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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Arena, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Arena
+       Volume 4, No. 24, November, 1891
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: B. O. Flower
+
+Release Date: June 27, 2008 [EBook #25909]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ARENA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier, Richard J. Shiffer
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE ARENA.
+
+No. XXIV.
+
+NOVEMBER, 1891.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: H. C. Lodge (with signature)]
+
+
+
+
+A PARADISE OF GAMBLERS.
+
+BY EDGAR FAWCETT.
+
+
+Many religious journals throughout the country have poured eulogies
+upon the pious head of our Postmaster General because of his raid
+against all letters bearing the least uncanny relation to that
+abhorred criminal body, the Louisiana Lottery. In one sense this
+action is not ill-advised; the national laws against gambling are
+distinct, and even if they were unjust their existence would be no
+excuse for their infringement. The highly moral action of Mr.
+Wanamaker, however, happening as it does at a time when his own
+relations with the hazards and plots of Wall Street have grown the
+talk of our entire country, teem with a suggestion that should be
+patent to thousands. If gnats are strained at and camels are
+swallowed, there is certainly a pardonable satire in congratulating
+those who devour the latter on their noteworthy powers of digestion.
+As an immoral institution the Louisiana Lottery, evil as it is, cannot
+be compared with Monte Carlo, which arrays itself in facile splendors
+of enticement and smiles in mirrors and gildings on the rash gamesters
+whom it ruins. But the Louisiana Lottery, which of late it has become
+the fashion to revile, devises its chief gains in a much less faulty
+manner. For such disbursements as one dollar, two dollars, five
+dollars, a good deal of golden expectancy and anticipation can be
+enjoyed, and there is no confirmed proof whatever that the citizens
+who are rash enough to expend these massive amounts have ever been
+swindled at the monthly New Orleans drawings. Indeed, they have
+ample proof, if they care to sift it, that somebody in Maine, or
+Indiana, or California, has received a small fortune for part of a
+ticket purchased at the same cheap terms as their own. Naturally,
+unless they were complete fools, they knew previous to their
+investment that the chances against them were extremely large, and
+that their prospect of winning anything very handsome was about equal
+to that of their being struck by lightning or having an unknown
+relative leave them a fat legacy. Could it once be proved that the
+Louisiana Lottery is really dishonest in its dealings--really more
+dishonest than the bright-lit bar-room that shiningly says to one,
+"Come and get drunk in me if you choose, but if you don't choose drink
+only as much as you want in me, and if you don't choose to enter me at
+all, avoid me forever and a day"--then the iniquity of the whole
+organization could not be scorned in terms too harsh. But at present
+all indictments against this particular species of gambling would seem
+to be just as airy as those against the alluring tavern. The
+"prohibition extremists" are like lawyers who can never make their
+case, yet are incessantly fuming against their own failure. These
+extremists forget that their shadowy moral client is plaintiff in a
+kind of curious divorce-suit, where the defendant is human nature and
+the co-respondent human will. It is most probable that men will
+continue to get drunk just so long as education remains for them an
+incident force of inferior potency. As to their liking and upholding
+certain milder games of chance (after the style of the Greeks, let us
+say, at their very highest period of culture), that is perhaps not an
+educational question at all, but one of simple diversion. There are
+kinds of gambling, however, with which no believer in racial progress
+will admit that the loftier forms of civilization can possibly deal,
+and foremost among these must be counted the reckless license, the
+odious libertinage of venture which now shames a republic never tired
+of vaunting its virtues to the transatlantic monarchies from which it
+sprang.
+
+He who would note and study, in all their terror, melancholy, and
+pathos, the selfishness and avarice of his fellow-men, might search
+the whole known globe and never find a field for his observations at
+once more fruitful and more discouraging than that of Wall Street. To
+realize in its full glare of vicious vulgarity the influence of this
+environment, let us take the case of some refined young man just after
+he has quitted school and entered the office of a thrifty
+broker--perhaps a warm friend of his father, who hugs the keenly
+American doctrine that a youth should be put in the way of piling
+dollars together as quickly as possible after he leaves the
+educational leash. By degrees this young man will discover that the
+only difference between Wall Street and a huge, crowd-engirt
+gaming-table is one between simplicity and complexity. He will see
+that the play of the former is far more difficult to learn and that it
+requires a number of _croupiers_ instead of one. He will see that
+these _croupiers_ are in most cases men whose names posterity will
+hand down, if it hands them down at all, as those of stony egotists,
+and sometimes of gigantic thieves. He will gradually gain insight into
+certain of their methods, as when, only a few years back, one or two
+of them seized an entire railroad under cover of what was the merest
+parody of purchase and opposed both to law and to public policy,
+afterward defending their outrage in the courts through the brazen aid
+of venal judges and bringing to Albany (headquarters of their
+attempted theft) a great carload of New York ruffians, each with a
+proxy in his soiled and desperate hand--an instrument almost as
+illegal as the pistol which those hands had doubtless too often
+fingered if not fired amid the squalor of their owners' native
+slums.[1]
+
+      [1] It is a fact that the late James Fisk, Jr., was
+          appointed by Judge Barnard, of New York, receiver of a
+          railway (the Albany and Susquehanna) which lay a hundred
+          miles outside of that magistrate's judicial district.
+
+The neophyte in speculators' creeds and customs may amuse himself,
+however, with reminiscences like the preceding only in a sense of that
+proud historic retrospect which concerns past radiant records of "the
+street." He may, if so minded, con other pages of its noble archives,
+and dazzle his young brain with admiration for the shining exploits of
+"Black Friday," an occasion when greed held one of its most sickening
+revels, and a clique of merciless financiers gathered together so many
+millions of gold coin that its price bred fright among the holders of
+depreciating stocks. Agony, ruin, the demolition of firesides,
+resulted from this infamous "corner" wrought by a league of miserly
+zealots. But our young student of Wall Street annals will soon
+harden his nerves against any silly commiseration. As well soil the
+glory of Lexington or Bunker Hill by brooding over the pangs of those
+who were its victims. All great victories necessitate bloodshed. It is
+not every man who can wrest vast wealth from the turmoils of a "Black
+Friday." ... And so, after turning the pages of a revolting chronicle,
+all of which teem with calamity to the many and plethoric gain to the
+bullying and insolent few, he surveys that active boil and ferment of
+the present, seeking to discern there some course of trick and scheme
+by which he too may fatten his purse, even though he blunts conscience
+into a callous nullity. Between old days and new he finds but slight
+difference. Rises and panics prevail now as then. The "margin,"
+beloved of the wily broker, first lures and then robs the trustful
+buyer. "Pools," open and secret, grasping and malicious, may wreak at
+any hour disasters on the unwary. "Points" are given by one operator
+to another with the same mendacious glibness as of yore. The market is
+now dull with the torpor of a sleeping cobra, now aflame, like that
+reptile, with treacherous and poisonous life. In its repose as in its
+excitement our novice begins to know it, fear it, and heartily love it
+besides. The chances are nine out of ten that he loves it too much and
+fears it too little. Its hideous vulgarity has ceased to shock him.
+Its "bulls," with their often audacious purchases of stock for which
+they do not pay but out of whose random fluctuations in value they
+expect to reap thousands from the "bears," who sell in a like blind,
+betting-ring fashion; its devices of "spreads," and of "straddles,"
+which are combinations of "puts" and "calls" whereby the purchaser
+limits his loss and at the same time suits the chances of his winning
+to those of vacillant prices themselves; its unblushing compromises on
+the part of debtors with creditors, fifty cents on the dollar being
+frequently paid by bankrupts to the extent of one, two, or three
+hundred thousand dollars, in order that they may resume their highly
+legitimate undertakings and perhaps grow rich again in company with
+their fellow-gamblers; all these, and many more features of Wall
+Street life, equally vivid and equally soiled by sordid materialism,
+have at length wrapped the mind of this young observer in their
+drastic and sinister spells. When he "starts out for himself," as he
+is presently quite sure to do, his ultimate success is enormously
+doubtful. His reign as a leading personality in Wall Street means to
+have been a Childe Roland who, indeed, to the Dark Tower did actually
+come. The horn that such a victor lifts to his mouth has been wrought,
+as one might say, from the bones of some comrade slain in the same
+arduous pilgrimage, and the peal of triumph which his lips evoke from
+it might be called a blending of countless wretched cries from the
+lips of other perished strugglers in the same daring design. Great
+success with him, if he achieves it, will be--what? An almost Titanic
+power to torture and affright at will hundreds, thousands of his
+fellow-men. He will have before him the example of a man who locked up
+$12,500,000 in one of his riotous assaults against honest
+stock-exchange dealing--money notoriously not his own. He may desire
+to imitate that course of behavior which had Samuel Bowles abducted
+and unlawfully imprisoned because he published in his paper the truth
+about Wall Street trickery and villany, or which sandbagged Dorman B.
+Eaton in the streets of New York for having fought with legal weapons
+of honest denunciation that malodorous craft of a compact between
+incarnate kleptomania in finance and the unspeakable "boss" burglar of
+Tammany Ring.
+
+But needless are further details of those abominations on which our
+rising young aspirant may turn an envious eye. He cannot but acquaint
+himself with the whole horrid list of chicanery, since its items are
+rungs of the ladder on which he himself may hereafter seek to mount.
+If he aims to be a great Wall Street spider he must perforce fully
+acquaint himself with what material will go toward the spinning of
+that baleful tissue, his proprietary web. It must be woven, this web,
+out of perjuries and robberies. Its fibres must mean the heart-strings
+torn from many a deluded stockholder's breast, and the morning dew
+that glitters on it must be the tears of widows and orphans. The laws
+of a great republic are the foliage (alas, of a tree not too sturdy!)
+on which its devilish meshes are wrought! There is no exaggeration in
+stating that the financial history of the past three decades in
+America has been one of peerless turpitude. Rome under the dying
+glories of the empire scarcely parallels its knavish gluttonies of
+illegal seizure. And Wall Street has been the boiling point of all
+this infectious train of outrages against a patient people--one that
+presumes to rate itself really democratic, and to sneer at countries
+over seas in which to-day a Crédit Mobilier, a Pacific Railroad
+atrocity, a Manhattan Railroad brigandage, would make Trafalgar Square
+or the Place de la Concorde howl with savage tumult.
+
+But let us return to our would-be Wall Street magnate. Suppose he has
+not the "grit" or the "go" (or whatever it would be termed in that
+classic purlieu so noted for elegance of every-day rhetoric) either to
+crown himself with the tarnished crown of a monetary "king" or even to
+hold a gilt-edged but scandal-reeking portfolio at the footstool of
+some such reigning tyrant. In this case he may join the great
+rank-and-file of those whose pockets have become irremediably voided
+and who seldom refer to Wall Street unless with muttered curses while
+dragging out maimed careers in various far less feverish pursuits; or
+he may, on the other hand, drift into that humble crowd of petty
+brokers ("curb-stone" or domiciled) whose incomes vary from fifteen
+hundred to as many thousands a year, and who pass hours each day in
+envy, whether secret or open, of the dignitaries towering above them.
+As one of these inferior persons his existence will continue, no
+doubt, until he changes it for the tomb: and meanwhile what sort of an
+existence has it been? All the finer human aims have appealed to him
+as pearls appeal to swine. He has, perhaps, possessed faculties which
+might have allowed him to shine ably and yet honorably in the state or
+national congress, whose votes his friends and rivals, to ensure the
+passage of their unscrupulous railroad-bills, have bought so often and
+with such bloodless depravity. But these faculties have been miserably
+misused. He may have loved some woman, and married her, and begotten
+children by her; domestic affection may have warmed his being, just as
+it does that of many a day-laborer. But in the arid air of Wall Street
+all his intellectual and ethical possibilities will have wilted and
+died. Lust for greater riches and a mordant, ever-smouldering
+disappointment at not having attained them, will replace the healthier
+impulses of adolescence. Books will have no savor for him; men of high
+attainments, unless their coffers brim with lucre, affect him no more
+than the company of the most unlettered oaf. He becomes, in other
+words, the typical Wall Street man, and he becomes this with a
+stolid indifference to all known motors of mental betterment.
+
+It is not in any sense an attractive type. The Wall Street men are
+lilies that toil and spin ("tiger" lilies, one might term them, in
+remembrance of the old gambler-slang about faro and roulette); but
+their industries, however distinct, are what the political economists
+would call those of non-productive consumers. They are active drones,
+to speak with paradox, in the great hive of human energy. Like all
+gamesters, all men who live by the turning of the dice-box, they have
+a devil-may-care demeanor, now and then rather sharply peppered with
+wit, though wit not always avoidant of the obscene. For the most part,
+they are as ignorant of the large onward push of human thought as if
+they were farmers in some remote county of Arkansas. And yet they
+affect, at all times, an amusing omniscience. To "know it all" is a
+phrase beloved as sarcasm by their nimble vernacular, and though this
+(like "Come off!" and "Look here, what are you giving us?") is a form
+of speech incessantly on their lips, one is prone sometimes to reflect
+how amazing is the meagreness of real knowledge which their "knowing
+it all" piteously represents. They are sometimes keen sportsmen, but a
+good many scamps, dolts, and cads are that. Their acquaintance with
+contemporary literature could be summed up by stating that if you
+should ask an average number of their class whether he had read the
+last novel of Mr. James, he might pull his moustache (the Wall Street
+man usually has a moustache, and often a symmetric and well-tended
+one) desiring to learn whether you had reference or no to _G. P. R._
+James, of the "two horse-men" celebrity. Their ignorance, however, is
+not equal to their self-sufficiency. Almost whenever the average Wall
+Street man goes into good society he makes himself more pronounced
+there by his assurance than his culture. Of the latter quality he has
+so little that the best clubs of which he is a member tolerate rather
+than accept him. In most cases he is deplorably curt of speech and
+brusque of deportment. Suavity, repose, that kindliness which is the
+very marrow and pith of high-breeding, shock you in his manners as
+acutely by their absence as if they were rents in his waistcoat or
+gapes in his boot-leather. The "bluff," impudence, and swagger of the
+Stock Exchange cling to him in society like burrs to the hair of
+horse or dog. He would be far more endurable, this socially rampant
+and ubiquitous Wall Street man, if he revealed the least shred of
+respect for those ideas and faiths on which his hard, cold course of
+living has necessarily trampled rough-hooved. He is so bright and
+intelligent, as a rule, that you wonder why he is so phenomenally
+vulgar. But his brightness and intelligence are of the quality, nearly
+always, that throws into hysteric giggles the "summer girl" on piazzas
+of third-rate hotels. Ordinarily, too, he has not the faintest
+conception of how deeply and darkly he bores people who would live
+apart from him, from his bejewelled and supercilious wife (her pretty
+head always goes an inch further backward when "Tom" or "Dick" has
+"made a strike in stocks"), and from the French maid, with her frilled
+cap, whom his children gabble to in their grammarless American-French,
+but whose unctuous idioms are Sanscrit alike to madame and himself.
+
+Conceive that you or I shall wish to talk with the ordinary Wall
+Street man, on the piazza of his watering-place hotel, on the deck of
+his record-breaking steamer. (When he goes to Europe, which he
+incessantly does, he invariably takes a record-breaking steamer in
+preference to all others.) What does he know? What can he tell us?
+Politics? He reproduces, if he be a Republican, the last tirade of his
+favorite newspaper in behalf of protection and Mr. Blaine. If he be a
+Democrat he will spout the last editorial of his favorite newspaper in
+favor of free trade and Mr. Cleveland. History? The Wall Street man
+rarely knows in what year Columbus discovered America, and would be in
+straits wild enough to horrify that talented arch-prig, Mr. Andrew
+Lang, if you mentioned either Cortes or Pizarro. Fiction? He admired
+Robinson Crusoe when a boy, and since then he has read a few
+translated volumes of Dumas the elder. Poetry? He doesn't like it "for
+a cent"; but he once did come across something (by Tennyson or
+Longfellow--he forgets which) called "Beautiful Snow." That "fetched
+him," and "laid over" any other verse he recollects.
+
+Here, let us insist, is no aimless travesty of the average Wall Street
+man, but a faithful etching of him, apart from those more sorry
+lineaments which might be disclosed in a portrait painted, as it were,
+with the oil of his own slippery speculations. If he resents the
+honest drawing of his well-known features, why, so much the better.
+His indignation may be fraught with wholesome reactions. Perhaps he
+will have his defenders--interested ones, of course. We may pluck the
+cactus-flower with hands cased in buckskin, and swear that it harbors
+no sting below its roseate and silken cockade of bloom. Prejudice is
+too often the saucepan on which we cook our criticisms; and when these
+are done to a turn we cast the vessel into a dust-bin, trying with
+mighty valor of volition to forget that it even exists as old iron.
+
+Never was more blatant humbug aired than that about our "brilliant"
+Wall Street financiers. Their "brilliancy" is merely a repulsive
+egotism in one of its worst forms,--that of cupidity. They are like
+misers with longer, quicker, and more sinewy fingers than other
+misers, in the gathering together of dollars. Their shrewdness may be
+exceptional, but a quality which consists half in accurate guessing
+and half in bullying defiance is hardly worthy of the name. As for
+their "nerve" and "coolness," these are not endowments that in such
+connection can be admired or praised. For surely the gambler who
+cannot face bravely those very slings and arrows of variant if not
+always outrageous fortune which form the chief indices of his dingy
+profession, cuts a mean enough figure in the cult of it. "Jim" Fisk
+had traits like these, but who now applauds them? As well admire the
+courage of a house-breaker in scaling a garden-wall at midnight, or
+his exquisite tact in selecting a bed-chamber well-stored with jewels
+and money. The so-called "great men" of Wall Street are foes of
+society--foes merciless and malign. Their "generalship," their
+"Napoleonic" attributes are terms coined by people of their own
+damaging class, people with low motives, with even brutish morals. It
+is time that this age of ours, so rich in theoretic if impracticable
+humanitarianisms, forebore to flatter the spirits which work against
+it in its efforts toward higher and wiser achievement. The anarchists
+hanged in Chicago were men of mistaken purpose and fatuous belief. But
+at least they were conceivably sincere, however dangerous to peace and
+order. These czars and tycoons of finance, on the other hand, are
+scoffers at the integrity of the commonweal, and have for their Lares
+and Penates hideous little gods carved by their own misanthropy from
+the harsh granite of self-worship. Every new conspiracy to amass
+millions through wrecking railroads, through pouring vast sums upon
+the stock market, through causing as vast sums to disappear from
+public use, stains them blacker with the proof of their horrible
+inhumanity. Even death does not always end their monstrous rapine, for
+when they pay what is called the debt of nature they too often fling,
+in their wills, a posthumous sneer at that still larger debt owed to
+their fellow-creatures, and make some eldest son their principal heir.
+Charity may get a few niggardly thousands from them, and handsome
+bequests usually go to their younger children; yet the bulk of the big
+gambler's treasure passes intact to one who will most probably guard
+with avid custody the alleged prestige of its possession.
+
+But we should remember that on many occasions it is not even a game of
+chance with these potentates of Wall Street. They play, as it were,
+with marked cards, and can predict to a certainty, having such mighty
+capital at their disposal, just how and when particular stocks will
+rise or fall. Spreading abroad deceitful rumors through their little
+subservient throngs of henchmen brokers, they create untold ravage and
+despair. Fearful cruelty is shown by them then. The law cannot reach
+it, though years of imprisonment would be far too good for it.
+Families are plunged into penury by their subtly circulated frauds;
+forgery and embezzlement in hundreds of individual cases result; banks
+are betrayed and shattered; disgrace and suicide are sown broadcast
+like seeds fecund in poison. One often marvels that assassination does
+not spring up in certain desperate human hearts as a vengeance against
+these appalling wrongs. Murder is ghastly enough, in whatever shape it
+meets us, and from whatever cause. But if Lincoln and Garfield fell
+the prey of mad fanatics, it seems all the stranger, as it is all the
+more fortunate, that agonized and ill-governed human frenzy should
+thus far happily have spared us new public shudders at new public
+crimes.
+
+Conjecture may indeed waste its liveliest ardors in seeking to
+determine what place this nineteenth century of ours will hold among
+the centuries which have preceded and are destined to follow it. But
+there is good reason to believe, after all, that in one way it will be
+held remarkable, perhaps even unique,--as an age of violent contrasts,
+violent extremes. Here we are, seeking (however pathetically) to
+grapple with problems whose solution would wear an almost millennial
+tinge. There are men among us--and men of august intellects, too--who
+urge upon society the adoption of codes and usages which would assume,
+if practically treated, that the minds and characters of mortals are
+little short of angelic. And coevally with these dreamers of grand
+socialistic improvement, we are met by such evidence as that of Wall
+Street, its air foul with the mephitic exhalations that rise from dead
+and rotting principle. When the state is corrupt, and large bodies of
+its citizens are not only corrupt but wholly scornful of every
+fraternal and philanthropic purpose as well,--when communities like
+this of Wall Street, cold-blooded, shameless, injurious, are bowed to
+as powers, instead of being shunned as pests, then the ideals of such
+men as Karl Marx and his disciples loom distant and indefinite on the
+horizon of the future. Tritest of metaphors though it may be, all
+civilization is a garden, and in this garden of our own western
+tillage Wall Street towers to-day like a colossal weed, with roots
+deep-plunging into a soil they desiccate and de-fertilize. When and
+whose will be the extirpating hand?
+
+Here dawns a question with which some modern Sphinx may defy some
+coming OEdipus. Let us hope it will prove a question so adequately
+answered that the evil goddess using it as a challenge--the
+conventional deity of injustice, duplicity, and extortion--will
+dramatize her compulsory response to it by casting herself headlong
+into the sea!
+
+
+
+
+PROTECTION OR FREE TRADE--WHICH?
+
+BY HON. HENRY CABOT LODGE, M. C.
+
+
+The advocates of free trade in this country at the present time are
+very unlike Emerson's "fine young Oxford gentlemen" who said "there
+was nothing new, and nothing true, and no matter." They not only
+believe their pet doctrine to be true, but they seem to assume that it
+is also new. They further treat it as if it were an exact science and
+a great moral question as well. Unwarranted assumptions merely confuse
+and this question of national economic policy is too important to be
+clouded with confusions. It is worth while, therefore, to look at
+these assumptions one by one and try, before attempting any discussion
+of the tariff, to clear the ground from cant and to see the question
+exactly as it is.
+
+In the first place, the question of free trade or protection is in no
+sense a moral one. Free traders are prone to forget that their great
+prophet, Adam Smith, drew this distinction very plainly at the outset.
+He wrote two important works. One of them all the world has read. It
+is called "The Wealth of Nations," deals with the selfish interests of
+mankind, and embodies the author's political economy. The other is an
+equally elaborate work entitled "The Moral Sentiments." It is the
+complement of "The Wealth of Nations," which is devoted to the selfish
+side of human nature and the world at large has found no trouble in
+forgetting it. Adam Smith himself was under no confusion of mind as to
+his subject when he wrote about political economy. He knew that he was
+dealing with questions of a selfish character, of an enlightened
+selfishness, no doubt, but none the less questions of self-interest.
+He never for a moment thought of putting his political economy on a
+plane of pure morality.
+
+When the great political movement toward free trade began in England,
+it was largely a movement of the middle classes and of the industrial
+interests of Great Britain. The great middle class of England, which
+furnishes the backbone and sinew of the nation, is essentially a moral
+class, and in appealing to it the political leader is always tempted
+to put forward the moral aspect of his theme, even if he has to twist
+his argument and his facts to find one. The manufacturers of England
+believed that free trade would be profitable, but it soothed them to
+be assured that the system was also highly moral. It is to the
+Manchester School, therefore, that we owe the attempt to give to the
+entire free trade system a moral coloring for which the narrower
+question of the repeal of the corn laws afforded an opportunity. Our
+own free traders for the most part are devout followers of the
+Manchester School, and take all their teachings and practices with
+little discrimination. They are essentially imitative. The anti-corn
+law agitators pointed their arguments by exhibiting loaves of bread of
+different sizes, and so our free traders, during a campaign, have gone
+about in carts and held up pairs of trousers, a more humorous if less
+intelligent form of object lesson. They attempt, too, in like fashion,
+to give the weight of morality to their doctrines. Unfortunately for
+them, inasmuch as everyone likes to be moral at some one's else
+expense, their position is untenable. Adam Smith's distinction was a
+broad and sound one; and deeply important as political economy and
+questions of tariff are, they are in no sense matters of morals. They
+are purely questions of self-interest, of profit and loss, and can be
+decided properly on these grounds alone.
+
+In the second place, the assumption made tacitly, at least, if not
+avowedly, that political economy is an exact science is wholly
+misleading. Political economy covers a wide range of subjects of which
+the tariff is only one; but in none of its branches is it an exact
+science. Modern investigation has, no doubt, revealed certain economic
+laws which we may fairly say operate with reasonable certainty, but
+this is a very different proposition from that which would make the
+conclusions of economists in all directions as absolute as those of
+mathematicians. Political economy, in fact, does not differ greatly in
+this respect from history, because both deal with subjects where the
+conditions and sympathies of men and women play a large part, and
+where human passions are deeply engaged. In fields like these, where
+the personal equation of humanity plays a controlling part, it is
+absurd to attempt to argue as if we were dealing with a mathematical
+formula. There may be a philosophy of political economy as there is
+of history; there may be scientific methods of dealing with it and
+certain economic laws, subject to many exceptions, which we may
+consider to be established, but nevertheless it is as far from being
+an exact science as one can conceive. The exact science notion is the
+misconception of cloistered learning which can build impregnable
+systems where there are none to attack them, but which has no idea of
+the practical difficulties of an unsympathetic world where the
+precious system must meet every possible objection and not merely
+those devised by its framers. In discussing a question of political
+economy, therefore, it is well to bear in mind that we are handling a
+subject where new facts are always entering in to modify old
+conclusions, and where there are many conditions, the effect of which
+it is impossible to calculate.
+
+In the third place, the ardent tariff reformer at the present moment
+always discourses upon his subject as if he had some perfectly new
+truth to lay before the world from which it would be as impossible to
+differ, unless one was illiterate or corrupt, as from the conclusion
+of Galileo in regard to the movement of the earth. In one of our
+recent political campaigns I quoted an argument of Hamilton's in favor
+of protection from his famous Report of Manufactures. Thereupon one of
+my opponents in a public speech, referring to this quotation, said it
+would be as sensible to adopt Hamilton's views on the tariff as to go
+back to stage coaches simply because those vehicles were the means of
+conveyance in Hamilton's time. I could not help wondering what my
+learned opponent would have thought if I had retorted that, by parity
+of reasoning, we ought to reject the "Wealth of Nations" because Adam
+Smith flourished a little earlier than Hamilton, and stage coaches
+were used in his day also. The simple truth is that there is nothing
+very new to-day in the question of free trade or protection. The
+subject is one which has been under consideration for some time. It
+has received great developments in the last hundred years, and is
+still so far from the last word that it is safest not to be too
+dogmatic about it.
+
+In this matter of the tariff, then, we have before us a question which
+is not new, which is not moral, but which deals simply with matters of
+self-interest according to the dictates of an enlightened selfishness.
+What is the condition of the question of free trade to-day in its
+practical aspect? Fifty years ago, roughly speaking, the movement for
+it in England became successful, and the English people abandoned a
+protective tariff which they had maintained for some centuries and
+adopted the free trade tariff which they have to-day. The latter
+system has had a thorough trial in England under the most favorable
+circumstances. If there is any country in the world which, by its
+situation, its history and its condition, is adapted for free trade,
+England is that country. If free trade, therefore, is the certain and
+enormous benefit which its advocates assert, and if it is the only
+true system for nations to adopt, its history in England ought to
+prove the truth of these propositions. How near has free trade come to
+performing all that its original promoters claimed in its behalf? How
+brilliant has been its success in practise? One thing at least is
+certain: it has not been such an overwhelming and glittering success
+as to convince any other civilized nation of its merits. England
+stands alone to-day, as she has stood for the last fifty years, the
+one free trade nation in the world. Possibly England of all the
+nations may be right and everybody else may be wrong, but there is, at
+least, a division of opinion so respectable that we may assume, with
+all due reverence for our free trade friends, that there are two sides
+to this question as to many others.
+
+Let us look for a moment at some of the early promises. Free trade,
+according to its originators, was to usher in an era of peace and
+good-will. It was, in its extension, to put an end to wars. It has
+certainly not brought peace to England, which has had a petty war of
+some sort on her hands almost every year since the free trade gospel
+was preached. I do not mean to say that this is in the least due to
+free trade, but it is quite obvious that free trade did not stop
+fighting. The prosperity of England has, of course, been undeniably
+great, and it has been especially great among the vast industrial and
+manufacturing interests which supported the free trade policy.
+Possibly they have thriven better under this system than they would
+have done under the old one, but this must remain mere speculation,
+and as we know that some protected countries have prospered as much if
+not more than England, the prosperity argument has little weight.
+There are, however, other fields where we need not rely on conjecture.
+Has free trade been an unquestionable benefit not merely to the
+industrial but to all classes in England? It certainly has not put an
+end to strikes, for strikes have never been more frequent anywhere
+than they have been in Great Britain of late years. It does not seem
+to have perceptibly diminished poverty, if we may judge from such
+recent books as "The Bitter Cry of Outcast London," and "Through
+Darkest England." The state of Ireland has not been indicative of a
+healing and life-giving prosperity. In a word the great problems of
+labor, of poverty, and of over-population seem as severe in free trade
+England as in protective countries. Free trade again does not seem to
+have prevented the rise of trusts and syndicates, nor to have stopped
+the accumulation of vast wealth in a few hands. In other words, there
+is no evidence that free trade has had any effect on the most serious
+questions of the day, which touch the welfare of the great masses of
+the people. All that can be said is that the manufacturing and
+industrial interests of Great Britain seem to have thriven under it.
+For a system which arrogates to itself absolute truth, this is a
+meagre showing.
+
+Free trade has not demonstrated its infallibility in the single
+country where it has been tried. The question, therefore, for the
+people of the United States is, whether under their conditions it is
+well to make the change which England made nearly fifty years ago, and
+to adopt a system of which the success has been doubtful in its chosen
+field. In order to decide the question intelligently we must put aside
+all vague confusions about an exact science which will work the same
+results everywhere because it operates under an immutable law. Even if
+free trade had been a brilliant and conclusive success in England, of
+which there is no proof, does it follow that it would be a better
+system for us? We have, to begin with, in our possession, instead of a
+small island a continent capable of almost every variety of natural
+production and mechanical industry. This is also a new country and a
+young country. We have been developing our resources rapidly for the
+last hundred years, but they are still not fully developed. The policy
+of the United States, although with many fluctuations, has been in the
+main to develop all our natural and mechanical opportunities to their
+fullest extent. The free trader is always ready with the terse
+statement that, "You cannot make yourself rich by taxing yourself,"
+followed by a freshly humorous allusion to lifting one's self by one's
+boot-straps. He then feels that he has met the case. If political
+economy and the financial policy of nations were as simple as this
+argument seems to imply, life would be an easier thing both for
+nations and individuals. Unluckily the problems of mankind which
+engage their interests and passions cannot be solved by cheap
+aphorisms. The statement of the free trader about taxing yourself in
+order to grow rich has a final and conclusive sound, but it is simply
+sound. There are, for example, plenty of towns in New England which
+have built factories and relieved certain persons from taxation in
+order to secure their capital and industry, and the additional
+population and the increased taxes which have thus come to the town
+have made it rich or at least richer than it was before. It is quite
+possible to adjust taxes or to offer bounties or premiums in such a
+way as to add to the aggregate wealth of the community.
+
+The free trader's question is not really pertinent. The point is not
+whether you will tax yourself in order to grow rich, but whether you
+will so frame your tax laws and so raise your revenues as to
+discriminate in favor of your own production and your own wages
+against the production and wages of other countries, or whether, on
+the other hand, you will let everything strictly alone and leave the
+country to come out the best way it can. The general policy of the
+United States has been to give encouragement to the domestic producer
+and manufacturer, and maintenance to high rates of wages, by laying
+duties in such a way as to discriminate in their favor against those
+outside. The result, speaking broadly, has been to put the United
+States as a competitor into countless lines of new industries. The
+effect of the competition of the United States, added to that already
+existing in the rest of the world, has been to reduce the world's
+prices in the products of those industries according to the well-known
+laws of competition. Hence comes the lowering of prices to the
+consumer in protected articles, a fact which is the cause of much
+satiric laughter to the free trader because he can neither deny nor
+explain it.
+
+The practical question now before the people of the United States is
+twofold: shall we protect new and nascent industries, and shall we
+continue to guard existing industries and existing rates of wages
+against an undue competition? John Stuart Mill admits the soundness of
+the former policy, and with that admission protectionists may be
+content. In fact, it may be doubted whether any intelligent man would
+argue to-day that it would have been wiser for the United States never
+to have built up any industries, but to have remained a purely
+agricultural community, dependent on Europe for everything in the way
+of manufacture. I think we may assume that the wisdom of protecting
+nascent industries in a country with such capacities and resources as
+the United States can hardly be questioned.
+
+Nevertheless, the most hotly contested feature of the McKinley bill
+was that which continued the policy of protecting nascent industries
+in certain products, and notably that of the manufacture of tin plate.
+If the protection of nascent industries at the beginning of this
+century was a sound policy, then it is a sound policy to industries of
+that description to-day. Whether we have tin mines or not (and it now
+appears that we have) there is no reason on the surface why we should
+not buy our Straits tin and manufacture tin plate as well as England.
+Some Democratic newspapers appear to have an idea that the tin mines
+of Cornwall and Wales make a monopoly in this direction for England.
+They forget that to-day the tin used by England comes chiefly from the
+Straits, and she can buy it there on no better terms than the United
+States. If the policy of protection to nascent industries is sound,
+then the tariff of 1890 is sound in this direction, and we should seek
+its results in the new industries which have been started since it
+became a law.
+
+In the second branch, the question of whether we should continue
+protection to industries already established is one largely of degree
+and of discretion. Where a removal of the duty would mean either a
+heavy reduction of wages or a stopping of existing industries with the
+rise of prices consequent upon the withdrawal of the United States
+from the world's competition, then the removal of the duty would be a
+misfortune. It would be a misfortune not only to the industry which
+was ruined and to the wage earners who were reduced to idleness or
+poverty, but it would be an injury to the consumer because it would in
+a short time raise the price of the world's production diminished by
+our withdrawal. In industries where no such results could possibly
+be feared, or where the production of the article is not possible in
+the United States, it would certainly be wise to remove duties, and
+this has been the purpose of the protectionists and of the Republican
+party.
+
+The policy of protection has received its most recent expression in
+this country in the tariff of 1890. It is a truism that no tariff
+bill, whether passed by free traders or protectionists, can hope to be
+perfect. It is sure to have defects in detail and some inequalities.
+The McKinley bill was not exempt from error, but the question for the
+people to decide now is whether it is well to abandon the protective
+policy and substitute that of free trade. In 1888 the cry was that we
+must get rid of the surplus revenue and that that necessity made a
+revision of the tariff imperative. The Republican party since it has
+been in power has taken two hundred and forty-six millions of the
+accumulated surplus and paid off the bonded indebtedness of the
+country to that amount. It has also, by the removal of the duty on
+sugar and other articles, reduced the annual surplus revenue some
+fifty or sixty millions. The danger from the surplus, therefore (and
+it was a very real danger), is at an end. No party need be called upon
+now to dispose of the annual surplus which was taking so many millions
+out of the channels of trade. The question between the parties and
+before the country on this issue is very much simpler than it was. It
+is whether we shall repeal the tariff of 1890, abandon the protective
+system and take up free trade, or whether we shall maintain the
+protective system, making such amendments to the law as may from time
+to time seem necessary.
+
+I have tried to state the general argument upon the question of free
+trade or protection in its broadest way. It only remains to bring
+forward so far as possible the facts which show, in part at least, the
+results of the tariff of 1890, for upon those results as a whole its
+justification or condemnation must rest. It is important to know first
+whether the new industries which the McKinley bill was designed to
+encourage have begun to start, and second, whether the bill has had
+the disastrous effect in raising prices which was so loudly asserted
+and prophesied by its opponents at the last election.
+
+I will give first a table showing comparative prices before and after
+the tariff of 1890 of some of the cotton fabrics most commonly used.
+They are all protected industries and ought to have been advanced in
+price if any part of the assertions made by the advocates of free
+trade during the last campaign were true.
+
+
+PRICES OF PRINT GOODS SIX MONTHS BEFORE THE MCKINLEY TARIFF PASSED
+COMPARED WITH THEIR PRESENT PRICES.
+
+                                         Before New         Under New
+ Trade Names of Prints.                  Tariff.            Tariff.
+
+ Allen's Pink Checks               $.06     and  .06-1/2    $.05-1/2
+ Allen's Shirtings                  .04-3/4 and  .05         .04
+ Allen's Turkey Reds                             .06-1/2     .05-3/4
+ American Indigo Blue                            .06-1/2     .06
+ American Shirting                  .05     and  .05-1/2     .04-1/2
+ Anchor Shirting                    .05     and  .05-1/4     .04-1/2
+ Arnold Long Cloth C                             .09         .08-1/2
+ Berlin Solids                                   .06         .05
+ Berlin Red, 3/4                                 .07-1/3     .07
+ Berlin Red, 4-4                                 .11         .10
+ Cocheco XX Twills                               .06-3/4     .06-1/2
+ Charter Oak Fancies                .05     and  .05-1/4     .04
+ Eddystone Fancy                                 .06-1/2     .06
+ Eddystone Sateen                                .06-1/2     .06
+
+
+BLEACHED SHIRTINGS AND SUITINGS.
+
+                               Before     Under
+ Trade Name of Goods.          New        New       Old     New
+                               Tariff.    Tariff.   Duty.   Duty.
+
+ Our Reliance                  $.05-1/2   $.05-1/4   $.04   $.04-1/2
+ Pride of the West              .13        .11-1/2    .05    .05-1/2
+ Pocahontas                     .07-3/4    .07-1/2    .04    .04-1/2
+ Sagamore C                     .05        .04-3/4    .04    .04-1/2
+ Utica Steam Nonpareil          .10-3/4    .10-1/2    .04    .04-1/2
+ Wauregan 100's                 .10-1/2    .09-1/2    .04    .04-1/2
+ Wauregan Combine               .10        .09-1/2    .04    .04-1/2
+
+
+GINGHAMS AND WASH FABRICS.
+
+                                       Before New             Under New
+ Trade Name of Goods.                    Tariff.               Tariff.
+
+ Everett Classics                         $.08-1/2             $.08
+ Fidelity                                  .06-1/2              .06
+ Lombardy                                  .07                  .06-1/2
+ Tacoma                                    .08-1/2              .07-1/2
+ Arlington Staple             $.06-1/4 and .06-1/2 $.06     and .06-1/4
+ Bates Staple                              .06-1/2  .06-1/4 and .06-1/2
+ Bates Warwick Dress                       .08-1/2              .08
+ Glenaine                                  .06-1/2  .06     and .06-1/4
+ Johnson Chalon Cloth                      .10-1/2              .09-1/2
+ Johnson Indigo Blue           .09-1/2 and .11                  .09-1/2
+ Lancaster Normandie                       .08-1/2  .08     and .08-1/2
+ White Calcutta Dress Styles   .08-1/2 and .09-1/2  .08     and .08-1/2
+ Westbrook Dress Style                     .08-1/2              .08
+ York Manufacturing Co.'s Staples          .06-1/2  .06-1/4 and .06-1/2
+
+I give now a table comparing the market quotations for 1890 of the
+articles which enter most largely into the cost of living, with those
+for the same period in 1891:--
+
+                                       Week ending          Week ending
+                                       Aug. 29, 1891.       Aug. 30, 1890.
+
+ BREADSTUFFS:--
+   Flour, No. 2 Extra, barrels        $4.25  @ $4.50        $3.75 @ $4.25
+   Patents, "                          5.75  @  6.10         5.50 @  6.15
+   Rye, Superfine, "                   3.50  @  4.00         2.75 @  3.00
+   Oats, No. 2 White, bushel,                    .43                  .48
+   Corn, West, mixed, No. 2, bushel,             .80-1/2      .62 @   .62-1/2
+   Shorts, Winter Wheat, ton          18.00  @ 18.75        21.00
+     "       "    Middling, "                  25.00        25.00
+     "     Spring Wheat, "            17.00  @ 18.00        19.00
+     "       "    Middling "                   23.00        22.50 @ 23.00
+ COTTON, Middling Upland, pound                  .08-1/4              .11-3/4
+   "     Low        "       "                    .07                  11c.
+ COTTON GOODS. Print Cloths, 64x64,              .02-13/16    .03-5/16-l%
+ FISH:--
+   Large Dry Cod (Georges), qtl.                6.50                 5.50
+   Mackerel, No. 1 Mess, barrel       12.50  @ 14.00        23.00 @ 24.00
+   Labrador Herring                             6.25         5.00 @  5.50
+ HAY, Choice, ton                     17.00  @ 17.50        15.00 @ 16.50
+   Straw, Rye                         14.00  @ 14.50        15.00 @ 16.00
+     "    Oat                          7.00  @  9.00         7.00 @  7.50
+ HEMP, Manilla, pound                 07-1/4 @   .07-3/8      .09 @   .09-1/4
+   Jute Butts (bagging)              .01-3/4 @   .01-7/8      .02 @   .02-1/4
+ HIDES:--
+   Brighton Steers                               .09      .09-1/2 @   .10-1/2
+   Buenos Ayres Kips                    .11  @   .11-1/2              .13
+ HOPS. Prime State (N. Y.), pound       .17  @   .21          .19 @   .25
+ DRUGS. Opium (small lots)             2.20  @  2.40         3.80 @  4.10
+ DYES. Logwood, North Hayti                    35.00        33.00 @ 34.00
+         "      South Hayti           24.00  @ 25.00        24.00 @ 25.00
+         "      Extracts (solid)     .08-1/2 @   .09-1/2  .08-1/2 @   .09-1/2
+   Hemlock Bark, Eastern               8.00  @  9.00                10.00
+     "      "    Pennsylvania          9.00  @ 10.00                10.00
+ IRON, American Pig, ton              17.00  @ 18.50        18.00 @ 19.00
+ LEAD, Domestic, 100 pounds            4.55  @  4.60         4.80 @  5.00
+ COPPER, Lake, pound                 .12-1/4 @   .12-1/2              .16-7/8
+ SPELTER                                .05  @   .05-1/8     5.55
+ LEATHER:--
+   Hemlock Sole, light, pound           .17  @   .17-1/2   19-1/2 @  .20
+   Oak Sole, light, pound                        .20          .24 @  .25
+   Grain No. 1, Boot                    .14  @   .15          .15 @  .18
+   Buff No. 1, 4-1/2 oz              .11-1/2 @   .12      .14-1/2 @  .15
+ CALFSKINS:--
+   Tannery Finished, 20 to 29 pounds,
+     dozen                              .75  @   .85          .75 @  .90
+   Rough Hemlock, average               .18  @   .18-1/2      .24 @  .25
+   Rough Splits, prime                  .10  @   .12          .13 @  .15
+ MOLASSES, N. O. Prime, gallon          .29  @   .31          .37
+ LUMBER:--
+   Hemlock Boards (rough)                      10.50                11.50
+   Spruce Boards (1st-class floor)    19.00  @ 20.00        19.00 @ 21.00
+   Pine (Coarse, No. 5)                        16.00        16.00 @ 17.00
+
+                                        Week ending           Week ending
+                                        Aug. 29, 1891.        Aug. 30, 1890.
+ NAVAL STORES:--
+   Spirits Turpentine, gallon                    .42                  .45
+   Common Rosin, barrel                 1.75 @  2.25          1.75 @ 2.25
+   Pitch                                        2.25                 2.25
+   Tar (Wilmington)                             2.50                 2.50
+ OILS. Crude Whale, gallon                       .49           .45 @  .47
+         "   Sperm,  "                   .74 @   .75                  .65
+   Linseed,          "                           .43                  .60
+   Lard (X No. 1),   "                   .49 @   .50                  .46
+ PETROLEUM:--
+   Crude, gallon                                 .07-1/2              .07-1/2
+   Refined, "                         .08-1/4@   .09                  .08-1/2
+ PROVISIONS:--
+   Pork, Short Ribs, Mess, barrel      13.75 @ 14.00                13.25
+   Beef,      pound                              .08-12/100           .07-36/100
+   Mutton,      "                                .10                  .09
+   Beef Hams (Med.), "                .10-1/4@   .10-3/4              .11
+   Veal,    "                                    .09-1/2              .09
+   Lard, Western,  "                  .06-1/2@   .06-3/4              .06-1/2
+   Butter, Prime,   "                    .23 @   .24           .21 @  .22
+   Cheese (Fine Factory), pound       .09-1/4@   .09-1/2    .08-1/2@  .08-3/4
+ RICE, Domestic Choice,   "              .06 @   .06-1/2    .06-1/2@  .07
+ SALT, Liverpool Ground (in bond),
+   hhd.                                 1.00 @  1.15          1.00 @ 1.15
+ SUGAR:--
+   Cuba, fair refining, pound                    .03                  .05-1/8
+   Refined Hard, Granulated, pound,  .04-5/16@   .04-3/8       .06 @  .06-5/16
+ TALLOW, Prime                                   .05        .04-3/4@  .05-1/2
+ RUBBER, Fine Para, new                  .62 @   .63           .93 @  .95
+           "    "   old                          .65           .98 @ 1.00
+ STARCH, Corn, pound                             .02-1/8              .03-1/2
+   Potato,   "                        .04-1/2@   .04-5/8    .04-3/8@  .04-1/2
+ TOBACCO:--
+   Havana Wraps                         5.00 @  7.00          3.50 @ 5.00
+   Pennsylvania Wraps                    .20 @   .40           .20 @  .40
+   Sumatra Wrap                         2.50 @  3.25          2.00 @ 2.75
+ WOOL. Ohio, XX, pound.                  .31 @   .32           .33 @  .34
+   Michigan, X,   "                              .27           .28 @  .29
+ TEA:--
+   Oolong, Amoy Super                           $.17                 $.13-1/2
+   Formosas, Superior                            .28                  .23
+   Japan, Choice                                 .30                  .23
+   Hyson, 1st                                    .35                  .30
+ COFFEE:--
+   Java, Pa. Packages, Pale             $.26 @   .26-3/4              .24-1/2
+   Mocha                                         .25          $.24 @  .24-1/2
+   Rios, Fair                                    .18-1/2              .20-1/2
+ EGGS:--
+   Near-by and Cape                      .22 @   .23           .23 @  .25
+   Vermont and New York                          .20           .21 @  .22
+   N. S. and N. B. Firsts                                      .19 @  .20
+ POTATOES                               1.50 @  1.62          2.50 @ 2.75
+ ONIONS                                 2.00 @  2.25          3.00 @ 3.25
+ SQUASH, Marrow                          .60 @   .75          1.75 @ 2.00
+ APPLES, Gravensteins                   1.50 @  2.50          5.00 @ 5.50
+
+If the articles given in the foregoing table be classified we find the
+following results as to the rise and fall of prices before and after
+the tariff of 1890.
+
+
+                         PRICES.
+
+  Risen.             Fallen.                       Unchanged.
+
+  Flour.             Oats.                         Dyes, S. Hayti.
+  Rye.               Shorts.                       Dyes, extracts.
+  Corn.              Cotton.                       Rosin.
+  Cod.               Print cloths.                 Pitch.
+  Herring.           Mackerel.                     Tar.
+  Hay.               Rye straw.                    Petroleum.
+  Oat straw.         Hemp--Manilla.                Salt.
+  Dyes, N. Hayti.    Jute butts.                   Tallow.
+  Whale oil.         Hides, domestic and foreign.  Lard.
+  Sperm oil.         Hops.                         Pa. wrappers.
+  Lard.              Opium.
+  Pork.              Hemlock bark.
+  Butter.            Pig iron.
+  Cheese.            Lead.
+  Potatoes.          Copper.
+  Havana wrappers.   Spelter.
+  Sumatra wrappers.  Leather--all kinds.
+  Tea.               Molasses.
+  Coffee.            Lumber.
+  Beef.              Turpentine.
+                     Linseed.
+                     Beef hams.
+                     Rice.
+                     Sugar.
+                     Rubber.
+                     Cornstarch.
+                     Wool.
+                     Eggs.
+                     Potatoes.
+                     Onions.
+                     Squash--Marrow.
+                     Apples--Gravenstein.
+                     Mutton.
+                     Veal.
+
+From these tables it is obvious that there has been, in the first
+place, no general rise of prices such as was confidently predicted by
+the panic-mongers of last year. On the contrary, the large majority of
+prices show a downward tendency. But more important than this is the
+fact made obvious by these tables that the price of the protected
+product has not risen. The foreign goods have advanced in some
+instances and been shut out in consequence, but domestic goods have
+taken their places, the price being kept down by domestic competition.
+In a word these tables prove that except for the enormous reduction in
+the cost of sugar, the new tariff has had but slight effect if any on
+the course of prices of the necessaries of life, and that the
+statements of the free traders as to a general rise of prices was
+entirely false.
+
+The following extract is from a letter from one of the largest
+wholesale clothing firms in Boston. It tells its own story:--
+
+     "In reply to yours of the 10th inst., would say that we sold
+     clothing in every grade in August, 1891, at fully 10 per cent.
+     less in prices than in August, 1886; for instance, a cassimere
+     suit sold then for $12.00 which we sell now for $10.50, and one
+     sold for $13.50 and we sell the same now for $12.00. An overcoat
+     sold then for $11.50 which we sell now for $10.00. Another grade
+     sold then for $16.50 and sells for $15.00 now. This difference
+     will run through all grades in proportion to prices. The
+     difference in prices between August, 1890, and '91, is very
+     little, if any; less rather than more in '91."
+
+As to the development of manufacturing under the McKinley bill I will
+quote first the opinion of a disinterested witness. The British
+Consular General at New York, in his report of May 8, 1891, speaks as
+follows:--
+
+     "Influenced by the new and higher duties afforded for the benefit
+     of American manufacturing interests, new life has been imparted
+     to the cotton, worsted, woollen, and knit underwear industry.
+     Everywhere, especially in the Southern States, new textile mills
+     have been going up with surprising activity, and all the old
+     corporations have been operated on full time....
+
+     "As a rule, all the cotton mills have had a year of unusual
+     activity. The production has been of larger volume than in any
+     previous year, and the goods have found a ready sale generally
+     but at comparatively low prices, considering the high prices
+     which prevailed during the first six months of the year for
+     cotton. Market prices, except in a few cases, did not vary with
+     the price of cotton. Opening generally at low rates, cotton goods
+     have been steady, the home and export demand being sufficient to
+     absorb the supply of all standard and staple makers of brown,
+     bleached, and colored goods, if we except printing cloths and
+     calicoes....
+
+     "The worsted goods industry has been marked by fresh life since
+     the new tariff has, to a great extent, cut off the importation of
+     the lowest grades of such goods. All the old factories have
+     started up, and are making goods on safe orders; and new mills
+     are being erected by European and British capitalists with a view
+     to manufacturing a finer class of dress goods, etc., than ever
+     before has been produced in this country. The woollen goods
+     industry, apart from ladies' cloths, does not show any
+     perceptible signs of improvement, but keeps on a slow, steady
+     gait, apart from carpetings and woollen underwear. Both of the
+     latter industries have been unusually busy during the last six
+     months at fairly profitable prices."
+
+To give a complete list of the new industries started since the
+passage of the McKinley bill would be impossible, and would occupy
+more space than THE ARENA could spare. I give, therefore, a partial
+list compiled from the _Boston Commercial Bulletin_, and covering only
+the first three months after the passage of the law, that is, from
+Oct. 1, 1890. These are the months most unfavorable to the bill, but
+the statistics show what the growth of new and old industries has been
+under the tariff of 1890 in three months, and indicate what the future
+increase is likely to be.
+
+
+SHOES AND LEATHER.
+
+  Shoe factory at Portsmouth, Va.
+
+  Tannery and horse collar manufactory at Demorest, Ga.
+  Shoe factory building by the town of Ayer to cost $15,000.
+  White Bros, new tannery at Lowell for finishing fine upper leather.
+  Towle's new shoe factory at Northwood, N. H.
+  New shoe factory at Natick, Mass.
+  New shoe factory at Beverly, Mass.
+  New shoe factory at Salisbury, N. C.
+  Voltaire Electric Shoe Co., of Manchester, N. H. (Capital, $50,000.)
+  New factory at Ellsworth, Me.
+  New factory at Sherman, Me.
+  New factory at Whitman, Mass., for Commonwealth Shoe Co.
+  New factory at East Pepperell, Mass. (Employs over 700 hands.)
+  Manhattan Rubber Shoe Co., at New York. (Capital, $50,000.)
+  Crocker Harness Co., of Tisbury, Mass. (Capital, $77,000.)
+
+
+COTTON.
+
+  Mutual Land & Mfg. Co., at Durham, N. C. (Capital, $280,000.)
+  Stock company (capital, $250,000) to erect cotton mill, at Fort
+      Worth, Texas.
+  Cabot Cotton Mfg. Co., at Brunswick, Me. (70,000 spindles.)
+  Shirt factory at Milford, Del. (To employ 30 women.)
+  New mill at New Bedford, Mass., for the manufacture of fine
+      yarn, on account of the high tariff on this grade of goods.
+  New mill at Dallas, Texas. (15,000 spindles.)
+  New cotton mill at Monroe, La. (Capital, $200,000.)
+  New mill at Austin, Texas, to cost $500,000.
+  Cotton factory at New Iberia, Ky.
+  Stock company (capital, $500,000) at Atlanta, Ga., to work the
+      fibre of the cotton stalk into warp for cotton bales.
+  New cotton factory at Abbeville, S. C.
+  New cotton factory at Summit, Miss.
+  Jean pants and cotton sack factory, at Louisiana State Penitentiary.
+  New cotton mill at Moosup, Conn.
+  New cotton mill at Wolfboro, N. H. (Capital, $800,000.)
+  Bagging mills at Sherman, Texas.
+  Cotton batting factory at Columbia, S. C. (Capital, $40,000.)
+  Cotton mill at Greenville, Tenn.
+  Cotton tie factory at Selma, Ala.
+
+
+WOOLLEN.
+
+  Harvey's carpet mills at Philadelphia, Pa.
+  Arlington mills at Lawrence. (Worsted--500 hands.)
+  Knitting mills at Cohoes, N. Y.
+  Knitting mills at Bennington, Vt. (75 hands.)
+  Woollen mill at Barre Plains near Worcester. (Fancy Cassimeres.)
+  Crescent yarn and knitting mills at New Orleans, La.
+      (Capital, $75,000. Capacity 500 dozen of hose per day.)
+  Wytheville Woollen & Knitting Co. at Wytheville, W. Va.
+     (Capital, $30,000.)
+  Yarn factory at Athens, S. C.
+  Coat factory at Ellsworth, Me. (Employs 75 to 100 hands.)
+  Woollen mills at Lynchburg, Va.
+  Woollen manufactory at Philadelphia, Pa.
+  Knitting mill (200 x 90) at Cohoes, N. Y.
+  Woollen factory at Worcester, Mass.
+  Knitting mill at Raleigh, N. C. ($25,000.)
+  Knitting mill at Pittsboro, N. C.
+  Cotton and woollen yarns at Catonsville, Md. (Capital, $10,000.)
+  Yarn factory at Lambert's Point, Va. (Capital, $25,000.)
+  New factories of the Merrimack Coat and Glove Co., at Waban, N. H.
+  Knitting mill at Rockton, N. Y.
+  Yarn manufactory at Winsted, Conn.
+  Worsted manufactory at Woonsocket, R. I.
+
+
+POTTERY AND GLASS.
+
+  Chattanooga Pottery Co. Pottery mills at Millville, Tenn.
+  Glass factory to manufacture glass jars and bottles at
+      Middletown, Indiana.
+  Window glass factory at Baltimore, Md.
+  Glass manufactory at Fostoria, Ohio. (125 persons operate 12 pots.)
+  Parmenter Mfg. Co. at East Brockfield, Mass. (Capital, $250,000.)
+  Glass manufactory at Grand Rapids, Mich.
+  American Union Bottle Co. Glass works at Woodbury, N. J.
+  A. Busch Glass Works at St. Louis, Mo.
+  Large glass plant at Denver, Col., by Chicago parties.
+      (To employ between 300 and 400 men.)
+  Diamond Plate Glass Co., at Kokomo, Indiana.
+      (Capacity, 5,500 ft. per day.)
+  New green glass factory at Alton, Ills. (To employ 425 men.)
+  Union Glass Co. at Malaga, N. J. (Capital, $100,000.)
+  Window Glass Co. of Pittsburgh, Pa. (Capital, $100,000.)
+  Window glass factory at Millville, N. J.
+  Glass manufactory at North Baltimore, Md. (Optical goods.)
+
+
+PAPER AND PULP.
+
+  New paper mill at Newport and Sunapee, N. H.
+  Otis Falls Pulp Co. at Livermore Falls, Me.
+  Mill for the manufacture of glazed hardware paper at Hemington, Conn.
+  Girvins Falls Pulp Co. of Concord, N. H. (Capital, $40,000.)
+  Paper mill at Manchester, Col.
+  New pulp mill at Howland, Me.
+  New pulp mill at Saxon, Wis.
+  New paper mill at Orono, Mo.
+  Large paper mill at Reading, Pa.
+  Brookside Paper Mill at Manchester, Conn.
+  Paper box factory at Richmond, Va. (Cost $7,000.)
+  Eureka Paper Mill Co. at Lower Oswego Falls, N. Y.
+  Shattuck & Babcock Co. of Depue, Wis. (Capital, $500,000.)
+  Pulp mill at Huntsville, Ala., by American Fibre Co. of New York.
+      (Capital $80,000.)
+
+
+IRON AND STEEL.
+
+  Liberty Iron Co., at Columbia Furnace, Va. (Capital, $50,000.)
+  Basic steel plant, at Roanoke, Va. (Capital, $750,000. Capacity,
+      200 tons per day.)
+  Ashland Steel Co., at Ashland, Ky. (400 tons finished steel per day.)
+  Tredegar Steel Works, at Tredegar, Ala. (100 tons per day.)
+  Pennsylvania Steel Co., of Philadelphia. (Large ship building plant
+      at Sparrow Point, on Chesapeake Bay.)
+  Pittsburg Malleable Iron Co., of Pittsburg, Pa. (Capital, $25,000.)
+  Beaver Tube Co., of Wheeling, W. Va. (Capital, $1,000,000.)
+  $1,000,000 stock company at Wheeling, W. Va., to develop coal and
+      iron mines, etc.
+  New plant at Morristown, Tenn.
+  Iron furnace at Winston, N. C., by Washington and Philadelphia
+      parties.
+  Buda Iron Works, of Buda, Ill. (Capital, $24,000. Railroad supplies
+      and architectural iron work.)
+  Simonds Manufacturing Co., of Pennsylvania. (Iron and steel.
+      Capital, $50,000.)
+  Iron City Milling Co., of Pittsburg, Pa. (Capital, $50,000.)
+  One hundred and twenty-five ton blast furnace, at Covington, Va.
+  Iron works at Jaspar, Tenn. (Capital, $30,000.)
+  Planing mill at Jaspar, Tenn. (Capital, $10,000.)
+
+
+METAL WORKING.
+
+  Peninsular Metal Works, of Detroit, Mich. (Capital, $100,000.)
+  Iron and brass foundry at Easton, Md.
+  Tinware factory at Petersburgh, Va.
+  Steel Edge Japanning & Tinning Co., at Medway, Mass.
+      (Factory 800 x 60 feet.)
+  Horsch Aluminium Plating Co., of Chicago, Ill. (Capital, $5,000,000.)
+  Tin plate manufactory at Chicago, Ill.
+
+
+MACHINERY AND HARDWARE.
+
+  Lynn Lasting Machine Co., at Saco, Me. (Capital, $50,000.)
+  Tin plate mill at Chattanooga, Tenn.
+  New plow factory at West Lynchburg, Va.
+  Machine works for Edison Electric Co., at Cohoes, N. H.
+  Haywood Foundry Co., at Portland, Me. (Capital, $150,000.)
+  Larrabee Machinery Co., at Bath, Me. (Capital, $250,000.)
+  Manufactory of mowers at Macon, Ga. (Capital, $50,000.)
+  Cooking stove manufactory at Blacksburg, S. C.
+  Nail, horse-shoe, and cotton tie factory at Iron Gate, Va.
+  Iron foundry and stove works at Ivanhoe, Va.
+  Wire fence factory at Bedford City, Va.
+  Nail mill and rolling mill with 28 puddling furnaces at
+      Buena Vista, Va.
+  Car works by Boston capitalists at Beaumont, Texas.
+      (Capital, $500,000.)
+  Car works plant at Goshen, Va.
+  Car works plant at Lynchburg, Va.
+  Nail mill at Morristown, Tenn.
+  Machine and iron works at Blacksburg, S. C. (Capital, $120,000.)
+  Eureka Safe & Lock Co. at Covington, Ky. (Capital, $50,000.)
+  Agricultural implements factory at Buchanan, Va. (Capital, $50,000.)
+  Tin can and pressed tinware factory at Canton, Md.
+  New hosiery factory at Charlotte, N. C.
+  $10,000 chair factory and $25,000 foundry and machine shop at
+      Attalla, Ala.
+  Iron foundry and machine shops at Bristol, Tenn. (Capital, $25,000.)
+  Large skate factory at Nashua, N. H.
+  Stove Foundry & Machine Co. in Llano, Texas. (Cost, $100,000.)
+  Safety Package Co., at Baltimore, Md. (Capital, $1,000,000.
+      To manufacture safes, locks, etc.)
+  Stove foundry at Salem, Va. (Cost $20,000. Capital, $60,000.)
+  Locomotive works plant at Chattanooga, Tenn. (Capital, $500,000.)
+  Fulton Machine Co., at Syracuse, N. Y. (Capital, $33,000.)
+  Chicago Machine Carving & Mfg. Co., at Chicago, Ill.
+     (Capital, $50,000. To manufacture interior decorations,
+     mouldings, etc.)
+  Standard Elevator Co., of Chicago, Ill. (Capital, $300,000.)
+  Wire nail mill at Salem, Va. (To employ over 100 men.)
+
+
+TIN PLATE.
+
+The following firms are manufacturing tin-plate, or building new mills
+or additions to old ones for that purpose.
+
+  Demmler & Co., Philadelphia.
+  Coates & Co., Baltimore.
+  Fleming & Hamilton, Pittsburg.
+  Wallace, Banfield & Co., Irondale, Ohio.
+  Jennings Bros. & Co., Pittsburg.
+  Niedringhaus, St. Louis.
+
+There is one other charge which was freely made against the tariff of
+1890, that deserves a brief answer. It was said that the McKinley bill
+would stop trade with other countries, and that it raised duties "all
+along the line."
+
+A plain tale from the "Statement of Foreign Commerce and Immigration,"
+published by the Treasury Department for June, 1891, puts this
+accusation down very summarily.
+
+  Total imports free of duty for nine months,
+  ending June 30, 1891                           $295,963,665
+
+  Total imports free of duty for nine months,
+  ending June 30, 1890                            208,983,873
+                                                 ------------
+  Balance in favor of nine months,
+  ending June 30, 1891.                            86,979,792
+
+  Total dutiable imports for nine months,
+  ending June 30, 1890                            389,786,032
+
+  Total dutiable imports for nine months,
+  ending June 30, 1891                            334,242,340
+                                                  -----------
+  Balance in favor of nine months,
+  ending June 30, 1891                             55,543,692
+
+  Total imports for nine months,
+  ending June 30, 1891                            630,206,005
+
+  Total imports for nine months,
+  ending June 30, 1890                            598,769,905
+                                                  -----------
+  Balance in favor of nine months,
+  ending June 30, 1891                             31,436,100
+
+
+
+
+BISMARCK IN THE GERMAN PARLIAMENT.
+
+BY EMILIO CASTELAR.
+
+
+I cannot pardon the historian Bancroft, loved and admired by all, for
+having one day, blinded by the splendors of a certain illustrious
+person's career, compared an institution like the new German empire
+with such an institution as the secular American Republic. The
+impersonal character of the latter and the personal character of the
+former place the two governments in radical contrast. In America the
+nation is supreme--in Germany, the emperor. In the former the saviour
+of the negroes--redeemer and martyr--perished almost at the beginning
+of his labors. His death did not delay for one second the emancipation
+of the slave which had been decreed by the will of the nation,
+immovable in its determinations, through which its forms and
+personifications are moved and removed. In America the President in
+the full exercise of his functions is liable to indictment in a
+criminal court; he is nevertheless universally obeyed, not on account
+of his personality and still less on account of his personal prestige,
+but on account of his impersonal authority, which emanates from the
+Constitution and the laws. It little matters whether Cleveland favors
+economic reaction during his government, if the nation, in its
+assemblies, demands stability. The mechanism of the United States,
+like that of the universe, reposes on indefectible laws and
+uncontrollable forces. Germany is in every way the antithesis of
+America; it worships personal power. To this cause is due the
+commencement of its organization in Prussia, a country which was
+necessarily military since it had to defend itself against the Slavs
+and Danes in the north, and against the German Catholics in the south.
+Prussia was constituted in such a manner that its territory became an
+intrenched camp, and its people a nation in arms. Nations, even though
+they be republican, which find it necessary to organize themselves on
+a military model, ultimately relinquish their parliamentary
+institutions and adopt a Cæsarian character and aspect. Greece
+conquered the East under Alexander; Rome extended her empire
+throughout the world under Cæsar; France, after her victories over the
+united kings, and the expedition to Egypt under Bonaparte, forfeited
+her parliament and the republic to deliver herself over to the emperor
+and the empire. Consequently the terms emperor and commander-in-chief
+appear to be the synonyms in all languages. And by virtue of this
+synonymy of words the Emperor of Germany exercises over his subjects a
+power very analogous to that which a general exercises over his
+soldiers. Bismarck should have known this. And knowing this
+truth--intelligible to far less penetrating minds than his--Bismarck
+should in his colossal enterprise have given less prominence to the
+emperor and more to Germany. He did precisely the contrary of what he
+should have done. The Hohenzollern dynasty has distinguished itself
+beyond all other German dynasties by its moral nature and material
+temperament of pure and undisguised autocracy. The Prussian dynasty
+has become more absolute than the Catholic and imperial dynasties of
+Germany. A Catholic king always finds his authority limited by the
+Church, which depends completely on the Pope, whereas a Prussian
+monarch grounds his authority on two enormous powers, the dignity of
+head of the State, and that of head of the Church. The autocratic
+character native to the imperial dynasties of Austria is greatly
+limited by the diversity of races subjected to their dominion and to
+the indispensable assemblies of the diet around his imperial majesty.
+
+But a king of Prussia, always on horseback, leader in military times,
+defender of a frontier greatly disputed by formidable enemies, whose
+soil looks like a dried-up marsh from which the ancient Slav race had
+been obliged to drain off the water, is required to direct his
+subjects as a general does an army. The intellectual, political, and
+military grandeur of Frederick the Great augmented this power and
+assured it to his descendants for a long epoch. It has happened to
+each king of Prussia since that time to perform some colossal task,
+grounded in an irreducible antinomy. Frederick William II. devoted
+himself to the reconciliation of Calvinism and Lutheranism as divided
+in his days as during the thirty years war, which was maintained by
+the heroism of Gustavus Adolphus, and repressed by the exterminating
+sword of Wallenstein. Frederick William IV. endeavored to unite
+Christianity and Pantheism in his philosophical lucubrations; the
+Protestant churches were deprived of their churchyards and statues by
+virtue of and in execution of Royal Lutheran mandates, as was also the
+Catholic Cathedral of Cologne, restored to-day in more brilliant
+liturgical splendor with the sums paid for pontifical indulgences.
+Bismarck did as he liked with the empire when it was ruled by William
+I., and did not foresee what would be the irremissible and natural
+issue of the system to which he lent his authority and his name. When
+William I. snatched his crown from the altar, as Charlemagne might
+have done, and clapped it on his head, repeating formulas suited to
+Philip II. and Charles V., the minister was silent and submitted to
+these blasphemies, derived from the ancient doctrine of the divine
+right of kings, because they increased his own ministerial power,
+exercised under a presidency and governorship chiefly nominal and
+honorary. But a thinker of his force, a statesman of his science, a
+man of his greatness, should have remembered what physiologists have
+demonstrated with regard to heredity, and should have known that it
+was his duty and that of the nation and the Germans to guard against
+some atavistic caprice which would strike at his own power. The
+predecessor of Frederick the Great was a monomaniac and the
+predecessor of William the Strong was a madman. Could Bismarck not
+foresee that by his leap backwards he ran the risk of lending himself
+to the fatal reproduction of these same circumstances, of
+transcendental importance to the whole estate, nay, to the whole
+nation? A king of Bavaria singing Wagner's operas among rocks and
+lakes; a brother of the king of Bavaria resembling Sigismund de
+Caldéron by his epilepsy and insanity; Prince Rudolph showing that the
+double infirmity inherent in the paternal lineage of Charles the Rash
+and in the maternal line of Joanna the Mad continues in the Austrians;
+a recent king of Prussia itself shutting himself up in his room as in
+a gaol, and obliged by fatality to abdicate the throne of his
+forefathers during his lifetime in favor of the next heir, must prove,
+as they have done, what is the result of braving the maledictions of
+the oracle of Delphi, and the catastrophes of the twins of OEdipus
+with such persistency, in this age, in important and mature
+communities, which cannot become diseased, much less cease to exist
+when certain privileged families sicken and die. Not that I would ask
+people to do what is beyond their power and prohibited by their honor.
+There was no necessity, as a revolutionist might imagine, to overturn
+the dynasty. A very simple solution of the problem would have been to
+take against the probable extravagances of the Fredericks and Williams
+of Prussia the same precautions that were taken in England against the
+Georges of Hanover. These last likewise suffered from mental
+disorders. And so troubled were they by their afflictions that they
+were haunted by a grave inclination to prefer their native, though
+unimportant hereditary throne in the Germany of their forefathers to
+the far more important kingdom conferred on them by the parliamentary
+decision of England. But the English, to obviate this, showed
+themselves a powerful nation and respected the dynasty. Bismarck
+wished to make the king absolute in Prussia; he desired that a Cæsar
+should reign over Germany; and to-day the king and the Cæsar are
+embodied in a young man who has set aside the old Chancellor, and
+believes himself to have received from heaven, together with the right
+to represent God on this earth, the omnipotence and omniscience of God
+himself. Can it be doubted any longer that history reveals an inherent
+providential justice? To-day we see it unfold itself as if to show us
+that the distant perspectives of the past live in the present and
+extend throughout futurity.
+
+
+II.
+
+Bismarck was on his guard against Frederick the Good, from whom a
+progressive policy was expected on account of his philosophical ideas,
+and a liberal and parliamentary government on account of the domestic
+influences which surrounded him. Knowing the humanitarian tendencies
+which sparkled in his disappointed mind, and the ascendency exercised
+over his diseased heart by the loved Empress Victoria, Bismarck
+availed himself of the terrible infirmity with which implacable fate
+afflicted the second Lutheran Emperor of Germany, and retained the
+imperial power in his own person, as though William I. were not dead.
+The enormous corpse of the latter, like that of Frederick Barbarossa,
+made a subject for analogous legends by German tradition, was replaced
+by another corpse, and in the decomposition consequent to his
+frightful infirmity, the unfortunate Frederick III. seems to have
+realized the title of a celebrated Spanish drama, "To Govern After
+Death" (_Reinar Despues de Morir_). All that he could do, when already
+ravaged by cancer, when the microbes of a terrible disease, like the
+worms of the sepulchre, were attacking and destroying him, was to open
+up a vista to timid hope, and to publish certain promises animated by
+an exalted humaneness, in spite of and unknown to the Chancellor who
+was not consulted in these declarations, which might be said to have
+descended from heaven on the wings of the angel of death. Bismarck
+went to and fro among the doctors, who naturally refused to declare
+the terrible disease mortal, and prepared to vanquish the moribund
+will of Frederick and the British notions of his widow, fearing that
+when the last breath of the imperial life had ceased the whole policy
+of Germany would have to be changed, as a scene in a theatre must be
+changed if it has been hissed. It was certain that there was as great
+a difference between the ideas of the Emperor William I. and those of
+Frederick III., separated by so brief a space, as between those of the
+Emperor Frederick Barbarossa and those of the Emperor Frederick II.,
+his successor, after the long period of two hundred years had changed
+the capital features of the Middle Ages; the first was an unalloyed
+Catholic, notwithstanding his dissidences with the Guelph cities, and
+even with the Pope a stern Cæsar, like the good Roman Cæsars in time
+of war and defence, a veritable orthodox crusader, whose piety was
+concealed as in a colossal mountain whence he awaited the reconquest
+of outraged Jerusalem by the Christians; whereas the second was an
+almost Pantheistic poet and philosopher, whose Catholicity was mingled
+with Orientalism, who was equally given to the discussion of
+theological and of scientific questions, who followed the crusades in
+fulfilment of an hereditary tradition, who penetrated into the
+Basilica of the Holy Sepulchre by virtue of an extraordinary covenant
+with the infidel, and whose own beliefs were so cosmopolitan that they
+brought down a sentence of excommunication upon himself and of
+interdiction upon his kingdom. To Pope Innocent III., the former
+typified the Catholic emperor of the Middle Ages; Frederick II.
+appeared to him very much the same as in our days the Lutheran emperor
+appeared to Prince Bismarck, who took every possible precaution
+against the humanitarianism and parliamentarism of his dying pupil,
+and at the same time impelled his eldest son, the next heir to the
+crown, with all his influence and advice towards absolutist principles
+and reactionary propensities. No upright mind can ever forget the
+terrible desecration committed when, a few days before the death of
+his father, young William spoke of the empire as of a possession which
+it was to be understood he had already entered upon, and awarded the
+arm and head of his iron Chancellor the title of arm and head
+connatural with the Cæsarian institution. I know of no statesman in
+history who has given, under analogous circumstances, such proof of
+want of foresight as was given by Bismarck, comprehensible only if the
+body could assume the authority of the will, as did his, and if the
+intelligence could disappear, as did his, in an hydropic and
+unquenchable desire for power. Frederick, holding progressive ideas
+opposed to those of Bismarck and of William, would have greatly
+considered public opinion, and on account of that consideration would
+have perhaps respected, till the hour of his death, the Pilot, who,
+dejected by the new direction of public government, inferred that
+irreparable evil must result therefrom. When Maurice of Saxony trod on
+the heels of Charles V., whom he had defeated at Innsbruck, he was
+asked why he did not capture so rich a booty, and replied: "Where
+should I find a cage large enough for such a big bird?" Assuredly the
+conscience and mind of such a parliamentarian and philosopher as was
+Frederick III., must have addressed to him a similar question when he
+inwardly meditated sacrificing the Chancellor's person and prescinding
+his power: "Where should I find a place outside the government for
+such a man, who would struggle under bolts and chains, making the
+whole state tremble in sympathy with his own agitation?" The
+experience and talent of Frederick, together with his respect for
+public opinion, led him to retain Bismarck at his post, subject only
+to some slight restrictions. But the Chancellor, in his
+shortsightedness, filled young William's head with absolutist ideas;
+spurred and excited him to display impatience with his poor father;
+and when thus nurtured, his ward opened his mouth to satisfy his
+appetite, he swallowed up the Chancellor as a wild beast devours a
+keeper.
+
+It was the hand of Providence!
+
+
+III.
+
+The onus of blame devolves on Bismarck's native ideas, which persisted
+in him from his cradle and resisted the revelations of his own
+personal experience as well as the spirit of our progressive age. In
+Bismarck there always subsisted the rural fibre of the Pomeranian
+rustic, in unison with the demon of feudal superstition and
+intolerance. In politics and religion he was born, like certain of the
+damned in "Dante's Inferno," with his head turned backwards by
+destiny. A quarrelsome student, a haughty noble, pleased only with his
+lands and with the privileges ascribed to the land owner, incapable of
+understanding the ideal of natural right and the contexture of
+parliamentary government, a Christian of merely external routine and
+formalist liturgy, he excited in the pusillanimous Frederick William,
+in his earliest counsels and during his early influence in the crisis
+of '48, a horror of democratic principles and progressist schools
+which led him to salute the corpses of his own victims, stretched out
+on the beds of his own royal palace, and to prostrate himself at the
+feet of Austria in the terrible humiliation of Olmutz, that political
+and moral Jena of the civil wars of the Germanic races. Very
+perspicuous in discerning the slightest cloud that might endanger the
+privileges of the monarchy and aristocracy, he was blind of an
+incurable blindness with respect to the discernment of the breath of
+life contained in the febrile agitations of new Germany, which
+discharged from its revolutionary tripod sufficient magnetism and
+electricity between the tempests, similar to those which flash, and
+thunder, and fulminate, from the summits of all the Sinais of all
+histories, to inflame a higher soul in any other more progressive
+society. The world cannot understand that he should have been
+perturbed by the external clamor of the revolution, when the idea of
+Germanic unity had become condensed in the soul of the nation,
+revealing itself by volcanic eruptions, like an incipient or radiant
+star; he could not understand how the Congress of Frankfort, cursed by
+him, foreshadowed the future, as though inspired by tongues of fire;
+and could not avail himself of all that ether whose comet-like
+violence, cooled down in the course of time, was to compose the new
+German nationality, and was to give it a greater fatherland where
+its inherent genial nature should glow and expand. In his
+shortsightedness, in his lack of progressive spirit, in his want of
+the prophetic gift, he imagined the principle of Germanic unity lost
+at Olmutz, like the principle of Italian unity at Novara, and
+ridiculed those who, certain of the immortality of such principles,
+foretold for both a Passover of Resurrection. He never understood the
+innermost essence and intrinsic substance of the principle, to which
+it owes its force and glory, sufficiently to adopt it, until he had
+witnessed its success in Italy, insulted in his speeches during the
+tempestuous dawn of the new common idea. It is on this account that I
+am rendered indignant by any comparison of Bismarck and Cavour, as I
+am rendered equally indignant by a comparison of Washington and
+Bonaparte. The father of the Saxon fatherland of America, and the
+father of the Italian fatherland in Europe, alike rendered worship to
+goodness, and never deviated from right in any degree; whereas the
+founders of French imperialism and of Germanic imperialism, much
+addicted to violence and very vain of their conquests, relinquished
+something as great and as fragile and sinister as the works produced
+by the genius of evil and outer darkness in all theogony. In the last
+years of the reign of Napoleon III., during the discussion of a
+message in the French Legislative Corps, Rouher extolled the public
+and private virtues of the emperor. My late lamented friend, Jules
+Favre, replied to him in a speech worthy of Demosthenes: "You may be
+content to be the minister of such a Marcus Aurelius; to such paltry
+dignities, I prefer the higher privilege of calling myself a citizen
+of a free country." Bismarck preferred to maintain himself in power by
+the help of his kings--quite the contrary of what Gladstone does, who
+maintains his sovereign. Whom can he blame but himself? Emperors are
+accustomed to be ferocious with their favorites when they are weary of
+them. Just as Tiberius expelled Sejanus, just as Nero killed Seneca,
+just as John II. hanged D. Alvaro de Luna, just as Philip II.
+persecuted Antonio Perez till he died, just as Philip III. beheaded D.
+Rodrigo Caldéron, William II. has morally beheaded Bismarck, without
+any other motive than his imperial caprice. _Sic volo, sic jubeo._ So
+now will the Chancellor venture to present himself in parliament
+because he has been dismissed from the royal palace like a lackey?
+_Quæ te dementia cæpit?_ When, after Waterloo, Napoleon, adopting the
+theatrical style of an Italian _artiste_, suitable to his tragical
+disposition, and repeating a few badly learned Plutarchesque phrases,
+suitable to the classical education of his age, asked the English, his
+enemies, to accord him hospitality, as in ancient times Themistocles
+might have petitioned his enemies the Persians, the English replied by
+sending him to St. Helena. Bismarck in disfavor and disgrace solicits
+an asylum from his enemies, the commons, whom he has never defeated,
+yet whom he has always disdained. And as the English condemned their
+troublesome guest to live on a gloomy little island, the electors
+condemn their repugnant petitioner to a second ballot. But the
+Chancellor will be completely undeceived; he possesses no
+qualifications whatever for the position he has chosen. An orator, a
+great orator, he one day failed to keep his pledged word, and the
+apostate word condemns him to never regain the executive power through
+its intervention. In the sessions of parliament he will resemble the
+plucked and cackling hen thrown by the Sophists into Socrates'
+lecture-room. The admired Heine, so fertile in genial ideas,
+represented the gods of Phidias and Plato, besides being downfallen
+and vagabond, selling rabbit skins on the seashore, and being forced
+to light brushwood fires by which to warm their benumbed bodies during
+the winter nights. To-day the writers, salaried by Bismarck, known as
+reptiles, now turn on him, for a similar salary, the venomous fangs
+which he formerly aimed at his innumerable enemies. And yonder, in the
+parliament where formerly he strode in with sabre, and belt, and
+spurred boots, a helmet under his arm, a cuirass on his breast, he
+will now enter like a chicken-hearted charity-school boy, and that
+assembly which he formerly whipped with a strong hand, like
+school-boys, laughed at and caricatured in often brutal sarcasm,
+ridiculed at every instant, ignored in the calculation of the budget
+and the army estimates during long years, and sometimes divided and
+dispersed by his strokes, they, the rabble, will trample on him, like
+the Lilliputians on Gulliver, incapable of estimating his stature, and
+eternity and history will speedily bury him, not like a despot, in
+Egyptian porphyry, but like a buffoon.
+
+
+IV.
+
+In few statesmen has it been seen so clearly as in the case of the
+Chancellor that no great man can make himself greater than a great
+idea. Opposed to the Germanic union in the commencement of its
+creative period, at the time of the revolution of '48, he accepted it
+much later, not so much of his own initiative and free will as in
+obedience to the teachings of unpleasant experiences. Between his
+anti-union and almost feudal speeches which softened the disaster of
+Olmutz, and his conversion, more than fourteen years ensued, the whole
+space of time which extended from the dawn of the revolution to the
+triumph of Italy. In that conversion lay the veritable glory of his
+life, and he proved therein, by successive and tardy gradations, that
+he could tenaciously avail himself of his courage, and lead up to the
+triumph of the newly created and loved project with marvellous art.
+The policy developed against Austria at Frankfort by its snares, by
+its traps, by its deceits, and by its tricks, exhibited him to history
+as a prodigy of cunning and foresight, in whom the enthusiasm of a
+living sentiment was associated with computations of consummate
+dexterity. His embassy to Paris and to St. Petersburg, where he united
+against Austria persons so opposed to concord as Napoleon and
+Alexander, each for his own part determined to do nothing which might
+increase the power of Germany, surpassed in cleverness everything ever
+achieved in celebrated combinations by such diplomats as Talleyrand
+and Metternich, the two illustrious models of political strategy. The
+inclusion of Austria in the incidents of the duchies of the River Elbe
+and the jugglery done with the territory acquired with its direct
+assent, in addition to the preparation of the final stroke for the
+presidency of the Germanic federation, by means of a war prepared with
+cunning stealth and carried out with rapid triumph, are among the
+greatest feats for which praises and deifications are due to him and
+which testify to his merit. I cannot forget that to his efforts we owe
+the ruin of Austrian despotism, and of Napoleonic Cæsarism; the
+re-establishment of Hungarian independence; the return of Italy's
+long lost provinces to her bosom; the end of the Pope's temporal
+power, and the fortunate occasion of the new birth of the republic in
+France. In his schemes Bismarck forwarded a higher ideal of progress
+and, consciously or unconsciously, he--than whom nobody was ever more
+inspired by motives and triumphant in his undertakings--has served the
+universal interests of the democracy. But he has achieved his
+undeniable victories by means and procedures which have not fitted him
+for the position of a German deputy, and do not lend him any force,
+either moral or material, for his new elective office. The whole of
+his great edifice is founded on a complete oblivion of parliamentary
+traditions, to-day courted lovingly by its most crafty enemy, whose
+inconstancy is extraordinary. Reservedness, dissimulation, secrecy,
+deceit, double meanings in words, what by analogy with the former we
+call duplicity of character, treaties made by stealth, midnight
+conspiracies, imposition of taxes not voted by parliament, levies
+arbitrarily decreed by the executive without authorization and even
+without consultation as in Asia, the right of conquest practised in
+the light of reason, violent annexations which dismembered one nation
+for the glory of another--such is the sum total of fatal traditions
+which Bismarck now solicits to be allowed to continue by means of free
+discussion, and in the bosom of open parliament. Palmerston and
+Gortchakoff cannot hop in the same bag. The minion of a Czar and the
+representative of a nation cannot be united in one and the same
+person. What programme can Bismarck develop to his colleagues which
+will have the moral character of necessary work? Moreover, the divine
+word called human eloquence descends only on the lips of that
+apostleship which redeems a nation from slavery and impels it forward.
+You could not understand Daniel defending the kings of Babylon,
+Demosthenes defending Philip, Cicero defending Mark Antony, O'Connell
+defending the landlords of Ireland, and Vergniaud or Mirabeau
+defending the absolute kings of France. If Bismarck accepts the
+liberal and tolerant policy of to-day, will he not thereby countenance
+the emperor who has ridiculed him and Caprivi who has audaciously
+seated himself in that exalted position from which Bismarck thought
+never to fall before his death? The great man is a poor appraiser of
+ideas, accepting them from every quarter whence they blow to him if
+only they will fill his sails and propel his bark; but he will never
+understand what mischief he could work to his enemies by opposing a
+programme of advanced democratic reform to the imperial programme
+whose fixity resembles the rigidity of death. But what liberty can he
+invoke--he who has disavowed and injured all liberties? Not personal
+liberty--abused and trampled on constantly by his menials; not
+commercial liberty, sold for thirty pieces of silver after the
+Germanic Zollverein had brought great wealth to Prussia; not religious
+liberty, placed in grave danger by complacency with anti-Jewish
+preachers and by the May laws; not scientific liberty, after having
+persecuted every department of science--even history--and invested the
+state with full power to enforce the teaching of official doctrines
+everywhere and by everybody; not industrial liberty, wasted away by
+the regulation of labor which has transformed the workshops into
+garrisons, and made of the workmen an army. What remains for him to
+do? He has absolutely no resource at his disposal with which to
+undertake a campaign of active opposition. In social questions nothing
+is more worn out and useless than his pontifical socialism. This
+species of abortion has lately resulted in advancing the parturition
+of increased aspirations of the laborers, and as every kind of
+abortion leaves the womb which bears it, has done so violently. His
+law for the insurance of workmen, though dating only from '82, is
+already tottering in almost decrepit decay. He even admitted himself
+that it needed perfecting by means of a law that should establish
+compulsory corporations, like the ancient guilds, which proposal was
+objected to by the workmen themselves, more inclined to Saxon
+individualism and revolutionary co-operation than to his socialism, in
+which he saw salvation, and which they regarded as pedantic and
+hybrid. Bismarck's system had no justification and derogated all laws
+of ethics and justice. With his Utopian schemes the professors in
+their lecture-rooms endeavored to excite the Socialists, who, if they
+had listened and demanded their realization would have been exposed to
+be shot down in the streets by the soldiery, without anyone being able
+even to raise a protest against such indignities being possible in the
+country. Even his foreign policy can scarcely be justified; however
+skilful may have been the diplomatic and military preparations which
+led to his first triumph, it has proved a perplexed and confused
+policy since his final triumph. The Chancellor had no other
+alternative than to come to an agreement either with France and
+England against Russia, or else with Russia against France and
+England. To come to an arrangement with France against Russia
+necessitated the restitution of Alsace and Lorraine; to come to an
+understanding with Russia, it was necessary to permit the Russians to
+enter Constantinople. By these perplexities which shut out all hope of
+retaliation from France, thus exciting its colonial appetite, and
+which opened to Russia the path to the Bosphorus in a final eastern
+war, detaining her for a time in St. Stephens and preparing the two
+Bulgarias for an Austrian protectorate, Bismarck could have extricated
+himself from danger from both Russia and France when the bonds of the
+Triple Alliance were loosened at Rome by the fall of Crispi, and at
+Vienna by the Treaty of Commerce. We have not spoken of the Chancellor
+as an argonaut, of the Chancellor as a colonizer. All that he has been
+able to do, after having given occasion for enormous difficulties with
+Australia and England, with the United States and Spain, placing
+himself and placing us in danger of war for the Carolines, has been to
+break poor unlucky Emin Pasha's backbone, and to barter the
+protectorate of Zanzibar for the sponge known as Heligoland. And may
+thanks be given to William II. and to Caprivi for having, at such
+small cost, got over the difficulties of the Socialist laws of his
+home policy, and the colonial entanglements of his foreign policy.
+Bismarck may believe an old admirer of his personality and of his
+genius, though an adversary of his policy, and of the government
+dependent on that policy. Society, like nature, devours everything
+that it does not need. The death of William I., the Cæsar; the death
+of Roon, the organizer; the death of Moltke, the strategist, all say
+to him that the species of men to which he belongs is fading out and
+becoming extinct. Modern science teaches that extinct species do not
+re-appear. Bossuet would say that the Eternal has destroyed the
+instrument of His providential work, because it is already useless.
+Remain, then, Bismarck, in retirement, and await, without neurotic
+impatience, the final judgment of God and of history.
+
+
+
+
+THE DOUBTERS AND THE DOGMATISTS.
+
+BY PROF. JAMES T. BIXBY, PH.D.
+
+
+An eminent ecclesiastic of the Church of England not long ago
+characterized the present age as pre-eminently the age of _doubt_, and
+lamented that whether he took up book, or magazine, or sermon, he was
+confronted with some form of it.
+
+This picture of our age is not an unjust one. The modern mind is
+thoroughly wide awake and has quite thrown off the leading-strings of
+ancient timidity. It looks all questions in the face and demands to be
+shown the real facts in every realm. All the traditions of history,
+the laws of science, the principles of morals are overhauled, and the
+foundations on which they rest relentlessly probed. And our modern
+curiosity can see no reason why it should cease its investigations
+when it comes to the frontiers of religion. It deems no dogma too old
+to be summoned before its bar; no council nor conclave too sacred to
+be asked for its credentials; no pope or Scripture too venerable to be
+put in the witness-box and cross-examined as to its accuracy or
+authority. In all the churches there is a spirit of inquiry abroad;
+almost every morning breeze brings us some new report of heresy, or
+the baying of the sleuth-hounds of orthodoxy, as they scent some new
+trail of infidelity; and the slogan of dogmatic controversy echoes
+from shore to shore.
+
+As we look around the ecclesiastical horizon, we find agitation and
+controversy on all sides. In one denomination, it is the question of
+the salvation of the _heathen_; in another, that of the virgin birth
+of Christ and the apostolic succession; in a third, it is the invasion
+of doubt as to the eternal torment of the wicked; in a fourth, the
+evidential value of the miracles; in a fifth, the grand questions
+included under the higher criticism of the Scriptures and the relative
+authority of reason and the Bible. In Congregational, Episcopalian,
+Baptist, Universalist, and Presbyterian folds, it is the same,
+everywhere some heresy to be disciplined, some doubt to be
+suppressed, some doctrinal battle hotly waged.
+
+To the greater part of the Church, this epidemic of scepticism is a
+subject of grave alarm. Unbelief seems to them, as to Mr. Moody, the
+worst of sins; and they consider the only proper thing to do with it,
+is to follow the advice of the Bishop of London, some years ago, and
+fling doubt away as you would a loaded shell. They apparently look
+upon Christianity as a huge powder magazine, which is likely to
+explode if a spark of candid inquiry comes near it.
+
+Others, on the contrary, fold their arms indifferently and regard this
+new spirit of investigation as only an evanescent breeze, which can
+produce no serious result upon the citadel of faith. A third party
+hail it with exultation as the first trumpet blast of the theological
+Götterdæmerung, the downfall of all divine powers and the destruction
+of the Christian superstition, to give place to the naked facts of
+scientific materialism.
+
+What estimate, then, shall we put on this tendency?
+
+In the first place we must recognize that it is a serious condition;
+that it is no momentary eddy, but a permanent turn in the current of
+the human mind. Humanity is looking religion square in the face,
+without any band over its eyes, in a way it never has before; and when
+humanity once gets its eyes open to such questions,--it is in vain to
+try to close them, before the questions have been thoroughly examined.
+Certainly, Protestantism cannot call a halt upon this march. For it
+was Protestantism itself, proclaiming at the beginning of her struggle
+with Rome the right of private judgment, which started the modern mind
+upon this high quest; and Protestantism is therefore bound in logic
+and honor to see it through to the end, whatever that end may be.
+
+And in the next place, I believe that quest will end in good. Why the
+champions of faith should regard doubt as devil-born, rather than a
+providential instrument in God's hand, is something I do not
+understand. If doubt humbles the Church and acts as a thorn in its
+flesh, may not such chastening be providential, quite as much as the
+things which puff it up? As Luther well expressed it, "We say to our
+Lord, that if he will have his church, he must keep it, for we cannot.
+And if we could, we should be the proudest asses under heaven." As
+Attila was the scourge of God to the Roman world, when God needed to
+clear that empire out of the way, as he built his new Christendom, so
+may not doubt be the scourge of God to the easy-going, sleepy, too
+credulous piety of to-day, which gulps down all the husks of faith so
+fast that it never gets a taste of the kernel?
+
+Yes, doubt is often the needed preparation for obtaining truth. We
+must clear out the thorny thicket of superstition before we can begin
+to raise the sweet fruit of true religion.
+
+There are times when careful investigation is rightly called for. When
+doubting Thomas demanded to see the print of the nails, and touch and
+handle the flesh of the risen Christ, before he would believe in the
+resurrection of his Lord, his demand for the most solid proof of the
+great marvel was a wise and commendable one; one for which all
+subsequent generations of Christians are deeply indebted to him. To
+believe without evidence, or to suppress doubt where it legitimately
+arises, is both fostering superstition and exposing ourselves to error
+and danger. What shall we say of the merchant who refuses to entertain
+any question about the seaworthiness of his vessel, but sends her off
+across the Atlantic undocked and unexamined, piously trusting her to
+the Lord? Shall we commend him? or not rather charge him with culpable
+negligence? And what we say of such a merchant seems to me just what
+we should say of the Christian who refuses to investigate the
+seaworthiness of that ship of faith which his ancestors have left him.
+In astronomy, in politics, in law, we demand what business the dead
+hand of the past has on our lip, our brain, our purse? Why should the
+dead hand of an Augustine or Calvin be exempt from giving its
+authority? Why should these mediæval glimpses of truth be given the
+right to close our eyes to-day from seeing what we ourselves can see
+and speaking forth what we can hear of heavenly truth?
+
+In all other departments of knowledge, investigation has brought us up
+to a higher outlook, where we see the true relations of things better
+than before. In all other branches, God has given us new light, so
+that we discern things more as they really are. Science has risen by
+making a ladder of its earlier errors and by treading them under foot,
+reaching to higher truths. The Bible itself is the growth of ages; and
+Christian doctrine and Christian creeds have been the evolution of a
+still longer period. The dogmas of the churches are most manifold and
+conflicting. Is it not rather immodest and absurd for each church to
+claim infallibility for its present creed, and that wisdom died when
+the book of Revelation closed the Bible, or the Council of Trent or
+the Westminster Assembly adjourned its sitting? It seems to me that
+the churches ought, instead, to be willing and anxious to receive
+whatever new light God may grant them to-day, and with the potent
+clarifying processes of reason, separate the pure gold of religion
+from the dross and alloys of olden superstition and misguided
+judgment.
+
+But to the modern devotees of dogma, any subjection of it to the
+cleansing of the reason seems shocking. The forefront of Dr. Briggs'
+recent offending, for which he is about to be formally tried as a
+heretic, is that he admits errors in the Bible and gives reason (by
+which he means, as he explains, not merely the understanding, but also
+the conscience and the religious instinct in man), a conjoint place
+with the Bible and the Church in the work of salvation and the
+attainment of divine truth. To the modern dogmatist, these positions
+seem sceptical and pernicious. But to the philosopher, who knows the
+laws of human nature, to every scholar who knows the actual history of
+the Bible, these positions seem only self-evident. That in the
+Scriptures there are innumerable errors in science, mistakes in
+history, prophecies that were never fulfilled, contradictions and
+inconsistencies between different books and chapters,--these are facts
+of observation which every Biblical student knows full well. Granting,
+for the sake of the argument, that the Bible was given originally by
+infallible divine dictation, yet the men who wrote down the message
+were fallible; the men who copied it were fallible; the men who
+translated it (some of it twice over, first from Hebrew to Greek, and
+then from Greek to English) were fallible; and the editors, who from
+the scores of manuscripts, by their personal comparison and decisions
+between the conflicting readings, patched together our present text,
+were most fallible. And when thus a Bible reader has got his text
+before him, how can he understand it, except by using his own reason
+and judgment? Instruments, again, most fallible.
+
+How is it possible, then, to get Bible-truth independently of the
+reason or in entire exemption from error? The only way would be to
+say, that not only was the Bible verbally inspired, but all its
+authors, copyists, editors, and pious readers were also infallibly
+inspired. As in the old Hindoo account of how the world was supported,
+the earth was said to be held up on pillars, and the pillars on an
+elephant, and the elephant on a tortoise, and when the defender of the
+faith was asked what, then, did the tortoise rest on, he sought to
+save himself in his quandary, by roundly asserting that "it was
+tortoise all the way down";--so the defender of the infallibility of
+the Scripture has to take refuge in "inspiration all the way down."
+But if this be so, ought not the modern scripture editors and
+revisers, translators and Biblical professors also to be inspired, as
+much as those of King James' day or the printers at the Bible house?
+And thus we reach, as the _reductio ad absurdum_ of this argument,
+this result: that Tischendorff, and Koenen, and the Hebrew professors,
+among whom Doctor Briggs is a foremost authority, while accused of
+heresy are really themselves the very channels of infallible
+inspiration.
+
+The sincere investigators into the character of the Bible and the
+nature of Christ are charged with exalting human reason above the word
+of God. But as soon as the subject is investigated and a Professor
+Swing or a Mr. MacQueary corroborates his interpretation by the
+Scripture itself, or Doctor Briggs shows his views to be sustained by
+history, by philosophy, by a profounder study of both nature and the
+Bible, then the ground is shifted, and it is maintained that it is not
+a question whether the views are true, but whether they conform to the
+creed; that the Catechism is not to be judged by the Bible or the
+facts in the case, but Bible and facts are to be interpreted by the
+words of the Confession; and if they do not agree with this, then
+heresy and infidelity are made manifest. The question is not whether
+the water of truth be found, but whether it is drunk out of an
+orthodox bottle, with the Church's label glued firmly upon it. The
+pretext for the charge of heresy against these eminent Biblical
+scholars is that they are undermining the Bible; but in conducting the
+trial, prosecutors themselves refuse to abide by the testimony of the
+Scriptures to decide the matter and erect above them soul creed or
+catechism.
+
+But let us stop for a moment and ask whence came these creeds and
+catechisms themselves? What else was their origin than out of the
+reason of man; out of the brains of scholars, as they in former years
+criticised and interpreted the same Scripture, and nature, and laws of
+God? And these scholars of the past were quite as fallible, quite as
+partisan, and far less well informed than our scholars to-day. Thus it
+is the dogmatists themselves who exalt the reason of man above the
+word of God, forbidding us to listen to the more direct voice of God
+in our own soul; forbidding us to decipher the revelations which the
+Divine Hand has written on the rocks, and tree, and animal structure,
+and even frowning upon that profounder study of the Scripture called
+the higher criticism, but bidding us accept, in its stead, the
+man-made substitute of some council or assembly of former generations.
+
+There have undoubtedly been periods when the doubt with which the
+Church had to deal was mainly frivolous or carnal; a passionate
+rebellion of the worldly nature, attacking the essential truths of
+religion. But such is not the nature of the doubt which is at present
+occupying the public eye; such is not the doubt most characteristic of
+our generation. It proceeds from serious motives. It is a doubt marked
+by essential reverence and loyalty to truth. It is a desire for more
+solid foundations; for the attainment of the naked realities of
+existence. It is a necessary incident of the great intellectual
+awakening of our century. As the modern intellect comes back on Sunday
+from its week-day explorations of the history of Rome, or the myths of
+Greece, or the religious ideas of Buddha or Zoroaster, it must return
+to the contemplation of the Christian dogmas under new influences. It
+will necessarily demand what better evidence the law of Moses or the
+creed of Nicea has than the law of Mana or the text of the Zendavesta?
+The scepticism of our age is not so much directed against the great
+truths of religion as against the man-made dogmas that have usurped
+the sacred seat. If irreverent, scoffing scepticism were to be found
+anywhere to-day, it would most likely be found manifested among
+the throng of young men gathered at our most progressive
+University,--Harvard. But Dr. Lyman Abbot, after several weeks'
+association with the students there, and a careful study of their
+states of mind, not long ago testified, that "if they are sceptical,
+it is because they are too serious-minded and too true to accept
+convictions ready made, traditional creeds for personal beliefs, or
+church formularies for a life of devotion." Now to call such a state
+of mind irreligious or infidel is most unjust. The irreligion lies
+rather with those who make a fetish of the Bible and substitute a few
+pet texts from it; that sustain their own private opinions, in place
+of that divine light that lighteth every man that cometh into the
+world. The real infidels are they who reject the revelation which God
+is making us continually in the widening light of modern knowledge,
+and by a species of ecclesiastical lynching, condemn, before trial,
+the sincere, painstaking, and careful scholars and reverent disciples
+of Christ, who are so earnestly seeking after truth, because the
+results of their learned researches do not agree with the prejudices
+of their anathematizers. It is with no less cogency of argument than
+nobility of feeling that Dr. Briggs replied to his assailants: "If it
+be heresy to say that rationalists, like Martineau, have found God in
+the reason, and Roman Catholics, like Newman, have found God in the
+Church, I rejoice in such heresy, and I do not hesitate to say that I
+have less doubt of the salvation of Martineau and Newman than I have
+of the modern Pharisees who would exclude such noble men,--so pure, so
+grand, the ornaments of Great Britain and the prophets of the
+age,--from the kingdom of God."
+
+Scepticism and religious questioning are, then, no sins; they are not
+irreligious. But surely they do vex the Church. What shall the Church
+do about them? In the first place, we should not try to suppress them.
+Nor should we tell religious inquirers to shut their eyes and put the
+poppy pillow of faith beneath their heads and go to sleep again, and
+dream. They have got their eyes wide open and they are determined to
+know whether those sweet visions which they had on faith's pillow are
+any more than illusions. Nor will they be satisfied and cease to
+think, by having a creed of three hundred or fifteen hundred year's
+antiquity recited to them. The modern intellects that have taken Homer
+to pieces, and excavated Agamemnon's tomb, and unwound the mummy
+wrappings of the Pharaohs, that have weighed the stars and chained the
+lightnings, are not to be awed by any old-time sheepskin or any
+council of bishops. They demand the facts in the case; fresh manna to
+satisfy their heart hunger; the solid realities of personal
+experience. No. It is too late to-day for the churchmen to play the
+part of Mrs. Partington, and sweep back the Atlantic tide of modern
+thought with their little ecclesiastical broom. The old ramparts are
+broken through and we must give the flood its course. The only spirit
+to meet it in is that of frankness and friendliness. Let us not foster
+in these questioning minds the suspicion that there is any part of
+religion that we are afraid to have examined. We smile at the bigoted
+Buddhist who, when the European attempted to prove by the microscope
+that the monk's scruples against eating animal food were futile
+(inasmuch as in every glass of water he drank he swallowed millions of
+little living creatures), smashed the microscope for answer, as if
+that altered at all the facts. But are not many of the heresy-hunters
+in Christendom quite as foolish in their efforts to smash the
+microscope of higher criticism, or the telescope of evolution, and
+suppress the testimony which nature, and reason, and scholarship every
+day present afresh?
+
+Let us, therefore, give liberty, yes, even sympathy, to these
+perplexed souls who are struggling with the great problems of
+religion.
+
+And secondly, let us be honest with them, and not claim more certainty
+for religious doctrines or more precise and absolute knowledge about
+divine and heavenly things than we have. One of the great causes of
+modern doubt is, unquestionably, the excessive claims that theology
+has made. It has not been content with preaching the simple truths
+necessary to a good life; that we have a Maker to whom we are
+responsible,--a divine Friend to help us, a divine voice within to
+teach us right and wrong; that in the life that is to follow this,
+each shall be judged according to his deeds, and that in the apostles
+and prophets, especially the spotless life of Jesus, we have the noble
+patterns of the holy life set up before us for our imitation; a
+revelation of moral and religious truth all sufficient for salvation.
+The Church has not been content with these almost self-evident truths;
+but it must go on, to make most absolute assertions about God's
+foreknowledge, and foreordination, and triune personality; and the
+eternal punishment of the wicked, and the double nature and
+pre-existence of Christ,--things not only vague and inconsistent, but
+contradictory to our sense of justice and right. It must go on to make
+manifold assertions about the inerrancy and verbal inspiration of the
+Bible and the details of the future life and the fall of human nature,
+which are utterly incredible to rational minds. And the worst of it
+is, that all these things are bound up in one great theological
+system, and poor, anxious inquirers are told that they must either
+take all or none; and so (soon coming face to face with some palpable
+inconsistency or incredibility) they not unnaturally give up the
+whole. Trace out the religious history of the great sceptics,--the
+Voltaires, the Bradlaughs, the Ingersolls, the Tom Paines,--and you
+will see that the origin of their scepticism has almost always been in
+a reaction from the excessive assumptions of the ecclesiastics
+themselves. It is too fine spun and arrogant orthodoxy that is itself
+responsible for half of the heterodoxy of which it complains.
+
+Let the Church, then, be honest, and claim no more than it ought. Let
+it respect and encourage honesty in every man in these sacred matters.
+The Church itself should say to the inquirer: You are unfaithful to
+your God if you go not where He, by the candle of the Lord (i. e., the
+reason and conscience he has placed within you), leads you. And when a
+man in this reverent and sincere spirit pursues the path of doubt, how
+often does he find it circling around again toward faith and
+conducting him to the Mount of Zion! The true remedy for scepticism is
+deeper investigation. As all sincere doubt is at bottom a cry of the
+deeper faith that only that which is true and righteous is divine, so
+all earnest doubt, thought through to the end, pierces the dark cloud
+and comes out in the light and joy of higher convictions. It lays in
+the dust our philosophic and materialistic idols and brings us to the
+one Eternal Power, the ever-living Spirit, manifested in all, that
+Spirit whose name is truth, whose word is love.
+
+You remember, perhaps, the story of the climber among the Alps, who,
+having stepped off a precipice, as he thought, frantically grasped, as
+he fell, a projecting root and held on in an agony of anticipated
+death, for hours, until, utterly exhausted, he at last resigned
+himself to destruction, and let go of his support, to fall gently on
+the grassy ledge beneath, only a few inches below his feet. So when we
+resign ourselves to God's hand, our fall, be it little or be it great,
+lands us gently in the everlasting arms that are ever underneath.
+
+Do not fear, then, to wrestle with doubt, or to follow its leadings.
+Out of every sincere soul-struggle, your faith shall come forth
+stronger and calmer. And do not hesitate to proclaim your new
+convictions when they have become convictions. Such is the
+encouragement and sympathy that the Church should give the candid
+questioner.
+
+On the other hand, it may wisely caution him, not to be precipitate in
+publishing his doubt. Let him wait till it has become more than a
+doubt; till it has become a settled and well-considered conclusion,
+before he inflicts it upon his neighbor. The very justification for
+doubting the accepted opinion, the sacredness of truth, commands
+caution and firm conviction that our new view is something more than a
+passing caprice of the mind, before we publish it. But when the
+doubter is sure of this, then let him no longer silence his highest
+thoughts.
+
+Again, the Church is justified in cautioning the doubter not to be
+proud of his doubt as a doubt. There is no more merit, it is well to
+remember, in disbelieving than in believing; and if your opinions
+have, as yet, only got to the negative state and you have no new
+positive faith or philosophy to substitute for the old, you are doing
+your neighbor a poor service in taking away from him any superstition,
+however illogical, that sustains his heart and strengthens his virtue.
+
+And further, let me say, I would dislike very much to have you
+contented with doubt. Doubt makes a very good spade to turn up the
+ground, but a very poor kind of spiritual food for a daily diet. It is
+a useful, often an indispensable half-way shelter in the journey of
+life; but a very cold home in which to settle down as the end of that
+journey.
+
+In all our deepest hours, when our heart is truly touched, or our mind
+satisfied, we believe. It is each soul's positive faith, however
+unconventional or perhaps unconscious that faith may be, that sustains
+its hope, that incites its effort, that supports it through the trials
+of life. Any doubt, even, that is earnest and to be respected, is
+really an act of faith, faith in a higher law than that of human
+creeds; in a more direct revelation, within ourselves, in our own
+sense of justice and consistency, than in any manuscript or print.
+
+The very atheist, who in the name of truth repudiates the word God, is
+really manifesting (in his own different way) the belief which he
+cannot escape, in the divine righteousness and its lawful claim on
+every human soul.
+
+She is right who sings:--
+
+                "There is no unbelief;
+    And day by day, and night by night, unconsciously
+    The heart lives by that faith the lips deny,--
+                God knows the why."
+
+Finally, and most important of all, let us not worry ourselves so much
+about the intellectual opinions of men; but look rather to their
+spiritual condition. The church ought to think less of creed and more
+of character. The essence of faith lies not in correct conclusions
+upon doctrinal points; but in righteousness, and love, and trustful
+submission to God's will. No scepticism concerning dogmas touches the
+heart of religion. If that seems at all heretical, let me cite good
+orthodox authority. I might quote Bishop Thirlwall, of the Church of
+England, in his judgment concerning Colenso's attack upon the accuracy
+of the history of the Exodus in the Pentateuch, that "this story, nay,
+the whole history of the Jewish people, has no more to do with our
+faith as Christians, than the extraction of the cube or the rule of
+three." Or I might quote Canon Farrar's weighty words, in a recent
+article in the _Christian World_, upon the true test of religion. "The
+real question," he declares, "to ask about any form of religious
+belief, is: Does it kindle the fire of love? Does it make the life
+stronger, sweeter, purer, nobler? Does it run through the whole
+society like a cleansing flame, burning up that which is mean and
+base, selfish and impure? If it stands that test it is no heresy."
+That answers the question as aptly as it does manfully. And to the
+same effect is the noble sermon of Dr. Heber Newton a few weeks ago,
+in which he subordinated the question of the denominational fold to
+the higher interests of the Christian flock; and that notable saying
+of Dr. MacIlvaine's at the Presbyterian Presbytery the other day,
+when, quoting the admission of one evangelical minister, that it was
+the Unitarian Martineau who had saved his soul and kept his Christian
+faith from shipwreck, he added significantly, "You must first find God
+in your soul before you can find Him elsewhere." Yes, the prime and
+essential thing is to find God in the soul; to worship him in spirit,
+by a pure conscience, a loyal will, a heart full of devotion to God's
+righteousness and love to all our kind. This is to worship God in
+truth. And what have Calvin's five points, or the composite origin of
+the Pentateuch, or the virgin birth of Christ to do with such
+worship? If a man likes to believe them, very well. But if he cannot
+honestly credit them, why should we shut the doors of the church
+against him and threaten him with excommunication? Were these the
+requirements that Jesus Christ laid on his disciples? Not at all. Look
+all through the Sermon on the Mount, study the Golden Rule, and the
+Parable of the Good Samaritan, or the conditions Jesus lays down in
+his picture of the last judgment as the conditions of approval by the
+heavenly Judge, and see if you find anything there about the
+infallibility of Scripture, or the Apostolic succession, or the Deity
+of Christ, or any other of the dogmas on account of which the
+ecclesiastical disciplinarians would drive out the men whom they are
+pursuing as heretics. How grimly we may fancy Satan (if there be any
+Satan) smiling to himself as he sees great Christian denominations
+wrought up to a white heat over such dogmas and definitions, while the
+practical atheism, and pauperism, and immorality of our great
+metropolis is passed over with indifference.
+
+Sunday after Sunday, the Christian pulpit complains that the great
+masses of the people keep away from their communion tables and do not
+even darken their doors.
+
+Does not the fault really lie in the folly--I may almost say sin,--of
+demanding of men to believe so many things that neither reason nor
+enlightened moral sense can accept, and making of these dogmas
+five-barred gates through which alone there is any admission to
+heaven?
+
+If we wish the Church to regain its hold on thinking men it must
+simplify and curtail its creeds; it must recognize that the love of
+God is not measured by the narrowness of human prejudice, and that
+God's arms are open to receive every honest searcher after truth. Let
+him come with all his doubts, provided he comes with a pure heart and
+brings forth the fruits of righteousness. Let us no longer pretend
+that it is necessary for a Christian life to know all the mysteries of
+God. Let it no longer be thought a mark of wickedness for a man
+honestly to hold a conviction different from the conventional
+standard; but let us respect one another's independent search and
+judgment of truth. True faith consists not in any special theory of
+God or His ways, but in the uplifting of our spirit to touch His
+spirit, and the diffusing of whatever grace or gift we have received
+from Him in generous good-will amongst our fellows.
+
+If the Christian Church is to go forward successfully again in the
+power and spirit of that Master whom it constantly invokes as "the
+way, the truth, and the life," it must make that way and life its
+guiding truth. It must aim constantly at greater simplicity in its
+teaching, and a broader, more fraternal co-operation in Christian
+work. Its motto should be the motto of the early Church, "In
+essentials, unity; in non-essentials, liberty; in all things,
+charity." Then shall a new and grander career open before its upward
+footsteps.
+
+
+
+
+THE SIOUX FALLS DIVORCE COLONY AND SOME NOTED COLONISTS.
+
+BY JAMES REALF, JR.
+
+
+The thriving city of Sioux Falls, South Dakota, has recently been
+pitchforked into unjust notoriety by certain irresponsible
+correspondents of certain sensational and habitually inveracious
+newspapers that infest New York and Chicago. It has been represented
+as having an easy divorce mill that constantly grinds out divorces of
+a more or less bogus nature. This is fundamentally false. The laws of
+South Dakota are liberal, but they are strictly interpreted. These
+unscrupulous newspapers, whom it is unnecessary to name, have gone
+still further in their distortion of truth, dissemination of error and
+attempted degradation of the high and noble calling of journalism.
+They have made false and unwarranted statements about the laws of the
+Dakotas and of the United States generally on the subject of divorce.
+Nor is this all in their race for a temporary and unsubstantial
+circulation,--they have maligned certain unfortunate and meritorious
+women and men, and added insult to injury by publishing bogus
+portraits of beautiful ladies whose misfortunes should have provoked
+respectful sympathy rather than coarse insinuation and vulgar
+ridicule. Because these women were prominent in what has been termed
+the Divorce Colony of Sioux Falls, either from social rank in their
+former spheres, or by reason of the legal peculiarities enmeshing
+their cases, they are legitimate subjects for honest journalistic
+treatment, and some of them, triumphing over the natural shrinkingness
+of their sex, for the sake of truth and for the sake of other women
+who may need examples and incitements to achieve freedom from
+dishonoring marriages, are perfectly willing to sacrifice their own
+personal desires for obscurity and have their lives and their cases
+properly presented. I have even prevailed on a few to permit the use
+of their photographs to add to the personal interest of this article.
+
+[Illustration: EVA LYNCH-BLOSSE.]
+
+[Illustration: MRS. J. G. BLAINE, JR.]
+
+[Illustration: MRS. MINA HUBBARD.]
+
+[Illustration: DR. THOMAS D. WORRALL.]
+
+The case of greatest interest, perhaps, because it has a transatlantic
+notoriety, is that of Eva Lylyan Lynch-Blosse, an English lady, who
+came to Sioux Falls early last winter and attracted almost instantly
+the respectful attention of the citizens. Not because she was a
+strikingly beautiful woman, for a student of statues might find some
+faults in her features, but because out of the shy, violet eyes a
+high, indomitable spirit occasionally gleamed and a stray flash from
+them, combined with her radiant freshness of complexion and perfect
+grace of figure and of carriage, would light up the common sordid
+streets of the common masculine mind and turn them, for the nonce,
+into vistas of imagination.
+
+Some persons, passing us, inspire the thought: There goes a being with
+a strange life-history, or full of great capacities, moral or mental.
+Such was, undoubtedly, the chief component of her charm, felt equally
+by the grave and learned lawyer, ex-Judge Garland, who conducted her
+case, and by the street-loungers who respectfully hastened to make way
+for her passage. It was the high character that radiated from her,
+scorning the conventionalities that conspire to belittle her sex,
+determined to be free and not afraid of being a pioneer in baffling
+the barbarism of her native laws. A singular story hers, that demands
+to be told in full, since it is full of inspiration to oppressed
+womanhood everywhere.
+
+The daughter of an English clergyman, she married at seventeen Lieut.
+Edward Falconer Lynch-Blosse, an Irishman of good family, but bad
+habits. In a few months this girl-wife discovered not only that she
+had mistaken for affection what was merely the gratified vanity of a
+boarding-school miss when wooed by a good-looking uniform, but that
+there was absolutely nothing in the nature of the animated uniform on
+which even respect could be built. Active brutality was soon begun by
+the lieutenant. Simple adultery not being a sufficient amusement for
+his hours of ease, he tried to compel his refined and delicate wife to
+receive his paid paramours as her associates; and on her demurring, he
+became mad with indignation and proceeded to discipline her, according
+to the Englishman's time-honored right of violence. As a minor but
+very embarrassing matter to a sensitive woman, he plunged into debt
+and forced her to contend with and pacify his duns out of her private
+fortune, and even worried her into an attempt to raise money for him
+by pledging her annuity, though, luckily, no Jew in London was plucky
+enough to take a long risk on the life of the wife of so brutal a
+husband. This daily inferno of disgust and terror the woman endured
+for three years, for the barbarous English law requires the woman, not
+the man, to prove extreme cruelty besides adultery; and cruelty is
+often not so easy to prove, for Englishmen, as a rule, do not beat
+their wives on the housetops. It is generally a strictly boudoir
+performance, with locked doors and the rabble excluded, as befits the
+solemnity of such a marital right. At last, owing to the lieutenant's
+culpable carelessness in castigation, she was able to go to court with
+plenty of provable cruelty. But here again the barbarous English law
+stepped in and said: "This is all very true, but wait a bit. You shall
+have a decree _nisi_," which meant that she must wait six months and
+then a certain musty, overpaid, and underworked humbug, styled the
+Queen's Proctor, after hobnobbing with an attorney-general, would, if
+his dinner agreed with him, confirm the decree and make it final.
+During this suspense the ineffably mean uniform that had been
+masquerading as a man was visited by an idea, and wrote a letter to
+Mrs. Lynch-Blosse depicting himself as on the brink of starvation and
+consumption, and begging for some money. The woman's pity was aroused.
+She had once fancied for a brief while, with the undeveloped heart of
+girlhood, that she liked this empty, tinkling symbol of a man. She
+wrote him a kind letter enclosing the money. It takes but little
+imagination to understand what such a creature would do with the cash;
+that he would hasten to celebrate the success of his cunning by a
+revel at which he could brag to some loose companion how neatly he had
+cheated a generous and noble woman. But he did something more, almost
+inconceivable in its baseness; he took that letter to the Queen's
+Proctor and showed it to that archive of centuried insapience as a
+proof that there had been collusion in the case, that his wife and he
+were really on good terms, and that he was anxious to regain her. The
+Proctor took his word, and without going into the case further, when
+the six months were up, refused to confirm the decree. And then her
+friends said: "You had better give up. England has decided that you
+cannot be free." And her lawyers said: "Even with fresh evidence it
+would be foolish to re-open the fight. The action of the Queen's
+Proctor is so insurmountable." But the woman said to herself: "Though
+England has decided that I must be a slave, nevertheless I will be
+free." Meantime Lieutenant Lynch-Blosse, after endeavoring to blacken
+his wife's character in his regiment, and getting soundly thrashed for
+his pains, eloped with a light-headed Scotch peeress whose husband,
+Lord Torphichen, promptly obtained a divorce, with the custody of his
+children, and the elopers fled the kingdom, leaving a small army of
+swindled tradesmen who are still exceedingly anxious to discover their
+whereabouts. When last heard of, the ex-uniform was living in Chicago
+under an _alias_, and he will probably remain one of the many English
+ornaments of this country, for the same English law that permits a man
+to castigate his wife in moderation is excessively severe if he
+swindles tradesmen.
+
+Mrs. Lynch-Blosse obtained her Dakotan divorce on the ground of
+adultery, the evidence being the record of the Scotch suit of Lord
+Torphichen against Lady Torphichen, otherwise styled the Right Hon.
+Ellen Frances Gordon, and apart from the wrongs, the beauty, and the
+pioneer courage of Mrs. Lynch-Blosse, picturesque as they made it, her
+case possesses profound interest to the legal mind. It adds to the
+weight of such cases as except to the old rule of domicile (Ditson
+_v._ Ditson, 4 R. I., 87; Harding _v._ Alden, 9 Mo. 140; Hollister
+_v._ Hollister, 6 Pa. St., 449; Derby _v._ Derby, 14 Ill. App., 645)
+by showing that where a husband is guilty of such conduct as would
+entitle even to a limited divorce, the wife is at liberty to establish
+a separate jurisdictional domicile. Moreover, Mrs. Lynch-Blosse might
+have obtained a divorce on grounds less strong than she did, for a
+divorce good at the place of domicile will be sustained in England,
+though the same grounds would have been insufficient to obtain it
+there. (Harvey _v._ Farnie, L. R. 8 App. Cas. 43; Turner _v._
+Thompson, L. R., 13 P. D. 37.) Of this law, probably, comity of
+nations is the chief component. Those who admire moral courage and
+feel a glow of indignation at the fact that, in order to secure her
+natural right to own herself, a woman in the closing years of the
+nineteenth century has to spend thousands of dollars, travel thousands
+of miles, and sojourn among strangers, may be glad to know that since
+her freedom she has married an English gentleman of high character,
+and is living restfully in a charming little cottage on the banks of
+what Macaulay calls, in his picturesque way, "the river of the ten
+thousand masts." The great, feverous heart of London throbs near.
+
+Another very interesting personage in the Sioux Falls Divorce Colony,
+is Mrs. James G. Blaine, Jr., now living in a cosy cottage on the
+fashionable avenue with her sister, Miss Nevins, her son, James G.
+Blaine, 3d, and her maids. When Marie Nevins, piquantly pretty, witty,
+and accomplished, made a stolen match with the ungreat son of one of
+America's greatest political figures, she little dreamed what the
+hands of the Fates--who are sometimes the Furies--were spinning for
+her; yet she wears her robes of sorrow with some of that grace of
+patience which comes to her sex like an instinct born of centuried
+servitude. How her husband ever fascinated so fascinatingly elusive a
+creature is a mystery to all who know him and a miracle to all who
+know her; but who has ever guessed the riddle of a woman's heart?
+Surely no man yet known to the world, except possibly Balzac, and he
+only occasionally by some sort of electric, psychological accident.
+The true story of Mrs. Blaine's infelicities has been carefully hidden
+from the public, although some superserviceable, would-be friends have
+now and then busied themselves with starting absurd rumors, as if for
+the fun of contradicting them; for instance, a precious yarn spun
+lately to the effect that Mrs. Blaine, senior, looked down on her
+daughter-in-law as not aristocratic enough to have married a Blaine.
+How intrinsically absurd is such an idea in connection with a family
+as close to what Lincoln called "the plain people"--and as really
+proud of so being--as that of the famous Republican leader! Blaine is
+a man so thoroughly democratic that only a very stupid enemy of his
+could have invented such a piece of self-convicting nonsense; for if
+aristocracy entered into the question, Mrs. James G. Blaine, Jr.,
+could make a better showing than her spouse, since, if it confers any
+_quasi_-patent of nobility in this country to have a distinguished
+father, it must give a larger halo of social splendor to have a
+distinguished grandfather, etc., etc. Now, Mrs. Blaine, Jr., had a
+grandsire who was a power in his day, a forceful, brilliant man,
+Samuel Medary, who was successively governor of three States, Ohio,
+Kansas, and Minnesota. Mrs. Blaine, Jr., apart from her marital
+misfortunes, deserves much sympathy for her physical fate. Just lately
+her leg was broken again and her surgeons fear that her lameness must
+be perpetual. Yet the talk about her going on the stage has some
+basis, and no one who ever talked with her, and enjoyed the prismatic
+play of her facial expression and the flexions of her vibrant voice,
+could doubt her fitness for certain popular rôles. Nor need her
+lameness defeat her of success. A play of mingled pathos and humor
+could be written for a lame heroine. One excellent writer has offered
+to do it, and Hamlin Garland could do it excellently. Balzac in his
+marvellous book, "The Alkahest," declares that she is blest among
+women, who, having some great bodily defect, nevertheless wins a man's
+affections, for she never loses her hold on them, and it might very
+easily be the same with a lame actress and the affections of the
+public.
+
+As to Mrs. Blaine's case an immense interest is felt, an interest
+which lies not alone in the points of law. Mrs. Blaine, Jr., is a
+Catholic, and her example in taking this step contrary to the custom
+of her church is likely to be fruitful. It is a pretty safe prophecy
+that the next Pope will see the advisability of returning to the
+policy of the church prevalent before the Council of Trent, and will
+allow a wiser freedom to his spiritual subjects in this matter of
+divorce. Hearts were created before creeds, and the primal laws of God
+still possess, and exert in emergencies, their ancient vigor of
+eminent domain.
+
+It is noticeable that nearly all the women in the colony have
+children, and nearly all are women of unusual grace or beauty, or
+mental gift--sometimes all three in one.
+
+A very interesting person occasionally seen on the streets with a
+little golden-haired boy is Mrs. Mina Hubbard, formerly of Redbank, N.
+J. She has one of those olive, oval faces so often met in the south of
+Spain, and she has a voice whose beauty and volume are equally
+impressive. One day in the cosy, dozy little Methodist Church last
+summer she happened to join in the singing, and several pious nappers
+were sweetly startled from their theologic dreams. After that event
+there was such a marked increase in the masculine attendance that the
+lady's modesty took fright, and she refrained from the pleasure of
+church-going. When I asked her if she had lost her fondness for
+Methodism and music, she replied archly: "Oh, no! I am extremely fond
+of going to church and hearing good congregational music, _but_ I can
+_restrain_ myself."
+
+Hon. Thomas D. Worrall, M. D., who has recently obtained a divorce and
+now lives in Sioux Falls, is another person of note. Born in England
+sixty-five years ago, he came to America young, moved to Boston and
+achieved reputation as an anti-slavery orator, even when the peerless
+Phillips was in his first blaze. Then he went to Colorado, was a
+member of the territorial legislature, and wrote his name largely and
+honorably on her early annals. Horace Greeley, who liked him heartily,
+persuaded him next to accept a professorship in New York in the
+American College of Medicine. Two years later, going to New Orleans,
+he became a member of the famous Warmouth Legislature, and as sanitary
+physician to New Orleans, added to his world-wide host of friends.
+While in England, in 1873, his lectures on the resources of the
+Mississippi Valley attracted wide attention, and he was greeted on his
+return by an ovation in the New Orleans Academy of Music. Colorado
+again claimed him for seven happy, industrious years, marked by an
+eloquent defence of the Denver Mining Exposition, for which they
+presented him with a cabinet of minerals that, according to experts,
+is intrinsically worth $5,000, though it would take vastly more to buy
+it from a man so covetous of honor. Removing to Washington, he
+published a curious little book called "Slander and Defamation of
+Character."
+
+Sickness came to this learned and benevolent man, and he went to
+London for treatment, but famous surgeons, after operating, could give
+him no hope, and he came back to his adopted country to die. To his
+amazement he found his home broken up, his valuable furniture sold,
+his wife gone. "The mystery of the case," he has said, "is that my
+wife and I never had the least falling out. Her desertion of me in my
+old age and supposed last illness was like lightning out of a clear
+sky. The thought came to me, 'Dying man that I am, it will be sweet to
+die free.'" He then came West and settled in Sioux Falls, and either
+the invigorating climate, or the inspiration of freedom, or the shock
+of his wife's desertion (for in some diseases a sudden shock delays or
+defeats death by effecting an electric change in the bodily currents
+setting restward) have worked a marvellous change, for to-day this
+amiable and accomplished old man is the picture of health and vital
+power.
+
+There are many other cases of great interest in the Divorce Colony at
+Sioux Falls, but this plain statement of a few is enough to show how
+grossly the _personnel_ and character of the colony have been
+slandered by certain sensational and corrupt newspaper correspondents.
+For more than six months I have studied the conduct and natures of the
+persons who compose the divorce colony, and every reputable citizen of
+Sioux Falls will substantiate my statement that, with possibly three
+exceptions, the divorce seekers have been remarkable for the inherent
+justice of their suits and the dignity of their behavior during their
+residence in this town. The attempt to give them and the place an
+unenviable notoriety, made by certain newspapers, is a stain on
+American journalism. Men and women suffer enough before they seek a
+divorce court. It is ghoulish to pursue them in the press with
+misrepresentation and ridicule, or with exposure of their marital
+miseries. Divorce is not merely a legal right of the individual; it is
+often a moral duty which ought to be demanded by society from a truly
+dignified woman or man; for to cohabit where there is no love between
+husband and wife, worse still where the atmosphere has become
+surcharged with hate, and to foist on society children begotten and
+reared in an atmosphere that may crush out every noble impulse and
+lofty desire, besides the subtle discords of heredity that must mark
+their temperaments, is not merely a most pathetic blunder for the
+parties primarily affected, but a wrong to the race--a crime against
+civilization.
+
+
+
+
+THE WOMAN MOVEMENT.
+
+BY LUCINDA B. CHANDLER.
+
+
+The woman movement is a world-wide fact. An agitation which has
+gathered impetus and strength during more than forty years is a
+significant phenomenon in the realm of mind and of social progress.
+
+Since, in 1848, the rebellion of Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady
+Stanton, at the humiliating position accorded them as delegates to an
+international convention in London, England, led them to inaugurate
+the "woman's rights" movement in this country, at Seneca Falls, New
+York, the growth of this "mustard seed" of truth has become a "great
+tree" whose branches overshadow continents, and the thought and active
+moral forces of nations "dwell in the branches thereof."
+
+If not from "Greenland's icy mountains," at least from the boundaries
+of the United States and British America to "India's coral strand,"
+the onsweeping wave of woman's elevation is steadily advancing.
+
+Ramabai in India seeking the deliverance of the child widow, who has
+no earthly existence, nor any hope of one beyond mortal life except as
+a wife, and who, as a widow, is but an outcast, this woman missionary
+from the opposite side of the globe has clasped hands and is in
+heart-fellowship with her American sisters who are still seeking the
+enlargement of woman's freedom and opportunities in this favored
+country.
+
+It was a logical position that besieged the ballot as the first agency
+of deliverance in our land. The suffrage is, under our form of
+government and constitutional rights, the badge of equality.
+
+Everywhere, in Church and State, woman was discriminated against, and
+the distinguishing disability imposed upon her by law and custom was
+her suppressed opinion and will in the administration of affairs.
+
+In the church she might contribute her labor, carry forward
+enterprises to pay the minister's salary, furnish the edifice, support
+social movements that would tend to increase membership, and sustain
+the religious services; but, were she a machine, minus brains, choice,
+or will, she could be no more completely a nonentity when the pastor
+was to be chosen, the amount of his salary fixed, or any matters of
+finance or administration decided upon.
+
+The acceptance of her work for its support was the only recognition of
+her individuality, or her common share in the institution. She was
+cudgelled with Paul in the Church and with her inability to fight by
+the State.
+
+Muscular force having been, and still widely held to be, the bulwark
+of civilization, and submission to the authority of man socially and
+ecclesiastically the measure of her religious excellence, at least of
+the excellence of the wifely portion of womanhood, woman has been a
+cipher at the left-hand side of the unit man in both civil and
+religious institutions.
+
+But the evolution of brains, which is nature's method of human
+development, has unsettled this standard of civilization and the
+relation of the sexes. The woman who thinks has come, and the struggle
+is no longer one of muscle, nor can it ever again become so.
+
+The woman of the future can no more be remanded to the merely patient
+plodder in kitchen and nursery, with no horizon but the cook-stove and
+cradle illuminated by the weekly church service, than the lightning
+printing-press of to-day can be remanded to the clumsy instrument of a
+century ago, or the electric light to the tallow dip.
+
+If the demand of woman for equal opportunity to win all the prizes of
+life, and to control her special function, involving the most serious
+and sacred responsibilities to the race, and the necessity of her own
+growth and advancement,--if this new demand is one that is not worthy
+the consent and co-operation of men and institutions, the mistake was
+fatal which permitted her to learn the alphabet.
+
+This mistake, if mistake it was, has extended its mighty influence in
+widening circles through the past three centuries. Francois Saintonge,
+a young widow of France, toward the close of the sixteenth century,
+obtained the consent of her father to teach some girls to read if she
+would give her lessons at five o'clock in the morning. Without bed,
+bread, or fire, she and her five pupils stayed the first night in the
+house for which the only fifty pounds she possessed were paid.
+Simultaneously a young girl in Italy made an effort to set in motion
+the brain cells of the girls of her country by giving them a chance to
+learn the alphabet.
+
+The heroic courage of women in striving to attain the weapons of
+intelligence affords evidence of the invincible proceeding of
+evolution inherent in the constitution of humanity.
+
+The woman movement is demonstration of the power of thought beyond the
+power of muscle; it is evidence that the intangible forces of mind are
+superior to the external material powers of muscle, and sword, and
+bullet. It is reassuring to forecast that, spite of the present
+inefficacy, or but very limited success of woman's protest against
+barbarous laws and usages, and the destructive errors and vices of the
+degree of civilization we have reached, the protest is a prophecy that
+the moral elevation of the race is to be the result of woman's
+increased intelligence and equipment, and of her ascent to the full
+proportions of womanhood.
+
+As a builder of material structures and enterprises, man is a superb
+success. The bridge, the triumphs of architecture, the steam engine,
+the almost intelligent machine are marvellous manifestations of
+inventive genius, and of the uses of muscle.
+
+But the statistics of social progress in morals do not bear testimony
+to masculine superiority as builder of the higher humanity. A man has
+elaborated "The New Education," but he allowed, without stint, that
+the moral elevation aimed at cannot be achieved except by the equal
+opportunity and co-operation of woman.
+
+In the administration of affairs and the institution of government man
+is not a success. His first resort and last reliance is upon force.
+Harmony, and justice, and fraternity, and purity, and honesty cannot
+be brought into human society by fighting, nor evolved by the methods
+of force. Neither the ballot nor the bullet, the legislature nor the
+policeman, can make people honest or morally upright and sound.
+
+The promotion of individual integrity, honesty, benevolence, and
+purity are the great requirements of humanity and of civilization.
+The infusion of the gentler, more persuasive influences and methods of
+feminine nature, and the higher quality and freedom of motherhood, are
+the only possible means of advancing the race to the altitude which
+the best specimens prefigure as the possibility of all.
+
+The laws of Christendom and the usages of all civilizations are based
+upon the idea of the superiority and supremacy of masculine quality
+and of force. Upon the supposition that the husband is the bread
+winner and provider, he is virtually in law and actually in fact as
+effectually the owner of his wife and children as though he had bought
+them for a sum, as is still the custom among some primitive peoples on
+the planet.
+
+In the Orient the idea that woman possesses a soul is rejected with
+contempt. But in the more spiritualized Occident where she is
+considered to be the possessor of a soul, she is by law, and
+oftentimes by usage, not allowed to be possessor of her body.
+
+Christianity in its inception and in its primitive purity accomplished
+for woman the dignity of being possessor of a soul. She is still, even
+in the most degenerate churchianity, counted responsible as a soul,
+and accorded equal hope of redemption and of future equal standing in
+another stage of existence.
+
+But this fact, too, has bred in woman rebellion against the estimate
+of her inferiority still held in the Church by many of the priestly
+order, and actualized in the majority of Protestant denominations, and
+universally in the Roman Catholic Church, by her exclusion from equal
+powers and opportunities in its administration and equal positions of
+honor and influence.
+
+Having learned the alphabet woman has also learned to interpret
+Scripture, and having read the New Testament, she knows that her
+adorable Saviour left no theological system, creed, nor sanction of
+the supremacy and dominion of male over female.
+
+The woman movement is setting the perception of mind feminine over
+against the conceptions and speculations, the theological systems and
+interpretations, of the mind masculine, in the realm of the religious
+quality of human nature.
+
+It is on this ground that a higher standpoint for human progress is to
+be achieved. Woman is becoming the possessor of her brains and of an
+equipment that will facilitate her use of them. When through
+generations of experience she has fully learned her true position in
+the order of the universe and of human unfoldment, a new created world
+of humanity will blossom on this old earth.
+
+Man is normally the builder in the material realm. It is his to press
+the more tangible elements and forces into the service of man's
+material and intellectual needs, and to master and subdue the earth.
+It is woman's to become builder in the spiritual realm of the higher
+nature. It is woman's first' to give bias to the brain cells and soul
+impulses of ante-natal and post-natal infantile life. It is woman's,
+the normal mother and teacher, to look, and feel, and speak into
+impressible child life, the fine ennobling sentiments, the solid
+truths of social relations, the sterling principles of rightness, and
+honor, and honesty, and fraternal love.
+
+This trained experience and exercise of motherhood is a precious
+wealth that the race needs to carry it on and up toward its
+perfectness.
+
+All that was pronounced "good," in man, in "the beginning" is innate
+in human nature. Social life and social relations are the life school
+in which this "good"-ness can be educed, strengthened, matured, in the
+individual.
+
+Woman is not only the creative agency for building bodies, but the
+perfecting agency to build character, and to gestate and bring to
+birth the higher nature in humanity. Woman is man's mother spiritually
+as well as physically. He is to be born into his spiritual life
+through the divine feminine, as he has been born into the physical
+life through the natural (or physical) feminine.
+
+It is to this end that evolution is in every direction placing woman
+to-day in the foreground and quickening her to make new demands upon
+the resources of intelligence and moral power.
+
+Having furnished to the child the "three R's," manual training,
+industrial habits, and quickening the higher sentiments with a solid
+foundation of principles of right conduct and pure habits, are more
+important to the advancement of the human race than literary
+researches, languages, or higher mathematics. To know the
+physiological and psychological processes of embryotic growth, and the
+possible influences of motherhood over the coming child, and how to
+neutralize poor heredity, would achieve more for race elevation than
+the combined wisdom of schools and pulpits minus these.
+
+There would be no need of laws for the suppression of vicious
+literature, were all mothers faithful and capable of pre-empting the
+plastic mind and imagination of childhood by intelligent explanations
+and true statements concerning the origin of life, and the vital
+purities and sanctities that can save every child from demoralization
+and debauchery. The boy who has been blest with a wise conscientious
+motherhood is not the boy to dwell in secret on lascivious thoughts
+and vile communications, nor will he be led away by vicious
+associations.
+
+The true place of woman in the order of all things, is a link between
+the material and spiritual, especially in her creative function.
+
+Woman is more intuitive. She sees, seizes upon, grasps, where man
+toils to question, investigate, prove, demonstrate. She is touched by
+the secret springs of life, and vibrates in response, like the Æolian
+harp.
+
+"When men are as good as their obituaries, and when women are as good
+as men think they are, the recording angel in heaven can take his long
+needed vacation."
+
+The woman movement indicates that women ought to have an opportunity
+to become "as good as men think they are." It is impossible that men
+shall hold a higher ideal of woman than it is possible for woman to
+become. But first she must be free. Free to think, act, live, study,
+experiment, exercise judgment, assume and be held to responsibilities.
+She does not need man's protection except that he shall protect her
+from himself, i. e., protect her from the invasion and intrusion of
+his wishes, opinion, and will, his dictation and demand.
+
+Equality before the law is a right principle and therefore should
+obtain, especially under our Constitution. But what woman needs is
+personal freedom to be the most womanly woman.
+
+Under legal disability, marital subjection, and ecclesiastically
+assigned inferiority, woman has been bred to servility in mind and
+morals. She does not need training in the tricks of caucus and
+wire-pulling politics, but she does need freedom and choice of action
+that will give her the powers of her own mind and nature in full
+possession, as a woman.
+
+She does not need that men shall instruct her what a woman ought to
+be, but she needs to be let alone to find out for herself this
+precious and important knowledge.
+
+It is not an incident or an accident that the agitation of woman's
+advancement and the agitation of industrial reform are simultaneous
+movements. The priority of woman's demand for equal rights before the
+law in this country, has placed woman in literature, on the platform,
+in the press, and even in the political field of action, in the
+position of co-worker with man to achieve the highest outcome and
+greatest blessing of civilization, the right of every person to an
+opportunity to achieve subsistence, and the right of every worker to
+the full reward of his labor.
+
+Already in Kaweah Colony in California, woman is an equal participator
+in the administration of affairs. She has equal opportunity to achieve
+subsistence and equal pay for her labor.
+
+The star of equity, justice, and fraternity, is shining in the west.
+When the fraternal order of society is established, woman as mother
+will be, in her training and her conception of her high office, and in
+the position and advantage provided for her, exalted as the artist of
+humanity.
+
+She will be so furnished mentally, and so provided for materially,
+that she can furnish to her babes what no textbooks, or Scripture, or
+statutes can convey to them. The mother who can recite to her children
+the songs of the American poets, the character of Dickens, and Eliot,
+and Scott, who can portray the noble characters of Lincoln and
+Lucretia Mott, who is able to devote the time required to entertain
+her children, will become the most effective moral educator.
+
+The woman of the good time coming will not hold lightly the moral
+education of labor, for she will learn that many solid virtues are
+carved into the beautiful character by the blessed exercise that
+manual industry and regular duties alone can furnish.
+
+But she will have leisure also to cultivate the finer sentiments, and
+paint for the admiration of her babes the grand ideals of noble
+manhood and womanhood.
+
+Two problems belong to the woman question in the not remote future.
+
+First, the industrial and financial independence of woman.
+
+She must have this to acquire the dignity and moral strength of
+self-support, and that wifehood and motherhood shall be assumed by her
+solely according to the dictates of her heart, and the sanction of her
+best judgment. Second, the financial independence of motherhood,
+without a bread-winning occupation, that her time, energies, and
+talents may be devoted to the careful training and moral and religious
+education of her children.
+
+The opportunities for single women to achieve subsistence in the realm
+of intellectual and sedentary occupations especially, are increasing.
+But co-operative housekeeping of some kind is the only hope for
+mothers to be saved from overwork and worry, and to have leisure for
+the proper training and entertaining of their children.
+
+The provision in Kaweah Colony for the maintenance and education of
+orphan children, or of children whose parents are disabled by sickness
+or calamity, is another feature that is commendable in its wisdom and
+justice.
+
+The paternal and maternal community of voluntary co-operators is the
+brightest dream of human association we can imagine.
+
+If woman is to become the wise, sensible, self-helpful, cultured
+mother, with proper opportunity to exercise maternal function for the
+highest good of the future child, and without being herself dragged
+into a spiritless machine, we must have her fortified, not only by a
+"higher education," but a better home environment.
+
+The woman question involves and forecasts a higher social order,
+industrial evolution, economic adjustment, moral advancement, and the
+adoption of the "_New Education_," which will develop and cultivate in
+harmony all the powers and talents belonging to the threefold nature
+of humanity.
+
+
+
+
+NEW TESTAMENT SYMBOLISMS.
+
+BY PROF. S. P. WAIT.
+
+
+Although the many doctrines built up about the personality of Jesus
+attribute to him in some peculiar sense the relation of sonship with
+God, he does not so say of himself, but by every word and work
+declares a common spiritual fatherhood and human brotherhood. When
+Nicodemus testified to his superior power, Jesus did not trace its
+origin to a special interposition of Providence in his birth or life,
+but he made of general application the law that governed his
+conception by the emphatic assertion that all men must realize
+themselves as begotten and born from above before they can understand
+the forces of the unseen universe within and without. He affirmed the
+kingdom of God and of heaven to be latent in the life of man, and
+promised no peace for the soul here or hereafter until its innate
+capabilities for wisdom, love, and power for good are developed and
+exercised. His precepts and example would be foolishness and a
+stumbling-block, his character an unattainable ideal, were it other
+than the first fruit ripened on the tree of life, the promise of a
+perfected race.
+
+We only apprehend its vital value, as we can trace in our own
+experience and that of others, the growth and fruition of that
+seed-principle of Truth around which the New Testament story has been
+crystallized. This re-conception of the Christ is, like the first one,
+essentially of the soul and intrinsically immaculate. It then matters
+little when or by whom the Gospels and Epistles were originally
+written; for the book as a whole is lifted forever above the level of
+legend and myth, on the one hand, and that of a merely historical
+narrative on the other, because the persons and events mentioned and
+described represent laws and principles permanent in operation, and
+reveal faculties whose reality and value we are daily called upon to
+demonstrate. We can, when we so will it, verify, each in his own
+subjective consciousness, all that the wondrous story of nineteen
+centuries ago relates as having taken place in the outward objective
+world of form and phenomena. For unto every "excellent Theophilus,"
+every lover of the good and true, the gospel of the Christ is, through
+the conscience, reconveyed, even as delivered by those who from the
+first have been its messengers.
+
+The faith of Abraham and law of Moses, the line of patriarch, priest,
+and prophet, that linked the life of Jesus with that of primitive man,
+we find repictured in the working of those evolutionary forces that
+constitute each one of us an epitome of the past, a miniature of
+society. As children of earth we give due credit to each factor in
+heredity and environment that makes us what we are as we pass through
+planes of physical, intellectual, and moral development. But a still
+higher kingdom of consciousness is at hand, which forces us to feel
+that as brethren of the Son of Man we are also sons of God.
+
+In every wilderness of human life that stands instead of the oncoming
+paradise, a voice of preparation loudly calls. It is the self-same cry
+which of old the Baptist first sent forth, and which the Nazarene with
+emphasis took up. This watchword, Repent ye, repent ye! means, as
+_metanoia_ always meant, _newness and rightness of thought_, and
+consequently a thorough and abiding betterment of motive, character,
+disposition and habit, in every department and relation of individual
+and social human life. To effect this transformation from ignorance to
+knowledge, from selfishness to its opposite, is eternally the mission
+of that principle of truth personified as Jesus. We recognize its
+saving power only as it is set up within us as a rule of thought and
+action. When we pattern after it, we then realize all sin to be just
+what the Hebrew _chattah_ and the Greek _amartia_ indicate, _i. e._, a
+missing of the mark, a lack of conformity to type, the type being man
+finished in his creation, harmoniously developed, physically,
+intellectually, morally, spiritually. And we learn that sins are not
+forgiven by the setting aside of any law, or the amelioration of the
+consequences of the violation of law, knowingly, or unknowingly; but
+by the ordination in the nature of things of those agencies that tend,
+even though it be through the penalty of pain, to bring us to the
+knowledge of, and obedience to, every law written in the body and mind
+of man and governing his environment seen or unseen. Sin is
+incompletion, immaturity, unwholeness, ignorance, as well as the
+violation of some understood and accepted moral code. As the green
+fruit on the tree is forgiven for its unripeness by the baptism of
+sunlight, moisture, and all other forces needed to mature it, so man
+forgives and is forgiven by the impartation of strength where weakness
+is in body or in mind, by the diffusion of science to take the place
+of superstition, and by every other sure though slow, as we count
+time, redemptive evolutionary trend. The only sin unpardonable in this
+æon or the next is _non-receptivity_ to the spirit that in every age
+impels to righteousness. So long as man keeps his eyes closed, he
+cannot be forgiven for being in a state of darkness. But it is an
+utterly unthinkable as well as unscriptural idea that there be any so
+perverse as to refuse throughout an endless time, to look upon the
+glory of a world of light and color, when by opening the windows of
+the soul they can exchange their trouble and unrest for peace that
+will not pass away.
+
+As for the babe of Bethlehem there was no other birthplace than a
+manger, so when the universal Christ is cradled in our souls, its
+resting place is in the midst of a well-nurtured animalism. The Herod
+of a ruling selfishness seeks to obliterate the loftier ideal. But
+while he summons all his strength to prevent the embodiment of the new
+thought, there are other faculties that perceive the star of promise
+and follow it as a harbinger of truth.
+
+The years of Jesus' life of which we have no record, save the one
+instance of his questioning and answering the wise ones in the temple,
+represent the time of preparation, discipline, study, culture,
+contemplation, necessary to fit us to give to others the benefit of
+our experience and attainment. For no one can lift another to a higher
+round of the ladder of life than that upon which he stands himself.
+
+The immersion in the Jordan shows a willingness to conform to existing
+customs, when no principle is sacrificed thereby and a point of
+contact with the masses can thus be established, so that the truth
+symbolized by the rite of baptism can be shown forth through the
+action of those formative, purifying, spiritual forces that sustain to
+the psychical realm the same relation that water bears to the physical
+world.
+
+The temptation of Jesus is typical of the time of testing that comes
+to every one who takes a step in advance of the age in which he
+lives. The principle of resistance called Satan confronts such an one
+at the very outset of his mission, and seemingly insuperable obstacles
+arise as foes to his progress. But he who first meets and masters all
+inward opposition, through knowledge of the law and allegiance
+thereto, can conquer every outward phase of hybrid beast and human,
+whose selfish pride and cruel greed have been well imaged as a devil
+with cloven foot and fiendish face.
+
+The Sermon on the Mount is a statement of spiritual axioms. It lays
+before us the law of love for the neighbor, as the very instinct of
+self-preservation. Not to do for others as we would be done by, is to
+fail to furnish food, raiment, and shelter for our own souls. Physical
+and intellectual man gains worldly strength and honor as he takes to
+himself and retains riches and knowledge regardless of the rights of
+others. In contradistinction to this, the spiritual man gets treasure
+and wisdom imperishable, as he serves his fellow men, and freely gives
+of whatsoever he may have, of which his neighbor stands in need.
+
+The beatitudes, with which the speech begins, such as man never spake
+before, tell, in a symbolism that is self-evidently true, the way by
+which alone, real happiness is won. We are blessed or cursed of God,
+through the working of His laws immutable, according as our relation
+to those laws is one of knowledge and obedience, or of ignorance and
+perversity. As, in the Hebrew tongue the words we render, "to curse,"
+and "to bless," run back to the same root idea, so in point of fact,
+the very suffering which, sooner or later, comes to us when we are out
+of touch with the divine order of love to God and love to man, is the
+means appointed to bring us to that harmony which all must gain.
+
+The lowest things are often seen to signify the things most high. A
+parable, _paraballo_, is that which "throws before" us such concrete
+imagery as best serves to foreshadow and to fit the mind to understand
+a certain abstract principle. As we become disciples, "learners" of
+the Truth, we find it speaks to us only through such emblems as enable
+us to reason from the things we do already know to those concerning
+which we wish to be informed. The words of Jesus went forth
+full-freighted with vitality. They were truly spirit and life, because
+charged with a virtue that can only come from a soul in submission to
+the law by his lips enunciated. Hence we see why, in the mystical
+language with which the Gospel of St. John begins, he is called the
+Logos, Reason or Word of God, from God and one with God, because he
+reveals the divine thought concerning man, inherently perfect from the
+first, but requiring time and space for its outworking. That human
+individuality may be maintained, man is uplifted only over the fulcrum
+of his own will. This volitional power is the ray in us of that
+Creative Energy whose name Jehovah signifies, _I will be what I will
+to be_. Thus, then, oneness with God is not sameness with God, nor the
+absorption of human personality in the Infinite Being. It is simply a
+state to be reached in our progressive creation where we will come to
+a knowledge of the laws of life, and will consciously co-operate with
+those divine decrees governing the origin, nature, and destiny of the
+soul. To illustrate the possibility of such achievement and exemplify
+the way of its attainment, was the mission of the Christ. But it has
+been so much easier to idolatrously worship his person than to embody
+his principles, that ceremonials and doctrines have been substituted
+for the life he lived. This is a sufficient reason for the manifestly
+unsaved condition that the so-called Christian world still exhibits in
+all manner of bigotry and disease, social unrest and iniquity.
+
+The name Jesus signifies "_that which makes whole_." So we find the
+one who bore it, true to his title, healing the bodies of men and
+giving to their souls a cure for sorrow. Yet, even he was made to feel
+that of himself he could do nothing, so keenly was he conscious of the
+fact that every self-denying sympathetic soul becomes a mediator,
+through whom the reconstructive forces of the universe make their
+impress felt upon the race. He speaks of prayer and faith, as mental
+states to be entered into and maintained, if we would _be_ and _do_
+the best we can. His injunctions in reference to prayer correspond
+well with the meaning of the Greek verb _euchomai_ which we render "to
+pray," and which signifies to put forth effort rightly, _i. e._, along
+the lines of laws understood. He said that true prayer is not the
+repetition of any words, nor the asking for that which we may think it
+best that we should have. For the spiritual man knows that his labor
+for others insures of himself the results that are best. So the
+discourse of Jesus in this connection defines prayer, in its highest
+sense, as an inward, not an outward attitude; a state of mental
+receptivity to the guidance of truth and desire for the good of
+others, always to be observed, not the mere utterance of terms of
+petition or praise. He tells us to withdraw into the soul's most
+secret place, where God already sits enthroned, and there commune with
+Him.
+
+Before in spirit and with understanding we can in thought, and word,
+and deed, articulate Our Father! we must pass back in review through
+all the cycles that have rolled around, since this old earth of ours
+first turned in space. We then behold the most attenuate form of
+matter of which we can conceive, as a condensation of creative energy,
+yet but a matrix fitted for the reception of a planet seed or soul. We
+recognize a divine involution as the antecedent and causation of all
+so-called natural evolution. We see each link in the chain of being,
+from least to greatest, from the simplest to the most complex; grass,
+herb, and tree, fish, reptile, bird, and beast, as multiple yet
+orderly expressions of the immanence and permanence of the fatherhood
+of God. We view the creation of man as His highest handiwork, in which
+the seed of human life, bearing latent within it every high attribute
+and potency possessed by its celestial source, is placed or planted in
+a prepared material environment. We look back through the ages upon
+the travail of this our soul, and are satisfied as we see it gradually
+rising to the mastery and reformation of the physical form and animal
+soul, in which and with which it has been tabernacled to gain a
+necessary experience. From savagery to civilization, through planes of
+physical, intellectual, and moral consciousness we pass, borne upward
+by the overshadowing power of God to realize the omnipresence of its
+fatherhood. From this right starting-point there follows of necessity
+a conception of that vital fraternity of man which makes us members of
+one body, and which precludes the possibility of the gaining of a
+lasting good by any individual part thereof without a benefit to all.
+
+Each other portion of the prayer of prayers is seen to have a
+correspondingly deep significance, when carefully analyzed, although
+formulated as an object lesson in our spiritual kindergarten, the
+church. The name of God we hallow, but not as did the ancient
+Israelites, by refusing even to mention the sacredly incommunicable
+_Yahweh_. For we have learned that the right name is what expresses
+the nature of that which is named. So that the only way in which we
+can reverence the name of God or Christ is by the consecration of our
+time and talent to the expression of all the God-like, Christ-like
+qualities with which, as human beings, we are gifted.
+
+What foolishness, if not blasphemy, it would be for us to ask that the
+will of God should be obeyed in the world about us, when His laws of
+gravitation and chemical affinity, crystallization and cell-growth,
+rule supremely in each of earth's kingdoms. But the constant
+aspiration of our hearts should be that the elements of earthiness
+within us, that militate against the expression of our highest ideals,
+shall hear and heed a juster rule than that of selfishness. For no
+outward act of legislation can usher in heaven's kingdom on the earth,
+in human institutions, until many individuals have by its inward
+presence been guided and illumined.
+
+For a sufficiency of material food from day to day, we rightly ask by
+the proper use of each faculty and member God has given us, to compel
+the earth to yield up its resources for our sustenance, which it would
+do in ample abundance for all, were it not for the inordinate greed
+and lust, or the gross lethargy, of that many-phased, still
+unhumanized beast that man has to conquer in himself. But happy is he
+who hungers for the manna of law and the bread of truth, whose prayer
+is a sincere desire to be so fed thereon that there shall be such
+strength in the muscles of his soul as shall make of him a power for
+good to all with whom he comes in contact.
+
+As to our enemies, we can no longer cherish feelings of resentment
+toward anyone, however they may misconstrue our purest motive, or
+malign our best intent. We see that every one must show, when tested,
+the exact degree of growth he has attained. Hence, the slander and
+persecution, the "all manner of evil" falsely arrayed against us, we
+apprehend as the necessary means to determine our fidelity to the
+truth to which we have pledged allegiance, and to prove that what is
+of good cannot come to naught though all the powers of earth and hell
+be set against it. To forgive, _aphiemi_, is to cause advancement, to
+bear away burdens. Thus we see it as an axiom that only as we aid the
+weak, instruct the ignorant, develop the undeveloped, can we receive
+in turn what we most need to carry us farther forward on the upward
+path.
+
+Lead us not into temptation, is what we silently say when our thought
+and action show that we have well learned the lessons that were for us
+in past trial and tribulation, and so order our course that the
+leading of His laws, by which alone God ever guides, brings to us joy
+instead of pain. Then, whatsoever may betide, as men count weal or
+woe, we see the gold pass from the fire freed from its base alloy.
+Then all the prayer is answered as with the eye of the prophet to whom
+the future is as now, we see the soul delivered from, born out of
+evil, _poneros_, which well represents the six days or epochs of
+labor, strife, and friction, of gestation in materiality, that precede
+and prepare the way for the Sabbath day to dawn.
+
+The word "amen" is a Hebrew term for faith, which it defines as a firm
+prop or support, a foundation that abides. It pictures to us faith,
+not as emotion or credulity, nor the mere belief in, or acceptance of,
+some formulated creed; but as that clear assurance of what the present
+will produce or what the future has in store, which can only come as
+we perceive how God, by laws immutable, has ruled throughout the past.
+And faithful prayer is oneness of the will of man with that of God,
+through knowledge of His laws and glad obedience thereto. Thus, this
+word, as a symbol, stands for that which is the first and last of all
+true prayer.
+
+The works of Jesus, like his words, were all of a symbolic character,
+in that each so-called miracle foreshadowed a result to be realized as
+a common heritage of men through the age-lasting evolution of the same
+intelligence that then produced the transient tokens of its presence.
+In the New Testament there are four words used, in the original Greek,
+which have been translated as descriptive of miraculous occurrences.
+
+Their basic meaning is as follows: 1, _dunamis_, power, energy, a
+faculty or ability to do; 2, _ergon_, a work, an arrangement in order,
+with purpose and skill; 3, _teras_, to turn, to resolve, to excite
+wonder or fear; 4, _semeion_, the word most frequently employed,
+indicates a sign, mark, or token by which a thing is shown, something
+used to represent something else. Our word "miracle" is often and
+erroneously used for a phenomenon supposed to have occurred outside
+the realm of law. Yet, in the strictest sense, the bursting of a blade
+of grass from out the ground, the conception and birth of any form of
+life, are as stupendous miracles, marks of creative power, as the mind
+of man can ever contemplate.
+
+The wise and great in any department of progress have always towered
+like gods above their fellowmen. The natural product of their lives
+has been a constant miracle to those about them. In spiritualizing the
+story of the prodigies performed by Jesus, we would not question the
+psychic power, transforming virtue of such an one as he, who was
+fitted to convey a re-creative influence to the world. But we would
+wish to show how far those phenomenal evidences of power and
+intelligence transcended the domain of mediumistic wonder-working or
+spiritistic occultism. This is easily accomplished as we continue to
+apply the same principle of interpretation that has already shown us
+that the supposed miraculous conception and birth of the Christ was
+but a consummation of the plan, and in obedience to the same laws by
+which the heavens were made, the earth begotten and born, mineral and
+vegetable kingdoms formed and sustained, animal life brought forth and
+evolved, and, finally, man progressively created in the image,
+according to the likeness of his God. Because the same spiritual
+nature that the typical man so perfectly embodied has been begotten in
+our souls and is seeking to express itself along the lines he pointed
+out, the truth, of which his so-called miracles were illustrative and
+prophetical, is made apparent. His walking on the sea of Galilee, or
+bidding its tempestuous waves be still, was not so marvelous a proof
+of power as has been the advancement of the principle he represented
+upon the seething ocean of humanity, causing the tumultuous tides of
+lust and passion, sin and ignorance to subside. The literal narrative
+of the miraculous draught of fishes vouchsafed to the disciples
+affords but a feeble symbol of the abundant life that has come to men
+and nations who have cast their nets, put forth their efforts, in
+obedience to the injunctions of the Law-giver of the New Testament.
+
+The wonder of the marriage-feast is re-performed as Christ attends the
+wedding of our souls to truth, that union which cannot by man be put
+asunder. As this takes place the water turns to wine; that within our
+mental make-up which before was unformed, unstable, in a condition of
+flux and change, becomes vivified with creative power, and bubbles and
+sparkles with newness of life and inspiration, refreshing and
+stimulating the soul with higher emotions and desires, imparting to
+the very cells and tissues of the body a reconstructive tendency to
+health.
+
+By the breaking of the bread of life, the hidden manna of the Word,
+the reality behind appearance, the multitude of faculties is fed and
+that unseen assembly nourished whose lives are linked with ours at
+this Lord's Supper of the soul. Blinded perceptions are restored to
+sight from day to day, and gifted with a constantly enlarging field of
+vision in the realm of truth and law. The understanding that was deaf
+vibrates with joy in response to the call of a salvatory science. The
+antitypes of palsied arm and crippled foot, which are the lack of
+power to do and of ability to advance in a higher, mental life, are
+healed by the transforming touch that makes its impress on the soul
+when first made conscious, that by its own free will its highest
+ideals are to become realities. Even those who have been so
+earth-bound and selfish as to be lifeless, cold, and dead to the
+knowledge of God and love to the neighbor are commencing to arise in
+answer to the spirit of the approaching altruistic age. Accompanying
+this present resurrection, the veil is being rent that for so long has
+intervened between this life and the next. And although no outward
+cloud is sundered for a personal Messiah to descend to rule as
+temporal prince, the denser fogs of a gross materialism are parting
+fast before the rising glory of that day whose dawn we see afar on the
+horizon. For the signs are many and are strikingly apparent that those
+splendid souls, the wisely great ones of the past, the saviors and
+educators of the race, are to co-operate with us in the formation of
+that kingdom and republic which their prophetic vision saw and fervent
+words foretold. Then, as a spiritual reality, will we understand the
+truth symbolized by the doctrines of the church concerning the
+resurrection of the dead and communion with the saints, as the first
+fruits of them that slept appear to us. And what is now prefigured by
+the phenomena and personations of modern spiritualism, will then
+become a blessed fact as our missing loved ones labor with us for our
+and their redemption and the good of all mankind. Had they been
+permitted, or were they able, to return for any other purpose, the
+result would be the furtherance of selfishness and materiality.
+Spiritualism, with its convincing tests of an unseen intelligence, and
+its crude communications, sustains the same relation to the angelic
+intercourse which it simulates, that the symbolic conversion, baptism,
+and bread and wine of the church bear to the organic experiences of
+a true life. They are all, alike, signs and forms, shadows cast before
+the substance drawing nigh, the Christ that is to be.
+
+Our present space will not permit us now to even touch upon, much less
+delineate, the all-important principles symbolized by the recorded
+martyrdom of Jesus, and the doctrine of atonement. But they, and all
+the eschatology of the Gospels, and with which the apocalyptic book of
+riddles is filled, will be readily unravelled as we still farther
+trace the working of those laws already seen, that are not restricted
+in their operation by relations of time and space, but govern through
+the ages the travail of the embodied or disembodied soul. Suffice it
+then to say that hell and heaven are not the names of _places_ to
+which the wicked or the good are called upon to go. Sheol, Gehenna,
+Hades, Tartarus, and the opposite Kingdom of God, are terms expressing
+symbolically the experiences and conditions of undeveloped and
+developed souls here as well as hereafter.
+
+
+
+
+THE TRUE POLITICS FOR PROHIBITION AND LABOR.
+
+BY EDWIN C. PIERCE.
+
+
+A vast body of American citizens have a deep concern in the temperance
+cause, and are bound in conscience to do their utmost to give early
+success to the movement for the legal suppression of the drinking
+saloon, which they rightly regard as the fountain of intemperance.
+Some of them are rich and some of them are poor. Some of them are
+conservative and some of them of radical tendency as to questions
+concerning wealth. They belong to the industrious, intelligent, moral,
+and patriotic reserves of the country. With them in sympathy is the
+motherhood of America. I think it is only fair to say, and that all
+social reformers should see, that the radical prohibition
+constituency--dispersed now in several political parties--is larger
+than the following commanded by any other single reform idea, and it
+is distinguished by exceptional persistency. There is also a large and
+increasing body of American citizens absorbed in what is called the
+labor question. Some of them are rich and some of them are poor. Some
+of them are also on the side of prohibition and some of them are
+hostile or indifferent.
+
+The labor question is the question of social justice, and no question
+can be higher than that. Stated in other terms, the labor question is
+the question of how to approximate more nearly to an equal
+distribution of wealth, not so much of the wealth already amassed by
+society as of the wealth that is to be produced by labor in the
+future. Now, while there are very few people who think that entire
+equality of fortune in this world is either possible or desirable;
+every free democracy will wish to work towards equality of social
+condition, looking forward to a glorious time when uninvited poverty
+shall be outgrown, when manhood shall be of more social weight than
+wealth.
+
+There is as much high moral sentiment put into the labor question
+to-day, as ever was put into any crusade against any form of
+oppression or evil.
+
+If, however, only the radicals with fixed convictions and unflagging
+zeal were counted, neither of these humane causes would have a
+majority of American voters. Deeply interested in both, I frankly
+confess that I do not believe either prohibition or labor can win
+alone. As we study our political history, we find that political
+issues are not carried except in combination, and as part of the
+policy of a political party to the cohesion and the power of which
+many issues and many forces contribute. We are not under the Swiss
+referendum; we are a representative republic, with two legislative
+chambers, each constituted in a peculiar way. Our national life is
+complex. To hold in party association the six millions or more of
+American men whose support, continued for years, is necessary to carry
+a great measure, requires the proper connection with the past, and
+trenchant dealing with the present which is full of imperious demands.
+Abraham Lincoln was not borne into the presidency in 1860 solely by
+the strength of the anti-slavery issue, but found necessary support in
+Pennsylvania from the committal of the Republicans to the protective
+principle, while in Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, and the West
+generally, he was greatly aided by the homestead issue. Several
+distinct issues have usually been involved in our presidential
+elections. Exceptions are presented by the victories of sentiment or
+tendency under the extraordinary leadership of Jefferson in 1800, and
+in the extraordinary demonstration for General Jackson and Democracy
+in 1828.
+
+Successful parties in the United States, as in England, have generic
+rather than specific names. Federalist, Democratic-Republican, Whig,
+Democratic, and Republican; all represent popular triumphs and
+administrations of the government. Anti-Masonic, Liberty, American,
+Free Soil, Greenback, Prohibition, Labor,--these party names represent
+no partisan victories. In the Cabinet of the first President of the
+Republic, Thomas Jefferson was Secretary of State, and Alexander
+Hamilton was Secretary of the Treasury. To each of them Washington
+submitted the question whether Congress had power to incorporate a
+bank. Jefferson, believing popular liberty safe only in a strict
+construction of the Constitution, denied the power to create a bank
+because no such power is expressed, or is strictly necessary to the
+exercise of any power expressly granted. Hamilton, believing that a
+liberal construction of the Constitution was essential to the
+development of America, answered that Congress had the power, that the
+power was incidental to the national character of the government. He
+construed the grant of "necessary" powers in these words: "It is a
+common mode of expression to say that it was necessary for a
+government or a person to do this or that thing, when nothing more is
+intended or understood than that interests of the government or person
+require or may be promoted by the doing of this or that thing. The
+imagination can be at no loss for exemplifications on the use of the
+word in this sense. And it is the true one, in which it is to be
+understood as used in the Constitution." The Supreme Court, quoting
+these very words with approval, has adopted Hamilton's construction.
+With the writing of those two opinions in the Cabinet of Washington,
+the enduring lines of party division in America were drawn. There
+ought to be early recognition of the fact, that in case a new party of
+the people shall be formed, a party determined upon reform of existing
+abuses and oppressions, upon the suppression of the liquor traffic as
+we know it, upon the overthrow of every semblance of plutocracy, upon
+opening to every child of the American democracy an equality of
+opportunity as yet unknown, resort must be had to those broad,
+liberal, and constructive constitutional doctrines which the existing
+Democratic party steadily opposes, and which the Republican party does
+not sufficiently apply for the benefit of the masses. It is the duty
+and opportunity of the prohibitionists to make such a party. A party
+going to Thomas Jefferson for a baptism of Democratic feeling, and
+content with no sprinkling, and to the school of Hamilton for its
+constitutionalism, can supplant the Republicans, and only such a party
+can meet the case of labor. The woollen manufacturers of Massachusetts
+have just remonstrated against further reduction of the hours of labor
+unless the reduction be uniform in all the manufacturing States, and
+they made the significant suggestion that Congress has power to
+establish uniform hours of labor. Congress does have that power as a
+part of the power to regulate commerce. The eight-hour day can only
+come in this country by act of Congress, and the construction that
+sustains such an act sustains national regulation of the liquor
+traffic. The general welfare of the Union is involved in each case.
+American industry is a unit so far as the interests of American homes
+require the rule of uniformity, and the home life of America is a unit
+so far as it needs that protection which, in order to be complete,
+must come from the national authority. I venture to suggest that one
+thing that has hindered the cementing of the alliance between labor
+and prohibition, is the tendency of the prohibitionists while
+recognizing the importance of labor problems to insist that
+prohibition must come first. The labor men will never go into any
+party that puts it quite in that way. Is it not sufficient to claim
+urgency for the prohibition issue, to say that no work should take
+precedence of prohibition in party performance? I think the time has
+come when this issue can be taken up by a political party and I
+recommend a party that shall declare for prohibition with the same
+emphasis with which the Republican party declared for protection in
+1884 and in 1888. I think, however, that the party that carries a bill
+for national control of the manufacture and traffic in liquors through
+Congress, to be signed by a President chosen with a knowledge of his
+prohibition principles, will have to have a good running mate for its
+prohibition issue. Yet I believe the prohibition plank in the platform
+of the great progressive party, lineally descending, would be the
+centre of attraction and of repulsion. I grant that. But the balance
+will be so kept that multitudes who take, at first at least, a
+livelier interest in some other measure which also is promoted by
+party ascendancy, will vote for partisan prohibition because it is the
+policy of the party of human progress with which they are keeping
+step.
+
+I refrain from going at length into a discussion of labor issues.
+Shall prohibitionists come out for State Socialism, shall they pledge
+themselves to make that economic nationalism which is now only a
+prophecy and an ideal, a political fact when they came into
+administration? No political party should do this. But the word
+socialism is a word of good meaning. It means fraternity, industry
+upon a Christian basis. In the discussion that impends in this
+country, concerning the rights and the wrongs of the wage-earners, and
+concerning the demands for relief, constantly growing louder, of the
+agricultural producing classes, the question arises in the mind at
+the outset, whether our policy, state and national, shall be based
+upon the _laissez faire_ doctrine, the "let alone" principle; or upon
+the principle of the intervention of public opinion through the agency
+of government to effect the ends of justice and of aid to the weaker
+classes whether by regulative laws, or by the assumption by the public
+(through local, state, or national government, as the nature of the
+case may require,) of such business or industrial enterprises as are
+natural monopolies or can be best performed by the people
+collectively. I say this question arises in the mind at the outset,
+but after all, it is, I think, not a question requiring much argument
+in this day of the world; because, although there are some men more
+busy with their own daily duties than attentive to the world's
+progress who are apt, from time to time, to raise this question,
+appealing in favor of the "let alone" principle, it is really a
+question already decided. The people both in England and in America
+have grown quite away from _laissez faire_ doctrine, the tendency is
+strong and constantly increasing in the direction of increase of
+governmental intervention to redress the social balance. I believe it
+is impossible that this tendency should be arrested. I believe it
+would not be in the interest of humanity to arrest it. There is a vast
+field for individualism, and in that field it is eminently useful.
+There is a field also for society, for the State. The needs of the
+people in this country to-day are such, the thought of the masses is
+advancing so rapidly in the direction indicated that no political
+party can long hold power that does not accept the socialistic
+tendency and prudently experiment in that direction. There is, in
+point of fact, no other possible direction in which society can move,
+and it cannot stand still. From the necessity for some intervention in
+aid of the weaker classes against the operation of the laws of demand
+and supply, it follows that "no class legislation" is not a good cry
+for a labor party.
+
+The land question should have a distinct recognition as a true reform
+issue, and while committal to the policy signified by the term single
+tax, in its entirety, should be avoided, land speculation and monopoly
+should be condemned as a monstrous evil, and against that evil should
+be directed such special taxation of land values as will check and
+ultimately destroy it, without too rudely disturbing existing values.
+
+Government ownership of railroads, telegraphs, and of the anthracite
+coal mines, should be favored.
+
+Gas, electric lights, and street railroads should be municipalized.
+
+Legislation, reducing gradually and prudently the hours of labor,
+should be given urgency.
+
+National aid to education, unwisely neglected by the Republicans, is
+strong with labor, and will be stronger the more it is discussed.
+Prohibitionists should advocate universal suffrage with universal
+education.
+
+Educational tests for the suffrage offer too easy a repose for the
+conservatism of wealth, and to advocate them is to touch the wrong
+note, that of distrust rather than trust in the masses. Stand with
+Jefferson for Democracy and education, not for education first and the
+ballot afterwards. Go to the magnificent oration of Wendell Phillips,
+"The Scholar in a Republic," for the courage and wisdom to say with
+that friend of prohibition and labor, that "crime and ignorance have
+the same right to vote that virtue has.... The right to choose your
+governor rests on precisely the same foundation as the right to choose
+your religion." "Thank God for His method of taking bonds of wealth
+and culture to share all their blessings with the humblest soul He
+gives to their keeping." "Universal suffrage,--God's church, God's
+school, God's method of gently binding men into commonwealths in order
+that they may at last melt into brothers." All attempts to identify
+prohibition or labor with free trade should be abandoned.
+
+No large extension of our market for manufactures in Spanish America
+or in other foreign countries is possible, if we are to reduce hours
+of labor, abolish child labor, call married women from factory to
+home, and raise wages in America, regardless of the effect upon the
+cost of production. Labor reform, the socialistic tendency require a
+rigid adherence to the protective system. But reliance upon the home
+market will not only make labor legislation possible, but will be
+economic wisdom as well, for by education, by suppressing the saloon,
+by shortening hours, by increasing wages, we can indefinitely increase
+the capacity of our own people to consume. The McKinley tariff will
+work out its own salvation; for the friends of labor or prohibition to
+attack it is a fatal mistake. Prohibition, labor reform, and
+protection are natural allies, and in the party of the future will be
+united. Whoever wishes to form a new party for prohibition and for
+labor, will do well to appropriate rather than discard the historic
+Republican issues. Let the reformers catch the Republicans bathing and
+steal their clothes, albeit they already have some garments of their
+own which are very good. If a Democrat, for the sake of temperance or
+labor, or any issue, will leave the Democratic party, he has outgrown
+the constitutional doctrines of that party, and will not cling to its
+economic theories. If he brings a traditional prejudice in favor of
+government by the masses rather than by classes, he brings what is
+needed. When the period of political readjustment, not yet surely
+begun, is over, the Republican party will have been supplanted by a
+party inheriting many distinguishing articles of its creed; but the
+Democratic party will remain as the party of obstruction, claiming
+descent from Jefferson but not the true representative of the eternal
+truths with which his name is associated. Around the anti-national
+idea the ultra-conservatives, the cormorants of society, the panderers
+to vice, the white-liners of the South will rally. The true Democrats,
+with a unanimity hitherto unknown, will appreciate the utility of the
+national idea and will demonstrate that our Constitution was indeed
+intended "to live and take effect in all successions of ages." The
+popular party, at once conservative and radical, will demonstrate by
+its habitual self-restraint, by its scrupulous regard for justice, by
+the honorable methods which it shall observe and exact, by its
+prudence in legislation, that the Democracy in the plentitude of its
+powers, is most truly conservative of all that vast store of good
+which the past hands down.
+
+
+
+
+SUNDAY AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.
+
+BY WM. H. ARMSTRONG.
+
+
+The question of closing on Sunday the gates of the World's Fair is one
+that not only interests our nation but also the nations of the world.
+
+On September 3, eighty members of the National World's Fair
+Commission, and one hundred members of the Board of Lady Managers,
+listened to the arguments of representatives of the American Sabbath
+Union for closing the World's Fair Sundays. The arguments for Sunday
+closing were presented by Col. Elliott F. Shepard, President of the
+American Sabbath Union; Rev. Dr. S. F. Scoville, President of Wooster
+University, Ohio; Rev. T. A. Fenley, Secretary of the Philadelphia
+Sabbath Association; Gen. O. O. Howard; Col. Alex. F. Bacon; Hon. L.
+S. Coffin; Rev. F. L. Patton, President of Princeton University; Dr.
+P. S. Henson of Chicago; and Mrs. T. B. Carse, as the representative
+of the W. C. T. U.
+
+On reading the addresses and petitions presented by the above named
+persons, I was surprised to see the diversity of names given to the
+first day of the week. Some called it "the Sabbath day," others
+"Sunday," while another class termed it "the _American_
+Sabbath"--_none of them having Bible authority for the names given_.
+This inadvertence might be excused if these gentlemen were not poising
+as moulders of public thought and teachers of Bible truth, while they
+are endeavoring to palm off Sunday upon the National Columbian
+Commission as a "holy day," for which they cannot produce Bible
+authority.
+
+Nowhere in the Bible can they find any command to keep Sunday as a
+"holy day," neither can they there find where the Jewish Sabbath was
+ever changed to the first day of the week--Sunday. This change was
+made by Constantine's edict, in 321 A.D., which was the first law
+either ecclesiastical or civil by which the sabbatical observance of
+Sunday was known to have been ordained. Does anyone claim that
+Constantine was inspired? The sabbatical observance of Sunday, as
+prescribed by Constantine, or of "the American Sabbath," as prescribed
+by statutory law, is yielding obedience to the commandments of man and
+not of God, and all their advocates are confronted with the Scripture:
+"But in vain they do worship me, teaching for doctrines the
+commandments of men." Matt. xv. 9.
+
+As Dr. Francis L. Patton, of Princeton University, was the only
+speaker who attempted to speak on the Biblical aspect of the Sunday
+question, I shall direct my remarks to him. The doctor is quoted as
+saying: "The Ten Commandments represent the high water mark of
+morality. The Jew had contributed the greatest feature of the
+civilization of the nineteenth century. The Sabbath had become the
+inheritance of every civilized nation. God had issued His command as
+to the observance of the Sabbath, and that command was imperative."
+These words would be more appropriate coming from a Pharisee, but when
+spoken by a Gentile claiming to be a minister of the New Testament, 2
+Cor. iii. 6, they come with bad grace, and are not in harmony with the
+Scriptures.
+
+The Ten Commandments made on Sinai were delivered to the Jews alone
+and never were intended for the Gentiles, for Paul said: "For when the
+Gentiles, which have not the law, do by nature the things contained in
+the law, these, having not the law, are a law unto themselves." Rom.
+ii. 14. An appeal to the law itself shows that it was always and only
+addressed to the house of Israel, "to you and your children, to your
+man servants, and maid servants, and to thy stranger that is within
+thy gates." It cannot be proven that God ever commanded a Gentile to
+keep the Sabbath. "The Ten Commandments," says Luther, "do not apply
+to us Gentiles and Christians, but only to the Jews." "A law," says
+Grotius, "obliges only those to whom it is given, and to whom the
+Mosaic law is given, itself declares: 'hear, O Israel.'"
+
+When the Gentiles first began to accept Jesus Christ, we read in Acts
+xv. that the Apostles, elders, and brethren at Jerusalem wrote them
+letters as follows: "Forasmuch as we have heard, that certain which
+went out from us have troubled you with words, subverting your souls,
+saying, Ye must be circumcised, and keep the law; to whom we gave no
+such commandment.... For it seemeth good to the Holy Ghost, and to us,
+to lay upon you no greater burden than these necessary things; That ye
+abstain from meats offered to idols, and from blood, and from things
+strangled, and from fornication: from which if you keep yourselves, ye
+shall do well. Fare ye well." Here is freedom for the Gentiles from
+the Ten Commandments and especially the observance of the Jewish
+Sabbath, the most valued of the ten.
+
+Romans ii. 14 plainly shows "the Gentiles had not the law," and this
+constituted a mark of distinction between Jew and Gentile. But had the
+law been also given to the Gentiles, the Jewish nation would not have
+been fenced off from the rest of the world by it. The very fact that
+they were a separate people under the law proves that their code was
+not a universal law. Paul said: "For I testify again to every man that
+is circumcised, that he is a debtor to do the whole law." Gal. v. 3.
+This is clear, only the circumcised Jew and proselyte was under the
+law.
+
+In favor of the Mosaic law, many advocates say that all municipal
+governments are based upon it; but this only proves that it is not of
+the Kingdom of Christ, because his kingdom is not of this world.
+Christ's law is the "ministration of Spirit" "the law of the spirit of
+life written in the heart." The Sinai law was the "ministration of
+death" written on stone. Moses' law only gave the knowledge of sin,
+Christ's law gives a far more exquisite knowledge of sin, and contains
+the remedy for its removal.
+
+We find, in Matt, xxviii. 18-20, and Mark xvi. 15-20, the final
+universal commission of Christ, his imperative orders to all teachers
+and preachers in the Kingdom of God. Everything else is excluded but
+Christ's Gospel, and _his commands_. They stand out against every form
+of sin, and they only are to be preached to sinners as a means of
+conviction and salvation, and to believers as their present rule of
+life; and to show that he is not subjected to, nor in need of any
+former code, he announces the fact that "All power is given me in
+heaven and earth." Here Christ sets up his supreme authority, removes
+all temporary systems, and demands subjection to _his own gospel and
+commandments_.
+
+It would have been more appropriate for the members of the American
+Sabbath Union, in their petitions to the National Columbian
+Commission, to subscribe themselves "many Israelites," for they preach
+the law of commandments more than the Spirit of the Lord, which is
+life and liberty. Paul describes them, viz.: "But their minds were
+blinded: for until this day remaineth the same vail untaken away in
+the reading of the Old Testament: which vail is done away in Christ.
+But even unto this day when Moses is read, the vail is upon their
+hearts. Nevertheless when it shall turn to the Lord, the vail shall be
+taken away." 2 Cor. iii. 14-16.
+
+Doctor Patton is credited with saying: "If the nation and fair should
+yield obedience to the fourth commandment they would be in a fair way
+to the other nine." I wish, while the doctor was speaking, that the
+Apostle Paul could have stepped in and delivered several of his old
+sermons such as he delivered to the Galatians who, as Christians, were
+trying to keep the law of Moses. I select a few of his observations,
+viz.: "Man is not justified by the works of the law. For as many as
+are of the works of the law are under the curse. But that no man is
+justified by the law in the sight of God, it is evident: for the just
+shall live by faith. And the law is not of faith. Wherefore the law
+was our schoolmaster to bring us unto Christ, that we might be
+justified by faith; but after faith is come, we are no longer under a
+schoolmaster. Christ is become of no effect unto you, whosoever of you
+are justified by the law; ye are fallen from grace. For all the law is
+fulfilled in one word, even in this; thou shalt love thy neighbor as
+thyself. But if ye be led of the Spirit ye are not under the law."
+Gal. ii. 16; iii. 10, 11, 12, 24, 25; v. 4, 14, 18.
+
+Paul also tells those "foolish Galatians": "But now, after ye have
+known God, or rather are known of God, how turn ye again to the weak
+and beggarly elements, whereunto ye desire again to be in bondage? _Ye
+observe days, and months, and times, and years._ I am afraid of you,
+lest I have bestowed upon you labor in vain." Gal. iv. 9-11. I can see
+how Paul would be also afraid of these Sunday agitators, as they spend
+much of their time in the observance-worship of days, months, times,
+and years.
+
+Under the old covenant God's laws were written on tables of stone,
+while under the new covenant we receive the promise, viz.: "This is
+the covenant I will make with them after those days, saith the Lord;
+I will put my laws into their hearts, and in their minds will I write
+them." Heb. x. 16.
+
+All who consider "remember the Sabbath day and keep it holy" applies
+to them, should keep the day in the exact manner prescribed for the
+Israelites. There are seventy-seven positive commands from God to the
+children of Israel regarding the keeping of the Sabbath day holy to
+Him. Now, I ask what Bible authority has Doctor Patton, or any of the
+Sabbath day advocates for ignoring or abridging any of these
+seventy-seven commands? To obey _the law_, no wood or water must be
+borne; no fire built; no victuals cooked; no domestic animals must be
+worked, even to drive to the house of worship. To do any of these were
+a violation of the fourth commandment. Is there a member of the
+American Sabbath Union who keeps the law for which they are clamoring?
+These agitators rush to Chicago, with petitions signed by hundreds of
+thousands, and say: "If the fair is opened Sunday it will force tens
+of thousands of employees to work Sunday," while their petitioners are
+forcing hundreds of thousands of their employees to do even extra work
+in getting up their best dinners for the clergy and visiting brethren
+on Sunday; this they do though the fourth commandment says: "Thou
+shalt have no work done," "that thy man servant and thy maid
+servant-may rest as well as thou." Deut. v. 12-14.
+
+No one can deny the necessity and benefit of man resting one day in
+seven; but when any set of men attempt to make our legal rest day "a
+holy day," and prescribe certain modes and forms of rest by demanding
+that the nation discard their newspapers, conveniences, and
+amusements--which are means of rest to the majority--because they call
+them sins if enjoyed on Sunday, it is in order for us to "speak out"
+and ask these reformers to produce their authority.
+
+No man has the right of dictating to another how he shall rest. What
+is rest for one man would be an unpleasant strain upon another; to
+illustrate: The church people, mostly the wealthy class who are not
+bound with labor's chains, can do as they please, enjoy all the
+amusements--the ball, theatre, lecture, concert, card-party,
+etc.,--throughout the week, so when Sunday comes it is a rest for them
+to ride to church, glide up the aisles, listen to the deep, solemn
+sounding tones of the organ, glance around at the rich toilets, hear
+a pleasing short lecture, greet friends, and return home for a _nice_
+dinner. The poor laboring man who has none of these things would feel
+out of place among all that culture, wealth, and luxury, so he must
+seek other diversions.
+
+The members of the American Sabbath Union remind one of the Scribes
+and Pharisees, who brought unto Jesus a woman taken in adultery and
+said unto him: "Now Moses in the law commanded us that such should be
+stoned, but what sayest thou?" Jesus, totally disregarding Mosaic law,
+said unto them: "He that is without sin among you, let him first cast
+a stone at her." So we can apply these words of Jesus to "the Sunday
+agitators"--as law breakers--and say unto them, he that is not
+breaking any of Moses' laws among you, let him first cast a stone at
+the managers of the World's Fair.
+
+When Jesus came bringing the light of the new covenant, he showed how
+unimportant was this question, for we cannot find in the New Testament
+where he ever recommended anyone to keep the Sabbath day holy. On the
+contrary, he and his disciples were accused of breaking the Sabbath by
+the hypocritical Scribes and Pharisees.
+
+"The poor we have always with us," and to alleviate as much as
+possible the misery of the less fortunate is one of the noblest
+missions of life. From dark, dust-begrimed habitations of a hot city
+comes a cry whose burden is "Fresh Air." So throw wide open the gates
+of the World's Fair on Sundays, that the wage worker may find rest and
+enjoyment; for the rich can rest when they please--the poor must take
+recreation when they can. Sectism is blinding humanity and turning
+them from the old pathway to Jesus, the Son of God, who came to save
+man from his sins. This "one day worship" is not enough, for God
+claims our services each and every day, as every day is given us by
+Him. God certainly must be jealous of nations to-day serving Satan six
+days in the week and then worshipping Sunday (Constantine's law) or
+Saturday (Moses' law) instead of Him. For their Sunday worship is
+mostly vain show and pomp, fashioned as a crowd bedecked for a
+theatrical performance, all of which is forbidden in the Bible (1 Tim.
+ii. 9-11), which they profess to follow.
+
+
+
+
+TURNING TOWARDS NIRVANA.
+
+BY E. A. ROSS.
+
+
+It needs no very long stay in Europe to detect a strange drooping of
+spirit. The rank corn and cotton optimism of the West quickly feels
+the deep sadness that lurks behind French balls, Prussian parades, and
+Italian festivals. Europe, when once you pry beneath its surface and
+find what its people are thinking and feeling, seems cankered and
+honeycombed with pessimism. You need go but a little way beyond the
+table d'hote and the guide book to feel the chill of despondency.
+Without taking into account this new mood, it is vain to try to
+understand the latest in art, music, fiction, poetry, thought,
+politics. The one word "despair" is the key that opens up the meaning
+of Ibsen's dramas, and Tolstoi's ethics, of Zola's novels, and Carmen
+Sylva's poems, of Bourget's romances, and Baudelaire's Fleurs du Mal.
+It is the spiritual bond that connects Wagner's operas with
+Turgenieff's novels, Amiel's journal with Marie Bashkirtseff's diary.
+Naturalism in fiction, "decadence" in poetry, realism in art, tragedy
+in music, scepticism in religion, cynicism in politics, and pessimism
+in philosophy, all spring from the same root. They are the means by
+which the age records its feelings of disillusionment.
+
+The broad basis of the sadness of Europe to-day is keen political
+disappointment. Forty years ago everybody hailed the policy of free
+trade, peace, and international exhibitions as ushering in the era
+
+    "When the war drum throbs no longer, and the battle-flags are furled
+    In the Parliament of mankind, the Federation of the World."
+
+As if in mockery of these hopes came that terrific relapse of
+civilization between 1855 and 1870. Then came a pause, and hope might
+have revived had not the war epoch left behind it a strange and
+appalling condition.
+
+No one so unfortunate as to live between the Bosphorus and the English
+Channel can view without dread the course Continental Europe has taken
+since 1870. The armies have increased until France and Germany alone
+have over six millions of soldiers. The Great Powers have now three
+armed men for every two of ten years ago. "Our armaments," says
+Premier Crispi, "are ruining Europe for the benefit of America." In a
+paper picked up in a Venetian café I read these lines:--
+
+     "Throughout Europe we now hear of nothing but smokeless powder
+     and small bore rifles, heavy ironclads and swift cruisers,
+     torpedo boats and dynamite guns. Europe seems hastening on to
+     that time foretold by General Grant when, worn out by a fatal and
+     ruinous policy, she will bow to the supremacy of peace-loving
+     America, and learn anew from her the lessons of true
+     civilization."
+
+Can we wonder that the European despairs? He finds himself aboard a
+train that seems speeding to sure destruction. Neither pope, nor
+churches, nor peace societies, nor alliances nor votes, can check its
+course. Nothing, it seems, can save Europe from the fatal plunge into
+the abyss of war. A shot on the Alsatian frontier, a plot hatched in a
+Servian barrack-room, or a riot in the Armenian quarter of
+Constantinople, may kindle a strife that may last, Von Moltke tells
+us, for thirty years.
+
+It is true that many alarms have proved false, but then it is the
+steady strain that tells on the mood. It is pathetic to see on the
+continent, how men fear to face the future. Public speakers dwell upon
+the glories of former times. The churches seek to revive the spirit of
+the Middle Ages. In schools there is immense interest in history,
+archæology, and the classics. The age yearns to lose itself in the
+past, and delights in _genre_ pictures of the naive olden time, or of
+life in remote valleys untouched by the breath of progress. No one has
+heart to probe the next decade, to ask, "Where shall we be in ten
+years,--in fifty years?" The outlook is bounded by the next Sunday in
+the park or the theatre. The people throw themselves into the
+pleasures of the moment with the desperation of doomed men who hear
+the ring of the hammer on the scaffold. Ibsen, applying an old
+sailor's superstition to the European ship of state, tells how one
+night he stood on the deck and looked down on the throng of
+passengers, each the victim of some form of brooding melancholy or
+dark presentiment, and as he looked he seemed to hear a voice crying,
+"There's a corpse on board!"
+
+With the growth of armies has come a gloomier view of life. The vision
+of the nations "lapped in universal law" has vanished, and the new
+phrase, "struggle for existence," seems to sum up human history. War
+has been raised to the dignity of a means of progress and killing has
+been consecrated by biology. Not long ago three noted men, Count Von
+Moltke, General Wolseley, and Ex-Minister Phelps, declared it vain to
+hope for a time when wars should vanish from the earth. In Germany the
+youth are filled with the brutal cynicism of Prince Bismarck. "Blood
+and iron does it," said a Berlin divinity student to me. "You can no
+more stop war than you can stop the thunderbolt when two clouds meet
+charged with opposite electricities." "No," said another, "Europe has
+too many people, too much pressure on the boundaries. There must be a
+war now and then to thin them out."
+
+With loss of faith in moral progress men have lost faith in political
+progress. The ideals of '48 are _passé_. Liberty, equality, and
+fraternity are exploded bubbles. The imperialism of Bismarck, the foe
+of popular government and champion of divine right, rules the hour. To
+the fighting type of society the politics of industrial democracy seem
+absurd. You cannot set up the hustings in an armed camp of
+twenty-eight millions. Kings and nobles, rank and privilege, police,
+spies, and censors--all those hoary abuses that roused the men of
+'48,--are deemed necessary to a strong military state. They are
+hallowed by the new phrase of political fatalism "historical
+continuity."
+
+This drift of thought cannot but lead to a despairing view.
+Civilization seems to have lost itself in a _cul-de-sac_. Progress has
+ended in an aimless discontent. The schools have produced, according
+to Bismarck, ten times as many overeducated young men as there are
+places to fill. The thirst for culture has produced a great, hungry,
+intellectual proletariat. The forces of darkness are still strong, and
+it seems sometimes as if the Middle Ages will swallow up everything
+won by modern struggles. The Liberal wonders at moments if he be not
+really fighting against destiny. Often in his _Culturkampf_ with
+Ultramontanism has he proved the truth of Gambetta's saying, "_Le
+clericalism, voila l'ennemi!_"
+
+Science, too, has had its share in disturbing men's minds. Science,
+during the last twenty years, has been most successful in studying the
+past. It has traced the origin of institutions and followed the upward
+path of man. It has lifted the veil of mystery. It says, "See, I can
+show you how our feelings arose. I will lay bare the root of modesty,
+of filial piety, sexual love, patriotism, loyalty, justice, honor,
+æsthetic delight, conscience, religion, fear of God. I will explain
+the origin of institutions like the household, the church, the state.
+I will show the rise of prayer, worship, sacrifice, marriage-customs,
+ceremonies social forms, and laws. Nothing is found mysterious,
+nothing unique, nothing divine. There is no need of looking for a
+stream of tendency, an influx from another source, the descent of a
+new power. The notion of a soul from a spiritual world encysted in
+customs and feelings developed upon it by nature, is a myth. Man is a
+formation. The race has accommodated itself to its environment as a
+stream to its bed. The manifold adaptation of Nature to man is really
+the adaptation of man to Nature. To marvel at it is as if the cake
+should marvel at the fit of the dough-pan. Everything in man is the
+outcome of forces and conditions still present with us. Man and his
+civilization are held suspended in protoplasm and sunlight. Let but a
+plague sweep us away to-day, and to-morrow would begin the second
+evolution of man."
+
+But science, not content with tracing institutions, has been analyzing
+personality. We see now that there can never again be such an orgie of
+the Ego as that led by Fichte and Hegel. The doctrines of transmission
+and inheritance have attacked the independence of the individual.
+Science finds no ego, self or will that can maintain itself against
+the past. Heredity rules our lives like that supreme primeval
+necessity that stood above the Olympian gods. "It is the last of the
+fates," says Wilde, "and the most terrible. It is the only one of the
+gods whose real name we know." It is the "divinity that shapes our
+ends" and hurls down the deities of freedom and choice. Science
+dissolves the personality into temperaments and susceptibilities,
+predispositions, and transmitted taints, atavisms, and reversions. It
+finds the soul not a spiritual unit, but a treacherous compound of
+strange contradictions and warring tendencies, with traces of spent
+passion and vestiges of ancient sins, with echoes of forgotten deeds
+and survivals of vanished habits. We are "possessed" not by demons but
+by the dead. These are in Ibsen's drama the real ghosts which throng
+our lives and haunt our footsteps, remorseless as the furies. We are
+followed by the shades of our ancestors who visit us, not with
+midnight squeak and gibber, but in the broad noonday, speaking with
+our speech, and doing with our deed. We are bound to a destiny fixed
+before birth, and choice is the greatest of illusions. The world is
+indeed a stage, and life is but a hollow ceremony, spontaneous enough
+to the eye, but wherein the actors recite speeches and follow stage
+directions written for them long before they were born. Thus science
+grinds color for our modern Rembrandts.
+
+The final blow to the old notion of the ego is given by the doctrine
+of multiple individuality. Science tells of the conscious and the
+sub-conscious, of the higher nerve centres and the lower, of the
+double cerebrum and the wayward ganglia. It hints at the many
+voiceless beings that live out in our body their joy and pain, and
+scarce give sign, dwellers in the sub-centres, with whom, it may be,
+often lies the initiative when the conscious centre thinks itself
+free. This _I_ is, no doubt, a hierarchy or commonwealth of psychical
+units that at death dissolves and sinks below the threshold of
+consciousness.
+
+It is plain, then, that the swift spread of science has brought men
+into a new universe. Few there are that can adorn the new home with
+ornaments saved from the old. For most men the universe which science
+tells of rises about them unsightly and barn-like, with bare walls and
+naked rafters, and until art can beautify the walls, and poetry gild
+the rafters, men will have that appalling feeling of being nowhere at
+home, that awful sinking as if the bottom were dropping out of all
+things.
+
+The last great motive to despair is supplied by Indo-German
+philosophy. Under the headship of Schopenhauer and Von Hartmann, there
+has grown up of late a black pessimism rooted in Hindoo thought, and
+allied to that strange exotic cult of Eastern religions that has
+enabled Neo-Buddhism to proselyte even in Christian Europe. Its
+success has been brilliant. In twenty years Hartmann's "Philosophy of
+the Unconscious" has reached its tenth German edition, entered all the
+great languages of Europe, and called forth a vast literature of its
+own. Thoroughly in touch with modern culture and gifted with a
+striking style, Hartmann is to-day, perhaps, the best read philosopher
+on the continent.
+
+Hartmann dwells upon the sorrow inherent in all existence. Happiness,
+whether expected in one's own life, in an ecstatic life beyond the
+grave, or in the far future of humanity, is an illusion. The breaking
+through this illusion is progress. Consciousness itself is built on
+pain. Life is an evil best cured by quenching the will to live. The
+world is a mistake--a stupendous blunder of the blind unconscious.
+From it there is no escape until the world is hurled back into
+nothingness by a supreme effort of the collective human will. To bring
+about this replunge into Nirvana is the goal of the world process. The
+vast scheme of nature, the slow growth of mind up the long scale of
+organic forms, the high intelligence that crowns the summit of
+life--all these exist to bring forth the pessimist. He alone has
+gained true culture, and reached a rational insight into the emptiness
+of existence. He alone has rent the veil of Maya and pierced the last
+illusion. His task is to waken humanity, now tossing on its bed of
+pain, from the spell of the great alluring world-dream. By showing the
+vanity of endeavor he is to still the fatal lust for life and bring
+all men to despair and longing for Nirvana. Thus does he become the
+true savior of mankind; for at this point the world, obeying the
+desperate resolve of the human race, will vanish utterly,
+
+    "And like the baseless fabric of a dream
+    Leave not a rack behind."
+
+The pessimistic temper of the age reveals itself in every field where
+mood finds utterance. Every book that makes a sensation does it by
+virtue of the phase of despair it presents. Every drama that creates a
+furore does it by uncovering some new tragic element in life. Anything
+optimistic falls flat. The literary men of Europe are recklessly
+underbidding each other in the attempt to show that life is sadder,
+or meaner, or baser, or emptier than had been supposed. The cynic and
+the pessimist share public attention. Not that European writers are
+insincere. The authors and thinkers themselves have been the first to
+feel the Zeitgeist. They have written as they have because they have
+found the melancholy view of life the most fruitful thing in recent
+culture. They have found it the richest in novelty, surprises, images,
+scenes, reflections, effects, and sensations. The worthlessness of
+life is an idea that agrees with science, meets the mood of the age,
+and fires the imagination of the artist.
+
+The French, Norwegian, and Russian realism of the last decade is the
+utterance of later pessimism. For the term "realism" describes
+something more than an art. It describes an ethical view. It means the
+conviction of Flaubert: "You may fatten the human beast, give him
+straw up to his belly, and gild his manger; but he remains a brute,
+say what you will." The realists are filled with the scientific
+notions of human nature. They base romances on psychology, physiology,
+or pathology. They study Darwin, and Spencer, and Ribot. They look
+constantly for the traces of the savage cave-dweller. The great
+masters,--Tolstoï, Zola, Ibsen, Maupassant, Flaubert, Gautier, Loti,
+Bourget,--as well as their swarms of disciples, are ever on the watch
+for marks of decadence, or for vestiges of the brute in man's
+instincts and passions. To the old romanticism of Victor Hugo they
+oppose blunt truth-telling and remorseless analysis. They spare no
+illusions. "Love, marriage, family," cries Tolstoi's hero, "are lies,
+lies, lies!"
+
+This same ethical spirit is shared by realism in art. A painter
+seeking in the work-house a model for his "job," an actress visiting
+the hospital to learn how to simulate dying,--these show the modern
+appetite for the morbid. Modern music, too, does not escape the times'
+spirit. The sad Titanic works of Wagner, the friend and disciple of
+Schopenhauer, bear witness to the mystical affinity of music and
+despair.
+
+Most of our great critics of life,--Saint Beauve, Carlyle, Matthew
+Arnold, Scherer, Amiel, Tolstoï, and Ruskin--have felt, or at least
+recognized, the powerful fascination of the new evangel of bafflement
+and despair.
+
+The hastiest glance at recent European poetry shows the prominence of
+the mystery of pain. Poetry from Byron, Leopardi, and Heine, to
+Pushkin and Carmen Sylva, Baudelaire and Matthew Arnold, has circled
+about the tragedy of suffering and disenchantment. Even Tennyson sadly
+asks in a recent poem:--
+
+    "What is it all, if we all of us end but in being our own
+        corpse-coffins at last,
+    Swallowed in Vastness, lost in Silence, drowned in the deeps
+        of a meaningless Past?"
+
+Since the time of Goethe, poetry has turned from Hellenic to Hindoo
+sources. Cultured Europe seizes with a strange eagerness on the
+sublime, dreamy conceptions that underlie Hindoo pantheism--Sansara,
+the unabiding pain-world; Nirvana world of rest and re-absorption; the
+deceptive veil of Maya, the wheel of life, the melting bubbles poured
+from the bowl of Saki, the Brahma fallen from unity and serenity into
+multiplicity and pain, the illusion of birth and death, the evil of
+all individual existence, the retreat from life, the euthanasia of the
+will and the return to non-existence,--these with their rich train of
+imagery thrill the jaded and _blasé_ European with a rare and profound
+emotion. Besides these spoils, the poet of to-day revels in the
+results of later metaphysics. The naïve balance of pleasure and pain
+is disturbed. Suffering becomes an almost supernatural fact hid in a
+halo of mystery, and is not to be blotted out by any quantity of joy.
+One single pang is enough to condemn the world as worse than
+nothingness. This inexplicable fact of suffering takes on a mystical
+meaning, and becomes thereby the pivot of a new faith. And so, as the
+altar lights of the old worship of sorrow grow dim, there rises the
+legend of a suffering unconscious.
+
+
+
+
+THE HEART OF THE WOODS.
+
+BY WILL ALLEN DROMGOOLE.
+
+
+Twilight fell softly over Beersheba, beautiful Beersheba. It is going
+into history now with its sad old fancies and its quaint old
+legends,--its record of happiness and of heartbreak,--those two
+opposing, yet closely interwoven _inevitables_ which always belong to
+a summer resort.
+
+But Beersheba is different from the rest, in that the railroads have
+never found it; and it goes into history a monument to the old days
+when the wealthy among the southern folk flocked to the mountains, and
+to Beersheba--queen of the hill country of Tennessee.
+
+The western sky, where it seemed to slope down toward Dan, had turned
+to gaudy orange; the east was hazy and dimly purple, streaked with
+long lines of shadow, resembling, in truth, some lives we remember to
+have noticed, lives that for all the sombre purple were still blotched
+with the heavier shadows of pain that is never spoken.
+
+It was inexpressibly lonely; true, a cowbell tingled in the distance,
+and now and then a fox barked in a covert of Dark Hollow, that almost
+impenetrable jungle that lies along the "Back Bone," a narrow, zigzag
+ridge stretching from Dan to Beersheba.
+
+Dan, modest little Dan, seven furlongs distant from queenly Beersheba,
+with its one artistic little house refusing in spite of time and
+weather, and that more deadly foe, _renters_, to be other than pretty
+and picturesque, as it nestles like a little gray dove in its nest of
+cedar and wild pine. A very dreamful place is Dan, dreamful and safe.
+
+Safe, so thought the man leaning upon the low fence that inclosed the
+old ante-bellum graveyard that was a part of Beersheba also. For in
+the olden days people came by families and family connections,
+bringing their servants and carriages. And those who died at Beersheba
+were left sleeping in the little graveyard--a quiet spot, shut in by
+old cedars and rustling laurel. A very solemn little resting-place,
+with the cedars moaning, and the winds soughing, as if in continual
+lament for the dead left to their care. Among the quiet sleepers was
+one concerning whom the man leaning upon the fence never tired of
+thinking, while he made, by instinct it seemed to him, a daily
+pilgrimage to her grave. It was marked by a long, narrow shaft,
+exceedingly small at the top. Midway the shaft a heart, chased out of
+the yellow, moss-stained marble, a heart pierced by a bullet. He had
+brushed the moss aside long ago to read the quaint yet fascinating
+inscription:--
+
+     "Millicent--April, 1862. 'Oh, Shiloh! Shiloh!'"
+
+He had heard the story of the sleeper underneath often, often. It is
+one of the legends now, of Beersheba. Yet he thought of it with
+peculiar interest, that twilight time, as he stood leaning upon the
+low fence while the sun set over Dan. His face, with the after-glow of
+sunset full upon it, was not a face in keeping with the quiet scene
+about him. It was not a youthful face, although handsome. Yet the
+lines upon it were not the lines made by time: a stronger enemy than
+time had left his mark there. _Dissipation_ was written in the ruddy
+complexion, the bloated flesh, and the bloodshot eye. The continual
+movement of the hand feeling along the whitewashed plank, or
+fingering, unconsciously, the trigger of the loaded rifle, testified,
+in a dumb way, to the derangement of the nervous system which had been
+surrendered to that most debasing of all passion, drink. He had sought
+the invigorating mountains, the safety of isolation, to do for him
+that which an abused and deadened _will_ refused to do. It is a
+terrible thing to stand alone with the wreck of one's self. It is
+worse to set the _Might-Have-Been_ side by side with the _Is_, and
+know that it is everlastingly too late to alter the colorings of
+either picture.
+
+His was an _hereditary_ passion, an iniquity of the father visited
+upon the son. Against such there is no law, and for such no remedy.
+
+He thought bitterly of these things as he stood leaning upon the
+graveyard fence. His life was a graveyard, a tangle of weeds, a plat
+of purposes overgrown with rank despair. He had struggled since he
+could remember. All his life had been one terrible struggle. And now,
+he knew that it was useless, he understood that the evil was
+hereditary, and to conquer it, or rather to free himself from it,
+there was but one alternative. He glanced down at the rifle resting
+against his knee. He did not intend to endure the torture any very
+great while longer. He possessed the instincts of a gentleman,--the
+cravings of a beast. The former had won him something of friends and
+sympathy,--and love. The latter had cost him all the other had won.
+For coming across the little graveyard in a straight line with the
+shadows of the old cedars, her arms full of the greens and tender wild
+blossoms of the mountain, was the one woman he had loved. She had done
+her best to "reform" him. The world called it a "reform." If reform
+meant a new birth, that was the proper name for it, he thought, as he
+watched her coming down the shadow-line, and tried to think of her as
+another man's wife; this woman he loved, and who _had_ loved _him_.
+
+He saw her stop beside a little mound, kneel down, and carefully
+dividing her flowers, place the half of them upon a child's grave. Her
+face was wet with tears when she arose, and crossing over to the tall,
+yellow shaft, placed the remainder of the offering at its base. She
+stood a moment, as if studying the odd inscription. And when she
+turned away he saw that the tears were gone, and a hopeless patience
+gave the sweet face a tender beauty.
+
+"'Oh, Shiloh! Shiloh!'"
+
+He heard her repeat the melancholy words as she moved away from the
+old shaft, and opening the gate he waited until she should pass out.
+
+"Donald!"
+
+"I couldn't help it, Alice. You are going away to-morrow; it is the
+last offence. You will forgive it because it _is_ the last."
+
+"You ought not to follow me in this way, it isn't honorable. See! I
+have been to put some flowers on my little baby's grave." She glanced
+back, as she stood, her hand upon the gate, at the little
+flower-bedecked grave where two months before she had buried her only
+child.
+
+"You shared your treasures with the other," he said, indicating the
+tall shaft.
+
+"I always do," said she. "There is something about that grave that
+touches me with singular pity. I feel as if it were _myself_ who is
+buried there. I think the girl must have died of a broken heart."
+
+"Have you never heard the story?" said Donald. "I suppose it might be
+called a broken heart, although the doctors gave it the more agreeable
+title of '_heart disease_.' It is very well for the world that doctors
+do not call things by their right name always. Now, if I should be
+found dead to-morrow morning in my little room at Dan, the doctors
+would pronounce me a victim of 'apoplexy,' or 'heart failure.' That
+would be very generous of the doctors so far as _I_ am concerned. But
+would it not be more generous to struggling humanity to say the truth:
+'This man died of _delirium tremens_,--killed himself with whiskey.
+Now you other sots take warning.'"
+
+"Donald Rives!" the sad eyes, full of unspoken pity, not unmixed with
+regret, sought his.
+
+"Truth," said Donald. "And truth, Alice, is always best. The world,
+the sick moral world, cannot be healed with falsehood. But the woman
+sleeping there--she has a pretty story. Will you wait while I tell
+it--you are going away to-morrow."
+
+She glanced down the road, dim with the twilight.
+
+"The others are gone on to Dan, to see the moon rise," she said
+hesitatingly.
+
+"We will follow them there in a moment," said Donald. "I have a fancy
+for telling you that story."
+
+He laughed, a nervous, mirthless kind of laugh, and slipped his rifle
+to his other hand.
+
+"She had a lover in the army, you understand. She was waiting here
+with hundreds of others until 'the cruel war should cease.' One day
+when there had been a great battle, a messenger came to Beersheba,
+bringing news for her. He brought a letter, and she came across the
+little court there at Beersheba, and received it from the messenger's
+own hand. She tore it open and read the one line written there. Then
+the white page fluttered to the ground. She placed her hands upon her
+heart as if the bullet had pierced her. 'Oh, Shiloh! Shiloh!' That was
+all she said or did. The ball from old Shiloh did its work. The next
+day they buried her up there under the cedars. The letter had but one
+line: 'Shot at Shiloh, fatally,' and signed by the captain of the
+company who had promised to send news of the battle. Just a line; but
+enough to break a heart. Hearts break easily, sweetheart."
+
+She looked at him with her earnest eyes full of tears.
+
+"Do you think hers broke?" she asked. "I do not. She merely went to
+him."
+
+"As I should go to you, if you were to die, because I cannot live
+without you."
+
+"Hush! I am nothing to you now. Only a friend who loves you, and would
+help you if she could, but she is powerless."
+
+"O Alice, do not say that. Do not give me over in that hopeless way to
+ruin. Do not abandon me now."
+
+"Donald," the voice was very low, and sweet, and--_strong_. "There was
+a time I thought to help you. I did my best and--failed. It is too
+late now. I am married. You who could not put aside your passion for
+the girl whose heart was yours, and whom you loved sincerely, could
+not, assuredly, put it by for the woman whose love, and life, and duty
+are pledged to another. Yet, you know I feel for you. You know what it
+is to be tempted, so alas! do I. Wait! stand back. There is this
+difference. You know what it is to _yield_; but I have that little
+mound back there"--she nodded toward the little flower-decked
+grave,--"the dead help me, the sleeper underneath is my strength. If
+_I_ were dead now, I would come to you, and help you. Do that which,
+living, I failed in doing. Come, now; let us go on and see yon moon
+rise over Dan. The others have gone long ago."
+
+They passed out, and the little gate swung to its place. The dead at
+Beersheba were left alone again. Left to their tranquil slumbers.
+Tranquil? Aye, it is only the living who are eager and unhappy.
+
+Down the shadowy road they passed, those two whose lives had met, and
+mingled, and parted again. Those two so necessary to each other, and
+who, despite the necessity, must touch hands and part.
+
+'Tis said God makes for every human soul a counterpart, a soul-helper.
+If this be so, then is it true that every soul must find its
+counterpart, since God does not work by half, and knows no bungling in
+His work. That other self is _somewhere_,--on this earth, or else in
+some other sphere. The souls are separated, perhaps, by death, or even
+by some human agency. What of that? Soul will seek soul; will find its
+counterpart and perform its work, its own half share, though death and
+vast eternity should roll between.
+
+They passed on, those two wishing for and needing each the other.
+Wishing until God heard, and made the wish a prayer, and answered it,
+in His own time and manner.
+
+At the crossing of the roads where one turns off to Dan, the mountain
+preacher's little cabin stood before them. Nothing, and yet it had a
+bearing on their lives. On his, at all events.
+
+Before the door, leaning upon the little low gate, an old man with
+white hair and beard was watching the gambols of two children playing
+with a large dog. The cabin, old and weatherworn, the man, the
+tumbledown appearance of things generally, formed a strange contrast
+with the magnificence of nature visible all around. To Donald, with
+his southern ideas of ease and elegance, there was something repulsive
+in the scene. But the woman was evidently more charitable.
+
+"Good evening, parson," she called, "we are going over to Dan to watch
+the moon rise."
+
+"Yes, yes," said the old man. "An' hadn't ye better leave the gun,
+sir? There's no use luggin' that to Dan. An' ye'll find it here 'ginst
+you come back."
+
+"Why, we're going back another route," they told him; not dreaming
+what that route would be.
+
+"You have a goodly country, parson," said Donald, "and so near heaven
+one ought to find peace here."
+
+"It be not plentiful," said the old man. "An' man be born to trouble
+as the sparks go upward. But all be bretherin, by the grace o' God,
+an' bound alike for Canaan."
+
+They passed on, bearing the old man's meaning in their hearts. All
+bound upon one common road for Canaan.
+
+Oh, Israel! Israel! the wandering in the wilderness still goes on. The
+Promised Land still lies ahead, and wanderers in earth's wilderness
+still seek it, panting and dying with none to strike a rock in Horeb.
+
+The Promised Land! what glimpses of that glorious country are
+vouchsafed, mere glimpses, from those rugged heights, such as were
+granted him, who, weary with his wanderings, sought Pisgah's top to
+die.
+
+Sometimes, when the mists are lifted and the sun shines through the
+rifted clouds, what dreams, what visions, what communion with those
+whom the angels met upon the mountain. They thought upon it, those
+two, as they passed on to Dan.
+
+To Dan, through the broad gate artistically set with palings of green
+and white. Under the sweet old cedars deep down into the heart of the
+woods, with the solemn mountains rising, grim and mysterious, in the
+twilight. Down the great bluff where the tinkle of falling water tells
+of the spring hidden in the dim wood's shadowy heart. The golden
+arrows of sunset are put out one by one by the shadow-hands of the
+twilight hidden in the haunted hemlocks. One star rises above the
+tree's and peeps down to find itself quivering in the dusky pool. A
+little bird flits by with an evening hymn fluttering in its throat.
+
+They stopped at the foot of the bluff and seated themselves upon a
+fallen tree, the rifle resting, the stock upon the ground, the muzzle
+against the tree, between them.
+
+Between them, the loaded rifle. She herself had placed it there. They
+had scarcely spoken, but words are weak; _feeling_ is strong--and
+silent. His heart was breaking; could words help _that_? It was she
+who spoke at last, nestling closer to him a moment, then quickly
+drawing back. Her hand had touched the iron muzzle of the gun--it was
+cold, and it reminded her. She drew her hands together and folded
+them, palm to palm, between her knees, and held them there, lest the
+sight of his agony drag them from duty and honor. She could not bear
+to look at him, she could only speak to him, with her eyes turned away
+toward the distant mountains.
+
+"Donald," her voice was low and very steady, "there are so many
+mistakes made, dear, and my marriage was one of them. But, the blunder
+having been committed, I must abide by it. And who knows if, after
+all, it be a mistake? Who can understand, and who dares judge God's
+plans? But right cannot grow from wrong. We part. But I shall not
+leave you, Donald. Here in the heart of the woods--"
+
+"Don't!" he lifted his face, white with agony. "Your suffering can but
+increase mine. Go back, dear, and forget. Our paths crossed too late,
+too late. Go back, and leave me to my lonely struggles. I shall miss
+you, oh, my beloved,--" the words choked him, "forget, forget--"
+
+"Never!" again she moved toward him, and again drew back. The iron
+muzzle had touched her shoulder, warningly. She still held her hands
+fast clasped between her knees. Suddenly she loosed them; opened them,
+looked at them; so frail, so small, so delicately womanly as they
+were. He, too, saw them, the dear hands, and made a motion to clasp
+them, restrained himself, and groaned. She understood, and her whole
+soul responded. The old calm was gone; the wife forgotten. It was only
+the _woman_ that spoke as she slipped from her place beside him, to
+the ground at his feet; and extended the poor hands toward him.
+
+"Donald, O Donald!" she sobbed. "Look at my hands. How frail they are,
+and weak, and white, and _clean_. Aye, they are clean, Donald. Take
+them in your own; hold them fast one moment, for they are worthy. But
+oh, my beloved, if they falter or go wrong, those little hands, who
+would pity their polluted owner? Not you, oh, not you. I know the
+sequel to such madness. _Help_ me to keep them clean. Help me--oh,
+help me!"
+
+She lifted them pleadingly, the tears raining down her cheeks. She,
+the strong, the noble, appealing to him. In that moment she became a
+saint, a being to be worshipped afar off, like God.
+
+"Help me!" She appealed to him, to his manhood which he had supposed
+dead so long the hollow corpse would scarcely hear the judgment trump.
+
+Her body swayed to and fro with the terrible struggle. Aye, she knew
+what it was to be tempted. She who would have died for that poor
+drunkard's peace. But that little mound--that little child's grave on
+the hill--"Help me!" She reeled forward and he sprang to clasp her.
+The rifle slipped its place against the log; but it was _between_ them
+still; the iron muzzle pointed at her heart. There was a flash, a
+sharp report, and she fell, just missing the arms extended to receive
+her.
+
+"O my God!" the cry broke from him, a wild shriek, torn from his
+inmost heart. "O my God! my God! I have killed her. Alice! oh, speak
+to me! _speak_ to me before my brain goes mad." He had dropped beside
+her, on his knees, and drawn the poor face to his bosom. She opened
+her eyes and nestled there, closer to his heart. There was no iron
+muzzle between them now. She smiled, and whispered, softly:--
+
+"In the heart of the woods. O Love; O Love!"
+
+And seeing that he understood, she laid her hand upon his bosom,
+gasped once, and the little hands were safe. They would never "go
+wrong" now, never. Even love, which tempts the strongest into sin,
+could never harm them now, those little dead hands.
+
+"In the heart of the woods." It was there they buried her, beside that
+broken-hearted one whose life went with the tidings from old Shiloh,
+in the little mountain graveyard in the woods between Dan and
+Beersheba.
+
+As for him, her murderer, they said, "the accident quite drove him
+mad." Perhaps it did; he thought so, often; only that he never called
+it by the name of accident.
+
+"It was God's plan for helping me," he told himself during those slow
+hours of torture that followed. There were days and weeks when the
+very mention of the place would tear his very soul. Then the old
+craving returned. Drink; he could forget, drown it all if only he
+could return to the old way of forgetting. But something held him
+back. What was it? God? No, no. God did not care for such as he, he
+told himself. He was alone; alone forever now. One night there was a
+storm, the cedars were lashed and broken, and the windows rattled and
+shook with the fury of the wind. The rain beat against the roof in
+torrents. The night was wild, as he was. Oh, he, too, could tear, and
+howl, and shriek. Tear up the very earth, he thought, if only he let
+his demon loose.
+
+He arose and threw on his clothes. He wanted whiskey; he was tired of
+the struggle, the madness, the despair. A mile beyond there was a
+still, an illicit concern, worked only at night. He meant to find it.
+His brain was giving way, indeed. Had already given way, he thought,
+as he listened to the wind calling him, the storm luring him on to
+destruction. The very lightning beckoned him to "come and be healed."
+Healed? Aye, he knew what it was that healed the agonies of mind which
+physics could not reach. He knew, he knew. He had been a fool to think
+he would forego this healing.
+
+He laughed as he tore open the door and stepped out into the night.
+The cool rain struck upon his burning brow as he plunged forward into
+the arms of the darkness. He had gone but two steps when the fever
+that had mounted to his brain began to cool. And the wind--he paused.
+Was it speaking to him, that wild, midnight wind? "'In the heart of
+the woods. O Love, O Love!'"
+
+There was a shimmery glister of lightning among the shadowy growth.
+Was it a figure, a form of a woman beckoning him, guiding him. He
+turned away from the midnight still, and followed that shimmery light,
+straight to the little graveyard in the woods, and fell across the
+little new mound there, and sobbed like a child that has rebelled and
+yielded. A soft presence breathed among the shadows; a soft presence
+that crept to his bosom when he opened his arms, his face still
+pressed against the soft, new sod. A strange, sweet peace came to him,
+such as he had never felt before, filling him with restful, chastened,
+and exquisite sadness. The storm passed by after awhile, and the rain
+fell softly--as the dew falls on flowers. And he arose and went home,
+with the chastened peace upon him, and the old passionate pain gone
+forever.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+But as the summers drifted by, year after year, he returned. He became
+a familiar comer to the humble mountain folk, where summer twilight
+times they saw him leaning on the parson's little gate, conversing
+with the old man of the "Promised Land" toward which, as "brethren,"
+they were travelling. Sometimes they talked of the blessed dead--the
+dear, dear dead who are permitted to return to give help to their
+loved ones.
+
+Aye, he believes it, knows it, for the old temptation assails him no
+more forever. That is enough to know.
+
+And in the heart of the woods in the dewy twilight, or at the solemn
+midnight, she comes to meet him, unseen but felt, and walks with him
+again along the way from Dan to Beersheba. He holds communion with her
+there, and is satisfied and strengthened.
+
+God knows, God knows if it be true, she meets him there. But life is
+no longer agony and struggle with him. And often when he starts upon
+his lonely walks, he hears the wind passing through the ragged cedars
+with a low, tremulous soughing and bends his ear to listen. "In the
+heart of the woods, O Love, O Love."
+
+And he understands at last how to those passed on is vouchsafed a
+power denied the human helper, and that she who would have been his
+guide and comforter now gave him better guardianship--a watchful and a
+holy spirit.
+
+
+
+
+EDITORIAL NOTES.
+
+
+PHARISAISM IN PUBLIC LIFE.
+
+The poisonous and corrupting influence of Pharisaism is noticeable in
+every strata of society, as vicious and odious to-day as when the
+great Galilean, with the supreme contempt of a pure and genuine soul,
+denounced in such withering terms those who pretended to be what they
+were not. Evil and repulsive as hypocrisy must ever appear, it assumes
+colossal proportions as a moral crime, when it masquerades in the
+robes of official authority, for nothing so surely undermines all
+respect for law in the mind of the masses as exhibitions of
+insincerity, inconsistency, and Pharisaism by those invested with
+power. The people are not so slow witted as the few who take pride in
+their superior brilliancy imagine. They quickly detect insincerity or
+hypocrisy; but unfortunately, they frequently do not discriminate
+between the offender and the office in the nation or the communion
+which he disgraces. Pharisaism within the Church, far more than
+assaults from without, has destroyed the old-time influence of
+theology over the popular mind; while the same results are clearly
+manifest in our political fabric. In the latter sphere, hypocrisy is
+doubly odious, in that while undermining the confidence of the people
+in law, justice, and government, it places far greater power in the
+hands of pretentious individuals than would be tolerated were it not
+for their profession of superior virtue, and thus enables persons who
+are of small moral stature, or who through defective training and
+unfortunate environment are thoroughly narrow and bigoted, to wield
+despotic power, often bringing swift and severe punishment on those
+far less guilty in the eye of the moral law than themselves. Believing
+as I do that Pharisaism is to-day one of the greatest evils which
+menace the stability of our government and the continued advance of
+civilization along the highway of enlightened progress, I feel it an
+urgent duty to frankly and freely discuss some notable recent
+illustrations which to unprejudiced minds take on the cast of
+Pharisaism, and are symptomatic of a condition which presages the
+moral decline of a nation. For if history teaches one lesson more
+impressively than another, it is that in which she emphasizes the fact
+that when Pharisaism becomes enthroned in power, when hypocrisy
+mantles insincerity and depravity, the soul of a people goes out; and
+though the form or shadow of former greatness may remain for a time,
+like the oak which remains standing after the tap-root has been eaten
+out, vitality, growth, and life have vanished.
+
+The first case which calls for attention is that of Joseph A. Britton,
+and it impressively illustrates the evils which will sooner or later
+come to any people who permit the Pharisaical element to arrogate
+authority, or who legalize the infringement of liberty by authorizing
+the establishment of a censorship of morals, especially when power is
+lodged in the hands of persons who have a penchant for delving in
+moral sewers, and are not hedged about with restrictions which make
+them legally responsible for wrong doing. Mr. Britton, it will be
+remembered, was long Mr. Comstock's closest counselor and most
+efficient aid. In the course of time, however, he withdrew from his
+former commander in order to establish an association somewhat similar
+to that presided over by Mr. Comstock. Such societies will naturally
+ever prove very alluring to men of a certain class, owing to the
+unwarranted power given to individuals, by which they are enabled to
+persecute those in no way guilty of crime, and who, after innocence is
+established, have no redress for the great expense and wrongs
+inflicted by the irresponsible censorship. The new organization was
+styled "The Society for the Enforcement of Criminal Law," and Mr.
+Britton has been from its inception its leading spirit. About a year
+ago, exercising a power, which, if permitted at all, should always be
+confined to a responsible judiciary, he caused the arrest of the
+president of the American News Company, for selling some of the works
+of Count Tolstoi and Balzac.[2]
+
+      [2] Commenting on this outrage, the New York _Herald_ said
+          editorially:--
+
+          "We have had too much of this meddling business--rummaging
+          the mails for the books of a conscientious writer like
+          Tolstoi, suppressing the poems of one of the gentlest and
+          noblest of writers, Whitman, and now taking a gentleman to
+          the Tombs for having on his shelves a copy of Balzac.
+          _American readers are not children, idiots, or slaves._ They
+          can govern their reading without the advice of Mr. Comstock,
+          Mr. Wanamaker, or this new supervisor of morals named
+          Britton--a kind of spawn from Comstock, we are informed, and
+          who begins his campaign for notoriety by an outrage upon Mr.
+          Farrelly."
+
+The courts promptly dismissed the case, but Mr. Farrelly had no
+redress for the expense, the harassment, and lost time incident to
+this unjust arrest. Since then Mr. Britton has had much trouble with
+the courts and officers of law, who thoroughly distrust the man.[3]
+He, however, has been posing as a virtuous martyr, declaring that the
+police and judiciary are all subsidized: that it is impossible for him
+to suppress the crimes of gamblers, saloon keepers, and the
+proprietors of disorderly houses on account of the officers being in
+collusion with the offenders. It is proper to state also that
+counter-charges have been freely made in the daily press, and this
+gentleman who assumes the role of one peculiarly fitted to unearth and
+punish sinners, has been charged with using his office for
+blackmailing purposes. Of the truth or falsity of the charges I know
+nothing, but the latest revelation relating to Mr. Britton's career
+certainly gives color to some of the charges which have been made
+against him. It seems that while sincere and innocent persons who
+mistakenly support these mischievous organizations by freely giving
+hard earned dollars to such persons as the gentleman in question,
+vainly hoping that their contribution will aid in exterminating
+gambling, Mr. Britton has been recklessly _indulging in gambling
+himself_. For a time fortune favored him. He won, and drew the money,
+but later, luck deserted him and our pseudo-reformer lost quite
+heavily. [4]Being pressed for the amount of his gambling debts,
+aggregating $1,085, he gave a check which his creditor, Mr. Robt. G.
+Irving, alleges was returned as worthless. He then gave notes, the
+first two of which have come due but have not been paid; consequently
+his creditor now seeks redress in the courts. Mr. Britton, probably
+feeling that his usefulness as a censor of morals will be seriously
+impaired by this unfeeling revelation, displays considerable
+indignation while admitting his guilt. He says in the column of one of
+the New York dailies:--
+
+     "_I have one weakness. Even the very strongest minded men will
+     bet on horses. I do it. I admit it._ But why do they pick on me?
+     Nobody notices the corruption of officials, but when the Agent
+     for the Enforcement of Criminal Law bets on horse races and
+     defaults on his debts, everybody sets up a howl."
+
+      [3] In the New York _Morning Advertiser_ of September 10,
+          Mr. Britton thus denounces the judiciary of the empire
+          city:--
+
+          "The police are down on me, but I am not afraid of 'em. I
+          can prove that the police force is subsidized to wink at
+          crime. Nine tenths of the crime in New York is under police
+          protection. I can prove it, and I could begin with the
+          inspectors and captains. Oh, I'd strike high. I don't go
+          into the courts and prove it, because every judge in this
+          city, and I don't make a single exception, is subsidized."
+
+      [4] The _Morning Advertiser_ of Sept. 10, 1891, thus records
+          Mr. Britton's embarrassing position:--
+
+          Joseph A. Britton is agent of the New York Society for the
+          Enforcement of the Criminal Law. Agent Britton has become so
+          absorbed in the enforcement of the criminal law that he has,
+          it is said, forgotten that there is a civil law, and
+          defaulted on the payment of _betting debts_. His creditor,
+          in the sum of $1,085, is Robert G. Irving, a bookmaker, who
+          has tried to collect the debt since last fall, and failing
+          has resorted to the courts.
+
+          According to Irving, Agent Britton, upholder and advocate of
+          the majesty of the law, placed some bets with him, won, and
+          drew his winnings. Then Britton continued to bet, on credit,
+          and lost; but, _instead of settling in hard cash, gave a
+          check, which the bank stamped N. G. when presented. Finally,
+          Britton exchanged three notes for the worthless check_, but
+          the first two notes have fallen due, and have proved as
+          worthless as the check. So the case is on the court docket.
+
+          Agent Britton admits the debt, and its nature.
+
+And this is a specimen of the men which a Christian people are
+supporting and encouraging, owing to their loud and pharisaical
+protestations of superior virtue. The words spoken by the great
+Nazarene teacher, and which ring down the corridor of the ages, apply
+to-day as aptly as when in old Judea he said, "Woe unto you, scribes
+and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye are like unto whited sepulchres,
+which indeed appear beautiful outward, but are within full of dead
+men's bones and of all uncleanness. Even so ye outwardly appear
+righteous, but within ye are full of hypocrisy and iniquity."
+
+Another instance of the evil of clothing Pharisaism with power was
+forcibly illustrated in the recent prosecution of the Rev. J. B.
+Caldwell, editor of _Christian Life_. This noteworthy case illustrates
+most painfully the fact that an innocent and noble-minded man, who has
+committed no crime, is liable to be arrested as a common felon and
+placed at great expense, though perfectly innocent, as was the case in
+this instance. Yet in spite of this great crime the wronged man has no
+redress, while the real criminals, they who caused the persecution of
+the innocent, are in no way amenable to the law. This case also
+emphasizes the danger flowing from Pharisaism, in its liability to
+persecute those who criticise it. The possibilities of evil from this
+source cannot be over-estimated, for it looks toward the suppression
+of free thought and an untrammeled press and the establishing of a
+moral, political, and religious despotism. Briefly stated, the facts
+in the case of the Chicago editor are as follows: In November of 1889,
+Mr. Caldwell published an earnest plea for Marital Purity, by Rev. C.
+E. Walker, a Congregational minister of good standing. The paper was
+not coarse or repulsive, but an earnest plea for one of the most vital
+and noble reforms imaginable. No notice was taken of this publication
+by either Mr. Comstock's agent in Chicago, by Mr. Comstock, or the
+postal authorities. Month after month passed, yet no notice was taken;
+at last more than six months after the publication of Rev. C. E.
+Walker's paper, the editor of _Christian Life_ criticised the action
+of the anti-vice society and the postal department in the case of Mr.
+Harman. After this, however, the publication of Mr. Walker's paper
+seemed to assume in the eyes of our censors of public morals criminal
+proportions, and Mr. Caldwell was arrested, one of the chief charges
+being the circulation of the paper on "_Marital Purity_," _published
+in November, 1889. He was arrested in October, 1890, almost a year
+after the publication of the paper objected to by the censors._ Now
+there are two points emphasized in this case which are worthy the
+serious consideration of thoughtful people. If the post-office
+inspector at Chicago, or Mr. Comstock, or if the postal department at
+Washington regarded this paper published in November, 1889, as obscene
+and believed it came within the limits of the law, why did these three
+argus-eyed censors of public morals wink at the offence for _eleven
+months_ and take no step against the editor, _until after he had
+condemned the post-office department and the anti-vice society_? If
+they were right in taking action, _almost a year after the offence_,
+were they not guilty of _culpable neglect_ in paying no attention to
+it for ten months, or until _after_ they had been criticised by Mr.
+Caldwell? From the _Christian Life_ I clip a few lines which are
+important as bearing upon this point:--
+
+     (1.) The Attorney-General at Washington advised, _after_ reading
+     the Harman criticism, to place the case in the hands of the
+     District Attorney. (2.) The case was known to the
+     Postmaster-General and to Mr. Comstock, and these men were
+     appealed to in vain to stop the prosecution. (3.) Mr. Comstock,
+     in a letter to the _Woman's Journal_, characterized the mailing
+     of _Christian Life_ as violation of the law, _and this before the
+     trial occurred_.
+
+If Mr. Comstock, as his letter to the Woman's Journal indicates,
+regarded the mailing of _Christian Life_ a violation of the postal
+laws, why was no notice taken of it by him or his Chicago agent for
+almost a year? _Why this culpable dereliction of duty_ until _after_
+the anti-vice society and the postal department had been criticised by
+Mr. Caldwell? It matters not, for the point I wish to emphasize,
+whether the persecution of Mr. Caldwell, was, as appearances would
+lead one to infer, a retaliatory stroke in punishment for presuming to
+criticise the postal department and anti-vice society, or whether the
+censorship was asleep for the space of ten months and only chanced to
+wake up after the editor pointed out the iniquity of their proceedings
+in a case where they had shown _uncalled-for vigilance_. The fact as
+shown forth indicates the power and possibilities for evil inherent in
+an enactment which _permits_ any censorship to wield such power
+without _attaching severe penalties in the event of its being unjustly
+wielded_, for sooner or later, unless these safeguards are present,
+evils of the gravest character will follow.
+
+The other serious evil which this case most signally emphasizes,
+cannot be too frequently or strongly stated, and that is, the cruel
+wrong, the great injustice which a citizen of this republic may
+suffer, when perfectly innocent, while those who have persecuted him
+and are guilty of a serious offence before the moral law, escape
+unscathed. Thus, we find in this case, after many months of weary
+suspense, months of harassment and anxious thought, and after being
+put to an expense which to one in Mr. Caldwell's circumstances was
+very large, when his case came up for trial before one of the ablest
+judges in the city, it was promptly dismissed, the judge ruling that
+the defendant had not violated the law, as had been charged. He was
+allowed to go forth a free man, but he had no redress against those
+who had unjustly persecuted him. He was in no way recompensed for the
+_money which he had had to expend to establish his innocence_, or paid
+for the _great anxiety and harassment of soul he suffered_. The
+spectacle of an innocent man robbed by the process of law of his money
+and peace of mind, yet left with no redress, is humiliating to every
+person who loves justice. A nation may sometimes err on the side of
+mercy with safety, but no government _can afford to be guilty of a
+palpable injustice even to one of her humblest citizens_.
+
+Still another illustration of Pharisaism comes to my mind, a case
+peculiarly deplorable, because the individual stands so high in the
+councils of our nation, as well as occupies so prominent a seat in the
+Christian synagogue. I refer to the case touched upon by Mr. Fawcett
+in his admirable essay on a "Gambler's Paradise." Probably thousands
+of persons who had applauded the Postmaster-General's persistent
+efforts to crush out lotteries, were amazed beyond measure on seeing
+in the metropolitan press, day after day, statements to the effect
+that the Postmaster-General had speculated heavily in Reading stock,
+and was losing vast sums. The press even went so far as to intimate
+that his credit was no longer good, and so general was the impression
+that telegrams from different portions of the country were received,
+inquiring if this high official had failed. To those who had fondly
+believed that the Postmaster-General was actuated _solely_ by a
+sincere desire to destroy gambling in his active crusade against the
+lotteries, these uncontradicted statements from Wall Street came as a
+rude awakening,--a most painful revelation; for evil as lotteries
+are, in common with everything that fosters a love for chance and the
+mania for gambling, it could not be truthfully urged that the lottery
+was nearly so pernicious in its influence, as that great maelstrom of
+moral death, that realm of professional gamblers,--Wall Street. The
+lottery took from one to ten dollars from thousands of pockets
+monthly, and was a positive evil, in that, while taking these small
+sums, it fostered the appetite for gambling. But Wall Street is ever
+sweeping away numbers of fortunes, incidentally driving many of its
+victims to the suicide's grave, some to State's prison, and in a
+hundred other ways is it poisoning life, and interfering with the
+happiness of thousands; more, its baleful influence touches most
+intimately tens of thousands, who in no way are responsible for its
+existence.
+
+As has been justly observed by a recent thoughtful writer: "The
+lottery is legalized in only one State in the Union, but gambling in
+grain is legalized in every State. The lottery is a small evil indeed
+compared with the speculation shark, who gambles on the price of the
+very bread our wives and children eat, and puts our daily bread in
+pawn to squeeze an added cent out of the palm of poverty. No one has
+to buy a lottery ticket, and it is a man's own act if he takes the
+chances of that game, but bread for his little ones he has to buy and
+in doing so is at the mercy of the gambler."
+
+Another phase of Wall Street speculation which makes it vicious above
+other methods of gambling, is seen in the fact that the kings of the
+street when they engage in a well matured deal, play with "loaded
+dice." There is no chance so far as they are concerned. When these
+highly respectable gamblers who are worth many millions quietly
+arrange a movement which will greatly increase their holdings they
+deliberately set to work to mislead the public. Coolly and with the
+deliberation of master minds they deceive the "street;" and as a
+result, ruin to many attends success to the few, while with every such
+movement lives go out in darkness, reputations are ruined, and
+families are reduced from affluence to penury. Even at the very time
+when we were informed by the daily press that the Postmaster-General,
+through the manipulation of the "little wizard," was losing enormous
+sums of money, more than one man was driven to suicide by the sudden
+turn in affairs and one or more banks were forced to the wall. How
+many happy homes were wrecked, and men of moderate fortunes were
+reduced to penury by this well-directed stroke of Mr. Gould, will of
+course never be known, and if the Postmaster-General had chanced to be
+on the side of the wizard in this gambling deal, would he not have
+been morally responsible for a share of the wreck and ruin wrought?
+Nay, more, was he not, as an active participant in this great game of
+chance, morally responsible to a certain degree? Is there any
+essential difference between gambling by spending ten dollars for a
+lottery ticket or ten thousand dollars in railroad stock, which you
+have been led to believe will be bulled to a fictitious value and
+which you hope to be able to unload on some one else at an enormous
+advance? In each instance it is purely a game of chance for all save
+those who are within the Wall Street ring, who control sufficient
+money and stocks to dictate the course of the game and to whom there
+is no risk. The Louisiana lottery is a positive evil, a cancerous sore
+on the body politic. But Wall Street is a far greater evil; it is a
+cancer whose roots have already fastened upon the vitals of our
+political, educational, and religious institutions; an evil which
+nothing can remedy, save a political revolution of the great earnest
+masses of our people. The pulpit is abashed in its presence because so
+many leading lights and pillars in each wealthy congregation are
+connected with the "street," which is the polite way of designating
+"gamblers" who delve in stock speculation. The press, with honorable
+and noble exceptions, wink at this great plague spot, while loudly
+crying for laws to correct comparatively harmless evils. The political
+parties depend too much upon the kings of the "Street" for the sinews
+of war in great campaigns, to lift a voice against it. The "Saloon"
+and the "Street," two colossal curses, cast their swart and portentous
+shadow over the palaces and hovels of a great nation, yet by virtue of
+their power, the Church and State, the clergy and the politicians,
+remain silent or temporize in their presence. The Republic needs
+to-day, as never before, true men in every official station,--men who
+are clean, conscientious, frank, and upright; men who, while strictly
+honorable and pure in life and action, are also broad-minded,
+tolerant, and large-brained; men unswayed by partisanship or bigotry;
+statesmen rather than politicians; and, above all, men that are in no
+wise tainted with Pharisaism.
+
+
+CANCER SPOTS IN METROPOLITAN LIFE.
+
+Some months ago I wrote of a phase of wretchedness in our great
+cities, which I designated "Uninvited Poverty." I confined myself to
+the examination of those who may be properly designated the helpless
+victims of adverse fate. There are other phases of misery, however,
+which result from sin, on the part of the immediate sufferers. In my
+former paper I spoke of suffering where the wretchedness sprang from
+sin at the head of the social fountain. But I now wish to notice
+especially misery, degradation, and moral eclipse, resulting directly
+from giant evils, which are tolerated in all our large cities, though
+known to every thoughtful person, from judge to artisan, from
+clergyman to sexton, from editor to reporter, from wealthy matron to
+the humble sewing woman. Every earnest thinker knows that there are
+evils feeding the furnaces of physical, mental, and moral destruction;
+that there are flourishing nurseries, common schools, and universities
+of crime, degradation, and death. Yet the great churches slumber on,
+their melodious chimes call the self-satisfied to cushioned seats
+where are heard expositions of ancient lore and legends of a vanished
+past, with incidental and general reference to the conditions of
+to-day, enabling the children of wealth, who vainly imagine they are
+the disciples of Jesus, to spend a comfortable hour and perchance
+contribute to carrying the Gospel to some nature-favored heathen land,
+never as yet cursed by rum and other evils which flourish with
+tropical luxuriance in all civilized countries, and which ever follow
+with blighting, corroding, and life-destroying influence in the wake
+of our boasted modern civilization. Two great evils confront every
+thoughtful American citizen to-day. One the _oppression of the poor
+and the unfortunate_; the other, _the omnipresent cancer spots in
+metropolitan life_, the infection of which is reaching the highest
+circles of Boulevard society and penetrating the cellars of the
+tenement houses. Recently a little work has been published which deals
+chiefly with what we may term the "cancer spots of social life" in one
+of America's great cities.[5] It is prepared by an earnest Christian
+gentleman, who has had a committee of conscientious men and women
+investigating the actual conditions in the social cellar of Chicago.
+The author states that his purpose is not to show that Chicago is an
+exception to the general rule in regard to poverty, crime, or
+degradation. He merely desires to indicate deplorable facts as they
+exist in this great city to show how dire destitution is working havoc
+with the children of men almost under the shadow of the palaces of
+those who profess to be Christians. He cites as an illustration of the
+extreme poverty in Chicago the fact that when the compulsory education
+law went into effect, the inspectors found in the squalid region, a
+great number of children so destitute, that they were absolutely unfit
+to attend school; decency forbidding that the sexes in _far more than
+semi-nude condition should mingle in the school-rooms_, and although a
+number of noble-hearted ladies banded together and decently clothed
+_three hundred of these almost naked boys and girls_, they were
+compelled to admit the humiliating fact that they had only reached the
+outskirts, while the great mass of poverty had not been touched. A
+faint idea of the extent of poverty in this one city may be gained
+from the following facts from the record of one of the city police
+stations.
+
+      [5] Chicago's Dark Places.
+
+On one night last February, _one hundred and twenty-four_ destitute
+homeless men begged for shelter in the cells; of this number
+_sixty-eight were native born Americans_. The station was so crowded,
+that in _one cell, eight by nine and a half feet, fourteen men passed
+the night_, some standing a part of the night, while others lay packed
+like sardines. After a time, those on the floor exchanged places with
+the poor creatures who had been standing. The following incident
+related is as typical as it is pathetic: An old man, cold, homeless,
+destitute, not knowing where to lay his head, was seen to take a
+shovel and deliberately break a window in a store opposite a police
+station. He was immediately arrested. "What did you do that for?"
+demanded the officer. "'Cos I was hungry and cold and knew if you got
+me I could have food and shelter." He was taken care of _after_ he had
+broken the law. There is something radically wrong with social
+conditions which compel men who find every avenue from exposure and
+starvation closed, to become lawbreakers in order to live. Some months
+ago, one of the Chicago dailies instituted an inquiry to find out as
+nearly as possible the number of men out of work in that city; the
+returns gave a total of 40,000 adults who had nothing to do. In
+connection with this fact I quote from the author of "Chicago's Dark
+Places":--
+
+     At a meeting of the Trades Association a motion was made to the
+     effect that the Association request the mayor of the city and the
+     director of the World's Fair to issue a proclamation declaring
+     that the city was flooded with idle men, and warning the
+     unemployed of other cities and districts not to come here as
+     there was not work for them.
+
+     The following morning a reporter waited upon the mayor and asked
+     him what he would do if the resolution were presented to him. His
+     immediate reply was to the effect that he would gladly issue such
+     a proclamation, especially mentioning the fact that there were
+     20,000 unemployed men in the city already.
+
+     Now look at the two statements, and you see the awfulness of the
+     fact, no matter which estimate is accepted as correct. Suppose
+     you strike a balance between the two (although the Trades
+     Association inclines to believe the _Globe's_ figures are the
+     more accurate), and you have the appalling assurance that 30,000
+     unemployed men are wandering through the streets of this city
+     seeking work. Even granted that the mayor's conservative estimate
+     is most correct, the fearful fact still remains that our peace is
+     menaced by twenty thousand men who have not the necessary work to
+     earn their daily bread.
+
+     These facts most conclusively refute the statements too often
+     made that "men won't work," and "there's work enough if men are
+     only willing to do it." Such is not the truth. I can find you
+     many instances where good, steady workmen have offered to the
+     foremen of certain establishments $10, $25, and even the whole of
+     the first month's wages if they would find them employment.
+
+One laboring man being interrogated by one of the commissioners who
+gathered the facts for the author of this work, replied to the
+question, "What can you say for those who won't work, who are commonly
+called the 'bums of society'?" in such a thoughtful and suggestive way
+that I give his words verbatim.
+
+     "Let me ask, What is a bum? As a rule, you will find him to be a
+     creature degraded by circumstances and evil conditions. Let me
+     illustrate. A man loses his job by sickness or some other
+     unavoidable cause. He seeks work, and I have shown you how
+     difficult it is to find it. He fails time and time again. Is
+     there any wonder that he grows discouraged, and that, picking up
+     his meals at the free lunch counter, sleeping in the wretched
+     lodging houses, associating with the filthy and degraded, he,
+     step by step, drifts further away from the habits of integrity
+     and industry that used to be a part of himself? He sinks lower
+     and lower until, overcome by circumstances, he is at the bottom
+     of the social ladder,--at once a menace and a disgrace to the
+     city. Instead of blaming and condemning him, poor fellow, we
+     should look at the circumstances that made him what he is, and
+     endeavor to remedy them."
+
+It is not, however, with the uninvited poverty which flourishes in
+every great city of America that the work chiefly deals. It paints
+most thrillingly the darker and more terrible side of social
+conditions; where crime and debauchery mingle with poverty; where
+every breath of air is heavy with moral contagion. I have only space
+to notice briefly two of the great evils described,--the saloon and
+the disreputable concert halls, as these seem to me the greatest
+curses touched upon.
+
+
+THE SALOON CURSE.
+
+First in the list of crime-producing, soul-destroying evils of
+metropolitan life, rises the saloon, the deadly upas of the nineteenth
+century civilization, the black plague of moral life. In Chicago there
+are about 5,600 saloons. During the year ending March 1, 1891,
+observes the author of "Chicago's Dark Places," the expenditure for
+beer in Chicago alone was not less than forty million dollars
+($40,000,000). He continues:--
+
+     "The population is about 1,200,000. This gives an average
+     expenditure _for beer alone_ of $33.25 for every man, woman, and
+     child in Chicago, and these results are gained after the most
+     conservative figuring. This would give over fifty-three gallons
+     of beer to be consumed by each man, woman, and child in the city.
+
+     "We are told that Germany is a great _beer_-drinking country, and
+     yet the official statistics for 1888 show that in Germany only
+     twenty-five gallons per capita were drunk. Our estimate for
+     Chicago shows more than double that per capita.
+
+     "Let us look now and see what this immense sum of $40,000,000
+     annually spent in beer might do for this city if wisely expended.
+     It would supply to 40,000 Chicago families an income of $1,000 a
+     year, or over $83 a month.
+
+     "Where would our Chicago poverty be, if $40,000 families were
+     each spending in legitimate trade $83 a month? Workmen would be
+     in demand, and business would so increase as to make Chicago in
+     ten years the leading city on this continent; or, take this money
+     and spend it directly in building beautiful new homes for the
+     workingmen of this city, and what should we see?
+
+     "Fourteen thousand commodious cottages built at a cost of $2,500
+     each, on lots which, bought in acreage in a suburban district,
+     could be deeded to the workingmen at $180 each, and these,
+     together with a check for another $180, given to each family to
+     help in furnishing the houses they owned. What an aggregation of
+     domestic happiness in home life, and all for the money spent in
+     beer for one year alone.
+
+     "Now, if Chicago's expenditure for _beer only_ amounts to
+     $40,000,000 we may safely say that for all kinds of intoxicating
+     beverages, including wines and distilled liquors, Chicago spent
+     last year upwards of eighty millions of dollars. Is there any
+     limit to the great good that could come to the city with this
+     amount expended in proper channels?"
+
+Another well-taken point is the _lawlessness of the saloon power_. It
+is essentially a law-defying, crime-breeding, and disorder-producing
+element, a terrible arraignment, yet no one can question the truth of
+the last two charges, while its lawless character is seen in the facts
+set forth in this volume wherein it is shown, (1) that the Brewer's
+Association pays the costs of all the suits and defends all of its
+members, _whether they have violated the laws or not_. (2) The saloons
+are required to close on Sunday, yet a large number totally ignore the
+law, running every Sunday. (3) They are required not to sell to minors
+without a written order from parents or guardian, and yet there are
+thousands of saloons which pay no attention to this requirement. (4)
+They are forbidden to harbor women of bad repute, and yet we are
+informed that one saloon in Chicago keeps from twenty-five to forty
+harlots, while in hosts of other saloons special arrangements are made
+for the gratifying of all forms of nameless immorality which springs
+from lust fed and inflamed by rum.
+
+The influence of the saloon on the young is one of the most serious
+phases of the many-sided evils of the liquor traffic. All persons who
+know anything about the effect of strong drink freely indulged in,
+know that like opium, it weakens when it does not destroy the moral
+nature; it wipes out the line of moral rectitude from mental
+discernment; it feeds the fires of animal passion as coal feeds a
+furnace; it drys up the soul and shrivels the higher impulses and
+nobler aspirations of its victims. Yet we are told that in a saloon
+under one of the newspaper offices in Chicago one night, _fourteen
+boys and girls from fourteen to seventeen years of age_ were seen to
+enter; and to show that this is an evil by no means confined to
+Chicago, facts gathered from other reliable sources are cited from
+which we find that nine hundred and eighty-three young men and boys
+were seen to enter nineteen saloons in Albany, Indiana, one evening
+_within one hour and a half_. On a certain evening in Milwaukee _four
+hundred sixty-eight persons were seen to enter a single saloon, most
+of whom were young men and boys_.
+
+The question is often asked how it is that society tolerates such a
+confessed violator of law and order as the saloon has demonstrated
+itself to be. If an individual defied the law as a large number of the
+saloon keepers do, he would be quickly punished. Nay, more, if a poor,
+starving man steals a loaf of bread to appease his gnawing hunger, or
+to save the life of his starving family, he is sent to prison, _that
+the majesty of the law may be vindicated_. But when a saloon-keeper
+breaks the law in keeping open on Sunday in selling liquor to minors,
+or in making his saloon a rendezvous for women of bad repute, nothing
+is said because (1) of the moral apathy throughout the web and woof of
+Christian society; (2) professing Christians are more loyal to
+party-hacks and demagogues than they are to their own homes and their
+country, (3) the saloon is a unit in its voting strength, loyal to its
+tools and relentless to its foes, and the voting power of the saloon
+element in any great city when united with the voting strength of the
+Christian element in either of the great parties, turns the scales for
+the minions of the rum power. Let me illustrate. In Chicago there is
+about 5,600 saloons. These saloons will average not less than two
+voters to the saloon, the proprietor and the bar-keeper; as a matter
+of fact, I expect four votes would come nearer the correct figures, as
+numbers of saloons have several bar-tenders. But placing the number at
+two, we have a voting strength of 11,200. Now each one in this army
+can surely influence _four persons_, many can influence from six to
+ten votes, but placing the figures at four, we have the enormous total
+of 44,800 voters to be added to the 11,200 engaged in the traffic,
+giving a startling aggregate of 56,000 voters, which the saloon power
+can count on with reasonable certainty, when any measure affecting its
+interests is to be acted upon, or when persons are to be elected who
+can enforce or ignore laws enacted to restrict the liquor evil. This
+argument presented to the political parties is usually irresistible;
+they simply permit the saloon element to dictate its policy and its
+candidates. And against this army of home destroyers, this solid
+battalion of evil, this power which prostitutes political integrity,
+destroys virtue, breeds crime, fills prisons with victims and homes
+with misery, and requires the expenditure on the part of the
+government of millions of dollars in punishing the criminals and the
+paupers it annually makes,--I say against this army engaged under the
+banner of the rum traffic, what counteracting opposition is springing
+from the home loving, the upright and pure-minded citizens of our
+great cities? What concerted action is the church with her tens of
+thousands of communicants putting forth? It would be an easy matter to
+thwart the allied power of rum, if a few persons in every church and
+every society for ethical improvement were ablaze with moral
+enthusiasm, and wise enough to adopt lines of action similar to those
+successfully carried out by the liquor interest. For example: Suppose
+in every church four or six earnest men and women form a league for
+the protection of the home; let them secure the pledge of every voter
+in the church who has love for his fellow-men and respect for decent
+government, that he will vote for no man for any office who patronizes
+the saloon, who fraternizes with the liquor element, or who is
+supported by the rum shops, and that he will use all honorable means
+to further good government, by seeking the advancement to office of
+pure and upright citizens. Something like that would be all that would
+be necessary for the general membership to sign. Then let each league
+appoint an executive committee of three or five to act precisely as do
+officers in an army, to confer with the executive committee of other
+leagues to _secretly_ arrange _or map out a campaign_, and to give
+commands to the army. It would be an easy matter to poll the saloon
+vote in such a way as to ascertain exactly where it stood in cases
+where there was a question as to the position of candidates, after
+which the word could be given that no votes be cast for the choice of
+the saloon element. I am speaking now chiefly of municipal elections,
+as they most intimately affect the saloon power in our great cities.
+If something like this policy was followed, and every church had its
+active league, it would not be long before there would be enrolled on
+the side of pure government and true morality, an army far eclipsing
+in strength and number the rum element, an army that could easily turn
+the balance of power into the hands of high-minded citizens, who would
+enforce the laws with equal justice, without fear or favor. I merely
+throw out this as a hint of what might be accomplished, because it has
+become fashionable for good but easy-going people to dismiss these
+matters with the remark that nothing practical can be done to meet the
+demoralizing and degrading power of the saloon.
+
+
+HOT BEDS OF SOCIAL POLLUTION.
+
+Chicago has many dark places, not the least among which are the low
+theatres, the concert halls, and other similar resorts where
+immorality nourishes as it flourished in Rome during that long moral
+night when Messalina dragged down an already debauched court to
+unspeakable debasement, when Nero thirsted for blood and wallowed in
+the sewers of moral degradation, and when Domitian's frightful cruelty
+only equaled his gross sensualism. The saloon, the black plague of
+nineteenth century life, overlaps all other degrading evils, its
+miasma of death fills every rendezvous of degradation, and until its
+ever increasing power is checked, nay, more, until its power in
+American politics is broken, other allies in crime, debauchery, and
+moral death will flourish. By the side of the rum curse flourishes, as
+our author points out, the low theatres and concert halls, but he
+wisely observes that these places must not be confounded with the
+first-class and reputable houses, whose managers are ceaselessly
+striving to entertain and elevate their patrons. Music may be made one
+of the most inspiring and ennobling agencies, while the theatre holds
+a power for the education and elevation of the masses possessed by few
+other popular agencies, for it appeals simultaneously to the eye, the
+ear, and the heart of the people. It possesses the power of educating
+while it entertains, it may be made to elevate while it amuses. I am
+profoundly convinced that Victor Hugo was right when he claimed that
+the theatre held possibilities of the widest and most far-reaching
+character for the education and enlightenment of the masses; and when
+the leaders of moral thought and reform work come to realize this,
+they will call to their aid this most powerful agent for touching,
+thrilling, and swaying the heart of the people which a noble cause can
+summon. But while the possibilities for good possessed by the theatre
+are well-nigh inestimable, its capacity for evil is no less marked. In
+many of our large cities to-day low theatres and concert-halls,
+masquerading under the robes of respectability, are feeding all that
+is vilest and most repulsive in life. In these places in Chicago there
+are nightly enacted practically above board the same revolting scenes
+which marked the lowest depths of human debasement in the day of
+Rome's greatest depravity. To feed the rum-inflamed lusts of men, the
+managers of these craters of bestiality and depravity have nightly
+exhibitions which mark the nadir to which abandoned womanhood can
+sink. No one can enter those dens of infamy without inhaling the
+contagion of moral death. The records of the commissioners who
+investigated the concert halls and low theatres sickens one much as
+the frightful revelation of Mr. Stead sickened while it appalled the
+civilized world. And let it be remembered that this unutterable social
+depravity is flourishing in a city richly jewelled, with magnificent
+temples dedicated to Deity; a city which contains the moral power to
+quickly banish her monstrous evils, if the conspiracy of silence be
+broken and the leaders of thought be brave and wise enough to boldly
+move in concert against the great forces which every thoughtful man
+and woman admit are, more than aught else, the source of social
+demoralization, crime, and human degradation. If the Church has any
+mission worthy of serious thought at this juncture of civilization,
+that mission is to overcome these evils, to cleanse society of these
+plague spots, and avert the spread of that moral degradation which,
+unless checked, will as surely sap away the life of our Republic as it
+has destroyed proud civilizations of older days.
+
+
+THE POWER AND RESPONSIBILITY OF THE CHRISTIAN MINISTRY.
+
+When one turns from a view of the magnitude of these giant evils,
+fostered by our social conditions, to a contemplation of the great
+moral power resting in the hands of the Christian ministry, he may
+well ask whether the nineteenth century clergy of the palatial, stone,
+heaven-piercing, turreted temples are not _materialists_, on whose
+souls the life and teachings of their reputed Master work no greater
+spell than they did with the Sadducees of old, who regarded that great
+life, burning at white heat with moral enthusiasm and holy love, as a
+troublesome interloper, a disturber of religion and society worthy of
+death. With a few noble exceptions,--who are bravely battling for
+justice, for the poor, and for the light to be thrown into the dark
+places, our city clergymen merit arraignment at the bar of
+civilization for burying their talents, for trifling away the power
+which has been given them as standard bearers of the cause of human
+brotherhood and universal justice; for truckling to wealth and
+cringing before a cynical and supercilious element who, by an unhappy
+chance, wield some influence and succeed in making the superficial
+imagine they represent popular sentiment and culture. It is a crying
+shame to-day, that with the magnificent intellectual power and
+influence swayed by the great divines who preside over the wealthy
+temples of Boston, there should be such frightful wretchedness within
+cannon shot of their churches and the homes of their wealthy
+parishioners; or that with the brilliancy and power represented in the
+pulpit of Chicago, there should be such iniquity flourishing
+unrestrained as depicted in "Chicago's Dark Places." Whether the
+clergy can be aroused to recognize its duty and be touched by the
+world of wretchedness and sin sufficiently to dare to assail our
+present evil condition, is a question of vital importance, inasmuch as
+it wields a vast moral influence. Unto the clergy much has been given,
+and if its members believe the impressive declaration of their great
+Leader, from them much will be demanded. _Their responsibility is as
+great as their apathy is marked_; an indifference which springs from
+timidity or ignorance. If from timidity or fear that honesty of
+thought and a brave unmasking of evil conditions would cost them their
+positions, they have no right to bear aloft the banner of Him who
+rejected all life's comforts, all honor of the rich and cultured,
+respect, power, and popularity; who, turning His back at once on ease
+and conventional thought, chose to live without a roof, save the azure
+dome, that by mingling among the poor, the sin-diseased and miserables
+of his people, He might ease their suffering, bring sunshine into
+their darkened and wretched abodes, and lift them from the sewers of
+animality into the pure health-giving and soul-inspiring atmosphere of
+true spirituality. If on the other hand (and I believe this is the
+chief reason), our clergymen are _ignorant of the deep degradation and
+the dire want_ which is flourishing within cannon shot of their homes,
+they are treating with culpable contempt the life and teachings of
+Jesus, who constantly mingled with this class, never weary in seeking
+to aid them, and who taught so solemnly and impressively that His
+mission was "_to seek and to save those who were lost, to preach the
+Gospel to the poor, to heal the broken hearted, to preach liberty to
+the captives, and opening the prison to them that are bound, and to
+comfort all that mourn_."
+
+
+WHAT THE CLERGY MIGHT ACCOMPLISH.
+
+If the clergymen of our great cities would carry out the example set
+by their Master, would refuse to take the words of those who are
+blinded and callous by conventional thought and the indifference which
+comes to sordid natures long accustomed to mingle with wretchedness,
+and themselves frequently visit the exiles of society in the cities
+where they dwell; if its members would for one day in each week visit
+the miserables of society, I doubt not that _the pulpit would soon
+become a most powerful battery of moral power and light_, which would,
+in a surprisingly short time, revolutionize our conditions, so that in
+the place of thousands of people, sandwiched in dens of indescribable
+squalor, we would see healthful apartment houses; instead of horrible
+drinking dens and rendezvous of degradation and debauchery,
+flourishing and rank as tropical forests, we would find temperance
+eating-houses; social club houses where every evening the poor man and
+his family could spend an hour, looking through the paper of the day,
+enjoying the illustrations and the intellectual worth of our
+periodical literature, or, if they chose, hear in other rooms lectures
+or charcoal talks dealing with practical pictures of life, of history,
+travels, social problems, and other themes of value, and where at a
+very moderate price healthful and nutritious food could be enjoyed.
+Well-supported industrial schools would also blossom where now only
+here and there we find a school struggling for existence and
+handicapped for want of means for its proper carrying on.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX TO THE FOURTH VOLUME OF
+
+THE ARENA.
+
+
+  Æonian Punishment., 209.
+
+  Allen. Rev. T. Ernest, Spencer's Doctrine of Inconceivability., 94.
+
+  Another View of Newman., 475.
+
+  Armstrong. William H., Sunday and the World's Fair., 730.
+
+  Austrian Postal Banking System. The, 468.
+
+
+  Baxter. Sylvester, The Austrian Postal Banking System., 468.
+
+  Bellamy. Rev. Francis, The Tyranny of all the People., 180.
+
+  Better Part. The, 104.
+
+  Bismarck in the German Parliament., 670.
+
+  Bixby. Prof. James T.,
+    Doubters and Dogmatists., 683.
+    Evolution and Christianity., 55.
+
+  Blavatsky. Mme., at Adyar., 579.
+
+  Boughton, Prof. Willis, University Extension., 452.
+
+  Bradsby. H. C., Leaderless Mobs., 570.
+
+  Brook. The, 122.
+
+  Buchanan. Prof. Jos. Rodes, Revolutionary Measures and Neglected
+      Crimes., 77, 192.
+
+
+  Campbell. Helen, The Working Women of To-day., 329.
+
+  Cancer Spots in Metropolitan Life. 760.
+
+  Castelar. Emilio, Bismarck and the German Parliament., 670.
+
+  Chambers. Julius, The Chivalry of the Press., 25.
+
+  Chandler. Lucinda B., The Woman Movement., 704.
+
+  Chivalry of the Press. The, 25.
+
+  Conflict between Ancient and Modern Thought in the Presbyterian
+      Church. The, 253.
+
+  Conway. Moncure D., Madame Blavatsky at Adyar., 579.
+
+
+  Davis. C. Wood, Should the Nation Own the Railways?, 152, 273.
+
+  DeBury. Mme. Blaze, The Unity of Germany., 257.
+
+  Decade of Retrogression. A, 365.
+
+  Dickinson. Prof. Mary L., Individuality in Education., 322.
+
+  Divorce Colony. The Sioux Falls, 696.
+
+  Doubters and the Dogmatists. The, 683.
+
+  Dromgoole. Will Allen,
+    The Better Part., 104.
+    Old Hickory's Ball., 373.
+    A Grain of Gold., 621.
+    The Heart of the Woods., 744.
+
+
+  Education. Individuality in, 322.
+
+  Edwards. Amelia B., My Home Life., 299.
+
+  Emancipation through Nationalism., 591.
+
+  Epoch-marking Drama. An, 247.
+
+  Era of Woman, The, 375.
+
+  Evening at the Corner Grocery. An, 504.
+
+  Evolution and Christianity., 55.
+
+  Extrinsic Significance of Constitutional Government in Japan., 440.
+
+
+  Fashion's Slaves., 401.
+
+  Fawcett. Edgar,
+    Plutocracy and Snobbery in New York., 142.
+    A Paradise of Gamblers., 641.
+
+  Flammarion. Camille, The Unknown., 10, 160.
+
+  Flower. B. O.,
+    Society's Exiles., 37.
+    Optimism Real and False., 125.
+    The Pessimistic Cast of Modern Thought., 127.
+    An Epoch-marking Drama., 247.
+    The Present Revolution in Theological Thought., 249.
+    The Conflict between Ancient and Modern Thought in the Presbyterian
+        Church., 253.
+    The Era of Woman., 382.
+    Fashion's Slaves., 401.
+    Religious Intolerance To-day., 633.
+    Social Conditions under Louis XV., 635.
+    Pharisaism in Public Life., 754.
+    Cancer Spots in Metropolitan Life., 760.
+    The Saloon., 763.
+    Hot-beds of Social Pollution., 766.
+    The Power and Responsibility of the Christian Ministry., 767.
+    What the Clergy Might Accomplish., 768.
+
+  French Republic. Some Weak Spots in, 561.
+
+
+  Gærtner. Dr. Frederick, The Microscope., 615.
+
+  Garland. Hamlin,
+    A Prairie Heroine., 223.
+    An Evening at the Corner Grocery., 504.
+    Mr. and Mrs. James A. Herne., 543.
+
+  Grain of Gold. A, 621.
+
+
+  Harben. Will N., He Came and Went Again., 494.
+
+  Harvest and Laborers in the Psychical Field., 391.
+
+  Hassell. R. B., The Independent Party and Money at Cost., 340.
+
+  Hawthorne. Julian, The New Columbus., 1.
+
+  Healing through the Mind., 530.
+
+  Heart of the Woods. The, 744.
+
+  He Came and Went Again., 494.
+
+  Heiress of the Ridge. The, 114.
+
+  Herne. Mr. and Mrs. James A., 543.
+
+  Holmes. Oliver Wendell, 129.
+
+  Hot-beds of Social Pollution., 766.
+
+
+  Independent Party and Money at Cost. The, 340.
+
+  Individuality in Education., 322.
+
+  Inter-Migration., 487.
+
+  Irrigation Problem in the Northwest. The, 69.
+
+
+  Leaderless Mobs., 570.
+
+  Lodge. Hon. Henry Cabot, Protection or Free Trade, Which?, 652.
+
+  Lorimer. Rev. Geo. C., The Newer Heresies., 385.
+
+  Lowell. James Russell, 513.
+
+
+  Madame Blavatsky at Adyar., 579.
+
+  Manley. Rev. W. E., Æonian Punishment., 209.
+
+  Martyn. Rev. Carlos D., Un-American Tendencies., 431.
+
+  McCrackan. W. D., The Swiss and American Constitutions., 172.
+
+  Microscope. The, 615.
+
+  Myers. Frederic W. H., Harvest and Laborers in the Psychical Field., 391.
+
+  My Home Life., 299.
+
+
+  Nationalism. Emancipation through, 591.
+
+  Nationalism. The Tyranny of, 311.
+
+  Negro Question. The, 219.
+
+  New Columbus. The, 1.
+
+  Newer Heresies. The, 385.
+
+  Newman. Another View of, 475.
+
+  New Testament Symbolisms., 712.
+
+  Nirvana. Turning toward, 736.
+
+
+  Oishi. Kuma, Extrinsic Significance of Constitutional Government in
+      Japan., 440.
+
+  Old Hickory's Ball., 373.
+
+  Optimism. Real and False, 125.
+
+  O Thou Who Sighest for a Broader Field., 503.
+
+
+  Paradise of Gamblers. A, 641.
+
+  Pattee. Chas. H., Recollections of Old Play-Bills., 604.
+
+  Pessimistic Cast of Modern Thought. The, 127.
+
+  Pharisaism in Public Life., 754.
+
+  Pierce. Edwin, True Politics for Prohibition and Labor., 723.
+
+  Plutocracy and Snobbery in New York., 142.
+
+  Pope Leo on Labor., 459.
+
+  Power and Responsibility of the Christian Ministry. The, 767.
+
+  Prairie Heroine. A, 223.
+
+  Present Revolution in Theological Thought. The, 249.
+
+  Preston. Thomas B., Pope Leo on Labor., 459.
+
+  Prohibition and Labor. True Politics for, 723.
+
+  Protection or Free Trade, Which?, 652.
+
+  Psychic Experiences., 353.
+
+
+  Realf. James, Jr.,
+    The Irrigation Problem in the Northwest., 69.
+    The Sioux Falls Divorce Colony., 696.
+
+  Recollections of Old Play-Bills., 604.
+
+  Religious Intolerance To-day., 633.
+
+  Revolutionary Measures and Neglected Crimes., 77, 192.
+
+  Ross. E. A., Turning toward Nirvana., 736.
+
+
+  Saloon. The, 763.
+
+  Salter. William M., Another View of Newman., 475.
+
+  Savage. Philip H., The Brook., 122.
+
+  Savage. Rev. Minot J., The Tyranny of Nationalism., 311.
+
+  Scarborough. Prof. W. S., The Negro Question., 219.
+
+  Schindler. Rabbi Solomon, Inter-Migration., 487.
+
+  Should the Nation Own the Railways?, 152, 273.
+
+  Sioux Falls Divorce Colony. The, 696.
+
+  Social Conditions under Louis XV., 635.
+
+  Society's Exiles., 37.
+
+  Some Weak Spots in the French Republic., 561.
+
+  Spencer's Doctrine of Inconceivability., 94.
+
+  Stanton. Elizabeth Cady, Where Must Lasting Progress Begin?, 293.
+
+  Stanton. Theodore, Some Weak Spots in the French Republic., 561.
+
+  Stewart. George,
+    Oliver Wendell Holmes, 129.
+    James Russell Lowell., 513.
+
+  Sunday and the World's Fair., 730.
+
+  Swiss and American Constitutions. The, 172.
+
+
+  True Politics for Prohibition and Labor., 723.
+
+  Turning toward Nirvana., 736.
+
+  Tyranny of All the People. The, 180.
+
+  Tyranny of Nationalism. The, 311.
+
+
+  Un-American Tendencies., 431.
+
+  Underwood. Sara A., Psychic Experiences., 353.
+
+  Unity of Germany. The, 257.
+
+  University Extension., 452.
+
+  Unknown. The, 10, 160.
+
+
+  Wait. Prof. Sheridan P., New Testament Symbolisms., 712.
+
+  Wakeman, Thaddeus B., Emancipation by Nationalism., 591.
+
+  What the Clergy Might Accomplish., 768.
+
+  Where Must Lasting Progress Begin?, 293.
+
+  Wischnewetzky. Florence Kelley, A Decade of Retrogression., 365.
+
+  Wolcott. Julia Anna, O Thou Who Sighest for a Broader Field., 503.
+
+  Woman Movement. The, 704.
+
+  Wood. Henry, Healing through the Mind., 530.
+
+  Working Women of To-day. The, 329.
+
+  World's Fair. Sunday and the, 730.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Transcriber's Notes:
+
+Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as
+possible, including obsolete and variant spellings and other
+inconsistencies.
+
+The transcriber noted the following issues and made changes as
+indicated to the text to correct obvious errors:
+
+ 1. p. 678, "hemlet" changed to "helmet"
+ 2. p. 681, "complaceny" changed to "complacency"
+ 3. p. 744, "impenetable" changed to "impenetrable"
+ 4. p. 751, "beween" changed to "between"
+ 5. p. 756, Footnote #4, "positon" changed to "position"
+
+End of Transcriber's Notes]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Arena, by Various
+
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Arena, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Arena
+       Volume 4, No. 24, November, 1891
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: B. O. Flower
+
+Release Date: June 27, 2008 [EBook #25909]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ARENA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier, Richard J. Shiffer
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h1>THE ARENA.</h1>
+
+<h3>No. XXIV.</h3>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<h3>NOVEMBER, 1891.</h3>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2 id="contents">CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table class="contents_table" id="table_of_contents" summary="Table of Contents for The Arena, Volume XXIV">
+<tr><td colspan="2"  class="issue_month">November, 1891</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="#article_1">A Paradise of Gamblers</a></td> <td class="article_author">Edgar Fawcett</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="#article_2">Protection or Free Trade&mdash;Which?</a></td> <td class="article_author">Hon. Henry Cabot Lodge, M. C.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="#article_3">Bismarck in the German Parliament</a></td> <td class="article_author">Emilio Castelar</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="#article_4">The Doubters and the Dogmatists</a></td> <td class="article_author">Prof. James T. Bixby, Ph.D.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="#article_5">The Sioux Falls Divorce Colony</a></td> <td class="article_author">James Realf, Jr.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="#article_6">The Woman Movement</a></td> <td class="article_author">Lucinda B. Chandler</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="#article_7">New Testament Symbolisms</a></td> <td class="article_author">Prof. S. P Wait</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="#article_8">The True Politics for Prohibition and Labor</a></td> <td class="article_author">Edwin C. Pierce</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="#article_9">Sunday at the World&#8217;s Fair</a></td> <td class="article_author">Wm. H. Armstrong</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="#article_10">Turning Towards Nirvana</a></td> <td class="article_author">E. A. Ross</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="#article_11">The Heart of the Woods</a></td> <td class="article_author">Will Allen Dromgoogle</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="#article_12">Pharisaism in Public Life</a></td> <td class="article_author">Editorial</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="#article_13">Cancer Spots in Metropolitan Life</a></td> <td class="article_author">Editorial</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="#article_14">The Saloon Curse</a></td> <td class="article_author">Editorial</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="#article_15">Hot Beds of Social Pollution</a></td> <td class="article_author">Editorial</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="#article_16">The Power and Responsibility of the Christian Ministry</a></td> <td class="article_author">Editorial</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="#article_17">What the Clergy Might Accomplish</a></td> <td class="article_author">Editorial</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="#article_18">Index to the Fourth Volume of <span class="sc">The Arena</span></a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+
+<br />
+<hr class="full" />
+<br />
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/fig001.jpg" width="312" height="500" alt="H. C. Lodge (with signature)" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="page641" id="page641">641</a></span></p>
+
+<h2 class="article_title"><a name="article_1" id="article_1"></a>
+A PARADISE OF GAMBLERS.</h2>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+<p class="author_byline">BY EDGAR FAWCETT.</p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Many</span> religious journals throughout the country have poured eulogies
+upon the pious head of our Postmaster General because of his raid
+against all letters bearing the least uncanny relation to that
+abhorred criminal body, the Louisiana Lottery. In one sense this
+action is not ill-advised; the national laws against gambling are
+distinct, and even if they were unjust their existence would be no
+excuse for their infringement. The highly moral action of Mr.
+Wanamaker, however, happening as it does at a time when his own
+relations with the hazards and plots of Wall Street have grown the
+talk of our entire country, teem with a suggestion that should be
+patent to thousands. If gnats are strained at and camels are
+swallowed, there is certainly a pardonable satire in congratulating
+those who devour the latter on their noteworthy powers of digestion.
+As an immoral institution the Louisiana Lottery, evil as it is, cannot
+be compared with Monte Carlo, which arrays itself in facile splendors
+of enticement and smiles in mirrors and gildings on the rash gamesters
+whom it ruins. But the Louisiana Lottery, which of late it has become
+the fashion to revile, devises its chief gains in a much less faulty
+manner. For such disbursements as one dollar, two dollars, five
+dollars, a good deal of golden expectancy and anticipation can be
+enjoyed, and there is no confirmed proof whatever that the citizens
+who are rash enough to expend these massive amounts have ever been
+swindled at the monthly New<span class='pagenum'><a name="page642" id="page642">642</a></span> Orleans drawings. Indeed, they have
+ample proof, if they care to sift it, that somebody in Maine, or
+Indiana, or California, has received a small fortune for part of a
+ticket purchased at the same cheap terms as their own. Naturally,
+unless they were complete fools, they knew previous to their
+investment that the chances against them were extremely large, and
+that their prospect of winning anything very handsome was about equal
+to that of their being struck by lightning or having an unknown
+relative leave them a fat legacy. Could it once be proved that the
+Louisiana Lottery is really dishonest in its dealings&mdash;really more
+dishonest than the bright-lit bar-room that shiningly says to one,
+&#8220;Come and get drunk in me if you choose, but if you don&#8217;t choose drink
+only as much as you want in me, and if you don&#8217;t choose to enter me at
+all, avoid me forever and a day&#8221;&mdash;then the iniquity of the whole
+organization could not be scorned in terms too harsh. But at present
+all indictments against this particular species of gambling would seem
+to be just as airy as those against the alluring tavern. The
+&#8220;prohibition extremists&#8221; are like lawyers who can never make their
+case, yet are incessantly fuming against their own failure. These
+extremists forget that their shadowy moral client is plaintiff in a
+kind of curious divorce-suit, where the defendant is human nature and
+the co-respondent human will. It is most probable that men will
+continue to get drunk just so long as education remains for them an
+incident force of inferior potency. As to their liking and upholding
+certain milder games of chance (after the style of the Greeks, let us
+say, at their very highest period of culture), that is perhaps not an
+educational question at all, but one of simple diversion. There are
+kinds of gambling, however, with which no believer in racial progress
+will admit that the loftier forms of civilization can possibly deal,
+and foremost among these must be counted the reckless license, the
+odious libertinage of venture which now shames a republic never tired
+of vaunting its virtues to the transatlantic monarchies from which it
+sprang.</p>
+
+<p>He who would note and study, in all their terror, melancholy, and
+pathos, the selfishness and avarice of his fellow-men, might search
+the whole known globe and never find a field for his observations at
+once more fruitful and more discouraging than that of Wall Street. To
+realize in its full<span class='pagenum'><a name="page643" id="page643">643</a></span> glare of vicious vulgarity the influence of this
+environment, let us take the case of some refined young man just after
+he has quitted school and entered the office of a thrifty
+broker&mdash;perhaps a warm friend of his father, who hugs the keenly
+American doctrine that a youth should be put in the way of piling
+dollars together as quickly as possible after he leaves the
+educational leash. By degrees this young man will discover that the
+only difference between Wall Street and a huge, crowd-engirt
+gaming-table is one between simplicity and complexity. He will see
+that the play of the former is far more difficult to learn and that it
+requires a number of <i>croupiers</i> instead of one. He will see that
+these <i>croupiers</i> are in most cases men whose names posterity will
+hand down, if it hands them down at all, as those of stony egotists,
+and sometimes of gigantic thieves. He will gradually gain insight into
+certain of their methods, as when, only a few years back, one or two
+of them seized an entire railroad under cover of what was the merest
+parody of purchase and opposed both to law and to public policy,
+afterward defending their outrage in the courts through the brazen aid
+of venal judges and bringing to Albany (headquarters of their
+attempted theft) a great carload of New York ruffians, each with a
+proxy in his soiled and desperate hand&mdash;an instrument almost as
+illegal as the pistol which those hands had doubtless too often
+fingered if not fired amid the squalor of their owners&#8217; native
+slums.<a name="fn_marker_1" id="fn_marker_1"></a><a href="#fn_1" class="fn_marker">[1]</a></p>
+
+<p>The neophyte in speculators&#8217; creeds and customs may amuse himself,
+however, with reminiscences like the preceding only in a sense of that
+proud historic retrospect which concerns past radiant records of &#8220;the
+street.&#8221; He may, if so minded, con other pages of its noble archives,
+and dazzle his young brain with admiration for the shining exploits of
+&#8220;Black Friday,&#8221; an occasion when greed held one of its most sickening
+revels, and a clique of merciless financiers gathered together so many
+millions of gold coin that its price bred fright among the holders of
+depreciating stocks. Agony, ruin, the demolition of firesides,
+resulted from this infamous &#8220;corner&#8221; wrought by a league of miserly
+zealots. But our young student of Wall Street annals will soon
+harden<span class='pagenum'><a name="page644" id="page644">644</a></span> his nerves against any silly commiseration. As well soil the
+glory of Lexington or Bunker Hill by brooding over the pangs of those
+who were its victims. All great victories necessitate bloodshed. It is
+not every man who can wrest vast wealth from the turmoils of a &#8220;Black
+Friday.&#8221; &#8230; And so, after turning the pages of a revolting chronicle,
+all of which teem with calamity to the many and plethoric gain to the
+bullying and insolent few, he surveys that active boil and ferment of
+the present, seeking to discern there some course of trick and scheme
+by which he too may fatten his purse, even though he blunts conscience
+into a callous nullity. Between old days and new he finds but slight
+difference. Rises and panics prevail now as then. The &#8220;margin,&#8221;
+beloved of the wily broker, first lures and then robs the trustful
+buyer. &#8220;Pools,&#8221; open and secret, grasping and malicious, may wreak at
+any hour disasters on the unwary. &#8220;Points&#8221; are given by one operator
+to another with the same mendacious glibness as of yore. The market is
+now dull with the torpor of a sleeping cobra, now aflame, like that
+reptile, with treacherous and poisonous life. In its repose as in its
+excitement our novice begins to know it, fear it, and heartily love it
+besides. The chances are nine out of ten that he loves it too much and
+fears it too little. Its hideous vulgarity has ceased to shock him.
+Its &#8220;bulls,&#8221; with their often audacious purchases of stock for which
+they do not pay but out of whose random fluctuations in value they
+expect to reap thousands from the &#8220;bears,&#8221; who sell in a like blind,
+betting-ring fashion; its devices of &#8220;spreads,&#8221; and of &#8220;straddles,&#8221;
+which are combinations of &#8220;puts&#8221; and &#8220;calls&#8221; whereby the purchaser
+limits his loss and at the same time suits the chances of his winning
+to those of vacillant prices themselves; its unblushing compromises on
+the part of debtors with creditors, fifty cents on the dollar being
+frequently paid by bankrupts to the extent of one, two, or three
+hundred thousand dollars, in order that they may resume their highly
+legitimate undertakings and perhaps grow rich again in company with
+their fellow-gamblers; all these, and many more features of Wall
+Street life, equally vivid and equally soiled by sordid materialism,
+have at length wrapped the mind of this young observer in their
+drastic and sinister spells. When he &#8220;starts out for himself,&#8221; as he
+is presently quite sure to do, his ultimate<span class='pagenum'><a name="page645" id="page645">645</a></span> success is enormously
+doubtful. His reign as a leading personality in Wall Street means to
+have been a Childe Roland who, indeed, to the Dark Tower did actually
+come. The horn that such a victor lifts to his mouth has been wrought,
+as one might say, from the bones of some comrade slain in the same
+arduous pilgrimage, and the peal of triumph which his lips evoke from
+it might be called a blending of countless wretched cries from the
+lips of other perished strugglers in the same daring design. Great
+success with him, if he achieves it, will be&mdash;what? An almost Titanic
+power to torture and affright at will hundreds, thousands of his
+fellow-men. He will have before him the example of a man who locked up
+$12,500,000 in one of his riotous assaults against honest
+stock-exchange dealing&mdash;money notoriously not his own. He may desire
+to imitate that course of behavior which had Samuel Bowles abducted
+and unlawfully imprisoned because he published in his paper the truth
+about Wall Street trickery and villany, or which sandbagged Dorman B.
+Eaton in the streets of New York for having fought with legal weapons
+of honest denunciation that malodorous craft of a compact between
+incarnate kleptomania in finance and the unspeakable &#8220;boss&#8221; burglar of
+Tammany Ring.</p>
+
+<p>But needless are further details of those abominations on which our
+rising young aspirant may turn an envious eye. He cannot but acquaint
+himself with the whole horrid list of chicanery, since its items are
+rungs of the ladder on which he himself may hereafter seek to mount.
+If he aims to be a great Wall Street spider he must perforce fully
+acquaint himself with what material will go toward the spinning of
+that baleful tissue, his proprietary web. It must be woven, this web,
+out of perjuries and robberies. Its fibres must mean the heart-strings
+torn from many a deluded stockholder&#8217;s breast, and the morning dew
+that glitters on it must be the tears of widows and orphans. The laws
+of a great republic are the foliage (alas, of a tree not too sturdy!)
+on which its devilish meshes are wrought! There is no exaggeration in
+stating that the financial history of the past three decades in
+America has been one of peerless turpitude. Rome under the dying
+glories of the empire scarcely parallels its knavish gluttonies of
+illegal seizure. And Wall Street has been the boiling point of all
+this infectious train<span class='pagenum'><a name="page646" id="page646">646</a></span> of outrages against a patient people&mdash;one that
+presumes to rate itself really democratic, and to sneer at countries
+over seas in which to-day a Cr&eacute;dit Mobilier, a Pacific Railroad
+atrocity, a Manhattan Railroad brigandage, would make Trafalgar Square
+or the Place de la Concorde howl with savage tumult.</p>
+
+<p>But let us return to our would-be Wall Street magnate. Suppose he has
+not the &#8220;grit&#8221; or the &#8220;go&#8221; (or whatever it would be termed in that
+classic purlieu so noted for elegance of every-day rhetoric) either to
+crown himself with the tarnished crown of a monetary &#8220;king&#8221; or even to
+hold a gilt-edged but scandal-reeking portfolio at the footstool of
+some such reigning tyrant. In this case he may join the great
+rank-and-file of those whose pockets have become irremediably voided
+and who seldom refer to Wall Street unless with muttered curses while
+dragging out maimed careers in various far less feverish pursuits; or
+he may, on the other hand, drift into that humble crowd of petty
+brokers (&#8220;curb-stone&#8221; or domiciled) whose incomes vary from fifteen
+hundred to as many thousands a year, and who pass hours each day in
+envy, whether secret or open, of the dignitaries towering above them.
+As one of these inferior persons his existence will continue, no
+doubt, until he changes it for the tomb: and meanwhile what sort of an
+existence has it been? All the finer human aims have appealed to him
+as pearls appeal to swine. He has, perhaps, possessed faculties which
+might have allowed him to shine ably and yet honorably in the state or
+national congress, whose votes his friends and rivals, to ensure the
+passage of their unscrupulous railroad-bills, have bought so often and
+with such bloodless depravity. But these faculties have been miserably
+misused. He may have loved some woman, and married her, and begotten
+children by her; domestic affection may have warmed his being, just as
+it does that of many a day-laborer. But in the arid air of Wall Street
+all his intellectual and ethical possibilities will have wilted and
+died. Lust for greater riches and a mordant, ever-smouldering
+disappointment at not having attained them, will replace the healthier
+impulses of adolescence. Books will have no savor for him; men of high
+attainments, unless their coffers brim with lucre, affect him no more
+than the company of the most unlettered oaf. He becomes, in other
+words, the typical<span class='pagenum'><a name="page647" id="page647">647</a></span> Wall Street man, and he becomes this with a
+stolid indifference to all known motors of mental betterment.</p>
+
+<p>It is not in any sense an attractive type. The Wall Street men are
+lilies that toil and spin (&#8220;tiger&#8221; lilies, one might term them, in
+remembrance of the old gambler-slang about faro and roulette); but
+their industries, however distinct, are what the political economists
+would call those of non-productive consumers. They are active drones,
+to speak with paradox, in the great hive of human energy. Like all
+gamesters, all men who live by the turning of the dice-box, they have
+a devil-may-care demeanor, now and then rather sharply peppered with
+wit, though wit not always avoidant of the obscene. For the most part,
+they are as ignorant of the large onward push of human thought as if
+they were farmers in some remote county of Arkansas. And yet they
+affect, at all times, an amusing omniscience. To &#8220;know it all&#8221; is a
+phrase beloved as sarcasm by their nimble vernacular, and though this
+(like &#8220;Come off!&#8221; and &#8220;Look here, what are you giving us?&#8221;) is a form
+of speech incessantly on their lips, one is prone sometimes to reflect
+how amazing is the meagreness of real knowledge which their &#8220;knowing
+it all&#8221; piteously represents. They are sometimes keen sportsmen, but a
+good many scamps, dolts, and cads are that. Their acquaintance with
+contemporary literature could be summed up by stating that if you
+should ask an average number of their class whether he had read the
+last novel of Mr. James, he might pull his moustache (the Wall Street
+man usually has a moustache, and often a symmetric and well-tended
+one) desiring to learn whether you had reference or no to <i>G. P. R.</i>
+James, of the &#8220;two horse-men&#8221; celebrity. Their ignorance, however, is
+not equal to their self-sufficiency. Almost whenever the average Wall
+Street man goes into good society he makes himself more pronounced
+there by his assurance than his culture. Of the latter quality he has
+so little that the best clubs of which he is a member tolerate rather
+than accept him. In most cases he is deplorably curt of speech and
+brusque of deportment. Suavity, repose, that kindliness which is the
+very marrow and pith of high-breeding, shock you in his manners as
+acutely by their absence as if they were rents in his waistcoat or
+gapes in his boot-leather. The &#8220;bluff,&#8221; impudence, and swagger of the
+Stock Exchange cling to him in society<span class='pagenum'><a name="page648" id="page648">648</a></span> like burrs to the hair of
+horse or dog. He would be far more endurable, this socially rampant
+and ubiquitous Wall Street man, if he revealed the least shred of
+respect for those ideas and faiths on which his hard, cold course of
+living has necessarily trampled rough-hooved. He is so bright and
+intelligent, as a rule, that you wonder why he is so phenomenally
+vulgar. But his brightness and intelligence are of the quality, nearly
+always, that throws into hysteric giggles the &#8220;summer girl&#8221; on piazzas
+of third-rate hotels. Ordinarily, too, he has not the faintest
+conception of how deeply and darkly he bores people who would live
+apart from him, from his bejewelled and supercilious wife (her pretty
+head always goes an inch further backward when &#8220;Tom&#8221; or &#8220;Dick&#8221; has
+&#8220;made a strike in stocks&#8221;), and from the French maid, with her frilled
+cap, whom his children gabble to in their grammarless American-French,
+but whose unctuous idioms are Sanscrit alike to madame and himself.</p>
+
+<p>Conceive that you or I shall wish to talk with the ordinary Wall
+Street man, on the piazza of his watering-place hotel, on the deck of
+his record-breaking steamer. (When he goes to Europe, which he
+incessantly does, he invariably takes a record-breaking steamer in
+preference to all others.) What does he know? What can he tell us?
+Politics? He reproduces, if he be a Republican, the last tirade of his
+favorite newspaper in behalf of protection and Mr. Blaine. If he be a
+Democrat he will spout the last editorial of his favorite newspaper in
+favor of free trade and Mr. Cleveland. History? The Wall Street man
+rarely knows in what year Columbus discovered America, and would be in
+straits wild enough to horrify that talented arch-prig, Mr. Andrew
+Lang, if you mentioned either Cortes or Pizarro. Fiction? He admired
+Robinson Crusoe when a boy, and since then he has read a few
+translated volumes of Dumas the elder. Poetry? He doesn&#8217;t like it &#8220;for
+a cent&#8221;; but he once did come across something (by Tennyson or
+Longfellow&mdash;he forgets which) called &#8220;Beautiful Snow.&#8221; That &#8220;fetched
+him,&#8221; and &#8220;laid over&#8221; any other verse he recollects.</p>
+
+<p>Here, let us insist, is no aimless travesty of the average Wall Street
+man, but a faithful etching of him, apart from those more sorry
+lineaments which might be disclosed in a portrait painted, as it were,
+with the oil of his own slippery speculations. If he resents the
+honest drawing of his well-known<span class='pagenum'><a name="page649" id="page649">649</a></span> features, why, so much the better.
+His indignation may be fraught with wholesome reactions. Perhaps he
+will have his defenders&mdash;interested ones, of course. We may pluck the
+cactus-flower with hands cased in buckskin, and swear that it harbors
+no sting below its roseate and silken cockade of bloom. Prejudice is
+too often the saucepan on which we cook our criticisms; and when these
+are done to a turn we cast the vessel into a dust-bin, trying with
+mighty valor of volition to forget that it even exists as old iron.</p>
+
+<p>Never was more blatant humbug aired than that about our &#8220;brilliant&#8221;
+Wall Street financiers. Their &#8220;brilliancy&#8221; is merely a repulsive
+egotism in one of its worst forms,&mdash;that of cupidity. They are like
+misers with longer, quicker, and more sinewy fingers than other
+misers, in the gathering together of dollars. Their shrewdness may be
+exceptional, but a quality which consists half in accurate guessing
+and half in bullying defiance is hardly worthy of the name. As for
+their &#8220;nerve&#8221; and &#8220;coolness,&#8221; these are not endowments that in such
+connection can be admired or praised. For surely the gambler who
+cannot face bravely those very slings and arrows of variant if not
+always outrageous fortune which form the chief indices of his dingy
+profession, cuts a mean enough figure in the cult of it. &#8220;Jim&#8221; Fisk
+had traits like these, but who now applauds them? As well admire the
+courage of a house-breaker in scaling a garden-wall at midnight, or
+his exquisite tact in selecting a bed-chamber well-stored with jewels
+and money. The so-called &#8220;great men&#8221; of Wall Street are foes of
+society&mdash;foes merciless and malign. Their &#8220;generalship,&#8221; their
+&#8220;Napoleonic&#8221; attributes are terms coined by people of their own
+damaging class, people with low motives, with even brutish morals. It
+is time that this age of ours, so rich in theoretic if impracticable
+humanitarianisms, forebore to flatter the spirits which work against
+it in its efforts toward higher and wiser achievement. The anarchists
+hanged in Chicago were men of mistaken purpose and fatuous belief. But
+at least they were conceivably sincere, however dangerous to peace and
+order. These czars and tycoons of finance, on the other hand, are
+scoffers at the integrity of the commonweal, and have for their Lares
+and Penates hideous little gods carved by their own misanthropy from
+the harsh granite of self-worship. Every new conspiracy to amass
+millions through<span class='pagenum'><a name="page650" id="page650">650</a></span> wrecking railroads, through pouring vast sums upon
+the stock market, through causing as vast sums to disappear from
+public use, stains them blacker with the proof of their horrible
+inhumanity. Even death does not always end their monstrous rapine, for
+when they pay what is called the debt of nature they too often fling,
+in their wills, a posthumous sneer at that still larger debt owed to
+their fellow-creatures, and make some eldest son their principal heir.
+Charity may get a few niggardly thousands from them, and handsome
+bequests usually go to their younger children; yet the bulk of the big
+gambler&#8217;s treasure passes intact to one who will most probably guard
+with avid custody the alleged prestige of its possession.</p>
+
+<p>But we should remember that on many occasions it is not even a game of
+chance with these potentates of Wall Street. They play, as it were,
+with marked cards, and can predict to a certainty, having such mighty
+capital at their disposal, just how and when particular stocks will
+rise or fall. Spreading abroad deceitful rumors through their little
+subservient throngs of henchmen brokers, they create untold ravage and
+despair. Fearful cruelty is shown by them then. The law cannot reach
+it, though years of imprisonment would be far too good for it.
+Families are plunged into penury by their subtly circulated frauds;
+forgery and embezzlement in hundreds of individual cases result; banks
+are betrayed and shattered; disgrace and suicide are sown broadcast
+like seeds fecund in poison. One often marvels that assassination does
+not spring up in certain desperate human hearts as a vengeance against
+these appalling wrongs. Murder is ghastly enough, in whatever shape it
+meets us, and from whatever cause. But if Lincoln and Garfield fell
+the prey of mad fanatics, it seems all the stranger, as it is all the
+more fortunate, that agonized and ill-governed human frenzy should
+thus far happily have spared us new public shudders at new public
+crimes.</p>
+
+<p>Conjecture may indeed waste its liveliest ardors in seeking to
+determine what place this nineteenth century of ours will hold among
+the centuries which have preceded and are destined to follow it. But
+there is good reason to believe, after all, that in one way it will be
+held remarkable, perhaps even unique,&mdash;as an age of violent contrasts,
+violent extremes. Here we are, seeking (however pathetically) to<span class='pagenum'><a name="page651" id="page651">651</a></span>
+grapple with problems whose solution would wear an almost millennial
+tinge. There are men among us&mdash;and men of august intellects, too&mdash;who
+urge upon society the adoption of codes and usages which would assume,
+if practically treated, that the minds and characters of mortals are
+little short of angelic. And coevally with these dreamers of grand
+socialistic improvement, we are met by such evidence as that of Wall
+Street, its air foul with the mephitic exhalations that rise from dead
+and rotting principle. When the state is corrupt, and large bodies of
+its citizens are not only corrupt but wholly scornful of every
+fraternal and philanthropic purpose as well,&mdash;when communities like
+this of Wall Street, cold-blooded, shameless, injurious, are bowed to
+as powers, instead of being shunned as pests, then the ideals of such
+men as Karl Marx and his disciples loom distant and indefinite on the
+horizon of the future. Tritest of metaphors though it may be, all
+civilization is a garden, and in this garden of our own western
+tillage Wall Street towers to-day like a colossal weed, with roots
+deep-plunging into a soil they desiccate and de-fertilize. When and
+whose will be the extirpating hand?</p>
+
+<p>Here dawns a question with which some modern Sphinx may defy some
+coming &OElig;dipus. Let us hope it will prove a question so adequately
+answered that the evil goddess using it as a challenge&mdash;the
+conventional deity of injustice, duplicity, and extortion&mdash;will
+dramatize her compulsory response to it by casting herself headlong
+into the sea!</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="page652" id="page652">652</a></span></p>
+<h2 class="article_title"><a name="article_2" id="article_2"></a>
+PROTECTION OR FREE TRADE&mdash;WHICH?</h2>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+<p class="author_byline">BY HON. HENRY CABOT LODGE, M. C.</p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> advocates of free trade in this country at the present time are
+very unlike Emerson&#8217;s &#8220;fine young Oxford gentlemen&#8221; who said &#8220;there
+was nothing new, and nothing true, and no matter.&#8221; They not only
+believe their pet doctrine to be true, but they seem to assume that it
+is also new. They further treat it as if it were an exact science and
+a great moral question as well. Unwarranted assumptions merely confuse
+and this question of national economic policy is too important to be
+clouded with confusions. It is worth while, therefore, to look at
+these assumptions one by one and try, before attempting any discussion
+of the tariff, to clear the ground from cant and to see the question
+exactly as it is.</p>
+
+<p>In the first place, the question of free trade or protection is in no
+sense a moral one. Free traders are prone to forget that their great
+prophet, Adam Smith, drew this distinction very plainly at the outset.
+He wrote two important works. One of them all the world has read. It
+is called &#8220;The Wealth of Nations,&#8221; deals with the selfish interests of
+mankind, and embodies the author&#8217;s political economy. The other is an
+equally elaborate work entitled &#8220;The Moral Sentiments.&#8221; It is the
+complement of &#8220;The Wealth of Nations,&#8221; which is devoted to the selfish
+side of human nature and the world at large has found no trouble in
+forgetting it. Adam Smith himself was under no confusion of mind as to
+his subject when he wrote about political economy. He knew that he was
+dealing with questions of a selfish character, of an enlightened
+selfishness, no doubt, but none the less questions of self-interest.
+He never for a moment thought of putting his political economy on a
+plane of pure morality.</p>
+
+<p>When the great political movement toward free trade began in England,
+it was largely a movement of the middle classes and of the industrial
+interests of Great Britain. The great middle class of England, which
+furnishes the backbone and sinew of the nation, is essentially a moral
+class, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="page653" id="page653">653</a></span> in appealing to it the political leader is always tempted
+to put forward the moral aspect of his theme, even if he has to twist
+his argument and his facts to find one. The manufacturers of England
+believed that free trade would be profitable, but it soothed them to
+be assured that the system was also highly moral. It is to the
+Manchester School, therefore, that we owe the attempt to give to the
+entire free trade system a moral coloring for which the narrower
+question of the repeal of the corn laws afforded an opportunity. Our
+own free traders for the most part are devout followers of the
+Manchester School, and take all their teachings and practices with
+little discrimination. They are essentially imitative. The anti-corn
+law agitators pointed their arguments by exhibiting loaves of bread of
+different sizes, and so our free traders, during a campaign, have gone
+about in carts and held up pairs of trousers, a more humorous if less
+intelligent form of object lesson. They attempt, too, in like fashion,
+to give the weight of morality to their doctrines. Unfortunately for
+them, inasmuch as everyone likes to be moral at some one&#8217;s else
+expense, their position is untenable. Adam Smith&#8217;s distinction was a
+broad and sound one; and deeply important as political economy and
+questions of tariff are, they are in no sense matters of morals. They
+are purely questions of self-interest, of profit and loss, and can be
+decided properly on these grounds alone.</p>
+
+<p>In the second place, the assumption made tacitly, at least, if not
+avowedly, that political economy is an exact science is wholly
+misleading. Political economy covers a wide range of subjects of which
+the tariff is only one; but in none of its branches is it an exact
+science. Modern investigation has, no doubt, revealed certain economic
+laws which we may fairly say operate with reasonable certainty, but
+this is a very different proposition from that which would make the
+conclusions of economists in all directions as absolute as those of
+mathematicians. Political economy, in fact, does not differ greatly in
+this respect from history, because both deal with subjects where the
+conditions and sympathies of men and women play a large part, and
+where human passions are deeply engaged. In fields like these, where
+the personal equation of humanity plays a controlling part, it is
+absurd to attempt to argue as if we were dealing with a mathematical
+formula. There may be a philosophy of political economy<span class='pagenum'><a name="page654" id="page654">654</a></span> as there is
+of history; there may be scientific methods of dealing with it and
+certain economic laws, subject to many exceptions, which we may
+consider to be established, but nevertheless it is as far from being
+an exact science as one can conceive. The exact science notion is the
+misconception of cloistered learning which can build impregnable
+systems where there are none to attack them, but which has no idea of
+the practical difficulties of an unsympathetic world where the
+precious system must meet every possible objection and not merely
+those devised by its framers. In discussing a question of political
+economy, therefore, it is well to bear in mind that we are handling a
+subject where new facts are always entering in to modify old
+conclusions, and where there are many conditions, the effect of which
+it is impossible to calculate.</p>
+
+<p>In the third place, the ardent tariff reformer at the present moment
+always discourses upon his subject as if he had some perfectly new
+truth to lay before the world from which it would be as impossible to
+differ, unless one was illiterate or corrupt, as from the conclusion
+of Galileo in regard to the movement of the earth. In one of our
+recent political campaigns I quoted an argument of Hamilton&#8217;s in favor
+of protection from his famous Report of Manufactures. Thereupon one of
+my opponents in a public speech, referring to this quotation, said it
+would be as sensible to adopt Hamilton&#8217;s views on the tariff as to go
+back to stage coaches simply because those vehicles were the means of
+conveyance in Hamilton&#8217;s time. I could not help wondering what my
+learned opponent would have thought if I had retorted that, by parity
+of reasoning, we ought to reject the &#8220;Wealth of Nations&#8221; because Adam
+Smith flourished a little earlier than Hamilton, and stage coaches
+were used in his day also. The simple truth is that there is nothing
+very new to-day in the question of free trade or protection. The
+subject is one which has been under consideration for some time. It
+has received great developments in the last hundred years, and is
+still so far from the last word that it is safest not to be too
+dogmatic about it.</p>
+
+<p>In this matter of the tariff, then, we have before us a question which
+is not new, which is not moral, but which deals simply with matters of
+self-interest according to the dictates of an enlightened selfishness.
+What is the condition of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="page655" id="page655">655</a></span> question of free trade to-day in its
+practical aspect? Fifty years ago, roughly speaking, the movement for
+it in England became successful, and the English people abandoned a
+protective tariff which they had maintained for some centuries and
+adopted the free trade tariff which they have to-day. The latter
+system has had a thorough trial in England under the most favorable
+circumstances. If there is any country in the world which, by its
+situation, its history and its condition, is adapted for free trade,
+England is that country. If free trade, therefore, is the certain and
+enormous benefit which its advocates assert, and if it is the only
+true system for nations to adopt, its history in England ought to
+prove the truth of these propositions. How near has free trade come to
+performing all that its original promoters claimed in its behalf? How
+brilliant has been its success in practise? One thing at least is
+certain: it has not been such an overwhelming and glittering success
+as to convince any other civilized nation of its merits. England
+stands alone to-day, as she has stood for the last fifty years, the
+one free trade nation in the world. Possibly England of all the
+nations may be right and everybody else may be wrong, but there is, at
+least, a division of opinion so respectable that we may assume, with
+all due reverence for our free trade friends, that there are two sides
+to this question as to many others.</p>
+
+<p>Let us look for a moment at some of the early promises. Free trade,
+according to its originators, was to usher in an era of peace and
+good-will. It was, in its extension, to put an end to wars. It has
+certainly not brought peace to England, which has had a petty war of
+some sort on her hands almost every year since the free trade gospel
+was preached. I do not mean to say that this is in the least due to
+free trade, but it is quite obvious that free trade did not stop
+fighting. The prosperity of England has, of course, been undeniably
+great, and it has been especially great among the vast industrial and
+manufacturing interests which supported the free trade policy.
+Possibly they have thriven better under this system than they would
+have done under the old one, but this must remain mere speculation,
+and as we know that some protected countries have prospered as much if
+not more than England, the prosperity argument has little weight.
+There are, however, other fields where we need not rely on conjecture.
+Has free trade been an<span class='pagenum'><a name="page656" id="page656">656</a></span> unquestionable benefit not merely to the
+industrial but to all classes in England? It certainly has not put an
+end to strikes, for strikes have never been more frequent anywhere
+than they have been in Great Britain of late years. It does not seem
+to have perceptibly diminished poverty, if we may judge from such
+recent books as &#8220;The Bitter Cry of Outcast London,&#8221; and &#8220;Through
+Darkest England.&#8221; The state of Ireland has not been indicative of a
+healing and life-giving prosperity. In a word the great problems of
+labor, of poverty, and of over-population seem as severe in free trade
+England as in protective countries. Free trade again does not seem to
+have prevented the rise of trusts and syndicates, nor to have stopped
+the accumulation of vast wealth in a few hands. In other words, there
+is no evidence that free trade has had any effect on the most serious
+questions of the day, which touch the welfare of the great masses of
+the people. All that can be said is that the manufacturing and
+industrial interests of Great Britain seem to have thriven under it.
+For a system which arrogates to itself absolute truth, this is a
+meagre showing.</p>
+
+<p>Free trade has not demonstrated its infallibility in the single
+country where it has been tried. The question, therefore, for the
+people of the United States is, whether under their conditions it is
+well to make the change which England made nearly fifty years ago, and
+to adopt a system of which the success has been doubtful in its chosen
+field. In order to decide the question intelligently we must put aside
+all vague confusions about an exact science which will work the same
+results everywhere because it operates under an immutable law. Even if
+free trade had been a brilliant and conclusive success in England, of
+which there is no proof, does it follow that it would be a better
+system for us? We have, to begin with, in our possession, instead of a
+small island a continent capable of almost every variety of natural
+production and mechanical industry. This is also a new country and a
+young country. We have been developing our resources rapidly for the
+last hundred years, but they are still not fully developed. The policy
+of the United States, although with many fluctuations, has been in the
+main to develop all our natural and mechanical opportunities to their
+fullest extent. The free trader is always ready with the terse
+statement that, &#8220;You cannot make yourself rich by taxing<span class='pagenum'><a name="page657" id="page657">657</a></span> yourself,&#8221;
+followed by a freshly humorous allusion to lifting one&#8217;s self by one&#8217;s
+boot-straps. He then feels that he has met the case. If political
+economy and the financial policy of nations were as simple as this
+argument seems to imply, life would be an easier thing both for
+nations and individuals. Unluckily the problems of mankind which
+engage their interests and passions cannot be solved by cheap
+aphorisms. The statement of the free trader about taxing yourself in
+order to grow rich has a final and conclusive sound, but it is simply
+sound. There are, for example, plenty of towns in New England which
+have built factories and relieved certain persons from taxation in
+order to secure their capital and industry, and the additional
+population and the increased taxes which have thus come to the town
+have made it rich or at least richer than it was before. It is quite
+possible to adjust taxes or to offer bounties or premiums in such a
+way as to add to the aggregate wealth of the community.</p>
+
+<p>The free trader&#8217;s question is not really pertinent. The point is not
+whether you will tax yourself in order to grow rich, but whether you
+will so frame your tax laws and so raise your revenues as to
+discriminate in favor of your own production and your own wages
+against the production and wages of other countries, or whether, on
+the other hand, you will let everything strictly alone and leave the
+country to come out the best way it can. The general policy of the
+United States has been to give encouragement to the domestic producer
+and manufacturer, and maintenance to high rates of wages, by laying
+duties in such a way as to discriminate in their favor against those
+outside. The result, speaking broadly, has been to put the United
+States as a competitor into countless lines of new industries. The
+effect of the competition of the United States, added to that already
+existing in the rest of the world, has been to reduce the world&#8217;s
+prices in the products of those industries according to the well-known
+laws of competition. Hence comes the lowering of prices to the
+consumer in protected articles, a fact which is the cause of much
+satiric laughter to the free trader because he can neither deny nor
+explain it.</p>
+
+<p>The practical question now before the people of the United States is
+twofold: shall we protect new and nascent industries, and shall we
+continue to guard existing industries and<span class='pagenum'><a name="page658" id="page658">658</a></span> existing rates of wages
+against an undue competition? John Stuart Mill admits the soundness of
+the former policy, and with that admission protectionists may be
+content. In fact, it may be doubted whether any intelligent man would
+argue to-day that it would have been wiser for the United States never
+to have built up any industries, but to have remained a purely
+agricultural community, dependent on Europe for everything in the way
+of manufacture. I think we may assume that the wisdom of protecting
+nascent industries in a country with such capacities and resources as
+the United States can hardly be questioned.</p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless, the most hotly contested feature of the McKinley bill
+was that which continued the policy of protecting nascent industries
+in certain products, and notably that of the manufacture of tin plate.
+If the protection of nascent industries at the beginning of this
+century was a sound policy, then it is a sound policy to industries of
+that description to-day. Whether we have tin mines or not (and it now
+appears that we have) there is no reason on the surface why we should
+not buy our Straits tin and manufacture tin plate as well as England.
+Some Democratic newspapers appear to have an idea that the tin mines
+of Cornwall and Wales make a monopoly in this direction for England.
+They forget that to-day the tin used by England comes chiefly from the
+Straits, and she can buy it there on no better terms than the United
+States. If the policy of protection to nascent industries is sound,
+then the tariff of 1890 is sound in this direction, and we should seek
+its results in the new industries which have been started since it
+became a law.</p>
+
+<p>In the second branch, the question of whether we should continue
+protection to industries already established is one largely of degree
+and of discretion. Where a removal of the duty would mean either a
+heavy reduction of wages or a stopping of existing industries with the
+rise of prices consequent upon the withdrawal of the United States
+from the world&#8217;s competition, then the removal of the duty would be a
+misfortune. It would be a misfortune not only to the industry which
+was ruined and to the wage earners who were reduced to idleness or
+poverty, but it would be an injury to the consumer because it would in
+a short time raise the price of the world&#8217;s production diminished by
+our withdrawal. In industries where no such results could possibly
+be<span class='pagenum'><a name="page659" id="page659">659</a></span> feared, or where the production of the article is not possible in
+the United States, it would certainly be wise to remove duties, and
+this has been the purpose of the protectionists and of the Republican
+party.</p>
+
+<p>The policy of protection has received its most recent expression in
+this country in the tariff of 1890. It is a truism that no tariff
+bill, whether passed by free traders or protectionists, can hope to be
+perfect. It is sure to have defects in detail and some inequalities.
+The McKinley bill was not exempt from error, but the question for the
+people to decide now is whether it is well to abandon the protective
+policy and substitute that of free trade. In 1888 the cry was that we
+must get rid of the surplus revenue and that that necessity made a
+revision of the tariff imperative. The Republican party since it has
+been in power has taken two hundred and forty-six millions of the
+accumulated surplus and paid off the bonded indebtedness of the
+country to that amount. It has also, by the removal of the duty on
+sugar and other articles, reduced the annual surplus revenue some
+fifty or sixty millions. The danger from the surplus, therefore (and
+it was a very real danger), is at an end. No party need be called upon
+now to dispose of the annual surplus which was taking so many millions
+out of the channels of trade. The question between the parties and
+before the country on this issue is very much simpler than it was. It
+is whether we shall repeal the tariff of 1890, abandon the protective
+system and take up free trade, or whether we shall maintain the
+protective system, making such amendments to the law as may from time
+to time seem necessary.</p>
+
+<p>I have tried to state the general argument upon the question of free
+trade or protection in its broadest way. It only remains to bring
+forward so far as possible the facts which show, in part at least, the
+results of the tariff of 1890, for upon those results as a whole its
+justification or condemnation must rest. It is important to know first
+whether the new industries which the McKinley bill was designed to
+encourage have begun to start, and second, whether the bill has had
+the disastrous effect in raising prices which was so loudly asserted
+and prophesied by its opponents at the last election.</p>
+
+<p>I will give first a table showing comparative prices before and after
+the tariff of 1890 of some of the cotton fabrics<span class='pagenum'><a name="page660" id="page660">660</a></span> most commonly used.
+They are all protected industries and ought to have been advanced in
+price if any part of the assertions made by the advocates of free
+trade during the last campaign were true.</p>
+
+
+<p class="heading">PRICES OF PRINT GOODS SIX MONTHS BEFORE THE MCKINLEY TARIFF PASSED
+COMPARED WITH THEIR PRESENT PRICES.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Trade Names of Prints.</td><td align='left'>Before New<br />Tariff.</td><td align='left'>Under New<br />Tariff.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Allen&#8217;s Pink Checks</td><td align='left'>$.06 and .06-1/2</td><td align='left'>$.05-1/2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Allen&#8217;s Shirtings</td><td align='left'>.04-3/4 and .05</td><td align='left'>.04</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Allen&#8217;s Turkey Reds</td><td align='left'>.06-1/2</td><td align='left'>.05-3/4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>American Indigo Blue</td><td align='left'>.06-1/2</td><td align='left'>.06</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>American Shirting</td><td align='left'>.05 and .05-1/2</td><td align='left'>.04-1/2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Anchor Shirting</td><td align='left'>.05 and .05-1/4</td><td align='left'>.04-1/2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Arnold Long Cloth C</td><td align='left'>.09</td><td align='left'>.08-1/2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Berlin Solids</td><td align='left'>.06</td><td align='left'>.05</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Berlin Red, 3/4</td><td align='left'>.07-1/3</td><td align='left'>.07</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Berlin Red, 4-4</td><td align='left'>.11</td><td align='left'>.10</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Cocheco XX Twills</td><td align='left'>.06-3/4</td><td align='left'>.06-1/2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Charter Oak Fancies</td><td align='left'>.05 and .05-1/4</td><td align='left'>.04</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Eddystone Fancy</td><td align='left'>.06-1/2</td><td align='left'>.06</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Eddystone Sateen</td><td align='left'>.06-1/2</td><td align='left'>.06</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p class="heading">BLEACHED SHIRTINGS AND SUITINGS.</p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Trade Name of Goods.</td><td align='left'>Before New<br />Tariff.</td><td align='left'>Under New<br />Tariff.</td><td align='left'>Old Duty.</td><td align='left'>New Duty.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Our Reliance</td><td align='left'>$.05-1/2</td><td align='left'>$.05-1/4</td><td align='left'>$.04</td><td align='left'>$.04-1/2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pride of the West</td><td align='left'>.13</td><td align='left'>.11-1/2</td><td align='left'>.05</td><td align='left'>.05-1/2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pocahontas</td><td align='left'>.07-3/4</td><td align='left'>.07-1/2</td><td align='left'>.04</td><td align='left'>.04-1/2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sagamore C</td><td align='left'>.05</td><td align='left'>.04-3/4</td><td align='left'>.04</td><td align='left'>.04-1/2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Utica Steam Nonpareil</td><td align='left'>.10-3/4</td><td align='left'>.10-1/2</td><td align='left'>.04</td><td align='left'>.04-1/2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wauregan 100&#8217;s</td><td align='left'>.10-1/2</td><td align='left'>.09-1/2</td><td align='left'>.04</td><td align='left'>.04-1/2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wauregan Combine</td><td align='left'>.10</td><td align='left'>.09-1/2</td><td align='left'>.04</td><td align='left'>.04-1/2</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p class="heading">GINGHAMS AND WASH FABRICS.</p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Trade Name of Goods.</td><td align='left'>Before New<br />Tariff.</td><td align='left'>Under New<br />Tariff.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Everett Classics</td><td align='left'>$.08-1/2</td><td align='left'>$.08</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fidelity</td><td align='left'>.06-1/2</td><td align='left'>.06</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lombardy</td><td align='left'>.07</td><td align='left'>.06-1/2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tacoma</td><td align='left'>.08-1/2</td><td align='left'>.07-1/2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Arlington Staple</td><td align='left'>$.06-1/4 and .06-1/2</td><td align='left'>$.06 and .06-1/4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Bates Staple</td><td align='left'>.06-1/2</td><td align='left'>.06-1/4 and .06-1/2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Bates Warwick Dress</td><td align='left'>.08-1/2</td><td align='left'>.08</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Glenaine</td><td align='left'>.06-1/2</td><td align='left'>.06 and .06-1/4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Johnson Chalon Cloth</td><td align='left'>.10-1/2</td><td align='left'>.09-1/2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Johnson Indigo Blue</td><td align='left'>.09-1/2 and .11</td><td align='left'>.09-1/2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lancaster Normandie</td><td align='left'>.08-1/2</td><td align='left'>.08 and .08-1/2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>White Calcutta Dress Styles</td><td align='left'>.08-1/2 and .09-1/2</td><td align='left'>.08 and .08-1/2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Westbrook Dress Style</td><td align='left'>.08-1/2</td><td align='left'>.08</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>York Manufacturing Co.&#8217;s Staples</td><td align='left'>.06-1/2</td><td align='left'>.06-1/4 and .06-1/2</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="page661" id="page661">661</a></span></p>
+<p>I give now a table comparing the market quotations for 1890 of the
+articles which enter most largely into the cost of living, with those
+for the same period in 1891:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td class='left'></td><td align='right'>Week ending</td><td align='right'>Week ending</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left'></td><td align='right'>Aug. 29, 1891.</td><td align='right'>Aug. 30, 1890.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left sc'>Breadstuffs:&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Flour, No. 2 Extra, barrels</td><td align='right'>$4.25 @ $4.50</td><td align='right'>$3.75 @ $4.25</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Patents, &#8220;</td><td align="right">5.75 @ 6.10</td><td align="right">5.50 @ 6.15</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Rye, Superfine, &#8220;</td><td align="right">3.50 @ 4.00</td><td align="right">2.75 @ 3.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Oats, No. 2 White, bushel,</td><td align="right">.43</td><td align="right">.48</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Corn, West, mixed, No. 2, bushel,</td><td align="right">.80-1/2</td><td align="right">.62 @ .62-1/2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Shorts, Winter Wheat, ton</td><td align="right">18.00 @ 18.75</td><td align="right">21.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8221; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &#8220;&nbsp;&nbsp; Middling,&nbsp;&nbsp; &#8220;</td><td align="right">25.00</td><td align="right">25.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8221; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Spring Wheat,&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8221;</td><td align="right">17.00 @ 18.00</td><td align="right">19.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8221; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &#8221; &nbsp;&nbsp; Middling &nbsp;&nbsp;&#8221;</td><td align="right">23.00</td><td align="right">22.50 @ 23.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left'><span class="sc">Cotton,</span> Middling Upland, pound</td><td align="right">.08-1/4</td><td align="right">.11-3/4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>&#8220;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Low &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &#8220;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &#8220;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8221;</td><td align="right">.07</td><td align="right">11c.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left'><span class="sc">Cotton Goods.</span> Print Cloths, 64x64,</td><td align="right">.02-13/16</td><td align="right">.03-5/16-l%</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left sc'>Fish:&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Large Dry Cod (Georges), qtl.</td><td align="right">6.50</td><td align="right">5.50</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Mackerel, No. 1 Mess, barrel</td><td align="right">12.50 @ 14.00</td><td align="right">23.00 @ 24.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Labrador Herring</td><td align="right">6.25</td><td align="right">5.00 @ 5.50</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left'><span class="sc">Hay,</span> Choice, ton</td><td align="right">17.00 @ 17.50</td><td align="right">15.00 @ 16.50</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Straw, Rye</td><td align="right">14.00 @ 14.50</td><td align="right">15.00 @ 16.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8221;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oat</td><td align="right">7.00 @ 9.00</td><td align="right">7.00 @ 7.50</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left'><span class="sc">Hemp</span>, Manilla, pound</td><td align="right">07-1/4 @ .07-3/8</td><td align="right">.09 @ .09-1/4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Jute Butts (bagging)</td><td align="right">.01-3/4 @ .01-7/8</td><td align="right">.02 @ .02-1/4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left sc'>Hides:&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Brighton Steers</td><td align="right">.09</td><td align="right">.09-1/2 @ .10-1/2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Buenos Ayres Kips</td><td align="right">.11 @ .11-1/2</td><td align="right">.13</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left'><span class="sc">Hops</span>. Prime State (N. Y.), pound</td><td align="right">.17 @ .21</td><td align="right">.19 @ .25</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left'><span class="sc">Drugs</span>. Opium (small lots)</td><td align="right">2.20 @ 2.40</td><td align="right">3.80 @ 4.10</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left'><span class="sc">Dyes</span>. Logwood, North Hayti</td><td align="right">35.00</td><td align="right">33.00 @ 34.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8221; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;South Hayti</td><td align="right">24.00 @ 25.00</td><td align="right">24.00 @ 25.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8221; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Extracts (solid)</td><td align="right">.08-1/2@ .09-1/2</td><td align="right">.08-1/2 @ .09-1/2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Hemlock Bark, Eastern</td><td align="right">8.00 @ 9.00</td><td align="right">10.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8221;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &#8220;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Pennsylvania</td><td align="right">9.00 @ 10.00</td><td align="right">10.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left'><span class="sc">Iron</span>, American Pig, ton</td><td align="right">17.00 @ 18.50</td><td align="right">18.00 @ 19.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left'><span class="sc">Lead</span>, Domestic, 100 pounds</td><td align="right">4.55 @ 4.60</td><td align="right">4.80 @ 5.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left'><span class="sc">Copper</span>, Lake, pound</td><td align="right">.12-1/4 @ .12-1/2</td><td align="right">.16-7/8</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left sc'>Spelter</td><td align="right">.05 @ .05-1/8</td><td align="right">5.55</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left sc'>Leather:&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Hemlock Sole, light, pound</td><td align="right">.17 @ .17-1/2</td><td align="right">19-1/2 @ 20</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Oak Sole, light, pound</td><td align="right">.20</td><td align="right">.24 @ .25</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Grain No. 1, Boot</td><td align="right">.14 @ .15</td><td align="right">.15 @ .18</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Buff No. 1, 4-1/2 oz</td><td align="right">.11-1/2 @ .12</td><td align="right">.14-1/2 @ .15</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left sc'>Calfskins:&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Tannery Finished, 20 to 29 pounds,</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>dozen</td><td align="right">.75 @ .85</td><td align="right">.75 @ .90</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Rough Hemlock, average</td><td align="right">.18 @ .18-1/2</td><td align="right">.24 @ .25</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Rough Splits, prime</td><td align="right">.10 @ .12</td><td align="right">.13 @ .15</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left'><span class="sc">Molasses</span>, N. O. Prime, gallon</td><td align="right">.29 @ .31</td><td align="right">.37</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left sc'>Lumber:&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Hemlock Boards (rough)</td><td align="right">10.50</td><td align="right">11.50</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Spruce Boards (1st-class floor)</td><td align="right">19.00 @ 20.00</td><td align="right">19.00 @ 21.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Pine (Coarse, No. 5)</td><td align="right">16.00</td><td align="right">16.00 @ 17.00</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="page662" id="page662">662</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td class='left'></td><td align='right'>Week ending</td><td align='right'>Week ending</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left'></td><td align='right'>Aug. 29, 1891.</td><td align='right'>Aug. 30, 1890.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="sc">Naval Stores</span>:&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Spirits Turpentine, gallon</td><td align='right'>.42</td><td align='right'>.45</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Common Rosin, barrel</td><td align='right'>1.75 @ 2.25</td><td align='right'>1.75 @ 2.25</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Pitch</td><td align='right'>2.25</td><td align='right'>2.25</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Tar (Wilmington)</td><td align='right'>2.50</td><td align='right'>2.50</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left'><span class="sc">Oils</span>. Crude Whale, gallon</td><td align='right'>.49</td><td align='right'>.45 @ .47</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8221;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Sperm,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8221;</td><td align='right'>.74 @ .75</td><td align='right'>.65</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Linseed, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &#8220;</td><td align='right'>.43</td><td align='right'>.60</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Lard (X No. 1),&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8221;</td><td align='right'>.49 @ .50</td><td align='right'>.46</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left'><span class="sc">Petroleum</span>:&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'> Crude, gallon</td><td align='right'>.07-1/2</td><td align='right'>.07-1/2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Refined, &#8220;</td><td align='right'>.08-1/4 @ .09</td><td align='right'>.08-1/2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left'><span class="sc">Provisions</span>:&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Pork, Short Ribs, Mess, barrel</td><td align='right'>13.75 @ 14.00</td><td align='right'>13.25</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Beef, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; pound</td><td align='right'>.08-12/100</td><td align='right'>.07-36/100</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Mutton, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &#8220;</td><td align='right'>.10</td><td align='right'>.09</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Beef Hams (Med.), &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8221;</td><td align='right'>.10-1/4 @ .10-3/4</td><td align='right'>.11</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Veal, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &#8220;</td><td align='right'>.09-1/2</td><td align='right'>.09</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Lard, Western,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8221;</td><td align='right'>.06-1/2 @ .06-3/4</td><td align='right'>.06-1/2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Cheese (Fine Factory), pound</td><td align='right'>.09-1/4 @ .09-1/2</td><td align='right'>.08-1/2 @ .08-3/4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left'><span class="sc">Rice</span>, Domestic Choice, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &#8220;</td><td align='right'>.06 @ .06-1/2</td><td align='right'>.06-1/2 @ .07</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left'><span class="sc">Salt</span>, Liverpool Ground (in bond),</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>hhd.</td><td align='right'>1.00 @ 1.15</td><td align='right'>1.00 @1.15</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left'><span class="sc">Sugar</span>:&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Cuba, fair refining, pound</td><td align='right'>.03</td><td align='right'>.05-1/8</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Refined Hard, Granulated, pound,</td><td align='right'>.04-5/16 @ .04-3/8</td><td align='right'>.06 @ .06-5/16</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left'><span class="sc">Tallow</span>, Prime</td><td align='right'>.05</td><td align='right'>.04-3/4 @ .05-1/2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left'><span class="sc">Rubber</span>, Fine Para, new</td><td align='right'>.62 @ .63</td><td align='right'>.93 @ 95</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8221; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &#8221; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; old</td><td align='right'>.65</td><td align='right'>.98 @ 1.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left'><span class="sc">Starch</span>, Corn, pound</td><td align='right'>.02-1/8</td><td align='right'>.03-1/2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Potato, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8221;</td><td align='right'>.04-1/2 @ .04-5/8</td><td align='right'>.04-3/8 @ .04-1/2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left'><span class="sc">Tobacco</span>:&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Havana Wraps</td><td align='right'>5.00 @ 7.00</td><td align='right'>3.50 @ 5.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Pennsylvania Wraps</td><td align='right'>.20 @ .40</td><td align='right'>.20 @ .40</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Sumatra Wrap</td><td align='right'>2.50 @ 3.25</td><td align='right'>2.00 @ 2.75</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left'><span class="sc">Wool</span>. Ohio, XX, pound.</td><td align='right'>.31 @ .32</td><td align='right'>.33 @ .34</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Michigan, X,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8221;</td><td align='right'>.27</td><td align='right'>.28 @ .29</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left'><span class="sc">Tea</span>:&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Oolong, Amoy Super</td><td align='right'>$.17</td><td align='right'>$.13-1/2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Formosas, Superior</td><td align='right'>.28</td><td align='right'>.23</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Japan, Choice</td><td align='right'>.30</td><td align='right'>.23</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Hyson, 1st</td><td align='right'>.35</td><td align='right'>.30</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left'><span class="sc">Coffee</span>:&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Java, Pa. Packages, Pale</td><td align='right'>$.26 @ .26-3/4</td><td align='right'>.24-1/2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Mocha</td><td align='right'>.25</td><td align='right'>$.24 @ .24-1/2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Rios, Fair</td><td align='right'>.18-1/2</td><td align='right'>.20-1/2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left'><span class="sc">Eggs</span>:&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Near-by and Cape</td><td align='right'>.22 @ .23</td><td align='right'>.23 @ .25</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'>Vermont and New York</td><td align='right'>.20</td><td align='right'>.21 @ .22</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left indent'> N. S. and N. B. Firsts</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>.19 @ .20</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left'><span class="sc">Potatoes</span></td><td align='right'>1.50 @ 1.62</td><td align='right'>2.50 @ 2.75</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left'><span class="sc">Onions</span></td><td align='right'>2.00 @ 2.25</td><td align='right'>3.00 @ 3.25</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left'><span class="sc">Squash</span>, Marrow</td><td align='right'>.60 @ .75</td><td align='right'>1.75 @ 2.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td class='left'><span class="sc">Apples</span>, Gravensteins</td><td align='right'>1.50 @ 2.50</td><td align='right'>5.00 @ 5.50</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="page663" id="page663">663</a></span></p>
+
+<p>If the articles given in the foregoing table be classified we find the
+following results as to the rise and fall of prices before and after
+the tariff of 1890.</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="center">PRICES.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Risen.</td><td align='center'>Fallen.</td><td align='center'>Unchanged.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Flour.</td><td align='left'>Oats.</td><td align='left'>Dyes, S. Hayti.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rye.</td><td align='left'>Shorts.</td><td align='left'>Dyes, extracts.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Corn.</td><td align='left'>Cotton.</td><td align='left'>Rosin.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Cod.</td><td align='left'>Print cloths.</td><td align='left'>Pitch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Herring.</td><td align='left'>Mackerel.</td><td align='left'>Tar.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hay.</td><td align='left'>Rye straw.</td><td align='left'>Petroleum.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Oat straw.</td><td align='left'>Hemp&mdash;Manilla.</td><td align='left'>Salt.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Dyes, N. Hayti.</td><td align='left'>Jute butts.</td><td align='left'>Tallow.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Whale oil.</td><td align='left'>Hides, domestic and foreign.</td><td align='left'>Lard.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sperm oil.</td><td align='left'>Hops.</td><td align='left'>Pa. wrappers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lard.</td><td align='left'>Opium.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pork.</td><td align='left'>Hemlock bark.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Butter.</td><td align='left'>Pig iron.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Cheese.</td><td align='left'>Lead.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Potatoes.</td><td align='left'>Copper.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Havana wrappers.</td><td align='left'>Spelter.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sumatra wrappers.</td><td align='left'>Leather&mdash;all kinds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tea.</td><td align='left'>Molasses.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coffee.</td><td align='left'>Lumber.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Beef.</td><td align='left'>Turpentine.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>Linseed.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>Beef hams.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>Rice.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>Sugar.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>Rubber.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>Cornstarch.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>Wool.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>Eggs.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>Potatoes.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>Onions.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>Squash&mdash;Marrow.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>Apples&mdash;Gravenstein.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>Mutton.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>Veal.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>From these tables it is obvious that there has been, in the first
+place, no general rise of prices such as was confidently predicted by
+the panic-mongers of last year. On the contrary, the large majority of
+prices show a downward tendency. But more important than this is the
+fact made obvious by these tables that the price of the protected
+product has not risen. The foreign goods have advanced in some
+instances and been shut out in consequence, but domestic goods have
+taken their places, the price being kept down by domestic competition.
+In a word these tables prove that except for the enormous reduction in
+the cost of sugar, the new<span class='pagenum'><a name="page664" id="page664">664</a></span> tariff has had but slight effect if any on
+the course of prices of the necessaries of life, and that the
+statements of the free traders as to a general rise of prices was
+entirely false.</p>
+
+<p>The following extract is from a letter from one of the largest
+wholesale clothing firms in Boston. It tells its own story:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="quotation"><p>&#8220;In reply to yours of the 10th inst., would say that we sold
+clothing in every grade in August, 1891, at fully 10 per cent.
+less in prices than in August, 1886; for instance, a cassimere
+suit sold then for $12.00 which we sell now for $10.50, and one
+sold for $13.50 and we sell the same now for $12.00. An overcoat
+sold then for $11.50 which we sell now for $10.00. Another grade
+sold then for $16.50 and sells for $15.00 now. This difference
+will run through all grades in proportion to prices. The
+difference in prices between August, 1890, and &#8216;91, is very
+little, if any; less rather than more in &#8216;91.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>As to the development of manufacturing under the McKinley bill I will
+quote first the opinion of a disinterested witness. The British
+Consular General at New York, in his report of May 8, 1891, speaks as
+follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="quotation"><p>&#8220;Influenced by the new and higher duties afforded for the benefit
+of American manufacturing interests, new life has been imparted
+to the cotton, worsted, woollen, and knit underwear industry.
+Everywhere, especially in the Southern States, new textile mills
+have been going up with surprising activity, and all the old
+corporations have been operated on full time&#8230;.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;As a rule, all the cotton mills have had a year of unusual
+activity. The production has been of larger volume than in any
+previous year, and the goods have found a ready sale generally
+but at comparatively low prices, considering the high prices
+which prevailed during the first six months of the year for
+cotton. Market prices, except in a few cases, did not vary with
+the price of cotton. Opening generally at low rates, cotton goods
+have been steady, the home and export demand being sufficient to
+absorb the supply of all standard and staple makers of brown,
+bleached, and colored goods, if we except printing cloths and
+calicoes&#8230;.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The worsted goods industry has been marked by fresh life since
+the new tariff has, to a great extent, cut off the importation of
+the lowest grades of such goods. All the old factories have
+started up, and are making goods on safe orders; and new mills
+are being erected by European and British capitalists with a view
+to manufacturing a finer class of dress goods, etc., than ever
+before has been produced in this country. The woollen goods<span class='pagenum'><a name="page665" id="page665">665</a></span>
+industry, apart from ladies&#8217; cloths, does not show any
+perceptible signs of improvement, but keeps on a slow, steady
+gait, apart from carpetings and woollen underwear. Both of the
+latter industries have been unusually busy during the last six
+months at fairly profitable prices.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>To give a complete list of the new industries started since the
+passage of the McKinley bill would be impossible, and would occupy
+more space than <span class="smcap">The Arena</span> could spare. I give, therefore, a partial
+list compiled from the <i>Boston Commercial Bulletin</i>, and covering only
+the first three months after the passage of the law, that is, from
+Oct. 1, 1890. These are the months most unfavorable to the bill, but
+the statistics show what the growth of new and old industries has been
+under the tariff of 1890 in three months, and indicate what the future
+increase is likely to be.</p>
+
+
+<p class="heading">SHOES AND LEATHER.</p>
+
+<div class="industries">
+
+<p>Shoe factory at Portsmouth, Va.</p>
+<p>Tannery and horse collar manufactory at Demorest, Ga.</p>
+<p>Shoe factory building by the town of Ayer to cost $15,000.</p>
+<p>White Bros, new tannery at Lowell for finishing fine upper leather.</p>
+<p>Towle&#8217;s new shoe factory at Northwood, N. H.</p>
+<p>New shoe factory at Natick, Mass.</p>
+<p>New shoe factory at Beverly, Mass.</p>
+<p>New shoe factory at Salisbury, N. C.</p>
+<p>Voltaire Electric Shoe Co., of Manchester, N. H. (Capital, $50,000.)</p>
+<p>New factory at Ellsworth, Me.</p>
+<p>New factory at Sherman, Me.</p>
+<p>New factory at Whitman, Mass., for Commonwealth Shoe Co.</p>
+<p>New factory at East Pepperell, Mass. (Employs over 700 hands.)</p>
+<p>Manhattan Rubber Shoe Co., at New York. (Capital, $50,000.)</p>
+<p>Crocker Harness Co., of Tisbury, Mass. (Capital, $77,000.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="heading">COTTON.</p>
+
+<div class="industries">
+
+<p>Mutual Land &amp; Mfg. Co., at Durham, N. C. (Capital, $280,000.)</p>
+<p>Stock company (capital, $250,000) to erect cotton mill, at Fort Worth, Texas.</p>
+<p>Cabot Cotton Mfg. Co., at Brunswick, Me. (70,000 spindles.)</p>
+<p>Shirt factory at Milford, Del. (To employ 30 women.)</p>
+<p>New mill at New Bedford, Mass., for the manufacture of fine
+yarn, on account of the high tariff on this grade of goods.</p>
+<p>New mill at Dallas, Texas. (15,000 spindles.)</p>
+<p>New cotton mill at Monroe, La. (Capital, $200,000.)<span class='pagenum'><a name="page666" id="page666">666</a></span></p>
+<p>New mill at Austin, Texas, to cost $500,000.</p>
+<p>Cotton factory at New Iberia, Ky.</p>
+<p>Stock company (capital, $500,000) at Atlanta, Ga., to work the
+fibre of the cotton stalk into warp for cotton bales.</p>
+<p>New cotton factory at Abbeville, S. C.</p>
+<p>New cotton factory at Summit, Miss.</p>
+<p>Jean pants and cotton sack factory, at Louisiana State Penitentiary.</p>
+<p>New cotton mill at Moosup, Conn.</p>
+<p>New cotton mill at Wolfboro, N. H. (Capital, $800,000.)</p>
+<p>Bagging mills at Sherman, Texas.</p>
+<p>Cotton batting factory at Columbia, S. C. (Capital, $40,000.)</p>
+<p>Cotton mill at Greenville, Tenn.</p>
+<p>Cotton tie factory at Selma, Ala.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="heading">WOOLLEN.</p>
+
+<div class="industries">
+
+<p>Harvey&#8217;s carpet mills at Philadelphia, Pa.</p>
+<p>Arlington mills at Lawrence. (Worsted&mdash;500 hands.)</p>
+<p>Knitting mills at Cohoes, N. Y.</p>
+<p>Knitting mills at Bennington, Vt. (75 hands.)</p>
+<p>Woollen mill at Barre Plains near Worcester. (Fancy Cassimeres.)</p>
+<p>Crescent yarn and knitting mills at New Orleans, La. (Capital, $75,000.
+Capacity 500 dozen of hose per day.)</p>
+<p>Wytheville Woollen &amp; Knitting Co. at Wytheville, W. Va. (Capital, $30,000.)</p>
+<p>Yarn factory at Athens, S. C.</p>
+<p>Coat factory at Ellsworth, Me. (Employs 75 to 100 hands.)</p>
+<p>Woollen mills at Lynchburg, Va.</p>
+<p>Woollen manufactory at Philadelphia, Pa.</p>
+<p>Knitting mill (200 x 90) at Cohoes, N. Y.</p>
+<p>Woollen factory at Worcester, Mass.</p>
+<p>Knitting mill at Raleigh, N. C. ($25,000.)</p>
+<p>Knitting mill at Pittsboro, N. C.</p>
+<p>Cotton and woollen yarns at Catonsville, Md. (Capital, $10,000.)</p>
+<p>Yarn factory at Lambert&#8217;s Point, Va. (Capital, $25,000.)</p>
+<p>New factories of the Merrimack Coat and Glove Co., at Waban, N. H.</p>
+<p>Knitting mill at Rockton, N. Y.</p>
+<p>Yarn manufactory at Winsted, Conn.</p>
+<p>Worsted manufactory at Woonsocket, R. I.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="heading">POTTERY AND GLASS.</p>
+
+<div class="industries">
+
+<p>Chattanooga Pottery Co. Pottery mills at Millville, Tenn.</p>
+<p>Glass factory to manufacture glass jars and bottles at Middletown, Indiana.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="page667" id="page667">667</a></span>Window glass factory at Baltimore, Md.</p>
+<p>Glass manufactory at Fostoria, Ohio. (125 persons operate 12 pots.)</p>
+<p>Parmenter Mfg. Co. at East Brockfield, Mass. (Capital, $250,000.)</p>
+<p>Glass manufactory at Grand Rapids, Mich.</p>
+<p>American Union Bottle Co. Glass works at Woodbury, N. J.</p>
+<p>A. Busch Glass Works at St. Louis, Mo.</p>
+<p>Large glass plant at Denver, Col., by Chicago parties.
+(To employ between 300 and 400 men.)</p>
+<p>Diamond Plate Glass Co., at Kokomo, Indiana. (Capacity, 5,500 ft. per day.)</p>
+<p>New green glass factory at Alton, Ills. (To employ 425 men.)</p>
+<p>Union Glass Co. at Malaga, N. J. (Capital, $100,000.)</p>
+<p>Window Glass Co. of Pittsburgh, Pa. (Capital, $100,000.)</p>
+<p>Window glass factory at Millville, N. J.</p>
+<p>Glass manufactory at North Baltimore, Md. (Optical goods.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="heading">PAPER AND PULP.</p>
+
+<div class="industries">
+
+<p>New paper mill at Newport and Sunapee, N. H.</p>
+<p>Otis Falls Pulp Co. at Livermore Falls, Me.</p>
+<p>Mill for the manufacture of glazed hardware paper at Hemington, Conn.</p>
+<p>Girvins Falls Pulp Co. of Concord, N. H. (Capital, $40,000.)</p>
+<p>Paper mill at Manchester, Col.</p>
+<p>New pulp mill at Howland, Me.</p>
+<p>New pulp mill at Saxon, Wis.</p>
+<p>New paper mill at Orono, Mo.</p>
+<p>Large paper mill at Reading, Pa.</p>
+<p>Brookside Paper Mill at Manchester, Conn.</p>
+<p>Paper box factory at Richmond, Va. (Cost $7,000.)</p>
+<p>Eureka Paper Mill Co. at Lower Oswego Falls, N. Y.</p>
+<p>Shattuck &amp; Babcock Co. of Depue, Wis. (Capital, $500,000.)</p>
+<p>Pulp mill at Huntsville, Ala., by American Fibre Co. of New York. (Capital $80,000.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="heading">IRON AND STEEL.</p>
+
+<div class="industries">
+
+<p>Liberty Iron Co., at Columbia Furnace, Va. (Capital, $50,000.)</p>
+<p>Basic steel plant, at Roanoke, Va. (Capital, $750,000. Capacity, 200 tons per day.)</p>
+<p>Ashland Steel Co., at Ashland, Ky. (400 tons finished steel per day.)</p>
+<p>Tredegar Steel Works, at Tredegar, Ala. (100 tons per day.)</p>
+<p>Pennsylvania Steel Co., of Philadelphia. (Large ship building plant
+at Sparrow Point, on Chesapeake Bay.)</p>
+<p>Pittsburg Malleable Iron Co., of Pittsburg, Pa. (Capital, $25,000.)</p>
+<p>Beaver Tube Co., of Wheeling, W. Va. (Capital, $1,000,000.)</p>
+<p>$1,000,000 stock company at Wheeling, W. Va., to develop coal and
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="page668" id="page668">668</a></span>iron mines, etc.</p>
+<p>New plant at Morristown, Tenn.</p>
+<p>Iron furnace at Winston, N. C., by Washington and Philadelphia parties.</p>
+<p>Buda Iron Works, of Buda, Ill. (Capital, $24,000. Railroad supplies and architectural iron work.)</p>
+<p>Simonds Manufacturing Co., of Pennsylvania. (Iron and steel. Capital, $50,000.)</p>
+<p>Iron City Milling Co., of Pittsburg, Pa. (Capital, $50,000.)</p>
+<p>One hundred and twenty-five ton blast furnace, at Covington, Va.</p>
+<p>Iron works at Jaspar, Tenn. (Capital, $30,000.)</p>
+<p>Planing mill at Jaspar, Tenn. (Capital, $10,000.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="heading">METAL WORKING.</p>
+
+<div class="industries">
+
+<p>Peninsular Metal Works, of Detroit, Mich. (Capital, $100,000.)</p>
+<p>Iron and brass foundry at Easton, Md.</p>
+<p>Tinware factory at Petersburgh, Va.</p>
+<p>Steel Edge Japanning &amp; Tinning Co., at Medway, Mass. (Factory 800 x 60 feet.)</p>
+<p>Horsch Aluminium Plating Co., of Chicago, Ill. (Capital, $5,000,000.)</p>
+<p>Tin plate manufactory at Chicago, Ill.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="heading">MACHINERY AND HARDWARE.</p>
+
+<div class="industries">
+
+<p>Lynn Lasting Machine Co., at Saco, Me. (Capital, $50,000.)</p>
+<p>Tin plate mill at Chattanooga, Tenn.</p>
+<p>New plow factory at West Lynchburg, Va.</p>
+<p>Machine works for Edison Electric Co., at Cohoes, N. H.</p>
+<p>Haywood Foundry Co., at Portland, Me. (Capital, $150,000.)</p>
+<p>Larrabee Machinery Co., at Bath, Me. (Capital, $250,000.)</p>
+<p>Manufactory of mowers at Macon, Ga. (Capital, $50,000.)</p>
+<p>Cooking stove manufactory at Blacksburg, S. C.</p>
+<p>Nail, horse-shoe, and cotton tie factory at Iron Gate, Va.</p>
+<p>Iron foundry and stove works at Ivanhoe, Va.</p>
+<p>Wire fence factory at Bedford City, Va.</p>
+<p>Nail mill and rolling mill with 28 puddling furnaces at Buena Vista, Va.</p>
+<p>Car works by Boston capitalists at Beaumont, Texas. (Capital, $500,000.)</p>
+<p>Car works plant at Goshen, Va.</p>
+<p>Car works plant at Lynchburg, Va.</p>
+<p>Nail mill at Morristown, Tenn.</p>
+<p>Machine and iron works at Blacksburg, S. C. (Capital, $120,000.)</p>
+<p>Eureka Safe &amp; Lock Co. at Covington, Ky. (Capital, $50,000.)</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="page669" id="page669">669</a></span>Agricultural implements factory at Buchanan, Va. (Capital, $50,000.)</p>
+<p>Tin can and pressed tinware factory at Canton, Md.</p>
+<p>New hosiery factory at Charlotte, N. C.</p>
+<p>$10,000 chair factory and $25,000 foundry and machine shop at Attalla, Ala.</p>
+<p>Iron foundry and machine shops at Bristol, Tenn. (Capital, $25,000.)</p>
+<p>Large skate factory at Nashua, N. H.</p>
+<p>Stove Foundry &amp; Machine Co. in Llano, Texas. (Cost, $100,000.)</p>
+<p>Safety Package Co., at Baltimore, Md. (Capital, $1,000,000.
+To manufacture safes, locks, etc.)</p>
+<p>Stove foundry at Salem, Va. (Cost $20,000. Capital, $60,000.)</p>
+<p>Locomotive works plant at Chattanooga, Tenn. (Capital, $500,000.)</p>
+<p>Fulton Machine Co., at Syracuse, N. Y. (Capital, $33,000.)</p>
+<p>Chicago Machine Carving &amp; Mfg. Co., at Chicago, Ill.
+(Capital, $50,000. To manufacture interior decorations, mouldings, etc.)</p>
+<p>Standard Elevator Co., of Chicago, Ill. (Capital, $300,000.)</p>
+<p>Wire nail mill at Salem, Va. (To employ over 100 men.)</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="heading">TIN PLATE.</p>
+
+<p>The following firms are manufacturing tin-plate, or building new mills
+or additions to old ones for that purpose.</p>
+
+
+<div class="industries">
+<p>Demmler &amp; Co., Philadelphia.</p>
+<p>Coates &amp; Co., Baltimore.</p>
+<p>Fleming &amp; Hamilton, Pittsburg.</p>
+<p>Wallace, Banfield &amp; Co., Irondale, Ohio.</p>
+<p>Jennings Bros. &amp; Co., Pittsburg.</p>
+<p>Niedringhaus, St. Louis.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>There is one other charge which was freely made against the tariff of
+1890, that deserves a brief answer. It was said that the McKinley bill
+would stop trade with other countries, and that it raised duties &#8220;all
+along the line.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>A plain tale from the &#8220;Statement of Foreign Commerce and Immigration,&#8221;
+published by the Treasury Department for June, 1891, puts this
+accusation down very summarily.</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Total imports free of duty for nine months, ending June 30, 1891</td><td class='right'>$295,963,665</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total imports free of duty for nine months, ending June 30, 1890</td><td class='right bb'>208,983,873</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Balance in favor of nine months, ending June 30, 1891.</td><td class='right'>86,979,792</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total dutiable imports for nine months, ending June 30, 1890</td><td class='right'>389,786,032</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total dutiable imports for nine months, ending June 30, 1891</td><td class='right bb'>334,242,340</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Balance in favor of nine months, ending June 30, 1891</td><td class='right'>55,543,692</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total imports for nine months, ending June 30, 1891</td><td class='right'>630,206,005</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total imports for nine months, ending June 30, 1890</td><td class='right bb'>598,769,905</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Balance in favor of nine months, ending June 30, 1891</td><td class='right'>31,436,100</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="page670" id="page670">670</a></span></p>
+<h2 class="article_title"><a name="article_3" id="article_3"></a>
+BISMARCK IN THE GERMAN PARLIAMENT.</h2>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+<p class="author_byline">BY EMILIO CASTELAR.</p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">I cannot</span> pardon the historian Bancroft, loved and admired by all, for
+having one day, blinded by the splendors of a certain illustrious
+person&#8217;s career, compared an institution like the new German empire
+with such an institution as the secular American Republic. The
+impersonal character of the latter and the personal character of the
+former place the two governments in radical contrast. In America the
+nation is supreme&mdash;in Germany, the emperor. In the former the saviour
+of the negroes&mdash;redeemer and martyr&mdash;perished almost at the beginning
+of his labors. His death did not delay for one second the emancipation
+of the slave which had been decreed by the will of the nation,
+immovable in its determinations, through which its forms and
+personifications are moved and removed. In America the President in
+the full exercise of his functions is liable to indictment in a
+criminal court; he is nevertheless universally obeyed, not on account
+of his personality and still less on account of his personal prestige,
+but on account of his impersonal authority, which emanates from the
+Constitution and the laws. It little matters whether Cleveland favors
+economic reaction during his government, if the nation, in its
+assemblies, demands stability. The mechanism of the United States,
+like that of the universe, reposes on indefectible laws and
+uncontrollable forces. Germany is in every way the antithesis of
+America; it worships personal power. To this cause is due the
+commencement of its organization in Prussia, a country which was
+necessarily military since it had to defend itself against the Slavs
+and Danes in the north, and against the German Catholics in the south.
+Prussia was constituted in such a manner that its territory became an
+intrenched camp, and its people a nation in arms. Nations, even though
+they be republican, which find it necessary to organize themselves on
+a military model, ultimately<span class='pagenum'><a name="page671" id="page671">671</a></span> relinquish their parliamentary
+institutions and adopt a C&aelig;sarian character and aspect. Greece
+conquered the East under Alexander; Rome extended her empire
+throughout the world under C&aelig;sar; France, after her victories over the
+united kings, and the expedition to Egypt under Bonaparte, forfeited
+her parliament and the republic to deliver herself over to the emperor
+and the empire. Consequently the terms emperor and commander-in-chief
+appear to be the synonyms in all languages. And by virtue of this
+synonymy of words the Emperor of Germany exercises over his subjects a
+power very analogous to that which a general exercises over his
+soldiers. Bismarck should have known this. And knowing this
+truth&mdash;intelligible to far less penetrating minds than his&mdash;Bismarck
+should in his colossal enterprise have given less prominence to the
+emperor and more to Germany. He did precisely the contrary of what he
+should have done. The Hohenzollern dynasty has distinguished itself
+beyond all other German dynasties by its moral nature and material
+temperament of pure and undisguised autocracy. The Prussian dynasty
+has become more absolute than the Catholic and imperial dynasties of
+Germany. A Catholic king always finds his authority limited by the
+Church, which depends completely on the Pope, whereas a Prussian
+monarch grounds his authority on two enormous powers, the dignity of
+head of the State, and that of head of the Church. The autocratic
+character native to the imperial dynasties of Austria is greatly
+limited by the diversity of races subjected to their dominion and to
+the indispensable assemblies of the diet around his imperial majesty.</p>
+
+<p>But a king of Prussia, always on horseback, leader in military times,
+defender of a frontier greatly disputed by formidable enemies, whose
+soil looks like a dried-up marsh from which the ancient Slav race had
+been obliged to drain off the water, is required to direct his
+subjects as a general does an army. The intellectual, political, and
+military grandeur of Frederick the Great augmented this power and
+assured it to his descendants for a long epoch. It has happened to
+each king of Prussia since that time to perform some colossal task,
+grounded in an irreducible antinomy. Frederick William II. devoted
+himself to the reconciliation of Calvinism and Lutheranism as divided
+in his<span class='pagenum'><a name="page672" id="page672">672</a></span> days as during the thirty years war, which was maintained by
+the heroism of Gustavus Adolphus, and repressed by the exterminating
+sword of Wallenstein. Frederick William IV. endeavored to unite
+Christianity and Pantheism in his philosophical lucubrations; the
+Protestant churches were deprived of their churchyards and statues by
+virtue of and in execution of Royal Lutheran mandates, as was also the
+Catholic Cathedral of Cologne, restored to-day in more brilliant
+liturgical splendor with the sums paid for pontifical indulgences.
+Bismarck did as he liked with the empire when it was ruled by William
+I., and did not foresee what would be the irremissible and natural
+issue of the system to which he lent his authority and his name. When
+William I. snatched his crown from the altar, as Charlemagne might
+have done, and clapped it on his head, repeating formulas suited to
+Philip II. and Charles V., the minister was silent and submitted to
+these blasphemies, derived from the ancient doctrine of the divine
+right of kings, because they increased his own ministerial power,
+exercised under a presidency and governorship chiefly nominal and
+honorary. But a thinker of his force, a statesman of his science, a
+man of his greatness, should have remembered what physiologists have
+demonstrated with regard to heredity, and should have known that it
+was his duty and that of the nation and the Germans to guard against
+some atavistic caprice which would strike at his own power. The
+predecessor of Frederick the Great was a monomaniac and the
+predecessor of William the Strong was a madman. Could Bismarck not
+foresee that by his leap backwards he ran the risk of lending himself
+to the fatal reproduction of these same circumstances, of
+transcendental importance to the whole estate, nay, to the whole
+nation? A king of Bavaria singing Wagner&#8217;s operas among rocks and
+lakes; a brother of the king of Bavaria resembling Sigismund de
+Cald&eacute;ron by his epilepsy and insanity; Prince Rudolph showing that the
+double infirmity inherent in the paternal lineage of Charles the Rash
+and in the maternal line of Joanna the Mad continues in the Austrians;
+a recent king of Prussia itself shutting himself up in his room as in
+a gaol, and obliged by fatality to abdicate the throne of his
+forefathers during his lifetime in favor of the next heir, must prove,
+as they have done, what is the result of braving the maledictions of
+the oracle<span class='pagenum'><a name="page673" id="page673">673</a></span> of Delphi, and the catastrophes of the twins of &OElig;dipus
+with such persistency, in this age, in important and mature
+communities, which cannot become diseased, much less cease to exist
+when certain privileged families sicken and die. Not that I would ask
+people to do what is beyond their power and prohibited by their honor.
+There was no necessity, as a revolutionist might imagine, to overturn
+the dynasty. A very simple solution of the problem would have been to
+take against the probable extravagances of the Fredericks and Williams
+of Prussia the same precautions that were taken in England against the
+Georges of Hanover. These last likewise suffered from mental
+disorders. And so troubled were they by their afflictions that they
+were haunted by a grave inclination to prefer their native, though
+unimportant hereditary throne in the Germany of their forefathers to
+the far more important kingdom conferred on them by the parliamentary
+decision of England. But the English, to obviate this, showed
+themselves a powerful nation and respected the dynasty. Bismarck
+wished to make the king absolute in Prussia; he desired that a C&aelig;sar
+should reign over Germany; and to-day the king and the C&aelig;sar are
+embodied in a young man who has set aside the old Chancellor, and
+believes himself to have received from heaven, together with the right
+to represent God on this earth, the omnipotence and omniscience of God
+himself. Can it be doubted any longer that history reveals an inherent
+providential justice? To-day we see it unfold itself as if to show us
+that the distant perspectives of the past live in the present and
+extend throughout futurity.</p>
+
+
+<h3>II.</h3>
+
+<p>Bismarck was on his guard against Frederick the Good, from whom a
+progressive policy was expected on account of his philosophical ideas,
+and a liberal and parliamentary government on account of the domestic
+influences which surrounded him. Knowing the humanitarian tendencies
+which sparkled in his disappointed mind, and the ascendency exercised
+over his diseased heart by the loved Empress Victoria, Bismarck
+availed himself of the terrible infirmity with which implacable fate
+afflicted the second Lutheran Emperor of Germany, and retained the
+imperial power in his own person, as though William I. were not dead.
+The enormous<span class='pagenum'><a name="page674" id="page674">674</a></span> corpse of the latter, like that of Frederick Barbarossa,
+made a subject for analogous legends by German tradition, was replaced
+by another corpse, and in the decomposition consequent to his
+frightful infirmity, the unfortunate Frederick III. seems to have
+realized the title of a celebrated Spanish drama, &#8220;To Govern After
+Death&#8221; (<i>Reinar Despues de Morir</i>). All that he could do, when already
+ravaged by cancer, when the microbes of a terrible disease, like the
+worms of the sepulchre, were attacking and destroying him, was to open
+up a vista to timid hope, and to publish certain promises animated by
+an exalted humaneness, in spite of and unknown to the Chancellor who
+was not consulted in these declarations, which might be said to have
+descended from heaven on the wings of the angel of death. Bismarck
+went to and fro among the doctors, who naturally refused to declare
+the terrible disease mortal, and prepared to vanquish the moribund
+will of Frederick and the British notions of his widow, fearing that
+when the last breath of the imperial life had ceased the whole policy
+of Germany would have to be changed, as a scene in a theatre must be
+changed if it has been hissed. It was certain that there was as great
+a difference between the ideas of the Emperor William I. and those of
+Frederick III., separated by so brief a space, as between those of the
+Emperor Frederick Barbarossa and those of the Emperor Frederick II.,
+his successor, after the long period of two hundred years had changed
+the capital features of the Middle Ages; the first was an unalloyed
+Catholic, notwithstanding his dissidences with the Guelph cities, and
+even with the Pope a stern C&aelig;sar, like the good Roman C&aelig;sars in time
+of war and defence, a veritable orthodox crusader, whose piety was
+concealed as in a colossal mountain whence he awaited the reconquest
+of outraged Jerusalem by the Christians; whereas the second was an
+almost Pantheistic poet and philosopher, whose Catholicity was mingled
+with Orientalism, who was equally given to the discussion of
+theological and of scientific questions, who followed the crusades in
+fulfilment of an hereditary tradition, who penetrated into the
+Basilica of the Holy Sepulchre by virtue of an extraordinary covenant
+with the infidel, and whose own beliefs were so cosmopolitan that they
+brought down a sentence of excommunication upon himself and of
+interdiction upon his kingdom. To Pope Innocent III., the former
+typified the<span class='pagenum'><a name="page675" id="page675">675</a></span> Catholic emperor of the Middle Ages; Frederick II.
+appeared to him very much the same as in our days the Lutheran emperor
+appeared to Prince Bismarck, who took every possible precaution
+against the humanitarianism and parliamentarism of his dying pupil,
+and at the same time impelled his eldest son, the next heir to the
+crown, with all his influence and advice towards absolutist principles
+and reactionary propensities. No upright mind can ever forget the
+terrible desecration committed when, a few days before the death of
+his father, young William spoke of the empire as of a possession which
+it was to be understood he had already entered upon, and awarded the
+arm and head of his iron Chancellor the title of arm and head
+connatural with the C&aelig;sarian institution. I know of no statesman in
+history who has given, under analogous circumstances, such proof of
+want of foresight as was given by Bismarck, comprehensible only if the
+body could assume the authority of the will, as did his, and if the
+intelligence could disappear, as did his, in an hydropic and
+unquenchable desire for power. Frederick, holding progressive ideas
+opposed to those of Bismarck and of William, would have greatly
+considered public opinion, and on account of that consideration would
+have perhaps respected, till the hour of his death, the Pilot, who,
+dejected by the new direction of public government, inferred that
+irreparable evil must result therefrom. When Maurice of Saxony trod on
+the heels of Charles V., whom he had defeated at Innsbruck, he was
+asked why he did not capture so rich a booty, and replied: &#8220;Where
+should I find a cage large enough for such a big bird?&#8221; Assuredly the
+conscience and mind of such a parliamentarian and philosopher as was
+Frederick III., must have addressed to him a similar question when he
+inwardly meditated sacrificing the Chancellor&#8217;s person and prescinding
+his power: &#8220;Where should I find a place outside the government for
+such a man, who would struggle under bolts and chains, making the
+whole state tremble in sympathy with his own agitation?&#8221; The
+experience and talent of Frederick, together with his respect for
+public opinion, led him to retain Bismarck at his post, subject only
+to some slight restrictions. But the Chancellor, in his
+shortsightedness, filled young William&#8217;s head with absolutist ideas;
+spurred and excited him to display impatience with his poor father;
+and when thus nurtured, his ward opened his mouth to satisfy<span class='pagenum'><a name="page676" id="page676">676</a></span> his
+appetite, he swallowed up the Chancellor as a wild beast devours a
+keeper.</p>
+
+<p>It was the hand of Providence!</p>
+
+
+<h3>III.</h3>
+
+<p>The onus of blame devolves on Bismarck&#8217;s native ideas, which persisted
+in him from his cradle and resisted the revelations of his own
+personal experience as well as the spirit of our progressive age. In
+Bismarck there always subsisted the rural fibre of the Pomeranian
+rustic, in unison with the demon of feudal superstition and
+intolerance. In politics and religion he was born, like certain of the
+damned in &#8220;Dante&#8217;s Inferno,&#8221; with his head turned backwards by
+destiny. A quarrelsome student, a haughty noble, pleased only with his
+lands and with the privileges ascribed to the land owner, incapable of
+understanding the ideal of natural right and the contexture of
+parliamentary government, a Christian of merely external routine and
+formalist liturgy, he excited in the pusillanimous Frederick William,
+in his earliest counsels and during his early influence in the crisis
+of &#8216;48, a horror of democratic principles and progressist schools
+which led him to salute the corpses of his own victims, stretched out
+on the beds of his own royal palace, and to prostrate himself at the
+feet of Austria in the terrible humiliation of Olmutz, that political
+and moral Jena of the civil wars of the Germanic races. Very
+perspicuous in discerning the slightest cloud that might endanger the
+privileges of the monarchy and aristocracy, he was blind of an
+incurable blindness with respect to the discernment of the breath of
+life contained in the febrile agitations of new Germany, which
+discharged from its revolutionary tripod sufficient magnetism and
+electricity between the tempests, similar to those which flash, and
+thunder, and fulminate, from the summits of all the Sinais of all
+histories, to inflame a higher soul in any other more progressive
+society. The world cannot understand that he should have been
+perturbed by the external clamor of the revolution, when the idea of
+Germanic unity had become condensed in the soul of the nation,
+revealing itself by volcanic eruptions, like an incipient or radiant
+star; he could not understand how the Congress of Frankfort, cursed by
+him, foreshadowed the future, as though<span class='pagenum'><a name="page677" id="page677">677</a></span> inspired by tongues of fire;
+and could not avail himself of all that ether whose comet-like
+violence, cooled down in the course of time, was to compose the new
+German nationality, and was to give it a greater fatherland where its
+inherent genial nature should glow and expand. In his
+shortsightedness, in his lack of progressive spirit, in his want of
+the prophetic gift, he imagined the principle of Germanic unity lost
+at Olmutz, like the principle of Italian unity at Novara, and
+ridiculed those who, certain of the immortality of such principles,
+foretold for both a Passover of Resurrection. He never understood the
+innermost essence and intrinsic substance of the principle, to which
+it owes its force and glory, sufficiently to adopt it, until he had
+witnessed its success in Italy, insulted in his speeches during the
+tempestuous dawn of the new common idea. It is on this account that I
+am rendered indignant by any comparison of Bismarck and Cavour, as I
+am rendered equally indignant by a comparison of Washington and
+Bonaparte. The father of the Saxon fatherland of America, and the
+father of the Italian fatherland in Europe, alike rendered worship to
+goodness, and never deviated from right in any degree; whereas the
+founders of French imperialism and of Germanic imperialism, much
+addicted to violence and very vain of their conquests, relinquished
+something as great and as fragile and sinister as the works produced
+by the genius of evil and outer darkness in all theogony. In the last
+years of the reign of Napoleon III., during the discussion of a
+message in the French Legislative Corps, Rouher extolled the public
+and private virtues of the emperor. My late lamented friend, Jules
+Favre, replied to him in a speech worthy of Demosthenes: &#8220;You may be
+content to be the minister of such a Marcus Aurelius; to such paltry
+dignities, I prefer the higher privilege of calling myself a citizen
+of a free country.&#8221; Bismarck preferred to maintain himself in power by
+the help of his kings&mdash;quite the contrary of what Gladstone does, who
+maintains his sovereign. Whom can he blame but himself? Emperors are
+accustomed to be ferocious with their favorites when they are weary of
+them. Just as Tiberius expelled Sejanus, just as Nero killed Seneca,
+just as John II. hanged D. Alvaro de Luna, just as Philip II.
+persecuted Antonio Perez till he died, just as Philip III. beheaded D.
+Rodrigo Cald&eacute;ron, William II. has morally<span class='pagenum'><a name="page678" id="page678">678</a></span> beheaded Bismarck, without
+any other motive than his imperial caprice. <i>Sic volo, sic jubeo.</i> So
+now will the Chancellor venture to present himself in parliament
+because he has been dismissed from the royal palace like a lackey?
+<i>Qu&aelig; te dementia c&aelig;pit?</i> When, after Waterloo, Napoleon, adopting the
+theatrical style of an Italian <i>artiste</i>, suitable to his tragical
+disposition, and repeating a few badly learned Plutarchesque phrases,
+suitable to the classical education of his age, asked the English, his
+enemies, to accord him hospitality, as in ancient times Themistocles
+might have petitioned his enemies the Persians, the English replied by
+sending him to St. Helena. Bismarck in disfavor and disgrace solicits
+an asylum from his enemies, the commons, whom he has never defeated,
+yet whom he has always disdained. And as the English condemned their
+troublesome guest to live on a gloomy little island, the electors
+condemn their repugnant petitioner to a second ballot. But the
+Chancellor will be completely undeceived; he possesses no
+qualifications whatever for the position he has chosen. An orator, a
+great orator, he one day failed to keep his pledged word, and the
+apostate word condemns him to never regain the executive power through
+its intervention. In the sessions of parliament he will resemble the
+plucked and cackling hen thrown by the Sophists into Socrates&#8217;
+lecture-room. The admired Heine, so fertile in genial ideas,
+represented the gods of Phidias and Plato, besides being downfallen
+and vagabond, selling rabbit skins on the seashore, and being forced
+to light brushwood fires by which to warm their benumbed bodies during
+the winter nights. To-day the writers, salaried by Bismarck, known as
+reptiles, now turn on him, for a similar salary, the venomous fangs
+which he formerly aimed at his innumerable enemies. And yonder, in the
+parliament where formerly he strode in with sabre, and belt, and
+spurred boots, a helmet under his arm, a cuirass on his breast, he
+will now enter like a chicken-hearted charity-school boy, and that
+assembly which he formerly whipped with a strong hand, like
+school-boys, laughed at and caricatured in often brutal sarcasm,
+ridiculed at every instant, ignored in the calculation of the budget
+and the army estimates during long years, and sometimes divided and
+dispersed by his strokes, they, the rabble, will trample on him, like
+the Lilliputians on Gulliver, incapable of estimating his stature, and
+eternity<span class='pagenum'><a name="page679" id="page679">679</a></span> and history will speedily bury him, not like a despot, in
+Egyptian porphyry, but like a buffoon.</p>
+
+
+<h3>IV.</h3>
+
+<p>In few statesmen has it been seen so clearly as in the case of the
+Chancellor that no great man can make himself greater than a great
+idea. Opposed to the Germanic union in the commencement of its
+creative period, at the time of the revolution of &#8216;48, he accepted it
+much later, not so much of his own initiative and free will as in
+obedience to the teachings of unpleasant experiences. Between his
+anti-union and almost feudal speeches which softened the disaster of
+Olmutz, and his conversion, more than fourteen years ensued, the whole
+space of time which extended from the dawn of the revolution to the
+triumph of Italy. In that conversion lay the veritable glory of his
+life, and he proved therein, by successive and tardy gradations, that
+he could tenaciously avail himself of his courage, and lead up to the
+triumph of the newly created and loved project with marvellous art.
+The policy developed against Austria at Frankfort by its snares, by
+its traps, by its deceits, and by its tricks, exhibited him to history
+as a prodigy of cunning and foresight, in whom the enthusiasm of a
+living sentiment was associated with computations of consummate
+dexterity. His embassy to Paris and to St. Petersburg, where he united
+against Austria persons so opposed to concord as Napoleon and
+Alexander, each for his own part determined to do nothing which might
+increase the power of Germany, surpassed in cleverness everything ever
+achieved in celebrated combinations by such diplomats as Talleyrand
+and Metternich, the two illustrious models of political strategy. The
+inclusion of Austria in the incidents of the duchies of the River Elbe
+and the jugglery done with the territory acquired with its direct
+assent, in addition to the preparation of the final stroke for the
+presidency of the Germanic federation, by means of a war prepared with
+cunning stealth and carried out with rapid triumph, are among the
+greatest feats for which praises and deifications are due to him and
+which testify to his merit. I cannot forget that to his efforts we owe
+the ruin of Austrian despotism, and of Napoleonic C&aelig;sarism; the
+re-establishment of Hungarian independence;<span class='pagenum'><a name="page680" id="page680">680</a></span> the return of Italy&#8217;s
+long lost provinces to her bosom; the end of the Pope&#8217;s temporal
+power, and the fortunate occasion of the new birth of the republic in
+France. In his schemes Bismarck forwarded a higher ideal of progress
+and, consciously or unconsciously, he&mdash;than whom nobody was ever more
+inspired by motives and triumphant in his undertakings&mdash;has served the
+universal interests of the democracy. But he has achieved his
+undeniable victories by means and procedures which have not fitted him
+for the position of a German deputy, and do not lend him any force,
+either moral or material, for his new elective office. The whole of
+his great edifice is founded on a complete oblivion of parliamentary
+traditions, to-day courted lovingly by its most crafty enemy, whose
+inconstancy is extraordinary. Reservedness, dissimulation, secrecy,
+deceit, double meanings in words, what by analogy with the former we
+call duplicity of character, treaties made by stealth, midnight
+conspiracies, imposition of taxes not voted by parliament, levies
+arbitrarily decreed by the executive without authorization and even
+without consultation as in Asia, the right of conquest practised in
+the light of reason, violent annexations which dismembered one nation
+for the glory of another&mdash;such is the sum total of fatal traditions
+which Bismarck now solicits to be allowed to continue by means of free
+discussion, and in the bosom of open parliament. Palmerston and
+Gortchakoff cannot hop in the same bag. The minion of a Czar and the
+representative of a nation cannot be united in one and the same
+person. What programme can Bismarck develop to his colleagues which
+will have the moral character of necessary work? Moreover, the divine
+word called human eloquence descends only on the lips of that
+apostleship which redeems a nation from slavery and impels it forward.
+You could not understand Daniel defending the kings of Babylon,
+Demosthenes defending Philip, Cicero defending Mark Antony, O&#8217;Connell
+defending the landlords of Ireland, and Vergniaud or Mirabeau
+defending the absolute kings of France. If Bismarck accepts the
+liberal and tolerant policy of to-day, will he not thereby countenance
+the emperor who has ridiculed him and Caprivi who has audaciously
+seated himself in that exalted position from which Bismarck thought
+never to fall before his death? The great man is a poor appraiser of
+ideas, accepting them from every quarter whence they<span class='pagenum'><a name="page681" id="page681">681</a></span> blow to him if
+only they will fill his sails and propel his bark; but he will never
+understand what mischief he could work to his enemies by opposing a
+programme of advanced democratic reform to the imperial programme
+whose fixity resembles the rigidity of death. But what liberty can he
+invoke&mdash;he who has disavowed and injured all liberties? Not personal
+liberty&mdash;abused and trampled on constantly by his menials; not
+commercial liberty, sold for thirty pieces of silver after the
+Germanic Zollverein had brought great wealth to Prussia; not religious
+liberty, placed in grave danger by complacency with anti-Jewish
+preachers and by the May laws; not scientific liberty, after having
+persecuted every department of science&mdash;even history&mdash;and invested the
+state with full power to enforce the teaching of official doctrines
+everywhere and by everybody; not industrial liberty, wasted away by
+the regulation of labor which has transformed the workshops into
+garrisons, and made of the workmen an army. What remains for him to
+do? He has absolutely no resource at his disposal with which to
+undertake a campaign of active opposition. In social questions nothing
+is more worn out and useless than his pontifical socialism. This
+species of abortion has lately resulted in advancing the parturition
+of increased aspirations of the laborers, and as every kind of
+abortion leaves the womb which bears it, has done so violently. His
+law for the insurance of workmen, though dating only from &#8216;82, is
+already tottering in almost decrepit decay. He even admitted himself
+that it needed perfecting by means of a law that should establish
+compulsory corporations, like the ancient guilds, which proposal was
+objected to by the workmen themselves, more inclined to Saxon
+individualism and revolutionary co-operation than to his socialism, in
+which he saw salvation, and which they regarded as pedantic and
+hybrid. Bismarck&#8217;s system had no justification and derogated all laws
+of ethics and justice. With his Utopian schemes the professors in
+their lecture-rooms endeavored to excite the Socialists, who, if they
+had listened and demanded their realization would have been exposed to
+be shot down in the streets by the soldiery, without anyone being able
+even to raise a protest against such indignities being possible in the
+country. Even his foreign policy can scarcely be justified; however
+skilful may have been the diplomatic and military preparations which
+led to his first<span class='pagenum'><a name="page682" id="page682">682</a></span> triumph, it has proved a perplexed and confused
+policy since his final triumph. The Chancellor had no other
+alternative than to come to an agreement either with France and
+England against Russia, or else with Russia against France and
+England. To come to an arrangement with France against Russia
+necessitated the restitution of Alsace and Lorraine; to come to an
+understanding with Russia, it was necessary to permit the Russians to
+enter Constantinople. By these perplexities which shut out all hope of
+retaliation from France, thus exciting its colonial appetite, and
+which opened to Russia the path to the Bosphorus in a final eastern
+war, detaining her for a time in St. Stephens and preparing the two
+Bulgarias for an Austrian protectorate, Bismarck could have extricated
+himself from danger from both Russia and France when the bonds of the
+Triple Alliance were loosened at Rome by the fall of Crispi, and at
+Vienna by the Treaty of Commerce. We have not spoken of the Chancellor
+as an argonaut, of the Chancellor as a colonizer. All that he has been
+able to do, after having given occasion for enormous difficulties with
+Australia and England, with the United States and Spain, placing
+himself and placing us in danger of war for the Carolines, has been to
+break poor unlucky Emin Pasha&#8217;s backbone, and to barter the
+protectorate of Zanzibar for the sponge known as Heligoland. And may
+thanks be given to William II. and to Caprivi for having, at such
+small cost, got over the difficulties of the Socialist laws of his
+home policy, and the colonial entanglements of his foreign policy.
+Bismarck may believe an old admirer of his personality and of his
+genius, though an adversary of his policy, and of the government
+dependent on that policy. Society, like nature, devours everything
+that it does not need. The death of William I., the C&aelig;sar; the death
+of Roon, the organizer; the death of Moltke, the strategist, all say
+to him that the species of men to which he belongs is fading out and
+becoming extinct. Modern science teaches that extinct species do not
+re-appear. Bossuet would say that the Eternal has destroyed the
+instrument of His providential work, because it is already useless.
+Remain, then, Bismarck, in retirement, and await, without neurotic
+impatience, the final judgment of God and of history.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="page683" id="page683">683</a></span></p>
+<h2 class="article_title"><a name="article_4" id="article_4"></a>
+THE DOUBTERS AND THE DOGMATISTS.</h2>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+<p class="author_byline">BY PROF. JAMES T. BIXBY, PH.D.</p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">An</span> eminent ecclesiastic of the Church of England not long ago
+characterized the present age as pre-eminently the age of <i>doubt</i>, and
+lamented that whether he took up book, or magazine, or sermon, he was
+confronted with some form of it.</p>
+
+<p>This picture of our age is not an unjust one. The modern mind is
+thoroughly wide awake and has quite thrown off the leading-strings of
+ancient timidity. It looks all questions in the face and demands to be
+shown the real facts in every realm. All the traditions of history,
+the laws of science, the principles of morals are overhauled, and the
+foundations on which they rest relentlessly probed. And our modern
+curiosity can see no reason why it should cease its investigations
+when it comes to the frontiers of religion. It deems no dogma too old
+to be summoned before its bar; no council nor conclave too sacred to
+be asked for its credentials; no pope or Scripture too venerable to be
+put in the witness-box and cross-examined as to its accuracy or
+authority. In all the churches there is a spirit of inquiry abroad;
+almost every morning breeze brings us some new report of heresy, or
+the baying of the sleuth-hounds of orthodoxy, as they scent some new
+trail of infidelity; and the slogan of dogmatic controversy echoes
+from shore to shore.</p>
+
+<p>As we look around the ecclesiastical horizon, we find agitation and
+controversy on all sides. In one denomination, it is the question of
+the salvation of the <i>heathen</i>; in another, that of the virgin birth
+of Christ and the apostolic succession; in a third, it is the invasion
+of doubt as to the eternal torment of the wicked; in a fourth, the
+evidential value of the miracles; in a fifth, the grand questions
+included under the higher criticism of the Scriptures and the relative
+authority of reason and the Bible. In Congregational, Episcopalian,
+Baptist, Universalist, and Presbyterian folds, it is the same,
+everywhere some heresy to be disciplined,<span class='pagenum'><a name="page684" id="page684">684</a></span> some doubt to be
+suppressed, some doctrinal battle hotly waged.</p>
+
+<p>To the greater part of the Church, this epidemic of scepticism is a
+subject of grave alarm. Unbelief seems to them, as to Mr. Moody, the
+worst of sins; and they consider the only proper thing to do with it,
+is to follow the advice of the Bishop of London, some years ago, and
+fling doubt away as you would a loaded shell. They apparently look
+upon Christianity as a huge powder magazine, which is likely to
+explode if a spark of candid inquiry comes near it.</p>
+
+<p>Others, on the contrary, fold their arms indifferently and regard this
+new spirit of investigation as only an evanescent breeze, which can
+produce no serious result upon the citadel of faith. A third party
+hail it with exultation as the first trumpet blast of the theological
+G&ouml;tterd&aelig;merung, the downfall of all divine powers and the destruction
+of the Christian superstition, to give place to the naked facts of
+scientific materialism.</p>
+
+<p>What estimate, then, shall we put on this tendency?</p>
+
+<p>In the first place we must recognize that it is a serious condition;
+that it is no momentary eddy, but a permanent turn in the current of
+the human mind. Humanity is looking religion square in the face,
+without any band over its eyes, in a way it never has before; and when
+humanity once gets its eyes open to such questions,&mdash;it is in vain
+to try to close them, before the questions have been thoroughly
+examined. Certainly, Protestantism cannot call a halt upon this march.
+For it was Protestantism itself, proclaiming at the beginning of her
+struggle with Rome the right of private judgment, which started the
+modern mind upon this high quest; and Protestantism is therefore bound
+in logic and honor to see it through to the end, whatever that end may
+be.</p>
+
+<p>And in the next place, I believe that quest will end in good. Why the
+champions of faith should regard doubt as devil-born, rather than a
+providential instrument in God&#8217;s hand, is something I do not
+understand. If doubt humbles the Church and acts as a thorn in its
+flesh, may not such chastening be providential, quite as much as the
+things which puff it up? As Luther well expressed it, &#8220;We say to our
+Lord, that if he will have his church, he must keep it, for we cannot.
+And if we could, we should be the proudest asses under heaven.&#8221; As
+Attila was the scourge of God to<span class='pagenum'><a name="page685" id="page685">685</a></span> the Roman world, when God needed to
+clear that empire out of the way, as he built his new Christendom, so
+may not doubt be the scourge of God to the easy-going, sleepy, too
+credulous piety of to-day, which gulps down all the husks of faith so
+fast that it never gets a taste of the kernel?</p>
+
+<p>Yes, doubt is often the needed preparation for obtaining truth. We
+must clear out the thorny thicket of superstition before we can begin
+to raise the sweet fruit of true religion.</p>
+
+<p>There are times when careful investigation is rightly called for. When
+doubting Thomas demanded to see the print of the nails, and touch and
+handle the flesh of the risen Christ, before he would believe in the
+resurrection of his Lord, his demand for the most solid proof of the
+great marvel was a wise and commendable one; one for which all
+subsequent generations of Christians are deeply indebted to him. To
+believe without evidence, or to suppress doubt where it legitimately
+arises, is both fostering superstition and exposing ourselves to error
+and danger. What shall we say of the merchant who refuses to entertain
+any question about the seaworthiness of his vessel, but sends her off
+across the Atlantic undocked and unexamined, piously trusting her to
+the Lord? Shall we commend him? or not rather charge him with culpable
+negligence? And what we say of such a merchant seems to me just what
+we should say of the Christian who refuses to investigate the
+seaworthiness of that ship of faith which his ancestors have left him.
+In astronomy, in politics, in law, we demand what business the dead
+hand of the past has on our lip, our brain, our purse? Why should the
+dead hand of an Augustine or Calvin be exempt from giving its
+authority? Why should these medi&aelig;val glimpses of truth be given the
+right to close our eyes to-day from seeing what we ourselves can see
+and speaking forth what we can hear of heavenly truth?</p>
+
+<p>In all other departments of knowledge, investigation has brought us up
+to a higher outlook, where we see the true relations of things better
+than before. In all other branches, God has given us new light, so
+that we discern things more as they really are. Science has risen by
+making a ladder of its earlier errors and by treading them under foot,
+reaching to higher truths. The Bible itself is the growth of ages; and
+Christian doctrine and Christian creeds have been the evolution of a
+still longer period. The dogmas of the churches<span class='pagenum'><a name="page686" id="page686">686</a></span> are most manifold and
+conflicting. Is it not rather immodest and absurd for each church to
+claim infallibility for its present creed, and that wisdom died when
+the book of Revelation closed the Bible, or the Council of Trent or
+the Westminster Assembly adjourned its sitting? It seems to me that
+the churches ought, instead, to be willing and anxious to receive
+whatever new light God may grant them to-day, and with the potent
+clarifying processes of reason, separate the pure gold of religion
+from the dross and alloys of olden superstition and misguided
+judgment.</p>
+
+<p>But to the modern devotees of dogma, any subjection of it to the
+cleansing of the reason seems shocking. The forefront of Dr. Briggs&#8217;
+recent offending, for which he is about to be formally tried as a
+heretic, is that he admits errors in the Bible and gives reason (by
+which he means, as he explains, not merely the understanding, but also
+the conscience and the religious instinct in man), a conjoint place
+with the Bible and the Church in the work of salvation and the
+attainment of divine truth. To the modern dogmatist, these positions
+seem sceptical and pernicious. But to the philosopher, who knows the
+laws of human nature, to every scholar who knows the actual history of
+the Bible, these positions seem only self-evident. That in the
+Scriptures there are innumerable errors in science, mistakes in
+history, prophecies that were never fulfilled, contradictions and
+inconsistencies between different books and chapters,&mdash;these are facts
+of observation which every Biblical student knows full well. Granting,
+for the sake of the argument, that the Bible was given originally by
+infallible divine dictation, yet the men who wrote down the message
+were fallible; the men who copied it were fallible; the men who
+translated it (some of it twice over, first from Hebrew to Greek, and
+then from Greek to English) were fallible; and the editors, who from
+the scores of manuscripts, by their personal comparison and decisions
+between the conflicting readings, patched together our present text,
+were most fallible. And when thus a Bible reader has got his text
+before him, how can he understand it, except by using his own reason
+and judgment? Instruments, again, most fallible.</p>
+
+<p>How is it possible, then, to get Bible-truth independently of the
+reason or in entire exemption from error? The only way would be to
+say, that not only was the Bible verbally<span class='pagenum'><a name="page687" id="page687">687</a></span> inspired, but all its
+authors, copyists, editors, and pious readers were also infallibly
+inspired. As in the old Hindoo account of how the world was supported,
+the earth was said to be held up on pillars, and the pillars on an
+elephant, and the elephant on a tortoise, and when the defender of the
+faith was asked what, then, did the tortoise rest on, he sought to
+save himself in his quandary, by roundly asserting that &#8220;it was
+tortoise all the way down&#8221;;&mdash;so the defender of the infallibility of
+the Scripture has to take refuge in &#8220;inspiration all the way down.&#8221;
+But if this be so, ought not the modern scripture editors and
+revisers, translators and Biblical professors also to be inspired, as
+much as those of King James&#8217; day or the printers at the Bible house?
+And thus we reach, as the <i>reductio ad absurdum</i> of this argument,
+this result: that Tischendorff, and Koenen, and the Hebrew professors,
+among whom Doctor Briggs is a foremost authority, while accused of
+heresy are really themselves the very channels of infallible
+inspiration.</p>
+
+<p>The sincere investigators into the character of the Bible and the
+nature of Christ are charged with exalting human reason above the word
+of God. But as soon as the subject is investigated and a Professor
+Swing or a Mr. MacQueary corroborates his interpretation by the
+Scripture itself, or Doctor Briggs shows his views to be sustained by
+history, by philosophy, by a profounder study of both nature and the
+Bible, then the ground is shifted, and it is maintained that it is not
+a question whether the views are true, but whether they conform to the
+creed; that the Catechism is not to be judged by the Bible or the
+facts in the case, but Bible and facts are to be interpreted by the
+words of the Confession; and if they do not agree with this, then
+heresy and infidelity are made manifest. The question is not whether
+the water of truth be found, but whether it is drunk out of an
+orthodox bottle, with the Church&#8217;s label glued firmly upon it. The
+pretext for the charge of heresy against these eminent Biblical
+scholars is that they are undermining the Bible; but in conducting the
+trial, prosecutors themselves refuse to abide by the testimony of the
+Scriptures to decide the matter and erect above them soul creed or
+catechism.</p>
+
+<p>But let us stop for a moment and ask whence came these creeds and
+catechisms themselves? What else was their origin than out of the
+reason of man; out of the brains of<span class='pagenum'><a name="page688" id="page688">688</a></span> scholars, as they in former years
+criticised and interpreted the same Scripture, and nature, and laws of
+God? And these scholars of the past were quite as fallible, quite as
+partisan, and far less well informed than our scholars to-day. Thus it
+is the dogmatists themselves who exalt the reason of man above the
+word of God, forbidding us to listen to the more direct voice of God
+in our own soul; forbidding us to decipher the revelations which the
+Divine Hand has written on the rocks, and tree, and animal structure,
+and even frowning upon that profounder study of the Scripture called
+the higher criticism, but bidding us accept, in its stead, the
+man-made substitute of some council or assembly of former generations.</p>
+
+<p>There have undoubtedly been periods when the doubt with which the
+Church had to deal was mainly frivolous or carnal; a passionate
+rebellion of the worldly nature, attacking the essential truths of
+religion. But such is not the nature of the doubt which is at present
+occupying the public eye; such is not the doubt most characteristic of
+our generation. It proceeds from serious motives. It is a doubt marked
+by essential reverence and loyalty to truth. It is a desire for more
+solid foundations; for the attainment of the naked realities of
+existence. It is a necessary incident of the great intellectual
+awakening of our century. As the modern intellect comes back on Sunday
+from its week-day explorations of the history of Rome, or the myths of
+Greece, or the religious ideas of Buddha or Zoroaster, it must return
+to the contemplation of the Christian dogmas under new influences. It
+will necessarily demand what better evidence the law of Moses or the
+creed of Nicea has than the law of Mana or the text of the Zendavesta?
+The scepticism of our age is not so much directed against the great
+truths of religion as against the man-made dogmas that have usurped
+the sacred seat. If irreverent, scoffing scepticism were to be found
+anywhere to-day, it would most likely be found manifested among the
+throng of young men gathered at our most progressive
+University,&mdash;Harvard. But Dr. Lyman Abbot, after several weeks&#8217;
+association with the students there, and a careful study of their
+states of mind, not long ago testified, that &#8220;if they are sceptical,
+it is because they are too serious-minded and too true to accept
+convictions ready made, traditional creeds for personal beliefs, or
+church formularies for a life of devotion.&#8221; Now to call such a state
+of mind irreligious<span class='pagenum'><a name="page689" id="page689">689</a></span> or infidel is most unjust. The irreligion lies
+rather with those who make a fetish of the Bible and substitute a few
+pet texts from it; that sustain their own private opinions, in place
+of that divine light that lighteth every man that cometh into the
+world. The real infidels are they who reject the revelation which God
+is making us continually in the widening light of modern knowledge,
+and by a species of ecclesiastical lynching, condemn, before trial,
+the sincere, painstaking, and careful scholars and reverent disciples
+of Christ, who are so earnestly seeking after truth, because the
+results of their learned researches do not agree with the prejudices
+of their anathematizers. It is with no less cogency of argument than
+nobility of feeling that Dr. Briggs replied to his assailants: &#8220;If it
+be heresy to say that rationalists, like Martineau, have found God in
+the reason, and Roman Catholics, like Newman, have found God in the
+Church, I rejoice in such heresy, and I do not hesitate to say that I
+have less doubt of the salvation of Martineau and Newman than I have
+of the modern Pharisees who would exclude such noble men,&mdash;so pure, so
+grand, the ornaments of Great Britain and the prophets of the
+age,&mdash;from the kingdom of God.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Scepticism and religious questioning are, then, no sins; they are not
+irreligious. But surely they do vex the Church. What shall the Church
+do about them? In the first place, we should not try to suppress them.
+Nor should we tell religious inquirers to shut their eyes and put the
+poppy pillow of faith beneath their heads and go to sleep again, and
+dream. They have got their eyes wide open and they are determined to
+know whether those sweet visions which they had on faith&#8217;s pillow are
+any more than illusions. Nor will they be satisfied and cease to
+think, by having a creed of three hundred or fifteen hundred year&#8217;s
+antiquity recited to them. The modern intellects that have taken Homer
+to pieces, and excavated Agamemnon&#8217;s tomb, and unwound the mummy
+wrappings of the Pharaohs, that have weighed the stars and chained the
+lightnings, are not to be awed by any old-time sheepskin or any
+council of bishops. They demand the facts in the case; fresh manna to
+satisfy their heart hunger; the solid realities of personal
+experience. No. It is too late to-day for the churchmen to play the
+part of Mrs. Partington, and sweep back the Atlantic tide of modern
+thought with their little ecclesiastical broom. The old ramparts are
+broken<span class='pagenum'><a name="page690" id="page690">690</a></span> through and we must give the flood its course. The only spirit
+to meet it in is that of frankness and friendliness. Let us not foster
+in these questioning minds the suspicion that there is any part of
+religion that we are afraid to have examined. We smile at the bigoted
+Buddhist who, when the European attempted to prove by the microscope
+that the monk&#8217;s scruples against eating animal food were futile
+(inasmuch as in every glass of water he drank he swallowed millions of
+little living creatures), smashed the microscope for answer, as if
+that altered at all the facts. But are not many of the heresy-hunters
+in Christendom quite as foolish in their efforts to smash the
+microscope of higher criticism, or the telescope of evolution, and
+suppress the testimony which nature, and reason, and scholarship every
+day present afresh?</p>
+
+<p>Let us, therefore, give liberty, yes, even sympathy, to these
+perplexed souls who are struggling with the great problems of
+religion.</p>
+
+<p>And secondly, let us be honest with them, and not claim more certainty
+for religious doctrines or more precise and absolute knowledge about
+divine and heavenly things than we have. One of the great causes of
+modern doubt is, unquestionably, the excessive claims that theology
+has made. It has not been content with preaching the simple truths
+necessary to a good life; that we have a Maker to whom we are
+responsible,&mdash;a divine Friend to help us, a divine voice within to
+teach us right and wrong; that in the life that is to follow this,
+each shall be judged according to his deeds, and that in the apostles
+and prophets, especially the spotless life of Jesus, we have the noble
+patterns of the holy life set up before us for our imitation; a
+revelation of moral and religious truth all sufficient for salvation.
+The Church has not been content with these almost self-evident truths;
+but it must go on, to make most absolute assertions about God&#8217;s
+foreknowledge, and foreordination, and triune personality; and the
+eternal punishment of the wicked, and the double nature and
+pre-existence of Christ,&mdash;things not only vague and inconsistent, but
+contradictory to our sense of justice and right. It must go on to make
+manifold assertions about the inerrancy and verbal inspiration of the
+Bible and the details of the future life and the fall of human nature,
+which are utterly incredible to rational minds. And the worst of it
+is, that all these things are bound up in one great theological<span class='pagenum'><a name="page691" id="page691">691</a></span>
+system, and poor, anxious inquirers are told that they must either
+take all or none; and so (soon coming face to face with some palpable
+inconsistency or incredibility) they not unnaturally give up the
+whole. Trace out the religious history of the great sceptics,&mdash;the
+Voltaires, the Bradlaughs, the Ingersolls, the Tom Paines,&mdash;and you
+will see that the origin of their scepticism has almost always been in
+a reaction from the excessive assumptions of the ecclesiastics
+themselves. It is too fine spun and arrogant orthodoxy that is itself
+responsible for half of the heterodoxy of which it complains.</p>
+
+<p>Let the Church, then, be honest, and claim no more than it ought. Let
+it respect and encourage honesty in every man in these sacred matters.
+The Church itself should say to the inquirer: You are unfaithful to
+your God if you go not where He, by the candle of the Lord (i. e., the
+reason and conscience he has placed within you), leads you. And when a
+man in this reverent and sincere spirit pursues the path of doubt, how
+often does he find it circling around again toward faith and
+conducting him to the Mount of Zion! The true remedy for scepticism is
+deeper investigation. As all sincere doubt is at bottom a cry of the
+deeper faith that only that which is true and righteous is divine, so
+all earnest doubt, thought through to the end, pierces the dark cloud
+and comes out in the light and joy of higher convictions. It lays in
+the dust our philosophic and materialistic idols and brings us to the
+one Eternal Power, the ever-living Spirit, manifested in all, that
+Spirit whose name is truth, whose word is love.</p>
+
+<p>You remember, perhaps, the story of the climber among the Alps, who,
+having stepped off a precipice, as he thought, frantically grasped, as
+he fell, a projecting root and held on in an agony of anticipated
+death, for hours, until, utterly exhausted, he at last resigned
+himself to destruction, and let go of his support, to fall gently on
+the grassy ledge beneath, only a few inches below his feet. So when we
+resign ourselves to God&#8217;s hand, our fall, be it little or be it great,
+lands us gently in the everlasting arms that are ever underneath.</p>
+
+<p>Do not fear, then, to wrestle with doubt, or to follow its leadings.
+Out of every sincere soul-struggle, your faith shall come forth
+stronger and calmer. And do not hesitate<span class='pagenum'><a name="page692" id="page692">692</a></span> to proclaim your new
+convictions when they have become convictions. Such is the
+encouragement and sympathy that the Church should give the candid
+questioner.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, it may wisely caution him, not to be precipitate in
+publishing his doubt. Let him wait till it has become more than a
+doubt; till it has become a settled and well-considered conclusion,
+before he inflicts it upon his neighbor. The very justification for
+doubting the accepted opinion, the sacredness of truth, commands
+caution and firm conviction that our new view is something more than a
+passing caprice of the mind, before we publish it. But when the
+doubter is sure of this, then let him no longer silence his highest
+thoughts.</p>
+
+<p>Again, the Church is justified in cautioning the doubter not to be
+proud of his doubt as a doubt. There is no more merit, it is well to
+remember, in disbelieving than in believing; and if your opinions
+have, as yet, only got to the negative state and you have no new
+positive faith or philosophy to substitute for the old, you are doing
+your neighbor a poor service in taking away from him any superstition,
+however illogical, that sustains his heart and strengthens his virtue.</p>
+
+<p>And further, let me say, I would dislike very much to have you
+contented with doubt. Doubt makes a very good spade to turn up the
+ground, but a very poor kind of spiritual food for a daily diet. It is
+a useful, often an indispensable half-way shelter in the journey of
+life; but a very cold home in which to settle down as the end of that
+journey.</p>
+
+<p>In all our deepest hours, when our heart is truly touched, or our mind
+satisfied, we believe. It is each soul&#8217;s positive faith, however
+unconventional or perhaps unconscious that faith may be, that sustains
+its hope, that incites its effort, that supports it through the trials
+of life. Any doubt, even, that is earnest and to be respected, is
+really an act of faith, faith in a higher law than that of human
+creeds; in a more direct revelation, within ourselves, in our own
+sense of justice and consistency, than in any manuscript or print.</p>
+
+<p>The very atheist, who in the name of truth repudiates the word God, is
+really manifesting (in his own different way) the belief which he
+cannot escape, in the divine righteousness and its lawful claim on
+every human soul.</p>
+
+<p>She is right who sings:<span class='pagenum'><a name="page693" id="page693">693</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<p class="i12">&#8220;There is no unbelief;</p>
+<p class="i0">And day by day, and night by night, unconsciously</p>
+<p class="i0">The heart lives by that faith the lips deny,&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i12">God knows the why.&#8221;</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Finally, and most important of all, let us not worry ourselves so much
+about the intellectual opinions of men; but look rather to their
+spiritual condition. The church ought to think less of creed and more
+of character. The essence of faith lies not in correct conclusions
+upon doctrinal points; but in righteousness, and love, and trustful
+submission to God&#8217;s will. No scepticism concerning dogmas touches the
+heart of religion. If that seems at all heretical, let me cite good
+orthodox authority. I might quote Bishop Thirlwall, of the Church of
+England, in his judgment concerning Colenso&#8217;s attack upon the accuracy
+of the history of the Exodus in the Pentateuch, that &#8220;this story, nay,
+the whole history of the Jewish people, has no more to do with our
+faith as Christians, than the extraction of the cube or the rule of
+three.&#8221; Or I might quote Canon Farrar&#8217;s weighty words, in a recent
+article in the <i>Christian World</i>, upon the true test of religion. &#8220;The
+real question,&#8221; he declares, &#8220;to ask about any form of religious
+belief, is: Does it kindle the fire of love? Does it make the life
+stronger, sweeter, purer, nobler? Does it run through the whole
+society like a cleansing flame, burning up that which is mean and
+base, selfish and impure? If it stands that test it is no heresy.&#8221;
+That answers the question as aptly as it does manfully. And to the
+same effect is the noble sermon of Dr. Heber Newton a few weeks ago,
+in which he subordinated the question of the denominational fold to
+the higher interests of the Christian flock; and that notable saying
+of Dr. MacIlvaine&#8217;s at the Presbyterian Presbytery the other day,
+when, quoting the admission of one evangelical minister, that it was
+the Unitarian Martineau who had saved his soul and kept his Christian
+faith from shipwreck, he added significantly, &#8220;You must first find God
+in your soul before you can find Him elsewhere.&#8221; Yes, the prime and
+essential thing is to find God in the soul; to worship him in spirit,
+by a pure conscience, a loyal will, a heart full of devotion to God&#8217;s
+righteousness and love to all our kind. This is to worship God in
+truth. And what have Calvin&#8217;s five points, or the composite origin of
+the Pentateuch, or the virgin birth of Christ to do with<span class='pagenum'><a name="page694" id="page694">694</a></span> such
+worship? If a man likes to believe them, very well. But if he cannot
+honestly credit them, why should we shut the doors of the church
+against him and threaten him with excommunication? Were these the
+requirements that Jesus Christ laid on his disciples? Not at all. Look
+all through the Sermon on the Mount, study the Golden Rule, and the
+Parable of the Good Samaritan, or the conditions Jesus lays down in
+his picture of the last judgment as the conditions of approval by the
+heavenly Judge, and see if you find anything there about the
+infallibility of Scripture, or the Apostolic succession, or the Deity
+of Christ, or any other of the dogmas on account of which the
+ecclesiastical disciplinarians would drive out the men whom they are
+pursuing as heretics. How grimly we may fancy Satan (if there be any
+Satan) smiling to himself as he sees great Christian denominations
+wrought up to a white heat over such dogmas and definitions, while the
+practical atheism, and pauperism, and immorality of our great
+metropolis is passed over with indifference.</p>
+
+<p>Sunday after Sunday, the Christian pulpit complains that the great
+masses of the people keep away from their communion tables and do not
+even darken their doors.</p>
+
+<p>Does not the fault really lie in the folly&mdash;I may almost say sin,&mdash;of
+demanding of men to believe so many things that neither reason nor
+enlightened moral sense can accept, and making of these dogmas
+five-barred gates through which alone there is any admission to
+heaven?</p>
+
+<p>If we wish the Church to regain its hold on thinking men it must
+simplify and curtail its creeds; it must recognize that the love of
+God is not measured by the narrowness of human prejudice, and that
+God&#8217;s arms are open to receive every honest searcher after truth. Let
+him come with all his doubts, provided he comes with a pure heart and
+brings forth the fruits of righteousness. Let us no longer pretend
+that it is necessary for a Christian life to know all the mysteries of
+God. Let it no longer be thought a mark of wickedness for a man
+honestly to hold a conviction different from the conventional
+standard; but let us respect one another&#8217;s independent search and
+judgment of truth. True faith consists not in any special theory of
+God or His ways, but in the uplifting of our spirit to touch His
+spirit, and the diffusing of whatever grace or gift we have received
+from Him in generous good-will amongst our fellows.<span class='pagenum'><a name="page695" id="page695">695</a></span></p>
+
+<p>If the Christian Church is to go forward successfully again in the
+power and spirit of that Master whom it constantly invokes as &#8220;the
+way, the truth, and the life,&#8221; it must make that way and life its
+guiding truth. It must aim constantly at greater simplicity in its
+teaching, and a broader, more fraternal co-operation in Christian
+work. Its motto should be the motto of the early Church, &#8220;In
+essentials, unity; in non-essentials, liberty; in all things,
+charity.&#8221; Then shall a new and grander career open before its upward
+footsteps.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="page696" id="page696">696</a></span></p>
+<h2 class="article_title"><a name="article_5" id="article_5"></a>
+THE SIOUX FALLS DIVORCE COLONY AND SOME NOTED COLONISTS.</h2>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+<p class="author_byline">BY JAMES REALF, JR.</p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> thriving city of Sioux Falls, South Dakota, has recently been
+pitchforked into unjust notoriety by certain irresponsible
+correspondents of certain sensational and habitually inveracious
+newspapers that infest New York and Chicago. It has been represented
+as having an easy divorce mill that constantly grinds out divorces of
+a more or less bogus nature. This is fundamentally false. The laws of
+South Dakota are liberal, but they are strictly interpreted. These
+unscrupulous newspapers, whom it is unnecessary to name, have gone
+still further in their distortion of truth, dissemination of error and
+attempted degradation of the high and noble calling of journalism.
+They have made false and unwarranted statements about the laws of the
+Dakotas and of the United States generally on the subject of divorce.
+Nor is this all in their race for a temporary and unsubstantial
+circulation,&mdash;they have maligned certain unfortunate and meritorious
+women and men, and added insult to injury by publishing bogus
+portraits of beautiful ladies whose misfortunes should have provoked
+respectful sympathy rather than coarse insinuation and vulgar
+ridicule. Because these women were prominent in what has been termed
+the Divorce Colony of Sioux Falls, either from social rank in their
+former spheres, or by reason of the legal peculiarities enmeshing
+their cases, they are legitimate subjects for honest journalistic
+treatment, and some of them, triumphing over the natural shrinkingness
+of their sex, for the sake of truth and for the sake of other women
+who may need examples and incitements to achieve freedom from
+dishonoring marriages, are perfectly willing to sacrifice their own
+personal desires for obscurity and have their lives and their cases
+properly presented. I have even prevailed on a few to permit the use
+of their photographs to add to the personal interest of this article.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/fig002.jpg" width="465" height="750" alt="EVA LYNCH-BLOSSE; MRS. J. G. BLAINE, JR.;
+MRS. MINA HUBBARD; DR. THOMAS D. WORRALL" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="page697" id="page697">697</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The case of greatest interest, perhaps, because it has a transatlantic
+notoriety, is that of Eva Lylyan Lynch-Blosse, an English lady, who
+came to Sioux Falls early last winter and attracted almost instantly
+the respectful attention of the citizens. Not because she was a
+strikingly beautiful woman, for a student of statues might find some
+faults in her features, but because out of the shy, violet eyes a
+high, indomitable spirit occasionally gleamed and a stray flash from
+them, combined with her radiant freshness of complexion and perfect
+grace of figure and of carriage, would light up the common sordid
+streets of the common masculine mind and turn them, for the nonce,
+into vistas of imagination.</p>
+
+<p>Some persons, passing us, inspire the thought: There goes a being with
+a strange life-history, or full of great capacities, moral or mental.
+Such was, undoubtedly, the chief component of her charm, felt equally
+by the grave and learned lawyer, ex-Judge Garland, who conducted her
+case, and by the street-loungers who respectfully hastened to make way
+for her passage. It was the high character that radiated from her,
+scorning the conventionalities that conspire to belittle her sex,
+determined to be free and not afraid of being a pioneer in baffling
+the barbarism of her native laws. A singular story hers, that demands
+to be told in full, since it is full of inspiration to oppressed
+womanhood everywhere.</p>
+
+<p>The daughter of an English clergyman, she married at seventeen Lieut.
+Edward Falconer Lynch-Blosse, an Irishman of good family, but bad
+habits. In a few months this girl-wife discovered not only that she
+had mistaken for affection what was merely the gratified vanity of a
+boarding-school miss when wooed by a good-looking uniform, but that
+there was absolutely nothing in the nature of the animated uniform on
+which even respect could be built. Active brutality was soon begun by
+the lieutenant. Simple adultery not being a sufficient amusement for
+his hours of ease, he tried to compel his refined and delicate wife to
+receive his paid paramours as her associates; and on her demurring, he
+became mad with indignation and proceeded to discipline her, according
+to the Englishman&#8217;s time-honored right of violence. As a minor but
+very embarrassing matter to a sensitive woman, he plunged into debt
+and forced her to contend with and pacify his duns out of her private
+fortune,<span class='pagenum'><a name="page698" id="page698">698</a></span> and even worried her into an attempt to raise money for him
+by pledging her annuity, though, luckily, no Jew in London was plucky
+enough to take a long risk on the life of the wife of so brutal a
+husband. This daily inferno of disgust and terror the woman endured
+for three years, for the barbarous English law requires the woman, not
+the man, to prove extreme cruelty besides adultery; and cruelty is
+often not so easy to prove, for Englishmen, as a rule, do not beat
+their wives on the housetops. It is generally a strictly boudoir
+performance, with locked doors and the rabble excluded, as befits the
+solemnity of such a marital right. At last, owing to the lieutenant&#8217;s
+culpable carelessness in castigation, she was able to go to court with
+plenty of provable cruelty. But here again the barbarous English law
+stepped in and said: &#8220;This is all very true, but wait a bit. You shall
+have a decree <i>nisi</i>,&#8221; which meant that she must wait six months and
+then a certain musty, overpaid, and underworked humbug, styled the
+Queen&#8217;s Proctor, after hobnobbing with an attorney-general, would, if
+his dinner agreed with him, confirm the decree and make it final.
+During this suspense the ineffably mean uniform that had been
+masquerading as a man was visited by an idea, and wrote a letter to
+Mrs. Lynch-Blosse depicting himself as on the brink of starvation and
+consumption, and begging for some money. The woman&#8217;s pity was aroused.
+She had once fancied for a brief while, with the undeveloped heart of
+girlhood, that she liked this empty, tinkling symbol of a man. She
+wrote him a kind letter enclosing the money. It takes but little
+imagination to understand what such a creature would do with the cash;
+that he would hasten to celebrate the success of his cunning by a
+revel at which he could brag to some loose companion how neatly he had
+cheated a generous and noble woman. But he did something more, almost
+inconceivable in its baseness; he took that letter to the Queen&#8217;s
+Proctor and showed it to that archive of centuried insapience as a
+proof that there had been collusion in the case, that his wife and he
+were really on good terms, and that he was anxious to regain her. The
+Proctor took his word, and without going into the case further, when
+the six months were up, refused to confirm the decree. And then her
+friends said: &#8220;You had better give up. England has decided that you
+cannot be free.&#8221; And her lawyers said: &#8220;Even with fresh evidence<span class='pagenum'><a name="page699" id="page699">699</a></span> it
+would be foolish to re-open the fight. The action of the Queen&#8217;s
+Proctor is so insurmountable.&#8221; But the woman said to herself: &#8220;Though
+England has decided that I must be a slave, nevertheless I will be
+free.&#8221; Meantime Lieutenant Lynch-Blosse, after endeavoring to blacken
+his wife&#8217;s character in his regiment, and getting soundly thrashed for
+his pains, eloped with a light-headed Scotch peeress whose husband,
+Lord Torphichen, promptly obtained a divorce, with the custody of his
+children, and the elopers fled the kingdom, leaving a small army of
+swindled tradesmen who are still exceedingly anxious to discover their
+whereabouts. When last heard of, the ex-uniform was living in Chicago
+under an <i>alias</i>, and he will probably remain one of the many English
+ornaments of this country, for the same English law that permits a man
+to castigate his wife in moderation is excessively severe if he
+swindles tradesmen.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Lynch-Blosse obtained her Dakotan divorce on the ground of
+adultery, the evidence being the record of the Scotch suit of Lord
+Torphichen against Lady Torphichen, otherwise styled the Right Hon.
+Ellen Frances Gordon, and apart from the wrongs, the beauty, and the
+pioneer courage of Mrs. Lynch-Blosse, picturesque as they made it, her
+case possesses profound interest to the legal mind. It adds to the
+weight of such cases as except to the old rule of domicile (Ditson
+<i>v.</i> Ditson, 4 R. I., 87; Harding <i>v.</i> Alden, 9 Mo. 140; Hollister
+<i>v.</i> Hollister, 6 Pa. St., 449; Derby <i>v.</i> Derby, 14 Ill. App., 645)
+by showing that where a husband is guilty of such conduct as would
+entitle even to a limited divorce, the wife is at liberty to establish
+a separate jurisdictional domicile. Moreover, Mrs. Lynch-Blosse might
+have obtained a divorce on grounds less strong than she did, for a
+divorce good at the place of domicile will be sustained in England,
+though the same grounds would have been insufficient to obtain it
+there. (Harvey <i>v.</i> Farnie, L. R. 8 App. Cas. 43; Turner <i>v.</i>
+Thompson, L. R., 13 P. D. 37.) Of this law, probably, comity of
+nations is the chief component. Those who admire moral courage and
+feel a glow of indignation at the fact that, in order to secure her
+natural right to own herself, a woman in the closing years of the
+nineteenth century has to spend thousands of dollars, travel thousands
+of miles, and sojourn among strangers, may be glad to know that since
+her freedom she has married an English gentleman<span class='pagenum'><a name="page700" id="page700">700</a></span> of high character,
+and is living restfully in a charming little cottage on the banks of
+what Macaulay calls, in his picturesque way, &#8220;the river of the ten
+thousand masts.&#8221; The great, feverous heart of London throbs near.</p>
+
+<p>Another very interesting personage in the Sioux Falls Divorce Colony,
+is Mrs. James G. Blaine, Jr., now living in a cosy cottage on the
+fashionable avenue with her sister, Miss Nevins, her son, James G.
+Blaine, 3d, and her maids. When Marie Nevins, piquantly pretty, witty,
+and accomplished, made a stolen match with the ungreat son of one of
+America&#8217;s greatest political figures, she little dreamed what the
+hands of the Fates&mdash;who are sometimes the Furies&mdash;were spinning for
+her; yet she wears her robes of sorrow with some of that grace of
+patience which comes to her sex like an instinct born of centuried
+servitude. How her husband ever fascinated so fascinatingly elusive a
+creature is a mystery to all who know him and a miracle to all who
+know her; but who has ever guessed the riddle of a woman&#8217;s heart?
+Surely no man yet known to the world, except possibly Balzac, and he
+only occasionally by some sort of electric, psychological accident.
+The true story of Mrs. Blaine&#8217;s infelicities has been carefully hidden
+from the public, although some superserviceable, would-be friends have
+now and then busied themselves with starting absurd rumors, as if for
+the fun of contradicting them; for instance, a precious yarn spun
+lately to the effect that Mrs. Blaine, senior, looked down on her
+daughter-in-law as not aristocratic enough to have married a Blaine.
+How intrinsically absurd is such an idea in connection with a family
+as close to what Lincoln called &#8220;the plain people&#8221;&mdash;and as really
+proud of so being&mdash;as that of the famous Republican leader! Blaine is
+a man so thoroughly democratic that only a very stupid enemy of his
+could have invented such a piece of self-convicting nonsense; for if
+aristocracy entered into the question, Mrs. James G. Blaine, Jr.,
+could make a better showing than her spouse, since, if it confers any
+<i>quasi</i>-patent of nobility in this country to have a distinguished
+father, it must give a larger halo of social splendor to have a
+distinguished grandfather, etc., etc. Now, Mrs. Blaine, Jr., had a
+grandsire who was a power in his day, a forceful, brilliant man,
+Samuel Medary, who was successively governor of three States, Ohio,
+Kansas, and Minnesota. Mrs.<span class='pagenum'><a name="page701" id="page701">701</a></span> Blaine, Jr., apart from her marital
+misfortunes, deserves much sympathy for her physical fate. Just lately
+her leg was broken again and her surgeons fear that her lameness must
+be perpetual. Yet the talk about her going on the stage has some
+basis, and no one who ever talked with her, and enjoyed the prismatic
+play of her facial expression and the flexions of her vibrant voice,
+could doubt her fitness for certain popular r&ocirc;les. Nor need her
+lameness defeat her of success. A play of mingled pathos and humor
+could be written for a lame heroine. One excellent writer has offered
+to do it, and Hamlin Garland could do it excellently. Balzac in his
+marvellous book, &#8220;The Alkahest,&#8221; declares that she is blest among
+women, who, having some great bodily defect, nevertheless wins a man&#8217;s
+affections, for she never loses her hold on them, and it might very
+easily be the same with a lame actress and the affections of the
+public.</p>
+
+<p>As to Mrs. Blaine&#8217;s case an immense interest is felt, an interest
+which lies not alone in the points of law. Mrs. Blaine, Jr., is a
+Catholic, and her example in taking this step contrary to the custom
+of her church is likely to be fruitful. It is a pretty safe prophecy
+that the next Pope will see the advisability of returning to the
+policy of the church prevalent before the Council of Trent, and will
+allow a wiser freedom to his spiritual subjects in this matter of
+divorce. Hearts were created before creeds, and the primal laws of God
+still possess, and exert in emergencies, their ancient vigor of
+eminent domain.</p>
+
+<p>It is noticeable that nearly all the women in the colony have
+children, and nearly all are women of unusual grace or beauty, or
+mental gift&mdash;sometimes all three in one.</p>
+
+<p>A very interesting person occasionally seen on the streets with a
+little golden-haired boy is Mrs. Mina Hubbard, formerly of Redbank, N.
+J. She has one of those olive, oval faces so often met in the south of
+Spain, and she has a voice whose beauty and volume are equally
+impressive. One day in the cosy, dozy little Methodist Church last
+summer she happened to join in the singing, and several pious nappers
+were sweetly startled from their theologic dreams. After that event
+there was such a marked increase in the masculine attendance that the
+lady&#8217;s modesty took fright, and she refrained from the pleasure of
+church-going. When I asked her if she had lost her fondness for
+Methodism and music,<span class='pagenum'><a name="page702" id="page702">702</a></span> she replied archly: &#8220;Oh, no! I am extremely fond
+of going to church and hearing good congregational music, <i>but</i> I can
+<i>restrain</i> myself.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Hon. Thomas D. Worrall, M. D., who has recently obtained a divorce and
+now lives in Sioux Falls, is another person of note. Born in England
+sixty-five years ago, he came to America young, moved to Boston and
+achieved reputation as an anti-slavery orator, even when the peerless
+Phillips was in his first blaze. Then he went to Colorado, was a
+member of the territorial legislature, and wrote his name largely and
+honorably on her early annals. Horace Greeley, who liked him heartily,
+persuaded him next to accept a professorship in New York in the
+American College of Medicine. Two years later, going to New Orleans,
+he became a member of the famous Warmouth Legislature, and as sanitary
+physician to New Orleans, added to his world-wide host of friends.
+While in England, in 1873, his lectures on the resources of the
+Mississippi Valley attracted wide attention, and he was greeted on his
+return by an ovation in the New Orleans Academy of Music. Colorado
+again claimed him for seven happy, industrious years, marked by an
+eloquent defence of the Denver Mining Exposition, for which they
+presented him with a cabinet of minerals that, according to experts,
+is intrinsically worth $5,000, though it would take vastly more to buy
+it from a man so covetous of honor. Removing to Washington, he
+published a curious little book called &#8220;Slander and Defamation of
+Character.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Sickness came to this learned and benevolent man, and he went to
+London for treatment, but famous surgeons, after operating, could give
+him no hope, and he came back to his adopted country to die. To his
+amazement he found his home broken up, his valuable furniture sold,
+his wife gone. &#8220;The mystery of the case,&#8221; he has said, &#8220;is that my
+wife and I never had the least falling out. Her desertion of me in my
+old age and supposed last illness was like lightning out of a clear
+sky. The thought came to me, &#8216;Dying man that I am, it will be sweet to
+die free.&#8217;&#8221; He then came West and settled in Sioux Falls, and either
+the invigorating climate, or the inspiration of freedom, or the shock
+of his wife&#8217;s desertion (for in some diseases a sudden shock delays or
+defeats death by effecting an electric change in the bodily currents
+setting restward) have worked a marvellous change,<span class='pagenum'><a name="page703" id="page703">703</a></span> for to-day this
+amiable and accomplished old man is the picture of health and vital
+power.</p>
+
+<p>There are many other cases of great interest in the Divorce Colony at
+Sioux Falls, but this plain statement of a few is enough to show how
+grossly the <i>personnel</i> and character of the colony have been
+slandered by certain sensational and corrupt newspaper correspondents.
+For more than six months I have studied the conduct and natures of the
+persons who compose the divorce colony, and every reputable citizen of
+Sioux Falls will substantiate my statement that, with possibly three
+exceptions, the divorce seekers have been remarkable for the inherent
+justice of their suits and the dignity of their behavior during their
+residence in this town. The attempt to give them and the place an
+unenviable notoriety, made by certain newspapers, is a stain on
+American journalism. Men and women suffer enough before they seek a
+divorce court. It is ghoulish to pursue them in the press with
+misrepresentation and ridicule, or with exposure of their marital
+miseries. Divorce is not merely a legal right of the individual; it is
+often a moral duty which ought to be demanded by society from a truly
+dignified woman or man; for to cohabit where there is no love between
+husband and wife, worse still where the atmosphere has become
+surcharged with hate, and to foist on society children begotten and
+reared in an atmosphere that may crush out every noble impulse and
+lofty desire, besides the subtle discords of heredity that must mark
+their temperaments, is not merely a most pathetic blunder for the
+parties primarily affected, but a wrong to the race&mdash;a crime against
+civilization.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="page704" id="page704">704</a></span></p>
+<h2 class="article_title"><a name="article_6" id="article_6"></a>
+THE WOMAN MOVEMENT.</h2>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+<p class="author_byline">BY LUCINDA B. CHANDLER.</p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> woman movement is a world-wide fact. An agitation which has
+gathered impetus and strength during more than forty years is a
+significant phenomenon in the realm of mind and of social progress.</p>
+
+<p>Since, in 1848, the rebellion of Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady
+Stanton, at the humiliating position accorded them as delegates to an
+international convention in London, England, led them to inaugurate
+the &#8220;woman&#8217;s rights&#8221; movement in this country, at Seneca Falls, New
+York, the growth of this &#8220;mustard seed&#8221; of truth has become a &#8220;great
+tree&#8221; whose branches overshadow continents, and the thought and active
+moral forces of nations &#8220;dwell in the branches thereof.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>If not from &#8220;Greenland&#8217;s icy mountains,&#8221; at least from the boundaries
+of the United States and British America to &#8220;India&#8217;s coral strand,&#8221;
+the onsweeping wave of woman&#8217;s elevation is steadily advancing.</p>
+
+<p>Ramabai in India seeking the deliverance of the child widow, who has
+no earthly existence, nor any hope of one beyond mortal life except as
+a wife, and who, as a widow, is but an outcast, this woman missionary
+from the opposite side of the globe has clasped hands and is in
+heart-fellowship with her American sisters who are still seeking the
+enlargement of woman&#8217;s freedom and opportunities in this favored
+country.</p>
+
+<p>It was a logical position that besieged the ballot as the first agency
+of deliverance in our land. The suffrage is, under our form of
+government and constitutional rights, the badge of equality.</p>
+
+<p>Everywhere, in Church and State, woman was discriminated against, and
+the distinguishing disability imposed upon her by law and custom was
+her suppressed opinion and will in the administration of affairs.</p>
+
+<p>In the church she might contribute her labor, carry forward<span class='pagenum'><a name="page705" id="page705">705</a></span>
+enterprises to pay the minister&#8217;s salary, furnish the edifice, support
+social movements that would tend to increase membership, and sustain
+the religious services; but, were she a machine, minus brains, choice,
+or will, she could be no more completely a nonentity when the pastor
+was to be chosen, the amount of his salary fixed, or any matters of
+finance or administration decided upon.</p>
+
+<p>The acceptance of her work for its support was the only recognition of
+her individuality, or her common share in the institution. She was
+cudgelled with Paul in the Church and with her inability to fight by
+the State.</p>
+
+<p>Muscular force having been, and still widely held to be, the bulwark
+of civilization, and submission to the authority of man socially and
+ecclesiastically the measure of her religious excellence, at least of
+the excellence of the wifely portion of womanhood, woman has been a
+cipher at the left-hand side of the unit man in both civil and
+religious institutions.</p>
+
+<p>But the evolution of brains, which is nature&#8217;s method of human
+development, has unsettled this standard of civilization and the
+relation of the sexes. The woman who thinks has come, and the struggle
+is no longer one of muscle, nor can it ever again become so.</p>
+
+<p>The woman of the future can no more be remanded to the merely patient
+plodder in kitchen and nursery, with no horizon but the cook-stove and
+cradle illuminated by the weekly church service, than the lightning
+printing-press of to-day can be remanded to the clumsy instrument of a
+century ago, or the electric light to the tallow dip.</p>
+
+<p>If the demand of woman for equal opportunity to win all the prizes of
+life, and to control her special function, involving the most serious
+and sacred responsibilities to the race, and the necessity of her own
+growth and advancement,&mdash;if this new demand is one that is not worthy
+the consent and co-operation of men and institutions, the mistake was
+fatal which permitted her to learn the alphabet.</p>
+
+<p>This mistake, if mistake it was, has extended its mighty influence in
+widening circles through the past three centuries. Francois Saintonge,
+a young widow of France, toward the close of the sixteenth century,
+obtained the consent of her father to teach some girls to read if she
+would give her lessons at five o&#8217;clock in the morning. Without<span class='pagenum'><a name="page706" id="page706">706</a></span> bed,
+bread, or fire, she and her five pupils stayed the first night in the
+house for which the only fifty pounds she possessed were paid.
+Simultaneously a young girl in Italy made an effort to set in motion
+the brain cells of the girls of her country by giving them a chance to
+learn the alphabet.</p>
+
+<p>The heroic courage of women in striving to attain the weapons of
+intelligence affords evidence of the invincible proceeding of
+evolution inherent in the constitution of humanity.</p>
+
+<p>The woman movement is demonstration of the power of thought beyond the
+power of muscle; it is evidence that the intangible forces of mind are
+superior to the external material powers of muscle, and sword, and
+bullet. It is reassuring to forecast that, spite of the present
+inefficacy, or but very limited success of woman&#8217;s protest against
+barbarous laws and usages, and the destructive errors and vices of the
+degree of civilization we have reached, the protest is a prophecy that
+the moral elevation of the race is to be the result of woman&#8217;s
+increased intelligence and equipment, and of her ascent to the full
+proportions of womanhood.</p>
+
+<p>As a builder of material structures and enterprises, man is a superb
+success. The bridge, the triumphs of architecture, the steam engine,
+the almost intelligent machine are marvellous manifestations of
+inventive genius, and of the uses of muscle.</p>
+
+<p>But the statistics of social progress in morals do not bear testimony
+to masculine superiority as builder of the higher humanity. A man has
+elaborated &#8220;The New Education,&#8221; but he allowed, without stint, that
+the moral elevation aimed at cannot be achieved except by the equal
+opportunity and co-operation of woman.</p>
+
+<p>In the administration of affairs and the institution of government man
+is not a success. His first resort and last reliance is upon force.
+Harmony, and justice, and fraternity, and purity, and honesty cannot
+be brought into human society by fighting, nor evolved by the methods
+of force. Neither the ballot nor the bullet, the legislature nor the
+policeman, can make people honest or morally upright and sound.</p>
+
+<p>The promotion of individual integrity, honesty, benevolence, and
+purity are the great requirements of humanity<span class='pagenum'><a name="page707" id="page707">707</a></span> and of civilization.
+The infusion of the gentler, more persuasive influences and methods of
+feminine nature, and the higher quality and freedom of motherhood, are
+the only possible means of advancing the race to the altitude which
+the best specimens prefigure as the possibility of all.</p>
+
+<p>The laws of Christendom and the usages of all civilizations are based
+upon the idea of the superiority and supremacy of masculine quality
+and of force. Upon the supposition that the husband is the bread
+winner and provider, he is virtually in law and actually in fact as
+effectually the owner of his wife and children as though he had bought
+them for a sum, as is still the custom among some primitive peoples on
+the planet.</p>
+
+<p>In the Orient the idea that woman possesses a soul is rejected with
+contempt. But in the more spiritualized Occident where she is
+considered to be the possessor of a soul, she is by law, and
+oftentimes by usage, not allowed to be possessor of her body.</p>
+
+<p>Christianity in its inception and in its primitive purity accomplished
+for woman the dignity of being possessor of a soul. She is still, even
+in the most degenerate churchianity, counted responsible as a soul,
+and accorded equal hope of redemption and of future equal standing in
+another stage of existence.</p>
+
+<p>But this fact, too, has bred in woman rebellion against the estimate
+of her inferiority still held in the Church by many of the priestly
+order, and actualized in the majority of Protestant denominations, and
+universally in the Roman Catholic Church, by her exclusion from equal
+powers and opportunities in its administration and equal positions of
+honor and influence.</p>
+
+<p>Having learned the alphabet woman has also learned to interpret
+Scripture, and having read the New Testament, she knows that her
+adorable Saviour left no theological system, creed, nor sanction of
+the supremacy and dominion of male over female.</p>
+
+<p>The woman movement is setting the perception of mind feminine over
+against the conceptions and speculations, the theological systems and
+interpretations, of the mind masculine, in the realm of the religious
+quality of human nature.</p>
+
+<p>It is on this ground that a higher standpoint for human progress is to
+be achieved. Woman is becoming the possessor<span class='pagenum'><a name="page708" id="page708">708</a></span> of her brains and of an
+equipment that will facilitate her use of them. When through
+generations of experience she has fully learned her true position in
+the order of the universe and of human unfoldment, a new created world
+of humanity will blossom on this old earth.</p>
+
+<p>Man is normally the builder in the material realm. It is his to press
+the more tangible elements and forces into the service of man&#8217;s
+material and intellectual needs, and to master and subdue the earth.
+It is woman&#8217;s to become builder in the spiritual realm of the higher
+nature. It is woman&#8217;s first&#8217; to give bias to the brain cells and soul
+impulses of ante-natal and post-natal infantile life. It is woman&#8217;s,
+the normal mother and teacher, to look, and feel, and speak into
+impressible child life, the fine ennobling sentiments, the solid
+truths of social relations, the sterling principles of rightness, and
+honor, and honesty, and fraternal love.</p>
+
+<p>This trained experience and exercise of motherhood is a precious
+wealth that the race needs to carry it on and up toward its
+perfectness.</p>
+
+<p>All that was pronounced &#8220;good,&#8221; in man, in &#8220;the beginning&#8221; is innate
+in human nature. Social life and social relations are the life school
+in which this &#8220;good&#8221;-ness can be educed, strengthened, matured, in the
+individual.</p>
+
+<p>Woman is not only the creative agency for building bodies, but the
+perfecting agency to build character, and to gestate and bring to
+birth the higher nature in humanity. Woman is man&#8217;s mother spiritually
+as well as physically. He is to be born into his spiritual life
+through the divine feminine, as he has been born into the physical
+life through the natural (or physical) feminine.</p>
+
+<p>It is to this end that evolution is in every direction placing woman
+to-day in the foreground and quickening her to make new demands upon
+the resources of intelligence and moral power.</p>
+
+<p>Having furnished to the child the &#8220;three R&#8217;s,&#8221; manual training,
+industrial habits, and quickening the higher sentiments with a solid
+foundation of principles of right conduct and pure habits, are more
+important to the advancement of the human race than literary
+researches, languages, or higher mathematics. To know the
+physiological and psychological processes of embryotic growth, and the
+possible influences of<span class='pagenum'><a name="page709" id="page709">709</a></span> motherhood over the coming child, and how to
+neutralize poor heredity, would achieve more for race elevation than
+the combined wisdom of schools and pulpits minus these.</p>
+
+<p>There would be no need of laws for the suppression of vicious
+literature, were all mothers faithful and capable of pre-empting the
+plastic mind and imagination of childhood by intelligent explanations
+and true statements concerning the origin of life, and the vital
+purities and sanctities that can save every child from demoralization
+and debauchery. The boy who has been blest with a wise conscientious
+motherhood is not the boy to dwell in secret on lascivious thoughts
+and vile communications, nor will he be led away by vicious
+associations.</p>
+
+<p>The true place of woman in the order of all things, is a link between
+the material and spiritual, especially in her creative function.</p>
+
+<p>Woman is more intuitive. She sees, seizes upon, grasps, where man
+toils to question, investigate, prove, demonstrate. She is touched by
+the secret springs of life, and vibrates in response, like the &AElig;olian
+harp.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;When men are as good as their obituaries, and when women are as good
+as men think they are, the recording angel in heaven can take his long
+needed vacation.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The woman movement indicates that women ought to have an opportunity
+to become &#8220;as good as men think they are.&#8221; It is impossible that men
+shall hold a higher ideal of woman than it is possible for woman to
+become. But first she must be free. Free to think, act, live, study,
+experiment, exercise judgment, assume and be held to responsibilities.
+She does not need man&#8217;s protection except that he shall protect her
+from himself, i. e., protect her from the invasion and intrusion of his
+wishes, opinion, and will, his dictation and demand.</p>
+
+<p>Equality before the law is a right principle and therefore should
+obtain, especially under our Constitution. But what woman needs is
+personal freedom to be the most womanly woman.</p>
+
+<p>Under legal disability, marital subjection, and ecclesiastically
+assigned inferiority, woman has been bred to servility in mind and
+morals. She does not need training in the tricks of caucus and
+wire-pulling politics, but she does need freedom and choice of action
+that will give her the powers of her own mind and nature in full
+possession, as a woman.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="page710" id="page710">710</a></span>She does not need that men shall instruct her what a woman ought to
+be, but she needs to be let alone to find out for herself this
+precious and important knowledge.</p>
+
+<p>It is not an incident or an accident that the agitation of woman&#8217;s
+advancement and the agitation of industrial reform are simultaneous
+movements. The priority of woman&#8217;s demand for equal rights before the
+law in this country, has placed woman in literature, on the platform,
+in the press, and even in the political field of action, in the
+position of co-worker with man to achieve the highest outcome and
+greatest blessing of civilization, the right of every person to an
+opportunity to achieve subsistence, and the right of every worker to
+the full reward of his labor.</p>
+
+<p>Already in Kaweah Colony in California, woman is an equal participator
+in the administration of affairs. She has equal opportunity to achieve
+subsistence and equal pay for her labor.</p>
+
+<p>The star of equity, justice, and fraternity, is shining in the west.
+When the fraternal order of society is established, woman as mother
+will be, in her training and her conception of her high office, and in
+the position and advantage provided for her, exalted as the artist of
+humanity.</p>
+
+<p>She will be so furnished mentally, and so provided for materially,
+that she can furnish to her babes what no textbooks, or Scripture, or
+statutes can convey to them. The mother who can recite to her children
+the songs of the American poets, the character of Dickens, and Eliot,
+and Scott, who can portray the noble characters of Lincoln and
+Lucretia Mott, who is able to devote the time required to entertain
+her children, will become the most effective moral educator.</p>
+
+<p>The woman of the good time coming will not hold lightly the moral
+education of labor, for she will learn that many solid virtues are
+carved into the beautiful character by the blessed exercise that
+manual industry and regular duties alone can furnish.</p>
+
+<p>But she will have leisure also to cultivate the finer sentiments, and
+paint for the admiration of her babes the grand ideals of noble
+manhood and womanhood.</p>
+
+<p>Two problems belong to the woman question in the not remote future.</p>
+
+<p>First, the industrial and financial independence of woman.</p>
+
+<p>She must have this to acquire the dignity and moral strength<span class='pagenum'><a name="page711" id="page711">711</a></span> of
+self-support, and that wifehood and motherhood shall be assumed by her
+solely according to the dictates of her heart, and the sanction of her
+best judgment. Second, the financial independence of motherhood,
+without a bread-winning occupation, that her time, energies, and
+talents may be devoted to the careful training and moral and religious
+education of her children.</p>
+
+<p>The opportunities for single women to achieve subsistence in the realm
+of intellectual and sedentary occupations especially, are increasing.
+But co-operative housekeeping of some kind is the only hope for
+mothers to be saved from overwork and worry, and to have leisure for
+the proper training and entertaining of their children.</p>
+
+<p>The provision in Kaweah Colony for the maintenance and education of
+orphan children, or of children whose parents are disabled by sickness
+or calamity, is another feature that is commendable in its wisdom and
+justice.</p>
+
+<p>The paternal and maternal community of voluntary co-operators is the
+brightest dream of human association we can imagine.</p>
+
+<p>If woman is to become the wise, sensible, self-helpful, cultured
+mother, with proper opportunity to exercise maternal function for the
+highest good of the future child, and without being herself dragged
+into a spiritless machine, we must have her fortified, not only by a
+&#8220;higher education,&#8221; but a better home environment.</p>
+
+<p>The woman question involves and forecasts a higher social order,
+industrial evolution, economic adjustment, moral advancement, and the
+adoption of the &#8220;<i>New Education</i>,&#8221; which will develop and cultivate in
+harmony all the powers and talents belonging to the threefold nature
+of humanity.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="page712" id="page712">712</a></span></p>
+<h2 class="article_title"><a name="article_7" id="article_7"></a>
+NEW TESTAMENT SYMBOLISMS.</h2>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+<p class="author_byline">BY PROF. S. P. WAIT.</p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Although</span> the many doctrines built up about the personality of Jesus
+attribute to him in some peculiar sense the relation of sonship with
+God, he does not so say of himself, but by every word and work
+declares a common spiritual fatherhood and human brotherhood. When
+Nicodemus testified to his superior power, Jesus did not trace its
+origin to a special interposition of Providence in his birth or life,
+but he made of general application the law that governed his
+conception by the emphatic assertion that all men must realize
+themselves as begotten and born from above before they can understand
+the forces of the unseen universe within and without. He affirmed the
+kingdom of God and of heaven to be latent in the life of man, and
+promised no peace for the soul here or hereafter until its innate
+capabilities for wisdom, love, and power for good are developed and
+exercised. His precepts and example would be foolishness and a
+stumbling-block, his character an unattainable ideal, were it other
+than the first fruit ripened on the tree of life, the promise of a
+perfected race.</p>
+
+<p>We only apprehend its vital value, as we can trace in our own
+experience and that of others, the growth and fruition of that
+seed-principle of Truth around which the New Testament story has been
+crystallized. This re-conception of the Christ is, like the first one,
+essentially of the soul and intrinsically immaculate. It then matters
+little when or by whom the Gospels and Epistles were originally
+written; for the book as a whole is lifted forever above the level of
+legend and myth, on the one hand, and that of a merely historical
+narrative on the other, because the persons and events mentioned and
+described represent laws and principles permanent in operation, and
+reveal faculties whose reality and value we are daily called upon to
+demonstrate. We can, when we so will it, verify, each in his own
+subjective consciousness, all that the wondrous story of nineteen
+centuries ago relates as having<span class='pagenum'><a name="page713" id="page713">713</a></span> taken place in the outward objective
+world of form and phenomena. For unto every &#8220;excellent Theophilus,&#8221;
+every lover of the good and true, the gospel of the Christ is, through
+the conscience, reconveyed, even as delivered by those who from the
+first have been its messengers.</p>
+
+<p>The faith of Abraham and law of Moses, the line of patriarch, priest,
+and prophet, that linked the life of Jesus with that of primitive man,
+we find repictured in the working of those evolutionary forces that
+constitute each one of us an epitome of the past, a miniature of
+society. As children of earth we give due credit to each factor in
+heredity and environment that makes us what we are as we pass through
+planes of physical, intellectual, and moral development. But a still
+higher kingdom of consciousness is at hand, which forces us to feel
+that as brethren of the Son of Man we are also sons of God.</p>
+
+<p>In every wilderness of human life that stands instead of the oncoming
+paradise, a voice of preparation loudly calls. It is the self-same cry
+which of old the Baptist first sent forth, and which the Nazarene with
+emphasis took up. This watchword, Repent ye, repent ye! means, as
+<i>metanoia</i> always meant, <i>newness and rightness of thought</i>, and
+consequently a thorough and abiding betterment of motive, character,
+disposition and habit, in every department and relation of individual
+and social human life. To effect this transformation from ignorance to
+knowledge, from selfishness to its opposite, is eternally the mission
+of that principle of truth personified as Jesus. We recognize its
+saving power only as it is set up within us as a rule of thought and
+action. When we pattern after it, we then realize all sin to be just
+what the Hebrew <i>chattah</i> and the Greek <i>amartia</i> indicate, <i>i. e.</i>, a
+missing of the mark, a lack of conformity to type, the type being man
+finished in his creation, harmoniously developed, physically,
+intellectually, morally, spiritually. And we learn that sins are not
+forgiven by the setting aside of any law, or the amelioration of the
+consequences of the violation of law, knowingly, or unknowingly; but
+by the ordination in the nature of things of those agencies that tend,
+even though it be through the penalty of pain, to bring us to the
+knowledge of, and obedience to, every law written in the body and mind
+of man and governing his environment seen or unseen. Sin is
+incompletion, immaturity, unwholeness, ignorance, as well as the
+violation<span class='pagenum'><a name="page714" id="page714">714</a></span> of some understood and accepted moral code. As the green
+fruit on the tree is forgiven for its unripeness by the baptism of
+sunlight, moisture, and all other forces needed to mature it, so man
+forgives and is forgiven by the impartation of strength where weakness
+is in body or in mind, by the diffusion of science to take the place
+of superstition, and by every other sure though slow, as we count
+time, redemptive evolutionary trend. The only sin unpardonable in this
+&aelig;on or the next is <i>non-receptivity</i> to the spirit that in every age
+impels to righteousness. So long as man keeps his eyes closed, he
+cannot be forgiven for being in a state of darkness. But it is an
+utterly unthinkable as well as unscriptural idea that there be any so
+perverse as to refuse throughout an endless time, to look upon the
+glory of a world of light and color, when by opening the windows of
+the soul they can exchange their trouble and unrest for peace that
+will not pass away.</p>
+
+<p>As for the babe of Bethlehem there was no other birthplace than a
+manger, so when the universal Christ is cradled in our souls, its
+resting place is in the midst of a well-nurtured animalism. The Herod
+of a ruling selfishness seeks to obliterate the loftier ideal. But
+while he summons all his strength to prevent the embodiment of the new
+thought, there are other faculties that perceive the star of promise
+and follow it as a harbinger of truth.</p>
+
+<p>The years of Jesus&#8217; life of which we have no record, save the one
+instance of his questioning and answering the wise ones in the temple,
+represent the time of preparation, discipline, study, culture,
+contemplation, necessary to fit us to give to others the benefit of
+our experience and attainment. For no one can lift another to a higher
+round of the ladder of life than that upon which he stands himself.</p>
+
+<p>The immersion in the Jordan shows a willingness to conform to existing
+customs, when no principle is sacrificed thereby and a point of
+contact with the masses can thus be established, so that the truth
+symbolized by the rite of baptism can be shown forth through the
+action of those formative, purifying, spiritual forces that sustain to
+the psychical realm the same relation that water bears to the physical
+world.</p>
+
+<p>The temptation of Jesus is typical of the time of testing that comes
+to every one who takes a step in advance of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="page715" id="page715">715</a></span> age in which he
+lives. The principle of resistance called Satan confronts such an one
+at the very outset of his mission, and seemingly insuperable obstacles
+arise as foes to his progress. But he who first meets and masters all
+inward opposition, through knowledge of the law and allegiance
+thereto, can conquer every outward phase of hybrid beast and human,
+whose selfish pride and cruel greed have been well imaged as a devil
+with cloven foot and fiendish face.</p>
+
+<p>The Sermon on the Mount is a statement of spiritual axioms. It lays
+before us the law of love for the neighbor, as the very instinct of
+self-preservation. Not to do for others as we would be done by, is to
+fail to furnish food, raiment, and shelter for our own souls. Physical
+and intellectual man gains worldly strength and honor as he takes to
+himself and retains riches and knowledge regardless of the rights of
+others. In contradistinction to this, the spiritual man gets treasure
+and wisdom imperishable, as he serves his fellow men, and freely gives
+of whatsoever he may have, of which his neighbor stands in need.</p>
+
+<p>The beatitudes, with which the speech begins, such as man never spake
+before, tell, in a symbolism that is self-evidently true, the way by
+which alone, real happiness is won. We are blessed or cursed of God,
+through the working of His laws immutable, according as our relation
+to those laws is one of knowledge and obedience, or of ignorance and
+perversity. As, in the Hebrew tongue the words we render, &#8220;to curse,&#8221;
+and &#8220;to bless,&#8221; run back to the same root idea, so in point of fact,
+the very suffering which, sooner or later, comes to us when we are out
+of touch with the divine order of love to God and love to man, is the
+means appointed to bring us to that harmony which all must gain.</p>
+
+<p>The lowest things are often seen to signify the things most high. A
+parable, <i>paraballo</i>, is that which &#8220;throws before&#8221; us such concrete
+imagery as best serves to foreshadow and to fit the mind to understand
+a certain abstract principle. As we become disciples, &#8220;learners&#8221; of
+the Truth, we find it speaks to us only through such emblems as enable
+us to reason from the things we do already know to those concerning
+which we wish to be informed. The words of Jesus went forth
+full-freighted with vitality. They were truly spirit and life, because
+charged with a virtue that can only come from a soul in submission to
+the law by his lips enunciated.<span class='pagenum'><a name="page716" id="page716">716</a></span> Hence we see why, in the mystical
+language with which the Gospel of St. John begins, he is called the
+Logos, Reason or Word of God, from God and one with God, because he
+reveals the divine thought concerning man, inherently perfect from the
+first, but requiring time and space for its outworking. That human
+individuality may be maintained, man is uplifted only over the fulcrum
+of his own will. This volitional power is the ray in us of that
+Creative Energy whose name Jehovah signifies, <i>I will be what I will
+to be</i>. Thus, then, oneness with God is not sameness with God, nor the
+absorption of human personality in the Infinite Being. It is simply a
+state to be reached in our progressive creation where we will come to
+a knowledge of the laws of life, and will consciously co-operate with
+those divine decrees governing the origin, nature, and destiny of the
+soul. To illustrate the possibility of such achievement and exemplify
+the way of its attainment, was the mission of the Christ. But it has
+been so much easier to idolatrously worship his person than to embody
+his principles, that ceremonials and doctrines have been substituted
+for the life he lived. This is a sufficient reason for the manifestly
+unsaved condition that the so-called Christian world still exhibits in
+all manner of bigotry and disease, social unrest and iniquity.</p>
+
+<p>The name Jesus signifies &#8220;<i>that which makes whole</i>.&#8221; So we find the
+one who bore it, true to his title, healing the bodies of men and
+giving to their souls a cure for sorrow. Yet, even he was made to feel
+that of himself he could do nothing, so keenly was he conscious of the
+fact that every self-denying sympathetic soul becomes a mediator,
+through whom the reconstructive forces of the universe make their
+impress felt upon the race. He speaks of prayer and faith, as mental
+states to be entered into and maintained, if we would <i>be</i> and <i>do</i>
+the best we can. His injunctions in reference to prayer correspond
+well with the meaning of the Greek verb <i>euchomai</i> which we render &#8220;to
+pray,&#8221; and which signifies to put forth effort rightly, <i>i. e.</i>, along
+the lines of laws understood. He said that true prayer is not the
+repetition of any words, nor the asking for that which we may think it
+best that we should have. For the spiritual man knows that his labor
+for others insures of himself the results that are best. So the
+discourse of Jesus in this connection defines prayer, in its highest
+sense, as an inward, not an outward attitude; a state of mental
+receptivity<span class='pagenum'><a name="page717" id="page717">717</a></span> to the guidance of truth and desire for the good of
+others, always to be observed, not the mere utterance of terms of
+petition or praise. He tells us to withdraw into the soul&#8217;s most
+secret place, where God already sits enthroned, and there commune with
+Him.</p>
+
+<p>Before in spirit and with understanding we can in thought, and word,
+and deed, articulate Our Father! we must pass back in review through
+all the cycles that have rolled around, since this old earth of ours
+first turned in space. We then behold the most attenuate form of
+matter of which we can conceive, as a condensation of creative energy,
+yet but a matrix fitted for the reception of a planet seed or soul. We
+recognize a divine involution as the antecedent and causation of all
+so-called natural evolution. We see each link in the chain of being,
+from least to greatest, from the simplest to the most complex; grass,
+herb, and tree, fish, reptile, bird, and beast, as multiple yet
+orderly expressions of the immanence and permanence of the fatherhood
+of God. We view the creation of man as His highest handiwork, in which
+the seed of human life, bearing latent within it every high attribute
+and potency possessed by its celestial source, is placed or planted in
+a prepared material environment. We look back through the ages upon
+the travail of this our soul, and are satisfied as we see it gradually
+rising to the mastery and reformation of the physical form and animal
+soul, in which and with which it has been tabernacled to gain a
+necessary experience. From savagery to civilization, through planes of
+physical, intellectual, and moral consciousness we pass, borne upward
+by the overshadowing power of God to realize the omnipresence of its
+fatherhood. From this right starting-point there follows of necessity
+a conception of that vital fraternity of man which makes us members of
+one body, and which precludes the possibility of the gaining of a
+lasting good by any individual part thereof without a benefit to all.</p>
+
+<p>Each other portion of the prayer of prayers is seen to have a
+correspondingly deep significance, when carefully analyzed, although
+formulated as an object lesson in our spiritual kindergarten, the
+church. The name of God we hallow, but not as did the ancient
+Israelites, by refusing even to mention the sacredly incommunicable
+<i>Yahweh</i>. For we have learned that the right name is what expresses
+the nature of that<span class='pagenum'><a name="page718" id="page718">718</a></span> which is named. So that the only way in which we
+can reverence the name of God or Christ is by the consecration of our
+time and talent to the expression of all the God-like, Christ-like
+qualities with which, as human beings, we are gifted.</p>
+
+<p>What foolishness, if not blasphemy, it would be for us to ask that the
+will of God should be obeyed in the world about us, when His laws of
+gravitation and chemical affinity, crystallization and cell-growth,
+rule supremely in each of earth&#8217;s kingdoms. But the constant
+aspiration of our hearts should be that the elements of earthiness
+within us, that militate against the expression of our highest ideals,
+shall hear and heed a juster rule than that of selfishness. For no
+outward act of legislation can usher in heaven&#8217;s kingdom on the earth,
+in human institutions, until many individuals have by its inward
+presence been guided and illumined.</p>
+
+<p>For a sufficiency of material food from day to day, we rightly ask by
+the proper use of each faculty and member God has given us, to compel
+the earth to yield up its resources for our sustenance, which it would
+do in ample abundance for all, were it not for the inordinate greed
+and lust, or the gross lethargy, of that many-phased, still
+unhumanized beast that man has to conquer in himself. But happy is he
+who hungers for the manna of law and the bread of truth, whose prayer
+is a sincere desire to be so fed thereon that there shall be such
+strength in the muscles of his soul as shall make of him a power for
+good to all with whom he comes in contact.</p>
+
+<p>As to our enemies, we can no longer cherish feelings of resentment
+toward anyone, however they may misconstrue our purest motive, or
+malign our best intent. We see that every one must show, when tested,
+the exact degree of growth he has attained. Hence, the slander and
+persecution, the &#8220;all manner of evil&#8221; falsely arrayed against us, we
+apprehend as the necessary means to determine our fidelity to the
+truth to which we have pledged allegiance, and to prove that what is
+of good cannot come to naught though all the powers of earth and hell
+be set against it. To forgive, <i>aphiemi</i>, is to cause advancement, to
+bear away burdens. Thus we see it as an axiom that only as we aid the
+weak, instruct the ignorant, develop the undeveloped, can we receive
+in turn what we most need to carry us farther forward on the upward
+path.</p>
+
+<p>Lead us not into temptation, is what we silently say when<span class='pagenum'><a name="page719" id="page719">719</a></span> our thought
+and action show that we have well learned the lessons that were for us
+in past trial and tribulation, and so order our course that the
+leading of His laws, by which alone God ever guides, brings to us joy
+instead of pain. Then, whatsoever may betide, as men count weal or
+woe, we see the gold pass from the fire freed from its base alloy.
+Then all the prayer is answered as with the eye of the prophet to whom
+the future is as now, we see the soul delivered from, born out of
+evil, <i>poneros</i>, which well represents the six days or epochs of
+labor, strife, and friction, of gestation in materiality, that precede
+and prepare the way for the Sabbath day to dawn.</p>
+
+<p>The word &#8220;amen&#8221; is a Hebrew term for faith, which it defines as a firm
+prop or support, a foundation that abides. It pictures to us faith,
+not as emotion or credulity, nor the mere belief in, or acceptance of,
+some formulated creed; but as that clear assurance of what the present
+will produce or what the future has in store, which can only come as
+we perceive how God, by laws immutable, has ruled throughout the past.
+And faithful prayer is oneness of the will of man with that of God,
+through knowledge of His laws and glad obedience thereto. Thus, this
+word, as a symbol, stands for that which is the first and last of all
+true prayer.</p>
+
+<p>The works of Jesus, like his words, were all of a symbolic character,
+in that each so-called miracle foreshadowed a result to be realized as
+a common heritage of men through the age-lasting evolution of the same
+intelligence that then produced the transient tokens of its presence.
+In the New Testament there are four words used, in the original Greek,
+which have been translated as descriptive of miraculous occurrences.</p>
+
+<p>Their basic meaning is as follows: 1, <i>dunamis</i>, power, energy, a
+faculty or ability to do; 2, <i>ergon</i>, a work, an arrangement in order,
+with purpose and skill; 3, <i>teras</i>, to turn, to resolve, to excite
+wonder or fear; 4, <i>semeion</i>, the word most frequently employed,
+indicates a sign, mark, or token by which a thing is shown, something
+used to represent something else. Our word &#8220;miracle&#8221; is often and
+erroneously used for a phenomenon supposed to have occurred outside
+the realm of law. Yet, in the strictest sense, the bursting of a blade
+of grass from out the ground, the conception and birth of any form of
+life, are as stupendous miracles, marks of creative power, as the mind
+of man can ever contemplate.</p>
+
+<p>The wise and great in any department of progress have always<span class='pagenum'><a name="page720" id="page720">720</a></span> towered
+like gods above their fellowmen. The natural product of their lives
+has been a constant miracle to those about them. In spiritualizing the
+story of the prodigies performed by Jesus, we would not question the
+psychic power, transforming virtue of such an one as he, who was
+fitted to convey a re-creative influence to the world. But we would
+wish to show how far those phenomenal evidences of power and
+intelligence transcended the domain of mediumistic wonder-working or
+spiritistic occultism. This is easily accomplished as we continue to
+apply the same principle of interpretation that has already shown us
+that the supposed miraculous conception and birth of the Christ was
+but a consummation of the plan, and in obedience to the same laws by
+which the heavens were made, the earth begotten and born, mineral and
+vegetable kingdoms formed and sustained, animal life brought forth and
+evolved, and, finally, man progressively created in the image,
+according to the likeness of his God. Because the same spiritual
+nature that the typical man so perfectly embodied has been begotten in
+our souls and is seeking to express itself along the lines he pointed
+out, the truth, of which his so-called miracles were illustrative and
+prophetical, is made apparent. His walking on the sea of Galilee, or
+bidding its tempestuous waves be still, was not so marvelous a proof
+of power as has been the advancement of the principle he represented
+upon the seething ocean of humanity, causing the tumultuous tides of
+lust and passion, sin and ignorance to subside. The literal narrative
+of the miraculous draught of fishes vouchsafed to the disciples
+affords but a feeble symbol of the abundant life that has come to men
+and nations who have cast their nets, put forth their efforts, in
+obedience to the injunctions of the Law-giver of the New Testament.</p>
+
+<p>The wonder of the marriage-feast is re-performed as Christ attends the
+wedding of our souls to truth, that union which cannot by man be put
+asunder. As this takes place the water turns to wine; that within our
+mental make-up which before was unformed, unstable, in a condition of
+flux and change, becomes vivified with creative power, and bubbles and
+sparkles with newness of life and inspiration, refreshing and
+stimulating the soul with higher emotions and desires, imparting to
+the very cells and tissues of the body a reconstructive tendency to
+health.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="page721" id="page721">721</a></span>By the breaking of the bread of life, the hidden manna of the Word,
+the reality behind appearance, the multitude of faculties is fed and
+that unseen assembly nourished whose lives are linked with ours at
+this Lord&#8217;s Supper of the soul. Blinded perceptions are restored to
+sight from day to day, and gifted with a constantly enlarging field of
+vision in the realm of truth and law. The understanding that was deaf
+vibrates with joy in response to the call of a salvatory science. The
+antitypes of palsied arm and crippled foot, which are the lack of
+power to do and of ability to advance in a higher, mental life, are
+healed by the transforming touch that makes its impress on the soul
+when first made conscious, that by its own free will its highest
+ideals are to become realities. Even those who have been so
+earth-bound and selfish as to be lifeless, cold, and dead to the
+knowledge of God and love to the neighbor are commencing to arise in
+answer to the spirit of the approaching altruistic age. Accompanying
+this present resurrection, the veil is being rent that for so long has
+intervened between this life and the next. And although no outward
+cloud is sundered for a personal Messiah to descend to rule as
+temporal prince, the denser fogs of a gross materialism are parting
+fast before the rising glory of that day whose dawn we see afar on the
+horizon. For the signs are many and are strikingly apparent that those
+splendid souls, the wisely great ones of the past, the saviors and
+educators of the race, are to co-operate with us in the formation of
+that kingdom and republic which their prophetic vision saw and fervent
+words foretold. Then, as a spiritual reality, will we understand the
+truth symbolized by the doctrines of the church concerning the
+resurrection of the dead and communion with the saints, as the first
+fruits of them that slept appear to us. And what is now prefigured by
+the phenomena and personations of modern spiritualism, will then
+become a blessed fact as our missing loved ones labor with us for our
+and their redemption and the good of all mankind. Had they been
+permitted, or were they able, to return for any other purpose, the
+result would be the furtherance of selfishness and materiality.
+Spiritualism, with its convincing tests of an unseen intelligence, and
+its crude communications, sustains the same relation to the angelic
+intercourse which it simulates, that the symbolic conversion, baptism,
+and bread and wine of the church bear<span class='pagenum'><a name="page722" id="page722">722</a></span> to the organic experiences of
+a true life. They are all, alike, signs and forms, shadows cast before
+the substance drawing nigh, the Christ that is to be.</p>
+
+<p>Our present space will not permit us now to even touch upon, much less
+delineate, the all-important principles symbolized by the recorded
+martyrdom of Jesus, and the doctrine of atonement. But they, and all
+the eschatology of the Gospels, and with which the apocalyptic book of
+riddles is filled, will be readily unravelled as we still farther
+trace the working of those laws already seen, that are not restricted
+in their operation by relations of time and space, but govern through
+the ages the travail of the embodied or disembodied soul. Suffice it
+then to say that hell and heaven are not the names of <i>places</i> to
+which the wicked or the good are called upon to go. Sheol, Gehenna,
+Hades, Tartarus, and the opposite Kingdom of God, are terms expressing
+symbolically the experiences and conditions of undeveloped and
+developed souls here as well as hereafter.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="page723" id="page723">723</a></span></p>
+<h2 class="article_title"><a name="article_8" id="article_8"></a>
+THE TRUE POLITICS FOR PROHIBITION AND LABOR.</h2>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+<p class="author_byline">BY EDWIN C. PIERCE.</p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A vast</span> body of American citizens have a deep concern in the temperance
+cause, and are bound in conscience to do their utmost to give early
+success to the movement for the legal suppression of the drinking
+saloon, which they rightly regard as the fountain of intemperance.
+Some of them are rich and some of them are poor. Some of them are
+conservative and some of them of radical tendency as to questions
+concerning wealth. They belong to the industrious, intelligent, moral,
+and patriotic reserves of the country. With them in sympathy is the
+motherhood of America. I think it is only fair to say, and that all
+social reformers should see, that the radical prohibition
+constituency&mdash;dispersed now in several political parties&mdash;is larger
+than the following commanded by any other single reform idea, and it
+is distinguished by exceptional persistency. There is also a large and
+increasing body of American citizens absorbed in what is called the
+labor question. Some of them are rich and some of them are poor. Some
+of them are also on the side of prohibition and some of them are
+hostile or indifferent.</p>
+
+<p>The labor question is the question of social justice, and no question
+can be higher than that. Stated in other terms, the labor question is
+the question of how to approximate more nearly to an equal
+distribution of wealth, not so much of the wealth already amassed by
+society as of the wealth that is to be produced by labor in the
+future. Now, while there are very few people who think that entire
+equality of fortune in this world is either possible or desirable;
+every free democracy will wish to work towards equality of social
+condition, looking forward to a glorious time when uninvited poverty
+shall be outgrown, when manhood shall be of more social weight than
+wealth.</p>
+
+<p>There is as much high moral sentiment put into the labor<span class='pagenum'><a name="page724" id="page724">724</a></span> question
+to-day, as ever was put into any crusade against any form of
+oppression or evil.</p>
+
+<p>If, however, only the radicals with fixed convictions and unflagging
+zeal were counted, neither of these humane causes would have a
+majority of American voters. Deeply interested in both, I frankly
+confess that I do not believe either prohibition or labor can win
+alone. As we study our political history, we find that political
+issues are not carried except in combination, and as part of the
+policy of a political party to the cohesion and the power of which
+many issues and many forces contribute. We are not under the Swiss
+referendum; we are a representative republic, with two legislative
+chambers, each constituted in a peculiar way. Our national life is
+complex. To hold in party association the six millions or more of
+American men whose support, continued for years, is necessary to carry
+a great measure, requires the proper connection with the past, and
+trenchant dealing with the present which is full of imperious demands.
+Abraham Lincoln was not borne into the presidency in 1860 solely by
+the strength of the anti-slavery issue, but found necessary support in
+Pennsylvania from the committal of the Republicans to the protective
+principle, while in Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, and the West
+generally, he was greatly aided by the homestead issue. Several
+distinct issues have usually been involved in our presidential
+elections. Exceptions are presented by the victories of sentiment or
+tendency under the extraordinary leadership of Jefferson in 1800, and
+in the extraordinary demonstration for General Jackson and Democracy
+in 1828.</p>
+
+<p>Successful parties in the United States, as in England, have generic
+rather than specific names. Federalist, Democratic-Republican, Whig,
+Democratic, and Republican; all represent popular triumphs and
+administrations of the government. Anti-Masonic, Liberty, American,
+Free Soil, Greenback, Prohibition, Labor,&mdash;these party names represent
+no partisan victories. In the Cabinet of the first President of the
+Republic, Thomas Jefferson was Secretary of State, and Alexander
+Hamilton was Secretary of the Treasury. To each of them Washington
+submitted the question whether Congress had power to incorporate a
+bank. Jefferson, believing popular liberty safe only in a strict
+construction of the Constitution, denied the power to create a bank
+because<span class='pagenum'><a name="page725" id="page725">725</a></span> no such power is expressed, or is strictly necessary to the
+exercise of any power expressly granted. Hamilton, believing that a
+liberal construction of the Constitution was essential to the
+development of America, answered that Congress had the power, that the
+power was incidental to the national character of the government. He
+construed the grant of &#8220;necessary&#8221; powers in these words: &#8220;It is a
+common mode of expression to say that it was necessary for a
+government or a person to do this or that thing, when nothing more is
+intended or understood than that interests of the government or person
+require or may be promoted by the doing of this or that thing. The
+imagination can be at no loss for exemplifications on the use of the
+word in this sense. And it is the true one, in which it is to be
+understood as used in the Constitution.&#8221; The Supreme Court, quoting
+these very words with approval, has adopted Hamilton&#8217;s construction.
+With the writing of those two opinions in the Cabinet of Washington,
+the enduring lines of party division in America were drawn. There
+ought to be early recognition of the fact, that in case a new party of
+the people shall be formed, a party determined upon reform of existing
+abuses and oppressions, upon the suppression of the liquor traffic as
+we know it, upon the overthrow of every semblance of plutocracy, upon
+opening to every child of the American democracy an equality of
+opportunity as yet unknown, resort must be had to those broad,
+liberal, and constructive constitutional doctrines which the existing
+Democratic party steadily opposes, and which the Republican party does
+not sufficiently apply for the benefit of the masses. It is the duty
+and opportunity of the prohibitionists to make such a party. A party
+going to Thomas Jefferson for a baptism of Democratic feeling, and
+content with no sprinkling, and to the school of Hamilton for its
+constitutionalism, can supplant the Republicans, and only such a party
+can meet the case of labor. The woollen manufacturers of Massachusetts
+have just remonstrated against further reduction of the hours of labor
+unless the reduction be uniform in all the manufacturing States, and
+they made the significant suggestion that Congress has power to
+establish uniform hours of labor. Congress does have that power as a
+part of the power to regulate commerce. The eight-hour day can only
+come in this country by act of Congress, and the construction that
+sustains such an act sustains<span class='pagenum'><a name="page726" id="page726">726</a></span> national regulation of the liquor
+traffic. The general welfare of the Union is involved in each case.
+American industry is a unit so far as the interests of American homes
+require the rule of uniformity, and the home life of America is a unit
+so far as it needs that protection which, in order to be complete,
+must come from the national authority. I venture to suggest that one
+thing that has hindered the cementing of the alliance between labor
+and prohibition, is the tendency of the prohibitionists while
+recognizing the importance of labor problems to insist that
+prohibition must come first. The labor men will never go into any
+party that puts it quite in that way. Is it not sufficient to claim
+urgency for the prohibition issue, to say that no work should take
+precedence of prohibition in party performance? I think the time has
+come when this issue can be taken up by a political party and I
+recommend a party that shall declare for prohibition with the same
+emphasis with which the Republican party declared for protection in
+1884 and in 1888. I think, however, that the party that carries a bill
+for national control of the manufacture and traffic in liquors through
+Congress, to be signed by a President chosen with a knowledge of his
+prohibition principles, will have to have a good running mate for its
+prohibition issue. Yet I believe the prohibition plank in the platform
+of the great progressive party, lineally descending, would be the
+centre of attraction and of repulsion. I grant that. But the balance
+will be so kept that multitudes who take, at first at least, a
+livelier interest in some other measure which also is promoted by
+party ascendancy, will vote for partisan prohibition because it is the
+policy of the party of human progress with which they are keeping
+step.</p>
+
+<p>I refrain from going at length into a discussion of labor issues.
+Shall prohibitionists come out for State Socialism, shall they pledge
+themselves to make that economic nationalism which is now only a
+prophecy and an ideal, a political fact when they came into
+administration? No political party should do this. But the word
+socialism is a word of good meaning. It means fraternity, industry
+upon a Christian basis. In the discussion that impends in this
+country, concerning the rights and the wrongs of the wage-earners, and
+concerning the demands for relief, constantly growing louder, of the
+agricultural producing classes, the question arises in<span class='pagenum'><a name="page727" id="page727">727</a></span> the mind at
+the outset, whether our policy, state and national, shall be based
+upon the <i>laissez faire</i> doctrine, the &#8220;let alone&#8221; principle; or upon
+the principle of the intervention of public opinion through the agency
+of government to effect the ends of justice and of aid to the weaker
+classes whether by regulative laws, or by the assumption by the public
+(through local, state, or national government, as the nature of the
+case may require,) of such business or industrial enterprises as are
+natural monopolies or can be best performed by the people
+collectively. I say this question arises in the mind at the outset,
+but after all, it is, I think, not a question requiring much argument
+in this day of the world; because, although there are some men more
+busy with their own daily duties than attentive to the world&#8217;s
+progress who are apt, from time to time, to raise this question,
+appealing in favor of the &#8220;let alone&#8221; principle, it is really a
+question already decided. The people both in England and in America
+have grown quite away from <i>laissez faire</i> doctrine, the tendency is
+strong and constantly increasing in the direction of increase of
+governmental intervention to redress the social balance. I believe it
+is impossible that this tendency should be arrested. I believe it
+would not be in the interest of humanity to arrest it. There is a vast
+field for individualism, and in that field it is eminently useful.
+There is a field also for society, for the State. The needs of the
+people in this country to-day are such, the thought of the masses is
+advancing so rapidly in the direction indicated that no political
+party can long hold power that does not accept the socialistic
+tendency and prudently experiment in that direction. There is, in
+point of fact, no other possible direction in which society can move,
+and it cannot stand still. From the necessity for some intervention in
+aid of the weaker classes against the operation of the laws of demand
+and supply, it follows that &#8220;no class legislation&#8221; is not a good cry
+for a labor party.</p>
+
+<p>The land question should have a distinct recognition as a true reform
+issue, and while committal to the policy signified by the term single
+tax, in its entirety, should be avoided, land speculation and monopoly
+should be condemned as a monstrous evil, and against that evil should
+be directed such special taxation of land values as will check and
+ultimately destroy it, without too rudely disturbing existing values.<span class='pagenum'><a name="page728" id="page728">728</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Government ownership of railroads, telegraphs, and of the anthracite
+coal mines, should be favored.</p>
+
+<p>Gas, electric lights, and street railroads should be municipalized.</p>
+
+<p>Legislation, reducing gradually and prudently the hours of labor,
+should be given urgency.</p>
+
+<p>National aid to education, unwisely neglected by the Republicans, is
+strong with labor, and will be stronger the more it is discussed.
+Prohibitionists should advocate universal suffrage with universal
+education.</p>
+
+<p>Educational tests for the suffrage offer too easy a repose for the
+conservatism of wealth, and to advocate them is to touch the wrong
+note, that of distrust rather than trust in the masses. Stand with
+Jefferson for Democracy and education, not for education first and the
+ballot afterwards. Go to the magnificent oration of Wendell Phillips,
+&#8220;The Scholar in a Republic,&#8221; for the courage and wisdom to say with
+that friend of prohibition and labor, that &#8220;crime and ignorance have
+the same right to vote that virtue has&#8230;. The right to choose your
+governor rests on precisely the same foundation as the right to choose
+your religion.&#8221; &#8220;Thank God for His method of taking bonds of wealth
+and culture to share all their blessings with the humblest soul He
+gives to their keeping.&#8221; &#8220;Universal suffrage,&mdash;God&#8217;s church, God&#8217;s
+school, God&#8217;s method of gently binding men into commonwealths in order
+that they may at last melt into brothers.&#8221; All attempts to identify
+prohibition or labor with free trade should be abandoned.</p>
+
+<p>No large extension of our market for manufactures in Spanish America
+or in other foreign countries is possible, if we are to reduce hours
+of labor, abolish child labor, call married women from factory to
+home, and raise wages in America, regardless of the effect upon the
+cost of production. Labor reform, the socialistic tendency require a
+rigid adherence to the protective system. But reliance upon the home
+market will not only make labor legislation possible, but will be
+economic wisdom as well, for by education, by suppressing the saloon,
+by shortening hours, by increasing wages, we can indefinitely increase
+the capacity of our own people to consume. The McKinley tariff will
+work out its own salvation; for the friends of labor or prohibition to
+attack it is a fatal mistake. Prohibition, labor reform, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="page729" id="page729">729</a></span>
+protection are natural allies, and in the party of the future will be
+united. Whoever wishes to form a new party for prohibition and for
+labor, will do well to appropriate rather than discard the historic
+Republican issues. Let the reformers catch the Republicans bathing and
+steal their clothes, albeit they already have some garments of their
+own which are very good. If a Democrat, for the sake of temperance or
+labor, or any issue, will leave the Democratic party, he has outgrown
+the constitutional doctrines of that party, and will not cling to its
+economic theories. If he brings a traditional prejudice in favor of
+government by the masses rather than by classes, he brings what is
+needed. When the period of political readjustment, not yet surely
+begun, is over, the Republican party will have been supplanted by a
+party inheriting many distinguishing articles of its creed; but the
+Democratic party will remain as the party of obstruction, claiming
+descent from Jefferson but not the true representative of the eternal
+truths with which his name is associated. Around the anti-national
+idea the ultra-conservatives, the cormorants of society, the panderers
+to vice, the white-liners of the South will rally. The true Democrats,
+with a unanimity hitherto unknown, will appreciate the utility of the
+national idea and will demonstrate that our Constitution was indeed
+intended &#8220;to live and take effect in all successions of ages.&#8221; The
+popular party, at once conservative and radical, will demonstrate by
+its habitual self-restraint, by its scrupulous regard for justice, by
+the honorable methods which it shall observe and exact, by its
+prudence in legislation, that the Democracy in the plentitude of its
+powers, is most truly conservative of all that vast store of good
+which the past hands down.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="page730" id="page730">730</a></span></p>
+<h2 class="article_title"><a name="article_9" id="article_9"></a>
+SUNDAY AT THE WORLD&#8217;S FAIR.</h2>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+<p class="author_byline">BY WM. H. ARMSTRONG.</p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> question of closing on Sunday the gates of the World&#8217;s Fair is one
+that not only interests our nation but also the nations of the world.</p>
+
+<p>On September 3, eighty members of the National World&#8217;s Fair
+Commission, and one hundred members of the Board of Lady Managers,
+listened to the arguments of representatives of the American Sabbath
+Union for closing the World&#8217;s Fair Sundays. The arguments for Sunday
+closing were presented by Col. Elliott F. Shepard, President of the
+American Sabbath Union; Rev. Dr. S. F. Scoville, President of Wooster
+University, Ohio; Rev. T. A. Fenley, Secretary of the Philadelphia
+Sabbath Association; Gen. O. O. Howard; Col. Alex. F. Bacon; Hon. L.
+S. Coffin; Rev. F. L. Patton, President of Princeton University; Dr.
+P. S. Henson of Chicago; and Mrs. T. B. Carse, as the representative
+of the W. C. T. U.</p>
+
+<p>On reading the addresses and petitions presented by the above named
+persons, I was surprised to see the diversity of names given to the
+first day of the week. Some called it &#8220;the Sabbath day,&#8221; others
+&#8220;Sunday,&#8221; while another class termed it &#8220;the <i>American</i>
+Sabbath&#8221;&mdash;<i>none of them having Bible authority for the names given</i>.
+This inadvertence might be excused if these gentlemen were not poising
+as moulders of public thought and teachers of Bible truth, while they
+are endeavoring to palm off Sunday upon the National Columbian
+Commission as a &#8220;holy day,&#8221; for which they cannot produce Bible
+authority.</p>
+
+<p>Nowhere in the Bible can they find any command to keep Sunday as a
+&#8220;holy day,&#8221; neither can they there find where the Jewish Sabbath was
+ever changed to the first day of the week&mdash;Sunday. This change was
+made by Constantine&#8217;s edict, in 321 <span class="smcap">a.d.</span>, which was the first law
+either ecclesiastical or civil by which the sabbatical observance of
+Sunday was known to have been ordained. Does anyone claim that<span class='pagenum'><a name="page731" id="page731">731</a></span>
+Constantine was inspired? The sabbatical observance of Sunday, as
+prescribed by Constantine, or of &#8220;the American Sabbath,&#8221; as prescribed
+by statutory law, is yielding obedience to the commandments of man and
+not of God, and all their advocates are confronted with the Scripture:
+&#8220;But in vain they do worship me, teaching for doctrines the
+commandments of men.&#8221; Matt. xv. 9.</p>
+
+<p>As Dr. Francis L. Patton, of Princeton University, was the only
+speaker who attempted to speak on the Biblical aspect of the Sunday
+question, I shall direct my remarks to him. The doctor is quoted as
+saying: &#8220;The Ten Commandments represent the high water mark of
+morality. The Jew had contributed the greatest feature of the
+civilization of the nineteenth century. The Sabbath had become the
+inheritance of every civilized nation. God had issued His command as
+to the observance of the Sabbath, and that command was imperative.&#8221;
+These words would be more appropriate coming from a Pharisee, but when
+spoken by a Gentile claiming to be a minister of the New Testament, 2
+Cor. iii. 6, they come with bad grace, and are not in harmony with the
+Scriptures.</p>
+
+<p>The Ten Commandments made on Sinai were delivered to the Jews alone
+and never were intended for the Gentiles, for Paul said: &#8220;For when the
+Gentiles, which have not the law, do by nature the things contained in
+the law, these, having not the law, are a law unto themselves.&#8221; Rom.
+ii. 14. An appeal to the law itself shows that it was always and only
+addressed to the house of Israel, &#8220;to you and your children, to your
+man servants, and maid servants, and to thy stranger that is within
+thy gates.&#8221; It cannot be proven that God ever commanded a Gentile to
+keep the Sabbath. &#8220;The Ten Commandments,&#8221; says Luther, &#8220;do not apply
+to us Gentiles and Christians, but only to the Jews.&#8221; &#8220;A law,&#8221; says
+Grotius, &#8220;obliges only those to whom it is given, and to whom the
+Mosaic law is given, itself declares: &#8216;hear, O Israel.&#8217;&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>When the Gentiles first began to accept Jesus Christ, we read in Acts
+xv. that the Apostles, elders, and brethren at Jerusalem wrote them
+letters as follows: &#8220;Forasmuch as we have heard, that certain which
+went out from us have troubled you with words, subverting your souls,
+saying, Ye must be circumcised, and keep the law; to<span class='pagenum'><a name="page732" id="page732">732</a></span> whom we gave no
+such commandment&#8230;. For it seemeth good to the Holy Ghost, and to us,
+to lay upon you no greater burden than these necessary things; That ye
+abstain from meats offered to idols, and from blood, and from things
+strangled, and from fornication: from which if you keep yourselves, ye
+shall do well. Fare ye well.&#8221; Here is freedom for the Gentiles from
+the Ten Commandments and especially the observance of the Jewish
+Sabbath, the most valued of the ten.</p>
+
+<p>Romans ii. 14 plainly shows &#8220;the Gentiles had not the law,&#8221; and this
+constituted a mark of distinction between Jew and Gentile. But had the
+law been also given to the Gentiles, the Jewish nation would not have
+been fenced off from the rest of the world by it. The very fact that
+they were a separate people under the law proves that their code was
+not a universal law. Paul said: &#8220;For I testify again to every man that
+is circumcised, that he is a debtor to do the whole law.&#8221; Gal. v. 3.
+This is clear, only the circumcised Jew and proselyte was under the
+law.</p>
+
+<p>In favor of the Mosaic law, many advocates say that all municipal
+governments are based upon it; but this only proves that it is not of
+the Kingdom of Christ, because his kingdom is not of this world.
+Christ&#8217;s law is the &#8220;ministration of Spirit&#8221; &#8220;the law of the spirit of
+life written in the heart.&#8221; The Sinai law was the &#8220;ministration of
+death&#8221; written on stone. Moses&#8217; law only gave the knowledge of sin,
+Christ&#8217;s law gives a far more exquisite knowledge of sin, and contains
+the remedy for its removal.</p>
+
+<p>We find, in Matt, xxviii. 18-20, and Mark xvi. 15-20, the final
+universal commission of Christ, his imperative orders to all teachers
+and preachers in the Kingdom of God. Everything else is excluded but
+Christ&#8217;s Gospel, and <i>his commands</i>. They stand out against every form
+of sin, and they only are to be preached to sinners as a means of
+conviction and salvation, and to believers as their present rule of
+life; and to show that he is not subjected to, nor in need of any
+former code, he announces the fact that &#8220;All power is given me in
+heaven and earth.&#8221; Here Christ sets up his supreme authority, removes
+all temporary systems, and demands subjection to <i>his own gospel and
+commandments</i>.</p>
+
+<p>It would have been more appropriate for the members of the American
+Sabbath Union, in their petitions to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="page733" id="page733">733</a></span> National Columbian
+Commission, to subscribe themselves &#8220;many Israelites,&#8221; for they preach
+the law of commandments more than the Spirit of the Lord, which is
+life and liberty. Paul describes them, viz.: &#8220;But their minds were
+blinded: for until this day remaineth the same vail untaken away in
+the reading of the Old Testament: which vail is done away in Christ.
+But even unto this day when Moses is read, the vail is upon their
+hearts. Nevertheless when it shall turn to the Lord, the vail shall be
+taken away.&#8221; 2 Cor. iii. 14-16.</p>
+
+<p>Doctor Patton is credited with saying: &#8220;If the nation and fair should
+yield obedience to the fourth commandment they would be in a fair way
+to the other nine.&#8221; I wish, while the doctor was speaking, that the
+Apostle Paul could have stepped in and delivered several of his old
+sermons such as he delivered to the Galatians who, as Christians, were
+trying to keep the law of Moses. I select a few of his observations,
+viz.: &#8220;Man is not justified by the works of the law. For as many as
+are of the works of the law are under the curse. But that no man is
+justified by the law in the sight of God, it is evident: for the just
+shall live by faith. And the law is not of faith. Wherefore the law
+was our schoolmaster to bring us unto Christ, that we might be
+justified by faith; but after faith is come, we are no longer under a
+schoolmaster. Christ is become of no effect unto you, whosoever of you
+are justified by the law; ye are fallen from grace. For all the law is
+fulfilled in one word, even in this; thou shalt love thy neighbor as
+thyself. But if ye be led of the Spirit ye are not under the law.&#8221;
+Gal. ii. 16; iii. 10, 11, 12, 24, 25; v. 4, 14, 18.</p>
+
+<p>Paul also tells those &#8220;foolish Galatians&#8221;: &#8220;But now, after ye have
+known God, or rather are known of God, how turn ye again to the weak
+and beggarly elements, whereunto ye desire again to be in bondage? <i>Ye
+observe days, and months, and times, and years.</i> I am afraid of you,
+lest I have bestowed upon you labor in vain.&#8221; Gal. iv. 9-11. I can see
+how Paul would be also afraid of these Sunday agitators, as they spend
+much of their time in the observance-worship of days, months, times,
+and years.</p>
+
+<p>Under the old covenant God&#8217;s laws were written on tables of stone,
+while under the new covenant we receive the promise, viz.: &#8220;This is
+the covenant I will make with them<span class='pagenum'><a name="page734" id="page734">734</a></span> after those days, saith the Lord;
+I will put my laws into their hearts, and in their minds will I write
+them.&#8221; Heb. x. 16.</p>
+
+<p>All who consider &#8220;remember the Sabbath day and keep it holy&#8221; applies
+to them, should keep the day in the exact manner prescribed for the
+Israelites. There are seventy-seven positive commands from God to the
+children of Israel regarding the keeping of the Sabbath day holy to
+Him. Now, I ask what Bible authority has Doctor Patton, or any of the
+Sabbath day advocates for ignoring or abridging any of these
+seventy-seven commands? To obey <i>the law</i>, no wood or water must be
+borne; no fire built; no victuals cooked; no domestic animals must be
+worked, even to drive to the house of worship. To do any of these were
+a violation of the fourth commandment. Is there a member of the
+American Sabbath Union who keeps the law for which they are clamoring?
+These agitators rush to Chicago, with petitions signed by hundreds of
+thousands, and say: &#8220;If the fair is opened Sunday it will force tens
+of thousands of employees to work Sunday,&#8221; while their petitioners are
+forcing hundreds of thousands of their employees to do even extra work
+in getting up their best dinners for the clergy and visiting brethren
+on Sunday; this they do though the fourth commandment says: &#8220;Thou
+shalt have no work done,&#8221; &#8220;that thy man servant and thy maid
+servant-may rest as well as thou.&#8221; Deut. v. 12-14.</p>
+
+<p>No one can deny the necessity and benefit of man resting one day in
+seven; but when any set of men attempt to make our legal rest day &#8220;a
+holy day,&#8221; and prescribe certain modes and forms of rest by demanding
+that the nation discard their newspapers, conveniences, and
+amusements&mdash;which are means of rest to the majority&mdash;because they call
+them sins if enjoyed on Sunday, it is in order for us to &#8220;speak out&#8221;
+and ask these reformers to produce their authority.</p>
+
+<p>No man has the right of dictating to another how he shall rest. What
+is rest for one man would be an unpleasant strain upon another; to
+illustrate: The church people, mostly the wealthy class who are not
+bound with labor&#8217;s chains, can do as they please, enjoy all the
+amusements&mdash;the ball, theatre, lecture, concert, card-party,
+etc.,&mdash;throughout the week, so when Sunday comes it is a rest for them
+to ride to church, glide up the aisles, listen to the deep, solemn
+sounding tones<span class='pagenum'><a name="page735" id="page735">735</a></span> of the organ, glance around at the rich toilets, hear
+a pleasing short lecture, greet friends, and return home for a <i>nice</i>
+dinner. The poor laboring man who has none of these things would feel
+out of place among all that culture, wealth, and luxury, so he must
+seek other diversions.</p>
+
+<p>The members of the American Sabbath Union remind one of the Scribes
+and Pharisees, who brought unto Jesus a woman taken in adultery and
+said unto him: &#8220;Now Moses in the law commanded us that such should be
+stoned, but what sayest thou?&#8221; Jesus, totally disregarding Mosaic law,
+said unto them: &#8220;He that is without sin among you, let him first cast
+a stone at her.&#8221; So we can apply these words of Jesus to &#8220;the Sunday
+agitators&#8221;&mdash;as law breakers&mdash;and say unto them, he that is not
+breaking any of Moses&#8217; laws among you, let him first cast a stone at
+the managers of the World&#8217;s Fair.</p>
+
+<p>When Jesus came bringing the light of the new covenant, he showed how
+unimportant was this question, for we cannot find in the New Testament
+where he ever recommended anyone to keep the Sabbath day holy. On the
+contrary, he and his disciples were accused of breaking the Sabbath by
+the hypocritical Scribes and Pharisees.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The poor we have always with us,&#8221; and to alleviate as much as
+possible the misery of the less fortunate is one of the noblest
+missions of life. From dark, dust-begrimed habitations of a hot city
+comes a cry whose burden is &#8220;Fresh Air.&#8221; So throw wide open the gates
+of the World&#8217;s Fair on Sundays, that the wage worker may find rest and
+enjoyment; for the rich can rest when they please&mdash;the poor must take
+recreation when they can. Sectism is blinding humanity and turning
+them from the old pathway to Jesus, the Son of God, who came to save
+man from his sins. This &#8220;one day worship&#8221; is not enough, for God
+claims our services each and every day, as every day is given us by
+Him. God certainly must be jealous of nations to-day serving Satan six
+days in the week and then worshipping Sunday (Constantine&#8217;s law) or
+Saturday (Moses&#8217; law) instead of Him. For their Sunday worship is
+mostly vain show and pomp, fashioned as a crowd bedecked for a
+theatrical performance, all of which is forbidden in the Bible (1 Tim.
+ii. 9-11), which they profess to follow.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="page736" id="page736">736</a></span></p>
+<h2 class="article_title"><a name="article_10" id="article_10"></a>
+TURNING TOWARDS NIRVANA.</h2>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+<p class="author_byline">BY E. A. ROSS.</p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">It</span> needs no very long stay in Europe to detect a strange drooping of
+spirit. The rank corn and cotton optimism of the West quickly feels
+the deep sadness that lurks behind French balls, Prussian parades, and
+Italian festivals. Europe, when once you pry beneath its surface and
+find what its people are thinking and feeling, seems cankered and
+honeycombed with pessimism. You need go but a little way beyond the
+table d&#8217;hote and the guide book to feel the chill of despondency.
+Without taking into account this new mood, it is vain to try to
+understand the latest in art, music, fiction, poetry, thought,
+politics. The one word &#8220;despair&#8221; is the key that opens up the meaning
+of Ibsen&#8217;s dramas, and Tolstoi&#8217;s ethics, of Zola&#8217;s novels, and Carmen
+Sylva&#8217;s poems, of Bourget&#8217;s romances, and Baudelaire&#8217;s Fleurs du Mal.
+It is the spiritual bond that connects Wagner&#8217;s operas with
+Turgenieff&#8217;s novels, Amiel&#8217;s journal with Marie Bashkirtseff&#8217;s diary.
+Naturalism in fiction, &#8220;decadence&#8221; in poetry, realism in art, tragedy
+in music, scepticism in religion, cynicism in politics, and pessimism
+in philosophy, all spring from the same root. They are the means by
+which the age records its feelings of disillusionment.</p>
+
+<p>The broad basis of the sadness of Europe to-day is keen political
+disappointment. Forty years ago everybody hailed the policy of free
+trade, peace, and international exhibitions as ushering in the era</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<p class="i0">&#8220;When the war drum throbs no longer, and the battle-flags are furled</p>
+<p class="i0">In the Parliament of mankind, the Federation of the World.&#8221;</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>As if in mockery of these hopes came that terrific relapse of
+civilization between 1855 and 1870. Then came a pause, and hope might
+have revived had not the war epoch left behind it a strange and
+appalling condition.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="page737" id="page737">737</a></span>No one so unfortunate as to live between the Bosphorus and the English
+Channel can view without dread the course Continental Europe has taken
+since 1870. The armies have increased until France and Germany alone
+have over six millions of soldiers. The Great Powers have now three
+armed men for every two of ten years ago. &#8220;Our armaments,&#8221; says
+Premier Crispi, &#8220;are ruining Europe for the benefit of America.&#8221; In a
+paper picked up in a Venetian caf&eacute; I read these lines:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="quotation"><p>&#8220;Throughout Europe we now hear of nothing but smokeless powder
+and small bore rifles, heavy ironclads and swift cruisers,
+torpedo boats and dynamite guns. Europe seems hastening on to
+that time foretold by General Grant when, worn out by a fatal and
+ruinous policy, she will bow to the supremacy of peace-loving
+America, and learn anew from her the lessons of true
+civilization.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>Can we wonder that the European despairs? He finds himself aboard a
+train that seems speeding to sure destruction. Neither pope, nor
+churches, nor peace societies, nor alliances nor votes, can check its
+course. Nothing, it seems, can save Europe from the fatal plunge into
+the abyss of war. A shot on the Alsatian frontier, a plot hatched in a
+Servian barrack-room, or a riot in the Armenian quarter of
+Constantinople, may kindle a strife that may last, Von Moltke tells
+us, for thirty years.</p>
+
+<p>It is true that many alarms have proved false, but then it is the
+steady strain that tells on the mood. It is pathetic to see on the
+continent, how men fear to face the future. Public speakers dwell upon
+the glories of former times. The churches seek to revive the spirit of
+the Middle Ages. In schools there is immense interest in history,
+arch&aelig;ology, and the classics. The age yearns to lose itself in the
+past, and delights in <i>genre</i> pictures of the naive olden time, or of
+life in remote valleys untouched by the breath of progress. No one has
+heart to probe the next decade, to ask, &#8220;Where shall we be in ten
+years,&mdash;in fifty years?&#8221; The outlook is bounded by the next Sunday in
+the park or the theatre. The people throw themselves into the
+pleasures of the moment with the desperation of doomed men who hear
+the ring of the hammer on the scaffold. Ibsen, applying an old
+sailor&#8217;s superstition to the European ship of state, tells how one
+night he stood on the deck and looked<span class='pagenum'><a name="page738" id="page738">738</a></span> down on the throng of
+passengers, each the victim of some form of brooding melancholy or
+dark presentiment, and as he looked he seemed to hear a voice crying,
+&#8220;There&#8217;s a corpse on board!&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>With the growth of armies has come a gloomier view of life. The vision
+of the nations &#8220;lapped in universal law&#8221; has vanished, and the new
+phrase, &#8220;struggle for existence,&#8221; seems to sum up human history. War
+has been raised to the dignity of a means of progress and killing has
+been consecrated by biology. Not long ago three noted men, Count Von
+Moltke, General Wolseley, and Ex-Minister Phelps, declared it vain to
+hope for a time when wars should vanish from the earth. In Germany the
+youth are filled with the brutal cynicism of Prince Bismarck. &#8220;Blood
+and iron does it,&#8221; said a Berlin divinity student to me. &#8220;You can no
+more stop war than you can stop the thunderbolt when two clouds meet
+charged with opposite electricities.&#8221; &#8220;No,&#8221; said another, &#8220;Europe has
+too many people, too much pressure on the boundaries. There must be a
+war now and then to thin them out.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>With loss of faith in moral progress men have lost faith in political
+progress. The ideals of &#8216;48 are <i>pass&eacute;</i>. Liberty, equality, and
+fraternity are exploded bubbles. The imperialism of Bismarck, the foe
+of popular government and champion of divine right, rules the hour. To
+the fighting type of society the politics of industrial democracy seem
+absurd. You cannot set up the hustings in an armed camp of
+twenty-eight millions. Kings and nobles, rank and privilege, police,
+spies, and censors&mdash;all those hoary abuses that roused the men of
+&#8216;48,&mdash;are deemed necessary to a strong military state. They are
+hallowed by the new phrase of political fatalism &#8220;historical
+continuity.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>This drift of thought cannot but lead to a despairing view.
+Civilization seems to have lost itself in a <i>cul-de-sac</i>. Progress has
+ended in an aimless discontent. The schools have produced, according
+to Bismarck, ten times as many overeducated young men as there are
+places to fill. The thirst for culture has produced a great, hungry,
+intellectual proletariat. The forces of darkness are still strong, and
+it seems sometimes as if the Middle Ages will swallow up everything
+won by modern struggles. The Liberal wonders at moments if he be not
+really fighting against destiny.<span class='pagenum'><a name="page739" id="page739">739</a></span> Often in his <i>Culturkampf</i> with
+Ultramontanism has he proved the truth of Gambetta&#8217;s saying, &#8220;<i>Le
+clericalism, voila l&#8217;ennemi!</i>&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Science, too, has had its share in disturbing men&#8217;s minds. Science,
+during the last twenty years, has been most successful in studying the
+past. It has traced the origin of institutions and followed the upward
+path of man. It has lifted the veil of mystery. It says, &#8220;See, I can
+show you how our feelings arose. I will lay bare the root of modesty,
+of filial piety, sexual love, patriotism, loyalty, justice, honor,
+&aelig;sthetic delight, conscience, religion, fear of God. I will explain
+the origin of institutions like the household, the church, the state.
+I will show the rise of prayer, worship, sacrifice, marriage-customs,
+ceremonies social forms, and laws. Nothing is found mysterious,
+nothing unique, nothing divine. There is no need of looking for a
+stream of tendency, an influx from another source, the descent of a
+new power. The notion of a soul from a spiritual world encysted in
+customs and feelings developed upon it by nature, is a myth. Man is a
+formation. The race has accommodated itself to its environment as a
+stream to its bed. The manifold adaptation of Nature to man is really
+the adaptation of man to Nature. To marvel at it is as if the cake
+should marvel at the fit of the dough-pan. Everything in man is the
+outcome of forces and conditions still present with us. Man and his
+civilization are held suspended in protoplasm and sunlight. Let but a
+plague sweep us away to-day, and to-morrow would begin the second
+evolution of man.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>But science, not content with tracing institutions, has been analyzing
+personality. We see now that there can never again be such an orgie of
+the Ego as that led by Fichte and Hegel. The doctrines of transmission
+and inheritance have attacked the independence of the individual.
+Science finds no ego, self or will that can maintain itself against
+the past. Heredity rules our lives like that supreme primeval
+necessity that stood above the Olympian gods. &#8220;It is the last of the
+fates,&#8221; says Wilde, &#8220;and the most terrible. It is the only one of the
+gods whose real name we know.&#8221; It is the &#8220;divinity that shapes our
+ends&#8221; and hurls down the deities of freedom and choice. Science
+dissolves the personality into temperaments and susceptibilities,<span class='pagenum'><a name="page740" id="page740">740</a></span>
+predispositions, and transmitted taints, atavisms, and reversions. It
+finds the soul not a spiritual unit, but a treacherous compound of
+strange contradictions and warring tendencies, with traces of spent
+passion and vestiges of ancient sins, with echoes of forgotten deeds
+and survivals of vanished habits. We are &#8220;possessed&#8221; not by demons but
+by the dead. These are in Ibsen&#8217;s drama the real ghosts which throng
+our lives and haunt our footsteps, remorseless as the furies. We are
+followed by the shades of our ancestors who visit us, not with
+midnight squeak and gibber, but in the broad noonday, speaking with
+our speech, and doing with our deed. We are bound to a destiny fixed
+before birth, and choice is the greatest of illusions. The world is
+indeed a stage, and life is but a hollow ceremony, spontaneous enough
+to the eye, but wherein the actors recite speeches and follow stage
+directions written for them long before they were born. Thus science
+grinds color for our modern Rembrandts.</p>
+
+<p>The final blow to the old notion of the ego is given by the doctrine
+of multiple individuality. Science tells of the conscious and the
+sub-conscious, of the higher nerve centres and the lower, of the
+double cerebrum and the wayward ganglia. It hints at the many
+voiceless beings that live out in our body their joy and pain, and
+scarce give sign, dwellers in the sub-centres, with whom, it may be,
+often lies the initiative when the conscious centre thinks itself
+free. This <i>I</i> is, no doubt, a hierarchy or commonwealth of psychical
+units that at death dissolves and sinks below the threshold of
+consciousness.</p>
+
+<p>It is plain, then, that the swift spread of science has brought men
+into a new universe. Few there are that can adorn the new home with
+ornaments saved from the old. For most men the universe which science
+tells of rises about them unsightly and barn-like, with bare walls and
+naked rafters, and until art can beautify the walls, and poetry gild
+the rafters, men will have that appalling feeling of being nowhere at
+home, that awful sinking as if the bottom were dropping out of all
+things.</p>
+
+<p>The last great motive to despair is supplied by Indo-German
+philosophy. Under the headship of Schopenhauer and Von Hartmann, there
+has grown up of late a black pessimism rooted in Hindoo thought, and
+allied to that<span class='pagenum'><a name="page741" id="page741">741</a></span> strange exotic cult of Eastern religions that has
+enabled Neo-Buddhism to proselyte even in Christian Europe. Its
+success has been brilliant. In twenty years Hartmann&#8217;s &#8220;Philosophy of
+the Unconscious&#8221; has reached its tenth German edition, entered all the
+great languages of Europe, and called forth a vast literature of its
+own. Thoroughly in touch with modern culture and gifted with a
+striking style, Hartmann is to-day, perhaps, the best read philosopher
+on the continent.</p>
+
+<p>Hartmann dwells upon the sorrow inherent in all existence. Happiness,
+whether expected in one&#8217;s own life, in an ecstatic life beyond the
+grave, or in the far future of humanity, is an illusion. The breaking
+through this illusion is progress. Consciousness itself is built on
+pain. Life is an evil best cured by quenching the will to live. The
+world is a mistake&mdash;a stupendous blunder of the blind unconscious.
+From it there is no escape until the world is hurled back into
+nothingness by a supreme effort of the collective human will. To bring
+about this replunge into Nirvana is the goal of the world process. The
+vast scheme of nature, the slow growth of mind up the long scale of
+organic forms, the high intelligence that crowns the summit of
+life&mdash;all these exist to bring forth the pessimist. He alone has
+gained true culture, and reached a rational insight into the emptiness
+of existence. He alone has rent the veil of Maya and pierced the last
+illusion. His task is to waken humanity, now tossing on its bed of
+pain, from the spell of the great alluring world-dream. By showing the
+vanity of endeavor he is to still the fatal lust for life and bring
+all men to despair and longing for Nirvana. Thus does he become the
+true savior of mankind; for at this point the world, obeying the
+desperate resolve of the human race, will vanish utterly,</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<p class="i0">&#8220;And like the baseless fabric of a dream</p>
+<p class="i0">Leave not a rack behind.&#8221;</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The pessimistic temper of the age reveals itself in every field where
+mood finds utterance. Every book that makes a sensation does it by
+virtue of the phase of despair it presents. Every drama that creates a
+furore does it by uncovering some new tragic element in life. Anything
+optimistic falls flat. The literary men of Europe are recklessly
+underbidding each other in the attempt to show<span class='pagenum'><a name="page742" id="page742">742</a></span> that life is sadder,
+or meaner, or baser, or emptier than had been supposed. The cynic and
+the pessimist share public attention. Not that European writers are
+insincere. The authors and thinkers themselves have been the first to
+feel the Zeitgeist. They have written as they have because they have
+found the melancholy view of life the most fruitful thing in recent
+culture. They have found it the richest in novelty, surprises, images,
+scenes, reflections, effects, and sensations. The worthlessness of
+life is an idea that agrees with science, meets the mood of the age,
+and fires the imagination of the artist.</p>
+
+<p>The French, Norwegian, and Russian realism of the last decade is the
+utterance of later pessimism. For the term &#8220;realism&#8221; describes
+something more than an art. It describes an ethical view. It means the
+conviction of Flaubert: &#8220;You may fatten the human beast, give him
+straw up to his belly, and gild his manger; but he remains a brute,
+say what you will.&#8221; The realists are filled with the scientific
+notions of human nature. They base romances on psychology, physiology,
+or pathology. They study Darwin, and Spencer, and Ribot. They look
+constantly for the traces of the savage cave-dweller. The great
+masters,&mdash;Tolsto&iuml;, Zola, Ibsen, Maupassant, Flaubert, Gautier, Loti,
+Bourget,&mdash;as well as their swarms of disciples, are ever on the watch
+for marks of decadence, or for vestiges of the brute in man&#8217;s
+instincts and passions. To the old romanticism of Victor Hugo they
+oppose blunt truth-telling and remorseless analysis. They spare no
+illusions. &#8220;Love, marriage, family,&#8221; cries Tolstoi&#8217;s hero, &#8220;are lies,
+lies, lies!&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>This same ethical spirit is shared by realism in art. A painter
+seeking in the work-house a model for his &#8220;job,&#8221; an actress visiting
+the hospital to learn how to simulate dying,&mdash;these show the modern
+appetite for the morbid. Modern music, too, does not escape the times&#8217;
+spirit. The sad Titanic works of Wagner, the friend and disciple of
+Schopenhauer, bear witness to the mystical affinity of music and
+despair.</p>
+
+<p>Most of our great critics of life,&mdash;Saint Beauve, Carlyle, Matthew
+Arnold, Scherer, Amiel, Tolsto&iuml;, and Ruskin&mdash;have felt, or at least
+recognized, the powerful fascination of the new evangel of bafflement
+and despair.<span class='pagenum'><a name="page743" id="page743">743</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The hastiest glance at recent European poetry shows the prominence of
+the mystery of pain. Poetry from Byron, Leopardi, and Heine, to
+Pushkin and Carmen Sylva, Baudelaire and Matthew Arnold, has circled
+about the tragedy of suffering and disenchantment. Even Tennyson sadly
+asks in a recent poem:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<p class="i0">&#8220;What is it all, if we all of us end but in being our own corpse-coffins at last,</p>
+<p class="i0">Swallowed in Vastness, lost in Silence, drowned in the deeps of a meaningless Past?&#8221;</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Since the time of Goethe, poetry has turned from Hellenic to Hindoo
+sources. Cultured Europe seizes with a strange eagerness on the
+sublime, dreamy conceptions that underlie Hindoo pantheism&mdash;Sansara,
+the unabiding pain-world; Nirvana world of rest and re-absorption; the
+deceptive veil of Maya, the wheel of life, the melting bubbles poured
+from the bowl of Saki, the Brahma fallen from unity and serenity into
+multiplicity and pain, the illusion of birth and death, the evil of
+all individual existence, the retreat from life, the euthanasia of the
+will and the return to non-existence,&mdash;these with their rich train of
+imagery thrill the jaded and <i>blas&eacute;</i> European with a rare and profound
+emotion. Besides these spoils, the poet of to-day revels in the
+results of later metaphysics. The na&iuml;ve balance of pleasure and pain
+is disturbed. Suffering becomes an almost supernatural fact hid in a
+halo of mystery, and is not to be blotted out by any quantity of joy.
+One single pang is enough to condemn the world as worse than
+nothingness. This inexplicable fact of suffering takes on a mystical
+meaning, and becomes thereby the pivot of a new faith. And so, as the
+altar lights of the old worship of sorrow grow dim, there rises the
+legend of a suffering unconscious.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="page744" id="page744">744</a></span></p>
+<h2 class="article_title"><a name="article_11" id="article_11"></a>
+THE HEART OF THE WOODS.</h2>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+<p class="author_byline">BY WILL ALLEN DROMGOOLE.</p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Twilight</span> fell softly over Beersheba, beautiful Beersheba. It is going
+into history now with its sad old fancies and its quaint old
+legends,&mdash;its record of happiness and of heartbreak,&mdash;those two
+opposing, yet closely interwoven <i>inevitables</i> which always belong to
+a summer resort.</p>
+
+<p>But Beersheba is different from the rest, in that the railroads have
+never found it; and it goes into history a monument to the old days
+when the wealthy among the southern folk flocked to the mountains, and
+to Beersheba&mdash;queen of the hill country of Tennessee.</p>
+
+<p>The western sky, where it seemed to slope down toward Dan, had turned
+to gaudy orange; the east was hazy and dimly purple, streaked with
+long lines of shadow, resembling, in truth, some lives we remember to
+have noticed, lives that for all the sombre purple were still blotched
+with the heavier shadows of pain that is never spoken.</p>
+
+<p>It was inexpressibly lonely; true, a cowbell tingled in the distance,
+and now and then a fox barked in a covert of Dark Hollow, that almost
+impenetrable jungle that lies along the &#8220;Back Bone,&#8221; a narrow, zigzag
+ridge stretching from Dan to Beersheba.</p>
+
+<p>Dan, modest little Dan, seven furlongs distant from queenly Beersheba,
+with its one artistic little house refusing in spite of time and
+weather, and that more deadly foe, <i>renters</i>, to be other than pretty
+and picturesque, as it nestles like a little gray dove in its nest of
+cedar and wild pine. A very dreamful place is Dan, dreamful and safe.</p>
+
+<p>Safe, so thought the man leaning upon the low fence that inclosed the
+old ante-bellum graveyard that was a part of Beersheba also. For in
+the olden days people came by families and family connections,
+bringing their servants and carriages. And those who died at Beersheba
+were left sleeping in the little graveyard&mdash;a quiet spot, shut in by
+old cedars and rustling laurel. A very solemn little resting-place,<span class='pagenum'><a name="page745" id="page745">745</a></span>
+with the cedars moaning, and the winds soughing, as if in continual
+lament for the dead left to their care. Among the quiet sleepers was
+one concerning whom the man leaning upon the fence never tired of
+thinking, while he made, by instinct it seemed to him, a daily
+pilgrimage to her grave. It was marked by a long, narrow shaft,
+exceedingly small at the top. Midway the shaft a heart, chased out of
+the yellow, moss-stained marble, a heart pierced by a bullet. He had
+brushed the moss aside long ago to read the quaint yet fascinating
+inscription:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="quotation"><p>&#8220;Millicent&mdash;April, 1862. &#8216;Oh, Shiloh! Shiloh!&#8217;&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>He had heard the story of the sleeper underneath often, often. It is
+one of the legends now, of Beersheba. Yet he thought of it with
+peculiar interest, that twilight time, as he stood leaning upon the
+low fence while the sun set over Dan. His face, with the after-glow of
+sunset full upon it, was not a face in keeping with the quiet scene
+about him. It was not a youthful face, although handsome. Yet the
+lines upon it were not the lines made by time: a stronger enemy than
+time had left his mark there. <i>Dissipation</i> was written in the ruddy
+complexion, the bloated flesh, and the bloodshot eye. The continual
+movement of the hand feeling along the whitewashed plank, or
+fingering, unconsciously, the trigger of the loaded rifle, testified,
+in a dumb way, to the derangement of the nervous system which had been
+surrendered to that most debasing of all passion, drink. He had sought
+the invigorating mountains, the safety of isolation, to do for him
+that which an abused and deadened <i>will</i> refused to do. It is a
+terrible thing to stand alone with the wreck of one&#8217;s self. It is
+worse to set the <i>Might-Have-Been</i> side by side with the <i>Is</i>, and
+know that it is everlastingly too late to alter the colorings of
+either picture.</p>
+
+<p>His was an <i>hereditary</i> passion, an iniquity of the father visited
+upon the son. Against such there is no law, and for such no remedy.</p>
+
+<p>He thought bitterly of these things as he stood leaning upon the
+graveyard fence. His life was a graveyard, a tangle of weeds, a plat
+of purposes overgrown with rank despair. He had struggled since he
+could remember. All his life had been one terrible struggle. And now,
+he knew that it was useless, he understood that the evil was
+hereditary, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="page746" id="page746">746</a></span> to conquer it, or rather to free himself from it,
+there was but one alternative. He glanced down at the rifle resting
+against his knee. He did not intend to endure the torture any very
+great while longer. He possessed the instincts of a gentleman,&mdash;the
+cravings of a beast. The former had won him something of friends and
+sympathy,&mdash;and love. The latter had cost him all the other had won.
+For coming across the little graveyard in a straight line with the
+shadows of the old cedars, her arms full of the greens and tender wild
+blossoms of the mountain, was the one woman he had loved. She had done
+her best to &#8220;reform&#8221; him. The world called it a &#8220;reform.&#8221; If reform
+meant a new birth, that was the proper name for it, he thought, as he
+watched her coming down the shadow-line, and tried to think of her as
+another man&#8217;s wife; this woman he loved, and who <i>had</i> loved <i>him</i>.</p>
+
+<p>He saw her stop beside a little mound, kneel down, and carefully
+dividing her flowers, place the half of them upon a child&#8217;s grave. Her
+face was wet with tears when she arose, and crossing over to the tall,
+yellow shaft, placed the remainder of the offering at its base. She
+stood a moment, as if studying the odd inscription. And when she
+turned away he saw that the tears were gone, and a hopeless patience
+gave the sweet face a tender beauty.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;&#8216;Oh, Shiloh! Shiloh!&#8217;&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>He heard her repeat the melancholy words as she moved away from the
+old shaft, and opening the gate he waited until she should pass out.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Donald!&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I couldn&#8217;t help it, Alice. You are going away to-morrow; it is the
+last offence. You will forgive it because it <i>is</i> the last.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;You ought not to follow me in this way, it isn&#8217;t honorable. See! I
+have been to put some flowers on my little baby&#8217;s grave.&#8221; She glanced
+back, as she stood, her hand upon the gate, at the little
+flower-bedecked grave where two months before she had buried her only
+child.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;You shared your treasures with the other,&#8221; he said, indicating the
+tall shaft.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I always do,&#8221; said she. &#8220;There is something about that grave that
+touches me with singular pity. I feel as if it were <i>myself</i> who is
+buried there. I think the girl must have died of a broken heart.&#8221;<span class='pagenum'><a name="page747" id="page747">747</a></span></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Have you never heard the story?&#8221; said Donald. &#8220;I suppose it might be
+called a broken heart, although the doctors gave it the more agreeable
+title of &#8216;<i>heart disease</i>.&#8217; It is very well for the world that doctors
+do not call things by their right name always. Now, if I should be
+found dead to-morrow morning in my little room at Dan, the doctors
+would pronounce me a victim of &#8216;apoplexy,&#8217; or &#8216;heart failure.&#8217; That
+would be very generous of the doctors so far as <i>I</i> am concerned. But
+would it not be more generous to struggling humanity to say the truth:
+&#8216;This man died of <i>delirium tremens</i>,&mdash;killed himself with whiskey.
+Now you other sots take warning.&#8217;&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Donald Rives!&#8221; the sad eyes, full of unspoken pity, not unmixed with
+regret, sought his.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Truth,&#8221; said Donald. &#8220;And truth, Alice, is always best. The world,
+the sick moral world, cannot be healed with falsehood. But the woman
+sleeping there&mdash;she has a pretty story. Will you wait while I tell
+it&mdash;you are going away to-morrow.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>She glanced down the road, dim with the twilight.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The others are gone on to Dan, to see the moon rise,&#8221; she said
+hesitatingly.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;We will follow them there in a moment,&#8221; said Donald. &#8220;I have a fancy
+for telling you that story.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>He laughed, a nervous, mirthless kind of laugh, and slipped his rifle
+to his other hand.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;She had a lover in the army, you understand. She was waiting here
+with hundreds of others until &#8216;the cruel war should cease.&#8217; One day
+when there had been a great battle, a messenger came to Beersheba,
+bringing news for her. He brought a letter, and she came across the
+little court there at Beersheba, and received it from the messenger&#8217;s
+own hand. She tore it open and read the one line written there. Then
+the white page fluttered to the ground. She placed her hands upon her
+heart as if the bullet had pierced her. &#8216;Oh, Shiloh! Shiloh!&#8217; That was
+all she said or did. The ball from old Shiloh did its work. The next
+day they buried her up there under the cedars. The letter had but one
+line: &#8216;Shot at Shiloh, fatally,&#8217; and signed by the captain of the
+company who had promised to send news of the battle. Just a line; but
+enough to break a heart. Hearts break easily, sweetheart.&#8221;<span class='pagenum'><a name="page748" id="page748">748</a></span></p>
+
+<p>She looked at him with her earnest eyes full of tears.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Do you think hers broke?&#8221; she asked. &#8220;I do not. She merely went to
+him.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;As I should go to you, if you were to die, because I cannot live
+without you.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Hush! I am nothing to you now. Only a friend who loves you, and would
+help you if she could, but she is powerless.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;O Alice, do not say that. Do not give me over in that hopeless way to
+ruin. Do not abandon me now.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Donald,&#8221; the voice was very low, and sweet, and&mdash;<i>strong</i>. &#8220;There was
+a time I thought to help you. I did my best and&mdash;failed. It is too
+late now. I am married. You who could not put aside your passion for
+the girl whose heart was yours, and whom you loved sincerely, could
+not, assuredly, put it by for the woman whose love, and life, and duty
+are pledged to another. Yet, you know I feel for you. You know what it
+is to be tempted, so alas! do I. Wait! stand back. There is this
+difference. You know what it is to <i>yield</i>; but I have that little
+mound back there&#8221;&mdash;she nodded toward the little flower-decked
+grave,&mdash;&#8220;the dead help me, the sleeper underneath is my strength. If
+<i>I</i> were dead now, I would come to you, and help you. Do that which,
+living, I failed in doing. Come, now; let us go on and see yon moon
+rise over Dan. The others have gone long ago.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>They passed out, and the little gate swung to its place. The dead at
+Beersheba were left alone again. Left to their tranquil slumbers.
+Tranquil? Aye, it is only the living who are eager and unhappy.</p>
+
+<p>Down the shadowy road they passed, those two whose lives had met, and
+mingled, and parted again. Those two so necessary to each other, and
+who, despite the necessity, must touch hands and part.</p>
+
+<p>&#8216;Tis said God makes for every human soul a counterpart, a soul-helper.
+If this be so, then is it true that every soul must find its
+counterpart, since God does not work by half, and knows no bungling in
+His work. That other self is <i>somewhere</i>,&mdash;on this earth, or else in
+some other sphere. The souls are separated, perhaps, by death, or even
+by some human agency. What of that? Soul will seek soul; will find its
+counterpart and perform its work, its own half share, though death and
+vast eternity should roll between.<span class='pagenum'><a name="page749" id="page749">749</a></span></p>
+
+<p>They passed on, those two wishing for and needing each the other.
+Wishing until God heard, and made the wish a prayer, and answered it,
+in His own time and manner.</p>
+
+<p>At the crossing of the roads where one turns off to Dan, the mountain
+preacher&#8217;s little cabin stood before them. Nothing, and yet it had a
+bearing on their lives. On his, at all events.</p>
+
+<p>Before the door, leaning upon the little low gate, an old man with
+white hair and beard was watching the gambols of two children playing
+with a large dog. The cabin, old and weatherworn, the man, the
+tumbledown appearance of things generally, formed a strange contrast
+with the magnificence of nature visible all around. To Donald, with
+his southern ideas of ease and elegance, there was something repulsive
+in the scene. But the woman was evidently more charitable.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Good evening, parson,&#8221; she called, &#8220;we are going over to Dan to watch
+the moon rise.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Yes, yes,&#8221; said the old man. &#8220;An&#8217; hadn&#8217;t ye better leave the gun,
+sir? There&#8217;s no use luggin&#8217; that to Dan. An&#8217; ye&#8217;ll find it here &#8216;ginst
+you come back.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Why, we&#8217;re going back another route,&#8221; they told him; not dreaming
+what that route would be.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;You have a goodly country, parson,&#8221; said Donald, &#8220;and so near heaven
+one ought to find peace here.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It be not plentiful,&#8221; said the old man. &#8220;An&#8217; man be born to trouble
+as the sparks go upward. But all be bretherin, by the grace o&#8217; God,
+an&#8217; bound alike for Canaan.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>They passed on, bearing the old man&#8217;s meaning in their hearts. All
+bound upon one common road for Canaan.</p>
+
+<p>Oh, Israel! Israel! the wandering in the wilderness still goes on. The
+Promised Land still lies ahead, and wanderers in earth&#8217;s wilderness
+still seek it, panting and dying with none to strike a rock in Horeb.</p>
+
+<p>The Promised Land! what glimpses of that glorious country are
+vouchsafed, mere glimpses, from those rugged heights, such as were
+granted him, who, weary with his wanderings, sought Pisgah&#8217;s top to
+die.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes, when the mists are lifted and the sun shines through the
+rifted clouds, what dreams, what visions, what communion with those
+whom the angels met upon the mountain. They thought upon it, those
+two, as they passed on to Dan.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="page750" id="page750">750</a></span>To Dan, through the broad gate artistically set with palings of green
+and white. Under the sweet old cedars deep down into the heart of the
+woods, with the solemn mountains rising, grim and mysterious, in the
+twilight. Down the great bluff where the tinkle of falling water tells
+of the spring hidden in the dim wood&#8217;s shadowy heart. The golden
+arrows of sunset are put out one by one by the shadow-hands of the
+twilight hidden in the haunted hemlocks. One star rises above the
+tree&#8217;s and peeps down to find itself quivering in the dusky pool. A
+little bird flits by with an evening hymn fluttering in its throat.</p>
+
+<p>They stopped at the foot of the bluff and seated themselves upon a
+fallen tree, the rifle resting, the stock upon the ground, the muzzle
+against the tree, between them.</p>
+
+<p>Between them, the loaded rifle. She herself had placed it there. They
+had scarcely spoken, but words are weak; <i>feeling</i> is strong&mdash;and
+silent. His heart was breaking; could words help <i>that</i>? It was she
+who spoke at last, nestling closer to him a moment, then quickly
+drawing back. Her hand had touched the iron muzzle of the gun&mdash;it was
+cold, and it reminded her. She drew her hands together and folded
+them, palm to palm, between her knees, and held them there, lest the
+sight of his agony drag them from duty and honor. She could not bear
+to look at him, she could only speak to him, with her eyes turned away
+toward the distant mountains.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Donald,&#8221; her voice was low and very steady, &#8220;there are so many
+mistakes made, dear, and my marriage was one of them. But, the blunder
+having been committed, I must abide by it. And who knows if, after
+all, it be a mistake? Who can understand, and who dares judge God&#8217;s
+plans? But right cannot grow from wrong. We part. But I shall not
+leave you, Donald. Here in the heart of the woods&mdash;&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Don&#8217;t!&#8221; he lifted his face, white with agony. &#8220;Your suffering can but
+increase mine. Go back, dear, and forget. Our paths crossed too late,
+too late. Go back, and leave me to my lonely struggles. I shall miss
+you, oh, my beloved,&mdash;&#8221; the words choked him, &#8220;forget, forget&mdash;&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Never!&#8221; again she moved toward him, and again drew back. The iron
+muzzle had touched her shoulder, warningly. She still held her hands
+fast clasped between her knees. Suddenly she loosed them; opened them,
+looked at<span class='pagenum'><a name="page751" id="page751">751</a></span> them; so frail, so small, so delicately womanly as they
+were. He, too, saw them, the dear hands, and made a motion to clasp
+them, restrained himself, and groaned. She understood, and her whole
+soul responded. The old calm was gone; the wife forgotten. It was only
+the <i>woman</i> that spoke as she slipped from her place beside him, to
+the ground at his feet; and extended the poor hands toward him.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Donald, O Donald!&#8221; she sobbed. &#8220;Look at my hands. How frail they are,
+and weak, and white, and <i>clean</i>. Aye, they are clean, Donald. Take
+them in your own; hold them fast one moment, for they are worthy. But
+oh, my beloved, if they falter or go wrong, those little hands, who
+would pity their polluted owner? Not you, oh, not you. I know the
+sequel to such madness. <i>Help</i> me to keep them clean. Help me&mdash;oh,
+help me!&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>She lifted them pleadingly, the tears raining down her cheeks. She,
+the strong, the noble, appealing to him. In that moment she became a
+saint, a being to be worshipped afar off, like God.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Help me!&#8221; She appealed to him, to his manhood which he had supposed
+dead so long the hollow corpse would scarcely hear the judgment trump.</p>
+
+<p>Her body swayed to and fro with the terrible struggle. Aye, she knew
+what it was to be tempted. She who would have died for that poor
+drunkard&#8217;s peace. But that little mound&mdash;that little child&#8217;s grave on
+the hill&mdash;&#8220;Help me!&#8221; She reeled forward and he sprang to clasp her.
+The rifle slipped its place against the log; but it was <i>between</i> them
+still; the iron muzzle pointed at her heart. There was a flash, a
+sharp report, and she fell, just missing the arms extended to receive
+her.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;O my God!&#8221; the cry broke from him, a wild shriek, torn from his
+inmost heart. &#8220;O my God! my God! I have killed her. Alice! oh, speak
+to me! <i>speak</i> to me before my brain goes mad.&#8221; He had dropped beside
+her, on his knees, and drawn the poor face to his bosom. She opened
+her eyes and nestled there, closer to his heart. There was no iron
+muzzle between them now. She smiled, and whispered, softly:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In the heart of the woods. O Love; O Love!&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>And seeing that he understood, she laid her hand upon his bosom,
+gasped once, and the little hands were safe.<span class='pagenum'><a name="page752" id="page752">752</a></span> They would never &#8220;go
+wrong&#8221; now, never. Even love, which tempts the strongest into sin,
+could never harm them now, those little dead hands.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In the heart of the woods.&#8221; It was there they buried her, beside that
+broken-hearted one whose life went with the tidings from old Shiloh,
+in the little mountain graveyard in the woods between Dan and
+Beersheba.</p>
+
+<p>As for him, her murderer, they said, &#8220;the accident quite drove him
+mad.&#8221; Perhaps it did; he thought so, often; only that he never called
+it by the name of accident.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It was God&#8217;s plan for helping me,&#8221; he told himself during those slow
+hours of torture that followed. There were days and weeks when the
+very mention of the place would tear his very soul. Then the old
+craving returned. Drink; he could forget, drown it all if only he
+could return to the old way of forgetting. But something held him
+back. What was it? God? No, no. God did not care for such as he, he
+told himself. He was alone; alone forever now. One night there was a
+storm, the cedars were lashed and broken, and the windows rattled and
+shook with the fury of the wind. The rain beat against the roof in
+torrents. The night was wild, as he was. Oh, he, too, could tear, and
+howl, and shriek. Tear up the very earth, he thought, if only he let
+his demon loose.</p>
+
+<p>He arose and threw on his clothes. He wanted whiskey; he was tired of
+the struggle, the madness, the despair. A mile beyond there was a
+still, an illicit concern, worked only at night. He meant to find it.
+His brain was giving way, indeed. Had already given way, he thought,
+as he listened to the wind calling him, the storm luring him on to
+destruction. The very lightning beckoned him to &#8220;come and be healed.&#8221;
+Healed? Aye, he knew what it was that healed the agonies of mind which
+physics could not reach. He knew, he knew. He had been a fool to think
+he would forego this healing.</p>
+
+<p>He laughed as he tore open the door and stepped out into the night.
+The cool rain struck upon his burning brow as he plunged forward into
+the arms of the darkness. He had gone but two steps when the fever
+that had mounted to his brain began to cool. And the wind&mdash;he paused.
+Was it speaking to him, that wild, midnight wind? &#8220;&#8216;In the heart of
+the woods. O Love, O Love!&#8217;&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="page753" id="page753">753</a></span>There was a shimmery glister of lightning among the shadowy growth.
+Was it a figure, a form of a woman beckoning him, guiding him. He
+turned away from the midnight still, and followed that shimmery light,
+straight to the little graveyard in the woods, and fell across the
+little new mound there, and sobbed like a child that has rebelled and
+yielded. A soft presence breathed among the shadows; a soft presence
+that crept to his bosom when he opened his arms, his face still
+pressed against the soft, new sod. A strange, sweet peace came to him,
+such as he had never felt before, filling him with restful, chastened,
+and exquisite sadness. The storm passed by after awhile, and the rain
+fell softly&mdash;as the dew falls on flowers. And he arose and went home,
+with the chastened peace upon him, and the old passionate pain gone
+forever.</p>
+
+<p class="ellipsis">&#8230; &#8230; &#8230; .</p>
+
+<p>But as the summers drifted by, year after year, he returned. He became
+a familiar comer to the humble mountain folk, where summer twilight
+times they saw him leaning on the parson&#8217;s little gate, conversing
+with the old man of the &#8220;Promised Land&#8221; toward which, as &#8220;brethren,&#8221;
+they were travelling. Sometimes they talked of the blessed dead&mdash;the
+dear, dear dead who are permitted to return to give help to their
+loved ones.</p>
+
+<p>Aye, he believes it, knows it, for the old temptation assails him no
+more forever. That is enough to know.</p>
+
+<p>And in the heart of the woods in the dewy twilight, or at the solemn
+midnight, she comes to meet him, unseen but felt, and walks with him
+again along the way from Dan to Beersheba. He holds communion with her
+there, and is satisfied and strengthened.</p>
+
+<p>God knows, God knows if it be true, she meets him there. But life is
+no longer agony and struggle with him. And often when he starts upon
+his lonely walks, he hears the wind passing through the ragged cedars
+with a low, tremulous soughing and bends his ear to listen. &#8220;In the
+heart of the woods, O Love, O Love.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>And he understands at last how to those passed on is vouchsafed a
+power denied the human helper, and that she who would have been his
+guide and comforter now gave him better guardianship&mdash;a watchful and a
+holy spirit.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="short" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="page754" id="page754">754</a></span></p>
+<h2 class="article_title"><a name="EDITORIAL_NOTES" id="EDITORIAL_NOTES"></a>EDITORIAL NOTES.</h2>
+
+<h3 class="editorial_title"><a id="article_12" name="article_12"></a>
+PHARISAISM IN PUBLIC LIFE.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> poisonous and corrupting influence of Pharisaism is noticeable in
+every strata of society, as vicious and odious to-day as when the
+great Galilean, with the supreme contempt of a pure and genuine soul,
+denounced in such withering terms those who pretended to be what they
+were not. Evil and repulsive as hypocrisy must ever appear, it assumes
+colossal proportions as a moral crime, when it masquerades in the
+robes of official authority, for nothing so surely undermines all
+respect for law in the mind of the masses as exhibitions of
+insincerity, inconsistency, and Pharisaism by those invested with
+power. The people are not so slow witted as the few who take pride in
+their superior brilliancy imagine. They quickly detect insincerity or
+hypocrisy; but unfortunately, they frequently do not discriminate
+between the offender and the office in the nation or the communion
+which he disgraces. Pharisaism within the Church, far more than
+assaults from without, has destroyed the old-time influence of
+theology over the popular mind; while the same results are clearly
+manifest in our political fabric. In the latter sphere, hypocrisy is
+doubly odious, in that while undermining the confidence of the people
+in law, justice, and government, it places far greater power in the
+hands of pretentious individuals than would be tolerated were it not
+for their profession of superior virtue, and thus enables persons who
+are of small moral stature, or who through defective training and
+unfortunate environment are thoroughly narrow and bigoted, to wield
+despotic power, often bringing swift and severe punishment on those
+far less guilty in the eye of the moral law than themselves. Believing
+as I do that Pharisaism is to-day one of the greatest evils which
+menace the stability of our government and the continued advance of
+civilization along the highway of enlightened progress, I feel it an
+urgent duty to frankly and freely discuss some notable recent
+illustrations which to unprejudiced minds take on the cast of
+Pharisaism, and are symptomatic of a condition which presages the
+moral decline of a nation. For if history teaches one lesson more
+impressively than another, it is that in which she emphasizes the fact
+that when Pharisaism becomes enthroned in power, when hypocrisy
+mantles insincerity and depravity, the soul of a people goes out; and
+though the form or shadow of former greatness may remain for a time,
+like the oak which remains standing after the tap-root has been eaten
+out, vitality, growth, and life have vanished.</p>
+
+<p>The first case which calls for attention is that of Joseph A. Britton,
+and it impressively illustrates the evils which will sooner or later
+come<span class='pagenum'><a name="page755" id="page755">755</a></span> to any people who permit the Pharisaical element to arrogate
+authority, or who legalize the infringement of liberty by authorizing
+the establishment of a censorship of morals, especially when power is
+lodged in the hands of persons who have a penchant for delving in
+moral sewers, and are not hedged about with restrictions which make
+them legally responsible for wrong doing. Mr. Britton, it will be
+remembered, was long Mr. Comstock&#8217;s closest counselor and most
+efficient aid. In the course of time, however, he withdrew from his
+former commander in order to establish an association somewhat similar
+to that presided over by Mr. Comstock. Such societies will naturally
+ever prove very alluring to men of a certain class, owing to the
+unwarranted power given to individuals, by which they are enabled to
+persecute those in no way guilty of crime, and who, after innocence is
+established, have no redress for the great expense and wrongs
+inflicted by the irresponsible censorship. The new organization was
+styled &#8220;The Society for the Enforcement of Criminal Law,&#8221; and Mr.
+Britton has been from its inception its leading spirit. About a year
+ago, exercising a power, which, if permitted at all, should always be
+confined to a responsible judiciary, he caused the arrest of the
+president of the American News Company, for selling some of the works
+of Count Tolstoi and Balzac.<a name="fn_marker_2" id="fn_marker_2"></a><a href="#fn_2" class="fn_marker">[2]</a></p>
+
+<p>The courts promptly dismissed the case, but Mr. Farrelly had no
+redress for the expense, the harassment, and lost time incident to
+this unjust arrest. Since then Mr. Britton has had much trouble with
+the courts and officers of law, who thoroughly distrust the man.<a name="fn_marker_3" id="fn_marker_3"></a><a href="#fn_3" class="fn_marker">[3]</a>
+He, however, has been posing as a virtuous martyr, declaring that the
+police and judiciary are all subsidized: that it is impossible for him
+to suppress the crimes of gamblers, saloon keepers, and the
+proprietors of disorderly houses on account of the officers being in
+collusion with the offenders. It is proper to state also that
+counter-charges have been freely made in the daily press, and this
+gentleman who assumes the role of one peculiarly fitted to unearth and
+punish sinners, has been charged with using his office for
+blackmailing purposes. Of the truth or falsity of the charges I know
+nothing, but the latest revelation relating to Mr. Britton&#8217;s career
+certainly gives color to some of the charges which have been made
+against him. It seems that while sincere and<span class='pagenum'><a name="page756" id="page756">756</a></span> innocent persons who
+mistakenly support these mischievous organizations by freely giving
+hard earned dollars to such persons as the gentleman in question,
+vainly hoping that their contribution will aid in exterminating
+gambling, Mr. Britton has been recklessly <i>indulging in gambling
+himself</i>. For a time fortune favored him. He won, and drew the money,
+but later, luck deserted him and our pseudo-reformer lost quite
+heavily. <a name="fn_marker_4" id="fn_marker_4"></a><a href="#fn_4" class="fn_marker">[4]</a>Being pressed for the amount of his gambling debts,
+aggregating $1,085, he gave a check which his creditor, Mr. Robt. G.
+Irving, alleges was returned as worthless. He then gave notes, the
+first two of which have come due but have not been paid; consequently
+his creditor now seeks redress in the courts. Mr. Britton, probably
+feeling that his usefulness as a censor of morals will be seriously
+impaired by this unfeeling revelation, displays considerable
+indignation while admitting his guilt. He says in the column of one of
+the New York dailies:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="quotation"><p>&#8220;<i>I have one weakness. Even the very strongest minded men will
+bet on horses. I do it. I admit it.</i> But why do they pick on me?
+Nobody notices the corruption of officials, but when the Agent
+for the Enforcement of Criminal Law bets on horse races and
+defaults on his debts, everybody sets up a howl.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>And this is a specimen of the men which a Christian people are
+supporting and encouraging, owing to their loud and pharisaical
+protestations of superior virtue. The words spoken by the great
+Nazarene teacher, and which ring down the corridor of the ages, apply
+to-day as aptly as when in old Judea he said, &#8220;Woe unto you, scribes
+and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye are like unto whited sepulchres,
+which indeed appear beautiful outward, but are within full of dead
+men&#8217;s bones and of all uncleanness. Even so ye outwardly appear
+righteous, but within ye are full of hypocrisy and iniquity.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Another instance of the evil of clothing Pharisaism with power was
+forcibly illustrated in the recent prosecution of the Rev. J. B.
+Caldwell, editor of <i>Christian Life</i>. This noteworthy case illustrates
+most painfully the fact that an innocent and noble-minded man, who has
+committed no crime, is liable to be arrested as a common felon and
+placed at great expense, though perfectly innocent, as was the case in
+this instance. Yet in spite of this great crime the wronged man has no
+redress, while the real criminals, they who caused the persecution of
+the innocent, are in no way amenable to the law. This case also
+emphasizes the danger flowing<span class='pagenum'><a name="page757" id="page757">757</a></span> from Pharisaism, in its liability to
+persecute those who criticise it. The possibilities of evil from this
+source cannot be over-estimated, for it looks toward the suppression
+of free thought and an untrammeled press and the establishing of a
+moral, political, and religious despotism. Briefly stated, the facts
+in the case of the Chicago editor are as follows: In November of 1889,
+Mr. Caldwell published an earnest plea for Marital Purity, by Rev. C.
+E. Walker, a Congregational minister of good standing. The paper was
+not coarse or repulsive, but an earnest plea for one of the most vital
+and noble reforms imaginable. No notice was taken of this publication
+by either Mr. Comstock&#8217;s agent in Chicago, by Mr. Comstock, or the
+postal authorities. Month after month passed, yet no notice was taken;
+at last more than six months after the publication of Rev. C. E.
+Walker&#8217;s paper, the editor of <i>Christian Life</i> criticised the action
+of the anti-vice society and the postal department in the case of Mr.
+Harman. After this, however, the publication of Mr. Walker&#8217;s paper
+seemed to assume in the eyes of our censors of public morals criminal
+proportions, and Mr. Caldwell was arrested, one of the chief charges
+being the circulation of the paper on &#8220;<i>Marital Purity</i>,&#8221; <i>published
+in November, 1889. He was arrested in October, 1890, almost a year
+after the publication of the paper objected to by the censors.</i> Now
+there are two points emphasized in this case which are worthy the
+serious consideration of thoughtful people. If the post-office
+inspector at Chicago, or Mr. Comstock, or if the postal department at
+Washington regarded this paper published in November, 1889, as obscene
+and believed it came within the limits of the law, why did these three
+argus-eyed censors of public morals wink at the offence for <i>eleven
+months</i> and take no step against the editor, <i>until after he had
+condemned the post-office department and the anti-vice society</i>? If
+they were right in taking action, <i>almost a year after the offence</i>,
+were they not guilty of <i>culpable neglect</i> in paying no attention to
+it for ten months, or until <i>after</i> they had been criticised by Mr.
+Caldwell? From the <i>Christian Life</i> I clip a few lines which are
+important as bearing upon this point:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="quotation"><p>(1.) The Attorney-General at Washington advised, <i>after</i> reading
+the Harman criticism, to place the case in the hands of the
+District Attorney. (2.) The case was known to the
+Postmaster-General and to Mr. Comstock, and these men were
+appealed to in vain to stop the prosecution. (3.) Mr. Comstock,
+in a letter to the <i>Woman&#8217;s Journal</i>, characterized the mailing
+of <i>Christian Life</i> as violation of the law, <i>and this before the
+trial occurred</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p>If Mr. Comstock, as his letter to the Woman&#8217;s Journal indicates,
+regarded the mailing of <i>Christian Life</i> a violation of the postal
+laws, why was no notice taken of it by him or his Chicago agent for
+almost a year? <i>Why this culpable dereliction of duty</i> until <i>after</i>
+the anti-vice society and the postal department had been criticised by
+Mr. Caldwell? It matters not, for the point I wish to emphasize,
+whether the persecution<span class='pagenum'><a name="page758" id="page758">758</a></span> of Mr. Caldwell, was, as appearances would
+lead one to infer, a retaliatory stroke in punishment for presuming to
+criticise the postal department and anti-vice society, or whether the
+censorship was asleep for the space of ten months and only chanced to
+wake up after the editor pointed out the iniquity of their proceedings
+in a case where they had shown <i>uncalled-for vigilance</i>. The fact as
+shown forth indicates the power and possibilities for evil inherent in
+an enactment which <i>permits</i> any censorship to wield such power
+without <i>attaching severe penalties in the event of its being unjustly
+wielded</i>, for sooner or later, unless these safeguards are present,
+evils of the gravest character will follow.</p>
+
+<p>The other serious evil which this case most signally emphasizes,
+cannot be too frequently or strongly stated, and that is, the cruel
+wrong, the great injustice which a citizen of this republic may
+suffer, when perfectly innocent, while those who have persecuted him
+and are guilty of a serious offence before the moral law, escape
+unscathed. Thus, we find in this case, after many months of weary
+suspense, months of harassment and anxious thought, and after being
+put to an expense which to one in Mr. Caldwell&#8217;s circumstances was
+very large, when his case came up for trial before one of the ablest
+judges in the city, it was promptly dismissed, the judge ruling that
+the defendant had not violated the law, as had been charged. He was
+allowed to go forth a free man, but he had no redress against those
+who had unjustly persecuted him. He was in no way recompensed for the
+<i>money which he had had to expend to establish his innocence</i>, or paid
+for the <i>great anxiety and harassment of soul he suffered</i>. The
+spectacle of an innocent man robbed by the process of law of his money
+and peace of mind, yet left with no redress, is humiliating to every
+person who loves justice. A nation may sometimes err on the side of
+mercy with safety, but no government <i>can afford to be guilty of a
+palpable injustice even to one of her humblest citizens</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Still another illustration of Pharisaism comes to my mind, a case
+peculiarly deplorable, because the individual stands so high in the
+councils of our nation, as well as occupies so prominent a seat in the
+Christian synagogue. I refer to the case touched upon by Mr. Fawcett
+in his admirable essay on a &#8220;Gambler&#8217;s Paradise.&#8221; Probably thousands
+of persons who had applauded the Postmaster-General&#8217;s persistent
+efforts to crush out lotteries, were amazed beyond measure on seeing
+in the metropolitan press, day after day, statements to the effect
+that the Postmaster-General had speculated heavily in Reading stock,
+and was losing vast sums. The press even went so far as to intimate
+that his credit was no longer good, and so general was the impression
+that telegrams from different portions of the country were received,
+inquiring if this high official had failed. To those who had fondly
+believed that the Postmaster-General was actuated <i>solely</i> by a
+sincere desire to destroy gambling in his active crusade against the
+lotteries, these uncontradicted statements from Wall Street came as a
+rude awakening,&mdash;a most painful revelation;<span class='pagenum'><a name="page759" id="page759">759</a></span> for evil as lotteries
+are, in common with everything that fosters a love for chance and the
+mania for gambling, it could not be truthfully urged that the lottery
+was nearly so pernicious in its influence, as that great maelstrom of
+moral death, that realm of professional gamblers,&mdash;Wall Street. The
+lottery took from one to ten dollars from thousands of pockets
+monthly, and was a positive evil, in that, while taking these small
+sums, it fostered the appetite for gambling. But Wall Street is ever
+sweeping away numbers of fortunes, incidentally driving many of its
+victims to the suicide&#8217;s grave, some to State&#8217;s prison, and in a
+hundred other ways is it poisoning life, and interfering with the
+happiness of thousands; more, its baleful influence touches most
+intimately tens of thousands, who in no way are responsible for its
+existence.</p>
+
+<p>As has been justly observed by a recent thoughtful writer: &#8220;The
+lottery is legalized in only one State in the Union, but gambling in
+grain is legalized in every State. The lottery is a small evil indeed
+compared with the speculation shark, who gambles on the price of the
+very bread our wives and children eat, and puts our daily bread in
+pawn to squeeze an added cent out of the palm of poverty. No one has
+to buy a lottery ticket, and it is a man&#8217;s own act if he takes the
+chances of that game, but bread for his little ones he has to buy and
+in doing so is at the mercy of the gambler.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Another phase of Wall Street speculation which makes it vicious above
+other methods of gambling, is seen in the fact that the kings of the
+street when they engage in a well matured deal, play with &#8220;loaded
+dice.&#8221; There is no chance so far as they are concerned. When these
+highly respectable gamblers who are worth many millions quietly
+arrange a movement which will greatly increase their holdings they
+deliberately set to work to mislead the public. Coolly and with the
+deliberation of master minds they deceive the &#8220;street;&#8221; and as a
+result, ruin to many attends success to the few, while with every such
+movement lives go out in darkness, reputations are ruined, and
+families are reduced from affluence to penury. Even at the very time
+when we were informed by the daily press that the Postmaster-General,
+through the manipulation of the &#8220;little wizard,&#8221; was losing enormous
+sums of money, more than one man was driven to suicide by the sudden
+turn in affairs and one or more banks were forced to the wall. How
+many happy homes were wrecked, and men of moderate fortunes were
+reduced to penury by this well-directed stroke of Mr. Gould, will of
+course never be known, and if the Postmaster-General had chanced to be
+on the side of the wizard in this gambling deal, would he not have
+been morally responsible for a share of the wreck and ruin wrought?
+Nay, more, was he not, as an active participant in this great game of
+chance, morally responsible to a certain degree? Is there any
+essential difference between gambling by spending ten dollars for a
+lottery ticket or ten thousand dollars in railroad stock, which you
+have been led to believe will be bulled to a fictitious value and
+which you hope to be able to unload on some one<span class='pagenum'><a name="page760" id="page760">760</a></span> else at an enormous
+advance? In each instance it is purely a game of chance for all save
+those who are within the Wall Street ring, who control sufficient
+money and stocks to dictate the course of the game and to whom there
+is no risk. The Louisiana lottery is a positive evil, a cancerous sore
+on the body politic. But Wall Street is a far greater evil; it is a
+cancer whose roots have already fastened upon the vitals of our
+political, educational, and religious institutions; an evil which
+nothing can remedy, save a political revolution of the great earnest
+masses of our people. The pulpit is abashed in its presence because so
+many leading lights and pillars in each wealthy congregation are
+connected with the &#8220;street,&#8221; which is the polite way of designating
+&#8220;gamblers&#8221; who delve in stock speculation. The press, with honorable
+and noble exceptions, wink at this great plague spot, while loudly
+crying for laws to correct comparatively harmless evils. The political
+parties depend too much upon the kings of the &#8220;Street&#8221; for the sinews
+of war in great campaigns, to lift a voice against it. The &#8220;Saloon&#8221;
+and the &#8220;Street,&#8221; two colossal curses, cast their swart and portentous
+shadow over the palaces and hovels of a great nation, yet by virtue of
+their power, the Church and State, the clergy and the politicians,
+remain silent or temporize in their presence. The Republic needs
+to-day, as never before, true men in every official station,&mdash;men who
+are clean, conscientious, frank, and upright; men who, while strictly
+honorable and pure in life and action, are also broad-minded,
+tolerant, and large-brained; men unswayed by partisanship or bigotry;
+statesmen rather than politicians; and, above all, men that are in no
+wise tainted with Pharisaism.</p>
+
+<h3 class="editorial_title"><a id="article_13" name="article_13"></a>
+CANCER SPOTS IN METROPOLITAN LIFE.</h3>
+
+<p>Some months ago I wrote of a phase of wretchedness in our great
+cities, which I designated &#8220;Uninvited Poverty.&#8221; I confined myself to
+the examination of those who may be properly designated the helpless
+victims of adverse fate. There are other phases of misery, however,
+which result from sin, on the part of the immediate sufferers. In my
+former paper I spoke of suffering where the wretchedness sprang from
+sin at the head of the social fountain. But I now wish to notice
+especially misery, degradation, and moral eclipse, resulting directly
+from giant evils, which are tolerated in all our large cities, though
+known to every thoughtful person, from judge to artisan, from
+clergyman to sexton, from editor to reporter, from wealthy matron to
+the humble sewing woman. Every earnest thinker knows that there are
+evils feeding the furnaces of physical, mental, and moral destruction;
+that there are flourishing nurseries, common schools, and universities
+of crime, degradation, and death. Yet the great churches slumber on,
+their melodious chimes call the self-satisfied to cushioned seats
+where are heard expositions of ancient lore and legends of a vanished
+past, with incidental and general reference to the conditions of
+to-day, enabling the children of wealth, who vainly imagine they are<span class='pagenum'><a name="page761" id="page761">761</a></span>
+the disciples of Jesus, to spend a comfortable hour and perchance
+contribute to carrying the Gospel to some nature-favored heathen land,
+never as yet cursed by rum and other evils which flourish with
+tropical luxuriance in all civilized countries, and which ever follow
+with blighting, corroding, and life-destroying influence in the wake
+of our boasted modern civilization. Two great evils confront every
+thoughtful American citizen to-day. One the <i>oppression of the poor
+and the unfortunate</i>; the other, <i>the omnipresent cancer spots in
+metropolitan life</i>, the infection of which is reaching the highest
+circles of Boulevard society and penetrating the cellars of the
+tenement houses. Recently a little work has been published which deals
+chiefly with what we may term the &#8220;cancer spots of social life&#8221; in one
+of America&#8217;s great cities.<a name="fn_marker_5" id="fn_marker_5"></a><a href="#fn_5" class="fn_marker">[5]</a> It is prepared by an earnest Christian
+gentleman, who has had a committee of conscientious men and women
+investigating the actual conditions in the social cellar of Chicago.
+The author states that his purpose is not to show that Chicago is an
+exception to the general rule in regard to poverty, crime, or
+degradation. He merely desires to indicate deplorable facts as they
+exist in this great city to show how dire destitution is working havoc
+with the children of men almost under the shadow of the palaces of
+those who profess to be Christians. He cites as an illustration of the
+extreme poverty in Chicago the fact that when the compulsory education
+law went into effect, the inspectors found in the squalid region, a
+great number of children so destitute, that they were absolutely unfit
+to attend school; decency forbidding that the sexes in <i>far more than
+semi-nude condition should mingle in the school-rooms</i>, and although a
+number of noble-hearted ladies banded together and decently clothed
+<i>three hundred of these almost naked boys and girls</i>, they were
+compelled to admit the humiliating fact that they had only reached the
+outskirts, while the great mass of poverty had not been touched. A
+faint idea of the extent of poverty in this one city may be gained
+from the following facts from the record of one of the city police
+stations.</p>
+
+<p>On one night last February, <i>one hundred and twenty-four</i> destitute
+homeless men begged for shelter in the cells; of this number
+<i>sixty-eight were native born Americans</i>. The station was so crowded,
+that in <i>one cell, eight by nine and a half feet, fourteen men passed
+the night</i>, some standing a part of the night, while others lay packed
+like sardines. After a time, those on the floor exchanged places with
+the poor creatures who had been standing. The following incident
+related is as typical as it is pathetic: An old man, cold, homeless,
+destitute, not knowing where to lay his head, was seen to take a
+shovel and deliberately break a window in a store opposite a police
+station. He was immediately arrested. &#8220;What did you do that for?&#8221;
+demanded the officer. &#8220;&#8216;Cos I was hungry and cold and knew if you got
+me I could have food and shelter.&#8221; He was taken care of <i>after</i> he had
+broken the law. There is something radically wrong with social
+conditions which compel men who find<span class='pagenum'><a name="page762" id="page762">762</a></span> every avenue from exposure and
+starvation closed, to become lawbreakers in order to live. Some months
+ago, one of the Chicago dailies instituted an inquiry to find out as
+nearly as possible the number of men out of work in that city; the
+returns gave a total of 40,000 adults who had nothing to do. In
+connection with this fact I quote from the author of &#8220;Chicago&#8217;s Dark
+Places&#8221;:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="quotation"><p>At a meeting of the Trades Association a motion was made to the
+effect that the Association request the mayor of the city and the
+director of the World&#8217;s Fair to issue a proclamation declaring
+that the city was flooded with idle men, and warning the
+unemployed of other cities and districts not to come here as
+there was not work for them.</p>
+
+<p>The following morning a reporter waited upon the mayor and asked
+him what he would do if the resolution were presented to him. His
+immediate reply was to the effect that he would gladly issue such
+a proclamation, especially mentioning the fact that there were
+20,000 unemployed men in the city already.</p>
+
+<p>Now look at the two statements, and you see the awfulness of the
+fact, no matter which estimate is accepted as correct. Suppose
+you strike a balance between the two (although the Trades
+Association inclines to believe the <i>Globe&#8217;s</i> figures are the
+more accurate), and you have the appalling assurance that 30,000
+unemployed men are wandering through the streets of this city
+seeking work. Even granted that the mayor&#8217;s conservative estimate
+is most correct, the fearful fact still remains that our peace is
+menaced by twenty thousand men who have not the necessary work to
+earn their daily bread.</p>
+
+<p>These facts most conclusively refute the statements too often
+made that &#8220;men won&#8217;t work,&#8221; and &#8220;there&#8217;s work enough if men are
+only willing to do it.&#8221; Such is not the truth. I can find you
+many instances where good, steady workmen have offered to the
+foremen of certain establishments $10, $25, and even the whole of
+the first month&#8217;s wages if they would find them employment.</p></div>
+
+<p>One laboring man being interrogated by one of the commissioners who
+gathered the facts for the author of this work, replied to the
+question, &#8220;What can you say for those who won&#8217;t work, who are commonly
+called the &#8216;bums of society&#8217;?&#8221; in such a thoughtful and suggestive way
+that I give his words verbatim.</p>
+
+<div class="quotation"><p>&#8220;Let me ask, What is a bum? As a rule, you will find him to be a
+creature degraded by circumstances and evil conditions. Let me
+illustrate. A man loses his job by sickness or some other
+unavoidable cause. He seeks work, and I have shown you how
+difficult it is to find it. He fails time and time again. Is
+there any wonder that he grows discouraged, and that, picking up
+his meals at the free lunch counter, sleeping in the wretched
+lodging houses, associating with the filthy and degraded, he,
+step by step, drifts further away from the habits of integrity
+and industry that used to be a part of himself? He sinks lower
+and lower until, overcome by circumstances, he is at the bottom
+of the social ladder,&mdash;at once a menace and a disgrace to the
+city. Instead of blaming and condemning him, poor fellow, we
+should look at the circumstances that made him what he is, and
+endeavor to remedy them.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>It is not, however, with the uninvited poverty which flourishes in
+every great city of America that the work chiefly deals. It paints
+most thrillingly the darker and more terrible side of social
+conditions; where<span class='pagenum'><a name="page763" id="page763">763</a></span> crime and debauchery mingle with poverty; where
+every breath of air is heavy with moral contagion. I have only space
+to notice briefly two of the great evils described,&mdash;the saloon and
+the disreputable concert halls, as these seem to me the greatest
+curses touched upon.</p>
+
+
+<h3 class="editorial_title"><a id="article_14" name="article_14"></a>
+THE SALOON CURSE.</h3>
+
+<p>First in the list of crime-producing, soul-destroying evils of
+metropolitan life, rises the saloon, the deadly upas of the nineteenth
+century civilization, the black plague of moral life. In Chicago there
+are about 5,600 saloons. During the year ending March 1, 1891,
+observes the author of &#8220;Chicago&#8217;s Dark Places,&#8221; the expenditure for
+beer in Chicago alone was not less than forty million dollars
+($40,000,000). He continues:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="quotation"><p>&#8220;The population is about 1,200,000. This gives an average
+expenditure <i>for beer alone</i> of $33.25 for every man, woman, and
+child in Chicago, and these results are gained after the most
+conservative figuring. This would give over fifty-three gallons
+of beer to be consumed by each man, woman, and child in the city.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;We are told that Germany is a great <i>beer</i>-drinking country, and
+yet the official statistics for 1888 show that in Germany only
+twenty-five gallons per capita were drunk. Our estimate for
+Chicago shows more than double that per capita.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Let us look now and see what this immense sum of $40,000,000
+annually spent in beer might do for this city if wisely expended.
+It would supply to 40,000 Chicago families an income of $1,000 a
+year, or over $83 a month.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Where would our Chicago poverty be, if $40,000 families were
+each spending in legitimate trade $83 a month? Workmen would be
+in demand, and business would so increase as to make Chicago in
+ten years the leading city on this continent; or, take this money
+and spend it directly in building beautiful new homes for the
+workingmen of this city, and what should we see?</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Fourteen thousand commodious cottages built at a cost of $2,500
+each, on lots which, bought in acreage in a suburban district,
+could be deeded to the workingmen at $180 each, and these,
+together with a check for another $180, given to each family to
+help in furnishing the houses they owned. What an aggregation of
+domestic happiness in home life, and all for the money spent in
+beer for one year alone.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Now, if Chicago&#8217;s expenditure for <i>beer only</i> amounts to
+$40,000,000 we may safely say that for all kinds of intoxicating
+beverages, including wines and distilled liquors, Chicago spent
+last year upwards of eighty millions of dollars. Is there any
+limit to the great good that could come to the city with this
+amount expended in proper channels?&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>Another well-taken point is the <i>lawlessness of the saloon power</i>. It
+is essentially a law-defying, crime-breeding, and disorder-producing
+element, a terrible arraignment, yet no one can question the truth of
+the last two charges, while its lawless character is seen in the facts
+set forth in this volume wherein it is shown, (1) that the Brewer&#8217;s
+Association pays the costs of all the suits and defends all of its
+members, <i>whether they have violated the laws or not</i>. (2) The saloons
+are required to close on Sunday, yet a large number totally ignore the
+law, running every Sunday. (3) They are required not to sell to minors
+without a<span class='pagenum'><a name="page764" id="page764">764</a></span> written order from parents or guardian, and yet there are
+thousands of saloons which pay no attention to this requirement. (4)
+They are forbidden to harbor women of bad repute, and yet we are
+informed that one saloon in Chicago keeps from twenty-five to forty
+harlots, while in hosts of other saloons special arrangements are made
+for the gratifying of all forms of nameless immorality which springs
+from lust fed and inflamed by rum.</p>
+
+<p>The influence of the saloon on the young is one of the most serious
+phases of the many-sided evils of the liquor traffic. All persons who
+know anything about the effect of strong drink freely indulged in,
+know that like opium, it weakens when it does not destroy the moral
+nature; it wipes out the line of moral rectitude from mental
+discernment; it feeds the fires of animal passion as coal feeds a
+furnace; it drys up the soul and shrivels the higher impulses and
+nobler aspirations of its victims. Yet we are told that in a saloon
+under one of the newspaper offices in Chicago one night, <i>fourteen
+boys and girls from fourteen to seventeen years of age</i> were seen to
+enter; and to show that this is an evil by no means confined to
+Chicago, facts gathered from other reliable sources are cited from
+which we find that nine hundred and eighty-three young men and boys
+were seen to enter nineteen saloons in Albany, Indiana, one evening
+<i>within one hour and a half</i>. On a certain evening in Milwaukee <i>four
+hundred sixty-eight persons were seen to enter a single saloon, most
+of whom were young men and boys</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The question is often asked how it is that society tolerates such a
+confessed violator of law and order as the saloon has demonstrated
+itself to be. If an individual defied the law as a large number of the
+saloon keepers do, he would be quickly punished. Nay, more, if a poor,
+starving man steals a loaf of bread to appease his gnawing hunger, or
+to save the life of his starving family, he is sent to prison, <i>that
+the majesty of the law may be vindicated</i>. But when a saloon-keeper
+breaks the law in keeping open on Sunday in selling liquor to minors,
+or in making his saloon a rendezvous for women of bad repute, nothing
+is said because (1) of the moral apathy throughout the web and woof of
+Christian society; (2) professing Christians are more loyal to
+party-hacks and demagogues than they are to their own homes and their
+country, (3) the saloon is a unit in its voting strength, loyal to its
+tools and relentless to its foes, and the voting power of the saloon
+element in any great city when united with the voting strength of the
+Christian element in either of the great parties, turns the scales for
+the minions of the rum power. Let me illustrate. In Chicago there is
+about 5,600 saloons. These saloons will average not less than two
+voters to the saloon, the proprietor and the bar-keeper; as a matter
+of fact, I expect four votes would come nearer the correct figures, as
+numbers of saloons have several bar-tenders. But placing the number at
+two, we have a voting strength of 11,200. Now each one in this army
+can surely influence <i>four persons</i>, many can influence from six to<span class='pagenum'><a name="page765" id="page765">765</a></span>
+ten votes, but placing the figures at four, we have the enormous total
+of 44,800 voters to be added to the 11,200 engaged in the traffic,
+giving a startling aggregate of 56,000 voters, which the saloon power
+can count on with reasonable certainty, when any measure affecting its
+interests is to be acted upon, or when persons are to be elected who
+can enforce or ignore laws enacted to restrict the liquor evil. This
+argument presented to the political parties is usually irresistible;
+they simply permit the saloon element to dictate its policy and its
+candidates. And against this army of home destroyers, this solid
+battalion of evil, this power which prostitutes political integrity,
+destroys virtue, breeds crime, fills prisons with victims and homes
+with misery, and requires the expenditure on the part of the
+government of millions of dollars in punishing the criminals and the
+paupers it annually makes,&mdash;I say against this army engaged under the
+banner of the rum traffic, what counteracting opposition is springing
+from the home loving, the upright and pure-minded citizens of our
+great cities? What concerted action is the church with her tens of
+thousands of communicants putting forth? It would be an easy matter to
+thwart the allied power of rum, if a few persons in every church and
+every society for ethical improvement were ablaze with moral
+enthusiasm, and wise enough to adopt lines of action similar to those
+successfully carried out by the liquor interest. For example: Suppose
+in every church four or six earnest men and women form a league for
+the protection of the home; let them secure the pledge of every voter
+in the church who has love for his fellow-men and respect for decent
+government, that he will vote for no man for any office who patronizes
+the saloon, who fraternizes with the liquor element, or who is
+supported by the rum shops, and that he will use all honorable means
+to further good government, by seeking the advancement to office of
+pure and upright citizens. Something like that would be all that would
+be necessary for the general membership to sign. Then let each league
+appoint an executive committee of three or five to act precisely as do
+officers in an army, to confer with the executive committee of other
+leagues to <i>secretly</i> arrange <i>or map out a campaign</i>, and to give
+commands to the army. It would be an easy matter to poll the saloon
+vote in such a way as to ascertain exactly where it stood in cases
+where there was a question as to the position of candidates, after
+which the word could be given that no votes be cast for the choice of
+the saloon element. I am speaking now chiefly of municipal elections,
+as they most intimately affect the saloon power in our great cities.
+If something like this policy was followed, and every church had its
+active league, it would not be long before there would be enrolled on
+the side of pure government and true morality, an army far eclipsing
+in strength and number the rum element, an army that could easily turn
+the balance of power into the hands of high-minded citizens, who would
+enforce the laws with equal justice, without fear or favor. I merely
+throw out this as a hint of what might be accomplished, because it has
+become fashionable<span class='pagenum'><a name="page766" id="page766">766</a></span> for good but easy-going people to dismiss these
+matters with the remark that nothing practical can be done to meet the
+demoralizing and degrading power of the saloon.</p>
+
+
+<h3 class="editorial_title"><a id="article_15" name="article_15"></a>
+HOT BEDS OF SOCIAL POLLUTION.</h3>
+
+<p>Chicago has many dark places, not the least among which are the low
+theatres, the concert halls, and other similar resorts where
+immorality nourishes as it flourished in Rome during that long moral
+night when Messalina dragged down an already debauched court to
+unspeakable debasement, when Nero thirsted for blood and wallowed in
+the sewers of moral degradation, and when Domitian&#8217;s frightful cruelty
+only equaled his gross sensualism. The saloon, the black plague of
+nineteenth century life, overlaps all other degrading evils, its
+miasma of death fills every rendezvous of degradation, and until its
+ever increasing power is checked, nay, more, until its power in
+American politics is broken, other allies in crime, debauchery, and
+moral death will flourish. By the side of the rum curse flourishes, as
+our author points out, the low theatres and concert halls, but he
+wisely observes that these places must not be confounded with the
+first-class and reputable houses, whose managers are ceaselessly
+striving to entertain and elevate their patrons. Music may be made one
+of the most inspiring and ennobling agencies, while the theatre holds
+a power for the education and elevation of the masses possessed by few
+other popular agencies, for it appeals simultaneously to the eye, the
+ear, and the heart of the people. It possesses the power of educating
+while it entertains, it may be made to elevate while it amuses. I am
+profoundly convinced that Victor Hugo was right when he claimed that
+the theatre held possibilities of the widest and most far-reaching
+character for the education and enlightenment of the masses; and when
+the leaders of moral thought and reform work come to realize this,
+they will call to their aid this most powerful agent for touching,
+thrilling, and swaying the heart of the people which a noble cause can
+summon. But while the possibilities for good possessed by the theatre
+are well-nigh inestimable, its capacity for evil is no less marked. In
+many of our large cities to-day low theatres and concert-halls,
+masquerading under the robes of respectability, are feeding all that
+is vilest and most repulsive in life. In these places in Chicago there
+are nightly enacted practically above board the same revolting scenes
+which marked the lowest depths of human debasement in the day of
+Rome&#8217;s greatest depravity. To feed the rum-inflamed lusts of men, the
+managers of these craters of bestiality and depravity have nightly
+exhibitions which mark the nadir to which abandoned womanhood can
+sink. No one can enter those dens of infamy without inhaling the
+contagion of moral death. The records of the commissioners who
+investigated the concert halls and low theatres sickens one much as
+the frightful revelation of Mr. Stead sickened while it appalled the
+civilized world. And let it be remembered that this unutterable social
+depravity<span class='pagenum'><a name="page767" id="page767">767</a></span> is flourishing in a city richly jewelled, with magnificent
+temples dedicated to Deity; a city which contains the moral power to
+quickly banish her monstrous evils, if the conspiracy of silence be
+broken and the leaders of thought be brave and wise enough to boldly
+move in concert against the great forces which every thoughtful man
+and woman admit are, more than aught else, the source of social
+demoralization, crime, and human degradation. If the Church has any
+mission worthy of serious thought at this juncture of civilization,
+that mission is to overcome these evils, to cleanse society of these
+plague spots, and avert the spread of that moral degradation which,
+unless checked, will as surely sap away the life of our Republic as it
+has destroyed proud civilizations of older days.</p>
+
+
+<h3 class="editorial_title"><a id="article_16" name="article_16"></a>
+THE POWER AND RESPONSIBILITY OF THE CHRISTIAN MINISTRY.</h3>
+
+<p>When one turns from a view of the magnitude of these giant evils,
+fostered by our social conditions, to a contemplation of the great
+moral power resting in the hands of the Christian ministry, he may
+well ask whether the nineteenth century clergy of the palatial, stone,
+heaven-piercing, turreted temples are not <i>materialists</i>, on whose
+souls the life and teachings of their reputed Master work no greater
+spell than they did with the Sadducees of old, who regarded that great
+life, burning at white heat with moral enthusiasm and holy love, as a
+troublesome interloper, a disturber of religion and society worthy of
+death. With a few noble exceptions,&mdash;who are bravely battling for
+justice, for the poor, and for the light to be thrown into the dark
+places, our city clergymen merit arraignment at the bar of
+civilization for burying their talents, for trifling away the power
+which has been given them as standard bearers of the cause of human
+brotherhood and universal justice; for truckling to wealth and
+cringing before a cynical and supercilious element who, by an unhappy
+chance, wield some influence and succeed in making the superficial
+imagine they represent popular sentiment and culture. It is a crying
+shame to-day, that with the magnificent intellectual power and
+influence swayed by the great divines who preside over the wealthy
+temples of Boston, there should be such frightful wretchedness within
+cannon shot of their churches and the homes of their wealthy
+parishioners; or that with the brilliancy and power represented in the
+pulpit of Chicago, there should be such iniquity flourishing
+unrestrained as depicted in &#8220;Chicago&#8217;s Dark Places.&#8221; Whether the
+clergy can be aroused to recognize its duty and be touched by the
+world of wretchedness and sin sufficiently to dare to assail our
+present evil condition, is a question of vital importance, inasmuch as
+it wields a vast moral influence. Unto the clergy much has been given,
+and if its members believe the impressive declaration of their great
+Leader, from them much will be demanded. <i>Their responsibility is as
+great as their apathy is marked</i>; an indifference which<span class='pagenum'><a name="page768" id="page768">768</a></span> springs from
+timidity or ignorance. If from timidity or fear that honesty of
+thought and a brave unmasking of evil conditions would cost them their
+positions, they have no right to bear aloft the banner of Him who
+rejected all life&#8217;s comforts, all honor of the rich and cultured,
+respect, power, and popularity; who, turning His back at once on ease
+and conventional thought, chose to live without a roof, save the azure
+dome, that by mingling among the poor, the sin-diseased and miserables
+of his people, He might ease their suffering, bring sunshine into
+their darkened and wretched abodes, and lift them from the sewers of
+animality into the pure health-giving and soul-inspiring atmosphere of
+true spirituality. If on the other hand (and I believe this is the
+chief reason), our clergymen are <i>ignorant of the deep degradation and
+the dire want</i> which is flourishing within cannon shot of their homes,
+they are treating with culpable contempt the life and teachings of
+Jesus, who constantly mingled with this class, never weary in seeking
+to aid them, and who taught so solemnly and impressively that His
+mission was &#8220;<i>to seek and to save those who were lost, to preach the
+Gospel to the poor, to heal the broken hearted, to preach liberty to
+the captives, and opening the prison to them that are bound, and to
+comfort all that mourn</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<h3 class="editorial_title"><a id="article_17" name="article_17"></a>
+WHAT THE CLERGY MIGHT ACCOMPLISH.</h3>
+
+<p>If the clergymen of our great cities would carry out the example set
+by their Master, would refuse to take the words of those who are
+blinded and callous by conventional thought and the indifference which
+comes to sordid natures long accustomed to mingle with wretchedness,
+and themselves frequently visit the exiles of society in the cities
+where they dwell; if its members would for one day in each week visit
+the miserables of society, I doubt not that <i>the pulpit would soon
+become a most powerful battery of moral power and light</i>, which would,
+in a surprisingly short time, revolutionize our conditions, so that in
+the place of thousands of people, sandwiched in dens of indescribable
+squalor, we would see healthful apartment houses; instead of horrible
+drinking dens and rendezvous of degradation and debauchery,
+flourishing and rank as tropical forests, we would find temperance
+eating-houses; social club houses where every evening the poor man and
+his family could spend an hour, looking through the paper of the day,
+enjoying the illustrations and the intellectual worth of our
+periodical literature, or, if they chose, hear in other rooms lectures
+or charcoal talks dealing with practical pictures of life, of history,
+travels, social problems, and other themes of value, and where at a
+very moderate price healthful and nutritious food could be enjoyed.
+Well-supported industrial schools would also blossom where now only
+here and there we find a school struggling for existence and
+handicapped for want of means for its proper carrying on.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="page769" id="page769">769</a></span></p>
+<h2 class="article_title"><a name="article_18" id="article_18"></a>
+INDEX TO THE FOURTH VOLUME OF<br />
+<span class="sc">The Arena.</span></h2>
+
+<ul>
+<li>&AElig;onian Punishment., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19603/19603-h/19603-h.htm#article_8">209.</a></li>
+<li>Allen. Rev. T. Ernest, Spencer&#8217;s Doctrine of Inconceivability., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19110/19110-h/19110-h.htm#article_8">94.</a></li>
+<li>Another View of Newman., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22419/22419-h/22419-h.htm#article_9">475.</a></li>
+<li>Armstrong. William H., Sunday and the World&#8217;s Fair., <a href="#article_9">730</a>.</li>
+<li>Austrian Postal Banking System. The, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22419/22419-h/22419-h.htm#article_8">468.</a></li>
+<li><br />Baxter. Sylvester, The Austrian Postal Banking System., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22419/22419-h/22419-h.htm#article_8">468.</a></li>
+<li>Bellamy. Rev. Francis, The Tyranny of all the People., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19603/19603-h/19603-h.htm#article_6">180.</a></li>
+<li>Better Part. The, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19110/19110-h/19110-h.htm#article_9">104.</a></li>
+<li>Bismarck in the German Parliament., <a href="#article_3">670</a>.</li>
+<li>Bixby. Prof. James T.,
+<ul>
+<li>Doubters and Dogmatists., <a href="#article_4">683</a>.</li>
+<li>Evolution and Christianity., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19110/19110-h/19110-h.htm#article_5">55.</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+<li>Blavatsky. Mme., at Adyar., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/23802/23802-h/23802-h.htm#article_6">579.</a></li>
+<li>Boughton, Prof. Willis, University Extension., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22419/22419-h/22419-h.htm#article_6">452.</a></li>
+<li>Bradsby. H. C., Leaderless Mobs., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/23802/23802-h/23802-h.htm#article_5">570.</a></li>
+<li>Brook. The, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19110/19110-h/19110-h.htm#article_11">122.</a></li>
+<li>Buchanan. Prof. Jos. Rodes, Revolutionary Measures and Neglected Crimes., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19110/19110-h/19110-h.htm#article_7">77,</a> <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19603/19603-h/19603-h.htm#article_7">192.</a></li>
+<li><br />Campbell. Helen, The Working Women of To-day., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/20281/20281-h/20281-h.htm#article_7">329.</a></li>
+<li>Cancer Spots in Metropolitan Life. <a href="#article_13">760</a>.</li>
+<li>Castelar. Emilio, Bismarck and the German Parliament., <a href="#article_3">670</a>.</li>
+<li>Chambers. Julius, The Chivalry of the Press., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19110/19110-h/19110-h.htm#article_3">25.</a></li>
+<li>Chandler. Lucinda B., The Woman Movement., <a href="#article_6">704</a>.</li>
+<li>Chivalry of the Press. The, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19110/19110-h/19110-h.htm#article_3">25.</a></li>
+<li>Conflict between Ancient and Modern Thought in the Presbyterian Church. The, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19603/19603-h/19603-h.htm#article_13">253.</a></li>
+<li>Conway. Moncure D., Madame Blavatsky at Adyar., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/23802/23802-h/23802-h.htm#article_6">579.</a></li>
+<li><br />Davis. C. Wood, Should the Nation Own the Railways?, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19603/19603-h/19603-h.htm#article_3">152,</a> <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/20281/20281-h/20281-h.htm#article_2">273.</a></li>
+<li>DeBury. Mme. Blaze, The Unity of Germany., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/20281/20281-h/20281-h.htm#article_1">257.</a></li>
+<li>Decade of Retrogression. A, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/20281/20281-h/20281-h.htm#article_10">365.</a></li>
+<li>Dickinson. Prof. Mary L., Individuality in Education., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/20281/20281-h/20281-h.htm#article_6">322.</a></li>
+<li>Divorce Colony. The Sioux Falls, <a href="#article_5">696</a>.</li>
+<li>Doubters and the Dogmatists. The, <a href="#article_4">683</a>.</li>
+<li>Dromgoole. Will Allen,
+<ul>
+<li>The Better Part., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19110/19110-h/19110-h.htm#article_9">104.</a></li>
+<li>Old Hickory&#8217;s Ball., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/20281/20281-h/20281-h.htm#article_11">373.</a></li>
+<li>A Grain of Gold., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/23802/23802-h/23802-h.htm#article_10">621.</a></li>
+<li>The Heart of the Woods., <a href="#article_11">744</a>.</li>
+</ul></li>
+<li><br />Education. Individuality in, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/20281/20281-h/20281-h.htm#article_6">322.</a></li>
+<li>Edwards. Amelia B., My Home Life., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/20281/20281-h/20281-h.htm#article_4">299.</a></li>
+<li>Emancipation through Nationalism., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/23802/23802-h/23802-h.htm#article_7">591.</a></li>
+<li>Epoch-marking Drama. An, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19603/19603-h/19603-h.htm#article_11">247.</a></li>
+<li>Era of Woman, The, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/20281/20281-h/20281-h.htm#article_12">375.</a></li>
+<li>Evening at the Corner Grocery. An, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22419/22419-h/22419-h.htm#article_13">504.</a></li>
+<li>Evolution and Christianity., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19110/19110-h/19110-h.htm#article_5">55.</a></li>
+<li>Extrinsic Significance of Constitutional Government in Japan., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22419/22419-h/22419-h.htm#article_5">440.</a></li>
+<li><br />Fashion&#8217;s Slaves., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22419/22419-h/22419-h.htm#article_3">401.</a></li>
+<li>Fawcett. Edgar,
+<ul>
+<li>Plutocracy and Snobbery in New York., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19603/19603-h/19603-h.htm#article_2">142.</a></li>
+<li>A Paradise of Gamblers., <a href="#article_1">641</a>.</li>
+</ul></li>
+<li>Flammarion. Camille, The Unknown., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19110/19110-h/19110-h.htm#article_2">10,</a> <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19603/19603-h/19603-h.htm#article_4">160.</a></li>
+<li>Flower. B. O.,
+<ul>
+<li>Society&#8217;s Exiles., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19110/19110-h/19110-h.htm#article_4">37.</a></li>
+<li>Optimism Real and False., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19110/19110-h/19110-h.htm#article_12">125.</a></li>
+<li>The Pessimistic Cast of Modern Thought., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19110/19110-h/19110-h.htm#article_13">127.</a></li>
+<li>An Epoch-marking Drama., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19603/19603-h/19603-h.htm#article_11">247.</a></li>
+<li>The Present Revolution in Theological Thought., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19603/19603-h/19603-h.htm#article_12">249.</a></li>
+<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="page770" id="page770">770</a></span>The Conflict between Ancient and Modern Thought in the Presbyterian Church., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19603/19603-h/19603-h.htm#article_13">253.</a></li>
+<li>The Era of Woman., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/20281/20281-h/20281-h.htm#article_12">382.</a></li>
+<li>Fashion&#8217;s Slaves., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22419/22419-h/22419-h.htm#article_3">401.</a></li>
+<li>Religious Intolerance To-day., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/23802/23802-h/23802-h.htm#article_11">633.</a></li>
+<li>Social Conditions under Louis XV., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/23802/23802-h/23802-h.htm#article_12">635.</a></li>
+<li>Pharisaism in Public Life., <a href="#article_12">754</a>.</li>
+<li>Cancer Spots in Metropolitan Life., <a href="#article_13">760</a>.</li>
+<li>The Saloon., <a href="#article_14">763</a>.</li>
+<li>Hot-beds of Social Pollution., <a href="#article_15">766</a>.</li>
+<li>The Power and Responsibility of the Christian Ministry., <a href="#article_16">767</a>.</li>
+<li>What the Clergy Might Accomplish., <a href="#article_17">768</a>.</li>
+</ul></li>
+<li>French Republic. Some Weak Spots in, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/23802/23802-h/23802-h.htm#article_4">561.</a></li>
+<li><br />G&aelig;rtner. Dr. Frederick, The Microscope., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/23802/23802-h/23802-h.htm#article_9">615.</a></li>
+<li>Garland. Hamlin,
+<ul>
+<li>A Prairie Heroine., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19603/19603-h/19603-h.htm#article_10">223.</a></li>
+<li>An Evening at the Corner Grocery., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22419/22419-h/22419-h.htm#article_13">504.</a></li>
+<li>Mr. and Mrs. James A. Herne., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/23802/23802-h/23802-h.htm#article_3">543.</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+<li>Grain of Gold. A, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/23802/23802-h/23802-h.htm#article_10">621.</a></li>
+<li><br />Harben. Will N., He Came and Went Again., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22419/22419-h/22419-h.htm#article_11">494.</a></li>
+<li>Harvest and Laborers in the Psychical Field., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22419/22419-h/22419-h.htm#article_2">391.</a></li>
+<li>Hassell. R. B., The Independent Party and Money at Cost., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/20281/20281-h/20281-h.htm#article_8">340.</a></li>
+<li>Hawthorne. Julian, The New Columbus., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19110/19110-h/19110-h.htm#article_1">1.</a></li>
+<li>Healing through the Mind., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/23802/23802-h/23802-h.htm#article_2">530.</a></li>
+<li>Heart of the Woods. The, <a href="#article_11">744</a>.</li>
+<li>He Came and Went Again., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22419/22419-h/22419-h.htm#article_11">494.</a></li>
+<li>Heiress of the Ridge. The, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19110/19110-h/19110-h.htm#article_10">114.</a></li>
+<li>Herne. Mr. and Mrs. James A., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/23802/23802-h/23802-h.htm#article_3">543.</a></li>
+<li>Holmes. Oliver Wendell, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19603/19603-h/19603-h.htm#article_1">129.</a></li>
+<li>Hot-beds of Social Pollution., <a href="#article_15">766</a>.</li>
+<li><br />Independent Party and Money at Cost. The, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/20281/20281-h/20281-h.htm#article_8">340.</a></li>
+<li>Individuality in Education., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/20281/20281-h/20281-h.htm#article_6">322.</a></li>
+<li>Inter-Migration., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22419/22419-h/22419-h.htm#article_10">487.</a></li>
+<li>Irrigation Problem in the Northwest. The, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19110/19110-h/19110-h.htm#article_6">69.</a></li>
+<li><br />Leaderless Mobs., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/23802/23802-h/23802-h.htm#article_5">570.</a></li>
+<li>Lodge. Hon. Henry Cabot, Protection or Free Trade, Which?, <a href="#article_2">652</a>.</li>
+<li>Lorimer. Rev. Geo. C., The Newer Heresies., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22419/22419-h/22419-h.htm#article_1">385.</a></li>
+<li>Lowell. James Russell, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/23802/23802-h/23802-h.htm#article_1">513.</a></li>
+<li><br />Madame Blavatsky at Adyar., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/23802/23802-h/23802-h.htm#article_6">579.</a></li>
+<li>Manley. Rev. W. E., &AElig;onian Punishment., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19603/19603-h/19603-h.htm#article_8">209.</a></li>
+<li>Martyn. Rev. Carlos D., Un-American Tendencies., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22419/22419-h/22419-h.htm#article_4">431.</a></li>
+<li>McCrackan. W. D., The Swiss and American Constitutions., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19603/19603-h/19603-h.htm#article_5">172.</a></li>
+<li>Microscope. The, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/23802/23802-h/23802-h.htm#article_9">615.</a></li>
+<li>Myers. Frederic W. H., Harvest and Laborers in the Psychical Field., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22419/22419-h/22419-h.htm#article_2">391.</a></li>
+<li>My Home Life., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/20281/20281-h/20281-h.htm#article_4">299.</a></li>
+<li><br />Nationalism. Emancipation through, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/23802/23802-h/23802-h.htm#article_7">591.</a></li>
+<li>Nationalism. The Tyranny of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/20281/20281-h/20281-h.htm#article_5">311.</a></li>
+<li>Negro Question. The, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19603/19603-h/19603-h.htm#article_9">219.</a></li>
+<li>New Columbus. The, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19110/19110-h/19110-h.htm#article_1">1.</a></li>
+<li>Newer Heresies. The, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22419/22419-h/22419-h.htm#article_1">385.</a></li>
+<li>Newman. Another View of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22419/22419-h/22419-h.htm#article_9">475.</a></li>
+<li>New Testament Symbolisms., <a href="#article_7">712</a>.</li>
+<li>Nirvana. Turning toward, <a href="#article_10">736</a>.</li>
+<li><br />Oishi. Kuma, Extrinsic Significance of Constitutional Government in Japan., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22419/22419-h/22419-h.htm#article_5">440.</a></li>
+<li>Old Hickory&#8217;s Ball., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/20281/20281-h/20281-h.htm#article_11">373.</a></li>
+<li>Optimism. Real and False, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19110/19110-h/19110-h.htm#article_12">125.</a></li>
+<li>O Thou Who Sighest for a Broader Field., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22419/22419-h/22419-h.htm#article_12">503.</a></li>
+<li><br />Paradise of Gamblers. A, <a href="#article_1">641</a>.</li>
+<li>Pattee. Chas. H., Recollections of Old Play-Bills., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/23802/23802-h/23802-h.htm#article_8">604.</a></li>
+<li>Pessimistic Cast of Modern Thought. The, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19110/19110-h/19110-h.htm#article_13">127.</a></li>
+<li>Pharisaism in Public Life., <a href="#article_12">754</a>.</li>
+<li>Pierce. Edwin, True Politics for Prohibition and Labor., <a href="#article_8">723</a>.</li>
+<li>Plutocracy and Snobbery in New York., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19603/19603-h/19603-h.htm#article_2">142.</a></li>
+<li>Pope Leo on Labor., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22419/22419-h/22419-h.htm#article_7">459.</a></li>
+<li>Power and Responsibility of the Christian Ministry. The, <a href="#article_16">767</a>.</li>
+<li>Prairie Heroine. A, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19603/19603-h/19603-h.htm#article_10">223.</a></li>
+<li>Present Revolution in Theological Thought. The, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19603/19603-h/19603-h.htm#article_12">249.</a></li>
+<li>Preston. Thomas B., Pope Leo on Labor., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22419/22419-h/22419-h.htm#article_7">459.</a></li>
+<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="page771" id="page771">771</a></span>Prohibition and Labor. True Politics for, <a href="#article_8">723</a>.</li>
+<li>Protection or Free Trade, Which?, <a href="#article_2">652</a>.</li>
+<li>Psychic Experiences, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/20281/20281-h/20281-h.htm#article_9">353.</a></li>
+<li><br />Realf. James, Jr.,
+<ul>
+<li>The Irrigation Problem in the Northwest., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19110/19110-h/19110-h.htm#article_6">69.</a></li>
+<li>The Sioux Falls Divorce Colony., <a href="#article_5">696</a>.</li>
+</ul></li>
+<li>Recollections of Old Play-Bills., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/23802/23802-h/23802-h.htm#article_8">604.</a></li>
+<li>Religious Intolerance To-day., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/23802/23802-h/23802-h.htm#article_11">633.</a></li>
+<li>Revolutionary Measures and Neglected Crimes., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19110/19110-h/19110-h.htm#article_7">77,</a> <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19603/19603-h/19603-h.htm#article_7">192.</a></li>
+<li>Ross. E. A., Turning toward Nirvana., <a href="#article_10">736</a>.</li>
+<li><br />Saloon. The, <a href="#article_14">763</a>.</li>
+<li>Salter. William M., Another View of Newman., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22419/22419-h/22419-h.htm#article_9">475.</a></li>
+<li>Savage. Philip H., The Brook., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19110/19110-h/19110-h.htm#article_11">122.</a></li>
+<li>Savage. Rev. Minot J., The Tyranny of Nationalism., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/20281/20281-h/20281-h.htm#article_5">311.</a></li>
+<li>Scarborough. Prof. W. S., The Negro Question., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19603/19603-h/19603-h.htm#article_9">219.</a></li>
+<li>Schindler. Rabbi Solomon, Inter-Migration., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22419/22419-h/22419-h.htm#article_10">487.</a></li>
+<li>Should the Nation Own the Railways?, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19603/19603-h/19603-h.htm#article_3">152,</a> <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/20281/20281-h/20281-h.htm#article_2">273.</a></li>
+<li>Sioux Falls Divorce Colony. The, <a href="#article_5">696</a>.</li>
+<li>Social Conditions under Louis XV., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/23802/23802-h/23802-h.htm#article_12">635.</a></li>
+<li>Society&#8217;s Exiles., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19110/19110-h/19110-h.htm#article_4">37.</a></li>
+<li>Some Weak Spots in the French Republic., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/23802/23802-h/23802-h.htm#article_4">561.</a></li>
+<li>Spencer&#8217;s Doctrine of Inconceivability., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19110/19110-h/19110-h.htm#article_8">94.</a></li>
+<li>Stanton. Elizabeth Cady, Where Must Lasting Progress Begin?, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/20281/20281-h/20281-h.htm#article_3">293.</a></li>
+<li>Stanton. Theodore, Some Weak Spots in the French Republic., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/23802/23802-h/23802-h.htm#article_4">561.</a></li>
+<li>Stewart. George,
+<ul>
+<li>Oliver Wendell Holmes, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19603/19603-h/19603-h.htm#article_1">129.</a></li>
+<li>James Russell Lowell., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/23802/23802-h/23802-h.htm#article_1">513.</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+<li>Sunday and the World&#8217;s Fair., <a href="#article_9">730</a>.</li>
+<li>Swiss and American Constitutions. The, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19603/19603-h/19603-h.htm#article_5">172.</a></li>
+<li><br />True Politics for Prohibition and Labor., <a href="#article_8">723</a>.</li>
+<li>Turning toward Nirvana., <a href="#article_10">736</a>.</li>
+<li>Tyranny of All the People. The, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19603/19603-h/19603-h.htm#article_6">180.</a></li>
+<li>Tyranny of Nationalism. The, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/20281/20281-h/20281-h.htm#article_5">311.</a></li>
+<li><br />Un-American Tendencies., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22419/22419-h/22419-h.htm#article_4">431.</a></li>
+<li>Underwood. Sara A., Psychic Experiences., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/20281/20281-h/20281-h.htm#article_9">353.</a></li>
+<li>Unity of Germany. The, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/20281/20281-h/20281-h.htm#article_1">257.</a></li>
+<li>University Extension., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22419/22419-h/22419-h.htm#article_6">452.</a></li>
+<li>Unknown. The, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19110/19110-h/19110-h.htm#article_2">10,</a> <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19603/19603-h/19603-h.htm#article_4">160.</a></li>
+<li><br />Wait. Prof. Sheridan P., New Testament Symbolisms., <a href="#article_7">712</a>.</li>
+<li>Wakeman, Thaddeus B., Emancipation by Nationalism., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/23802/23802-h/23802-h.htm#article_7">591.</a></li>
+<li>What the Clergy Might Accomplish., <a href="#article_17">768</a>.</li>
+<li>Where Must Lasting Progress Begin?, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/20281/20281-h/20281-h.htm#article_3">293.</a></li>
+<li>Wischnewetzky. Florence Kelley, A Decade of Retrogression., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/20281/20281-h/20281-h.htm#article_10">365.</a></li>
+<li>Wolcott. Julia Anna, O Thou Who Sighest for a Broader Field., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22419/22419-h/22419-h.htm#article_12">503.</a></li>
+<li>Woman Movement. The, <a href="#article_6">704</a>.</li>
+<li>Wood. Henry, Healing through the Mind., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/23802/23802-h/23802-h.htm#article_2">530.</a></li>
+<li>Working Women of To-day. The, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/20281/20281-h/20281-h.htm#article_7">329.</a></li>
+<li>World&#8217;s Fair. Sunday and the, <a href="#article_9">730</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<h2 id="footnote_heading">Footnotes</h2>
+<ol>
+<li><p><a name="fn_1" id="fn_1"></a>
+It is a fact that the late James Fisk, Jr., was appointed
+by Judge Barnard, of New York, receiver of a railway (the Albany and
+Susquehanna) which lay a hundred miles outside of that magistrate&#8217;s
+judicial district.
+<span class="fn_return"><a href="#fn_marker_1">Return to text</a></span></p></li>
+
+<li><p><a name="fn_2" id="fn_2"></a>
+Commenting on this outrage, the New York <i>Herald</i> said
+editorially:&mdash;
+</p><p>
+&#8220;We have had too much of this meddling business&mdash;rummaging the mails
+for the books of a conscientious writer like Tolstoi, suppressing the
+poems of one of the gentlest and noblest of writers, Whitman, and now
+taking a gentleman to the Tombs for having on his shelves a copy of
+Balzac. <i>American readers are not children, idiots, or slaves.</i> They
+can govern their reading without the advice of Mr. Comstock, Mr.
+Wanamaker, or this new supervisor of morals named Britton&mdash;a kind of
+spawn from Comstock, we are informed, and who begins his campaign for
+notoriety by an outrage upon Mr. Farrelly.&#8221;
+<span class="fn_return"><a href="#fn_marker_2">Return to text</a></span></p></li>
+
+<li><p><a name="fn_3" id="fn_3"></a>
+In the New York <i>Morning Advertiser</i> of September 10, Mr.
+Britton thus denounces the judiciary of the empire city:&mdash;
+</p><p>
+&#8220;The police are down on me, but I am not afraid of &#8216;em. I can prove
+that the police force is subsidized to wink at crime. Nine tenths of
+the crime in New York is under police protection. I can prove it, and
+I could begin with the inspectors and captains. Oh, I&#8217;d strike high. I
+don&#8217;t go into the courts and prove it, because every judge in this
+city, and I don&#8217;t make a single exception, is subsidized.&#8221;
+<span class="fn_return"><a href="#fn_marker_3">Return to text</a></span></p></li>
+
+<li><p><a name="fn_4" id="fn_4"></a>The <i>Morning Advertiser</i> of Sept. 10, 1891, thus records
+Mr. Britton&#8217;s embarrassing position:&mdash;
+</p><p>
+Joseph A. Britton is agent of the New York Society for the Enforcement
+of the Criminal Law. Agent Britton has become so absorbed in the
+enforcement of the criminal law that he has, it is said, forgotten
+that there is a civil law, and defaulted on the payment of <i>betting
+debts</i>. His creditor, in the sum of $1,085, is Robert G. Irving, a
+bookmaker, who has tried to collect the debt since last fall, and
+failing has resorted to the courts.
+</p><p>
+According to Irving, Agent Britton, upholder and advocate of the
+majesty of the law, placed some bets with him, won, and drew his
+winnings. Then Britton continued to bet, on credit, and lost; but,
+<i>instead of settling in hard cash, gave a check, which the bank
+stamped N. G. when presented. Finally, Britton exchanged three notes
+for the worthless check</i>, but the first two notes have fallen due, and
+have proved as worthless as the check. So the case is on the court
+docket.
+</p><p>
+Agent Britton admits the debt, and its nature.
+<span class="fn_return"><a href="#fn_marker_4">Return to text</a></span></p></li>
+
+<li><p><a name="fn_5" id="fn_5"></a>
+Chicago&#8217;s Dark Places.
+<span class="fn_return"><a href="#fn_marker_5">Return to text</a></span></p></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<div class="transcribers_note">
+<h4>Transcriber&#8217;s Notes:</h4>
+
+<p>Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as
+possible, including obsolete and variant spellings and other
+inconsistencies.</p>
+
+<p>The transcriber noted the following issues and made changes as
+indicated to the text to correct obvious errors:</p>
+
+<ol>
+<li>p. 678, &#8220;hemlet&#8221; changed to &#8220;helmet&#8221;</li>
+<li>p. 681, &#8220;complaceny&#8221; changed to &#8220;complacency&#8221;</li>
+<li>p. 744, &#8220;impenetable&#8221; changed to &#8220;impenetrable&#8221;</li>
+<li>p. 751, &#8220;beween&#8221; changed to &#8220;between&#8221;</li>
+<li>p. 756, Footnote 4, &#8220;positon&#8221; changed to &#8220;position&#8221;</li>
+</ol>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Arena, by Various
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Arena, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Arena
+       Volume 4, No. 24, November, 1891
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: B. O. Flower
+
+Release Date: June 27, 2008 [EBook #25909]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ARENA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier, Richard J. Shiffer
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE ARENA.
+
+No. XXIV.
+
+NOVEMBER, 1891.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: H. C. Lodge (with signature)]
+
+
+
+
+A PARADISE OF GAMBLERS.
+
+BY EDGAR FAWCETT.
+
+
+Many religious journals throughout the country have poured eulogies
+upon the pious head of our Postmaster General because of his raid
+against all letters bearing the least uncanny relation to that
+abhorred criminal body, the Louisiana Lottery. In one sense this
+action is not ill-advised; the national laws against gambling are
+distinct, and even if they were unjust their existence would be no
+excuse for their infringement. The highly moral action of Mr.
+Wanamaker, however, happening as it does at a time when his own
+relations with the hazards and plots of Wall Street have grown the
+talk of our entire country, teem with a suggestion that should be
+patent to thousands. If gnats are strained at and camels are
+swallowed, there is certainly a pardonable satire in congratulating
+those who devour the latter on their noteworthy powers of digestion.
+As an immoral institution the Louisiana Lottery, evil as it is, cannot
+be compared with Monte Carlo, which arrays itself in facile splendors
+of enticement and smiles in mirrors and gildings on the rash gamesters
+whom it ruins. But the Louisiana Lottery, which of late it has become
+the fashion to revile, devises its chief gains in a much less faulty
+manner. For such disbursements as one dollar, two dollars, five
+dollars, a good deal of golden expectancy and anticipation can be
+enjoyed, and there is no confirmed proof whatever that the citizens
+who are rash enough to expend these massive amounts have ever been
+swindled at the monthly New Orleans drawings. Indeed, they have
+ample proof, if they care to sift it, that somebody in Maine, or
+Indiana, or California, has received a small fortune for part of a
+ticket purchased at the same cheap terms as their own. Naturally,
+unless they were complete fools, they knew previous to their
+investment that the chances against them were extremely large, and
+that their prospect of winning anything very handsome was about equal
+to that of their being struck by lightning or having an unknown
+relative leave them a fat legacy. Could it once be proved that the
+Louisiana Lottery is really dishonest in its dealings--really more
+dishonest than the bright-lit bar-room that shiningly says to one,
+"Come and get drunk in me if you choose, but if you don't choose drink
+only as much as you want in me, and if you don't choose to enter me at
+all, avoid me forever and a day"--then the iniquity of the whole
+organization could not be scorned in terms too harsh. But at present
+all indictments against this particular species of gambling would seem
+to be just as airy as those against the alluring tavern. The
+"prohibition extremists" are like lawyers who can never make their
+case, yet are incessantly fuming against their own failure. These
+extremists forget that their shadowy moral client is plaintiff in a
+kind of curious divorce-suit, where the defendant is human nature and
+the co-respondent human will. It is most probable that men will
+continue to get drunk just so long as education remains for them an
+incident force of inferior potency. As to their liking and upholding
+certain milder games of chance (after the style of the Greeks, let us
+say, at their very highest period of culture), that is perhaps not an
+educational question at all, but one of simple diversion. There are
+kinds of gambling, however, with which no believer in racial progress
+will admit that the loftier forms of civilization can possibly deal,
+and foremost among these must be counted the reckless license, the
+odious libertinage of venture which now shames a republic never tired
+of vaunting its virtues to the transatlantic monarchies from which it
+sprang.
+
+He who would note and study, in all their terror, melancholy, and
+pathos, the selfishness and avarice of his fellow-men, might search
+the whole known globe and never find a field for his observations at
+once more fruitful and more discouraging than that of Wall Street. To
+realize in its full glare of vicious vulgarity the influence of this
+environment, let us take the case of some refined young man just after
+he has quitted school and entered the office of a thrifty
+broker--perhaps a warm friend of his father, who hugs the keenly
+American doctrine that a youth should be put in the way of piling
+dollars together as quickly as possible after he leaves the
+educational leash. By degrees this young man will discover that the
+only difference between Wall Street and a huge, crowd-engirt
+gaming-table is one between simplicity and complexity. He will see
+that the play of the former is far more difficult to learn and that it
+requires a number of _croupiers_ instead of one. He will see that
+these _croupiers_ are in most cases men whose names posterity will
+hand down, if it hands them down at all, as those of stony egotists,
+and sometimes of gigantic thieves. He will gradually gain insight into
+certain of their methods, as when, only a few years back, one or two
+of them seized an entire railroad under cover of what was the merest
+parody of purchase and opposed both to law and to public policy,
+afterward defending their outrage in the courts through the brazen aid
+of venal judges and bringing to Albany (headquarters of their
+attempted theft) a great carload of New York ruffians, each with a
+proxy in his soiled and desperate hand--an instrument almost as
+illegal as the pistol which those hands had doubtless too often
+fingered if not fired amid the squalor of their owners' native
+slums.[1]
+
+      [1] It is a fact that the late James Fisk, Jr., was
+          appointed by Judge Barnard, of New York, receiver of a
+          railway (the Albany and Susquehanna) which lay a hundred
+          miles outside of that magistrate's judicial district.
+
+The neophyte in speculators' creeds and customs may amuse himself,
+however, with reminiscences like the preceding only in a sense of that
+proud historic retrospect which concerns past radiant records of "the
+street." He may, if so minded, con other pages of its noble archives,
+and dazzle his young brain with admiration for the shining exploits of
+"Black Friday," an occasion when greed held one of its most sickening
+revels, and a clique of merciless financiers gathered together so many
+millions of gold coin that its price bred fright among the holders of
+depreciating stocks. Agony, ruin, the demolition of firesides,
+resulted from this infamous "corner" wrought by a league of miserly
+zealots. But our young student of Wall Street annals will soon
+harden his nerves against any silly commiseration. As well soil the
+glory of Lexington or Bunker Hill by brooding over the pangs of those
+who were its victims. All great victories necessitate bloodshed. It is
+not every man who can wrest vast wealth from the turmoils of a "Black
+Friday." ... And so, after turning the pages of a revolting chronicle,
+all of which teem with calamity to the many and plethoric gain to the
+bullying and insolent few, he surveys that active boil and ferment of
+the present, seeking to discern there some course of trick and scheme
+by which he too may fatten his purse, even though he blunts conscience
+into a callous nullity. Between old days and new he finds but slight
+difference. Rises and panics prevail now as then. The "margin,"
+beloved of the wily broker, first lures and then robs the trustful
+buyer. "Pools," open and secret, grasping and malicious, may wreak at
+any hour disasters on the unwary. "Points" are given by one operator
+to another with the same mendacious glibness as of yore. The market is
+now dull with the torpor of a sleeping cobra, now aflame, like that
+reptile, with treacherous and poisonous life. In its repose as in its
+excitement our novice begins to know it, fear it, and heartily love it
+besides. The chances are nine out of ten that he loves it too much and
+fears it too little. Its hideous vulgarity has ceased to shock him.
+Its "bulls," with their often audacious purchases of stock for which
+they do not pay but out of whose random fluctuations in value they
+expect to reap thousands from the "bears," who sell in a like blind,
+betting-ring fashion; its devices of "spreads," and of "straddles,"
+which are combinations of "puts" and "calls" whereby the purchaser
+limits his loss and at the same time suits the chances of his winning
+to those of vacillant prices themselves; its unblushing compromises on
+the part of debtors with creditors, fifty cents on the dollar being
+frequently paid by bankrupts to the extent of one, two, or three
+hundred thousand dollars, in order that they may resume their highly
+legitimate undertakings and perhaps grow rich again in company with
+their fellow-gamblers; all these, and many more features of Wall
+Street life, equally vivid and equally soiled by sordid materialism,
+have at length wrapped the mind of this young observer in their
+drastic and sinister spells. When he "starts out for himself," as he
+is presently quite sure to do, his ultimate success is enormously
+doubtful. His reign as a leading personality in Wall Street means to
+have been a Childe Roland who, indeed, to the Dark Tower did actually
+come. The horn that such a victor lifts to his mouth has been wrought,
+as one might say, from the bones of some comrade slain in the same
+arduous pilgrimage, and the peal of triumph which his lips evoke from
+it might be called a blending of countless wretched cries from the
+lips of other perished strugglers in the same daring design. Great
+success with him, if he achieves it, will be--what? An almost Titanic
+power to torture and affright at will hundreds, thousands of his
+fellow-men. He will have before him the example of a man who locked up
+$12,500,000 in one of his riotous assaults against honest
+stock-exchange dealing--money notoriously not his own. He may desire
+to imitate that course of behavior which had Samuel Bowles abducted
+and unlawfully imprisoned because he published in his paper the truth
+about Wall Street trickery and villany, or which sandbagged Dorman B.
+Eaton in the streets of New York for having fought with legal weapons
+of honest denunciation that malodorous craft of a compact between
+incarnate kleptomania in finance and the unspeakable "boss" burglar of
+Tammany Ring.
+
+But needless are further details of those abominations on which our
+rising young aspirant may turn an envious eye. He cannot but acquaint
+himself with the whole horrid list of chicanery, since its items are
+rungs of the ladder on which he himself may hereafter seek to mount.
+If he aims to be a great Wall Street spider he must perforce fully
+acquaint himself with what material will go toward the spinning of
+that baleful tissue, his proprietary web. It must be woven, this web,
+out of perjuries and robberies. Its fibres must mean the heart-strings
+torn from many a deluded stockholder's breast, and the morning dew
+that glitters on it must be the tears of widows and orphans. The laws
+of a great republic are the foliage (alas, of a tree not too sturdy!)
+on which its devilish meshes are wrought! There is no exaggeration in
+stating that the financial history of the past three decades in
+America has been one of peerless turpitude. Rome under the dying
+glories of the empire scarcely parallels its knavish gluttonies of
+illegal seizure. And Wall Street has been the boiling point of all
+this infectious train of outrages against a patient people--one that
+presumes to rate itself really democratic, and to sneer at countries
+over seas in which to-day a Credit Mobilier, a Pacific Railroad
+atrocity, a Manhattan Railroad brigandage, would make Trafalgar Square
+or the Place de la Concorde howl with savage tumult.
+
+But let us return to our would-be Wall Street magnate. Suppose he has
+not the "grit" or the "go" (or whatever it would be termed in that
+classic purlieu so noted for elegance of every-day rhetoric) either to
+crown himself with the tarnished crown of a monetary "king" or even to
+hold a gilt-edged but scandal-reeking portfolio at the footstool of
+some such reigning tyrant. In this case he may join the great
+rank-and-file of those whose pockets have become irremediably voided
+and who seldom refer to Wall Street unless with muttered curses while
+dragging out maimed careers in various far less feverish pursuits; or
+he may, on the other hand, drift into that humble crowd of petty
+brokers ("curb-stone" or domiciled) whose incomes vary from fifteen
+hundred to as many thousands a year, and who pass hours each day in
+envy, whether secret or open, of the dignitaries towering above them.
+As one of these inferior persons his existence will continue, no
+doubt, until he changes it for the tomb: and meanwhile what sort of an
+existence has it been? All the finer human aims have appealed to him
+as pearls appeal to swine. He has, perhaps, possessed faculties which
+might have allowed him to shine ably and yet honorably in the state or
+national congress, whose votes his friends and rivals, to ensure the
+passage of their unscrupulous railroad-bills, have bought so often and
+with such bloodless depravity. But these faculties have been miserably
+misused. He may have loved some woman, and married her, and begotten
+children by her; domestic affection may have warmed his being, just as
+it does that of many a day-laborer. But in the arid air of Wall Street
+all his intellectual and ethical possibilities will have wilted and
+died. Lust for greater riches and a mordant, ever-smouldering
+disappointment at not having attained them, will replace the healthier
+impulses of adolescence. Books will have no savor for him; men of high
+attainments, unless their coffers brim with lucre, affect him no more
+than the company of the most unlettered oaf. He becomes, in other
+words, the typical Wall Street man, and he becomes this with a
+stolid indifference to all known motors of mental betterment.
+
+It is not in any sense an attractive type. The Wall Street men are
+lilies that toil and spin ("tiger" lilies, one might term them, in
+remembrance of the old gambler-slang about faro and roulette); but
+their industries, however distinct, are what the political economists
+would call those of non-productive consumers. They are active drones,
+to speak with paradox, in the great hive of human energy. Like all
+gamesters, all men who live by the turning of the dice-box, they have
+a devil-may-care demeanor, now and then rather sharply peppered with
+wit, though wit not always avoidant of the obscene. For the most part,
+they are as ignorant of the large onward push of human thought as if
+they were farmers in some remote county of Arkansas. And yet they
+affect, at all times, an amusing omniscience. To "know it all" is a
+phrase beloved as sarcasm by their nimble vernacular, and though this
+(like "Come off!" and "Look here, what are you giving us?") is a form
+of speech incessantly on their lips, one is prone sometimes to reflect
+how amazing is the meagreness of real knowledge which their "knowing
+it all" piteously represents. They are sometimes keen sportsmen, but a
+good many scamps, dolts, and cads are that. Their acquaintance with
+contemporary literature could be summed up by stating that if you
+should ask an average number of their class whether he had read the
+last novel of Mr. James, he might pull his moustache (the Wall Street
+man usually has a moustache, and often a symmetric and well-tended
+one) desiring to learn whether you had reference or no to _G. P. R._
+James, of the "two horse-men" celebrity. Their ignorance, however, is
+not equal to their self-sufficiency. Almost whenever the average Wall
+Street man goes into good society he makes himself more pronounced
+there by his assurance than his culture. Of the latter quality he has
+so little that the best clubs of which he is a member tolerate rather
+than accept him. In most cases he is deplorably curt of speech and
+brusque of deportment. Suavity, repose, that kindliness which is the
+very marrow and pith of high-breeding, shock you in his manners as
+acutely by their absence as if they were rents in his waistcoat or
+gapes in his boot-leather. The "bluff," impudence, and swagger of the
+Stock Exchange cling to him in society like burrs to the hair of
+horse or dog. He would be far more endurable, this socially rampant
+and ubiquitous Wall Street man, if he revealed the least shred of
+respect for those ideas and faiths on which his hard, cold course of
+living has necessarily trampled rough-hooved. He is so bright and
+intelligent, as a rule, that you wonder why he is so phenomenally
+vulgar. But his brightness and intelligence are of the quality, nearly
+always, that throws into hysteric giggles the "summer girl" on piazzas
+of third-rate hotels. Ordinarily, too, he has not the faintest
+conception of how deeply and darkly he bores people who would live
+apart from him, from his bejewelled and supercilious wife (her pretty
+head always goes an inch further backward when "Tom" or "Dick" has
+"made a strike in stocks"), and from the French maid, with her frilled
+cap, whom his children gabble to in their grammarless American-French,
+but whose unctuous idioms are Sanscrit alike to madame and himself.
+
+Conceive that you or I shall wish to talk with the ordinary Wall
+Street man, on the piazza of his watering-place hotel, on the deck of
+his record-breaking steamer. (When he goes to Europe, which he
+incessantly does, he invariably takes a record-breaking steamer in
+preference to all others.) What does he know? What can he tell us?
+Politics? He reproduces, if he be a Republican, the last tirade of his
+favorite newspaper in behalf of protection and Mr. Blaine. If he be a
+Democrat he will spout the last editorial of his favorite newspaper in
+favor of free trade and Mr. Cleveland. History? The Wall Street man
+rarely knows in what year Columbus discovered America, and would be in
+straits wild enough to horrify that talented arch-prig, Mr. Andrew
+Lang, if you mentioned either Cortes or Pizarro. Fiction? He admired
+Robinson Crusoe when a boy, and since then he has read a few
+translated volumes of Dumas the elder. Poetry? He doesn't like it "for
+a cent"; but he once did come across something (by Tennyson or
+Longfellow--he forgets which) called "Beautiful Snow." That "fetched
+him," and "laid over" any other verse he recollects.
+
+Here, let us insist, is no aimless travesty of the average Wall Street
+man, but a faithful etching of him, apart from those more sorry
+lineaments which might be disclosed in a portrait painted, as it were,
+with the oil of his own slippery speculations. If he resents the
+honest drawing of his well-known features, why, so much the better.
+His indignation may be fraught with wholesome reactions. Perhaps he
+will have his defenders--interested ones, of course. We may pluck the
+cactus-flower with hands cased in buckskin, and swear that it harbors
+no sting below its roseate and silken cockade of bloom. Prejudice is
+too often the saucepan on which we cook our criticisms; and when these
+are done to a turn we cast the vessel into a dust-bin, trying with
+mighty valor of volition to forget that it even exists as old iron.
+
+Never was more blatant humbug aired than that about our "brilliant"
+Wall Street financiers. Their "brilliancy" is merely a repulsive
+egotism in one of its worst forms,--that of cupidity. They are like
+misers with longer, quicker, and more sinewy fingers than other
+misers, in the gathering together of dollars. Their shrewdness may be
+exceptional, but a quality which consists half in accurate guessing
+and half in bullying defiance is hardly worthy of the name. As for
+their "nerve" and "coolness," these are not endowments that in such
+connection can be admired or praised. For surely the gambler who
+cannot face bravely those very slings and arrows of variant if not
+always outrageous fortune which form the chief indices of his dingy
+profession, cuts a mean enough figure in the cult of it. "Jim" Fisk
+had traits like these, but who now applauds them? As well admire the
+courage of a house-breaker in scaling a garden-wall at midnight, or
+his exquisite tact in selecting a bed-chamber well-stored with jewels
+and money. The so-called "great men" of Wall Street are foes of
+society--foes merciless and malign. Their "generalship," their
+"Napoleonic" attributes are terms coined by people of their own
+damaging class, people with low motives, with even brutish morals. It
+is time that this age of ours, so rich in theoretic if impracticable
+humanitarianisms, forebore to flatter the spirits which work against
+it in its efforts toward higher and wiser achievement. The anarchists
+hanged in Chicago were men of mistaken purpose and fatuous belief. But
+at least they were conceivably sincere, however dangerous to peace and
+order. These czars and tycoons of finance, on the other hand, are
+scoffers at the integrity of the commonweal, and have for their Lares
+and Penates hideous little gods carved by their own misanthropy from
+the harsh granite of self-worship. Every new conspiracy to amass
+millions through wrecking railroads, through pouring vast sums upon
+the stock market, through causing as vast sums to disappear from
+public use, stains them blacker with the proof of their horrible
+inhumanity. Even death does not always end their monstrous rapine, for
+when they pay what is called the debt of nature they too often fling,
+in their wills, a posthumous sneer at that still larger debt owed to
+their fellow-creatures, and make some eldest son their principal heir.
+Charity may get a few niggardly thousands from them, and handsome
+bequests usually go to their younger children; yet the bulk of the big
+gambler's treasure passes intact to one who will most probably guard
+with avid custody the alleged prestige of its possession.
+
+But we should remember that on many occasions it is not even a game of
+chance with these potentates of Wall Street. They play, as it were,
+with marked cards, and can predict to a certainty, having such mighty
+capital at their disposal, just how and when particular stocks will
+rise or fall. Spreading abroad deceitful rumors through their little
+subservient throngs of henchmen brokers, they create untold ravage and
+despair. Fearful cruelty is shown by them then. The law cannot reach
+it, though years of imprisonment would be far too good for it.
+Families are plunged into penury by their subtly circulated frauds;
+forgery and embezzlement in hundreds of individual cases result; banks
+are betrayed and shattered; disgrace and suicide are sown broadcast
+like seeds fecund in poison. One often marvels that assassination does
+not spring up in certain desperate human hearts as a vengeance against
+these appalling wrongs. Murder is ghastly enough, in whatever shape it
+meets us, and from whatever cause. But if Lincoln and Garfield fell
+the prey of mad fanatics, it seems all the stranger, as it is all the
+more fortunate, that agonized and ill-governed human frenzy should
+thus far happily have spared us new public shudders at new public
+crimes.
+
+Conjecture may indeed waste its liveliest ardors in seeking to
+determine what place this nineteenth century of ours will hold among
+the centuries which have preceded and are destined to follow it. But
+there is good reason to believe, after all, that in one way it will be
+held remarkable, perhaps even unique,--as an age of violent contrasts,
+violent extremes. Here we are, seeking (however pathetically) to
+grapple with problems whose solution would wear an almost millennial
+tinge. There are men among us--and men of august intellects, too--who
+urge upon society the adoption of codes and usages which would assume,
+if practically treated, that the minds and characters of mortals are
+little short of angelic. And coevally with these dreamers of grand
+socialistic improvement, we are met by such evidence as that of Wall
+Street, its air foul with the mephitic exhalations that rise from dead
+and rotting principle. When the state is corrupt, and large bodies of
+its citizens are not only corrupt but wholly scornful of every
+fraternal and philanthropic purpose as well,--when communities like
+this of Wall Street, cold-blooded, shameless, injurious, are bowed to
+as powers, instead of being shunned as pests, then the ideals of such
+men as Karl Marx and his disciples loom distant and indefinite on the
+horizon of the future. Tritest of metaphors though it may be, all
+civilization is a garden, and in this garden of our own western
+tillage Wall Street towers to-day like a colossal weed, with roots
+deep-plunging into a soil they desiccate and de-fertilize. When and
+whose will be the extirpating hand?
+
+Here dawns a question with which some modern Sphinx may defy some
+coming OEdipus. Let us hope it will prove a question so adequately
+answered that the evil goddess using it as a challenge--the
+conventional deity of injustice, duplicity, and extortion--will
+dramatize her compulsory response to it by casting herself headlong
+into the sea!
+
+
+
+
+PROTECTION OR FREE TRADE--WHICH?
+
+BY HON. HENRY CABOT LODGE, M. C.
+
+
+The advocates of free trade in this country at the present time are
+very unlike Emerson's "fine young Oxford gentlemen" who said "there
+was nothing new, and nothing true, and no matter." They not only
+believe their pet doctrine to be true, but they seem to assume that it
+is also new. They further treat it as if it were an exact science and
+a great moral question as well. Unwarranted assumptions merely confuse
+and this question of national economic policy is too important to be
+clouded with confusions. It is worth while, therefore, to look at
+these assumptions one by one and try, before attempting any discussion
+of the tariff, to clear the ground from cant and to see the question
+exactly as it is.
+
+In the first place, the question of free trade or protection is in no
+sense a moral one. Free traders are prone to forget that their great
+prophet, Adam Smith, drew this distinction very plainly at the outset.
+He wrote two important works. One of them all the world has read. It
+is called "The Wealth of Nations," deals with the selfish interests of
+mankind, and embodies the author's political economy. The other is an
+equally elaborate work entitled "The Moral Sentiments." It is the
+complement of "The Wealth of Nations," which is devoted to the selfish
+side of human nature and the world at large has found no trouble in
+forgetting it. Adam Smith himself was under no confusion of mind as to
+his subject when he wrote about political economy. He knew that he was
+dealing with questions of a selfish character, of an enlightened
+selfishness, no doubt, but none the less questions of self-interest.
+He never for a moment thought of putting his political economy on a
+plane of pure morality.
+
+When the great political movement toward free trade began in England,
+it was largely a movement of the middle classes and of the industrial
+interests of Great Britain. The great middle class of England, which
+furnishes the backbone and sinew of the nation, is essentially a moral
+class, and in appealing to it the political leader is always tempted
+to put forward the moral aspect of his theme, even if he has to twist
+his argument and his facts to find one. The manufacturers of England
+believed that free trade would be profitable, but it soothed them to
+be assured that the system was also highly moral. It is to the
+Manchester School, therefore, that we owe the attempt to give to the
+entire free trade system a moral coloring for which the narrower
+question of the repeal of the corn laws afforded an opportunity. Our
+own free traders for the most part are devout followers of the
+Manchester School, and take all their teachings and practices with
+little discrimination. They are essentially imitative. The anti-corn
+law agitators pointed their arguments by exhibiting loaves of bread of
+different sizes, and so our free traders, during a campaign, have gone
+about in carts and held up pairs of trousers, a more humorous if less
+intelligent form of object lesson. They attempt, too, in like fashion,
+to give the weight of morality to their doctrines. Unfortunately for
+them, inasmuch as everyone likes to be moral at some one's else
+expense, their position is untenable. Adam Smith's distinction was a
+broad and sound one; and deeply important as political economy and
+questions of tariff are, they are in no sense matters of morals. They
+are purely questions of self-interest, of profit and loss, and can be
+decided properly on these grounds alone.
+
+In the second place, the assumption made tacitly, at least, if not
+avowedly, that political economy is an exact science is wholly
+misleading. Political economy covers a wide range of subjects of which
+the tariff is only one; but in none of its branches is it an exact
+science. Modern investigation has, no doubt, revealed certain economic
+laws which we may fairly say operate with reasonable certainty, but
+this is a very different proposition from that which would make the
+conclusions of economists in all directions as absolute as those of
+mathematicians. Political economy, in fact, does not differ greatly in
+this respect from history, because both deal with subjects where the
+conditions and sympathies of men and women play a large part, and
+where human passions are deeply engaged. In fields like these, where
+the personal equation of humanity plays a controlling part, it is
+absurd to attempt to argue as if we were dealing with a mathematical
+formula. There may be a philosophy of political economy as there is
+of history; there may be scientific methods of dealing with it and
+certain economic laws, subject to many exceptions, which we may
+consider to be established, but nevertheless it is as far from being
+an exact science as one can conceive. The exact science notion is the
+misconception of cloistered learning which can build impregnable
+systems where there are none to attack them, but which has no idea of
+the practical difficulties of an unsympathetic world where the
+precious system must meet every possible objection and not merely
+those devised by its framers. In discussing a question of political
+economy, therefore, it is well to bear in mind that we are handling a
+subject where new facts are always entering in to modify old
+conclusions, and where there are many conditions, the effect of which
+it is impossible to calculate.
+
+In the third place, the ardent tariff reformer at the present moment
+always discourses upon his subject as if he had some perfectly new
+truth to lay before the world from which it would be as impossible to
+differ, unless one was illiterate or corrupt, as from the conclusion
+of Galileo in regard to the movement of the earth. In one of our
+recent political campaigns I quoted an argument of Hamilton's in favor
+of protection from his famous Report of Manufactures. Thereupon one of
+my opponents in a public speech, referring to this quotation, said it
+would be as sensible to adopt Hamilton's views on the tariff as to go
+back to stage coaches simply because those vehicles were the means of
+conveyance in Hamilton's time. I could not help wondering what my
+learned opponent would have thought if I had retorted that, by parity
+of reasoning, we ought to reject the "Wealth of Nations" because Adam
+Smith flourished a little earlier than Hamilton, and stage coaches
+were used in his day also. The simple truth is that there is nothing
+very new to-day in the question of free trade or protection. The
+subject is one which has been under consideration for some time. It
+has received great developments in the last hundred years, and is
+still so far from the last word that it is safest not to be too
+dogmatic about it.
+
+In this matter of the tariff, then, we have before us a question which
+is not new, which is not moral, but which deals simply with matters of
+self-interest according to the dictates of an enlightened selfishness.
+What is the condition of the question of free trade to-day in its
+practical aspect? Fifty years ago, roughly speaking, the movement for
+it in England became successful, and the English people abandoned a
+protective tariff which they had maintained for some centuries and
+adopted the free trade tariff which they have to-day. The latter
+system has had a thorough trial in England under the most favorable
+circumstances. If there is any country in the world which, by its
+situation, its history and its condition, is adapted for free trade,
+England is that country. If free trade, therefore, is the certain and
+enormous benefit which its advocates assert, and if it is the only
+true system for nations to adopt, its history in England ought to
+prove the truth of these propositions. How near has free trade come to
+performing all that its original promoters claimed in its behalf? How
+brilliant has been its success in practise? One thing at least is
+certain: it has not been such an overwhelming and glittering success
+as to convince any other civilized nation of its merits. England
+stands alone to-day, as she has stood for the last fifty years, the
+one free trade nation in the world. Possibly England of all the
+nations may be right and everybody else may be wrong, but there is, at
+least, a division of opinion so respectable that we may assume, with
+all due reverence for our free trade friends, that there are two sides
+to this question as to many others.
+
+Let us look for a moment at some of the early promises. Free trade,
+according to its originators, was to usher in an era of peace and
+good-will. It was, in its extension, to put an end to wars. It has
+certainly not brought peace to England, which has had a petty war of
+some sort on her hands almost every year since the free trade gospel
+was preached. I do not mean to say that this is in the least due to
+free trade, but it is quite obvious that free trade did not stop
+fighting. The prosperity of England has, of course, been undeniably
+great, and it has been especially great among the vast industrial and
+manufacturing interests which supported the free trade policy.
+Possibly they have thriven better under this system than they would
+have done under the old one, but this must remain mere speculation,
+and as we know that some protected countries have prospered as much if
+not more than England, the prosperity argument has little weight.
+There are, however, other fields where we need not rely on conjecture.
+Has free trade been an unquestionable benefit not merely to the
+industrial but to all classes in England? It certainly has not put an
+end to strikes, for strikes have never been more frequent anywhere
+than they have been in Great Britain of late years. It does not seem
+to have perceptibly diminished poverty, if we may judge from such
+recent books as "The Bitter Cry of Outcast London," and "Through
+Darkest England." The state of Ireland has not been indicative of a
+healing and life-giving prosperity. In a word the great problems of
+labor, of poverty, and of over-population seem as severe in free trade
+England as in protective countries. Free trade again does not seem to
+have prevented the rise of trusts and syndicates, nor to have stopped
+the accumulation of vast wealth in a few hands. In other words, there
+is no evidence that free trade has had any effect on the most serious
+questions of the day, which touch the welfare of the great masses of
+the people. All that can be said is that the manufacturing and
+industrial interests of Great Britain seem to have thriven under it.
+For a system which arrogates to itself absolute truth, this is a
+meagre showing.
+
+Free trade has not demonstrated its infallibility in the single
+country where it has been tried. The question, therefore, for the
+people of the United States is, whether under their conditions it is
+well to make the change which England made nearly fifty years ago, and
+to adopt a system of which the success has been doubtful in its chosen
+field. In order to decide the question intelligently we must put aside
+all vague confusions about an exact science which will work the same
+results everywhere because it operates under an immutable law. Even if
+free trade had been a brilliant and conclusive success in England, of
+which there is no proof, does it follow that it would be a better
+system for us? We have, to begin with, in our possession, instead of a
+small island a continent capable of almost every variety of natural
+production and mechanical industry. This is also a new country and a
+young country. We have been developing our resources rapidly for the
+last hundred years, but they are still not fully developed. The policy
+of the United States, although with many fluctuations, has been in the
+main to develop all our natural and mechanical opportunities to their
+fullest extent. The free trader is always ready with the terse
+statement that, "You cannot make yourself rich by taxing yourself,"
+followed by a freshly humorous allusion to lifting one's self by one's
+boot-straps. He then feels that he has met the case. If political
+economy and the financial policy of nations were as simple as this
+argument seems to imply, life would be an easier thing both for
+nations and individuals. Unluckily the problems of mankind which
+engage their interests and passions cannot be solved by cheap
+aphorisms. The statement of the free trader about taxing yourself in
+order to grow rich has a final and conclusive sound, but it is simply
+sound. There are, for example, plenty of towns in New England which
+have built factories and relieved certain persons from taxation in
+order to secure their capital and industry, and the additional
+population and the increased taxes which have thus come to the town
+have made it rich or at least richer than it was before. It is quite
+possible to adjust taxes or to offer bounties or premiums in such a
+way as to add to the aggregate wealth of the community.
+
+The free trader's question is not really pertinent. The point is not
+whether you will tax yourself in order to grow rich, but whether you
+will so frame your tax laws and so raise your revenues as to
+discriminate in favor of your own production and your own wages
+against the production and wages of other countries, or whether, on
+the other hand, you will let everything strictly alone and leave the
+country to come out the best way it can. The general policy of the
+United States has been to give encouragement to the domestic producer
+and manufacturer, and maintenance to high rates of wages, by laying
+duties in such a way as to discriminate in their favor against those
+outside. The result, speaking broadly, has been to put the United
+States as a competitor into countless lines of new industries. The
+effect of the competition of the United States, added to that already
+existing in the rest of the world, has been to reduce the world's
+prices in the products of those industries according to the well-known
+laws of competition. Hence comes the lowering of prices to the
+consumer in protected articles, a fact which is the cause of much
+satiric laughter to the free trader because he can neither deny nor
+explain it.
+
+The practical question now before the people of the United States is
+twofold: shall we protect new and nascent industries, and shall we
+continue to guard existing industries and existing rates of wages
+against an undue competition? John Stuart Mill admits the soundness of
+the former policy, and with that admission protectionists may be
+content. In fact, it may be doubted whether any intelligent man would
+argue to-day that it would have been wiser for the United States never
+to have built up any industries, but to have remained a purely
+agricultural community, dependent on Europe for everything in the way
+of manufacture. I think we may assume that the wisdom of protecting
+nascent industries in a country with such capacities and resources as
+the United States can hardly be questioned.
+
+Nevertheless, the most hotly contested feature of the McKinley bill
+was that which continued the policy of protecting nascent industries
+in certain products, and notably that of the manufacture of tin plate.
+If the protection of nascent industries at the beginning of this
+century was a sound policy, then it is a sound policy to industries of
+that description to-day. Whether we have tin mines or not (and it now
+appears that we have) there is no reason on the surface why we should
+not buy our Straits tin and manufacture tin plate as well as England.
+Some Democratic newspapers appear to have an idea that the tin mines
+of Cornwall and Wales make a monopoly in this direction for England.
+They forget that to-day the tin used by England comes chiefly from the
+Straits, and she can buy it there on no better terms than the United
+States. If the policy of protection to nascent industries is sound,
+then the tariff of 1890 is sound in this direction, and we should seek
+its results in the new industries which have been started since it
+became a law.
+
+In the second branch, the question of whether we should continue
+protection to industries already established is one largely of degree
+and of discretion. Where a removal of the duty would mean either a
+heavy reduction of wages or a stopping of existing industries with the
+rise of prices consequent upon the withdrawal of the United States
+from the world's competition, then the removal of the duty would be a
+misfortune. It would be a misfortune not only to the industry which
+was ruined and to the wage earners who were reduced to idleness or
+poverty, but it would be an injury to the consumer because it would in
+a short time raise the price of the world's production diminished by
+our withdrawal. In industries where no such results could possibly
+be feared, or where the production of the article is not possible in
+the United States, it would certainly be wise to remove duties, and
+this has been the purpose of the protectionists and of the Republican
+party.
+
+The policy of protection has received its most recent expression in
+this country in the tariff of 1890. It is a truism that no tariff
+bill, whether passed by free traders or protectionists, can hope to be
+perfect. It is sure to have defects in detail and some inequalities.
+The McKinley bill was not exempt from error, but the question for the
+people to decide now is whether it is well to abandon the protective
+policy and substitute that of free trade. In 1888 the cry was that we
+must get rid of the surplus revenue and that that necessity made a
+revision of the tariff imperative. The Republican party since it has
+been in power has taken two hundred and forty-six millions of the
+accumulated surplus and paid off the bonded indebtedness of the
+country to that amount. It has also, by the removal of the duty on
+sugar and other articles, reduced the annual surplus revenue some
+fifty or sixty millions. The danger from the surplus, therefore (and
+it was a very real danger), is at an end. No party need be called upon
+now to dispose of the annual surplus which was taking so many millions
+out of the channels of trade. The question between the parties and
+before the country on this issue is very much simpler than it was. It
+is whether we shall repeal the tariff of 1890, abandon the protective
+system and take up free trade, or whether we shall maintain the
+protective system, making such amendments to the law as may from time
+to time seem necessary.
+
+I have tried to state the general argument upon the question of free
+trade or protection in its broadest way. It only remains to bring
+forward so far as possible the facts which show, in part at least, the
+results of the tariff of 1890, for upon those results as a whole its
+justification or condemnation must rest. It is important to know first
+whether the new industries which the McKinley bill was designed to
+encourage have begun to start, and second, whether the bill has had
+the disastrous effect in raising prices which was so loudly asserted
+and prophesied by its opponents at the last election.
+
+I will give first a table showing comparative prices before and after
+the tariff of 1890 of some of the cotton fabrics most commonly used.
+They are all protected industries and ought to have been advanced in
+price if any part of the assertions made by the advocates of free
+trade during the last campaign were true.
+
+
+PRICES OF PRINT GOODS SIX MONTHS BEFORE THE MCKINLEY TARIFF PASSED
+COMPARED WITH THEIR PRESENT PRICES.
+
+                                         Before New         Under New
+ Trade Names of Prints.                  Tariff.            Tariff.
+
+ Allen's Pink Checks               $.06     and  .06-1/2    $.05-1/2
+ Allen's Shirtings                  .04-3/4 and  .05         .04
+ Allen's Turkey Reds                             .06-1/2     .05-3/4
+ American Indigo Blue                            .06-1/2     .06
+ American Shirting                  .05     and  .05-1/2     .04-1/2
+ Anchor Shirting                    .05     and  .05-1/4     .04-1/2
+ Arnold Long Cloth C                             .09         .08-1/2
+ Berlin Solids                                   .06         .05
+ Berlin Red, 3/4                                 .07-1/3     .07
+ Berlin Red, 4-4                                 .11         .10
+ Cocheco XX Twills                               .06-3/4     .06-1/2
+ Charter Oak Fancies                .05     and  .05-1/4     .04
+ Eddystone Fancy                                 .06-1/2     .06
+ Eddystone Sateen                                .06-1/2     .06
+
+
+BLEACHED SHIRTINGS AND SUITINGS.
+
+                               Before     Under
+ Trade Name of Goods.          New        New       Old     New
+                               Tariff.    Tariff.   Duty.   Duty.
+
+ Our Reliance                  $.05-1/2   $.05-1/4   $.04   $.04-1/2
+ Pride of the West              .13        .11-1/2    .05    .05-1/2
+ Pocahontas                     .07-3/4    .07-1/2    .04    .04-1/2
+ Sagamore C                     .05        .04-3/4    .04    .04-1/2
+ Utica Steam Nonpareil          .10-3/4    .10-1/2    .04    .04-1/2
+ Wauregan 100's                 .10-1/2    .09-1/2    .04    .04-1/2
+ Wauregan Combine               .10        .09-1/2    .04    .04-1/2
+
+
+GINGHAMS AND WASH FABRICS.
+
+                                       Before New             Under New
+ Trade Name of Goods.                    Tariff.               Tariff.
+
+ Everett Classics                         $.08-1/2             $.08
+ Fidelity                                  .06-1/2              .06
+ Lombardy                                  .07                  .06-1/2
+ Tacoma                                    .08-1/2              .07-1/2
+ Arlington Staple             $.06-1/4 and .06-1/2 $.06     and .06-1/4
+ Bates Staple                              .06-1/2  .06-1/4 and .06-1/2
+ Bates Warwick Dress                       .08-1/2              .08
+ Glenaine                                  .06-1/2  .06     and .06-1/4
+ Johnson Chalon Cloth                      .10-1/2              .09-1/2
+ Johnson Indigo Blue           .09-1/2 and .11                  .09-1/2
+ Lancaster Normandie                       .08-1/2  .08     and .08-1/2
+ White Calcutta Dress Styles   .08-1/2 and .09-1/2  .08     and .08-1/2
+ Westbrook Dress Style                     .08-1/2              .08
+ York Manufacturing Co.'s Staples          .06-1/2  .06-1/4 and .06-1/2
+
+I give now a table comparing the market quotations for 1890 of the
+articles which enter most largely into the cost of living, with those
+for the same period in 1891:--
+
+                                       Week ending          Week ending
+                                       Aug. 29, 1891.       Aug. 30, 1890.
+
+ BREADSTUFFS:--
+   Flour, No. 2 Extra, barrels        $4.25  @ $4.50        $3.75 @ $4.25
+   Patents, "                          5.75  @  6.10         5.50 @  6.15
+   Rye, Superfine, "                   3.50  @  4.00         2.75 @  3.00
+   Oats, No. 2 White, bushel,                    .43                  .48
+   Corn, West, mixed, No. 2, bushel,             .80-1/2      .62 @   .62-1/2
+   Shorts, Winter Wheat, ton          18.00  @ 18.75        21.00
+     "       "    Middling, "                  25.00        25.00
+     "     Spring Wheat, "            17.00  @ 18.00        19.00
+     "       "    Middling "                   23.00        22.50 @ 23.00
+ COTTON, Middling Upland, pound                  .08-1/4              .11-3/4
+   "     Low        "       "                    .07                  11c.
+ COTTON GOODS. Print Cloths, 64x64,              .02-13/16    .03-5/16-l%
+ FISH:--
+   Large Dry Cod (Georges), qtl.                6.50                 5.50
+   Mackerel, No. 1 Mess, barrel       12.50  @ 14.00        23.00 @ 24.00
+   Labrador Herring                             6.25         5.00 @  5.50
+ HAY, Choice, ton                     17.00  @ 17.50        15.00 @ 16.50
+   Straw, Rye                         14.00  @ 14.50        15.00 @ 16.00
+     "    Oat                          7.00  @  9.00         7.00 @  7.50
+ HEMP, Manilla, pound                 07-1/4 @   .07-3/8      .09 @   .09-1/4
+   Jute Butts (bagging)              .01-3/4 @   .01-7/8      .02 @   .02-1/4
+ HIDES:--
+   Brighton Steers                               .09      .09-1/2 @   .10-1/2
+   Buenos Ayres Kips                    .11  @   .11-1/2              .13
+ HOPS. Prime State (N. Y.), pound       .17  @   .21          .19 @   .25
+ DRUGS. Opium (small lots)             2.20  @  2.40         3.80 @  4.10
+ DYES. Logwood, North Hayti                    35.00        33.00 @ 34.00
+         "      South Hayti           24.00  @ 25.00        24.00 @ 25.00
+         "      Extracts (solid)     .08-1/2 @   .09-1/2  .08-1/2 @   .09-1/2
+   Hemlock Bark, Eastern               8.00  @  9.00                10.00
+     "      "    Pennsylvania          9.00  @ 10.00                10.00
+ IRON, American Pig, ton              17.00  @ 18.50        18.00 @ 19.00
+ LEAD, Domestic, 100 pounds            4.55  @  4.60         4.80 @  5.00
+ COPPER, Lake, pound                 .12-1/4 @   .12-1/2              .16-7/8
+ SPELTER                                .05  @   .05-1/8     5.55
+ LEATHER:--
+   Hemlock Sole, light, pound           .17  @   .17-1/2   19-1/2 @  .20
+   Oak Sole, light, pound                        .20          .24 @  .25
+   Grain No. 1, Boot                    .14  @   .15          .15 @  .18
+   Buff No. 1, 4-1/2 oz              .11-1/2 @   .12      .14-1/2 @  .15
+ CALFSKINS:--
+   Tannery Finished, 20 to 29 pounds,
+     dozen                              .75  @   .85          .75 @  .90
+   Rough Hemlock, average               .18  @   .18-1/2      .24 @  .25
+   Rough Splits, prime                  .10  @   .12          .13 @  .15
+ MOLASSES, N. O. Prime, gallon          .29  @   .31          .37
+ LUMBER:--
+   Hemlock Boards (rough)                      10.50                11.50
+   Spruce Boards (1st-class floor)    19.00  @ 20.00        19.00 @ 21.00
+   Pine (Coarse, No. 5)                        16.00        16.00 @ 17.00
+
+                                        Week ending           Week ending
+                                        Aug. 29, 1891.        Aug. 30, 1890.
+ NAVAL STORES:--
+   Spirits Turpentine, gallon                    .42                  .45
+   Common Rosin, barrel                 1.75 @  2.25          1.75 @ 2.25
+   Pitch                                        2.25                 2.25
+   Tar (Wilmington)                             2.50                 2.50
+ OILS. Crude Whale, gallon                       .49           .45 @  .47
+         "   Sperm,  "                   .74 @   .75                  .65
+   Linseed,          "                           .43                  .60
+   Lard (X No. 1),   "                   .49 @   .50                  .46
+ PETROLEUM:--
+   Crude, gallon                                 .07-1/2              .07-1/2
+   Refined, "                         .08-1/4@   .09                  .08-1/2
+ PROVISIONS:--
+   Pork, Short Ribs, Mess, barrel      13.75 @ 14.00                13.25
+   Beef,      pound                              .08-12/100           .07-36/100
+   Mutton,      "                                .10                  .09
+   Beef Hams (Med.), "                .10-1/4@   .10-3/4              .11
+   Veal,    "                                    .09-1/2              .09
+   Lard, Western,  "                  .06-1/2@   .06-3/4              .06-1/2
+   Butter, Prime,   "                    .23 @   .24           .21 @  .22
+   Cheese (Fine Factory), pound       .09-1/4@   .09-1/2    .08-1/2@  .08-3/4
+ RICE, Domestic Choice,   "              .06 @   .06-1/2    .06-1/2@  .07
+ SALT, Liverpool Ground (in bond),
+   hhd.                                 1.00 @  1.15          1.00 @ 1.15
+ SUGAR:--
+   Cuba, fair refining, pound                    .03                  .05-1/8
+   Refined Hard, Granulated, pound,  .04-5/16@   .04-3/8       .06 @  .06-5/16
+ TALLOW, Prime                                   .05        .04-3/4@  .05-1/2
+ RUBBER, Fine Para, new                  .62 @   .63           .93 @  .95
+           "    "   old                          .65           .98 @ 1.00
+ STARCH, Corn, pound                             .02-1/8              .03-1/2
+   Potato,   "                        .04-1/2@   .04-5/8    .04-3/8@  .04-1/2
+ TOBACCO:--
+   Havana Wraps                         5.00 @  7.00          3.50 @ 5.00
+   Pennsylvania Wraps                    .20 @   .40           .20 @  .40
+   Sumatra Wrap                         2.50 @  3.25          2.00 @ 2.75
+ WOOL. Ohio, XX, pound.                  .31 @   .32           .33 @  .34
+   Michigan, X,   "                              .27           .28 @  .29
+ TEA:--
+   Oolong, Amoy Super                           $.17                 $.13-1/2
+   Formosas, Superior                            .28                  .23
+   Japan, Choice                                 .30                  .23
+   Hyson, 1st                                    .35                  .30
+ COFFEE:--
+   Java, Pa. Packages, Pale             $.26 @   .26-3/4              .24-1/2
+   Mocha                                         .25          $.24 @  .24-1/2
+   Rios, Fair                                    .18-1/2              .20-1/2
+ EGGS:--
+   Near-by and Cape                      .22 @   .23           .23 @  .25
+   Vermont and New York                          .20           .21 @  .22
+   N. S. and N. B. Firsts                                      .19 @  .20
+ POTATOES                               1.50 @  1.62          2.50 @ 2.75
+ ONIONS                                 2.00 @  2.25          3.00 @ 3.25
+ SQUASH, Marrow                          .60 @   .75          1.75 @ 2.00
+ APPLES, Gravensteins                   1.50 @  2.50          5.00 @ 5.50
+
+If the articles given in the foregoing table be classified we find the
+following results as to the rise and fall of prices before and after
+the tariff of 1890.
+
+
+                         PRICES.
+
+  Risen.             Fallen.                       Unchanged.
+
+  Flour.             Oats.                         Dyes, S. Hayti.
+  Rye.               Shorts.                       Dyes, extracts.
+  Corn.              Cotton.                       Rosin.
+  Cod.               Print cloths.                 Pitch.
+  Herring.           Mackerel.                     Tar.
+  Hay.               Rye straw.                    Petroleum.
+  Oat straw.         Hemp--Manilla.                Salt.
+  Dyes, N. Hayti.    Jute butts.                   Tallow.
+  Whale oil.         Hides, domestic and foreign.  Lard.
+  Sperm oil.         Hops.                         Pa. wrappers.
+  Lard.              Opium.
+  Pork.              Hemlock bark.
+  Butter.            Pig iron.
+  Cheese.            Lead.
+  Potatoes.          Copper.
+  Havana wrappers.   Spelter.
+  Sumatra wrappers.  Leather--all kinds.
+  Tea.               Molasses.
+  Coffee.            Lumber.
+  Beef.              Turpentine.
+                     Linseed.
+                     Beef hams.
+                     Rice.
+                     Sugar.
+                     Rubber.
+                     Cornstarch.
+                     Wool.
+                     Eggs.
+                     Potatoes.
+                     Onions.
+                     Squash--Marrow.
+                     Apples--Gravenstein.
+                     Mutton.
+                     Veal.
+
+From these tables it is obvious that there has been, in the first
+place, no general rise of prices such as was confidently predicted by
+the panic-mongers of last year. On the contrary, the large majority of
+prices show a downward tendency. But more important than this is the
+fact made obvious by these tables that the price of the protected
+product has not risen. The foreign goods have advanced in some
+instances and been shut out in consequence, but domestic goods have
+taken their places, the price being kept down by domestic competition.
+In a word these tables prove that except for the enormous reduction in
+the cost of sugar, the new tariff has had but slight effect if any on
+the course of prices of the necessaries of life, and that the
+statements of the free traders as to a general rise of prices was
+entirely false.
+
+The following extract is from a letter from one of the largest
+wholesale clothing firms in Boston. It tells its own story:--
+
+     "In reply to yours of the 10th inst., would say that we sold
+     clothing in every grade in August, 1891, at fully 10 per cent.
+     less in prices than in August, 1886; for instance, a cassimere
+     suit sold then for $12.00 which we sell now for $10.50, and one
+     sold for $13.50 and we sell the same now for $12.00. An overcoat
+     sold then for $11.50 which we sell now for $10.00. Another grade
+     sold then for $16.50 and sells for $15.00 now. This difference
+     will run through all grades in proportion to prices. The
+     difference in prices between August, 1890, and '91, is very
+     little, if any; less rather than more in '91."
+
+As to the development of manufacturing under the McKinley bill I will
+quote first the opinion of a disinterested witness. The British
+Consular General at New York, in his report of May 8, 1891, speaks as
+follows:--
+
+     "Influenced by the new and higher duties afforded for the benefit
+     of American manufacturing interests, new life has been imparted
+     to the cotton, worsted, woollen, and knit underwear industry.
+     Everywhere, especially in the Southern States, new textile mills
+     have been going up with surprising activity, and all the old
+     corporations have been operated on full time....
+
+     "As a rule, all the cotton mills have had a year of unusual
+     activity. The production has been of larger volume than in any
+     previous year, and the goods have found a ready sale generally
+     but at comparatively low prices, considering the high prices
+     which prevailed during the first six months of the year for
+     cotton. Market prices, except in a few cases, did not vary with
+     the price of cotton. Opening generally at low rates, cotton goods
+     have been steady, the home and export demand being sufficient to
+     absorb the supply of all standard and staple makers of brown,
+     bleached, and colored goods, if we except printing cloths and
+     calicoes....
+
+     "The worsted goods industry has been marked by fresh life since
+     the new tariff has, to a great extent, cut off the importation of
+     the lowest grades of such goods. All the old factories have
+     started up, and are making goods on safe orders; and new mills
+     are being erected by European and British capitalists with a view
+     to manufacturing a finer class of dress goods, etc., than ever
+     before has been produced in this country. The woollen goods
+     industry, apart from ladies' cloths, does not show any
+     perceptible signs of improvement, but keeps on a slow, steady
+     gait, apart from carpetings and woollen underwear. Both of the
+     latter industries have been unusually busy during the last six
+     months at fairly profitable prices."
+
+To give a complete list of the new industries started since the
+passage of the McKinley bill would be impossible, and would occupy
+more space than THE ARENA could spare. I give, therefore, a partial
+list compiled from the _Boston Commercial Bulletin_, and covering only
+the first three months after the passage of the law, that is, from
+Oct. 1, 1890. These are the months most unfavorable to the bill, but
+the statistics show what the growth of new and old industries has been
+under the tariff of 1890 in three months, and indicate what the future
+increase is likely to be.
+
+
+SHOES AND LEATHER.
+
+  Shoe factory at Portsmouth, Va.
+
+  Tannery and horse collar manufactory at Demorest, Ga.
+  Shoe factory building by the town of Ayer to cost $15,000.
+  White Bros, new tannery at Lowell for finishing fine upper leather.
+  Towle's new shoe factory at Northwood, N. H.
+  New shoe factory at Natick, Mass.
+  New shoe factory at Beverly, Mass.
+  New shoe factory at Salisbury, N. C.
+  Voltaire Electric Shoe Co., of Manchester, N. H. (Capital, $50,000.)
+  New factory at Ellsworth, Me.
+  New factory at Sherman, Me.
+  New factory at Whitman, Mass., for Commonwealth Shoe Co.
+  New factory at East Pepperell, Mass. (Employs over 700 hands.)
+  Manhattan Rubber Shoe Co., at New York. (Capital, $50,000.)
+  Crocker Harness Co., of Tisbury, Mass. (Capital, $77,000.)
+
+
+COTTON.
+
+  Mutual Land & Mfg. Co., at Durham, N. C. (Capital, $280,000.)
+  Stock company (capital, $250,000) to erect cotton mill, at Fort
+      Worth, Texas.
+  Cabot Cotton Mfg. Co., at Brunswick, Me. (70,000 spindles.)
+  Shirt factory at Milford, Del. (To employ 30 women.)
+  New mill at New Bedford, Mass., for the manufacture of fine
+      yarn, on account of the high tariff on this grade of goods.
+  New mill at Dallas, Texas. (15,000 spindles.)
+  New cotton mill at Monroe, La. (Capital, $200,000.)
+  New mill at Austin, Texas, to cost $500,000.
+  Cotton factory at New Iberia, Ky.
+  Stock company (capital, $500,000) at Atlanta, Ga., to work the
+      fibre of the cotton stalk into warp for cotton bales.
+  New cotton factory at Abbeville, S. C.
+  New cotton factory at Summit, Miss.
+  Jean pants and cotton sack factory, at Louisiana State Penitentiary.
+  New cotton mill at Moosup, Conn.
+  New cotton mill at Wolfboro, N. H. (Capital, $800,000.)
+  Bagging mills at Sherman, Texas.
+  Cotton batting factory at Columbia, S. C. (Capital, $40,000.)
+  Cotton mill at Greenville, Tenn.
+  Cotton tie factory at Selma, Ala.
+
+
+WOOLLEN.
+
+  Harvey's carpet mills at Philadelphia, Pa.
+  Arlington mills at Lawrence. (Worsted--500 hands.)
+  Knitting mills at Cohoes, N. Y.
+  Knitting mills at Bennington, Vt. (75 hands.)
+  Woollen mill at Barre Plains near Worcester. (Fancy Cassimeres.)
+  Crescent yarn and knitting mills at New Orleans, La.
+      (Capital, $75,000. Capacity 500 dozen of hose per day.)
+  Wytheville Woollen & Knitting Co. at Wytheville, W. Va.
+     (Capital, $30,000.)
+  Yarn factory at Athens, S. C.
+  Coat factory at Ellsworth, Me. (Employs 75 to 100 hands.)
+  Woollen mills at Lynchburg, Va.
+  Woollen manufactory at Philadelphia, Pa.
+  Knitting mill (200 x 90) at Cohoes, N. Y.
+  Woollen factory at Worcester, Mass.
+  Knitting mill at Raleigh, N. C. ($25,000.)
+  Knitting mill at Pittsboro, N. C.
+  Cotton and woollen yarns at Catonsville, Md. (Capital, $10,000.)
+  Yarn factory at Lambert's Point, Va. (Capital, $25,000.)
+  New factories of the Merrimack Coat and Glove Co., at Waban, N. H.
+  Knitting mill at Rockton, N. Y.
+  Yarn manufactory at Winsted, Conn.
+  Worsted manufactory at Woonsocket, R. I.
+
+
+POTTERY AND GLASS.
+
+  Chattanooga Pottery Co. Pottery mills at Millville, Tenn.
+  Glass factory to manufacture glass jars and bottles at
+      Middletown, Indiana.
+  Window glass factory at Baltimore, Md.
+  Glass manufactory at Fostoria, Ohio. (125 persons operate 12 pots.)
+  Parmenter Mfg. Co. at East Brockfield, Mass. (Capital, $250,000.)
+  Glass manufactory at Grand Rapids, Mich.
+  American Union Bottle Co. Glass works at Woodbury, N. J.
+  A. Busch Glass Works at St. Louis, Mo.
+  Large glass plant at Denver, Col., by Chicago parties.
+      (To employ between 300 and 400 men.)
+  Diamond Plate Glass Co., at Kokomo, Indiana.
+      (Capacity, 5,500 ft. per day.)
+  New green glass factory at Alton, Ills. (To employ 425 men.)
+  Union Glass Co. at Malaga, N. J. (Capital, $100,000.)
+  Window Glass Co. of Pittsburgh, Pa. (Capital, $100,000.)
+  Window glass factory at Millville, N. J.
+  Glass manufactory at North Baltimore, Md. (Optical goods.)
+
+
+PAPER AND PULP.
+
+  New paper mill at Newport and Sunapee, N. H.
+  Otis Falls Pulp Co. at Livermore Falls, Me.
+  Mill for the manufacture of glazed hardware paper at Hemington, Conn.
+  Girvins Falls Pulp Co. of Concord, N. H. (Capital, $40,000.)
+  Paper mill at Manchester, Col.
+  New pulp mill at Howland, Me.
+  New pulp mill at Saxon, Wis.
+  New paper mill at Orono, Mo.
+  Large paper mill at Reading, Pa.
+  Brookside Paper Mill at Manchester, Conn.
+  Paper box factory at Richmond, Va. (Cost $7,000.)
+  Eureka Paper Mill Co. at Lower Oswego Falls, N. Y.
+  Shattuck & Babcock Co. of Depue, Wis. (Capital, $500,000.)
+  Pulp mill at Huntsville, Ala., by American Fibre Co. of New York.
+      (Capital $80,000.)
+
+
+IRON AND STEEL.
+
+  Liberty Iron Co., at Columbia Furnace, Va. (Capital, $50,000.)
+  Basic steel plant, at Roanoke, Va. (Capital, $750,000. Capacity,
+      200 tons per day.)
+  Ashland Steel Co., at Ashland, Ky. (400 tons finished steel per day.)
+  Tredegar Steel Works, at Tredegar, Ala. (100 tons per day.)
+  Pennsylvania Steel Co., of Philadelphia. (Large ship building plant
+      at Sparrow Point, on Chesapeake Bay.)
+  Pittsburg Malleable Iron Co., of Pittsburg, Pa. (Capital, $25,000.)
+  Beaver Tube Co., of Wheeling, W. Va. (Capital, $1,000,000.)
+  $1,000,000 stock company at Wheeling, W. Va., to develop coal and
+      iron mines, etc.
+  New plant at Morristown, Tenn.
+  Iron furnace at Winston, N. C., by Washington and Philadelphia
+      parties.
+  Buda Iron Works, of Buda, Ill. (Capital, $24,000. Railroad supplies
+      and architectural iron work.)
+  Simonds Manufacturing Co., of Pennsylvania. (Iron and steel.
+      Capital, $50,000.)
+  Iron City Milling Co., of Pittsburg, Pa. (Capital, $50,000.)
+  One hundred and twenty-five ton blast furnace, at Covington, Va.
+  Iron works at Jaspar, Tenn. (Capital, $30,000.)
+  Planing mill at Jaspar, Tenn. (Capital, $10,000.)
+
+
+METAL WORKING.
+
+  Peninsular Metal Works, of Detroit, Mich. (Capital, $100,000.)
+  Iron and brass foundry at Easton, Md.
+  Tinware factory at Petersburgh, Va.
+  Steel Edge Japanning & Tinning Co., at Medway, Mass.
+      (Factory 800 x 60 feet.)
+  Horsch Aluminium Plating Co., of Chicago, Ill. (Capital, $5,000,000.)
+  Tin plate manufactory at Chicago, Ill.
+
+
+MACHINERY AND HARDWARE.
+
+  Lynn Lasting Machine Co., at Saco, Me. (Capital, $50,000.)
+  Tin plate mill at Chattanooga, Tenn.
+  New plow factory at West Lynchburg, Va.
+  Machine works for Edison Electric Co., at Cohoes, N. H.
+  Haywood Foundry Co., at Portland, Me. (Capital, $150,000.)
+  Larrabee Machinery Co., at Bath, Me. (Capital, $250,000.)
+  Manufactory of mowers at Macon, Ga. (Capital, $50,000.)
+  Cooking stove manufactory at Blacksburg, S. C.
+  Nail, horse-shoe, and cotton tie factory at Iron Gate, Va.
+  Iron foundry and stove works at Ivanhoe, Va.
+  Wire fence factory at Bedford City, Va.
+  Nail mill and rolling mill with 28 puddling furnaces at
+      Buena Vista, Va.
+  Car works by Boston capitalists at Beaumont, Texas.
+      (Capital, $500,000.)
+  Car works plant at Goshen, Va.
+  Car works plant at Lynchburg, Va.
+  Nail mill at Morristown, Tenn.
+  Machine and iron works at Blacksburg, S. C. (Capital, $120,000.)
+  Eureka Safe & Lock Co. at Covington, Ky. (Capital, $50,000.)
+  Agricultural implements factory at Buchanan, Va. (Capital, $50,000.)
+  Tin can and pressed tinware factory at Canton, Md.
+  New hosiery factory at Charlotte, N. C.
+  $10,000 chair factory and $25,000 foundry and machine shop at
+      Attalla, Ala.
+  Iron foundry and machine shops at Bristol, Tenn. (Capital, $25,000.)
+  Large skate factory at Nashua, N. H.
+  Stove Foundry & Machine Co. in Llano, Texas. (Cost, $100,000.)
+  Safety Package Co., at Baltimore, Md. (Capital, $1,000,000.
+      To manufacture safes, locks, etc.)
+  Stove foundry at Salem, Va. (Cost $20,000. Capital, $60,000.)
+  Locomotive works plant at Chattanooga, Tenn. (Capital, $500,000.)
+  Fulton Machine Co., at Syracuse, N. Y. (Capital, $33,000.)
+  Chicago Machine Carving & Mfg. Co., at Chicago, Ill.
+     (Capital, $50,000. To manufacture interior decorations,
+     mouldings, etc.)
+  Standard Elevator Co., of Chicago, Ill. (Capital, $300,000.)
+  Wire nail mill at Salem, Va. (To employ over 100 men.)
+
+
+TIN PLATE.
+
+The following firms are manufacturing tin-plate, or building new mills
+or additions to old ones for that purpose.
+
+  Demmler & Co., Philadelphia.
+  Coates & Co., Baltimore.
+  Fleming & Hamilton, Pittsburg.
+  Wallace, Banfield & Co., Irondale, Ohio.
+  Jennings Bros. & Co., Pittsburg.
+  Niedringhaus, St. Louis.
+
+There is one other charge which was freely made against the tariff of
+1890, that deserves a brief answer. It was said that the McKinley bill
+would stop trade with other countries, and that it raised duties "all
+along the line."
+
+A plain tale from the "Statement of Foreign Commerce and Immigration,"
+published by the Treasury Department for June, 1891, puts this
+accusation down very summarily.
+
+  Total imports free of duty for nine months,
+  ending June 30, 1891                           $295,963,665
+
+  Total imports free of duty for nine months,
+  ending June 30, 1890                            208,983,873
+                                                 ------------
+  Balance in favor of nine months,
+  ending June 30, 1891.                            86,979,792
+
+  Total dutiable imports for nine months,
+  ending June 30, 1890                            389,786,032
+
+  Total dutiable imports for nine months,
+  ending June 30, 1891                            334,242,340
+                                                  -----------
+  Balance in favor of nine months,
+  ending June 30, 1891                             55,543,692
+
+  Total imports for nine months,
+  ending June 30, 1891                            630,206,005
+
+  Total imports for nine months,
+  ending June 30, 1890                            598,769,905
+                                                  -----------
+  Balance in favor of nine months,
+  ending June 30, 1891                             31,436,100
+
+
+
+
+BISMARCK IN THE GERMAN PARLIAMENT.
+
+BY EMILIO CASTELAR.
+
+
+I cannot pardon the historian Bancroft, loved and admired by all, for
+having one day, blinded by the splendors of a certain illustrious
+person's career, compared an institution like the new German empire
+with such an institution as the secular American Republic. The
+impersonal character of the latter and the personal character of the
+former place the two governments in radical contrast. In America the
+nation is supreme--in Germany, the emperor. In the former the saviour
+of the negroes--redeemer and martyr--perished almost at the beginning
+of his labors. His death did not delay for one second the emancipation
+of the slave which had been decreed by the will of the nation,
+immovable in its determinations, through which its forms and
+personifications are moved and removed. In America the President in
+the full exercise of his functions is liable to indictment in a
+criminal court; he is nevertheless universally obeyed, not on account
+of his personality and still less on account of his personal prestige,
+but on account of his impersonal authority, which emanates from the
+Constitution and the laws. It little matters whether Cleveland favors
+economic reaction during his government, if the nation, in its
+assemblies, demands stability. The mechanism of the United States,
+like that of the universe, reposes on indefectible laws and
+uncontrollable forces. Germany is in every way the antithesis of
+America; it worships personal power. To this cause is due the
+commencement of its organization in Prussia, a country which was
+necessarily military since it had to defend itself against the Slavs
+and Danes in the north, and against the German Catholics in the south.
+Prussia was constituted in such a manner that its territory became an
+intrenched camp, and its people a nation in arms. Nations, even though
+they be republican, which find it necessary to organize themselves on
+a military model, ultimately relinquish their parliamentary
+institutions and adopt a Caesarian character and aspect. Greece
+conquered the East under Alexander; Rome extended her empire
+throughout the world under Caesar; France, after her victories over the
+united kings, and the expedition to Egypt under Bonaparte, forfeited
+her parliament and the republic to deliver herself over to the emperor
+and the empire. Consequently the terms emperor and commander-in-chief
+appear to be the synonyms in all languages. And by virtue of this
+synonymy of words the Emperor of Germany exercises over his subjects a
+power very analogous to that which a general exercises over his
+soldiers. Bismarck should have known this. And knowing this
+truth--intelligible to far less penetrating minds than his--Bismarck
+should in his colossal enterprise have given less prominence to the
+emperor and more to Germany. He did precisely the contrary of what he
+should have done. The Hohenzollern dynasty has distinguished itself
+beyond all other German dynasties by its moral nature and material
+temperament of pure and undisguised autocracy. The Prussian dynasty
+has become more absolute than the Catholic and imperial dynasties of
+Germany. A Catholic king always finds his authority limited by the
+Church, which depends completely on the Pope, whereas a Prussian
+monarch grounds his authority on two enormous powers, the dignity of
+head of the State, and that of head of the Church. The autocratic
+character native to the imperial dynasties of Austria is greatly
+limited by the diversity of races subjected to their dominion and to
+the indispensable assemblies of the diet around his imperial majesty.
+
+But a king of Prussia, always on horseback, leader in military times,
+defender of a frontier greatly disputed by formidable enemies, whose
+soil looks like a dried-up marsh from which the ancient Slav race had
+been obliged to drain off the water, is required to direct his
+subjects as a general does an army. The intellectual, political, and
+military grandeur of Frederick the Great augmented this power and
+assured it to his descendants for a long epoch. It has happened to
+each king of Prussia since that time to perform some colossal task,
+grounded in an irreducible antinomy. Frederick William II. devoted
+himself to the reconciliation of Calvinism and Lutheranism as divided
+in his days as during the thirty years war, which was maintained by
+the heroism of Gustavus Adolphus, and repressed by the exterminating
+sword of Wallenstein. Frederick William IV. endeavored to unite
+Christianity and Pantheism in his philosophical lucubrations; the
+Protestant churches were deprived of their churchyards and statues by
+virtue of and in execution of Royal Lutheran mandates, as was also the
+Catholic Cathedral of Cologne, restored to-day in more brilliant
+liturgical splendor with the sums paid for pontifical indulgences.
+Bismarck did as he liked with the empire when it was ruled by William
+I., and did not foresee what would be the irremissible and natural
+issue of the system to which he lent his authority and his name. When
+William I. snatched his crown from the altar, as Charlemagne might
+have done, and clapped it on his head, repeating formulas suited to
+Philip II. and Charles V., the minister was silent and submitted to
+these blasphemies, derived from the ancient doctrine of the divine
+right of kings, because they increased his own ministerial power,
+exercised under a presidency and governorship chiefly nominal and
+honorary. But a thinker of his force, a statesman of his science, a
+man of his greatness, should have remembered what physiologists have
+demonstrated with regard to heredity, and should have known that it
+was his duty and that of the nation and the Germans to guard against
+some atavistic caprice which would strike at his own power. The
+predecessor of Frederick the Great was a monomaniac and the
+predecessor of William the Strong was a madman. Could Bismarck not
+foresee that by his leap backwards he ran the risk of lending himself
+to the fatal reproduction of these same circumstances, of
+transcendental importance to the whole estate, nay, to the whole
+nation? A king of Bavaria singing Wagner's operas among rocks and
+lakes; a brother of the king of Bavaria resembling Sigismund de
+Calderon by his epilepsy and insanity; Prince Rudolph showing that the
+double infirmity inherent in the paternal lineage of Charles the Rash
+and in the maternal line of Joanna the Mad continues in the Austrians;
+a recent king of Prussia itself shutting himself up in his room as in
+a gaol, and obliged by fatality to abdicate the throne of his
+forefathers during his lifetime in favor of the next heir, must prove,
+as they have done, what is the result of braving the maledictions of
+the oracle of Delphi, and the catastrophes of the twins of OEdipus
+with such persistency, in this age, in important and mature
+communities, which cannot become diseased, much less cease to exist
+when certain privileged families sicken and die. Not that I would ask
+people to do what is beyond their power and prohibited by their honor.
+There was no necessity, as a revolutionist might imagine, to overturn
+the dynasty. A very simple solution of the problem would have been to
+take against the probable extravagances of the Fredericks and Williams
+of Prussia the same precautions that were taken in England against the
+Georges of Hanover. These last likewise suffered from mental
+disorders. And so troubled were they by their afflictions that they
+were haunted by a grave inclination to prefer their native, though
+unimportant hereditary throne in the Germany of their forefathers to
+the far more important kingdom conferred on them by the parliamentary
+decision of England. But the English, to obviate this, showed
+themselves a powerful nation and respected the dynasty. Bismarck
+wished to make the king absolute in Prussia; he desired that a Caesar
+should reign over Germany; and to-day the king and the Caesar are
+embodied in a young man who has set aside the old Chancellor, and
+believes himself to have received from heaven, together with the right
+to represent God on this earth, the omnipotence and omniscience of God
+himself. Can it be doubted any longer that history reveals an inherent
+providential justice? To-day we see it unfold itself as if to show us
+that the distant perspectives of the past live in the present and
+extend throughout futurity.
+
+
+II.
+
+Bismarck was on his guard against Frederick the Good, from whom a
+progressive policy was expected on account of his philosophical ideas,
+and a liberal and parliamentary government on account of the domestic
+influences which surrounded him. Knowing the humanitarian tendencies
+which sparkled in his disappointed mind, and the ascendency exercised
+over his diseased heart by the loved Empress Victoria, Bismarck
+availed himself of the terrible infirmity with which implacable fate
+afflicted the second Lutheran Emperor of Germany, and retained the
+imperial power in his own person, as though William I. were not dead.
+The enormous corpse of the latter, like that of Frederick Barbarossa,
+made a subject for analogous legends by German tradition, was replaced
+by another corpse, and in the decomposition consequent to his
+frightful infirmity, the unfortunate Frederick III. seems to have
+realized the title of a celebrated Spanish drama, "To Govern After
+Death" (_Reinar Despues de Morir_). All that he could do, when already
+ravaged by cancer, when the microbes of a terrible disease, like the
+worms of the sepulchre, were attacking and destroying him, was to open
+up a vista to timid hope, and to publish certain promises animated by
+an exalted humaneness, in spite of and unknown to the Chancellor who
+was not consulted in these declarations, which might be said to have
+descended from heaven on the wings of the angel of death. Bismarck
+went to and fro among the doctors, who naturally refused to declare
+the terrible disease mortal, and prepared to vanquish the moribund
+will of Frederick and the British notions of his widow, fearing that
+when the last breath of the imperial life had ceased the whole policy
+of Germany would have to be changed, as a scene in a theatre must be
+changed if it has been hissed. It was certain that there was as great
+a difference between the ideas of the Emperor William I. and those of
+Frederick III., separated by so brief a space, as between those of the
+Emperor Frederick Barbarossa and those of the Emperor Frederick II.,
+his successor, after the long period of two hundred years had changed
+the capital features of the Middle Ages; the first was an unalloyed
+Catholic, notwithstanding his dissidences with the Guelph cities, and
+even with the Pope a stern Caesar, like the good Roman Caesars in time
+of war and defence, a veritable orthodox crusader, whose piety was
+concealed as in a colossal mountain whence he awaited the reconquest
+of outraged Jerusalem by the Christians; whereas the second was an
+almost Pantheistic poet and philosopher, whose Catholicity was mingled
+with Orientalism, who was equally given to the discussion of
+theological and of scientific questions, who followed the crusades in
+fulfilment of an hereditary tradition, who penetrated into the
+Basilica of the Holy Sepulchre by virtue of an extraordinary covenant
+with the infidel, and whose own beliefs were so cosmopolitan that they
+brought down a sentence of excommunication upon himself and of
+interdiction upon his kingdom. To Pope Innocent III., the former
+typified the Catholic emperor of the Middle Ages; Frederick II.
+appeared to him very much the same as in our days the Lutheran emperor
+appeared to Prince Bismarck, who took every possible precaution
+against the humanitarianism and parliamentarism of his dying pupil,
+and at the same time impelled his eldest son, the next heir to the
+crown, with all his influence and advice towards absolutist principles
+and reactionary propensities. No upright mind can ever forget the
+terrible desecration committed when, a few days before the death of
+his father, young William spoke of the empire as of a possession which
+it was to be understood he had already entered upon, and awarded the
+arm and head of his iron Chancellor the title of arm and head
+connatural with the Caesarian institution. I know of no statesman in
+history who has given, under analogous circumstances, such proof of
+want of foresight as was given by Bismarck, comprehensible only if the
+body could assume the authority of the will, as did his, and if the
+intelligence could disappear, as did his, in an hydropic and
+unquenchable desire for power. Frederick, holding progressive ideas
+opposed to those of Bismarck and of William, would have greatly
+considered public opinion, and on account of that consideration would
+have perhaps respected, till the hour of his death, the Pilot, who,
+dejected by the new direction of public government, inferred that
+irreparable evil must result therefrom. When Maurice of Saxony trod on
+the heels of Charles V., whom he had defeated at Innsbruck, he was
+asked why he did not capture so rich a booty, and replied: "Where
+should I find a cage large enough for such a big bird?" Assuredly the
+conscience and mind of such a parliamentarian and philosopher as was
+Frederick III., must have addressed to him a similar question when he
+inwardly meditated sacrificing the Chancellor's person and prescinding
+his power: "Where should I find a place outside the government for
+such a man, who would struggle under bolts and chains, making the
+whole state tremble in sympathy with his own agitation?" The
+experience and talent of Frederick, together with his respect for
+public opinion, led him to retain Bismarck at his post, subject only
+to some slight restrictions. But the Chancellor, in his
+shortsightedness, filled young William's head with absolutist ideas;
+spurred and excited him to display impatience with his poor father;
+and when thus nurtured, his ward opened his mouth to satisfy his
+appetite, he swallowed up the Chancellor as a wild beast devours a
+keeper.
+
+It was the hand of Providence!
+
+
+III.
+
+The onus of blame devolves on Bismarck's native ideas, which persisted
+in him from his cradle and resisted the revelations of his own
+personal experience as well as the spirit of our progressive age. In
+Bismarck there always subsisted the rural fibre of the Pomeranian
+rustic, in unison with the demon of feudal superstition and
+intolerance. In politics and religion he was born, like certain of the
+damned in "Dante's Inferno," with his head turned backwards by
+destiny. A quarrelsome student, a haughty noble, pleased only with his
+lands and with the privileges ascribed to the land owner, incapable of
+understanding the ideal of natural right and the contexture of
+parliamentary government, a Christian of merely external routine and
+formalist liturgy, he excited in the pusillanimous Frederick William,
+in his earliest counsels and during his early influence in the crisis
+of '48, a horror of democratic principles and progressist schools
+which led him to salute the corpses of his own victims, stretched out
+on the beds of his own royal palace, and to prostrate himself at the
+feet of Austria in the terrible humiliation of Olmutz, that political
+and moral Jena of the civil wars of the Germanic races. Very
+perspicuous in discerning the slightest cloud that might endanger the
+privileges of the monarchy and aristocracy, he was blind of an
+incurable blindness with respect to the discernment of the breath of
+life contained in the febrile agitations of new Germany, which
+discharged from its revolutionary tripod sufficient magnetism and
+electricity between the tempests, similar to those which flash, and
+thunder, and fulminate, from the summits of all the Sinais of all
+histories, to inflame a higher soul in any other more progressive
+society. The world cannot understand that he should have been
+perturbed by the external clamor of the revolution, when the idea of
+Germanic unity had become condensed in the soul of the nation,
+revealing itself by volcanic eruptions, like an incipient or radiant
+star; he could not understand how the Congress of Frankfort, cursed by
+him, foreshadowed the future, as though inspired by tongues of fire;
+and could not avail himself of all that ether whose comet-like
+violence, cooled down in the course of time, was to compose the new
+German nationality, and was to give it a greater fatherland where
+its inherent genial nature should glow and expand. In his
+shortsightedness, in his lack of progressive spirit, in his want of
+the prophetic gift, he imagined the principle of Germanic unity lost
+at Olmutz, like the principle of Italian unity at Novara, and
+ridiculed those who, certain of the immortality of such principles,
+foretold for both a Passover of Resurrection. He never understood the
+innermost essence and intrinsic substance of the principle, to which
+it owes its force and glory, sufficiently to adopt it, until he had
+witnessed its success in Italy, insulted in his speeches during the
+tempestuous dawn of the new common idea. It is on this account that I
+am rendered indignant by any comparison of Bismarck and Cavour, as I
+am rendered equally indignant by a comparison of Washington and
+Bonaparte. The father of the Saxon fatherland of America, and the
+father of the Italian fatherland in Europe, alike rendered worship to
+goodness, and never deviated from right in any degree; whereas the
+founders of French imperialism and of Germanic imperialism, much
+addicted to violence and very vain of their conquests, relinquished
+something as great and as fragile and sinister as the works produced
+by the genius of evil and outer darkness in all theogony. In the last
+years of the reign of Napoleon III., during the discussion of a
+message in the French Legislative Corps, Rouher extolled the public
+and private virtues of the emperor. My late lamented friend, Jules
+Favre, replied to him in a speech worthy of Demosthenes: "You may be
+content to be the minister of such a Marcus Aurelius; to such paltry
+dignities, I prefer the higher privilege of calling myself a citizen
+of a free country." Bismarck preferred to maintain himself in power by
+the help of his kings--quite the contrary of what Gladstone does, who
+maintains his sovereign. Whom can he blame but himself? Emperors are
+accustomed to be ferocious with their favorites when they are weary of
+them. Just as Tiberius expelled Sejanus, just as Nero killed Seneca,
+just as John II. hanged D. Alvaro de Luna, just as Philip II.
+persecuted Antonio Perez till he died, just as Philip III. beheaded D.
+Rodrigo Calderon, William II. has morally beheaded Bismarck, without
+any other motive than his imperial caprice. _Sic volo, sic jubeo._ So
+now will the Chancellor venture to present himself in parliament
+because he has been dismissed from the royal palace like a lackey?
+_Quae te dementia caepit?_ When, after Waterloo, Napoleon, adopting the
+theatrical style of an Italian _artiste_, suitable to his tragical
+disposition, and repeating a few badly learned Plutarchesque phrases,
+suitable to the classical education of his age, asked the English, his
+enemies, to accord him hospitality, as in ancient times Themistocles
+might have petitioned his enemies the Persians, the English replied by
+sending him to St. Helena. Bismarck in disfavor and disgrace solicits
+an asylum from his enemies, the commons, whom he has never defeated,
+yet whom he has always disdained. And as the English condemned their
+troublesome guest to live on a gloomy little island, the electors
+condemn their repugnant petitioner to a second ballot. But the
+Chancellor will be completely undeceived; he possesses no
+qualifications whatever for the position he has chosen. An orator, a
+great orator, he one day failed to keep his pledged word, and the
+apostate word condemns him to never regain the executive power through
+its intervention. In the sessions of parliament he will resemble the
+plucked and cackling hen thrown by the Sophists into Socrates'
+lecture-room. The admired Heine, so fertile in genial ideas,
+represented the gods of Phidias and Plato, besides being downfallen
+and vagabond, selling rabbit skins on the seashore, and being forced
+to light brushwood fires by which to warm their benumbed bodies during
+the winter nights. To-day the writers, salaried by Bismarck, known as
+reptiles, now turn on him, for a similar salary, the venomous fangs
+which he formerly aimed at his innumerable enemies. And yonder, in the
+parliament where formerly he strode in with sabre, and belt, and
+spurred boots, a helmet under his arm, a cuirass on his breast, he
+will now enter like a chicken-hearted charity-school boy, and that
+assembly which he formerly whipped with a strong hand, like
+school-boys, laughed at and caricatured in often brutal sarcasm,
+ridiculed at every instant, ignored in the calculation of the budget
+and the army estimates during long years, and sometimes divided and
+dispersed by his strokes, they, the rabble, will trample on him, like
+the Lilliputians on Gulliver, incapable of estimating his stature, and
+eternity and history will speedily bury him, not like a despot, in
+Egyptian porphyry, but like a buffoon.
+
+
+IV.
+
+In few statesmen has it been seen so clearly as in the case of the
+Chancellor that no great man can make himself greater than a great
+idea. Opposed to the Germanic union in the commencement of its
+creative period, at the time of the revolution of '48, he accepted it
+much later, not so much of his own initiative and free will as in
+obedience to the teachings of unpleasant experiences. Between his
+anti-union and almost feudal speeches which softened the disaster of
+Olmutz, and his conversion, more than fourteen years ensued, the whole
+space of time which extended from the dawn of the revolution to the
+triumph of Italy. In that conversion lay the veritable glory of his
+life, and he proved therein, by successive and tardy gradations, that
+he could tenaciously avail himself of his courage, and lead up to the
+triumph of the newly created and loved project with marvellous art.
+The policy developed against Austria at Frankfort by its snares, by
+its traps, by its deceits, and by its tricks, exhibited him to history
+as a prodigy of cunning and foresight, in whom the enthusiasm of a
+living sentiment was associated with computations of consummate
+dexterity. His embassy to Paris and to St. Petersburg, where he united
+against Austria persons so opposed to concord as Napoleon and
+Alexander, each for his own part determined to do nothing which might
+increase the power of Germany, surpassed in cleverness everything ever
+achieved in celebrated combinations by such diplomats as Talleyrand
+and Metternich, the two illustrious models of political strategy. The
+inclusion of Austria in the incidents of the duchies of the River Elbe
+and the jugglery done with the territory acquired with its direct
+assent, in addition to the preparation of the final stroke for the
+presidency of the Germanic federation, by means of a war prepared with
+cunning stealth and carried out with rapid triumph, are among the
+greatest feats for which praises and deifications are due to him and
+which testify to his merit. I cannot forget that to his efforts we owe
+the ruin of Austrian despotism, and of Napoleonic Caesarism; the
+re-establishment of Hungarian independence; the return of Italy's
+long lost provinces to her bosom; the end of the Pope's temporal
+power, and the fortunate occasion of the new birth of the republic in
+France. In his schemes Bismarck forwarded a higher ideal of progress
+and, consciously or unconsciously, he--than whom nobody was ever more
+inspired by motives and triumphant in his undertakings--has served the
+universal interests of the democracy. But he has achieved his
+undeniable victories by means and procedures which have not fitted him
+for the position of a German deputy, and do not lend him any force,
+either moral or material, for his new elective office. The whole of
+his great edifice is founded on a complete oblivion of parliamentary
+traditions, to-day courted lovingly by its most crafty enemy, whose
+inconstancy is extraordinary. Reservedness, dissimulation, secrecy,
+deceit, double meanings in words, what by analogy with the former we
+call duplicity of character, treaties made by stealth, midnight
+conspiracies, imposition of taxes not voted by parliament, levies
+arbitrarily decreed by the executive without authorization and even
+without consultation as in Asia, the right of conquest practised in
+the light of reason, violent annexations which dismembered one nation
+for the glory of another--such is the sum total of fatal traditions
+which Bismarck now solicits to be allowed to continue by means of free
+discussion, and in the bosom of open parliament. Palmerston and
+Gortchakoff cannot hop in the same bag. The minion of a Czar and the
+representative of a nation cannot be united in one and the same
+person. What programme can Bismarck develop to his colleagues which
+will have the moral character of necessary work? Moreover, the divine
+word called human eloquence descends only on the lips of that
+apostleship which redeems a nation from slavery and impels it forward.
+You could not understand Daniel defending the kings of Babylon,
+Demosthenes defending Philip, Cicero defending Mark Antony, O'Connell
+defending the landlords of Ireland, and Vergniaud or Mirabeau
+defending the absolute kings of France. If Bismarck accepts the
+liberal and tolerant policy of to-day, will he not thereby countenance
+the emperor who has ridiculed him and Caprivi who has audaciously
+seated himself in that exalted position from which Bismarck thought
+never to fall before his death? The great man is a poor appraiser of
+ideas, accepting them from every quarter whence they blow to him if
+only they will fill his sails and propel his bark; but he will never
+understand what mischief he could work to his enemies by opposing a
+programme of advanced democratic reform to the imperial programme
+whose fixity resembles the rigidity of death. But what liberty can he
+invoke--he who has disavowed and injured all liberties? Not personal
+liberty--abused and trampled on constantly by his menials; not
+commercial liberty, sold for thirty pieces of silver after the
+Germanic Zollverein had brought great wealth to Prussia; not religious
+liberty, placed in grave danger by complacency with anti-Jewish
+preachers and by the May laws; not scientific liberty, after having
+persecuted every department of science--even history--and invested the
+state with full power to enforce the teaching of official doctrines
+everywhere and by everybody; not industrial liberty, wasted away by
+the regulation of labor which has transformed the workshops into
+garrisons, and made of the workmen an army. What remains for him to
+do? He has absolutely no resource at his disposal with which to
+undertake a campaign of active opposition. In social questions nothing
+is more worn out and useless than his pontifical socialism. This
+species of abortion has lately resulted in advancing the parturition
+of increased aspirations of the laborers, and as every kind of
+abortion leaves the womb which bears it, has done so violently. His
+law for the insurance of workmen, though dating only from '82, is
+already tottering in almost decrepit decay. He even admitted himself
+that it needed perfecting by means of a law that should establish
+compulsory corporations, like the ancient guilds, which proposal was
+objected to by the workmen themselves, more inclined to Saxon
+individualism and revolutionary co-operation than to his socialism, in
+which he saw salvation, and which they regarded as pedantic and
+hybrid. Bismarck's system had no justification and derogated all laws
+of ethics and justice. With his Utopian schemes the professors in
+their lecture-rooms endeavored to excite the Socialists, who, if they
+had listened and demanded their realization would have been exposed to
+be shot down in the streets by the soldiery, without anyone being able
+even to raise a protest against such indignities being possible in the
+country. Even his foreign policy can scarcely be justified; however
+skilful may have been the diplomatic and military preparations which
+led to his first triumph, it has proved a perplexed and confused
+policy since his final triumph. The Chancellor had no other
+alternative than to come to an agreement either with France and
+England against Russia, or else with Russia against France and
+England. To come to an arrangement with France against Russia
+necessitated the restitution of Alsace and Lorraine; to come to an
+understanding with Russia, it was necessary to permit the Russians to
+enter Constantinople. By these perplexities which shut out all hope of
+retaliation from France, thus exciting its colonial appetite, and
+which opened to Russia the path to the Bosphorus in a final eastern
+war, detaining her for a time in St. Stephens and preparing the two
+Bulgarias for an Austrian protectorate, Bismarck could have extricated
+himself from danger from both Russia and France when the bonds of the
+Triple Alliance were loosened at Rome by the fall of Crispi, and at
+Vienna by the Treaty of Commerce. We have not spoken of the Chancellor
+as an argonaut, of the Chancellor as a colonizer. All that he has been
+able to do, after having given occasion for enormous difficulties with
+Australia and England, with the United States and Spain, placing
+himself and placing us in danger of war for the Carolines, has been to
+break poor unlucky Emin Pasha's backbone, and to barter the
+protectorate of Zanzibar for the sponge known as Heligoland. And may
+thanks be given to William II. and to Caprivi for having, at such
+small cost, got over the difficulties of the Socialist laws of his
+home policy, and the colonial entanglements of his foreign policy.
+Bismarck may believe an old admirer of his personality and of his
+genius, though an adversary of his policy, and of the government
+dependent on that policy. Society, like nature, devours everything
+that it does not need. The death of William I., the Caesar; the death
+of Roon, the organizer; the death of Moltke, the strategist, all say
+to him that the species of men to which he belongs is fading out and
+becoming extinct. Modern science teaches that extinct species do not
+re-appear. Bossuet would say that the Eternal has destroyed the
+instrument of His providential work, because it is already useless.
+Remain, then, Bismarck, in retirement, and await, without neurotic
+impatience, the final judgment of God and of history.
+
+
+
+
+THE DOUBTERS AND THE DOGMATISTS.
+
+BY PROF. JAMES T. BIXBY, PH.D.
+
+
+An eminent ecclesiastic of the Church of England not long ago
+characterized the present age as pre-eminently the age of _doubt_, and
+lamented that whether he took up book, or magazine, or sermon, he was
+confronted with some form of it.
+
+This picture of our age is not an unjust one. The modern mind is
+thoroughly wide awake and has quite thrown off the leading-strings of
+ancient timidity. It looks all questions in the face and demands to be
+shown the real facts in every realm. All the traditions of history,
+the laws of science, the principles of morals are overhauled, and the
+foundations on which they rest relentlessly probed. And our modern
+curiosity can see no reason why it should cease its investigations
+when it comes to the frontiers of religion. It deems no dogma too old
+to be summoned before its bar; no council nor conclave too sacred to
+be asked for its credentials; no pope or Scripture too venerable to be
+put in the witness-box and cross-examined as to its accuracy or
+authority. In all the churches there is a spirit of inquiry abroad;
+almost every morning breeze brings us some new report of heresy, or
+the baying of the sleuth-hounds of orthodoxy, as they scent some new
+trail of infidelity; and the slogan of dogmatic controversy echoes
+from shore to shore.
+
+As we look around the ecclesiastical horizon, we find agitation and
+controversy on all sides. In one denomination, it is the question of
+the salvation of the _heathen_; in another, that of the virgin birth
+of Christ and the apostolic succession; in a third, it is the invasion
+of doubt as to the eternal torment of the wicked; in a fourth, the
+evidential value of the miracles; in a fifth, the grand questions
+included under the higher criticism of the Scriptures and the relative
+authority of reason and the Bible. In Congregational, Episcopalian,
+Baptist, Universalist, and Presbyterian folds, it is the same,
+everywhere some heresy to be disciplined, some doubt to be
+suppressed, some doctrinal battle hotly waged.
+
+To the greater part of the Church, this epidemic of scepticism is a
+subject of grave alarm. Unbelief seems to them, as to Mr. Moody, the
+worst of sins; and they consider the only proper thing to do with it,
+is to follow the advice of the Bishop of London, some years ago, and
+fling doubt away as you would a loaded shell. They apparently look
+upon Christianity as a huge powder magazine, which is likely to
+explode if a spark of candid inquiry comes near it.
+
+Others, on the contrary, fold their arms indifferently and regard this
+new spirit of investigation as only an evanescent breeze, which can
+produce no serious result upon the citadel of faith. A third party
+hail it with exultation as the first trumpet blast of the theological
+Goetterdaemerung, the downfall of all divine powers and the destruction
+of the Christian superstition, to give place to the naked facts of
+scientific materialism.
+
+What estimate, then, shall we put on this tendency?
+
+In the first place we must recognize that it is a serious condition;
+that it is no momentary eddy, but a permanent turn in the current of
+the human mind. Humanity is looking religion square in the face,
+without any band over its eyes, in a way it never has before; and when
+humanity once gets its eyes open to such questions,--it is in vain to
+try to close them, before the questions have been thoroughly examined.
+Certainly, Protestantism cannot call a halt upon this march. For it
+was Protestantism itself, proclaiming at the beginning of her struggle
+with Rome the right of private judgment, which started the modern mind
+upon this high quest; and Protestantism is therefore bound in logic
+and honor to see it through to the end, whatever that end may be.
+
+And in the next place, I believe that quest will end in good. Why the
+champions of faith should regard doubt as devil-born, rather than a
+providential instrument in God's hand, is something I do not
+understand. If doubt humbles the Church and acts as a thorn in its
+flesh, may not such chastening be providential, quite as much as the
+things which puff it up? As Luther well expressed it, "We say to our
+Lord, that if he will have his church, he must keep it, for we cannot.
+And if we could, we should be the proudest asses under heaven." As
+Attila was the scourge of God to the Roman world, when God needed to
+clear that empire out of the way, as he built his new Christendom, so
+may not doubt be the scourge of God to the easy-going, sleepy, too
+credulous piety of to-day, which gulps down all the husks of faith so
+fast that it never gets a taste of the kernel?
+
+Yes, doubt is often the needed preparation for obtaining truth. We
+must clear out the thorny thicket of superstition before we can begin
+to raise the sweet fruit of true religion.
+
+There are times when careful investigation is rightly called for. When
+doubting Thomas demanded to see the print of the nails, and touch and
+handle the flesh of the risen Christ, before he would believe in the
+resurrection of his Lord, his demand for the most solid proof of the
+great marvel was a wise and commendable one; one for which all
+subsequent generations of Christians are deeply indebted to him. To
+believe without evidence, or to suppress doubt where it legitimately
+arises, is both fostering superstition and exposing ourselves to error
+and danger. What shall we say of the merchant who refuses to entertain
+any question about the seaworthiness of his vessel, but sends her off
+across the Atlantic undocked and unexamined, piously trusting her to
+the Lord? Shall we commend him? or not rather charge him with culpable
+negligence? And what we say of such a merchant seems to me just what
+we should say of the Christian who refuses to investigate the
+seaworthiness of that ship of faith which his ancestors have left him.
+In astronomy, in politics, in law, we demand what business the dead
+hand of the past has on our lip, our brain, our purse? Why should the
+dead hand of an Augustine or Calvin be exempt from giving its
+authority? Why should these mediaeval glimpses of truth be given the
+right to close our eyes to-day from seeing what we ourselves can see
+and speaking forth what we can hear of heavenly truth?
+
+In all other departments of knowledge, investigation has brought us up
+to a higher outlook, where we see the true relations of things better
+than before. In all other branches, God has given us new light, so
+that we discern things more as they really are. Science has risen by
+making a ladder of its earlier errors and by treading them under foot,
+reaching to higher truths. The Bible itself is the growth of ages; and
+Christian doctrine and Christian creeds have been the evolution of a
+still longer period. The dogmas of the churches are most manifold and
+conflicting. Is it not rather immodest and absurd for each church to
+claim infallibility for its present creed, and that wisdom died when
+the book of Revelation closed the Bible, or the Council of Trent or
+the Westminster Assembly adjourned its sitting? It seems to me that
+the churches ought, instead, to be willing and anxious to receive
+whatever new light God may grant them to-day, and with the potent
+clarifying processes of reason, separate the pure gold of religion
+from the dross and alloys of olden superstition and misguided
+judgment.
+
+But to the modern devotees of dogma, any subjection of it to the
+cleansing of the reason seems shocking. The forefront of Dr. Briggs'
+recent offending, for which he is about to be formally tried as a
+heretic, is that he admits errors in the Bible and gives reason (by
+which he means, as he explains, not merely the understanding, but also
+the conscience and the religious instinct in man), a conjoint place
+with the Bible and the Church in the work of salvation and the
+attainment of divine truth. To the modern dogmatist, these positions
+seem sceptical and pernicious. But to the philosopher, who knows the
+laws of human nature, to every scholar who knows the actual history of
+the Bible, these positions seem only self-evident. That in the
+Scriptures there are innumerable errors in science, mistakes in
+history, prophecies that were never fulfilled, contradictions and
+inconsistencies between different books and chapters,--these are facts
+of observation which every Biblical student knows full well. Granting,
+for the sake of the argument, that the Bible was given originally by
+infallible divine dictation, yet the men who wrote down the message
+were fallible; the men who copied it were fallible; the men who
+translated it (some of it twice over, first from Hebrew to Greek, and
+then from Greek to English) were fallible; and the editors, who from
+the scores of manuscripts, by their personal comparison and decisions
+between the conflicting readings, patched together our present text,
+were most fallible. And when thus a Bible reader has got his text
+before him, how can he understand it, except by using his own reason
+and judgment? Instruments, again, most fallible.
+
+How is it possible, then, to get Bible-truth independently of the
+reason or in entire exemption from error? The only way would be to
+say, that not only was the Bible verbally inspired, but all its
+authors, copyists, editors, and pious readers were also infallibly
+inspired. As in the old Hindoo account of how the world was supported,
+the earth was said to be held up on pillars, and the pillars on an
+elephant, and the elephant on a tortoise, and when the defender of the
+faith was asked what, then, did the tortoise rest on, he sought to
+save himself in his quandary, by roundly asserting that "it was
+tortoise all the way down";--so the defender of the infallibility of
+the Scripture has to take refuge in "inspiration all the way down."
+But if this be so, ought not the modern scripture editors and
+revisers, translators and Biblical professors also to be inspired, as
+much as those of King James' day or the printers at the Bible house?
+And thus we reach, as the _reductio ad absurdum_ of this argument,
+this result: that Tischendorff, and Koenen, and the Hebrew professors,
+among whom Doctor Briggs is a foremost authority, while accused of
+heresy are really themselves the very channels of infallible
+inspiration.
+
+The sincere investigators into the character of the Bible and the
+nature of Christ are charged with exalting human reason above the word
+of God. But as soon as the subject is investigated and a Professor
+Swing or a Mr. MacQueary corroborates his interpretation by the
+Scripture itself, or Doctor Briggs shows his views to be sustained by
+history, by philosophy, by a profounder study of both nature and the
+Bible, then the ground is shifted, and it is maintained that it is not
+a question whether the views are true, but whether they conform to the
+creed; that the Catechism is not to be judged by the Bible or the
+facts in the case, but Bible and facts are to be interpreted by the
+words of the Confession; and if they do not agree with this, then
+heresy and infidelity are made manifest. The question is not whether
+the water of truth be found, but whether it is drunk out of an
+orthodox bottle, with the Church's label glued firmly upon it. The
+pretext for the charge of heresy against these eminent Biblical
+scholars is that they are undermining the Bible; but in conducting the
+trial, prosecutors themselves refuse to abide by the testimony of the
+Scriptures to decide the matter and erect above them soul creed or
+catechism.
+
+But let us stop for a moment and ask whence came these creeds and
+catechisms themselves? What else was their origin than out of the
+reason of man; out of the brains of scholars, as they in former years
+criticised and interpreted the same Scripture, and nature, and laws of
+God? And these scholars of the past were quite as fallible, quite as
+partisan, and far less well informed than our scholars to-day. Thus it
+is the dogmatists themselves who exalt the reason of man above the
+word of God, forbidding us to listen to the more direct voice of God
+in our own soul; forbidding us to decipher the revelations which the
+Divine Hand has written on the rocks, and tree, and animal structure,
+and even frowning upon that profounder study of the Scripture called
+the higher criticism, but bidding us accept, in its stead, the
+man-made substitute of some council or assembly of former generations.
+
+There have undoubtedly been periods when the doubt with which the
+Church had to deal was mainly frivolous or carnal; a passionate
+rebellion of the worldly nature, attacking the essential truths of
+religion. But such is not the nature of the doubt which is at present
+occupying the public eye; such is not the doubt most characteristic of
+our generation. It proceeds from serious motives. It is a doubt marked
+by essential reverence and loyalty to truth. It is a desire for more
+solid foundations; for the attainment of the naked realities of
+existence. It is a necessary incident of the great intellectual
+awakening of our century. As the modern intellect comes back on Sunday
+from its week-day explorations of the history of Rome, or the myths of
+Greece, or the religious ideas of Buddha or Zoroaster, it must return
+to the contemplation of the Christian dogmas under new influences. It
+will necessarily demand what better evidence the law of Moses or the
+creed of Nicea has than the law of Mana or the text of the Zendavesta?
+The scepticism of our age is not so much directed against the great
+truths of religion as against the man-made dogmas that have usurped
+the sacred seat. If irreverent, scoffing scepticism were to be found
+anywhere to-day, it would most likely be found manifested among
+the throng of young men gathered at our most progressive
+University,--Harvard. But Dr. Lyman Abbot, after several weeks'
+association with the students there, and a careful study of their
+states of mind, not long ago testified, that "if they are sceptical,
+it is because they are too serious-minded and too true to accept
+convictions ready made, traditional creeds for personal beliefs, or
+church formularies for a life of devotion." Now to call such a state
+of mind irreligious or infidel is most unjust. The irreligion lies
+rather with those who make a fetish of the Bible and substitute a few
+pet texts from it; that sustain their own private opinions, in place
+of that divine light that lighteth every man that cometh into the
+world. The real infidels are they who reject the revelation which God
+is making us continually in the widening light of modern knowledge,
+and by a species of ecclesiastical lynching, condemn, before trial,
+the sincere, painstaking, and careful scholars and reverent disciples
+of Christ, who are so earnestly seeking after truth, because the
+results of their learned researches do not agree with the prejudices
+of their anathematizers. It is with no less cogency of argument than
+nobility of feeling that Dr. Briggs replied to his assailants: "If it
+be heresy to say that rationalists, like Martineau, have found God in
+the reason, and Roman Catholics, like Newman, have found God in the
+Church, I rejoice in such heresy, and I do not hesitate to say that I
+have less doubt of the salvation of Martineau and Newman than I have
+of the modern Pharisees who would exclude such noble men,--so pure, so
+grand, the ornaments of Great Britain and the prophets of the
+age,--from the kingdom of God."
+
+Scepticism and religious questioning are, then, no sins; they are not
+irreligious. But surely they do vex the Church. What shall the Church
+do about them? In the first place, we should not try to suppress them.
+Nor should we tell religious inquirers to shut their eyes and put the
+poppy pillow of faith beneath their heads and go to sleep again, and
+dream. They have got their eyes wide open and they are determined to
+know whether those sweet visions which they had on faith's pillow are
+any more than illusions. Nor will they be satisfied and cease to
+think, by having a creed of three hundred or fifteen hundred year's
+antiquity recited to them. The modern intellects that have taken Homer
+to pieces, and excavated Agamemnon's tomb, and unwound the mummy
+wrappings of the Pharaohs, that have weighed the stars and chained the
+lightnings, are not to be awed by any old-time sheepskin or any
+council of bishops. They demand the facts in the case; fresh manna to
+satisfy their heart hunger; the solid realities of personal
+experience. No. It is too late to-day for the churchmen to play the
+part of Mrs. Partington, and sweep back the Atlantic tide of modern
+thought with their little ecclesiastical broom. The old ramparts are
+broken through and we must give the flood its course. The only spirit
+to meet it in is that of frankness and friendliness. Let us not foster
+in these questioning minds the suspicion that there is any part of
+religion that we are afraid to have examined. We smile at the bigoted
+Buddhist who, when the European attempted to prove by the microscope
+that the monk's scruples against eating animal food were futile
+(inasmuch as in every glass of water he drank he swallowed millions of
+little living creatures), smashed the microscope for answer, as if
+that altered at all the facts. But are not many of the heresy-hunters
+in Christendom quite as foolish in their efforts to smash the
+microscope of higher criticism, or the telescope of evolution, and
+suppress the testimony which nature, and reason, and scholarship every
+day present afresh?
+
+Let us, therefore, give liberty, yes, even sympathy, to these
+perplexed souls who are struggling with the great problems of
+religion.
+
+And secondly, let us be honest with them, and not claim more certainty
+for religious doctrines or more precise and absolute knowledge about
+divine and heavenly things than we have. One of the great causes of
+modern doubt is, unquestionably, the excessive claims that theology
+has made. It has not been content with preaching the simple truths
+necessary to a good life; that we have a Maker to whom we are
+responsible,--a divine Friend to help us, a divine voice within to
+teach us right and wrong; that in the life that is to follow this,
+each shall be judged according to his deeds, and that in the apostles
+and prophets, especially the spotless life of Jesus, we have the noble
+patterns of the holy life set up before us for our imitation; a
+revelation of moral and religious truth all sufficient for salvation.
+The Church has not been content with these almost self-evident truths;
+but it must go on, to make most absolute assertions about God's
+foreknowledge, and foreordination, and triune personality; and the
+eternal punishment of the wicked, and the double nature and
+pre-existence of Christ,--things not only vague and inconsistent, but
+contradictory to our sense of justice and right. It must go on to make
+manifold assertions about the inerrancy and verbal inspiration of the
+Bible and the details of the future life and the fall of human nature,
+which are utterly incredible to rational minds. And the worst of it
+is, that all these things are bound up in one great theological
+system, and poor, anxious inquirers are told that they must either
+take all or none; and so (soon coming face to face with some palpable
+inconsistency or incredibility) they not unnaturally give up the
+whole. Trace out the religious history of the great sceptics,--the
+Voltaires, the Bradlaughs, the Ingersolls, the Tom Paines,--and you
+will see that the origin of their scepticism has almost always been in
+a reaction from the excessive assumptions of the ecclesiastics
+themselves. It is too fine spun and arrogant orthodoxy that is itself
+responsible for half of the heterodoxy of which it complains.
+
+Let the Church, then, be honest, and claim no more than it ought. Let
+it respect and encourage honesty in every man in these sacred matters.
+The Church itself should say to the inquirer: You are unfaithful to
+your God if you go not where He, by the candle of the Lord (i. e., the
+reason and conscience he has placed within you), leads you. And when a
+man in this reverent and sincere spirit pursues the path of doubt, how
+often does he find it circling around again toward faith and
+conducting him to the Mount of Zion! The true remedy for scepticism is
+deeper investigation. As all sincere doubt is at bottom a cry of the
+deeper faith that only that which is true and righteous is divine, so
+all earnest doubt, thought through to the end, pierces the dark cloud
+and comes out in the light and joy of higher convictions. It lays in
+the dust our philosophic and materialistic idols and brings us to the
+one Eternal Power, the ever-living Spirit, manifested in all, that
+Spirit whose name is truth, whose word is love.
+
+You remember, perhaps, the story of the climber among the Alps, who,
+having stepped off a precipice, as he thought, frantically grasped, as
+he fell, a projecting root and held on in an agony of anticipated
+death, for hours, until, utterly exhausted, he at last resigned
+himself to destruction, and let go of his support, to fall gently on
+the grassy ledge beneath, only a few inches below his feet. So when we
+resign ourselves to God's hand, our fall, be it little or be it great,
+lands us gently in the everlasting arms that are ever underneath.
+
+Do not fear, then, to wrestle with doubt, or to follow its leadings.
+Out of every sincere soul-struggle, your faith shall come forth
+stronger and calmer. And do not hesitate to proclaim your new
+convictions when they have become convictions. Such is the
+encouragement and sympathy that the Church should give the candid
+questioner.
+
+On the other hand, it may wisely caution him, not to be precipitate in
+publishing his doubt. Let him wait till it has become more than a
+doubt; till it has become a settled and well-considered conclusion,
+before he inflicts it upon his neighbor. The very justification for
+doubting the accepted opinion, the sacredness of truth, commands
+caution and firm conviction that our new view is something more than a
+passing caprice of the mind, before we publish it. But when the
+doubter is sure of this, then let him no longer silence his highest
+thoughts.
+
+Again, the Church is justified in cautioning the doubter not to be
+proud of his doubt as a doubt. There is no more merit, it is well to
+remember, in disbelieving than in believing; and if your opinions
+have, as yet, only got to the negative state and you have no new
+positive faith or philosophy to substitute for the old, you are doing
+your neighbor a poor service in taking away from him any superstition,
+however illogical, that sustains his heart and strengthens his virtue.
+
+And further, let me say, I would dislike very much to have you
+contented with doubt. Doubt makes a very good spade to turn up the
+ground, but a very poor kind of spiritual food for a daily diet. It is
+a useful, often an indispensable half-way shelter in the journey of
+life; but a very cold home in which to settle down as the end of that
+journey.
+
+In all our deepest hours, when our heart is truly touched, or our mind
+satisfied, we believe. It is each soul's positive faith, however
+unconventional or perhaps unconscious that faith may be, that sustains
+its hope, that incites its effort, that supports it through the trials
+of life. Any doubt, even, that is earnest and to be respected, is
+really an act of faith, faith in a higher law than that of human
+creeds; in a more direct revelation, within ourselves, in our own
+sense of justice and consistency, than in any manuscript or print.
+
+The very atheist, who in the name of truth repudiates the word God, is
+really manifesting (in his own different way) the belief which he
+cannot escape, in the divine righteousness and its lawful claim on
+every human soul.
+
+She is right who sings:--
+
+                "There is no unbelief;
+    And day by day, and night by night, unconsciously
+    The heart lives by that faith the lips deny,--
+                God knows the why."
+
+Finally, and most important of all, let us not worry ourselves so much
+about the intellectual opinions of men; but look rather to their
+spiritual condition. The church ought to think less of creed and more
+of character. The essence of faith lies not in correct conclusions
+upon doctrinal points; but in righteousness, and love, and trustful
+submission to God's will. No scepticism concerning dogmas touches the
+heart of religion. If that seems at all heretical, let me cite good
+orthodox authority. I might quote Bishop Thirlwall, of the Church of
+England, in his judgment concerning Colenso's attack upon the accuracy
+of the history of the Exodus in the Pentateuch, that "this story, nay,
+the whole history of the Jewish people, has no more to do with our
+faith as Christians, than the extraction of the cube or the rule of
+three." Or I might quote Canon Farrar's weighty words, in a recent
+article in the _Christian World_, upon the true test of religion. "The
+real question," he declares, "to ask about any form of religious
+belief, is: Does it kindle the fire of love? Does it make the life
+stronger, sweeter, purer, nobler? Does it run through the whole
+society like a cleansing flame, burning up that which is mean and
+base, selfish and impure? If it stands that test it is no heresy."
+That answers the question as aptly as it does manfully. And to the
+same effect is the noble sermon of Dr. Heber Newton a few weeks ago,
+in which he subordinated the question of the denominational fold to
+the higher interests of the Christian flock; and that notable saying
+of Dr. MacIlvaine's at the Presbyterian Presbytery the other day,
+when, quoting the admission of one evangelical minister, that it was
+the Unitarian Martineau who had saved his soul and kept his Christian
+faith from shipwreck, he added significantly, "You must first find God
+in your soul before you can find Him elsewhere." Yes, the prime and
+essential thing is to find God in the soul; to worship him in spirit,
+by a pure conscience, a loyal will, a heart full of devotion to God's
+righteousness and love to all our kind. This is to worship God in
+truth. And what have Calvin's five points, or the composite origin of
+the Pentateuch, or the virgin birth of Christ to do with such
+worship? If a man likes to believe them, very well. But if he cannot
+honestly credit them, why should we shut the doors of the church
+against him and threaten him with excommunication? Were these the
+requirements that Jesus Christ laid on his disciples? Not at all. Look
+all through the Sermon on the Mount, study the Golden Rule, and the
+Parable of the Good Samaritan, or the conditions Jesus lays down in
+his picture of the last judgment as the conditions of approval by the
+heavenly Judge, and see if you find anything there about the
+infallibility of Scripture, or the Apostolic succession, or the Deity
+of Christ, or any other of the dogmas on account of which the
+ecclesiastical disciplinarians would drive out the men whom they are
+pursuing as heretics. How grimly we may fancy Satan (if there be any
+Satan) smiling to himself as he sees great Christian denominations
+wrought up to a white heat over such dogmas and definitions, while the
+practical atheism, and pauperism, and immorality of our great
+metropolis is passed over with indifference.
+
+Sunday after Sunday, the Christian pulpit complains that the great
+masses of the people keep away from their communion tables and do not
+even darken their doors.
+
+Does not the fault really lie in the folly--I may almost say sin,--of
+demanding of men to believe so many things that neither reason nor
+enlightened moral sense can accept, and making of these dogmas
+five-barred gates through which alone there is any admission to
+heaven?
+
+If we wish the Church to regain its hold on thinking men it must
+simplify and curtail its creeds; it must recognize that the love of
+God is not measured by the narrowness of human prejudice, and that
+God's arms are open to receive every honest searcher after truth. Let
+him come with all his doubts, provided he comes with a pure heart and
+brings forth the fruits of righteousness. Let us no longer pretend
+that it is necessary for a Christian life to know all the mysteries of
+God. Let it no longer be thought a mark of wickedness for a man
+honestly to hold a conviction different from the conventional
+standard; but let us respect one another's independent search and
+judgment of truth. True faith consists not in any special theory of
+God or His ways, but in the uplifting of our spirit to touch His
+spirit, and the diffusing of whatever grace or gift we have received
+from Him in generous good-will amongst our fellows.
+
+If the Christian Church is to go forward successfully again in the
+power and spirit of that Master whom it constantly invokes as "the
+way, the truth, and the life," it must make that way and life its
+guiding truth. It must aim constantly at greater simplicity in its
+teaching, and a broader, more fraternal co-operation in Christian
+work. Its motto should be the motto of the early Church, "In
+essentials, unity; in non-essentials, liberty; in all things,
+charity." Then shall a new and grander career open before its upward
+footsteps.
+
+
+
+
+THE SIOUX FALLS DIVORCE COLONY AND SOME NOTED COLONISTS.
+
+BY JAMES REALF, JR.
+
+
+The thriving city of Sioux Falls, South Dakota, has recently been
+pitchforked into unjust notoriety by certain irresponsible
+correspondents of certain sensational and habitually inveracious
+newspapers that infest New York and Chicago. It has been represented
+as having an easy divorce mill that constantly grinds out divorces of
+a more or less bogus nature. This is fundamentally false. The laws of
+South Dakota are liberal, but they are strictly interpreted. These
+unscrupulous newspapers, whom it is unnecessary to name, have gone
+still further in their distortion of truth, dissemination of error and
+attempted degradation of the high and noble calling of journalism.
+They have made false and unwarranted statements about the laws of the
+Dakotas and of the United States generally on the subject of divorce.
+Nor is this all in their race for a temporary and unsubstantial
+circulation,--they have maligned certain unfortunate and meritorious
+women and men, and added insult to injury by publishing bogus
+portraits of beautiful ladies whose misfortunes should have provoked
+respectful sympathy rather than coarse insinuation and vulgar
+ridicule. Because these women were prominent in what has been termed
+the Divorce Colony of Sioux Falls, either from social rank in their
+former spheres, or by reason of the legal peculiarities enmeshing
+their cases, they are legitimate subjects for honest journalistic
+treatment, and some of them, triumphing over the natural shrinkingness
+of their sex, for the sake of truth and for the sake of other women
+who may need examples and incitements to achieve freedom from
+dishonoring marriages, are perfectly willing to sacrifice their own
+personal desires for obscurity and have their lives and their cases
+properly presented. I have even prevailed on a few to permit the use
+of their photographs to add to the personal interest of this article.
+
+[Illustration: EVA LYNCH-BLOSSE.]
+
+[Illustration: MRS. J. G. BLAINE, JR.]
+
+[Illustration: MRS. MINA HUBBARD.]
+
+[Illustration: DR. THOMAS D. WORRALL.]
+
+The case of greatest interest, perhaps, because it has a transatlantic
+notoriety, is that of Eva Lylyan Lynch-Blosse, an English lady, who
+came to Sioux Falls early last winter and attracted almost instantly
+the respectful attention of the citizens. Not because she was a
+strikingly beautiful woman, for a student of statues might find some
+faults in her features, but because out of the shy, violet eyes a
+high, indomitable spirit occasionally gleamed and a stray flash from
+them, combined with her radiant freshness of complexion and perfect
+grace of figure and of carriage, would light up the common sordid
+streets of the common masculine mind and turn them, for the nonce,
+into vistas of imagination.
+
+Some persons, passing us, inspire the thought: There goes a being with
+a strange life-history, or full of great capacities, moral or mental.
+Such was, undoubtedly, the chief component of her charm, felt equally
+by the grave and learned lawyer, ex-Judge Garland, who conducted her
+case, and by the street-loungers who respectfully hastened to make way
+for her passage. It was the high character that radiated from her,
+scorning the conventionalities that conspire to belittle her sex,
+determined to be free and not afraid of being a pioneer in baffling
+the barbarism of her native laws. A singular story hers, that demands
+to be told in full, since it is full of inspiration to oppressed
+womanhood everywhere.
+
+The daughter of an English clergyman, she married at seventeen Lieut.
+Edward Falconer Lynch-Blosse, an Irishman of good family, but bad
+habits. In a few months this girl-wife discovered not only that she
+had mistaken for affection what was merely the gratified vanity of a
+boarding-school miss when wooed by a good-looking uniform, but that
+there was absolutely nothing in the nature of the animated uniform on
+which even respect could be built. Active brutality was soon begun by
+the lieutenant. Simple adultery not being a sufficient amusement for
+his hours of ease, he tried to compel his refined and delicate wife to
+receive his paid paramours as her associates; and on her demurring, he
+became mad with indignation and proceeded to discipline her, according
+to the Englishman's time-honored right of violence. As a minor but
+very embarrassing matter to a sensitive woman, he plunged into debt
+and forced her to contend with and pacify his duns out of her private
+fortune, and even worried her into an attempt to raise money for him
+by pledging her annuity, though, luckily, no Jew in London was plucky
+enough to take a long risk on the life of the wife of so brutal a
+husband. This daily inferno of disgust and terror the woman endured
+for three years, for the barbarous English law requires the woman, not
+the man, to prove extreme cruelty besides adultery; and cruelty is
+often not so easy to prove, for Englishmen, as a rule, do not beat
+their wives on the housetops. It is generally a strictly boudoir
+performance, with locked doors and the rabble excluded, as befits the
+solemnity of such a marital right. At last, owing to the lieutenant's
+culpable carelessness in castigation, she was able to go to court with
+plenty of provable cruelty. But here again the barbarous English law
+stepped in and said: "This is all very true, but wait a bit. You shall
+have a decree _nisi_," which meant that she must wait six months and
+then a certain musty, overpaid, and underworked humbug, styled the
+Queen's Proctor, after hobnobbing with an attorney-general, would, if
+his dinner agreed with him, confirm the decree and make it final.
+During this suspense the ineffably mean uniform that had been
+masquerading as a man was visited by an idea, and wrote a letter to
+Mrs. Lynch-Blosse depicting himself as on the brink of starvation and
+consumption, and begging for some money. The woman's pity was aroused.
+She had once fancied for a brief while, with the undeveloped heart of
+girlhood, that she liked this empty, tinkling symbol of a man. She
+wrote him a kind letter enclosing the money. It takes but little
+imagination to understand what such a creature would do with the cash;
+that he would hasten to celebrate the success of his cunning by a
+revel at which he could brag to some loose companion how neatly he had
+cheated a generous and noble woman. But he did something more, almost
+inconceivable in its baseness; he took that letter to the Queen's
+Proctor and showed it to that archive of centuried insapience as a
+proof that there had been collusion in the case, that his wife and he
+were really on good terms, and that he was anxious to regain her. The
+Proctor took his word, and without going into the case further, when
+the six months were up, refused to confirm the decree. And then her
+friends said: "You had better give up. England has decided that you
+cannot be free." And her lawyers said: "Even with fresh evidence it
+would be foolish to re-open the fight. The action of the Queen's
+Proctor is so insurmountable." But the woman said to herself: "Though
+England has decided that I must be a slave, nevertheless I will be
+free." Meantime Lieutenant Lynch-Blosse, after endeavoring to blacken
+his wife's character in his regiment, and getting soundly thrashed for
+his pains, eloped with a light-headed Scotch peeress whose husband,
+Lord Torphichen, promptly obtained a divorce, with the custody of his
+children, and the elopers fled the kingdom, leaving a small army of
+swindled tradesmen who are still exceedingly anxious to discover their
+whereabouts. When last heard of, the ex-uniform was living in Chicago
+under an _alias_, and he will probably remain one of the many English
+ornaments of this country, for the same English law that permits a man
+to castigate his wife in moderation is excessively severe if he
+swindles tradesmen.
+
+Mrs. Lynch-Blosse obtained her Dakotan divorce on the ground of
+adultery, the evidence being the record of the Scotch suit of Lord
+Torphichen against Lady Torphichen, otherwise styled the Right Hon.
+Ellen Frances Gordon, and apart from the wrongs, the beauty, and the
+pioneer courage of Mrs. Lynch-Blosse, picturesque as they made it, her
+case possesses profound interest to the legal mind. It adds to the
+weight of such cases as except to the old rule of domicile (Ditson
+_v._ Ditson, 4 R. I., 87; Harding _v._ Alden, 9 Mo. 140; Hollister
+_v._ Hollister, 6 Pa. St., 449; Derby _v._ Derby, 14 Ill. App., 645)
+by showing that where a husband is guilty of such conduct as would
+entitle even to a limited divorce, the wife is at liberty to establish
+a separate jurisdictional domicile. Moreover, Mrs. Lynch-Blosse might
+have obtained a divorce on grounds less strong than she did, for a
+divorce good at the place of domicile will be sustained in England,
+though the same grounds would have been insufficient to obtain it
+there. (Harvey _v._ Farnie, L. R. 8 App. Cas. 43; Turner _v._
+Thompson, L. R., 13 P. D. 37.) Of this law, probably, comity of
+nations is the chief component. Those who admire moral courage and
+feel a glow of indignation at the fact that, in order to secure her
+natural right to own herself, a woman in the closing years of the
+nineteenth century has to spend thousands of dollars, travel thousands
+of miles, and sojourn among strangers, may be glad to know that since
+her freedom she has married an English gentleman of high character,
+and is living restfully in a charming little cottage on the banks of
+what Macaulay calls, in his picturesque way, "the river of the ten
+thousand masts." The great, feverous heart of London throbs near.
+
+Another very interesting personage in the Sioux Falls Divorce Colony,
+is Mrs. James G. Blaine, Jr., now living in a cosy cottage on the
+fashionable avenue with her sister, Miss Nevins, her son, James G.
+Blaine, 3d, and her maids. When Marie Nevins, piquantly pretty, witty,
+and accomplished, made a stolen match with the ungreat son of one of
+America's greatest political figures, she little dreamed what the
+hands of the Fates--who are sometimes the Furies--were spinning for
+her; yet she wears her robes of sorrow with some of that grace of
+patience which comes to her sex like an instinct born of centuried
+servitude. How her husband ever fascinated so fascinatingly elusive a
+creature is a mystery to all who know him and a miracle to all who
+know her; but who has ever guessed the riddle of a woman's heart?
+Surely no man yet known to the world, except possibly Balzac, and he
+only occasionally by some sort of electric, psychological accident.
+The true story of Mrs. Blaine's infelicities has been carefully hidden
+from the public, although some superserviceable, would-be friends have
+now and then busied themselves with starting absurd rumors, as if for
+the fun of contradicting them; for instance, a precious yarn spun
+lately to the effect that Mrs. Blaine, senior, looked down on her
+daughter-in-law as not aristocratic enough to have married a Blaine.
+How intrinsically absurd is such an idea in connection with a family
+as close to what Lincoln called "the plain people"--and as really
+proud of so being--as that of the famous Republican leader! Blaine is
+a man so thoroughly democratic that only a very stupid enemy of his
+could have invented such a piece of self-convicting nonsense; for if
+aristocracy entered into the question, Mrs. James G. Blaine, Jr.,
+could make a better showing than her spouse, since, if it confers any
+_quasi_-patent of nobility in this country to have a distinguished
+father, it must give a larger halo of social splendor to have a
+distinguished grandfather, etc., etc. Now, Mrs. Blaine, Jr., had a
+grandsire who was a power in his day, a forceful, brilliant man,
+Samuel Medary, who was successively governor of three States, Ohio,
+Kansas, and Minnesota. Mrs. Blaine, Jr., apart from her marital
+misfortunes, deserves much sympathy for her physical fate. Just lately
+her leg was broken again and her surgeons fear that her lameness must
+be perpetual. Yet the talk about her going on the stage has some
+basis, and no one who ever talked with her, and enjoyed the prismatic
+play of her facial expression and the flexions of her vibrant voice,
+could doubt her fitness for certain popular roles. Nor need her
+lameness defeat her of success. A play of mingled pathos and humor
+could be written for a lame heroine. One excellent writer has offered
+to do it, and Hamlin Garland could do it excellently. Balzac in his
+marvellous book, "The Alkahest," declares that she is blest among
+women, who, having some great bodily defect, nevertheless wins a man's
+affections, for she never loses her hold on them, and it might very
+easily be the same with a lame actress and the affections of the
+public.
+
+As to Mrs. Blaine's case an immense interest is felt, an interest
+which lies not alone in the points of law. Mrs. Blaine, Jr., is a
+Catholic, and her example in taking this step contrary to the custom
+of her church is likely to be fruitful. It is a pretty safe prophecy
+that the next Pope will see the advisability of returning to the
+policy of the church prevalent before the Council of Trent, and will
+allow a wiser freedom to his spiritual subjects in this matter of
+divorce. Hearts were created before creeds, and the primal laws of God
+still possess, and exert in emergencies, their ancient vigor of
+eminent domain.
+
+It is noticeable that nearly all the women in the colony have
+children, and nearly all are women of unusual grace or beauty, or
+mental gift--sometimes all three in one.
+
+A very interesting person occasionally seen on the streets with a
+little golden-haired boy is Mrs. Mina Hubbard, formerly of Redbank, N.
+J. She has one of those olive, oval faces so often met in the south of
+Spain, and she has a voice whose beauty and volume are equally
+impressive. One day in the cosy, dozy little Methodist Church last
+summer she happened to join in the singing, and several pious nappers
+were sweetly startled from their theologic dreams. After that event
+there was such a marked increase in the masculine attendance that the
+lady's modesty took fright, and she refrained from the pleasure of
+church-going. When I asked her if she had lost her fondness for
+Methodism and music, she replied archly: "Oh, no! I am extremely fond
+of going to church and hearing good congregational music, _but_ I can
+_restrain_ myself."
+
+Hon. Thomas D. Worrall, M. D., who has recently obtained a divorce and
+now lives in Sioux Falls, is another person of note. Born in England
+sixty-five years ago, he came to America young, moved to Boston and
+achieved reputation as an anti-slavery orator, even when the peerless
+Phillips was in his first blaze. Then he went to Colorado, was a
+member of the territorial legislature, and wrote his name largely and
+honorably on her early annals. Horace Greeley, who liked him heartily,
+persuaded him next to accept a professorship in New York in the
+American College of Medicine. Two years later, going to New Orleans,
+he became a member of the famous Warmouth Legislature, and as sanitary
+physician to New Orleans, added to his world-wide host of friends.
+While in England, in 1873, his lectures on the resources of the
+Mississippi Valley attracted wide attention, and he was greeted on his
+return by an ovation in the New Orleans Academy of Music. Colorado
+again claimed him for seven happy, industrious years, marked by an
+eloquent defence of the Denver Mining Exposition, for which they
+presented him with a cabinet of minerals that, according to experts,
+is intrinsically worth $5,000, though it would take vastly more to buy
+it from a man so covetous of honor. Removing to Washington, he
+published a curious little book called "Slander and Defamation of
+Character."
+
+Sickness came to this learned and benevolent man, and he went to
+London for treatment, but famous surgeons, after operating, could give
+him no hope, and he came back to his adopted country to die. To his
+amazement he found his home broken up, his valuable furniture sold,
+his wife gone. "The mystery of the case," he has said, "is that my
+wife and I never had the least falling out. Her desertion of me in my
+old age and supposed last illness was like lightning out of a clear
+sky. The thought came to me, 'Dying man that I am, it will be sweet to
+die free.'" He then came West and settled in Sioux Falls, and either
+the invigorating climate, or the inspiration of freedom, or the shock
+of his wife's desertion (for in some diseases a sudden shock delays or
+defeats death by effecting an electric change in the bodily currents
+setting restward) have worked a marvellous change, for to-day this
+amiable and accomplished old man is the picture of health and vital
+power.
+
+There are many other cases of great interest in the Divorce Colony at
+Sioux Falls, but this plain statement of a few is enough to show how
+grossly the _personnel_ and character of the colony have been
+slandered by certain sensational and corrupt newspaper correspondents.
+For more than six months I have studied the conduct and natures of the
+persons who compose the divorce colony, and every reputable citizen of
+Sioux Falls will substantiate my statement that, with possibly three
+exceptions, the divorce seekers have been remarkable for the inherent
+justice of their suits and the dignity of their behavior during their
+residence in this town. The attempt to give them and the place an
+unenviable notoriety, made by certain newspapers, is a stain on
+American journalism. Men and women suffer enough before they seek a
+divorce court. It is ghoulish to pursue them in the press with
+misrepresentation and ridicule, or with exposure of their marital
+miseries. Divorce is not merely a legal right of the individual; it is
+often a moral duty which ought to be demanded by society from a truly
+dignified woman or man; for to cohabit where there is no love between
+husband and wife, worse still where the atmosphere has become
+surcharged with hate, and to foist on society children begotten and
+reared in an atmosphere that may crush out every noble impulse and
+lofty desire, besides the subtle discords of heredity that must mark
+their temperaments, is not merely a most pathetic blunder for the
+parties primarily affected, but a wrong to the race--a crime against
+civilization.
+
+
+
+
+THE WOMAN MOVEMENT.
+
+BY LUCINDA B. CHANDLER.
+
+
+The woman movement is a world-wide fact. An agitation which has
+gathered impetus and strength during more than forty years is a
+significant phenomenon in the realm of mind and of social progress.
+
+Since, in 1848, the rebellion of Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady
+Stanton, at the humiliating position accorded them as delegates to an
+international convention in London, England, led them to inaugurate
+the "woman's rights" movement in this country, at Seneca Falls, New
+York, the growth of this "mustard seed" of truth has become a "great
+tree" whose branches overshadow continents, and the thought and active
+moral forces of nations "dwell in the branches thereof."
+
+If not from "Greenland's icy mountains," at least from the boundaries
+of the United States and British America to "India's coral strand,"
+the onsweeping wave of woman's elevation is steadily advancing.
+
+Ramabai in India seeking the deliverance of the child widow, who has
+no earthly existence, nor any hope of one beyond mortal life except as
+a wife, and who, as a widow, is but an outcast, this woman missionary
+from the opposite side of the globe has clasped hands and is in
+heart-fellowship with her American sisters who are still seeking the
+enlargement of woman's freedom and opportunities in this favored
+country.
+
+It was a logical position that besieged the ballot as the first agency
+of deliverance in our land. The suffrage is, under our form of
+government and constitutional rights, the badge of equality.
+
+Everywhere, in Church and State, woman was discriminated against, and
+the distinguishing disability imposed upon her by law and custom was
+her suppressed opinion and will in the administration of affairs.
+
+In the church she might contribute her labor, carry forward
+enterprises to pay the minister's salary, furnish the edifice, support
+social movements that would tend to increase membership, and sustain
+the religious services; but, were she a machine, minus brains, choice,
+or will, she could be no more completely a nonentity when the pastor
+was to be chosen, the amount of his salary fixed, or any matters of
+finance or administration decided upon.
+
+The acceptance of her work for its support was the only recognition of
+her individuality, or her common share in the institution. She was
+cudgelled with Paul in the Church and with her inability to fight by
+the State.
+
+Muscular force having been, and still widely held to be, the bulwark
+of civilization, and submission to the authority of man socially and
+ecclesiastically the measure of her religious excellence, at least of
+the excellence of the wifely portion of womanhood, woman has been a
+cipher at the left-hand side of the unit man in both civil and
+religious institutions.
+
+But the evolution of brains, which is nature's method of human
+development, has unsettled this standard of civilization and the
+relation of the sexes. The woman who thinks has come, and the struggle
+is no longer one of muscle, nor can it ever again become so.
+
+The woman of the future can no more be remanded to the merely patient
+plodder in kitchen and nursery, with no horizon but the cook-stove and
+cradle illuminated by the weekly church service, than the lightning
+printing-press of to-day can be remanded to the clumsy instrument of a
+century ago, or the electric light to the tallow dip.
+
+If the demand of woman for equal opportunity to win all the prizes of
+life, and to control her special function, involving the most serious
+and sacred responsibilities to the race, and the necessity of her own
+growth and advancement,--if this new demand is one that is not worthy
+the consent and co-operation of men and institutions, the mistake was
+fatal which permitted her to learn the alphabet.
+
+This mistake, if mistake it was, has extended its mighty influence in
+widening circles through the past three centuries. Francois Saintonge,
+a young widow of France, toward the close of the sixteenth century,
+obtained the consent of her father to teach some girls to read if she
+would give her lessons at five o'clock in the morning. Without bed,
+bread, or fire, she and her five pupils stayed the first night in the
+house for which the only fifty pounds she possessed were paid.
+Simultaneously a young girl in Italy made an effort to set in motion
+the brain cells of the girls of her country by giving them a chance to
+learn the alphabet.
+
+The heroic courage of women in striving to attain the weapons of
+intelligence affords evidence of the invincible proceeding of
+evolution inherent in the constitution of humanity.
+
+The woman movement is demonstration of the power of thought beyond the
+power of muscle; it is evidence that the intangible forces of mind are
+superior to the external material powers of muscle, and sword, and
+bullet. It is reassuring to forecast that, spite of the present
+inefficacy, or but very limited success of woman's protest against
+barbarous laws and usages, and the destructive errors and vices of the
+degree of civilization we have reached, the protest is a prophecy that
+the moral elevation of the race is to be the result of woman's
+increased intelligence and equipment, and of her ascent to the full
+proportions of womanhood.
+
+As a builder of material structures and enterprises, man is a superb
+success. The bridge, the triumphs of architecture, the steam engine,
+the almost intelligent machine are marvellous manifestations of
+inventive genius, and of the uses of muscle.
+
+But the statistics of social progress in morals do not bear testimony
+to masculine superiority as builder of the higher humanity. A man has
+elaborated "The New Education," but he allowed, without stint, that
+the moral elevation aimed at cannot be achieved except by the equal
+opportunity and co-operation of woman.
+
+In the administration of affairs and the institution of government man
+is not a success. His first resort and last reliance is upon force.
+Harmony, and justice, and fraternity, and purity, and honesty cannot
+be brought into human society by fighting, nor evolved by the methods
+of force. Neither the ballot nor the bullet, the legislature nor the
+policeman, can make people honest or morally upright and sound.
+
+The promotion of individual integrity, honesty, benevolence, and
+purity are the great requirements of humanity and of civilization.
+The infusion of the gentler, more persuasive influences and methods of
+feminine nature, and the higher quality and freedom of motherhood, are
+the only possible means of advancing the race to the altitude which
+the best specimens prefigure as the possibility of all.
+
+The laws of Christendom and the usages of all civilizations are based
+upon the idea of the superiority and supremacy of masculine quality
+and of force. Upon the supposition that the husband is the bread
+winner and provider, he is virtually in law and actually in fact as
+effectually the owner of his wife and children as though he had bought
+them for a sum, as is still the custom among some primitive peoples on
+the planet.
+
+In the Orient the idea that woman possesses a soul is rejected with
+contempt. But in the more spiritualized Occident where she is
+considered to be the possessor of a soul, she is by law, and
+oftentimes by usage, not allowed to be possessor of her body.
+
+Christianity in its inception and in its primitive purity accomplished
+for woman the dignity of being possessor of a soul. She is still, even
+in the most degenerate churchianity, counted responsible as a soul,
+and accorded equal hope of redemption and of future equal standing in
+another stage of existence.
+
+But this fact, too, has bred in woman rebellion against the estimate
+of her inferiority still held in the Church by many of the priestly
+order, and actualized in the majority of Protestant denominations, and
+universally in the Roman Catholic Church, by her exclusion from equal
+powers and opportunities in its administration and equal positions of
+honor and influence.
+
+Having learned the alphabet woman has also learned to interpret
+Scripture, and having read the New Testament, she knows that her
+adorable Saviour left no theological system, creed, nor sanction of
+the supremacy and dominion of male over female.
+
+The woman movement is setting the perception of mind feminine over
+against the conceptions and speculations, the theological systems and
+interpretations, of the mind masculine, in the realm of the religious
+quality of human nature.
+
+It is on this ground that a higher standpoint for human progress is to
+be achieved. Woman is becoming the possessor of her brains and of an
+equipment that will facilitate her use of them. When through
+generations of experience she has fully learned her true position in
+the order of the universe and of human unfoldment, a new created world
+of humanity will blossom on this old earth.
+
+Man is normally the builder in the material realm. It is his to press
+the more tangible elements and forces into the service of man's
+material and intellectual needs, and to master and subdue the earth.
+It is woman's to become builder in the spiritual realm of the higher
+nature. It is woman's first' to give bias to the brain cells and soul
+impulses of ante-natal and post-natal infantile life. It is woman's,
+the normal mother and teacher, to look, and feel, and speak into
+impressible child life, the fine ennobling sentiments, the solid
+truths of social relations, the sterling principles of rightness, and
+honor, and honesty, and fraternal love.
+
+This trained experience and exercise of motherhood is a precious
+wealth that the race needs to carry it on and up toward its
+perfectness.
+
+All that was pronounced "good," in man, in "the beginning" is innate
+in human nature. Social life and social relations are the life school
+in which this "good"-ness can be educed, strengthened, matured, in the
+individual.
+
+Woman is not only the creative agency for building bodies, but the
+perfecting agency to build character, and to gestate and bring to
+birth the higher nature in humanity. Woman is man's mother spiritually
+as well as physically. He is to be born into his spiritual life
+through the divine feminine, as he has been born into the physical
+life through the natural (or physical) feminine.
+
+It is to this end that evolution is in every direction placing woman
+to-day in the foreground and quickening her to make new demands upon
+the resources of intelligence and moral power.
+
+Having furnished to the child the "three R's," manual training,
+industrial habits, and quickening the higher sentiments with a solid
+foundation of principles of right conduct and pure habits, are more
+important to the advancement of the human race than literary
+researches, languages, or higher mathematics. To know the
+physiological and psychological processes of embryotic growth, and the
+possible influences of motherhood over the coming child, and how to
+neutralize poor heredity, would achieve more for race elevation than
+the combined wisdom of schools and pulpits minus these.
+
+There would be no need of laws for the suppression of vicious
+literature, were all mothers faithful and capable of pre-empting the
+plastic mind and imagination of childhood by intelligent explanations
+and true statements concerning the origin of life, and the vital
+purities and sanctities that can save every child from demoralization
+and debauchery. The boy who has been blest with a wise conscientious
+motherhood is not the boy to dwell in secret on lascivious thoughts
+and vile communications, nor will he be led away by vicious
+associations.
+
+The true place of woman in the order of all things, is a link between
+the material and spiritual, especially in her creative function.
+
+Woman is more intuitive. She sees, seizes upon, grasps, where man
+toils to question, investigate, prove, demonstrate. She is touched by
+the secret springs of life, and vibrates in response, like the AEolian
+harp.
+
+"When men are as good as their obituaries, and when women are as good
+as men think they are, the recording angel in heaven can take his long
+needed vacation."
+
+The woman movement indicates that women ought to have an opportunity
+to become "as good as men think they are." It is impossible that men
+shall hold a higher ideal of woman than it is possible for woman to
+become. But first she must be free. Free to think, act, live, study,
+experiment, exercise judgment, assume and be held to responsibilities.
+She does not need man's protection except that he shall protect her
+from himself, i. e., protect her from the invasion and intrusion of
+his wishes, opinion, and will, his dictation and demand.
+
+Equality before the law is a right principle and therefore should
+obtain, especially under our Constitution. But what woman needs is
+personal freedom to be the most womanly woman.
+
+Under legal disability, marital subjection, and ecclesiastically
+assigned inferiority, woman has been bred to servility in mind and
+morals. She does not need training in the tricks of caucus and
+wire-pulling politics, but she does need freedom and choice of action
+that will give her the powers of her own mind and nature in full
+possession, as a woman.
+
+She does not need that men shall instruct her what a woman ought to
+be, but she needs to be let alone to find out for herself this
+precious and important knowledge.
+
+It is not an incident or an accident that the agitation of woman's
+advancement and the agitation of industrial reform are simultaneous
+movements. The priority of woman's demand for equal rights before the
+law in this country, has placed woman in literature, on the platform,
+in the press, and even in the political field of action, in the
+position of co-worker with man to achieve the highest outcome and
+greatest blessing of civilization, the right of every person to an
+opportunity to achieve subsistence, and the right of every worker to
+the full reward of his labor.
+
+Already in Kaweah Colony in California, woman is an equal participator
+in the administration of affairs. She has equal opportunity to achieve
+subsistence and equal pay for her labor.
+
+The star of equity, justice, and fraternity, is shining in the west.
+When the fraternal order of society is established, woman as mother
+will be, in her training and her conception of her high office, and in
+the position and advantage provided for her, exalted as the artist of
+humanity.
+
+She will be so furnished mentally, and so provided for materially,
+that she can furnish to her babes what no textbooks, or Scripture, or
+statutes can convey to them. The mother who can recite to her children
+the songs of the American poets, the character of Dickens, and Eliot,
+and Scott, who can portray the noble characters of Lincoln and
+Lucretia Mott, who is able to devote the time required to entertain
+her children, will become the most effective moral educator.
+
+The woman of the good time coming will not hold lightly the moral
+education of labor, for she will learn that many solid virtues are
+carved into the beautiful character by the blessed exercise that
+manual industry and regular duties alone can furnish.
+
+But she will have leisure also to cultivate the finer sentiments, and
+paint for the admiration of her babes the grand ideals of noble
+manhood and womanhood.
+
+Two problems belong to the woman question in the not remote future.
+
+First, the industrial and financial independence of woman.
+
+She must have this to acquire the dignity and moral strength of
+self-support, and that wifehood and motherhood shall be assumed by her
+solely according to the dictates of her heart, and the sanction of her
+best judgment. Second, the financial independence of motherhood,
+without a bread-winning occupation, that her time, energies, and
+talents may be devoted to the careful training and moral and religious
+education of her children.
+
+The opportunities for single women to achieve subsistence in the realm
+of intellectual and sedentary occupations especially, are increasing.
+But co-operative housekeeping of some kind is the only hope for
+mothers to be saved from overwork and worry, and to have leisure for
+the proper training and entertaining of their children.
+
+The provision in Kaweah Colony for the maintenance and education of
+orphan children, or of children whose parents are disabled by sickness
+or calamity, is another feature that is commendable in its wisdom and
+justice.
+
+The paternal and maternal community of voluntary co-operators is the
+brightest dream of human association we can imagine.
+
+If woman is to become the wise, sensible, self-helpful, cultured
+mother, with proper opportunity to exercise maternal function for the
+highest good of the future child, and without being herself dragged
+into a spiritless machine, we must have her fortified, not only by a
+"higher education," but a better home environment.
+
+The woman question involves and forecasts a higher social order,
+industrial evolution, economic adjustment, moral advancement, and the
+adoption of the "_New Education_," which will develop and cultivate in
+harmony all the powers and talents belonging to the threefold nature
+of humanity.
+
+
+
+
+NEW TESTAMENT SYMBOLISMS.
+
+BY PROF. S. P. WAIT.
+
+
+Although the many doctrines built up about the personality of Jesus
+attribute to him in some peculiar sense the relation of sonship with
+God, he does not so say of himself, but by every word and work
+declares a common spiritual fatherhood and human brotherhood. When
+Nicodemus testified to his superior power, Jesus did not trace its
+origin to a special interposition of Providence in his birth or life,
+but he made of general application the law that governed his
+conception by the emphatic assertion that all men must realize
+themselves as begotten and born from above before they can understand
+the forces of the unseen universe within and without. He affirmed the
+kingdom of God and of heaven to be latent in the life of man, and
+promised no peace for the soul here or hereafter until its innate
+capabilities for wisdom, love, and power for good are developed and
+exercised. His precepts and example would be foolishness and a
+stumbling-block, his character an unattainable ideal, were it other
+than the first fruit ripened on the tree of life, the promise of a
+perfected race.
+
+We only apprehend its vital value, as we can trace in our own
+experience and that of others, the growth and fruition of that
+seed-principle of Truth around which the New Testament story has been
+crystallized. This re-conception of the Christ is, like the first one,
+essentially of the soul and intrinsically immaculate. It then matters
+little when or by whom the Gospels and Epistles were originally
+written; for the book as a whole is lifted forever above the level of
+legend and myth, on the one hand, and that of a merely historical
+narrative on the other, because the persons and events mentioned and
+described represent laws and principles permanent in operation, and
+reveal faculties whose reality and value we are daily called upon to
+demonstrate. We can, when we so will it, verify, each in his own
+subjective consciousness, all that the wondrous story of nineteen
+centuries ago relates as having taken place in the outward objective
+world of form and phenomena. For unto every "excellent Theophilus,"
+every lover of the good and true, the gospel of the Christ is, through
+the conscience, reconveyed, even as delivered by those who from the
+first have been its messengers.
+
+The faith of Abraham and law of Moses, the line of patriarch, priest,
+and prophet, that linked the life of Jesus with that of primitive man,
+we find repictured in the working of those evolutionary forces that
+constitute each one of us an epitome of the past, a miniature of
+society. As children of earth we give due credit to each factor in
+heredity and environment that makes us what we are as we pass through
+planes of physical, intellectual, and moral development. But a still
+higher kingdom of consciousness is at hand, which forces us to feel
+that as brethren of the Son of Man we are also sons of God.
+
+In every wilderness of human life that stands instead of the oncoming
+paradise, a voice of preparation loudly calls. It is the self-same cry
+which of old the Baptist first sent forth, and which the Nazarene with
+emphasis took up. This watchword, Repent ye, repent ye! means, as
+_metanoia_ always meant, _newness and rightness of thought_, and
+consequently a thorough and abiding betterment of motive, character,
+disposition and habit, in every department and relation of individual
+and social human life. To effect this transformation from ignorance to
+knowledge, from selfishness to its opposite, is eternally the mission
+of that principle of truth personified as Jesus. We recognize its
+saving power only as it is set up within us as a rule of thought and
+action. When we pattern after it, we then realize all sin to be just
+what the Hebrew _chattah_ and the Greek _amartia_ indicate, _i. e._, a
+missing of the mark, a lack of conformity to type, the type being man
+finished in his creation, harmoniously developed, physically,
+intellectually, morally, spiritually. And we learn that sins are not
+forgiven by the setting aside of any law, or the amelioration of the
+consequences of the violation of law, knowingly, or unknowingly; but
+by the ordination in the nature of things of those agencies that tend,
+even though it be through the penalty of pain, to bring us to the
+knowledge of, and obedience to, every law written in the body and mind
+of man and governing his environment seen or unseen. Sin is
+incompletion, immaturity, unwholeness, ignorance, as well as the
+violation of some understood and accepted moral code. As the green
+fruit on the tree is forgiven for its unripeness by the baptism of
+sunlight, moisture, and all other forces needed to mature it, so man
+forgives and is forgiven by the impartation of strength where weakness
+is in body or in mind, by the diffusion of science to take the place
+of superstition, and by every other sure though slow, as we count
+time, redemptive evolutionary trend. The only sin unpardonable in this
+aeon or the next is _non-receptivity_ to the spirit that in every age
+impels to righteousness. So long as man keeps his eyes closed, he
+cannot be forgiven for being in a state of darkness. But it is an
+utterly unthinkable as well as unscriptural idea that there be any so
+perverse as to refuse throughout an endless time, to look upon the
+glory of a world of light and color, when by opening the windows of
+the soul they can exchange their trouble and unrest for peace that
+will not pass away.
+
+As for the babe of Bethlehem there was no other birthplace than a
+manger, so when the universal Christ is cradled in our souls, its
+resting place is in the midst of a well-nurtured animalism. The Herod
+of a ruling selfishness seeks to obliterate the loftier ideal. But
+while he summons all his strength to prevent the embodiment of the new
+thought, there are other faculties that perceive the star of promise
+and follow it as a harbinger of truth.
+
+The years of Jesus' life of which we have no record, save the one
+instance of his questioning and answering the wise ones in the temple,
+represent the time of preparation, discipline, study, culture,
+contemplation, necessary to fit us to give to others the benefit of
+our experience and attainment. For no one can lift another to a higher
+round of the ladder of life than that upon which he stands himself.
+
+The immersion in the Jordan shows a willingness to conform to existing
+customs, when no principle is sacrificed thereby and a point of
+contact with the masses can thus be established, so that the truth
+symbolized by the rite of baptism can be shown forth through the
+action of those formative, purifying, spiritual forces that sustain to
+the psychical realm the same relation that water bears to the physical
+world.
+
+The temptation of Jesus is typical of the time of testing that comes
+to every one who takes a step in advance of the age in which he
+lives. The principle of resistance called Satan confronts such an one
+at the very outset of his mission, and seemingly insuperable obstacles
+arise as foes to his progress. But he who first meets and masters all
+inward opposition, through knowledge of the law and allegiance
+thereto, can conquer every outward phase of hybrid beast and human,
+whose selfish pride and cruel greed have been well imaged as a devil
+with cloven foot and fiendish face.
+
+The Sermon on the Mount is a statement of spiritual axioms. It lays
+before us the law of love for the neighbor, as the very instinct of
+self-preservation. Not to do for others as we would be done by, is to
+fail to furnish food, raiment, and shelter for our own souls. Physical
+and intellectual man gains worldly strength and honor as he takes to
+himself and retains riches and knowledge regardless of the rights of
+others. In contradistinction to this, the spiritual man gets treasure
+and wisdom imperishable, as he serves his fellow men, and freely gives
+of whatsoever he may have, of which his neighbor stands in need.
+
+The beatitudes, with which the speech begins, such as man never spake
+before, tell, in a symbolism that is self-evidently true, the way by
+which alone, real happiness is won. We are blessed or cursed of God,
+through the working of His laws immutable, according as our relation
+to those laws is one of knowledge and obedience, or of ignorance and
+perversity. As, in the Hebrew tongue the words we render, "to curse,"
+and "to bless," run back to the same root idea, so in point of fact,
+the very suffering which, sooner or later, comes to us when we are out
+of touch with the divine order of love to God and love to man, is the
+means appointed to bring us to that harmony which all must gain.
+
+The lowest things are often seen to signify the things most high. A
+parable, _paraballo_, is that which "throws before" us such concrete
+imagery as best serves to foreshadow and to fit the mind to understand
+a certain abstract principle. As we become disciples, "learners" of
+the Truth, we find it speaks to us only through such emblems as enable
+us to reason from the things we do already know to those concerning
+which we wish to be informed. The words of Jesus went forth
+full-freighted with vitality. They were truly spirit and life, because
+charged with a virtue that can only come from a soul in submission to
+the law by his lips enunciated. Hence we see why, in the mystical
+language with which the Gospel of St. John begins, he is called the
+Logos, Reason or Word of God, from God and one with God, because he
+reveals the divine thought concerning man, inherently perfect from the
+first, but requiring time and space for its outworking. That human
+individuality may be maintained, man is uplifted only over the fulcrum
+of his own will. This volitional power is the ray in us of that
+Creative Energy whose name Jehovah signifies, _I will be what I will
+to be_. Thus, then, oneness with God is not sameness with God, nor the
+absorption of human personality in the Infinite Being. It is simply a
+state to be reached in our progressive creation where we will come to
+a knowledge of the laws of life, and will consciously co-operate with
+those divine decrees governing the origin, nature, and destiny of the
+soul. To illustrate the possibility of such achievement and exemplify
+the way of its attainment, was the mission of the Christ. But it has
+been so much easier to idolatrously worship his person than to embody
+his principles, that ceremonials and doctrines have been substituted
+for the life he lived. This is a sufficient reason for the manifestly
+unsaved condition that the so-called Christian world still exhibits in
+all manner of bigotry and disease, social unrest and iniquity.
+
+The name Jesus signifies "_that which makes whole_." So we find the
+one who bore it, true to his title, healing the bodies of men and
+giving to their souls a cure for sorrow. Yet, even he was made to feel
+that of himself he could do nothing, so keenly was he conscious of the
+fact that every self-denying sympathetic soul becomes a mediator,
+through whom the reconstructive forces of the universe make their
+impress felt upon the race. He speaks of prayer and faith, as mental
+states to be entered into and maintained, if we would _be_ and _do_
+the best we can. His injunctions in reference to prayer correspond
+well with the meaning of the Greek verb _euchomai_ which we render "to
+pray," and which signifies to put forth effort rightly, _i. e._, along
+the lines of laws understood. He said that true prayer is not the
+repetition of any words, nor the asking for that which we may think it
+best that we should have. For the spiritual man knows that his labor
+for others insures of himself the results that are best. So the
+discourse of Jesus in this connection defines prayer, in its highest
+sense, as an inward, not an outward attitude; a state of mental
+receptivity to the guidance of truth and desire for the good of
+others, always to be observed, not the mere utterance of terms of
+petition or praise. He tells us to withdraw into the soul's most
+secret place, where God already sits enthroned, and there commune with
+Him.
+
+Before in spirit and with understanding we can in thought, and word,
+and deed, articulate Our Father! we must pass back in review through
+all the cycles that have rolled around, since this old earth of ours
+first turned in space. We then behold the most attenuate form of
+matter of which we can conceive, as a condensation of creative energy,
+yet but a matrix fitted for the reception of a planet seed or soul. We
+recognize a divine involution as the antecedent and causation of all
+so-called natural evolution. We see each link in the chain of being,
+from least to greatest, from the simplest to the most complex; grass,
+herb, and tree, fish, reptile, bird, and beast, as multiple yet
+orderly expressions of the immanence and permanence of the fatherhood
+of God. We view the creation of man as His highest handiwork, in which
+the seed of human life, bearing latent within it every high attribute
+and potency possessed by its celestial source, is placed or planted in
+a prepared material environment. We look back through the ages upon
+the travail of this our soul, and are satisfied as we see it gradually
+rising to the mastery and reformation of the physical form and animal
+soul, in which and with which it has been tabernacled to gain a
+necessary experience. From savagery to civilization, through planes of
+physical, intellectual, and moral consciousness we pass, borne upward
+by the overshadowing power of God to realize the omnipresence of its
+fatherhood. From this right starting-point there follows of necessity
+a conception of that vital fraternity of man which makes us members of
+one body, and which precludes the possibility of the gaining of a
+lasting good by any individual part thereof without a benefit to all.
+
+Each other portion of the prayer of prayers is seen to have a
+correspondingly deep significance, when carefully analyzed, although
+formulated as an object lesson in our spiritual kindergarten, the
+church. The name of God we hallow, but not as did the ancient
+Israelites, by refusing even to mention the sacredly incommunicable
+_Yahweh_. For we have learned that the right name is what expresses
+the nature of that which is named. So that the only way in which we
+can reverence the name of God or Christ is by the consecration of our
+time and talent to the expression of all the God-like, Christ-like
+qualities with which, as human beings, we are gifted.
+
+What foolishness, if not blasphemy, it would be for us to ask that the
+will of God should be obeyed in the world about us, when His laws of
+gravitation and chemical affinity, crystallization and cell-growth,
+rule supremely in each of earth's kingdoms. But the constant
+aspiration of our hearts should be that the elements of earthiness
+within us, that militate against the expression of our highest ideals,
+shall hear and heed a juster rule than that of selfishness. For no
+outward act of legislation can usher in heaven's kingdom on the earth,
+in human institutions, until many individuals have by its inward
+presence been guided and illumined.
+
+For a sufficiency of material food from day to day, we rightly ask by
+the proper use of each faculty and member God has given us, to compel
+the earth to yield up its resources for our sustenance, which it would
+do in ample abundance for all, were it not for the inordinate greed
+and lust, or the gross lethargy, of that many-phased, still
+unhumanized beast that man has to conquer in himself. But happy is he
+who hungers for the manna of law and the bread of truth, whose prayer
+is a sincere desire to be so fed thereon that there shall be such
+strength in the muscles of his soul as shall make of him a power for
+good to all with whom he comes in contact.
+
+As to our enemies, we can no longer cherish feelings of resentment
+toward anyone, however they may misconstrue our purest motive, or
+malign our best intent. We see that every one must show, when tested,
+the exact degree of growth he has attained. Hence, the slander and
+persecution, the "all manner of evil" falsely arrayed against us, we
+apprehend as the necessary means to determine our fidelity to the
+truth to which we have pledged allegiance, and to prove that what is
+of good cannot come to naught though all the powers of earth and hell
+be set against it. To forgive, _aphiemi_, is to cause advancement, to
+bear away burdens. Thus we see it as an axiom that only as we aid the
+weak, instruct the ignorant, develop the undeveloped, can we receive
+in turn what we most need to carry us farther forward on the upward
+path.
+
+Lead us not into temptation, is what we silently say when our thought
+and action show that we have well learned the lessons that were for us
+in past trial and tribulation, and so order our course that the
+leading of His laws, by which alone God ever guides, brings to us joy
+instead of pain. Then, whatsoever may betide, as men count weal or
+woe, we see the gold pass from the fire freed from its base alloy.
+Then all the prayer is answered as with the eye of the prophet to whom
+the future is as now, we see the soul delivered from, born out of
+evil, _poneros_, which well represents the six days or epochs of
+labor, strife, and friction, of gestation in materiality, that precede
+and prepare the way for the Sabbath day to dawn.
+
+The word "amen" is a Hebrew term for faith, which it defines as a firm
+prop or support, a foundation that abides. It pictures to us faith,
+not as emotion or credulity, nor the mere belief in, or acceptance of,
+some formulated creed; but as that clear assurance of what the present
+will produce or what the future has in store, which can only come as
+we perceive how God, by laws immutable, has ruled throughout the past.
+And faithful prayer is oneness of the will of man with that of God,
+through knowledge of His laws and glad obedience thereto. Thus, this
+word, as a symbol, stands for that which is the first and last of all
+true prayer.
+
+The works of Jesus, like his words, were all of a symbolic character,
+in that each so-called miracle foreshadowed a result to be realized as
+a common heritage of men through the age-lasting evolution of the same
+intelligence that then produced the transient tokens of its presence.
+In the New Testament there are four words used, in the original Greek,
+which have been translated as descriptive of miraculous occurrences.
+
+Their basic meaning is as follows: 1, _dunamis_, power, energy, a
+faculty or ability to do; 2, _ergon_, a work, an arrangement in order,
+with purpose and skill; 3, _teras_, to turn, to resolve, to excite
+wonder or fear; 4, _semeion_, the word most frequently employed,
+indicates a sign, mark, or token by which a thing is shown, something
+used to represent something else. Our word "miracle" is often and
+erroneously used for a phenomenon supposed to have occurred outside
+the realm of law. Yet, in the strictest sense, the bursting of a blade
+of grass from out the ground, the conception and birth of any form of
+life, are as stupendous miracles, marks of creative power, as the mind
+of man can ever contemplate.
+
+The wise and great in any department of progress have always towered
+like gods above their fellowmen. The natural product of their lives
+has been a constant miracle to those about them. In spiritualizing the
+story of the prodigies performed by Jesus, we would not question the
+psychic power, transforming virtue of such an one as he, who was
+fitted to convey a re-creative influence to the world. But we would
+wish to show how far those phenomenal evidences of power and
+intelligence transcended the domain of mediumistic wonder-working or
+spiritistic occultism. This is easily accomplished as we continue to
+apply the same principle of interpretation that has already shown us
+that the supposed miraculous conception and birth of the Christ was
+but a consummation of the plan, and in obedience to the same laws by
+which the heavens were made, the earth begotten and born, mineral and
+vegetable kingdoms formed and sustained, animal life brought forth and
+evolved, and, finally, man progressively created in the image,
+according to the likeness of his God. Because the same spiritual
+nature that the typical man so perfectly embodied has been begotten in
+our souls and is seeking to express itself along the lines he pointed
+out, the truth, of which his so-called miracles were illustrative and
+prophetical, is made apparent. His walking on the sea of Galilee, or
+bidding its tempestuous waves be still, was not so marvelous a proof
+of power as has been the advancement of the principle he represented
+upon the seething ocean of humanity, causing the tumultuous tides of
+lust and passion, sin and ignorance to subside. The literal narrative
+of the miraculous draught of fishes vouchsafed to the disciples
+affords but a feeble symbol of the abundant life that has come to men
+and nations who have cast their nets, put forth their efforts, in
+obedience to the injunctions of the Law-giver of the New Testament.
+
+The wonder of the marriage-feast is re-performed as Christ attends the
+wedding of our souls to truth, that union which cannot by man be put
+asunder. As this takes place the water turns to wine; that within our
+mental make-up which before was unformed, unstable, in a condition of
+flux and change, becomes vivified with creative power, and bubbles and
+sparkles with newness of life and inspiration, refreshing and
+stimulating the soul with higher emotions and desires, imparting to
+the very cells and tissues of the body a reconstructive tendency to
+health.
+
+By the breaking of the bread of life, the hidden manna of the Word,
+the reality behind appearance, the multitude of faculties is fed and
+that unseen assembly nourished whose lives are linked with ours at
+this Lord's Supper of the soul. Blinded perceptions are restored to
+sight from day to day, and gifted with a constantly enlarging field of
+vision in the realm of truth and law. The understanding that was deaf
+vibrates with joy in response to the call of a salvatory science. The
+antitypes of palsied arm and crippled foot, which are the lack of
+power to do and of ability to advance in a higher, mental life, are
+healed by the transforming touch that makes its impress on the soul
+when first made conscious, that by its own free will its highest
+ideals are to become realities. Even those who have been so
+earth-bound and selfish as to be lifeless, cold, and dead to the
+knowledge of God and love to the neighbor are commencing to arise in
+answer to the spirit of the approaching altruistic age. Accompanying
+this present resurrection, the veil is being rent that for so long has
+intervened between this life and the next. And although no outward
+cloud is sundered for a personal Messiah to descend to rule as
+temporal prince, the denser fogs of a gross materialism are parting
+fast before the rising glory of that day whose dawn we see afar on the
+horizon. For the signs are many and are strikingly apparent that those
+splendid souls, the wisely great ones of the past, the saviors and
+educators of the race, are to co-operate with us in the formation of
+that kingdom and republic which their prophetic vision saw and fervent
+words foretold. Then, as a spiritual reality, will we understand the
+truth symbolized by the doctrines of the church concerning the
+resurrection of the dead and communion with the saints, as the first
+fruits of them that slept appear to us. And what is now prefigured by
+the phenomena and personations of modern spiritualism, will then
+become a blessed fact as our missing loved ones labor with us for our
+and their redemption and the good of all mankind. Had they been
+permitted, or were they able, to return for any other purpose, the
+result would be the furtherance of selfishness and materiality.
+Spiritualism, with its convincing tests of an unseen intelligence, and
+its crude communications, sustains the same relation to the angelic
+intercourse which it simulates, that the symbolic conversion, baptism,
+and bread and wine of the church bear to the organic experiences of
+a true life. They are all, alike, signs and forms, shadows cast before
+the substance drawing nigh, the Christ that is to be.
+
+Our present space will not permit us now to even touch upon, much less
+delineate, the all-important principles symbolized by the recorded
+martyrdom of Jesus, and the doctrine of atonement. But they, and all
+the eschatology of the Gospels, and with which the apocalyptic book of
+riddles is filled, will be readily unravelled as we still farther
+trace the working of those laws already seen, that are not restricted
+in their operation by relations of time and space, but govern through
+the ages the travail of the embodied or disembodied soul. Suffice it
+then to say that hell and heaven are not the names of _places_ to
+which the wicked or the good are called upon to go. Sheol, Gehenna,
+Hades, Tartarus, and the opposite Kingdom of God, are terms expressing
+symbolically the experiences and conditions of undeveloped and
+developed souls here as well as hereafter.
+
+
+
+
+THE TRUE POLITICS FOR PROHIBITION AND LABOR.
+
+BY EDWIN C. PIERCE.
+
+
+A vast body of American citizens have a deep concern in the temperance
+cause, and are bound in conscience to do their utmost to give early
+success to the movement for the legal suppression of the drinking
+saloon, which they rightly regard as the fountain of intemperance.
+Some of them are rich and some of them are poor. Some of them are
+conservative and some of them of radical tendency as to questions
+concerning wealth. They belong to the industrious, intelligent, moral,
+and patriotic reserves of the country. With them in sympathy is the
+motherhood of America. I think it is only fair to say, and that all
+social reformers should see, that the radical prohibition
+constituency--dispersed now in several political parties--is larger
+than the following commanded by any other single reform idea, and it
+is distinguished by exceptional persistency. There is also a large and
+increasing body of American citizens absorbed in what is called the
+labor question. Some of them are rich and some of them are poor. Some
+of them are also on the side of prohibition and some of them are
+hostile or indifferent.
+
+The labor question is the question of social justice, and no question
+can be higher than that. Stated in other terms, the labor question is
+the question of how to approximate more nearly to an equal
+distribution of wealth, not so much of the wealth already amassed by
+society as of the wealth that is to be produced by labor in the
+future. Now, while there are very few people who think that entire
+equality of fortune in this world is either possible or desirable;
+every free democracy will wish to work towards equality of social
+condition, looking forward to a glorious time when uninvited poverty
+shall be outgrown, when manhood shall be of more social weight than
+wealth.
+
+There is as much high moral sentiment put into the labor question
+to-day, as ever was put into any crusade against any form of
+oppression or evil.
+
+If, however, only the radicals with fixed convictions and unflagging
+zeal were counted, neither of these humane causes would have a
+majority of American voters. Deeply interested in both, I frankly
+confess that I do not believe either prohibition or labor can win
+alone. As we study our political history, we find that political
+issues are not carried except in combination, and as part of the
+policy of a political party to the cohesion and the power of which
+many issues and many forces contribute. We are not under the Swiss
+referendum; we are a representative republic, with two legislative
+chambers, each constituted in a peculiar way. Our national life is
+complex. To hold in party association the six millions or more of
+American men whose support, continued for years, is necessary to carry
+a great measure, requires the proper connection with the past, and
+trenchant dealing with the present which is full of imperious demands.
+Abraham Lincoln was not borne into the presidency in 1860 solely by
+the strength of the anti-slavery issue, but found necessary support in
+Pennsylvania from the committal of the Republicans to the protective
+principle, while in Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, and the West
+generally, he was greatly aided by the homestead issue. Several
+distinct issues have usually been involved in our presidential
+elections. Exceptions are presented by the victories of sentiment or
+tendency under the extraordinary leadership of Jefferson in 1800, and
+in the extraordinary demonstration for General Jackson and Democracy
+in 1828.
+
+Successful parties in the United States, as in England, have generic
+rather than specific names. Federalist, Democratic-Republican, Whig,
+Democratic, and Republican; all represent popular triumphs and
+administrations of the government. Anti-Masonic, Liberty, American,
+Free Soil, Greenback, Prohibition, Labor,--these party names represent
+no partisan victories. In the Cabinet of the first President of the
+Republic, Thomas Jefferson was Secretary of State, and Alexander
+Hamilton was Secretary of the Treasury. To each of them Washington
+submitted the question whether Congress had power to incorporate a
+bank. Jefferson, believing popular liberty safe only in a strict
+construction of the Constitution, denied the power to create a bank
+because no such power is expressed, or is strictly necessary to the
+exercise of any power expressly granted. Hamilton, believing that a
+liberal construction of the Constitution was essential to the
+development of America, answered that Congress had the power, that the
+power was incidental to the national character of the government. He
+construed the grant of "necessary" powers in these words: "It is a
+common mode of expression to say that it was necessary for a
+government or a person to do this or that thing, when nothing more is
+intended or understood than that interests of the government or person
+require or may be promoted by the doing of this or that thing. The
+imagination can be at no loss for exemplifications on the use of the
+word in this sense. And it is the true one, in which it is to be
+understood as used in the Constitution." The Supreme Court, quoting
+these very words with approval, has adopted Hamilton's construction.
+With the writing of those two opinions in the Cabinet of Washington,
+the enduring lines of party division in America were drawn. There
+ought to be early recognition of the fact, that in case a new party of
+the people shall be formed, a party determined upon reform of existing
+abuses and oppressions, upon the suppression of the liquor traffic as
+we know it, upon the overthrow of every semblance of plutocracy, upon
+opening to every child of the American democracy an equality of
+opportunity as yet unknown, resort must be had to those broad,
+liberal, and constructive constitutional doctrines which the existing
+Democratic party steadily opposes, and which the Republican party does
+not sufficiently apply for the benefit of the masses. It is the duty
+and opportunity of the prohibitionists to make such a party. A party
+going to Thomas Jefferson for a baptism of Democratic feeling, and
+content with no sprinkling, and to the school of Hamilton for its
+constitutionalism, can supplant the Republicans, and only such a party
+can meet the case of labor. The woollen manufacturers of Massachusetts
+have just remonstrated against further reduction of the hours of labor
+unless the reduction be uniform in all the manufacturing States, and
+they made the significant suggestion that Congress has power to
+establish uniform hours of labor. Congress does have that power as a
+part of the power to regulate commerce. The eight-hour day can only
+come in this country by act of Congress, and the construction that
+sustains such an act sustains national regulation of the liquor
+traffic. The general welfare of the Union is involved in each case.
+American industry is a unit so far as the interests of American homes
+require the rule of uniformity, and the home life of America is a unit
+so far as it needs that protection which, in order to be complete,
+must come from the national authority. I venture to suggest that one
+thing that has hindered the cementing of the alliance between labor
+and prohibition, is the tendency of the prohibitionists while
+recognizing the importance of labor problems to insist that
+prohibition must come first. The labor men will never go into any
+party that puts it quite in that way. Is it not sufficient to claim
+urgency for the prohibition issue, to say that no work should take
+precedence of prohibition in party performance? I think the time has
+come when this issue can be taken up by a political party and I
+recommend a party that shall declare for prohibition with the same
+emphasis with which the Republican party declared for protection in
+1884 and in 1888. I think, however, that the party that carries a bill
+for national control of the manufacture and traffic in liquors through
+Congress, to be signed by a President chosen with a knowledge of his
+prohibition principles, will have to have a good running mate for its
+prohibition issue. Yet I believe the prohibition plank in the platform
+of the great progressive party, lineally descending, would be the
+centre of attraction and of repulsion. I grant that. But the balance
+will be so kept that multitudes who take, at first at least, a
+livelier interest in some other measure which also is promoted by
+party ascendancy, will vote for partisan prohibition because it is the
+policy of the party of human progress with which they are keeping
+step.
+
+I refrain from going at length into a discussion of labor issues.
+Shall prohibitionists come out for State Socialism, shall they pledge
+themselves to make that economic nationalism which is now only a
+prophecy and an ideal, a political fact when they came into
+administration? No political party should do this. But the word
+socialism is a word of good meaning. It means fraternity, industry
+upon a Christian basis. In the discussion that impends in this
+country, concerning the rights and the wrongs of the wage-earners, and
+concerning the demands for relief, constantly growing louder, of the
+agricultural producing classes, the question arises in the mind at
+the outset, whether our policy, state and national, shall be based
+upon the _laissez faire_ doctrine, the "let alone" principle; or upon
+the principle of the intervention of public opinion through the agency
+of government to effect the ends of justice and of aid to the weaker
+classes whether by regulative laws, or by the assumption by the public
+(through local, state, or national government, as the nature of the
+case may require,) of such business or industrial enterprises as are
+natural monopolies or can be best performed by the people
+collectively. I say this question arises in the mind at the outset,
+but after all, it is, I think, not a question requiring much argument
+in this day of the world; because, although there are some men more
+busy with their own daily duties than attentive to the world's
+progress who are apt, from time to time, to raise this question,
+appealing in favor of the "let alone" principle, it is really a
+question already decided. The people both in England and in America
+have grown quite away from _laissez faire_ doctrine, the tendency is
+strong and constantly increasing in the direction of increase of
+governmental intervention to redress the social balance. I believe it
+is impossible that this tendency should be arrested. I believe it
+would not be in the interest of humanity to arrest it. There is a vast
+field for individualism, and in that field it is eminently useful.
+There is a field also for society, for the State. The needs of the
+people in this country to-day are such, the thought of the masses is
+advancing so rapidly in the direction indicated that no political
+party can long hold power that does not accept the socialistic
+tendency and prudently experiment in that direction. There is, in
+point of fact, no other possible direction in which society can move,
+and it cannot stand still. From the necessity for some intervention in
+aid of the weaker classes against the operation of the laws of demand
+and supply, it follows that "no class legislation" is not a good cry
+for a labor party.
+
+The land question should have a distinct recognition as a true reform
+issue, and while committal to the policy signified by the term single
+tax, in its entirety, should be avoided, land speculation and monopoly
+should be condemned as a monstrous evil, and against that evil should
+be directed such special taxation of land values as will check and
+ultimately destroy it, without too rudely disturbing existing values.
+
+Government ownership of railroads, telegraphs, and of the anthracite
+coal mines, should be favored.
+
+Gas, electric lights, and street railroads should be municipalized.
+
+Legislation, reducing gradually and prudently the hours of labor,
+should be given urgency.
+
+National aid to education, unwisely neglected by the Republicans, is
+strong with labor, and will be stronger the more it is discussed.
+Prohibitionists should advocate universal suffrage with universal
+education.
+
+Educational tests for the suffrage offer too easy a repose for the
+conservatism of wealth, and to advocate them is to touch the wrong
+note, that of distrust rather than trust in the masses. Stand with
+Jefferson for Democracy and education, not for education first and the
+ballot afterwards. Go to the magnificent oration of Wendell Phillips,
+"The Scholar in a Republic," for the courage and wisdom to say with
+that friend of prohibition and labor, that "crime and ignorance have
+the same right to vote that virtue has.... The right to choose your
+governor rests on precisely the same foundation as the right to choose
+your religion." "Thank God for His method of taking bonds of wealth
+and culture to share all their blessings with the humblest soul He
+gives to their keeping." "Universal suffrage,--God's church, God's
+school, God's method of gently binding men into commonwealths in order
+that they may at last melt into brothers." All attempts to identify
+prohibition or labor with free trade should be abandoned.
+
+No large extension of our market for manufactures in Spanish America
+or in other foreign countries is possible, if we are to reduce hours
+of labor, abolish child labor, call married women from factory to
+home, and raise wages in America, regardless of the effect upon the
+cost of production. Labor reform, the socialistic tendency require a
+rigid adherence to the protective system. But reliance upon the home
+market will not only make labor legislation possible, but will be
+economic wisdom as well, for by education, by suppressing the saloon,
+by shortening hours, by increasing wages, we can indefinitely increase
+the capacity of our own people to consume. The McKinley tariff will
+work out its own salvation; for the friends of labor or prohibition to
+attack it is a fatal mistake. Prohibition, labor reform, and
+protection are natural allies, and in the party of the future will be
+united. Whoever wishes to form a new party for prohibition and for
+labor, will do well to appropriate rather than discard the historic
+Republican issues. Let the reformers catch the Republicans bathing and
+steal their clothes, albeit they already have some garments of their
+own which are very good. If a Democrat, for the sake of temperance or
+labor, or any issue, will leave the Democratic party, he has outgrown
+the constitutional doctrines of that party, and will not cling to its
+economic theories. If he brings a traditional prejudice in favor of
+government by the masses rather than by classes, he brings what is
+needed. When the period of political readjustment, not yet surely
+begun, is over, the Republican party will have been supplanted by a
+party inheriting many distinguishing articles of its creed; but the
+Democratic party will remain as the party of obstruction, claiming
+descent from Jefferson but not the true representative of the eternal
+truths with which his name is associated. Around the anti-national
+idea the ultra-conservatives, the cormorants of society, the panderers
+to vice, the white-liners of the South will rally. The true Democrats,
+with a unanimity hitherto unknown, will appreciate the utility of the
+national idea and will demonstrate that our Constitution was indeed
+intended "to live and take effect in all successions of ages." The
+popular party, at once conservative and radical, will demonstrate by
+its habitual self-restraint, by its scrupulous regard for justice, by
+the honorable methods which it shall observe and exact, by its
+prudence in legislation, that the Democracy in the plentitude of its
+powers, is most truly conservative of all that vast store of good
+which the past hands down.
+
+
+
+
+SUNDAY AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.
+
+BY WM. H. ARMSTRONG.
+
+
+The question of closing on Sunday the gates of the World's Fair is one
+that not only interests our nation but also the nations of the world.
+
+On September 3, eighty members of the National World's Fair
+Commission, and one hundred members of the Board of Lady Managers,
+listened to the arguments of representatives of the American Sabbath
+Union for closing the World's Fair Sundays. The arguments for Sunday
+closing were presented by Col. Elliott F. Shepard, President of the
+American Sabbath Union; Rev. Dr. S. F. Scoville, President of Wooster
+University, Ohio; Rev. T. A. Fenley, Secretary of the Philadelphia
+Sabbath Association; Gen. O. O. Howard; Col. Alex. F. Bacon; Hon. L.
+S. Coffin; Rev. F. L. Patton, President of Princeton University; Dr.
+P. S. Henson of Chicago; and Mrs. T. B. Carse, as the representative
+of the W. C. T. U.
+
+On reading the addresses and petitions presented by the above named
+persons, I was surprised to see the diversity of names given to the
+first day of the week. Some called it "the Sabbath day," others
+"Sunday," while another class termed it "the _American_
+Sabbath"--_none of them having Bible authority for the names given_.
+This inadvertence might be excused if these gentlemen were not poising
+as moulders of public thought and teachers of Bible truth, while they
+are endeavoring to palm off Sunday upon the National Columbian
+Commission as a "holy day," for which they cannot produce Bible
+authority.
+
+Nowhere in the Bible can they find any command to keep Sunday as a
+"holy day," neither can they there find where the Jewish Sabbath was
+ever changed to the first day of the week--Sunday. This change was
+made by Constantine's edict, in 321 A.D., which was the first law
+either ecclesiastical or civil by which the sabbatical observance of
+Sunday was known to have been ordained. Does anyone claim that
+Constantine was inspired? The sabbatical observance of Sunday, as
+prescribed by Constantine, or of "the American Sabbath," as prescribed
+by statutory law, is yielding obedience to the commandments of man and
+not of God, and all their advocates are confronted with the Scripture:
+"But in vain they do worship me, teaching for doctrines the
+commandments of men." Matt. xv. 9.
+
+As Dr. Francis L. Patton, of Princeton University, was the only
+speaker who attempted to speak on the Biblical aspect of the Sunday
+question, I shall direct my remarks to him. The doctor is quoted as
+saying: "The Ten Commandments represent the high water mark of
+morality. The Jew had contributed the greatest feature of the
+civilization of the nineteenth century. The Sabbath had become the
+inheritance of every civilized nation. God had issued His command as
+to the observance of the Sabbath, and that command was imperative."
+These words would be more appropriate coming from a Pharisee, but when
+spoken by a Gentile claiming to be a minister of the New Testament, 2
+Cor. iii. 6, they come with bad grace, and are not in harmony with the
+Scriptures.
+
+The Ten Commandments made on Sinai were delivered to the Jews alone
+and never were intended for the Gentiles, for Paul said: "For when the
+Gentiles, which have not the law, do by nature the things contained in
+the law, these, having not the law, are a law unto themselves." Rom.
+ii. 14. An appeal to the law itself shows that it was always and only
+addressed to the house of Israel, "to you and your children, to your
+man servants, and maid servants, and to thy stranger that is within
+thy gates." It cannot be proven that God ever commanded a Gentile to
+keep the Sabbath. "The Ten Commandments," says Luther, "do not apply
+to us Gentiles and Christians, but only to the Jews." "A law," says
+Grotius, "obliges only those to whom it is given, and to whom the
+Mosaic law is given, itself declares: 'hear, O Israel.'"
+
+When the Gentiles first began to accept Jesus Christ, we read in Acts
+xv. that the Apostles, elders, and brethren at Jerusalem wrote them
+letters as follows: "Forasmuch as we have heard, that certain which
+went out from us have troubled you with words, subverting your souls,
+saying, Ye must be circumcised, and keep the law; to whom we gave no
+such commandment.... For it seemeth good to the Holy Ghost, and to us,
+to lay upon you no greater burden than these necessary things; That ye
+abstain from meats offered to idols, and from blood, and from things
+strangled, and from fornication: from which if you keep yourselves, ye
+shall do well. Fare ye well." Here is freedom for the Gentiles from
+the Ten Commandments and especially the observance of the Jewish
+Sabbath, the most valued of the ten.
+
+Romans ii. 14 plainly shows "the Gentiles had not the law," and this
+constituted a mark of distinction between Jew and Gentile. But had the
+law been also given to the Gentiles, the Jewish nation would not have
+been fenced off from the rest of the world by it. The very fact that
+they were a separate people under the law proves that their code was
+not a universal law. Paul said: "For I testify again to every man that
+is circumcised, that he is a debtor to do the whole law." Gal. v. 3.
+This is clear, only the circumcised Jew and proselyte was under the
+law.
+
+In favor of the Mosaic law, many advocates say that all municipal
+governments are based upon it; but this only proves that it is not of
+the Kingdom of Christ, because his kingdom is not of this world.
+Christ's law is the "ministration of Spirit" "the law of the spirit of
+life written in the heart." The Sinai law was the "ministration of
+death" written on stone. Moses' law only gave the knowledge of sin,
+Christ's law gives a far more exquisite knowledge of sin, and contains
+the remedy for its removal.
+
+We find, in Matt, xxviii. 18-20, and Mark xvi. 15-20, the final
+universal commission of Christ, his imperative orders to all teachers
+and preachers in the Kingdom of God. Everything else is excluded but
+Christ's Gospel, and _his commands_. They stand out against every form
+of sin, and they only are to be preached to sinners as a means of
+conviction and salvation, and to believers as their present rule of
+life; and to show that he is not subjected to, nor in need of any
+former code, he announces the fact that "All power is given me in
+heaven and earth." Here Christ sets up his supreme authority, removes
+all temporary systems, and demands subjection to _his own gospel and
+commandments_.
+
+It would have been more appropriate for the members of the American
+Sabbath Union, in their petitions to the National Columbian
+Commission, to subscribe themselves "many Israelites," for they preach
+the law of commandments more than the Spirit of the Lord, which is
+life and liberty. Paul describes them, viz.: "But their minds were
+blinded: for until this day remaineth the same vail untaken away in
+the reading of the Old Testament: which vail is done away in Christ.
+But even unto this day when Moses is read, the vail is upon their
+hearts. Nevertheless when it shall turn to the Lord, the vail shall be
+taken away." 2 Cor. iii. 14-16.
+
+Doctor Patton is credited with saying: "If the nation and fair should
+yield obedience to the fourth commandment they would be in a fair way
+to the other nine." I wish, while the doctor was speaking, that the
+Apostle Paul could have stepped in and delivered several of his old
+sermons such as he delivered to the Galatians who, as Christians, were
+trying to keep the law of Moses. I select a few of his observations,
+viz.: "Man is not justified by the works of the law. For as many as
+are of the works of the law are under the curse. But that no man is
+justified by the law in the sight of God, it is evident: for the just
+shall live by faith. And the law is not of faith. Wherefore the law
+was our schoolmaster to bring us unto Christ, that we might be
+justified by faith; but after faith is come, we are no longer under a
+schoolmaster. Christ is become of no effect unto you, whosoever of you
+are justified by the law; ye are fallen from grace. For all the law is
+fulfilled in one word, even in this; thou shalt love thy neighbor as
+thyself. But if ye be led of the Spirit ye are not under the law."
+Gal. ii. 16; iii. 10, 11, 12, 24, 25; v. 4, 14, 18.
+
+Paul also tells those "foolish Galatians": "But now, after ye have
+known God, or rather are known of God, how turn ye again to the weak
+and beggarly elements, whereunto ye desire again to be in bondage? _Ye
+observe days, and months, and times, and years._ I am afraid of you,
+lest I have bestowed upon you labor in vain." Gal. iv. 9-11. I can see
+how Paul would be also afraid of these Sunday agitators, as they spend
+much of their time in the observance-worship of days, months, times,
+and years.
+
+Under the old covenant God's laws were written on tables of stone,
+while under the new covenant we receive the promise, viz.: "This is
+the covenant I will make with them after those days, saith the Lord;
+I will put my laws into their hearts, and in their minds will I write
+them." Heb. x. 16.
+
+All who consider "remember the Sabbath day and keep it holy" applies
+to them, should keep the day in the exact manner prescribed for the
+Israelites. There are seventy-seven positive commands from God to the
+children of Israel regarding the keeping of the Sabbath day holy to
+Him. Now, I ask what Bible authority has Doctor Patton, or any of the
+Sabbath day advocates for ignoring or abridging any of these
+seventy-seven commands? To obey _the law_, no wood or water must be
+borne; no fire built; no victuals cooked; no domestic animals must be
+worked, even to drive to the house of worship. To do any of these were
+a violation of the fourth commandment. Is there a member of the
+American Sabbath Union who keeps the law for which they are clamoring?
+These agitators rush to Chicago, with petitions signed by hundreds of
+thousands, and say: "If the fair is opened Sunday it will force tens
+of thousands of employees to work Sunday," while their petitioners are
+forcing hundreds of thousands of their employees to do even extra work
+in getting up their best dinners for the clergy and visiting brethren
+on Sunday; this they do though the fourth commandment says: "Thou
+shalt have no work done," "that thy man servant and thy maid
+servant-may rest as well as thou." Deut. v. 12-14.
+
+No one can deny the necessity and benefit of man resting one day in
+seven; but when any set of men attempt to make our legal rest day "a
+holy day," and prescribe certain modes and forms of rest by demanding
+that the nation discard their newspapers, conveniences, and
+amusements--which are means of rest to the majority--because they call
+them sins if enjoyed on Sunday, it is in order for us to "speak out"
+and ask these reformers to produce their authority.
+
+No man has the right of dictating to another how he shall rest. What
+is rest for one man would be an unpleasant strain upon another; to
+illustrate: The church people, mostly the wealthy class who are not
+bound with labor's chains, can do as they please, enjoy all the
+amusements--the ball, theatre, lecture, concert, card-party,
+etc.,--throughout the week, so when Sunday comes it is a rest for them
+to ride to church, glide up the aisles, listen to the deep, solemn
+sounding tones of the organ, glance around at the rich toilets, hear
+a pleasing short lecture, greet friends, and return home for a _nice_
+dinner. The poor laboring man who has none of these things would feel
+out of place among all that culture, wealth, and luxury, so he must
+seek other diversions.
+
+The members of the American Sabbath Union remind one of the Scribes
+and Pharisees, who brought unto Jesus a woman taken in adultery and
+said unto him: "Now Moses in the law commanded us that such should be
+stoned, but what sayest thou?" Jesus, totally disregarding Mosaic law,
+said unto them: "He that is without sin among you, let him first cast
+a stone at her." So we can apply these words of Jesus to "the Sunday
+agitators"--as law breakers--and say unto them, he that is not
+breaking any of Moses' laws among you, let him first cast a stone at
+the managers of the World's Fair.
+
+When Jesus came bringing the light of the new covenant, he showed how
+unimportant was this question, for we cannot find in the New Testament
+where he ever recommended anyone to keep the Sabbath day holy. On the
+contrary, he and his disciples were accused of breaking the Sabbath by
+the hypocritical Scribes and Pharisees.
+
+"The poor we have always with us," and to alleviate as much as
+possible the misery of the less fortunate is one of the noblest
+missions of life. From dark, dust-begrimed habitations of a hot city
+comes a cry whose burden is "Fresh Air." So throw wide open the gates
+of the World's Fair on Sundays, that the wage worker may find rest and
+enjoyment; for the rich can rest when they please--the poor must take
+recreation when they can. Sectism is blinding humanity and turning
+them from the old pathway to Jesus, the Son of God, who came to save
+man from his sins. This "one day worship" is not enough, for God
+claims our services each and every day, as every day is given us by
+Him. God certainly must be jealous of nations to-day serving Satan six
+days in the week and then worshipping Sunday (Constantine's law) or
+Saturday (Moses' law) instead of Him. For their Sunday worship is
+mostly vain show and pomp, fashioned as a crowd bedecked for a
+theatrical performance, all of which is forbidden in the Bible (1 Tim.
+ii. 9-11), which they profess to follow.
+
+
+
+
+TURNING TOWARDS NIRVANA.
+
+BY E. A. ROSS.
+
+
+It needs no very long stay in Europe to detect a strange drooping of
+spirit. The rank corn and cotton optimism of the West quickly feels
+the deep sadness that lurks behind French balls, Prussian parades, and
+Italian festivals. Europe, when once you pry beneath its surface and
+find what its people are thinking and feeling, seems cankered and
+honeycombed with pessimism. You need go but a little way beyond the
+table d'hote and the guide book to feel the chill of despondency.
+Without taking into account this new mood, it is vain to try to
+understand the latest in art, music, fiction, poetry, thought,
+politics. The one word "despair" is the key that opens up the meaning
+of Ibsen's dramas, and Tolstoi's ethics, of Zola's novels, and Carmen
+Sylva's poems, of Bourget's romances, and Baudelaire's Fleurs du Mal.
+It is the spiritual bond that connects Wagner's operas with
+Turgenieff's novels, Amiel's journal with Marie Bashkirtseff's diary.
+Naturalism in fiction, "decadence" in poetry, realism in art, tragedy
+in music, scepticism in religion, cynicism in politics, and pessimism
+in philosophy, all spring from the same root. They are the means by
+which the age records its feelings of disillusionment.
+
+The broad basis of the sadness of Europe to-day is keen political
+disappointment. Forty years ago everybody hailed the policy of free
+trade, peace, and international exhibitions as ushering in the era
+
+    "When the war drum throbs no longer, and the battle-flags are furled
+    In the Parliament of mankind, the Federation of the World."
+
+As if in mockery of these hopes came that terrific relapse of
+civilization between 1855 and 1870. Then came a pause, and hope might
+have revived had not the war epoch left behind it a strange and
+appalling condition.
+
+No one so unfortunate as to live between the Bosphorus and the English
+Channel can view without dread the course Continental Europe has taken
+since 1870. The armies have increased until France and Germany alone
+have over six millions of soldiers. The Great Powers have now three
+armed men for every two of ten years ago. "Our armaments," says
+Premier Crispi, "are ruining Europe for the benefit of America." In a
+paper picked up in a Venetian cafe I read these lines:--
+
+     "Throughout Europe we now hear of nothing but smokeless powder
+     and small bore rifles, heavy ironclads and swift cruisers,
+     torpedo boats and dynamite guns. Europe seems hastening on to
+     that time foretold by General Grant when, worn out by a fatal and
+     ruinous policy, she will bow to the supremacy of peace-loving
+     America, and learn anew from her the lessons of true
+     civilization."
+
+Can we wonder that the European despairs? He finds himself aboard a
+train that seems speeding to sure destruction. Neither pope, nor
+churches, nor peace societies, nor alliances nor votes, can check its
+course. Nothing, it seems, can save Europe from the fatal plunge into
+the abyss of war. A shot on the Alsatian frontier, a plot hatched in a
+Servian barrack-room, or a riot in the Armenian quarter of
+Constantinople, may kindle a strife that may last, Von Moltke tells
+us, for thirty years.
+
+It is true that many alarms have proved false, but then it is the
+steady strain that tells on the mood. It is pathetic to see on the
+continent, how men fear to face the future. Public speakers dwell upon
+the glories of former times. The churches seek to revive the spirit of
+the Middle Ages. In schools there is immense interest in history,
+archaeology, and the classics. The age yearns to lose itself in the
+past, and delights in _genre_ pictures of the naive olden time, or of
+life in remote valleys untouched by the breath of progress. No one has
+heart to probe the next decade, to ask, "Where shall we be in ten
+years,--in fifty years?" The outlook is bounded by the next Sunday in
+the park or the theatre. The people throw themselves into the
+pleasures of the moment with the desperation of doomed men who hear
+the ring of the hammer on the scaffold. Ibsen, applying an old
+sailor's superstition to the European ship of state, tells how one
+night he stood on the deck and looked down on the throng of
+passengers, each the victim of some form of brooding melancholy or
+dark presentiment, and as he looked he seemed to hear a voice crying,
+"There's a corpse on board!"
+
+With the growth of armies has come a gloomier view of life. The vision
+of the nations "lapped in universal law" has vanished, and the new
+phrase, "struggle for existence," seems to sum up human history. War
+has been raised to the dignity of a means of progress and killing has
+been consecrated by biology. Not long ago three noted men, Count Von
+Moltke, General Wolseley, and Ex-Minister Phelps, declared it vain to
+hope for a time when wars should vanish from the earth. In Germany the
+youth are filled with the brutal cynicism of Prince Bismarck. "Blood
+and iron does it," said a Berlin divinity student to me. "You can no
+more stop war than you can stop the thunderbolt when two clouds meet
+charged with opposite electricities." "No," said another, "Europe has
+too many people, too much pressure on the boundaries. There must be a
+war now and then to thin them out."
+
+With loss of faith in moral progress men have lost faith in political
+progress. The ideals of '48 are _passe_. Liberty, equality, and
+fraternity are exploded bubbles. The imperialism of Bismarck, the foe
+of popular government and champion of divine right, rules the hour. To
+the fighting type of society the politics of industrial democracy seem
+absurd. You cannot set up the hustings in an armed camp of
+twenty-eight millions. Kings and nobles, rank and privilege, police,
+spies, and censors--all those hoary abuses that roused the men of
+'48,--are deemed necessary to a strong military state. They are
+hallowed by the new phrase of political fatalism "historical
+continuity."
+
+This drift of thought cannot but lead to a despairing view.
+Civilization seems to have lost itself in a _cul-de-sac_. Progress has
+ended in an aimless discontent. The schools have produced, according
+to Bismarck, ten times as many overeducated young men as there are
+places to fill. The thirst for culture has produced a great, hungry,
+intellectual proletariat. The forces of darkness are still strong, and
+it seems sometimes as if the Middle Ages will swallow up everything
+won by modern struggles. The Liberal wonders at moments if he be not
+really fighting against destiny. Often in his _Culturkampf_ with
+Ultramontanism has he proved the truth of Gambetta's saying, "_Le
+clericalism, voila l'ennemi!_"
+
+Science, too, has had its share in disturbing men's minds. Science,
+during the last twenty years, has been most successful in studying the
+past. It has traced the origin of institutions and followed the upward
+path of man. It has lifted the veil of mystery. It says, "See, I can
+show you how our feelings arose. I will lay bare the root of modesty,
+of filial piety, sexual love, patriotism, loyalty, justice, honor,
+aesthetic delight, conscience, religion, fear of God. I will explain
+the origin of institutions like the household, the church, the state.
+I will show the rise of prayer, worship, sacrifice, marriage-customs,
+ceremonies social forms, and laws. Nothing is found mysterious,
+nothing unique, nothing divine. There is no need of looking for a
+stream of tendency, an influx from another source, the descent of a
+new power. The notion of a soul from a spiritual world encysted in
+customs and feelings developed upon it by nature, is a myth. Man is a
+formation. The race has accommodated itself to its environment as a
+stream to its bed. The manifold adaptation of Nature to man is really
+the adaptation of man to Nature. To marvel at it is as if the cake
+should marvel at the fit of the dough-pan. Everything in man is the
+outcome of forces and conditions still present with us. Man and his
+civilization are held suspended in protoplasm and sunlight. Let but a
+plague sweep us away to-day, and to-morrow would begin the second
+evolution of man."
+
+But science, not content with tracing institutions, has been analyzing
+personality. We see now that there can never again be such an orgie of
+the Ego as that led by Fichte and Hegel. The doctrines of transmission
+and inheritance have attacked the independence of the individual.
+Science finds no ego, self or will that can maintain itself against
+the past. Heredity rules our lives like that supreme primeval
+necessity that stood above the Olympian gods. "It is the last of the
+fates," says Wilde, "and the most terrible. It is the only one of the
+gods whose real name we know." It is the "divinity that shapes our
+ends" and hurls down the deities of freedom and choice. Science
+dissolves the personality into temperaments and susceptibilities,
+predispositions, and transmitted taints, atavisms, and reversions. It
+finds the soul not a spiritual unit, but a treacherous compound of
+strange contradictions and warring tendencies, with traces of spent
+passion and vestiges of ancient sins, with echoes of forgotten deeds
+and survivals of vanished habits. We are "possessed" not by demons but
+by the dead. These are in Ibsen's drama the real ghosts which throng
+our lives and haunt our footsteps, remorseless as the furies. We are
+followed by the shades of our ancestors who visit us, not with
+midnight squeak and gibber, but in the broad noonday, speaking with
+our speech, and doing with our deed. We are bound to a destiny fixed
+before birth, and choice is the greatest of illusions. The world is
+indeed a stage, and life is but a hollow ceremony, spontaneous enough
+to the eye, but wherein the actors recite speeches and follow stage
+directions written for them long before they were born. Thus science
+grinds color for our modern Rembrandts.
+
+The final blow to the old notion of the ego is given by the doctrine
+of multiple individuality. Science tells of the conscious and the
+sub-conscious, of the higher nerve centres and the lower, of the
+double cerebrum and the wayward ganglia. It hints at the many
+voiceless beings that live out in our body their joy and pain, and
+scarce give sign, dwellers in the sub-centres, with whom, it may be,
+often lies the initiative when the conscious centre thinks itself
+free. This _I_ is, no doubt, a hierarchy or commonwealth of psychical
+units that at death dissolves and sinks below the threshold of
+consciousness.
+
+It is plain, then, that the swift spread of science has brought men
+into a new universe. Few there are that can adorn the new home with
+ornaments saved from the old. For most men the universe which science
+tells of rises about them unsightly and barn-like, with bare walls and
+naked rafters, and until art can beautify the walls, and poetry gild
+the rafters, men will have that appalling feeling of being nowhere at
+home, that awful sinking as if the bottom were dropping out of all
+things.
+
+The last great motive to despair is supplied by Indo-German
+philosophy. Under the headship of Schopenhauer and Von Hartmann, there
+has grown up of late a black pessimism rooted in Hindoo thought, and
+allied to that strange exotic cult of Eastern religions that has
+enabled Neo-Buddhism to proselyte even in Christian Europe. Its
+success has been brilliant. In twenty years Hartmann's "Philosophy of
+the Unconscious" has reached its tenth German edition, entered all the
+great languages of Europe, and called forth a vast literature of its
+own. Thoroughly in touch with modern culture and gifted with a
+striking style, Hartmann is to-day, perhaps, the best read philosopher
+on the continent.
+
+Hartmann dwells upon the sorrow inherent in all existence. Happiness,
+whether expected in one's own life, in an ecstatic life beyond the
+grave, or in the far future of humanity, is an illusion. The breaking
+through this illusion is progress. Consciousness itself is built on
+pain. Life is an evil best cured by quenching the will to live. The
+world is a mistake--a stupendous blunder of the blind unconscious.
+From it there is no escape until the world is hurled back into
+nothingness by a supreme effort of the collective human will. To bring
+about this replunge into Nirvana is the goal of the world process. The
+vast scheme of nature, the slow growth of mind up the long scale of
+organic forms, the high intelligence that crowns the summit of
+life--all these exist to bring forth the pessimist. He alone has
+gained true culture, and reached a rational insight into the emptiness
+of existence. He alone has rent the veil of Maya and pierced the last
+illusion. His task is to waken humanity, now tossing on its bed of
+pain, from the spell of the great alluring world-dream. By showing the
+vanity of endeavor he is to still the fatal lust for life and bring
+all men to despair and longing for Nirvana. Thus does he become the
+true savior of mankind; for at this point the world, obeying the
+desperate resolve of the human race, will vanish utterly,
+
+    "And like the baseless fabric of a dream
+    Leave not a rack behind."
+
+The pessimistic temper of the age reveals itself in every field where
+mood finds utterance. Every book that makes a sensation does it by
+virtue of the phase of despair it presents. Every drama that creates a
+furore does it by uncovering some new tragic element in life. Anything
+optimistic falls flat. The literary men of Europe are recklessly
+underbidding each other in the attempt to show that life is sadder,
+or meaner, or baser, or emptier than had been supposed. The cynic and
+the pessimist share public attention. Not that European writers are
+insincere. The authors and thinkers themselves have been the first to
+feel the Zeitgeist. They have written as they have because they have
+found the melancholy view of life the most fruitful thing in recent
+culture. They have found it the richest in novelty, surprises, images,
+scenes, reflections, effects, and sensations. The worthlessness of
+life is an idea that agrees with science, meets the mood of the age,
+and fires the imagination of the artist.
+
+The French, Norwegian, and Russian realism of the last decade is the
+utterance of later pessimism. For the term "realism" describes
+something more than an art. It describes an ethical view. It means the
+conviction of Flaubert: "You may fatten the human beast, give him
+straw up to his belly, and gild his manger; but he remains a brute,
+say what you will." The realists are filled with the scientific
+notions of human nature. They base romances on psychology, physiology,
+or pathology. They study Darwin, and Spencer, and Ribot. They look
+constantly for the traces of the savage cave-dweller. The great
+masters,--Tolstoi, Zola, Ibsen, Maupassant, Flaubert, Gautier, Loti,
+Bourget,--as well as their swarms of disciples, are ever on the watch
+for marks of decadence, or for vestiges of the brute in man's
+instincts and passions. To the old romanticism of Victor Hugo they
+oppose blunt truth-telling and remorseless analysis. They spare no
+illusions. "Love, marriage, family," cries Tolstoi's hero, "are lies,
+lies, lies!"
+
+This same ethical spirit is shared by realism in art. A painter
+seeking in the work-house a model for his "job," an actress visiting
+the hospital to learn how to simulate dying,--these show the modern
+appetite for the morbid. Modern music, too, does not escape the times'
+spirit. The sad Titanic works of Wagner, the friend and disciple of
+Schopenhauer, bear witness to the mystical affinity of music and
+despair.
+
+Most of our great critics of life,--Saint Beauve, Carlyle, Matthew
+Arnold, Scherer, Amiel, Tolstoi, and Ruskin--have felt, or at least
+recognized, the powerful fascination of the new evangel of bafflement
+and despair.
+
+The hastiest glance at recent European poetry shows the prominence of
+the mystery of pain. Poetry from Byron, Leopardi, and Heine, to
+Pushkin and Carmen Sylva, Baudelaire and Matthew Arnold, has circled
+about the tragedy of suffering and disenchantment. Even Tennyson sadly
+asks in a recent poem:--
+
+    "What is it all, if we all of us end but in being our own
+        corpse-coffins at last,
+    Swallowed in Vastness, lost in Silence, drowned in the deeps
+        of a meaningless Past?"
+
+Since the time of Goethe, poetry has turned from Hellenic to Hindoo
+sources. Cultured Europe seizes with a strange eagerness on the
+sublime, dreamy conceptions that underlie Hindoo pantheism--Sansara,
+the unabiding pain-world; Nirvana world of rest and re-absorption; the
+deceptive veil of Maya, the wheel of life, the melting bubbles poured
+from the bowl of Saki, the Brahma fallen from unity and serenity into
+multiplicity and pain, the illusion of birth and death, the evil of
+all individual existence, the retreat from life, the euthanasia of the
+will and the return to non-existence,--these with their rich train of
+imagery thrill the jaded and _blase_ European with a rare and profound
+emotion. Besides these spoils, the poet of to-day revels in the
+results of later metaphysics. The naive balance of pleasure and pain
+is disturbed. Suffering becomes an almost supernatural fact hid in a
+halo of mystery, and is not to be blotted out by any quantity of joy.
+One single pang is enough to condemn the world as worse than
+nothingness. This inexplicable fact of suffering takes on a mystical
+meaning, and becomes thereby the pivot of a new faith. And so, as the
+altar lights of the old worship of sorrow grow dim, there rises the
+legend of a suffering unconscious.
+
+
+
+
+THE HEART OF THE WOODS.
+
+BY WILL ALLEN DROMGOOLE.
+
+
+Twilight fell softly over Beersheba, beautiful Beersheba. It is going
+into history now with its sad old fancies and its quaint old
+legends,--its record of happiness and of heartbreak,--those two
+opposing, yet closely interwoven _inevitables_ which always belong to
+a summer resort.
+
+But Beersheba is different from the rest, in that the railroads have
+never found it; and it goes into history a monument to the old days
+when the wealthy among the southern folk flocked to the mountains, and
+to Beersheba--queen of the hill country of Tennessee.
+
+The western sky, where it seemed to slope down toward Dan, had turned
+to gaudy orange; the east was hazy and dimly purple, streaked with
+long lines of shadow, resembling, in truth, some lives we remember to
+have noticed, lives that for all the sombre purple were still blotched
+with the heavier shadows of pain that is never spoken.
+
+It was inexpressibly lonely; true, a cowbell tingled in the distance,
+and now and then a fox barked in a covert of Dark Hollow, that almost
+impenetrable jungle that lies along the "Back Bone," a narrow, zigzag
+ridge stretching from Dan to Beersheba.
+
+Dan, modest little Dan, seven furlongs distant from queenly Beersheba,
+with its one artistic little house refusing in spite of time and
+weather, and that more deadly foe, _renters_, to be other than pretty
+and picturesque, as it nestles like a little gray dove in its nest of
+cedar and wild pine. A very dreamful place is Dan, dreamful and safe.
+
+Safe, so thought the man leaning upon the low fence that inclosed the
+old ante-bellum graveyard that was a part of Beersheba also. For in
+the olden days people came by families and family connections,
+bringing their servants and carriages. And those who died at Beersheba
+were left sleeping in the little graveyard--a quiet spot, shut in by
+old cedars and rustling laurel. A very solemn little resting-place,
+with the cedars moaning, and the winds soughing, as if in continual
+lament for the dead left to their care. Among the quiet sleepers was
+one concerning whom the man leaning upon the fence never tired of
+thinking, while he made, by instinct it seemed to him, a daily
+pilgrimage to her grave. It was marked by a long, narrow shaft,
+exceedingly small at the top. Midway the shaft a heart, chased out of
+the yellow, moss-stained marble, a heart pierced by a bullet. He had
+brushed the moss aside long ago to read the quaint yet fascinating
+inscription:--
+
+     "Millicent--April, 1862. 'Oh, Shiloh! Shiloh!'"
+
+He had heard the story of the sleeper underneath often, often. It is
+one of the legends now, of Beersheba. Yet he thought of it with
+peculiar interest, that twilight time, as he stood leaning upon the
+low fence while the sun set over Dan. His face, with the after-glow of
+sunset full upon it, was not a face in keeping with the quiet scene
+about him. It was not a youthful face, although handsome. Yet the
+lines upon it were not the lines made by time: a stronger enemy than
+time had left his mark there. _Dissipation_ was written in the ruddy
+complexion, the bloated flesh, and the bloodshot eye. The continual
+movement of the hand feeling along the whitewashed plank, or
+fingering, unconsciously, the trigger of the loaded rifle, testified,
+in a dumb way, to the derangement of the nervous system which had been
+surrendered to that most debasing of all passion, drink. He had sought
+the invigorating mountains, the safety of isolation, to do for him
+that which an abused and deadened _will_ refused to do. It is a
+terrible thing to stand alone with the wreck of one's self. It is
+worse to set the _Might-Have-Been_ side by side with the _Is_, and
+know that it is everlastingly too late to alter the colorings of
+either picture.
+
+His was an _hereditary_ passion, an iniquity of the father visited
+upon the son. Against such there is no law, and for such no remedy.
+
+He thought bitterly of these things as he stood leaning upon the
+graveyard fence. His life was a graveyard, a tangle of weeds, a plat
+of purposes overgrown with rank despair. He had struggled since he
+could remember. All his life had been one terrible struggle. And now,
+he knew that it was useless, he understood that the evil was
+hereditary, and to conquer it, or rather to free himself from it,
+there was but one alternative. He glanced down at the rifle resting
+against his knee. He did not intend to endure the torture any very
+great while longer. He possessed the instincts of a gentleman,--the
+cravings of a beast. The former had won him something of friends and
+sympathy,--and love. The latter had cost him all the other had won.
+For coming across the little graveyard in a straight line with the
+shadows of the old cedars, her arms full of the greens and tender wild
+blossoms of the mountain, was the one woman he had loved. She had done
+her best to "reform" him. The world called it a "reform." If reform
+meant a new birth, that was the proper name for it, he thought, as he
+watched her coming down the shadow-line, and tried to think of her as
+another man's wife; this woman he loved, and who _had_ loved _him_.
+
+He saw her stop beside a little mound, kneel down, and carefully
+dividing her flowers, place the half of them upon a child's grave. Her
+face was wet with tears when she arose, and crossing over to the tall,
+yellow shaft, placed the remainder of the offering at its base. She
+stood a moment, as if studying the odd inscription. And when she
+turned away he saw that the tears were gone, and a hopeless patience
+gave the sweet face a tender beauty.
+
+"'Oh, Shiloh! Shiloh!'"
+
+He heard her repeat the melancholy words as she moved away from the
+old shaft, and opening the gate he waited until she should pass out.
+
+"Donald!"
+
+"I couldn't help it, Alice. You are going away to-morrow; it is the
+last offence. You will forgive it because it _is_ the last."
+
+"You ought not to follow me in this way, it isn't honorable. See! I
+have been to put some flowers on my little baby's grave." She glanced
+back, as she stood, her hand upon the gate, at the little
+flower-bedecked grave where two months before she had buried her only
+child.
+
+"You shared your treasures with the other," he said, indicating the
+tall shaft.
+
+"I always do," said she. "There is something about that grave that
+touches me with singular pity. I feel as if it were _myself_ who is
+buried there. I think the girl must have died of a broken heart."
+
+"Have you never heard the story?" said Donald. "I suppose it might be
+called a broken heart, although the doctors gave it the more agreeable
+title of '_heart disease_.' It is very well for the world that doctors
+do not call things by their right name always. Now, if I should be
+found dead to-morrow morning in my little room at Dan, the doctors
+would pronounce me a victim of 'apoplexy,' or 'heart failure.' That
+would be very generous of the doctors so far as _I_ am concerned. But
+would it not be more generous to struggling humanity to say the truth:
+'This man died of _delirium tremens_,--killed himself with whiskey.
+Now you other sots take warning.'"
+
+"Donald Rives!" the sad eyes, full of unspoken pity, not unmixed with
+regret, sought his.
+
+"Truth," said Donald. "And truth, Alice, is always best. The world,
+the sick moral world, cannot be healed with falsehood. But the woman
+sleeping there--she has a pretty story. Will you wait while I tell
+it--you are going away to-morrow."
+
+She glanced down the road, dim with the twilight.
+
+"The others are gone on to Dan, to see the moon rise," she said
+hesitatingly.
+
+"We will follow them there in a moment," said Donald. "I have a fancy
+for telling you that story."
+
+He laughed, a nervous, mirthless kind of laugh, and slipped his rifle
+to his other hand.
+
+"She had a lover in the army, you understand. She was waiting here
+with hundreds of others until 'the cruel war should cease.' One day
+when there had been a great battle, a messenger came to Beersheba,
+bringing news for her. He brought a letter, and she came across the
+little court there at Beersheba, and received it from the messenger's
+own hand. She tore it open and read the one line written there. Then
+the white page fluttered to the ground. She placed her hands upon her
+heart as if the bullet had pierced her. 'Oh, Shiloh! Shiloh!' That was
+all she said or did. The ball from old Shiloh did its work. The next
+day they buried her up there under the cedars. The letter had but one
+line: 'Shot at Shiloh, fatally,' and signed by the captain of the
+company who had promised to send news of the battle. Just a line; but
+enough to break a heart. Hearts break easily, sweetheart."
+
+She looked at him with her earnest eyes full of tears.
+
+"Do you think hers broke?" she asked. "I do not. She merely went to
+him."
+
+"As I should go to you, if you were to die, because I cannot live
+without you."
+
+"Hush! I am nothing to you now. Only a friend who loves you, and would
+help you if she could, but she is powerless."
+
+"O Alice, do not say that. Do not give me over in that hopeless way to
+ruin. Do not abandon me now."
+
+"Donald," the voice was very low, and sweet, and--_strong_. "There was
+a time I thought to help you. I did my best and--failed. It is too
+late now. I am married. You who could not put aside your passion for
+the girl whose heart was yours, and whom you loved sincerely, could
+not, assuredly, put it by for the woman whose love, and life, and duty
+are pledged to another. Yet, you know I feel for you. You know what it
+is to be tempted, so alas! do I. Wait! stand back. There is this
+difference. You know what it is to _yield_; but I have that little
+mound back there"--she nodded toward the little flower-decked
+grave,--"the dead help me, the sleeper underneath is my strength. If
+_I_ were dead now, I would come to you, and help you. Do that which,
+living, I failed in doing. Come, now; let us go on and see yon moon
+rise over Dan. The others have gone long ago."
+
+They passed out, and the little gate swung to its place. The dead at
+Beersheba were left alone again. Left to their tranquil slumbers.
+Tranquil? Aye, it is only the living who are eager and unhappy.
+
+Down the shadowy road they passed, those two whose lives had met, and
+mingled, and parted again. Those two so necessary to each other, and
+who, despite the necessity, must touch hands and part.
+
+'Tis said God makes for every human soul a counterpart, a soul-helper.
+If this be so, then is it true that every soul must find its
+counterpart, since God does not work by half, and knows no bungling in
+His work. That other self is _somewhere_,--on this earth, or else in
+some other sphere. The souls are separated, perhaps, by death, or even
+by some human agency. What of that? Soul will seek soul; will find its
+counterpart and perform its work, its own half share, though death and
+vast eternity should roll between.
+
+They passed on, those two wishing for and needing each the other.
+Wishing until God heard, and made the wish a prayer, and answered it,
+in His own time and manner.
+
+At the crossing of the roads where one turns off to Dan, the mountain
+preacher's little cabin stood before them. Nothing, and yet it had a
+bearing on their lives. On his, at all events.
+
+Before the door, leaning upon the little low gate, an old man with
+white hair and beard was watching the gambols of two children playing
+with a large dog. The cabin, old and weatherworn, the man, the
+tumbledown appearance of things generally, formed a strange contrast
+with the magnificence of nature visible all around. To Donald, with
+his southern ideas of ease and elegance, there was something repulsive
+in the scene. But the woman was evidently more charitable.
+
+"Good evening, parson," she called, "we are going over to Dan to watch
+the moon rise."
+
+"Yes, yes," said the old man. "An' hadn't ye better leave the gun,
+sir? There's no use luggin' that to Dan. An' ye'll find it here 'ginst
+you come back."
+
+"Why, we're going back another route," they told him; not dreaming
+what that route would be.
+
+"You have a goodly country, parson," said Donald, "and so near heaven
+one ought to find peace here."
+
+"It be not plentiful," said the old man. "An' man be born to trouble
+as the sparks go upward. But all be bretherin, by the grace o' God,
+an' bound alike for Canaan."
+
+They passed on, bearing the old man's meaning in their hearts. All
+bound upon one common road for Canaan.
+
+Oh, Israel! Israel! the wandering in the wilderness still goes on. The
+Promised Land still lies ahead, and wanderers in earth's wilderness
+still seek it, panting and dying with none to strike a rock in Horeb.
+
+The Promised Land! what glimpses of that glorious country are
+vouchsafed, mere glimpses, from those rugged heights, such as were
+granted him, who, weary with his wanderings, sought Pisgah's top to
+die.
+
+Sometimes, when the mists are lifted and the sun shines through the
+rifted clouds, what dreams, what visions, what communion with those
+whom the angels met upon the mountain. They thought upon it, those
+two, as they passed on to Dan.
+
+To Dan, through the broad gate artistically set with palings of green
+and white. Under the sweet old cedars deep down into the heart of the
+woods, with the solemn mountains rising, grim and mysterious, in the
+twilight. Down the great bluff where the tinkle of falling water tells
+of the spring hidden in the dim wood's shadowy heart. The golden
+arrows of sunset are put out one by one by the shadow-hands of the
+twilight hidden in the haunted hemlocks. One star rises above the
+tree's and peeps down to find itself quivering in the dusky pool. A
+little bird flits by with an evening hymn fluttering in its throat.
+
+They stopped at the foot of the bluff and seated themselves upon a
+fallen tree, the rifle resting, the stock upon the ground, the muzzle
+against the tree, between them.
+
+Between them, the loaded rifle. She herself had placed it there. They
+had scarcely spoken, but words are weak; _feeling_ is strong--and
+silent. His heart was breaking; could words help _that_? It was she
+who spoke at last, nestling closer to him a moment, then quickly
+drawing back. Her hand had touched the iron muzzle of the gun--it was
+cold, and it reminded her. She drew her hands together and folded
+them, palm to palm, between her knees, and held them there, lest the
+sight of his agony drag them from duty and honor. She could not bear
+to look at him, she could only speak to him, with her eyes turned away
+toward the distant mountains.
+
+"Donald," her voice was low and very steady, "there are so many
+mistakes made, dear, and my marriage was one of them. But, the blunder
+having been committed, I must abide by it. And who knows if, after
+all, it be a mistake? Who can understand, and who dares judge God's
+plans? But right cannot grow from wrong. We part. But I shall not
+leave you, Donald. Here in the heart of the woods--"
+
+"Don't!" he lifted his face, white with agony. "Your suffering can but
+increase mine. Go back, dear, and forget. Our paths crossed too late,
+too late. Go back, and leave me to my lonely struggles. I shall miss
+you, oh, my beloved,--" the words choked him, "forget, forget--"
+
+"Never!" again she moved toward him, and again drew back. The iron
+muzzle had touched her shoulder, warningly. She still held her hands
+fast clasped between her knees. Suddenly she loosed them; opened them,
+looked at them; so frail, so small, so delicately womanly as they
+were. He, too, saw them, the dear hands, and made a motion to clasp
+them, restrained himself, and groaned. She understood, and her whole
+soul responded. The old calm was gone; the wife forgotten. It was only
+the _woman_ that spoke as she slipped from her place beside him, to
+the ground at his feet; and extended the poor hands toward him.
+
+"Donald, O Donald!" she sobbed. "Look at my hands. How frail they are,
+and weak, and white, and _clean_. Aye, they are clean, Donald. Take
+them in your own; hold them fast one moment, for they are worthy. But
+oh, my beloved, if they falter or go wrong, those little hands, who
+would pity their polluted owner? Not you, oh, not you. I know the
+sequel to such madness. _Help_ me to keep them clean. Help me--oh,
+help me!"
+
+She lifted them pleadingly, the tears raining down her cheeks. She,
+the strong, the noble, appealing to him. In that moment she became a
+saint, a being to be worshipped afar off, like God.
+
+"Help me!" She appealed to him, to his manhood which he had supposed
+dead so long the hollow corpse would scarcely hear the judgment trump.
+
+Her body swayed to and fro with the terrible struggle. Aye, she knew
+what it was to be tempted. She who would have died for that poor
+drunkard's peace. But that little mound--that little child's grave on
+the hill--"Help me!" She reeled forward and he sprang to clasp her.
+The rifle slipped its place against the log; but it was _between_ them
+still; the iron muzzle pointed at her heart. There was a flash, a
+sharp report, and she fell, just missing the arms extended to receive
+her.
+
+"O my God!" the cry broke from him, a wild shriek, torn from his
+inmost heart. "O my God! my God! I have killed her. Alice! oh, speak
+to me! _speak_ to me before my brain goes mad." He had dropped beside
+her, on his knees, and drawn the poor face to his bosom. She opened
+her eyes and nestled there, closer to his heart. There was no iron
+muzzle between them now. She smiled, and whispered, softly:--
+
+"In the heart of the woods. O Love; O Love!"
+
+And seeing that he understood, she laid her hand upon his bosom,
+gasped once, and the little hands were safe. They would never "go
+wrong" now, never. Even love, which tempts the strongest into sin,
+could never harm them now, those little dead hands.
+
+"In the heart of the woods." It was there they buried her, beside that
+broken-hearted one whose life went with the tidings from old Shiloh,
+in the little mountain graveyard in the woods between Dan and
+Beersheba.
+
+As for him, her murderer, they said, "the accident quite drove him
+mad." Perhaps it did; he thought so, often; only that he never called
+it by the name of accident.
+
+"It was God's plan for helping me," he told himself during those slow
+hours of torture that followed. There were days and weeks when the
+very mention of the place would tear his very soul. Then the old
+craving returned. Drink; he could forget, drown it all if only he
+could return to the old way of forgetting. But something held him
+back. What was it? God? No, no. God did not care for such as he, he
+told himself. He was alone; alone forever now. One night there was a
+storm, the cedars were lashed and broken, and the windows rattled and
+shook with the fury of the wind. The rain beat against the roof in
+torrents. The night was wild, as he was. Oh, he, too, could tear, and
+howl, and shriek. Tear up the very earth, he thought, if only he let
+his demon loose.
+
+He arose and threw on his clothes. He wanted whiskey; he was tired of
+the struggle, the madness, the despair. A mile beyond there was a
+still, an illicit concern, worked only at night. He meant to find it.
+His brain was giving way, indeed. Had already given way, he thought,
+as he listened to the wind calling him, the storm luring him on to
+destruction. The very lightning beckoned him to "come and be healed."
+Healed? Aye, he knew what it was that healed the agonies of mind which
+physics could not reach. He knew, he knew. He had been a fool to think
+he would forego this healing.
+
+He laughed as he tore open the door and stepped out into the night.
+The cool rain struck upon his burning brow as he plunged forward into
+the arms of the darkness. He had gone but two steps when the fever
+that had mounted to his brain began to cool. And the wind--he paused.
+Was it speaking to him, that wild, midnight wind? "'In the heart of
+the woods. O Love, O Love!'"
+
+There was a shimmery glister of lightning among the shadowy growth.
+Was it a figure, a form of a woman beckoning him, guiding him. He
+turned away from the midnight still, and followed that shimmery light,
+straight to the little graveyard in the woods, and fell across the
+little new mound there, and sobbed like a child that has rebelled and
+yielded. A soft presence breathed among the shadows; a soft presence
+that crept to his bosom when he opened his arms, his face still
+pressed against the soft, new sod. A strange, sweet peace came to him,
+such as he had never felt before, filling him with restful, chastened,
+and exquisite sadness. The storm passed by after awhile, and the rain
+fell softly--as the dew falls on flowers. And he arose and went home,
+with the chastened peace upon him, and the old passionate pain gone
+forever.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+But as the summers drifted by, year after year, he returned. He became
+a familiar comer to the humble mountain folk, where summer twilight
+times they saw him leaning on the parson's little gate, conversing
+with the old man of the "Promised Land" toward which, as "brethren,"
+they were travelling. Sometimes they talked of the blessed dead--the
+dear, dear dead who are permitted to return to give help to their
+loved ones.
+
+Aye, he believes it, knows it, for the old temptation assails him no
+more forever. That is enough to know.
+
+And in the heart of the woods in the dewy twilight, or at the solemn
+midnight, she comes to meet him, unseen but felt, and walks with him
+again along the way from Dan to Beersheba. He holds communion with her
+there, and is satisfied and strengthened.
+
+God knows, God knows if it be true, she meets him there. But life is
+no longer agony and struggle with him. And often when he starts upon
+his lonely walks, he hears the wind passing through the ragged cedars
+with a low, tremulous soughing and bends his ear to listen. "In the
+heart of the woods, O Love, O Love."
+
+And he understands at last how to those passed on is vouchsafed a
+power denied the human helper, and that she who would have been his
+guide and comforter now gave him better guardianship--a watchful and a
+holy spirit.
+
+
+
+
+EDITORIAL NOTES.
+
+
+PHARISAISM IN PUBLIC LIFE.
+
+The poisonous and corrupting influence of Pharisaism is noticeable in
+every strata of society, as vicious and odious to-day as when the
+great Galilean, with the supreme contempt of a pure and genuine soul,
+denounced in such withering terms those who pretended to be what they
+were not. Evil and repulsive as hypocrisy must ever appear, it assumes
+colossal proportions as a moral crime, when it masquerades in the
+robes of official authority, for nothing so surely undermines all
+respect for law in the mind of the masses as exhibitions of
+insincerity, inconsistency, and Pharisaism by those invested with
+power. The people are not so slow witted as the few who take pride in
+their superior brilliancy imagine. They quickly detect insincerity or
+hypocrisy; but unfortunately, they frequently do not discriminate
+between the offender and the office in the nation or the communion
+which he disgraces. Pharisaism within the Church, far more than
+assaults from without, has destroyed the old-time influence of
+theology over the popular mind; while the same results are clearly
+manifest in our political fabric. In the latter sphere, hypocrisy is
+doubly odious, in that while undermining the confidence of the people
+in law, justice, and government, it places far greater power in the
+hands of pretentious individuals than would be tolerated were it not
+for their profession of superior virtue, and thus enables persons who
+are of small moral stature, or who through defective training and
+unfortunate environment are thoroughly narrow and bigoted, to wield
+despotic power, often bringing swift and severe punishment on those
+far less guilty in the eye of the moral law than themselves. Believing
+as I do that Pharisaism is to-day one of the greatest evils which
+menace the stability of our government and the continued advance of
+civilization along the highway of enlightened progress, I feel it an
+urgent duty to frankly and freely discuss some notable recent
+illustrations which to unprejudiced minds take on the cast of
+Pharisaism, and are symptomatic of a condition which presages the
+moral decline of a nation. For if history teaches one lesson more
+impressively than another, it is that in which she emphasizes the fact
+that when Pharisaism becomes enthroned in power, when hypocrisy
+mantles insincerity and depravity, the soul of a people goes out; and
+though the form or shadow of former greatness may remain for a time,
+like the oak which remains standing after the tap-root has been eaten
+out, vitality, growth, and life have vanished.
+
+The first case which calls for attention is that of Joseph A. Britton,
+and it impressively illustrates the evils which will sooner or later
+come to any people who permit the Pharisaical element to arrogate
+authority, or who legalize the infringement of liberty by authorizing
+the establishment of a censorship of morals, especially when power is
+lodged in the hands of persons who have a penchant for delving in
+moral sewers, and are not hedged about with restrictions which make
+them legally responsible for wrong doing. Mr. Britton, it will be
+remembered, was long Mr. Comstock's closest counselor and most
+efficient aid. In the course of time, however, he withdrew from his
+former commander in order to establish an association somewhat similar
+to that presided over by Mr. Comstock. Such societies will naturally
+ever prove very alluring to men of a certain class, owing to the
+unwarranted power given to individuals, by which they are enabled to
+persecute those in no way guilty of crime, and who, after innocence is
+established, have no redress for the great expense and wrongs
+inflicted by the irresponsible censorship. The new organization was
+styled "The Society for the Enforcement of Criminal Law," and Mr.
+Britton has been from its inception its leading spirit. About a year
+ago, exercising a power, which, if permitted at all, should always be
+confined to a responsible judiciary, he caused the arrest of the
+president of the American News Company, for selling some of the works
+of Count Tolstoi and Balzac.[2]
+
+      [2] Commenting on this outrage, the New York _Herald_ said
+          editorially:--
+
+          "We have had too much of this meddling business--rummaging
+          the mails for the books of a conscientious writer like
+          Tolstoi, suppressing the poems of one of the gentlest and
+          noblest of writers, Whitman, and now taking a gentleman to
+          the Tombs for having on his shelves a copy of Balzac.
+          _American readers are not children, idiots, or slaves._ They
+          can govern their reading without the advice of Mr. Comstock,
+          Mr. Wanamaker, or this new supervisor of morals named
+          Britton--a kind of spawn from Comstock, we are informed, and
+          who begins his campaign for notoriety by an outrage upon Mr.
+          Farrelly."
+
+The courts promptly dismissed the case, but Mr. Farrelly had no
+redress for the expense, the harassment, and lost time incident to
+this unjust arrest. Since then Mr. Britton has had much trouble with
+the courts and officers of law, who thoroughly distrust the man.[3]
+He, however, has been posing as a virtuous martyr, declaring that the
+police and judiciary are all subsidized: that it is impossible for him
+to suppress the crimes of gamblers, saloon keepers, and the
+proprietors of disorderly houses on account of the officers being in
+collusion with the offenders. It is proper to state also that
+counter-charges have been freely made in the daily press, and this
+gentleman who assumes the role of one peculiarly fitted to unearth and
+punish sinners, has been charged with using his office for
+blackmailing purposes. Of the truth or falsity of the charges I know
+nothing, but the latest revelation relating to Mr. Britton's career
+certainly gives color to some of the charges which have been made
+against him. It seems that while sincere and innocent persons who
+mistakenly support these mischievous organizations by freely giving
+hard earned dollars to such persons as the gentleman in question,
+vainly hoping that their contribution will aid in exterminating
+gambling, Mr. Britton has been recklessly _indulging in gambling
+himself_. For a time fortune favored him. He won, and drew the money,
+but later, luck deserted him and our pseudo-reformer lost quite
+heavily. [4]Being pressed for the amount of his gambling debts,
+aggregating $1,085, he gave a check which his creditor, Mr. Robt. G.
+Irving, alleges was returned as worthless. He then gave notes, the
+first two of which have come due but have not been paid; consequently
+his creditor now seeks redress in the courts. Mr. Britton, probably
+feeling that his usefulness as a censor of morals will be seriously
+impaired by this unfeeling revelation, displays considerable
+indignation while admitting his guilt. He says in the column of one of
+the New York dailies:--
+
+     "_I have one weakness. Even the very strongest minded men will
+     bet on horses. I do it. I admit it._ But why do they pick on me?
+     Nobody notices the corruption of officials, but when the Agent
+     for the Enforcement of Criminal Law bets on horse races and
+     defaults on his debts, everybody sets up a howl."
+
+      [3] In the New York _Morning Advertiser_ of September 10,
+          Mr. Britton thus denounces the judiciary of the empire
+          city:--
+
+          "The police are down on me, but I am not afraid of 'em. I
+          can prove that the police force is subsidized to wink at
+          crime. Nine tenths of the crime in New York is under police
+          protection. I can prove it, and I could begin with the
+          inspectors and captains. Oh, I'd strike high. I don't go
+          into the courts and prove it, because every judge in this
+          city, and I don't make a single exception, is subsidized."
+
+      [4] The _Morning Advertiser_ of Sept. 10, 1891, thus records
+          Mr. Britton's embarrassing position:--
+
+          Joseph A. Britton is agent of the New York Society for the
+          Enforcement of the Criminal Law. Agent Britton has become so
+          absorbed in the enforcement of the criminal law that he has,
+          it is said, forgotten that there is a civil law, and
+          defaulted on the payment of _betting debts_. His creditor,
+          in the sum of $1,085, is Robert G. Irving, a bookmaker, who
+          has tried to collect the debt since last fall, and failing
+          has resorted to the courts.
+
+          According to Irving, Agent Britton, upholder and advocate of
+          the majesty of the law, placed some bets with him, won, and
+          drew his winnings. Then Britton continued to bet, on credit,
+          and lost; but, _instead of settling in hard cash, gave a
+          check, which the bank stamped N. G. when presented. Finally,
+          Britton exchanged three notes for the worthless check_, but
+          the first two notes have fallen due, and have proved as
+          worthless as the check. So the case is on the court docket.
+
+          Agent Britton admits the debt, and its nature.
+
+And this is a specimen of the men which a Christian people are
+supporting and encouraging, owing to their loud and pharisaical
+protestations of superior virtue. The words spoken by the great
+Nazarene teacher, and which ring down the corridor of the ages, apply
+to-day as aptly as when in old Judea he said, "Woe unto you, scribes
+and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye are like unto whited sepulchres,
+which indeed appear beautiful outward, but are within full of dead
+men's bones and of all uncleanness. Even so ye outwardly appear
+righteous, but within ye are full of hypocrisy and iniquity."
+
+Another instance of the evil of clothing Pharisaism with power was
+forcibly illustrated in the recent prosecution of the Rev. J. B.
+Caldwell, editor of _Christian Life_. This noteworthy case illustrates
+most painfully the fact that an innocent and noble-minded man, who has
+committed no crime, is liable to be arrested as a common felon and
+placed at great expense, though perfectly innocent, as was the case in
+this instance. Yet in spite of this great crime the wronged man has no
+redress, while the real criminals, they who caused the persecution of
+the innocent, are in no way amenable to the law. This case also
+emphasizes the danger flowing from Pharisaism, in its liability to
+persecute those who criticise it. The possibilities of evil from this
+source cannot be over-estimated, for it looks toward the suppression
+of free thought and an untrammeled press and the establishing of a
+moral, political, and religious despotism. Briefly stated, the facts
+in the case of the Chicago editor are as follows: In November of 1889,
+Mr. Caldwell published an earnest plea for Marital Purity, by Rev. C.
+E. Walker, a Congregational minister of good standing. The paper was
+not coarse or repulsive, but an earnest plea for one of the most vital
+and noble reforms imaginable. No notice was taken of this publication
+by either Mr. Comstock's agent in Chicago, by Mr. Comstock, or the
+postal authorities. Month after month passed, yet no notice was taken;
+at last more than six months after the publication of Rev. C. E.
+Walker's paper, the editor of _Christian Life_ criticised the action
+of the anti-vice society and the postal department in the case of Mr.
+Harman. After this, however, the publication of Mr. Walker's paper
+seemed to assume in the eyes of our censors of public morals criminal
+proportions, and Mr. Caldwell was arrested, one of the chief charges
+being the circulation of the paper on "_Marital Purity_," _published
+in November, 1889. He was arrested in October, 1890, almost a year
+after the publication of the paper objected to by the censors._ Now
+there are two points emphasized in this case which are worthy the
+serious consideration of thoughtful people. If the post-office
+inspector at Chicago, or Mr. Comstock, or if the postal department at
+Washington regarded this paper published in November, 1889, as obscene
+and believed it came within the limits of the law, why did these three
+argus-eyed censors of public morals wink at the offence for _eleven
+months_ and take no step against the editor, _until after he had
+condemned the post-office department and the anti-vice society_? If
+they were right in taking action, _almost a year after the offence_,
+were they not guilty of _culpable neglect_ in paying no attention to
+it for ten months, or until _after_ they had been criticised by Mr.
+Caldwell? From the _Christian Life_ I clip a few lines which are
+important as bearing upon this point:--
+
+     (1.) The Attorney-General at Washington advised, _after_ reading
+     the Harman criticism, to place the case in the hands of the
+     District Attorney. (2.) The case was known to the
+     Postmaster-General and to Mr. Comstock, and these men were
+     appealed to in vain to stop the prosecution. (3.) Mr. Comstock,
+     in a letter to the _Woman's Journal_, characterized the mailing
+     of _Christian Life_ as violation of the law, _and this before the
+     trial occurred_.
+
+If Mr. Comstock, as his letter to the Woman's Journal indicates,
+regarded the mailing of _Christian Life_ a violation of the postal
+laws, why was no notice taken of it by him or his Chicago agent for
+almost a year? _Why this culpable dereliction of duty_ until _after_
+the anti-vice society and the postal department had been criticised by
+Mr. Caldwell? It matters not, for the point I wish to emphasize,
+whether the persecution of Mr. Caldwell, was, as appearances would
+lead one to infer, a retaliatory stroke in punishment for presuming to
+criticise the postal department and anti-vice society, or whether the
+censorship was asleep for the space of ten months and only chanced to
+wake up after the editor pointed out the iniquity of their proceedings
+in a case where they had shown _uncalled-for vigilance_. The fact as
+shown forth indicates the power and possibilities for evil inherent in
+an enactment which _permits_ any censorship to wield such power
+without _attaching severe penalties in the event of its being unjustly
+wielded_, for sooner or later, unless these safeguards are present,
+evils of the gravest character will follow.
+
+The other serious evil which this case most signally emphasizes,
+cannot be too frequently or strongly stated, and that is, the cruel
+wrong, the great injustice which a citizen of this republic may
+suffer, when perfectly innocent, while those who have persecuted him
+and are guilty of a serious offence before the moral law, escape
+unscathed. Thus, we find in this case, after many months of weary
+suspense, months of harassment and anxious thought, and after being
+put to an expense which to one in Mr. Caldwell's circumstances was
+very large, when his case came up for trial before one of the ablest
+judges in the city, it was promptly dismissed, the judge ruling that
+the defendant had not violated the law, as had been charged. He was
+allowed to go forth a free man, but he had no redress against those
+who had unjustly persecuted him. He was in no way recompensed for the
+_money which he had had to expend to establish his innocence_, or paid
+for the _great anxiety and harassment of soul he suffered_. The
+spectacle of an innocent man robbed by the process of law of his money
+and peace of mind, yet left with no redress, is humiliating to every
+person who loves justice. A nation may sometimes err on the side of
+mercy with safety, but no government _can afford to be guilty of a
+palpable injustice even to one of her humblest citizens_.
+
+Still another illustration of Pharisaism comes to my mind, a case
+peculiarly deplorable, because the individual stands so high in the
+councils of our nation, as well as occupies so prominent a seat in the
+Christian synagogue. I refer to the case touched upon by Mr. Fawcett
+in his admirable essay on a "Gambler's Paradise." Probably thousands
+of persons who had applauded the Postmaster-General's persistent
+efforts to crush out lotteries, were amazed beyond measure on seeing
+in the metropolitan press, day after day, statements to the effect
+that the Postmaster-General had speculated heavily in Reading stock,
+and was losing vast sums. The press even went so far as to intimate
+that his credit was no longer good, and so general was the impression
+that telegrams from different portions of the country were received,
+inquiring if this high official had failed. To those who had fondly
+believed that the Postmaster-General was actuated _solely_ by a
+sincere desire to destroy gambling in his active crusade against the
+lotteries, these uncontradicted statements from Wall Street came as a
+rude awakening,--a most painful revelation; for evil as lotteries
+are, in common with everything that fosters a love for chance and the
+mania for gambling, it could not be truthfully urged that the lottery
+was nearly so pernicious in its influence, as that great maelstrom of
+moral death, that realm of professional gamblers,--Wall Street. The
+lottery took from one to ten dollars from thousands of pockets
+monthly, and was a positive evil, in that, while taking these small
+sums, it fostered the appetite for gambling. But Wall Street is ever
+sweeping away numbers of fortunes, incidentally driving many of its
+victims to the suicide's grave, some to State's prison, and in a
+hundred other ways is it poisoning life, and interfering with the
+happiness of thousands; more, its baleful influence touches most
+intimately tens of thousands, who in no way are responsible for its
+existence.
+
+As has been justly observed by a recent thoughtful writer: "The
+lottery is legalized in only one State in the Union, but gambling in
+grain is legalized in every State. The lottery is a small evil indeed
+compared with the speculation shark, who gambles on the price of the
+very bread our wives and children eat, and puts our daily bread in
+pawn to squeeze an added cent out of the palm of poverty. No one has
+to buy a lottery ticket, and it is a man's own act if he takes the
+chances of that game, but bread for his little ones he has to buy and
+in doing so is at the mercy of the gambler."
+
+Another phase of Wall Street speculation which makes it vicious above
+other methods of gambling, is seen in the fact that the kings of the
+street when they engage in a well matured deal, play with "loaded
+dice." There is no chance so far as they are concerned. When these
+highly respectable gamblers who are worth many millions quietly
+arrange a movement which will greatly increase their holdings they
+deliberately set to work to mislead the public. Coolly and with the
+deliberation of master minds they deceive the "street;" and as a
+result, ruin to many attends success to the few, while with every such
+movement lives go out in darkness, reputations are ruined, and
+families are reduced from affluence to penury. Even at the very time
+when we were informed by the daily press that the Postmaster-General,
+through the manipulation of the "little wizard," was losing enormous
+sums of money, more than one man was driven to suicide by the sudden
+turn in affairs and one or more banks were forced to the wall. How
+many happy homes were wrecked, and men of moderate fortunes were
+reduced to penury by this well-directed stroke of Mr. Gould, will of
+course never be known, and if the Postmaster-General had chanced to be
+on the side of the wizard in this gambling deal, would he not have
+been morally responsible for a share of the wreck and ruin wrought?
+Nay, more, was he not, as an active participant in this great game of
+chance, morally responsible to a certain degree? Is there any
+essential difference between gambling by spending ten dollars for a
+lottery ticket or ten thousand dollars in railroad stock, which you
+have been led to believe will be bulled to a fictitious value and
+which you hope to be able to unload on some one else at an enormous
+advance? In each instance it is purely a game of chance for all save
+those who are within the Wall Street ring, who control sufficient
+money and stocks to dictate the course of the game and to whom there
+is no risk. The Louisiana lottery is a positive evil, a cancerous sore
+on the body politic. But Wall Street is a far greater evil; it is a
+cancer whose roots have already fastened upon the vitals of our
+political, educational, and religious institutions; an evil which
+nothing can remedy, save a political revolution of the great earnest
+masses of our people. The pulpit is abashed in its presence because so
+many leading lights and pillars in each wealthy congregation are
+connected with the "street," which is the polite way of designating
+"gamblers" who delve in stock speculation. The press, with honorable
+and noble exceptions, wink at this great plague spot, while loudly
+crying for laws to correct comparatively harmless evils. The political
+parties depend too much upon the kings of the "Street" for the sinews
+of war in great campaigns, to lift a voice against it. The "Saloon"
+and the "Street," two colossal curses, cast their swart and portentous
+shadow over the palaces and hovels of a great nation, yet by virtue of
+their power, the Church and State, the clergy and the politicians,
+remain silent or temporize in their presence. The Republic needs
+to-day, as never before, true men in every official station,--men who
+are clean, conscientious, frank, and upright; men who, while strictly
+honorable and pure in life and action, are also broad-minded,
+tolerant, and large-brained; men unswayed by partisanship or bigotry;
+statesmen rather than politicians; and, above all, men that are in no
+wise tainted with Pharisaism.
+
+
+CANCER SPOTS IN METROPOLITAN LIFE.
+
+Some months ago I wrote of a phase of wretchedness in our great
+cities, which I designated "Uninvited Poverty." I confined myself to
+the examination of those who may be properly designated the helpless
+victims of adverse fate. There are other phases of misery, however,
+which result from sin, on the part of the immediate sufferers. In my
+former paper I spoke of suffering where the wretchedness sprang from
+sin at the head of the social fountain. But I now wish to notice
+especially misery, degradation, and moral eclipse, resulting directly
+from giant evils, which are tolerated in all our large cities, though
+known to every thoughtful person, from judge to artisan, from
+clergyman to sexton, from editor to reporter, from wealthy matron to
+the humble sewing woman. Every earnest thinker knows that there are
+evils feeding the furnaces of physical, mental, and moral destruction;
+that there are flourishing nurseries, common schools, and universities
+of crime, degradation, and death. Yet the great churches slumber on,
+their melodious chimes call the self-satisfied to cushioned seats
+where are heard expositions of ancient lore and legends of a vanished
+past, with incidental and general reference to the conditions of
+to-day, enabling the children of wealth, who vainly imagine they are
+the disciples of Jesus, to spend a comfortable hour and perchance
+contribute to carrying the Gospel to some nature-favored heathen land,
+never as yet cursed by rum and other evils which flourish with
+tropical luxuriance in all civilized countries, and which ever follow
+with blighting, corroding, and life-destroying influence in the wake
+of our boasted modern civilization. Two great evils confront every
+thoughtful American citizen to-day. One the _oppression of the poor
+and the unfortunate_; the other, _the omnipresent cancer spots in
+metropolitan life_, the infection of which is reaching the highest
+circles of Boulevard society and penetrating the cellars of the
+tenement houses. Recently a little work has been published which deals
+chiefly with what we may term the "cancer spots of social life" in one
+of America's great cities.[5] It is prepared by an earnest Christian
+gentleman, who has had a committee of conscientious men and women
+investigating the actual conditions in the social cellar of Chicago.
+The author states that his purpose is not to show that Chicago is an
+exception to the general rule in regard to poverty, crime, or
+degradation. He merely desires to indicate deplorable facts as they
+exist in this great city to show how dire destitution is working havoc
+with the children of men almost under the shadow of the palaces of
+those who profess to be Christians. He cites as an illustration of the
+extreme poverty in Chicago the fact that when the compulsory education
+law went into effect, the inspectors found in the squalid region, a
+great number of children so destitute, that they were absolutely unfit
+to attend school; decency forbidding that the sexes in _far more than
+semi-nude condition should mingle in the school-rooms_, and although a
+number of noble-hearted ladies banded together and decently clothed
+_three hundred of these almost naked boys and girls_, they were
+compelled to admit the humiliating fact that they had only reached the
+outskirts, while the great mass of poverty had not been touched. A
+faint idea of the extent of poverty in this one city may be gained
+from the following facts from the record of one of the city police
+stations.
+
+      [5] Chicago's Dark Places.
+
+On one night last February, _one hundred and twenty-four_ destitute
+homeless men begged for shelter in the cells; of this number
+_sixty-eight were native born Americans_. The station was so crowded,
+that in _one cell, eight by nine and a half feet, fourteen men passed
+the night_, some standing a part of the night, while others lay packed
+like sardines. After a time, those on the floor exchanged places with
+the poor creatures who had been standing. The following incident
+related is as typical as it is pathetic: An old man, cold, homeless,
+destitute, not knowing where to lay his head, was seen to take a
+shovel and deliberately break a window in a store opposite a police
+station. He was immediately arrested. "What did you do that for?"
+demanded the officer. "'Cos I was hungry and cold and knew if you got
+me I could have food and shelter." He was taken care of _after_ he had
+broken the law. There is something radically wrong with social
+conditions which compel men who find every avenue from exposure and
+starvation closed, to become lawbreakers in order to live. Some months
+ago, one of the Chicago dailies instituted an inquiry to find out as
+nearly as possible the number of men out of work in that city; the
+returns gave a total of 40,000 adults who had nothing to do. In
+connection with this fact I quote from the author of "Chicago's Dark
+Places":--
+
+     At a meeting of the Trades Association a motion was made to the
+     effect that the Association request the mayor of the city and the
+     director of the World's Fair to issue a proclamation declaring
+     that the city was flooded with idle men, and warning the
+     unemployed of other cities and districts not to come here as
+     there was not work for them.
+
+     The following morning a reporter waited upon the mayor and asked
+     him what he would do if the resolution were presented to him. His
+     immediate reply was to the effect that he would gladly issue such
+     a proclamation, especially mentioning the fact that there were
+     20,000 unemployed men in the city already.
+
+     Now look at the two statements, and you see the awfulness of the
+     fact, no matter which estimate is accepted as correct. Suppose
+     you strike a balance between the two (although the Trades
+     Association inclines to believe the _Globe's_ figures are the
+     more accurate), and you have the appalling assurance that 30,000
+     unemployed men are wandering through the streets of this city
+     seeking work. Even granted that the mayor's conservative estimate
+     is most correct, the fearful fact still remains that our peace is
+     menaced by twenty thousand men who have not the necessary work to
+     earn their daily bread.
+
+     These facts most conclusively refute the statements too often
+     made that "men won't work," and "there's work enough if men are
+     only willing to do it." Such is not the truth. I can find you
+     many instances where good, steady workmen have offered to the
+     foremen of certain establishments $10, $25, and even the whole of
+     the first month's wages if they would find them employment.
+
+One laboring man being interrogated by one of the commissioners who
+gathered the facts for the author of this work, replied to the
+question, "What can you say for those who won't work, who are commonly
+called the 'bums of society'?" in such a thoughtful and suggestive way
+that I give his words verbatim.
+
+     "Let me ask, What is a bum? As a rule, you will find him to be a
+     creature degraded by circumstances and evil conditions. Let me
+     illustrate. A man loses his job by sickness or some other
+     unavoidable cause. He seeks work, and I have shown you how
+     difficult it is to find it. He fails time and time again. Is
+     there any wonder that he grows discouraged, and that, picking up
+     his meals at the free lunch counter, sleeping in the wretched
+     lodging houses, associating with the filthy and degraded, he,
+     step by step, drifts further away from the habits of integrity
+     and industry that used to be a part of himself? He sinks lower
+     and lower until, overcome by circumstances, he is at the bottom
+     of the social ladder,--at once a menace and a disgrace to the
+     city. Instead of blaming and condemning him, poor fellow, we
+     should look at the circumstances that made him what he is, and
+     endeavor to remedy them."
+
+It is not, however, with the uninvited poverty which flourishes in
+every great city of America that the work chiefly deals. It paints
+most thrillingly the darker and more terrible side of social
+conditions; where crime and debauchery mingle with poverty; where
+every breath of air is heavy with moral contagion. I have only space
+to notice briefly two of the great evils described,--the saloon and
+the disreputable concert halls, as these seem to me the greatest
+curses touched upon.
+
+
+THE SALOON CURSE.
+
+First in the list of crime-producing, soul-destroying evils of
+metropolitan life, rises the saloon, the deadly upas of the nineteenth
+century civilization, the black plague of moral life. In Chicago there
+are about 5,600 saloons. During the year ending March 1, 1891,
+observes the author of "Chicago's Dark Places," the expenditure for
+beer in Chicago alone was not less than forty million dollars
+($40,000,000). He continues:--
+
+     "The population is about 1,200,000. This gives an average
+     expenditure _for beer alone_ of $33.25 for every man, woman, and
+     child in Chicago, and these results are gained after the most
+     conservative figuring. This would give over fifty-three gallons
+     of beer to be consumed by each man, woman, and child in the city.
+
+     "We are told that Germany is a great _beer_-drinking country, and
+     yet the official statistics for 1888 show that in Germany only
+     twenty-five gallons per capita were drunk. Our estimate for
+     Chicago shows more than double that per capita.
+
+     "Let us look now and see what this immense sum of $40,000,000
+     annually spent in beer might do for this city if wisely expended.
+     It would supply to 40,000 Chicago families an income of $1,000 a
+     year, or over $83 a month.
+
+     "Where would our Chicago poverty be, if $40,000 families were
+     each spending in legitimate trade $83 a month? Workmen would be
+     in demand, and business would so increase as to make Chicago in
+     ten years the leading city on this continent; or, take this money
+     and spend it directly in building beautiful new homes for the
+     workingmen of this city, and what should we see?
+
+     "Fourteen thousand commodious cottages built at a cost of $2,500
+     each, on lots which, bought in acreage in a suburban district,
+     could be deeded to the workingmen at $180 each, and these,
+     together with a check for another $180, given to each family to
+     help in furnishing the houses they owned. What an aggregation of
+     domestic happiness in home life, and all for the money spent in
+     beer for one year alone.
+
+     "Now, if Chicago's expenditure for _beer only_ amounts to
+     $40,000,000 we may safely say that for all kinds of intoxicating
+     beverages, including wines and distilled liquors, Chicago spent
+     last year upwards of eighty millions of dollars. Is there any
+     limit to the great good that could come to the city with this
+     amount expended in proper channels?"
+
+Another well-taken point is the _lawlessness of the saloon power_. It
+is essentially a law-defying, crime-breeding, and disorder-producing
+element, a terrible arraignment, yet no one can question the truth of
+the last two charges, while its lawless character is seen in the facts
+set forth in this volume wherein it is shown, (1) that the Brewer's
+Association pays the costs of all the suits and defends all of its
+members, _whether they have violated the laws or not_. (2) The saloons
+are required to close on Sunday, yet a large number totally ignore the
+law, running every Sunday. (3) They are required not to sell to minors
+without a written order from parents or guardian, and yet there are
+thousands of saloons which pay no attention to this requirement. (4)
+They are forbidden to harbor women of bad repute, and yet we are
+informed that one saloon in Chicago keeps from twenty-five to forty
+harlots, while in hosts of other saloons special arrangements are made
+for the gratifying of all forms of nameless immorality which springs
+from lust fed and inflamed by rum.
+
+The influence of the saloon on the young is one of the most serious
+phases of the many-sided evils of the liquor traffic. All persons who
+know anything about the effect of strong drink freely indulged in,
+know that like opium, it weakens when it does not destroy the moral
+nature; it wipes out the line of moral rectitude from mental
+discernment; it feeds the fires of animal passion as coal feeds a
+furnace; it drys up the soul and shrivels the higher impulses and
+nobler aspirations of its victims. Yet we are told that in a saloon
+under one of the newspaper offices in Chicago one night, _fourteen
+boys and girls from fourteen to seventeen years of age_ were seen to
+enter; and to show that this is an evil by no means confined to
+Chicago, facts gathered from other reliable sources are cited from
+which we find that nine hundred and eighty-three young men and boys
+were seen to enter nineteen saloons in Albany, Indiana, one evening
+_within one hour and a half_. On a certain evening in Milwaukee _four
+hundred sixty-eight persons were seen to enter a single saloon, most
+of whom were young men and boys_.
+
+The question is often asked how it is that society tolerates such a
+confessed violator of law and order as the saloon has demonstrated
+itself to be. If an individual defied the law as a large number of the
+saloon keepers do, he would be quickly punished. Nay, more, if a poor,
+starving man steals a loaf of bread to appease his gnawing hunger, or
+to save the life of his starving family, he is sent to prison, _that
+the majesty of the law may be vindicated_. But when a saloon-keeper
+breaks the law in keeping open on Sunday in selling liquor to minors,
+or in making his saloon a rendezvous for women of bad repute, nothing
+is said because (1) of the moral apathy throughout the web and woof of
+Christian society; (2) professing Christians are more loyal to
+party-hacks and demagogues than they are to their own homes and their
+country, (3) the saloon is a unit in its voting strength, loyal to its
+tools and relentless to its foes, and the voting power of the saloon
+element in any great city when united with the voting strength of the
+Christian element in either of the great parties, turns the scales for
+the minions of the rum power. Let me illustrate. In Chicago there is
+about 5,600 saloons. These saloons will average not less than two
+voters to the saloon, the proprietor and the bar-keeper; as a matter
+of fact, I expect four votes would come nearer the correct figures, as
+numbers of saloons have several bar-tenders. But placing the number at
+two, we have a voting strength of 11,200. Now each one in this army
+can surely influence _four persons_, many can influence from six to
+ten votes, but placing the figures at four, we have the enormous total
+of 44,800 voters to be added to the 11,200 engaged in the traffic,
+giving a startling aggregate of 56,000 voters, which the saloon power
+can count on with reasonable certainty, when any measure affecting its
+interests is to be acted upon, or when persons are to be elected who
+can enforce or ignore laws enacted to restrict the liquor evil. This
+argument presented to the political parties is usually irresistible;
+they simply permit the saloon element to dictate its policy and its
+candidates. And against this army of home destroyers, this solid
+battalion of evil, this power which prostitutes political integrity,
+destroys virtue, breeds crime, fills prisons with victims and homes
+with misery, and requires the expenditure on the part of the
+government of millions of dollars in punishing the criminals and the
+paupers it annually makes,--I say against this army engaged under the
+banner of the rum traffic, what counteracting opposition is springing
+from the home loving, the upright and pure-minded citizens of our
+great cities? What concerted action is the church with her tens of
+thousands of communicants putting forth? It would be an easy matter to
+thwart the allied power of rum, if a few persons in every church and
+every society for ethical improvement were ablaze with moral
+enthusiasm, and wise enough to adopt lines of action similar to those
+successfully carried out by the liquor interest. For example: Suppose
+in every church four or six earnest men and women form a league for
+the protection of the home; let them secure the pledge of every voter
+in the church who has love for his fellow-men and respect for decent
+government, that he will vote for no man for any office who patronizes
+the saloon, who fraternizes with the liquor element, or who is
+supported by the rum shops, and that he will use all honorable means
+to further good government, by seeking the advancement to office of
+pure and upright citizens. Something like that would be all that would
+be necessary for the general membership to sign. Then let each league
+appoint an executive committee of three or five to act precisely as do
+officers in an army, to confer with the executive committee of other
+leagues to _secretly_ arrange _or map out a campaign_, and to give
+commands to the army. It would be an easy matter to poll the saloon
+vote in such a way as to ascertain exactly where it stood in cases
+where there was a question as to the position of candidates, after
+which the word could be given that no votes be cast for the choice of
+the saloon element. I am speaking now chiefly of municipal elections,
+as they most intimately affect the saloon power in our great cities.
+If something like this policy was followed, and every church had its
+active league, it would not be long before there would be enrolled on
+the side of pure government and true morality, an army far eclipsing
+in strength and number the rum element, an army that could easily turn
+the balance of power into the hands of high-minded citizens, who would
+enforce the laws with equal justice, without fear or favor. I merely
+throw out this as a hint of what might be accomplished, because it has
+become fashionable for good but easy-going people to dismiss these
+matters with the remark that nothing practical can be done to meet the
+demoralizing and degrading power of the saloon.
+
+
+HOT BEDS OF SOCIAL POLLUTION.
+
+Chicago has many dark places, not the least among which are the low
+theatres, the concert halls, and other similar resorts where
+immorality nourishes as it flourished in Rome during that long moral
+night when Messalina dragged down an already debauched court to
+unspeakable debasement, when Nero thirsted for blood and wallowed in
+the sewers of moral degradation, and when Domitian's frightful cruelty
+only equaled his gross sensualism. The saloon, the black plague of
+nineteenth century life, overlaps all other degrading evils, its
+miasma of death fills every rendezvous of degradation, and until its
+ever increasing power is checked, nay, more, until its power in
+American politics is broken, other allies in crime, debauchery, and
+moral death will flourish. By the side of the rum curse flourishes, as
+our author points out, the low theatres and concert halls, but he
+wisely observes that these places must not be confounded with the
+first-class and reputable houses, whose managers are ceaselessly
+striving to entertain and elevate their patrons. Music may be made one
+of the most inspiring and ennobling agencies, while the theatre holds
+a power for the education and elevation of the masses possessed by few
+other popular agencies, for it appeals simultaneously to the eye, the
+ear, and the heart of the people. It possesses the power of educating
+while it entertains, it may be made to elevate while it amuses. I am
+profoundly convinced that Victor Hugo was right when he claimed that
+the theatre held possibilities of the widest and most far-reaching
+character for the education and enlightenment of the masses; and when
+the leaders of moral thought and reform work come to realize this,
+they will call to their aid this most powerful agent for touching,
+thrilling, and swaying the heart of the people which a noble cause can
+summon. But while the possibilities for good possessed by the theatre
+are well-nigh inestimable, its capacity for evil is no less marked. In
+many of our large cities to-day low theatres and concert-halls,
+masquerading under the robes of respectability, are feeding all that
+is vilest and most repulsive in life. In these places in Chicago there
+are nightly enacted practically above board the same revolting scenes
+which marked the lowest depths of human debasement in the day of
+Rome's greatest depravity. To feed the rum-inflamed lusts of men, the
+managers of these craters of bestiality and depravity have nightly
+exhibitions which mark the nadir to which abandoned womanhood can
+sink. No one can enter those dens of infamy without inhaling the
+contagion of moral death. The records of the commissioners who
+investigated the concert halls and low theatres sickens one much as
+the frightful revelation of Mr. Stead sickened while it appalled the
+civilized world. And let it be remembered that this unutterable social
+depravity is flourishing in a city richly jewelled, with magnificent
+temples dedicated to Deity; a city which contains the moral power to
+quickly banish her monstrous evils, if the conspiracy of silence be
+broken and the leaders of thought be brave and wise enough to boldly
+move in concert against the great forces which every thoughtful man
+and woman admit are, more than aught else, the source of social
+demoralization, crime, and human degradation. If the Church has any
+mission worthy of serious thought at this juncture of civilization,
+that mission is to overcome these evils, to cleanse society of these
+plague spots, and avert the spread of that moral degradation which,
+unless checked, will as surely sap away the life of our Republic as it
+has destroyed proud civilizations of older days.
+
+
+THE POWER AND RESPONSIBILITY OF THE CHRISTIAN MINISTRY.
+
+When one turns from a view of the magnitude of these giant evils,
+fostered by our social conditions, to a contemplation of the great
+moral power resting in the hands of the Christian ministry, he may
+well ask whether the nineteenth century clergy of the palatial, stone,
+heaven-piercing, turreted temples are not _materialists_, on whose
+souls the life and teachings of their reputed Master work no greater
+spell than they did with the Sadducees of old, who regarded that great
+life, burning at white heat with moral enthusiasm and holy love, as a
+troublesome interloper, a disturber of religion and society worthy of
+death. With a few noble exceptions,--who are bravely battling for
+justice, for the poor, and for the light to be thrown into the dark
+places, our city clergymen merit arraignment at the bar of
+civilization for burying their talents, for trifling away the power
+which has been given them as standard bearers of the cause of human
+brotherhood and universal justice; for truckling to wealth and
+cringing before a cynical and supercilious element who, by an unhappy
+chance, wield some influence and succeed in making the superficial
+imagine they represent popular sentiment and culture. It is a crying
+shame to-day, that with the magnificent intellectual power and
+influence swayed by the great divines who preside over the wealthy
+temples of Boston, there should be such frightful wretchedness within
+cannon shot of their churches and the homes of their wealthy
+parishioners; or that with the brilliancy and power represented in the
+pulpit of Chicago, there should be such iniquity flourishing
+unrestrained as depicted in "Chicago's Dark Places." Whether the
+clergy can be aroused to recognize its duty and be touched by the
+world of wretchedness and sin sufficiently to dare to assail our
+present evil condition, is a question of vital importance, inasmuch as
+it wields a vast moral influence. Unto the clergy much has been given,
+and if its members believe the impressive declaration of their great
+Leader, from them much will be demanded. _Their responsibility is as
+great as their apathy is marked_; an indifference which springs from
+timidity or ignorance. If from timidity or fear that honesty of
+thought and a brave unmasking of evil conditions would cost them their
+positions, they have no right to bear aloft the banner of Him who
+rejected all life's comforts, all honor of the rich and cultured,
+respect, power, and popularity; who, turning His back at once on ease
+and conventional thought, chose to live without a roof, save the azure
+dome, that by mingling among the poor, the sin-diseased and miserables
+of his people, He might ease their suffering, bring sunshine into
+their darkened and wretched abodes, and lift them from the sewers of
+animality into the pure health-giving and soul-inspiring atmosphere of
+true spirituality. If on the other hand (and I believe this is the
+chief reason), our clergymen are _ignorant of the deep degradation and
+the dire want_ which is flourishing within cannon shot of their homes,
+they are treating with culpable contempt the life and teachings of
+Jesus, who constantly mingled with this class, never weary in seeking
+to aid them, and who taught so solemnly and impressively that His
+mission was "_to seek and to save those who were lost, to preach the
+Gospel to the poor, to heal the broken hearted, to preach liberty to
+the captives, and opening the prison to them that are bound, and to
+comfort all that mourn_."
+
+
+WHAT THE CLERGY MIGHT ACCOMPLISH.
+
+If the clergymen of our great cities would carry out the example set
+by their Master, would refuse to take the words of those who are
+blinded and callous by conventional thought and the indifference which
+comes to sordid natures long accustomed to mingle with wretchedness,
+and themselves frequently visit the exiles of society in the cities
+where they dwell; if its members would for one day in each week visit
+the miserables of society, I doubt not that _the pulpit would soon
+become a most powerful battery of moral power and light_, which would,
+in a surprisingly short time, revolutionize our conditions, so that in
+the place of thousands of people, sandwiched in dens of indescribable
+squalor, we would see healthful apartment houses; instead of horrible
+drinking dens and rendezvous of degradation and debauchery,
+flourishing and rank as tropical forests, we would find temperance
+eating-houses; social club houses where every evening the poor man and
+his family could spend an hour, looking through the paper of the day,
+enjoying the illustrations and the intellectual worth of our
+periodical literature, or, if they chose, hear in other rooms lectures
+or charcoal talks dealing with practical pictures of life, of history,
+travels, social problems, and other themes of value, and where at a
+very moderate price healthful and nutritious food could be enjoyed.
+Well-supported industrial schools would also blossom where now only
+here and there we find a school struggling for existence and
+handicapped for want of means for its proper carrying on.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX TO THE FOURTH VOLUME OF
+
+THE ARENA.
+
+
+  AEonian Punishment., 209.
+
+  Allen. Rev. T. Ernest, Spencer's Doctrine of Inconceivability., 94.
+
+  Another View of Newman., 475.
+
+  Armstrong. William H., Sunday and the World's Fair., 730.
+
+  Austrian Postal Banking System. The, 468.
+
+
+  Baxter. Sylvester, The Austrian Postal Banking System., 468.
+
+  Bellamy. Rev. Francis, The Tyranny of all the People., 180.
+
+  Better Part. The, 104.
+
+  Bismarck in the German Parliament., 670.
+
+  Bixby. Prof. James T.,
+    Doubters and Dogmatists., 683.
+    Evolution and Christianity., 55.
+
+  Blavatsky. Mme., at Adyar., 579.
+
+  Boughton, Prof. Willis, University Extension., 452.
+
+  Bradsby. H. C., Leaderless Mobs., 570.
+
+  Brook. The, 122.
+
+  Buchanan. Prof. Jos. Rodes, Revolutionary Measures and Neglected
+      Crimes., 77, 192.
+
+
+  Campbell. Helen, The Working Women of To-day., 329.
+
+  Cancer Spots in Metropolitan Life. 760.
+
+  Castelar. Emilio, Bismarck and the German Parliament., 670.
+
+  Chambers. Julius, The Chivalry of the Press., 25.
+
+  Chandler. Lucinda B., The Woman Movement., 704.
+
+  Chivalry of the Press. The, 25.
+
+  Conflict between Ancient and Modern Thought in the Presbyterian
+      Church. The, 253.
+
+  Conway. Moncure D., Madame Blavatsky at Adyar., 579.
+
+
+  Davis. C. Wood, Should the Nation Own the Railways?, 152, 273.
+
+  DeBury. Mme. Blaze, The Unity of Germany., 257.
+
+  Decade of Retrogression. A, 365.
+
+  Dickinson. Prof. Mary L., Individuality in Education., 322.
+
+  Divorce Colony. The Sioux Falls, 696.
+
+  Doubters and the Dogmatists. The, 683.
+
+  Dromgoole. Will Allen,
+    The Better Part., 104.
+    Old Hickory's Ball., 373.
+    A Grain of Gold., 621.
+    The Heart of the Woods., 744.
+
+
+  Education. Individuality in, 322.
+
+  Edwards. Amelia B., My Home Life., 299.
+
+  Emancipation through Nationalism., 591.
+
+  Epoch-marking Drama. An, 247.
+
+  Era of Woman, The, 375.
+
+  Evening at the Corner Grocery. An, 504.
+
+  Evolution and Christianity., 55.
+
+  Extrinsic Significance of Constitutional Government in Japan., 440.
+
+
+  Fashion's Slaves., 401.
+
+  Fawcett. Edgar,
+    Plutocracy and Snobbery in New York., 142.
+    A Paradise of Gamblers., 641.
+
+  Flammarion. Camille, The Unknown., 10, 160.
+
+  Flower. B. O.,
+    Society's Exiles., 37.
+    Optimism Real and False., 125.
+    The Pessimistic Cast of Modern Thought., 127.
+    An Epoch-marking Drama., 247.
+    The Present Revolution in Theological Thought., 249.
+    The Conflict between Ancient and Modern Thought in the Presbyterian
+        Church., 253.
+    The Era of Woman., 382.
+    Fashion's Slaves., 401.
+    Religious Intolerance To-day., 633.
+    Social Conditions under Louis XV., 635.
+    Pharisaism in Public Life., 754.
+    Cancer Spots in Metropolitan Life., 760.
+    The Saloon., 763.
+    Hot-beds of Social Pollution., 766.
+    The Power and Responsibility of the Christian Ministry., 767.
+    What the Clergy Might Accomplish., 768.
+
+  French Republic. Some Weak Spots in, 561.
+
+
+  Gaertner. Dr. Frederick, The Microscope., 615.
+
+  Garland. Hamlin,
+    A Prairie Heroine., 223.
+    An Evening at the Corner Grocery., 504.
+    Mr. and Mrs. James A. Herne., 543.
+
+  Grain of Gold. A, 621.
+
+
+  Harben. Will N., He Came and Went Again., 494.
+
+  Harvest and Laborers in the Psychical Field., 391.
+
+  Hassell. R. B., The Independent Party and Money at Cost., 340.
+
+  Hawthorne. Julian, The New Columbus., 1.
+
+  Healing through the Mind., 530.
+
+  Heart of the Woods. The, 744.
+
+  He Came and Went Again., 494.
+
+  Heiress of the Ridge. The, 114.
+
+  Herne. Mr. and Mrs. James A., 543.
+
+  Holmes. Oliver Wendell, 129.
+
+  Hot-beds of Social Pollution., 766.
+
+
+  Independent Party and Money at Cost. The, 340.
+
+  Individuality in Education., 322.
+
+  Inter-Migration., 487.
+
+  Irrigation Problem in the Northwest. The, 69.
+
+
+  Leaderless Mobs., 570.
+
+  Lodge. Hon. Henry Cabot, Protection or Free Trade, Which?, 652.
+
+  Lorimer. Rev. Geo. C., The Newer Heresies., 385.
+
+  Lowell. James Russell, 513.
+
+
+  Madame Blavatsky at Adyar., 579.
+
+  Manley. Rev. W. E., AEonian Punishment., 209.
+
+  Martyn. Rev. Carlos D., Un-American Tendencies., 431.
+
+  McCrackan. W. D., The Swiss and American Constitutions., 172.
+
+  Microscope. The, 615.
+
+  Myers. Frederic W. H., Harvest and Laborers in the Psychical Field., 391.
+
+  My Home Life., 299.
+
+
+  Nationalism. Emancipation through, 591.
+
+  Nationalism. The Tyranny of, 311.
+
+  Negro Question. The, 219.
+
+  New Columbus. The, 1.
+
+  Newer Heresies. The, 385.
+
+  Newman. Another View of, 475.
+
+  New Testament Symbolisms., 712.
+
+  Nirvana. Turning toward, 736.
+
+
+  Oishi. Kuma, Extrinsic Significance of Constitutional Government in
+      Japan., 440.
+
+  Old Hickory's Ball., 373.
+
+  Optimism. Real and False, 125.
+
+  O Thou Who Sighest for a Broader Field., 503.
+
+
+  Paradise of Gamblers. A, 641.
+
+  Pattee. Chas. H., Recollections of Old Play-Bills., 604.
+
+  Pessimistic Cast of Modern Thought. The, 127.
+
+  Pharisaism in Public Life., 754.
+
+  Pierce. Edwin, True Politics for Prohibition and Labor., 723.
+
+  Plutocracy and Snobbery in New York., 142.
+
+  Pope Leo on Labor., 459.
+
+  Power and Responsibility of the Christian Ministry. The, 767.
+
+  Prairie Heroine. A, 223.
+
+  Present Revolution in Theological Thought. The, 249.
+
+  Preston. Thomas B., Pope Leo on Labor., 459.
+
+  Prohibition and Labor. True Politics for, 723.
+
+  Protection or Free Trade, Which?, 652.
+
+  Psychic Experiences., 353.
+
+
+  Realf. James, Jr.,
+    The Irrigation Problem in the Northwest., 69.
+    The Sioux Falls Divorce Colony., 696.
+
+  Recollections of Old Play-Bills., 604.
+
+  Religious Intolerance To-day., 633.
+
+  Revolutionary Measures and Neglected Crimes., 77, 192.
+
+  Ross. E. A., Turning toward Nirvana., 736.
+
+
+  Saloon. The, 763.
+
+  Salter. William M., Another View of Newman., 475.
+
+  Savage. Philip H., The Brook., 122.
+
+  Savage. Rev. Minot J., The Tyranny of Nationalism., 311.
+
+  Scarborough. Prof. W. S., The Negro Question., 219.
+
+  Schindler. Rabbi Solomon, Inter-Migration., 487.
+
+  Should the Nation Own the Railways?, 152, 273.
+
+  Sioux Falls Divorce Colony. The, 696.
+
+  Social Conditions under Louis XV., 635.
+
+  Society's Exiles., 37.
+
+  Some Weak Spots in the French Republic., 561.
+
+  Spencer's Doctrine of Inconceivability., 94.
+
+  Stanton. Elizabeth Cady, Where Must Lasting Progress Begin?, 293.
+
+  Stanton. Theodore, Some Weak Spots in the French Republic., 561.
+
+  Stewart. George,
+    Oliver Wendell Holmes, 129.
+    James Russell Lowell., 513.
+
+  Sunday and the World's Fair., 730.
+
+  Swiss and American Constitutions. The, 172.
+
+
+  True Politics for Prohibition and Labor., 723.
+
+  Turning toward Nirvana., 736.
+
+  Tyranny of All the People. The, 180.
+
+  Tyranny of Nationalism. The, 311.
+
+
+  Un-American Tendencies., 431.
+
+  Underwood. Sara A., Psychic Experiences., 353.
+
+  Unity of Germany. The, 257.
+
+  University Extension., 452.
+
+  Unknown. The, 10, 160.
+
+
+  Wait. Prof. Sheridan P., New Testament Symbolisms., 712.
+
+  Wakeman, Thaddeus B., Emancipation by Nationalism., 591.
+
+  What the Clergy Might Accomplish., 768.
+
+  Where Must Lasting Progress Begin?, 293.
+
+  Wischnewetzky. Florence Kelley, A Decade of Retrogression., 365.
+
+  Wolcott. Julia Anna, O Thou Who Sighest for a Broader Field., 503.
+
+  Woman Movement. The, 704.
+
+  Wood. Henry, Healing through the Mind., 530.
+
+  Working Women of To-day. The, 329.
+
+  World's Fair. Sunday and the, 730.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Transcriber's Notes:
+
+Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as
+possible, including obsolete and variant spellings and other
+inconsistencies.
+
+The transcriber noted the following issues and made changes as
+indicated to the text to correct obvious errors:
+
+ 1. p. 678, "hemlet" changed to "helmet"
+ 2. p. 681, "complaceny" changed to "complacency"
+ 3. p. 744, "impenetable" changed to "impenetrable"
+ 4. p. 751, "beween" changed to "between"
+ 5. p. 756, Footnote #4, "positon" changed to "position"
+
+End of Transcriber's Notes]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Arena, by Various
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