheep been more
+guilty than the sharks? Had the pigeons become utterly corrupt, and the
+pikes remained perfectly innocent? It may be, that the apparent
+impossibility of drowning them by a flood suggested to the writer of the
+story the necessity of saving them alive.
+
+But Noah was righteous; and God determined to save him and his family,
+eight persons, and by their instrumentality to save alive animals
+sufficient to stock the world again after its destruction.
+
+To do this, Noah was commanded to build an ark, three hundred cubits
+long, fifty broad, and thirty high. It was to be made with three
+stories, and furnished with one door, and one window a cubit wide. Into
+this ark were to be taken two of every sort of living thing, and of
+clean beasts and of birds seven of every sort, male and female, and food
+sufficient for them all.
+
+There are differences of opinion about the length of the cubit: most
+probably it was about eighteen inches; but taking it at twenty-two
+inches, the largest estimate that I believe theologians have made, the
+ark was then five hundred and fifty feet long, ninety-one feet eight
+inches broad, and fifty-five feet high. Leaving space for the floors,
+which would need to be very strong, each story was about seventeen feet
+high; and the total cubical contents of the ark were about one hundred
+and two thousand cubic yards. Scott, in his commentary, makes it as
+small as sixty-nine thousand one hundred and twenty yards; but the
+necessity for room was not as well understood in his day. Each floor of
+the ark contained five thousand six hundred and one square yards, and
+the three floors sixteen thousand eight hundred and three square yards,
+the total standing-room of the ark.
+
+Into this were to be taken fourteen of each kind of fowl of the air or
+bird. How many kinds or species of birds are there? When Adam Clarke
+wrote his commentary, two thousand three hundred and seventy-two species
+had been recognized. Ornithology was then but in its infancy, and man's
+knowledge of living forms was very limited. Lesson, according to Hugh
+Miller, enumerates the birds at six thousand two hundred and sixty-six
+species; Gray, in his "Genera of Birds," estimates the number on the
+globe at eight thousand. Let us not crowd Noah, but take the six
+thousand two hundred and sixty-six species of Lesson. Fourteen of each
+of these would give us eighty-seven thousand seven hundred and
+twenty-four birds,--from the humming-bird, the little flying jewel, to
+the ostrich that fans the heated air of the desert,--or over five for
+every yard of standing-room in the ark. If spaces were left for the
+attendants to pass among them, to attend to the supply of their daily
+wants, the birds alone would crowd the ark.
+
+But, beside the birds, there were to be taken into the ark two of every
+sort of unclean beast and fourteen of every sort of clean beast. The
+most recent zoölogical authorities enumerate two thousand and
+sixty-seven species of mammals, or, as they are commonly called, beasts.
+Of cetacea, or whale-like mammals, sixty-five; ruminantia, or
+cud-chewers, one hundred and seventy-seven; pachydermata, or
+thick-skinned mammals, such as the horse, hog, and elephant, forty-one;
+edentata, like the sloth and ant-eater, thirty-five; rodentia, or
+gnawers, such as the rat, squirrel, and beaver, six hundred and
+seventeen; carnivora, or flesh-eaters, four hundred and forty-six;
+cheiroptera, or bats, three hundred and twenty-eight; quadrumana, or
+monkeys, two hundred and twenty-one; and marsupialia, or pouched
+mammals, like the opossum and kangaroo, one hundred and thirty-seven. If
+we leave out the cetacea, that live in the water, and the cud-chewers,
+which are the clean beasts, we have one thousand eight hundred and
+twenty-five species; and male and female of these, a total of three
+thousand six hundred and fifty.
+
+But, besides these, there were to be taken into the ark fourteen of
+every kind of clean beast. And what are clean beasts? The scriptural
+answer is, animals that divide the hoof and chew the cud; and of these
+at least one hundred and seventy-seven species are known. Fourteen of
+each of these added, make a total of six thousand one hundred and
+twenty-eight mammals, from the mouse to the elephant. These beasts could
+not be piled one upon another like cord-wood; they could not be
+promiscuously crowded together. The sheep would need careful protection
+from the lions, tigers, and wolves; the elephant and other ponderous
+beasts would require stalls of great thickness; much room would be
+required to enable them to obtain needful exercise, and for the
+attendants to supply them with food and water; and a vessel of the size
+of the ark would be taxed to provide for these beasts alone; and to
+crowd in, and preserve alive, beasts and birds, was an absolute
+impossibility.
+
+But there are of reptiles six hundred and fifty-seven species; and Noah
+was to take into the ark two of every sort of creeping thing. Two
+hundred of these reptiles are, however, aquatic: hence water would not
+seriously affect them; but crocodiles, lizards, iguanas, tree-frogs,
+horned frogs, thunder-snakes, chicken-snakes, brittlesnakes,
+rattlesnakes, copperheads, asps, cobras de capello, whose bite is
+certain death, and a host of others, must be provided for. It would not
+do to allow these disagreeable individuals to crawl about the ark; and
+nine hundred and fourteen of them would require considerable space,
+whether they could obtain it or not.
+
+By this time, the ark is doubly crowded; but its living cargo is not yet
+completed. A dense cloud of insects, and a vast army destitute of wings,
+make their appearance, and clamor for admission. The number of
+articulates that must have been provided for is estimated at seven
+hundred and fifty thousand species,--from the butterflies of Brazil,
+fourteen inches from the tip of one wing to the tip of the other, to the
+almost invisible gnat, that dances in the summer's beam. Ants, beetles,
+flies, bugs, fleas, mosquitoes, wasps, bees, moths, butterflies,
+spiders, scorpions, grasshoppers, locusts, myriapods, canker-worms,
+wriggling, crawling, creeping, flying, male and female, here they come,
+and all must be provided for.
+
+Nor are these the last. The air-breathing land-snails, of which we know
+four thousand six hundred species, could never have survived a twelve
+months' soaking; and they must therefore be cared for. The nine thousand
+two hundred of these add no little to the discomfort of the
+trebly-crowded ark.
+
+Now let the flood come: all are lodged in the ark of safety, and are
+ready for a year's voyage. But we forget: the ark has not yet received
+one-half of its cargo. The command given unto Noah was, "Take thou unto
+thee of all food that is eaten, and thou shalt gather it to thee; and it
+shall be for food for thee and for them;" and we are expressly told that
+"according to all that God commanded Noah, so did he."
+
+Food for how long? The flood began in the "sixth hundredth year of
+Noah's life, in the second month, the seventeenth day of the month."
+Noah, his family, and the animals, went in seven days before this time,
+and left the ark the six hundred and first year of Noah's life, the
+second month, and the twenty-seventh day of the month. They were
+therefore in the ark for one year and seventeen days.
+
+What a quantity of hay would be required, the material most easily
+obtained! An elephant eats four hundred pounds of hay in twenty-four
+hours. Since there are two species of elephants, the African and the
+Indian, there must have been four elephants in the ark; and, supposing
+them to live upon hay, they would require three hundred tons. There are
+at least seven species of the rhinoceros; and fourteen of these, at
+seventy-five tons each, would consume no less than one thousand and
+fifty tons. The two thousand four hundred and seventy-eight clean
+beasts,--oxen, elk, giraffes, camels, deer, antelope, sheep, goats, with
+the horses, zebras, asses, hippopotami, rodents, and marsupials--could
+not have required less than four thousand five hundred tons; making a
+total of five thousand eight hundred and fifty tons. A ton of hay
+occupies about eighteen cubic yards; and the quantity of hay required
+would fill a hundred and five thousand three hundred cubic yards of
+space, or more than the entire capacity of the ark.
+
+If these animals were fed on other substances than hay, the extra
+difficulty of obtaining and preserving those substances would
+counterbalance any advantage that might be gained by the economy of
+space.
+
+A vast quantity of grain would be necessary for thousands of birds,
+rodents, marsupials, and other animals; and large granaries would be
+required for its storage.
+
+What flesh would be needed for the lions, tigers, leopards, ounces,
+wild-cats, wolves, bears, hyenas, jackals, dogs, and foxes, martens,
+weasels, eagles, condors, vultures, buzzards, falcons, hawks, kites,
+owls, as well as crocodiles and serpents! Not one but would eat its
+weight in a month, and some much more. A full-grown lion eats fifteen
+pounds of flesh in a day: there are two species of lions; and the four
+would eat twenty-two thousand pounds in a year. There would be, at
+least, three thousand animals feeding upon flesh; and, if we calculate
+that they averaged two pounds of flesh a day, this would give a total of
+more than two million and a quarter pounds of flesh to be stored up and
+distributed. And since dried, salted, or smoked meat would not answer,
+this flesh must have been taken into the ark alive. It would be equal to
+more than thirty thousand sheep at seventy-five pounds each; a great
+addition to the original cargo, and necessitating an extra quantity of
+hay for their food, till their turn came to be eaten.
+
+Fish would be required for the otters, minks, pelicans, of which there
+are eight species, and must therefore have been fifty-six individuals in
+the ark; one hundred and five gulls, for there are fifteen species; one
+hundred and twelve cormorants, forty-nine gannets, one hundred and forty
+terns, two hundred and eighty-seven kingfishers, beside storks, herons,
+spoonbills, penguins, albatrosses, and a host of others; mollusks for
+the oyster-catcher, turnstone, and other birds.
+
+The fish could not be preserved after death in any way to answer for
+food, and must therefore have been alive: large tanks for the purpose of
+keeping them would take up considerable of the ark's space. The water in
+such tanks would soon become unfitted for the respiration of the fish,
+and there must have been some provision, by air-pumps or otherwise, for
+charging the water with the air essential to their existence.
+
+Many animals live upon insects; and this must have been the most
+difficult part of the provision to procure. There are nineteen species
+of goatsuckers; and there must have been in the ark two hundred and
+sixty-six individuals. These birds feed upon flies, moths, beetles, and
+other insects. What an innumerable multitude must have been provided for
+the goatsuckers alone! But there are a hundred and thirty-seven species
+of fly-catchers; and Noah must have had a fly-catcher family of nineteen
+hundred and eighteen individuals to supply with appropriate food. There
+are thirty-seven species of bee-eaters; and there must have been five
+hundred and eighteen of these birds to supply with bees. A very large
+apiary would be required to supply their needs. But, beside these,
+insects for swallows, swifts, martins, shrikes, thrushes, orioles,
+sparrows, the beautiful trogans and jacamars, moles, shrews, hedgehogs,
+and a multitude of others, too numerous to mention, but not too numerous
+to eat. Ants, also, for the ant-eaters of America, the aard-vark of
+Africa, and the pangolin of Asia. The great ant-eater of South America
+is an animal sometimes measuring eight feet in length. It lives
+exclusively on ants, which it procures by tearing open their hills with
+its hooked claws, and then drawing its long tongue, which is covered
+with glutinous saliva, over the swarms which rush out to defend their
+dwelling. Many bushels of ants would be needed for the pair of
+ant-eaters before the ark landed on Ararat. How were all the insects
+caught, and kept for the use of all these animals for more than a year?
+A hundred men could not catch a sufficient number in six months. And, if
+caught, how could they be preserved, together with the original stock of
+insects necessary to supply the world after the deluge? Some insects eat
+only bark; others, resinous secretions, the pith, solid wood, leaves,
+sap in the veins, as the aphid, flowers, pollen, and honey. Wood, bark,
+resin, and honey might have been supplied; but how could green leaves,
+sap, flowers and pollen, be furnished to those insects absolutely
+requiring them for existence? Thirty species of insects feed on the
+nettle, but not one of them could live on dried nettles. Rösel
+calculates that two hundred species subsist on the oak; but the oak must
+be in a growing condition to supply them with food. In no other way,
+then, could the insects have been preserved alive than by large
+green-houses, the heat so applied as to suit the plants of both
+temperate and tropical climates, and the insects so distributed among
+them, that each could obtain its appropriate nourishment.
+
+Fruit would be necessary for the four hundred and forty-two monkeys, for
+the plantain-eaters, the fruit-pigeons of the Spice Islands that feed on
+nutmegs, for the toucans and the flocks of parrots, parroquets,
+cockatoos, and other fruit-eating birds. As they did not know how to can
+fruit in those days, and dried fruit would be altogether unsuitable,
+there must have been a large green-house for raising all manner of fruit
+necessary for the frugivorous multitude.
+
+_How were the various animals obtained?_ The command given to Noah was,
+"Two of every sort shalt thou _bring_ into the ark."
+
+Animals, as is now well known, belong to limited centres, outside of
+which they are never found in a natural state; and naturalists know that
+these centres were established ages before the time when the deluge is
+supposed to have occurred.
+
+Thus, Hugh Miller, in his "Testimony of the Rocks," says, "We now know
+that every great continent has its own peculiar fauna; that the original
+centres of distribution must have been, not one, but many; further, that
+the areas or circles around these centres must have been occupied by
+their pristine animals in ages long anterior to that of the Noachian
+Deluge; nay, that in even the latter geologic ages they were preceded in
+them by animals of the same general type. There are fourteen such areas,
+or provinces, enumerated by the later naturalists;" and Cuvier, quoted
+by Miller, says, "The great continents contain species peculiar to each;
+insomuch, that whenever large countries, of this description, have been
+discovered, which their situation had kept isolated from the rest of the
+world, the class of quadrupeds which they contained has been found
+extremely different from any that had existed elsewhere. Thus, when the
+Spaniards first penetrated into South America, they did not find a
+single species of quadruped the same as any of Europe, Asia, or Africa."
+
+The white bear is never found except in the arctic regions; the great
+grizzly bear is only found in the neighborhood of the Rocky Mountains.
+Nearly all the species of mammals found in Australia are confined to
+that country, as the wingless birds of New Zealand are confined to that,
+and the sloth, armadillo, and other animals, to South America.
+
+A journey to the polar regions would be necessary to obtain the white
+bear, the musk-ox, of which seven would be required, since it is a clean
+beast; seven reindeer, likewise; the white fox, the polar hare, the
+lemming, and seven of each species of cormorant, gannet, penguin,
+petrel, and gull, some of which are as large as eagles, as well as
+mergansers, geese, and ducks, certain species of which are only found in
+the frigid zone. Noah or his agents must have discovered Greenland and
+North America thousands of years before Columbus was born: they must
+have preceded Behring, Parry, Ross, Kane, and Hayes in exploring the
+Arctic regions. They searched the ice-floes and numerous islands of the
+Arctic seas, snow-shoed, over the frozen _tundras_ of Siberia, to be
+certain that no living thing escaped them; then, after catching and
+caging all the animals, conveyed them, with all manner of food necessary
+for their sustenance, together with ice to temper the heat of the
+climate to which they were for more than a year to be exposed, returned
+to the nearest port, and, after a toilsome journey from the sea-coast to
+Armenia, arrived at their destination. How many of these animals would
+survive the journey? and, of those that did, how many would survive the
+change of climate and habits?
+
+Another party must have visited temperate America; traversed New England
+in its length and breadth, forded wide streams, made their way through
+unbroken wildernesses, traversed the Great Lakes, roamed over the Rocky
+Mountains, and secured the black bear, cinnamon bear, wapiti or Canadian
+stag, the moose, American deer, antelope, mountain sheep, buffalo,
+opossum, rattlesnake, copperhead, and an innumerable multitude of other
+animals--insects birds, reptiles, and mammals, that are only to be found
+in the temperate regions of America.
+
+A voyage to South America must have been made to obtain tapirs, pumas,
+peccaries, sloths, ant-eaters, armadillos, fourteen each of the llama,
+alpaca, and vicuna, beside monkeys, birds, and insects innumerable. A
+vessel nearly as large as "The Great Eastern" must have been employed,
+or a number of smaller ones, to accommodate the collectors, the animals,
+and food for a voyage across the Atlantic. There must have been, at
+least, a thousand men, wandering through the woods of Brazil, along the
+valley of the Amazon, the Orinoco, and the La Plata; paddling up the
+streams, scaling the mountains, roaming over the pampas, climbing the
+tall trees, turning over every stone and log, and exploring every nook,
+to discover the snails, bugs, insects, worms, reptiles, and other
+animals indigenous to South America, from the Isthmus to
+Tierra-del-fuego.
+
+There must have been obtained four elephants, for there are two species,
+the Asiatic and the Indian; fourteen rhinoceroses, one of which is found
+only in South Africa, another in the island of Java, and a third in
+Sumatra; two hippopotami, and possibly four, for some authorities say
+there are two species. Fourteen giraffes, since they are clean beasts,
+must have been caught and driven from Central Africa (many more, indeed,
+must have been caught, that the required number might reach the ark and
+be preserved); twenty-eight camels, two hundred and eighty oxen (for
+there are twenty species, and they are clean); and no less than thirteen
+hundred and eighty-six deer and antelope, of which there are ninety-nine
+species recognized: these to be collected in various parts of Europe,
+Asia, Northern and Southern Africa, and America.
+
+New Zealand must have been visited to obtain its wingless birds;
+Mauritius for its dodo, then living; Australia for its marsupials and
+other peculiar animals; and every large island, and most of the small
+ones, to obtain those forms of life that are only to be found in each.
+From the island of Celebes, they must have taken the eighty species of
+birds that are confined to it, which would require them to catch, cage,
+feed, and convey eleven hundred and twenty specimens: a no small job of
+itself. Ten men that could accomplish that, and carry them safe to
+Armenia, would do all that men could do in ten years. From the
+Philippine Islands, the seventy-three species of hawks, parrots, and
+pigeons, peculiar to them; which would require, since fourteen of every
+kind of bird were to be taken into the ark, no less than one thousand
+and twenty-two specimens. From New Guinea, and the neighboring islands,
+two hundred and fifty-two of the magnificent birds of paradise, since
+there are eighteen species.
+
+A faint idea of the difficulties encountered and overcome by Noah's
+agents may be gathered from what Wallace, in his recent work on the
+Malay Archipelago, informs us respecting these birds of paradise. "Five
+voyages to different parts of the district they inhabit, each occupying
+in its preparation and execution the larger part of a year, produced me
+only five species out of the fourteen known to exist in the New-Guinea
+district." If it took Wallace, with all the assistance that he had from
+various officials, five years to obtain five species, represented by
+dead birds, how long did it take Noah's agents to obtain eighteen
+species represented by two hundred and fifty-two live birds? Wallace
+could only obtain two alive, and for these he had to pay five hundred
+dollars.
+
+If the antediluvian sinners were any thing like the modern ones, Noah
+must have been richer than the Rothschilds, or he never could have
+obtained their services; which he must have done, or it could never be
+truthfully said, "according to all that God commanded him, so did he."
+
+The collection of the land-snails alone would be no small tax.
+Seventy-four are peculiar to Great Britain: hence there must have been a
+hundred and forty-eight snails collected from that island. Six hundred
+species are found in Southern Europe alone, and twelve hundred must have
+been collected from there; eighty in Sicily, ten in Corsica, two hundred
+and sixty-four in the Madeira Islands, a hundred and twenty in the
+Canary Islands, twenty-six in St. Helena, sixty-three in Southern
+Africa, eighty-eight in Madagascar, a hundred and twelve in Ceylon, a
+hundred in New Zealand, and others on every large and some of the small
+islands of the globe. The world must have been circumnavigated many
+times before the vessel of Magellan was built, and every island visited
+and ransacked ages before the time of Captain Cook. But it seems
+surprising, since these voyages must have been performed by the sinful
+antediluvians, that they did not save themselves in their ships when the
+flood came; for vessels that could perform such voyages would certainly
+have survived the flood more readily than the clumsy ark.
+
+But was it really done? A thousand men in ten years, with all the
+appliances of modern art,--steamboats, railroads, canals, coaches, and
+express companies,--could not accomplish it in ten years; nor ten times
+the number of men keep all the animals alive in one spot for one year,
+if they were collected together.
+
+"But," says the Christian, "Noah never did collect them: no intelligent
+person in this day ever supposes that he did." What then? "The Bible
+expressly declares that 'they went in unto Noah into the ark.' By
+instinct, such as leads the swallow to take its distant flight at the
+approach of winter, they came from all parts of the globe to the ark of
+safety."
+
+It is true that one account does say that they came in unto Noah, for
+there are two very different stories of the deluge mixed up in those
+chapters of Genesis; but, although flying birds might perform such a
+feat as going twelve thousand miles to the ark, which would be necessary
+for some, how could other animals get there? It would be impossible even
+for some birds. How could the ostriches of Africa, the emus of
+Australia, and the rheas of South America, get there,--birds that never
+fly? There are three species of the rhea, or South-American ostrich; and
+forty-two of these would have a journey of eight thousand miles before
+them, by the shortest route: but how could they cross the Atlantic? If
+they went by land, they must have traversed the length of the American
+continent, from Patagonia to Alaska, crossed at Behring's Strait when it
+was frozen, and then travelled diagonally across nearly the whole
+continent of Asia to Armenia, after a journey that must have required
+many months for its completion. The sloths, that have been confined to
+South America ever since the pliocene period at least, must have taken
+the same route. How they crossed the mountain streams, and lived when
+passing over broad prairies, it would be difficult to say. A mile a day
+would be a rapid rate for these slow travellers, and it would therefore
+require about forty years for them to arrive at their destination. But,
+since the life of a sloth is not as long as this, they must have
+bequeathed their journey to their posterity, and they to their
+descendants, born on the way, who must have reached the ark before the
+door was closed. The land-snails must have met with still greater
+difficulties. Impelled by most wonderful instinct, they commenced their
+journey full a thousand years before the time; and their posterity of
+the five hundredth generation must have made their appearance, and been
+provided with a passage by the venerable Noah.
+
+Scott, who wrote a commentary on the Bible seventy or eighty years ago,
+must have seen some of these difficulties, though with nothing like the
+clearness with which science enables us to see them now. He says, "There
+must have been a very extraordinary miracle wrought, perhaps by the
+ministration of angels, in bringing two of every species to Noah, and
+rendering them submissive to him and peaceable with each other; yet it
+seems not to have made any impression on the hardened spectators."
+
+Think of a troop of angels fly-catching, snail-seeking, and bug-hunting
+through all lands, lugging through the air, horses, giraffes, elephants,
+and rhinoceroses, and dropping them at the door of the ark. One has
+crossed the Atlantic with rattlesnakes, copperheads, and boas twined
+around him, almost crippling his wings with their snaky folds; and
+another with a brace of skunks, one under each wing, that the renewed
+world may not lack the fragrance of the old. What a subject for the
+pencil of a Raphael or Doré! Had the "hardened spectators" beheld such a
+scene as this, Noah and his cargo would have been cast out of the ark,
+and the sinners themselves, converted by this stupendous miracle, would
+have taken passage therein.
+
+Not only must there have been a succession of most stupendous miracles
+to get the animals to the ark, but also to return them to their proper
+places of abode. But few of them could have lived in the neighborhood of
+Ararat, had they been left there. How could the polar bear return to his
+home among the ice-bergs, the sloths to the congenial forests of the New
+World, and all the mammals, reptiles, insects, and snails to their
+respective habitats, the homes of their ancestors for ages innumerable?
+To return them was just as necessary as to obtain them, and, though less
+difficult, was equally impossible.
+
+_How could eight persons, all that were saved in the ark, attend to all
+these animals!_ Nearly all would require food and water once a day, and
+many twice. In a menagerie, one man takes care of four cages,--feeds,
+cleans, and waters the animals. In the ark, each person, women included,
+must have attended each day to ten thousand nine hundred and sixty-four
+birds, seven hundred and sixty-six beasts, one hundred and fourteen
+reptiles, one thousand one hundred and fifty land-snails, and one
+hundred and eighty-seven thousand five hundred insects.
+
+Few persons have an idea of the difficulty of keeping even the common
+birds of a temperate climate alive in confinement for any length of
+time. Food that is quite suitable in a wild state may be fatal to them
+when they are kept in the house. Linnets feed on winter rape-seed in the
+wild state, but soon die if fed upon it in-doors. "They are to be fed,"
+says Bechstein, "on summer rape-seed, moistened in water; and their food
+must be varied by the addition of millet, radish, cabbage, lettuce and
+plantain-seeds, and sometimes a few bruised melon-seeds or barberries."
+Nightingales, he says, should be fed on meal, worms, and fresh ants'
+eggs: but, if it is not possible to get these, a mixture of hard egg,
+ox-heart minced, and white bread may be given; but this often kills the
+birds. No such food would do for Noah's nightingales, then, or where
+would have been the nightingale's song? They must have been fed on meal,
+worms, and _fresh_ ant's eggs. How they were obtained, we have, of
+course, no knowledge. Bechstein says that larks may be fed with "a paste
+made of grated carrot, white bread soaked in water, and barley or wheat
+meal, all worked together in a mortar. In addition to this paste, larks
+should be supplied with poppy-seed, bruised hemp, crumb of bread, and
+plenty of greens, such as lettuce, endive, cabbage, with a little lean
+meat or ant-eggs occasionally." He says the cage should be furnished
+with a piece of fresh turf, often renewed, and great attention should be
+paid to cleanliness. The care of the birds in the ark probably fell to
+the women. As they had not read Bechstein, or any other author on
+bird-keeping,--and thousands of the birds must have been total strangers
+to them,--how did they know what diet to supply them with, and where
+could they get it, supposing they had time to supply them at all?
+
+If the difficulty was great to keep the birds of a temperate climate,
+how much greater must it have been to keep tropical birds in a climate
+altogether unsuited to them? The two birds of paradise bought by Wallace
+were fed, he says, on rice, bananas, and cockroaches: of the last, he
+obtained several cans from a bake-house at Malta, and thus got his
+paradise birds, by good fortune, to England. But how many cans of
+cockroaches would be necessary for two hundred and fifty-two of such
+birds,--the number in the ark? and where were the bake-houses from which
+the supply might be obtained?
+
+To keep this vast menagerie clean would have required a large corps of
+efficient workers, especially when we remember that there was but one
+door in each story, as some suppose; or one door to the whole ark, as
+the story seems to teach, and this door was closed; and but one window,
+and that apparently in the roof. The Augean stable, the cleansing of
+which was one of the labors of Hercules, can but faintly indicate what
+must have been the condition of the ark in less than a month, supposing
+the animals to subsist as long.
+
+_Whence came the water that covered the earth to the tops of the highest
+mountains?_ "All the high hills that were under the whole heaven were
+covered. Fifteen cubits upward did the waters prevail; and the mountains
+were covered," says the record. And to do this, it rained for forty days
+and forty nights. A fall of an inch of water in a day is considered a
+very heavy rain in Great Britain. The heaviest single rain recorded fell
+on the Khasia Hills in India, and amounted to thirty inches in
+twenty-four hours. If this deluging rain could have continued for forty
+days and nights, and had it fallen over the entire surface of the globe,
+the amount would only have been one hundred feet; which, instead of
+covering the mountains, would not have covered the hills. But, of
+course, such a rain is only possible for a very limited time, and on a
+small portion of the earth's surface.
+
+Sir John Leslie, in "The Encyclopedia Britannica," says, "Supposing the
+vast canopy of air, by some sudden change of internal constitution, at
+once to discharge its whole watery store, this precipitate would form a
+sheet of scarcely five inches thick over the surface of the globe." But
+if the water that covered the earth above the tops of the highest
+mountains came by rain, it must have rained seven hundred feet a day for
+forty days! or there must have fallen each day, according to Sir John
+Leslie's estimate, more than fourteen hundred times as much water on the
+earth as the atmosphere contained!
+
+But the writer says, "The fountains of the great deep were broken up."
+To the Jews, who supposed, with David, that God had founded the earth
+upon the seas, and established it upon the floods, this meant something;
+but, in the light of geology, we see that it only demonstrates the
+ignorance of the man who wrote and the people that believed the story.
+
+Adam Clarke, commenting on this passage, says, "It appears that an
+immense quantity of water occupied the centre of the antediluvian earth;
+and, as this burst forth by the order of God, the circumambient strata
+must sink in order to fill up the vacuum occasioned by the elevated
+waters." If true, it would not have assisted in drowning the world one
+spoonful. For if the strata sank anywhere to fill the hollow previously
+occupied by the water, it would only make the mountains so much higher
+in comparison: hence it would require just that much extra water to
+cover them. In the light of geology, however, the notion is sufficiently
+absurd. A mile and a half deep, the earth's interior is hot enough to
+convert water into steam; there is, therefore, no chance for water to
+exist in its centre, or anywhere near it.
+
+_It is as great a difficulty to discover where the water went when the
+flood was over._ We are told that the fountains of the deep and the
+windows of heaven were stopped, and the rain was restrained. But this
+could do nothing towards diminishing the water. All that it could
+possibly accomplish would be to prevent the rise of the water. But we
+are also told that "God made a wind to pass over the earth." All that
+the wind could do, however, would be to convey to the atmosphere the
+moisture it took up in vapor; and this could not have lowered the water
+a yard. The highest mountain, Kunchinginga, is more than twenty-eight
+thousand feet high; the flood prevailed one hundred and fifty days, and
+abated two hundred and twenty-five; and if this abatement was done by
+the wind, it must have blown an ocean of water from the entire surface
+of the earth, one hundred and twenty-five deep, every day for eight
+months! All the hurricanes that ever blew, blowing at once, would be the
+gentlest zephyr of a summer's eve, compared with such a wind as that;
+and by what possibility could such a craft as the ark survive the storm?
+
+A question, proper to be asked is, _How were the animals supplied with
+light?_ and how did the attendants see to wait upon them in the first
+and second stories of the ark? There was but one window, and that only
+twenty-two inches in size, and it appears to have been in the third
+story. It was a day when kerosene was unknown, and tallow dips were
+uninvented. How did these animals live in the darkness? and, above all,
+how did Noah and his family supply their wants? It could have been no
+easy or pleasant thing to wait upon hungry lions, tigers, crocodiles,
+and rattlesnakes in the dark, to say nothing of the danger.
+
+_How did they breathe?_ There was but one twenty-two inch window; the
+ark was "pitched within and without with pitch;" "The Lord shut him in."
+Talk of the Black Hole of Calcutta: it must have been pure as the breath
+of morning compared with the condition of the ark in one day.
+
+_Where did they obtain water for drink?_ Supposing all the additional
+water needed to drown the world was fresh, when mingled with the water
+of the sea, as much as one-tenth of it would be salt water, and this
+would render it utterly unfit for drink. Provision must therefore have
+been made for water; and a space certainly half as large as the ark must
+have been taken up for the water necessary for this immense multitude.
+
+_The fish, mollusks, crustaceans (such as our crabs and lobsters), and
+all corals, must have died if such a flood had taken place_,--the
+fresh-water fish from the salt water at once added to their proper
+element, and the salt-water fish and other marine forms from so large an
+addition of fresh water. For months, there could have been no shore:
+what is now the margin of the sea was buried miles deep; and all the
+fucoidal vegetation, upon which myriads of animals subsist, must have
+perished, and the animals with it, if the change in the constitution of
+the water had not killed them. Every time a man swallows an oyster, he
+has evidence that the Noachian deluge did not take place.
+
+_The plants must have perished also._ How many of our trees, to say
+nothing of the grasses and feeble plants, could endure a soaking of
+nearly twelve months' duration? Some of the very hardiest seeds might
+survive, but the number could not be large. The present condition of
+vegetation upon the globe is another evidence, then, that this deluge
+did not take place.
+
+_When the ark landed on Mount Ararat, and the animals went forth, how
+did they subsist?_ As they went down the mountains, the carnivorous
+animals would have devoured a large portion of the herbivorous animals
+saved in the ark. Beside the lions, tigers, leopards, ounces, and other
+carnivorous mammals, amounting to eight hundred and ninety-two, there
+were in the ark six hundred and sixty-six eagles, for there are
+forty-eight species; one hundred and forty-four buzzards, fourteen
+hundred and forty-two falcons, one hundred and forty hawks, two hundred
+and thirty-eight vultures, and eight hundred and ninety six owls. What
+chance would a few sheep, rabbits and squirrels, rats and mice, doves
+and chickens, have, among this ravenous multitude? How could the ants
+escape, with ant-eaters, aard-varks and pangolins on the watch for them
+as soon as they made their appearance? There were as many dogs as hares,
+as many cats as mice. How long a lease of life could the sheep, hares,
+and mice, calculate upon? Before the herbivorous animals had multiplied,
+so as to furnish the carnivorous animals with food, they must all have
+been destroyed, after all the pains taken for their preservation. Noah
+should have given the herbivora, at least a year's start, especially
+since the vegetation of the globe was so deficient.
+
+But we are told that the species of animals may have been much fewer in
+the days of Noah; and, therefore, much less room would be necessary. A
+single pair of cats, say some, may have produced all the animals of the
+cat kind; a pair of dogs, all the animals that belong to the dog family.
+Such an explanation might have been given when zoölogy was little known,
+and geology had no existence; but there is no place for it now. Animals
+change, it is true, and all species have probably been produced from a
+few originals; but the process by which this is accomplished is so slow
+in its operation, that we have no knowledge of the formation of a new
+species. We know that lions, tigers, and cats of various species,
+existed long before the time of the deluge, and dogs, wolves and foxes;
+and we find mummied cats, dogs, and other animals in Egypt, as old or
+older than the deluge, so little changed from those of the present time
+in the same locality, that we cannot recognize any difference between
+them.
+
+_"You seem to forget that all things are possible with God: he could
+have packed these animals into an ark of one-half the size, brought them
+altogether in the twinkling of an eye, and returned them as rapidly."_
+
+And you seem to forget that the account in Genesis gives us no hint of
+any such miracle. Noah was to take the animals to him, and to take unto
+him of all food that is eaten; and, as Hugh Miller remarks, "the
+expedient of having recourse to supposititious miracle in order to get
+over a difficulty insurmountable on every natural principle, is not of
+the nature of an argument, but simply an evidence of the want of it.
+Argument is at an end when supposititious miracle is introduced." But,
+if a miracle was worked, it was not one, but ten thousand of the most
+stupendous miracles, and entirely unnecessary ones. This, the Rev. Dr.
+Pye Smith saw, when he said, "We cannot represent to ourselves the idea
+of all land animals being brought into one small spot, from the polar
+regions, the torrid zone, and all the other climates of Asia, Africa,
+Europe, and America, Australia, and the thousands of islands,--their
+preservation and provision, and the final disposal of them,--without
+bringing up the idea of miracles more stupendous than any that are
+recorded in Scripture. The great decisive miracle of Christianity,--the
+resurrection of the Lord Jesus,--sinks down before it."
+
+It is a favorite method with the advocates of special revelations to
+show their agreement with the operations of natural law, till a
+difficulty is met with that cannot be answered, when they flee at once
+to miracle to save them. But, in this case, miracle itself cannot save
+them.
+
+Geology furnishes us with evidence that no such deluge has taken place.
+According to Hugh Miller, "In various parts of the world, such as
+Auvergne in Central France, and along the flanks of Etna, there are
+cones of long-extinct or long-slumbering volcanoes, which, though of at
+least triple the antiquity of the Noachian deluge, and though composed
+of the ordinary incoherent materials, exhibit no marks of denudation.
+According to the calculations of Sir Charles Lyell, no devastating flood
+could have passed over the forest-zone of Etna during the last twelve
+thousand years."
+
+Archćology enters her protest equally against it. We have abundance of
+Egyptian mummies, statues, inscriptions, paintings, and other
+representations of Egyptian life belonging to a much earlier period than
+the deluge. With only such modifications as time slowly introduced, we
+find the people, their language, and their habits, continuing after that
+time, as they had done for centuries before. Lepsius, writing from the
+pyramids of Memphis, in 1843, says, "We are still busy with structures,
+sculptures, and inscriptions, which are to be classed, by means of the
+now more accurately determined groups of kings, in an epoch of highly
+flourishing civilization, as far back as the fourth millennium before
+Christ." That is one thousand six hundred and fifty-six years before the
+time of the flood. Lyell says that "Chevalier Bunsen, in his elaborate
+and philosophical work on ancient Egypt, has satisfied not a few of the
+learned, by an appeal to monumental inscriptions still extant, that the
+successive dynasties of kings may be traced back without a break, to
+Menes, and that the date of his reign would correspond with the year
+3,640 B.C.;" that is nearly thirteen hundred years before the time of
+the deluge. Strange that the whole world should have been drowned and
+the Egyptians never knew it!
+
+From the "Types of Mankind," we learn that the fact is "asserted by
+Lepsius, and familiar to all Egyptologists, that negro and other races
+already existed in Northern Africa, on the Upper Nile, 2,300 years B.C."
+
+But this is only forty-eight years after the deluge. What kind of a
+family had Noah? Was amalgamation practised by any of Noah's sons? If
+all the human occupants of the ark were Caucasians, how did they produce
+negro races in forty-eight years? The facts again compel us to announce
+the fabulous character of this Genesical story of the deluge.
+
+_"No intelligent person now believes that it was a total deluge:
+Buckland, Pye Smith, Miller, Hitchcock, and all Christian geologists,
+agree that it was a partial deluge, and the account can be so
+explained."_
+
+How strange that God should dictate an account of the deluge that led
+everybody to a false conclusion with regard to it, till science taught
+them a better. But let us read what the account says, and see whether it
+can be explained to signify a partial deluge. To save the Bible from its
+inevitable fate, such men as Buckland, Smith, Miller, Hitchcock, and
+other Bible apologists, it is evident from their writings, were ready to
+resort to any scheme, however wild.
+
+I read (Gen. vi. 7), "I will destroy both man and beast, and the
+creeping thing." How could a partial deluge accomplish this? (v. 13);
+"The end of all flesh is come before me. I will destroy them with the
+earth." How could all flesh be destroyed with the earth by any other
+than a total deluge? (v. 17); "I do bring a flood of waters upon the
+earth, to destroy all flesh wherein is the breath of life, from under
+heaven; and every thing that is in the earth shall die." Not only is man
+to be destroyed, but all flesh wherein is the breath of life, from under
+heaven, and every thing in the earth is to die. Can this be tortured to
+mean a partial deluge? (vii. 19); "And the waters prevailed exceedingly
+upon the earth; and all the high hills that were under the whole heaven
+were covered; and all flesh died that moved upon the earth, both of
+fowl, and of cattle, and of beast, and of creeping thing that creepeth
+upon the earth, and every man. All in whose nostrils was the breath of
+life, of all that was in the dry land, died. And every living substance
+was destroyed which was upon the face of the ground, both man and
+cattle, and the creeping things, and the fowl of the heaven; and they
+were destroyed from the earth, and Noah only remained alive, and they
+that were with him in the ark." Had the man who wrote this story been a
+lawyer, and had he known how these would-be-Bible-believers, and at the
+same time geologists, would seek to pervert his meaning, he could not
+have more carefully worded his account. It is not possible for any man
+to express the idea of a total flood more definitely than this man has
+done. He does not merely say the hills were covered, but "_all_" the
+hills were covered; and lest you should think that he certainly did not
+mean the most elevated, he is careful to say "all the _high_" hills were
+covered; and lest some one should say he only meant the hills in that
+part of the country, he says expressly "all the high hills that were
+_under the whole heaven were covered_." He is even so cautious as to
+introduce the phrase "_whole_ heaven," lest some one in its absence
+might still think that the deluge was a partial one. To make its
+universality still more evident, he says, "All flesh died that moved
+upon the earth." This would have been sufficiently definite for most
+persons, but not so for him; he particularizes so that none may
+escape,--"both of fowl, and of cattle, and of beast, and of creeping
+thing that creepeth upon the earth, and every man." To leave no
+possibility of mistake, he adds, "all in whose nostrils was the breath
+of life, of all that was in the dry land, died." Can any thing more be
+needed? The writer seems to see that some theological professor may even
+yet try to make this mean a partial deluge; and he therefore says,
+"Every living substance was destroyed which was upon the face of the
+ground, both man, and cattle, and the creeping things, and the fowl of
+the heaven; they were destroyed from the earth." Is it possible to add
+to the strength of this? He thinks it is; and he therefore says, "Noah
+only remained alive, and they that were with him in the ark." Could any
+truthful man write this and then mean that less than a hundredth part of
+the earth's surface was covered. If not a total flood, why save the
+animals, above all the birds? All that Noah and his family need to have
+done would have been to move out of the region till the storm was over.
+If a partial flood, how could the ark have rested on the mountains of
+Ararat? Ararat itself is seventeen thousand feet high, and it rises from
+a plateau that is seven thousand feet above the sea-level. A flood that
+enabled the ark to float on to that mountain could not have been far
+from universal; and, when such a flood is accounted for on scientific
+principles, it will be just as easy to account for a total flood.
+
+_"The flood was only intended to destroy man, and therefore only covered
+those parts of the earth that were occupied by him."_
+
+The Bible states, however, that it was intended to destroy every thing
+wherein was the breath of life; and your account and the Bible account
+do not at all agree. But, if man was intended to be destroyed, the flood
+must have been wide-spread. We know that Africa was occupied before that
+time, and had been for thousands of years, by various races. We learn,
+from the recent discoveries in the Swiss Lakes, that man was in
+Switzerland before that time; in France, as Boucher's and Rigollet's
+discoveries prove; in Great Britain, as the caves in Devonshire show; in
+North America, as the fossil human skull beneath Table Mountain
+demonstrates. Hence, for the flood to destroy man alone at so recent a
+period, it must have been as wide spread as the earth.
+
+Even according to the Bible account, the garden of Eden, where man was
+first placed, was somewhere near the Euphrates; and in sixteen hundred
+years the race must have rambled over a large part of the earth's
+surface. The highest mountains in the world, the Himalayas, are within
+two thousand miles of the Euphrates. That splendid country, India, would
+have been occupied long before the time of the deluge; and, on the
+flanks of the Himalayas, man could have laughed at any flood that
+natural causes could possibly produce.
+
+_"How do you account, then, for these traditions of a deluge that we
+find all over the globe?"_
+
+Nothing more easy. In all times floods have occurred; some by heavy and
+long-continued rains, others by the bursting of lake-barriers or the
+irruption of the sea; and wherever traditions of these have been met
+with, men with the Bible story in their minds have at once attributed
+their origin to the Noachian deluge.
+
+_"But Jesus and the apostles indorse the account of the deluge."_
+
+Granted; but does that transform a fable into a fact? They believed the
+story just as our modern theologians believe it; because they were
+taught it when they were children, and had not learned better. Jesus
+says (Matt. xxv. 37-39), "But as the days of Noe were, so shall also the
+coming of the Son of man be. For, as in the days that were before the
+flood they were eating and drinking, marrying and giving in marriage,
+until the day that Noe entered into the ark, and knew not until the
+flood came and took them all away; so shall also the coming of the Son
+of man be." If the man had regarded the story as false, he never would
+have referred to it in such a manner. And, in this manifestation of
+credulity on the part of Jesus, we can see the very false estimate
+placed upon him by so large a portion of the people of this country. Let
+the truth be spoken, though Jesus and all other idols be overthrown. So
+he would say, if alive, or he was not as good and intelligent a man as I
+think he was.
+
+By this story the Bible stands or falls as a divine book. It falls, as
+we see, and takes its place with all other human fallible productions.
+For knowledge, we go to Nature, our universal mother, who gives her
+Bible to every soul, and preaches her everlasting gospel to all people.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note:
+
+    Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note. Variant
+    spellings have been retained. Hyphenation has been standardised.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Deluge in the Light of Modern
+Science, by William Denton
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DELUGE IN LIGHT OF MODERN SCIENCE ***
+
+***** This file should be named 25975-8.txt or 25975-8.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/2/5/9/7/25975/
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, Stephen Blundell and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from scans of public domain works at the
+University of Michigan's Making of America collection.)
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.