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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Lola, by Henny Kindermann
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Lola
+       The Thought and Speech of Animals
+
+Author: Henny Kindermann
+
+Contributor: Dr. William Mackenzie
+
+Translator: Agnes Blake
+
+Release Date: June 23, 2008 [EBook #25887]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LOLA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Edwards and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+LOLA
+
+or
+
+The Thought and Speech of Animals
+
+
+
+BY
+
+HENNY KINDERMANN
+
+
+
+TRANSLATED BY AGNES BLAKE
+
+
+WITH A CHAPTER ON THINKING ANIMALS BY
+
+DR. WILLIAM MACKENZIE
+
+
+
+METHUEN & CO. LTD.
+36 ESSEX STREET W.C.
+LONDON
+
+_First Published in this translation in 1922_
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note: There are three mathematical "square roots" found
+in this text; the "roots" are shown as [3rt], [121rt] and [10,000rt].
+Numerals that are printed as superscript are indicated by being
+preceeded by a caret (^).
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+It is hoped that this little work may assist in the search along the
+dark path upon which many a poet and--in later times--many an
+investigator has set his feet. It would not be worthy of us, whom
+science and technical ability has raised to so high an intellectual
+position as explorers of Nature in every field--should we neglect
+anything however trivial, deeming it as beneath our notice.
+
+We know so much about all that lies around us: the manner in which the
+cells build our bodies; how the juices circulate within the plant. We
+feel Nature to be ensouled, to be a spiritual entity--and yet--it is
+only her corporeal life with which we are intimate. Therefore let us
+now turn our eyes to new horizons, so that the human spirit may be
+in a position to extend its search, doing so with knowledge and
+understanding. What is imperative is that we should investigate to
+what degree the higher animals have been dowered with sensibility, and
+to what extent this can be utilized: whether it can crystallize--so
+to speak--into what is known to us as _thought_. My own work of
+investigation was undertaken in a spirit entirely devoid of prejudice;
+and what I have so far discovered I now place in the hands of the
+reader, asking him to bring the same unbiased and objective attitude of
+mind to bear when reading these pages. It is my hope that they may
+arouse his interest and instil that broader attitude of thought which
+should lead to further investigation, since a question so serious and
+important does not permit of being lightly set aside.
+
+I have given a short preliminary account of earlier investigations
+undertaken in this field of research, before inviting the reader to
+accompany me along the path I myself pursued into this New Land.
+
+HENNY KINDERMANN
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+CHAPTER                                                      PAGE
+
+    I. THOUGHT CAPACITY IN ANIMALS                              1
+
+        _The Dogs: Rolf_                                        5
+                  _Ilse_                                       15
+                  _Heinz_                                      18
+                  _Harras_                                     20
+                  _Roland_                                     22
+
+   II. MY PREVIOUS ACQUAINTANCE WITH THE SUBJECT               23
+
+  III. LOLA                                                    30
+
+   IV. BEGINNING THE TUITION                                   35
+
+    V. CONTINUED TUITION                                       43
+
+   VI. SENSE OF TIME                                           54
+
+  VII. CALCULATING TIME                                        59
+
+ VIII. SIGHT                                                   63
+
+   IX. HER PERFECT SENSE FOR SOUND                             70
+
+    X. SCENT                                                   74
+
+   XI. SENSITIVENESS OF THE SKIN                               79
+
+  XII. FORECASTING THE WEATHER                                 84
+
+ XIII. ADVANCED ARITHMETIC                                     89
+
+  XIV. WORKING WITH OTHER PERSONS                              94
+
+   XV. THE QUESTION OF POSSIBLE INFLUENCE                      97
+
+  XVI. ALTERATIONS AND MEMORY                                 102
+
+ XVII. THE CONNEXION OF IDEAS                                 110
+
+XVIII. SPONTANEOUS REPLIES                                    113
+
+  XIX. WRONG AND UNCERTAIN ANSWERS                            116
+
+   XX. MATTERS WHICH, SO FAR, ARE UNACCOUNTED FOR,
+         OR UNEXPLAINED                                       120
+
+  XXI. ALTERATIONS IN CHARACTER                               122
+
+ XXII. A VARIETY OF ANSWERS                                   126
+
+XXIII. ULSE'S FIRST INSTRUCTION                               144
+
+ XXIV. LAST WORDS                                             149
+
+       CONCLUSION (BY PROFESSOR H. F. ZIEGLER)                152
+
+       THINKING ANIMALS (BY DR. WILLIAM MACKENZIE)            157
+
+
+
+
+In recording the remarks made and answers given by these dogs I
+have--wherever it seemed possible to do so without loss of a certain
+distinctive charm--inserted the English translation _only_; here
+and there, however, where, for instance, the conversation between
+mistress and dog has turned on the spelling of a word it has been
+necessary to give the entire sentence in German. There are also some
+quaint remarks of which I have been loth to omit the original, these
+being sure to appeal to anyone acquainted with idiomatic German.
+
+THE TRANSLATOR
+
+
+
+
+LOLA
+
+THOUGHT CAPACITY IN ANIMALS
+
+
+It was in the year 1904 that the first experiments towards
+understanding an animal's ability to think were brought into public
+light. Wilhelm von Osten then introduced his stallion Hans II to all
+who seemed interested in the subject, and the most diametrically
+opposed opinions were soon rife with regard to the abilities of this
+horse, to which von Osten maintained he had succeeded in teaching both
+spelling and arithmetic.
+
+The animal's mental activity was said to lie in a simple form of
+thinking, called into being and intensified by means of a certain
+amount of instruction. Von Osten, who had been a schoolmaster, had
+previously spent some fourteen years in testing the intelligence of two
+other horses before he ventured to make his experiences public, and the
+performances of these animals were not only remarkable, but of
+far-reaching importance.
+
+Hans I, aged twelve, died in 1905. He had never appeared in public,
+since his abilities had been relatively modest. He had, nevertheless,
+been able to count up to five, as well as carry out quite a number of
+verbal instructions. It was Hans II, however, that convinced his
+master--as early as 1902--of his ability to comprehend a far greater
+range of the German alphabet (when written), as well as to recognize a
+certain number of colours.
+
+Instances, denoting signs of evident reflection and memory, had led to
+Wilhelm von Osten turning his thoughts towards this work of animal
+tuition. Public opinion was divided; there were some who took the
+subject seriously and who were grateful to this innovator for thus
+opening a new path of inquiry; yet many were sceptical--and the
+scientific commission called together in 1904 to investigate the
+subject, finally knew no better than to heap their ridicule on the
+careful and patient labours of a lifetime. "Der kluge Hans" ("wise" or
+"clever Hans")--by that time already a public character--now evoked
+supercilious smiles and stood disgraced in the eyes of the majority.
+Only a few, capable of delving more deeply into the subject, continued
+to follow these performances with ever-increasing interest and
+amazement and kept their faith whole.
+
+Von Osten--though now embittered and pathetically silent--quietly
+continued his experiments up to his death, which took place in 1909. At
+first he had gone about his work alone, but he was joined subsequently
+by Karl Krall, who then became known in connexion with this work for
+the first time.
+
+Many were the attempts made in certain quarters of the Press to account
+for the facts of the case; the very simple means of procedure employed
+by von Osten were scouted and the whole thing proclaimed to be based
+upon trickery, influence, secret signs, an abnormal degree of training,
+and what not--anything and everything was seized upon in order to come
+into line with ordinary opinion.
+
+Then, in the year 1905, Karl Krall, of Elberfeld, began his experiments
+with Hans II, encouraging, as a foundation for the furtherance of his
+theories, the abilities already developed in this horse, while devoting
+a more profound measure of insight to the entire problem.
+
+Karl Krall, who lavished an untold amount of time and money on the
+question, has also raised it to an immeasurably higher plane. He has,
+indeed, placed a remarkable collection of carefully selected material
+at the service of the scientific world. With an unusual amount of
+devotion, backed by patience and a genuine affection for his charges,
+Karl Krall has carried on a work of investigation to which he assigns
+no narrow limits; pursuing his labours with a cheerful energy, fully
+convinced of the sacredness of his task.
+
+Anyone who has come into contact with Krall must feel respect for this
+man, whatever doubts he may harbour as to the results obtained.
+
+In 1908 Krall started work with two Arab stallions, Zarif and Mohammed.
+Both these animals learnt to count by means of rapping out the numbers
+with their hoofs on a board. One rap with the left fore-hoof always
+counted as "ten," while each rap with the right fore-hoof counted as
+"one" only. The number twenty-five was, therefore, composed of two left
+raps and five right ones. Spelling was similarly indicated by a system
+of raps meant to express separate letters of the alphabet. A pause
+followed after each number and the answers, being displayed to sight in
+the form of rows of numbers, it sufficed to place the letter thus
+indicated beneath its respective number in order to work out the reply.
+In the course of time these animals learnt the most varied forms of
+arithmetic, even to the extent of extracting the most difficult roots.
+They had, indeed, learnt to give answers which were, for the part,
+quite independent--thus supplying the most unexpected insight into
+their actual thinking and feeling.
+
+They also learnt the divisions of time, while every kind of experiment
+was undertaken in order to test their reasoning capacity. All these
+attempts and the majority of results were of such a nature that it
+became quite impossible not to realize that further persistence along
+the same lines of inquiry was bound to lead to a confirmation of the
+assurances already given by Karl Krall with regard to his pupils'
+"scholarship." Many diverse opinions were heard, while the number of
+serious adherents to the cause as well as that of its opponents
+increased. Special instances to which objection had been taken on the
+score of supposed "influence," or of "signalling," were carefully
+investigated by Krall in order to clear up any implied doubts. For this
+purpose a blind horse, by name "Bertho," was taken in hand, proof being
+thus provided to confute the mythical "code of signals" supposed to
+exist between master and pupil. Other tests undertaken with Bertho were
+equally successful; Krall was, in fact, always eager and willing to
+submit every objection brought forward to investigation, evident though
+it was, that his own vast experience amply sufficed to tip the balance
+in his favour.
+
+It would take us too long should we attempt to enter into any detailed
+discussion on this point. Krall's book, "Denkende Tiere" ("Thinking
+Animals")[1], may be recommended as the best source for investigation
+for those desiring to know more on this subject.
+
+      [1] Published by Friedrich Engelmann, Leipzig.
+
+It must in any case be admitted that the investigations undertaken by
+Krall have shed a flood of light on the problem of the capacity for
+thought latent in our higher animals, enabling him, as we have seen, to
+lay down--within certain limits--in how far and in what way the
+existence of this capability can be _proved_ where the horse is
+concerned. Up to the commencement of the Great War these investigations
+were continued, a number of different horses being used for the
+purpose.
+
+In the year 1912 I became acquainted with a new contribution towards
+the question of animal psychology in the person of a Mannheim dog
+called "Rolf."
+
+The manner in which Rolf's gifts revealed themselves was disclosed in
+the columns of the "Muenchner Nachrichten" as follows:
+
+    "OUR DOG ROLF
+
+    "_By Frau Paula Moekel_ (nee _von Moers, in Mannheim_)
+
+    "Anyone possessing an intelligent dog of his own will probably
+    occupy himself far more with it than he is wont to do with other
+    animals. This has been the case with our Rolf, a two-year-old
+    Airedale terrier, which has already attained to celebrity. It was
+    accident that led to our discovery of his talent for doing sums
+    correctly. Our children were sitting together at work on their
+    home-lessons, and one of my little girls--seized with a fit of
+    inattention--was unable to solve her very easy task, viz., 122 plus
+    2. At length, and after the child had stumbled repeatedly over this
+    simple answer, my patience was at an end, and I punished her. Rolf,
+    whose attachment to the children is quite touching, looked very
+    sad, and he gazed at Frieda with his expressive eyes as though he
+    was anxious to help her. Seeing this I exclaimed: 'Just see what
+    eyes Rolf is making!  It looks as if _he_ knew what you do not!' No
+    sooner had I said this than Rolf, who had been lying under my
+    writing-table, got up and came to my side. In surprise I asked him:
+    'Well, Rolf, do you know what two plus two amounts to?' Whereupon
+    the animal tapped my arm with his paw _four times_--we were all
+    speechless! After a little while we asked him again--'5 plus 5?'
+    Here, too, the correct answer was forthcoming, and thus on the
+    first day did we question him up to a hundred, and with equal
+    success. After that verbal instruction became my daily occupation
+    with the dog, in the same way that one might teach an intelligent
+    child, Rolf entering readily into everything, indeed, we seemed to
+    notice that his studies gave him pleasure. By degrees he became
+    able to solve his sums correctly in every form of arithmetic,
+    finally even getting as far as to extract two and three roots.
+
+    "We soon noticed that Rolf could also recognize letters and
+    numerals. He read his own name easily, for when anyone began to
+    write it on the typewriter he instantly started wagging his tail
+    with delight. Our greatest desire now was to devise some means of
+    communication with him and I therefore began with the following
+    simple explanation:
+
+    "'Rolf,' I said, 'if you could say yes and no, you would be able to
+    talk to us; now, look here! when you want to say _yes_, give us
+    your paw _twice_, and if _no_, then give it _three_ times,' and I
+    at once put this suggestion to an easy test, for I asked him if he
+    would like to be spanked--and he returned a decided _no_! Then I
+    asked him if he would like some cake, to which a prompt and joyful
+    affirmative was given. I saw therefore that Rolf understood me, and
+    upon this mutual basis I proceeded carefully to build. At length
+    his alphabet came into being--he having, with the exception of one
+    or two letters, put it together entirely by himself. It was
+    constructed thus: I would ask him, for instance, 'Rolf, how many
+    taps with your paw are you going to give me for _a_?' and he then
+    gave me a number which I carefully noted down. To my inexpressible
+    pleasure I found that Rolf never forgot the numbers he had given,
+    though I, to this day, must have my notes to hand whenever Rolf
+    wishes to tap out anything. It is also remarkable that on a nearer
+    investigation of his "alphabet" it becomes evident that the letters
+    Rolf requires least are made up of the highest numbers, whereas
+    those to which he has constant recourse have their equivalents
+    among the lower numbers. The letters q, v, x, Rolf never uses, as
+    though he wished to prove to me that they are entirely useless and
+    superfluous. Rolf can recognize any money that is shown him and
+    counts the flowers in a bunch according to their colours and
+    varieties. He can also differentiate the high and the deep tones on
+    any instrument, and he is even capable of telling the number of
+    tones struck in a chord. His memory is marvellous; he remembers
+    names and numbers over quite a period of time, once he has heard
+    them, and he is ready to do his tasks with any persons who are
+    sympathetic to him should he know them well enough. It is, however,
+    difficult to get him to work as long as anyone who is not
+    sympathetic remains in the room. What he raps out is, of course,
+    phonetically spelt--just according to how it sounds to him, and we
+    have not attempted to worry him with orthography! His own original
+    remarks are delightful."
+
+The dog, Rolf, attained in the course of time to a higher level than
+did the horses. This may probably be explained by the fact that dogs
+are, as a rule, more continuously in the company of human beings, being
+also due to their superior intelligence. Rolf's mode of procedure
+consisted in a series of raps given with his fore-paws, similar to
+those given by the horses with their hoofs; but Rolf used the same paw
+for both decimals and units, so that we had from time to time to
+inquire after every number rapped out--'Is it a decimal or a unit?'
+Whereupon he would rap 'yes,' or 'no'--as the case might be. The
+numbers were then written down and the answers thus obtained.
+
+Rolf's feats of arithmetic, like those performed by the horses,
+included finding the square root in the most difficult problems; yet it
+was in the matter of spelling answers that he excelled. Indeed, he
+seemed to command a particularly rich vocabulary, and applied the same
+with the greatest accuracy and continuity, even in long answers. These
+replies, when collected in their proper sequence should provide us with
+a wealth of insight into an animal's life of feeling. Such a collection
+is already extant, but has not yet been made public.
+
+Many of the dog's answers, as well as innumerable debates about him
+have been published in the "Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft fuer
+Tierpsychologie"[2] ("Communications of the Society for the Study of
+Animal Psychology"), while others may be found in the periodical
+"Animal Soul."[3]
+
+      [2] Published by the committee through the agency of Professor
+      Ziegler.
+
+      [3] Published by Emil Eisell, in Bonn.
+
+Rolf has made frequent public appearances and been subjected to tests
+of several hours' duration. These have taken place both in the presence
+of his kind and gifted mistress and teacher, and also quite alone with
+his examiners. On every occasion of his appearance notes have been
+taken as to the procedures, and on one occasion these were even
+attested by a Notary. At such times, indeed, suggestions were not
+infrequently made which might be said to exceed every justifiable
+limit; tests were carried out prior to which the whole family had to
+vacate the house--carpets were taken up, in order to hunt for electric
+wires; window-shutters were closed; cupboards and premises searched,
+and sentinels posted--all this being tolerated by them with the utmost
+good-humour! And in spite of all this upheaval, Rolf was almost without
+exception ready with his replies! A fact that may well be set to his
+credit, when we consider how sensitive and capricious animals are by
+nature. Of his examiners, it may be said, that they covered themselves
+with confusion.
+
+One public appearance brought him well-merited praise from a large
+circle of acquaintances. So excellently did he acquit himself on this
+occasion that I should like to place it on record.
+
+
+"REPORT OF THE PUBLIC APPEARANCE OF THE SPELLING DOG ROLF
+
+"_By Professor H. F. Ziegler_
+
+"In order to collect subscriptions for the benefit of the Central
+Committee of War Charities, as also for the Society responsible for the
+dogs for Army Medical Service, Frau Dr. Moekel kindly consented to
+introduce her dog Rolf to the general public for the first time.
+
+"The performance took place in the Hall of the Casino at Mannheim, on
+the 11th of May, 1914. Every seat in the Hall was taken.
+
+"Professor Kraemer of Hohenheim opened the meeting; he dwelt on the
+usefulness of these dogs--trained to perform tasks in which their
+intelligence accounted for no small part. He alluded to the scientific
+importance of the new method of instruction by means of spelling--a
+method first brought forward in connexion with the 'Thinking Horses'
+belonging to Messrs. von Osten and K. Krall, and which had revealed
+hitherto unexpected aspects of the animal soul.
+
+"He further pointed out the total absence of any intentional or
+unintentional signalling, an objection which has already been
+sufficiently disproved by the many singular and entirely spontaneous
+communications constantly made on such occasions. Finally, he
+emphasized that the investigations Frau Dr. Moekel had made with her
+dog had proved to be of immense value as contributions towards the
+study of animal psychology, being, in fact, of great scientific
+service.
+
+"Frau Dr. Moekel was then wheeled on to the platform in her bath-chair,
+and Rolf seated himself by her side.
+
+"In the first place a number of sums were set the dog which had been
+called out by the audience; they were as follows: (4 x 7 - 13) / 3 = 5,
+2 x 10 / 4 = 5, 8 x 9 / 12 = 6.
+
+"When the problem [3rt]27 was given Rolf proclaimed the correct number
+'3,'--he immediately followed this, however, by spelling out: 'nid
+wurdsl' ('no more roots'), implying that he declined anything further
+to do with that form of reckoning; he had indeed, objected to 'roots'
+for some time past! He next proceeded to name the various persons he
+recognized in the assembly--the first being, 'dand, speisl basl' (Frau
+Dr. Speiser, aus Basel); 'glein' (a Herr Klein, whom he had not seen
+for two years); further, 'ogl lsr' (Herr Landsgerichtsrat Leser). When,
+however, he was asked by a gentleman sitting in the front row whether
+he knew him (the gentleman in question had sent him notes from time to
+time), he replied: 'lol nid wisn' (Lol doesn't know). (N.B. Rolf is in
+the habit of referring to himself as 'Lol.')
+
+"In order to subject him to an unexpected test I had brought with me a
+box containing a 'may-bug' made of papier mache, the inside of which
+was filled with biscuits. After Frau Dr. Moekel had retired from the
+platform I opened my box and showed it to Rolf. He pushed his nose into
+it, exhibiting marked interest and seemed impatient to communicate the
+matter to his mistress, therefore without more ado he spelt out:
+'maigfr in sagdl, inn was dsm sn' (i.e. 'Maikafer in der Schachtel;
+innen was zu essen') (May-bug in box; inside something to eat), adding,
+presumably as an after-thought, 'nid gefressn' (nicht gefressen; didn't
+eat it!). Rolf had therefore recognised the biscuits inside the may-bug
+by their smell only--and was anxious that she should know that they
+hadn't been given him to eat! After this a gentleman in the audience
+asked permission to put a secret test. The object selected was shown to
+the dog in such a manner that his mistress had to turn aside so as not
+to see it. But Rolf had become obstinate and refused to name the thing,
+and he insisted on spelling out: 'nid, lol rgrd der wisd man': he
+appeared to be 'geaergert' by the 'wueste man' (worried, or vexed by the
+rough man)--and it may, indeed, have been that the dog sensed a certain
+distrust of his mistress, or that, as is often the case with other
+dogs, that he was reluctant to 'show off' at the request of an entire
+stranger. Another time, should a similar trial be contemplated, it
+would be wiser if the article to be named by the dog were--even if
+handed up by the person desirous of making the test--shown him by
+someone with whom he is familiar.[4]
+
+      [4] Frau Dr. Moekel told me that she again asked the dog on
+      the following day what the article shown him had been and he
+      answered: "hd sdld bei arm grosfadr grab lib maibliml" (Hat
+      gestehlt bei des armen Grossvaters Grab das liebe Maibluemchen)
+      (Had stolen from dear grandfather's grave the dear little
+      lilies-of-the-valley!). The object shown him had been a
+      lily-of-the-valley, and a few days before, Frau Moekel's
+      mother had told the children that she had taken all the
+      lilies-of-the-valley to their grandfather's grave. Rolf,
+      therefore, seemed to have conceived the idea that the flowers
+      shown him had been pilfered.--ZIEGLER.
+
+"Gradually Rolf became tired and rapped out: 'lol bd' (i.e. Rolf bett =
+Rolf to bed). A pause was made during which some of Rolf's earlier
+communications were made public. One was his reply as to why dogs do
+not like cats;[5] this ran: 'lol imr hd dsorn wn sid kdsl, freigt fon
+wgn graln. Lol hd lib sis dsi di nid dud grdsn lol, abr, andr hundl, di
+nid gnn ir.' ( = Lol is always angry when he sees cats, perhaps on
+account of their claws: Lol loves sweet Daisy, who doesn't scratch
+Lol--but other dogs who do not know her.)
+
+      [5] The hatred of dogs for cats is hereditary; it is an instinct
+      common to all dogs, and, seeing that instinctive sensations do
+      not owe their origin to any deliberate act of reasoning, it is
+      generally difficult to account for them. It is therefore worth
+      drawing attention to the fact that Rolf did, nevertheless, make
+      an attempt at giving a reasonable reply.--ZIEGLER.
+
+"On 20 August, 1914, he rapped out a remark that referred to the war;
+it had, of course, been difficult to explain the _nature_ of war to
+him; the only way in which it seemed at all possible to bring this to
+his understanding was by comparing it to the scuffling and quarrelling
+of dogs--on which he observed: 'lol grn (i.e. gern = likes to) raufn,
+mudr frbidn (i.e. Mutter verbieten = Mother forbids) abr franzos raufn
+mit deidsn (i.e. Deutschen), mudr soln frbidn, (i.e. Mutter soll es
+verbieten = Mother should forbid it), di nid dirfn (duerfen) raufe, is
+ganz wirsd fon di ( = They should not be allowed to quarrel--it is very
+rough of them!).
+
+"When the tests were resumed, Frau Dr. Moekel asked Rolf: 'What was it
+the man called out in the street yesterday, when you were looking out
+of the window?' and the dog spelt out: 'egsdrablad 5 hundrd franzos un
+so weidr' ( = special edition 5 hundred French--and so on!). The
+laughter elicited by this statement appeared to offend Rolf, for he
+promptly spelt out the query: 'di lagn warum?' ( = They laugh--why?).
+
+"After this he applied himself to counting the flowers in a bouquet,
+and he was asked to whom he would like to present it. He replied: "lib
+adolfin" ( = dear Adolphine), thus distinguishing a particular lady who
+was present--and he further added "gomn" (i.e. kommen = come), she had
+therefore to step forward and receive the bouquet in person.
+
+"Little flags were distributed next, and Rolf was told to name the
+country each stood for. For the yellow and black colours he spelt out:
+"esdeig" (Austria), for the Turkish--'dirgig'; for the Baden flag:
+"baadin," while the Wuerttemberg colours he regarded as _German_! On
+being shown the Bavarian flag he spelt: 'lib mudr sei fei farb!' (i.e.
+die feine Farbe der lieben Mutter = the brave colours of dear
+mother)--Frau Dr. Moekel being of Bavarian descent.
+
+"At the close of the meeting Rolf was told to name certain melodies,
+and a gentleman present whistled the beginning of the song 'O,
+Deutschland hoch in Ehren'--but the dog did not at once recognize the
+song and spelt out--'nogmal!' (i.e. noch einmal = once more!). Then the
+entire song was whistled to him and he spelt: 'heldons sdurm gbraus'
+(i.e. Heldensturm-gebraus) and, as he liked to hear singing, he added:
+'Wagd fon rein singe, bid' ( = Watch on the Rhine sing, please!). The
+same gentleman then obliged him by whistling the 'Wacht am Rhein,' but
+he was not quite content, for--as he subsequently observed, 'this was
+not singing' (dis nid singt).
+
+"At the close of his tests Rolf was rewarded with a cake which he
+promptly recognised as 'basllegrl' (Basler Leckerle = a Specialite of
+Bale).
+
+"'The Heidelberger Zeitung' commented on the performance as follows:
+
+"'The astonishment of the audience increased with every moment, while
+their delight and enthusiasm at the close of this remarkable and
+interesting evening found vent in a storm of applause.'
+
+"Another journal, the 'Badische General Anzeige' wrote:
+
+"'The evening's performance must have converted many who before had
+been sceptical.'"
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Even as there are numerous horses capable of exercising similar
+abilities, so too, is Rolf not a solitary example among dogs of his
+kind to profit by instruction. Indeed, many of his descendants are
+receiving tuition under the guidance of different instructors, and are
+giving a good account of themselves.
+
+I will here add Professor Ziegler's Report:
+
+
+"NEW REPORTS CONCERNING THE CALCULATING AND SPELLING DOG[6]
+
+"_By Professor Ziegler_
+
+"The descendants of the dog Rolf that have been trained by Frau Dr.
+Moekel,[7] are now full grown, and several of them have acquitted
+themselves with success. These are the bitch Ilse, the two males, Heinz
+and Harras, and the bitch Lola, and I here purpose to set down the
+latest information about these animals. It is of great importance that
+the various persons under whose care these dogs were trained
+should--though independently of each other--have made similar
+observations. All investigators have reported the same astonishing
+memory, this affording the foundation for the dogs' feats in reckoning
+and spelling.
+
+      [6] Taken from the "Communications of The Society for Animal
+      Psychology," 1916. pp. 6-9.
+
+"As these reports come from persons resident at different places, who
+neither know, nor are in communication with each other, we here have
+the surest proof there is no secret or trick involved in the matter."
+
+
+"A. REPORT ON THE BITCH ILSE
+
+"Concerning Ilse, of whom a clergyman is the owner, Dr. Oelhausen has
+already given us some details in earlier numbers of our
+'Communications'.[7] He now sends me the following, which he received
+from Frau Dr. Moekel in the summer of last year. The reverend gentleman
+had left Ilse for a few hours at Frau Dr. Moekel's--as he had often
+done before--while he went into town to make some purchases. On this
+particular occasion Frau Dr. Moekel noticed that Ilse looked
+particularly depressed, and her little daughter, Carla, being disturbed
+about the dog's woe-begone air, said: 'Mummy, Ilse must be in trouble!
+Only see how serious she is!' So Frau Dr. Moekel asked the dog: 'Ilse,
+are you really sorrowful?' To which Ilse responded: 'Ja, hr hib.' ( =
+yes, Master beating!). Frau Dr. Moekel: 'But Ilse, I am sure your
+master is kind to you; you are imagining!'
+
+      [7] These dogs were born on 26 and 27 January, 1914. Compare the
+      letter of Rolf in the "Communications of the Society for Animal
+      Psychology," 1914, p. 28; and "The Soul of the Animal," p. 111.
+
+"Ilse: 'bd'.
+
+"Frau Dr. Moekel: 'Bed? Ilse--have you a bed?'
+
+"Ilse: 'Nein.'
+
+"Frau Dr. Moekel: 'But where do you sleep?'
+
+"Ilse: 'hols.'
+
+"Frau Dr. Moekel: 'Ilse, you poor little dog! Have you to sleep on the
+wood behind the stove?'
+
+"Ilse: 'Ja!'
+
+"Frau Dr. Moekel: 'Then I'll tell you what to do, Ilse: you just get up
+on to your master's bed--he needn't have it all to himself.'
+
+"Frau Dr. Moekel said later that she had not made this suggestion
+seriously, that, in fact, she had said it more to quiet Carla, and had
+soon forgotten all about it. But the next day the dog's master called
+again and complained of Ilse, saying: 'What do you think of this? Ilse
+is really getting unbearable--the beast got into my bed last night:
+there she was this morning--stretched her whole length!' And Frau Dr.
+Moekel had now to confess that she herself had instigated this lapse on
+Ilse's part.
+
+"To this account Dr. Oelhausen has added: 'This statement has several
+points of interest. There is firstly the complaint about 'beatings,'
+and secondly the comparison drawn between her own nocturnal quarters
+and those of Rolf. It may also be noticed that she was very sparing of
+her words, using, indeed, no more than the merest 'essentials'! Then,
+observe the careful way in which she followed 'Mother's' advice--only
+getting into her master's bed after he was well asleep!'
+
+"Another incident, the details of which were supplied to him by Ilse's
+master, has also been communicated to us by Dr. Oelhausen:
+
+"'The clergyman had taken several of his village school-children for a
+walk, during the course of which he asked them the names of the various
+trees. Among these was one of which no child could tell the name. Ilse,
+his constant companion, was also of the party, and she now pressed
+forward with such marked interest that her master put the question to
+her too. At this Ilse started rapping and spelt out the correct
+name--the tree was a larch. Her master was greatly surprised at this,
+suggested, however, that it was probably less a matter of knowledge
+than of thought-transference, yet Dr. Oelhausen queries whether the dog
+might not have heard the name mentioned on some previous outing, and
+her master admits that this might have been the case.'
+
+"We know the unfaltering tenacity with which the Mannheim dog, Rolf,
+remembers names, so that it would seem more reasonable to ascribe the
+spelling of the name to her excellent memory than to thought-transference,
+which would be quite as inexplicable and incomprehensible.
+
+"To the above I may add one more incident touching Ilse, which I
+received from Frau Dr. Moekel on 25 May, 1915:
+
+"'Ilse will prove valuable to us, for--though I have given her no
+instruction--her master has achieved the very same results with her as
+I have with Rolf.[8] This is what took place the other day: My dear
+husband went to see our reverend friend and having arrived too early
+for Divine Service, seated himself on a high stone in the neighbourhood
+of the little church and not far from the parsonage. Our friend saw my
+husband and came out, accompanied by Ilse, to fetch him into the house.
+Ilse jumped up against my husband, wagged her tail, licked him--and
+showed so much exuberant affection that her master was quite surprised,
+and asked her:
+
+      [8] Ilse was barely two months old when she came into the
+      possession of her master, on 20 April, 1914.
+
+"'Do you know this gentleman?' To which Ilse replied: 'No!' adding, as
+though as an after-thought--'Rolf!' She had evidently scented Rolf (who
+is her father and of whom she is very fond) about my husband's
+clothes'"
+
+
+"B. REPORT ON THE DOG HEINZ
+
+"A second dog, by name Heinz, who came into the possession of Mr.
+Justice Leser in Mannheim, has proved himself to be an excellent
+arithmetician, and this without ever having been worried with
+instruction. In the same way as Rolf he gives two raps for 'yes' and
+three for 'no,' while four express that he is 'tired.'
+
+"Mr. Justice Leser reports:
+
+"If I ask Heinz whether he will do arithmetic he invariably raps "2,"
+even though sometimes accompanying his assent with a yawn. I am
+generally obliged to hold out the prospect of some reward as an
+inducement to do his sums. I should have preferred his rapping against
+some article one could hold in one's hand, or that he could be induced
+to "rap out" on a board setting forth the numbers, and which might be
+placed on the floor before him; but to neither of these alternatives
+will he agree, having since his earliest youth learnt to rap in the
+same way as Rolf does. He will, however, not only rap for me, but for
+any person he knows well, solving such problems as: 3 + 4 - 6, or
+[121rt] + 3, or 14/2 + 4, or 3^2, and he seldom makes a mistake, even
+when the sum he may be asked merely resembles the form of arithmetic he
+has learnt. But he generally gives up after two or three sums and is
+generally distracted. He can read the figures too, and generally gives
+a correct solution to sums which have been written down for him and
+which I myself have not read. Like Rolf, he only looks at the paper
+sideways. He reads very reluctantly. His memory is excellent;
+especially quick is he at recognizing those persons again who have at
+any time had to do with him.'
+
+"When I was in Mannheim on 22 March, 1916, Mr. Justice Leser was kind
+enough to show me the dog. I put some problems to it verbally and was
+able to satisfy myself as to its abilities in the matter of arithmetic.
+Of those then put by me I still call to mind the following: '24 / 3 -
+3?' Answer: '5,' and '[10,000rt] - 87?' Answer: '13.'[9]
+
+      [9] The dog had become familiar with square roots in the course
+      of earlier attempts."
+
+
+"C. REPORT ON THE DOG HARRAS
+
+"The third dog, Harras, came into the possession of Fraeulein Eva
+Hoffmann, of Schloss Berwartstein, near Bergzabern, and was instructed
+by her in spelling and arithmetic with excellent results. This lady
+sends the following report:
+
+"'From the very beginning his gift for arithmetic was quite remarkable.
+It was enough to give him an idea of how to reckon, explaining to him
+the different forms of arithmetic, for the dog to learn to give the
+right answers to easy sums immediately.
+
+"'Fractions, decimals, cubes and the easier forms of equation, have
+been set him by a stranger. With some coaching he was also able to
+master textual problems in this way, giving eager and glad response in
+the form of "yes" and "no" when it came to questioning him as to his
+having understood or not understood--liked or not liked the subject. He
+usually did his sums with evident pleasure and with amazing celerity.
+Spelling gave him more trouble. He could not even remember an alphabet
+he had himself put together, and one I invented for him he only
+memorized after going over it many times. He took no pleasure in
+putting words together and got tired very soon. Some of his original
+remarks are that he recognized Sunday by the "dress" I had on; also
+that he had dreamt of a "cow" (this after having seen one when we were
+out walking), and so on.
+
+"'Remarkable is his love of truth; should he have done anything that
+deserves punishment, he approaches me with his head hanging down and a
+very dejected tail--replying to the question as to whether he deserves
+a whipping with a reluctant "yes," and to a further enquiry as to
+whether he is ashamed of himself, he responds with an emphatic
+"yes--yes--yes!"
+
+"'But as is the case with children, example and precept are of far
+greater use than corporeal punishment, although this cannot be
+neglected altogether. The axiom that we evolve in accordance with the
+treatment meted out to us is as true in the case of an animal as it is
+with that of a human being, and the more this is recognized and laid to
+heart the shorter will be the martyrdom still inflicted upon the animal
+kingdom.'
+
+"In the March of this year Fraeulein Hoffmann was kind enough to
+communicate the following incident to me; it corroborates an earlier
+observation made by Frau Dr. Moekel (compare 'Communications of the
+Society for Animal Psychology,' 1914, p. 6, or 'The Soul of an Animal,'
+1916, p. 81).
+
+"'I was sitting in the garden reading, when I heard the sound of birds
+twittering over their food in a tree hard by. Harras watched them
+attentively for some time and I told him the names of the birds--they
+were jays and wood-peckers. The next morning he did not come up to my
+room a second time with the maid, although he can generally hardly
+contain himself until he has had his breakfast given him. At length,
+when he did appear, I asked him if he had seen the birds again, and he
+answered "yes"; then to my question as to their names he gave "her" and
+"spct" (i.e. "Haeher" and "Specht" = jay and woodpecker).'"
+
+
+"D. REPORT ON THE DOG ROLAND
+
+"Little Roland, who received his first tuition from Frau Dr. Moekel,
+unfortunately came to an untimely end--owing to an accident.[10]
+Concerning this, Frau Dr. Moekel wrote to me in March, 1915, as
+follows:
+
+      [10] Frau Dr. Moekel taught another young dog, called Lux, as
+      well as Roland, the former being taken over by a gentleman in
+      Mannheim. In a protocol dated 14 June, 1914, I stated that Lux
+      was able to do a certain amount of arithmetic at the age of four
+      and a half months.
+
+"'My dear little Roland--whom we called "Guckerl" ( = Peep-eyes),
+because of his wonderful eyes, has been run over by a motor-car. He
+suffered terribly for two days and died on 19 March. His death is not
+only a sorrow to me, but a loss to the interests of the cause we have
+at heart, for Roland had begun to make the most delightful remarks
+quite spontaneously. On the last evening before the accident, he came
+to me and--without having been questioned--rapped out: "Rolf ark bei
+(s) d arm roland" ( = Rolf has badly bitten poor Roland). I was not able
+at the time to translate his little utterance, and it was only after
+his death that I remembered my notes. Then, on putting them together it
+transpired that Roland had been bitten by Rolf because he had chased
+Daisy, our kitten.
+
+"'Roland could recognize money, stamps and bank-notes; he could count
+flowers and bricks, and knew all the various colours and scents as well
+as count tones, recognize melodies and tell the time.'
+
+"I have not added my report made with reference to Lola to the above,
+the object of my book being to make the reader acquainted with this
+dog."
+
+
+
+
+MY PREVIOUS ACQUAINTANCE WITH THE SUBJECT
+
+
+I cannot remember whether it was in 1912, or earlier, or possibly even
+later, that I heard for the first time of Karl Krall's horses at
+Elberfeld. No details then reached me; only just the generalities
+relative to their ability to count and spell. Of their fore-runner,
+"der kluge Hans," I had as yet heard nothing. I had been a child when
+Hans had made his debut, so to speak; he had then vanished and the
+odium which had later attached to his name was, therefore, unknown to
+me. I may say that I was totally unprejudiced when the news of these
+horses reached and, indeed, as there was but little information I did
+not interest myself further about the subject, although it had made a
+momentary impression on me. A year or two later Professor Kraemer of
+Hohenheim arrested public attention by his investigations respecting
+animals, and it was there that I heard him deliver a lecture on the
+horses and also the dog Rolf of Mannheim, hearing further details from
+him in conversation with my father[11] and myself. What I then heard
+interested me immensely.
+
+      [11] Professor Karl Kindermann, of Hohenheim.
+
+Professor Kraemer was a keen advocate of this subject, but I was chary
+of forming any opinion without deeper investigations. The possibility
+of "self-expression" on the part of animals did not seem to me to be
+beyond the bounds of belief, even though some examples which were
+supposed to attest to high intelligence seemed to me a little doubtful.
+I tried to get more information, but was hindered at the time owing to
+the three years' course of studies I was then pursuing at the Hohenheim
+School of Agriculture, so that I was neither able to try any
+experiments on my own part, nor even to read Krall's great work on the
+subject. The entire question, therefore, remained an open one--as far
+as I was concerned, although my father had been to Elberfeld to see the
+horses, and had,--after making personal tests--come to the conclusion
+that everything was above-board and in accordance with what it claimed
+to be and that the animals really did give answers which were the
+outcome of their own independent thinking. In addition to this I read
+the public communications made by Professor Ziegler at Stuttgart, as
+well as also his own personal opinions.
+
+Both these gentlemen, Professor Ziegler, as well as Professor Kraemer,
+were known to me only in their capacity of serious and conscientious
+investigators, men upon whose judgment I might safely rely, so long as
+my own experience did not oblige me to take up a different standpoint.
+And further, I skimmed over everything that the Press brought forward
+of an opposing nature, so that I might know _their_ point of view as
+well.
+
+After I had passed my Academic Examination, and taken my Diploma, I
+took over, some six months later, the independent management of a big
+estate in the Rheinland, which consisted of three hundred acres. (I was
+able to do this on the strength of some practical experience I had had
+previously in Thueringen apart from my studies.)
+
+After a year and a half I felt sufficiently at home at the work to be
+able to turn my attention to such matters of interest as lay outside
+that of my daily work, and I now called to mind the subject of the
+"Thinking Horses," deciding to attempt some experiments. The approach
+of such a solitary season as winter seemed to me particularly suited to
+this attempt and I placed myself in communication with Professor
+Ziegler so as to hear of a likely animal. It was to be a dog, and--for
+preference--a relation of Rolf. Indeed, I felt sure of excellent
+results, should my quest meet with success. A dog is of all animals
+_the_ one that has for generations associated most with man; its
+attachment is of the most intimate and the most faithful nature, so
+that by inheritance, as it were, it would seem to be in a greater state
+of "preparedness" for fulfilling man's behests. Horses, oxen, asses,
+pigs, and poultry, etc., are each and all, of course, accustomed to the
+guidance of man's hand, but--here in Europe, at all events--they live
+their lives apart and are not so domesticated; they cannot, therefore,
+form so intimate an acquaintance with man, by means of eye and ear, as
+can enable them to comprehend both language and gestures. For practical
+purposes horses would seem to come next to dogs in the matter of
+intelligence--more particularly Arab horses. An Arab talks to his horse
+as he would to a friend, and the sparkle in the eye of this animal
+denotes its intelligence. In the matter of actual sensibility, the ox,
+the ass, and other creatures have practically nothing in common with
+us, showing an utterly foreign type of intelligence, and one, moreover,
+which has--owing to the existent century-old customs of keeping them
+isolated in their stalls--depressed even such intelligence as was
+originally theirs. Creatures of the wild seem only in exceptional cases
+to prove amenable to training, however great their intelligence may be
+they cannot adapt themselves to man's control, and can as a rule only
+imitate, seldom revealing to us any gleam of mental alertness.
+
+Professor Ziegler recommended a bitch which was a descendant of Rolf's
+and advised me to pay a visit to Mannheim. I did so, and our interview
+was most satisfactory. It lasted three-quarters of an hour, by which
+time I had assured myself that the dog could answer, even though he did
+not tap my hand, but rapped out his remarks on a piece of cardboard
+held by Fraeulein Moekel. Here is the account of my visit:
+
+
+"REPORT OF FRAeULEIN KINDERMANN OF HER VISIT TO THE FAMILY OF DR.
+MOEKEL, IN MANNHEIM, 11 JANUARY, 1916.
+
+"After hearing much about the 'thinking animals,' more particularly
+about the dog Rolf, and having also with great enthusiasm read
+everything I could find on the subject, I became obsessed with the
+desire to embark on this study, forming my opinion by tests carried out
+myself, thus personally being in a position to approach the subject
+with the requisite scientific accuracy.
+
+"The Moekels assisted my desire with kindly and ready response, placing
+a descendant of Rolf at my disposal, and allowing me to acquire some
+insight into their 'spelling-method' by watching Rolf at work. Here is
+the account of my visit:
+
+"Rolf was brought into a room where there was no one beyond the family
+and myself. Rolf ran eagerly from one to the other and jumped up at me.
+Holding up a little packet of biscuits, I said to him:
+
+"'This is what Professor Ziegler sends you from Stuttgart with many
+greetings, and he hopes you are good, and that you will write him a
+letter.'
+
+"I saw from his glance that he understood me, but it was only after
+Fraeulein Moekel had most earnestly 'put it to him' that he consented to
+rap out a reply. At first it was not easy for me to follow, for--owing
+probably to his reluctance--he was not "working" distinctly, but by
+degrees I accustomed myself to his methods, and was able to "keep
+count" along with the others. What he rapped out was this:
+
+"'Lib Deigler, dank fuer fein gegs,[12] die geben nit gegs arm lol[13]
+mehr schicken; maedel is lieb, gruss von lol" ( = Dear Dr. Ziegler,
+thanks for nice biscuits: they give no biscuits to poor Lol--send more.
+The girl's a dear: greetings from Lol.)'
+
+      [12] Gegs = keks; Germans call biscuits "keks."
+
+      [13] Here observe that Rolf has the impudence to complain of the
+      Moekels for not feeding him on sweet biscuits!
+
+"After this I showed him some salmon wrapped up in paper, and said:
+
+"'See! this is what I have brought for you; what is it?' To this he did
+not rap out 'salmon,' as we had all expected--good as it was to the
+smell, but 'erst riechen' (first let me smell it). This was a ruse on
+his part, and one to which I succumbed, for no sooner did I hold it
+nearer to his nose than he snatched it out of my hand! It was, however,
+promptly taken from him and he was told he would have to 'deserve it'
+first. In the meantime a young female dog had come into the room--she
+answered to the name of Lola, and I asked Rolf if Lola might come with
+me. His reply was a most decided 'No!' I put some further questions to
+him, and Frau von Moers particularly asked him: 'Is Lola clever? Is
+Lola to learn?' to which he made answer: 'Lola is clever, but she is
+not to learn because of the professors'--and he actually made a face,
+apparently he was thinking of his own experiences. I laughed, and said:
+
+"'Lola shall have a good time with me; she shall run about in the woods
+and the meadows, and play with a lot of other animals, and not have to
+work too long; the professors shall be sent away when Lola is tired.'
+This evidently pleased him, and he became very friendly to me, and on
+my returning to my point and asking once more whether Lola might go
+with me, he rapped out his answer on my hand: it was 'Yes!'
+
+"Then I told him about an ox, who, when he didn't want to work,
+pretended to be dead. Rolf now got very excited, and wanted to go on
+rapping--first on my hand, and then on the leather-covered sofa on
+which I was sitting. I became rather uneasy and got him to go and rap
+to Fraeulein Moekel, for I could then follow the raps far better. And
+what he now had to say referred to the deceitful ox--it was: "Hat
+Recht: Lol immer sagen Bauchweh!" ( = Quite right of him! Lol always
+says he has a pain in his stomach!)
+
+"After this I showed him another box of biscuits, with a picture of a
+little nigger-boy on the lid, and asked:
+
+"'What do you see on this?'
+
+"To which he eagerly replied:
+
+"'Wuest schwarz Bub!' ( = A wild black boy!)
+
+"Rolf then received his reward, and I took a grateful leave of the
+Moekels--accompanied by little Lola.
+
+"This experience of coming into personal contact with Rolf's powers of
+self-expression made a deep and lasting impression on me. In spite of
+all the accounts I had read and heard this living proof was almost
+overpowering in its utter novelty, and in the feeling of emotion that
+came over me, I seemed to sense that 'Souls' Unrest' that a transition
+from the old conception of 'unreasoning' animals to this new cognition
+is bound to bring with it.
+
+"My visit had been so short that I had not been able to put any
+questions as to the method of instruction pursued. I had not been able
+to experiment personally nor get any actual advice, for Frau Dr. Moekel
+had died in the autumn of 1915. Yet I was by no means displeased at my
+state of ignorance when I came to reflect on the matter, for it enabled
+me to 'blaze a trail,' as it were, according to my own way of thinking,
+perhaps even, enabling me to arrive accidentally at similar or,
+diametrically opposite results!"
+
+
+
+
+LOLA
+
+
+Lola is an Airedale terrier, born at Mannheim on 27 January, 1914, a
+daughter of Rolf, and of the equally thorough-bred Jela. Both these
+dogs were owned by the family of a barrister, Dr. Moekel. The Airedale
+terrier resembles the dog we call a "Schnauzer"; it is wire-haired and
+of medium growth; generally with a greyish-black coat and yellow feet.
+Its head is covered with silky curls beneath which two bright eyes are
+seen. These dogs are distinguished for their alert and attentive
+bearing, while their excellent constitution renders them specially
+suitable for being trained to useful pursuits; they are at the same
+time not an over-bred race. Professor Heck, writing on the subject of
+these dogs (see "Communications of the Society for Animal Psychology"),
+says:
+
+"We are indebted to Herr Gutbrod of Bradford for the fact that this dog
+has already become fairly well distributed among us. If I have been
+rightly informed regarding the Airedale's history it is a crossbreed
+between the otter-hound and the bull-terrier, this strain having been
+originally obtained by the factory hands of Airedale in the North of
+England, who thus sought to obtain a hardy dog--one not afraid of
+water, and that would prove a useful assistant when out poaching either
+water-fowl, hares or rabbits, occasions on which it is of importance to
+carry out the work with as little noise as possible.
+
+"This breed provides a favourite 'house dog'; they have proved
+invaluable as Army Medical Service dogs, and are friendly with
+children. Jocularly they are called (in Germany) Petroleum dogs ( = a
+play on the name Airedale, as pronounced in German, i.e. 'Erd-oel'").
+
+As already said, Lola's parents were the much spoken-of Rolf, the
+so-called "thinking" or "speaking" dog, and Jela, no longer owned by
+the Moekels. Jela seems to have been an unimportant little animal, not
+even very affectionate as a mother. The litter Lola was dropped at
+consisted of twelve pups; of these one died at once, and after the
+vicissitudes puppies are heirs to, those that remained and have become
+known to us, are Heinz, Harras, Ilse, and Lola. The first-named three
+all have their different owners by whom they are being taught with a
+certain amount of success--as indeed their reports have shown.
+
+Previously to coming into my possession, Lola, had been removed from
+Mannheim at an early age, and had passed through many hands,
+undergoing, moreover, the most various attempts of instruction. Lack of
+time and also the war, had been answerable for these changes; twice,
+however, her own fidgetiness had resulted in her being deemed
+unsuitable, and it was felt that the attempt had proved a failure. Even
+Frau Dr. Moekel, into whose hands she had finally returned is said not
+to have thought much of her, having only been able to get her to learn
+"yes" ( = 2), and "no" ( = 3). I mention this, because it became clear to
+me later on that the success of such teaching does not depend solely on
+the patience, the love and the attention, nor even on the ability to,
+or the faculty for sensing the feelings of other creatures: not on the
+sympathy nor yet on the calm of individual persons, but rather on _a
+particular person being suited to a particular dog_.
+
+No matter how great the ability of both the individual and the dog may
+be, should their temperaments not be in accord--every attempt will be
+fruitless. For instance, I feel very sure that I could not have taught
+Rolf; also that I shall never be able to get a sheep-dog (I still
+possess) to do more than answer "yes" and "no"; also that it would be
+the easiest thing for me to instruct Lola's daughter Ula--and so forth.
+There are, in short, "winners" and "blanks" and betwixt the two, every
+grade of differentiation. Yet, is this not equally true in the case of
+teaching children? The best of teachers need not prove equally suitable
+to all his pupils, while some other will turn out to be exactly the
+right person. And this only shows us the difficulties which so
+frequently obstruct the path of the best-intentioned people--where
+investigations are concerned; obstructions which they themselves
+oft-times do not notice, and to which no thought is given by prejudiced
+persons. For with animals we come up against a more acute degree of
+sensitiveness than we do in a child, which, owing to certain rudiments
+of common sense, is able to adapt itself more easily to either teacher
+or investigator.
+
+Lola had remained with the Moekels for some time after the decease of
+that estimable lady; it was, however, ultimately found desirable to
+find other homes for some of the dogs. It was about that time that my
+inquiry as to the possibility of procuring a descendant of Rolf reached
+Professor Ziegler, and he at once seconded my application. Thus Lola
+was kindly placed at my disposal. At first I felt some misgivings owing
+to the fact that the dog was already two years old, and had also passed
+through numerous hands, yet I determined to go to Mannheim, and my
+visit took place as above narrated. Lola made a most delightful
+impression on me, and I put few tests to my choice, for I was in a
+state of some excitement after all that had taken place, and therefore
+took her away with me joyfully. It had seemed as if I _must_ do this.
+
+It was on 11 January, 1916. She sat in the railway carriage with me,
+and began to howl violently when she saw Mannheim disappearing from her
+gaze. I tried to console her, saying: "Don't cry! You shall be quite
+happy with me!" It was then that Lola looked at me for the first time
+attentively. She quieted down and our friendship seemed sealed. She was
+apparently resigned to her fate; she was also doubtless aware that she
+had played "second fiddle" at Mannheim, and that it would, therefore,
+be preferable to be somewhere "on her own." That something of the kind
+was passing through her mind I could see--also that she was quite aware
+that she now belonged to me, and imagined she would be alone with me.
+This latter surmise became evident as soon as we reached my home where
+the sheep-dog I had had for two years rushed out to welcome me.
+
+Then Lola gazed at me with horror and disappointment; the reproach in
+her eyes was such that I could not but understand, and then--the two
+dogs flew at each other, for, in the meantime the sheep-dog had begun
+to understand too! This was remarkable, for male and female dogs do not
+as a rule fall foul of each other. For days I kept them apart in
+separate rooms, for the mere sight of each other occasioned deep
+growls--indeed, my position had become distinctly uncomfortable. Then I
+suddenly remembered having heard that if two dogs are allowed to come
+together--without their master being present, they will generally get
+to agree. I therefore hastily shut them both into one room, and went
+out into the fields!
+
+When in the course of an hour's time I came home again, each dog was
+reposing in a corner--the image of peace; there was no further fracas,
+and there has never been any trouble since. Later on, indeed, both
+became good friends, and often played together, but it was a risky
+experiment and grim forebodings had beset me on that walk! But having
+occasion to apply the same cure in another case, I met with the same
+success again.
+
+
+
+
+BEGINNING THE TUITION.
+
+
+Lola had been four days with me--accompanying me through the house, and
+about the farm, at first on a lead, but soon without. Her extreme
+animation verged on wildness; I was struck with her elastic temperament
+and her constant attentiveness, and it seemed to me that this dog would
+hardly be able to sit still for five minutes. She already knew "yes,"
+and "no," and in my joy at possessing a dog able to answer me, I put so
+many questions to her that I began to be afraid I might do her some
+injury. I was, in fact, so afraid, so in doubt as to my understanding,
+and so alive to my responsibilities in the matter, that I often wished
+I had not accepted the dog at all. I did not even know whether I could
+"teach"--much less whether I could "teach a dog," whom, moreover, no
+hereditary "urge" would induce to attend school once she knew that this
+would mean having to work and be attentive!
+
+Doubts as to whether the dog understood me; in what way she understood
+me; what sort of creature a dog really was--whether she could "think,"
+"feel," or even whether she was capable of hearing in the same way as
+we hear; able to see in the same way that we see with our eyes; whether
+she already possessed some cognition of the human language, and whether
+this possessed any meaning for her? For all at once I _knew_ that I
+_knew nothing_. That I had not even the least idea as to the best
+manner to assume, whether I ought to be gentle or strict--these are but
+a few of the difficulties I found myself beset by. I was, in short,
+almost in despair. How could I presume to form an opinion, supposing
+that, merely to my own shortcomings, the animal remained an animal,
+that is--in as far as I was concerned--an "animal" in the same sense
+that all creatures have been, since time immemorial--according to man's
+opinion? How should I dare to attempt to add my contribution to man's
+store of knowledge in so weighty a matter without as much as knowing
+whether I possessed the requisite patience--a genuine gift for
+imparting tuition, and a sufficient measure of devotion? Above all, how
+could I have been so foolhardy as to have undertaken to make my
+investigations in connexion with a descendant of Rolf's! Indeed, my
+only excuse could be my intense love of knowledge, my reverence and
+high regard for science. Science--whose temple we may enter only when
+filled with intensest Will, and with pure Truthfulness vowed to the
+furtherance of her Service--be the results sweet or bitter, fraught
+with success or failure, easy or difficult, new, or along the well-worn
+paths. It was in _this_ sense that I sought to adventure--was bound to
+venture, for the die was cast. It was, therefore, with all the powers I
+could bring to my aid that I decided to embark on my quest--no matter
+what the attendant results might force me to acknowledge. I would
+disregard no test that might prove a contribution towards the solving
+of this new question.
+
+Vowed to these responsibilities I sat down opposite to my dog and
+began. Said I to myself: She knows that she has to rap with her paws,
+and that rapping _twice_ or _three_ times does not mean the same thing;
+she knows, therefore, that the difference between these numbers of raps
+has some meaning. I then began to count to her on my fingers--at first
+from one to five and then back, finally taking the numbers irregularly
+and then holding up as many fingers as composed the number in question.
+To my surprise the dog was quiet and attentive, and I therefore soon
+continued to count up to ten. In order to enforce this lesson more I
+placed a row of small lumps of sugar in front of her, counting them as
+I did so--for it seemed to me that these might draw her attention more
+to the _numbers_. And I also rewarded her from time to time with a
+little bit for having sat so still. Then, holding up four fingers, I
+ventured with the question: "How many fingers do I show? Rap out the
+number!" And to my joy she rapped "4!" Yet, thinking this might have
+been accidental, I held up five and said: "Rap out this number!" and
+taking hold of her paw this time in order to make her tap her answer on
+the palm of my hand. After this I ceased my questions, for it seemed
+impossible that she should have comprehended so readily, but I went on
+just repeating the numbers to her. On the following day I also only
+counted, and then began questioning again, for I could not understand
+why she refused to look at my hands any more, and was continually
+yawning. Therefore, without holding out my hands, I asked her: "How
+many make six?" At which she gave six raps. I could hardly believe it,
+so I asked her: "four?" and she replied with four raps. I asked for
+five, and she answered correctly. I was now confident that she did
+understand; but what mystified me was the celerity with which her
+answers were given, for allowing even that she had understood, this
+swiftness seemed incomprehensible, and I decided to form no opinion
+until I had tested her with higher numbers, and should be in a position
+to discount the possibility of accident.
+
+On the third day--after the preliminary counting--I got as far as ten
+by means of questions, and ten seemed for some days to be the limit
+set--calling on me to halt, as it were. This notion led me to teach the
+dog addition first so as by this means to get over the simple questions
+as to the numbers, which were always given correctly.
+
+All this I found quite easy to do, either using my fingers or using
+lumps of sugar for my purpose; I was at the same time careful to speak
+very distinctly and to use as few complicated phrases as possible. I
+would say, for instance, "Look here! two fingers and two fingers are
+1--2--3--4 fingers!" But soon she ceased to follow with her eyes, so
+that I became disheartened and thought I had gone ahead too rapidly,
+or, had not roused sufficient interest; not waiting for the
+psychological moment, but seeking to handle the sensitive mechanism of
+a sentient creature too roughly. Yet--surely this could not be so, for,
+after all, I was but tentatively trying, and, indeed it was open to me
+"to try"--even if without confidence! I then said: "How much is two and
+five?" doing so without illustrating the question with my fingers, and
+the dog rapped seven! I felt a warm thrill of delight, yet I controlled
+my joy and proceeded with my questions, although at that moment I said
+to myself: "A living creature has given you a conscious answer!"
+
+We now continued: "1 and 3?" Answer: "4." "2 and 6?" Answer: "8." This
+seemed to me enough for one day, and I allowed her to scamper off with
+a reward for her diligence; then I sat and meditated on my experience.
+The fact was evident: the dog had understood me--I had seen it in her
+eyes. She had reflected first and had then tapped the palm of my hand
+with unwavering certainty. I had seen the process and had felt it. Now,
+it is not wise to be guided by one's feelings alone--our judgment
+should be unbiased, and so I decided to test these facts according to
+reason and in every conceivable way. Yet, no one having once
+experienced what I had, could ever forget the sensation, for it was
+like the dawning of some great truth, rising suddenly before one's
+eyes--clear and immense. It appeared to me as some beautiful gift of
+life, and I was seized with a feeling of reverence for all that may yet
+lie undiscovered. For this new light of which I had caught the first
+flash, as though reflected in some bright crystal such as I might hold
+in my hand--how I yearned to transmit it--to pass this gift--this
+joy--on to others as soon as the veil should have further lifted and
+the horizon have become wider. And, before passing on again to the
+practical and scientific side of these investigations, I should like to
+say that where we have to do with warm, pulsating life, feeling too has
+its rights, and must go hand-in-hand with reason. For it is feeling,
+love and patience that must first penetrate the _subject-matter_,
+while to reason is assigned the studying, the weighing and the proving
+along the path pursued by the creative, seeking spirit of man. Such is
+man: how humble by comparison is the animal! Yet should our love
+henceforth assign to it its own place--as well as its own rights--as
+our lowlier companion in the work of life.
+
+Soon I ventured beyond ten. For lack of any more fingers I got a
+counting frame, such as small children use at school, and the red and
+white wire-strung balls assisted me to explain my meaning as plainly as
+I could. I had forgotten the exact manner in which such lessons had
+been given me, but I hoped for the best! Indeed, "logic" was part and
+parcel of every step taken during this course of instruction. Never
+having taught before, I was desperately anxious to give a logical--a
+reasonable--explanation of everything to this other being respecting
+those things which were quite clear to me. Those, too, who saw the dog
+was learning something new, also felt that she seemed to arrive at what
+I explained to her with great rapidity and by exercising thought; that,
+moreover, she understood the matter as I understood it, and all were
+convinced that there could be no doubt but that she _did think_.
+
+I asked her, "14," "12," "15"? And the right answers were given. Then
+it occurred to me that with these high numbers the rapping must be an
+exertion, especially over a period of time, and I then called to mind
+about Krall's horses who had rapped out the decimals with their left
+hoof, and the units with their right. The next thing, therefore, was to
+make her understand the difference between "right" and "left." I took
+each paw in turn, saying "right paw!" and "left paw!" And it took her
+longer to remember that than I had expected, seeing how quick she had
+been up to the present. Yet, at length this too was accomplished and
+she gave each paw without mistake. Strange as it may seem, I found
+later on that abstract reckoning and spelling came easily enough, while
+the movements of any particular portion of the body--with the exception
+of those habitually practised--were always attended with greater
+difficulty. It would seem as if she understood rightly enough _with her
+head_, but had some trouble in translating what she understood into
+active motion; and this applies to all, excepting, of course, such
+movements as are the result of heredity, where no words, but some other
+incentive, such as "scent" may possibly come into play. It is difficult
+for human beings to grasp that there is life in the sub-conscious, and
+that it is in those sub-conscious regions that the will to act arises.
+
+I now explained to her: "When you give your _left_ paw _once_, it is to
+count as _ten_; when you give your _right_ paw _once_, it is to count
+as _one only_. For, you see, if we go on counting there is too much
+work for one paw to do and it takes too long. Therefore if you want to
+say '12,' you must give the _left_ paw _once_, and the _right_ paw
+_twice_." I repeated this several times and then asked: "How do you rap
+fifteen?" And Lola rapped one (10) with the left paw and five times
+with the right. It was evident that she had understood me perfectly!
+
+This gave me confidence, and that day we did additions up to twenty,
+all of which were successful. Indeed, the dog showed much interest in
+her work, and came to it readily. As a rule ten to fifteen minutes in
+the morning, and another quarter of an hour in the afternoon was
+lesson-time. As the results were generally successful, I was sometimes
+tempted to continue my questions for a little longer, and she would go
+on answering until at length she began to sigh--then I knew that she
+was tired. And after such extra exertion I would notice the next day
+both by the pupils of her eyes and her nervous trembling, that she had
+been over-worked--and the thought of it makes me feel ashamed, even to
+this day; for, was I not undertaking the whole study for the sake of
+animal creation, and to think that I might have been inflicting any
+cruelty was unbearable. And, indeed, as time went on, this did not
+occur again, for I kept a keener watch. Soon, too, her capabilities
+increased, and she was able to fulfil more easily the greater demands
+made on her when answering to questions. With regard to decimals and
+units, I made a discovery which is, I think, worth stating. The dog did
+not look at me, but seemed, on the contrary (on this occasion), much
+interested in gnawing the leg of a chair, and I thought she could not
+have understood me, or else she would surely have looked up at me. Yet,
+she had apparently only done this to cover her confusion--as it were!
+Indeed, this was evident from her expression, and she had heard
+everything right enough, for she then--and ever after--rapped her
+replies without "visualizing"--and I mentally returned thanks to Karl
+Krall for the practical advice he had given me, and which had been so
+opportune. Rolf rapped with one paw only, as has already been stated;
+one was, therefore, obliged at length to put the question to him: "1 or
+10?" And Rolf would then say "yes" or "no," as the case might be. This
+is confusing for the onlookers, and, as a matter of fact, when I saw
+him at Mannheim I never knew for certain what number he had indicated.
+But with Krall's method of using alternate hoof or paw, any confusion
+or doubt is ruled out.
+
+
+
+
+CONTINUED TUITION
+
+
+Lola and I had now become to some extent accustomed to each other, and
+the daily progress assisted this mutual understanding. I felt that I
+had become calmer and more self-possessed, and this, too, reacted on
+the dog. I did my best to make the subjects interesting, and I soon had
+only to call her to lessons for her to scamper up to me quite eager to
+begin. I also attempted to make her understand that she would be able
+to help other dogs--in fact, help all dear animals, if she was
+industrious, thus showing people how much a dog could do--when it was
+able to count and spell! I told her how much kinder people would then
+be to animals, instead of treating them as though they were no better
+than wood or stone, and I instanced all Rolf could do, and told her of
+the good uses his abilities had been put to. And from thence forward I
+rewarded her for every good bit of work with either biscuits or sugar,
+on the principle that any creature that works is worthy of wage, since
+man receives either food or money. And I would here like to say that I
+once heard that the judges examining both Rolf and the horses had taken
+exception to the fact of the animals being encouraged to work by being
+given "rewards"; where, I wonder, is the man who will labour
+unrequited? There will, of course, always be exceptional individuals
+who will do a thing _for its own sake_--yet--after all--do not _they_,
+too, seek their reward? albeit in a more idealistic manner, since it
+will consist in the success of their undertaking.
+
+Yet these gentlemen thought that animals ought to exhibit the ethical
+single-mindedness of exceptional individuals! The "mere beast"--so
+belittled, as a rule that it is vouchsafed less "right to the earth"
+than is the sole of a man's foot! How significant this may be said to
+be of the mental attitude in which these gentlemen sat in judgment:
+men, who, doubtless, considered they were doing their very utmost in
+the service of science!
+
+After Lola had mastered the numerals as far as twenty I started her at
+simple multiplication, explaining these again on my fingers and the
+counting frame and here, too, I found her a ready pupil. Indeed, there
+really _does_ seem something so very obvious in 2 and 2 things being 4
+things! and we proceeded by degrees to multiply up to fifty.
+
+I would say, for instance, over the morning coffee: "Lola, to-day the
+fours are to have a turn: 1 x 4 = 4, 2 x 4 = 8," and I would let her
+multiply with four about three times, straight on from the beginning
+first, and then dodging about irregularly. She usually did this without
+any mistake whatever, and I was now getting quite used to the celerity
+with which she worked. The only difficulties were in connexion with 10
+x 3 and 10 x 4, where she would constantly make a slip, for then the
+left paw came into action, and her consciousness was not yet
+sufficiently concentrated on that left paw. Dogs and horses must, I
+imagine, have a most splendid faculty for visualizing figures--to judge
+from the rapidity with which they work.
+
+It took us nine days to accomplish the multiplication table from two to
+ten, keeping up, of course, a repetition of what had already been
+learnt. This great speed is another point that often gives rise to
+doubts, yet it is found to be equally the case with all animals who are
+taught: I cannot account for it--I can merely say that it is so. I have
+thought at times that the reason may lie in the fact that dogs and
+horses have but a short span of life in comparison to man's, and
+therefore, a briefer period of youth wherein to acquire their stock of
+learning; that this might account for an animal being quicker than a
+child, which has ampler time and seems to need it all in order to lay a
+thorough foundation, since the multitude of subsequent impressions
+would otherwise swamp all our earliest rudimentary learning.
+
+Lola answered splendidly. It now happened at times that I myself made
+mistakes and believing the fault to be hers, have said: "That is
+wrong!" But she was not to be put out, and stuck to her reply. Then, on
+going over it I would find that she was right after all!
+
+I often put my question thus: "7 x 4 = ?" and the reply would be--left
+paw 2, right paw 8: then: "9 x 3 = ?" Answer: left paw 2, right paw 7;
+and again, "6 x 6 = ?" Answer: left paw 3, right paw 6. How accurate a
+test this was might be gathered from the sure and quiet way in which
+she tapped the palm of my hand, first with her left paw three times,
+and then with the right, six. I held my hand quite flat, slantingly and
+immovable--there was nothing about it that could convey any sort of
+sign to her, otherwise she would not sometimes have rapped either less
+or more than I expected, as has happened both in her spelling and at
+her sums.
+
+My thoughts now turned to the business of spelling and the replies to
+be here obtained. A total of figures from 1-40 would suffice in order
+to give expression to all the letters, while the same degree of
+comprehension of my spoken word was all I required. Then I began to
+tell Lola some four or five letters of her alphabet daily, questioning
+her as to each. Every day I repeated the lesson learnt on the previous
+one, and added four or five more letters. Her alphabet sounds as
+follows:
+
+    +-------+-------+-------+-------+-----+------+------+
+    |   a   |   e   |   i   |   o   |  u  |  au  |  ei  |
+    |   -   |   -   |   -   |   -   |  -  |   -  |  --  |
+    |   4   |   5   |   6   |   7   |  8  |   9  |  10  |
+    +-------|-------|-------|-------|-----|------|------+
+    | b & p | d & t | f & v | s & k |  ch |   ue  |   h  |
+    | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- |  -- |  --  |  --  |
+    |  14   |   15  |   16  |   17  |  20 |  21  |  24  |
+    +-------|-------|-------|-------|-----|------|------+
+    |   l   |   m   |   n   |     r |   s |   w  |   z  |
+    |   --  |  --  |    -   |     - |  -- |  --  |  --  |
+    |  25   |  26   |   27  |   34  |  35 |  36  |  37  |
+    +-------|-------|-------|-------|-----|------|------+
+    |       |       |  ja   |  nein |     |      |      |
+    |       |       |  --   |  ---- |     |      |      |
+    |       |       |   2   |   3   |     |      |      |
+    +-------+-------+-------+-------+-----+------+------+
+
+It is particularly to be observed that the letters were pronounced as
+follows: K as k,' not as ka ( = kay); H as h,' not as ha ( = aitch); R
+as r, not as er ( = ar;) L as l,' not as el: this was so as to free her
+"writing" of any extraneous difficulties. Rolf of Mannheim rapped out
+the "e" in "w" ( = _vay_ being the German pronunciation of "w"), as
+also in "g" ( = _gay_ being the German pronunciation of "g"); thus, if
+he wanted to write "wegen," he simply rapped "w g n." Now, I wanted
+Lola to learn to rap the entire word--"wegen," for instance, for this
+simplification of expression, as put into practice by Rolf, would be of
+no use to her in view of the method of pronunciation I was adopting
+with the consonants. Those who had taught Rolf understood his spelling
+quite as well as I in time came to understand Lola's, but with regard
+to their system the objection was frequently put forward (more
+especially by persons bent on maintaining an unfriendly attitude) that
+"any construction might be placed on these answers," and, I must admit,
+that there was some truth in this. Not that this objection could always
+be justified, yet there were sufficient grounds for it. The great value
+of Rolf's mode of expressing himself was shown in the way in which he
+added letter to letter in accordance with their sounds (and I doubt
+whether any mechanical aids or accessories would have been likely to
+achieve the same results), thus giving proof that he was capable of
+independent expression. Their system proved incidentally to have what I
+might call a "side value," for Lola's mode of expression, due to my own
+method of teaching led to quite different results--_yet on the same
+level_.
+
+Lola now practised her alphabet in the morning and in the afternoon we
+continued multiplications; rather more slowly than at first, but we
+ultimately reached a hundred. New work was then added in the form of
+division and subtraction. She soon had this all so firmly fixed in her
+little head that I was able to put her to easy sums and ask: "What is 3
+x 3 + 10 - 5?" The answer after a few seconds being "14." A hundred was
+rapped out with her left paw = ten raps.
+
+As soon as she had mastered the entire alphabet I proceeded to contract
+the letters into words. I said: "Lola, now attend; you are going to
+learn to spell: you must rap out a word made of the letters you have
+learnt; now--Wald (wood or forest) is w, a, l, d," and I accentuated
+each letter very distinctly. "How many letters are there in this word?"
+I added, and the answer was "4."
+
+"Good," I said, adding: "What is the first letter?" and she tapped in
+reply: "36/w"; "and the next?" "4/a"; "and then?" "25/l"; "and further?"
+"4/a." "Lola now listen to all the words I am going to say: essen ( = to
+eat, also "food"), e, s, s, e, n; gut ( = good), g, u, t; milch ( =
+milk), m, i, l, c, h"; and so on. For many days I continued to name the
+words which lay nearest to her understanding, and each day I got her to
+do a little spelling, after first having divided the letters. But at
+the end of eight days I no longer took the words to pieces merely
+saying, very distinctly: "rap Ofen" ( = stove), and she would tap: "7 16
+5 27" = o f e n. "Rap Haus" ( = house). This answer was: "24, 4, 9, 35"
+= h, a, u, s. Whenever she rapped I jotted down the figures in order to
+translate them later on into letters, for it was some time before I
+could sufficiently memorize their equivalents, and was constantly
+making mistakes after Lola had become an "expert." Indeed, one's memory
+is easily liable to play tricks here in a way that may lead to endless
+confusion, for the sequence of the numbers is so at variance with what
+one is accustomed to.
+
+Once I asked--by way of experiment--"What is this?" touching her nose.
+At first she seemed uncertain, but then came the reply: "3" = nein
+(no); so I said: "Lola, that is your _nose_; tap nose!" and she
+tapped--"27, 4, 35, 5" = nase (nose). "Good!" I said, "and what is
+_this_?" and I touched her eye, to which she at once replied with--"9,
+17" = aug (auge = eye); she had apparently not been quite sure of what
+I wanted when I touched her nose.
+
+And so we went on practising--sometimes doing too much, and this would
+give her a headache, but she had also learnt how to communicate this
+fact to me and would rap: "36, 5" = we (weh = pain, or hurt); nor was
+this malingering, for she worked willingly, doing so, indeed, to the
+utmost limits of her strength, when it would become apparent, alas! to
+anyone who saw her that her head was aching. This tendency to "keep
+going" is common to all our faithful domestic animals: more
+particularly is it the case with draft-animals, who will go on till
+they drop. There are very few that consciously resist work, or who
+humbug us by pretending they are ill. Yet, as I had told Rolf, we had
+one of these exceptions at the farm; it was an ox that would always lie
+down and sham dead, if not in the mood to work; he then stretched out
+his limbs and looked at his last gasp ... but no sooner did we leave
+him to himself than he was on his legs again and off to his stall. No
+amount of chastisement brought him to reason. And it was this immoral
+action that had jumped with Rolf's views when--without having been
+asked--he at once remarked: "Hat recht, lol sagen Bauchweh!" an excuse
+he is reported to have made very often of late.
+
+I now tried to teach Lola to read the numbers, for she was thoroughly
+at home in all we had practised so far, so it did not seem too much of
+a venture. I cogitated, therefore, how best to begin; and finally I
+wrote on a sheet of paper as follows:
+
+    1   2     3     4       5       6
+    .   ..   ...   ....   .....   ......
+
+and so on up to 10.
+
+I then held this a few inches (40 centimetres) from her eyes and,
+pointing to each, said: "_One_ dot looks like 1," etc. And then I wrote
+a 2 on a slip of paper and asked her what number it stood for. At the
+start this gave her a good deal of trouble, and I had to do a great
+deal of talking. She saw the dot right enough, but would give no
+attention to the figure. I helped her twice to compare the two, and
+then set the sheet up near the place where she usually lay, taking for
+granted that in the course of the day her eye would be bound to rest on
+it so frequently that she would probably have retained the impression
+by the next day. And something of this kind must have happened; for on
+the following morning after having gone through the explanation once
+more, and put the sheet aside, I wrote the figures at random all over
+another sheet of paper when she actually "spotted" them all--with the
+exception of "7," and a comparison of the two sheets soon enabled her
+to put this right, too. There could be no doubt but that she had really
+mastered her lesson, for the replies were rapped out with absolute
+certainty. I next attempted two-figured numerals; nor was this very
+difficult, for in 32, for instance, the 3 was rapped by the left--the
+"decimal" paw--and therefore meant "30," while the "2" was added by two
+raps from the right paw; in fact, she memorized this without any
+trouble--and for a few days we practised "reading numbers" assiduously,
+so as to get her perfect.
+
+Here is an example:
+
+    20 + 14?  Answer: 34.                     24 + 32?  Answer: 56.
+                       11 + 15 + 2?  Answer: 28
+
+Here again the most surprising thing was the celerity with which the
+replies were given. I was at first inclined to _make_ her look at the
+paper attentively, but she would merely glance over it, then came a
+moment of quick thought--and the answer was ready. (I propose to return
+to this point again in the chapter on "Seeing.")
+
+In the course of such exercises it is no exaggeration to say that one
+does actually _see_, by an alteration in the eye, that the dog is
+thinking; the gaze is withdrawn, so to speak, as it is in the eye of a
+person engaged in the process of thinking; and then brightens when the
+result has been attained. I have often been so absorbed in contemplating
+this process in Lola that I have almost forgotten to continue the work
+we were engaged on.
+
+As the lessons progressed it became easy to teach her to read the
+letters, for she now knew what it was all about, and she soon picked up
+the figures requisite for any given letter. Personally, I always use
+the Latin script for writing, and it was therefore more convenient to
+teach her this form rather than the Gothic, but for the sake of
+simplicity I made use of the small characters only. I wrote these out
+on a sheet of paper, taking care to make them very large, and with the
+equivalent figure under each--thus:
+
+    a   e   i   o   u   au   ei
+    4   5   6   7   8   9    10
+
+and so on.
+
+I then gave a short explanation and stood the sheet on the floor
+again--just as I had done in the case of the figures.
+
+The next day I questioned her, taking the precaution to write out a few
+letters on another piece of paper, so as to be able, by comparing the
+two, to know what the word was at once. In a few instances the right
+answers were given immediately, but there was still a great deal of
+uncertainty. I suppose the entire alphabet at one dose had been too
+much for her! But I tried her again in the afternoon--going over the
+letters carefully, and set up the card once more, to "jog her memory."
+And the next morning she knew it nearly to perfection, and was able to
+follow with her raps such words as--h, o, l, z, (holz = wood), for I
+took care to separate the letters, fearing she would otherwise get
+confused. Whenever she seemed in doubt over some letter I had recourse
+to her alphabet card, and made her look it up herself.
+
+I began to feel that the foundation for all that was most important had
+now been laid, and that at no distant future I should be able to ask
+her all kinds of questions, and my joy was great. For now the moment
+was at hand when I might hope to gain insight into the very being of
+this dog, get into touch with its thinking and its feeling--all of
+which was so immeasurably strange to me. Yet what I here anticipated
+was not to be reached in so short a span of time as had hitherto
+sufficed for her other studies. For the present Lola spelt out no more
+than I told her to, and I continued practising her diligently, for I
+felt sure that as long as it gave her any trouble a more lengthy
+answer--and more especially, a _spontaneous_ one--would not be
+forthcoming. It had taken one month of study to accomplish all I have
+here set down, and I felt both grateful, happy, and not a little
+awed--and, indeed, I did my best to thank her by my sympathy and
+consideration. It was only later that I came to see my own inconsistency!
+
+The elementary tuition, the form of which I had tentatively evolved was
+now at an end; and constant practice in the four modes of arithmetic,
+as well as in reading and spelling, kept her perfect. But it became
+important to make occasional experiments of longer or shorter duration;
+such tests might be either in support of, or in opposition to, each
+other, and of these I now propose to treat in the following pages, for
+they represent the "digest" of what had so far been learnt.
+
+
+
+
+SENSE OF TIME
+
+
+We often hear that dogs whose masters lead a very regular life get to
+know the time and the hours of the day's routine--such as walks and
+meals showing this by their behaviour. It might be easy to account for
+their intimate acquaintance with the hours of meals, since their
+stomach is practically their clock. But that a dog should know to a
+"tic" the time for his master's departure from the house--whatever the
+season of the year, tugging him by his coat--should he not be ready, or
+fetching his stick--allows of no other explanation than that of a
+canine sense of time.
+
+This consideration led me to try and teach Lola our divisions of time
+on the clock in order to make my experiment in this direction. I took a
+clock on which the figures were inscribed in Arabic, and of which the
+dial--measuring 5 centimetres across (2 inches), was sufficiently plain
+to read. I then explained to her that a day and a night were divided
+into 24 parts: I said to her: "The day-time is light, and people can
+then go about, and eat and work; at night it is dark, and people and
+animals sleep--do you understand me?" She replied: "Yes!" (two raps). I
+said: "Into how many parts are the day and night divided?" and she
+answered: "24," "These portions," I continued, "are called hours, and
+one hour is again divided into sixty parts, and these are called
+minutes; and so as always to know what are the hours, and what are the
+minutes, people have made a clock--now look here: so as not to make it
+too big they have written only twelve hours on it and this thick little
+pointer goes round slowly and points to the number of the hours: now,
+how often must it go round in a day, if a day has 24 hours?" She
+replied: "2."
+
+"You see, the little thick pointer is now pointing to _nine_, so it is
+9 o'clock; what time will it be when it points to 4?" She answered:
+"4." "You remember that I told you that the hour is divided into 60
+minutes?" "Yes." "Now--see! the big pointer goes round more quickly and
+points out the minutes: when _that_ pointer has been round _once_, 60
+minutes are gone--that means one hour. This big pointer starts at 12,
+and you see that there are five little strokes up to 1, and how many up
+to 2?" Lola rapped "10." "And where is the big pointer now?" "(At) 14."
+"What is 14--is it an hour?" "No." "Then what is it called?" "Minute."
+And after this Lola rested!
+
+In an hour and a quarter I fetched the clock again and said: "Look!
+what does the little thick pointer say now?" She tapped an uncertain
+"no." So I explained once more and then said: "Now tell me!" and she
+answered this time, "50."
+
+I stood the clock on the ground in front of her and questioned her
+twice more in the course of the day--correct replies being given. I
+also left the clock standing near her for the rest of the day, for I
+wanted the flight of time to become impressed on her, and her eye was
+bound to rest on the dial now and again during the course of the day.
+Her answers were invariably right now for, by way of test, I inquired:
+"How many minutes are there in half an hour?" And she replied: "30."
+And again: "How many minutes has a quarter of an hour--that is, an hour
+divided by 4?" And she answered: "15." She also showed much interest in
+all this, for she sat as still as could be, listening attentively to
+all my explanations. And I kept her interest alive by always telling
+her "what nice new things Lola would be able to learn," and at this she
+was visibly pleased.
+
+The next day I made casual remarks as to the time of day out loud, and
+all this day's answers were equally good. I now saw that she had
+grasped the essentials--so that I could put the clock away, and there
+is not another in my rooms, the nearest being a big one standing in the
+kitchen which is on the ground floor. I never carry my watch, leaving
+it in a drawer--and generally forgetting to wind it up, so that if I do
+not ask, I seldom know what the time is. I have no sense of time
+whatever myself, so that to me it may seem either long or
+short--according to what I may be doing. I have always envied people
+who possessed this sense of absolute certainty in guessing the time--it
+is not a common gift. I make this remark "parenthetically" in my desire
+for trying to elucidate the causes which lie at the back of the
+"feeling for time."
+
+On the third day after my first explanations I said to Lola in the
+course of the morning: "Tell me what time it is. I daresay you know
+without seeing the clock!" To which she answered "Yes!" "Then tell me
+the hour first," I said, and she rapped: "10;" "And now the minutes?"
+"35." I then went downstairs and found that the kitchen clock pointed
+to 10.30, but I was told that it was not quite exact, so I telephoned
+to the Post Office, and inquired the correct time--asking again in the
+afternoon when it was 4.17. I then said to Lola: "Tell me the hour?"
+"4," said she. "And the minutes?" "18." I made this test several times
+more, and as the replies were invariably right I could regard this
+experiment as successful. After this I allowed her to show off her
+accomplishment to various people, and as long as the novelty appealed
+to her Lola always told the time correctly and earned much praise. In
+the presence of Dr. Ziegler and others she gave a most excellent
+account of herself, and I frequently made practical use of her as my
+"timepiece." The change-over to "summer-time" created some slight
+confusion, but this was only temporarily, and was soon overcome. Later,
+however, she frequently _gave the wrong time_!--it was only the charm
+of novelty that spurred her on to her best endeavours!
+
+Since then I have not questioned her as often--perhaps only once a
+week, and her replies have varied, some being very good. Only to-day (I
+am writing on 31 December, 1916) I asked her the time; it was very
+dusk, and I thought it must be nearly 5 o'clock, but Lola rapped out:
+"4"--"And how many minutes?" I inquired. "No!" came the reply.
+"Nonsense!" I cried, "there must be some minutes as well?" "No!" she
+insisted. So I went and assured myself, believing Lola to have been
+obstinate, but no, it was actually only just four!
+
+It may be taken for granted, I presume, that all dogs have this
+time-sense in a greater or lesser degree, and not only all dogs, but
+other animals also, for there are sufficient proofs to justify this
+assertion. Sportsmen, in particular, will be able to furnish examples
+in support of the theory. That Lola was able to "tell the time" was, of
+course, merely a matter of tuition, this having awakened her latent
+consciousness, and enabled her to master the signs.
+
+In the summer of 1916 I purchased a grey parrot with the object of
+further studies. This bird, being very tame, was allowed to sit on the
+back of my chair and enjoy a few tit-bits at meal times. I always,
+carried him on my hand from his cage to the chair, as he would not come
+down from the cage--preferring to clamber about without and within. One
+evening I had been delayed, and did not appear as punctually as usual.
+My maid told me, however, that the parrot had left his cage at eight
+o'clock, gone straight to my chair, climbed up, and was even at that
+moment sitting on the back-rail waiting for me!
+
+How sensibly animals are equipped as to the requisites of life!
+Probably man was, too--at one time; at a time when he stood nearer to
+Nature, and before his inventions and manifold accessories had weaned
+him from so much that was inherent and inborn knowledge.
+
+
+
+
+CALCULATING TIME
+
+
+At first I proposed to achieve this by building on the foundations I
+had already laid, on the dog's fairly reliable comprehension of the
+value of figures, and her knowledge of spelling. So I wrote on a large
+sheet of paper and in small characters:[14]
+
+    1 jar (jahr = year) = 365 days.
+    7 tage ( = days) = 1 woche ( = week).
+    so for 1 jar = 52 wochen = 365 tage.
+
+The days of the week are called:--
+
+    1 montag.
+    2 dinstag (dienstag).
+    3 mitwoch (mittwoch).
+    4 donerstag (donnerstag).
+    5 freitag.
+    6 samstag.
+    7 sontag (Sonntag); no work for Lola!
+
+      [14] So as to avoid confusing her I always write the _sound_
+      only.
+
+This was to be--at the same time--a test of Lola's reading. I placed
+the chart on the floor where she could look at it, and repeated:
+"To-morrow you must be able to know this. Now spell the first word to
+me. And she tapped "jar." I once more went over this new lesson,
+explaining it all, but put no more questions, only leaving the paper
+where she could from time to time look at it.
+
+The next day I removed the chart early, and later began my questioning;
+fully prepared for somewhat crazy results. First I asked:
+
+"How many days are there in a week?" She rapped "7."
+
+"And in three weeks?" "21."
+
+"How many weeks has a year?" "52."
+
+I praised her warmly--her interest seemed roused, for she had rapped
+her answers with a sort of joyful certainty! So I continued:
+
+"Name the second day in the week?" "dinstag!"
+
+"And what is the day called on which you do no work?" "sontag!"
+
+"And which day in the week is that?" "7."
+
+I then said: "To-day is Tuesday; now remember the days carefully:
+to-morrow, and the day after to-morrow--and the next you must always
+tell me the name of the day on which I ask." I then dropped the
+subject, and tested her on the morrow: "What is to-day?" "Mitwoch!" I
+next questioned her at random as to the weeks and the year, and all her
+answers were correct. I was very surprised on this occasion at the
+short time she had taken--in spite of the rapidity of so much of her
+earlier work, and I began to feel a sense of certainty as to the
+possibility of making greater demands on her. Hitherto Lola had always
+been able to prove to those who have seen her at her performances that
+she _can_ state the day of the week correctly, yet of late she has no
+longer taken the same delight in doing so; it has become "a bore"--and
+for this reason she is now only asked two or three times a month. Four
+days after she had learnt this accomplishment I tackled the dates. At
+first it was rather difficult to explain to her _why_ a year, which
+was already divided into weeks, should be again sub-divided into
+months--within which, moreover, the weeks could not be disposed of in
+complete numbers. Once more I made out my chart, and wrote down
+everything as I had done on previous occasions, but with divisions into
+twelve parts. Then I wrote out the months and placed the number of days
+after each, making the addition at the bottom of the chart come to 365.
+I then explained to her that, besides being divided into weeks, the
+year was also divided into months, so that each day of the year might
+be more easily remembered. I told her that for instance--"this day was
+Saturday; that it was in the month of March, and that to-day was the
+13th of March." That "yesterday had been Friday, the 12th of March, and
+that to-morrow would be the 14th," and so forth. Then I left my chart
+on the floor again, and did not refer to the subject any more that day.
+
+On Sunday Lola was seldom given anything to do so that the divisions of
+the week should be firmly planted in her memory. Having, therefore,
+removed the chart on Sunday, I asked her on Monday:
+
+"How many months has the year?" Answer: "12."
+
+"And what is the second month called?" "February."
+
+She was very eager and giving her undivided attention to the work, so I
+continued: "What day is to-day?" "Monday." "What number is this day?"
+"12." Now, this was wrong, so I said: "Yesterday was the 14th, so what
+is to-day?" And she replied: "15." I said: "How many days has March?"
+Answer: "31." This last answer seemed to me the most astonishing,
+especially as I had not really laid much stress on this part of the
+lesson--fearing I might be expecting too much from her at the
+beginning. As a matter of fact, I was myself by no means sure as to the
+number of days in March, and had to verify it first! Up to this day
+Lola has not forgotten how many days there are in each month, although
+this question has merely been asked now and again; it has not been put
+to her now for about nine months. Owing to the regularity of my daily
+work I take but little heed of dates, so it comes that I have often put
+the question to her, for when I _do_ ask it is of importance to me to
+have accurate information, and I have always been able to rely on
+Lola's quick and steady rap, subsequent reference invariably proving
+that I can place implicit confidence in her.
+
+
+
+
+SIGHT
+
+
+A dog's sight hardly plays so important a part in canine life as do
+scent and hearing; yet, inferior as the eye would seem in some
+respects, it yet excels in others. It may be observed in the case of
+any dog that he only recognizes his master or any person he is
+acquainted with at a distance of--at most--20 metres. If either my old
+sheep-dog or Lola come to meet me they do not see first _at all_ that
+there is a person standing on the road. If one moves, the dog will then
+recognize at a distance of some 50 metres, that a human being is in
+front of it--the movements being responsible for this. Then, when one
+gets within 10 or 20 metres, the cautious and critical aspect changes,
+and the dog will rush forward in joyous welcome. This is enough to show
+that in comparison to our sight, theirs is inferior; and there are dogs
+that see even much worse than in the case just cited. To test this it
+is well to stand against the wind, otherwise the dog scents what it
+cannot see. It is the same case with game. At the distance, therefore,
+the canine eye does not seem quick of sight, but it becomes all the
+sharper at close quarters. Here the swift glance and good memory far
+out-strip our own equipment.
+
+It was conspicuous from the beginning--both in counting and
+spelling--that Lola was able to learn and memorize in a surprisingly
+short time. Lola's charts of figures and letters were written in my
+none-too-clear handwriting--and yet she could remember combinations of
+figures amounting to ten in number from one day to the other. She could
+also recognize persons from their portraits, and pictures of objects
+familiar to her, a faculty of observation I have tested in numerous
+little ways. This gift was also possessed by Krall's horses and by
+Rolf. People seem to have the idea that dogs do not observe much, but
+there is no valid reason for this. Children in their _naivete_ will
+show their picture-book to a dog as to a friend: "Look here!" they will
+cry--it is only the _exception_ when it occurs to a "grown-up" to do
+the same.
+
+I can only say that I have convinced myself and proved to the
+astonishment of many that a dog _can_ recognize both the letters of
+the alphabet and the subject of a picture shown to it.
+
+Not that these abilities exceed those of man, at first sight, but when
+the matter is probed into deeply they _do_ out-strip ours in one
+particular, and that is in celerity. For instance, if I write three or
+four rows of figures, one beneath the other, doing so quickly, without
+making any calculation myself, and then hold the paper before Lola's
+eyes, so that I can look into them, I see her glance skim the figures
+for a second or two, she will then hang her head, in evident
+calculation--after which she looks out straight in front of her and
+raps her reply. Rarely does her glance go over the paper a second time.
+In early days I used to think that, before holding out my hand to
+receive her answer, I ought to hold her head firmly and oblige her to
+keep her eyes on the sheet, for it seemed to me she must needs look at
+it for five minutes--_at least_. But Lola always tries hard to avoid
+looking--so I let her have her own way, and am trying to account for
+the cause of this quick glance by a closer study. It was the same thing
+when I wrote down a question--her eye flew over the sentence in three
+or four seconds, and the answer was given without a second glance.
+People to whom I have not said anything about this have stood behind me
+during these tests, and have generally been more impressed by the fact
+of her _reading_ them than by the _swiftness_ with which it was done.
+But it is the latter that amazed me most of all, for reading she and we
+have in common--and is indeed so far simpler a matter that there is no
+reason for a dog not acquiring it--but it is the _comprehension_ of
+what it is doing, and the _speed_ with which it translates what it has
+seen into intelligent replies that seem to me the most surprising part
+of all. Another instance in connexion with what I term the "cursory
+glance" may throw light upon this curious ability. I had heard of the
+way in which Rolf was able to count the flowers in a bunch, and so--on
+the 16 April, 1917, I thought I would try something of the same kind
+with Lola. For this lesson I took a sheet of paper and peppered it with
+dots, without any thought at regularity.
+
+       *   *   *   *   *   *
+     *   *   *   *   *   *   *
+       *   *   *   *   *   *
+     *   *   *   *   *   *   *
+       *   *   *   *   *   *
+
+Lola's first answer after looking at it for about four seconds was
+"34." "Are you sure?" I asked; "tell me again." She then responded with
+"32." I took my pencil, scratching out each dot as I went over
+them--there were just 32!
+
+As she had hesitated in the first test I thought I might have made the
+dots too small, so taking another bit of paper I proceeded to make dots
+of a larger size. "How many?" I asked again. Answer: "14." I then
+checked this reply and found it right. The next day I covered another
+sheet with dots, but this time of various sizes. Lola rapped "27." "Are
+you sure?" I asked. "Yes!" So I counted, and there were 23. "Count
+again!" I commanded. "27," said she. "Lola, I can only make them 23;"
+"27!" insisted this dog! I could not make out the reason for this,
+unless, that owing to there being some writing on the reverse side, a
+few marks may have shown through, and thus account for the wrong
+answer.
+
+On 19 April I made an attempt with red dots, but she was tired, and
+rapped out first 25, then 23 and finally 19--there were 19 dots. Then I
+made some blue dots and she rapped "11." "Are you sure?" Again "11."
+And this, too, was right.
+
+I put this test several times and it was always successful when the
+dots were sufficiently large and regular and did not exceed 35; also if
+the colour was dark--either blue or black. Later on, when I read
+Krall's book I found that the horses had been submitted to this test
+with equally good results. Professor Kraemer of Hohenheim attributes
+the reason for this to the fact of animals having originally lived in
+herds, and that their "leader" as well as the other horses always knew
+whether their full complement was present or not. I have had the same
+experience with clucking-hens. A clucking-hen with twelve chicks knows
+at once should one be missing, and seeks it even when it cannot utter a
+sound, and while all the rest of her brood are running about in such
+confusion that it would seem impossible to count them oneself. How
+animals manage to do this without a sense of figures and without words
+always remains a puzzle to me! Now, the measure taken by a dog's eye is
+almost as accurate as is its sight for near objects, and its swift
+glance and comprehensive eye for detail. It is true that all these
+tests have been put to my dog Lola _alone_, but I venture to say
+that these facts will be found to apply to all dogs in common, should
+they belong to a natural and healthy breed of animals, and not to an
+artificially procured variety.
+
+As to "measuring by eye," this was a test put to her accidentally.
+About the beginning of June, 1917, for lack of any better idea at the
+moment, I determined to teach her the use of the yard measure (the
+metre), and without having any definite object in view. So I fetched
+the yard-stick and told her the names and the meaning of the divisions
+three times; but she seemed unable to work up any enthusiasm for the
+subject, and I therefore did not attempt to question her. Many duties
+intervened, and so I forgot the whole matter for several weeks. But on
+25 July I thought it might be just as well to test her eye for measure,
+and this reminded me of the yard-stick. So I asked for fun: "Do you
+remember that I showed you the yard-stick?" "Yes!" was her prompt
+reply. In astonishment I continued: "How many centimetres are there to
+the metre?" "100!" "And how many decimetres to twenty centimetres?"
+"2." "And how many decimetres in two and a half centimetres?" "25."
+Now, for the joke of the thing, I determined to test the accuracy of
+her eye, for I had not yet fetched the yard-stick, and she had, in
+fact, not seen it for many weeks. So I pointed to the outside edge of a
+small picture-frame that I--at a guess--took to be about twenty-two
+centimetres in length. At the same time I must own that I have never
+exercised my judgment in this line to any very great extent. "How long
+is this lower edge?" I asked her, "from _here_ to _here_?" (pointing):
+her answer was, "25." I then tested it by the stick; it was twenty-six!
+I pointed to a larger frame, putting the same question, she answered
+"50." I measured, and found it to be 75. Again I showed her a smaller
+picture, and she rapped "19." Then I showed her a piece of chocolate--"7"
+was her reply--it was seven and a half. Later on, when she was in the
+mood she became able to guess within _half_ a centimetre at a distance
+of about thirty centimetres and at greater distances--up to one metre;
+I estimated the difference to vary from about one to ten centimetres.
+Of late I have not given her much practice of this kind, for from the
+beginning she has not cared much for it. But I have made the experiment
+of seeing whether she can distinguish colours in the same way we do. To
+make this test I daubed some of the most important colours on a sheet
+of paper, writing the name beneath each, and the next day I daubed the
+same colours on another piece of paper--but in different sequence, and
+without adding their names. The ready response to my questions gave
+further proof as Lola's good memory as well as of her perfect ability
+to differentiate.
+
+I next questioned her on more practical subjects. I said: "What is the
+colour of the stove in this room?" at the same time looking out of the
+window to make sure that she knew what a "stove" was. "Green," was her
+answer--and quite right too, for the stove is built of green porcelain
+tiles. I asked her a few more questions relating to flowers and to
+articles in daily use until I had no further doubt as to her being
+competent to tell one colour from the other. Coming generations may,
+perhaps, laugh at these numerous tests, instead of crediting animals
+with this ability as a matter of course!
+
+
+
+
+HER PERFECT SENSE FOR SOUND
+
+
+In my quest for further tests as to canine abilities, the idea occurred
+to me that it might be as well to arrive at a greater degree of
+certainty with respect to sound, that is, inquiring into a dog's memory
+for sound, and their powers of differentiating one tune from another.
+In the case of my old dog, I had already observed many things such as
+inclined those to whom I had related my experiences, to be of opinion
+that these had to do with the dog's ear. For instance, if I had been
+away, and returned (either driving or on foot), conversing in low tones
+with another person, this dog would _scream_ for joy. His voice on such
+occasions was of quite a special quality, and everybody about the
+court-yard knew that I must have already passed the tree known as the
+"Abend Eiche," which stands some hundred metres distant, and the dog
+was always at that time confined, though in the open. Our conversations
+on such occasions were always quiet ones, and yet the dog recognized my
+voice at a distance of a hundred metres. If I happened to return alone
+and on foot, after an absence of about two days, his cries would start
+when I had reached _half that distance_--therefore, at fifty
+metres--and Lola would then also hear my step. And here is another
+example--one about which I was at first doubtful, not knowing to which
+sense it should be attributed. I always knew from Lola when I might
+expect a certain friend of mine--a friend to whom, by the way, she was
+really more attached than to me! I used to know by the heavy raps of
+her tail against the floor. The room in which we would be at such times
+was on the second floor and lay towards the front of the house. But
+when those anticipatory raps began my friend was still on her way,
+coming by a path which lay in the rear of the house, and, moreover, she
+always came alone. When the dog was present she could never take me by
+surprise.
+
+My next ventures were of a musical nature, as I thought it might be
+easiest to achieve something in this direction. Lola knew the letters
+that are associated with the different tones (_c_, _d_, _e_, _f_, _g_,
+_a_, _h_[15], _e_), having learnt these in her alphabet, so I only had
+to strike the keys (and I confined myself to the _white_ ones, as
+involving fewer difficulties), telling her their names. I began by
+saying: "Lola, you are going to learn something quite new and very
+beautiful; you must listen to these sounds and tell me the names of
+each." Then I played the notes over several times from c to c, saying
+clearly and slowly: "c, d, e, f, g, a, h." Then I paused and played
+them over again--both the ascending and descending scale.
+
+      [15] _h_ is the term used in Germany for the note we call _b_.
+
+Then I struck "c," saying, "What note is that?" She answered "c." I
+struck "e," but she rapped "no." I therefore played from c to e,
+accentuating e in particular. "Do you know now?" I asked, and she
+replied, "yes: e." I struck "a," and the answer came at once, "a." This
+seemed enough for one day, for I wished to keep her interest fresh. So
+we then went over some arithmetic. The next day I played only _once_
+from c to c, asking the names of the notes out of their order, and Lola
+was right in all her replies with the exception of "h," and this she
+soon identified after a comparison with the other notes. I tried
+whether she could recognize the number of notes in a chord. First I
+struck two, asking her the number; she replied "2." I then struck
+four--and she replied "4" without any hesitation. Then I struck five
+together, _c_ being associated with them twice. At this Lola rapped
+"4," so I said: "You are to tell me _every_ note I strike," at the same
+time putting down the chord again, after which she replied "5." This
+had been an experiment for which I had made few preparations and I
+marvelled at such obvious evidences of musical comprehension. But I
+felt that I should nevertheless test her more closely still, and so I
+told my experiences to a friend, a woman composer of great professional
+distinction. This lady was both interested and surprised, and seating
+herself at the piano, she struck some notes. I placed myself so as not
+to see the keyboard and tried to guess their pitch, yet I have no "ear"
+in this way. I had in 1915 attended a course of Delcroze lessons (given
+at Stuttgart by Fraeulein Steiner) and had tried to acquire the faculty
+to distinguish the basic tone of any chord given at random--for this
+can be acquired if one is to some extent musical, yet could I but
+seldom succeed. I would hover in doubt between c and d, and so on,
+without sensing any connexion with the other tones. Here, too, with one
+single note being struck I was unequal to the test, but Lola's replies
+were excellent, yet was it again the novelty that gave zest to the
+affair, for later on her answers were good only when she was inclined
+to take trouble. But in the beginning she had been most obviously
+delighted with the whole matter and leapt up at me in her joy and
+excitement whenever I said: "Lola, listen to sounds!" I have interested
+and amused many friends with this little exhibition, for it came as a
+surprise to many, especially as the sense of "pitch" is a comparatively
+rare one in most people.
+
+
+
+
+SCENT
+
+
+The keenness of a dog's nose is, of course, proverbial, and I have only
+put a few tests to Lola in this particular, yet, such as they are
+(proving perhaps no more than is already known) I will here set down. I
+put the first of these tests to her on the 17 April, 1916. I showed her
+a book belonging to my father and said:
+
+"Whose book is this?" She answered--"Father!" Then I showed her a glove
+and she told me it was mine. On 20 April, I showed her another glove
+belonging to a lady who was commonly known among us as "Mama" and Lola
+instantly replied with--"Mama!" This was followed by an important test
+in the afternoon of the same day. Four ladies, who were strangers to
+her had come to my father's place at Hohenheim, and in helping them
+take off their wraps I did not particularly notice where the different
+articles of clothing were laid. Lola was in the room at the time, I
+introduced the ladies to her singly and by name and later on sent her
+to fetch one of the hats. She fetched it and then sat expectantly
+before me. "To whom does this hat belong?" I asked. The answer was:
+"Sibol." I then asked Fraeulein Sibold who was present if it really was
+her hat and she said--"yes." Lola had remembered the name quite well
+but had left out the final "d"--an omission due to the fact that I am
+in the habit of "swallowing" that letter when saying the name. On 29
+December, 1916, I gave Lola a biscuit and she seemed more than usually
+delighted with its smell--as if there was something familiar about it.
+"Why ever are you so pleased?" I asked, to which she replied--"Mama!"
+And it had actually been sent by the aforementioned lady familiarly
+known as "Mama." I then showed her another biscuit, saying "Is this too
+from Mama?" but she answered "no!" "Do you dogs always know by smell?"
+I said--and she rapped "yes!" On this same day another test failed
+owing to the impossibility of ascertaining the true name of the article
+in question.
+
+I had a new jacket trimmed with fur--a variety unknown to me, it was
+grey and slightly woolly. Lola could simply not tear herself away from
+it--the smell was so fascinating. I said to her: "Tell me what is
+delighting you so to-day?" She replied--"_mederesf_." Unable to make
+any sense of the letters I set them down in writing before her and
+asked her if any of them were wrong; to this she replied: "yes:"
+"Which?" asked I--she said: "2." (_the second_) "What should it be?" I
+queried; she rapped "n." "How many of these letters belong to the first
+word?" I continued. "2." "And to the second?" She gave a wavering
+six--(though it may have been _five_). So the words purported to be "ne
+deresf." I could make nothing of it and asked her again--"What _is_
+deresf?" to which she gave the explanation: "ein tir." (tier = animal)
+"_An animal_? but I don't know the name! have you heard of it?" "Yes!"
+"Have we seen this animal?" "Yes!" "Where did we see it?" "Maulburg."[16]
+"In the house?" "No." "In the woods?" "Yes!" "Spell the name again!" "d
+r e s f." "And what is n e?" "dran" (a contraction of daran = on it).
+"On the jacket?" "Yes!" "Then you want to say that 'dresf' is on the
+jacket?" "Yes...." And Lola looked at me with the most imploring eyes
+as though I _ought to see that she was right_--as though _I ought to
+know it_.
+
+      [16] Maulburg, near Schopfheim, in Baden, where Lola had visited
+      relations of mine.
+
+"Are you _sure_ of the name?" I persisted--and she replied: "mittel."[17]
+Here we ended--and unfortunately I have not been able to ascertain so
+far what this particular variety of fur is!
+
+      [17] Mittel = unbestimmt (uncertain; from Mitte = middle.)
+
+There have been more recent tests of this nature, about which I do not
+as yet feel in a position to give a definite opinion. They may possibly
+come into line with the theories held by Professor Gustav Jaegar, M.D.,
+of Stuttgart and, if so, would place the subject in a new perspective.
+I will now only add what has so far come to my notice accidentally:
+
+On 4 October, 1916, I said: "Lola, do you like to smell people?" "Yes!"
+"All people?" "No!" "How do I smell to-day?" "Tired." "Lola," I said,
+"do I sometimes smell horrid?" "Arger Eifersucht!" ( = great, or strong
+jealousy) "So you smell what I feel and when it changes?" "Yes." "With
+every one?" "Yes." "With horses too?" "No." "With dogs?" "Yes! yes!!"
+
+On 5 October I asked: "Lola, do I smell the same?" "No!" "How do I
+smell?" "Angst" ( = fear, or anxiety). She evidently meant that I was
+uneasy on account of the amount of work.
+
+"Lola," I continued, "how does Betty smell?" "Nach Angst" ( = of
+anxiety) "And anything more?" "Auch mued" ( = also tired). [N.B. Betty
+had held out the palms of her hands to the dog.] "And anything more?"
+"Ja--traurig" ( = yes--sad.) And I found later that this had been the
+true state of Betty's feelings at the time.
+
+Lola was bright and fresh and this encouraged me to continue:
+
+"What does Magda smell like?" "Afe." "Is that right?" "No--a f." "And
+what more?" "g e r e g t" "afgeregt? Isn't one letter wrong?" "Yes."
+"Which?" "1" "Then what should it be?" "Au." "Then you mean aufgeregt?"
+(excited) "Yes!"
+
+6 October. "Lola, do I smell different to-day?" "Yes--strong" "Yes! go
+on?" "O w e." "We?" (weh = pain) "Like pain?" "No." "You meant like the
+exclamation--'O weh'?" "Yes!" "But what do I smell of?" "Of surogat"
+(!) The use of this word by Lola seemed to be abnormal and mysterious,
+so I said "I am sure you have never heard that word from me!" and she
+replied "No!" "Tell me the name of the surogat?" "1"--(which stands for
+"I will not tell!") "Tell me! for you know the word for it!" I
+insisted. "Yes!" "_Please tell me_?" "1"--"I will not be angry," I
+pleaded, "I will give you a biscuit." But Lola returned again a
+reluctant "1." "What is this 1 to mean, Lola--is it yes or no?" "4" ( =
+mittel). She would not look at me and while seemingly desirous of
+"insinuating" something, was yet not quite ready to make a frank
+acknowledgment of the implication. "Lola, tell me!" I exclaimed, and
+she rapped "Luigen." "_Luegen_?" (lying) "Ja--nein." "Lola! I won't
+be angry; do I smell of lies?" "Yes." "Here at home?" "Minchen."
+(Muenchen = Munich.) And then it suddenly dawned on me; an hour earlier
+I had told the dog that I was going to Munich and that perhaps she
+might go with me. Yet at the same time I was by no means so sure that
+this could be managed, and thought therefore of taking her to
+Stuttgart. People may smile when they read these things--indeed I have
+often smiled myself, but I cannot help it if Lola chooses to give such
+answers! Probably the future may bring me further enlightenment! There
+were many more occasions on which I was able to test Lola's quick nose
+in taking up the scent of human beings as well as of game and also the
+smell attaching to different articles. I need not particularize these,
+for anyone possessing a dog with a keen nose may know this as well as I
+do--or, even better.
+
+
+
+
+SENSITIVENESS OF THE SKIN
+
+
+The time at my disposal has unfortunately not been sufficient to enable
+me to engage on any very careful tests as to the sensitiveness of
+Lola's skin. Yet I have made certain preliminary notes as to what I
+hope to do in this connexion, and have also begun with a few tentative
+attempts. I first tried her sensibility to various degrees of warmth by
+teaching her the use of the thermometer. I made a drawing of a
+thermometer--according to its actual size--and added principal numbers
+and figures and also
+
+    at 100 deg., water becomes air = hot.
+    at 0 deg., water becomes hard = cold.
+
+and beneath this I wrote:
+
+    from 1-100 upwards, it becomes always hotter,
+    from 0-40 downwards, it becomes always colder,
+
+and I concluded with a few more verbal elucidations, and then fetched
+an actual thermometer on which I made her read me the temperature of
+the room. The next day I repeated this lesson and she read the
+thermometer again. After this I tested her as to whether she could give
+the temperature by the "feel," as it were, or whether the impression of
+the temperature was associated more immediately with a sense of
+comfort. She has so far always given the right temperature when asked,
+though I should add that I have only put the question to her about
+twenty times--and then when she has been in good health, so that I feel
+that the matter has not yet been sufficiently put to the proof, and I
+cannot, therefore, make any very definite statements with regard to
+this particular faculty. But I must add, that to two questions put to
+her on different days, she answered that she "liked her food best at 6 deg.
+of warmth!" Now this chimes with the advice given in many a book on the
+care of dogs; "do not give them their food too hot"--and Lola's remark
+reminded me of this, though I might consider that "degree of heat"
+practically _cool_ ... yet it appeared to be what she desired.
+Nevertheless, this preference turned out shortly to have been erroneous
+and, as the result of a practical trial, Lola changed her mind and
+voted for anything "between 12 deg.--16 deg.!" Here is one more test I put with
+regard to her susceptibility to touch: I got someone else to trace
+figures with their fingers on the dog's back, placing myself so that I
+could not see what was being described; then I put the questions, and
+each time her replies tallied almost invariably. One put to her in this
+manner was: "2 + 3?"; and "5" was given at once. While "7 + 4?"
+elicited a prompt "11." Then a number was described and I said: "Twice
+this number makes?"; to which she replied "8," four having been traced
+on her back. We only tried this new test for a few days so that I can
+give no more exact details about it--excepting this, that on that
+particular day, she would only understand the figures _if inscribed in
+this manner on her back_! It evidently amused her immensely, and we
+could see that she seemed to "transfer her attention," as it were,
+elsewhere. But though this test had been so successful with numerals,
+it failed entirely with letters. This was incidentally an attempt on
+quite a small scale at carrying out the tests which had been
+successfully so put to the blind horse Bertho, by Karl Krall.
+
+These experiments as to her susceptibility to touch, or pressure, led
+to one slightly different, and which cannot as yet be said to have gone
+beyond its initial stages. I took a set of weights of 5, 10, 20, 30,
+100, 200, 400, and 500 grammes, and also others of 1 and 2 kilo, and
+told Lola she must learn to know how heavy a thing could be. Then I
+placed the weights separately between her two shoulder-blades, naming
+them beforehand somewhat as follows--and having first written out a
+chart for her which set forth in a plain and easy form what I was going
+to say:
+
+     125 grammes = 1/4 lb.
+     250 grammes = 1/2 lb.
+     500 grammes = 1 lb.
+    1000 grammes = 1 kilogramme
+     100 lb.     = 1 zentner
+
+I then explained this carefully and questioned her at once:
+
+"How many pounds are 375 grammes?" Answer: "3/4."[18] "How much are
+1,000 grammes?" Answer: "2." I had intentionally refrained from putting
+questions as to figures that were on her chart which I had left lying
+before her; and after she had given her replies in accordance with the
+pressure she had felt between her shoulders, I tested her ability at
+guessing where greater differences of weight were in question. On two
+occasions she gave the right answers, namely "1 pound" and "2 pounds,"
+I having put the question so as to obviate superfluous spelling. I then
+showed her the weights, placing them in a row before her, naming them
+again and saying: "Which is the heaviest?" She answered "4." As a
+matter of fact, the heaviest of these weights, the two-pound one, was
+actually standing fourth. I continued: "And now?" (I had for this
+question transposed the weights--unseen by Lola.) Answer: "1." Which
+was quite right! Then--"Where is the 100 grammes?" "3." "Where is 50
+grammes?" "2," and "Where is one pound?" "5." Her answers, as will be
+seen, were perfect; she had learnt to understand what was expected of
+her in this test with great rapidity.
+
+      [18] Fractions will be touched on in a later chapter on "Advanced
+      Arithmetic."
+
+Indeed, more elaborate tests might have been undertaken but, unfortunately,
+I had little leisure at the time, and was without the assistance of any
+educated person who might have helped me in the work. As, however, the
+"spade-work" in this particular field of experiment seems now to have
+been accomplished, many additional and interesting details might
+result--given the right opportunity.
+
+It may, perhaps, be a matter of surprise, that I should have undertaken
+these three separate tests, and left them in their initial stages,
+instead of working persistently at one in particular, and thus, maybe,
+putting the time to better use. The reason was the old and troublesome
+one which was always cropping up and causing me no little worry:
+_Lola's interest must not be allowed to flag_. In the course of a
+fortnight or three weeks, for instance, I have not dared to embark on
+more than _one_ test, not even continuing that one for as many as five
+consecutive days. This is why the three tests, above narrated, followed
+close one upon the other, while I took care to turn Lola's attention
+from them in between, making her go over all sorts of sums and spelling
+exercises. Should I have persisted in fixing her attention I should
+only have defeated my true object, and made her stale for future
+undertakings. In fact, I only engaged in these three, by way of giving
+a greater sense of _completeness_ to the idea, and also in order to
+fire the ambition of others embarking upon work of a similar nature.
+
+
+
+
+FORECASTING THE WEATHER
+
+
+On 2 May, 1916, at a season, therefore, when farmers are generally
+somewhat exercised as to the coming hay-harvest, and may well wish they
+had some contrivance--or knew of some method whereby they could
+ascertain, at all events, a few days in advance what the weather is
+going to be, a thought flashed into my mind. At first it raised a
+smile, it seemed so ridiculous and impracticable, yet there could be no
+harm in trying. I knew that most animals, such as birds, game, etc.,
+sensed the approach of rain at least several hours before it began to
+fall. But the subject is one that has not yet come sufficiently under
+notice, so that we do not know whether they may not sense the
+atmospheric changes over an even longer period. We humans are not in a
+position to discover how animals come by their knowledge, we can only
+conclude that Nature has equipped them with more delicate "chords," so
+to speak, and that upon these highly strung chords she can sound a
+warning of her impending changes, since these, our humbler brethren,
+stand in more imminent need thereof. It is common knowledge that
+animals sense earthquakes long in advance of the actual shock, and this
+can only be accounted for in some such way. At the time of the
+earthquake in 1912, Rolf, at Mannheim, crept into a corner _several
+hours_ before it took place, and on being questioned, replied: "Lol
+hat angst, weiss nid vor was." (Lol is frightened; doesn't know at
+what.) It was quite useless trying to get further particulars as to his
+fears, for an earthquake was an entirely new experience to him; at a
+repetition of the event his remarks would, doubtless, be of greater
+interest and importance. Now as the weather is a matter that concerns
+animals, and with which they are also familiar, I determined to see how
+far I could get with Lola on this subject. So I taught her as follows:
+
+    For sun = s.
+    For rain = r.
+    For some rain = b (ein Bischen = a little).
+
+and to test her in this matter, I questioned her as to the last few
+days--here she answered correctly. Then I began:
+
+"What about to-day?" Lola replied: "b" ( = it is raining a little). I
+now felt sufficiently encouraged to ask her concerning the days ahead,
+and received the following answers:
+
+    For 3 May = s (sun).
+    For 4 May = s (sun).
+    For 5 May = b (some rain).
+    For 6 May = nein (no = don't know).
+
+I told these forecastings of Lola's to several friends who, like
+myself, were watching the weather with anxiety. Rightly enough! the sun
+shone on 3 May; on that very day therefore I continued putting my
+questions--and Lola again prophesied:
+
+    For 6 May = r (rain).
+    For 7 May = b (a little rain).
+
+On the next day, 4 May, the sun shone once more--as she had said it
+would, and in the afternoon I asked her: "How do you come to know the
+weather, Lola? How do you do it?" "Raten" (guessing). In astonishment I
+said: "From whom have you got that word?" "Dir" (from you) "Have you
+heard me say it?" "Yes!" On the 5th there were a few drops of rain, and
+on the 6th two hours' heavy downfall, but on the 7th it was dry and
+sunny, so that it may be that I had taxed her powers of anticipation
+beyond their limit, for I had asked her far in advance of the 3rd. From
+time to time she then continued to give me "advance information" as to
+the kind of weather to expect, two days or, at most, three days were
+the test put, and for some time I was able to fully rely on her
+forecasts, and would arrange my work accordingly, being careful not to
+cut or mow when Lola had prophesied _rain_, etc.
+
+One morning, the sort of day when one cannot be sure of what it means
+to do, rain or clear, I again sought my dog's advice! It was very
+important to me that the hay should be carried, while the weather was
+dry, but I should have preferred having it loaded up towards evening,
+as the carts were wanted for other work--if only I knew what to expect!
+Lola decided for "r" (rain) in the afternoon, so I had the hay carried
+at eleven--_at three the rain began_, but my loads were saved! A long
+period of wet weather followed; after this had continued for a
+fortnight--a beautiful morning broke, fine and clear, so that every one
+about the farm said--"at last it's going to be fine again!" I enquired
+of Lola--"Will there be sun to-day?" "No!" she said: "Then tell me what
+the weather will be to-day?" I urged. "r." I was loth to believe her,
+yet, by eleven, the rain had begun again. Now all this seemed very
+nice, and I was quite delighted, for the importance of such accuracy in
+agricultural work was incalculable, but I soon found that I was
+"reckoning without my host!" After she had--as I have shown--gone on
+rapping out useful and correct replies for some time, she got sick of
+it, began to rap out all sorts of nonsense; indeed, I knew at once from
+her listless and unfriendly manner that her interest was falling off,
+and that the replies she was giving were false. It seemed to me,
+indeed, that she was doing this obstinately and on purpose, so as to
+put me off asking any more questions! And--if so--she certainly gained
+her point. The lesson of this, is that one has to bear in mind that one
+is not dealing with a _machine_, but with a living being--and with one
+that is in many respects exceedingly "unreasonable" and particularly
+"self-willed."
+
+I had been devoting myself to this work for some months, and had lost
+some of my earlier interest, but I started again three days ago so as
+to have another test to set down here. Lola proved to be up to the mark
+again, seemed interested, and I did my best to encourage her by saying:
+"You _will_ be pleased when you know _this_!" ... "This _is_ nice!" ...
+"See how much more a dog knows than many a man!" and so on. And as a
+result she announced on 5 January, 1917.
+
+    For 6 January = b (a little rain).
+    For 7 January = r (rain).
+    For 8 January = r (rain).
+
+On 6 January, there was half a degree of cold, and snow fell later in
+the day. This answer was near enough, for she had not been taught
+"snow," yet the equivalent might doubtless be found in a little "rain,"
+i.e. wet. On 7 January, we had a heavy fall of snow, and another on 8
+January. So that this test succeeded, if we discount the snow instead
+of rain, a change occasioned by the colder atmosphere.
+
+
+
+
+ADVANCED ARITHMETIC
+
+
+As the reader will now know, Lola was already acquainted with the
+simpler modes of arithmetic--such as addition, subtraction,
+multiplication and division; and we continued practising these forms
+for some time, even though my mind was already busy planning other and
+more ambitious tests. Arithmetic had of late only been taken as a
+corollary to her other studies, but the time seemed to have come when
+further advance in this too, might be deemed desirable. Her ability to
+"reckon" had already proved itself of practical use in facilitating her
+other accomplishments, and I determined now to try and put it to a
+still more objective test, first of all in such simple forms as: "How
+many people are there here?" Answer: "7." "How many of them are women?"
+Answer: "6." "How many dogs are there in this room?" Answer: "1." "And
+who is that?" "Ich" (I). A little later I said: "Listen to me, Lola!
+There are thirty cows in the stalls; ten of those cows go to graze, and
+two cows have been killed, how many cows remain in the stalls?" Answer:
+"18." Then I said: "Six oxen are in the stalls--how many legs have six
+oxen?" Answer: "24." and so we continued, the right reply being
+generally given after this exercise had been repeated a few times.
+
+In May, 1916, Lola learnt the big multiplication-table, doing so easily
+and quickly. She was at first slightly inaccurate in the higher
+numbers, for rapping out the "hundreds" with the right paw and the
+"tens" with the left--and then again the "ones" with the right gave her
+some trouble in the beginning. Yet such questions as: 3 + 14, 2 + 17, 4
++ 20, were given without hesitation, since these did not come within
+the region of the hundreds. But in time she got used to the hundreds
+too--and even to thousands, and to these latter she applied her left
+paw, rapping the date 1916 thus: left paw 1; right paw 9; left paw 1;
+right paw 6.
+
+Towards the end of May I thought I would teach her fractions, and she
+apparently understood what I meant, but for a beginning I could only
+put questions, such as: "How many _wholes_ are there in 20/4, 12/4, or
+11/2" etc. Indeed, I was at first at a loss as to what form of
+expression I should use here--so as not to come into collision with
+those already resorted to, thus giving rise to confusion. At first I
+thought it might be more convenient to let her rap out the denominator
+with her right paw and the numerator with her left--but I soon came to
+see that even with 3/16, this method could no longer be maintained. At
+length I let her simply rap out the numerator--then I would ask for the
+denominator, and let her rap this, so that in the case of 3/16 she
+rapped the 3 first with her right paw; then gave the denominator, i.e.
+1 rap with her left paw and 6 again with her right. This mode or
+procedure came quite naturally to her, and so it was retained. The
+questions were practised in the following manner:--"How do you rap 3/8,
+12/6?" etc., and I followed this up with easy exercises such as: "How
+much is 2/8 + 1/4?" the simplified answer being "1/2." I had, as may be
+imagined, already given her repeated and detailed explanations on the
+subject before she was capable of giving such answers as "1/2," to the
+above question. Simplifying was also practised separately thus:
+"Simplify 20/16!" Answer: "1-1/4." this being given with "1 r" (pause)
+"1 r" (another pause); "and the denominator?" "4 r." To anyone
+following her actions, the meaning would appear quite distinct. I now
+determined that she should add together numbers having different
+denominators--as, for example: 1/4 + 1/3, and here I had myself to
+cogitate as to how this ought to be done, for at school, my enthusiasm
+for arithmetic had never been great and much of what I had then learnt
+has been forgotten. So I talked the question over with a friend--in
+Lola's presence and out loud--and finally arrived at the solution. As
+she had been listening most of the time while we sought, found, and
+discussed the solution, I soon ventured to put a few tests to her, and
+the answers proved that she had actually been listening while our
+conversation was going on, and that what we had talked about had
+lingered in her memory. By the way, it is reported of Jean Paul
+Richter, that when on some occasion a friend came to him desirous of
+talking over some matter, the nature of which none other was to know,
+Jean Paul said to his poodle, who was under the table: "Go outside, we
+want to be alone!" The dog vacated, and the poet remarked: "Now, sir,
+you can talk, for no one will hear us!"
+
+Lola solved the following problems:
+
+    "1/5 + 1/3 = ?"  A. "8/15."    "1/7 + 5/8 = ?"  A. "43/56."
+
+    "1/2 + 1/3 = ?"  A. "5/6."     "1/4 + 2/5 = ?"  A. "13/20."
+
+As the problems always took me longer than they did her I never checked
+them at the time, but went over them later, after she had given all her
+answers. I did this moreover, so that she should have no opportunity of
+tapping my thoughts and thus rely on me; indeed, I really _forced_ her
+to do her own thinking. For even if I did begin to calculate I did it
+so slowly, that she was rapping out her reply long before I was done. I
+say all this to my own shame, for Lola must have her due--and I never
+had a head for arithmetic myself!
+
+When she knew how to calculate time, I put the following question to
+her: "How many minutes are there in an hour and a half--less thirty
+minutes?" Answer: "60." "How many hours are there in 240 minutes?"
+Answer: "4." By this time Lola had also learnt the value of money.
+About the end of April, 1916, she could distinguish between such coins
+as 5 Pfennige, 10 Pfennige, 50 Pfennige; 1 Mark, 2 Mark, and 5 Mark,
+and could compute the value of the Mark in Pfennige. When showing my
+friends what she could do in the way of arithmetic, her money sums were
+a special feature and delighted everybody. Here is an example, the date
+being 31 May: I put the question: "12 Mark less 4 Mark 10 Pfennige?"
+adding--"Tell me the Mark!" Answer: "7." "And the Pfennige?" "90" (i.e.
+7 Mark 90 Pfennige.) Question: "What coins do you know?" Answer: "5,
+10, 50; 1, 2." "And what are they all?" "Fenig." (i.e. Lola's mode of
+spelling Pfennig.) "Lola, how much of a Mark are 50 Pfennige? The
+answer has to do with fractions." Answer: "1/2." "How much are 225
+Pfennige?" "2-1/4." "And 20 Pfennige?" "1/5." "And 60?" "3/5." "And
+3/20 Mark, how many Pfennige?" "20." _"No!_ "8/20 Mark?" Answer: "15."
+Towards the close of 1916 I taught her to raise numbers to various
+powers. At this she was slow in the beginning, but ultimately mastered
+it fairly well. She could soon answer such questions as--"3^3 = ?" with
+"27." And--"4^2 = ?" with "16," doing so, moreover, with ease; but up
+to now I have not been able to take her any further in the matter of
+extracting roots; in the first place I have had little time to give to
+it, and secondly, I am by no means on very sure ground there myself! I
+might, of course, have rubbed up my own rusty arithmetic had my
+interest in this particular accomplishment of Lola's been greater.
+But--for my own part, I attach greater importance to the psychological
+side of this question, and would far rather probe and delve within the
+depths of her dog-soul, exploring the extent of her other abilities,
+since arithmetic has already some brilliant exponents in, for instance,
+Krall's horses.
+
+
+
+
+WORKING WITH OTHER PERSONS.
+
+
+As may readily be imagined, it is by no means easy to induce an animal
+to work with any person it does not regard as its accepted teacher. On
+such occasions, it will behave like a small child, and be restless and
+even intractable. Often, too, while apparently willing, there may be
+something unfamiliar in the way in which a question is put (a matter
+for which no one can be blamed!), this resulting in the impossibility
+of getting an answer. Sometimes, too, the hand proffered to receive the
+replies is not held either straight or flat enough, or may not have the
+right slant that will enable the paw to rap without slipping off. Or,
+again a hand will be held too high, and thus cause much inconvenience
+to the animal. Then too, questions are carelessly worded, and seem
+strange to the method of thought to which its regular instructor has
+accustomed it, fresh explanations being then required to achieve any
+results at all. And so it comes, that only those can work successfully
+with animals who have already been frequently present at the teaching,
+and are then willing to try their luck, calmly and tranquilly--and
+quite alone with the animal, so as to carefully develop their own
+aptitude, as well as gain the confidence of their charge. It is true
+that in the case of the horses, others, besides Herr Krall, frequently
+did work with them. Indeed, my father got excellent answers from them,
+although he had to do with them for only a short time. But the matter
+seems rather more difficult with dogs; for one thing, they do not stand
+in front of a board--independently, so to speak--as do the horses; nor
+are they, from the beginning of their career as habitually accustomed
+to a variety of persons about them, at least, not to the extent that
+horses are. And yet they are sometimes quite ready to work with others,
+this being the case with Lola when I took her to Stuttgart, on a visit
+to a lady she already knew--Fraeulein M. D., and who had put a few
+questions to her when here at the farm, questions which she had
+answered quite correctly. At Stuttgart there was a larger circle of
+listeners, and Lola sat in their midst upon a table. Fraeulein M. D.
+stood beside me, and I asked her to put the question. I do not now
+remember what the question was, but I had extended my hand for the
+reply. Lola, however, turned to the speaker, and tapped the correct
+answer on that lady's arm, giving the second--and equally good one on
+Fraeulein M. D.'s proffered hand. Lola is also in the habit of answering
+my people with either "yes" or "no" as the case may be, and on one
+occasion--when I was away from home, having gone to Munich for three
+weeks--she remained with Frau Kindermann at Hohenheim, and during that
+time, gave replies to all kind of questions put to her by that lady, as
+the following report will show:
+
+    "REPORT OF FRAU PROFESSOR KINDERMANN IN HOHENHEIM
+
+    "On my asking Lola: 'Where is your mistress?' she
+    answered--'minchen!' (Muenchen). When I showed her the portrait of
+    my son Karl and asked--'Of whom is this a picture?' Lola at once
+    replied 'Karli.' On 28 October, I received a hamper of vegetables
+    from my mother--known to Lola as 'Mama,' to whom she had been on a
+    visit at Easter. Lola sniffed all the hamper over, then jumped
+    about and wagged her tail joyfully--so I inquired: 'Do you know who
+    the hamper is from?' 'Yes!' 'Then tell me!' 'Mama!' She did a few
+    sums with me every day; told the time; the days of the week, and
+    the temperature. Several acquaintances bore witness to the good
+    work she did--and Lola told them her age--after she had been given
+    the year of her birth. If I happened to be absent minded, Lola knew
+    at once how to deceive me, for she seemed then, instinctively aware
+    that I was not a match for her."
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Lola also solved many little sums set her by my friend, Fraeulein M. D.
+(at the time that lady had been staying with me on the farm to gain
+first-hand experience in the work), and on one occasion when Fraeulein
+M. D. said, "Where is your mistress?" Lola spelt out that I was in the
+"segenhaus," which was quite true, I having told her shortly before
+that I was going there. To the great amusement of the maids, Lola
+sometimes elected to work in the kitchen, with the little
+seven-year-old son of the housekeeper, and it is reported that her
+answers were frequently right. I feel sure, in fact, that Lola would
+work with anyone who was adapted to work with her, and that she would
+give as good an account of herself, with them, as she does with me.
+
+
+
+
+THE QUESTION OF POSSIBLE INFLUENCE
+
+
+Eighteenth May, 1916. Lola, who since the middle of April has been
+accustomed to giving her own independent, and often lengthy, answers,
+was now rapping very well. Her replies were to the point, decidedly
+apt, and often quite unexpected. Moreover she usually stuck obstinately
+to her own way--should I happen to think that something was incorrect,
+until--on giving in--I sometimes had to acknowledge that she had been
+right after all. Now, on the 18 May I said to her: "Lola, you must
+write to my father and thank him for the biscuits, he will then send
+you some more. This is the way to write a letter, one begins--'dear
+Father,' or just 'dear,' and then one tells what one is thinking about,
+you must, therefore, thank him--and when the letter is finished--you
+must put 'love from Lola'." Now then--begin. Lola started rapping out
+without further delay, and continued rapidly and "fluently"--so to
+speak--her letter running as follows: "lib, nach uns kom, ich una ..."
+(here I interrupted her, believing her about to say "ich und Henny")
+and asked "is this right?" She said it was: "but, Lola," I urged, "be
+sure you are careful! ought this not to be a 'd'?" "No!" she said. I
+was at a loss to make out where this "a" came in, but told her to go
+on--and Lola rapped: "... artig eben, oft we, kus ich!" So the "una"
+had been part of "unartig"! ( = "dear, come to us, I have just been
+naughty, often pains, kiss (you) I." Here she showed that she was quite
+certain in her own mind, and that in spite of my suggestions as to the
+form her letter should take, she was yet bent on following her own
+ideas, since there was no trace of "thanks!" Besides which, instead of
+concluding with "Lola," as I had proposed her doing, she elected to
+assert herself by putting _ich_ = "I!") "Naughty" referred, probably to
+a _strafe_ she had had about a quarter of an hour earlier for chasing
+the game, and the "often pain" to headache and to being tired. Anyway,
+this letter seems a brilliant proof of "independent thinking," and I
+shall be able to give several more equally fresh and original replies
+in a later chapter.[19]
+
+      [19] Chapter XVIII, "Spontaneous Answers."
+
+Up to this time, it had only been in the matter of _replies_ that I had
+been able to obtain independent communications, but, on 27 May, there
+was a new development to record: I had avoided asking her any questions
+for several days, for I had noticed that she seemed extremely tired.
+But by this day I thought she would probably be fit to do a reasonable
+amount of work: I have always abstained from this if she showed signs
+of evident fatigue. So I now asked her: "Lola! how is it you always
+know when my friend is coming? you knew it before she entered the house
+this morning!" "Gehoert," ( = heard) was the reply. "Then, if you know
+hers--do you know the sounds made by every one?" "No." "Only those whom
+you know well?" "Yes." Then Lola began wagging her tail near to the
+door, so I asked: "Who was outside?" Lola gave a "g," and then
+corrected it with "no." From her delight, I was inclined to think that
+it had been Frieda, a young girl who had been studying farming with me,
+and that this was the name Lola was about to rap out. So I discounted
+the "g" and the "no" and said: "It should be 'f'--shouldn't it?" (note:
+g = 17, f = 16.) Whereupon Lola continued and rapped--_Frieda_. I then
+looked out and saw to my astonishment that it was Guste, a new maid who
+had been in the house about a week. I said to Lola at once: "You were
+wrong, it was not Frieda, but the new maid--what is her name?" Lola
+began again----" ... "and again added "no ..." "Don't you know her
+name?" I inquired--but Lola replied "yes!" I turned the matter over in
+my mind, wondering how she had come to rap "Frieda" instead of "Guste,"
+and finally said to her: "Why did you give me a wrong answer, saying
+Frieda when it was Guste?" and Lola responded with, "You think!"
+"What?" said I, "did you _feel_ what I was thinking?" "Yes." "And do
+you _always_ feel what I think?" "Yes."
+
+This was something quite new, but I explained it to myself, and my view
+has proved to be correct in all subsequent tests undertaken by me. It
+is this: _Dogs are susceptible to thought-transference--also, that
+they are more particularly open to this when tired and when lazy.
+Further--they are open to such thought-transference even when not
+actually aware of the question--as for instance, in the present case,
+where it was a matter of the new servant's name, for here Lola had been
+able to "tap" my thoughts with respect to what was familiar to
+her_--(i.e. the name of the other maid) _but_ (and this is the most
+important point)--_a dog cannot receive impressions in respect of
+matters of which it has no knowledge_!
+
+For example, here Lola could not spell "Guste" in spite of the fact
+that I was expecting it quite as intently as I had looked for "Frieda"
+in the first instance; and what is more--I cannot get the dog to "take
+up" a new thought should she have already "made up her mind" about a
+matter, as on the occasion when she had been "naughty." It has
+constantly happened that Lola has held out against me in the matter of
+some figure in her sums and that--later on--I have found myself to have
+been at fault, this showing that the numerals "pictured" in my mind can
+have made no impression on hers; yet, on the other hand, it has also
+happened that she has accepted my inaccuracies--simply because she was
+tired, and did not want the trouble of "thinking for herself." Indeed,
+I could see as much in her eyes--there would be a sense of inertia
+about her, which indicated that she was only waiting to "guess" by
+means of _feeling_--a willing receptacle, as it were, ready to receive
+my thoughts. I have often made the attempt at "thinking" _new_ things
+into her head--but have found this quite impossible.
+
+Shortly after what has here been related, Lola became a "slacker" in
+the matter of thinking, and kept this up for days. As this pose made it
+impossible for me to put a serious test, I had recourse for some time
+to questions only, and--moreover--to questions as to which I could not
+be sure of the answer, without some trouble or calculation on my own
+part, for I felt that I might otherwise have really lost my patience
+with her--unless I had kept on strenuously suggesting the answer--as,
+for instance: "the stove is green!" Nor did I feel that I could have
+entirely relied on the inactivity of my subconsciousness, while thus
+intently thinking. So I kept to such questions as--"What will be the
+day of the week on such and such a date?" (Naming a date about three
+weeks ahead.) This precluded any possibility of thought-transference,
+for I simply ignored reckoning out the days myself. By the way, it is
+astounding that dogs should be receptive to thought-transference,
+though there are, of course, many proofs of a dog's acute and delicate
+susceptibility in relation to the thoughts of human beings, as well as
+a certain comprehension for a particular situation in which these may
+be placed. Yet such comprehension can only evince its true force when
+animals shall have learnt how to give expression to that of which they
+are aware. With reference to the incident which I have just cited, the
+thought that presented itself to me first, was that the entire process
+might possibly be no more than a matter of "suggestion." Yet, on
+probing further into the question, as well as by drawing comparisons,
+the conclusions arrived at only further confirmed what I have above
+stated. That this is so, will, I think, seem absolutely certain to
+anyone who reads through the whole of this book carefully--indeed, they
+will arrive at that conclusion without my labouring the question.
+
+It was only by degrees that Lola became amenable to thought-transference,
+and, in fact, this was only in accordance to the extent to which she
+became mistress of the human tongue. Now this trait might have
+degenerated into a serious failing, but, owing to the measures to which
+I resorted so as to obviate any evil results, it has almost entirely
+ceased. I now remain quite _passive_, while she is answering, trying to
+suppress any "thinking _with_ her," so that, when she tires, her own
+individuality may not be disturbed.
+
+
+
+
+ALTERATIONS AND MEMORY
+
+
+As I have endeavoured to make clear--Lola was, especially during the
+first month of tuition, exceedingly attentive at her lessons. Indeed,
+her rapid progress can only be ascribed to this, and to her good
+memory. Nor did she only evince this alertness at her studies, but
+noticed everything that went on round about her, even to the following
+of our conversations, her keenness was surprising. It is probable that
+every lively and intelligent dog follows what is being said in its
+presence, and notes our play of feature--this accounting for the
+demonstrations of sympathy, and other symptoms of partisanship or of
+aversion they so constantly show. In general, however, such intuitive
+response is due rather to the dog's memory, and can only be brought to
+the surface and recognized where the "Spelling Method" has become a
+familiar mode of expression. Indeed, it may be said that its
+attentiveness begins then to extend over a far greater field of
+interest.
+
+On the 19 April, 1916, several ladies--as yet unknown to Lola--were in
+the room with me. She was sitting near the window and dividing her
+attention between what was going on outside and in the room. After
+about half an hour she did some sums and some spelling, acquiting
+herself very well. For fun she was then asked the name of one of my
+guests (N.B. the lady's name was really Fraeulein Herbster.) (Herbst =
+autumn, so we usually call her Spring) "What's the name of this girl?"
+I said: "Fruehling" ( = Spring) was her reply at once--so that she must
+most obviously have been listening to us while we were talking.
+
+On the 25 April of the same year, I went on a visit to Hohenheim,
+taking Lola with me. While there I showed her a picture painted by
+Ferdinand Leeke and said: "That was done by 'Uncle' who came to stay
+with us at the farm, at the time when Lola was allowed to go for her
+first drive in the carriage with the two horses." (This event having
+made a great impression on her.) "Do you remember 'Uncle's' name?" I
+added. "Yes!" "What is it?" "leke!" The visit had taken place quite
+three weeks ago.
+
+On the 20 May I took Lola to tea at S----. She did her work there
+excellently--both in viva voce arithmetic, as well as in the written
+tests put to her, and also counted dots, etc. After this the
+conversation became general, and Lola was not noticed. But in the
+course of the afternoon I told my friends that I had been to
+Hagenbeck's Circus a few days before, and that I had seen a monkey
+dressed as a man, and that it had eaten most daintily, cycled, and done
+other tricks. This had been a mere casual remark, and in about an
+hour's time I had returned home with Lola. But that same evening, when
+I was sitting reading, Lola came and rapped my hands--inquiring--"wer
+afe?" ( = who monkey?) I was at the moment so absent minded that I did
+not grasp what she was after--but she repeated "afe!" Then it suddenly
+flashed into my mind--and I did my best to illustrate the performance
+to her entire satisfaction. I gave an earlier conclusive proof of her
+memory when I mentioned her recollection of the yard-stick after the
+very brief explanation I had given her on the subject two months
+previously. Spontaneous remarks have been allotted a special chapter in
+this book, and may assist in proving what has already been stated, but
+I should like here to add an example of how animals put a matter "to
+themselves," as it were, when the thing _heard_ has not been mentally
+digested, so to speak--or may even be quite incomprehensible to them.
+
+On 26 July, 1916, I said: "Lola! now _you_ think of something to ask
+_me_!" "Yes!" "Well, what is it to be?" "Yes, o h o." "What is the
+question? What am I to do with that word; the sentence is not complete,
+is it?" "What means?" "You want to know what _oho_ means?" "Yes, yes!"
+
+If we but consider the manner in which a dog will listen--with ears
+erect--to every word we say, the question Lola put to me will seem most
+natural! It even "comes naturally" to her to use words which are "above
+her head," so to speak, as for instance, when she said "surogat"--and
+in the case of Rolf, who referred to the "Urseele!" ( = the primeval
+soul!) Words such as these are "picked up" by them much in the way that
+children use words they do not know the meaning of: there may be
+something in the sound that attracts them, but sometimes they make a
+guess at the meaning, and in the case of animals, the guess is often a
+very good one. In Lola this "Art of Guessing" almost led to a sort of
+Romance!
+
+In my Protocol of 14 December, I have the following entry: Yesterday I
+asked Lola to tell me why dogs prefer being with human beings rather
+than with other dogs--and I asked her the same question again to-day.
+Lola answered: "eid" ( = oath). "What is that? you were to answer me
+to-day: say something properly!" "ich eid." "Oh! I don't understand
+this! tell me nicely!" "Eid fuer hunde." "What is _oath_ to mean?" "Zu
+schweigen!" ( = to be silent) "_What_? have you promised that to each
+other?" "Yes." "Who told you that?" "Frechi." (This was one of the dogs
+on the farm.) "Frechi? and what has that to do with you? Nonsense, had
+you told me so yesterday I should have known now! Say 'we are happy'
+otherwise I shall think you are telling me stories: now _why_?" "Wegen
+iren augen und iren sorgen one ruhe" ( = because of their eyes and
+their sorrows without ceasing). Lola was very tired when she had
+finished, but it had all been rapped out clearly and carefully, without
+a single correction. Later I said: "Lola, do you like being with me?"
+"Yes." "Why?" "ich gut ura?" Now this was quite incomprehensible, so I
+said: "What do dogs feel when they look at the eyes and see the sorrows
+of people?" "No." "Yes, tell me?" Then with hesitation: "libe...."
+(Liebe = love) and to this day I feel touched at these answers. How
+often in trouble and in sorrow have we not found relief in a dog's
+sympathy, and been glad to call it a friend in our sufferings? How
+often has not a dog's eye filled with understanding when its master has
+sat alone and lost in grief--coming, perhaps, and gently laying its
+head upon his knees--fixing its faithful gaze on him until at length he
+might be moved to smile, feeling that--after all--he was not alone?
+Dogs! may this not be your true vocation? Indeed, this thought
+possessed me for a long time. This sensitive aspect had not been so
+apparent to me until now ... I had been so keen on the objective tests
+and on all that they meant--and now I was almost ready to reproach
+myself, for had I not centred my love and intelligence on science
+alone: and only in a secondary sense upon the dog?...
+
+16 December, 1916. On this date I returned to the subject, and said to
+Lola: "Why do dogs go to people when they see them in sorrow--what is
+it they then want?" "tresten" (troesten = to console).
+
+"Tell me, Lola, of all the people you know, who has the most sorrows?"
+"herni ..." But she hesitated, and then turned the "r" into an "n," so
+that I saw she meant me (Henny)--and yet the spelling had been done
+with some uncertainty, so I said: "I thought you would have named
+someone else, whom all dogs love--do you know who I mean?" "Yes."
+
+"Did you mean my friend?" "No." "Who then?" "her zigler!" (Herr Dr.
+Ziegler) "Then why did you tell a story just now? Did you think I
+should be pleased to think you meant me?..."
+
+Later in the afternoon Lola was in a state of great depression; "What
+is the matter?" I asked. "er in or ist aus!" I questioned her more
+closely, so as to get at the meaning of this enigmatical remark: "What
+'in ear'?" (or being meant for Ohr = ear). She replied: "eid zu sagen"
+( = oath to tell--or to say) adding "ich auch aus" ... ( = I also done
+for). She looked absolutely miserable, and dropped down in a limp heap
+between rapping out each word, as though bereft of all will-power. I
+was beginning to feel quite distracted about her: "Lola!" I cried, "Is
+there no way of putting it right again? Oh, there must be!" "Yes."
+"Then I will help you!" but again she rapped: "er ist aus!" (Ehre ist
+aus = honour is gone). She could only answer concerning something she
+had in her head, and she did so restlessly--though quite distinctly.
+The whole thing seemed quite incredible! "Lola!" I urged, "how can it
+be put right?" "e zu...." and here Lola cowered down miserably, and
+remained so for the rest of the day.
+
+17 December. To-day Lola ran away, returning at length as depressed as
+ever and bleeding. After I had bathed the wounds on her neck and ears I
+was glad to find that they were after all, no more than deep scratches.
+"How did this happen?" I asked. "ich one er." "_How did it happen_? did
+you run against a tree?" "Dog." "What dog?" "az...." "Tell me
+properly!" "kuhno." (Kuhno was a fox-terrier in a building near by.)
+"And were people present?" "Yes." "Who?" "wilhelm." (And this, as I
+later ascertained, was the case.)
+
+18 December: Lola looked as if she had been crying, so again I said:
+"What is the matter, Lola?" "No." "Lola! _do_ tell me?" "zu rechnen" (
+= her mode of expression when making evasive remarks). "No, Lola! tell
+me why you have been crying?" "zu sagen swer" ( = schwer: difficult to
+tell). "No! tell me and I will help you!" I urged (I had incidentally
+drawn her attention to the above mistake--the "s" instead of the
+"sch"). "Why difficult?" "wegen er." After a pause I asked again: "Why
+are you getting so thin, Lola?" (for she had lost flesh considerably
+during the last three days). "ich so wenig er." "Wenig essen?" ( = you
+have eaten little?) I suggested--"no"--"Say the last word again." "er!"
+She kept harping on the same word--Ehre = honour: there could be no
+further doubt about this, for the missing "h" was of no importance
+since I had taught her to spell all words according to their sound
+only--as there would have been no object in teaching her _our_
+orthography, embodying, as it does, so much that is cumbersome and
+superfluous.
+
+21 December: Lola was still in the same broken condition: she had been
+off after the game since about mid-day on the 20th, and had only
+returned home in the evening. I addressed her with evident displeasure
+in my voice, saying: "Have you any excuse to make for such behaviour?"
+"Yes." "Then what is it?" "ich one er." ( = I am without honour). "But,
+Lola! you are only making things worse--if you are naughty and go off
+like this after the game!" "zu schwer zu leben!" ( = too difficult to
+live!). "Lola! how can honour be made good again?" "wen ich sterbe!" (
+= if I die!) ... and here the "romance" ended (but not Lola's life!).
+After a few days she got better and soon became as lively as ever--the
+wild and excitable creature she is by nature, whom none would take to
+be the mother of four children--and a "learned dog"--into the bargain!
+The thing is--could the dog have caught up an _impression_ from some
+human mind--something she had heard said in conversation, and which she
+had--in some mysterious way--assimilated and applied to her own life? I
+cannot tell, but I almost feel as if this must have been the case.
+There can be no doubt that animals _have_ a sense of honour, yet it
+would seem unlikely for it to function in the manner above narrated.
+Yet how much remains still unaccounted for within a dog's soul--how
+many attempts at unravelling will have to be made before the right
+clues have been touched, which shall lead us to our goal within this
+labyrinth. There is so much which it is impossible to bring into
+co-ordination with the human psyche, for though there are many
+fundamental impulses, common to both man and beast, we cannot approach
+the subject, nor yet measure it according to our human standards, where
+the psychology of a dog is in question. Another thing: in educating
+these dogs specially reared for experimental work--we should be careful
+on no account to suppress those instincts, which are natural to them as
+_dogs_--i.e. their "dog-individuality," transforming this--either by
+praise or blame. Just as certain conceptions and feelings, held by
+different peoples differ fundamentally, so too, has every animal a
+_something_ which is _its very own_, an _innate something_, and
+this--in order to successfully accomplish our ends--must be held
+inviolate. Now, this is, of course, very difficult--since to instruct
+and educate an animal is, of itself, an infringement on its true
+nature--and, indeed, the same might be said respecting the life it
+leads among human beings. Yet I believe that where an animal _feels_
+that its own inner nature is left unmolested we may often succeed in
+"_hearing the animal speak within the animal_" (if I may so put it),
+rather than its "human connexion." That sentence of Lola's: "wegen
+ihren Augen und Sorgen ohne Ruhe" ( = because of their eyes and their
+sorrows without ceasing) certainly "rang true"--one could feel it as
+the answer was being given--yet--where the meaning is dubious, as in
+some of her replies which followed this one, decision becomes difficult
+indeed!
+
+
+
+
+THE CONNEXION OF IDEAS
+
+
+The ability to definitely connect one idea with another is clearly
+apparent in the animal mind, and may be attributed to its excellent
+memory and powers of attention. In everyday-life this becomes apparent
+as the reflex of their experiences, the impressions of which, having
+once impinged on their sensibility have left their mark, so to speak,
+and this experience thus practically acquired, shows itself at times as
+the shrewdest of wisdom, even though we may now know how their "power
+of reasoning" was arrived at--without words. We need only think of the
+way in which animals have time and again rescued their masters--going
+for assistance in the most intelligent way--this being but one of the
+many examples which occur to my mind. Nevertheless, a combination of
+thoughts, such as is carried out purely on the _mental_ plane is only
+possible in the case of an animal that has been trained. I had a very
+pretty example of this on 14 September, 1916. I had taken Lola with me
+to a neighbouring estate. The rain was coming down in torrents, and we
+sat beneath the sheltering roof of the balcony and gazed out at this
+flood. "Where does the rain come from--Lola?" I asked; "uzu," she
+replied. "And what does that mean?" I queried. "heaven." "And what is
+the water wanted for?" She hesitated and tapped--"ich zu taun!" "What
+does _taun_ mean? tell me differently!" (as I thought she was evading a
+direct answer). "funo!" "Nonsense!" "yes!" "I want to know what _taun_
+means!" "when I don't hear!" "Nonsense! '_when you don't hear!_'--there
+is some letter wrong!" "yes." "What should it be?" "b." "Taub?" ( =
+deaf). "yes."
+
+A week earlier I had explained "eyes" and "ears" to her, and the
+meaning of blindness and deafness, and yet could not make out why she
+was now using the word "taub" in this connexion.
+
+"Did you mean that you did not understand me?" "no." "Then why did you
+say that?" "ich er (rather reluctantly) ... or ..." "Well----? and what
+more?" "I won't say!" "You won't tell me?" "yes!" The next day I
+returned to this question, for I could not make out why she gave me
+such answers, and made such excuses. She well knew how determined I
+could be in the matter of "catechising," and that I will stand no
+"nonsense" when she begins her little game of rapping "1!"--the meaning
+of which, she had once informed me, was "_I won't tell!_" and the
+sequel to which I generally found to be that she would put me off with
+any word that might just happen to come into her head. But why had this
+remark occurred to her yesterday? I wanted to get to the bottom of it,
+so returning to the attack, said: "Why wouldn't you tell me yesterday
+what water is good for?" "I thought of ear!" "What has water to do with
+'ear'?" "water in ear horrid!" Here, then, was the reason! In her very
+fear she had not been able to bring forth her true answer--for, owing
+to me, the water had got into her ears--and made this lasting and
+unpleasant impression--when she was being bathed--or when I threw her
+into a stream! The reader may already have noticed other instances
+where a direct connexion of ideas has occurred. I have purposely
+abstained from pointing to the obvious in each case, believing that
+anyone who is keenly interested will do so quickly enough for himself,
+and I am loth to weary my Public by needless repetitions.
+
+
+
+
+SPONTANEOUS REPLIES
+
+
+Spontaneous replies provide a special proof of this ability to form
+independent thoughts, and is found both among horses and dogs. Such a
+reply is indeed the sudden and evident utterance of some thought, and
+of a thought which--to it--transcends all other thoughts at the moment:
+one which regardless of all other questions which may at the time be
+put to it, looms largest, and the animal will therefore utter this
+remark, asked or unasked--and quite independently of any question, but
+more after the manner of "making an observation." Such a thought may
+have nothing to do with the subject in hand, and persons who are
+participating in this conversation _a deux_, can only arrive at the
+inference of ideas after having carefully thought the matter over--it
+may also be that they will fail to see any association of ideas at all.
+Now, it is indisputable that such replies belong to the most important
+category--for they may serve as proofs to those who themselves have not
+worked with animals for any length of time, and who, therefore, cannot
+become sincerely convinced as to the truth of the matter by travelling
+the longer road of personal test and experience. The teacher of any
+horse or dog of good parts does not need this proof: there are
+thousands of small instances which in their sum total prove
+important--trivial and uncertain though each one may be, when regarded
+by itself. It would be difficult to know how to convey these to anyone
+in words: glances, movements, a certain "live appeal"--it would require
+a poet to catch and fix--in short--to idealize--telling us the true
+inwardness, so that we might indeed comprehend ... and even then he
+would, I fear, make for weariness, when grappling with what well may
+seem interminable.[20] Here are a few examples:
+
+      [20] The poet, Hans Mueller, has touched most eloquently on the
+      power to think latent in animals in his book, "Die Kunst sich zu
+      freuen."
+
+16 May, 1916: Lola was doing arithmetic and I had given her some new
+sums. Suddenly, instead of calculating, she gives--"not reckon." I
+asked her the date, she replied "16"--adding of herself "too little to
+eat." In the course of the afternoon, Lola, who had gone with me to tea
+at B. L.'s, was shown some pictures: "What is that?" she was asked.
+"re," (ein Reh = a deer) "segen haus, ich wenig nur arbeite." "Will you
+do more here?" "yes." "Arithmetic?" "Yes, yes!" (very joyfully) and
+excellent replies followed.
+
+3 January, 1916: On this date I began teaching her the capital letters
+of the Latin alphabet; A = a, B = b, and so on, when she suddenly
+"butted in" with "go out." As she had worked very well up to that
+moment I opened the door and let her out. But in five minutes she was
+back, looking anything but pleased; "Well, didn't you like it?" I
+asked; "no!" "Why?" "come too!" I venture to think that I have here
+given good proof in the matter of "spontaneous" utterances, the best,
+perhaps, being the one given at B. L.'s, where she complained of having
+done insufficient work, for her fault-finding was generally the other
+way round! But she has always loved to show off in that particular
+circle, sensing no doubt the friendly interest taken in her there.
+
+
+
+
+WRONG AND UNCERTAIN ANSWERS
+
+
+If Lola is tired she will either not work at all, or--at most--work
+badly, which is but natural! Yet there is another and even more
+frequent reason than fatigue for her indifferent work. The dog may to
+all appearances be bright and fresh--leading me to expect the very best
+results, and yet--with everything seemingly in her favour, she may that
+day be an utter failure. This is particularly unpleasant if on one of
+these occasions visitors happen to be present, and more especially
+should there be sceptics among them. For this failure to respond where
+the subject happens to be one in which she has repeatedly given
+brilliant proofs of what she really _can_ do, is embarrassing and
+humiliating, for then those who are only too ready to scoff merely feel
+their case strengthened. Indeed, it needs some determination to keep
+one's temper on such occasions, yet to "let oneself go" even for one
+moment--would mean weeks of painful and laborious uphill work in order
+to regain the dog's confidence. One is often entirely at a loss as to
+the reason of this "inward withstanding," which may even elude long and
+careful investigation. Now and again the answers may not be forthcoming
+when one is alone with her, and behold--! a stranger enters the room,
+and she becomes all friendly eagerness to do her best: then again, the
+exact reverse of this may be the case, or on some days she may be
+useless both alone and before company. There have been times when she
+has been delightful and engaging in every way--till work was mentioned
+... when the whole expression of her face would change, and she would
+assume her "stupid look," deliberately, so it would seem, rapping out
+the simplest answer wrongly! The very act of rapping is at such times a
+mere careless dragging of her paw--as though it had nothing to do with
+the rest of her body. Pleading, threats, the nicest of tit-bits--all
+are then unavailing, and she remains _seemingly_ idiotic--the mere
+sight of her being enough to drive one wild!--for low be it spoken--_it
+is the sheerest impudence_!!! Indeed, the visitor who does not know
+her, and happens to "strike" on one of these bad days, would have to be
+dowered with more than his share of amiability and imagination, should
+he be able to mentally visualize anything approaching "brilliant
+accomplishments" in the face of one of these fiascos. Whether these
+"turns" be due to sudden obstinacy, to some feeling of injury inflicted
+either by myself or the onlooker--to what on earth such tempers be due
+I cannot tell! but I have put up with this sort of thing for two hours
+at a stretch sometimes, keeping my self-control till at length I have
+had to rush out of the room--relinquishing every hope of victory for
+that day, and with a feeling of what seemed almost hatred against this
+unreasonable beast! although I must say that such feelings do not last
+very long--for I am not a good "hater"--and then ... Lola would soon
+try to "make it up again" in some touching way!
+
+I may say that for the first four months she worked splendidly before
+strangers, and quite as well with me, but from that time onward her
+work was equally _uncertain_--both in the presence of others and when
+alone with me. I know of no cause for this, I can only say that I often
+seemed to "sense" about her a feeling as though she considered these
+labours superfluous; as though she had become in a manner
+"disillusioned" as to the "results" accruing from her work. Was the
+praise, or were the rewards inadequate? the fact remains, that on such
+days utterly senseless answers were the most one could get after
+constant and persuasive questioning, while the solutions of her sums
+would be completely wrong. When once the novelty was gone, indifference
+and lack of interest soon took its place, and this applies to
+everything she learnt. In the beginning, close attention, and keen
+alertness--resulting in ready and intelligent replies, then a sudden
+slackening, so that it would seem useless for me to pursue the same
+subject again for weeks. This tiresome trait (which, by the way, I can
+in part appreciate) may, I fear, in time attack her spelling too--and
+then everything will be over, as far as Lola is concerned. Not that she
+will be getting more stupid with increasing age! indeed, as she grows
+older, she will probably be better than ever able to understand what is
+said to her, but she will no longer find it worth her while to pull
+herself together so as to do decent work. I shall, of course, do all I
+can as far as trying to influence her so as to put off the evil
+moment--but the fact is that one has here to do with a remarkably
+sensitive and obstinate living-creature, and one that is quite
+able--though in a passive way--to maintain its own standpoint.
+
+I shall now give a few specimens of the _almost_ unintelligible answers
+dragged from her, as it were, after much grave reproach:
+
+16 August, 1916: "Lola, rap something!" "mal one lif unartig sein."
+"What is the meaning of 'lif'? do you mean 'when you ran'?" (lief =
+ran, the past tense of laufen = to run). "no." "Did you learn that word
+from me?" "yes." "Then explain yourself." "ich rante in wald zu re" ( =
+I ran in the wood after deer). Apparently she was in no mood for
+explanations, and it was only after wrestling with her that I could get
+any sequence of words at all. At other times when urged to get on with
+the subject she will in her contrariness rap as follows: "o zu ich" or
+"e wo zu" or "zum zu wozu" or "we" and so on--letters with which it is
+rarely possible to put together even such small words as _wo_ ( =
+where) or _zu_ ( = to, or for) and the longer one persists on such
+occasions, the more senseless her remarks become; it is the rarest
+thing for her to suddenly pull herself together so as to give a proper
+answer. And here again I can find no excuse for her behaviour; though
+it may be that she dislikes my persistence, and therefore has recourse
+to any nonsense by way of a quick reply! So as to get her in some
+manner to recognize the errors of her ways I have again and again
+persevered with the utmost patience, so as to arrive at some consistent
+answer--yet all I have succeeded in arousing, has been increased
+reluctance on the dog's part.
+
+
+
+
+MATTERS WHICH--SO FAR--ARE UNACCOUNTED FOR, OR UNEXPLAINED
+
+
+As will, indeed, be evident, there is still much that remains
+unexplained; much that it will be the task of the future to throw light
+upon. Tests which have been but uncertain in their results; accidental
+discoveries, the importance of which only becomes evident, after the
+results have been tested in connexion with a number of animals. Among
+these may be placed the more recent experiments dealing with the sense
+of scent, undertaken by Professor Jaeger, and in this category should
+be placed also what I think to be a rather interesting test connected
+with Lola: I was at the time staying with my family at Hohenheim, and I
+asked the dog how many pups her mother had had--including herself: she
+answered "12." I inquired of Professor Kraemer if this was so, and he
+said that at the time at which he had seen them there had only been
+eleven. I then made the same inquiry in Mannheim, and found that there
+had been twelve, but that one had died immediately after birth. It was
+the only instance of which Lola knew about a dog having pups, so one
+day I asked her in fun (19 June, 1916). "How many children will you
+have?" (Thinking that the answer would be 12). At first she replied
+with "yes!" "Do you know how many? why that's impossible!" But she
+rapped "9." "How many boys?" I asked. "3." "And how many girls?" "6." I
+thought that this statement was due merely to her desire to make some
+answer, so I put the same question the next day--but the reply was
+again, "9." So I told my friend about this and we awaited the
+interesting event in much suspense--it took place on the 22 June, 1916,
+in the presence of my friend, the housekeeper and myself and--_there
+were nine puppies_! two males and seven little lady-dogs. I kept two of
+each, the others being put to death at once by one of the farm hands,
+for--owing to the war, as well as to the fact that the pups were not
+thoroughbreds, I could not undertake to bring them all up. But, the
+question is--how could Lola have known that there would be nine?[21]
+
+      [21] At a meeting held by the Rolf Society at Stuttgart,
+      Professor Ziegler accounted for this accurate knowledge by
+      declaring that--prior to birth--the puppies lie in a row within
+      their mother's womb, and that if one moves, the others proceed to
+      move also, but only one after the other.
+
+
+
+
+ALTERATIONS IN CHARACTER
+
+
+As a result of all that has here been stated, the question may very
+naturally arise: are there any indications such as lead to suspect a
+change of character, or do any other practical results follow on these
+educational tests? Now, Lola is by nature lovable, lively, full of fun,
+and she has retained these traits to the present day. Her great
+excitability has diminished, it is true, but this is probably due to
+her having grown more staid with years. Yet a difference is also to be
+found where her character--her dog-soul--is in question: it may be
+noticed in the suspicious way in which she now regards people, as
+though she were "drawing comparisons" between them and herself. We
+have, in fact, fallen somewhat in her estimation. She "asks"--so to
+speak--as to where our vaunted superiority may lie, and would seem to
+compare her newly-acquired knowledge--together with the existence
+forced upon her--with the life that is ours. Since she has made these
+"educational advances" one can often see in her eyes something that
+amounts to an angry reproach--something like an impatient question, as
+to _why_ we have so much food and freedom as compared with what is
+meted out to her. She follows our thoughts to a great extent, and our
+abilities no longer seem to impress her, since--to her--it is only
+those which she herself has mastered that come under this heading at
+all, and here--a slight contempt for the "oppressor" is often
+discernable. There is also a greater show of independence and frequent
+contrariness, owing to her diminished respect for our "species," in
+short--it becomes more difficult to deal with the dog. The days of
+blind confidence are past--even though an innate sense of devotion to
+man remains, for what has just been said, seems always to occur more as
+the result of "moments of reflection." Indeed, this entire educational
+process would have little that is joyful about it, were it not for the
+feeling that the animal understands its friend, and is in a position to
+converse with us within certain limits, and this outweighs and
+compensates for all the rest!
+
+As to the practical results--I can say little that is favourable. The
+dog's _thinking_ seems to be at variance with her acts: thought can
+therefore, have little influence upon a dog's behaviour, for--as has
+been the case with dogs of every kind, from time immemorial--its
+actions are due to the excitement of the outer senses, such as scent,
+taste, and hearing, and any emotions observable are but the direct and
+inward continuation of those external sensations, and, as such, last
+but for a given time. What we may term the "thought form" that is bound
+to any given _word_, representing objective thought in its simplest
+form, rotates within a very limited circle, and is powerless over the
+animal's feeling. For instance: Lola knows that she is forbidden to
+"hunt" i.e. to go after the game, etc., indeed she has shown in many of
+her replies that she is well aware of what "totgeschossen" ( = to be
+shot dead) means. And yet--once the scent is up, off she goes, and
+nothing will prevent her--for, she _must_ go!
+
+This is a particularly strong characteristic which beating and being
+deprived of her food may sometimes _check_, but which her own powers of
+reflection do not cure: and it is the same thing with most of her
+faults. At times it will be unreasoning obstinacy, but even where she
+uses a certain amount of reflection, the _result_ is identical. It has
+been no better where--with the help of thought--we have endeavoured to
+bring about actual results. An animal can be got to understand and
+carry out certain injunctions, such as--"sit up and beg," "lift up your
+paw," "go to your bed," "go out of the door," and much more of the
+same description, while after instruction it will understand "behind
+the stove lies a biscuit," yet _action_ seldom results from such
+knowledge. The dog's eyes will brighten, and it is evident that it has
+perfectly well comprehended the meaning of the words, indeed--this much
+can be easily ascertained by questioning it--but the dog will seem
+incapable of translating what it has comprehended into action. At such
+times Lola will rush about, as if her limbs would not obey--as though
+the influence she could bring to bear on them was not sufficiently
+powerful--and the final result is excitement. Connexion with the
+motor-nerves does not come into being in response to the action of the
+cerebrum. As the result of repeated written and spoken orders it is
+possible (with a certain amount of additional aid) to set up this
+connexion from without, yet, even then, the actual effect is but
+moderately successful. On the other hand, action in the reverse
+way--from the nerves or senses to the brain--is easy where the dog is
+concerned. Lola can report about things she has done, such as--"saw
+deer," "drank milk," "went into wood," "was naughty," "ate some of the
+cow," for reflection gives more time to master the subject, and to
+notice what is past, and this will therefore show, that in the way of
+practical results, the best will be those obtained by asking a dog what
+he has seen, heard, or scented, etc. Indeed, it is along these lines
+that the police dogs have proved their worth and importance. Yet it is
+very necessary that one should make sure that one's dog is not a liar,
+but an animal capable of taking up its job in the right manner. With
+our present knowledge, however, we are unlikely to achieve very much,
+since we cannot say to a dog--"go here or there"--or--"take this letter
+to so and so."
+
+Not but what dogs have--in exceptional cases and after training--learnt
+to carry out such instructions, but it has resulted _without their
+thought-activity having been developed_. They get familiar with a
+certain road, and--basket in mouth--they will proceed to the baker's
+but--independently of habit and external impression--by the mere appeal
+to the brain or by means of the most persuasive words, we can attain to
+nothing worth mentioning, nothing that could be of distinct value,
+where a dog is kept for use. The sense, the object, and the reason for
+this educational work must be sought on other grounds.
+
+
+
+
+A VARIETY OF ANSWERS
+
+
+It was some time after Lola had mastered the art of spelling before I
+was able to get her to make independent replies. The first of these was
+given on the 13 April, 1916, and from that time onward they became
+easier and more frequent: most of those I have set down date from that
+period. These answers were at once noted, according to their numerals,
+and when the sentence was complete it was transposed into letters of
+the alphabet. Whenever there were any spelling mistakes, the words were
+placed before her, and she was told to name each successive wrong
+letter in reading over her answer. As _I_ knew the equivalent letters,
+I was able to write them down at once, and if the reply was a short one
+and no paper at hand, I could memorize the letters, and enter them in a
+book as soon as the lesson was over--adding the questions to which such
+answers had been given as well as the dates. All other questions and
+answers, as well as particulars relating to new exercises were also set
+down here.
+
+Here is an answer I received from her on the 13 April, 1916: Lola was
+staying with me at Hohenheim, where we had arrived on the previous day,
+and I proceeded to Stuttgart in the morning. When I got home in the
+evening I asked Lola: "Is it nice here? have you had good food at
+father's?" to which the answer--quite wide of the mark--was--"wo wald?"
+( = where is the wood?) For I had been telling her about all she would
+be able to enjoy and that, among other delights, there would be the
+woods; as however, her afternoon walk had only lain through the fields,
+her mind was now absorbed with the one idea--"where was the wood?"--to
+the oblivion of everything else.
+
+15 April: On this day the written question was put to her: "Why does
+Lola like going in the woods?" the reply was at once forthcoming, and I
+dictated it to Frau Professor Kindermann. "Where there is wood also
+deer and hare"--she was not quite clear in her spelling at first,
+indeed, in this respect she sometimes reminds one of a foreigner--as
+also in the matter of her grammatical mistakes.
+
+The next day, after having done a few sums to please some friends who
+were present, she was asked: "Who is the dog in the room?" "I!" she
+replied--not "Lola" as we had all expected. (Rolf has as yet never
+alluded to himself as "I"!)
+
+Two days later she was asked in writing: "How many dogs can reckon and
+spell?" To this she began her reply in a very brisk and lively mood,
+but soon wavered, as though at a loss for the right expressions, then
+followed a short pause--and finally she resumed her rapping with
+renewed animation. The reply, it will be noticed, is detailed, and does
+not keep to the plain question that had been put. "how many have been
+taken (for it)? Rolf talks, counts; two more" (short pause) "I also,
+also heinz and ilse." For, so as to fire her ambition, I had told her
+about her brother and sister, Heinz and Ilse.
+
+19 April: "Lola," I asked, "what was it that ran away from you on the
+meadow?" "cat!" "What did you want to do with the poor cat?" "kill!"
+"Have you no pity?" "no!" "Then is the cat right if she kills you?"
+"_no!_" "Why?" (The reply to this was rapped indistinctly.) "Have you
+no pity for any man or animal?" "for dog!"...
+
+22 April: I had told her that my brother was coming, and that he wore a
+field-grey coat and was a soldier. When he arrived I said to her: "Who
+is this?" "Your brother."
+
+Next day she was asked in writing: "What did Lola see swimming in the
+water?" "duck!" I had shown her a duck on the previous afternoon.
+
+26 April: On this day Lola appeared before Professors Kraemer, Mack,
+Kindermann and Ziegler, of Hohenheim, which resulted in these gentlemen
+forwarding the following statement to the "Mitteilungen fuer
+Tierpsychologie" ( = Communications respecting the psychology of
+Animals), series 1916; Number 1, p. 11:
+
+    "EXAMINATION OF LOLA BY PROFESSORS KRAeMER, MACK, KINDERMANN AND
+    ZIEGLER
+
+    "In our presence Lola solved a number of sums, such as: 5 + 8 = 13.
+    30 + 10 - 15 = 25. 4 Mark - 1 mark 20 = 2 mark. 80.
+
+    "She next counted the number of persons present. After this,
+    several dots were scattered about a sheet of paper: at first she
+    put their number down as 19--but corrected this to 18. Lola then
+    told us the time: it was 4.16m., and after this she did some
+    spelling. When shown the picture of a flower she rapped: "blum"
+    (Blume = flower), and to my somewhat faulty drawing of a cat she
+    responded with "tir" (Tier = animal), while finally to the question
+    of what was the name of the Mannheim dog she replied "mein fadr"
+    (Vater = father)--we all having expected her to say Rolf. Then
+    followed the musical tests which amazed us most of all, for here
+    she exhibited an ability lacking in many an individual."
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+27 April: Lola very tired: groans and does everything wrong. I said:
+"Are you lazy?" She replies "no." "Then why are you answering so
+badly?" "go!" "Who is to go?" "_tired!_"
+
+29 April: I asked Lola why she had not attended to me on the 22nd,
+when--on a country expedition we had made together--she had insisted on
+running after the game when I had called her back. I had had to hunt
+after her for ten hours the next day, finding her--by the merest
+chance--at a peasant's house. She had settled down there alongside of a
+sheep-dog to watch the sheep, and seemed by no means pleased to see me;
+usually she is delighted! Her reply on this occasion was--"Lola went in
+wood, also lay down and was hungry." I returned to the question later
+in the afternoon when she made the rejoinder--"sought, didn't find."
+
+30 April: Once more I returned to the incident mentioned above and Lola
+answered "to marry a dog"--(the consequences of this escapade becoming
+apparent, when Lola presented us with her litter of pups on 22 June).
+Then Lola added a spontaneous remark on her own account for, seeing a
+biscuit in my hand, she rapped "I to eat!"
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+On 1 May little was forthcoming in the matter of arithmetic--with which
+we always began our lessons, for Lola rapped: "too tired."
+
+3 May: In reply to my question as to what she had had to eat at the
+peasant's house she said: "milk."
+
+The next day I asked her "where is my friend living now?" to which she
+answered. "Hanhof." (N.B. A name under which she includes the entire
+district). "What is the colour of the woods now?" And she answered.
+"Green." Then "Why are you looking at me so crossly?" "We." "In your
+head?" "Yes." "What has given you a headache?" "Learning."
+
+8 May: Lola had been rolling herself about in some frightfully smelly
+mess--a thing she, like other dogs, never loses an opportunity of
+doing. "Do you _like_ that smell?" I asked. "Yes!" "But don't you know
+quite well that I do _not_ like it?" "Yes!" "Then why do you always
+do it again and again?" "I love it so!" The same afternoon, after her
+musical tests, the maid came into the room to lay the fire. "What is
+Kaetchen doing at the stove?" I asked. "Fire," replied Lola.
+
+The next day: "Lola! who do you like best of all people and animals?"
+"Ich!" (1). "If you mean _yourself_ you should say "mich" (myself)", so
+she at once rapped "mich!" "And after yourself?" "Dich!" ("thee," the
+familiar of you commonly used in German). A frank remark, at all
+events, and without the taint of human egoism!
+
+10 May: Lola has been gnawing a bone: not knowing of what animal it
+was, I put the question to her and she replied: "re" (reh = deer). The
+truth of this being confirmed in the kitchen. I then asked: "What bones
+do you like best--deer, hares, wuzl" (this is her own name for a pig),
+"or ox?" Answer: "Wuzl!" "Are you pleased that you know more than other
+dogs?" "No." And then--as though after due reflection--"no!"
+(_Emphatically._)
+
+11 May: I showed Lola a biscuit, shaped rather imperfectly in the form
+of a fish, saying: "What is this--an animal that swims in the water?"
+Reply: "Fish!" In this case I do not think she had really recognized
+it, but had named the only animal she knew of connected with water,
+which--after all--was rather clever of her!
+
+12 May: "Lola!" I asked, "would you like to be a human being?" "No."
+"Why not?" I asked--showing her a biscuit. She (promptly): "I eat!"
+"No! not till you have answered!" "Because of work!" A little later I
+said: "Do you belong to me Lola?" Very energetically--"No!" "To whom do
+you belong then?" "To myself." "And to whom do I belong? do I belong to
+you?" "No!" "Whose Henny am I?" "Your own!" These amusing answers bear
+the very impress of the animal's sense of independence: she is loth to
+be considered a "chattel," like some chair or table!
+
+17 May: In the presence of my friend and of two dogs I asked
+her--"Lola, why don't you like Dick?" (Dick being one of the dogs
+present.) "Too wild!" was Lola's comment. "What do you like best to
+eat?" "Ich ese wi so mag!" "Is that quite correct?" "No." "Which word
+should be different?" "4!" "Then what should it be?" "Ich." "So it is
+to be: ich esse wie ich mag?" "Ja!" ( = I eat as (or what) I choose.)
+
+31 May: Lola did her sums badly, and I spoke very seriously to her;
+after which she improved, rapping out an independent remark: "say I am
+good!" She wanted to hear that I was ready to "make it up" again! That
+evening, some friends being present--I wrote on a scrap of paper--"bon
+jour!" showed it to her for a moment and then removed it, saying: "now
+rap what you have read!" And she rapped: "bon jur!" Having only missed
+out the "o"; the word had not been spoken, so that I had naturally
+thought to see the "o" among the other letters.
+
+2 June: Lola was to write a letter to a lady whose daughter had been
+staying with me on a visit. The dog was much attached to this young
+lady, and had frequently worked with her. She began her letter with all
+sorts of nonsense so that at length I said: "First rap 'dear' and then
+tell her about the biscuits you had from Irene."
+
+The letter: "Dear, certainly Irene is very nice to me" ... then "were"
+... "What's the meaning of that?" I interrupted, but Lola lay down and
+said "Zu we!" ( = too indisposed.)
+
+3 June: "Will you work now?" "No--we!" "Where have you a pain?" "O
+sag!" "What am I to say?" "Oh seh!" "But what am I to see?" "Ich!" "I
+am to look and see where you have a pain?" "Yes, yes!" But these
+"pains" seemed to have been called forth by laziness and possibly some
+slight fatigue.
+
+15 June: A lady has come to stay with me for a few days and I said to
+Lola: "Why do you like Fraeulien Grethe?" "Ich is zu artig." (This is
+indistinct but probably meant she is kind to me.) Presumably she could
+think of nothing else to say.
+
+25 June: Lola had been brought indoors--away from her young family, and
+I said: "Is there anything you would like to have in the stable, now
+think?" "wenig uzi!" "What is uzi? do you mean music?" Answer. "Lid"
+( = lied.) "What is that--singing?" "Yes!" "Do you like to listen to us
+when we sing?" "Yes, yes!"
+
+24 July: "Lola! now think of something I am to do: give me an order!"
+(By the way, in reply to a similar question put to Rolf by the wife of
+Colonel Schweizerbarth, at Degerloch, he had commanded her to "wedeln"
+( = to wag!) N.B. This word being only used in connexion with _a tail_
+in German!) But Lola merely ordered me "to work"--"What am I to work
+at?" I inquired. "Raking the garden, reckoning, writing or reading?"
+And I was somewhat surprised, for she was used to seeing me at work at
+something or other for the greater part of the day; but after mature
+reflection she added--"ales" (Alles = everything).
+
+27 July: To-day I invited her to tell me something she might be
+thinking about, adding: "Will you say something?" "Ja, esen." "Oh,
+Lola!" I said in desperation, "why all this talk about eating! about
+food! don't I hear enough of it from senseless labourers and maids? and
+now you begin too! It can't be otherwise, at present: say something
+else!" "Ich am esen" ... "What? _again!_ well go on" "... zu wenig
+narung." "Ich am essen zu wenig nahrung" ( = I from my food (derive)
+too little nourishment). "Ja!" Poor Lola!
+
+10 August: To-day is my father's birthday: he is staying with us, and
+Lola was to give him a "good wish." I suggested all kinds of things,
+such as good health; long life; and so on, but she would have none of
+them. At last she rapped "Ich wunsche esen"; and after a short pause
+she continued, "... und ich auch" ( = I wish him food and for myself
+too.) "Now give him a second wish: something you yourself find good."
+So she said: "Re jagen und has...." "And a third?" "Heiraten" ( = to
+marry). Such were the dog's wishes for my father's natal day! Food,
+Hunting and Marriage ... the first one being ever the central idea in a
+dog's thoughts--and yet, how necessary are all these three wishes to
+the maintenance of species--"urged ever onward by the driving-power of
+hunger and of love!" after all--there is something very simple and
+direct about an animal!
+
+30 August: To-day I asked Lola: "Do you wish every one to marry and
+have children?" "No." "Why not?" "Arbeiten unmoeglich," ( = work
+impossible). "Go on: if it is impossible, one simply does not work!"
+"Und ausgen ..." "Go on?" "Auch zu vil esen!" (und ausser dem, zu viel
+essen = and besides that, too much eating). Here spoke experience.
+
+1 September: Lola was shown some dots on a sheet of white paper, but
+declined to count them. "Why won't you count?" "Ich ursache one wisen!"
+( = I have a cause (reason), without knowing (it)). Then she began to
+tremble violently, and I asked her why--to which she replied: "Ich
+kalt" (I (am) cold).
+
+2 September: An old farm labourer and his wife had come to my room to
+see the dog, and in their honour Lola consented to do some sums. The
+old man was delighted when, on my suggestion, Lola spelt out his name:
+she rapped "Wilem," and when I said: "Did you hear that from me?" she
+answered: "No." "From his wife?" "Yes!" This accounted for the
+spelling, as the woman is from the Rheinland district, and says
+"Willem" for Wilhelm.
+
+6 September: "Lola, why did you bite Jenny, yesterday?" (Jenny is a
+terrier lady-dog.) Answer. "Em ..." "What does that mean?" "Wuest a--a
+und renen." ( = she was a dirty dog and also hunted.)
+
+7 September: Lola came in from the farm quite wet, and I wanted to know
+the reason of this, as only the woods were still wet from the recent
+rains. To my question she made answer: "I in wet." "Were you in the
+grass or in the woods?" I demanded. "Grass!" "Is the wet grass nice?"
+"Saw deer in wood--why I came to you!" In spite of such a tempting
+sight, she was evidently in a virtuous frame of mind: in earlier days
+she could never resist giving chase.
+
+8 September: "Why are you not eating your food? is it bad?" "Yes!"
+"What is wrong about it?" "Smell!"
+
+20 September: "Lola," I said, "give me the reason for why you are
+alive! do you know one?" "Yes, no."
+
+The next day: "Now tell me your answer as to why you are living?"
+"Yes!" "Well?" "Egal ich lebe gern!"... (i.e. _egal_ is an expression
+of indifference, such as "_it is all the same to me_, I like living").
+How simple and complete is the dog-point-of-view! "And is that all?
+didn't you wish to add something more?"... "in Welt" ( = in (the)
+world). The expression "egal" she will probably have picked up from me.
+
+22 September: To-day I noticed by Lola's behaviour that she wanted to
+say something, so I put the question to her, and she replied. "Yes."
+"Well, go ahead!" "I wish to pay you for getting food for me!" "Do you
+want to give me money?" "Yes!" "But, where are you going to get it
+from--can you tell me that?" "Yes!" "From where?" "From you!" There was
+something quite logical about this way of arguing, for Lola had heard
+much talk about money, farm-hands being often paid by hour--and she had
+no doubt been an attentive listener and observer, at such transactions.
+Then--all of a sudden--she rapped. "I without work!" "What do you want
+to have?" "Haue!" ( = a beating!). I thought I had misunderstood her, so
+repeated--"haue?" "Yes!" "Say something else!" "Reckoning." But the
+fact remained that she really longed for a beating--not having had one
+for a long time, for to my repeated inquiries she kept on with "Yes!"
+So at length to make sure, I fetched my riding-whip and gave her a
+light flick, saying--"Is that what you want?" "Yes!" "And do you want
+more?" "Yes!" she insisted, though all of a tremble, and--unwillingly
+enough--I had to administer one more.
+
+13 November: Lola had to write a letter to a lady of whom she is very
+fond: it ran as follows--"dear, I have just been in the yard, I like
+eating biscuits, I kiss you!" (I think this letter bears the evidence
+of being Lola's own composition!) Later in the afternoon, when she was
+out with me, I saw a notice put up saying: "Dogs are to be led on a
+leash"--and I invited her to read it, but she would only give it a
+glance. Both on our way back, and when we got home I returned to the
+subject, saying: "What was on that notice-board?" But she rapped "No!"
+"What? you mean to say you don't know?" She had, however, already
+started rapping again--"ich unaro...." "Go on! surely the _o_ should be
+a _t_?" (Thinking she meant unartig = naughty). "No!" "Then what should
+it be?" "No." "Is it a dog's word?" "Yes!" "Well, tell me in a way that
+I can understand!" "No!" "You can't do so?" "No!" "Say something like
+it!" "Ja! ich irre, ich es ansehe morgen!" ( = yes! I erred, I (will)
+look at it to-morrow!)
+
+On one occasion I had explained to her that there were also other
+languages; English and French, for instance, and I now once more tried
+to influence her memory by my own thoughts.
+
+"Lola," I said, "do you know what is meant when I say--_je veux
+manger_--do you understand that?" "Yes!" "Then tell me!" "Ich wil
+esen!" "But do you understand this: _il faut que je travaille_?" "No!"
+"Think again!" "No!" "Travailler?" "No!" This proving that what I had
+not taught and explained to her she was incapable of saying--or rather,
+spelling.
+
+15 November: The following incident was communicated to the
+"Mitteilungen of the Society for Animal Psychology" (series 1916, No.
+2, page 74), by Professor Ziegler:
+
+"Lola had been for a walk with Professor Kindermann, and on her return
+was discovered to have a feather in her mouth. Fraulein Kindermann
+asked her: "What animal's feather is that?" she answered: "Hen." "How
+did you come by the feather?" "Killed hen!" "Why?" "Eat up!" "And have
+you eaten it up?" "No!" "Why did you run away?" "Fear." "Of what were
+you frightened, of people?" "No!" "Then of what?" "Ursache!" ( = cause,
+i.e. cause of fear.) There is something rather charming here in the way
+in which the dog confesses to her misdeeds, and at the same time owns
+up to having a bad conscience!"
+
+16 November: Lola must have noticed to-day that there was roast hare on
+the midday dinner table, for in the afternoon when invited to make some
+remark she rapped: "Zu wenig ..." (then hesitatingly) "h ..." "Are you
+afraid?" I inquired. "Yes." "Nonsense, I shall not scold you!" "...
+as!"--"Zu wenig has--who?" ( = too little hare) "Ich, o we!" ( = I, oh
+alas!)
+
+18 November: To-day she started to rap nothing but nonsense; but in
+time it became more distinct, and ended up with "ich zaelen!" ( = I
+(wish to) count). I asked her if this was a fact--and she promptly said
+"No!" She then kept on making her usual sign that she wanted to go down
+into the yard, so I let her out, but soon she ran up again quite
+briskly, and at once rapped out clearly and distinctly.--"Warum ich und
+sie so rau geartet?" "Is this what you mean?" "Yes!" "And--who is si
+meant for?" "Heni!" "_What?_" I exclaimed, "you are suddenly addressing
+me as _sie_?!"[22] "Yes!" "But Lola! that is what we only say to people
+we don't know well! you have always called me _du_ because you were
+fond of me--isn't that so? are you saying _sie intentionally_ now?"
+"Yes!" "Yes? but why?" "Because strange!" "How _strange_?" "Yes!" "Was:
+warum ich und sie so rau reartet ( = why are I and you so roughly
+constituted?) the end of the sentence you began before?" "No." N.B. In
+this manner did she wish to lodge her complaint, so to speak, against
+me for not always understanding her when she prefers to try and "rub
+in" the meaning of her faulty spelling, by gazing at me in her "intent"
+fashion--indeed, I had always sensed her annoyance at times when she
+had not been able to gain her ends in this way! In simple matters, such
+as "wish to eat," or "go out," I could of course, guess her desires,
+but she was of opinion that I ought to be more "understanding"
+still--and this is difficult!
+
+      [22] Sie = you is the more formal mode of address, as opposed to
+      the familiar "du" = "thou."
+
+1 December: "Lola, what will become of you when you are dead? what will
+become of your body?" "If..." "No; that is no answer! You are to spell
+properly!" "Zu esen fuer wurm" ( = food for worm.) "And, Lola ... your
+soul? do you know what that is?" "Ja, nur get in himmel!" ( = yes (it)
+only goes to heaven!) "Did you hear people say that?" "Yes!" From this
+it would seem that any seeking after the dog's own sensations on the
+subject are useless. By the way, some time before I had read Rolf's
+remark to her: "All tier hat seel, guck in aug" ( = all animals have
+souls, look in their eyes). And I then asked her: "Do you know what a
+soul is?" And she had said: "Yes." "Have I a soul?" "Yes!" "Has a stone
+one?" "No!" "And a horse?" "Yes!" "A bird?" "Yes!" "And water?" "No!"
+"Have all dogs?" "Yes!" Lola had rapped this all out very nicely, and I
+praised her, to which she made response by a little spontaneous
+rapping--"isan..." "What does that mean?" "ich o wi gluecklich!" ( = I,
+oh--how happy!) "Because I am pleased?" "Yes! yes!"
+
+4 December: To-day I said to Lola: "Why don't I understand
+dog-language?"[23] "Oft eil" ( = often hurried.) "Yes, but even when I
+have tried, and paid attention I cannot understand!" "In hauch--zsuvzaes"
+( = the first two words are "in breath," the remainder quite vague!) In
+a quarter of an hour I showed her a card on which a small child and a
+dog were looking at each other, and beneath--in Latin characters was
+written: "Wer bist du?"[24] "Can you read that?" I asked. "Yes!" So I
+put the card aside and said: "What is the second word?" "Bist." "But do
+you understand the sentence?" "Yes." "Which is saying it--the dog or
+the child? Look at both of them, they are young, and have met for the
+first time in their lives." "Both!"
+
+      [23] Lola often uses quite incomprehensible words and once
+      declared that they belonged to "a particular dog-language"--my
+      further inquiries have been quite fruitless, and these words were
+      probably her own inventions!
+
+      [24] "Who are you?"
+
+11 December: "Lola! why do you and Frechi always bite one another when
+you are allowed to go loose?" "Ambitious!" "Ambitious to see who is the
+stronger?" "Yes!" "And which of you two is the strongest?" "Frechi!"
+She had applied the word with a nice sense of fitness: when two dogs
+meet for the first time this is exactly the feeling that arises--either
+_one_ of them is by far the strongest--a fact that both of them will be
+aware of, and silently acknowledge--or, their strength may be pretty
+evenly matched--in which case a fight will ensue, possibly even several
+fights, before the issue is finally decided. Is this not often
+_spiritually_ the case between man and man?
+
+13 December: Lola had been chasing after the game and had been punished
+by having to go without her food. She was however, in high spirits and
+rapped "esen!" following this hint in half an hour with "zu esen!" ( =
+(give me) to eat!) I explained to her that this could not be done: that
+a punishment was imperative, if she would not break herself of her evil
+habits. Then Lola rapped out suddenly. "Lere mich artig sein!" ( = teach
+me to be good!")
+
+22 December: I have been showing her a picture in a book of Fairy
+Tales. My brother was present at the time, and it was the picture of
+the house of a robber, the house being drawn so as to represent a face:
+it had indeed been very cleverly executed.
+
+"Lola," said I, "whatever is there about that house--do you notice
+anything?" (And thought she would rap "face.") She rapped. "Is a
+person!" I avoided looking at it again and merely asked, "Tell me, does
+it look friendly, or angry, or nice?" "Spetisch." "Spoettische?" ( =
+mocking.) "Yes." And we both thought this reply admirable, for the
+"house" _does_ look at one most "mockingly" out of the corners of its
+eyes.
+
+31 December: "Lola, have you got worms?" "Yes!" "How did you get them?"
+"Ja, zige!" "An animal?" "Yes." "Is there a goat ( = ziege) near here?"
+"Yes!" I had seen none about, but asked her again: "Where is the goat?"
+"Droif." "Do you know the name?" "Mittel!" ( = her expression for
+anything she is uncertain about.) "Why did you say _droif_?" "I not
+any sort of word will give!" On making further inquiries I found that
+there _was_ a goat in the immediate neighbourhood, and that the name
+of the family who owned it was _Freund_. I had never mentioned this
+name to Lola, so that she could only have heard it in the course of
+conversation among the people about, and then not very distinctly. In
+the evening, while I was absent, Lola stole some Marzipan. I expostulated
+with her in a serious, though friendly manner, and this evidently made
+her feel exceedingly uncomfortable, for she suddenly rapped--"Sag irgend
+boese!" ( = say something angry!)
+
+1 January, 1917: "What is to-day?" "1.1. 1917!" "On this day we give
+good wishes to every one, so I will wish you much to eat, good health,
+and much going out: now wish me something!" "Am geln ..." (most
+indistinctly) I told her to repeat it, and she began again--"Am gu ...
+elen zu aufhoeren!" (i.e. am quaelen zu aufhoeren = to cease teasing.)
+"You can't put a _w_ after a _g_," I told her, but she persisted, and I
+waited in patience. There is no "q" in her alphabet, so she had found a
+way out very neatly! "Do I tease Lola?", I asked. "mich!" ( = me!) This
+is indeed sad! and I am not conscious of my failing, indeed, I think
+that Lola has a very good time on the whole!
+
+7 January, 1917: "Now tell me something you would like to have
+explained, but mind you rap loudly and distinctly." "Ich o si so wenig
+kene." "Who is si?" "Dich!" ( = thou!) (The reply had been "I know (or
+understand) you so little.") "Tell me what it is you don't understand
+about me? tell me something every day: what is it now?" "Work when I
+say no!" I tried to explain to her that my anxiety to get her work so
+lay in my desire for more knowledge about dogs--so that I might be able
+to tell everybody all about them, and thus make them kinder to animals.
+I took much time and trouble over my explanation, and at length Lola
+gave a responsive "Yes."
+
+10 January: To-day we returned to the foregoing conversation: "Tell me
+what you don't understand about me?" "The food has also been worse
+lately!" she remarked. On this vexed subject I also attempted
+elucidation. I sought to explain the conditions of war, and that the
+amount of food available became less in consequence: that we people
+were no better off in this respect, and so on! And at length she again
+said "Yes!" Then I thought I would change the subject and asked her:
+"Why did Geri sigh so outside the door last night, and why does he look
+so unhappy to-day?" "er auch hat esen wolen!" ( = he also wanted to
+eat!)
+
+In the evening I said: "Lola, what _is_ it you don't understand about
+me?" "Cause is often roughness!" She remarked--and here I really felt
+that there was little that I must needs explain--for I am not conscious
+of meriting her reproach on this score.
+
+11 January: "Tell me something, Lola!" I pleaded. "Mistake to go out so
+little," she observed. Here she was emphatically in the right! She had
+not been out much lately, for it had been very wet--and she needs
+plenty of exercise. In the evening I invited her to "say something
+more." "o we gwelen!" "What worries you?" "ere nehemen!" ( = taking
+honour!) "Taking honour about what?" "eid!" (So the old story has not
+yet faded from her memory).
+
+12 January: "Well, now you've told me ever so much that you can't
+understand about me! But is there anything more?" "Zeig audawer
+(Ausdauer) in libe zu mir!" "_Ausdawer?_ Isn't there a letter wrong?"
+"Yes, 4"; "What should it be?" "Au!" So the sentence ran, "Zeig
+Ausdauer in Liebe zu mir!" ( = show constancy in your love for me!)
+Yes, indeed I will, you dear beast!
+
+
+
+
+ULSE'S FIRST INSTRUCTION
+
+
+As I have stated, when Lola came to me she could already say "yes" and
+"no"; she had even some slight acquaintance with the numbers and
+counting. The bridge leading from man to animal had been started, and
+the first difficulties embarked on. The further I pursued these studies
+with Lola, the keener became my curiosity to know whether I should be
+equal to the task of tackling this work where an animal in its primeval
+state was concerned, thus driving in the first props of this bridge
+myself! I tried my 'prentice hand in this work on Geri, the beautiful
+German sheep-dog, who had come into my possession in 1914. This
+dog--owing to excess of breeding, and also, perhaps, to the impressions
+imbibed in his youth was unusually shy and melancholy--he lacked all
+natural energy to "cut a figure" in any way; he had learnt to say "yes"
+and "no," and I feel sure that he understood me very well, but his
+nervousness and his constant fear held him back from rapping out
+anything beyond his _yes_ and _no_ answers. (At a later date I was
+obliged to give him away, owing to the scarcity of food.) Lola's
+progeny, therefore, seemed to offer more promising material for fresh
+ventures, but all--excepting the little lady-dog--Ulse--had been
+dispersed, going to their several new owners, before the winter days
+immediately after Christmas brought me sufficient leisure for further
+study, and as I had to give part of this time to Lola, as well as to
+the writing of this book, I had but a small margin left to expend on
+the little newcomer. Nor can I say, to tell the truth, that my interest
+in her was very great; she had already been promised to someone, and
+the fact of her still being with me was due to the difficulties of
+travel in these abnormal times. But, finally, sheer pity for the small
+creature--sitting alone in the stable--led me to bring her in for a few
+hours at a time so as to play about with me and Lola. One day it so
+happened that I had sent Lola off, and, being alone with Ulse, (mostly
+accustomed to intercourse with the maids) I attempted to teach her to
+understand: "Sit down!" To do this I pressed the little creature down
+on her haunches, saying, "_Sit down!_" And after I had repeated this
+three times she understood quite well what I meant, sitting down
+obediently at my slightest touch, and looking at me inquiringly out of
+her little bright eyes. I repeated this again the next day, and also
+touched her paw, saying: "_paw!_" Then I took the small paw in my hand
+and said: "Give a paw!" and in a few days this, too, had been learnt. I
+next taught her which was her right paw--and she very soon knew the
+difference. Indeed, Ulse seemed to think it all great fun, and was
+hugely delighted at the little rewards she earned. My interest, too,
+had now been aroused, and I repeated the numerals to her from 1 up to
+5, and got her to understand "look here!" and "attention!" Though she
+was on the whole more fidgety than Lola had been, yet would she
+sometimes sit quite still, intent on watching my hand, but the least
+movement in the room would start her little head off twisting to and
+fro to every side. One day I took her paw, saying: "Now you must learn
+to rap! And placing the little pad on the palm of my hand, I first
+counted two with it, and then continued up to 5; then I held my hand
+out to her and said: "Ulse, rap 2!" and she actually did! I was
+delighted. I should add that before Ulse had learnt to "give a paw,"
+she had already, of herself, shown inclinations to "rap," for she would
+hold up her paw--gesticulating with it in the air! These vague
+"pawings," moreover, were distinctly the movements of _rapping_,
+although she, of course, did not know their meaning at the time. And so
+the ground was laid for further work, during the short time I had to
+spare for her--as well as the limited period she was yet to remain with
+me.
+
+There can be no doubt but that heredity plays a great role in these
+cases; her quick responsiveness bore witness to this, while, in
+addition, Lola evidently regarded her as the "flower of her flock," for
+she had always singled Ulse out for special attentions, generally
+retiring with her alone to a distant part of the barn. The question is
+whether Lola may not have given her some instruction, for, to some
+remark of mine, she had once replied: "Teaching Ulse!" Yet, for my
+part, I feel doubtful whether animals do transmit to others of their
+kind the things taught them by human beings. However, this may be, Ulse
+seemed predestined, so to speak, to learn to count and spell, mastering
+the numbers up to _five_ in a fabulously short time. Moreover, she
+_rapped_ better than Lola, or, rather, quite as well as Lola had
+done when in her very best days, raising her small paw high, and then
+bringing it down on my hand with a decided, though rather slow, beat.
+Ulse was also soon able to signify "yes" by two raps, and "no" by
+three, but I had to keep my questions within a very narrow limit, for
+her intercourse was of too short a duration to enable her to acquire a
+lengthy or varied vocabulary. Still, we practised 2 x 1, 2 x 2, 3 x 2,
+and her answers were always excellent, as long as nothing else was
+going on to excite or distract her.
+
+The amusing thing was that she loved doing it so that the little paw
+would be up in mid-air as soon as ever she saw me, as much as to show
+that she was quite ready for work. This was doubtless due to the very
+quiet existence she had led before coming indoors, and also perhaps to
+the little favours and tit-bits she had learnt to associate with her
+new accomplishments. Indeed, until these had blossomed out, her innate
+cleverness and brightness had gone almost unnoticed.
+
+When I had assured myself that she fully comprehended the rapping, I
+endeavoured to teach her to rap on a board, instead of on my hand, a
+thing I had never been able to get Lola to agree to. Indeed, I had had
+to relinquish any hope of it, in the case of the older dog; whether it
+was that the scratching of her toe-nails on the board irritated her or
+what, I do not know, but it practically stopped her working. My only
+reason for trying to introduce this method at all had been to put an
+end to the suggestions sometimes put forward by sceptical persons that
+I might be "helping her with my hand!" Anyway, the ease with which Ulse
+took to rapping on the board, and the excellent work she did by that
+method should have proved a sufficient reply to all doubters, and I had
+been full of hope that her gifts would, in time, have been further
+developed by her new mistress, yet it was to be otherwise. Ulse was to
+have gone to her new home in Meran (in the Tyrol), but the regulations
+as to travel obtaining during war-time prohibited this, so I placed her
+under the temporary charge of a young lady, and while there she
+unfortunately died of mange.
+
+
+
+
+LAST WORDS
+
+
+Everything that I have so far experienced or even heard of concerning
+dogs, I have attempted to set down here, and to do so has taken some
+fourteen months of close work. I have further added certain
+observations dating from an earlier period. It is my full intention to
+continue this work of experimentation, and should be glad if I might
+hope that what I have communicated in these pages may raise a desire on
+the part of some of my readers to embark on similar work in reference
+to other animals; for, in so difficult a field of discovery it can only
+be after much independent spadework has been done that the "complete
+form" we are groping after will be laid bare. Up to the present it may
+be thought that little of really practical value has been proved, and
+to some this may suggest that the work is therefore superfluous. But,
+do we study astronomy for mere _practical_ reasons? Does the seeker in
+this field of science imagine that he is going to derive _practical_
+results for us, _in the immediate future_, from his study of the
+heavens? It is for purely _ideal_ reasons--and in order to give seeking
+humanity that which is indeed theirs, that we humans send forth our
+thoughts, exploring every region of the world--be this "of use" or not!
+And in thus probing the depths of our own subject do we not come up
+against those weightier questions which are of Cosmic importance? Does
+not Nature here fix man's eye with her own gaze--granting him new
+riches? For rich, indeed, is this gift that proves to him that not he
+alone is dowered with a soul[25]--nor dwelling in a world destitute
+of thought, nay--that his companion-beings along life's highway are
+well able to respond to and comprehend all his labour, his love, and
+his care for them. And above all, should it teach him to more clearly
+apprehend them--doing so in the spirit of a know-er and with a kindly
+sympathy begotten of that knowledge. For _To Know_--_to Understand_--means
+to give to each its rights! And, in this matter, have we to concede so
+much to our higher animals? The simplest form of thought contents them;
+the childlike adapting itself to animal uses; and, from such "small
+beginnings" has not our own primeval soul--the best that is within
+us--risen to higher glory, to become a moulder and organizer of
+thought--even of creative ideas? Therefore, from all that wealth with
+which we are dowered we may well allow this tiny morsel to our animal
+friends--they will assuredly infringe no further upon our rights, for,
+after all, they are dumb, and cannot even utter the small store of
+thoughts they may learn to express; they can only look at us--but, oh!
+how well they can do _that_--it needs no more than our eyes to tell us!
+And--if we review the entire animal kingdom, are not these _higher
+animals_ closely akin to us, both in bodily structure as also in all
+that appertains to their functional activities? So near, indeed, do
+they approach us in the degree of evolution that for that very reason
+it would seem natural to attribute to them some rudiments of
+thought--some latent abilities; but the greatest importance of all
+would seem to lie in the Cosmic aspect of this question! If it _does_
+"fit in" ought we, then, to dismiss it? Is it not the same thing with
+all subjects that open up a new point of view? Yet may those for whom
+such new investigations present no "disturbing elements"--those for
+whom, on the contrary, it chimes with their own desire--extend their
+hand and gratefully accept this gift from Nature--repaying her with
+reverence and with love. May this new science serve to enrich our ever
+increasing knowledge! The work will indeed mean a long struggle against
+the conservative elements, and all those accepted rules of procedure;
+every weapon will be turned against us, but, be this as it may, time
+will in its due course show the truth to be on our side, for ONLY WHAT
+IS TRUE SURVIVES.
+
+      [25] See the Song of Solomon.
+
+
+
+
+CONCLUSION
+
+_By Professor H. F. Ziegler_
+
+
+The most important contribution that had been made to the study of
+Animal Psychology consists in the new "Alphabet of Raps," which enables
+dumb creatures to give reasonable expression to their thoughts, and
+provides us at the same time with the means of gaining some insight
+into their thinking and feeling. This method owes nothing to scientific
+investigators, yet may these gladly acknowledge the great progress thus
+indicated, rather than reject it with impatience and distrust. To
+proudly decline anything to do with it would indeed be out of place:
+rather is it careful study and independent confirmation--a personal
+application of this new method--that is here most needed. The inventor
+of this "Rapping and Spelling Method" was the late Wilhelm von Osten,
+in Berlin, reference to whom has been made in the opening chapter of
+this book. But the specialists refused to recognize his labours--they
+destroyed his position by their erroneous findings and their
+disapprobation--the campaign carried on against von Osten being by no
+means free from a spirit of unfairness.[26]
+
+      [26] I would here refer the reader to the references I made to
+      the work issued by Pfungst; they may be found in "The Animal
+      Soul" (Reports of new observations made with respect to horses
+      and dogs), 2nd ed. (W. Jung) 1916, p. 38.
+
+It was Karl Krall who took up and continued the work, improving on the
+original method and finally making known the most astounding results
+which he himself had succeeded in obtaining with his horses. These
+accounts may be read in detail in Krall's great book, a work the
+publication of which has been of immeasurable importance in the history
+of animal psychology.[27] Any reader of unbiased opinion will be bound
+to acknowledge the value of this new method, and the remarkable results
+achieved in the case of Krall's horses have been equally successfully
+applied when working with dogs. Frau Dr. Moekel of Mannheim evolved an
+independent rapping method of her own, which admitted of the
+possibilities for _counting_. This lady, however, soon became aware
+that a similar method had already been invented and applied by Herr von
+Osten, and she then enlarged on her own efforts so as to include the
+spelling method above mentioned. The feats of her dog Rolf were so
+remarkable as to arouse as much surprise in his mistress as in anyone
+else present. Frau Dr. Moekel was exceedingly careful to note down
+everything that could serve as evidence, and in spite of her long and
+serious illness was yet able, by dint of great exertion, to complete
+her MS. She died in 1915, and her book, which could not be published
+during the war, has only recently become available to the public. It is
+gratifying to be able to welcome the appearance of another little book
+on the same subject, the one now before us, written by Fraeulein Henny
+Kindermann; this volume having also suffered postponement, owing to the
+war. This lady taught her dog on independent methods of her own,
+devoting much loving and conscientious care to the work and, in a
+general way, the results have been much the same as those obtained from
+Rolf, although, in the matter of detail, there is much that is new;
+indeed, many of the observations set down by this investigator raise
+questions of fascinating interest. Here, again, the author has been
+able to improve on the method as previously applied by others; teaching
+the dog to rap tens and units with different paws, as had been done by
+Krall's horses, and also introducing a better method of spelling by
+teaching the proper value of the consonants.[28] Fraeulein Kindermann
+further applied her tests systematically in order to solve certain
+problems, proving the animal's ability to the full extent in one
+particular subject at a time. It is indeed the experience thus gained
+which gives to this book its special value, even though all the
+problems submitted may not have been fully solved. I would here draw
+attention to the fact that the author's dog invariably replies in "High
+German," whereas Rolf of Mannheim employs the dialect of the Pfalz--and
+the Stuttgart dog, Sepp, expresses his views in Suabian; indeed, each
+dog naturally learns the "form of speech" he hears in his own locality.
+The results that have come under notice seem at times so extraordinary
+that doubts may arise as to the authenticity of what has here been set
+down; yet should we be careful not to reject new evidence because it
+happens to exceed all we have hitherto known or experienced. For this
+is a case of exploring new ground, ingress to which has now become
+possible owing to an entirely new method, and none should take upon
+themselves to decide in advance what may, or may not be, found possible
+within this new domain. Careful examination of all evidence put forward
+is desirable, yet can this be undertaken only by such persons as are
+themselves in the possession of an intelligent dog, one to which they
+can apply the test of similar instruction. It should be needless to say
+that the experimenter must abstain from anything in the nature of a
+sign given to the animal. It is a far easier matter to train an animal
+in _that_ way than to bring out the latent possibilities attaching
+to its understanding by training it so as to state its own thoughts.
+The proof of the genuineness of such "utterances" on the part of the
+dog lies in the fact that it so often gives an entirely different reply
+to that which is expected of it--it may even say something that is
+quite unknown to the person carrying out the experiment. Many such
+examples will be found in this book, as well as in that of Frau Dr.
+Moekel, while many more could be furnished by the owners of other
+"Spelling Dogs." Indeed, the more reckoning and spelling dogs there are
+the sooner will the value of this new method become generally
+recognized and the easier will it be to rid the truth of any errors
+that may still obscure it. Here in Stuttgart my Lectures delivered on
+the subject have so far led to the training of four dogs in counting as
+well as spelling, this having been done with best results. In addition
+to these, I myself have a dog, "Ava," by name a daughter of Lola, who
+is already proficient in both accomplishments. There is nothing
+mysterious about this new animal psychology that has been brought into
+evidence by the method here explained, it is no secret, but at the
+service of all who care to explore what is entirely free ground--not
+reserved for the learned alone, but at the disposal of any
+animal-lover, if he will but co-operate in a spirit of patience and
+devotion, and is endowed with the particular "gift" for teaching an
+animal. The truth under discussion here is not likely to be find
+elucidation in the study of the learned man--rather will it be the
+result of the collective, convergent and corresponding evidence brought
+together by the labours of many a patient investigator.
+
+STUTTGART
+
+_September_, 1919
+
+      [27] Karl Krall, "Denkende Tiere, Beitraege zur Tierseelenkunde,
+      auf Grund eigener Versuche," Leipzig, Engelmann, 1912.
+
+      [28] Rolf could only rap with one paw owing to the other fore-paw
+      having been injured; he generally leaves out the vowels, these
+      being already contained within the consonants. This habit gives
+      rise to a somewhat curious form of writing.
+
+
+    NOTE
+
+    There are in all now twelve dogs known to communicate by means of
+    "raps." The experiences I have had with my own dog have been
+    reported by me in the article entitled "Respecting a Dog's Memory,"
+    and appeared in the "Zoologischen Anzeiger," 1919, No. 11-13. The
+    name of my dog "Awa" is quite intentionally put together, as Lola
+    has herself "invented" all the names given to her progeny.
+
+
+
+
+"THINKING" ANIMALS
+
+A CRITICAL DISCUSSION OF DEVELOPMENTS FROM 1914 TO 1919
+
+
+BY
+
+DR. WILLIAM MACKENZIE
+
+OF GENOA
+
+
+[Translated from the Italian with the omission of
+
+I. An Introductory Section, and
+II. A Section giving the Story of "Lola."]
+
+
+III. THE HYPOTHESIS OF INTELLIGENCE IN ANIMALS
+
+Assuming, as I have done, and as I think I must do, that we have not
+here to do with a trick or fraud, we seem to be dreaming, or to be
+reading the account of a dream. Those poor horses of Elberfeld, so
+greatly extolled and so much discussed in their day, are not in the
+same field with Lola. And yet I am convinced that it is not a dream. It
+is another kind of psychological reality, but it is a reality probably
+too complex to be reduced to a single formula. Let us then try to face
+the facts.
+
+As to the "intelligent" character of the manifestations, there is no
+possible doubt, even though we put on one side for the present the
+arithmetical phenomena, which perhaps must be treated from a particular
+standpoint, as I shall explain. The question before us is therefore a
+dilemma. Is there intelligence in the dog, or is the intelligence in
+others?
+
+If, by intelligence in this case we mean the possibility of the animal
+under observation giving replies to questions with, in the human sense,
+actual understanding of the import of such replies, as well as the
+possibility of the animal, a dog two years old, being able after a
+maximum of fifteen hours' lessons to read, write and count, _and know
+what it is learning_; if that is what is meant by intelligence in this
+case, I must say that I do not believe in it, and that I feel compelled
+for scientific reasons to examine every other hypothesis before having
+recourse to this one.
+
+And again, "Intelligence in others"? This may be so, but it is not
+necessary to suppose that the intelligence is in others alone. I mean
+that a few of the manifestations may within narrow limits probably be
+rightly attributed to the intelligence of the animal, (but, I repeat,
+the arithmetical facts must be considered by themselves).
+
+If all the manifestations were to be attributed to the intelligence of
+others and none to the animal, we should have to accept the supposition
+of an absolutely _mechanical_ automatism in the animal itself of the
+type suggested by Neumann (8)[29] as the result of his experiments with
+Rolf, when, for instance, the dog mechanically kept on tapping an
+unlimited number of times on the cardboard, which Neumann held out to
+it without, as far as possible, moving it.
+
+      [29] NOTE.--The numbers in the text refer to the Bibliography at
+      the end.
+
+    This negative result of Neumann's is capable of various possible
+    explanations, and in no way gives any clear indication (just
+    because it is negative) as to how a positive result is at all
+    possible; that is, we cannot conclude from it any better than
+    before, whether the apparently "mechanical" behaviour of the animal
+    was intentional, and therefore whether the animal itself could or
+    could not have behaved otherwise; whether, given the impossibility
+    of the animal behaving differently, we should say that this
+    impossibility was absolute or only happened to occur on this
+    occasion; whether perchance the action of some psychical factor
+    unknown to Neumann between the animal and himself may not have been
+    omitted; and whether such factor was not in operation when the
+    animal was working with its late mistress, etc., etc. In this
+    connexion I feel it incumbent upon me to recall that I myself saw
+    Rolf on two or three occasions behave in this same apparently
+    mechanical way with his mistress (Mrs. Moekel) (II), whose
+    annoyance thereat seemed so real that I felt certain that it was
+    not feigned. From Neumann's point of view this would be
+    incomprehensible--since he makes use of the argument from the
+    supposed absolute automatism under the impression that it had taken
+    place in Rolf with _him_, Neumann, alone, _but not_ with the
+    Moekels. Here, then, it is clear that the intelligence is, or at
+    least that it is also, "in others."
+
+But whatever value we may attach to Neumann's experiment, it appears to
+me sufficiently clear that the supposition of an absolutely mechanically
+passive process in the animal will not hold as a sufficient explanation
+of the _whole_ of the facts related by Miss Kindermann, nor will it
+hold with regard to what science certainly seems to me to be compelled
+to admit in the case of the Elberfeld horses, which (as is known)
+"worked" magnificently without contact with anyone, tapping their
+replies on a board, completely isolated on the ground, and even when
+all alone in their stable with the one door tightly closed and all the
+spectators outside. The spectators heard and observed the rapped
+answers of the horses (for example, to written questions) through a
+little glass window. Neither will it hold with regard to the many
+experiments made, some also by myself, by means of requests, pictures,
+questions, presented to the horses in such a way as to be unknown to
+_everyone_, including the experimenter. Besides, the animals at times
+gave spontaneous communications. This Assagioli and I, and many others,
+have observed even without the presence of Krall and of members of the
+Moekel family. Miss Kindermann also gives some of Lola's replies tapped
+on the arm of a friend of the authoress, although the latter held out
+as usual her own hand to the dog.
+
+Therefore, there must be some "intelligence" in the animal, as
+everything cannot come from outside it in these experiments. Probably
+this intelligence is not human in quality, but nevertheless not quite
+rudimentary, and is such as we may imagine without too much effort to
+exist in domestic animals which by many signs often give us proof that
+they understand at least in part what is taking place around and within
+us. That such an intelligence could very probably be educated, always
+within prehuman limits or in a lesser degree than in human infancy,
+does not on the whole seem to me so contradictory to our actual
+psychological knowledge: since we may very well suppose that the animal
+under examination may make use of its proper faculties, as far as lies
+in its power, to profit by the situation for the purpose of
+accomplishing that which is required of it, under the stimulus of
+allurements or threats. (It may even be rather assumed that the
+exercise of its proper faculties, which I regard as "intelligent," may
+procure for the animal a certain degree of pleasure.) All this is apart
+from the question of the arithmetical phenomena which, as I have
+already said, deserve separate consideration.
+
+Upon the facts as now established the knowledge of numbers seems to be
+the basis of any educability in animals. And this is perhaps the first
+and most important discovery in the "new zoopsychology."
+
+    In their search for others things, Von Osten, Krall, and the
+    Moekels have brought out clearly among various other facts, without
+    exactly accounting for it, the fundamental fact of the existence in
+    the animal of a psychic substratum predisposed in some manner to
+    arithmetic. I say "in some manner," and by that I do not wish to
+    prejudge any particular view of the argument; and above all I do
+    not make of this predisposition or mathematical permeability, a
+    criterion of intelligence. I do not forget either the mentally
+    deficient or the prodigies among child calculators, etc. But
+    likewise I cannot forget another thing: that all organisms are
+    already throughout permeated with mathematics, and that the more we
+    descend the scale, from man down to the most "simple" biological
+    fact, the more nearly we approach to physics, which is nothing but
+    mathematics.
+
+    I have not the space here to digress on the intermediate gradations.
+    Besides, I have already done so, in part at least, elsewhere. But I
+    wish to recall the curious coincidence that the mathematical
+    achievements of the Elberfeld horses were much more brilliant and
+    much more prodigious than those of the dogs which have up to now
+    been experimented on. And horses in the phylo-genetic line are more
+    ancient than dogs: they are lower in the zoologic scale. Much lower
+    still, i.e. among the Arthropoda, occur many other mathematical
+    wonders. I only mention in a cursory way the logarithmic spiral of
+    the spider's web, the precise curves realized without instruments
+    of any kind by the Coleoptera and Hymenoptera in cutting leaves,
+    the stereometry of the aphides. Then, as it were, at the bottom of
+    the scale (if one may still speak of a descent and a bottom) the
+    marvellous plancton filters of the Appendiculata; the geometrical
+    spots of the Amoebae; the cases of perfect forms of so many other
+    Protozoa; and, finally, think of the constructive technic of the
+    static organs, or of those of movement either in man or animals or
+    plants; think of the complex mathematics of the mitosi, or of any
+    cell proceeding to its own indirect division.
+
+    It seems to me clear that the mathematical faculty--assuming
+    always, let it be understood, that it may give rise to more or less
+    conscious phenomena in the biological subject--may be amongst the
+    most natural of imaginable causes, and that even the smallest
+    amount of consciousness may help this existing capacity in the
+    animal to express itself. That we are concerned with an expression
+    by raps or not, does not seem to me as important as a proper
+    estimation of the importance of the central fact constituted by
+    this mathematical capacity.
+
+From this central fact, proved over and over again without any possible
+doubt to be true of the "thinking" animals, there have been developed
+two distinct groups of consequences: (1) the prodigious mathematical
+performances occurring as by magic among the Elberfeld horses at a
+certain point of their "education": (2) the apparent manifestations of
+thought through the typtology or rapping out of words, culminating in
+the "philosophic" achievements of Rolf and Lola.
+
+For the reasons just mentioned the first group of consequences seems to
+me to admit largely of biological (i.e. biopsychical) explanation;
+however, anything which eventually does not fit into the biological
+explanation may be made to enter without any effort into the second
+method of explanation which, in view of the facts, it seems to me that
+we must adopt for the second of the two groups of consequences above
+referred to.
+
+That mathematics can be "lived" rather than "known"--or, if any one
+prefers the term, "realized"--by an organism which is without any
+psychical accompaniment whatever of the human type, is a fact which I
+find credible. But when Rolf speaks to me of the origin of the soul, or
+makes up poetry; when Lola complains to me of honour lost, etc., the
+thing is not credible to me in any way except by paying attention to
+nothing except the feeling, which is so difficult to avoid, that what
+is here speaking to me, versifying and complaining, is a psychical
+"quid," absolutely human and only human; a "quid" which therefore is
+(after all) not the animal's, although manifested in some way through
+it. The difficulty naturally consists in deciding precisely how this
+happens. But it does not seem to me altogether impossible to arrive at
+a proper hypothesis.
+
+I have already said that we must discard, because of its inability to
+explain a great part of the facts, the most easy and simple
+hypothesis--that of some mechanical signal (e.g. by means of a supposed
+pressure of the hand under the cardboard, or by the hand itself which
+is held out to the animal, in the case of the dogs which have so far
+been experimented with). Here we also have to remember the proposition
+laid down by Miss Kindermann herself that "She did not wish to let
+herself be carried away by sentiment," and that she would seek all
+possible proofs which were good logically. Having excluded the
+hypothesis of deceit, it is a further proof of the sheer impotency of
+the theory of signals, when regard is had to the available amount of
+the material observed and recorded in the authoress, if we ask how is
+it possible to imagine that she (knowing very well, as she says, the
+suspicion resting on the method) in a year or more of work with Lola
+should not herself have perceived that she herself had been producing
+by mechanical means the rapped answers of her pupil?
+
+In my opinion the answer is that the authoress was not only not aware
+of, but _could not_ in the least have been aware of, the action that
+may have passed from herself to the dog so as to bring about the
+rapping of the answers; and that on the other hand it is not a question
+at all of thinking of a simple mechanical operation of the kind
+mentioned above, because in the presumed action of the authoress on the
+dog there is no need to have recourse to such a crude hypothesis (as
+surely there was no similar action of Krall's on his horses, especially
+when they were separated from him). I maintain, in fact, that in
+principle, even without any contact by hand, we may still presume that
+all the "wonders" obtained by Miss Kindermann are obtainable, taking,
+of course, into account the peculiar endowments of the animal we are
+dealing with. For if there be any automatism (and there is surely a
+good dose of it), it is certainly not a question of a mechanical
+automatism (of the type of Neumann's), but quite certainly of a true
+and proper _psychic automatism_; a very different thing, and without
+doubt much more complex.
+
+In all probability the first condition for the occurrence of genuine
+phenomena similar to those attributed to "thinking" animals must be a
+very particular psychic relationship between the animal and his master.
+And such a relation, although with reluctance, I am compelled to call
+of the mediumistic type.
+
+My reluctance is due in part to the very unhappy etymology of the term,
+derived from the famous word "medium," so unscientific both in its
+origin and in the meaning which some even now wish to associate with
+it. But even after having freed it from any "spiritistic" meaning, the
+term still leaves me reluctant; for I cannot hide from myself the
+weakness of a hypothesis which, in order to explain (only in part) one
+enigmatical fact (in this case, that of "thinking animals"), must have
+recourse to another unsolved enigma (in this case that of the
+"mediumistic phenomena").
+
+However, it will already be something if the two problems are
+eventually merged together and so become a single problem; but it is
+not my object to explain any psychical facts themselves, whatever they
+may be, under which the phenomena of Lola and others of a similar
+nature may be eventually classified. It will be sufficient for me at
+present to group the performances of the animals, if possible, with
+something better known. And "mediumistic" facts, extrinsically at
+least, are certainly better known. I refer therefore to them as I find
+them described in the psychology called supernormal; because, from
+force of circumstances I am compelled to recognize that it is within
+this psychology that I must now continue the discussion.
+
+
+IV. MEDIUMISTIC "RAPPORT" AND TELEPATHY
+
+The hypothesis of a psychic automatism of a mediumistic type, as a
+concomitant phenomenon, at least, in experiments of the "new
+zoopsychology," offers us a point of support for a possible
+interpretation of the strange uncertainty and irregularity of the
+successes and failures of different observers and different animals.
+
+    With Krall two of his horses gave magnificent results; two others
+    negative results. In the same way, with the same dogs some
+    experimenters obtain wonders, others obtain nothing.... We may
+    therefore assume that in order to obtain favourable results there
+    must be a proper accord or reciprocal psychic concordance between
+    the animal and the person making the experiment, precisely as
+    happens with mediumistic phenomena.
+
+    Moreover, this hypothesis in the same way helps us to an
+    interpretation of the fact that the same animal, with the same
+    investigator, gives good results in some matters, poor or no result
+    in others. Taking, however, due account of the central mathematical
+    phenomena, on which, as it seems to me, the whole edifice is
+    superposed, there remains a great variety of marked psychical
+    idiosyncrasies in the various cases. One of the animals is
+    decidedly a calculator; another likes to read or to explain
+    figures; another detests reading but willingly taps out
+    "spontaneous communications."
+
+    Without possessing much intrinsic probative value of its own, it is
+    certain that all this fits in very badly with the supposition of a
+    purely mechanical automatism operated by the person making the
+    experiments. And on the other hand it bears a close analogy to the
+    mediumistic "specialities"; that is, to the well-known fact that
+    one "medium," for instance, is good for "physical effects" (i.e.
+    gives rise around it to dynamic phenomena), but is not good for
+    "psychography"; or produces "incarnations" but not "apports," etc.
+    In the same way, typtology or rapping, more or less systematic,
+    seems a fundamental gift, common to all the various kinds of
+    "mediums." And the fact is perhaps of a certain value that
+    precisely the same thing is true of "thinking" animals; although we
+    must always remember that an analogous relation may only be
+    apparent or extrinsic. Besides, the tone also of the
+    "communications" in the two fields seems to me very much akin. I
+    allude to the curious, angular, enigmatic, spasmodic, often playful
+    and bantering communications, with frequent "unexpected replies"
+    and philosophic platitudes. I find all these in Lola, and I
+    remember similar stories of Rolf and of the horses, giving me an
+    impression very like that which I get from the accounts of
+    mediumistic seances "with intellectual effects."
+
+Premising all this, we may suppose that a peculiar psychic concordance,
+which failing a better term might be called mediumistic, exists between
+Lola and her mistress. The mistress then in some way will have
+"communicated" through the dog the substance of her psychic self
+(perhaps with eventual autonomous additions from the canine or other
+psychic entity); all this happening, we must suppose, in a subliminal
+way, with partial psychical disassociation on the part of the
+authoress, if not also probably on the part of Lola, about which I am
+quite certain (and in this I agree with Neumann) that it absolutely
+does not understand anything or know anything of almost all the
+manifestations of thought which it exhibits.
+
+There remain the questions (if the possibility of such duplicate
+mediumistic phenomena is admitted _a priori_ to be possible) as to the
+point at which the normal relationship between a human person and an
+animal passes over into this supernormal one; and, finally, as to what
+particular known facts in the case of Lola, besides the rather too
+general analogies already mentioned, speak in favour of this
+hypothesis.
+
+Into the mediumistic endowment of the investigator it seems to me
+useless to inquire since _a priori_ many persons, so it seems, are more
+or less strikingly endowed, and the conditions which determine results
+are not sufficiently known. At the most there exist some indications--e.g.
+in Morselli's masterly work (2)--of the existence of some concordances
+between the phenomenology of mediumism and hysterical, hysteroid, or at
+least "sensitive" temperaments. And I believe that--with the help of
+their own publications, properly analysed--it would not be too
+difficult to attribute one or the other of such physio-psychic
+varieties to those persons who have up to the present obtained the best
+results with "thinking animals."
+
+More interesting appears to me the investigation of the question
+whether animals themselves have already given any clear proof of being
+able to be "sensitive" in the mediumistic sense. And I must say that
+such a proof seems to have almost been reached.
+
+    I may refer on this subject to the exhaustive monograph published
+    in 1905 by Bozzano (1) and written with the special competency and
+    clearness that distinguish the well-known Genoese psychist.
+
+    Bozzano at that time was necessarily ignorant of the "thinking"
+    animals, for it was only afterwards that they came to notice. But
+    there were other authors who introduced the possibility (or the
+    necessity) of a supernormal relationship in order to explain the
+    Elberfeld facts, as soon as they were known. Perhaps the first in
+    chronological order was De Vesme, who published in 1912 an
+    interesting article in that sense (3), showing the many analogies
+    between the phenomena of Elberfeld and mediumistic phenomena
+    generally, e.g. the typtological particularities; the wrong
+    orthography ("Firaz" tapped by the horse to express its own name
+    "Zariff," "Dref" instead of "Ferd," etc.); solutions of difficult
+    problems and invincible resistance to simple inquiries; immediate
+    promptitude of correct replies to complicated mathematical
+    problems, etc.
+
+    A similar work was Maeterlinck's, written in 1909 for a German
+    review, and then transformed into a long and interesting chapter of
+    the well-known volume, "L'hote Inconnu" (10).
+
+    Then in 1914 was published a book by E. G. Sanford (5) containing
+    some useful comparisons between "thinking" animals and mediumistic
+    psychology.
+
+    In Italy there were indications in the same sense, in the work of
+    Stefani (1913), Professor Siciliani (1914), and others. But the
+    subject was but little followed up.
+
+Even psychologists by profession seemed for a time to be willing to
+accept the hypothesis of some "telepathic" transmission of thought from
+the investigators to the Elberfeld horses.
+
+    Already Claparede (1912) had been forced to refer to this, although
+    he refused, so to speak, to discuss the matter; then G. C. Ferrari,
+    and F. Pulle, in an interesting account (4) relate how the horse
+    taken by them for instruction sometimes guessed the numbers that
+    they were proposing to them, and rapped out the answers before
+    being asked to do so.
+
+Whatever may be the fate of the telepathic hypothesis, it may not be
+amiss to remind the reader that it undoubtedly is very closely
+connected with the mediumistic. The distinction between them is not
+always easy; besides, both may exist together side by side.
+
+"Telepathy," so called, (a term not less unfortunate than that of
+"medium" and its derivatives), or, better, the transmission of thought,
+is (shortly put) the hypothesis that at a certain moment an agent
+transmits, and a receiver perceives, some definite mental image or
+state of mind. The transmission may be more or less willed (i.e.
+conscious) on the part of the agent; on the part of the receiver,
+however, the fact of the transmission always remains unconscious, but
+the psychical elements perceived bring about a reaction in
+consciousness and the receiver knows what he is doing, or at any rate
+may do so, at the moment of the occurrence. Shortly stated, it may be
+regarded as a kind of suggestion, "a distance," with sometimes
+immediate and sometimes delayed effect; a kind of posthypnotic
+performances of a suggestion without the intervention of hypnotism (or,
+perhaps, with a partial subhypnotic state?), the receiver of the
+suggestion not receiving it in the form of acoustic vibrations or in
+any way by means of one of the ordinary senses.
+
+Mediumistic phenomena on the other hand require for their explanation
+the possibility of a much more direct, more profound and more immediate
+relationship between the several minds taking part in them. One of
+these minds--more or less disassociated--might become the instrument of
+another--even of several others--although still itself in a state of
+more or less complete disassociation, and always remaining altogether
+unconscious of its relationship to the other. One of the minds might
+therefore be an agent, another a recipient, or even several of them
+simultaneously might join together to produce the phenomena, the
+subliminal nature of the relationship remaining fixed. The actors would
+in this way, for ever, all of them without exception, be absolutely
+unaware that they were the actors. It might also be the case that the
+recipient through whom the phenomena are produced (i.e. the "medium,"
+or in our case the animal experimented on) would not be conscious at
+all of the resulting action. With human "mediums" we should find in
+such cases a more or less advanced state of trance or ecstasy. And with
+regard to animals, I remember the opinions of Ochorowicz and
+others--which were preceded, however, long ago by a similar opinion of
+Cuvier--according to which the consciousness of animals in an awakened
+state would correspond fairly closely to the consciousness of man in a
+hypnotic state.
+
+If what has been said above is at all correct, it would seem as if the
+walls separating various minds one from another all of a sudden are
+opened wide, and by a partial interpenetration of one mind by the other
+the several minds join together to produce by mutual determination
+automatic action. And it is in these special psychical states that
+"supernormal" phenomena, viz., psychography, clairvoyance,
+clairaudience, etc., occur.
+
+Now, although all this is to move in a very uncertain ambit, harassed
+by a multitude of diverse and vain dilettantisms and mysticisms, and
+only too frequently by fraud, it is not any longer possible nowadays to
+deny that facts, objectively known, compel the positive scientist to
+have recourse to some such suppositions. Also without making the
+"subliminal," with Myers, a kind of "deus ex machina" in the world, it
+is certain that mediumistic phenomena of the kind mentioned are
+henceforth to be considered as a subject of study for an open-minded
+psychology. I may refer in support of this view, among others, to the
+powerful work of Morselli. And to return to the "thinking" animals, we
+find that the mediumistic hypothesis, however shifty it may seem, is a
+better explanation than the telepathic hypothesis--which has already
+itself become rather more systematized in modern psychology.
+
+    After his visits to Elberfeld, Claparede, as I said, had found it
+    difficult to treat as valid the telepathic hypothesis when applied
+    to Krall's horses. What, indeed, had been "transmitted" to them?
+    Numbers? Words? Single letters? (or orders to stop the foot at the
+    right time?) It must be remembered that the horses were tapping
+    their answers by using a sort of stenography, that usually left out
+    the vowels: that besides, although the words could be recognized in
+    the most certain manner, the spelling was most irregular, and, as I
+    have already pointed out, sometimes reversed. Further, as to the
+    words themselves, most infantile phrases were used, certainly such
+    as no adult would have suggested. Was it suggestion then from one
+    unconscious to another? But this is to fall back upon a supposition
+    of the "mediumistic" type, and takes no count of the cases of
+    replies to questions which were unknown to everybody present, and
+    brings us to the single dilemma: either there is intelligence in
+    the human sense in the animal, or a relationship of the mediumistic
+    type above described between the several minds concerned.
+
+    As to the interesting observations reported by Ferrari and Pulle,
+    it seems to me opportune to quote here some extracts from the first
+    of these distinguished authors.
+
+    "This seance was particularly interesting, because I find it
+    recorded in my notes that a fact was verified three times
+    consecutively, which had occurred sporadically more than once
+    before, and had been observed and noted by us and various other
+    witnesses.
+
+    "It consisted in this: While I was putting in the box the number of
+    balls which I had intended the horse to read, the horse, which
+    often could not even have seen the number of balls, because I
+    covered them partly with my head and hands, tapped out the correct
+    number.
+
+    "The same thing happened when I took in one hand a card, the signs
+    on which it could only have read with difficulty, the light being
+    rather bad. The most curious thing about it was that the taps were
+    then made upon the whole more rapidly and less strongly than usual;
+    and that several times later on the horse gave the same number
+    itself with some little difficulty.
+
+    "It is also curious that it should have repeated the performance,
+    seeing that it was only once rewarded for it, and that, because it
+    was agreed that it had done its reading well. I must add that the
+    person who assisted me told me that generally, even when it was
+    giving correctly the number decided on, it hardly looked to see how
+    I was placing the balls in the box....
+
+    "Once when I was arranging three balls, because some one standing
+    behind the horse had made me the sign 3, the horse tapped its three
+    beats behind my shoulders while stretching out its neck by my side
+    in order to try to take a salad leaf, thus showing that it was
+    taking very little interest in the sign which I held out to it and
+    in the taps which it was making.
+
+    "Certainly, this time at least, the animal seemed to perform an
+    automatic action, and it seemed to me that we had guessed
+    subconsciously what the horse intended to do. This may appear a
+    crooked hypothesis, but it is less difficult for me than to think
+    that the horse had read in my mind the number which I had there. It
+    certainly did nothing on most occasions to upset the fairly clear
+    and precise impression that it was obeying some more or less
+    complex determinism."
+
+It seems to me difficult to avoid the impression that what has just
+been stated does not reveal a simple telepathic relationship but
+something rather more deep. The want of interest by the animal in its
+behaviour is for me symptomatic, and agrees perfectly well with the
+sensation of the observer that he also had to obey some obscure
+determinism. I see here another case of a combined psychical (partial)
+operation of a "mediumistic" kind; and this hypothesis makes very
+plausible the other no less impressive hypothesis of the observer that
+his mind was reading (in a subconscious way) the mind of the horse. I
+call this hypothesis of Ferrari impressive, because in this case it was
+due to a person who is certainly not to be suspected of dilettantism,
+and still less of any pseudo-scientific mysticism.
+
+For the rest I repeat that "telepathy" also may co-exist along with
+"mediumistic" action. In a general way, telepathy would seem to assume
+in the animal a greater amount of "human" psychic affinity, whilst in
+mediumistic action I look upon the animal as reacting to the
+intervention of the other mind in a much more "automatic" way: almost
+like a "speaking table," but a table provided with live feet rather
+than inert legs, and above all provided with a nervous system forming
+part of it, so that very little action on the part of the medium is
+required, but the subliminal action of the investigator is enough by
+itself to work it. (Of course, this does not exclude altogether action
+by others or by the horse itself).
+
+    Krall admits the possibility of telepathy (but in a very limited
+    measure): and then, if I remember right, he was looking finally for
+    an explanation which to-day I should perhaps call of the
+    mediumistic type, if I had been better acquainted with it; but in
+    fact I had of him, in his lifetime, only some vague hint on the
+    point.
+
+    As to Miss Kindermann, she recognises the possibility of
+    transmission of thought in certain cases (e.g. when Lola is tired
+    or is unwilling to "work" any more). According to her it would be a
+    question of a line of least resistance, along which the "work" of
+    the animal becomes more easy. Hence arises the necessity, as she
+    maintains, for the investigator to be very careful of the danger of
+    falsified results and to _abstain with this object from any
+    intentional thought_. But these are the very conditions which
+    "mediums" impose on investigators, and if these conditions are not
+    observed, mediumistic seances seem only to be successful with
+    difficulty. Therefore, in trying to resist the danger of telepathic
+    falsification, and without indeed being aware of the resulting
+    consequences, Lola's mistress may have contributed to create the
+    very conditions most favourable to the development of mediumistic
+    action.
+
+
+V. THE HYPOTHESIS OF CONCOMITANT PSYCHICAL AUTOMATISM
+
+In various parts of her book Miss Kindermann emphasizes the fact that
+after having given for some days "communications" of a certain kind, a
+sort of tiredness or annoyance, that gets hold of Lola, completely
+prevents the repetition of similar communications; but that repetition
+can take place if some weeks of rest are allowed in the subject which
+has provoked the tiredness.
+
+In another place she mentions that, with the progress of Lola's
+"education," the dog's attitude towards herself, and other persons
+generally, became harder and more difficult, almost hostile (a fact
+which I find confirmed by certain answers of Lola's referred to
+elsewhere); just as if the canine consciousness as it gained
+illumination began to understand the many wrongs done to it by man,
+which formerly it knew nothing about.
+
+Other observers have repeatedly stated that a capital fact in the story
+of "thinking" animals is the necessity, which they regard as proved, of
+a _progressive_ "education" directed at getting from the animal results
+proportionate to the instruction received.
+
+All these observations and several others of a similar nature would
+seem to be arguments in favour of a presumed "intelligence" rather than
+of an automatism in the animal. But they should be accepted _cum
+grano_. They may indeed contain a good dose of involuntary suggestion,
+active or passive. And again, it seems to me, for instance, a very
+doubtful procedure to maintain, after a positive result has been
+achieved by the animal, that the result should have been on the other
+hand negative, if the education has not yet reached the corresponding
+stage of development; and vice versa. As for me, when I read what Miss
+Kindermann writes about the rapidity of Lola's progress, I cannot help
+thinking that, if the authoress had believed that she was able to
+obtain at once from the dog the results which she did obtain after a
+year's work, she would have obtained them fully and completely.
+
+But this extreme supposition may be exaggerated. I have already
+repeatedly referred to the hypothesis that the psychic automatism in
+question may be only concomitant. That is, I am convinced from what I
+have seen myself and read that a foundation of intelligence, of logical
+reasoning and of self consciousness, must go to constitute in the
+animal the substratum on which the wonders of the "new zoopsychology"
+are built up.
+
+At first I was rather inclined to believe (as so many others) that the
+facts discovered at Elberfeld and at Mannheim could and should be
+explained simply by the recognition of "intelligence" in the animal.
+The chief results obtained up to then (i.e. up to the date of my last
+publications on the subject), were the mathematical prodigies performed
+by Krall's horses, and the first "philosophic" manifestations of Rolf.
+I accordingly thought that I should be able to interpret the new (and,
+in its complexity, rather modest) canine "knowledge" by the animal's
+memory of words which it had heard. But since then the educators have
+taken pleasure in raising the whole level of these wonders. Rolf's
+"philosophy" was developed; and in the end they went so far as to make
+him compose poetry, as I have already had occasion to mention. Then
+came the performances of Lola. And at this point I, too, must say: "Too
+much, too much!" At least, as far as concerns the hypothesis of
+intelligence in the animal.
+
+I understand perfectly that just on account of that "too much," people
+may be tempted to throw up the whole thing. But as far as I am
+concerned, I repeat that I do not consider myself justified in doing
+so. I do not forget the possible intervention of active or passive
+suggestion: I referred to this a short time ago. But a great abuse is
+often made of this explanation. In practice "suggestion" explains but
+little to any one who wants to get to the bottom of things. Neither
+does it explain the bulk of the facts of the "new zoopsychology."
+Neither do I forget that in this field also (as in every field of
+psychological experiments) there may be an interfering although
+subconscious misuse of spurious factors, such as signs (not intentional
+or perceptible) by the experimenter to the subject experimented with; a
+certain amount of falsification in interpretation of results on the
+part of the experimenters, etc.... But the irreducible residue of the
+facts is, in my opinion, still enormous as compared with the little
+that could perhaps be eliminated by these means from the discussion.
+Therefore, in the absence of anything better for the moment, and
+subject to further information, I hold to the hypothesis of a psychic
+automatism of the mediumistic type, as a concomitant phenomenon
+developed from the normal "rapport" which is _necessary_ and pre-existent.
+
+This "rapport" is that of a master to a child; but to a very special
+kind of child, a "child" moreover who, from the biological point of
+view, has not been corrupted by the thousands of years of reasoning and
+society that weigh on the human child. It is, therefore, nearer to the
+"fountains of life" if I may be allowed to express myself in that way;
+and nearer to the mathematical potentiality (which was at first
+unself-conscious, but which has subsequently been developed). But, of
+course, it is not enough for mathematics "to be" in something, for that
+something to begin at once to tap numbers. The table of the mediumistic
+seances contains much mathematics (in its physical assemblage), but in
+order to make it "tap" there must be somebody to move it: in fact, a
+"medium." In my view, as soon as the animal subject has been able to
+understand "numbers"--and this postulate of the new zoopsychology, I
+repeat, I believe to be indispensable to the whole edifice--the animal
+finds itself sufficiently in harmony with the master to become capable
+(in principle) of all the subsequent "wonders."
+
+This it is which constitutes the first discovery, as I have called it,
+of the "new zoopsychology." And on that discovery, in my opinion, are
+based through various gradations its chief results, on the supposition
+that at a certain moment there takes place a new specific action, the
+"declanchement" of the mediumistic relationship between the animal and
+the experimenter. And it may be that the development of such a very
+special relationship between man and animals may be comparatively easy.
+That is, it may be that the animal is relatively easily _permeable_ by
+a mind provided with a reasoning intelligence (without, however, being
+itself aware of the logical content of such an intelligence), exactly
+because it is rather poor in logical self-conscious content--or, again,
+it may be, that the animal in a certain sense is nearer than we to the
+"fountains of life." (9).
+
+The possibility of this "declanchement" would therefore constitute the
+second and more serious discovery made by the educators of animals;
+although without their knowing it, as is proved by all their accounts
+which make no mention of it.
+
+It is difficult to say what the precise moment is at which the grafting
+of this supernormal connexion on the normal one takes place. The most
+that I can say at present is this: that the grafting in question
+appears relatively to be quicker as regards the mathematical results.
+And this would lend an indirect support to the view that generally
+mathematics must be presupposed as underlying the phenomena. But the
+wonderful performances of Lola show that even so far as there is real
+"intelligence" in the animal, the supernormal relationship enters very
+quickly on the scene. In other words, the subject very quickly learns
+to express itself by means of a true "xenoglossy," i.e. by means of a
+language that may be clear to other people although it probably is not
+understood by the animal or medium making use of it.
+
+    Besides, we find in Lola's case a high degree of glossolalia. The
+    authoress observes, e.g. on page 39: "Lola often uses words
+    completely incomprehensible; at one time she declared that they
+    belonged to a special canine language. My investigations on this
+    subject remained, however, without result. It is possible that
+    these words arise from the imagination of the animal...."[30]
+    Something similar was also produced by Rolf and the Elberfeld
+    horses.
+
+      [30] N.B.--It may also be that the "quite incomprehensible words"
+      have not any meaning at all, or at least, not any relation with
+      the mechanism of the glossolalia, but are simply the product of
+      taps made by the animal just for the sake of doing something.
+
+Of course, even after the development of this "xenoglossy," it is
+difficult either to admit or to refuse to admit some remainder of
+self-conscious co-operation by the animal in its "answers." For my
+part, I believe that simple replies may continue to be formed in the
+normal self-conscious way. It is certain, in my opinion, that this view
+is one of the only two alternatives possible when we get replies to
+questions the contents of which are entirely unknown to everybody else
+present. The other alternative is that of clairvoyance in those present
+followed by projection by them to the animal of the idea obtained
+clairvoyantly; or else of a "telepathic" projection of the
+sense-impression from the animal to the bystanders, with return of the
+reply from the latter to the former. I do not dare to complicate this
+further; the more so as in all the cases which I know of in which
+replies were obtained to such questions, very simple things only were
+dealt with: figures, or modest problems; or else problems which are
+abstruse "to us," such as fourth and fifth roots, but which as the
+animal was one of the horses at Elberfeld may be explained by the
+general mathematical faculty without drawing upon the mediumistic
+hypothesis.
+
+But that there is on the whole much of the subliminal at work in all
+the cases noted is, I believe, difficult to deny.
+
+    We must remember that superior "force" by which Miss Kindermann
+    felt herself, as it were, compelled (page 36). And in another place
+    (page 40), the authoress declares: "However strange it may seem, I
+    have repeatedly remarked that Lola always finds abstract
+    calculation and spelling easy; whilst on the other hand it always
+    seems difficult to make her move single parts of her body, or to
+    carry out practical orders." (I myself was able to make similar
+    observations at Elberfeld and at Mannheim; it seemed to me,
+    however, that the horses were more docile to "practical orders.").
+
+    On page 42 I find: "During the explanation of the digits and of the
+    tens, the dog did not look at me, but bit with apparently very
+    great interest a leg of the stool." It must be noted, as I have
+    already pointed out, that the digits and the tens were both alike
+    learned quickly and well. The authoress explains this action of
+    Lola's as a "mark of embarrassment." But to me that leg of the
+    stool is exactly on a par with the salad leaf mentioned by
+    Professor Ferrari: i.e. the dog did not pay the slightest attention
+    to the lesson; it replied without the help of intelligent attention
+    on its part; it replied in the subliminal way, like the unconscious
+    instrument of a psychic automatism, and by the use of an
+    intelligence which was not its own.
+
+    Similar impressions are left by other points in the story of Lola.
+    I read on page 64: "If, for instance, I write one under the other
+    three or four numbers of two figures each, very quickly, and
+    without adding them myself, and then hold up the sheet in front of
+    the dog, I see that her eyes only glance at the sheet for 1-2
+    seconds; after which the dog bends its head to add but looks away,
+    and then taps the reply." This behaviour is the same as that of
+    Krall's pony Hanschen, when Dr. Assagioli and I made experiments
+    with it.
+
+    The same can be said of various other performances of an intuitive
+    kind, on the part of Lola, to which the authoress refers: e.g.
+    knowledge in four seconds of a given number of points (up to 35),
+    marked without any regularity whatever on a piece of paper.
+    (Similar experiments were made at Elberfeld and Mannheim.) Other
+    performances of an intuitive kind concern various measures of time,
+    temperature, musical intervals, etc., and they reach their highest
+    point in the _premonitions_ as to the course of the weather and the
+    birth of the puppies. Professor Ziegler finds the explanation of
+    this last performance in the prenatal movements of the foetus
+    within the maternal body. This seems to me doubtful; besides, it
+    must be remembered that this prevision of Lola's was a double one,
+    as it concerned both the number and the sex of the puppies
+    (autoscopia?). The fact that the sex of the puppies was foretold
+    _almost_ correctly does not eliminate all doubt. And the authoress
+    gives sufficient details on the experiment to make us regard it as
+    genuine, until we have proof to the contrary.
+
+Many other manifestations of Lola's betray very clearly a subliminal
+relationship between herself and her mistress (or perhaps between
+herself and other persons), and so I do not see that there is any
+reason for us to doubt that Miss Kindermann was really surprised at the
+replies which she obtained.
+
+    I could cite at length: I am content, however, to remind the reader
+    of the many replies of the dog which reveal quite clearly the
+    feeling of the authoress towards the dog itself, as e.g., "I know
+    you, alas, so little"; or again, "Show constancy in your love for
+    me," etc.; then, again, the words never pronounced before in
+    presence of the dog (this makes me think of the famous "Urseele" of
+    Rolf); the things said by Lola, but not known by her mistress, and
+    then found true....
+
+Finally I must allude to the "discovery" made by Lola that the odours
+of the human body reveal the state of the human mind--displeasure,
+jealousy, lie (sic); on which the authoress observes (very justly, in a
+certain sense), that these experiments make one think of the well-known
+theories of the late Prof. Jaegar of Stockholm.... I am in agreement
+with her on that point, because I, too, have read the "Entdeckung der
+Seele" by that author; as I suppose she, too, had. I am inclined to
+think that in her case (as she was experimenting with a dog) it was
+only natural for her to think of these psycho-olfactory
+theories--perhaps without knowing it--even before the experiments.
+Therefore, the experiments themselves would always be perfectly
+"genuine," but of course this genuineness is of a different sort to
+what she thought it.
+
+To conclude, the supporters of the new zoopsychology must not complain
+if the views which I have set out above help in course of time to oust
+their "point of view." It seems to me that even while robbing the
+"thinking" animals of some of the intelligence attributed to them, and
+while regarding what remains as qualitatively different from human
+intelligence (e.g. through the much greater interference of
+subconscious factors), we are still free to find the animals to be
+perhaps even more interesting than before.
+
+I am quite conscious of the fact that the "cases" are still few for
+theories to be built upon; and some may think that I might have done
+better by reporting them simply without attempting any explanation
+whatever. However, I believe, that if as the result of my work the
+recognition of the internal weakness of certain hypotheses--especially
+in the psychological field--is generally recognized, it will not be so
+harmful to have put forward some suggestions for dealing with facts
+which have already been, or will be, established.
+
+I have accordingly tried to do so, but I shall always be ready to
+modify my views if new facts should persuade me that this is necessary.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+_Postscript._--Professor G. C. Ferrari has published an article on Lola
+in _Rivista de Psicologia_, 1920, 1. His explanation corresponds in
+many points with my own.
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+
+ 1. E. Bozzano. "Animals and Psychic Perception." _The Annals of
+Psychical Science_, II, 2. London, 1905.
+
+ 2. E. Morselli. _Psychology and Spiritism_ (in Italian). Fr. Bocca,
+Turin, 1908.
+
+ 3. C. de Vesme. "The Thinking Horses of Elberfeld" (in French).
+_Annales des Sciences Psychiques_, XXII, 12. Paris, 1910.
+
+ 4. G. C. Ferrari and F. Pulle. "The First Month of a Horse's Education"
+(in Italian). _Rivista di Psicologia_, March-April, 1913.
+
+ 5. E. C. Sanford. "Psychic Research in the Animal Field." _American
+Journal of Psychology_, XXV, 1914.
+
+ 6. P. Sarasin. "Animal and Human Quick Reckoners" (in German), from
+_Proceedings of the Natural History Society at Basle_. Basle, 1915.
+
+ 7. H. E. Ziegler. _The Soul of the Animal_ (in German). W. Junk,
+Berlin, 1916.
+
+ 8. W. Neumann. "Pseudo-animal-psychology" (in German), from
+_Naturwiss: Wochenschrift_. Jena, 1916.
+
+ 9. W. Mackenzie. _At the Founts of Life_ (in Italian). A. F.
+Formiggini, Rome, 1916. (Out of print).
+
+10. W. Maeterlinck. _The Unknown Guest._ Methuen, London.
+
+11. P. Moekel. _My Dog Rolf_ (in German). R. Lutz, Stuttgart, 1919.
+
+12. W. Mackenzie. "Rolf of Mannheim." Translated by Miss E. Lathan,
+with notes by Professor J. H. Hyslop. _Proceedings of the American
+Society for Psychical Research._ New York, August, 1919.
+
+13. H. E. Ziegler. "The Memory of the Dog" (in German), from
+_Zoologischer Anzeiger_. Leipzig, November, 1919.
+
+14. H. Kindermann. _Lola._ Jordan, Stuttgart, 1919.
+
+15. G. C. Ferrari. "What Talking Dogs Think" (in Italian). _Riv. di
+Psicologia_, Bologna, XVI, 1. 1920.
+
+
+_Printed in Great Britain by Jarrold & Sons, Ltd., Norwich._
+
+
+
+
+
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