diff options
Diffstat (limited to '25861-h')
| -rw-r--r-- | 25861-h/25861-h.htm | 11979 |
1 files changed, 11979 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/25861-h/25861-h.htm b/25861-h/25861-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..be41c36 --- /dev/null +++ b/25861-h/25861-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,11979 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> +<html> +<head> +<title>Stories from Aulus Gellius</title> +<meta http-equiv = "Content-Type" content = "text/html; charset=UTF-8"> + +<style type = "text/css"> + +body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + +div.vocab {margin-top: 1em;} + +hr {width: 80%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: center;} + +a.tag {text-decoration: none; padding-left: .25em;} +table.toc a, p.voclink a {text-decoration: none;} + +h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {text-align: center; font-style: normal; +font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: .5em; +margin-bottom: .5em;} + +h1 {font-size: 200%;} +h2 {font-size: 175%;} +h3 {font-size: 150%;} +h4 {font-size: 120%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 1em; +font-variant: small-caps;} +h4 i {font-variant: normal; font-size: 92%;} +h5 {font-size: 100%;} +h6 {font-size: 85%;} + +/* title page */ +h1.one {font-size: 200%; letter-spacing: .07em;} +h1.two {font-size: 166%; letter-spacing: .1em;} +h1.three {font-size: 133%;} +h2.four, h3.four {font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 0;} +h1.five, h3.five {font-size: 100%; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 0;} +h2.six {font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 0;} +h2.seven {font-size: 75%; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 0;} + +h3.chapter {margin-top: 3em; margin-bottom: 1em;} + +/* paragraphs */ + +p {margin-top: .5em; margin-bottom: 0em; line-height: 1.2;} + +p.summary {margin: 1em; font-style: italic; font-size: 92%;} + +div.hanging {margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;} +div.hanging p, div.exercise p +{margin-left: 2.5em; text-indent: -2.5em;} + +div.inset {margin: .5em 1em;} +div.inset p {margin-left: 1.5em; text-indent: -1.5em; margin-top: 0;} + +p.center {text-align: center;} + +div.verse {margin: .5em 2em;} +div.verse p {margin-top: 0; margin-left: 4em; text-indent: -4em;} +div.verse p.halfline {text-indent: 0;} + +div.exercise p {margin-top: .2em;} +div.vocab p {margin-left: 2.5em; text-indent: -2.5em; margin-top: 0; +font-size: 92%;} +div.vocab p.space {margin-top: 1em;} +div.vocab p.inset {text-indent: -1.5em;} +div.vocab p.voclink, table.vocab p.voclink {text-align: center; +margin-top: .5em; margin-left: 0; text-indent: 0; +font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 85%;} + +p.exlink {text-align: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 90%;} + +p.footnote {margin: 1em 2em; font-size: 95%;} + + +/* tables */ + +table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 1em; +margin-bottom: 1em;} + +td {vertical-align: top; text-align: left; padding: .1em;} + +td.number {text-align: right;} + +table.order td {text-align: right;} +table.order td.left {text-align: left; width: 50%;} + + +/* conditional */ + +table.toc p {margin-top: 0em; margin-left: 2em; +text-indent: -2em; line-height: normal;} + +table.vocab p {margin-left: 1.5em; text-indent: -1.5em; margin-top: 0; +font-size: 92%;} +table.vocab p.space {margin-top: 1em;} +table.vocab p.inset {text-indent: -.5em;} + + +/* floating paragraph or drop cap */ + +span.firstword {font-variant: small-caps;} +/* use same line-height as body text */ + +/* text formatting */ + +.smallroman {text-transform: lowercase; font-variant: small-caps;} +.larger {font-size: 108%;} +.underline {border-bottom: 1px solid #000;} + +/* greek original or translit */ + +.greek {border-bottom: 1px dotted #666;} + +/* my additions */ + +/* correction popup */ + +ins.correction {text-decoration: none; border-bottom: thin dotted red;} + +/* page number */ + +span.pagenum {position: absolute; right: 95%; font-size: 90%; +font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; text-align: right; +text-indent: 0em;} +span.pagenum.right {right: 4%;} +span.linenum {position: absolute; right: 5%; font-size: 80%; +font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; text-align: right; +text-indent: 0em; padding-top: .25em;} + +/* Transcriber's Note */ + +div.mynote, p.mynote {background-color: #DDE; color: #000; +margin: 1em 5%; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 90%;} +div.mynote {padding: .5em 1em 1em;} +p.mynote {padding: 1em;} + +</style> +</head> + +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Stories from Aulus Gellius, by Aulus Gellius + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Stories from Aulus Gellius + Being Selections And Adaptations From The Noctes Atticae + +Author: Aulus Gellius + +Editor: G. H. Nall + +Release Date: June 21, 2008 [EBook #25861] + +Language: Latin + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STORIES FROM AULUS GELLIUS *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, Anna Tuinman, Ted Garvin and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class = "mynote"> + +<p><a name = "start" id = "start">This e-text</a> includes characters +that will only display in UTF-8 (Unicode) text readers, including some +accented Greek in the Notes:</p> + +<div class = "inset"> +<p>œ (“oe” ligature)</p> +<p>ā ē ī ō ū (vowels with macron or “long” mark)</p> +<p>ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ (vowels with breve or “short” mark)</p> +<p><span class = "greek" title = "akoinonoêtoi">ἀκοινονόητοι</span></p> +</div> + +<p>If any of these characters do not display properly—in +particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the +letter—or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph +appear as garbage, you may have an incompatible browser or unavailable +fonts. First, make sure that the browser’s “character set” or “file +encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8). You may also need to change your +browser’s default font.</p> + +<p>The printed text used numbered lines for reference in the Notes. +These will appear in the right margin of the e-text. The lines in your +browser’s display are probably longer than the lines in the original +book, so the numbers will be less than five physical lines apart. Each +selection is linked to and from the beginning of its Notes, and each +individual note starts with the word or phrase referenced.</p> + +<p>The spelling “deminutive” (demin.) is used consistently. A few +terms were inconsistently italicized, including “e.g.”, “i.e.” +and “only” (in vocabulary notes such as “sing. only”). Rather than +try to second-guess the author, they have been left as printed. All +brackets [ ] are in the original.</p> + +<p>Typographical errors are shown with <ins class = "correction" title = +"like this">mouse-hover popups</ins>. All Greek words are similarly +transliterated, as in the example above.</p> +</div> + +<p> <br> </p> + +<p class = "larger"><span class = "underline"><b>Elementary +Classics.</b></span></p> + +<p> </p> + +<h1 class = "three">STORIES FROM</h1> + +<h1 class = "one">AULUS GELLIUS,</h1> + +<h1 class = "five">BEING SELECTIONS AND ADAPTATIONS FROM THE</h1> + +<h1 class = "two">NOCTES ATTICAE,</h1> + +<p> </p> + +<h2 class = "six"><i>EDITED WITH NOTES EXERCISES AND VOCABULARIES<br> +FOR THE USE OF LOWER FORMS</i></h2> + +<p> </p> + +<h2 class = "six">BY THE</h2> + +<h2 class = "four">REV. G. H. NALL, M.A.,</h2> + +<h2 class = "seven">ASSISTANT MASTER AT WESTMINSTER SCHOOL.</h2> + +<p> <br> </p> + +<h3 class = "four"><b>London:</b></h3> + +<h3 class = "four">MACMILLAN AND CO.,</h3> + +<h3 class = "five">AND NEW YORK.</h3> + +<h3 class = "five">1888.</h3> + +<hr> + +<span class = "pagenum">v</span> +<h3 class = "chapter"><a name= "preface"> +PREFACE.</a></h3> + + +<p><span class = "firstword">It</span> is hoped that this series of +short stories from A. Gellius may serve as a pleasant change to +young boys after a course of Cornelius Nepos, Eutropius, etc. The +language of the original has been simplified in parts, and some rare or +late words and constructions cut out. The Notes have been made, with few +exceptions, as short as possible; a few more lengthy digressions, +such as those upon the ablative absolute and the gerundial +constructions, will need no apology, if they succeed in leading boys to +think out for themselves the difficulties which these constructions +present. Some simple Exercises have been added at the request of the +Publishers, and for these an English-Latin Vocabulary has been compiled. +In this Vocabulary the words are arranged in alphabetical order, since +the Exercises are intended principally for <i>viva voce</i> drill in +form, and the Editor’s experience does not confirm the +<span class = "pagenum">vi</span> +theory of some Editors, that a boy’s knowledge of a language is +increased in proportion to the time that he spends in hunting for words +that he does not know; he considers that the “paragraph” vocabulary +makes the lazy boy take refuge in guessing, whilst it wastes the time of +the industrious boy.</p> + +<p>The Editor acknowledges his obligations to the Latin Grammars of Dr. +Kennedy and Mr. Roby, and to Dr. Smith’s Dictionaries of Biography and +Antiquities, and to similar works which lie at every schoolmaster’s +elbow.</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">vii</span> +<h3 class = "chapter"><a name = "contents" id = "contents"> +CONTENTS.</a></h3> + +<table class = "toc" summary = "table of contents"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number smallroman">PAGE</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Preface,</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#preface">v</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Life of Aulus Gellius,</p></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#life">ix</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Text of the “Stories from Aulus Gellius,”</p></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#stories">1</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Notes on the Text,</p></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#notes">33</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Exercises,</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#exercises">75</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Latin-English Vocabulary,</p></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#vocab_latin">98</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>English-Latin Vocabulary,</p></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#vocab_english">137</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Table showing the order of the “Stories” compared with the Books +of the “Noctes Atticae,”</p></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#order">147</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Index to Notes,</p></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#index">148</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Index to Proper Names.</p></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#index">152</a></td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<span class = "pagenum">ix</span> +<h3 class = "chapter"><a name = "life" id = "life">I</a><br> +AULUS GELLIUS.</h3> + + +<p><span class = "firstword">Nothing</span> is known about the life of +A. Gellius beyond what can be gathered from occasional hints in his own +writings; it has even been disputed whether his name was Agellius or +A. Gellius. Probably he was a Roman by birth, of good family and +connections. He seems to have spent his early years at Rome, studying +under the celebrated teachers, Sulpicius Apollinaris, +T. Castricius, and Antonius Julianus (cf. <a href = +"#txt_XXXIV">xxxiv. 1</a>): to have continued his studies at +Athens, where he lived on terms of familiarity with Herodes Atticus, +Calvisius Taurus, Peregrinus Proteus, and other famous philosophers of +that day: and after the lapse of many years to have returned to Rome, +and devoted the remaining years of his life to literary pursuits and the +society of a large circle of friends. The dates of his birth and death +are unknown, but from the names of his teachers and friends it is +certain that he lived during the reigns of Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and +Marcus Aurelius, 117-180 <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span></p> + +<span class = "pagenum">x</span> +<p>The only work of A. Gellius that has reached us, possibly the only +one that he wrote, is the “Noctes Atticae,” so called because it was +begun during the long nights of winter in a country house in Attica +(<i>longinquis per hiemen noctibus in agro terrae Atticae</i>). It +consists of numerous extracts from Greek and Roman writers on subjects +connected with history, philosophy, philology, and antiquities, +illustrated by abundant criticisms and discussions. These extracts are +thrown together without any attempt at order or arrangement, and divided +into twenty books. He had been accustomed whilst reading, he says, to +make notes upon anything which struck him as worth remembering. These +notes he embodied with little change in his work, in the same haphazard +order in which they had been made (<i>usi autem sumus ordine rerum +fortuito quem antea in excerpendo feceramus</i>).</p> + +<p>Naturally the various parts of such a ‘Miscellany’ vary greatly in +quality. Some portions of it are highly valuable and interesting. For +instance, many quotations are preserved from ancient authors whose works +have perished, some of which throw light upon questions of +constitutional and antiquarian interest, which would otherwise have +remained obscure; many literary and historical anecdotes are given which +are valuable in themselves; and some important grammatical usages and +theories are noted. But the +<span class = "pagenum">xi</span> +author’s appetite was omnivorous. He is as eager to tell the story of a +marvellous African serpent, 120 feet in length, whose destruction +required the utmost efforts of a whole Roman army, with their +<i>ballistae</i> and <i>catapultae</i> (<i>magna totius exercitus +conflictione, ballistis atque catapultis diu oppugnatum.</i> +—<i>N. A.</i> vii. 3), or to discuss some absurd +etymology, such as that of <i>avarus</i> from <i>avidus aeris</i>, as to +preserve some really valuable detail of senatorial procedure, or record +the use and origin of obscure constitutional phrases. His own +criticisms, moreover, are as a rule worthless, and his translations are +feeble; but in spite of all these defects his work is exceedingly +interesting, and we could ill afford to lose it.</p> + +<p>His Latin style shows the defects of his age, an age in which the +Romans had ceased to feel the full meaning of the words which they used, +and endeavoured to gain emphasis by employing obscure phrases and +unnatural turns of expression. But these peculiarities are even more +noticeable in the writings of his contemporaries.</p> + + +<div class = "stories"> + +<span class = "pagenum">1</span> +<h3 class = "chapter"><a name = "stories" id = "stories"> +STORIES FROM AULUS GELLIUS.</a></h3> + + +<h4><a name = "txt_I" id = "txt_I" href = "#notes_I">I.</a> +Vergil and His Poems.</h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +Vergil, who spent much labour in polishing his verses, used to compare +himself to a bear, which licks its cubs into shape.</p> + +<p>Dicebat P. Vergilius, ut amici eius familiaresque ferunt, se parere +versus more ursino. “Namque ut illa bestia” inquit, “fetum edit informem +lambendoque postea conformat et fingit, sic ingenii quoque mei partus +primum rudes et inperfecti sunt, sed +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +tractando corrigendoque reddo iis oris et vultus liniamenta.”</p> + +<p class = "exlink"><a href = "#ex_I">Exercises</a></p> + + +<h4><a name = "txt_II" id = "txt_II" href = "#notes_II">II.</a> +Menander and Philemon.</h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +The poet Menander, meeting his successful rival Philemon, asked him if +he did not feel ashamed to defeat him.</p> + +<p>Menander a Philemone, nequaquam pari scriptore, in certaminibus +comoediarum ambitu gratiâque saepenumero vincebatur. Ei forte obviam +factus est Menander, et “Quaeso” inquit, “Philemo, bonâ veniâ dic mihi, +cum me vincis, nonne erubescis?” +<span class = "linenum">5</span></p> + +<p class = "exlink"><a href = "#ex_II">Exercises</a></p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">2</span> +<h4><a name = "txt_III" id = "txt_III" href = "#notes_III">III.</a> +The Palm Tree.</h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +The palm has been made the emblem of victory, because its wood does not +yield, when heavy weights are placed upon it.</p> + +<p>Rem hercle mirandam Aristoteles et Plutarchus dicunt. “Si super +palmae arboris lignum” inquiunt “magna pondera imponis, non deorsum +palma cedit nec intra flectitur, sed adversus pondus resurgit et sursum +recurvatur; propterea in certaminibus palma +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +signum victoriae facta est, quoniam urgentibus opprimentibusque non +cedit.”</p> + +<p class = "exlink"><a href = "#ex_III">Exercises</a></p> + + +<h4><a name = "txt_IV" id = "txt_IV" href = "#notes_IV">IV.</a> +Socrates and His Wife.</h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +Socrates, when asked why he endured his quarrelsome wife, replied that +to bear her temper was good discipline.</p> + +<p>Xanthippe, Socratis philosophi uxor, admodum morosa et litigiosa +fuisse fertur, irisque muliebribus per diem perque noctem scatebat. Quam +rem in maritum Socraten Alcibiades demiratus, “Cur mulierem” inquit “tam +acerbam domo non exigis?” +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +“Quoniam,” respondit Socrates, “cum illam domi talem perpetior, insuesco +et exerceor, ut ceterorum quoque foris petulantiam et iniuriam facilius +feram.”</p> + +<p class = "exlink"><a href = "#ex_IV">Exercises</a></p> + + +<h4><a name = "txt_V" id = "txt_V" href = "#notes_V">V.</a> +The Self-Discipline of Socrates.</h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +Socrates used to train himself to bear fatigue by standing motionless +for twenty-four hours at a time. His health was always perfect.</p> + +<p>Inter labores voluntarios corporis firmandi causâ id quoque accepimus +Socraten facere insuevisse: +<span class = "pagenum">3</span> +stabat per diem perque noctem a lucis ortu ad solem alterum orientem +immobilis, iisdem in vestigiis, et ore atque oculis eundem in locum +directis, cogitans, +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +tamquam quodam secessu mentis atque animi facto a corpore.</p> + +<p>Temperantiâ quoque tantâ fuisse traditus est, ut omnem fere vitam +valitudine integrâ vixerit. In eâ etiam pestilentiâ, quae in belli +Peloponnensiaci +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +principiis Atheniensium civitatem depopulata est, dicitur vigorem +corporis retinuisse.</p> + +<p class = "exlink"><a href = "#ex_V">Exercises</a></p> + + +<h4><a name = "txt_VI" id = "txt_VI" href = "#notes_VI">VI.</a> +Alexander and Bucephalas.</h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +How Alexander obtained his famous charger Bucephalas, how it saved his +life in battle, and how the King showed his gratitude.</p> + +<p>Equus Alexandri regis nomine Bucephalas fuit. Emptum Chares scripsit +talentis tredecim et regi Philippo donatum; hoc autem aeris nostri summa +est sestertia trecenta duodecim. De hoc equo haec memoriâ digna +accepimus. Ubi ornatus erat armatusque +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +ad proelium, haud umquam inscendi sese ab alio, nisi ab rege passus est. +Bello Indico cum insidens in eo Alexander facinora faceret fortia, in +hostium cuneum, non satis sibi providens, inmisit. Coniectis undique in +Alexandrum telis, vulneribus altis in cervice atque +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +in latere equus perfossus est. Moribundus tamen ac prope iam exanguis e +mediis hostibus regem citato cursu retulit atque, ubi eum extra tela +extulerat, ilico concidit et, domini iam superstitis securus, animam +<span class = "pagenum">4</span> +expiravit. Tum rex Alexander, partâ eius belli +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +victoriâ, oppidum in iisdem locis condidit idque ob equi honores +Bucephalon appellavit.</p> + +<p class = "exlink"><a href = "#ex_VI">Exercises</a></p> + + +<h4><a name = "txt_VII" id = "txt_VII" href = "#notes_VII">VII.</a> +Alcibiades and the Pipes.</h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +Alcibiades, when a boy, refused to learn to play the pipes, because they +distorted the player’s mouth.</p> + +<p>Alcibiades Atheniensis apud avunculum Periclen educatus est, qui +artibus ac disciplinis liberalibus puerum docendum curavit. Inter alios +magistros tibicinem arcessi iussit, ut eum canere tibiis doceret, quod +honestissimum tum videbatur. Traditas sibi +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +tibias Alcibiades ad os adhibuit inflavitque; sed ubi oris deformitatem +vidit, abiecit infregitque. Cum ea res percrebuisset, omnium tum +Atheniensium consensu disciplina tibiis canendi desita est.</p> + +<p class = "exlink"><a href = "#ex_VII">Exercises</a></p> + + +<h4><a name = "txt_VIII" id = "txt_VIII" href = "#notes_VIII">VIII.</a> +Fabricius and the Samnite Gold.</h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +Fabricius refused rich presents, which the Samnites offered him, saying +that, while he retained command over his senses, he had all that he +needed.</p> + +<p>Legati a Samnitibus ad C. Fabricium, imperatorem populi Romani, +venerunt et, memoratis multis magnisque rebus, quae bene post redditam +pacem Samnitibus fecisset, dono grandem pecuniam obtulerunt. “Quae +facimus” Samnites inquiunt, “quod multa ad +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +splendorem domus atque victus defieri videmus.” Tum Fabricius manus ab +auribus ad oculos et infra +<span class = "pagenum">5</span> +deinceps ad nares et ad os et ad gulam deduxit, et legatis ita +respondit: “Dum his omnibus membris, quae attigi, imperare possum, +numquam quicquam +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +mihi deerit; quamobrem hanc pecuniam, quâ nihil mihi est usus, +a vobis, qui eâ uti scitis, non accipio.”</p> + +<p class = "exlink"><a href = "#ex_VIII">Exercises</a></p> + + +<h4><a name = "txt_IX" id = "txt_IX" href = "#notes_IX">IX.</a> +Hannibal’s Jest.</h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +Antiochus, proud of his army, asked Hannibal if they were ‘enough for +the Romans.’ ‘Quite enough,’ replied Hannibal, ‘however greedy the +Romans are.’</p> + +<p>Antiochus ostendebat Hannibali in campo copias ingentis, quas bellum +populo Romano facturus comparaverat, convertebatque exercitum insignibus +argenteis et aureis micantem; inducebat etiam currus cum falcibus et +elephantos cum turribus equitatumque +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +frenis, ephippiis, monilibus, phaleris fulgentem. Atque ibi rex +Hannibalem aspicit et “Putasne” inquit “satis esse Romanis haec omnia?” +Tum Poenus, eludens ignaviam militum eius tam pretiose armatorum, +“Satis, plane satis esse credo Romanis haec omnia, etiamsi +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +avarissimi sunt.”</p> + +<p class = "exlink"><a href = "#ex_IX">Exercises</a></p> + + +<h4><a name = "txt_X" id = "txt_X" href = "#notes_X">X.</a> +The Death of Milo.</h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +Milo, when enfeebled by age, tried to tear a tree open, but the wood +closed on his hands and he perished miserably.</p> + +<p>Milo Crotoniensis, athleta inlustris, exitum habuit e vita miserandum +et mirandum. Cum iam natu grandis artem athleticam desisset iterque +faceret forte +<span class = "pagenum">6</span> +solus in locis Italiae silvestribus, quercum vidit proxime viam rimis in +parte mediâ hiantem. +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +Tum experiri +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +etiam tunc volens, an ullae sibi vires adessent, inmissis in cavernas +arboris digitis, diducere et rescindere quercum conatus est. Ac mediam +quidem partem discidit divellitque; quercus autem in duas diducta +partis, cum ille manus laxasset, rediit in +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +naturam, manibusque eius retentis inclusisque dilacerandum hominem feris +praebuit.</p> + +<p class = "exlink"><a href = "#ex_X">Exercises</a></p> + + +<h4><a name = "txt_XI" id = "txt_XI" href = "#notes_XI">XI.</a> +A Hoax:—the Story of Papirius Praetextatus.</h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +The young Papirius, pressed by his mother to reveal the secret +proceedings of the Senate, told her that they had debated whether it was +better for one husband to have two wives, or one wife two husbands.</p> + +<p>Mos antea senatoribus Romae fuit, in curiam cum praetextatis filiis +introire. Forte res maior quaepiam consultata et in diem posterum +prolata est, placuitque ut eam rem ne quis enuntiaret, priusquam decreta +esset. Sed mater Papirii pueri, qui cum patre +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +suo in curiâ fuerat, percontata est filium, quidnam in senatu patres +egissent. Puer respondit tacendum esse neque id dici licere. Mulier +autem fit audiendi cupidior, ac tandem puer matre urgente lepidi +mendacii consilium capit. Actum in senatu dixit, utrum +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +videretur utilius exque republicâ esse, unusne ut duas uxores haberet, +an ut una duobus nupta esset.</p> + +<p class = "exlink"><a href = "#ex_XI">Exercises</a></p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">7</span> +<h4><a name = "txt_XII" id = "txt_XII" href = "#notes_XII">XII.</a> +The Result of the Hoax.</h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +The consternation of the Roman Matrons, the bewilderment of the +Senators, the confession of Papirius, and the reward for his +discretion.</p> + +<p>Ubi illa hoc audivit, domo trepidans egreditur, ad ceteras matronas +se adfert. Pervenit ad senatum postridie matrum familias caterva. +Lacrimantes atque obsecrantes orant, ut una potius duobus nupta fieret +quam ut duae uni. Senatores in curiam ingredientes +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +mirabantur, quae illa mulierum insania et quid sibi postulatio istaec +vellet. Puer Papirius in medium curiae progressus, quid mater audire +institisset, quid ipse matri dixisset, denarrat. Senatus fidem atque +ingenium pueri laudat et consultum facit, uti posthac +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +pueri cum patribus in curiam ne introeant, praeter illum unum Papirium, +cui postea cognomen honoris gratiâ datum “Praetextatus.”</p> + +<p class = "exlink"><a href = "#ex_XII">Exercises</a></p> + + +<h4><a name = "txt_XIII" id = "txt_XIII" href = "#notes_XIII">XIII.</a> +Sertorius.</h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +The extraordinary influence that Sertorius exercised over the minds of +his soldiers, and the means by which he maintained this influence.</p> + +<p>Sertorius, vir acer egregiusque dux, et utendi et regendi exercitus +peritus fuit. Is in temporibus difficillimis et mentiebatur ad milites, +si mendacium prodesset, et litteras compositas pro veris legebat, et +somnium simulabat, et falsas religiones conferebat, si +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +quid istae res eum apud militum animos adiuvabant. Haec hominum +barbarorum credulitas Sertorio in +<span class = "pagenum">8</span> +magnis rebus magno usui fuit. Memoria prodita est, neminem umquam ex his +nationibus, quae cum Sertorio faciebant, cum multis proeliis superatus +esset, +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +ab eo descivisse, quamquam id genus hominum esset mobilissimum.</p> + +<p class = "exlink"><a href = "#ex_XIII">Exercises</a></p> + + +<h4><a name = "txt_XIV" id = "txt_XIV" href = "#notes_XIV">XIV.</a> +Sertorius and the Doe.</h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +Sertorius pretended that divine revelations were made to him through a +white doe. This doe once ran away, but was soon found again. The use +which Sertorius made of this incident.</p> + +<p>Huic Sertorio cerva alba eximiae pulchritudinis et celeritatis a +Lusitano quodam dono data est. Hanc persuasit omnibus, oblatam sibi +divinitus et instinctam Dianae numine, conloqui secum et monere et +docere, quae utilia factu essent, ac, si quid durius videbatur, +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +quod imperandum militibus foret, a cervâ sese monitum praedicabat. +Id cum dixerat, universi, tamquam si deo, libentes ei parebant. Ea cerva +quodam die, cum incursio hostium esset nuntiata, tumultu consternata in +fugam se proripuit atque in palude proximâ delituit, +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +et postea requisita periisse credita est. Neque multis diebus post +inventam esse cervam Sertorio nuntiatur. Tum eum qui nuntiaverat iussit +tacere ac, ne cui palam diceret, interminatus est praecepitque, ut eam +postero die repente in eum locum, in quo ipse cum amicis +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +esset<ins class = "correction" title = "text has . for ,">, +</ins>inmitteret. Admissis deinde amicis postridie, cervam ait, quae +periisset, visam esse in quiete ad se reverti et, ut prius consuerat, +quod opus esset +<span class = "pagenum">9</span> +facto praedicere; tum servo quod imperaverat significat, cerva emissa in +cubiculum Sertorii introrupit, +<span class = "linenum">20</span> +clamor factus et orta admiratio est.</p> + +<p class = "exlink"><a href = "#ex_XIV">Exercises</a></p> + + +<h4><a name = "txt_XV" id = "txt_XV" href = "#notes_XV">XV.</a> +Tarquin and the Sibylline Books.</h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +A Sibyl offered to sell King Tarquin nine books for a large sum. On his +scornful refusal she burnt three, and offered the remaining six for the +same sum, but he again refused. She burnt three more and offered the +remaining three for the same sum: these the King bought and deposited in +the ‘Sacristy.’</p> + +<p>In antiquis annalibus haec memoria de libris Sibyllinis prodita est: +Anus hospita atque incognita ad Tarquinium Superbum regem adiit, novem +libros ferens, quos divina oracula esse dicebat; eos velle vendere. +Tarquinius pretium percontatus est. Mulier +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +nimium atque inmensum poposcit: rex, quasi anus aetate desiperet, +derisit. Tum illa foculum coram cum igni apponit, tris libros ex novem +deurit et, ecquid reliquos sex eodem pretio emere vellet, regem +interrogavit. Sed enim Tarquinius id multo magis risit, +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +dixitque anum iam procul dubio delirare. Mulier ibidem statim tris alios +libros exussit atque id ipsum denuo placide rogat, ut tris reliquos +eodem illo pretio emat. <ins class = "correction" +title = "text reads ‘Tarquinus’">Tarquinius</ins> +ore iam serio atque attentiore animo fit, eam constantiam confidentiamque non +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +contemnendam intellegit, libros tris reliquos mercatur nihilo minore +pretio, quam quod erat petitum pro omnibus. Sed ea mulier tunc a +Tarquinio digressa postea nusquam loci visa est. Libri tres, in +sacrarium +<span class = "pagenum">10</span> +conditi, “Sibyllini” appellati; ad eos quasi ad oraculum +<span class = "linenum">20</span> +quindecimviri adeunt, cum di immortales publice consulendi sunt.</p> + +<p class = "exlink"><a href = "#ex_XV">Exercises</a></p> + + +<h4><a name = "txt_XVI" id = "txt_XVI" href = "#notes_XVI">XVI.</a> +Scipio Africanus Impeached: His Answer.</h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +Scipio was accused of having received bribes from Antiochus. Scorning to +answer such a charge, he reminded the people that this was the +anniversary of his great victory at Zama, and called upon them to follow +him to the Capitol and there return thanks to the gods.</p> + +<p>M. Naevius tribunus plebis accusavit Scipionem ad populum, dixitque +eum accepisse a rege Antiocho pecuniam, ut condicionibus mollibus pax +cum eo populi Romani nomine fieret, et quaedam item alia indigna tali +viro addidit. Tum Scipio pauca +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +praefatus, quae dignitas vitae suae atque gloria postulabat, “Memoriâ” +inquit, “Quirites, repeto, diem esse hodiernum, quo Hannibalem Poenum, +imperio vestro inimicissimum, magno proelio in terrâ Africâ vici, +pacemque et victoriam vobis peperi praeclaram. Non +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +igitur simus adversum deos ingrati et, censeo, relinquamus nebulonem +hunc, eamus hinc protinus Iovi optimo maximo gratulatum.” Id cum +dixisset, avertit et ire ad Capitolium coepit. Tum contio universa, quae +ad sententiam de Scipione ferendam convenerat, +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +relicto tribuno Scipionem in Capitolium comitata, atque inde ad aedes +eius cum laetitiâ et gratulatione sollemni prosecuta est.</p> + +<p class = "exlink"><a href = "#ex_XVI">Exercises</a></p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">11</span> +<h4><a name = "txt_XVII" id = "txt_XVII" href = "#notes_XVII">XVII.</a> +Scipio Africanus: Another Impeachment.</h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +Scipio on another occasion was accused of embezzling the money paid by +Antiochus as a war indemnity: he answered the charge by tearing his +accounts in pieces before the eyes of the Senators.</p> + +<p>Item aliud est factum eius praeclarum. Petilii quidam tribuni plebis +a M., ut aiunt, Catone, inimico Scipionis, comparati in eum atque +inmissi, desiderabant in senatu, ut pecuniae Antiochinae praedaeque in +eo bello captae rationem redderet: fuerat enim +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +L. Scipioni Asiatico, fratri suo, imperatori in eâ provinciâ +legatus. Ibi Scipio exurgit et, prolato e sinu togae libro, rationes in +eo scriptas esse dixit omnis pecuniae omnisque praedae; allatum, ut +palam recitaretur et ad aerarium deferretur. “Sed enim id iam non +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +faciam” inquit, “nec me ipse afficiam contumeliâ,” eumque librum statim +coram discidit suis manibus, aegre passus, quod, cui salus imperii ac +reipublicae accepta referri deberet, ab eo ratio praedae posceretur.</p> + +<p class = "exlink"><a href = "#ex_XVII">Exercises</a></p> + + +<h4><a name = "txt_XVIII" id = "txt_XVIII" href = +"#notes_XVIII">XVIII.</a> +Scipio Africanus and the Gods.</h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +Scipio believed that he was a special favourite of the gods: before +entering on any important work he used to spend hours of quiet +meditation in the temple on the Capitol. A story is given showing +his power of foreseeing the future.</p> + +<p>Id etiam dicere haut piget, quod ii, qui de vitâ et rebus Africani +scripserunt, litteris mandaverunt. Solitus est noctis extremo ante +primam lucem in Capitolium ventitare ac iubere aperiri cellam Iovis, +<span class = "pagenum">12</span> +atque ibi solus diu demorari<ins class = "correction" title = "text has . for ,">, </ins>quasi consultans de +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +republicâ cum Iove. Aeditumi eius templi saepe admirati, quod in eum +solum id temporis in Capitolium ingredientem canes, semper in alios +saevientes, neque latrarent neque incurrerent. Has volgi de Scipione +opiniones confirmare atque approbare +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +videbantur dicta factaque eius pleraque admiranda. Ex quibus est unum +huiuscemodi. Assidebat oppugnabatque oppidum in Hispaniâ situm, moenibus +defensoribusque validum et munitum, re etiam cibariâ copiosum, nullaque +eius potiundi spes erat. Quodam +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +die ius in castris sedens dicebat, atque ex eo loco id oppidum procul +visebatur. Tum quispiam e militibus, qui in iure apud eum stabant, +interrogavit ex more, in quem diem locumque vadimonium promitti iuberet: +et Scipio manum ad ipsam oppidi, quod obsidebatur, +<span class = "linenum">20</span> +arcem protendens, perendie sese sistere illo in loco iussit. Atque ita +factum: die tertio, in quem vadari iusserat, oppidum captum est eodemque +eo die in arce eius oppidi ius dixit.</p> + +<p class = "exlink"><a href = "#ex_XVIII">Exercises</a></p> + + +<h4><a name = "txt_XIX" id = "txt_XIX" href = "#notes_XIX">XIX.</a> +Duty and Friendship.</h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +How a man, when trying a friend who was guilty, succeeded in reconciling +the claims of duty and of friendship, by himself voting for +condemnation, but persuading his fellow iudices to vote for +acquittal.</p> + +<p>Super amici capite iudex cum duobus aliis fui. Ita lex fuit, uti eum +hominem condemnari necesse esset. Aut amico igitur caput perdendum aut +adhibenda fraus legi fuit. Multa cum animo meo ad casum tam +<span class = "pagenum">13</span> +ancipitem medendum consultavi; tandem hoc, quod +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +feci, visum est optimum. Ipse tacitus ad condemnandum sententiam tuli, +iis qui simul iudicabant, ut absolverent, persuasi. Sic mihi et iudicis +et amici officium in re tantâ salvum fuit.</p> + +<p class = "exlink"><a href = "#ex_XIX">Exercises</a></p> + + +<h4><a name = "txt_XX" id = "txt_XX" href = "#notes_XX">XX.</a> +Avoid Obsolete Language.</h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +Favorinus rebuked a young man, who affected the use of archaic language, +by telling him to hold his tongue altogether if he did not wish to be +understood: if he admired the purity of the good old times he should +imitate their ways, not their words.</p> + +<p>Favorinus philosophus adulescenti, veterum verborum cupidissimo et +plerasque voces nimis priscas et ignotas in cotidianis sermonibus +expromenti, “Curius” inquit “et Fabricius et Coruncanius, antiquissimi +viri, et his antiquiores Horatii illi trigemini plane ac +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +dilucide cum suis locuti sunt, neque Auruncorum aut Sicanorum aut +Pelasgorum, qui primi coluisse Italiam dicuntur, sed aetatis suae verbis +usi sunt; tu autem, proinde quasi cum matre Euandri nunc loquare, +sermone abhinc multis annis iam desito uteris, quod +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +neminem vis scire atque intellegere quae dicas. Nonne, homo inepte, ut +quod vis abunde consequaris, taces? Sed antiquitatem tibi placere ais, +quod honesta et bona et sobria et modesta sit. Vive ergo moribus +praeteritis, loquere verbis praesentibus: atque id, +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +quod a C. Caesare scriptum est, habe semper in memoriâ atque in +pectore, ut tamquam scopulum sic fugias insolens verbum.”</p> + +<p class = "exlink"><a href = "#ex_XX">Exercises</a></p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">14</span> +<h4><a name = "txt_XXI" id = "txt_XXI" href = "#notes_XXI">XXI.</a> +Torquatus and the Gaul:—The Challenge.</h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +In one of the struggles between the Romans and the Gauls in 361 <span +class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> a gigantic Gaul challenged the Romans +to send out a champion to meet him: all held back except the young T. +Manlius.</p> + +<p>Titus Manlius summo loco natus fuit. Ei cognomen factum est +Torquatus. Causa cognomenti fuisse dicitur torquis, quam ex hoste, quem +occiderat, detractam induit. Quis hostis fuerit et qualis pugna ita +accepimus. +<span class = "linenum">5</span></p> + +<p>Galli contra Romanos pugnabant, cum interim Gallus quidam nudus +praeter scutum et gladios duos, torque atque armillis decoratus, qui et +viribus et magnitudine et adulescentiâ et virtute ceteros praestabat, +processit et manu significare coepit utrisque, ut +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +quiescerent. Extemplo silentio facto voce maximâ conclamat, si quis +secum depugnare vellet, uti prodiret. Nemo audebat propter magnitudinem +atque inmanem faciem. Deinde Gallus inridere coepit atque linguam +exertare. Doluit Titus Manlius, tantum flagitium +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +civitati adcidere, e tanto exercitu neminem prodire. Processit ipse +scuto pedestri et gladio Hispanico cinctus et contra Gallum +constitit.</p> + +<p class = "exlink"><a href = "#ex_XXI">Exercises</a></p> + + +<h4><a name = "txt_XXII" id = "txt_XXII" href = "#notes_XXII">XXII.</a> +Torquatus and the Gaul:—The Battle.</h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +In the struggle which followed Manlius disconcerted the Gaul by suddenly +with his shield dashing him back from his posture of defence; he then +came to close quarters with the Gaul, and slew him. He +<span class = "pagenum">15</span> +put on his own neck the necklace which the Gaul had worn; hence he was +named Torquatus. This same Manlius executed his son for disobeying +orders and slaying an enemy who had challenged him.</p> + +<p>Metu magno ea congressio in ipso ponte, utroque exercitu inspectante, +facta est. Constitit Gallus suâ disciplinâ scuto proiecto cunctabundus; +Manlius, animo magis quam arte confisus, scuto scutum percussit atque +statum Galli conturbavit. Dum se Gallus iterum eodem +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +pacto constituere studet, Manlius iterum scuto scutum percutit atque de +loco hominem iterum deiecit; eo pacto ei sub Gallicum gladium successit +atque Hispanico pectus hausit; deinde continuo umerum dextrum incidit +neque recessit usquam, donec subvertit. Ubi eum +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +evertit, caput praecidit, torquem detraxit eamque sanguinulentam sibi in +collum inponit. Quo ex facto ipse posterique eius Torquati sunt +cognominati.</p> + +<p>Ab hoc Tito Manlio imperia et aspera et immitia Manlia dicta sunt, +quoniam postea, cum bello adversum +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +Latinos esset consul, filium suum securi percussit, qui speculatum ab eo +missus, pugnâ interdictâ, hostem, a quo provocatus fuerat, +occiderat.</p> + +<p class = "exlink"><a href = "#ex_XXII">Exercises</a></p> + + +<h4><a name = "txt_XXIII" id = "txt_XXIII" href = +"#notes_XXIII">XXIII.</a> +Valerius Corvinus:—The Origin Of His Name.</h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +On another occasion the young Valerius accepted the challenge of a +gigantic Gaul. During the fight a raven aided the Roman by attacking his +enemy with its talons; thus helped Valerius slew the Gaul, and received +the name of Corvinus.</p> + +<p>Copiae Gallorum ingentes agrum Pomptinum +<span class = "pagenum">16</span> +insederant instruebanturque acies a consulibus. Dux interea Gallorum, +vastâ proceritate armisque auro praefulgentibus, manu telum vibrans +incedebat perque contemptum et superbiam circumspicit despicitque +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +omnia, et venire iubet et congredi, si quis pugnare secum ex omni Romano +exercitu auderet. Tum Valerius adulescens, tribunus iam militaris, +ceteris inter metum pudoremque ambiguis, impetrat a consulibus, ut in +Gallum pugnare sese permitterent, et +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +progreditur intrepidus obviam. Et congrediuntur et consistunt et +conserebantur iam manus. Atque ibi vis quaedam divina fit: corvus +repente advolat et super galeam tribuni insistit atque inde in +adversarii os atque oculos pugnare incipit, eius manum unguibus +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +laniabat atque, ubi satis saevierat, revolabat in galeam tribuni. Sic +tribunus, spectante utroque exercitu, et suâ virtute nixus et operâ, +alitis adiutus, ducem hostium ferocissimum vicit interfecitque, atque ob +hanc causam cognomen habuit Corvinum. +<span class = "linenum">20</span></p> + +<p>Statuam Corvino isti divus Augustus in foro suo statuendam curavit. +In eius statuae capite corvi simulacrum est, rei pugnaeque, quam +diximus, monimentum.</p> + +<p class = "exlink"><a href = "#ex_XXIII">Exercises</a></p> + + +<h4><a name = "txt_XXIV" id = "txt_XXIV" href = "#notes_XXIV">XXIV.</a> +Aesop.</h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +Aesop in his fables gives good advice in a pleasant way, and hence men +attend to him. An instance of this is his fable of the lark, which has +been put into verse by Ennius.</p> + +<p>Aesopus ille e Phrygia fabularum scriptor haud +<span class = "pagenum">17</span> +inmerito sapiens existimatus est; quae enim utilia monitu suasuque +erant, non severe praecepit, ut philosophis mos est, sed hilares +iucundosque apologos commentus, in mentes hominum cum audiendi quâdam +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +inlecebrâ induit. Velut haec eius fabula de parvae avis nidulo lepide +praemonet spem fiduciamque rerum, quas efficere quis possit, haut umquam +in alio, sed in semetipso habendam. Hunc Aesopi apologum Q. Ennius in +satiris versibus quadratis composuit, quorum +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +duo postremi hi sunt:</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Hóc erit tibi árgumentum sémper in promptú situm,</p> +<p>Né quid expectés amicos, quód tute agere póssies.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "exlink"><a href = "#ex_XXIV">Exercises</a></p> + + +<h4><a name = "txt_XXV" id = "txt_XXV" href = "#notes_XXV">XXV.</a> +A Fable of Aesop:—The Lark and the Reapers.</h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +A certain lark found the corn, in which it had built, ripe for cutting +before its young were fledged. It therefore ordered them to report +anything unusual which might happen in its absence. The first day they +announced that the master had been to the field and had sent to ask his +friends to help him to reap the corn. On hearing this the mother said +that there was no immediate need for them to leave the field.</p> + +<p>Avis est parva, nomen est cassita. Habitat in segetibus, id ferme +temporis ut appetat messis pullis iam iam plumantibus. Ea cassita in +sementes forte congesserat tempestiviores; propterea frumentis +flavescentibus pulli etiam tunc inplumes erant. Dum igitur +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +ipsa iret cibum pullis quaesitum, monet eos, ut, si quid ibi rei novae +fieret dicereturve, animadverterent +<span class = "pagenum">18</span> +idque sibi, ubi rediisset, nuntiarent. Dominus postea segetum illarum +filium adulescentem vocat et +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +“Videsne” inquit “haec maturuisse et manus iam postulare? idcirco cras, +ubi primum dilucescit, fac amicos eas et roges, ut veniant operamque +mutuam dent et in hac messi nos adiuvent.” Haec ubi ille dixit, et +discessit. Atque ubi redit cassita, pulli tremibundi orare matrem, ut +iam statim properet inque alium +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +locum sese asportet: “Nam dominus” inquiunt “misit, qui amicos roget, +uti luce oriente veniant et metant.” Mater iubet eos otioso animo esse: +“Si enim dominus” inquit “messim ad amicos reiicit, cras seges non +metetur, neque necesse est hodie uti vos auferam.” +<span class = "linenum">20</span></p> + +<p class = "exlink"><a href = "#ex_XXV">Exercises</a></p> + + +<h4><a name = "txt_XXVI" id = "txt_XXVI" href = "#notes_XXVI">XXVI.</a> +The Lark and the Reapers (<i>Continued</i>).</h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +Next day the young ones reported that the master, finding his friends +had not come, had sent to ask the aid of his relations. The mother still +tells them to be in no fear, and next day again goes out to seek food. +This time the young ones report that the master, finding his relations +lingered, had determined to cut the corn himself. On hearing this the +mother announces that they must go at once.</p> + +<p>Die postero mater in pabulum volat. Dominus, quos rogaverat, +opperitur. Sol fervit, et fit nihil; it dies, et amici nulli eunt. Tum +ille rursum ad filium “Amici isti” inquit “cessatores sunt. Quin potius +imus et cognatos adfinesque nostros oramus, ut adsint cras ad +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +metendum?” Itidem hoc pulli pavefacti matri nuntiant. Mater hortatur, ut +tum quoque sine metu ac sine curâ sint; cognatos adfinesque nullos ferme +tam faciles +<span class = "pagenum">19</span> +esse ait, ut ad laborem capessendum nihil cunctentur et statim dicto +oboediant: “Vos modo” inquit +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +“advertite, si modo quid denuo dicetur.” Aliâ luce ortâ avis in pastum +profecta est. Cognati et adfines operam, quam dare rogati sunt, +neglexerunt. Ad postremum igitur dominus filio “Valeant” inquit “amici +cum propinquis. Afferes primâ luce falces +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +duas; unam egomet mihi et tu tibi capies alteram et frumentum nosmetipsi +manibus nostris cras metemus.” Id ubi ex pullis dixisse dominum mater +audivit, “Tempus” inquit “est cedendi et abeundi; fiet nunc dubio procul +quod futurum dixit. In ipso enim iam +<span class = "linenum">20</span> +vertitur cuia res est, non in alio, unde petitur.” Atque ita cassita e +nido migravit, seges a domino demessa est.</p> + +<p class = "exlink"><a href = "#ex_XXVI">Exercises</a></p> + + +<h4><a name = "txt_XXVII" id = "txt_XXVII" href = +"#notes_XXVII">XXVII.</a> +Pyrrus and Fabricius.</h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +A friend of King Pyrrus came to the Roman general Fabricius and offered +to poison the King for a bribe. Fabricius reported the matter to the +Senate, who warned Pyrrus to be on his guard. Pyrrus showed his +gratitude by sending back all the Roman prisoners.</p> + +<p>Cum Pyrrus rex in terrâ Italiâ esset et unam atque alteram pugnas +prospere pugnasset et pleraque Italia ad regem descivisset, tum +Ambraciensis quispiam Timochares, regis Pyrri amicus, ad C. Fabricium +consulem furtim venit ac praemium petivit et, si de +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +praemio conveniret, promisit se regem venenis necaturum; idque facile +esse factu dixit, quoniam filius suus pocula in convivio regi +ministraret. Eam rem +<span class = "pagenum">20</span> +Fabricius ad senatum scripsit. Senatus ad regem legatos misit +mandavitque, ut de Timochare nihil +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +proderent, sed monerent, uti rex cautius ageret atque a proximorum +insidiis salutem tutaretur. Quamobrem Pyrrus populo Romano laudes atque +gratias scripsisse dicitur captivosque omnes, quos tum habuit, +vestivisse et reddidisse. +<span class = "linenum">15</span></p> + +<p class = "exlink"><a href = "#ex_XXVII">Exercises</a></p> + + +<h4><a name = "txt_XXVIII" id = "txt_XXVIII" href = +"#notes_XXVIII">XXVIII.</a> +Androclus and the Lion: Scene in the Circus.</h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +At the games in the Circus a lion of gigantic size was seen to fawn upon +one of the condemned slaves exposed in the arena.</p> + +<p>In circo maximo venationis pugna populo dabatur. Multae ibi ferae, +sed praeter alia omnia leo corpore vasto terrificoque fremitu et sonoro +animos oculosque omnium in sese converterat. Introductus erat inter +compluris ceteros ad pugnam bestiarum datos servus +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +viri consularis; ei servo Androclus nomen fuit. Hunc ille leo ubi vidit +procul, repente quasi admirans stetit ac deinde sensim atque placide, +tamquam familiaris, ad hominem accedit. Tum caudam more adulantium canum +blande movet cruraque et manus hominis, +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +prope iam exanimati metu, linguâ leniter demulcet. Homo Androclus inter +illa tam atrocis ferae blandimenta amissum animum recuperat, paulatim +oculos ad contuendum leonem refert. Tum quasi mutuâ +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +recognitione factâ laetos et gratulantes videres hominem et leonem.</p> + +<p class = "exlink"><a href = "#ex_XXVIII">Exercises</a></p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">21</span> +<h4><a name = "txt_XXIX" id = "txt_XXIX" href = "#notes_XXIX">XXIX.</a> +Androclus and the Lion:—the Slave’s Story.</h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +When questioned by the Emperor the slave explained that he had fled from +his master into the African desert, that he had by accident taken refuge +in this lion’s cave, and, when the lion had returned to its home lame, +he had extracted a thorn from its foot.</p> + +<p>Haec tam mira res maximos populi clamores excitat et Caesar Androclum +vocat quaeritque causam, cur illi uni atrocissimus leo pepercisset. Ibi +Androclus rem mirificam atque admirandam narrat. “Cum provinciam” inquit +“Africam proconsulari imperio meus +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +dominus obtineret, ego ibi iniquis eius et cotidianis verberibus ad +fugam sum coactus et, quo mihi a domino, terrae illius praeside, +tutiores latebrae forent, in locos desertos et remotos concessi ac, si +defuisset cibus, consilium fuit mortem aliquo pacto quaerere. +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +Tum die medio sole flagrante specum quemdam nanctus remotum +latebrosumque, in eum me recondo. Neque multo post ad eundem specum +venit hic leo, debili uno et cruento pede, gemitus edens et murmura ob +dolorem cruciatumque vulneris. Atque illic +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +primo quidem conspectu advenientis leonis territus et pavefactus sum; +sed postquam introgressus leo videt me procul delitescentem, mitis et +mansuetus accessit et sublatum pedem ostendere mihi et porrigere quasi +opis petendae gratiâ visus est. Ibi ego stirpem ingentem, +<span class = "linenum">20</span> +vestigio pedis eius haerentem, revelli conceptamque saniem volnere +intimo expressi et sine magnâ iam formidine +<span class = "pagenum">22</span> +siccavi penitus atque detersi cruorem. Illâ tunc meâ operâ levatus, pede +in manibus meis posito, recubuit et quievit<ins class = "correction" +title = "” missing">.”</ins> +<span class = "linenum">25</span></p> + +<p class = "exlink"><a href = "#ex_XXIX">Exercises</a></p> + + +<h4><a name = "txt_XXX" id = "txt_XXX" href = "#notes_XXX">XXX.</a> +Androclus and the Lion:—the Slave’s Story (<i>continued</i>).</h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +For three years he and the lion had lived together. At last he had grown +weary of the savage life, but as soon as he had returned to the haunts +of men he had been captured, condemned, and sent to Rome to be exposed +to the wild beasts in the circus. Androclus was pardoned and the lion +was given to him.</p> + +<p>“Ex eo die triennium totum ego et leo in eodem specu eodemque et +victu viximus. Nam, quas venabatur feras, membra opimiora ad specum mihi +ferebat, quae ego, ignis copiam non habens, meridiano sole torrens +edebam. Sed ubi me vitae illius ferinae iam +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +pertaesum est, leone in venatum profecto, reliqui specum et, viam ferme +tridui permensus, a militibus visus adprehensusque sum et ad +dominum ex Africâ Romam deductus. Is me statim rei capitalis damnandum +dandumque ad bestias curavit. Intellego autem” +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +inquit “hunc quoque leonem me tunc separato captum, gratiam mihi nunc +beneficii et medicinae referre.”</p> + +<p>Haec dixit Androclus; quae cum scripta essent circumlataque populo et +declarata, cunctis petentibus +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +dimissus Androclus et poenâ solutus et leone suffragiis populi donatus. +Postea Androclus et leo, loro tenui revinctus, urbe totâ circum tabernas +ibat: donatus +<span class = "pagenum">23</span> +est aere Androclus, floribus sparsus est leo, omnesque ubique obvii +exclamant, “Hic est leo hospes hominis, +<span class = "linenum">20</span> +hic est homo medicus leonis.”</p> + +<p class = "exlink"><a href = "#ex_XXX">Exercises</a></p> + + +<h4><a name = "txt_XXXI" id = "txt_XXXI" href = "#notes_XXXI">XXXI.</a> +The Actor Polus.</h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +Polus, having to act the part of Electra soon after his only son had +died, appeared on the stage holding the urn which contained the remains +of his son, and over this he wept the tears of real grief.</p> + +<p>Histrio in terrâ Graeciâ fuit famâ celebri, cui nomen erat Polus. Is +unice amatum filium morte amisit, sed ubi cum satis visus est luxisse, +rediit ad quaestum artis.</p> + +<p>Eo tempore Athenis Electram Sophoclis acturus, +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +gestare urnam quasi cum Oresti ossibus debebat. Ita compositum fabulae +argumentum est ut, veluti fratris reliquias ferens, Electra comploret +interitum eius existimatum. Igitur Polus, lugubri habitu Electrae +indutus, ossa atque urnam e sepulcro tulit filii et, +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +quasi Oresti amplexus, opplevit omnia non simulacris sed luctu atque +lamentis veris. Itaque cum agi fabula videretur, dolor actus est.</p> + +<p class = "exlink"><a href = "#ex_XXXI">Exercises</a></p> + + +<h4><a name = "txt_XXXII" id = "txt_XXXII" href = +"#notes_XXXII">XXXII.</a> +A Greek Orator is bribed, and glories in his Shame.</h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +A Greek orator—some say Demosthenes, others Demades—at first +opposed a request of the Milesians for aid, but took a bribe to withdraw +his opposition. When the matter was again discussed he announced that he +was suffering from an inflamed throat, and so could not speak. He +afterwards openly boasted that he had been paid to hold his tongue.</p> + +<p>Legati Mileto auxilii petendi causâ venerunt +<span class = "pagenum">24</span> +Athenas. Tum qui pro sese verba facerent advocaverunt; hi, uti erat +mandatum, verba pro Milesiis ad populum fecerunt, sed Demosthenes +Milesiorum postulatis acriter respondit; neque Milesios auxilio +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +dignos neque ex republicâ id esse contendit. Res tandem in posterum diem +prolata est. Tum legati ad Demosthenen venerunt oraveruntque, uti contra +ne diceret. Is pecuniam petivit et quantam petiverat abstulit. +Postridie, cum res agi denuo coepta esset, +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +Demosthenes, lanâ multâ collum circumvolutus, ad populum prodit et dixit +se synanchen pati; eo contra Milesios loqui non quire. Tum e populo +quidam exclamavit, non synanchen eum pati sed argyranchen.</p> + +<p>Ipse etiam Demosthenes non id postea celavit, quin +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +gloriae quoque hoc sibi adsignavit. Nam cum interrogasset Aristodemum, +actorem fabularum, quantum mercedis, uti ageret, accepisset, et +Aristodemus talentum respondisset, “At ego plus” inquit “accepi, ut +tacerem.” +<span class = "linenum">20</span></p> + +<p>Quod hic diximus de Demosthene, id nonnulli scriptores in Demaden +contulerunt.</p> + +<p class = "exlink"><a href = "#ex_XXXII">Exercises</a></p> + + +<h4><a name = "txt_XXXIII" id = "txt_XXXIII" href = +"#notes_XXXIII">XXXIII.</a> +Cicero.</h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +Cicero once borrowed money to buy a house, but afterwards denied that he +had ever taken the money or had intended to purchase the property. He +did buy the house, and, when reminded of what he had said, replied that +a prudent man always concealed his intended purchases.</p> + +<p>Cicero cum emere vellet in Palatio domum neque +<span class = "pagenum">25</span> +pecuniam in praesens haberet, a P. Sulla, qui tum reus erat, mutua +sestertium viciens tacita accepit. Ea res tamen, priusquam emeret, +prodita est et in vulgus exivit, obiectumque ei est, quod pecuniam domus +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +emendae causâ a reo accepisset. Tum Cicero inopinatâ obprobratione +permotus accepisse se negavit ac domum quoque se empturum negavit. Sed +cum postea emisset et hoc mendacium in senatu ei ab amicis obiiceretur, +risit satis atque inter ridendum: “<span class = "greek" title = +"akoinonoêtoi">ἀκοινονόητοι</span>” +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +inquit “homines estis, cum ignoratis prudentis et cauti patrisfamilias +esse, quod emere velit, empturum sese negare propter competitores +emptionis.”</p> + +<p class = "exlink"><a href = "#ex_XXXIII">Exercises</a></p> + + +<h4><a name = "txt_XXXIV" id = "txt_XXXIV" href = +"#notes_XXXIV">XXXIV.</a> +Fires at Rome:—a Remedy.</h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +“Property in Rome,” said a friend, “would be worth far more if the risk +from fire were not so great.” “Archelaus,” replied Julianus, “preserved +his defensive outworks from fire by covering them with alum.”</p> + +<p>Declamaverat Antonius Iulianus rhetor quam felicissime, eumque nos +familiares eius circumfusi undique prosequebamur domum, cum subeuntes +montem Cispium conspicimus insulam quandam multis, arduisque tabulatis +editam, igni occupatam et propinqua iam +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +omnia flagrare vasto incendio. Tum quispiam ibi ex comitibus Iuliani, +“Magni” inquit “reditus urbanorum praediorum, sed pericula sunt longe +maxima. Si quid autem posset remedii fore, ut ne tam adsidue domus Romae +arderent, venum hercle dedissem res rusticas +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +<span class = "pagenum">26</span> +et urbicas emissem.” Atque illi Iulianus “Si annalem” inquit +“undevicensimum Q. Claudi legisses, docuisset te profecto Archelaus, +regis Mitridati praefectus, quo remedio ignem defenderes. In eo enim +libro scriptum inveni, cum obpugnaret L. Sulla in terrâ Atticâ +Piraeum +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +et contra Archelaus regis Mitridati praefectus ex eo oppido propugnaret, +turrim ligneam defendendi gratiâ structam, cum ex omni latere +circumplexa igni foret, ardere non quisse, quod alumine ab Archelao +oblita fuisset.” +<span class = "linenum">20</span></p> + +<p class = "exlink"><a href = "#ex_XXXIV">Exercises</a></p> + + +<h4><a name = "txt_XXXV" id = "txt_XXXV" href = "#notes_XXXV">XXXV.</a> +Arion and the Dolphin.<br> +1. The Robbery.</h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +Arion, having gained much money in Italy and Sicily, took ship to return +to Corinth, but was robbed and made to leap overboard by the +sailors.</p> + +<p>Vetus et nobilis cantor Arion fuit. Is oppido Methymnaeus, terrâ +Lesbius fuit. Eum Arionem rex Corinthi Periander amicum habuit artis +gratiâ. Is inde a rege proficiscitur, ut terras praeclaras Siciliam +atque Italiam viseret. Ubi eo venit aures omnium +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +mentesque in utriusque terrae urbibus delectavit, et postea grandem +pecuniam adeptus Corinthum instituit redire. Navem igitur et navitas, ut +notiores amicioresque sibi, Corinthios delegit. Sed ei Corinthii, homine +accepto navique in altum provectâ, praedae +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +pecuniaeque cupidi, consilium de necando Arione ceperunt. Tum ille +pecuniam ceteraque sua eis dedit +<span class = "pagenum">27</span> +vitam modo sibi ut parcerent oravit. Navitae per vim suis manibus eum +non necaverunt, sed imperaverunt, ut iam statim coram desiliret praeceps +in mare. Homo +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +ibi territus, spe omni vitae perditâ, id unum postea oravit, ut, +priusquam mortem obpeteret, induere permitterent sua sibi omnia et fides +capere et canere carmen. Quod oraverat impetrat, atque ibi mox de more +cinctus, amictus, ornatus stansque in summâ +<span class = "linenum">20</span> +puppi, carmen, quod “orthium” dicitur, voce sublatissimâ cantavit. Ad +postrema cantus cum fidibus ornatuque omni, sicut stabat canebatque, +iecit sese procul in profundum.</p> + +<p class = "exlink"><a href = "#ex_XXXV">Exercises</a></p> + + +<h4><a name = "txt_XXXVI" id = "txt_XXXVI" href = +"#notes_XXXVI">XXXVI.</a> +Arion and the Dolphin.<br> +2. The Rescue.</h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +A dolphin carried him safely to Taenarum; thence he travelled to +Corinth, and told his adventure to the King. The sailors on their +arrival were confronted by Arion and convicted of their crime.</p> + +<p>Navitae, hautquaquam dubitantes, quin periisset, cursum, quem facere +coeperant, tenuerunt. Sed novum et mirum et pium facinus contigit. +Delphinus repente inter undas adnavit, fluitantique sese homini +subdidit, et dorso super fluctus edito vectavit +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +incolumique eum corpore et ornatu Taenarum in terram Laconicam devexit. +Tum Arion prorsus ex eo loco Corinthum petivit talemque Periandro regi, +qualis delphino vectus fuerat, inopinanti sese optulit, eique rem, +sicuti acciderat, narravit. Rex istaec parum +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +<span class = "pagenum">28</span> +credidit, Arionem, quasi falleret, custodiri iussit, navitas inquisitos, +ablegato Arione, dissimulanter interrogavit, ecquid audissent in his +locis, unde venissent, de Arione? Dixerunt hominem, cum inde irent, in +terrâ Italiâ fuisse et illic bene agere. Tum inter +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +haec eorum verba Arion cum fidibus et indumentis, cum quibus se in salum +deiecerat, extitit, navitaeque stupefacti convictique ire infitias non +quiverunt. Hanc fabulam dicunt Lesbii et Corinthii, atque fabulae +argumentum est quod simulacra duo aenea ad Taenarum +<span class = "linenum">20</span> +visuntur, delphinus vehens et homo insidens.</p> + +<p class = "exlink"><a href = "#ex_XXXVI">Exercises</a></p> + + +<h4><a name = "txt_XXXVII" id = "txt_XXXVII" href = +"#notes_XXXVII">XXXVII.</a> +The Thracian Husbandman.</h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +A Thracian having heard that trees required cutting and pruning, +proceeded to chop the tops off his vines and olives, and thus in his +ignorance destroyed all his property.</p> + +<p>Homo Thracus ex ultimâ barbariâ ruris colendi insolens, cum in terras +cultiores migrasset, fundum mercatus est oleo atque vino consitum. Qui +nihil admodum de vite aut arbore colendâ sciret, videt forte vicinum +rubos alte atque late obortas excidentem, +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +fraxinos ad summum prope verticem deputantem, suboles vitium e radicibus +super terram fusas revellentem, stolones in pomis aut in oleis proceros +amputantem; acceditque prope et cur tantam ligni atque frondium caedem +faceret, percontatus est. Et vicinus +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +ita respondit: “Ut ager” inquit “mundus purusque fiat, eius arbor atque +vitis fecundior.” Discedit ille a +<span class = "pagenum">29</span> +vicino gratias agens et laetus, tamquam adeptus rei rusticae +disciplinam. Tum falcem ac securim capit; atque ibi homo miser imperitus +vites suas sibi omnis et oleas detruncat, comasque arborum laetissimas +uberrimosque vitium palmites decidit, et virgulta simul omnia, pomis +gignendis felicia, cum sentibus et rubis purgandi agri gratiâ +convellit.</p> + +<p class = "exlink"><a href = "#ex_XXXVII">Exercises</a></p> + + +<h4><a name = "txt_XXXVIII" id = "txt_XXXVIII" href = +"#notes_XXXVIII">XXXVIII.</a> +Mitridates.</h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +Mitridates by the use of antidotes made himself proof against poisons: +hence when he wished to kill himself he had to use his sword. He could +speak perfectly the languages of the twenty-two nations over which he +ruled.</p> + +<p>Mitridates ille Ponti rex medicinae rei et remediorum sollers erat, +quorum adsiduo usu a clandestinis epularum insidiis cavebat; quin et +ultro ostentandi gratiâ venenum rapidum et velox saepenumero hausit, +atque id tamen sine noxâ fuit. Quamobrem postea, cum +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +proelio victus in ultima regni refugisset et mori decrevisset, venena +festinandae necis causâ frustra expertus, suo se ipse gladio +transegit.</p> + +<p>Quintus Ennius tria corda sese habere dicebat, quod loqui Graece et +Osce et Latine sciret. Mitridates autem +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +duarum et viginti gentium, quas sub dicione habuit, linguas percalluit, +earumque omnium gentium viris haut umquam per interpretem conlocutus +est, sed linguâ et oratione cuiusque, non minus scite quam si gentis +eius esset, locutus est. +<span class = "linenum">15</span></p> + +<p class = "exlink"><a href = "#ex_XXXVIII">Exercises</a></p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">30</span> +<h4><a name = "txt_XXXIX" id = "txt_XXXIX" href = +"#notes_XXXIX">XXXIX.</a> +The Philosopher and His Pupil.</h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +Euathlus agreed to pay Protagoras a certain sum of money on the day when +he won his first case. He never undertook one, so at last Protagoras +brought an action against him to recover the money. “You are in this +dilemma,” said the philosopher: “if you lose this action, the court will +award me the money; if you win it, you will have won your first case, +and will owe me the fee according to our agreement.” “Nay,” replied the +pupil, “if I win the action, I shall owe you nothing according to +the sentence of the court; if I lose, I shall owe you nothing +according to our agreement.”</p> + +<p>Euathlus, adulescens dives, eloquentiae discendae causarumque orandi +cupidus fuit. Is in disciplinam Protagorae sese dedit daturumque +promisit mercedem grandem pecuniam, quantam Protagoras petiverat, +dimidiumque eius dedit iam tunc pepigitque, ut +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +reliquum dimidium daret, quo primo die causam apud iudices orasset et +vicisset. Postea cum diu auditor Protagorae fuisset, causas tamen non +reciperet, tempusque iam longum transcurreret et facere id videretur, ne +relicum mercedis daret, capit consilium Protagoras, +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +ut tum existimabat, astutum: petere institit ex pacto mercedem, litem +cum Euathlo contestatur.</p> + +<p>Cum ad iudices venissent, tum Protagoras sic exorsus est: “Disce,” +inquit “stultissime adulescens, utroque id modo fore, uti reddas quod +peto, sive +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +contra te pronuntiatum erit sive pro te. Nam, si contra te lis data +erit, merces mihi ex sententiâ debebitur, quia ego vicero; sin vero +secundum te iudicatum erit, merces mihi ex pacto debebitur, quia tu +viceris.” +<span class = "linenum">20</span></p> + +<span class = "pagenum">31</span> +<p>Ad ea respondit Euathlus: “Disce igitur tu quoque, magister +sapientissime, utroque modo fore, uti non reddam quod petis, sive contra +me pronuntiatum fuerit sive pro me. Nam, si iudices pro causâ meâ +senserint, nihil tibi ex sententiâ debebitur, quia ego +<span class = "linenum">25</span>vicero; sin contra me pronuntiaverint, +nihil tibi ex pacto debebo, quia non vicero.”</p> + +<p>Tum iudices hoc inexplicabile esse rati, causam in diem longissimam +distulerunt. Sic ab adulescente discipulo magister doctissimus suo ipse +argumento +<span class = "linenum">30</span>confutatus est.</p> + +<p class = "exlink"><a href = "#ex_XXXIX">Exercises</a></p> + + +<h4><a name = "txt_XL" id = "txt_XL" href = "#notes_XL">XL.</a> +Roman Respect for an Oath; The Story of the Ten Captives.</h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +Hannibal after the battle of Cannae sent ten captives to Rome to propose +an exchange of prisoners, but bound the ten by an oath to return, if the +Senate did not accept his offer. The Senate rejected it, and eight out +of the ten returned, but two, yielding to the entreaties of their +friends, and alleging that they had by a trick freed themselves from the +obligation of the oath, remained behind. These two were treated with +such scorn that they found life unbearable and committed suicide.</p> + +<p>Post proelium Cannense Hannibal ex captivis nostris electos decem +Romam misit, mandavitque eis pactusque est, ut, si populo Romano +videretur, permutatio fieret captivorum et pro his, quos alteri plures +acciperent, darent argenti pondo libram et +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +selibram. Hoc, priusquam proficiscerentur, iusiurandum eos adegit, +redituros esse in castra Poenica, si Romani captivos non +permutarent.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">32</span> +<p>Veniunt Romam decem captivi. Mandatum Poeni imperatoris in senatu +exponunt. Permutatio senatui +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +non placet. Parentes, cognati adfinesque captivorum amplexi eos +postliminio in patriam redisse dicebant, statumque eorum integrum +incolumemque esse, ac, ne ad hostes redire vellent, orabant. Tum octo ex +his postliminium iustum non esse sibi responderunt, quoniam +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +iure iurando vincti forent, statimque, uti iurati erant, ad Hannibalem +profecti sunt. Duo reliqui Romae manserunt solutosque se esse ac +liberatos religione dicebant, quoniam, cum egressi castra hostium +fuissent, commenticio consilio, tamquam ob +<span class = "linenum">20</span> +aliquam fortuitam causam, eodem regressi sunt, atque ita rursum iniurati +abissent. Haec eorum fraudulenta calliditas tam esse turpis existimata +est, ut contempti vulgo sint censoresque eos postea omnibus ignominiae +notis adfecerint. +<span class = "linenum">25</span></p> + +<p>Multis autem in senatu placuit, ut datis custodibus ad Hannibalem +deducerentur, sed ea sententia numero plurium, quibus id non videretur, +superata. Usque adeo tamen invisi erant, ut taedio vitae necem sibi +conscivissent. +<span class = "linenum">30</span></p> + +<p class = "exlink"><a href = "#ex_XL">Exercises</a></p> + +</div> <!-- end div stories --> + + +<span class = "pagenum">33</span> +<h3 class = "chapter"><a name = "notes" id = "notes"> +NOTES.</a></h3> + + +<h4><a name = "notes_I" id = "notes_I" href = "#txt_I">I.</a></h4> + +<p>1. <b>P. Vergilius Maro</b>, the greatest of Roman epic poets, was +born 70 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> near Mantua, in the N. of +Italy, and died 19 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> at Brundusium, +in the S.E. of Italy. His chief works were the <i>Būcŏlĭcă</i> (<span +class = "greek" title = "bou-koleô">βου-κολέω </span>, I tend +cattle), or <i>Eclŏgae</i> (‘Selections,’ from <span class = "greek" +title = "ek-legô">ἐκ-λέγω</span>, I choose out), a series of +short poems, chiefly pastoral; the <i>Gĕorgĭcă</i> (<span class = +"greek" title = "gê ergon">γῆ ἔργον</span>), a poetical treatise on +agriculture; and the <i>Aenēïs</i>, or story of Aenēas, a poem in +twelve books, relating the adventures of Aeneas after the fall of +Troy<ins class = "correction" title = ". missing">. </ins></p> + +<p>2. <b>se parere versus</b>, ‘that he produced his verses like a +bear,’ lit. ‘in a bear-like manner.’</p> + +<p><b>părĕre</b>, from <i>părio</i>. Distinguish three words, +(1) <i>păro, -avi, -atum, -are</i>, ‘I prepare,’ +(2) <i>pāreo, -ui, -itum, -ēre</i>, ‘I obey,’ gov. dat. case, +(3) <i>părio, pĕpĕri, partum</i>, or <i>parĭtum, <ins class = +"correction" title = "- missing or invisible">-ĕre</ins></i>, +‘I bring forth.’</p> + +<p>3. <b>lambendo</b>, abl. of the gerund, ‘by licking it’; so +<b>tractando corrigendoque</b>, ‘by polishing and correcting them.’</p> + +<p>5. <b>partus</b>, nom. pl., best translated by the English sing., +‘the offspring of...’</p> + +<p>6. <b>reddo</b>, compound of <b>re</b> and <b>do</b>. <i>Rĕd</i> is +used for <i>re</i> in <i>redămo</i>, <i>redarguo</i>, <i>reddo</i>, +<i>redeo</i>, <i>redhibeo</i>, <i>redigo</i>, <i>redimo</i>, +<i>redoleo</i>, <i>redundo</i>. In composition the <i>re</i> is short +except in ... <b>rēligio</b> (often spelt <i>relligio</i>), +<b>rēliquiae</b> (often spelt <i>relliquiae</i>), and the perfects of +<i>rĕpello</i>, <i>rĕperio</i>, and <i>rĕfero</i>, viz., <b>rēpuli</b> +(or <i>reppuli</i>), <b>rēperi</b> (or <i>repperi</i>), and +<b>rētuli</b> (or <i>rettuli</i>). <b>Rēfert</b>, the impersonal verb, +‘it concerns,’ is a compound of <i>res-fert</i>: <i>rĕfero</i>, +<span class = "pagenum">34</span> +makes 3rd sing, <i>rĕfert</i>. <b>Re</b> or <i>red</i> in composition +has two principal meanings, (1) ‘back’ or ‘backward,’ as +<i>redeo</i>, ‘I go back,’ (2) ‘again,’ as <i>reficio</i>, +‘I make again, repair.’ It also frequently denotes (3) ‘duty’ +or ‘obligation,’ so <i>reddo</i> here means ‘I give as is due,’ +‘render.’</p> + + +<h4><a name = "notes_II" id = "notes_II" href = "#txt_II">II.</a></h4> + +<p>1. <b>Menander</b> (342-291 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>), +an Athenian comic poet, famous as the model of Roman dramatists, +especially Terence.</p> + +<p><b>Philemon</b>, also an Athenian comic poet, the contemporary and +rival of Menander.</p> + +<p>2. <b>in certaminibus comoediarum</b>. In Athens dramas were +represented at the great festivals in honour of Dionysus, at which +“every citizen was present, as a matter of course, from daybreak to +sunset” (Donaldson). Judges were appointed by lot to decide upon the +merits of the rival plays. The successful poet was crowned with ivy, and +his name was proclaimed before the audience.</p> + +<p><b>ambitus</b>, ‘bribery,’ from <i>ambio</i>; properly a ‘going +round’ to canvass for votes, etc., especially by bribery. +<i>Ambitio</i>, from the same verb, is used both in this sense and also +as ‘a desire for power,’ etc., our ‘ambition.’</p> + +<p>4. <b>quaeso</b>, used parenthetically like our ‘pray!’</p> + +<p><b>bonâ veniâ</b>, ‘apologizing for the question’; lit. ‘with your +good leave...’ <i>i.e.</i> ‘pardon me, but...’</p> + +<p>5. <b>nonne</b> introduces a question expecting the answer ‘Yes,’ +e.g. <i>nonne erubescis</i>, ‘do you not blush?’ <b>Num</b> introduces a +question expecting the answer ‘No,’ e.g. <i>num erubescis</i>, ‘you do +not blush, do you?’ <b>-ne</b> is used when the answer is doubtful, e.g. +<i>erubescisne</i>, ‘do you blush?’</p> + +<p><b>erubesco</b>. The termination <i>-sco</i> shows that the verb is +inceptive or inchoative, <i>i.e.</i> denotes the beginning +(<i>inceptum</i>) of an action or state. Such verbs are always of the +3rd conjugation, and form their perfects and supines (if they have +supines, but in most inceptives the supine is wanting) from the simple +verb or stem from which they spring, e.g. <i>pallesco</i> (from +<i>palleo</i>), <i>pallui</i>, (no supine), <i>pallescere</i>, +I begin to grow pale; <i>vĕtĕrasco</i> (from old form <i>vĕter</i>, +classical <i>vĕtus</i>, <i>-ĕris</i>), <i>-ravi</i>, no sup., +<i>veterascĕre</i>, ‘I grow old.’</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">35</span> +<h4><a name = "notes_III" id = "notes_III" href = +"#txt_III">III.</a></h4> + +<p>1. <b>Aristoteles</b>, the Greek philosopher, was born at Stagīra, in +Macedonia, 384 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> He lived for +twenty years at Athens, where he was a pupil of Plato; afterwards he +returned to Macedonia, and became the tutor of Alexander. When Alexander +succeeded to the throne, Aristotle again went to Athens and taught +philosophy for 13 years in the Lyceum, a gymnasium sacred to Apollo +Lyceus. He died in 322 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> at Chalcis +in Euboea. Many of his writings upon logic, moral and political +philosophy, natural history, etc., have reached us.</p> + +<p><b>Plutarchus</b> was born at Chaeronea in Boeotia about 50 <span +class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> He came to Rome at an early age, and +spent many years there and in other parts of Italy. In his old age he +returned to Chaeronea, where he died at an unknown date. His works were +written in Greek: the most famous of them is the <i>Parallel Lives</i> +of forty-six Greeks and Romans, arranged in pairs, a Greek and a Roman +together (<i>e.g.</i> Alexander and Caesar, Demosthenes and Cicero), the +life of each pair being followed by a short discussion of their +comparative merits.</p> + +<p><b>hercle</b> is a nominative form; the similar exclamations +<i>mehercules</i>, <i>mehercule</i>, <i>mehercle</i>, <i>hercules</i>, +<i>hercule</i>, and <i>hercle</i> are all abbreviations for ‘<i>me +Hercules juvet!</i>’ ‘may Hercules help me!’ Cf. the interjectional +phrase, ‘<i>medius fidius</i>,’ for ‘<i>me deus Fidius juvet</i><ins +class = "correction" title = "’ missing">’,</ins> ‘so help me the God of +Faith!’</p> + +<p>2. <b>si super ...</b>, the order is ‘<i>si imponis magna pondera +super lignum palmae arboris</i>.’</p> + +<p>3. <b>non deorsum</b>, the wood does not yield and bend inwards +beneath the weight, but rises up against it and bends outwards.</p> + +<p>6. <b>urgentibus opprimentibusque</b>, dat. after cedit, ‘it does not +yield to....’</p> + + +<h4><a name = "notes_IV" id = "notes_IV" href = "#txt_IV">IV.</a></h4> + +<p>1. <b>Socrates</b> was born at Athens 469 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span> His father was a statuary, and in early life +Socrates followed the same profession, but he soon abandoned it and +devoted himself entirely to philosophy. He did not follow the usual +custom of giving public lectures or opening a school, but went about in +the city talking to men wherever he met them, and endeavouring to awake +in them a love of true knowledge. By his attacks upon +<span class = "pagenum">36</span> +the popular theories and his free discussion of religious questions he +roused a strong antagonism; at last he was impeached on the three +charges of corrupting the Athenian youth, despising the gods of the +State, and introducing new deities, and was executed by a draught of +hemlock poison, 399 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> He left no +written works, so that our knowledge of him is derived from the writings +of his pupils and contemporaries, chiefly Plato and Xenophon.</p> + +<p>3. <b>iris ... scatebat</b>, lit. ‘bubbled over with,’ ‘overflowed +with ...’ Cf. Hor. <i>Od.</i> iii. 27, 26, ‘<i>scatentem +beluis pontum</i>,’ ‘the ocean teeming with monsters’; and Aulus +Gellius, <i>N. A.</i> l. 15, uses ‘<i>scatere verbis</i>.’</p> + +<p><b>quam rem ... demiratus</b>, ‘having expressed his astonishment at +this fact to her husband Socrates.’</p> + +<p>4. <b>Alcibiades</b>, 450-404 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>, +was a brilliant but unprincipled Athenian statesman, who became famous +during the Peloponnesian war. He enjoyed the friendship of Socrates, was +saved by Socrates at the battle of Potidaea, 432 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span>, and saved the life of Socrates at the battle +of Delium, 424 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p>5. <b>ăcerbum</b>, <i>ăcer-bus</i> from <i>ācer</i>, as +<i>sŭper-bus</i> from <i>sŭper</i>. Usually words retain the quantity of +the word from which they are derived, but there are many exceptions, +e.g. <i>hŏmo</i> and <i>hūmanus</i>, <i>nōtus</i> and <i>cog-nĭtus</i>, +so <i>rex</i>, gen. <i>rēgis</i>, but <i>rĕgo</i>, <i>dux</i>, gen. +<i>dŭcis</i>, but <i>dūco</i>.</p> + +<p>7. <b>insuesco</b>. Cf. <a href = "#notes_II">note on +<i>erubesco</i>, ii. 5</a>.</p> + +<p><b>exerceor</b>, in a middle sense, ‘I exercise myself.’ Cf. +<i>faciunt idem, cum exercentur, athletae</i> (Cic. <i>Tusc.</i> +ii. 23, 56), ‘athletes do the same when they exercise themselves.’ +Many Latin passives have thus a ‘middle’ force; cf. <i>vertor</i>, +I turn myself; <i>lavor</i>, I wash myself; and the deponents +<i>glorior</i>, I boast myself; <i>vescor</i>, I feed myself, +etc.</p> + +<p>8. <b>ut ... feram</b>, ‘so that I bear more easily.’ <i>Ut</i> used +in a consecutive sense, <i>i.e.</i> denoting the consequence or +result.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "notes_V" id = "notes_V" href = "#txt_V">V.</a></h4> + +<p>1. <b>corporis firmandi causâ</b>, ‘(undergone) for the sake of +strengthening his body’—the gerundive attraction. Cf. <a href = +"#notes_XIII">note xiii. 1</a>.</p> + +<p>3. <b>ad solem alterum orientem</b>, ‘till the next sunrise.’ <i>Sol +oriens</i> is used for sunrise, <i>i.e.</i> the rising of the sun, as +<span class = "pagenum">37</span> +‘<i>summus mons</i>’ for ‘the top of the mountain,’ <i>Caesar +mortuus</i> for ‘the death of Caesar,’ etc.</p> + +<p>5. <b>tanquam ... facto</b>, lit. a certain withdrawal, as it were, +of mind and feeling from the body having taken place, <i>i.e.</i> ‘mind +and feeling having, as it were, left his body.’ He stood in seeming +unconsciousness. <i>Animus</i>, when contrasted with <i>mens</i>, is the +mind as the seat of the passions, etc.; <i>mens</i> the higher reasoning +faculty, the intellect.</p> + +<p>9. <b>valitudine integra</b>, the abl. absolute, ‘in unimpaired +health.’</p> + +<p><i>Ablative Absolute</i>, ‘absolute’ (<i>absolutus</i>, fr. +<i>ab·solvo</i>, ‘I release’) here means ‘released’ from government +by any word in the principal sentence.</p> + +<p>The construction is one of many varieties of the adverbial ablative; +<i>e.g.</i> the abl. of time, the abl. of place where, the abl. of +manner, etc.; but it differs from these ablatives—</p> + +<p>(1) In being equivalent to a complete clause, e.g. <i>Caesar hoc +dixit, convocatis militibus</i> is equivalent to <i>cum milites +convocati essent</i>.</p> + +<p>(2) Or, to express the same fact in another way, it consists of two +words each in the ablative, one of which stands to the other in the +relation of predicate to subject; the ‘subject’ being a substantive or +pronoun, the ‘predicate’ a participle, adjective, substantive, or, more +rarely, a pronoun.</p> + +<p><i>Exceptions:</i> But (<i>a</i>) sometimes the subject is not +expressed, and a participle is used impersonally by itself in the abl. +absol.—the participle here being equivalent to a clause containing +an impersonal verb, e.g. <i>mihi</i>, <i>errato</i>, <i>nulla venia</i>, +‘there is no pardon for me, if I blunder’ (<i>errato = si erratum erit a +me</i>).</p> + +<p>(<i>b</i>) Sometimes a whole clause is substituted for the abl. of +the ‘subject’: e.g. <i>excepto quod non simul esses, cetera laetus</i>, +‘happy in all respects, except the fact that you were not with me’ (lit. +‘the fact that you were not with me being excepted’).</p> + +<p><i>Examples:</i> (1) Subst. and participle, <i>Tullio regnante +vixerunt</i>, ‘they lived whilst Tullius was king.’ (2) Subst. and +adj., <i>Hannibale vivo Romani semper Poenos timuerunt</i>, ‘the Romans +always feared the Carthaginians whilst Hannibal lived.’ (3) Subst. +and subst., <i>Nil desperandum Teucro duce</i>, ‘there is no cause for +despair whilst Teucer is our leader.’ (4) Subst. and pron., <i>quid +hoc populo obtineri potest</i>, ‘what can be maintained with such a +people as this?’ (5) Pron. +<span class = "pagenum">38</span> +and participle, <i>eis occisis ceteri domum redierunt</i>, ‘when those +men had been slain the rest returned home.’ (6) Pron. and adj., +<i>me invito id fecit</i>, ‘he did it contrary to my wishes.’ +(7) Pron. and subst., <i>eo rege tuti erant</i>, ‘they were safe +whilst he was king.’</p> + +<p><i>Note.</i>—(1) The abl. absolute sometimes expresses merely +time (<i>e.g.</i> <i>inita aestate</i>, ‘at the beginning of summer’), +but more often attendant circumstances, or cause.</p> + +<p>(2) The abl. absol. cannot be used when the ‘subject’ of the clause +is the same as the subject or object of the principal clause. This rule +is sometimes, but rarely, violated.</p> + +<p>(3) In Greek the genitive is the absolute case: in most modern +languages the nom. is thus used: but the acc. is sometimes used +absolutely in German, and in Old English the accusative (representing +the dative of Anglo-Saxon) was used absolutely. Milton uses both nom. +and acc.: cf. “Us dispossessed,” <i>Par. L.</i>, <a href = +"#txt_VII">vii. 140</a>; “I extinct,” id. <a href = +"#txt_IX">ix. 994</a>.</p> + +<p>10. <b>pestilentia</b>, the famous plague of Athens, which raged +during the second and third years of the <b>Peloponnesian war</b>. This +was a war between Athens with her allies and Sparta with her allies, +which lasted for 28 years, from 431 to 404 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span>, and ended in the defeat of Athens and the loss +of her maritime supremacy.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "notes_VI" id = "notes_VI" href = "#txt_VI">VI.</a></h4> + +<p>1. <b>Alexander III</b>. (356-323 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span>), surnamed the Great, ascended the throne of +Macedonia on the death of his father Philip, 336 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span> In the 13 years of his reign he conquered the +greater part of Eastern Europe and Asia Minor, and marched even into +Northern India and Egypt. The incident here mentioned happened in his +Indian campaign. In 327 he crossed the Indus, entered the <ins class = +"correction" title = "spelling unchanged">Punjaub</ins>, defeated and +captured the Indian king Porus in a great battle on the banks of the +Hydaspes, and founded there two towns—Bucephalon and Nicaea. He +continued his progress as far as the banks of the Hyphasis, but here his +wearied troops mutinied and refused to advance any further.</p> + +<p><b>Būcĕphălās</b> (<span class = "greek" title = "boukephalas, bous kephalê">βουκεφάλας, βοῦς κεφαλή</span>), +‘ox-head,’ so called from the breadth of its forehead.</p> + +<p>2. <b>emptum</b>, ‘Chares has stated that it was bought for 13 +talents.’ <i>talentis</i>, abl. of price.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">39</span> +<p><b>Chares</b> was an officer at Alexander’s court, who wrote a series +of anecdotes about the life and exploits of the king.</p> + +<p>3. <b>hoc autem</b>, the order <i>is hoc est nostri aeris summa +trecenta duodecim sestertia</i>, ‘this is in (lit. of) our money the sum +(of) 312 sestertia.’ Sestertium = 1,000 sestertii, about £8 at this +time. Therefore 312 sestertia = £312 x 8 = £2,496. For <i>sestertium</i> +cf. <a href = "#txt_XXXIII">xxxiii. 2.</a></p> + +<p>6. <b>haud unquam</b>, etc., ‘it never allowed itself to be mounted +by any one except the king.’</p> + +<p>8. <b>faceret</b>, subj. after <i>cum</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Cum</i> (= when), like other temporal conjunctions, takes as a +rule the indic. mood; but the subj. is required when the time of the +<i>cum</i> clause is regarded as depending on the time of the principal +clause. This is usually the case in past time, hence the rule is that +<i>cum</i> in past time requires the imperf. or plup. subj., unless +(1) it is used in a frequentative sense, <i>e.g.</i> ‘as often as’ +(but later writers, <i>e.g.</i> Livy, often use the subj. even in this +sense), e.g. <i>cum palam ejus anuli ad palmam converterat, a nullo +videbatur</i> (Cic. <i>Off.</i>), ‘as often as he turned the bezel of +that ring to his palm, he was seen by no one,’ cf. <a href = +"#txt_XIV">xiv. 7</a>, <i>id cum dixerat</i>, ‘as often as he had +said that’; (2) it is simply equivalent to <i>et tum</i>, e.g. +<i>castra ibi posita, cum subito advenere Samnitium legiones</i> (Livy), +‘the camp had been pitched there, when the Samnite legions suddenly +arrived’; (3) the two clauses mark strictly contemporaneous events, +<i>tum</i> being often added in the principal clause to mark this fact, +e.g. <i>vos tum paruistis cum paruit nemo</i> (Cic. +<i>p. Lig.</i> 7), ‘you were obedient at a time when no one +(else) was obedient.’</p> + +<p>9. <b>non satis sibi providens</b>, ‘without sufficient +forethought.’</p> + +<p><b>inmisit</b> used absolutely, <i>i.e.</i> without an object; this, +if expressed, would be ‘<i>equum</i>,’ ‘spurred it forward against.’</p> + +<p>11. <b>moribundus</b>. The termination <i>bundus</i>, or +<i>cundus</i>, denotes fulness, e.g. <i>vagabundus</i>, ‘wandering’; +<i>iracundus</i>, ‘wrathful.’ Cf. <i>L. Primer</i>, p. 58, § 70 +<span class = "smallroman">E</span>.</p> + +<p>12. <b>e mediis hostibus</b>, ‘from the midst of the enemy.’ In many +phrases the adj. is used in Latin where in English we use a subst. with +another subst. depending on it, and <i>vice versa</i>: e.g. <i>summus +mons</i>, ‘the top of the mountain’; but <i>animi dolor</i>, ‘mental +pain’; cf. <a href = "#txt_V">v. 3</a>, <i>sol oriens</i>.</p> + +<p>14. <b>domini iam superstitis securus</b>, ‘relieved from anxiety +<span class = "pagenum">40</span> +for its master, now safe.’ For the genitive <i>domini</i> after +<i>securus</i>, cf. <i>sēcūră fŭtūri</i>, Ovid; <i>sēcūrus pĕlăgi atque +mei</i>, Verg.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "notes_VII" id = "notes_VII" href = +"#txt_VII">VII.</a></h4> + +<p>1. <b>Alcibiades</b>. Cf. <a href = "#notes_IV">iv. 4. note</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pericles</b> was a great Athenian statesman. He was born about 490 +<span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> (the year of the battle of +Marathon), and first took part in public affairs in 469, when Athens was +beginning to develop rapidly after the Persian wars. From this time till +his death in 429 he was the recognised leader of the democratic party. +Under his guidance Athens became the most powerful state and the most +beautiful city in Greece.</p> + +<p><b>ăvuncŭlus</b> (deminutive of <i>ăvus</i>, a grandfather) is an +uncle on the mother’s side—a mother’s brother; <i>pătruus</i> +(<i>pā̆ter</i>), an uncle on the father’s side—a father’s +brother.</p> + +<p>3. <b>puerum docendum curavit</b>, ‘had the boy educated.’ This use +of the gerundive in a final sense, as ‘<b>an oblique predicate</b>’ with +the direct object of certain transitive verbs, e.g. <i>curo</i>, +<i>do</i>, <i>suscipio</i>, etc., is common in Latin writers, especially +Caesar. Cf. <i>pontem faciendum curavit</i>, ‘he had a bridge made’; +<i>agros eis habitandos dedit</i>, ‘he gave them lands to dwell in’; +<i>me dandum ad bestias curavit</i> (<a href = "#txt_XXX">xxx.</a>), +‘he had me given to the wild beasts.’ Cf. Note <a href = +"#notes_XIII">xiii. 1. iv.</a>, on the Gerundive.</p> + +<p>4. <b>canere tibiis</b>, ‘to play on the pipes.’ Both Greeks and +Romans usually played on a double pipe, composed of two instruments not +unlike flageolets, joined at the mouth-piece, and spreading out in the +form of a V; hence the plural <i>tibiae</i>. <i>Tibia</i> means +originally the shin bone, and then a musical instrument, pipes or flutes +being at first made of bone.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "notes_VIII" id = "notes_VIII" href = +"#txt_VIII">VIII.</a></h4> + +<p>1. <b>C. Fabricius</b> Luscīnus was one of the most popular heroes in +Roman history. He was regarded as the type of the old-fashioned honest +warrior, who was proof against the luxury and corruption of the rising +generation. In his first consulship, 282 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span>, he defeated the Lucanians, Bruttians, and +Samnites; in 280-278 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> he served +with distinction against Pyrrus (cf. <a href = +"#txt_XXVII">xxvii.</a>).</p> + +<p>The <b>Samnites</b> were a powerful people living to the east of +<span class = "pagenum">41</span> +Rome. The Romans first came into contact with them in 343 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span>; for 50 years there was war between the two +nations; at last the Samnites were conquered, but they still maintained +their love of freedom, and once more proved formidable opponents to Rome +in the Social War, 90 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p>2. <b>memoratis ... rebus</b>, abl. absolute, ‘after mentioning the +many great services which he had rendered (<i>rebus quae bene +fecisset</i>) to the Samnites after the restoration of peace....’</p> + +<p>3. <b>post redditam pacem</b>. <i>Pax reddita</i>, ‘the restoration +of peace.’ Cf. <i>sol oriens</i>, ‘the rising of the sun,’ <a href = +"#notes_V">v. 3. note</a>.</p> + +<p>4. <b>dono</b>, as a gift, the predicative dative, or dative of +purpose used as a complement. Cf. Hor. <i>exitio est avidum mare +nautis</i>, ‘the greedy sea is [as] a destruction to sailors.’</p> + +<p>11. <b>quâ</b>, abl. after <i>usus</i>, ‘for which I have no +use.’</p> + + +<h4><a name = "notes_IX" id = "notes_IX" href = "#txt_IX">IX.</a></h4> + +<p>1. <b>Hannibal</b>, the famous general of the Carthaginians in the +second Punic war, was born in 247 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> +In 218 he began his march from Spain into Italy, crossed the Alps, and +defeated the Romans in N. Italy on the Ticinus and the Trebia; then +followed the great victories at Lake Trasimenus, 217, and Cannae, 216. +In 203 Hannibal was compelled to return to Africa to oppose Scipio, who +had defeated the Carthaginian troops and their ally Syphax. +A decisive battle was fought at Zama, October 19th, 202, in which +Scipio gained a great victory over Hannibal. In the following year peace +was made. Hannibal now set to work to prepare Carthage for a fresh +struggle, but his political enemies denounced his designs to the Romans, +and he was compelled in 193 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> to +take refuge at the court of <b>Antiochus</b> the Great, King of Syria, +who was on the eve of war with Rome. On the defeat of Antiochus the +surrender of Hannibal was made one of the conditions of peace; but he +fled to Prusias, King of Bithynia, 188 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span> The Romans still pursued him, and sent +messengers to Prusias demanding his surrender. Fearing that Prusias +would be unable to resist this demand, and not knowing whither to flee +to escape the vengeance of his enemies, he took poison, 183 <span class += "smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p>2. <b>ingentis</b>. The acc. pl. of <i>-i</i> nouns of the 3rd decl. +varies in the mss. between <i>-īs</i>, <i>-eis</i>, and <i>ēs</i>. All +three forms seem to have been used till the Augustan age, after which +period the +<span class = "pagenum">42</span> +form in <i>-es</i> prevailed. A nom. pl. also in <i>-is</i> and +<i>-eis</i> is found sometimes in the mss. of Plautus and Lucretius and +in old inscriptions.</p> + +<p><b>populo Romano</b>, dat. of the ‘Remoter Object’ after +<i>facturus</i>, the ‘nearer object’ being <i>bellum</i>.</p> + +<p>4. <b>currus cum falcibus</b>. The wheels of these chariots were +armed with projecting scythes or hooks, which kept the enemy at a +distance, or cut them down, as the charioteers drove at full speed +through their ranks. These war chariots were in use among the Assyrians, +Persians, Medes, and Syrians in Asia, and in Europe among the Gauls and +Britons. Some have supposed that these are the ‘chariots of iron’ +referred to in the books of Joshua and Judges; but Xenophon +(<i>Cyrop.</i>, vi. i. 30) says that ‘scythe chariots’ were not +introduced into Asia Minor till the time of Cyrus.</p> + +<p>5. <b>elephantos cum turribus</b>, small turrets placed on the backs +of the elephants, and carrying a few soldiers.</p> + +<p>6. <b>frenis</b>. The bits were sometimes made of silver and gold, +and the bridles decorated with jewels, etc.</p> + +<p><b>ephippiis</b>. The saddles in use among Eastern nations, the +Greeks and the Romans, consisted sometimes of a mere skin or cloth, +sometimes of a wooden frame, upon which padded cloth, etc., was +stretched; from either side cloths hung down, often dyed with bright +colours, and decorated with fringes, etc.</p> + +<p><b>monilibus</b>, necklets used as ornaments for horses, as well as +for men and women.</p> + +<p><b>phaleris</b>, bosses of metal attached as ornaments to the harness +of horses and the armour of men. They were sometimes hung as pendants to +the horse’s saddle, and jangled loudly as it charged forward against the +enemy. For these military ornaments cf. the well-known passage in +Verg.,<i> Aen.</i> vii. 276—</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p><i>Omnibus extemplo Teucris jubet ordine duci</i></p> +<p><i>Instratos ostro alipedes pictisque tapetis;</i></p> +<p><i>Aurea pectoribus demissa monilia pendent;</i></p> +<p><i>Tecti auro, fulvum mandunt sub dentibus aurum.</i></p> +</div> + +<p>7. <b>putasne</b>. Cf. <a href = "#notes_II">ii. 5. note</a>.</p> + +<p>8. <b>Poenus</b> (<i>Poenĭcus</i> or <i>Pūnĭcus</i>), properly +Phoenician, but applied by Roman writers especially to the inhabitants +of Carthage, which was founded about 850 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span> by Phoenician colonists, who came probably from +Tyre.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">43</span> +<h4><a name = "notes_X" id = "notes_X" href = "#txt_X">X.</a></h4> + +<p>1. <b>Milo</b> was the most famous wrestler in Greece; he was six +times victor in wrestling at the Olympic games and seven times at the +Pythian games. Many stories are told about his great strength: he is +said to have carried a heifer four years old on his shoulders through +the stadium (or race course, a distance of about 40 yards), to have +then killed it with a blow of his fist, and eaten the whole of it the +same day. He was a pupil of the great philosopher Pythagoras, at +Crotona. One day the pillar on which the roof of the school rested +suddenly gave way, but Milo supported the whole weight of the building, +and gave the philosopher and his disciples time to escape.</p> + +<p><b>Crotona</b> was a Greek city on the S.E. coast of Italy, founded +740 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> by the Achaeans. It became +the most important city in S. Italy, owing to its trade with the E. +Mediterranean. It attained its greatest power in 510 by the defeat of +its neighbour and rival Sybaris: on this occasion Milo commanded the +army of Crotona.</p> + +<p><b>Crotoniensis</b>. Note the use of the adj. where we employ a +subst. and prep., ‘Milo of Crotona’; so <i>pugna Cannensis</i> (<a href += "#txt_XL">xl. 1.</a>), ‘the Battle of Cannae,’ etc.</p> + +<p>3. <b>artem athleticam desisset</b>, ‘had given up athletics.’ The +acc. after <i>desino</i> is rare, and chiefly poetical; but Cicero +(<i>Fam.</i> vii. 1. 4) uses <i>artem desinere</i>.</p> + +<p>5. <b>rimis in parte mediâ hiantem</b>, lit. ‘gaping open with cracks +in the middle.’</p> + +<p>6. <b>an ullae ... adessent</b>. <i>Adessent</i> is the subj. after +the dependent interrogative word <i>an</i>; the construction is called +the Indirect or Dependent Question, <i>Interrogatio Obliqua</i>. Thus +‘who are you?’ is ‘<i>quis es?</i>’ but ‘I ask you who you are’ is +‘<i>interrogo quis sis</i>.’</p> + +<p><b>ullae</b>. <i>Quisquam</i> (pronoun) and <i>ullus</i> (adjective) +are used for ‘any’ in comparative and negative sentences, in questions +expecting the answer No, and in hypothetical sentences.</p> + +<p>11. <b>rediit in naturam</b>, ‘returned to its natural (<i>i.e.</i> +former) position.’</p> + +<p>12. <b>feris</b>, dat. after <i>praebuit</i>, ‘gave the man to the +beasts to tear to pieces.’ For this use of the gerundive cf. <a href = +"#notes_XIII">xiii. 1. note</a>.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">44</span> +<h4><a name = "notes_XI" id = "notes_XI" href = "#txt_XI">XI.</a></h4> + +<p>1. <b>Romae</b>, ‘at Rome,’ the locative case. This case, which had +almost died out in classical Latin, originally ended in <i>-i</i> for +the singular and <i>-s</i> for the plural. In some forms it still +survived, viz., (1) in such words as <i>militiae</i> (earlier +<i>militiai</i>), <i>belli</i>, ‘in the field,’ ‘at the war’; +<i>domi</i>, at home; <i>humi</i>, ‘on the ground’; <i>vesperi</i> (or +<i>-e</i>), ‘in the evening’; <i>ruri</i>, ‘in the country’; +<i>luci</i>, ‘in the light’; and the adverbs <i>ubi</i>, ‘in which +place’; <i>ibi</i>, ‘in that place,’ etc.; (2) in the names of +towns—<i>Romae</i> (earlier <i>Romai</i>), ‘at Rome’; +<i>Tarenti</i>, ‘at Tarentum’; <i>Carthagini</i> (or <i>Carthagine</i>), +‘at Carthage,’ etc.; (3) in such phrases as <i>animi angor</i>, +‘I am vexed in mind’; <i>maturus aevi</i>, ‘advanced in age,’ +etc.</p> + +<p><b>Curiam</b>. The word Curia is connected with Cŭres, the chief town +of the Sabines, and Quĭrītes (or Cŭrītes), the inhabitants of Cŭres. It +originally denoted one of the 30 divisions into which the Romans and +Sabines were divided when they united in one community. The word was +then applied to the building used for the religious service of a Curia, +and afterwards especially to the building in which the Senate met.</p> + +<p>2. <b>praetextatis</b>, <i>i.e.</i> wearing the <i>toga +praetexta</i>, a white toga with a broad purple border, worn under +the Republic by the higher magistrates, by persons engaged in paying +vows, and by free-born children. It is said to have been adopted from +the Etruscans, and made the royal robe by Tullus Hostilius; and to have +been worn with the <i>bulla</i> by boys after the reign of Tarquinius +Priscus, whose son at the age of fourteen slew an enemy with his own +hand in the Sabine war, and was allowed as a reward to wear the royal +robe.</p> + +<p><b>maior</b>, more important than usual.</p> + +<p>4. <b>placuitque ut eam rem ne quis...</b>. ‘It was resolved that no +one should mention the matter until a decision had been arrived at’ +(lit. until it had been decreed).</p> + +<p><b>ut ... ne quis</b>, or <i>ne quis</i>, ‘that no one,’ is always +used in a final sentence instead of <i>ut nemo</i>; so <i>ne quid</i>, +<i>ne ullus</i>, and <i>ne unquam</i>, instead of <i>ut nihil</i>, <i>ut +nullus</i>, <i>ut nunquam</i>. The indefinite pronoun <i>quis</i> is, as +a rule, used for ‘any’ or ‘some’ in relative sentences, and after +<i>si</i>, <i>nisi</i>, <i>num</i>, <i>ne</i>, and <i>cum</i>; but +<i>aliquis</i> is sometimes found after <i>si</i>, more rarely after +<i>ne</i>.</p> + +<p>5. <b>decreta esset</b>. The subj. is required, because this is a +<span class = "pagenum">45</span> +dependent sentence forming part of the <i>Oratio Obliqua</i> after +<i>placuit</i>.</p> + +<p>7. <b>egissent</b>, subj. after the dependent interrogative +<i>quidnam</i>. Cf. <a href = "#notes_X">x. 6. note</a>. For the +same reason <i>videretur</i>, line 11, is in subj.</p> + +<p>9. <b>lepidi mendacii consilium capit</b>, ‘bethought himself of an +amusing falsehood.’</p> + +<p>10. <b>utrum ... unusne ... an...</b>. The <i>-ne</i> is +‘pleonastic,’ <i>i.e.</i> more than is required, for the sentence would +be complete without it—<i>utrum videretur utilius ut unus ... an +(videretur utilius) ut una....</i> This idiom is chiefly ante-classical +(found often in Plautus), but Cicero uses it, ‘<i>est etiam illa +distinctio, utrum illudne non videatur aegre ferendum ... an ...</i>’ +(Cic. <i>Tusc.</i> iv. 27, 59). Translate ‘He said the Senate had +discussed whether it seemed more useful and advantageous to the State +that one man should have two wives, or that one woman should be married +to two men.’</p> + + +<h4><a name = "notes_XII" id = "notes_XII" href = +"#txt_XII">XII.</a></h4> + +<p>3. <b>matrum familias</b>, gen. plur. of <i>mater familias</i>. When +<i>familia</i> is compounded with <i>pater</i>, <i>mater</i>, +<i>filius</i>, and <i>filia</i>, the old gen. sing. +<i>famili</i><b>as</b> is usually found, but <i>familiae</i> also is +frequently used by Cicero and other writers, by Livy always. In Sallust +and later writers even <i>patres familiarum</i> is found.</p> + +<p>4. <b>una potius ... duae</b>. The order is <i>ut una (uxor) nupta +fieret duobus viris potius quam ut duae (uxores nuptae fierent) uni +(viro)</i>.</p> + +<p>6. <b>esset, vellet</b>, subj. after the dept. interrogatives +<i>quae</i> and <i>quid</i>; so <b>institisset</b> and <b>dixisset</b>. +Cf. <a href = "#notes_X">x. 6. note</a>.</p> + +<p><b>quid sibi postulatio istaec vellet</b>, ‘what that demand of +theirs meant.’ <i>Quid sibi res vult</i>, ‘what does the thing mean?’ +lit. ‘what does it wish for itself?’ ‘what is its object or drift?’ so +<i>quid tibi vis</i>, ‘what do you mean, or want?’ and, more rarely, +<i>quid mihi volo</i>, ‘what do I mean, or want?’</p> + + +<h4><a name = "notes_XIII" id = "notes_XIII" href = +"#txt_XIII">XIII.</a></h4> + +<p>1. <b>Sertorius</b> was a Roman general, who first distinguished +himself in Gaul. On the outbreak of civil war in 88 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span> between Marius and Sulla he joined the former. +At first the Sullan party were victorious, but when their leader went to +the East +<span class = "pagenum">46</span> +to fight against Mitridates they were defeated, and from 87-82 the +Marian party were supreme. In 83 (or, according to another writer, 82) +Sertorius was sent to Spain as governor in the Marian interest. Finding +himself unable to hold his ground against the Sullan generals, he +crossed to Africa, and gained various successes there. The Lusitani, who +inhabited the western part of the Spanish peninsula, then invited him to +become their leader against the Romans. He returned with a small force +of 2,600 men, one third of whom were Libyans, and then by his +extraordinary influence over the natives, and his great powers of +organisation, succeeded in forming an army which for years set at +defiance every effort made by the generals of the Sullan party, which +was now in the ascendant. In 76 Pompeius was sent to Spain with a large +army to reinforce the Sullan generals, but for five years more Sertorius +held his ground. At last, in 72 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>, +he was assassinated by Perperna and other of his own Roman officers, who +were jealous of his power.</p> + +<p><b>et utendi et regendi exercitus</b>, the gerundial attraction. When +an object is expressed after a gerund, the construction called the +gerundial, or <b>gerundival attraction</b> is preferred. In this +construction the object is attracted (if it differs) into the case of +the gerund, and the gerund, taking adjectival inflections (and then +called the gerundive), is made to agree adjectivally with the object in +number and gender.</p> + +<p>Examples:—</p> + +<div class = "hanging"> +<p><i>a.</i> The Acc., <i>praemisit milites ad Gallos insequendos</i>, +‘he sent the soldiers forward to pursue the Gauls.’</p> + +<p><i>b.</i> The Gen., <i>causâ urbis delendae</i>, ‘for the sake of +destroying the city.’</p> + +<p><i>c.</i> The Dat., <i>bello gerendo me praefecistis</i>, ‘you placed +me in command of the management of the war.’</p> + +<p><i>d.</i> The Abl., <i>in vestigiis persequendis operam +consumpsi</i>, ‘I spent labour in following their tracks.’</p> +</div> + +<p>The Gerundival Attraction is of course only used with transitive +verbs which govern a direct object in the acc. case. The words +<i>fungor</i>, <i>fruor</i>, <i>utor</i>, <i>vescor</i>, <i>potior</i> +are exceptions; they are used both in this construction and in the +constructions explained in ii. and iii. below, because they were +originally transitive, and governed an acc.</p> + +<p>The <b>gerunds</b> and <b>gerundives</b> are the substantival and +adjectival forms respectively of a participle in <i>-ndus</i>. Under the +<span class = "pagenum">47</span> +gerund are included the substantival forms in <i>-ndum, -ndi, -ndo</i>; +under the gerundive the full adjectival declension in <i>-ndus, a, +um</i>, etc.</p> + +<p><b>The uses of the gerund and gerundive</b> may be divided under four +headings.</p> + +<p>i. By its oblique cases the gerund (and the gerundive in the +construction mentioned above—the ‘gerundival attraction’) +completes the active infinite verb noun, which is only used in the nom. and acc., +<ins class = "correction" title = "both dots invisible">e.g.</ins> +<i>haec ad iudicandum sunt facillima</i>, ‘these +matters are very easy to decide’; <i>amor agendi, canendi</i>, etc., +‘love of acting, singing,’ etc.; <i>causâ agendi</i>, ‘for the sake of +acting’; <i>aqua utilis bibendo</i>, ‘water useful for drinking’; +<i>mens alitur discendo</i>, ‘the mind is nourished by learning.’</p> + +<p>ii. The nom. (and in <i>oratio obliqua</i> the acc.) of the gerund is +used intransitively with parts of the verb <i>sum</i> (<i>est</i>, +<i>erat</i>, <i>fuit</i>, <i>esse</i>, +<ins class = "correction" title = ". missing or invisible">etc.</ins>), +as an impersonal verb to denote necessity, duty, or suitability, +<ins class = "correction" title = "both dots invisible">e.g.</ins> +<i>nunc est bibendum</i>, ‘now it is right to +drink’, <i>eundum est</i>, ‘there is a necessity to go’; <i>parendum est +legibus</i>, ‘it is necessary to be obedient to the laws.’ The person on +whom the duty falls is expressed by the dat. case, the ‘Dative of the +Agent,’ except after verbs which govern a dative; after these, to avoid +ambiguity, the agent is expressed by <i>a</i> or <i>ab</i> with the +abl., e.g. <i>eundum est mihi</i>, ‘I must go,’ but <i>parendum est +ei a te</i>, ‘you must obey him’.</p> + +<p>iii. The gerundive is used (1) personally as a verb, usually with a +passive signification, e.g. <i>aqua bibenda est</i>, ‘water ought to be +drunk’; (2) as a mere epithet, e.g. <i>ridenda poemata</i>, ‘poems +to be laughed at.’</p> + +<p>iv. The acc. of the gerundive is used in a final sense as an oblique +predicate, or complement, agreeing with the direct object of certain +transitive verbs—<i>curo</i>, <i>do</i>, <i>suscipio</i>, +<i>habeo</i>, etc., e.g. <i>Caesar pontem faciendum curavit</i>, ‘Caesar +had a bridge made’; <i>agros eis habitandos dedit</i>, ‘he gave them the +lands to dwell in’ Cf. <a href = "#notes_VII">vii<ins class = +"correction" title = ". invisible">. </ins>3. note</a>.</p> + +<p>8. <b>usui</b>, predicative dative or dat. of purpose. Cf. +<i>dono</i>, <a href = "#notes_VIII">viii. 4. note</a>.</p> + +<p><b>memoria</b>, etc. The order is <i>memoria prodita est neminem ex +his nationibus, quae cum S. faciebant</i> (‘who served with Sertorius’), +<i>cum multis proeliis superatus esset</i> (‘although he had been +defeated in many battles’), <i>unquam ab eo descivisse</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">48</span> +<p>9. <i>neminem.</i> The gen. of this word, <i>neminis</i>, is only +found in writers before Cicero, the abl. <i>nemine</i> in late writers +(<i>e.g.</i> Tacitus and Suetonius), and once in Plautus; the plural is +not used. Hence we have</p> + +<table summary = "inflection of ‘nemo’"> +<tr> +<td>Nom.,</td> +<td><i>nemo</i>,</td> +<td><i>nulli</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Acc.,</td> +<td><i>neminem</i>,</td> +<td><i>nullos</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Gen.,</td> +<td><i>nullius</i>,</td> +<td><i>nullorum</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dat.,</td> +<td><i>nemini</i>,</td> +<td><i>nullis</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Abl.,</td> +<td><i>nullo</i> or <i>nullâ</i>,</td> +<td><i>nullis</i>.</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<h4><a name = "notes_XIV" id = "notes_XIV" href = +"#txt_XIV">XIV.</a></h4> + +<p>1. <b>alba</b>. <i>Albus</i> is a dull white as opposed to +<i>ater</i>, dull black; <i>candidus</i>, shining white, opposed to +<i>niger</i>, shining black.</p> + +<p><b>eximiae pulchritudinis et celeritatis</b>, genitives of +quality.</p> + +<p>2. <b>dono</b>, predicative dat., or dat. of purpose. Cf. +<i>dono</i>, <a href = "#notes_VIII">viii. 4. note</a>.</p> + +<p>5. <b>factu</b>, the supine in <i>-u</i>, used as an abl. of respect. +Cf. <i>foedum dictu est</i>, ‘it is horrible to state’ (lit. ‘in the +saying’), and <a href = "#txt_XXIV">xxiv. 2</a>, <i>utilia monitu +suasuque</i>.</p> + +<p><b>quid</b>, the indef. pron.; so <i>cui</i>, line 13. For its use +after <i>si</i> cf. <a href = "#notes_XI">xi. 4. note</a>.</p> + +<p>7. <b>dixerat</b>, indic. after <i>cum</i> in a frequentative sense, +‘whenever he had said that.’ Cf. <a href = "#notes_VI">vi. 8. +note</a>.</p> + +<p>10. <b>in fugam se proripuit</b>, ‘took to hasty flight.’</p> + +<p>18. <b>consuerat</b>, indic., because it is not part of what +Sertorius said, but a statement made by the author.</p> + +<p><b>quod opus esset facto</b>, ‘what had to be done.’ <i>Facto</i> is +the abl. of the perf. part. pass.; for this use cf. <i>maturato, +properato opus est</i>, ‘there is need of haste’; and the similar +construction with the abl. of the supine, <i>dictu opus est</i> +(Terence), ‘it is necessary to speak’; <i>quod scitu opus est</i> +(Cicero), ‘what has to be known.’</p> + + +<h4><a name = "notes_XV" id = "notes_XV" href = "#txt_XV">XV.</a></h4> + +<p><b>Tarquinius Superbus</b>, according to tradition, was the seventh +and last of the Roman kings (535-510 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span>), the others being +<span class = "pagenum">49</span> +Romulus, Numa Pompilius, Tullus Hostilius, Ancus Martius, Tarquinius +Priscus, Servius Tullius.</p> + +<p>1. <b>Libris Sibyllinis</b>. Little is known about the famous +Sibylline books. They were probably derived from Cumae in Campania, the +seat of a celebrated oracle. At Rome they were kept in a stone chest +(<i>sacrarium</i>) beneath the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, under the +charge of certain officers (<i>quindecimviri</i>), and consulted only by +the special command of the Senate. In 82 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span> this temple was burnt and the books destroyed. +A fresh collection of oracles was made by ambassadors sent to the +chief cities of Italy, Greece, and Asia Minor. When the temple was +rebuilt these were deposited in the same place, but many spurious +prophetic books, purporting to be Sibylline oracles, seem to have got +into circulation at Rome, and several revisions of the books were +ordered from time to time. Christian writers frequently appeal to the +Sibylline oracles as containing prophecies of the Messiah.</p> + +<p>2. <b>hospita</b>, feminine form of <i>hospes</i>. Cf. +<i>antistes</i> and <i>sacerdos</i>, priest, <i>antistita</i> and +<i>sacerdota</i> (in inscriptions), priestess, <i>sospes</i> and +<i>sospita</i>, saviour, etc.</p> + +<p>4. <b>eos velle vendere</b>, ‘(she said) that she wished to sell +them.’</p> + +<p>6. <b>nimium atque inmensum</b>, 300 pieces of gold, according to one +form of the legend.</p> + +<p><b>quasi ... desiperet</b>. <i>Quasi</i>, ‘as if,’ introducing a +statement which is not a fact, naturally governs the subj., ‘as if she +were mad’ (but she was not). In sentences of comparison introduced by +such conjunctions as <i>tanquam</i>, <i>ceu</i>, <i>quasi</i>, +<i>velut</i>, etc., the subj. is usually found, because the statement is +usually not true; but when the statement is a fact the indic. is +employed, e.g. <i>Fuit olim, quasi nunc ego sum, senex</i> (Plautus). +Frequently <i>quasi</i>, etc., are used, not as conjunctions introducing +the sentence, but adverbially with a single word; in such cases they do +not affect the mood, e.g. <i>servis respublica et quasi civitas domus +est</i> (<i>Pl. Ep.</i> viii. 16), ‘to slaves their home is a +state, and, as it were, a city.’ Cf. <a href = +"#txt_XVIII">xviii. 5</a>, <i>quasi consultans cum Jove</i>.</p> + +<p>7. <b>foculum</b>. <i>Fŏcŭlus</i>, deminutiveof <i>fŏcus</i> +(a hearth). Cf. <i>rĭvŭlus</i>, a rivulet, and <i>rivus</i>, +a river.</p> + +<p>9. <b>vellet</b>, subj. after the dependent interrogative +<i>ecquid</i>. Cf. <a href = "#notes_X">x. 6. note</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">50</span> +<p>10. <b>sed enim</b>, ‘but indeed.’ Cf. the use of <span class = +"greek" title = "allà gàr">ἀλλὰ γὰρ</span> in Greek.</p> + +<p>14. <b>ore ... fit</b>, ‘now becomes serious and more attentive’ +(lit. ‘of a serious countenance and more attentive mind’). <i>Ore</i> +and <i>animo</i> are ablatives of quality.</p> + +<p>19. <b>nusquam loci</b>, ‘nowhere in the world.’ The genitives +<i>loci</i>, <i>locorum</i>, <i>gentium</i> and <i>terrarum</i> are +frequently used with adverbs of place—<i>ubi</i>, <i>quo</i>, +<i>unde</i>, <i>usquam</i>, <i>nusquam</i>, etc., e.g. <i>ubi terrarum +sumus</i> (Cic.), ‘where on earth are we?’</p> + + +<h4><a name = "notes_XVI" id = "notes_XVI" href = +"#txt_XVI">XVI.</a></h4> + +<p>1. <b>Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Maior</b> was born in 234 +<span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> He is first mentioned in 218 +<span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> at the battle of the Ticinus (cf. +<a href = "#notes_IX">ix. 1. note</a>), in which he is said to have +saved the life of his father <ins class = "correction" title = ". invisible">P. </ins>Scipio. He fought at Cannae, 216, and was +chosen with App. Claudius to command the remains of the Roman army after +that great disaster. In 212 he was unanimously elected aedile. When the +tribunes objected to the election, because he was under the legal age, +he replied, ‘If all the Quirites wish to make me aedile, I am old +enough<ins class = "correction" title = "” for ’">.’</ins> In 210, at +the age of twenty-four, he was appointed to command the army in Spain, +having come forward as a candidate for the post which all the old +generals feared to accept. By 207 he had conquered almost the whole of +that country from the Carthaginians. In 205 he was elected consul. He +was anxious to cross over to Africa and end the war by a blow at +Carthage itself, but the Senate, partly from jealousy, partly from +timidity, opposed his plans and would only grant him the province of +Sicily, with power to cross over to Africa if he thought it in the +interests of the State; but this permission they endeavoured to render +useless by refusing him an army. Volunteers however flocked from every +part of Italy to his standard, and in 204 he was able to land in Africa +with a large force. In 203 he defeated Hasdrubal and his ally Syphax, +and in 202 brought the second Punic war to an end by a great victory at +Zama over Hannibal, who had been recalled from Italy. In 201 peace was +made, and Scipio, returning to Rome, received the agnomen Africanus, and +was overwhelmed with every mark of honour. In 190 he served as legate +under his brother, +<span class = "pagenum">51</span> +<b>Lucius Scipio Asiaticus</b>, in the war against Antiochus (cf. +<a href = "#txt_IX">ix.</a> and <a href = "#txt_XVII">xvii.</a>) On their +return the accusations mentioned in <a href = "#notes_XVI">xvi.</a> and +xvii. were made against the brothers. In 185 Scipio retired into private +life, and died soon afterwards, probably in 183.</p> + +<p>1. <b>tribunus plebis</b>. The tribuni plebis were appointed in 494, +after the secession to Mons Sacer, to protect the plebeians against the +patrician magistrates. At first they were two in number, afterwards they +were increased to ten.</p> + +<p>3. <b>ut condicionibus</b>, etc., ‘that peace might be made with him +(<i>i.e.</i> Antiochus) on favourable conditions in the name of the +Roman people.’</p> + +<p>7. <b>diem esse hodiernum</b>, ‘that this is the day on which ...’ +(lit. ‘that it is to-day on which ...’).</p> + +<p>9. <b>proelio</b>. The battle of Zama, Oct. 19th, 202 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p>11. <b>simus</b>, ‘let us not be ungrateful therefore to the +gods....’</p> + +<p>12. <b>censeo</b>, used parenthetically, ‘I propose.’ Cf. +<i>quaeso</i>, <a href = "#txt_II">ii. 4</a>.</p> + +<p>13. <b>gratulatum</b>, the supine in <i>-um</i>, used to express +purpose after the verb of <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘notion’">motion</ins>, <i>eamus</i>.</p> + +<p>17. <b>aedes</b>, in sing., a ‘temple’ (a single room), in the plur., +a ‘house’ (a collection of rooms). As distinguished from +<i>templum</i>, <i>aedes</i> is a simple building without division into +rooms; <i>templum</i> is a large edifice consisting of many rooms, +consecrated by the augurs, and belonging often to several deities.</p> + +<p>18. <b>sollemni</b>. <i>Sollemnis</i>, from <i>sollus</i> (cf. <span +class = "greek" title = "holos">ὅλος</span>, <i>salvus</i>), whole; +prop. taking place every year, ‘established,’ especially of festivals; +then, with the religious force predominating, ‘religious,’ ‘festive,’ +‘solemn.’</p> + + +<h4><a name = "notes_XVII" id = "notes_XVII" href = +"#txt_XVII">XVII.</a></h4> + +<p>2. <b>M. Porcius Cato</b>, known as the Censor (234-149), first +distinguished himself in the second Punic war; in 204-3 he served as +Quaestor to Scipio Africanus in Sicily and Africa. From this time +forward he became the declared enemy of the Scipios and their friends, +who were introducing, he said, into Rome +<span class = "pagenum">52</span> +the luxury and refinement of degenerate Greece and ruining the simple +and honest Roman character. He served with distinction in Spain, 195-4, +and against Antiochus, 191. In 184 he was censor, and applied himself +strenuously, but in vain, to stem the tide of Greek luxury. He was one +of the ambassadors sent to Africa to arbitrate between Masinissa and the +Carthaginians, and was so struck by the flourishing condition of +Carthage, that on his return he insisted that, whilst that city existed, +Rome would never be safe. Whenever he was called upon for his vote in +the Senate, whatever the subject before the house was, he always +concluded his remarks by ‘And I further am of opinion that Carthage must +be destroyed (<i>delendam esse Carthaginem</i>).’ The third Punic war, +which broke out soon after his death, was largely due to his +influence.</p> + +<p>5. <b>L. Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus</b> served under his brother +Africanus in Spain, and in 190 defeated Antiochus at Mount Sipylus. Cf. +<a href = "#txt_XVI">xvi. 1</a>.</p> + +<p>3. <b>comparati in eum</b>. <i>Comparare hominem in aliquem</i> is +the regular phrase for procuring a man to attack another. ‘Having been +set upon him....’</p> + +<p>4. <b>pecuniae ... rationem redderet</b>, ‘to give an account of the +money paid by Antiochus, and the spoil....’</p> + +<p>9. <b>allatum</b>, i.e. <i>dixit librum allatum esse</i>, ‘he said +that it had been brought.’</p> + +<p>10. <b>aerarium</b>, the public treasury at Rome, in which, besides +the State treasure, the standards of the legions and copies of all +decrees of the Senate were kept. After the expulsion of the kings the +Temple of Saturn, at the head of the Forum, was used for this +purpose.</p> + +<p>10. <b>sed enim</b>, ‘but indeed.’ Cf. <a href = "#txt_XV">xv. +10</a>.</p> + +<p>11. <b>nec me ipse afficiam contumeliâ</b>, ‘nor will I insult myself +with my own lips (<i>ipse</i>).’</p> + +<p>12. <b>coram</b>, ‘before their eyes.’</p> + +<p>13. <b>quod cui</b>. The order is <i>quod ab eo ratio praedae +posceretur, cui salus ... deberet</i>, ‘indignant that an account of the +booty was demanded from a man, to whom the safety of the State and +constitution ought to be ascribed.’</p> + +<p><i>Acceptum aliquid referre alicui</i>, lit. ‘to put down a thing as +received to a man’s account,’ ‘to credit him with it’; a metaphor +from banking.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">53</span> +<h4><a name = "notes_XVIII" id = "notes_XVIII" href = +"#txt_XVIII">XVIII.</a></h4> + +<p>2. <b>Scipio Africanus</b> “was unquestionably one of the greatest +men of Rome, and he acquired at an early age the confidence and +admiration of his countrymen. His enthusiastic mind led him to believe +that he was a special favourite of the gods; and he never engaged in any +public or private business without first going to the Capitol, where he +sat some time alone, enjoying communication from the gods. For all he +proposed or executed he alleged the divine approval; and the Roman +people gave credit to his assertions, and regarded him as a being almost +superior to the common race of men. There can be no doubt that Scipio +believed himself in the divine revelations, which he asserted to have +been vouchsafed to him, and the extraordinary success which attended all +his enterprises must have deepened this belief.”—Smith’s +<i>Classical Dictionary</i>.</p> + +<p>3. <b>noctis extremo</b>, ‘at the end of night.’ The neuter +<i>extremum</i> is used as a substantive, meaning ‘the end.’ Cf. +<i>extremo anni</i>, Livy, xxxv. 11. 1; <i>sub extremum noctis</i>, +Sil. 4. 88.</p> + +<p>4. <b>ventitare</b>. <i>Ventito</i> is the frequentative form of +<i>venio</i>. Frequentative or iterative verbs denote repeated action: +they are of the first conjugation, and formed by adding <i>-to</i>, +<i>-so</i>, <i>-ito</i>, or <i>-itor</i> to the supine stem, or, more +rarely, to the clipt stem, as <i>can-to</i>, ‘I sing often’; +<i>cur-so</i>, ‘I run often’; <i>rog-ito</i>, ‘I ask often’; +<i>min-itor</i>, ‘I threaten often’; <i>haes-ito</i>, ‘I stick +fast<ins class = "correction" title = "text has “ for ’">.’</ins> +Sometimes one frequentative verb is formed from another, as +<i>cant-ito</i> from <i>canto</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ac iubere ... Iovis</b>, ‘and to order the temple of Jupiter to be +opened.’</p> + +<p>5. <b>quasi consultans</b>. Cf. <a href = "#notes_XV">xv. 6. +note</a>.</p> + +<p>7. <b>id temporis</b>. For this ‘genitive of the thing measured,’ +depending on a neuter pronoun, expressing quantity, hence often called +the ‘partitive genitive,’ cf. <i>aliquid veri, falsi</i>; <i>id +aetatis</i>; <i>nihil reliqui facere</i>, ‘to leave nothing undone’ +(Caes.); <i>quantum mercedis</i> (<a href = +"#txt_XXXII">xxxii. 17.</a>); <i>si quid remedii</i> (<a href = +"#txt_XXXIV">xxxiv. 8.</a>), and such phrases as <i>navium quod +ubique fuerat in unum locum coegerant</i> (Caes.). <i>Id</i> in this +phrase is in the accusative. Similar adverbial accusatives +are—<i>hoc noctis</i>, <i>magnam partem</i>, <i>suam vicem</i>, +<i>multum</i>, etc. The use of the +<span class = "pagenum">54</span> +acc. has arisen from an extended use of the cognate acc. after +intransitive verbs (e.g. <i>servire servitatem</i>, <i>dormire +noctem</i>, <i>dolere aliquid</i>, etc.).</p> + +<p><b>quod in eum solum ... incurrerent</b>, the order is <i>aeditumi +... admirati, quod canes, semper in alios saevientes, neque latrarent +neque incurrerent in eum solum id temporis in Capitolium +ingredientem</i>, ‘because he was the only man who entered the temple at +that time, at whom the dogs, that always attacked others, did not bark +and fly.’</p> + +<p>14. <b>re cibaria copiosum</b>, ‘well supplied with provisions.’</p> + +<p>15. <b>eius potiundi</b>. Gerundival attraction, cf. <a href = +"#notes_XIII">xiii. 1. note</a>.</p> + +<p>16. <b>ius dicebat</b>, ‘he was administering justice,’ the technical +term.</p> + +<p>18. <b>in iure stare</b>, or <i>esse</i>, ‘to stand,’ ‘present +oneself before a magistrate’; <i>in ius ire</i>, ‘to go before a +magistrate.’</p> + +<p>19. <b>vadimonium promittere</b>, to promise or give security (bail) +for a man’s appearance, ‘for what day and what place’ (<i>i.e.</i> for +his appearance on what day and place) ‘he would order security to be +given.’</p> + +<p><b>iuberet</b>, subj. after the dependent interrog. <i>quem</i>. Cf. +<a href = "#notes_X">x. 6. note</a>.</p> + +<p>21. <b>sese</b>, object. of <i>sistere</i>, ‘ordered him to present +himself on the third day in yonder place.’</p> + +<p>22. <b>atque ita factum</b>, ‘and so it happened.’</p> + +<p><b>vadari</b>. <i>Vador aliquem</i> = ‘I bind a man over by +bail’: the object. of <i>vadari</i> here is <i>militem</i>; “on the +third day, on which he had ordered (them) to bind (the man) over to +appear.”</p> + + +<h4><a name = "notes_XIX" id = "notes_XIX" href = +"#txt_XIX">XIX.</a></h4> + +<p>1. <b>capite</b>. <i>Caput</i> denotes the legal status of a citizen: +he lost it “as much if he were struck off the roll of citizens as if his +head were struck off his shoulders” (Wilkins, <i>R. Lit. Primer</i>). +“I and two others were trying a friend on a capital charge.”</p> + +<p>4. <b>ad casum ... medendum</b>, ‘to remedy so perilous a +mischance.’</p> + +<p>6. <b>ad condemnandum</b>, sc. <i>hominem</i>, ‘I gave my vote +in silence for condemning the man.’</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">55</span> +<h4><a name = "notes_XX" id = "notes_XX" href = "#txt_XX">XX.</a></h4> + +<p>1. <b>Favorinus</b> was a native of Arles, in Gaul; he was a famous +philosopher, and resided at different periods of his life in Rome, +Greece, and Asia Minor (about 110-130 <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span>).</p> + +<p>3. <b>Curius</b>. M’ Curius Dentatus, consul in 290, 275, and 274 +<span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>, distinguished himself in the +Samnite wars. He was a favourite hero of the Romans, and celebrated as a +type of the old-fashioned virtue and frugality. The Samnites, it is +said, once sent an embassy to him with costly gifts. The messengers +found the great general sitting by his hearth, and roasting turnips. +They proffered their gifts, but he rejected them, saying that he would +rather rule over those who possessed gold than possess it himself.</p> + +<p>4. <b>Fabricius</b>. Cf. <a href = "#notes_VIII">viii. 1. +note</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Coruncanius</b>, consul 260 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span>, fought with success against the Etruscans and +against Pyrrus (cf. <a href = "#notes_XXVII">xxvii. 1. note</a>); +he was also a distinguished lawyer, and the first plebeian who became +Pontifex Maximus.</p> + +<p>5. <b>his</b>, abl. after the comparative <i>antiquiores</i>.</p> + +<p><b>antiquus</b>, ‘former,’ ‘ancient,’ is used of what has existed in +past time as opposed to <i>novus</i>, what has not previously existed, +new. <i>Vetus</i> denotes what has existed for a long time, old, aged, +opposed to <i>rĕcens</i>, what has not existed for long, recent.</p> + +<p><b>Horatii</b>. The three brothers of the Horatian gens, who, +according to the legend, in the reign of Tullus Hostilius, fought +against the Curiatii, three brothers from Alba, to determine whether +Rome or Alba was to exercise the supremacy.</p> + +<p>6. <b>Auruncorum</b>, etc., genitives depending of <i>verbis</i>, +‘used the language of the Aurunci,’ etc. The Aurunci, Sicani, and +Pelasgi were old Italian races.</p> + +<p>9. <b>quasi loquare</b>. Cf. <a href = "#notes_XV">xv. 6. note</a>, +‘<i>quasi desiperet</i>.’</p> + +<p><b>Euandri</b>. The legend says that Euander, son of Hermes and an +Arcadian nymph, about 60 years before the Trojan war, led a Pelasgian +colony from Arcadia in Greece to Italy, and built the town of Pallantium +at the foot of the Palatine hill. Vergil represents Euander as still +alive when Aeneas came to Italy. (<i>Aeneid</i>, viii. 51.)</p> + +<p>10. <b>abhinc multis annis</b>, ‘many years ago.’ To express +<span class = "pagenum">56</span> +‘how long ago,’ <i>abhinc</i> and <i>ante</i> are used with either abl. +or acc. case. Cf. <i>abhinc triennium huc commigravit</i>, ‘she came +hither three years ago’ (Ter. <i>An.</i> i. 70).</p> + +<p><b><ins class = "correction" title = ". invisible">11.</ins></b> +<b>quae dicas</b>, ‘anything that you say.’ The subj. +(a consecutive subjunctive) after the relative marks the statement +as indefinite; <i>quae dicis</i> would mean the particular words which +you are actually using.</p> + +<p>14. <b>sit</b>, subjunctive, because a dependent sentence in the +<i>oratio obliqua</i> after <i>ais</i>.</p> + +<p>16. <b>C. Julius Caesar</b>, the Dictator, 100-44 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span> This quotation is from his lost work <i>De +Analogia</i>, written, it is said, when he was crossing the Alps.</p> + +<p>18. <b>ut tamquam</b>, ‘that you should avoid a rare word, as (you +would avoid) a rock.’</p> + + +<h4><a name = "notes_XXI" id = "notes_XXI" href = +"#txt_XXI">XXI.</a></h4> + +<p>1. <b>T. Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus</b> was another of the +favourite heroes of Roman history. His exploit here mentioned happened +in 361. In 353 and again in 349 he was Dictator; in 347, 344, and 340, +Consul. In this last year Torquatus and P. Decius Mus gained a great +victory over the Latins near Mt. Vesuvius, and established the Roman +supremacy in Latium. It was shortly before this battle that the +disobedient act of his son occurred, mentioned at the end of <a href = +"#txt_XXII">xxii</a>.</p> + +<p>3. <b>torquis</b>, a ‘twisted neck chain,’ as opposed to +<i>monile</i> (cf. <a href = "#txt_IX">ix. 6</a>), which was made +of beads, stones, etc., strung together.</p> + +<p><b>ex hoste detractam induit</b>, ‘he had taken from an enemy, and +put on himself.’ A participle and verb are frequently used in Latin +where in English two verbs are employed, e.g. <i>scripsit se profectum +celeriter adfore</i>, ‘he wrote (to say) that he had set out and would +soon arrive.’</p> + +<p>4. <b>fuerit</b>, subj. after the dependent interrogative +<i>quis</i>. Cf. <a href = "#notes_X">x. 6. note</a>.</p> + +<p>6. <b>cum ... processit</b>, etc. The indicative is used in past time +after <i>cum</i>, when the conjunction is purely temporal, and +equivalent to <i>et tum</i>. Cf. <a href = "#notes_VI">vi. 8 +note</a>.</p> + +<p>7. <b>nudus</b>, ‘unarmed.’ <i>Nudus</i> is used in many senses +besides its usual one of ‘unclothed,’ ‘naked’: <i>e.g.</i> ‘without a +<span class = "pagenum">57</span> +<i>toga</i>,’ <i>i.e.</i> ‘in a tunic only,’ <i>nudus ara, sere +nudus</i> (Verg. <i>G.</i> i. 299); ‘uncovered by turf,’ <i>silex +nuda</i> (Verg. <i>E.</i> i. 15); ‘leafless,’ <i>nudum nemus</i>; +‘without a garrison,’ <i>urbs nuda praesidio</i> (Cic. <i>Att.</i> +vii. 13-1); ‘destitute,’ <i>nuda senectus</i> (Juv.); ‘unadorned,’ +<i>nuda oratio</i> (Cic.), etc.</p> + +<p>12. <b>si quis ... vellet, uti prodiret</b>, ‘that if any one was +willing to fight him, he should step forward.’ The tenses are historic, +because <i>conclamant</i> is the historical present, and therefore +equivalent to a past tense. Primary tenses are sometimes used after a +historic present, but historic tenses are more common.</p> + +<p>17. <b>scuto pedestri</b>. The <i>scutum</i> was an oblong or oval +shield (4 ft. by 2½ ft., Polybius), made of wood or wickerwork. It +was borrowed from the Sabines and made the shield of the whole Roman +army, superseding the large circular <i>clipeus</i>, when the Roman +soldiers first began to receive pay, and to form a permanent army +instead of an irregular militia (Livy, viii. 8. etc.).</p> + +<p><b>cinctus</b> in this connection is properly ‘surrounded’ with a +girdle to support a shield or sword, hence ‘armed with.’</p> + + +<h4><a name = "notes_XXII" id = "notes_XXII" href = +"#txt_XXII">XXII.</a></h4> + +<p>1. <b>metu magno</b>, ‘amid great anxiety.’ An ablative of manner, +closely akin to the “ablative absolute.”</p> + +<p>2. <b>sua disciplina</b>, ‘according to his custom,’ <i>i.e.</i> way +of fighting. Cf. <i>eadem nos disciplina utimur</i>, ‘our habits are the +same’ (Plaut. <i>As.</i> i. 3. 49), and <i>disciplina militiae, +bellica militaris</i>, etc., ‘the art of war.’</p> + +<p>3. <b>cunctabundus</b>. Cf. <i>moribundus</i>, <a href = +"#notes_VI">vi. 11. note</a>. The Gaul stood on the alert ready to parry +a blow, and waiting his opportunity. Manlius disconcerted him by +suddenly dashing him backwards.</p> + +<p>7. <b>eo pacto ei ... </b>, etc., ‘in that way he got to close +quarters with him (<i>ei successit</i>) under his Gallic sword, and +wounded his chest with his Spanish sword (sc. <i>gladio</i>).’ The +“Spanish sword” was a short weapon, fitted for thrusting and stabbing at +close quarters; the “Gallic sword” a much longer and heavier weapon.</p> + +<p>9. <b>pectus hausit</b>. <i>Haurire</i> of a weapon in the sense of +‘wounding,’ ‘tearing open,’ is found in Lucretius, Vergil, and +<span class = "pagenum">58</span> +often in Ovid: probably the sword, etc., is regarded as devouring the +flesh or drinking the blood (Conington). Cf. Verg. <i>Aen.</i> +x. 313—</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p class = "halfline"> +<i>Huic gladio perque aerea suta,</i></p> +<p><i>Per tunicam squalentem auro, latus haurit apertum.</i></p> +</div> + +<p>‘With his sword, through brazen coat of mail and tunic stiff with +gold, he wounded his unguarded side.’</p> + +<p>17. <b>speculatum</b>. The supine is <i>-um</i>, expressing purpose +after a verb of motion.</p> + +<p><b>pugna interdicta</b>, ‘though he had been forbidden to fight.’ +Abl. absolute.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "notes_XXIII" id = "notes_XXIII" href = +"#txt_XXIII">XXIII.</a></h4> + +<p>1. <b>Agrum Pomptinum</b>. The Ager Pomptinus was a low plain on the +coast of Latium, between Circeii and Terracina; it was originally a +fertile cornland, but after the third century <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span>, it became more and more marshy, till at last +the Pomptine marshes were the most malarious district in Italy. They +were partially drained from time to time, but no permanent relief was +afforded till the time of Pius VI. (1778). The district is still the +most unhealthy in Italy.</p> + +<p>3. <b>vasta proceritate</b>, abl. of description.</p> + +<p><b>armis auro fulgentibus</b>, abl. abs., ‘a man of enormous stature, +with armour gleaming with gold.’</p> + +<p>5. <b>per contemptum et superbiam</b>, ‘scornfully and haughtily.’ +Cf. <i>per vim</i>, ‘forcibly,’ etc.</p> + +<p>6. <b>venire iubet</b>, etc., ‘bids anyone out of the whole Roman +army who dares to fight, to come forward and meet him,’ lit. ‘bids (him) +come, if anyone dares.’ <i>Auderet</i> is in historical time, because +<i>iubet</i> is the historic present, standing for a past tense. Cf. +<a href = "#notes_XXI">xxi. 12. note</a>.</p> + +<p>8. <b>tribunus militaris</b>. The <i>tribuni militum</i>, or +<i>militares</i>, were the chief officers of the legion; there were +originally three, afterwards six, to each legion.</p> + +<p><b>ceteris ... ambiguis</b>. Abl. absol., ‘since the rest +hesitated.’</p> + +<p>11. <b>progreditur ... obviam</b>, ‘advances to meet him.’</p> + +<p>13. <b>vis quaedam divina fit</b>, ‘a miracle happens’: lit., a +divine power is manifested.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">59</span> +<p>16. <b>laniabat ... revolabat</b>, the imperfects denote repeated +action.</p> + +<p>21. <b>statuam statuendam curavit</b>, ‘had a statue set up’: for +this use of <i>curo</i> cf. <a href = "#notes_XIII">xiii. 1. 4. +note</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Augustus</b>. Cf. <a href = "#notes_XXIX">xxix. 2. note</a>.</p> + +<p><b>in foro suo</b>, the ‘Forum Augusti.’ There were three great +<i>fora</i> at Rome, the F. Augusti, the F. Magnum, Vetus, or Romanum, +and the F. Julii.</p> + +<p>23. <b>monimentum</b>, in apposition to <i>simulacrum</i>.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "notes_XXIV" id = "notes_XXIV" href = +"#txt_XXIV">XXIV.</a></h4> + +<p>1. <b>Aesopus</b> lived about 570 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span> Little is known about his life. He was a slave, +but was freed by one of his masters, Iadmon of Samos. He is said to have +visited Croesus, king of Lydia, and Pisistratus of Athens, and to have +been sent by the former to Delphi to distribute a gift of money among +the citizens. A dispute however arose, and he refused to give any +of the money, so the angry men of Delphi threw him over a precipice. +Later stories, without good authority, represent him as deformed.</p> + +<p><b>e Phrygia</b>. Cotioeum in Phrygia, Mesembria in Thrace, Samos, +and Sardis each claimed to be the birthplace of Aesop.</p> + +<p>2. <b>utilia monitu suasuque</b>. The abl. of the supine in <i>-u</i> +is regularly used as an abl. of respect. Cf. <i>nefas visu</i>, <i>turpe +dictu</i>, <i>facile factu</i> (<a href = +"#txt_XXVII">xxvii. 7.</a>), etc.</p> + +<p>5. <b>cum audiendi quadam inlecebra</b>, lit. ‘with some charm of +hearing.’</p> + +<p>7. <b>spem</b>, etc., ‘that in matters (<i>rerum</i>) which a man can +manage himself, hope and trust ought never to be placed in another, but +in himself,’ <i>i.e.</i> that a man ought not to rely upon another for +what he can do himself.</p> + +<p>10. <b>Q. Ennius</b>. Cf. <a href = "#notes_XXXVIII">xxxviii. +9</a>.</p> + +<p><b>satiris</b>. <i>Satira</i> or <i>satura</i> (<i>satur</i> = full), +properly a mixture of all sorts of things, originally denoted a work +which dealt with many subjects; then the title was applied to poems +which treated ‘didactically’ the follies and vices of mankind.</p> + +<p><b>versibus quadratis</b>, <i>versus quadrati</i> (square) are those +containing eight or seven feet. These lines of Ennius are called +<span class = "pagenum">60</span> +<i>Septenarii</i> or <i>Tetrameter Catalectic</i> verses. The principal +feet in them are the <i>trochee</i> ¯ ¯ ˘, and <i>spondee</i> +¯ ¯.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Hōc ĕr|īt tĭb(i) | ārgŭ|mēntūm | sēmpĕr | īn prōmp|tū sĭ|tum,</p> +<p>Nē quĭd | ēxpēc|tēs ă|mīcōs, | quod tŭt(e) | ăgĕrĕ | possĭ|es.</p> +</div> + +<p>12. <b>semper in promptu situm</b>, ‘ever ready at hand.’</p> + +<p>13. <b>ne quid</b>, etc., ‘not to wait for your friends at all +(<i>quid</i>) in a matter which (<i>quod</i>) you yourself +can do.’</p> + +<p><b>possies</b>, old form of <i>possis</i>, pres. subj. of +<i>possum</i>.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "notes_XXV" id = "notes_XXV" href = +"#txt_XXV">XXV.</a></h4> + +<p>2. <b>id temporis</b>. Cf. <a href = "#notes_XVIII">xviii. 7. +note</a>, ‘at such a time, as a rule, that the harvest is at hand when +its young ones are just becoming fledged.’</p> + +<p>3. <b>ea cassita</b>, that particular lark about which the story is +told.</p> + +<p><b>congesserat</b>, used absolutely (<i>i.e.</i> without an object) +in the sense of making a nest, as we used the word ‘to build.’ Cf. +Verg.<i> Ecl.</i> iii. 69, <i>locum aeriae quo congessere +columbae</i>.</p> + +<p>5. <b>dum iret</b>. <i>Dum</i>, like other temporal conjunctions, +takes the indic. (in Oratio R.) when <i>strictly</i> temporal, but the +subj. is required when the notion of time is complicated with that of +purpose, consequence, etc. In other words, <i>dum</i>, ‘whilst,’ always +takes the indic., <i>dum</i>, ‘until,’ the indic. usually, the subj. +sometimes, viz., when the idea of expecting or waiting for something +comes in. Here purpose is expressed: ‘to enable her to meanwhile go +...,’ ‘till she should go.’ Cf. <i>priusquam emeret</i>, <a href = +"#notes_XXXIII">xxxiii. 4. note</a>.</p> + +<p>6. <b>quaesitum</b>, ‘to seek for food ...’; the supine in <i>-um</i> +expressing purpose after a verb of motion. Cf. <a href = +"#txt_XVI">xvi. 13</a>, <a href = +"#txt_XXII">xxii. 17</a>.</p> + +<p>7. <b>si quid</b>, etc., ‘if anything unusual happened.’ For the +genitive <i>quid rei</i>, cf. <i>id temporis</i>, <a href = +"#notes_XVIII">xviii. 7. note</a>.</p> + +<p>11. <b>fac eas et roges</b>, a less peremptory way of expressing a +command than the simple imperative. Cf. <i>scribas velim</i>, <i>cura ut +scribas</i>, <i>scribe sis</i> (for <i>si vis</i>), instead of +<i>scribe</i>.</p> + +<p>12. <b>veniant</b>, etc., subj. after <i>roges</i>, ‘ask them to come +...’</p> + +<p>15. <b>orare</b>, the historical infinite, used instead of a finite +verb. In this construction, which is frequent in an animated description +of a scene, the pres. inf. only is used (besides the two perfects +<i>odisse</i> and <i>meminisse</i>, which have a present +<span class = "pagenum">61</span> +meaning). Dr. Kennedy (Pub. Sch. Lat. Gr., 332) treats it as analogous +to the omission of parts of the verb <i>sum</i> (e.g. <i>occisus</i> for +<i>occisus est</i>), as it leaves out the expression of time, number, +and person. ‘It is used to express the occurrence of actions without +marking the order of time.’ (Roby.)</p> + +<p>17. <b>misit qui amicos roget</b>. <i>Roget</i> is in subj., because +the relative expresses purpose: ‘has sent me to ask ....’ <i>Misit</i> +is the perfect proper, ‘has sent,’ a primary tense, hence +<i>roget</i> is in the pres. subj.</p> + +<p>18. <b>otioso animo esse</b>, abl. of quality, lit. ‘bids them be of +an easy mind,’ <i>i.e.</i> ‘bids them be easy in mind.’</p> + + +<h4><a name = "notes_XXVI" id = "notes_XXVI" href = +"#txt_XXVI">XXVI.</a></h4> + +<p>4. <b>isti</b>, ironical, ‘those friends of yours are laggards.’</p> + +<p><b>quin ... imus</b>, ‘why do we not rather go ...?’ The conjunction +<i>quin</i> (= <i>quî</i>, an old ablative, and <i>-ne</i>) is thus +used in exhortations and remonstrances (<i>a</i>) usually with the pres. +indic., e.g. <i>quin conscendimus equos?</i> (Livy), ‘why do we not +mount?’ <i>i.e.</i> ‘nay, mount at once’: (<i>b</i>) sometimes with the +imperative, <i>quin aspice me</i>, ‘nay, look at me<ins class = +"correction" title = "text has “ for ’">’;</ins> <i>quin dic uno +verbo</i>, ‘just answer in a single word.’</p> + +<p>5. <b>cognatos</b>. <i>Cognatus</i> is a kinsman by blood, either on +the father’s or the mother’s side; <i>agnatus</i>, a blood relation +on the father’s side; <i>gentilis</i>, a member of the same +<i>gens</i>, and bearing the same gentile name, <i>e.g.</i> Cornelii, +Fabii; all these three classes were <i>consanguinei</i>, related by +blood; <i>adfinis</i>, a relation by marriage, or sometimes merely a +neighbour.</p> + +<p>8. <b>cognatos adfinesque nullos ferme ...</b>, lit. ‘as a rule no +kinsmen and neighbours were so good-natured,’ she said, ‘as to make no +delay in undertaking work, and to obey orders at once.’</p> + +<p>14. <b>valeant</b>, ‘good-bye to ...,’ <i>i.e.</i> let us have no +more to do with....</p> + +<p>18. <b>id ubi ...</b>, the order is, <i>ubi mater audivit ex pullis +dominum dixisse id....</i></p> + +<p>19. <b>tempus cedendi et abeundi</b>, ‘it is time to go and be +off.’</p> + +<p>20. <b>in ipso enim</b>. The order is, <i>vertitur enim iam in ipso, +cuia res est, non in alio, unde petitur</i>, lit. ‘for (the work) now +depends upon the man himself, whose the property is, +<span class = "pagenum">62</span> +not upon another, from whom (the work) is asked,’ <i>i.e.</i> who is +asked to do the work.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "notes_XXVII" id = "notes_XXVII" href = +"#txt_XXVII">XXVII.</a></h4> + +<p>1. <b>Pyrrus</b> (318-272 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>), +king of Epirus, was one of the most famous generals of his age. In 280 +he was invited to Italy by the Tarentines to aid them in their struggle +with Rome. He defeated the Romans in two great battles, near Heraclea on +the Siris in 280, and near Asculum in 279, but his own troops suffered +so severely that he concluded an armistice, and in 278 crossed to Sicily +to help the Greek colonies in that island against the Carthaginians. The +incident mentioned in this selection afforded the pretext for the truce. +In 276 Pyrrus returned to Italy, but he was decisively defeated by +Curius Dentatus near Beneventum and compelled to leave Italy. He went +back to Epirus, and engaged in many new warlike enterprises. In 272, +when retreating from Argos, he was stunned by a tile thrown by a woman, +and slain by the pursuing soldiers. Hannibal is reported to have said, +that of all the great generals the world had seen, Alexander was the +greatest, Pyrrus the second, himself the third; or, according to another +version, Pyrrus the first, Scipio the second, and himself the third.</p> + +<p><b>in terra Italia</b>, ‘in the land of Italy’; cf. <a href = +"#txt_XXXI">xxxi. 7</a>, <i>in terra Graecia</i>, so <i>urbs Roma</i>, +etc., the two substantives being in apposition.</p> + +<p>4. <b>Fabricius</b>. Cf. <a href = "#notes_VIII">viii. 1. +note</a>.</p> + +<p>7. <b>facile factu</b>, ‘easy to do.’ Cf. <a href = +"#notes_XXIV">xxiv. 2., <i>utilia monitu et suasu</i>, note</a>.</p> + +<p>12. <b>salutem tutaretur</b>, ‘should protect himself from...,’ ‘be +on his guard against;’ lit. ‘protect his safety.’</p> + +<p>13. <b>laudes ... scripsisse</b>, ‘it is said that Pyrrus wrote to +the Roman people, praising and thanking them ...,’ lit. ‘wrote praises +and thanks.’</p> + +<p><b>populo Romano</b>. Cf. <i>ad senatum scripsit</i>, line 9. The +rule is that, if the verb expresses or implies motion, <i>ad</i> with +the acc. is used to express the remoter object; if no motion is implied, +the dative is used; so, <i>misit hoc ad me</i>, but <i>dedit hoc +mihi</i>. Hence many verbs admit both constructions, as they fall on the +line between expressing motion and not expressing it. <i>Scribo</i> is +one of these, for the letter has to be +<span class = "pagenum">63</span> +sent, so motion is implied, but the verb itself expresses no motion. +This rule, however, is not always observed even in prose, and far less +so in poetry.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "notes_XXVIII" id = "notes_XXVIII" href = +"#txt_XXVIII">XXVIII.</a></h4> + +<p>1. <b>In circo maximo</b>. The early Roman legends say that when +Tarquinius Priscus had taken the town of Apiolae from the Latins, he +commemorated his success by holding races and games in the Murcian +Valley, between the Palatine and Aventine hills. Round the valley +temporary platforms and stands were erected, and the course with its +surroundings was called ‘<i>Circus</i>,’ either because the spectators +stood in a circle or because the races went round in a circle. Soon a +permanent building was erected in this valley. This was enlarged and +beautified from time to time, and known as the Circus Maximus, to +distinguish it from the many similar buildings which were erected in +various parts of Rome. In the time of Julius Caesar the Circus Maximus +was about 600 yards in length, and 200 in width, and held 150,000 +people: a century later it could hold twice as many. The building +was used chiefly for chariot-racing; but sometimes the area was flooded, +and naval battles were represented, and often beasts were let loose in +it to fight with one another, or with men, either condemned criminals +and captives, or <i>bestiari</i>, specially trained for the purpose. +This latter exhibition was called <i>venatio</i>, or <i>pugna +venationis</i>. Animals were brought in almost incredible numbers from +all parts of the Roman world to be thus slaughtered. Julius Caesar once +turned 500 lions into the arena together, and Augustus, in the +Monimentum Ancyranum, boasts that he had thus killed 3,500 elephants +during his reign.<!-- really something to be proud of... --></p> + +<p>2. <b>multae ibi ferae</b>, sc. <i>erant</i>.</p> + +<p>7. <b>quasi admirans</b>. Cf. <i>quasi desiperet</i>, <a href = +"#notes_XV">xv. 6. note</a>.</p> + +<p>15. <b>videres</b>, ‘you might have seen.’ Cf. Livy, <i>maesti, +crederes victos, redeunt in castra</i>, ‘you would have thought they had +been defeated.’ This use is confined to the second person singular +(‘you’ indefinite = one); the subjunctive is explained by treating the +expression as part of a conditional sentence, the condition understood +being the reality of the subject. ‘If you had been there, you might have +seen....’</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">64</span> +<h4><a name = "notes_XXIX" id = "notes_XXIX" href = +"#txt_XXIX">XXIX.</a></h4> + +<p>2. <b>Caesar</b>, probably Claudius, emperor 41-54 <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span>; he was the fourth emperor—Augustus being +the first, Tiberius the second, and Caligula the third. Caesar was +originally the name of a patrician family of the Julian <i>gens</i>. The +name was taken by Augustus (Octavianus), as the adopted son of the +Dictator, C. Julius Caesar: by Tiberius, as the adopted son of Augustus +Caesar: and it continued to be used by Caligula, Claudius, and Nero, as +members, by adoption, or female descent, of Caesar’s family. This family +became extinct with Nero, but succeeding emperors employed the name as +part of their official title.</p> + +<p>3. <b>uni</b> with <b>illi</b>, ‘had spared him alone.’</p> + +<p><b>pepercisset</b>, subj. after the dependent interrogative +<i>cur</i>.</p> + +<p>5. <b>proconsulari imperio</b>. The <i>Proconsulare Imperium</i> is +the power held by a man who acts <i>pro consule</i>, ‘in the place of a +consul.’ As the number of Roman provinces increased, it became the +custom under the Republic for men, who had held the office of consul, to +accept the government of provinces for a year, and rule these with the +“<i>Imperium Proconsulare</i>,” which was conferred by a special decree +of the Senate and of the people. Under the Empire the provinces were +divided into two groups: (1) the Senatorial Provinces (the more +peaceful ones in which no large armies were maintained), which were +governed with <i>Imperium Proconsulare</i> by men who had been consuls +or praetors<ins class = "correction" title = "text unchanged: error for ; semicolon?">: </ins>(2) the +Imperial Provinces, which were governed with <i>Praetorian</i> power by +<i>Legati Caesaris</i>, who acted as the Emperor’s deputies.</p> + +<p><b>Africam</b>, the Roman name for the district round Carthage.</p> + +<p>10. <b>consilium fuit</b>, ‘my plan was,’ ‘I purposed.’</p> + +<p>14. <b>debili ... pede</b>. Abl. absol., ‘with one foot lame and +bloodstained.’</p> + +<p>22. <b>volnere intimo expressi</b>, ‘I pressed out from the bottom of +the wound.’ Words compounded with <i>ab</i>, <i>cum</i>, <i>de</i>, and +<i>ex</i> usually govern an abl., either with or (less frequently in +prose) without the preposition repeated.</p> + +<p>23. <b>cruorem</b>: <i>cruor</i> is ‘gore,’ <i>i.e.</i> blood which +has flowed from a wound; <i>sanguis</i>, either ‘gore,’ or blood +circulating in the body.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">65</span> +<h4><a name = "notes_XXX" id = "notes_XXX" href = +"#txt_XXX">XXX.</a></h4> + +<p>1. <b>triennium totum</b>, acc. of duration of time; ‘for three whole +years.’</p> + +<p>2. <b>eodemque et victu</b>, abl. of matter; ‘on the same food +also.’</p> + +<p><b>nam quas</b>, etc. The order is—‘<i>ferebat ad specum +mihi</i> (to the cave for me), <i>membra opimiora ferarum quas +venabatur</i>,’ the antecedent <i>ferarum</i> being attracted into the +relative sentence, and so becoming <i>feras</i>.</p> + +<p>7. <b>viam ... permensus</b>, ‘having travelled a journey of almost +three days.’</p> + +<p>9. <b>rei capitalis</b>, the genitive of the charge used after verbs +of condemning and acquitting. <i>Res capitalis</i> is a crime punishable +by death or loss of civil rights, <i>caput</i> denoting both life and +civil status. Cf. <a href = "#notes_XIX">xix. 1. note</a>.</p> + +<p>10. <b>damnandum curavit</b>. Cf. <a href = "#notes_XIII">xiii. 1. 4. +note</a>.</p> + +<p>11. <b>quoque</b>, the lion, as well as I, having been captured.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "notes_XXXI" id = "notes_XXXI" href = +"#txt_XXXI">XXXI.</a></h4> + +<p>1. <b>in terra Graecia</b>. Cf. <i>in terra Italia</i>, <a href = +"#notes_XXVII">xxvii. 1. note</a>.</p> + +<p><b>fama celebri</b>, abl. of quality, ‘of great reputation.’</p> + +<p>5. <b>Athenis</b>, ‘at Athens,’ the locative case. Cf. <a href = +"#notes_XI">xi. 1. note</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Electram</b>, etc. The order is—<i>acturus Electram +Sophoclis, debebat gestare urnam quasi cum Oresti ossibus</i>, ‘being +about to play the part of Sophocles’ Electra (<i>i.e.</i> the part of +Electra in the play of Sophocles called ‘the Electra’) he had to carry +an urn, supposed to contain (<i>quasi cum</i>) the bones of Orestes<ins +class = "correction" title = "text has “ for ’">.’</ins> Women’s +characters were played by men both on the Greek and on the Roman +stage.</p> + +<p>When Agamemnon, king of Argos and Mycenae, returned from the Trojan +war, he was murdered by his wife Clytaemnestra. Electra, their daughter, +contrived to save her young brother Orestes, and send him to the court +of Strophius, king of Phocis. After some years Orestes returned in +company with Pylades, the son of Strophius. At first he pretended to be +a messenger from Strophius, who had come to announce the death of +Orestes in a chariot race, in token of which he brought an urn +containing, he said, the ashes of the dead man. Finally, he made himself +known to Electra, and then slew Clytaemnestra and her lover +Aegisthus.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">66</span> +<p><b>Sophocles</b>, 495-406, the great Athenian tragic poet, was thirty +years younger than Aeschylus and fifteen years older than Euripides. He +is said to have written 130 plays, but of these seven only have reached +us, of which the ‘Electra,’ here mentioned, is one.</p> + +<p>6. <b>Oresti</b>. The gen. sing. of Greek proper names in <i>-es</i> +of the third declension usually ends in <i>-i</i>, sometimes in +<i>-is</i>. Hence we have nom. and voc., Orestes; acc., Oresten and +Orestem; gen., Oresti and Orestis; dat., Oresti; abl., Orestĕ, rarely +Orestē. The plural, when used, follows the first declension.</p> + +<p>11. <b>quasi Oresti amplexus</b>. <i>Oresti</i> is the gen. depending +on <i>ossa</i> understood.</p> + +<p>12. <b>itaque</b>, etc., lit. ‘and so when a play seemed to be +represented, (true) grief was represented.’</p> + +<p>When the great English actor Macready played the part of Virginius, +soon after the death of his own daughter, he declared that his recent +experience of real grief gave a new force to his acting. Diderot, on the +other hand, in his famous <i>Paradoxe sur le Comédien</i>, maintains +that the emotions of the actor must be artificial, not real, to produce +an artistic effect.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "notes_XXXII" id = "notes_XXXII" href = +"#txt_XXXII">XXXII.</a></h4> + +<p>2. <b>qui pro se ... advocaverunt</b>, ‘they engaged men to plead +their case’; lit. ‘who should speak for them,’ <i>qui</i> being used in +a final sense, and hence the subj. For this sense of <i>advocaverunt</i> +cf. the English word ‘advocate.’</p> + +<p>4. <b>Demosthenes</b>, the greatest of Athenian orators, was born in +385 and died in 322 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> As a +statesman his whole policy was directed to resisting the aggressions of +the Macedonian kings Philip and Alexander (cf. <a href = +"#txt_VI">vi.</a>). He made many bitter enemies, of whom <b>Demades</b> +(line 22) was one of the most important. Demades was a warm supporter of +the Macedonian party, and, as he is known to have been an unprincipled +man, this story probably applies to him, and not to Demosthenes.</p> + +<p>11. <b>lana multa ... circumvolutus</b>, lit. ‘wrapped round as to +his neck with much wool.’ <i>Collum</i> is the acc. of respect.</p> + +<p>12. <b>eo</b>, for that reason, therefore.</p> + +<p>14. <b>non synanchen ... sed argyranchen</b>, ‘that his throat +<span class = "pagenum">67</span> +was inflamed not by cold, but by gold.’ <i>Argyranche</i> (<span class = +"greek" title = "arguranchê">αργυραγχη</span>) is a sarcastic word +coined to imitate <i>synanche</i> (<span class = "greek" title = +"sunanchê">συναγχη</span>), ‘an inflamed throat.’</p> + +<p>15. <b>quin<ins class = "correction" title = "ellipsis invisible"> +... </ins>quoque</b>, ‘nay he even prided himself upon it,’ lit. +ascribed it as a glory (dat of purpose or complement, cf. <a href = +"#notes_VIII">viii. 4. note</a>) to himself. <i>Quinetiam</i> is +more common than the simple <i>quin</i> in this sense.</p> + +<p>17. <b>quantum mercedis</b>. For this ‘genitive of the thing +measured,’ usually called the ‘partitive genitive,’ depending of a +neuter pronoun, cf. <i>id temporis</i>, <a href = +"#notes_XVIII">xviii. 7. note</a>, ‘how much pay he had received +for acting.’ <i>Accepisset</i> is subj. after the dependent +interrogative <i>quantum</i>.</p> + +<p>18. <b>uti ageret</b>, lit. in order to act, a final sentence. So +‘<i>ut tacerem</i>’.</p> + +<p>19. <b>talentum</b>, the Attic talent, £243 15s.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "notes_XXXIII" id = "notes_XXXIII" href = +"#txt_XXXIII">XXXIII.</a></h4> + +<p>1. <b>Marcus Tullius Cicero</b>, the famous Roman orator, was born +near Arpinum on Jan 3rd, 106 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> He +was consul in 63 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>, and was +murdered Dec 7th, 43 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>, by the +emissaries of M. Antonius.</p> + +<p><b>in Palatio</b>, the Palatium or Mons Palatinus was the hill on the +S.W. of the Roman Forum. On it the original city is said to have been +built.</p> + +<p>2. <b>in praesens</b> sc. <i>tempus</i>, ‘for the present’. +<i>Praesens</i>, the pres. participle of <i>praesum</i>, and +<i>absens</i>, the pres. participle of <i>absum</i>, are the only forms +in which the pres. participle of <i>sum</i> is found.</p> + +<p><b>P. Sulla</b>, the nephew of the great Dictator, L. Sulla, was +accused of complicity in the Catilinarian conspiracy. He was defended by +Cicero and Hortensius—the famous rival of Cicero, and, though +certainly guilty, was acquitted, 62 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p><b>mutua ... tacita accepit</b>, ‘accepted as a secret loan....’</p> + +<p><b>sestertium viciens</b>, 2,000,000 <i>sestertii</i>, <i>i.e.</i> +about £19,000. The unit for reckoning large sums was the +<i>sestertius</i> or <i>nummus</i> (¼ of a <i>denarius</i>, the +ordinary silver coin in use, or <ins class = "correction" title = +"denominator invisible">2½</ins> asses), in value about 2¼d. Up to 2,000 +the cardinal numbers were prefixed, e.g. <i>centum sestertii</i>, +<i>mille sestertii</i>, etc. The gen. plur. of <i>sestertius</i> is +<i>sestertium</i>, so 2,000 <i>sestertii</i> is <i>duo millia +sestertium</i>. This form <i>sestertium</i> in +<span class = "pagenum">68</span> +time became treated as if it were a neuter singular. Hence for <i>duo +millia sestertium</i>, <i>duo</i> or <i>bina sestertia</i> was written, +as the ‘distributive’ form of the numeral was often used. Hence for sums +from 2,000 up to 1,000,000 <i>sestertii</i> we have <i>duo</i> or +<i>bina sestertia</i>, <i>sexaginta</i> or <i>sexagena sestertia</i>, +etc. For sums above 1,000,000 <i>sestertii</i> the numeral adverb was +generally employed: thus, 2,000,000 <i>sestertii</i> was written +<i>viciens centena</i> (or <i>centum</i>) <i>millia sestertium</i>, +which was generally contracted into <i>viciens sestertium</i>, or +<i>viciens</i> alone.</p> + +<p>4. <b>priusquam emeret</b>. <i>Priusquam</i> and <i>antequam</i>, +like other temporal conjunctions, usually govern the indicative; but +when they introduce an event which is expected, and its occurrence +prevented, <i>i.e.</i> when they convey any idea of purpose, they +usually require the subjunctive. Cf. <a href = "#notes_XXV">note on +<i>dum iret</i>, xxv. 5</a>. Translate, “before he <i>could</i> +buy.”</p> + +<p><b>quod ... accepisset</b>, ‘that he had accepted.’ Fees to lawyers +were illegal at Rome; but the law was evaded in many ways.</p> + +<p>10. <b>inter ridendum</b>, ‘amidst his laughing.’ Cf. note on the +gerund, <a href = "#notes_XIII">xiii. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><b><span class = "greek" title = +"akoinonoêtoi">ἀκοινονοητοι</span></b> (<i>akoinŏnŏētoi</i>), +ἀ-κοινος-νοητος (νόησις) #a-koinos-noêtos (noêsis)#, not having common +sense. The word is not found in extant Greek works.</p> + +<p>11. <b>cum ignoratis</b>, ‘because you do not know that.’ This use of +<i>cum</i> with the indic., giving a reason, is common in early writers +(<i>e.g.</i> Plautus), but only used by Cicero after such words as +<i>laudo</i> and <i>gratulor</i>. Later writers do not +employ it.</p> + +<p>12. <b>patris familias</b>, ‘it is the custom of a prudent and +careful master of the household to say that he is not going to buy what +he wishes to purchase....’ For the genitive, cf. <i>cuiusvis hominis est +errare</i>, ‘it is any man’s nature to err,’ etc. The genitive may be +explained by saying that it depends upon some such word as +<i>indoles</i>, ‘nature,’ <i>officium</i>, ‘duty,’ etc., understood.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "notes_XXXIV" id = "notes_XXXIV" href = +"#txt_XXXIV">XXXIV.</a></h4> + +<p>3. <b>Mons Cispius</b> was one of the peaks of Mons Esquilinus, on +the E. of the Forum.</p> + +<p><b>subeuntes montem</b>. Many intransitive verbs, especially verbs of +motion, gain a semi-transitive or transitive force by being compounded +with prepositions, chiefly prepositions +<span class = "pagenum">69</span> +which govern an acc., e.g. <i>adire</i>, <i>circumvenire</i>, +<i>adstare</i>, <i>adloqui</i>, <i>oppugnare</i>, etc. But many of these +compounds govern a dative, instead of, or as well as, an accusative, +e.g. <i>adlabi</i>, <i>succedere</i>. Some verbs compounded with +prepositions which govern an ablative take an accusative, e.g. +<i>convenire</i>, <i>expugnare</i>, etc.</p> + +<p>4. <b>insulam</b>. <i>Insula</i> was a house for poor people, let out +in rooms or flats to several families; as opposed to <i>domus</i>, the +large mansion of a single wealthy family.</p> + +<p><b>multis ... editam</b>, built to a great height with many +floors.</p> + +<p>7. <b>magni</b>, nominative, ‘the profits of city property are +great.’</p> + +<p>8. <b>si quid remedii</b>. For the gen. cf. <i>id temporis</i>, +<a href = "#notes_XVIII">xviii. 7. note</a>, ‘if any remedy could +have been found to prevent houses burning so constantly at Rome, +I would have sold....’</p> + +<p>10. <b>venum dedissem</b>. <i>Venum</i> (neuter) is only found in the +classical period in the acc. sing., but Tacitus uses <i>veno</i>, and +still later writers <i>venui</i>. <i>Venum do</i>—often written as +one word, <i>venumdo</i>, contracted into <i>vendo</i>—is ‘I give +for sale’; <i>venum eo</i>—often written <i>veneo</i>—is ‘I +am for sale.’ For the acc. cf. <i>pessum dare</i>, ‘I give to +destruction,’ and <i>pessum ire</i>, ‘I go to destruction.’</p> + +<p>12. <b>annalem undevicensimum</b>, ‘the nineteenth book of the +history (annals) of Q. Claudius....’</p> + +<p>13. <b>Mitridati</b>, genitive; cf. <i>Oresti</i>, <a href = +"#notes_XXXI">xxxi. 6. note</a>.</p> + +<p>14. <b>defenderes</b>, subj. after the dependent interrogative +<i>quo</i>.</p> + +<p>15. <b>L. Cornelius Sulla</b>, surnamed Felix, was born in 138 and +died 78 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> He first distinguished +himself in Africa, when serving under Marius in the campaign against +Jugurtha (107-106). In 88 he was appointed to the command of the war +against Mitridates, but Marius, eager to obtain this for himself, got a +new law passed transferring the command to himself. Sulla thereupon +marched upon Rome with his troops, and Marius fled, only to return and +deluge the streets of Rome with blood, when his rival had sailed for the +East. The siege of Athens here referred to took place in 86: in 83 Sulla +returned to Rome, and quickly overthrew the remains of the Marian party, +Marius having died in 86. In 81 Sulla was appointed Dictator. He devoted +two years to reforming the State, and restoring the power of the senate +and aristocracy, +<span class = "pagenum">70</span> +and then retired into private life in 79. In the following year he +died.</p> + +<p><b>Piraeum</b>. Piraeus, Munychia, and Phalerum were the three +harbours of Athens.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "notes_XXXV" id = "notes_XXXV" href = +"#txt_XXXV">XXXV.</a></h4> + +<p>1. <b>Arion</b>. This story about Arion comes from the Greek +historian Herodotus. <b>Periander</b> was “tyrant” of Corinth from 625 +to 585 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> Like most of the Greek +“tyrants” he was a patron of art and literature.</p> + +<p><b>nobilis</b> is common in the sense of ‘famous,’ as well as in its +technical use of one whose ancestors had held curule office.</p> + +<p><b>Methymnaeus</b>. Methymna was a town at the northern extremity of +Lesbos.</p> + +<p>5. <b>viseret</b>, the imperf. subj., because <i>proficiscitur</i> is +the ‘historical present’ standing for a past tense. Cf. <a href = +"#notes_XXI">xxi. 12. note</a>.</p> + +<p>8. <b>ut notiores</b>, ‘as better known....’</p> + +<p>10. <b>in altum</b>, ‘the deep sea.’</p> + +<p>11. <b>de necando Arione</b>, gerundial attraction. Cf. <a href = +"#notes_XIII">xiii. 7. note</a>.</p> + +<p>21. <b>carmen ... orthium</b>, Greek <span class = "greek" title = +"nomos orthios">νόμος ὄρθιος</span>, lit. the loud, high song, was the +name for a shrill, stirring air.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "notes_XXXVI" id = "notes_XXXVI" href = +"#txt_XXXVI">XXXVI.</a></h4> + +<p>2. <b>cursum ... tenuerunt</b>, ‘held on their course.’</p> + +<p>4. <b>fluitanti sese homini subdidit</b>, ‘placed itself under the +floating man.’</p> + +<p>5. <b>incolumique corpore et ornatu</b>, abl. absol., ‘carried him to +land (<i>devexit</i>) at Taenarum, in the country of Laconia, with body +and clothes unharmed.’ <i>Taenarum</i> is the acc. of ‘place +whither.’</p> + +<p><b>in terram Laconicam</b>, lit. ‘to Taenarum into the land of +Laconia.’ So ‘he set out for Carthage in Africa’ is ‘<i>profectus est +Carthaginem in Africam</i>.’</p> + +<p>6. <b>Taenarum</b> was a promontory and town in the S.W. of Laconia, +now Cape Matapan.</p> + +<p>7. <b>devexit</b>, ‘carried <i>down</i>,’ <i>i.e.</i> to land. The +Greeks and +<span class = "pagenum">71</span> +Romans spoke of the coast line as lower than both the inland country and +the ‘high’ sea. Cf. the uses of <span class = "greek" title = +"anabainô">ἀναβαίνω</span> and <span class = "greek" title = +"katabainô">καταβαίνω</span>.</p> + +<p>8. <b>talemque</b>, etc., lit. ‘presented himself to King Periander, +not expecting him, in the same guise (<i>talem</i>) as he had been in +(<i>qualis</i>) (when) carried on the dolphin.’</p> + +<p><b>quasi falleret</b>. Cf. <i>quasi desiperet</i>, <a href = +"#notes_XV">xv. 6. note</a>.</p> + +<p>12. <b>dissimulanter</b>, secretly, hiding the truth; +<i>simulanter</i>, feignedly, pretending what does not exist (the form +<i>simulanter</i> is post-classical). This distinction between +<i>simulo</i> and <i>dissimulo</i> is expressed in the +pentameter—</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>“<i>Quod non es simulas, dissimulasque quod es</i>,”</p> +</div> + +<p>‘you pretend what you are not, and hide what you are.’</p> + +<p>13. <b>audissent</b>, subj. after the dept. interrogative +‘<i>ecquid</i>.’</p> + +<p><b>unde venissent</b>, subj. because a dept. sentence in the +<i>interrogatio obliqua</i>, after <i>interrogavit</i>.</p> + +<p>18. <b>ire infitias</b>, ‘to deny.’ For the phrase, cf. <i>ire +exequias</i>, ‘to attend a funeral.’ The acc. in these phrases must be +compared with the ‘acc. of place whither’ after a verb of motion, +<i>e.g.</i> <i>Romam</i>, <i>domum</i>, <i>rus ire</i>; and the acc. of +the supine used to express purpose after a verb of motion, e.g. <i>lusum +it Maecenas, dormitum ego</i> (Horace), ‘Maecenas goes to play, +I to sleep.’</p> + +<p>20. <b>quod</b>, ‘the fact that...,’ introduces the substantival +sentence ‘<i>simulacra ... visuntur</i>’ which is the subject of +<i>est</i>.</p> + +<p>21. <b>delphinus</b> and <b>homo</b> are in opposition with +<i>simulacra</i>.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "notes_XXXVII" id = "notes_XXXVII" href = +"#txt_XXXVII">XXXVII.</a></h4> + +<p>1. <b>ruris colendi insolens</b>, ‘ignorant of agriculture.’ For the +gerundial attraction, cf. <a href = "#notes_XIII">xiii. 1. +note</a>.</p> + +<p>3. <b>qui ... sciret</b>, ‘since he knew...,’ the relative when used +in a causal sense governs the subjunctive.</p> + +<p>10. <b>faceret</b>, subj. after the dept. interrogative <i>cur</i>; +‘he asked why he was making....’</p> + +<p>13. <b>gratias agens</b>. The plural <i>gratias</i> is always used +with <i>agere</i>; but after <i>referre</i>, <i>debere</i>, +<i>sentire</i>, etc., the singular, <i>gratiam</i>, is most commonly +found.</p> + +<p>15. <b>imperitus</b> goes closely with <i>detruncat</i>. In English +we +<span class = "pagenum">72</span> +should use the adverb, ‘ignorantly (or, in his ignorance) cuts the tops +off....’</p> + +<p><b>vites suas sibi omnes et oleas</b>, ‘all the vines and olives that +he possessed.’</p> + +<p>18. <b>pomis gignendis felicia</b>, lit. all the twigs ‘productive +for bearing fruit,’ <i>i.e.</i> ‘all the fruit-bearing twigs.’ <i>Pomis +gignendis</i> is the dative after <i>felicia</i>. For the gerundive +attraction cf. <a href = "#notes_XIII">xiii. 1. note</a>.</p> + +<p><b>felicia</b>. The root of <i>felix</i> is the same as the root of +<i>fecundus</i> (fruitful), <i>fetus</i> (offspring), etc. Hence the +earliest meaning of <i>felix</i> is fruit-bearing: in this sense it is +used in Lucretius, Ovid, Livy, etc., and the adverb <i>felicius</i> in +Verg. (<i>hic segetes, illic veniunt felicius uvae.</i>—Georg. +i. 54.)</p> + + +<h4><a name = "notes_XXXVIII" id = "notes_XXXVIII" href = +"#txt_XXXVIII">XXXVIII.</a></h4> + +<p>1. <b>Mitridates VI</b>., king of Pontus, 120-63 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span>, was the most powerful foe whom the Romans +encountered in the East. The first Mitridatic war was brought to a +successful conclusion by Sulla in 84 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span>; the second, 83-82 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span>, was uneventful; the third, 74-63 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span>, in which Pompeius distinguished himself, ended +in the flight and suicide of the king, as described in line 8.</p> + +<p>2. <b>quorum ... cavebat</b>, ‘by the continual use of which he +protected himself from secret attempts at banquets’; <i>epularum</i> is +a descriptive genitive depending on <i>insidiis</i>.</p> + +<p>3. <b>quin ... est</b>. Cf. <i>quin quoque</i>, <a href = +"#notes_XXXII">xxxii. 15. note</a>, ‘nay, he even....’</p> + +<p><b>ostentandi gratia</b>, ‘to show off.’</p> + +<p>6. <b>in ultima regni</b>, ‘to the most distant parts of his +kingdom.’</p> + +<p>9. <b>Q. Ennius</b> (239-169 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>), +though a Greek by birth, spent his life at Rome, and was regarded by the +Romans as the father of their poetry, <i>alter Homerus</i> (Horace). His +most important work was the <i>Annales</i>, an epic poem upon the +history of Rome. Only a few fragments of his writings have +reached us.</p> + +<p>10. <b>Osce</b>. The Osci were a primitive people who lived in +Campania.</p> + +<p>14. <b>lingua locutus est</b>, ‘he spoke in the tongue and language +of each as skilfully as if he had been of that nation.’</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">73</span> +<h4><a name = "notes_XXXIX" id = "notes_XXXIX" href = +"#txt_XXXIX">XXXIX.</a></h4> + +<p>1. <b>eloquentiae discendae causarumque orandi cupidus</b>, lit. ‘was +anxious to learn eloquence and to plead causes.’</p> + +<p><b>causarum orandi</b>, the genitive <i>orandi</i> depends upon +<i>cupidus</i>, and <i>causarum</i> is a genitive depending on the +gerund <i>orandi</i>. This construction (instead of the gerundial +attraction, or the ordinary acc. after the gerund) is very rare; but cf. +<i>nobis fuit exemplorum eligendi potestas</i> (Cic de Juv. ii. 2), +‘we had the power of choosing examples.’</p> + +<p><b>in disciplinam ... sese dedit</b>, ‘entered himself as a pupil of +Protagoras,’ lit. gave himself to the teaching of Protagoras.</p> + +<p>3. <b>Protagoras</b>, of Abdēra, in Thrace, was born about 480 <span +class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> and died 411 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span> He came to Athens before the year 445, and +there established a school. He was the first Greek philosopher who +called himself a ‘Sophist,’ and taught for pay.</p> + +<p><b>daturumque</b>, etc. The order is—<i>promisit se daturum +esse grandem pecuniam mercedem</i>, ‘promised to give a large sum as a +remuneration....’ <i>Mercedem</i> is in apposition with +<i>pecuniam</i>.</p> + +<p>6. <b>quo primo die</b>, ‘on the first day on which he pleaded and +won a case’; the antecedent <i>primo die</i> is attracted into the +relative clauses, a common construction in Latin. Cf. <a href = +"#txt_XXX">xxx. 2</a>.</p> + +<p>8. <b>causas ... reciperet</b>, ‘did not undertake cases,’ +<i>i.e.</i> take briefs.</p> + +<p>12. <b>litem ... contestatur</b> is the technical phrase for setting +a suit on foot by calling witnesses; ‘he brings an action against +Euathlus.’</p> + +<p>17. <b>ex sententia</b>, in accordance with the votes of the judges. +‘<i>Sententia</i>’ is an expressed opinion, hence our ‘sentence.’</p> + +<p>18. <b>secundum te</b>, ‘in your favour.’</p> + +<p>24. <b>pro causa mea senserint</b>, ‘shall have pronounced in my +favour.’</p> + + +<h4><a name = "notes_XL" id = "notes_XL" href = "#txt_XL">XL.</a></h4> + +<p>1. <b>proelium Cannense</b>, 216 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span> Cf. <a href = "#txt_IX">ix. 1</a>. Note +the use of the adjective, where we use a subst. and prep., ‘the battle +of Cannae.’</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">74</span> +<p>2. <b>electos ... misit</b>, ‘sent to Rome ten men chosen out of our +captives,’ <i>i.e.</i> ‘selected ten of our captives and sent them to +Rome.’ Cp. <a href = "#notes_XXI">xxi. 3. note</a>.</p> + +<p>3. <b>videretur</b>, ‘if it seemed good to the Roman people.’</p> + +<p>4. <b>quos alteri plures acciperent</b>, ‘whom the one side received +more (than the other)’; <i>plures</i> is acc. qualifying +<i>quos</i>.</p> + +<p>5. <b>argenti</b>, etc., ‘a pound and a half of silver by +weight.’</p> + +<p>6. <b>hoc iusiurandum eos adegit</b>, ‘bound them by this oath.’ +<i>Adigere aliquem iusiurandum</i>, or <i>ad iusiurandum</i>, is +literally to drive a man to an oath, <i>i.e.</i> to make him take it. +After the time of Livy the construction <i>adigere aliquem iure +iurando</i>, ‘to bind a man by an oath,’ was more common.</p> + +<p>12. <b>postliminio</b>, ‘by the right of <i>postliminium</i>.’ +<i>Postliminium</i> is “the recovery of rights by a person returned from +captivity, or the recovery of rights over a person or thing recovered +from hostile possession” (Poste’s <i>Gaius</i>, § 129), since a man by +hostile capture became the slave of the enemy, and so during the +interval of captivity his rights as a free citizen were suspended. The +usual derivation given is from <i>post</i> and <i>limen</i>, ‘a +returning behind the threshold’; others derive the <i>post</i> from the +same root as <i>potestas</i> and <i>possessio</i>.</p> + +<p><b>liberatos religione</b>, ‘freed from their obligation.’</p> + +<p>19. <b>quoniam</b>, etc., lit. ‘since, when they had left the enemy’s +camp, they had returned to it (<i>eo lem.</i> lit. to the same place) on +an imaginary pretext, as if for some accidental reason, and so had again +left (the camp) not bound by an oath.’</p> + +<p>24. <b>censores</b>. Two censors were elected every five years +(<i>lustrum</i>); they held office for 18 months. Their duties were +(1) to take the census, <i>i.e.</i> the register of the citizens +and their property; (2) to exercise a supervision over the morals +of the citizens, and punish defaulters by the <i>nota censoria</i>, and +degrade them in various ways. The consequence of the <i>nota</i> was +<i>ignominia</i>.</p> + + +<div class = "exercise"> + +<span class = "pagenum">75</span> +<h3 class = "chapter"><a name = "exercises" id = "exercises"> +EXERCISES</a></h3> + +<h4>TO BE TRANSLATED INTO LATIN.</h4> + +<p class = "center">[<i>The words in brackets are not to be +translated.</i>]</p> + + +<h4><a name = "ex_I" id = "ex_I" href = "#txt_I">I.</a></h4> + +<p>1. Vergil used to produce his verses like a bear.</p> + +<p>2. The verses of Vergil were at first rough and unfinished.</p> + +<p>3. He used to polish and correct his rough verses like a bear.</p> + +<p>4. That animal by licking gives features to its shapeless +offspring.</p> + +<p>5. All the verses of Vergil were afterwards polished and +corrected.</p> + +<p>6. The offspring of that animal is at first rough and shapeless.</p> + +<p>7. It produces a shapeless offspring, but afterwards licks and +forms it.</p> + +<p>8. The rough verses were polished and corrected by Vergil, as (its) +offspring is licked and formed by that animal.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">76</span> +<h4><a name = "ex_II" id = "ex_II" href = "#txt_II">II.</a></h4> + +<p>1. Philemon was an author by no means equal to Menander.</p> + +<p>2. Do you not blush, whenever you defeat me in such contests?</p> + +<p>3. Philemon did not blush when he met Menander.</p> + +<p>4. Philemon often defeated Menander in those contests.</p> + +<p>5. Menander will meet Philemon by chance.</p> + +<p>6. Menander, a writer of comedies, defeated Philemon by bribery.</p> + +<p>7. Menander and Philemon were by no means equal.</p> + +<p>8. How do you defeat me in these contests?</p> + + +<h4><a name = "ex_III" id = "ex_III" href = "#txt_III">III.</a></h4> + +<p>1. A wonderful thing is told by Plutarch about the palm.</p> + +<p>2. Great weights were placed by the philosophers on the stem of that +palm tree.</p> + +<p>3. The tree will not yield, but will rise against the great +weight.</p> + +<p>4. They have made the palm the emblem of victory.</p> + +<p>5. Why is this tree an emblem of victory in battle?</p> + +<p>6. The stem of the tree was not bent by the weights placed +upon it.</p> + +<p>7. Philosophers tell many wonderful tales about this tree.</p> + +<p>8. This tree was made by the Greeks the emblem of victory.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">77</span> +<h4><a name = "ex_IV" id = "ex_IV" href = "#txt_IV">IV.</a></h4> + +<p>1. It is said that Xanthippe was the wife of Socrates the +philosopher.</p> + +<p>2. Socrates had a very bad-tempered wife, Xanthippe by name.</p> + +<p>3. He did not drive his quarrelsome wife from home.</p> + +<p>4. I can bear the impertinence of the others more easily.</p> + +<p>5. The wife of Socrates was very quarrelsome both day and night.</p> + +<p>6. The friends of Socrates wondered at his bad-tempered wife.</p> + +<p>7. Why has your quarrelsome and bad-tempered wife not been driven +from home?</p> + +<p>8. Alcibiades, the friend of Socrates, wondered at Xanthippe, the +quarrelsome wife of that philosopher.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "ex_V" id = "ex_V" href = "#txt_V">V.</a></h4> + +<p>1. Voluntary labours used to strengthen the body of Socrates.</p> + +<p>2. He used to stand day and night motionless.</p> + +<p>3. Socrates lived in perfect health for almost his whole life.</p> + +<p>4. A plague ravaged the city of Athens in the Peloponnesian war.</p> + +<p>5. Socrates kept his bodily vigour during the plague which ravaged +Athens.</p> + +<p>6. He used to stand with his eyes directed to the same place.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">78</span> +<p>7. Socrates bore very many labours to strengthen his body.</p> + +<p>8. He directed his eyes to the same place from one sunrise to the +next sunrise.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "ex_VI" id = "ex_VI" href = "#txt_VI">VI.</a></h4> + +<p>1. King Alexander had a wonderful horse called Bucephalas.</p> + +<p>2. No one, except King Alexander, could mount this horse.</p> + +<p>3. The king, seated on this horse, performed many brave deeds in the +Indian war.</p> + +<p>4. Darts were thrown from all sides at King Alexander.</p> + +<p>5. The king was carried back at full speed by the dying horse from +the middle of the battle.</p> + +<p>6. A town, called Bucephalon, was built by Alexander in that +place.</p> + +<p>7. The horse was pierced by many wounds and fell down almost +lifeless.</p> + +<p>8. Alexander built a town in India, which he called Bucephalon in +honour of his wonderful horse Bucephalas.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "ex_VII" id = "ex_VII" href = "#txt_VII">VII.</a></h4> + +<p>1. Alcibiades was educated by his uncle Pericles.</p> + +<p>2. A flute-player endeavoured to teach Alcibiades to play the +flute.</p> + +<p>3. The flute was handed to Alcibiades by his master.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">79</span> +<p>4. The flute was thrown away and broken by the boy Alcibiades.</p> + +<p>5. The Athenians unanimously ceased to play the flute.</p> + +<p>6. The uncle caused the boy to be taught to play the flute.</p> + +<p>7. The wise uncle caused many masters to be summoned.</p> + +<p>8. Flute-playing was formerly considered by the Athenians a most +honourable accomplishment.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "ex_VIII" id = "ex_VIII" href = "#txt_VIII">VIII.</a></h4> + +<p>1. The Samnites sent ambassadors to C. Fabricius, the Roman +general.</p> + +<p>2. They offered the Roman general a large sum of money as a gift.</p> + +<p>3. Many things were lacking to the magnificence of his home.</p> + +<p>4. Fabricius could control his eyes, mouth and ears.</p> + +<p>5. Fabricius was unwilling to receive the money from the +Samnites.</p> + +<p>6. The Samnites know (how) to use the money.</p> + +<p>7. Fabricius did many things for the Samnites after peace had been +made.</p> + +<p>8. The Roman general was unwilling to use the Samnite money.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "ex_IX" id = "ex_IX" href = "#txt_IX">IX.</a></h4> + +<p>1. The king had collected his forces on the plain.</p> + +<p>2. King Antiochus was about to make war on his enemies, the Roman +people.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">80</span> +<p>3. The army of the king was glittering with gold and silver +trappings.</p> + +<p>4. He manœuvred his chariots, cavalry and elephants.</p> + +<p>5. These things will be enough for the greedy Romans.</p> + +<p>6. Many elephants had been collected by Antiochus.</p> + +<p>7. Hannibal jeered at the cowardice of Antiochus’ soldiers.</p> + +<p>8. The king had collected chariots with sickles and elephants with +turrets.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "ex_X" id = "ex_X" href = "#txt_X">X.</a></h4> + +<p>1. The death of Milo was wonderful and pitiable.</p> + +<p>2. Athletics were abandoned by Milo (when) advanced in age.</p> + +<p>3. A large oak was standing near the road.</p> + +<p>4. He thrust his fingers into the hollows of the tree.</p> + +<p>5. Milo endeavoured with his fingers to tear open the oak.</p> + +<p>6. The tree returned to its natural position and shut in his +hands.</p> + +<p>7. The man was torn to pieces by wild beasts.</p> + +<p>8. The oak was torn open by the hands of Milo.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "ex_XI" id = "ex_XI" href = "#txt_XI">XI.</a></h4> + +<p>1. The Roman senators used to enter the senate house with their +sons.</p> + +<p>2. The senators were consulting about a very important matter.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">81</span> +<p>3. No one spoke about the matter, (which had been) adjourned to the +next day.</p> + +<p>4. The mother of the boy Papirius was very anxious to hear the +matter.</p> + +<p>5. It is advantageous to the state for one man to have two wives.</p> + +<p>6. The boy was unwilling to tell his mother those matters.</p> + +<p>7. In that city one woman was not married to two men.</p> + +<p>8. I must be silent, for I am not allowed to tell you this.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "ex_XII" id = "ex_XII" href = "#txt_XII">XII.</a></h4> + +<p>1. On hearing this she betook herself in alarm to the other +women.</p> + +<p>2. Next day a crowd of women came to the senate-house.</p> + +<p>3. What is this crowd of women, and what do these demands mean?</p> + +<p>4. The boy advances into the middle of the senate-house and says +these things.</p> + +<p>5. Afterwards no boy entered the senate-house except Papirius.</p> + +<p>6. The name (of) “Praetextatus” was given to the boy.</p> + +<p>7. The women were frightened and surrounded the senate-house weeping +and praying.</p> + +<p>8. The senators wondered, when they saw the crowd of matrons.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">82</span> +<h4><a name = "ex_XIII" id = "ex_XIII" href = "#txt_XIII">XIII.</a></h4> + +<p>1. Sertorius was an energetic general, skilled in commanding an +army.</p> + +<p>2. In times of difficulty he used to pretend dreams and tell lies to +the soldiers.</p> + +<p>3. A certain man gave Sertorius a white doe of remarkable beauty.</p> + +<p>4. This doe has been presented to me by heaven.</p> + +<p>5. The doe used to converse with Sertorius and advise him.</p> + +<p>6. He announced that the doe had given him this advice.</p> + +<p>7. The soldiers willingly obeyed Sertorius as if (he were) +a god.</p> + +<p>8. The doe, which had been given him as a gift, was of remarkable +beauty and extraordinary speed.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "ex_XIV" id = "ex_XIV" href = "#txt_XIV">XIV.</a></h4> + +<p>1. The doe, alarmed by an inroad of the enemy, took to flight.</p> + +<p>2. The doe one day hid in a neighbouring marsh, and was searched for +in vain.</p> + +<p>3. It was believed that Sertorius’ doe had perished.</p> + +<p>4. Sertorius ordered the man, who found the doe, to be silent.</p> + +<p>5. The doe appeared to me in the middle of the night and foretold +what must be done.</p> + +<p>6. The doe was suddenly let loose into the room, in which Sertorius +and his friends were sitting.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">83</span> +<p>7. The credulity of these barbarians was very useful to the +general.</p> + +<p>8. No one deserted Sertorius, though he was often conquered.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "ex_XV" id = "ex_XV" href = "#txt_XV">XV.</a></h4> + +<p>1. An old woman brought nine books to King Tarquin.</p> + +<p>2. She said that she wished to sell the books, which she had +brought.</p> + +<p>3. The woman demanded an immense (sum of) money, and therefore the +king laughed.</p> + +<p>4. Three out of the nine books were burnt before the king’s face.</p> + +<p>5. The king said that the old woman was certainly mad.</p> + +<p>6. She sold these books for the same price that she had demanded for +all.</p> + +<p>7. Tarquin at first despised the old woman, but afterwards bought the +three remaining books.</p> + +<p>8. The books, which this old woman sold to Tarquin, are called the +Sibylline (books).</p> + + +<h4><a name = "ex_XVI" id = "ex_XVI" href = "#txt_XVI">XVI.</a></h4> + +<p>1. Scipio Africanus did not receive money from King Antiochus.</p> + +<p>2. Scipio made peace with Antiochus on favourable terms.</p> + +<p>3. Many charges were made against Scipio by M. Naevius.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">84</span> +<p>4. This is the day on which Scipio conquered Hannibal in a very great +battle in Africa.</p> + +<p>5. This victory of Scipio in the land of Africa was very famous.</p> + +<p>6. They went to the Capitol, to give thanks to Jupiter.</p> + +<p>7. The assembly did not pass sentence on Scipio.</p> + +<p>8. They all followed Scipio to his house with rejoicings and +congratulations.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "ex_XVII" id = "ex_XVII" href = "#txt_XVII">XVII.</a></h4> + +<p>1. Cato, Scipio’s enemy, won over a certain tribune, named +Petilius.</p> + +<p>2. He was unwilling to give an account of the money and spoil to the +senate.</p> + +<p>3. Scipio produced a book, in which was written an account of the +money and the spoil.</p> + +<p>4. He tore the book to pieces with his own hands.</p> + +<p>5. The safety of the state ought to be ascribed to Scipio.</p> + +<p>6. He rose and produced a book, in which were the accounts.</p> + +<p>7. I will not read the accounts to you, for I am unwilling to insult +myself.</p> + +<p>8. Scipio had taken much money and spoil in the war against +Antiochus, and had written an account of it in a book.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "ex_XVIII" id = "ex_XVIII" href = +"#txt_XVIII">XVIII.</a></h4> + +<p>1. Old writers have told many (tales) about the life and deeds of +Africanus.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">85</span> +<p>2. Before dawn Scipio used to go to the temple of Jupiter.</p> + +<p>3. The dogs did not attack Scipio as he went to the Capitol.</p> + +<p>4. The attendants of the temple wondered that the dogs did not bark +at Scipio.</p> + +<p>5. Scipio was attacking a very strong town, situated in Spain.</p> + +<p>6. There was small hope of taking this strong town.</p> + +<p>7. He ordered bail to be given by the soldier for (his appearance on) +the third day.</p> + +<p>8. Scipio stretched out his hand towards the town, which he was +attacking.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "ex_XIX" id = "ex_XIX" href = "#txt_XIX">XIX.</a></h4> + +<p>1. The man must be condemned by the law.</p> + +<p>2. I consulted about the life of my friend with the judges.</p> + +<p>3. I persuaded the other judges to acquit my friend.</p> + +<p>4. He silently gave his vote for condemning the man.</p> + +<p>5. The duty of a friend and of a judge was thus safe.</p> + +<p>6. He consulted with himself about the life of his friend.</p> + +<p>7. Two out of the three judges acquitted my friend.</p> + +<p>8. It is the duty of a judge to condemn a man, who ought by the law +to be condemned.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "ex_XX" id = "ex_XX" href = "#txt_XX">XX.</a></h4> + +<p>1. A certain young man was very fond of old words.</p> + +<p>2. In his daily conversations he used old-fashioned expressions.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">86</span> +<p>3. The Pelasgi were the first who inhabited Italy.</p> + +<p>4. He used old-fashioned words, as though he were talking with the +mother of Evander.</p> + +<p>5. He did not wish any one to understand what he said.</p> + +<p>6. You ought to be silent, and thus you would gain what you wish +for.</p> + +<p>7. You ought to use modern expressions, if you wish to be +understood.</p> + +<p>8. I love the old Aurunci, for they were honourable and good.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "ex_XXI" id = "ex_XXI" href = "#txt_XXI">XXI.</a></h4> + +<p>1. Titus Manlius took a necklace from an enemy, whom he had +killed.</p> + +<p>2. He was named Torquatus in honour of a necklace, which he had taken +from an enemy.</p> + +<p>3. A certain Gaul advanced with a shield and two swords.</p> + +<p>4. A Gaul advanced, who surpassed the other in height and +strength.</p> + +<p>5. He beckoned with his hand, and cried with a very loud voice.</p> + +<p>6. The others dared not fight against this enemy, on account of his +dreadful appearance.</p> + +<p>7. The barbarian began to jeer at them, because no one dared to +advance.</p> + +<p>8. T. Manlius was grieved that the others dared not fight against the +Gaul.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">87</span> +<h4><a name = "ex_XXII" id = "ex_XXII" href = "#txt_XXII">XXII.</a></h4> + +<p>1. The two soldiers, the Roman and the Gaul, fought on the bridge in +the sight of both armies.</p> + +<p>2. Manlius trusted in his courage, the Gaul in his skill.</p> + +<p>3. The enemy’s shield was struck again by Manlius.</p> + +<p>4. Manlius wounded the Gaul’s shoulder with his Spanish sword.</p> + +<p>5. The Roman threw his enemy down and cut off his head.</p> + +<p>6. The bloodstained necklace was taken from the neck of the Gaul by +Manlius.</p> + +<p>7. The son of Manlius killed an enemy, who had challenged him, +although he had been forbidden to fight by his father.</p> + +<p>8. Harsh commands are called “Manlian,” because this Manlius beheaded +his own son.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "ex_XXIII" id = "ex_XXIII" href = +"#txt_XXIII">XXIII.</a></h4> + +<p>1. The consul drew up the Roman lines facing the vast forces of the +Gauls.</p> + +<p>2. The arms of the Gallic leader shone with gold.</p> + +<p>3. The Gaul, a man of enormous height, advanced shaking his +spear.</p> + +<p>4. He haughtily ordered any Roman to come, who dared to fight against +him.</p> + +<p>5. Whilst the others were wavering between shame and fear, Valerius +advanced boldly against the enemy.</p> + +<p>6. A raven suddenly attacked the eyes of the Gaul.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">88</span> +<p>7. The raven, having torn the hands and face of the Gaul, perched on +the head of Valerius.</p> + +<p>8. Thus, helped by the bird, he killed his enemy, and in honour of +the victory was named Corvinus.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "ex_XXIV" id = "ex_XXIV" href = "#txt_XXIV">XXIV.</a></h4> + +<p>1. Aesop, who lived in Phrygia, was a very wise writer of fables.</p> + +<p>2. He invented amusing stories, and thus gave useful advice.</p> + +<p>3. Philosophers give useful advice, but what they say is not +amusing.</p> + +<p>4. Aesop invented an amusing story about a lark.</p> + +<p>5. This fable about the lark warned men that their hopes ought to be +placed in themselves.</p> + +<p>6. Q. Ennius composed many verses about this story of Aesop.</p> + +<p>7. This is a proof that our confidence ought to be placed in +ourselves.</p> + +<p>8. It is the custom with philosophers to give useful advice, with +writers of fables amusing advice.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "ex_XXV" id = "ex_XXV" href = "#txt_XXV">XXV.</a></h4> + +<p>1. It is said that a lark built in the corn.</p> + +<p>2. The corn was ripening when the young ones were unfledged.</p> + +<p>3. The lark went to search for food, and left her young ones in the +nest.</p> + +<p>4. If anything unusual happens, said she, tell me when I return +home.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">89</span> +<p>5. The young ones saw the owner of the crops calling his son.</p> + +<p>6. The owner’s friends were unwilling to assist him in the +harvest.</p> + +<p>7. Make haste, mother, and carry us to another nest.</p> + +<p>8. The lark said that it was not necessary to take her young ones to +another home.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "ex_XXVI" id = "ex_XXVI" href = "#txt_XXVI">XXVI.</a></h4> + +<p>1. When the mother had flown to seek food, the owner returned to the +field with his son.</p> + +<p>2. He told his son that the friends were loiterers, for they had not +come.</p> + +<p>3. Let us go, said he, and ask our relations to help us +to-morrow.</p> + +<p>4. The young ones told their mother that the master had sent for his +relations.</p> + +<p>5. The master said that he would himself reap the corn with his +sickle.</p> + +<p>6. The relations neglected to come, and so the master and his son +themselves reaped the corn.</p> + +<p>7. The mother said that it was time to go; for what he had ordered +would now be done.</p> + +<p>8. The matter now depends on the master himself, not on his +friends.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "ex_XXVII" id = "ex_XXVII" href = +"#txt_XXVII">XXVII.</a></h4> + +<p>1. Pyrrhus fought many battles with success in the land of Italy.</p> + +<p>2. Timochares, a friend of Pyrrhus, wished to kill the king by +poison.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">90</span> +<p>3. If we agree about the reward, I promise to kill the king by +poison.</p> + +<p>4. My son is the king’s cup-bearer, and so he will easily be able to +give poison to the king.</p> + +<p>5. Fabricius wrote to the Roman Senate, that Timochares wished to +kill King Pyrrhus by poison.</p> + +<p>6. The Senate advised the king to act more cautiously.</p> + +<p>7. Your friends wish to kill you by poison; therefore it is necessary +to act very cautiously.</p> + +<p>8. The king wrote to the Roman Senate, thanking and praising them, +and restored all the prisoners whom he had taken.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "ex_XXVIII" id = "ex_XXVIII" href = +"#txt_XXVIII">XXVIII.</a></h4> + +<p>1. A lion of enormous size was brought into the circus.</p> + +<p>2. Many slaves had been given by their masters to fight wild +beasts.</p> + +<p>3. An enormous and terrible lion attracted the attention of all by +its roaring.</p> + +<p>4. It is said that the lion, seeing Androclus, suddenly stood +still.</p> + +<p>5. It is said that the lion wagged its tail like a dog, and licked +the man’s hands.</p> + +<p>6. The slave recovered his lost courage and turned his eyes on the +lion.</p> + +<p>7. You might have seen the lion licking the legs and hands of the +slave.</p> + +<p>8. A mimic hunt was given in the circus, for which many wild-beasts +had been sent from Africa.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">91</span> +<h4><a name = "ex_XXIX" id = "ex_XXIX" href = "#txt_XXIX">XXIX.</a></h4> + +<p>1. Loud shouts were aroused by this wonderful sight.</p> + +<p>2. Caesar asked why the lion spared Androclus alone.</p> + +<p>3. A wonderful and marvellous story was told Caesar by the slave.</p> + +<p>4. The slave, driven to flight by his master’s daily blows, took +refuge in the desert.</p> + +<p>5. At mid-day the slave hid in a cave, to which a lion came.</p> + +<p>6. An enormous lion was coming to the cave, with one foot lame, +groaning and sighing.</p> + +<p>7. He was at first terrified by the sight of the lion, but soon +recovered his courage.</p> + +<p>8. The slave pulled a large thorn out of the lion’s foot; the lion +then placed its foot in his hands and slept.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "ex_XXX" id = "ex_XXX" href = "#txt_XXX">XXX.</a></h4> + +<p>1. He said that for three years he had lived in the same cave as the +lion.</p> + +<p>2. I used to cook my food by the mid-day sun, because I had no +fire.</p> + +<p>3. I am weary of this wild-beast’s life, and I will leave the +cave.</p> + +<p>4. His master arrested him and sent him from Africa to Rome.</p> + +<p>5. My master had me condemned to death and given to the wild-beasts +in the Circus.</p> + +<p>6. The lion, after I was separated from it, was taken and sent to +Rome.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">92</span> +<p>7. Androclus, after telling this wonderful tale, was pardoned and +presented with the lion.</p> + +<p>8. They gave money to the slave and flowers to the lion, which had +been the host of the man.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "ex_XXXI" id = "ex_XXXI" href = "#txt_XXXI">XXXI.</a></h4> + +<p>1. Polus, a famous actor in Greece, had a well-loved son.</p> + +<p>2. Polus lost his son, and mourned for him many days.</p> + +<p>3. Polus was about to act the “Electra” of Sophocles, and to carry +the bones of Orestes in his hands.</p> + +<p>4. Electra carried the remains of her brother in an urn, and wept for +his death.</p> + +<p>5. Electra, the sister of Orestes, was dressed in mourning and +carried the remains of her brother.</p> + +<p>6. She took the urn from the tomb and carried it in her hands.</p> + +<p>7. The urn, which Electra was carrying, had been placed in a +tomb.</p> + +<p>8. Polus carried in his hands the remains of his own son, and wept +for his, not Orestes’, death.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "ex_XXXII" id = "ex_XXXII" href = +"#txt_XXXII">XXXII.</a></h4> + +<p>1. It is said that ambassadors came from Athens to Miletus to ask for +help.</p> + +<p>2. They pleaded for the Milesians, but Demades replied that help +ought not to be given to them.</p> + +<p>3. Demades maintained that the Milesians were not worthy of help.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">93</span> +<p>4. He said that it would not be advantageous to the state to give +help.</p> + +<p>5. It is said that Demades received from the Milesian ambassadors as +much money as he asked for.</p> + +<p>6. I am suffering from an inflamed throat and therefore I cannot +oppose the Milesian demands.</p> + +<p>7. He did not conceal what he had done, but said he had received much +money.</p> + +<p>8. You received three talents for acting, I received more for +being silent.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "ex_XXXIII" id = "ex_XXXIII" href = +"#txt_XXXIII">XXXIII.</a></h4> + +<p>1. Cicero wished to buy a house on the Palatine, but had no money at +the time.</p> + +<p>2. P. Sulla lent Cicero 5,000,000 sesterces secretly.</p> + +<p>3. You have received, said they, money from Sulla for buying a +house.</p> + +<p>4. Cicero afterwards bought the house with the money which he had +received from Sulla.</p> + +<p>5. I said that I did not wish to buy that house, because I was a +cautious father of a family.</p> + +<p>6. Cicero’s friends reproached him with this lie.</p> + +<p>7. Cicero told that lie, because he had received money from a +defendant.</p> + +<p>8. Cicero wished to buy that house, but he said that he did not wish +to buy it.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "ex_XXXIV" id = "ex_XXXIV" href = +"#txt_XXXIV">XXXIV.</a></h4> + +<p>1. Many friends accompanied Julianus home.</p> + +<p>2. A block, many stories high, was blazing.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">94</span> +<p>3. He said that property in the city gave great returns.</p> + +<p>4. There is no remedy to prevent houses at Rome burning.</p> + +<p>5. He sold all his country property and bought city property.</p> + +<p>6. The philosopher said that alum was the best remedy for fire.</p> + +<p>7. A wooden tower, which had been built to defend the city, was +smeared with alum by Archelaus.</p> + +<p>8. Q. Claudius says that this tower, smeared with alum, could not +burn.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "ex_XXXV" id = "ex_XXXV" href = "#txt_XXXV">XXXV.</a></h4> + +<p>1. Arion of Lesbos lived at Corinth, and was loved by Periander.</p> + +<p>2. Arion went to Italy and charmed the ears of all in that land.</p> + +<p>3. He gained much money by playing, and afterwards wished to return +to King Periander at Corinth.</p> + +<p>4. He chose a Corinthian ship, because he thought the sailors would +be more friendly to him.</p> + +<p>5. Arion gave all his money to the sailors, but prayed them to spare +his life.</p> + +<p>6. The sailors ordered Arion to spring down into the sea, in order +that they might take possession of his money.</p> + +<p>7. In a loud voice he sang this song, and then threw himself into the +sea.</p> + +<p>8. He took his lyre in his hand and, standing on the stern, began to +sing a song.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">95</span> +<h4><a name = "ex_XXXVI" id = "ex_XXXVI" href = +"#txt_XXXVI">XXXVI.</a></h4> + +<p>1. The sailors thought that Arion had perished in the sea, and held +on their course to Corinth.</p> + +<p>2. It is said that a dolphin carried the man safe to Taenarum.</p> + +<p>3. Arion went from Taenarum to Corinth and related what had happened +to himself.</p> + +<p>4. The king believed that Arion was deceiving him, and ordered him to +be guarded for two days.</p> + +<p>5. The king ordered the sailors to be sent for, and asked them if +they had heard anything about Arion.</p> + +<p>6. The sailors told the king that Arion was living in Italy.</p> + +<p>7. Arion stood forth before the astounded sailors, who thought that +he had perished in the sea.</p> + +<p>8. At Taenarum two bronze figures stand as a proof of this tale.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "ex_XXXVII" id = "ex_XXXVII" href = +"#txt_XXXVII">XXXVII.</a></h4> + +<p>1. A certain barbarian bought a large farm planted with olives and +vines.</p> + +<p>2. The Thracian saw his neighbour pruning his trees.</p> + +<p>3. He asked his neighbour why he pulled up the vine suckers.</p> + +<p>4. The trees of his neighbour were more fruitful than his own.</p> + +<p>5. He thanked his neighbour and went home rejoicing.</p> + +<p>6. The ignorant Thracian took a sickle, and began to cut off the most +luxuriant foliage of the trees.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">96</span> +<p>7. He cut off all the fruitful twigs of the apple-trees.</p> + +<p>8. The ignorant man thought that he was pruning his trees, as his +neighbour had done.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "ex_XXXVIII" id = "ex_XXXVIII" href = +"#txt_XXXVIII">XXXVIII.</a></h4> + +<p>1. The King of Pontus was very skilled in medicine.</p> + +<p>2. It is said that these medicines are good for dissipating +poisons.</p> + +<p>3. The King of Pontus for his whole life was on his guard against +secret treachery.</p> + +<p>4. Mitridates often drank poison to show that it was harmless to +him.</p> + +<p>5. He slew himself with his own sword, (after) having in vain tried +the strongest poisons.</p> + +<p>6. Ennius could speak Greek, Latin and Oscan, and so he used to say +that he had three hearts.</p> + +<p>7. The King of Pontus knew the languages of all the nations under his +dominion, twenty-two in number.</p> + +<p>8. Mitridates used to talk with the men of each nation, whom he had +under his dominion, in the language of that nation, and not through an +interpreter.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "ex_XXXIX" id = "ex_XXXIX" href = +"#txt_XXXIX">XXXIX.</a></h4> + +<p>1. He gave Protagoras half of the money which he asked for, and +promised to give the remaining half afterwards.</p> + +<p>2. I will give you, said he, the remaining half on the first day on +which I win a case.</p> + +<p>3. He was a pupil of Protagoras for a long while, but did not +undertake any case.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">97</span> +<p>4. He did not undertake any case, in order to avoid paying the rest +of the money.</p> + +<p>5. Protagoras thought that his plan for gaining the money was very +clever.</p> + +<p>6. If the verdict is given in your favour,<a class = "tag" name = +"tag" id = "tag" href = "#footnote">*</a> it will be necessary for you +to pay me the money.</p> + +<p>7. The judges left the matter unsettled, because they did not know +what sentence they ought to give.</p> + +<p>8. The wise judges adjourned the law-suit to a very distant day.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "ex_XL" id = "ex_XL" href = "#txt_XL">XL.</a></h4> + +<p>1. Hannibal chose ten prisoners and sent them to Rome.</p> + +<p>2. He wished after the battle of Cannae to make an exchange of +prisoners with his enemies.</p> + +<p>3. The Roman prisoners promised with an oath to return to +Hannibal.</p> + +<p>4. They told the senators what Hannibal had said about an exchange of +prisoners.</p> + +<p>5. Their relations embraced them and prayed them with tears not to +return to Hannibal.</p> + +<p>6. Of the ten prisoners eight returned to Hannibal, and two only +remained at Rome.</p> + +<p>7. The two prisoners, who remained at Rome, were despised by all.</p> + +<p>8. The censors branded with every mark of infamy the prisoners, who +had refused to return to Hannibal.</p> + +</div> + +<p class = "footnote"> +<a name = "footnote" id = "footnote" href = "#tag">*</a> +The verdict is given in my favour: pronuntiatum est pro me.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">98</span> +<h3 class = "chapter"><a name = "vocab_latin" id = "vocab_latin"> +LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.</a></h3> + +<p class = "center"><i>The parts of regular verbs are not given.</i></p> + +<p class = "center"><i>A dot occurring in a word separates the parts of +a compound.</i></p> + +<div class = "vocab"> + +<p class = "voclink"> +<a href = "#voc_A"> A </a> +<a href = "#voc_B"> B </a> +<a href = "#voc_C"> C </a> +<a href = "#voc_D"> D </a> +<a href = "#voc_E"> E </a> +<a href = "#voc_F"> F </a> +<a href = "#voc_G"> G </a> +<a href = "#voc_H"> H </a> +<a href = "#voc_I"> I </a> +<a href = "#voc_L"> L </a> +<a href = "#voc_M"> M </a><br> +<a href = "#voc_N"> N </a> +<a href = "#voc_O"> O </a> +<a href = "#voc_P"> P </a> +<a href = "#voc_Q"> Q </a> +<a href = "#voc_R"> R </a> +<a href = "#voc_S"> S </a> +<a href = "#voc_T"> T </a> +<a href = "#voc_U"> U </a> +<a href = "#voc_V"> V </a> +<a href = "#voc_X"> X </a> +</p> + +<p class = "space"> +<a name = "voc_A" id = "voc_A"> </a> +<b>A.</b> for Aulus, -i.</p> + +<p><b>a, ab</b>, <i>prep. gov. abl.</i>, from, by.</p> + +<p><b>ab·eo</b>, -īvi or -ii, -ĭtum, -īre, 4 <i>v. n.</i>, I go +away.</p> + +<p><b>ab·hinc</b>, <i>adv.</i>, henceforward, since.</p> + +<p><b>ab·iĭcio</b>, -iēci, -iectum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I throw away, +throw from. (iăcio.)</p> + +<p><b>ab·lēgo</b>, <i>v. a.</i> 1, I send away.</p> + +<p><b>ab·solvo</b>, -solvi, -sŏlūtum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I set loose, +I acquit.</p> + +<p><b>ăbundē</b>, <i>adv.</i>, abundantly, sufficiently. (ab·undo, +I overflow; cf. unda, a wave.)</p> + +<p><b>ac</b>, <i>conj.</i>, and.</p> + +<p><b>ac·cēdo</b>, -cessi, -cessum, 3 <i>v. n.</i>, I go to, +I approach. (ad, cēdo.)</p> + +<p><b>ac·cĭdo</b> (or adcĭdo), -cidi, no sup., 3 <i>v. n.</i>, +I fall to, fall out, happen. (ad, cădo.)</p> + +<p><b>ăcies, -ei</b>, <i>f.</i>, line-of-battle (lit. sharp edge). +(ācer, ăcus.)</p> + +<p><b>ac·cĭpio</b>, -cēpi, -ceptum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I receive, +learn, hear. (ad, căpio.)</p> + +<p><b>ac·cūso</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I impeach, blame.</p> + +<p><b>ācer</b>, acris, acre, <i>adj.</i>, sharp, eager, energetic.</p> + +<p><b>ăcerbus, -a, -um</b>, <i>adj.</i>, bitter, bad-tempered. +(ācer.)</p> + +<p><b>ācrĭter</b>, <i>adv.</i>, sharply, keenly. (ācer.)</p> + +<p><b>actor</b>, -ōris, <i>m.</i>, actor. (ăgo.)</p> + +<p><b>acturus</b>, <i>fut. part.</i>, fr. ăgo.</p> + +<p><b>ăd</b>, <i>prep. gov. acc.</i>, to, for.</p> + +<p><b>ad·cido</b>. Cf. accido.</p> + +<p><b>ad·do</b>, -dĭdi, -dĭtum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I bring to, +add.</p> + +<p><b>ăd·eo</b>, -īvi or -ii, -ĭtum, 4 <i>v. n.</i>, I go to, +approach.</p> + +<p><b>ad·eō̆</b>, <i>adv.</i>, thus far;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +usque adeo, to such an extent, (ad, is; cf. quoad.)</p> + +<p><b>ad·fĕro</b> (or affĕro), -tŭli, -lātum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, +I bring to.</p> + +<p><b><ins class = "correction" title = "· invisible">ad·</ins>ficio</b>. Cf. afficio.</p> + +<p><b>ad·fīnis</b> (or affinis), -e, <i>adj.</i>, neighbouring to, +related to (by marriage);</p> +<p class = "inset"> +as a <i>subst.</i>, neighbour, relation.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">99</span> +<p><b>ad·ĭgo</b>, -ēgi, -actum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I drive to.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +adigo aliquem (ad) iusiurandum, I drive a man to an oath, make him +swear. (ăgo.)</p> + +<p><b>ad·hĭbeo</b>, -hĭbui, -hĭbĭtum, 2 <i>v. a.</i>, I bring to, +employ. (hăbeo.)</p> + +<p><b>ad·ĭpiscor</b>, -eptus, 3 <i>v. dep.</i>, I obtain. +(ăpiscor.)</p> + +<p><b>ad·iŭvo</b>, -iūvi, -iūtum, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I assist.</p> + +<p><b>ad·mīrātio</b>, -ōnis, <i>f.</i>, wonder.</p> + +<p><b>ad·mĭror</b>, 1 <i>v. dep.</i>, I wonder at.</p> + +<p><b>ad·mitto</b>, -mīsi, -missum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I bring to, +bring in, admit.</p> + +<p><b>ad·mŏdum</b>, <i>adv.</i>, lit. to a measure, in a high degree, +very. (mŏdus.)</p> + +<p><b>ad·no</b>, 1 <i>v. n.</i>, I swim to.</p> + +<p><b>ad·prĕhendo</b> (or apprehendo), -prĕhendi, -prĕhensum, 3 <i>v. +a.</i>, I seize.</p> + +<p><b>adsĭduus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, constant, eager, diligent. +(adsideo: cf. continuus, fr. contineo.)</p> + +<p><b>adsĭdue</b>, <i>adv.</i>, constantly. (adsiduus.)</p> + +<p><b>ad·signo</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I attribute to. (signum.)</p> + +<p><b>ad·sum</b>, -fui, -esse, <i>v. n.</i>, I am present.</p> + +<p><b>adŭlescens</b> (or adŏlescens), -entis, <i>c.</i>, young man, +young woman. (ad·ŏlesco.)</p> + +<p><b>adŭlescentia</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, youth, manly strength, +(ad·olesco.)</p> + +<p><b>adŭlor</b>, 1 <i>v. dep.</i>, I fawn on, flatter.</p> + +<p><b>ad·vĕnio</b>, -vēni, -ventum, 4 <i>v. n.</i>, I come to, +approach.</p> + +<p><b>ad·versārius</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, turned towards, opposed +to;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>subst.</i>, antagonist. (ad, versus.)</p> + +<p><b>ad·versum</b>, or <b>ad·versus</b>, <i>adv.</i>, and <i>prep. gov. +acc.</i>, towards, against.</p> + +<p><b>ad·verto</b>, -verti, -versum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I turn +towards, observe (generally in phrase ‘animum adverto’).</p> + +<p><b>ad·vŏco</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I call to my aid.</p> + +<p><b>ad·vŏlo</b>, 1 <i>v. n.</i>, I fly towards.</p> + +<p><b>aedes</b> (or aedis), -is, <i>f.</i>, a building, temple;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +in <i>pl.</i>, a house.</p> + +<p><b>aedĭtŭmus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, keeper of temple, sacristan. +(aedes.)</p> + +<p><b>aegrē</b>, <i>adv.</i>, with difficulty, scarcely.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +aegre passus, displeased. (aeger.)</p> + +<p><b>ăēneus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, brazen. (aes.)</p> + +<p><b>aerārium</b>, -ii, <i>n.</i>, treasury. (aes.)</p> + +<p><b>aes</b>, aeris, <i>n.</i>, copper, brass, money.</p> + +<p><b>Aesōpus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, Aesop. (<span class = "greek" title = +"Aisôpos">Αἴσωπος</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>aetas</b>, -ātis, <i>f.</i>, age (for aevĭtas, fr. aevum, <span +class = "greek" title = "aiôn">αἰών</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>affero</b>. Cf. adfero.</p> + +<p><b>af·fĭcio</b>, -fēci, -fectum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I affect in +some way:</p> +<p class = "inset"> +afficio contumeliâ, I affect, brand with disgrace, <i>i.e.</i> I +disgrace, insult. (făcio.)</p> + +<p><b>Afrĭca</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, Africa, <i>i.e.</i> the land round +Carthage.</p> + +<p><b>Afrĭcānus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, agnomen of Scipio.</p> + +<p><b>ăger</b>, agri, <i>m.</i>, land, territory. (<span class = "greek" +title = "agros">ἀγρός</span>, cf. English acre, German Acker.)</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">100</span> +<p><b>ăgo</b>, ēgi, actum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I drive, do, act;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +of the Senate, I transact, I discuss:</p> +<p class = "inset"> +ago gratias, I give thanks;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +bene ago, I fare well, prosper.</p> + +<p><b>āio</b>, <i>v. n.</i>, <i>defective</i>, I say.</p> + +<p><b><span class = "greek" title = +"akoinonoêtoi">ἀκοινονόητοι</span></b> (cf. <a href = +"#notes_XXXIII">xxxiii. 10, note</a>), deficient in common +sense.</p> + +<p><b>āla</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, wing.</p> + +<p><b>albus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, white.</p> + +<p><b>Alcĭbĭădes</b>, -is or -i, <i>m.</i>, Alcibiades. (<span class = +"greek" title = "Alkibiadês">Ἀλκιβιάδης</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>āles</b>, -ĭtis, <i>adj.</i>, winged;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +as <i>subst.</i>, c., a bird. (āla.)</p> + +<p><b>Alexander</b>, -dri, <i>m.</i>, Alexander. (<span class = "greek" +title = "Alexandros">Ἀλέξανδρος</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>ălĭquĭs</b>, aliquid, <i>subst. pron.</i>, some one, any one. +(ălius, quis.)</p> + +<p><b>ălĭter</b>, <i>adv.</i>, otherwise. (ălius.)</p> + +<p><b>ălius</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, other, another. (Cf. <span class += "greek" title = "allos">ἄλλος</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>altē</b>, <i>adv.</i>, deeply. (altus.)</p> + +<p><b>alter</b>, -ĕra, -ĕrum, <i>adj.</i>, the one (or other) of two. +(Cf. ălius.)</p> + +<p><b>altus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, deep;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +as <i>subst.</i>, altum, i, <i>n.</i>, the deep sea. (ălo, +I nourish.)</p> + +<p><b>ălūmen</b>, -ĭnis, <i>n.</i>, alum.</p> + +<p><b>ambĭguus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, wavering, hesitating. (ambĭgo, +fr. ambi, Gr. <span class = "greek" title = "amphi">ἀμφί</span>, +ăgo.)</p> + +<p><b>ambĭtus</b>, -us, <i>m.</i>, lit. a going round, bribery. (ambio. +fr. ambi, Gr. <span class = "greek" title = +"amphi">ἀμφί</span>, eo.)</p> + +<p><b>Ambrăciensis</b>, -e, <i>adj.</i>, Ambracian, belonging to +Ambrăcia, town in S. of Epīrus.</p> + +<p><b>ăm·ĭcio</b>, -ĭcui or -ixi, -ictum, 4 <i>v. a.</i>, I wrap +around, clothe. (am or amb, Gr. <span class = "greek" title = +"amphi">ἀμφί</span>, and iăcio. Cf. <span class = "greek" title = +"amphiballô">ἀμφιβάλλω</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>ămictus</b>, -a, -um, <i>part.</i> fr. amĭcio.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +As <i>subst.</i>, amictus, ūs <i>m.</i>, clothing.</p> + +<p><b>ămīcus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, friendly;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>subst.</i>, ămīcus, i, <i>m.</i>, a friend. (ămo.)</p> + +<p><b>ā·mitto</b>, -mīsi, -missum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I send away, let +go, lose.</p> + +<p><b>ămo</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I love.</p> + +<p><b>am·plector</b>, -exus, 3 <i>v. dep.</i>, I embrace. (am cf. +am·icio, plecto, I plait.)</p> + +<p><b>amplĭtūdo</b>, -ĭnis, <i>f.</i>, dignity. (amplus.)</p> + +<p><b>amp·ŭto</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I lop off.</p> + +<p><b>ăn</b>, <i>conj.</i>, or, whether (in disjunctive +interrogations).</p> + +<p><b>an·ceps</b>, -cĭpĭtis, <i>adj.</i>, two-headed, doubtful, +dangerous. (an, cf. am·ĭcio, caput.)</p> + +<p><b>Androclus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, Androclus.</p> + +<p><b>ănĭma</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, soul. (animous, <span class = "greek" +title = "anemos">ἄνεμος</span>, that which breathes.)</p> + +<p><b>ănĭm·ad·verto</b>, -ti, -sum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I direct my +attention to, notice. (animus, ad, verto.)</p> + +<p><b>ănĭmus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, mind. (Cf. anima.)</p> + +<p><b>annālis</b>, -e, <i>adj.</i>, belonging to a year.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +As <i>subst.</i>, annalis, -is, <i>m.</i> (sc. liber), chronicle, annal. +(annus.)</p> + +<p><b>annus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, year.</p> + +<p><b>antĕ</b>, <i>adv.</i>, and <i>prep. gov. acc.</i>, before.</p> + +<p><b>antĕā</b>, <i>adv.</i>, before.</p> + +<p><b>antĕ·quam</b>, <i>conj.</i>, before that.</p> + +<p><b>Antĭŏchīnus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, belonging to Antiochus.</p> + +<p><b>Antĭŏchus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, Antiochus (<span class = "greek" +title = "Antiochos">Ἀντίοχος</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>antīquĭtas</b>, -ātis, <i>f.</i>, antiquity, old times. +(antiquus.)</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">101</span> +<p><b>antīquĭtus</b>, <i>adv.</i>, from of old, in former times. +(antiquus.)</p> + +<p><b>antīquus</b> (or anticus), -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, ancient. +(ante.)</p> + +<p><b>Antōnius</b>, -ii, <i>m.</i>, Antonius.</p> + +<p><b>ănus</b>, -us, <i>f.</i>, old woman.</p> + +<p><b>ăpĕrio</b>, -ĕrui, -ĕrtum, 4 <i>v. a.</i>, I open.</p> + +<p><b>ăpŏlŏgus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, fable. (<span class = "greek" title = +"apologos">ἀπόλογος</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>ap·pello</b> (or <b>ad·pello</b>), 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I drive +to, go to, I accost, appeal to.</p> + +<p><b>ap·pĕto</b> (or <b>ad·peto</b>), -īvi and -ii, -ītum, 3 <i>v. +a.</i> and <i>n.</i>, I seek for, long for, approach.</p> + +<p><b>ap·pono</b> (or <b>ad·pono</b>), -pŏsui, -pŏsĭtum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, +I place near.</p> + +<p><b>ap·prŏbo</b> (or <b>ad·prŏbo</b>), 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I approve, +I confirm.</p> + +<p><b>aptus</b>, -a, -um, <i>part.</i> fr. ăpo, ăpere, I fit to; +fit, suited. (Cf. apiscor, <span class = "greek" title = +"haptô">ἅπτω</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>ăpŭd</b>, <i>prep. gov. acc.</i>, near to, at the +house of.</p> + +<p><b>arbor</b>, -ŏris, <i>f.</i>, a tree.</p> + +<p><b>arcesso</b>, -īvi, -ītum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I send for.</p> + +<p><b>Archĕlāus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, Archelaus.</p> + +<p><b>ardeo</b>, arsi, arsum, 2 <i>v. n.</i>, I am on fire, +burn.</p> + +<p><b>arduus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, steep, lofty.</p> + +<p><b>argentum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, silver.</p> + +<p><b>argūmentum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, proof, argument, plot. (arguo.)</p> + +<p><b>argy̆ranche</b> (<span class = "greek" title = +"arguranchê">ἀργυράγχη</span>). Cf. <a href = +"#notes_XXXII">xxxii. 14, note</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ărīon</b>, ŏnis, <i>m.</i>, Arion.</p> + +<p><b>Aristŏdēmus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, Aristodemus.</p> + +<p><b>Ăristŏtĕles</b>, -is or -i, <i>m.</i>, Aristotle.</p> + +<p><b>arma</b>, -orum, <i>n.</i>, <i>plur. only</i>, arms.</p> + +<p><b>armilla</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, bracelet. (arma.)</p> + +<p><b>armo</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I arm, equip. (arma.)</p> + +<p><b>ars</b>, <b>artis</b>, <i>f.</i>, art, skill. (Cf. arma.)</p> + +<p><b>arx</b>, <b>arcis</b>, <i>f.</i>, citadel. (arceo.)</p> + +<p><b>a·scendo</b>, -ndi, -sum, 3 <i>v. n.</i>, I mount up. +(scando, I climb.)</p> + +<p><b>Ā̆sĭātĭcus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, belonging to Asia.</p> + +<p><b>aspectus</b>, -us, <i>m.</i>, look. (aspicio.)</p> + +<p><b>asper</b>, -ĕra, -ĕrum, <i>adj.</i>, harsh, rough.</p> + +<p><b>a·spernor</b>, 1 <i>v. dep.</i>, I despise. (ab, sperno.)</p> + +<p><b>a·spicio</b>, -exi, -ectum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I behold, +look at.</p> + +<p><b>as·porto</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I carry away. (abs, porto.)</p> + +<p><b>as·sĭdeo</b>, -sēdi, -sessum, 2 <i>v. n.</i>, I sit by; +I besiege. (ad, sedeo.)</p> + +<p><b>assum</b>. Cf. adsum.</p> + +<p><b>astūtus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, skilled, clever. (astus.)</p> + +<p><b>ăt</b>, <i>conj.</i>, but.</p> + +<p><b>Ăthēnae</b>, -arum, <i>f. plur.</i> only, Athens.</p> + +<p><b>Ăthēniensis</b>, -e, <i>adj.</i>, Athenian.</p> + +<p><b>āthlēta</b>, -ae, <i>m.</i>, wrestler, athlete. (<span class = +"greek" title = "athlêtês">ἀθλητής</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>āthlētĭcus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, athletic.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +ars athletica, athletics.</p> + +<p><b>atquĕ</b>, <i>conj.</i>, and.</p> + +<p><b>ā̆trox</b>, -ōcis, <i>adj.</i>, frightful, fierce. (āter, black, +gloomy.)</p> + +<p><b>Attĭca</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, Attica.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">102</span> +<p><b>attentē</b>, <i>adv., comp.</i>, attentius, attentively. +(attendo.)</p> + +<p><b>at·tingo</b>, -tĭgi, -tactum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I touch. +(ad·tango.)</p> + +<p><b>auctor</b>, -ōris, <i>m.</i>, author. (augeo.)</p> + +<p><b>audeo</b>, ausus, 2 <i>v. a.</i> and <i>n.</i>, I dare.</p> + +<p><b>audio</b>, 4 <i>v. a.</i>, I hear. (Cf. auris, ear.)</p> + +<p><b>audītor</b>, -ōris, <i>m.</i>, hearer. (audio.)</p> + +<p><b>au·fĕro</b>, abs·tŭli, ab·lātum, au·ferre, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, +I carry away, take. (ab, fero.)</p> + +<p><b>aureus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, golden. (aurum.)</p> + +<p><b>auris</b>, -is, <i>f.</i>, ear.</p> + +<p><b>aurum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, gold.</p> + +<p><b>Aurunci</b>, -orum, <i>m.</i>, the Aurunci.</p> + +<p><b>aut</b>, <i>conj.</i>, or.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +aut ... aut, either ... or.</p> + +<p><b>autem</b>, <i>conj.</i>, but, however, moreover.</p> + +<p><b>auxĭlĭum</b>, -ii, <i>n.</i>, help. (augeo.)</p> + +<p><b>ăvārus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, covetous, greedy. (ăveo, +I long for.)</p> + +<p><b>āversus</b>, -a, -um, <i>part.</i> from āverto, turned away.</p> + +<p><b>ā·verto</b>, -ti, -sum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I turn away.</p> + +<p><b>ăvis</b>, -is, <i>f.</i>, bird.</p> + +<p><b>ăvuncŭlus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, maternal uncle. (Diminutive of ăvus, +grandfather.)</p> + +<p class = "voclink"><a href = "#vocab_latin"> +Beginning of Latin-English Vocabulary</a></p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<a name = "voc_B" id = "voc_B"> </a> +<b>barbăria</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, foreign country. (barbărus.)</p> + +<p><b>barbărus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, foreign. (<span class = +"greek" title = "barbaros">βάρβαρος</span>: cf. balbus, stammering.)</p> + +<p><b>bellum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, war.</p> + +<p><b>bellātor</b>, -ōris, <i>m.</i>, warrior. (bellum.)</p> + +<p><b>bĕnĕ</b>, <i>adv.</i>, well.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +bene facio, I benefit.</p> + +<p><b>bĕnĕfĭcium</b>, -ii, <i>n.</i>, kindness. (bene, facio.)</p> + +<p><b>bestia</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, wild beast.</p> + +<p><b>blandē</b>, <i>adv.</i>, gently. (blandus).</p> + +<p><b>blandīmentum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, blandishment. (blandior, +I caress.)</p> + +<p><b>bŏnus</b>, -a -um, <i>adj.</i>, good.</p> + +<p><b>Būcĕphălas</b>, -ae (<span class = "greek" title = +"Boukephalas">Βουκεφάλας</span>), <i>m.</i>, Bucephalas. Cf. <a href = +"#notes_VI">vi. 1. note</a>.</p> + +<p class = "voclink"><a href = "#vocab_latin"> +Beginning of Latin-English Vocabulary</a></p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<a name = "voc_C" id = "voc_C"> </a> +<b>C.</b> for Cāĭŭs or Gāĭŭs.</p> + +<p><b>caedes</b>, -is, <i>f.</i>, lopping off, destruction. (caedo.)</p> + +<p><b>Caesar</b>, -ăris, <i>m.</i>, Caesar.</p> + +<p><b>Cāĭŭs</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, Caius.</p> + +<p><b>callĭdĭtas</b>, -ātis, <i>f.</i>, skill, cunning. (callidus.)</p> + +<p><b>campus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, plain.</p> + +<p><b>cănis</b>, -is, <i>c.</i>, dog. (<span class = "greek" title = +"kuôn">κύων</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>Cannensis</b>, -e, <i>adj.</i>, of Cannae.</p> + +<p><b>căno</b>, cĕcĭni, cantum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I sing, +I play.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +cano tibiis = I play the flute.</p> + +<p><b>canto</b>, 1 <i>v. n.</i> and <i>a.</i>, I sing, I play +(frequentative form of cano.)</p> + +<p><b>cantor</b>, -ōris, <i>m.</i>, singer, musician. (căno.)</p> + +<p><b>cantus</b>, -us, <i>m.</i>, song, melody. (căno.)</p> + +<p><b>căpesso</b>, -īvi or -ii, -ītum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I strive +for, undertake. (desiderative form fr. căpio.)</p> + +<p><b>căpio</b>, cēpi, captum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I take.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +capio consilium, I form or adopt a plan.</p> + +<p><b>Căpĭtōlium</b>, -ii, <i>n.</i>, the Capitol. (căput.)</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">103</span> +<p><b>căpĭtālis</b>, -e, <i>adj.</i>, relating to the caput, <i>i.e.</i> +life or civil rights, capital.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +res capitalis, capital offence. (căput.)</p> + +<p><b>captīvus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, captive, (căpio.)</p> + +<p><b>căput</b>, -ĭtis, <i>n.</i>, head, life, civil rights. (Cf. <span +class = "greek" title = "kephalê">κεφαλή</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>carmen</b>, -ĭnis, <i>n.</i>, song. (căno.)</p> + +<p><b>cassīta</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, the crested lark, ălauda cristata, L. +(cassis, a helmet.)</p> + +<p><b>castrum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, fort; in <i>plur.</i>, a camp. (Cf. +căsa, hut.)</p> + +<p><b>cāsus</b>, -us, <i>m.</i>, accident, case. (cădo, I fall, +happen.)</p> + +<p><b>căterva</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, troop, band, body of men.</p> + +<p><b>Căto</b>, -ōnis, <i>m.</i>, Cato. (cătus, shrewd.)</p> + +<p><b>cauda</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, tail.</p> + +<p><b>causa</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, cause, reason, case.</p> + +<p><b>causā</b>, <i>abl.</i> of causa, for the sake of, with +<i>genitive</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cautē</b>, <i>adv.</i>, cautiously, (cautus.)</p> + +<p><b>cautus</b>, -a, -um, <i>part.</i> from căveo, careful.</p> + +<p><b>căveo</b>, cāvi, cautum, 2 <i>v. n.</i>, I am on my guard, +cautious.</p> + +<p><b>căverna</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, cave, hollow. (căvus, hollow.)</p> + +<p><b>cēdo</b>, cessi, cessum, 3 <i>v. n.</i> and <i>a.</i>, +I yield, go away, depart.</p> + +<p><b>cĕlĕber</b>, -bris, -bre, <i>adj.</i>, numerous, famous.</p> + +<p><b>cĕlĕrĭtas</b>, -ātis, <i>f.</i>, speed. (cĕler.)</p> + +<p><b>cēlla</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, shrine, part of temple in which the +image of the god stood.</p> + +<p><b>cēlo</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I conceal.</p> + +<p><b>censeo</b>, -ui, censum, 2 <i>v. a.</i>, I assess, think, +vote for, decree, resolve.</p> + +<p><b>censor</b>, -ōris, <i>m.</i>, censor. (censeo.)</p> + +<p><b>centum</b>, <i>indecl. num. adj.</i>, one hundred.</p> + +<p><b>certāmen</b>, -ĭnis, <i>n.</i>, contest, competition. (certo, +I strive.)</p> + +<p><b>cerva</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, doe.</p> + +<p><b>cervix</b>, -īcis, <i>f.</i>, neck.</p> + +<p><b>cessātor</b>, -ōris, <i>m.</i>, loiterer. (cesso.)</p> + +<p><b>[cētĕrus]</b>, -a, -um, the other, the rest. The nom. sing. masc. +is not in use.</p> + +<p><b>Chīlō</b>, -ōnis, <i>m.</i>, Chilo. (<span class = "greek" title = +"Cheilôn">Χείλων</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>cĭbārius</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, belonging to food (cĭbus).</p> +<p class = "inset"> +res cibaria, provisions.</p> + +<p><b>cĭbus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, food.</p> + +<p><b>cĭcātrix</b>, -īcis, <i>f.</i>, scar.</p> + +<p><b>Cĭcĕro</b>, -ōnis, <i>m.</i>, Cicero.</p> + +<p><b>cingo</b>, -nxi, -nctum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I surround, gird on, +clothe.</p> + +<p><b>circum</b>, <i>adv.</i>, and <i>prep. gov. acc.</i>, around.</p> + +<p><b>circum·fĕro</b>, -tŭli, -lātum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I carry +round, report.</p> + +<p><b>circum·fundo</b>, -fūdi, -fūsum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I pour +around, surround.</p> + +<p><b>circum·plector</b>, -plexus, 3 <i>v. dep. a.</i>, I embrace, +surround.</p> + +<p><b>circum·spĭcio</b>, -spexi, -spectum, 3 <i>v. n.</i> and <i>a.</i>, +I look around, survey.</p> + +<p><b>circum·volvo</b>, no perf., -vŏlūtum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I roll +round.</p> + +<p><b>circus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i> (<span class = "greek" title = +"kirkos">κίρκος</span>), circus.</p> + +<p><b>Cispius</b> (mons), the Cispian hill.</p> + +<p><b>cĭtātus</b>, -a, -um, <i>part.</i> fr. cĭto, urged on.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +citato cursu, at full speed.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">104</span> +<p><b>cĭto</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I urge on. (frequentative form of +cieo.)</p> + +<p><b>cīvis</b>, -is, <i>c.</i>, citizen.</p> + +<p><b>cīvĭtas</b>, -ātis, <i>f.</i>, state. (cīvis.)</p> + +<p><b>clāmor</b>, -ōris, <i>m.</i>, shout, noise. (clāmo.)</p> + +<p><b>clandestīnus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, secret. (clam.)</p> + +<p><b>Claudius</b>, -ii, <i>m.</i>, Claudius.</p> + +<p><b>claudo</b>, -si, -sum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I shut. (Cf. clavis, +key, <span class = "greek" title = "kleiô">κλείω</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>coepi</b>, coepisse, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, defective (the <i>pres.</i> +coepio only in ante-classical writers.) <i>perf.</i> with <i>pres.</i> +signific., I begin.</p> + +<p><b>cōgĭto</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I meditate upon. (co, agito.)</p> + +<p><b>co·gnātus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, related by blood;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +as <i>subst.</i>, a kinsman. (co, gnatus for natus.)</p> + +<p><b>co·gnōmen</b>, -ĭnis, <i>n.</i>, surname. (co, nōmen.)</p> + +<p><b>co·gnōmĭno</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I surname.</p> + +<p><b>co·gnosco</b>, -gnōvi, -gnĭtum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I become +acquainted with, investigate a case. (nosco.)</p> + +<p><b>cōgo</b>, cŏēgi, cŏactum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I drive together, +compel, (co, ago.)</p> + +<p><b>col·lŏquor</b>, -lŏcūtus, 3 <i>v. dep.</i>, I talk with.</p> + +<p><b>cŏlo</b>, cŏlui, cultum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I cultivate. (Cf. +ā̆grĭ-cŏla.)</p> + +<p><b>collum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, neck.</p> + +<p><b>cŏma</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, hair, foliage. (<span class = "greek" +title = "komê">κόμη</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>cŏmes</b>, -ĭtis, <i>c.</i>, companion. (com, eo.)</p> + +<p><b>commentĭcius</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, pretended, false. +(comminiscor.)</p> + +<p><b>cŏmĭtor</b>, 1 <i>v. dep.</i>, I accompany. (cŏmes.)</p> + +<p><b>commentus</b>, -a, -um, <i>part.</i> fr. commĭniscor.</p> + +<p><b>com·mĭniscor</b>, -mentus, 3 <i>v. dep.</i>, I devise, +invent. (Cf. re·miniscor.)</p> + +<p><b>cōmoedia</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, comedy. (<span class = "greek" title += "kômôdia">κωμῳδία</span>.)</p> +<p class = "inset"> +certamina comoediarum, dramatic competitions.</p> + +<p><b>com·păro</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, prepare, procure.</p> + +<p><b>compĕtītor</b>, -ōris, <i>m.</i>, rival, competitor. +(com·peto.)</p> + +<p><b>com·plōro</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I bewail violently.</p> + +<p><b>com·plūres</b>, -a, rarely -ia, <i>adj.</i>, several.</p> + +<p><b>com·pōno</b>, -pŏsui, -pŏsĭtum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I place +together, arrange, compose.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +litterae compositae, forged letters.</p> + +<p><b>con·cēdo</b>, -cessi, -cessum, 3 <i>v. a.</i> and <i>n.</i>, +I yield, grant, retire.</p> + +<p><b>con·cĭdo</b>, ĭdi, no sup., 3 <i>v. n.</i>, I fall down. +(cădo.)</p> + +<p><b>con·cĭpio</b>, -cēpi, -ceptum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I take to +myself.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +concepta sanies, matter which has gathered in a wound. (căpio.)</p> + +<p><b>con·clāmo</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i> and <i>n.</i>, I cry out, shout +together or loudly.</p> + +<p><b>con·demno</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I sentence, condemn. (damno.)</p> + +<p><b>condĭcio</b>, -ōnis, <i>f.</i>, agreement, conditions, terms, +(con·dico.)</p> + +<p><b>con·do</b>, -dĭdi, -dĭtum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I bring together, +build, lay up, hide.</p> + +<p><b>con·fĕro</b>, -tŭli, -lātum, or collātum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, +I bring together, employ, attribute.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">105</span> +<p><b>con·fĭcio</b>, -fēci, -fectum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I execute, +finish. (făcio.)</p> + +<p><b>confīdentia</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, boldness, confidence. +(confīdo.)</p> + +<p><b>con·fīdo</b>, -fisus, 3 <i>v. n.</i>, I trust in.</p> + +<p><b>con·firmo</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I establish, confirm.</p> + +<p><b>confīsus</b>, -a, -um, <i>part.</i> fr. confido, confident.</p> + +<p><b>con·formo</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I shape.</p> + +<p><b>con·fūto</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I restrain, silence. (futo, +<i>intens.</i> form of fŏveo.)</p> + +<p><b>con·gĕro</b>, -gessi, -gestum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I bring +together.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Absolutely (sc. nidum), I build a nest.</p> + +<p><b>con·grĕdior</b>, -gressus, 3 <i>v. dep.</i>, I meet as +friend, or foe, I attack. (gradior.)</p> + +<p><b>congressio</b>, -onis, <i>f.</i>, meeting, attack. +(congredior.)</p> + +<p><b>cōn·iĭcio</b>, -iēci, -iectum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I throw +together, hurl. (iăcio.)</p> + +<p><b>coniūrātio</b>, -ōnis, <i>f.</i>, conspiracy. (con·iūro.)</p> + +<p><b>cōnor</b>, 1 <i>v. dep.</i>, I attempt.</p> + +<p><b>con·scisco</b>, -scīvi, or -scii, -scītum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, +I approve of.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +conscisco aliquid mihi, I adjudge something to myself;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +conscisco necem, mortem, mihi, I kill myself.</p> + +<p><b>consensus</b>, -us, <i>m.</i>, consent, agreement. +(consentio.)</p> + +<p><b>con·sĕquor</b>, -sĕcūtus, 3 <i>v. dep.</i>, I follow after, +attain, gain.</p> + +<p><b>con·sĕro</b>, -sēvi, -sĭtum, or -sătum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, +I sow, plant.</p> + +<p><b>con·sīdo</b>, -sēdi, -sessum, 3 <i>v. n.</i>, I sit down, +encamp. (sĕdeo.)</p> + +<p><b>consĭlium</b>, -ii, <i>n.</i>, plan, purpose. (con, root sul; cf. +consul.)</p> + +<p><b>con·sisto</b>, -stĭti, stĭtum, 3 <i>v. n.</i> and <i>a.</i>, +I halt.</p> + +<p><b>consĭtus</b>, -a, -um, <i>part.</i> fr. consĕro.</p> + +<p><b>conspectus</b>, -us, <i>m.</i>, sight, view. (conspĭcio.)</p> + +<p><b>con·spĭcio</b>, -spexi, -spectum, 3 <i>v. a.</i> and <i>n.</i>, +I look at with attention, see.</p> + +<p><b>con·sterno</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I stretch on ground, terrify.</p> + +<p><b>con·stĭtuo</b>, -ui, -ūtum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I place (a thing) +somewhere, station. (stătuo.)</p> + +<p><b>con·sŭesco</b>, -suēvi, -suētum, 3 <i>v. n.</i>, I grow +accustomed.</p> + +<p><b>consul</b>, -ŭlis, <i>m.</i>, consul. (Cf. consĭlium.)</p> + +<p><b>consŭlāris</b>, -e, <i>adj.</i>, consular.</p> + +<p><b>consŭlo</b>, -lui, -ltum, 3 <i>v. n.</i> and <i>a.</i>, +I reflect, I consult with. (Cf. consilium.)</p> + +<p><b>consulto</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I deliberate upon, I debate. +(frequentative form of consŭlo.)</p> + +<p><b>consultum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, decision, decree. (consŭlo.)</p> + +<p><b>con·temno</b>, -mpsi, -mptum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I despise.</p> + +<p><b>con·tendo</b>, -di, -tum, 3 <i>v. a.</i> and <i>n.</i>, +I strain after, strive for, assert.</p> + +<p><b>con·testor</b>, 1 <i>v. dep.</i>, I call to witness.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Contestor litem, I introduce a lawsuit by calling witnesses. +(testis.)</p> + +<p><b>con·tingo</b>, -tĭgi, -tactum, 3 <i>v. n.</i>, I touch, reach +to, happen. (tango.)</p> + +<p><b>contĭnuo</b>, <i>adv.</i>, immediately. (continuus, fr. +con·tineo.)</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">106</span> +<p><b>contio</b>, ōnis, <i>f.</i>, meeting, assembly. (for con·ventio, +a coming together.)</p> + +<p><b>contrā</b>, <i>adv., prep. gov. acc.</i>, against.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +contra dīco, I object to. appeal against sentence.</p> + +<p><b>con·tueor</b>, -tuitus, 2 <i>v. dep.</i>, I gaze upon.</p> + +<p><b>contŭmēlia</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, disgrace, ignominy. (root tem: cf. +con·temno.)</p> + +<p><b>con·turbo</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I throw into disorder. (turba.)</p> + +<p><b>con·vello</b>, -velli (rarely -vulsi), -vulsum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, +I tear away, up.</p> + +<p><b>con·vĕnio</b>, -vēni, -ventum, 4 <i>v. n.</i> and <i>a.</i>, +I come together, agree with, meet.</p> + +<p><b>con·verto</b>, -ti, -sum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I turn round, +manœuvre.</p> + +<p><b>con·vinco</b>, -vīci, -victum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I completely +conquer. I convict of (a crime).</p> + +<p><b>convīvium</b>, -ii, <i>n.</i>, banquet. (vīvo.)</p> + +<p><b>cōpia</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, plenty, supply; in <i>plur.</i>, +forces. (co, ops.)</p> + +<p><b>cōpiōsus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i> with <i>abl.</i>, well supplied +with.</p> + +<p><b>cor, cordis</b>, <i>n.</i>, heart. (Cf. <span class = "greek" +title = "kardia">καρδία</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>cōram</b>, <i>adv.</i>, and <i>prep. gov. abl.</i>, in the +presence of.</p> + +<p><b>Cŏrinthius</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, Corinthian.</p> + +<p><b>Cŏrinthus</b>, -i, <i>f.</i>, Corinth.</p> + +<p><b>cŏrōna</b>, <ins class = "correction" title = "- missing or invisible">-ae</ins>, +<i>f.</i>, wreath, garland. (<span class = "greek" +title = "korônê">κορώνη</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>cŏrōno</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I crown. (cŏrōna.)</p> + +<p><b>corpus</b>, -ŏris, <i>n.</i>, body.</p> + +<p><b>cor·rĭgo</b>, -rexi, -rectum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I make +straight, correct. (con, rego.)</p> + +<p><b>Cŏruncānius</b>, -ii, Coruncanius.</p> + +<p><b>Corvīnus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, Corvinus. (corvus.)</p> + +<p><b>corvus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, raven. (<span class = "greek" title = +"korax">κόραξ</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>cŏtīdĭānus</b> (or <b>quŏtīdĭānus</b>), -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, +daily. (cŏtīdĭē.)</p> + +<p><b>cras</b>, <i>adv.</i>, to-morrow.</p> + +<p><b>Crassus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, Crassus.</p> + +<p><b>crēdo</b>, -dĭdi, -ditum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I entrust, +I trust in, I believe.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Used absolutely, I suppose.</p> + +<p><b>crēdŭlĭtas</b>, -ātis, <i>f.</i>, easiness of belief, credulity, +(crēdŭlus, crēdo.)</p> + +<p><b>crīmen</b>, -ĭnis, <i>n.</i>, charge, accusation.</p> + +<p><b>Crŏtōniensis</b>, -e, <i>adj.</i>, of Crotona.</p> + +<p><b>crŭcĭātus</b>, -us, <i>m.</i>, torture, (crŭcio, crux.)</p> + +<p><b>cruentus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, stained with blood. +(cruor.)</p> + +<p><b>cruor</b>, -ōris, <i>m.</i>, gore, blood which has flowed from +wounds.</p> + +<p><b>crūs, crūrĭs</b>, <i>n.</i>, leg.</p> + +<p><b>cŭbĭcŭlum</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, a resting or sleeping room, +(cŭbo.)</p> + +<p><b>cūius</b>, -a, -um, <i>interrog.</i> and <i>relat. adj. pron.</i>, +whose? or whose. (qui.)</p> + +<p><b>cultus</b>, -a, -um, <i>part.</i> fr. colo, cultivated, +civilized.</p> + +<p><b>cum</b> (or <b>quum</b>), <i>conj.</i>, when, since, if, +although.</p> + +<p><b>cum</b>, <i>prep. gov. abl.</i>, with.</p> + +<p><b>cunctābundus</b>, -a, -um, lingering, (cunctor.)</p> + +<p><b>cunctor</b>, 1 <i>v. dep.</i>, I loiter, linger.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">107</span> +<p><b>cunctus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, all in a body, all. (for +con·iunctus.)</p> + +<p><b>cŭneus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, wedge, wedge-shaped body of troops.</p> + +<p><b>cŭpĭdus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, eager, desirous, proud of (with +gen.) (cŭpio.)</p> + +<p><b>cūr</b>, <i>adv.</i> and <i>conj.</i>, why, wherefore.</p> + +<p><b>cūra</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, care, anxiety.</p> + +<p><b>cūria</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, senate-house. (Quiris, Cures.)</p> + +<p><b>Cŭrius</b>, -ii, <i>m.</i>, Curius.</p> + +<p><b>cūro</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I take care of.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +With gerundive, cf. <a href = "#notes_VII">vii. 3. note</a>.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Curo puerum docendum, I get the boy taught. (cūra.)</p> + +<p><b>currus</b>, -us, <i>m.</i>, chariot. (curro.)</p> + +<p><b>cursus</b>, -us, <i>m.</i>, running, race, course.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Cĭtato cursu, at full speed. (curro.)</p> + +<p><b>custōdio</b>, 4 <i>v. a.</i>, I guard. (custos.)</p> + +<p><b>custos</b>, -ōdis, <i>c.</i>, guard.</p> + +<p class = "voclink"><a href = "#vocab_latin"> +Beginning of Latin-English Vocabulary</a></p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<a name = "voc_D" id = "voc_D"> </a> +<b>damno</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I condemn. (damnum, hurt, loss.)</p> + +<p><b>de</b>, <i>prep. gov. abl.</i>, concerning, from.</p> + +<p><b>dēbeo</b>, 2 <i>v. a.</i>, I owe. (de, hăbeo.)</p> + +<p><b>dēbĭlis</b>, -e, <i>adj.</i>, lamed, feeble. (de, habilis.)</p> + +<p><b>dĕcem</b>, <i>numer.</i>, ten.</p> + +<p><b>dē·cerno</b>, -crēvi, -crētum, 3 <i>v. a.</i> and <i>n.</i>, +I determine, decide; of the senate, I pass a decree.</p> + +<p><b>dē·cīdo</b>, -cīdi, -cīsum. 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I cut off. +(caedo.)</p> + +<p><b>de·clāmo</b>, 1 <i>v. n.</i> and <i>a.</i>, I exercise myself +in speaking, declaim.</p> + +<p><b>de·clāro</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I show, proclaim.</p> + +<p><b>dĕcŏro</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I adorn. (dĕcus, ornament, glory.)</p> + +<p><b>dēdĭtio</b>, -ōnis, <i>f.</i>, surrender. (dēdo.)</p> + +<p><b>dē·dūco</b>, -xi, -ctum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I lead away, +withdraw, bring down.</p> + +<p><b>dē·fendo</b>, -di, -sum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I ward off, keep +off.</p> + +<p><b>dēfensor</b>, -ōris, <i>m.</i>, defender. (dēfendo.)</p> + +<p><b>dē·fĕro</b>, -tŭli, -lātum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I bring down, +hand over.</p> + +<p><b>dē·fīo</b>, -fectus, -fĭĕri, <i>v. n.</i> (used as <i>passive</i> +of dēfĭcio), I am wanting, I fail.</p> + +<p><b>dēformĭtas</b>, -ātis, <i>f.</i>, ugliness, deformity. (dē·formis, +ugly. Cf. forma.)</p> + +<p><b>dē·iĭcio</b>, -iēci, -iectum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I throw down. +(iăcio.)</p> + +<p><b>deīnceps</b> (dissyl.), or <b>dĕïnceps</b>, <i>adv.</i>, next, +following. (deinde.)</p> + +<p><b>deīndĕ</b> (dissyl.), or <b>dĕīndĕ</b>, <i>adv.</i>, then, +thereupon.</p> + +<p><b>dēlecto</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I delight. (intens. of delĭcio.)</p> + +<p><b>dē·lĭgo</b>, -lēgi, -lectum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I choose out, +select. (lĕgo.)</p> + +<p><b>dē·līro</b>, 1 <i>v. n.</i>, I rave. (de, lira, out of the +furrow.)</p> + +<p><b>dē·lĭtesco</b>, -tui, 3 <i>v. n.</i>, I lie hid, conceal +myself. (lătesco, inceptive of lăteo.)</p> + +<p><b>delphīnus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, dolphin. (<span class = "greek" +title = "delphis">δελφίς</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>Dēmādēs</b>, -is, <i>m.</i>, Demades. (<span class = "greek" title += "Dêmadês">Δημάδης</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>de·mĕto</b>, -messui, -messum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I reap, +mow.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">108</span> +<p><b>dē·mīror</b>, 1 <i>v. dep. a.</i>, I wonder at.</p> + +<p><b>dē·mŏror</b>, 1 <i>v. dep.</i>, I linger.</p> + +<p><b>Dēmosthĕnes</b>, -is and -i, <i>m.</i>, Demosthenes. (<span class += "greek" title = "Dêmosthenês">Δημοσθένης</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>dē·mulceo</b>, -mulsi, -mulctum, 2 <i>v. a.</i>, I stroke +down, caress.</p> + +<p><b>dēmum</b>, <i>adv.</i>, at last. (de.)</p> + +<p><b>dēnĭquĕ</b>, <i>adv.</i>, and then, finally. (de.)</p> + +<p><b>Dentātus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, Dentatus.</p> + +<p><b>dēnuo</b>, <i>adv.</i>, again. (For de novo.)</p> + +<p><b>dē·pŏpŭlor</b>, 1 <i>v. dep. a.</i>, I ravage.</p> + +<p><b>dē·pŭto</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i> I cut off, prune.</p> + +<p><b>de·rīdeo</b>, -si, -sum, 2 <i>v. a.</i>, I laugh at.</p> + +<p><b>de·scisco</b>, -īvi or -ii, -ītum, 3 <i>v. n.</i>, +I withdraw, revolt from, abandon; with <i>prep.</i> ab and +<i>abl.</i></p> + +<p><b>dē·sĕro</b>, -rui, -rtum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I desert, abandon. +(Lit., I undo, sever; sero, I join.)</p> + +<p><b>dēsertus</b>, -a, -um, <i>part.</i> fr. dēsĕro, lonely, +desert.</p> + +<p><b>dē·sīdĕro</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I long for.</p> + +<p><b>dē·sĭlio</b>, -ĭlui, -ultum, 4 <i>v. n.</i>, I leap down, +(sălio.)</p> + +<p><b>dē·sĭno</b>, -sii, rarely -sīvi, -sĭtum, 3 <i>v. n.</i> and +<i>a.</i>, I give up, cease.</p> + +<p><b>dē·sĭpio</b>, no perf. or sup., -ere, <i>v. n.</i>, I act +foolishly, I am foolish, (săpio.)</p> + +<p><b>dēsĭtus</b>, -a, -um, <i>part.</i> of desĭno, obsolete, +disused.</p> + +<p><b>dē·spĭcio</b>, -exi, -ectum, 3 <i>v. a.</i> and <i>n.</i>, +I look down upon, despise.</p> + +<p><b>dē·sum</b>, -fui, -esse, <i>v. n.</i>, I am wanting.</p> + +<p><b>dē·tĕgo</b>, -xi, -ctum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I uncover, +discover.</p> + +<p><b>dē·tergeo</b>, -si, -sum, 2 <i>v. a.</i>, I wipe off.</p> + +<p><b>dē·trăho</b>, -xi, -ctum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I take away.</p> + +<p><b>dē·trunco</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I lop, cut off.</p> + +<p><b>dĕ·ūro</b>, -ussi, -ustum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I burn up.</p> + +<p><b>deus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, +god<ins class = "correction" title = ". missing">. </ins></p> + +<p><b>dē·vĕho</b>, -xi, -ctum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I carry away, carry +down.</p> + +<p><b>dē·vĕnio</b>, -vēni, -ventum, 4 <i>v. n.</i>, I come from, +I go to, arrive at.</p> + +<p><b>dexter</b>, -tĕra, -tĕrum, and tra, trum, <i>adj.</i>, on the +right side, right. (<span class = "greek" title = +"dexios">δεξιός</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>Diāna</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, Diana.</p> + +<p><b>dĭcio</b>, -ōnis, <i>f.</i>, rule, jurisdiction. (Cf. dico, +condicio.)</p> + +<p><b>dīco</b>, -xi, -ctum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I say, tell, call.</p> + +<p><b>dictum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, saying, command, (dīco.)</p> + +<p><b>dī·dūco</b>, -xi, -ctum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I draw apart, +separate.</p> + +<p><b>dies</b>, -ei, <i>m.</i> (in <i>sing. com.</i>), day.</p> + +<p><b>dif·fero</b>, distŭli, dīlātum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I carry away, +put off.</p> + +<p><b>dif·fīcĭlis</b>, -e, <i>adj.</i>, difficult, hard. (făcĭlis.)</p> + +<p><b>dī·gĕro</b>, -gessi, -gestum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I separate, +disperse, dissipate.</p> + +<p><b>dĭgĭtus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, finger.</p> + +<p><b>dignĭtas</b>, -ātis, <i>f.</i>, rank, dignity. (dignus.)</p> + +<p><b>dignus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, worthy.</p> + +<p><b>dī·grĕdior</b>, -gressus, 3 <i>v. dep.</i>, I go away. +(grădior.)</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">109</span> +<p><b>dī·lăcĕro</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I tear to pieces.</p> + +<p><b>dīlūcesco</b>, luxi, no sup., 3 <i>v. n.</i>, I begin to grow +light. (Inceptive form of dilūceo.)</p> + +<p><b>dīlūcĭdē</b>, <i>adv.</i>, clearly. (dilūceo, lux.)</p> + +<p><b>dīmĭdium</b>, -ii, <i>n.</i>, half, (di, medius.)</p> + +<p><b>dī·mitto</b>, -mīsi, -missum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I send away, +dismiss.</p> + +<p><b>dī·rĭgo</b>, -rexi, -rectum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I arrange in a +straight line, I direct to.</p> + +<p><b>dis·cēdo</b>, -cessi, -cessum, 3 <i>v. n.</i>, I depart, go +away.</p> + +<p><b>di·scindo</b>, -scĭdi, -scissum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I tear +asunder, cut open.</p> + +<p><b>discī̆plīna</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, teaching, knowledge, tactics, +custom. (discĭpŭlus, disco.)</p> + +<p><b>discĭpŭlus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, disciple, follower. (disco.)</p> + +<p><b>disco</b>, dĭdĭci, no sup., 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I learn. (Root +da: cf. <span class = "greek" title = "didaskô">διδάσκω</span>, +doceo.)</p> + +<p><b>dissĭmŭlanter</b>, <i>adv.</i>, secretly. (dissĭmŭlo.)</p> + +<p><b>dĭū</b>, <i>adv.</i>, for a long time. (dies.)</p> + +<p><b>dī·vello</b>, -velli, rarely -vulsi, -vulsum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, +I tear asunder.</p> + +<p><b>dīves</b>, -ĭtis, <i>adj.</i>, rich.</p> + +<p><b>dīvīnĭtus</b>, <i>adv.</i>, from heaven, by divine providence or +influence. (dīvus, deus.)</p> + +<p><b>dīvīnus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, divine. (dīvus, deus.)</p> + +<p><b>do</b>, dĕdi, dătum, dăre, <i>v. a.</i>, I give. (Cf. <span +class = "greek" title = "didômi">δίδωμι</span> dōnum.)</p> + +<p><b>dŏceo</b>, -cui, -ctum, 2 <i>v. a.</i>, I teach. (Cf. +disco.)</p> + +<p><b>dŏleo</b>, -ui, -ĭtum, 2 <i>v. n.</i> and <i>a.</i>, +I grieve, I grieve for.</p> + +<p><b>dŏlor</b>, -ōris, <i>m.</i>, pain, grief. (dŏleo.)</p> + +<p><b>dŏmi</b>, <i>adv.</i>, at home. Locative case of dŏmus.</p> + +<p><b>dŏmus</b>, -us, <i>f.</i>, home, house. (<span class = "greek" +title = "domos">δόμος</span>, root dem, to build.)</p> + +<p><b><ins class = "correction" title = "printed text has Greek ε for ĕ">dōnĕc</ins></b>, +<i>conj.</i>, until.</p> + +<p><b>dōno</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I give, I present. (do.)</p> + +<p><b>dōnum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, gift, (do.)</p> + +<p><b>dorsum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, back.</p> + +<p><b>dŭbĭto</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I hesitate.</p> + +<p><b>dŭbius</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, doubtful.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Dŭbio prŏcul, without doubt.</p> + +<p><b>dum</b>, <i>conj.</i>, whilst, until.</p> + +<p><b>dŭŏ</b>, -ae, -ŏ, <i>numer.</i>, two. (<span class = "greek" title += "duo">δύο</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>dŭŏ·dē·vīginti</b>, <i>numer.</i>, eighteen.</p> + +<p><b>dūrus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, hard, harsh.</p> + +<p><b>dux, dŭcis</b>, <i>m.</i>, leader. (dūco.)</p> + +<p class = "voclink"><a href = "#vocab_latin"> +Beginning of Latin-English Vocabulary</a></p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<a name = "voc_E" id = "voc_E"> </a> +<b>e, ex</b>, <i>prep. gov. abl.</i>, out of, from.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Ex republica, to the advantage of the state.</p> + +<p><b>ĕdo</b>, ēdi, ēsum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I eat. (Cf. ĕdax, <span +class = "greek" title = "edô, esthiô">ἔδω, ἐσθίω</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>ecquĭs</b>, ecquĭd, <i>interrog. subst. pron.</i>, whether +any?</p> + +<p><b>ē·do</b>, -dĭdi, -dĭtum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I give forth, bring +forth, produce, utter, form, raise.</p> + +<p><b>ē·dūco</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I rear, educate.</p> + +<p><b>ef·fĕro</b>, ex·tŭli, ē·lātum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I bring +out.</p> + +<p><b>ef·fĭcio</b>, -fēci, -fectum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I bring to +pass, accomplish. (ex, făcio.)</p> + +<p><b>ĕgŏ</b>, <i>pers. pron.</i>, I.</p> + +<p><b>ĕgŏ·mĕt</b>, I myself.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">110</span> +<p><b>ē·grĕdior</b>, -gressus, 3 <i>v. dep.</i>, I go out, +I leave. (grădior.)</p> + +<p><b>ēgrĕgĭus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, distinguished, eminent. (e, +grex, chosen from the herd.)</p> + +<p><b>Ēlectra</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, Electra. (<span class = "greek" title += "Êlektra">Ἠλέκτρα</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>ĕlĕphantus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, elephant. (<span class = "greek" +title = "elephas">ἐλέφας</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>ēlŏquentia</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, eloquence. (ēlŏquor.)</p> + +<p><b>ē·lūdo</b>, -si, -sum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I mock, jeer at.</p> + +<p><b>ē·mitto</b>, -mīsi, -missum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I send out.</p> + +<p><b>ĕmo</b>, ēmi, emptum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I buy.</p> + +<p><b>emptio</b>, -ōnis, <i>f.</i>, purchase, buying. (ĕmo.)</p> + +<p><b>ĕnim</b>, <i>conj.</i>, for.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +sed enim, but indeed.</p> + +<p><b>Ennius</b>, -ii, <i>m.</i>, Ennius.</p> + +<p><b>ē·nuntio</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I declare, mention.</p> + +<p><b>eo</b>, īvi or ii, ĭtum, īre, 4 <i>v. n.</i>, I go. (Root i; +cf. <span class = "greek" title = "eimi">εῖμι</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>eo</b>, <i>adv.</i>, thither, for that reason, therefore. +(is.)</p> + +<p><b>ĕphippium</b>, -ii, <i>n.</i>, saddle, horse caparison. (<span +class = "greek" title = "ephippion">ἐφίππιον</span>, from <span class = +"greek" title = "epi, hippos">ἐπὶ, ἵππος</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>ĕpŭlae</b>, -arum, <i>f.</i>, feast, banquet. (In <i>sing.</i> +ĕpŭlum, -i, <i>n.</i>)</p> + +<p><b>ĕquĭtātus, -us</b>, <i>m.</i>, cavalry. (ĕquus.)</p> + +<p><b>ĕquŭs</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, horse. (<span class = "greek" title = +"hippos">ἵππος</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>ergo</b>, <i>adv.</i>, therefore.</p> + +<p><b>ē·rŭbesco</b>, -bui, no sup., 3 <i>v. n. incep.</i>, I grow +red, blush.</p> + +<p><b>ĕt</b>, <i>conj.</i>, and.</p> + +<p><b>ĕtĭam</b>, <i>conj.</i>, also, even.</p> + +<p><b>ĕtĭam·si</b>, <i>conj.</i>, even if.</p> + +<p><b>Euander</b>, -dri, <i>m.</i>, Evander.</p> + +<p><b>Euathlus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, Euathlus.</p> + +<p><b>ēverto</b>, -ti, -sum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I overthrow.</p> + +<p><b>exanguĭs</b>, or <b>exsanguis</b>, -e, <i>adj.</i>, bloodless, +lifeless. (ex, sanguis.)</p> + +<p><b>ex·ănĭmātus</b>, <i>part.</i>, from ex-ănĭmo, lifeless.</p> + +<p><b>ex·ănĭmo</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I deprive of life. (anima.)</p> + +<p><b>ex·cīdo</b>, -cīdi, -cīsum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I cut out, off. +(caedo.)</p> + +<p><b>excĭto</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I arouse. (Freq. form of excio.)</p> + +<p><b>ex·clāmo</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i> and <i>n.</i>, I cry out, +exclaim.</p> + +<p><b>ex·eo, -ivi or ii, -ĭtum, -ire</b>, 4 <i>v. n.</i>, I go +out.</p> + +<p><b>ex·erceo, -ui, -ĭtum</b>, 2 <i>v. a.</i>, I drive on, +I practise. (arceo.)</p> + +<p><b>exercĭtus</b>, -us, <i>m.</i>, army. (exerceo.)</p> + +<p><b>exerto</b>, or <b>exserto</b>, no perf. and sup., 1 <i>v. a.</i>, +I thrust out. (ex, serto, freq. of sĕro.)</p> + +<p><b>ex·ĭgo</b>, -ēgi, -actum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I drive out. +(ăgo.)</p> + +<p><b>exĭlium</b>, or <b>exsilium</b>, -ii, <i>n.</i>, exile. +(exul.)</p> + +<p><b>exĭmius</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, extraordinary, uncommon. +(eximo, I take out of the mass.)</p> + +<p><b>ex·istĭmo</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I judge, consider. (aestimo.)</p> + +<p><b>exĭtus</b>, -us, <i>m.</i>, going out, departure. (exeo.)</p> + +<p><b>ex·ordior</b>, -orsus, 4 <i>v. dep. a.</i>, I begin.</p> + +<p><b>ex·pecto</b>, or <b>ex·specto</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I look +for. (ex, specto.)</p> + +<p><b>ex·pĕrior, -pertus</b>, 4 <i>v. dep.</i>, I try.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">111</span> +<p><b>ex·pīro</b>, or <b>ex·spīro</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I breathe +out. (ex, spiro.)</p> + +<p><b>ex·pōno</b>, -pŏsui, -pŏsĭtum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I set forth, +explain.</p> + +<p><b>ex·prĭmo</b>, -pressi, -pressum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I press out. +(prĕmo.)</p> + +<p><b>ex·prōmo</b>, -mpsi, -mptum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I bring forth, +utter.</p> + +<p><b>extemplo</b>, <i>adv.</i>, immediately.</p> + +<p><b>ex·to</b>, or <b>ex·sto</b>, no perf. and sup., -are, <i>v. +n.</i>, I stand forth, appear. (ex, sto.)</p> + +<p><b>extrā</b>, <i>prep. gov. acc.</i>, outside.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Extra tela, out of range.</p> + +<p><b>extrēmus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, outermost, furthest.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Extremâ nocte, at the very end of night.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Superl. degree from [exter and extĕrus, post-classical], extĕrior, +extrēmus, and extĭmus. (ex.)</p> + +<p><b>ex·urgo</b>, or <b>ex·surgo</b>, exurrexi, no sup., 3 <i>v. +n.</i>, I rise up. (ex, surgo.)</p> + +<p><b>exūro</b>, -ussi, -ustum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I burn up.</p> + +<p class = "voclink"><a href = "#vocab_latin"> +Beginning of Latin-English Vocabulary</a></p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<a name = "voc_F" id = "voc_F"> </a> +<b>Făbius</b>, -ii, <i>m.</i>, Fabius.</p> + +<p><b>Fābrĭcius</b>, -ii, <i>m.</i>, Fabricius.</p> + +<p><b>fābŭla</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, fable, story. (fāri, to say.)</p> + +<p><b>făcĭlis</b>, -e, <i>adj.</i>, easy, good-natured. (făcio.)</p> + +<p><b>făcĭnus</b>, -ŏris, <i>n.</i>, deed, crime. (făcio.)</p> + +<p><b>făcio</b>, fēci, factum, făcĕre, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I make, +do.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Facio cum aliquo, I take part with anyone.</p> + +<p><b>factum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, deed. (făcio.)</p> + +<p><b>fācundia</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, eloquence<ins class = "correction" +title = ". invisible">. </ins>(fāri, to say.)</p> + +<p><b>fallo</b>, fĕfelli, falsum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I deceive. (<span +class = "greek" title = "sphallô, a·sphalês">σφάλλω, +ἀ·σφαλής</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>falsus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, false. (fallo.)</p> + +<p><b>falx</b>, falcis, <i>f.</i>, sickle.</p> + +<p><b>fāma</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, renown. (fāri, to say.)</p> + +<p><b>fămĭlia</b>, -ae (old gen. -as), <i>f.</i>, the slaves in a +household, a household.</p> + +<p><b>fămĭliāris</b>, -e, <i>adj.</i>, belonging to a household +(fămĭlia), intimate;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +as <i>subst.</i>, friend.</p> + +<p><b>Făvōrīnus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, Favorinus.</p> + +<p><b>fēcundus</b>, -a, <ins class = "correction" title = "- invisible">-um</ins>, +<i>adj.</i>, fruitful.</p> + +<p><b>fēlīcĭter</b>, happily: fēlīcius, fēlīcissime. (fēlix.)</p> + +<p><b>fēlix</b>, fēlīcis, <i>adj.</i>, happy, rich.</p> + +<p><b>fĕra</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, wild beast. (ferus.)</p> + +<p><b>fĕrē</b>, <i>adv.</i>, almost.</p> + +<p><b>fĕrīnus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, of wild beasts. (fĕrus.)</p> + +<p><b>fermē</b>, <i>adv.</i>, nearly, about, usually. (Cf. fere.)</p> + +<p><b>fĕro</b>, tŭli, lātum, ferre, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I bear; +I tell, say. (<span class = "greek" title = "pherô">φέρω</span>, +tollo.)</p> + +<p><b>fĕrox</b>, <b>fĕrōcis</b>, <i>adj.</i>, fierce. (Cf. ferus.)</p> + +<p><b>fĕrus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, wild. (Cf. ferox.)</p> + +<p><b>fervo</b>, -vi, no sup., 3, <i>v. n.</i>, I grow hot;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +commoner form, ferveo, -bui, no sup., 2.</p> + +<p><b>festīno</b>, 1, <i>v. n.</i> and <i>a.</i>, I hasten.</p> + +<p><b>fētus</b>, -us, <i>m.</i>, brood, offspring.</p> + +<p><b>fĭdes</b>, -ei, <i>f.</i>, faith, trustworthiness. (fīdo.)</p> + +<p><b>fĭdes</b>, -is, <i>f.</i>, string, stringed instrument, lyre; +usually in plural only.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">112</span> +<p><b>fīdūcia</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, trust, courage. (fido.)</p> + +<p><b>fīlius</b>, -ii, <i>m.</i>, son.</p> + +<p><b>fingo</b>, -nxi, -nctum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I form, fashion.</p> + +<p><b>fīo</b>, factus, fiĕri, <i>v. n.</i>, (used as pass. of facio), +I am made, become.</p> + +<p><b>firmo</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I strengthen. (firmus.)</p> + +<p><b>flāgĭtium</b>, -ii, <i>n.</i>, shameful act, disgrace. +(flāgĭto.)</p> + +<p><b>flăgro</b>, 1 <i>v. n.</i>, I burn, blaze.</p> + +<p><b>flāvesco</b>, no perf. and sup., 3 <i>v. n.</i>, I become +yellow. (Inceptive form of flāveo.)</p> + +<p><b>flecto</b>, -xi, -xum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I bend.</p> + +<p><b>flōs</b>, -ōris, <i>m.</i>, flower.</p> + +<p><b>fluctus</b>, -us, <i>m.</i>, wave. (fluo.)</p> + +<p><b>fluito</b>, 1 <i>v. n.</i>, I float. (Intensitive form of +fluo.)</p> + +<p><b>fŏcŭlus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, little hearth, brazier. (diminutive of +focus.)</p> + +<p><b>fŏris</b>, <i>adv.</i>, out of doors, (fŏris, a door.)</p> + +<p><b>formīdo</b>, -ĭnis, <i>f.</i>, fear.</p> + +<p><b>fors</b>, <b>fortis</b>, <i>f.</i>, chance.</p> + +<p><b>fortĕ</b>, <i>adv.</i>, by chance. (abl. of fors.)</p> + +<p><b>fortis</b>, -e, <i>adj.</i>, brave.</p> + +<p><b>fortĭter</b>, <i>adv.</i>, bravely. (fortis.)</p> + +<p><b>fortĭtūdo</b>, -ĭnis, <i>f.</i>, bravery. (fortis.)</p> + +<p><b>fortuī̆tus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, accidental. (fors.)</p> + +<p><b>frāter</b>, -tris, <i>m.</i>, brother. (<span class = "greek" +title = "phratêr">φράτηρ</span>, clansman.)</p> + +<p><b>fraudŭlentus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, deceitful. (fraus.)</p> + +<p><b>fraus</b>, fraudis, <i>f.</i>, deceit.</p> + +<p><b>fraxĭnus</b>, -i, <i>f.</i>, ash tree.</p> + +<p><b>frĕmĭtus</b>, -us, <i>m.</i>, roaring (frĕmo.)</p> + +<p><b>frēnum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, bridle, bit.</p> + +<p><b>frons</b>, frondis, <i>f.</i>, leafy branch, foliage.</p> + +<p><b>frūges</b>, -um. Cf. frux.</p> + +<p><b>frūmentum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, corn. (For frugĭmentum, cf. frux, +fruor.)</p> + +<p><b>frustrā</b>, <i>adv.</i>, in vain. (Cf. fraus.)</p> + +<p><b>frux</b>, frūgis, <i>f.</i>, fruit. Nom. sing. rare; more common +in plural. (Cf. fruor.)</p> + +<p><b>fŭga</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, flight, (fŭgio, <span class = "greek" +title = "pheugô">φεύγω</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>fŭgĭtīvus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, fugitive. (fŭgio.)</p> + +<p><b>fulgeo</b>, fulsi, no sup., 2 <i>v. n.</i>, I glitter. (Cf. +fulgur, lightning.)</p> + +<p><b>fundo</b>, fūdi, fūsum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I pour out, +scatter.</p> + +<p><b>fundus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, farm.</p> + +<p><b>furtim</b>, <i>adv.</i>, secretly. (fur, thief.)</p> + +<p><b>fūsus</b>. Cf. fundo.</p> + +<p class = "voclink"><a href = "#vocab_latin"> +Beginning of Latin-English Vocabulary</a></p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<a name = "voc_G" id = "voc_G"> </a> +<b>gălea</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, helmet.</p> + +<p><b>Gallĭcus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, belonging to Gaul, Gallic.</p> + +<p><b>Gallus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, a Gaul.</p> + +<p><b>Gellius</b>, -ii, <i>m.</i>, Gellius.</p> + +<p><b>gĕmĭtus</b>, <ins class = "correction" title = "- invisible">-us</ins>, +<i>m.</i>, groan. (gĕmo.)</p> + +<p><b>gens</b>, gentis, <i>f.</i>, clan, race, nation. (Cf. gigno, +genus.)</p> + +<p><b>gĕnus</b>, -ĕris, <i>n.</i>, race, kind. (<span class = "greek" +title = "genos">γένος</span>, gens, gigno.)</p> + +<p><b>gĕro</b>, gessi, gestum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I bear, +I carry on.</p> + +<p><b>gesto</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I carry. (Intens. of gĕro.)</p> + +<p><b>gigno</b>, gĕnui, gĕnĭtum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I produce. (Cf. +gens, genus.)</p> + +<p><b>glădius</b>, -ii, <i>m.</i>, sword.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">113</span> +<p><b>glōria</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, renown, glory.</p> + +<p><b>Graecē</b>, <i>adv.</i>, in Greek.</p> + +<p><b>Graecia</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, Greece.</p> + +<p><b>grāmen</b>, -ĭnis, <i>n.</i>, grass.</p> + +<p><b>grāmĭneus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, made of grass. (grāmen.)</p> + +<p><b>grandis</b>, -e, <i>adj.</i>, great, large, abundant.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Grandis natu, advanced in age.</p> + +<p><b>grātia</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, favour, influence, gratitude, thanks: +with agere in plural only.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +In abl. gratiâ, for the sake of, with gen. (gratus.)</p> + +<p><b>grātŭlātio</b>, -onis, <i>f.</i>, rejoicing, congratulation. +(grātŭlor.)</p> + +<p><b>grātŭlor</b>, 1 <i>v. dep.</i>, I congratulate, give thanks. +(grātus.)</p> + +<p><b>gŭla</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, throat.</p> + +<p class = "voclink"><a href = "#vocab_latin"> +Beginning of Latin-English Vocabulary</a></p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<a name = "voc_H" id = "voc_H"> </a> +<b>hăbeo</b>, 2 <i>v. a.</i>, I have.</p> + +<p><b>hăbĭto</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i> and <i>n.</i>, I inhabit, dwell +in. (Intensitive of hăbeo.)</p> + +<p><b>haereo</b>, haesi, haesum, 2 <i>v. n.</i>, I stick to.</p> + +<p><b>Hannĭbal</b>, -ălis, <i>m.</i>, Hannibal.</p> + +<p><b>haud</b>, <i>adv.</i>, not.</p> + +<p><b>haurio</b>, hausi, haustum, 4 <i>v. a.</i>, I draw up, drink, +tear open, wound.</p> + +<p><b>haut</b> (or <b>haud</b>), <i>adv.</i>, not.</p> + +<p><b>haut·quā·quam</b>, or <b>haud·qua·quam</b>, <i>adv.</i>, by no +means.</p> + +<p><b>Hercles</b> (or Hercŭles), -is and -i. <i>m.</i>, Hercules.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +For form Hercle, cf. <a href = "#notes_III">iii. 1. note</a>.</p> + +<p><b>hīc, haec, hōc</b>, <i>demonstr. pron.</i>, this.</p> + +<p><b>hīc</b>, <i>adv.</i>, here.</p> + +<p><b>hĭlăris</b>, -e, <i>adj.</i>, merry, amusing.</p> + +<p><b>hinc</b>, <i>adv.</i>, hence. (hic.)</p> + +<p><b>hio</b>, 1 <i>v. n.</i>, I open my mouth, gape.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Rimis hiantem, with wide open clefts, lit., gaping open with clefts.</p> + +<p><b>Hispānia</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, Spain.</p> + +<p><b>Hispānĭcus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, Spanish.</p> + +<p><b>histrio</b>, -ōnis, <i>m.</i>, actor. (Etruscan word hister, an +actor.)</p> + +<p><b>hŏdiē</b>, <i>adv.</i>, to-day. (hoc die.)</p> + +<p><b>hŏdiernus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, of this day. (hŏdie.)</p> + +<p><b>hŏmo</b>, -ĭnis, <i>m.</i>, man. (Cf. hūmānus.)</p> + +<p><b>hŏnestus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, honourable, proper, +respectable. (hŏnor.)</p> + +<p><b>hŏnor</b>, or <b>hŏnos</b>, -ōris, <i>m.</i>, honour.</p> + +<p><b>Hŏrātius</b>, -ii, <i>m.</i>, Horatius.</p> + +<p><b>hortor</b>, 1 <i>v. dep.</i>, I encourage, urge. (Cf. <span class += "greek" title = "ornumi, hormê">ὄρνυμι, ὁρμή</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>hospes</b>, -ĭtis, <i>m.</i>, host, guest, stranger. (Cf. hostis, +stranger, enemy.)</p> + +<p><b>hospĭta</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i> (feminine form of hospes,) female +host, guest, stranger.</p> + +<p><b>hostis</b>, -is, <i>c.</i>, enemy.</p> + +<p><b>hūius·cĕ·mŏdi</b>, and <b>hūius·mŏdi</b>, of this kind. (Cf. +mŏdus.)</p> + +<p><b>hŭmĕrus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, shoulder.</p> + +<p><b>hŭmĭlis</b>, -e, <i>adj.</i>, low, humble, insignificant. (hŭmus, +ground.)</p> + +<p class = "voclink"><a href = "#vocab_latin"> +Beginning of Latin-English Vocabulary</a></p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<a name = "voc_I" id = "voc_I"> </a> +<b>iăcio, iĕci, iactum</b>, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I throw.</p> + +<p><b>iam</b>, <i>adv.</i>, already, now.</p> + +<p><b>ĭbī̆</b>, <i>adv.</i>, there, thereupon. (is.)</p> + +<p><b>ĭbī̆dem</b>, <i>adv.</i>, in the same place, immediately. (ibi, +dem. cf. idem.)</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">114</span> +<p><b>ictus</b>, -us, <i>m.</i>, blow, stroke. (Obsolete <i>present</i>, +ico and icio, I strike.)</p> + +<p><b>idcirco</b>, <i>adv.</i>, therefore. (id-circo.)</p> + +<p><b>īdem</b>, <b>ĕădem</b>, <b>ĭdem</b>, <i>pron.</i>, same. (is, and +suffix dem.)</p> + +<p><b>ĭdōneus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, fit.</p> + +<p><b>ĭgĭtur</b>, <i>conj.</i>, then, therefore. (is, and suffix +tur.)</p> + +<p><b>ignāvia</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, cowardice. (in-gnāvus, lazy, +cowardly; from navus, or gnavus, busy.)</p> + +<p><b>ignis</b>, -is, <i>m.</i>, fire.</p> + +<p><b>ignōmĭnia</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, disgrace. (in-nōmen, or gnōmen, +loss of good name.)</p> + +<p><b>ignōro</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i> and <i>n.</i>, I am ignorant of. +(ignārus, for in-gnarus or -narus<ins class = "correction" +title = "close parenthesis missing">.)</ins></p> + +<p><b>i·gnosco</b>, -nōvi, nōtum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I pardon, +overlook. (in-gnosco or -nosco.)</p> + +<p><b>i·gnōtus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, unknown. (in·gnotus or +notus.)</p> + +<p><b>īlex</b>, -ĭcis, <i>f.</i>, holm-oak, or great scarlet oak. +Quercus ilex L.</p> + +<p><b>īlĭco</b> (or illico), <i>adv.</i>, on the spot, immediately. (in, +loco.)</p> + +<p><b>illĕ</b>, illă, illŭd, <i>demonstr. pron.</i>, that, he.</p> + +<p><b>illīc</b>, <i>adv.</i>, in that place, there. (ille, ce.)</p> + +<p><b>im·mōbĭlis</b>, -e, <i>adj.</i>, motionless. (in, mŏveo.)</p> + +<p><b>impĕdio</b>, -īvi or -ii, -ītum, 4 <i>v. a.</i>, I hinder. +(in, pes.)</p> + +<p><b>impĕrātor</b>, -ōris, <i>m.</i>, general. (impĕro.)</p> + +<p><b>impĕrium</b>, -ii, <i>n.</i>, command, empire. (impĕro.)</p> + +<p><b>impĕro</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I command, I rule over +(dat.).</p> + +<p><b>impetro</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I accomplish, obtain.</p> + +<p><b>impĕtus</b>, -us, <i>m.</i>, attack, force. (in·peto, I rush +upon.)</p> + +<p><b><ins class = "correction" title = "· invisible">im·</ins>mītis</b>, +-e, <i>adj.</i>, stern.</p> + +<p><b>in</b>, <i>prep. gov. acc.</i> and <i>abl.</i>, in, into, on, +against.</p> + +<p><b>in·cēdo</b>, -cessi, -cessum, 3 <i>v. n.</i>, I approach.</p> + +<p><b>incendium</b>, -ii, <i>n.</i>, fire. (in-cendo, fr. in, +candeo.)</p> + +<p><b>in·cīdo</b>, -cīdi, -cīsum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I cut into, cut +through, open. (in, caedo.)</p> + +<p><b>in·cĭpio</b>, -cēpi, -ceptum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I begin. (in, +căpio, I seize upon.)</p> + +<p><b>in·clūdo</b>, -si, -sum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I shut in. +(claudo.)</p> + +<p><b>in·cognĭtus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, unknown. (in·cognosco.)</p> + +<p><b>in·cŏlŭmis</b>, -e, <i>adj.</i>, uninjured, safe.</p> + +<p><b>in·cruentus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, bloodless. (cruor.)</p> + +<p><b>in·curro</b>, -curri or -cŭcurri, cursum, 3 <i>v. n.</i>, +I rush into, rush against, attack.</p> + +<p><b>incursio</b>, -ōnis, <i>f.</i>, inroad, attack. (in·curro.)</p> + +<p><b>indĕ</b>, <i>adv.</i>, thence, thenceforward. (is.)</p> + +<p><b>in·dīco</b>, -xi, -ctum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I proclaim.</p> + +<p><b>Indĭcus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, Indian.</p> + +<p><b>in·dignus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, unworthy.</p> + +<p><b>in·dūco</b>, -xi, -ctum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I bring in, +exhibit.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">115</span> +<p><b>induo</b>, -ui, -ūtum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I put on. (<span class += "greek" title = "enduô">ἐνδύω</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>ineptus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, unsuitable, foolish. (in, +aptus.)</p> + +<p><b>ĭn·explĭcābĭlis</b>, -e, <i>adj.</i>, hard to unfold, understand, +intricate. (in, ex, plico, I fold.)</p> + +<p><b>infĭtiae</b>, -arum, <i>f.</i>, denial. Only used in <i>acc. +plur.</i> in phrase infitias ire, to deny. (infateor.)</p> + +<p><b>in·flo</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I blow into or upon.</p> + +<p><b>informis</b>, -e, <i>adj.</i>, shapeless. (forma.)</p> + +<p><b>infrā</b>, <i>adv.</i>, and <i>prep. gov. acc.</i>, below. (For +inferă, <i>sc.</i> parte.)</p> + +<p><b>in·fringo</b>, -frēgi, -fractum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I break in +upon, break. (frango.)</p> + +<p><b>ingĕnium</b>, -ii, <i>n.</i>, nature, talent, genius. (in, +gigno.)</p> + +<p><b>ingens</b>, -entis, <i>adj.</i>, immense.</p> + +<p><b>in·grātus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, ungrateful.</p> + +<p><b>in·grĕdior</b>, -gressus, 3 <i>v. dep.</i>, I step into, +advance. (grădior.)</p> + +<p><b>ĭn·ĭmīcus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, hostile;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +as <i>subst.</i>, an enemy. (in, ămīcus.)</p> + +<p><b>in·īquus</b>, -a, -um, unequal, unfair, dangerous. (in, +aequus.)</p> + +<p><b>in·iūrātus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, unsworn, relieved from oath. +(in, iūro.)</p> + +<p><b>iniūria</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, wrong, insult. (in, ius.)</p> + +<p><b>inlĕcĕbra</b>, or <b>illĕcĕbra</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, attraction, +allurement. (illicio.)</p> + +<p><b>inlustris</b>, or <b>illustris</b>, -e, <i>adj.</i>, famous. +(inlustro, I make light.)</p> + +<p><b>inmānis</b>, or <b>immanis</b>, -e, <i>adj.</i>, fierce. (in, +mānus, old Latin word = bonus: cf. manes, good spirits.)</p> + +<p><b>inmensus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, immeasurable. (metior.)</p> + +<p><b>inmĕrĭto</b>, <i>adv.</i>, undeservedly. (in, mereo.)</p> + +<p><b>in·mitto</b>, -mīsi, -missum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I send in, +thrust in, carry in, incite or suborn against.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Used absolutely, sc. equum, urge horse forward, <a href = "#txt_IX">vi. +9</a>.</p> + +<p><b>in·mortālis</b>, or <b>im·mortālis</b>, -e, <i>adj.</i>, +immortal.</p> + +<p><b>in·ŏpīnātus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, unexpected. (in, +ŏpīnor.)</p> + +<p><b>in·pĕrītus</b>, -a, -um, unskilled.</p> + +<p><b>in·perfectus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, not thoroughly finished, +unfinished. (făcio.)</p> + +<p><b>in·plūmis</b>, -e, <i>adj.</i>, unfeathered, unfledged. +(plūma.)</p> + +<p><b>in·pōno</b>, -pŏsui, -pŏsĭtum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I place +on.</p> + +<p><b>inquam</b>, <i>v. n.</i>, defective, I say.</p> + +<p><b>in·quīro</b>, -sīvi, -sītum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I search into, +examine, (in, quaero.)</p> + +<p><b>in·rīdeo</b>, -rīsi, -rīsum, 2 <i>v. a.</i> and <i>n.</i>, +I laugh at.</p> + +<p><b>insānia</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, madness. (sānus.)</p> + +<p><b>in·scendo</b>, -endi, -ensum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I climb up, +mount. (scando.)</p> + +<p><b>in·sĭdeo</b>, -sēdi, -sessum, 2 <i>v. n.</i>, I sit on, +occupy, (sĕdeo.)</p> + +<p><b>in·sĭdiae</b>, -arum, <i>f.</i>, <i>plur. only</i>, ambush, +treachery. (insĭdeo.)</p> + +<p><b>insigne</b>, -is, <i>n.</i>, badge, ornament. (in·signis, +distinguished by a mark, signum.)</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">116</span> +<p><b>in·sisto</b>, -stiti, no sup., 3 <i>v. n.</i>, I stand on, +rest on, persist.</p> + +<p><b>in·sŏlens</b>, -entis, <i>adj.</i>, unaccustomed to, with gen. +(in, sŏleo.)</p> + +<p><b>insŏlenter</b>, <i>adv.</i>, haughtily. (in·solens.)</p> + +<p><b>in·specto</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I look upon. (Frequentative of +in·spicio, from specio.)</p> + +<p><b>instinctus</b>, -a, -um, <i>part.</i> fr. instinguo.</p> + +<p><b>instinguo</b>, -nxi, -nctum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I incite. (Only +in perf. part. pass. in classical writers.)</p> + +<p><b>instĭtuo</b>, -ui, -ūtum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I determine. +(stătuo.)</p> + +<p><b>in·sto</b>, -stĭti, no sup., 1 <i>v. n.</i>, I stand upon, +press upon, insist.</p> + +<p><b>in·struo</b>, -xi, -ctum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I build upon, +I draw up, arrange.</p> + +<p><b>in·suesco</b>, -ēvi, -ētum, 3 <i>v. n.</i>, I am +accustomed.</p> + +<p><b>insŭla</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, island, lodging-house.</p> + +<p><b>intĕger</b>, -gra, -gram, <i>adj.</i>, untouched, sound. +(tango.)</p> + +<p><b>intellĕgo</b>, -exi, -ectum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I perceive, +understand. (inter, lĕgo.)</p> + +<p><b>inter</b>, <i>prep. gov. acc.</i>, between, among.</p> + +<p><b>intĕr·ĕā</b>, <i>adv.</i>, meanwhile. (inter·ea, from is.)</p> + +<p><b>inter·dīco</b>, -xi, -ctum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I forbid.</p> + +<p><b>intĕr·eo</b>, -ii, -ĭtum, 4 <i>v. n.</i>, I die. (Lit., +I go among several things, and so, disappear.)</p> + +<p><b>inter·fĭcio</b>, -fēci, -fectum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I kill. +(făcio, lit., I put between.)</p> + +<p><b>intĕrim</b>, <i>adv.</i>, meanwhile. (inter, im old acc. +of is.)</p> + +<p><b>interĭtus</b>, -us, <i>m.</i>, ruin, death. (intereo.)</p> + +<p><b>interpres</b>, -ĕtis, <i>com.</i>, interpreter.</p> + +<p><b>inter·rŏgo</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I question, ask.</p> + +<p><b>intĭmus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, inmost, superlative from +[intĕrus, not found; cf. inter and intra], intĕrior.</p> + +<p><b>intrā</b>, <i>adv.</i>, and <i>prep. gov. acc.</i>, within.</p> + +<p><b>in·trĕpĭdus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, fearless.</p> + +<p><b>intrō·dūco</b>, -xi, -ctum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I bring in, +introduce.</p> + +<p><b>intrŏ·eo</b>, -īvi or -ii, -ĭtum, 4 <i>v. n.</i>, I go in, +enter.</p> + +<p><b>intrō·grĕdior</b>, -gressus, 3 <i>v. dep.</i>, I step in, +enter. (grădior.)</p> + +<p><b>intrō·rumpo</b>, -rūpi, -ruptum, 3 <i>v. n.</i>, I burst +into.</p> + +<p><b>in·vĕnio</b>, -vēni, -ventum, 4 <i>v. a.</i>, I come upon, +find.</p> + +<p><b>in·vīsus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, hated. (in·vĭdeo, I look +at with evil eye, hate.)</p> + +<p><b>ipse</b>, -a, -um, <i>demonstr. pron.</i>, himself, herself, +itself.</p> + +<p><b>īra</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, anger.</p> + +<p><b>is, ea, id</b>, <i>demonstr. pron.</i>, that, he, she, it.</p> + +<p><b>istĕ</b>, -a, -ŭd, <i>demonstr. pron.</i>, that of yours, that +near you.</p> + +<p><b>istic</b>, -aec, -oc or -uc, <i>demonstr. pron.</i>, that of +yours, that near you. (For iste·ce.)</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">117</span> +<p><b>ĭta</b>, <i>adv.</i>, thus, so.</p> + +<p><b>Ītălia</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, Italy.</p> + +<p><b>ĭtem</b>, <i>adv.</i>, likewise, also. (is.)</p> + +<p><b>ĭter</b>, itĭnĕris, <i>n.</i>, journey. (eo.)</p> + +<p><b>ĭtĕrum</b>, <i>adv.</i>, a second time, again. (Acc. sing. of +comparative form from is.)</p> + +<p><b>ĭtĭdem</b>, <i>adv.</i>, in like manner. (ita, dem.)</p> + +<p><b>iŭbeo</b>, iussi, iussum, 2 <i>v. a.</i>, I order.</p> + +<p><b>iūcunde</b>, <i>adv.</i>, pleasantly. (iūcundus.)</p> + +<p><b>iūcundus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, pleasant, delightful. +(iŏcus.)</p> + +<p><b>iūdex</b>, -ĭcis, <i>m.</i>, judge. (ius, dīco.)</p> + +<p><b>iūdĭco</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I judge, decide. (ius, dīco.)</p> + +<p><b>Iūliānus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, Julian.</p> + +<p><b>Iūpĭter</b> (or Iuppĭter), Iŏvis, <i>m.</i>, Jupiter, Jove. (Iovis +pater: cf. <span class = "greek" title = "Zeus patêr">Ζεύς πατήρ</span>. +Iovis from root div, bright.)</p> + +<p><b>iūro</b> and iūror (<i>dep</i>.), 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I swear. +(ius.)</p> + +<p><b>iūs</b>, iūris, <i>n.</i>, right, law, justice. (Root iu, join: +cf. <span class = "greek" title = "zeugnumi">ζεύγνυμι</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>ius·iurandum</b>, iuris·iurandi, <i>n.</i>, oath. (ius, iūro.)</p> + +<p><b>iustus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, right, fair. (ius.)</p> + +<p class = "voclink"><a href = "#vocab_latin"> +Beginning of Latin-English Vocabulary</a></p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<a name = "voc_L" id = "voc_L"> </a> +<b>L.</b>, for Lucius.</p> + +<p><b>lăbor</b>, -ōris, <i>m.</i>, toil, labour.</p> + +<p><b>Lăcĕdaemŏnius</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, Lacedaemonian, +Spartan.</p> + +<p><b>Lăcōnĭcus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, Laconian, Lacedaemonian.</p> + +<p><b>lā̆crĭmo</b>, 1 <i>v. n.</i>, I weep. (lā̆crĭma: cf. <span class = +"greek" title = "dakru">δάκρυ</span>, tear.)</p> + +<p><b>laetĭtia</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, joy. (laetus.)</p> + +<p><b>laetus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, glad, rich.</p> + +<p><b>lambo</b>, -bi, -bĭtum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I lick.</p> + +<p><b>lāmenta</b>, orum, <i>n.</i>, <i>plur.</i> only, wailing, +lamentation.</p> + +<p><b>lāna</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, wool.</p> + +<p><b>lănio</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I tear, mangle. (Cf. lăcer, torn to +pieces.)</p> + +<p><b>latē</b>, <i>adv.</i>, widely. (lātus.)</p> + +<p><b>lătēbra</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, hiding place. (lăteo, I lie +hid.)</p> + +<p><b>lătē̆brōsus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, full of hiding places; +hidden, retired. (lătē̆bra.)</p> + +<p><b>Lătīnē</b>, <i>adv.</i>, in Latin.</p> + +<p><b>Lătīnus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, Latin.</p> + +<p><b>lātro</b>, 1 <i>v. n.</i>, I bark, bark at.</p> + +<p><b>lātus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, broad.</p> + +<p><b>lātus</b>, -a, -um, <i>part.</i> of fĕro.</p> + +<p><b>lătus</b>, -ĕris, <i>n.</i>, side.</p> + +<p><b>laudo</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I praise. (laus.)</p> + +<p><b>laurus</b>, -us, <i>f.</i>, bay tree, laurel tree.</p> + +<p><b>laus</b>, laudis, <i>f.</i>, praise.</p> + +<p><b>laxo</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I loosen, relax. (laxus; cf. +languidus.)</p> + +<p><b>lēgātus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, ambassador, lieutenant. (lēgo, -are, +I send with a charge, depute.)</p> + +<p><b>lĕgo</b>, -lexi, -ctum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I collect, choose +out, read. (<span class = "greek" title = "legô, logos">λέγω, +λόγος</span>, dilegens.)</p> + +<p><b>lēnĭter</b>, <i>adv.</i>, gently. (lēnis: cf. lentus.)</p> + +<p><b>leo</b>, -ōnis, <i>m.</i>, lion. <span class = "greek" title = +"leôn.">λέων</span></p> + +<p><b>lĕpĭdē</b>, <i>adv.</i>, charmingly, humorously. (lĕpĭdus.)</p> + +<p><b>lĕpĭdus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, charming, humorous. (lĕpos, +charm.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesbius</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, Lesbian, of Lesbos.</p> + +<p><b>lĕvo</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I raise up, relieve. (Cf. <b>lĕvis</b>, +light.)</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">118</span> +<p><b>lex, lēgis</b>, <i>f.</i>, law.</p> + +<p><b>lĭbenter</b>, <i>adv.</i>, gladly, willingly. (lĭbet.)</p> + +<p><b>lĭber</b>, -bri, <i>m.</i>, book. (Lit., inner bark of tree.)</p> + +<p><b>lībĕrālis</b>, -e, <i>adj.</i>, befitting a freeman, decorous, +noble. (līber.)</p> + +<p><b>lībĕro</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I set free. (<ins class = "correction" +title = "macron conjectural: dot or macron invisible">līber</ins>.)</p> + +<p><b>lībra</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, pound. (Cf. <span class = "greek" title += "litra.">λίτρα</span>)</p> + +<p><b>lĭcet</b>, lĭcuit and lĭcĭtum est, 2 <i>v. n.</i>, defective, it +is allowable.</p> + +<p><b>ligneus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>., wooden. (lignum.)</p> + +<p><b>lignum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, what is gathered (lĕgo) as firewood, +wood.</p> + +<p><b>līneāmentum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, feature. (līnea, a line.)</p> + +<p><b>lingua</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, tongue.</p> + +<p><b>līs</b>, lītis, <i>f.</i>, lawsuit.</p> + +<p><b>lītigiōsus</b>, -a, -um, quarrelsome. (lis.)</p> + +<p><b>littera</b> (or <b>lītera</b>), -ae, <i>f.</i>, letter. +(lĭno.)</p> + +<p><b>lŏcus</b>, -i, nom. plur. -i and -a, <i>m.</i>, place, position, +rank.</p> + +<p><b>longē</b>, <i>adv.</i>, far off, by far.</p> + +<p><b>longus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, long, far off.</p> + +<p><b>lŏquor</b>, -cūtus, 3 <i>v. dep.</i>, I speak, say.</p> + +<p><b>lōrum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, thong, leash.</p> + +<p><b>Lūcius</b>, -ii, <i>m.</i>, Lucius.</p> + +<p><b>luctus</b>, -us, <i>m.</i>, mourning. (lūgeo.)</p> + +<p><b>lūgeo</b>, -xi, [-ctum], 2 <i>v. n.</i> and <i>a.</i>, +I mourn, mourn for.</p> + +<p><b>lūgū̆bris</b>, -e, <i>adj.</i>, mournful. (lūgeo.)</p> + +<p><b>Lūsĭtānus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, of Lusitania.</p> + +<p><b>lux</b>, lūcis, <i>f.</i>, light, day.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Lucis ortu, at sunrise;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +primâ luce, at dawn. (lūceo.)</p> + +<p class = "voclink"><a href = "#vocab_latin"> +Beginning of Latin-English Vocabulary</a></p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<a name = "voc_M" id = "voc_M"> </a> +<b>M.</b>, for Marcus.</p> + +<p><b>măgis</b>, <i>adv.</i>, more: comparative degree from magnŏpĕre, +magis, maxime. (Root magh: cf. <span class = "greek" title = +"megas">μέγας</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>măgister</b>, -tri, <i>m.</i>, master. (măgis and comparative +suffix ter.)</p> + +<p><b>magnĭtūdo</b>, -ĭnis, <i>f.</i>, size. (magnus.)</p> + +<p><b>magnus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, great. (Root magh: cf. <span +class = "greek" title = "megas">μέγας</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>māior, maius</b>, <i>adj.</i>, comparative degree of magnus, +maior, maxĭmus.</p> + +<p><b>mandātum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, command. (mando.)</p> + +<p><b>mando</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I entrust, command, enjoin upon.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Mando litteris, I commit to writing. (manus, do.)</p> + +<p><b>măneo</b>, -nsi, -nsum, 2 <i>v. n.</i>, I remain.</p> + +<p><b>Manlius</b>, -ii, <i>m.</i>, Manlius.</p> + +<p><b>mansŭētus</b>, -a, -um, <i>part.</i> from mansuesco, tamed, +gentle.</p> + +<p><b>mansŭēsco</b>, -sŭēvi, sŭētum, 3 <i>v. a.</i> and <i>n.</i>, +I tame, grow tame. (Manus, suesco, I accustom to the +hand.)</p> + +<p><b>mănus</b>, -us, <i>f.</i>, hand, band.</p> + +<p><b>Marcus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, Marcus.</p> + +<p><b>mărĕ</b>, -is, <i>n.</i>, sea. (Root mar, to shine: cf. +marmor.)</p> + +<p><b>mărĭtĭmus</b>, -a, -um, belonging to the sea, maritime. +(mare.)</p> + +<p><b>mărītus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, husband. (mas.)</p> + +<p><b>māter</b>, -tris, <i>f.</i>, mother. (<span class = "greek" title += "mêtêr">μήτηρ</span>.)</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">119</span> +<p><b>māter·fămĭliās</b>, mātris·fămĭliās, <i>f.</i>, mother of a +family, matron.</p> + +<p><b>mātrĭmōnium</b>, -ii, <i>n.</i>, marriage. (māter.)</p> + +<p><b>mātrōna</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, matron. (māter.)</p> + +<p><b>mātūresco</b>, -rui, no sup., 3 <i>v. n. inceptive</i>, +I become ripe.</p> + +<p><b>maxĭmus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, greatest; superlative degree, +from magnus, maior.</p> + +<p><b>mĕdeor</b>, no perf., 2 <i>v. dep.</i>, I cure.</p> + +<p><b>mĕdĭcīna</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, medicine, remedy. (From adj. +mĕdĭcīnus, <i>sc.</i> ars.)</p> + +<p><b>mĕdĭcīnus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, medical. (Cf. mĕdeor.)</p> + +<p><b>mĕdĭcus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, doctor. (Cf. mĕdeor.)</p> + +<p><b>mĕdius</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, middle. (<span class = "greek" +title = "mesos">μέσος</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>membrum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, limb.</p> + +<p><b>mĕmŏria</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, memory, recollection, story. +(mĕmor.)</p> + +<p><b>mĕmŏro</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I call to remembrance, I relate. +(Cf. memoria.)</p> + +<p><b>Mĕnander</b>, -dri, <i>m.</i>, Menander. (<span class = "greek" +title = "Menandros">Μένανδρος</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>mendācium</b>, -ii, <i>n.</i>, lie. (mendax, mentior.)</p> + +<p><b>mens</b>, mentis, <i>f.</i>, mind. (Root mem; cf. memini.)</p> + +<p><b>mentior</b>, 4 <i>v. dep.</i>, I tell lies. (Lit., I invent, +root men: cf. mens.)</p> + +<p><b>merces</b>, -ēdis, <i>f.</i>, price. (mĕreor, I earn.)</p> + +<p><b>mercor</b>, 1 <i>v. dep. a.</i>, I buy. (merx, merchandise, +mĕreor.)</p> + +<p><b>mĕreor</b>, 2 <i>v. dep.</i>, I deserve, earn, (<span class = +"greek" title = "meros">μέρος</span>, share.)</p> + +<p><b>mĕrīdiānus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, of mid-day. (merīdies for +medi- dies, from mĕdius, dies.)</p> + +<p><b>messis</b>, -is, acc. -em and -im, <i>f.</i> harvest. (mĕto.)</p> + +<p><b>Mēthymnaeus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, of Methymna. (<span class = +"greek" title = "Mêthumna">Μήθυμνα</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>mĕto</b>, messui, messum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I reap. (Cf. +messis.)</p> + +<p><b>mĕtus</b>, -us, <i>m.</i>, fear.</p> + +<p><b>meus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, my.</p> + +<p><b>mĭco</b>, -ui, no sup., 1 <i>v. n.</i>, I glitter.</p> + +<p><b>mī̆gro</b>, 1 <i>v. n.</i>, I depart from, quit. (Cf. meo, +I go.)</p> + +<p><b>mīles</b>, -ĭtis, <i>c.</i>, soldier.</p> + +<p><b>Mīlēsius</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, of Miletus.</p> + +<p><b>Mīlētus</b>, -i, <i>f.</i>, Miletus, a town in Asia Minor. (<span +class = "greek" title = "Milêtos">Μίλητος</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>mīlĭtāris</b>, -e, <i>adj.</i>, military. (mīles.)</p> + +<p><b>Mĭlo</b>, -ōnis, <i>m.</i>, Milo.</p> + +<p><b>mĭnistro</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I wait upon, serve up, hand. +(mĭnister, servant.)</p> + +<p><b>mĭnor</b>, -us, <i>adj.</i>, less. comparative of parvus. (Root +min: cf. minuo, I lessen.)</p> + +<p><b>mĭnor</b>, 1 <i>v. dep.</i>, I threaten. (minae, threats.)</p> + +<p><b>mīrandus</b>, -a, -um, wonderful: <i>ger.</i> of mīror.</p> + +<p><b>mīrĭfĭcus</b>, <ins class = "correction" title = "- invisible">-a</ins>, +-um, <i>adj.</i>, causing wonder, marvellous. (mīrus, făcio.)</p> + +<p><b>mīror</b>, 1 <i>v. dep.</i>, I wonder at. (Cf. mīrus.)</p> + +<p><b>mīrus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, wonderful.</p> + +<p><b>mĭser</b>, -era, -erum, <i>adj.</i> wretched. (Root mi: cf. +mĭnuo.)</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">120</span> +<p><b>mĭserandus</b>, -a, -um, pitiable: <i>gerundive</i> of +mĭseror.</p> + +<p><b>mĭseror</b>, 1 <i>v. dep.</i>, I pity. (mĭser.)</p> + +<p><b>mītis</b>, -e, <i>adj.</i>, gentle.</p> + +<p><b>Mĭtrĭdātes</b>, -is and -i, <i>m.</i>, Mitridates or +Mithridates.</p> + +<p><b>mitto</b>, mīsi, missum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I send.</p> + +<p><b>mōbĭlis</b>, -e, <i>adj.</i>, movable, fickle. (For movibilis, +from mŏveo.)</p> + +<p><b>mŏdestus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, moderate, virtuous, discreet. +(mŏdus.)</p> + +<p><b>mŏdŏ</b>, <i>adv.</i>, only. (Lit., by measure, mŏdus.)</p> + +<p><b>mŏdus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, measure, manner.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +huiusmodi, of this sort.</p> + +<p><b>moenia</b>, -ium, <i>n.</i>, plur. only, defensive walls, +ramparts. (Cf. mūnio.)</p> + +<p><b>mollis</b>, -e, <i>adj.</i>, easy, soft, (moveo.)</p> + +<p><b>mŏneo</b>, 2 <i>v. a.</i>, I warn, advise, remind.</p> + +<p><b>mŏnīle</b>, -is, <i>n.</i>, collar, necklace.</p> + +<p><b>mŏnĭmentum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, monument. (mŏneo, +I remind.)</p> + +<p><b>mons</b>, montis, <i>m.</i>, mountain.</p> + +<p><b>mŏrĭbundus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, dying. (mŏrior.)</p> + +<p><b>mŏrior</b>, mortuus, 3 <i>v. n.</i>, I die.</p> + +<p><b>mōrōsus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, bad-tempered.</p> + +<p><b>mors</b>, mortis, <i>f.</i>, death. (Cf. mŏrior.)</p> + +<p><b>mos</b>, mōris, <i>m.</i>, manner, custom.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +More ursino, like a bear.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +De more, according to custom, as usual.</p> + +<p><b>mox</b>, <i>adv.</i>, soon.</p> + +<p><b>mŭliēbris</b>, -e, <i>adj.</i>, womanly, (mŭlier.)</p> + +<p><b>mŭlier</b>, -ĕris, <i>f.</i>, woman.</p> + +<p><b>multo</b> (or <b>mulcto</b>), 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I punish, +fine.</p> + +<p><b>multus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, many, much. Comp., plūs; sup., +plūrĭmus.</p> + +<p><b>mundus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, clean, tidy.</p> + +<p><b>mūnīmentum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, fortification. (mūnio.)</p> + +<p><b>mūnio</b>, 4 <i>v. a.</i>, I fortify. (Cf. moenia, mūrus.)</p> + +<p><b>murmur</b>, -ŭris, <i>n.</i>, complaint.</p> + +<p><b>mūrus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, wall. (Root mu: cf. mūnio, moenia.)</p> + +<p><b>mūtuus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, borrowed, lent. (mūto, +I change.)</p> + +<p class = "voclink"><a href = "#vocab_latin"> +Beginning of Latin-English Vocabulary</a></p> + + + +<p class = "space"> +<a name = "voc_N" id = "voc_N"> </a> +<b>nam</b>, <i>conj.</i>, for.</p> + +<p><b>nanciscor</b>, nactus, and nanctus, 3 <i>v. dep.</i>, +I obtain, reach.</p> + +<p><b>nāris</b>, -is, <i>f.</i>, nostril, nose; usually in plural.</p> + +<p><b>narro</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I tell, relate. (Cf. i·gnarus, nosco; +root gna, know.)</p> + +<p><b>nascor</b>, nātus, 3 <i>v. dep.</i>, I am born, spring +up.</p> + +<p><b>nātio</b>, -ōnis, <i>f.</i>, race, nation. (nascor.)</p> + +<p><b>nātūra</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, nature.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Rediit in naturam, it returned to its natural position. (nascor.)</p> + +<p><b>nātus</b>, -us, <i>m.</i>, birth, age.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Natu grandis, advanced in age. (nascor.)</p> + +<p><b>nauta</b>. Cf. navita.</p> + +<p><b>nāvālis</b>, -e, <i>adj.</i>, naval. (nāvis.)</p> + +<p><b>nāvis</b>, -is, <i>f.</i>, ship. (<span class = "greek" title = +"naus">ναῦς</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>nāvĭta</b> (or <b>nauta</b>), -ae, <i>m.</i>, sailor. (nāvis.)</p> + +<p><b>nē</b>, <i>adv.</i> and <i>conj.</i>, not, in order that not, +lest.</p> + +<p><b>-nĕ</b>, <i>enclitic interrog. particle.</i></p> + +<span class = "pagenum">121</span> +<p><b>nĕbŭlo</b>, -ōnis, <i>m.</i>, worthless fellow. (nĕbŭla, mist: cf. +nūbes, cloud.)</p> + +<p><b>nĕc</b>, neither, nor, and not.</p> + +<p><b>nĕcessĕ</b>, <i>adj.</i>, <i>nom.</i> and <i>acc. neuter</i> only, +necessary.</p> + +<p><b>nĕco</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I kill. (Cf. <span class = "greek" title += "nekus">νέκυς</span>, corpse.)</p> + +<p><b>neglĭgo</b>, and neglĕgo, -exi, -ectum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, +I neglect. (nec, lĕgo, I do not pick up.)</p> + +<p><b>nĕego</b>, 1 <i>v. n.</i> and <i>a.</i>, I deny, refuse.</p> + +<p><b>nēmo</b>, -ĭnis, <i>pron.</i>, no one. (ne, hŏmo.)</p> + +<p><b>nē·quā·quam</b>, <i>adv.</i>, by no means.</p> + +<p><b>nĕquĕ</b>, neither, nor, and not.</p> + +<p><b>nex</b>, nĕcis, <i>f.</i>, violent death. (nĕco.)</p> + +<p><b>nīdŭlus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, a little nest. (demin. of nīdus.)</p> + +<p><b>nĭhĭl</b>, nīl, <i>n.</i>, <i>indecl.</i>, nothing.</p> + +<p><b>nĭhĭlo</b>, by nothing; cf. nĭhĭlum.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Used with comparatives, nihilo minus, none the less.</p> + +<p><b>nĭhĭlum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, nothing.</p> + +<p><b>nĭmis</b>, <i>adv.</i>, too much.</p> + +<p><b>nĭmĭum</b>, <i>adv.</i> and <i>subst.</i>, too much.</p> + +<p><b>nĭ·sĭ</b>, <i>conj.</i>, unless.</p> + +<p><b>nītor</b>, nīsus and nixus, 3 <i>v. dep.</i>, I strive.</p> + +<p><b>nōbĭlis</b>, -e, <i>adj.</i>, celebrated, noble. (For gnobilis, +from nosco or gnosco.)</p> + +<p><b>nōmen</b>, -ĭnis, <i>n.</i>, name. (Cf. nosco.)</p> + +<p><b>non</b>, <i>adv.</i>, not.</p> + +<p><b>non·nĕ</b>, <i>interrog. adv.</i>, is not?</p> + +<p><b>non·nullus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, some, several.</p> + +<p><b>nos</b>, <i>plur.</i> of ego, we. (Cf. <span class = "greek" title += "nô">νώ</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>nos met·ipsi</b>, we ourselves.</p> + +<p><b>nosco</b>, nōvi, nōtum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I know. (Or gnosco, +root gno: cf. nōmen, nōbilis.)</p> + +<p><b>noster</b>, -tra, -trum, <i>adj.</i>, our. (nōs.)</p> + +<p><b>nōta</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, mark, brand. (nosco.)</p> + +<p><b>nōtus</b>, -a, -um, known, <i>part.</i> from nosco.</p> + +<p><b>nŏvem</b>, <i>numer.</i>, nine.</p> + +<p><b>nŏvus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, new.</p> + +<p><b>nox</b>, noctis, <i>f.</i>, night. (<span class = "greek" title = +"nux">νύξ</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>noxa</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, injury, harm. (nŏcco.)</p> + +<p><b>nūbo</b>, -psi, -ptum, 3 <i>v. n.</i>, I am married (of the +woman), with <i>dative</i>. (Lit., I veil myself: cf. nūbes.)</p> + +<p><b>nūdus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, bare, unarmed.</p> + +<p><b>nullus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, none. (ne·ullus.)</p> + +<p><b>nūmen</b>, -ĭnis, <i>n.</i>, nod, will, divinity. (nuo.)</p> + +<p><b>nŭmĕrus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, number. (Cf. <span class = "greek" +title = "nemô">νέμω</span>, I distribute, nummus.)</p> + +<p><b>nunc</b>, <i>adv.</i>, now. (num·ce: cf. <span class = "greek" +title = "nun">νῦν</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>nunquam</b>, <i>adv.</i>, never. (ne-unquam.)</p> + +<p><b>nuntio</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I announce, report. (Cf. nŏvus.)</p> + +<p><b>nusquam</b>, <i>adv.</i>, nowhere. (ne-usquam.)</p> + +<p class = "voclink"><a href = "#vocab_latin"> +Beginning of Latin-English Vocabulary</a></p> + + + +<p class = "space"> +<a name = "voc_O" id = "voc_O"> </a> +<b>ŏb</b>, <i>prep. gov. acc.</i>, on account of.</p> + +<p><b>ob·iĭcio</b>, and <b>ōbĭcio</b>, obiēci, obiectum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, +I throw before, I reproach with. (jăcio.)</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">122</span> +<p><b>ob·lĭno</b>, -lēvi, -lĭtum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I smear over.</p> + +<p><b>ŏb·oedio</b>, 4 <i>v. n.</i>, I obey, with dative. (ob, +audio.)</p> + +<p><b>ŏb·ŏrior</b>, -ortus, 4 <i>v. dep.</i>, I grow, spring +up.</p> + +<p><b>ob·pĕto</b> (or <b>op·peto</b>), -īvi or -ii, -ītum, 3 <i>v. +a.</i>, I encounter.</p> + +<p><b>ob·pugno</b> (or <b>op·pugno</b>), 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I fight +against, attack.</p> + +<p><b>ob·sĕcro</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I beseech, entreat. (sacro, lit., +I ask on religious grounds, ob sacrum.)</p> + +<p><b>ob·sĭdeo</b>, -sēdi, -sessum, 2 <i>v. n.</i>, I besiege. +(sĕdeo.)</p> + +<p><b>obsĭdio</b>, -ōnis, <i>f.</i>, siege. (obsĭdeo.)</p> + +<p><b>ob·servo</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I notice, attend to.</p> + +<p><b>ob·tĭneo</b>, -ui, -tentum, 2 <i>v. a.</i>, I hold. +(tĕneo.)</p> + +<p><b><ins class = "correction" title = "· invisible">ob·</ins>vĕnio</b>, +-vēni, -ventum, 4 <i>v. n.</i>, I come in way of, fall to lot of.</p> + +<p><b>ob·viam</b>, <i>adv.</i>, with dative, in the way.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Obviam ire, progredi, etc., alicui, to meet anyone. (via.)</p> + +<p><b>ob·vius</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, in the way. (via.)</p> + +<p><b>oc·cīdo</b>, -cīdi, cīsum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I kill. +(caedo.)</p> + +<p><b>occŭpo</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I seize, take hold of. (ob, +căpio.)</p> + +<p><b>octo</b>, <i>num.</i>, eight. (<span class = "greek" title = +"oktô">ὀκτώ</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>octōginta</b>, <i>num.</i>, eighty.</p> + +<p><b>ŏcŭlus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, eye. (Cf. <span class = "greek" title = +"osse">ὄσσε</span>, the two eyes; <span class = "greek" title = +"ossomai">ὄσσομαι</span>, I see.)</p> + +<p><b>of·fĕro</b>, obtŭli, oblātum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I offer, +present.</p> + +<p><b>offĭcium</b>, -ii, <i>n.</i>, service, work, duty. (For opificium, +opus, făcio.)</p> + +<p><b>ŏlea</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, olive tree. (<span class = "greek" title += "elaia">ἐλαία</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>ŏleāgĭneus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, of the olive. (ŏlea.)</p> + +<p><b>ŏleum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, olive oil. (<span class = "greek" title += "elaion">ἔλαιον</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>ŏ·mitto</b>, -mīsi, -missum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I neglect. (ob, +mitto, I let go.)</p> + +<p><b>omnis</b>, -e, <i>adj.</i>, all.</p> + +<p><b>ŏpĕra</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, work. (Cf. ŏpus.)</p> + +<p><b>ŏpīmus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, rich, fat, choice.</p> + +<p><b>ŏpīnio</b>, -ōnis, <i>f.</i>, opinion, supposition. (opīnor.)</p> + +<p><b>oppĕrior</b>, -perītus and -pertus, 4 <i>v. dep.</i>, I wait +for. (Cf. experior and peritus, from obsolete perior.)</p> + +<p><b>oppĭdum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, town.</p> + +<p><b>op·pleo</b>, -ēvi, -ētum, 2 <i>v. a.</i>, I fill up.</p> + +<p><b>op·prĭmo</b>, -essi, -essum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I press against, +oppress, crush. (prĕmo.)</p> + +<p><b>[ops]</b>, ŏpis, <i>f.</i>, nom. sing. not used, power, wealth, +help. (Cf. ŏpulentus.)</p> + +<p><b>optĭmus</b>, -a, -um, superlative of bŏnus. (Cf. ops.)</p> + +<p><b>opto</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I wish for. (Root op, pick out: cf. +<span class = "greek" title = "opsomai">ὄψομαι</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>optŭlit</b> (or obtŭlit), fr. offĕro.</p> + +<p><b>ōrācŭlum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, oracle, (ōro.)</p> + +<p><b>ŏrātio</b>, -onis, <i>f.</i>, speech, (ōro.)</p> + +<p><b>Ŏrestes</b>, -is or -i, Orestes. (<span class = "greek" title = +"Orestês">Ὀρέστης</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>ŏrior</b>, ortus, 4 <i>v. dep.</i>, I arise.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Sol oriens, sunrise. (Cf. <span class = "greek" title = +"ornumi">ὄρνυμι</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>ornātus</b>, -us, <i>m.</i>, attire. (orno.)</p> + +<p><b>orno</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I adorn.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">123</span> +<p><b>ōro</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I pray for, beg. (ōs.)</p> + +<p><b>orthius</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, high.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Carmen orthium, <span class = "greek" title = "nomos orthios">νόμος +ὄρθιος</span>: cf. <a href = "#notes_XXXV">note xxxv. 21.</a></p> + +<p><b>ortus</b>, -us, <i>m.</i>, rising. (ŏrior.) solis ortu, at +sunrise.</p> + +<p><b>ōs</b>, ōris, <i>n.</i>, mouth, face.</p> + +<p><b>ŏs</b>, ossis, <i>n.</i>, bone. (<span class = "greek" title = +"osteon">ὀστέον</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>Oscē</b>, <i>adv.</i>, in Oscan.</p> + +<p><b>ostendo</b>, -di, -sum and -tum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I show. +(obs·tendo.)</p> + +<p><b>ostento</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I show; freq. form fr. ostendo.</p> + +<p><b>ōtiōsus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, unoccupied, free, quiet. +(ōtium.)</p> + +<p class = "voclink"><a href = "#vocab_latin"> +Beginning of Latin-English Vocabulary</a></p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<a name = "voc_P" id = "voc_P"> </a> +<b>P.</b> for Publius, -ii, <i>m.</i>, Publius.</p> + +<p><b>pābŭlum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, food. (pasco.)</p> + +<p><b>păciscor</b>, -i, pactus, 3 <i>v. dep.</i>, <i>a.</i> and +<i>n.</i>, I agree, bargain. (Cf. pax, pactum.)</p> + +<p><b>pactum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, agreement, manner. (păciscor.)</p> + +<p><b>pălam</b>, <i>adv.</i>, openly.</p> + +<p><b>Pălātium</b>, -ii, <i>n.</i>, the Palatine hill.</p> + +<p><b>palma</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, palm.</p> + +<p><b>palmes</b>, -ĭtis, <i>m.</i>, vine-shoot. (palma.)</p> + +<p><b>pălūs</b>, -ūdis, <i>f.</i>, marsh. (<span class = "greek" title = +"pêlos">πηλός</span>, mud.)</p> + +<p><b>pango</b>, pĕpĭgi, pactum (also panxi and pēgi, panctum), 3 <i>v. +a.</i>, I settle. (Cf. pax.)</p> + +<p><b>Păpīrius</b>, -ii, <i>m.</i>, Papirius.</p> + +<p><b>pār</b>, păris, <i>adj.</i>, equal.</p> + +<p><b>parco</b>, pĕperci, rarely parsi, parcĭtum and parsum, 3 <i>v. +n.</i>, with dat., I spare.</p> + +<p><b>părens</b>, -entis, <i>c.</i>, parent. (părio.)</p> + +<p><b>pāreo</b>, 2 <i>v. n.</i>, with dative, I obey.</p> + +<p><b>părio</b>, pĕpĕri, părĭtum and partum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, +I beget, produce.</p> + +<p><b>pars</b>, partis, <i>f.</i>, part, side.</p> + +<p><b>partus</b>, -us, <i>m.</i>, birth, offspring. (părio.)</p> + +<p><b>părum</b>, <i>adv.</i>, too little. (Cf. parvus.)</p> + +<p><b>parvus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, small. (Cf. paucus.)</p> + +<p><b>pastus</b>, -us, <i>m.</i>, food, pasture. (pasco.)</p> + +<p><b>păter</b>, pātris, <i>m.</i>, father. (<span class = "greek" title += "patêr">πατήρ</span>, root pa: cf. pasco.)</p> + +<p><b>pătior</b>, passus, 3 <i>v. dep.</i>, I suffer, allow.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Aegre passus, displeased.</p> + +<p><b>paucus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, few. (Root pau: cf. <span class += "greek" title = "pauros">παῦρος</span>, paulus.)</p> + +<p><b>paulātim</b>, <i>adv.</i>, by degrees, gradually. (paulus, +little.)</p> + +<p><b>păvĕ·făcio</b>, -fēci, -factum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I terrify. +(păveo<ins class = "correction" title = ". missing">.</ins>)</p> + +<p><b>pax</b>, pācis, <i>f.</i>, peace. (Root pac, make firm: cf. +paciscor, pango, <span class = "greek" title = +"pêgnumi">πήγνυμι</span><ins class = "correction" title = ". missing or invisible">.</ins>)</p> + +<p><b>pectus</b>, -ŏris, <i>n.</i>, breast: mind.</p> + +<p><b>pĕcūnia</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, money. (pĕcus, cattle being the +original standard of value.)</p> + +<p><b>pĕdester</b>, -tris, -tre, <i>adj.</i>, on foot;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +in plur. as subst., foot-soldiers. (pes.)</p> + +<p><b>Pĕlasgus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, Pelasgian.</p> + +<p><b>Pĕlŏponnensiăcus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, Peloponnesian.</p> + +<p><b>pĕnĭtus</b>, <i>adv.</i>, deeply, thoroughly.</p> + +<p><b>per</b>, <i>prep. gov. acc.</i>, through.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">124</span> +<p><b>per·callesco</b>, -lui, no sup., 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I am well +versed in, know well. (Inceptive form from per·calleo: cf. +callĭdus.)</p> + +<p><b>per·contor</b>, 1 <i>v. dep.</i>, I enquire.</p> + +<p><b>per·crēbesco</b> (or <b>per·crebresco</b>), bui (or brui), no +sup., 3 <i>v. n.</i>, I spread abroad. (creber.)</p> + +<p><b>per·cŭtio</b>, cussi, cussum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I strike.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +securi percutio, I behead. (quătio.)</p> + +<p><b>per·do</b>, -dĭdi, -dĭtum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I lose.</p> + +<p><b>pĕren·die</b>, <i>adv.</i>, on the day after to-morrow. (<span +class = "greek" title = "peran">πέραν</span>, dies.)</p> + +<p><b>pĕr·eo</b>, -ii or -īvi, -ĭtum, 4 <i>v. n.</i>, I pass away, +die.</p> + +<p><b>per·fŏdio</b>, -fōdi, -fossum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I dig through, +pierce through.</p> + +<p><b>Pĕriander</b>, -dri<ins class = "correction" title = "text has . for ,">, </ins><i>m.</i>, Periander.</p> + +<p><b>Pĕrĭcles</b>, -is or -i, <i>m.</i>, Pericles.</p> + +<p><b>pĕrīcŭlum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, danger.</p> + +<p><b>pĕrītus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, skilled. (<i>Part.</i> fr. +obsolete perior: cf. op·perior.)</p> + +<p><b>per·mētior</b>, -ensus, 4 <i>v. dep. a.</i>, I measure +through, travel over.</p> + +<p><b>per·mitto</b>, mīsi, missum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I suffer, +allow.</p> + +<p><b>per·mŏveo</b>, -mōvi, -mōtum, 2 <i>v. a.</i>, I move +thoroughly, rouse, disturb.</p> + +<p><b>per·mūtātio</b>, -ōnis, <i>f.</i>, exchange. (per·mūto.)</p> + +<p><b>per·mūto</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I exchange.</p> + +<p><b>per·pĕtior</b>, pessus, 3 <i>v. dep. n.</i>, and <i>a.</i>, +I suffer, endure. (pătior.)</p> + +<p><b>per·suādeo</b>, -suāsi, suāsum, 2 <i>v. a.</i>, I convince, +persuade.</p> + +<p><b>per·taedet</b>, -taesum est, 2 <i>v. n.</i>, impersonal; it +thoroughly wearies. (Acc. of person affected, and gen. of thing or +person causing the weariness.)</p> + +<p><b>per·vĕnio</b>, -vēni, -ventum, 4 <i>v. n.</i>, +I arrive at.</p> + +<p><b>pēs</b>, <b>pĕdis</b>, <i>m.</i>, foot. (Cf. <span class = "greek" +title = "pous, podos">ποῦς, ποδός</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>pestĭlentia</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, plague. (pestis.)</p> + +<p><b>Pĕtīlius</b>, -ii, <i>m.</i>, Petilius.</p> + +<p><b>pĕto</b>, -īvi or -ii, -ītum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I seek, ask +for. (Lit., to fall upon: cf. <span class = "greek" title = +"piptô">πίπτω</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>pĕtŭlantia</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, impudence. (Obsolete pĕtŭlo: cf. +pĕto.)</p> + +<p><b>phălĕrae</b>, -arum, <i>f.</i>, <i>plur.</i> only, ornaments for +chests and foreheads of horses. (<span class = "greek" title = +"phalara">φάλαρα</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>Phĭlēmon</b> (or <b>Phĭlēmo</b>), -ōnis, <i>m.</i>, Philemon. +(<span class = "greek" title = "Philêmôn">Φιλήμων</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>phĭlŏsŏphus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, philosopher. (<span class = +"greek" title = "philosophos">φιλόσοφος</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>Phrygia</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, Phrygia.</p> + +<p><b>pĭget</b>, pĭguit and pĭgĭtum est, 2 <i>v. n.</i> (rarely used +personally), it troubles, displeases.</p> + +<p><b>pinna</b>, or <b>penna</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, feather. (Root pet: +cf. <span class = "greek" title = "petomai">πέτομαι</span>, +I fly.)</p> + +<p><b>Pīraeus</b>, -i, the Piraeus, port of Athens.</p> + +<p><b>pius</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, dutiful, kind.</p> + +<p><b>plăceo</b>, 2 <i>v. n.</i>, I am pleasing;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +often used impersonally, placet mihi, it pleases me, seems good to me, +is my opinion;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +of the senate, it is resolved, determined.</p> + +<p><b>plăcĭdē</b>, <i>adv.</i>, gently, quietly. (plăcĭdus, plăceo.)</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">125</span> +<p><b>plānē</b>, <i>adv.</i>, clearly, plainly. (plānus, level.)</p> + +<p><b>plebs</b>, plebis (or <b>plēbes</b>, -ei and -is), <i>f.</i>, the +common people.</p> + +<p><b>plērus·que</b>, -aque, -umque, <i>adj.</i>, very many, most. +(plerus: cf. plēnus, root ple, fill.)</p> + +<p><b>plūmo</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i> and <i>n.</i>, I cover, or am +covered with, feathers, am fledged. (plūma.)</p> + +<p><b>plūs</b>, plūris, <i>adj.</i>, more: comparative of multus.</p> + +<p><b>Plūtarchus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, Plutarch.</p> + +<p><b>pōcŭlum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, cup, goblet. (Cf. pōtus, a +draught.)</p> + +<p><b>Poenĭcus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i> Cf. Poenus.</p> + +<p><b>Poenus</b>, -a, -um, Punic, Carthaginian. Cf. <a href = +"#notes_IX">ix. 8 note</a>.</p> + +<p><b>poena</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, punishment, penalty. (<span class = +"greek" title = "poinê">ποινή</span>, punio, poeniteo.)</p> + +<p><b>Pŏlus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, Polus.</p> + +<p><b>Pomptīnus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, Pomptine, <i>i.e.</i> near +Pometia, in Latium.</p> + +<p><b>pōmum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, fruit or apple.</p> + +<p><b>pondo</b>, <i>adv.</i>, in or by weight. (pondus.)</p> + +<p><b>pondus</b>, -ĕris, <i>n.</i>, weight. (pendo, I hang up.)</p> + +<p><b>pōno</b>, pŏsui, pŏsĭtum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I place.</p> + +<p><b>pons</b>, pontis, <i>m.</i>, bridge. (prop, a path, <span class = +"greek" title = "patos">πάτος</span>, German Pfad, esp. across a river: +cf. Pontifex.)</p> + +<p><b>Pontus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, district in Asia Minor.</p> + +<p><b>pŏpŭlus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, people.</p> + +<p><b>porgere</b>. Cf. porrigo.</p> + +<p><b>porrĭgo</b>, -rexi, -rectum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I stretch out. +(Several contracted forms, porgere, porge, porgite, etc.) (pro, +rego.)</p> + +<p><b>posco</b>, pŏposci, no sup., 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I demand.</p> + +<p><b>possies</b>, <i>old pres. subj.</i> of possum, for possis.</p> + +<p><b>possum</b>, pŏtui, posse, <i>v. n.</i>, I am able. (pŏtis, +sum.)</p> + +<p><b>post</b>, <i>adv.</i>, and <i>prep. gov. acc.</i>, afterwards, +after.</p> + +<p><b>posteā</b>, <i>adv.</i>, afterwards. (post, ea, from is.)</p> + +<p><b>postĕrior</b>, -us, comparative fr. posterus.</p> + +<p><b>postĕrus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, coming after;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +as <i>subst.</i>, descendant. (post, <i>comp.</i> postĕrior, <i>sup.</i> +postrēmus.)</p> + +<p><b>post·hac</b>, <i>adv.</i>, after this, henceforth.</p> + +<p><b>postlīmĭnium</b>, -ii, <i>n.</i>, return to rank and privileges. +Cf. <a href = "#notes_XL">note xl. 13.</a> (post, limen, usual +derivation.)</p> + +<p><b>post·quam</b>, <i>conj.</i>, after that.</p> + +<p><b>postrēmus</b>, -a, -um, last; superlative from postĕrus.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +ad postremum, at last.</p> + +<p><b>postrīdiē</b>, <i>adv.</i>, on the next day. (postĕrus, dies.)</p> + +<p><b>postŭlātio</b>, -ōnis, <i>f.</i>, demand. (postŭlo.)</p> + +<p><b>postŭlātum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, demand. (postŭlo.)</p> + +<p><b>postŭlo</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I demand. (posco.)</p> + +<p><b>pŏtior</b>, 4 <i>v. dep.</i>, I obtain possession of; with gen. +and abl. (pŏtis, able.)</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">126</span> +<p><b>pŏtius</b>, <i>adv.</i>, rather; only used in comparative pŏtius, +and superl. pŏtissime. (fr. pŏtis, -e, <i>adj.</i>, pŏtior, +pŏtissimus.)</p> + +<p><b>praebeo</b>, 2 <i>v. a.</i>, I offer, give.</p> + +<p><b>praeceps</b>, -ĭpĭtis, <i>adj.</i>, head-first, headlong, (prae, +căput.)</p> + +<p><b>prae·cīdo</b>, -cīdi, -cīsum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I cut off. +(caedo.)</p> + +<p><b>prae·cĭpio</b>, -cēpi, -ceptum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I take +beforehand, I instruct. (căpio.)</p> + +<p><b>prae·clārus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, famous.</p> + +<p><b>praeda</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, booty, spoil.</p> + +<p><b>prae·dĭco</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I proclaim, declare publicly.</p> + +<p><b>praedium</b>, -ii, <i>n.</i>, farm, estate.</p> + +<p><b>praefectus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, a man placed over, overseer, +prefect. (prae, făcio.)</p> + +<p><b>prae·for</b>, 1 <i>v. dep.</i>, I say beforehand.</p> + +<p><b>prae·fulgeo</b>, -si, no sup., 2 <i>v. n.</i>, I glitter.</p> + +<p><b>praemium</b>, -ii, <i>n.</i>, reward.</p> + +<p><b>prae·mŏneo</b>, 2 <i>v. a.</i>, I forewarn, admonish +beforehand.</p> + +<p><b>praesens</b>, -entis, <i>adj.</i>, present. (praesum.)</p> + +<p><b>prae·ses</b>, -ĭdis, <i>adj.</i>, protecting;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +as <i>subst.</i>, ruler. (prae, sĕdeo.)</p> + +<p><b>prae·sto</b>, -ĭti, -ĭtum (rarely -āvi, -ātum), 1 <i>v. n.</i> and +<i>a.</i>, I am superior, I surpass.</p> + +<p><b>praeter</b>, <i>prep. gov. acc.</i>, besides, except. (prae, and +suffix ter.)</p> + +<p><b>praeterĭtus</b>, -a, -um, <i>part.</i> fr. praetereo, past.</p> + +<p><b>praetĕr·eo</b>, -ii or -īvi, ĭtum, 4 <i>v. n.</i> and <i>a.</i>, +I pass by.</p> + +<p><b>praetextātus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, wearing the toga +praetexta.</p> + +<p><b>prĕtiōsē</b>, <i>adv.</i>, expensively, splendidly. (prĕtiōsus: +cf. prĕtium.)</p> + +<p><b>prĕtium</b>, -ii, <i>n.</i>, price.</p> + +<p><b>prīmum</b>, <i>adv.</i>, at first.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Ubi, or cum, primum, as soon as.</p> + +<p><b>prīmus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, first, <i>superl.</i>; no +positive; <i>comp.</i> prior. (Cp. priscus.)</p> + +<p><b>princĭpium</b>, -ii, <i>n.</i>, beginning. (princeps.)</p> + +<p><b>prior</b>, -us, <i>adj.</i>, former, <i>comp.</i>; (Cf. +prīmus.)</p> + +<p><b>prius</b>, <i>adv.</i>, before. (prior.)</p> + +<p><b>prius·quam</b>, <i>conj.</i>, before that.</p> + +<p><b>pro</b>, <i>prep. gov. abl.</i>, before, for, in +proportion to.</p> + +<p><b>prō·cēdo</b>, -cessi, -cessum, 3 <i>v. n.</i>, I advance.</p> + +<p><b>prōcērĭtas</b>, -ātis, <i>f.</i>, height. (prōcērus.)</p> + +<p><b>prōcērus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, tall. (procello.)</p> + +<p><b>prō·consŭlāris</b>, -e, <i>adj.</i>, proconsular, acting instead +of a consul.</p> + +<p><b>prŏcŭl</b>, <i>adv.</i>, absolutely, or with <i>abl.</i>, with or +without ‘ab’; at a distance, far from.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Dubio procul, without doubt.</p> + +<p><b>prŏ·cūro</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i> and <i>n.</i>, I take +care of.</p> + +<p><b>prōd·eo</b>, -ii, -ĭtum, -ire, 4 <i>v. n.</i>, I come +forward, (pro, eo.)</p> + +<p><b>prō·do</b>, -dĭdi, -dĭtum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I give forth, +report, relate; I betray.</p> + +<p><b>proelium</b>, -ii, <i>n.</i>, battle.</p> + +<p><b>prō·fĕro</b>, -tŭli, -lātum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I bring forth, +I prolong.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">127</span> +<p><b>prŏ·fĭciscor</b>, -fectus, 3 <i>v. dep. n.</i>, I set out. +(pro, făcio.)</p> + +<p><b>prŏ·fundus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, deep;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +as <i>subst.</i> profundum, -i (<i>sc.</i> mare), deep sea.</p> + +<p><b>prō·grĕdior</b>, -essus, 3 <i>v. dep. n.</i>, I advance. +(grădior.)</p> + +<p><b>prŏ·indē</b>, <i>adv.</i>, just so, just as.</p> + +<p><b>prō·iĭcio</b>, or <b>prō·ĭcio</b>, -iēci, -iectum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, +I throw forward, thrust forward. (iăcio.)</p> + +<p><b>prō·mitto</b>, -mīsi, -missum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I send forth; +I say beforehand, promise.</p> + +<p><b>prō·mŏveo</b>, -mōvi, -mōtum, 2 <i>v. a.</i>, I move forward, +cause to advance.</p> + +<p><b>promptus</b>, -us, <i>m.</i>, readiness.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +in promptu esse, to be at hand, ready. (prōmo, I take forth.)</p> + +<p><b>prō·nuntio</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I proclaim, announce.</p> + +<p><b>prŏpe</b>, <i>adv.</i>, and <i>prep. gov. acc.</i>, near, almost: +prŏpe, prŏpius, proxĭmē.</p> + +<p><b>prŏpĕro</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i> and <i>n.</i>, I hasten. +(prŏpĕrus, quick.)</p> + +<p><b>prŏpinquus</b>, -a, -um, near, neighbouring;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +as <i>subst.</i>, a neighbour. (prŏpe.)</p> + +<p><b>propter</b>, <i>prep. gov. acc.</i>, on account of. (for propiter, +fr. prŏpe.)</p> + +<p><b>proptĕr·eā</b>, <i>adv.</i>, on account of those things, +therefore.</p> + +<p><b>prō·pugno</b>, 1 <i>v. n.</i>, I fight in front of, fight for, +defend.</p> + +<p><b>prō·rĭpio</b>, -rĭpui, -reptum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I drag +forth;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +se proripere, to rush forth, take refuge in. (răpio.)</p> + +<p><b>prorsus</b>, <i>adv.</i>, forward, directly. (pro, versus.)</p> + +<p><b>prō·sĕquor</b>, -cūtus, 3 <i>v. dep. a.</i>, I follow.</p> + +<p><b>prospectus</b>, -us, <i>m.</i>, view. (prospĭcio.)</p> + +<p><b>prospĕrē</b>, <i>adv.</i>, successfully. (prospĕrus, from prospe, +answering to hope.)</p> + +<p><b>prō·sum</b>, -fui, prōdesse, <i>v. n.</i>, I am of use +to.</p> + +<p><b>Prōtăgŏras</b>, -ae, <i>m.</i>, Protagoras.</p> + +<p><b>prō-tendo</b>, -di, -sum and -tum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I stretch +forth.</p> + +<p><b>prō·tĭnus</b>, <i>adv.</i>, forthwith. (tĕnus, <i>prep.</i>, as +far as.)</p> + +<p><b>prō·vĕho</b>, -xi, -ctum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I carry +forward;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +in <i>pass.</i>, I go forward, I sail, etc.</p> + +<p><b>prō·vĭdens</b>, -entis, <i>part.</i> of provĭdeo, careful.</p> + +<p><b>prō·vĭdeo</b>, -vīdi, -vīsum, 2 <i>v. n.</i> and <i>a.</i>, +I foresee, I am careful.</p> + +<p><b>prōvincia</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, sphere of duty, province.</p> + +<p><b>prō·vŏco</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I call forth, challenge.</p> + +<p><b>proxĭmē</b>, <i>adv.</i>, and <i>prep.</i> with <i>acc.</i>, very +near: super. fr. prŏpe.</p> + +<p><b>proxĭmus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, very near: [prŏpis obsolete], +prŏpior, proxĭmus. (Cf. prŏpe.)</p> + +<p><b>prūdens</b>, -entis, <i>adj.</i>, foreseeing, discreet. (For +pro·vĭdens.)</p> + +<p><b>publĭcē</b>, <i>adv.</i>, in behalf of the state.</p> + +<p><b>pŭdor</b>, -ōris, <i>m.</i>, shame, modesty. (pŭdeo.)</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">128</span> +<p><b>puer</b>, -ĕri, <i>m.</i>, boy.</p> + +<p><b>pugna</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, battle, contest. (Root pug, strike: cf. +pugil, pugno.)</p> + +<p><b>pugno</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I fight. (pugna.)</p> + +<p><b>pulchrĭtūdo</b>, -ĭnis, <i>f.</i>, beauty. (pulcher.)</p> + +<p><b>pullus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, young animal or bird.</p> + +<p><b>pūnio</b>, -īvi or ii, ītum, 4 <i>v. a.</i>, I punish. +(poena.)</p> + +<p><b>puppis</b>, -is, <i>f.</i>, stern, poop of ship.</p> + +<p><b>purgo</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I make clean, clear. (pūrus, ăgo.)</p> + +<p><b>pŭto</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I think. (Lit., I trim, arrange, +and so reckon, think; root, pu, cleanse: cf. purus.)</p> + +<p><b>Pyrrhus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, Pyrrhus.</p> + +<p class = "voclink"><a href = "#vocab_latin"> +Beginning of Latin-English Vocabulary</a></p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<a name = "voc_Q" id = "voc_Q"> </a> +<b>quādrāgintā</b>, <i>num.</i>, forty.</p> + +<p><b>quaero</b>, -sīvi or <ins class = "correction" title = "- invisible">-sii</ins>, +sītum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I seek, inquire for, ask.</p> + +<p><b>quaeso</b>, -īvi or -ii, no sup., 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I seek, +beg.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Used parenthetically, ‘pray.’</p> + +<p><b>quaestus</b>, -us, <i>m.</i>, gain, business. (quaero.)</p> + +<p><b>quālis</b>, -e, <i>adj. pron.</i>, of what kind;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +talis<ins class = "correction" title = "two dots invisible"> ... +</ins>qualis, such ... as. (quis.)</p> + +<p><b>quam</b>, <i>conj.</i> and <i>adv.</i>, than, as. (qui.)</p> + +<p><b>quam·ob·rem</b>, <i>adv<ins class = "correction" title = ". invisible">.</ins></i>, +<i>relative</i> and <i>interrog.</i>, wherefore.</p> + +<p><b>quam·quam</b>, <i>conj.</i>, although.</p> + +<p><b>quantus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, how great, as great. +(quam.)</p> + +<p><b>quăsĭ</b>, <i>adv.</i>, as if, just as. (quamsi.)</p> + +<p><b>quattuordĕcim</b> (or quatuordĕcim), <i>numer.</i>, fourteen.</p> + +<p><b>-quĕ</b>, <i>enclitic conj.</i>, and.</p> + +<p><b>quĕo</b>, -īvi and -ii, -ĭtum, -ire, 4 <i>v. n.</i>, I am +able.</p> + +<p><b>quercus</b>, -us, <i>f.</i>, oak.</p> + +<p><b>qui</b>, quae, quod, <i>rel. pron., indef. adj. pron.</i> and +<i>inter. adj. pron.</i>, who, what.</p> + +<p><b>quĭă</b>, <i>conj.</i>, because. (For qui-am, quî-iam, whereby +now.)</p> + +<p><b>quīdam</b>, quaedam, quoddam (and quiddam, <i>subst.</i>), +<i>indef. pron.</i>, a certain one.</p> + +<p><b>quĭdem</b>, <i>adv.</i>, indeed.</p> + +<p><b>quĭes</b>, -ētis, <i>f.</i>, rest.</p> + +<p><b>quĭesco</b>, -ēvi, -ētum, 3 <i>v. n.</i>, I rest, +(quies.)</p> + +<p><b>quīn</b>, <i>conj.</i>, that not, but that, but indeed, +rather;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>interrog.</i>, why not? (qui, ne.)</p> + +<p><b>quin·dĕcim·vĭr</b>, -i, a quindecimvir, one of the college of 15 +men who had charge of the Sibylline books.</p> + +<p><b>quinquĕ</b>, <i>numer.</i>, five.</p> + +<p><b>quinquĭes</b>, <i>adv.</i>, five times.</p> + +<p><b>quis</b>, quid, <i>inter. pron.</i>, who? which?</p> + +<p><b>quis</b>, qua, quid, <i>indef. pron.</i>, any.</p> + +<p><b>quis·nam</b>, quidnam, <i>inter. pron.</i>, who, which, what pray? +whoever?</p> + +<p><b>quis·piam</b>, quaepiam, quodpiam (and <i>subst.</i>, quidpiam or +quippiam), <i>indef. pron.</i>, any, some.</p> + +<p><b>quis·quĕ</b>, quaeque, quodque (and <i>subst.</i>, quidque or +quicque), <i>indef. pron.</i>, each, every.</p> + +<p><b>quis·quam</b>, quaequam, quicquam or quidquam, <i>indef. +pron.</i>, anyone.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">129</span> +<p><b>quo</b>, <i>adv.</i> and <i>conj.</i>, for which reason, in order +that, so that. (qui.)</p> + +<p><b>quod</b>, <i>conj.</i>, because, that. (qui.)</p> + +<p><b>quŏnĭam</b>, <i>adv.</i>, since, because. (quom for cum, iam.)</p> + +<p><b>quŏquĕ</b>, <i>conj.</i>, also.</p> + +<p class = "voclink"><a href = "#vocab_latin"> +Beginning of Latin-English Vocabulary</a></p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<a name = "voc_R" id = "voc_R"> </a> +<b>rādix</b>, -īcis, <i>f.</i>, root. (Cf. ramus, branch; <span class = +"greek" title = "rhixa">ῥίξα</span>, root.)</p> + +<p><b>răpĭdus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, swift. (răpio.)</p> + +<p><b>rătio</b>, -ōnis, <i>f.</i>, reason, account. (reor.)</p> + +<p><b>rĕ·cēdo</b>, -cessi- -cessum, 3 <i>v. n.</i>, I fall back, +withdraw.</p> + +<p><b>rĕ·cĭpio</b>, -cēpi, -ceptum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I take back, +receive. (căpio.)</p> + +<p><b>rĕ·cĭto</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I read out, repeat.</p> + +<p><b>rĕ·condo</b>, -dĭdi, -dĭtum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I put back, +hide.</p> + +<p><b>rĕcordātio</b>, -onis, <i>f.</i>, recollection. (re·cordor: cf. +cor.)</p> + +<p><b>rĕ·cumbo</b>, -cŭbui, 3 <i>v. n.</i>, I lie down again.</p> + +<p><b>rĕ·cŭpĕro</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I recover. (căpio.)</p> + +<p><b>rĕ·curvo</b>, no perf., -ātum, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I bend +back.</p> + +<p><b>red·do</b>, -dĭdi, -dĭtum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I give back, +render, impart, restore. (re, do.)</p> + +<p><b>rĕd·eo</b>, -īvi or -ii, -ĭtum, -ire, 4 <i>v. n.</i>, I go +back.</p> + +<p><b>rĕdĭtus</b>, -us, <i>m.</i>, return. (rĕdeo.)</p> + +<p><b>rĕ·fĕro</b>, rētŭli (and rettŭli), rĕlātum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, +I bring back, return, turn back, attribute.</p> + +<p><b>rĕ·fŭgio</b>, -fūgi, no sup., 3 <i>v. n.</i> and <i>a.</i>, +I flee back, flee away, escape.</p> + +<p><b>regnum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, kingdom. (rex.)</p> + +<p><b>rĕgo</b>, -xi, -ctum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I rule, direct. +(rex.)</p> + +<p><b>rĕ·grĕdior</b>, -gressus, 3 <i>v. dep. n.</i>, I return. +(grădior.)</p> + +<p><b>reicit</b>, for reiicit.</p> + +<p><b>rē·iĭcio</b>, or <b>rē·ĭcio</b>, -iēci, -iectum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, +I throw back, postpone. (iăcio.)</p> + +<p><b>rĕlĭcus</b>. Cf. reliquus.</p> + +<p><b>rē̆lĭgio</b>, -ōnis, <i>f.</i>, religious scruple, obligation.</p> + +<p><b>rĕ·linquo</b>, -līqui, -lictum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I leave +behind.</p> + +<p><b>rē̆lĭquĭae</b>, -arum, <i>pl.</i> only, remains. (rĕlĭquus.)</p> + +<p><b>rĕlĭquus</b> (or relicus), -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, remaining. +(rĕlinquo.)</p> + +<p><b>rĕmĕdium</b>, -ii, <i>n.</i>, remedy, cure. (re, mĕdeor.)</p> + +<p><b>rĕ·mōtus</b>, -a, -um, <i>part.</i> from remŏveo, retired, +distant.</p> + +<p><b>rĕ·mŏveo</b>, -mōvi, mōtum, 2 <i>v. a.</i>, I move back, +withdraw.</p> + +<p><b>reor</b>, rătus, 2 <i>v. dep. a.</i>, I believe, think.</p> + +<p><b>rĕpentē</b>, <i>adv.</i>, suddenly. (rĕpens, sudden.)</p> + +<p><b>rĕ·pĕto</b>, -īvi or -ii, -ītum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I seek +again.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Memoriâ repeto, I call to mind.</p> + +<p><b>rĕ·quīro</b>, -sīvi or -sii, -sītum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I seek +again, seek for. (quaero.)</p> + +<p><b>rēs</b>, rei, <i>f.</i>, thing, deed.</p> + +<p><b>re·scindo</b>, -scĭdi, -scissum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I tear +open.</p> + +<p><b>re·scrībo</b>, -psi, -ptum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I write back.</p> + +<p><b>re·spondeo</b>, -di, -sum, 2 <i>v. n.</i>, I reply. (Lit., +I promise in return.)</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">130</span> +<p><b>res·publĭca</b>, reipublicae, <i>f.</i>, state.</p> + +<p><b>rĕ·surgo</b>, -surrexi, -surrectum, 3 <i>v. n.</i>, I rise +again.</p> + +<p><b>rĕ·tĭneo</b>, -ui, -tentum, 2 <i>v. a.</i>, I hold back, +keep. (tĕneo.)</p> + +<p><b>rĕŭs</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, defendant in an action, culprit. +(res.)</p> + +<p><b>rĕ·vello</b>, -velli, -vulsum and -volsum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, +I pull away, pull out.</p> + +<p><b>rĕ·verto</b>, -ti, -sum, 3 <i>v. n.</i>, I turn back, +return.</p> + +<p><b>rĕvertor</b>, -versus, 3 <i>v. dep. n.</i>, I turn back, +return.</p> + +<p><b>rĕ·vincio</b>, -nxi, -nctum, 4 <i>v. a.</i>, I bind back, +fasten.</p> + +<p><b>rĕ·vŏlo</b>, no perf. or sup., are, 1 <i>v. n.</i>, I fly +back.</p> + +<p><b>rex</b>, rēgis, <i>m.</i>, king. (rĕgo.)</p> + +<p><b>rhētor</b>, -ŏris, <i>m.</i>, teacher of oratory, rhetorician. +(<span class = "greek" title = "rhêtôr">ῥήτωρ</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>rīdeo</b>, -si, -sum, 2 <i>v. n.</i> and <i>a.</i>, I laugh, +laugh at, mock.</p> + +<p><b>rīma</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, crack, cleft.</p> + +<p><b>rītĕ</b>, <i>adv.</i>, duly, fitly. (ritus, religious +observance.)</p> + +<p><b>rŏgo</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I ask for, ask.</p> + +<p><b>Rōma</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, Rome.</p> + +<p><b>Rōmānus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, Roman.</p> + +<p><b>rostrum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, beak, prow. (rōdo, I gnaw.)</p> + +<p><b>rŭbus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, bramble. (rŭber, red.)</p> + +<p><b>rŭdis</b>, -e, <i>adj.</i>, rough.</p> + +<p><b>rursum</b> and rursus, <i>adv.</i>, again. (For revorsum, from +re·verto.)</p> + +<p><b>rustĭcus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, of the country, rural, rustic. +(rus.)</p> + +<p class = "voclink"><a href = "#vocab_latin"> +Beginning of Latin-English Vocabulary</a></p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<a name = "voc_S" id = "voc_S"> </a> +<b>sā̆crārium</b>, -ii, <i>n.</i>, shrine, sacristy. (săcer, +sacred.)</p> + +<p><b>saepĕ</b>, <i>adv.</i>, often. (Obsolete adj. saepis, +frequent.)</p> + +<p><b>saepĕ·nŭmĕrō</b>, <i>adv.</i>, often.</p> + +<p><b>saevio</b>, -ii, -ītum, 4 <i>v. n.</i>, I rage, am fierce. +(saevus.)</p> + +<p><b>sălum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, the open sea. (<span class = "greek" +title = "salos">σάλος</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>sălūs</b>, -ūtis, <i>f.</i>, safety. (Cf. salvus.)</p> + +<p><b>salvus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, safe.</p> + +<p><b>Samnis</b>, -ītis, <i>adj.</i>, Samnite.</p> + +<p><b>sanguĭnŏlentus</b>, -a, -um, blood-stained. (sanguis.)</p> + +<p><b>sănĭes</b> (-em, -e, no genitive nor plural), <i>f.</i>, corrupted +blood, matter. (sanguis.)</p> + +<p><b>săpiens</b>, -entis, <i>adj.</i>, wise. (săpio.)</p> + +<p><b>sătĭra</b>, or sătŭra, -ae, <i>f.</i>, a satire.</p> + +<p><b>sătis</b>, <i>adv.</i>, sufficiently.</p> + +<p><b>scăteo</b>, no perf. or sup., -ēre, 2 <i>v. n.</i>, I bubble, +flow forth; bubble over with: with <i>abl.</i></p> + +<p><b>scio</b>, -īvi, -ītum, 4 <i>v. a.</i>, I know.</p> + +<p><b>Scīpio</b>, -ōnis, <i>m.</i>, Scipio.</p> + +<p><b>scītē</b>, <i>adv.</i>, cleverly, skilfully. (scio.)</p> + +<p><b>scŏpŭlus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, rock. (<span class = "greek" title = +"skopelos">σκόπελος</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>scrībo</b>, -psi, -ptum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I write. (<span +class = "greek" title = "graphô">γράφω</span>, schreiben.)</p> + +<p><b>scriptor</b>, -ōris, <i>m.</i>, writer, author. (scrībo.)</p> + +<p><b>scūtum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, shield. (<span class = "greek" title = +"skutos">σκῦτος</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>sē</b>, and sēsē, <i>gen.</i> sui, <i>reflex. pron.</i>, himself, +herself, itself.</p> + +<p><b>sēcessus</b>, -us, <i>m.</i>, withdrawal. (sē·cēdo.)</p> + +<p><b>sē·cum</b>, for cum se, with himself, etc.</p> + +<p><b>sĕcundum</b>, <i>prep. gov. acc.</i>, following after, according +to. (sĕquor.)</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">131</span> +<p><b>sĕcundus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, following, second, favourable, +(sĕquor.)</p> + +<p><b>sĕcūris</b>, -is, <i>f.</i>, axe.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +securi percutio, I behead. (sĕco.)</p> + +<p><b>sēcūrus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, free from care. (se, = sine, +cura.)</p> + +<p><b>sed</b>, <i>conj.</i>, but.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +sed enim, but indeed.</p> + +<p><b>sĕdeo</b>, sēdi, sessum, 2 <i>v. n.</i>, I sit. (sēdes, +insĭdiae.)</p> + +<p><b>sĕges</b>, -ĕtis, <i>f.</i>, cornfield.</p> + +<p><b>sē·lībra</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, half pound. (semi, libra.)</p> + +<p><b>sēmentis</b>, -is, <i>f.</i>, seed, crop. (sēmen.)</p> + +<p><b>sē·mĕt</b>, strengthened form of se.</p> + +<p><b>semper</b>, <i>adv.</i>, always. (Cf. sĕmel.)</p> + +<p><b>sĕnātor</b>, -ōris, <i>m.</i>, Senator. (sĕnex.)</p> + +<p><b>sĕnātus</b>, -us, <i>m.</i>, Senate.</p> + +<p><b>sĕnātus consultum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, decree of Senate.</p> + +<p><b>sensim</b>, <i>adv.</i>, slowly. (sentio, lit., perceptibly.)</p> + +<p><b>sententia</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, way of thinking, opinion, decision. +(sentio.)</p> + +<p><b>sentio</b>, -si- -sum, 4 <i>v. a.</i>, I perceive, judge, +decide.</p> + +<p><b>sentis</b>, -is, <i>m.</i>, rarely <i>f.</i>, thorn.</p> + +<p><b>se·orsum</b>, <i>adv.</i>, separately, (se, verto.)</p> + +<p><b>sē·păro</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I separate. (păro.)</p> + +<p><b>septem</b>, <i>numer.</i>, seven. (Cf. <span class = "greek" title += "hepta">ἑπτά</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>sĕpulcrum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, tomb. (sĕpĕlio.)</p> + +<p><b>sermo</b>, -ōnis, <i>m.</i>, speech. (sĕro.)</p> + +<p><b>Sertōrius</b>, -ii, <i>m.</i>, Sertorius.</p> + +<p><b>servo</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I preserve.</p> + +<p><b>servus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, slave.</p> + +<p><b>sestertium</b>, -ii, <i>n.</i>, a thousand sestertii. Cf. <a href += "#notes_VI">note vi. 4.</a></p> + +<p><b>sĕvērē</b>, <i>adv.</i>, austerely, severely.</p> + +<p><b>sex</b>, <i>numer.</i>, six.</p> + +<p><b>sexāginta</b>, <i>numer.</i>, sixty.</p> + +<p><b>si</b>, <i>conj.</i>, if.</p> + +<p><b>Sĭbyllīnus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, of the Sibyl, Sibylline. +(Sĭbylla.)</p> + +<p><b>sīc</b>, <i>adv.</i> so, thus.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +ut ... sic, <i>correlatives</i>, as ... so.</p> + +<p><b>Sĭcāni</b>, -orum, <i>m.</i>, the Sicani.</p> + +<p><b>sicco</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I dry. (siccus, dry.)</p> + +<p><b>Sĭcĭlia</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, Sicily.</p> + +<p><b>sīc·ŭt</b>, <i>adv.</i>, just as, so as.</p> + +<p><b>signĭfĭco</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I show, make known, signify, +beckon. (signum, făcio.)</p> + +<p><b>signum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, sign, emblem.</p> + +<p><b>sĭlentium</b>, -ii, <i>n.</i>, silence, (sĭleo.)</p> + +<p><b>silvestris</b>, -e, <i>adj.</i>, woody. (silva.)</p> + +<p><b>sĭmŭl</b>, <i>adv.</i>, at once, at same time.</p> + +<p><b>sĭmŭlācrum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, image, representation, appearance. +(sĭmĭlis, sĭmŭlo.)</p> + +<p><b>sĭmŭlo</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I pretend. (similis.)</p> + +<p><b>sīn</b>, <i>conj.</i>, but if. (si, ne.)</p> + +<p><b>sĭnĕ</b>, <i>prep. gov. abl.</i>, without.</p> + +<p><b>sĭno</b>, sīvi, sĭtum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I set down; +I allow.</p> + +<p><b>sĭnus</b>, -us, <i>m.</i>, folds of garment, bosom.</p> + +<p><b>sisto</b>, stiti, statum, 3 <i>v. a.</i> and <i>n.</i>, +I cause to stand, I stand.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Se sistere, to present oneself, appear, (sto, <span class = "greek" +title = "histêmi">ἵστημι</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>sĭtus</b>, -a, -um, <i>part.</i> from sĭno, situated.</p> + +<p><b>sīvĕ</b> (or seu), <i>conj.</i>, or if.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Sive ... sive, whether ... or.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">132</span> +<p><b>sōbrius</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, not drunk, sober, moderate.</p> + +<p><b>Sōcrătes</b>, -is or -i, <i>m.</i>, Socrates. (<span class = +"greek" title = "Sôkratês">Σωκράτης</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>sōl</b>, sōlis, <i>m.</i>, sun.</p> + +<p><b>sōlemnis</b> (or <b>solennis</b> or <b>sollennis</b>), -e, +<i>adj.</i>, annual, stated, customary, solemn. (sollus, whole, cf. +<span class = "greek" title = "holos">ὅλος</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>sŏleo</b>, -itus, 2 <i>v. n.</i>, I am accustomed.</p> + +<p><b>sollers</b>, -ertis, <i>adj.</i>, skilled: with gen. (sollus, +whole.)</p> + +<p><b>sōlus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, alone. (Cf. sollus, whole.)</p> + +<p><b>solvo</b>, -lvi, -lūtum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I release, set +loose. (se·luo.)</p> + +<p><b>somnium</b>, -ii, <i>n.</i>, dream. (somnus, <span class = "greek" +title = "hupnos">ὕπνος</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>sŏnōrus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, loud. (sŏnus.)</p> + +<p><b>Sŏphocles</b>, -is and -i, <i>m.</i>, Sophocles. (<span class = +"greek" title = "Sophoklês">Σοφοκλῆς</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>Sp.</b> for <b>Spurius</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, Spurius.</p> + +<p><b>spargo</b>, -si, -sum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I sprinkle, strew.</p> + +<p><b>spĕcŭlor</b>, -atus, 1 <i>v. dep. a.</i>, I spy out, +reconnoitre. (spĕcio, spĕcŭla, watch tower.)</p> + +<p><b>specto</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I gaze at. (Intens. form of +spĕcio.)</p> + +<p><b>spĕcus</b>, -us, <i>m.</i>, cave.</p> + +<p><b>spēs</b>, -ei, <i>f.</i>, hope. (Cf. spēro.)</p> + +<p><b>splendor</b>, -ōris, <i>m.</i>, magnificence. (splendeo, +I shine.)</p> + +<p><b>spŏlium</b>, -ii, <i>n.</i>, spoil, booty.</p> + +<p><b>stătim</b>, <i>adv.</i>, immediately. (sto.)</p> + +<p><b>stătus</b>, -us, <i>m.</i>, position. (sto.)</p> + +<p><b>stirps</b>, stirpis, <i>f.</i>, rarely <i>m.</i>, stem, root.</p> + +<p><b>sto</b>, stĕti, stătum, stāre, 1 <i>v. n.</i>, I stand. +(<span class = "greek" title = "istêmi">ἵστημι</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>stŏlo</b>, -ōnis, <i>m.</i>, sucker of tree.</p> + +<p><b>strēnuus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, active, energetic. (Cf. <span +class = "greek" title = "stereos">στερεός</span>, hard.)</p> + +<p><b>struo</b>, -xi, -ctum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I build up.</p> + +<p><b>stŭdeo</b>, -ui, no sup., 2 <i>v. a.</i>, I am eager, +I strive.</p> + +<p><b>stŭdium</b>, -ii, <i>n.</i>, zeal, study. (stŭdeo.)</p> + +<p><b>stultus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, foolish.</p> + +<p><b>stŭpĕ·făcio</b>, -fēci, -factum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I make +stupid or senseless; I amaze. (stŭpeo.)</p> + +<p><b>suādeo</b>, -si, -sum, 2 <i>v. n.</i> and <i>a.</i>, +I persuade. (Cf. suāvis.)</p> + +<p><b>sŭb</b>, <i>prep. gov. acc.</i> and <i>abl.</i>, under.</p> + +<p><b>sub·do</b>, -dĭdi, -dĭtum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I place under.</p> + +<p><b>sublātissĭmus</b>, <i>superl.</i> of sublātus, from tollo, very +high.</p> + +<p><b>sŭbŏles</b>, -is, <i>f.</i>, shoot. (sub, ŏlesco, grow.)</p> + +<p><b>sub·verto</b>, -ti, -sum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I overthrow.</p> + +<p><b>suc·cēdo</b>, -cessi, -cessum, 3 <i>v. n.</i>, I go under, go +from under, ascend, advance. (sub, cēdo.)</p> + +<p><b>suffrāgium</b>, -ii, <i>n.</i>, vote.</p> + +<p><b>Sulla</b>, -ae, <i>m.</i>, Sulla.</p> + +<p><b>sum</b>, fui, esse, <i>v. n.</i>, I am.</p> + +<p><b>summus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, highest; <i>superl.</i> fr. +sŭpĕrus, sŭpĕrior, sūprēmus or summus.</p> + +<p><b>sŭpĕr</b>, <i>adv.</i>, and <i>prep. gov. acc.</i> and +<i>abl.</i>, above, over, on, about.</p> + +<p><b>sŭperbia</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, pride. (sŭperbus.)</p> + +<p><b>sŭperbus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, proud, haughty. (sŭper.)</p> + +<p><b>sŭpĕrior</b>, -us, <i>adj.</i>, higher, former; comp. fr. sŭpĕrus, supĕrior, sū̆prēmus or +summus<ins class = "correction" title = ". missing">. </ins></p> + +<span class = "pagenum">133</span> +<p><b>sŭpĕro, 1</b> <i>v. a.</i>, I overcome. (sŭper.)</p> + +<p><b>sŭperstes</b>, -ĭtis, <i>adj.</i>, surviving.</p> + +<p><b>supplĭcium</b>, -ii, <i>n.</i>, punishment. (supplex.)</p> + +<p><b>sursum</b>, <i>adv.</i>, from below. (sub-versum.)</p> + +<p><b>suus</b>, -a, -um, <i>reflex. adj. pron.</i>, his own, her own, +its own.</p> + +<p><b>synanchē</b>, -es, <i>f.</i>, (<span class = "greek" title = +"sunanchê">συνάγχη</span>), a sore throat.</p> + +<p class = "voclink"><a href = "#vocab_latin"> +Beginning of Latin-English Vocabulary</a></p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<a name = "voc_T" id = "voc_T"> </a> +<b>T.</b>, for Titus, -i, <i>m.</i>, Titus.</p> + +<p><b>tăberna</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, shop. (Cf. tăbŭla, plank.)</p> + +<p><b>tăbŭlātūm</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, floor. (tăbŭla, plank.)</p> + +<p><b>tăceo</b>, 2 <i>v. n.</i> and <i>a.</i>, I am silent, pass +over in silence.</p> + +<p><b>tăcĭtus</b>, -a, -um, <i>part.</i> from taceo, not spoken of, +silent.</p> + +<p><b>taedium</b>, -ii, <i>n.</i>, weariness. (taedet.)</p> + +<p><b>Taenărum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, and Taenărus, -i, <i>m.</i> and +<i>f.</i>, Taenarum and Taenarus.</p> + +<p><b>tălentum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, talent (sum of money, £243 15s.). +(<span class = "greek" title = "talanton">τάλαντον</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>tālis</b>, -e, <i>adj.</i>, of such a kind, such.</p> + +<p><b>tam</b>, <i>adv.</i>, so.</p> + +<p><b>tămen</b>, <i>adv.</i>, however.</p> + +<p><b>tam·quam</b>, <i>adv.</i>, just as, as if, as it were.</p> + +<p><b>tandem</b>, <i>adv.</i>, at last.</p> + +<p><b>tantus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, so great.</p> + +<p><b>Tarquĭnius</b>, -ii, <i>m.</i>, Tarquin.</p> + +<p><b>tēlum</b>, i., <i>n.</i>, dart.</p> + +<p><b>tempĕrantia</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, moderation, temperance. (tempĕro, +tempus.)</p> + +<p><b>tempestīvus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, seasonable, ripe. +(tempus.)</p> + +<p><b>templum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, temple.</p> + +<p><b>tempus</b>, -ŏris, <i>n.</i>, time.</p> + +<p><b>tĕneo</b>, tĕnui, tentum, 2 <i>v. a.</i>, I hold, keep.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Cursum teneo, I hold on a course.</p> + +<p><b>tĕnŭis</b>, -e, <i>adj.</i>, drawn out, thin, slender. +(tĕneo.)</p> + +<p><b>terra</b>, -ae, land, country.</p> + +<p><b>terreo</b>, 2 <i>v. a.</i>, I alarm. (<span class = "greek" title += "treô">τρέω</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>terrĭfĭcus</b>, -a, -um, alarming, terrible. (terreo, făcio.)</p> + +<p><b>tertius</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, third. (ter.)</p> + +<p><b>testis</b>, -is, <i>c.</i>, witness. (testor.)</p> + +<p><b>Thrācus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, Thracian.</p> + +<p><b>Tib.</b>, for Tĭbĕrius, -ii, <i>m.</i>, Tiberius.</p> + +<p><b>tībia</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, pipe, flute.</p> + +<p><b>tībīcēn</b>, -ĭnis, <i>m.</i>, flute-player. (For tibĭĭcen, fr. +tībĭă, căno.)</p> + +<p><b>Tīmŏchăres</b>, -is and -i, <i>m.</i>, Timochares.</p> + +<p><b>tŏga</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, a garment, a toga. (tĕgo.)</p> + +<p><b>tollo</b>, sustŭli, sublātum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I raise. (Cf. +tŭli, tŏlĕro.)</p> + +<p><b>Torquātus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, Torquatus.</p> + +<p><b>torques</b> (and <b>torquis</b>), -is, <i>m.</i> and <i>f.</i>, +twisted necklace or collar. (torqueo.)</p> + +<p><b>torreo</b>, torrui, tostum, 2 <i>v. a.</i>, I roast.</p> + +<p><b>tōtus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, all, whole.</p> + +<p><b>tracto</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I handle, treat, polish. (Intens. of +trăho.)</p> + +<p><b>trādo</b>, -dĭdi, -dĭtum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I hand over, give +up, hand down, relate. (trans, do.)</p> + +<p><b>trans·curro</b>, -curri and -cŭcurri, -cursum, 3 <i>v. n.</i>, +I run past, I pass.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">134</span> +<p><b>trans·ĭgo</b>, -ēgi, -actum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I drive through, +I pierce. (ăgo.)</p> + +<p><b>transĭlio</b>, -īvi or -ui, no sup., 4 <i>v. a.</i> and <i>n.</i>, +I leap across, leap over. (trans, sălio.)</p> + +<p><b>trĕmĭbundus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, full of trembling. +(trĕmo.)</p> + +<p><b>trĕpĭdans</b>, -antis, <i>part.</i> fr. trepido, trembling.</p> + +<p><b>trĕpĭdo</b>, 1 <i>v. n.</i>, I am in a state of confusion or +alarm. (Cf. <span class = "greek" title = "trepô">τρέπω</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>trēs</b>, tria, <i>numer.</i>, three. (<span class = "greek" title += "treis, tria">τρεῖς, τρία</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>trĭbūnus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, tribune. (Lit., the chief of a tribe, +trĭbus.)</p> + +<p><b>trīduum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, space of three days. (tres, dies, +<i>sc.</i> spătium.)</p> + +<p><b>triennium</b>, -ii, <i>n.</i>, space of three years. (tres, annus, +<i>sc.</i> spătium.)</p> + +<p><b>trĭgĕmĭnus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, three born at a birth. +(tres, geminus.)</p> + +<p><b>triumpho</b>, 1 <i>v. n.</i> and <i>a.</i>, I triumph. +(triumphus.)</p> + +<p><b>triumphus</b>, -i, <i>m.</i>, a triumph. (<span class = "greek" +title = "thriambos">θρίαμβος</span>, procession in honour of +Bacchus.)</p> + +<p><b>tu</b>, <i>pers. pron.</i>, thou. (<span class = "greek" title = +"su">σύ</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>tum</b>, <i>adv.</i>, then.</p> + +<p><b>tŭmultus</b>, -us, <i>m.</i>, disturbance. (tŭmeo.)</p> + +<p><b>tunc</b>, <i>adv.</i>, then. (tum-ce.)</p> + +<p><b>turba</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, uproar, crowd.</p> + +<p><b>turpis</b>, -e, <i>adj.</i>, base.</p> + +<p><b>turris</b>, -is, <i>f.</i>, turret, tower.</p> + +<p><b>tūtē</b>, <i>adv.</i>, safely. (tutus.)</p> + +<p><b>tūtor</b>, 1 <i>v. dep. a.</i>, I watch, defend. (tueor.)</p> + +<p><b>tūtus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, safe. (tueor.)</p> + +<p><b>tuus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, thy. (tu.)</p> + +<p class = "voclink"><a href = "#vocab_latin"> +Beginning of Latin-English Vocabulary</a></p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<a name = "voc_U" id = "voc_U"> </a> +<b>ūber</b>, -ĕris, <i>adj.</i>, rich, fertile.</p> + +<p><b>ŭbī̆</b>, <i>adv.</i>, <i>relat.</i> and <i>interrog.</i>, where, +when.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Ubi primum, as soon as.</p> + +<p><b>ŭbī·quĕ</b>, <i>adv.</i>, wherever, everywhere, anywhere.</p> + +<p><b>ullus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, any. (For ūnŭlus, demin. of +ūnus.)</p> + +<p><b>ultĭmus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, farthest, super. fr. [ulter, +obsolete; cf. ultra] ultĕrior, ultimus.</p> + +<p><b>ultrā</b>, <i>adv.</i>, and <i>prep. gov. acc.</i>, beyond. (Cf. +ultĭmus.)</p> + +<p><b>ultro</b>, <i>adv.</i>, beyond, besides, of one’s own accord. (Cf. +ultimus.)</p> + +<p><b>unda</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, wave.</p> + +<p><b>un·dē·vīcēsĭmus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, nineteenth.</p> + +<p><b>undĭquĕ</b>, <i>adv.</i>, from or on all sides. (unde-que.)</p> + +<p><b>unguis</b>, -is, <i>m.</i>, nail or talon. (<span class = "greek" +title = "onux">ὄνυξ</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>ūnĭcē</b>, <i>adv.</i>, solely, especially. (unĭcus, unus.)</p> + +<p><b>ūnĭversus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, all together. (unus, verto, +turned into one.)</p> + +<p><b>unquam</b>, or <b>umquam</b>, <i>adv.</i>, at any time, ever.</p> + +<p><b>ūnus</b>, -a, -um, <i>numer.</i>, one.</p> + +<p><b>urbānus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, of the city. (urbs.)</p> + +<p><b>urbĭcus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, of the city. (urbs.)</p> + +<p><b>urbs</b>, -is, <i>f.</i>, city.</p> + +<p><b>urgeo</b>, ursi, no sup., 2 <i>v. a.</i>, I press on, press +hard upon, urge.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">135</span> +<p><b>urna</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, urn. (Properly a vessel of burnt clay; +ūro, I burn.)</p> + +<p><b>ursīnus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, like a bear. (ursus.)</p> + +<p><b>usquam</b>, <i>adv.</i>, anywhere, in anything. (For ubs·quam, +from ŭbi.)</p> + +<p><b>usquĕ</b>, <i>adv.</i>, all the way, always.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Usque adeo, to such an extent. (For ubs·que, from ŭbi.)</p> + +<p><b>ūsus</b>, -us, <i>m.</i>, use, advantage. (ūtor.)</p> + +<p><b>ŭt</b>, ŭtī, with <i>indic.</i>, as, when;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +ut ... sic, <i>correlatives</i>, as ... so;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +with <i>subj.</i>, in order that, so that.</p> + +<p><b>ŭter·quĕ</b>, ū̆trăque, ū̆trumque, <i>adj. pron.</i>, both, +each.</p> + +<p><b>ūtĭlis</b>, -e, <i>adj.</i>, useful. (ūtor.)</p> + +<p><b>ūtor</b>, ūsus, 3 <i>v. dep.</i>, I use; with <i>abl.</i></p> + +<p><b>ū̆trum</b>, <i>interrog. adv.</i>, whether. (ŭter.)</p> + +<p><b>uxor</b>, -ōris, <i>f.</i>, wife.</p> + +<p class = "voclink"><a href = "#vocab_latin"> +Beginning of Latin-English Vocabulary</a></p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<a name = "voc_V" id = "voc_V"> </a> +<b>vădĭmōnium</b>, -ii, <i>n.</i>, bail. (văs, a surety.)</p> + +<p><b>vădor</b>, 1 <i>v. dep. a.</i>, I bind over by bail. (văs.)</p> + +<p><b>văleo</b>, 2 <i>v. n.</i>, I am strong, I am of value.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +In leave-taking, vălē, etc., farewell.</p> + +<p><b>Vălĕrius</b>, -ii, <i>m.</i>, Valerius.</p> + +<p><b>vălĭdus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, strong. (văleo.)</p> + +<p><b>vălītūdo (or vălētūdo)</b>, -ĭnis, <i>f.</i>, health. (văleo.)</p> + +<p><b>vallum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, a rampart with palisades. (vallus, +a stake.)</p> + +<p><b>vărius</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, diverse, different.</p> + +<p><b>vastūs</b>, -a, <ins class = "correction" title = "- invisible">-um</ins>, <i>adj.</i>, empty, immense.</p> + +<p><b>-vĕ</b>, <i>enclitic</i>, or.</p> + +<p><b>vecto</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I carry. (<i>intens.</i> of vĕho.)</p> + +<p><b>vĕho</b>, -xi, -ctum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I carry.</p> + +<p><b>vēlox</b>, -ōcis, <i>adj.</i>, swift. (Cf. vŏlo, -āre, +I fly.)</p> + +<p><b>vĕl·ŭt</b>, <b>vĕl·ŭti</b>, <i>adv.</i>, just as, as if.</p> + +<p><b>vēnātio</b>, -ōnis, <i>f.</i>, hunting. (vēnor.)</p> + +<p><b>vendo</b>, -dĭdi, -dĭtum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I sell. +(vēnum, do.)</p> + +<p><b>vĕnēnum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, poison.</p> + +<p><b>vĕnia</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, pardon.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Bonâ veniâ, by your kind leave.</p> + +<p><b>vĕnio</b>, vēni, ventum, 4 <i>v. n.</i>, I come.</p> + +<p><b>vēnor</b>, 1 <i>v. dep. a.</i>, I hunt.</p> + +<p><b>vēnum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, sale. In classical writers only in acc. +sing.</p> + +<p><b>ventĭto</b>, 1 <i>v. n.</i>, I come frequently. (Intens. of +vĕnio.)</p> + +<p><b>verber</b>, -ĕris, <i>n.</i>, scourge, blow.</p> + +<p><b>verbum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, word.</p> + +<p><b>Vergilius</b>, -ii, <i>m.</i>, Vergil.</p> + +<p><b>vērō</b>, <i>adv.</i>, in truth, but indeed. (vērus.)</p> + +<p><b>versus</b>, -us, <i>m.</i>, a line, verse. (verto.)</p> + +<p><b>vertex</b>, -ĭcis, <i>m.</i>, whirlpool, top, head. (verto.)</p> + +<p><b>verto</b>, -ti, -sum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I turn; in <i>pass.</i> +also with abl., I turn upon, depend upon.</p> + +<p><b>vērus</b>, -a, -um<ins class = "correction" title = "text has .,">, </ins><i>adj.</i>, true.</p> + +<p><b>vester</b>, -tra, -trum, <i>poss. pron.</i>, your. (vos.)</p> + +<p><b>vestīgium</b>, -ii, <i>n.</i>, footprint, sole of foot. (vestīgo, +I track.)</p> + +<p><b>vestio</b>, 4 <i>v. a.</i>, I clothe. (vestis, garment.)</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">136</span> +<p><b>vĕtus</b>, -ĕris, <i>adj.</i>, old.</p> + +<p><b>via</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, road, way.</p> + +<p><b>vī̆bro</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i> and <i>n.</i>, I brandish, +I shake.</p> + +<p><b>vīcĭes</b>, <i>adv.</i>, twenty times.</p> + +<p><b>vīcīnus</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, neighbouring;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +as <i>subst.</i>, a neighbour. (vīcus, hamlet.)</p> + +<p><b>victōria</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, victory. (victor, vinco<ins class = +"correction" title = ". invisible">.</ins>)</p> + +<p><b>victus</b>, -us, <i>m.</i>, food, way of life. (vīvo.)</p> + +<p><b>vĭdeo</b>, vīdi, vīsum, 2 <i>v. a.</i>, I see; in +<i>pass.</i>, I seem.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Impersonally, videtur mihi, it seems good to me.</p> + +<p><b>vīginti</b>, <i>numer.</i>, twenty.</p> + +<p><b>vĭgor</b>, ōris, <i>m.</i>, force, strength. (vĭgeo, +I flourish.)</p> + +<p><b>vincio</b>, -nxi, -nctum, 4 <i>v. a.</i>, I bind.</p> + +<p><b>vinco</b>, vīci, victum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I conquer.</p> + +<p><b>vindĭco</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I avenge. (vim-dico, I assert +authority.)</p> + +<p><b>vīnum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, vine, wine. (<span class = "greek" title += "oinos">οἶνος</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>viŏlens</b>, -entis, <i>adj.</i>, impetuous. (vis.)</p> + +<p><b>vir</b>, vĭri, <i>m.</i>, man, husband.</p> + +<p><b>virgultum</b>, -i, <i>n.</i>, twig. (For virgŭlētum, fr. virgŭla, +demin. of virga, branch, twig.)</p> + +<p><b>virtūs</b>, -ūtis, <i>f.</i>, valour. (vir.)</p> + +<p><b>vis</b> (vim, vi, no <i>gen. sing.</i>, <i>plur.</i> vīres, +etc<ins class = "correction" title = ". invisible">.</ins>), <i>f.</i>, +strength, force. (<span class = "greek" title = "is">ἴς</span>.)</p> + +<p><b>vīso</b>, -si, -sum, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I behold. (Intens. of +vĭdeo.)</p> + +<p><b>vīta</b>, -ae, <i>f.</i>, life. (vivo.)</p> + +<p><b>vītis</b>, -is, <i>f.</i>, vine.</p> + +<p><b>vīvo</b>, -xi, -ctum, 3 <i>v. n.</i>, I live.</p> + +<p><b>vŏco</b>, 1 <i>v. a.</i>, I call. (vox.)</p> + +<p><b>volgus</b> (or <b>vulgus</b>), -i, <i>n.</i>, rarely <i>m.</i>, +common people;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +in <i>abl.</i>, volgo, as <i>adv.</i>, commonly.</p> + +<p><b>vŏlo</b>, -ui, no sup., velle, 3 <i>v. a.</i>, I wish +for.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Quid hoc sibi vult, what does this mean.</p> + +<p><b>vŏlo</b>, 1 <i>v. n.</i>, I fly.</p> + +<p><b>vŏluntārius</b>, -a, -um, <i>adj.</i>, voluntary. (vŏlo, +I wish.)</p> + +<p><b>vos</b>, <i>plur.</i> of tu, you.</p> + +<p><b>vox</b>, vōcis, <i>f.</i>, voice, expression. (vŏco.)</p> + +<p><b>vulgus</b> and <b>vulgo</b>. Cf. volgus.</p> + +<p><b>vulnus</b>, or <b>volnus</b>, -ēris, <i>n.</i>, wound. (Cf. vello, +I tear.)</p> + +<p><b>vultus</b>, -us, <i>m.</i>, countenance.</p> + +<p class = "voclink"><a href = "#vocab_latin"> +Beginning of Latin-English Vocabulary</a></p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<a name = "voc_X" id = "voc_X"> </a> +<b>Xanthippe</b>, -es, <i>f.</i>, Xanthippe. (<span class = "greek" +title = "Xanthippê">Ξανθίππη</span>.)</p> + +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum">137</span> +<h3 class = "chapter"><a name = "vocab_english" id = "vocab_english"> +ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.</a></h3> + +<p class = "center"><i>For details about Latin words turn to the <a href += "#vocab_latin">Latin-English Vocabulary</a>.</i></p> + +<table class = "vocab" summary = "vocabulary list"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%"> +<p class = "space"><b>abandon</b>, desino.</p> + +<p><b>able, I am</b>, possum.</p> + +<p><b>about</b>, de.</p> + +<p><b>accompany</b> (home), prosequor.</p> + +<p><b>accomplishment</b>, disciplina.</p> + +<p><b>account</b>, ratio.</p> + +<p><b>account, on account of</b>, propter.</p> + +<p><b>acquit</b>, absolvo.</p> + +<p><b>act</b>, ago.</p> + +<p><b>actor</b>, histrio, actor.</p> + +<p><b>adjourn</b>, profero, differo.</p> + +<p><b>administer</b> (justice), dico (jus).</p> + +<p><b>advance</b>, incedo, procedo, prodeo, progredior.</p> + +<p><b>advanced</b> (in age), grandis (natu).</p> + +<p><b>advantageous to</b>, e, ex.</p> + +<p><b>advise</b>, moneo.</p> + +<p><b>after</b>, post.</p> + +<p><b>afterwards</b>, postea, posthac.</p> + +<p><b>again</b>, denuo, iterum.</p> + +<p><b>against</b>, adversus, adversum, in.</p> + +<p><b>age</b>, natus.</p> + +<p><b>agree</b>, convenio.</p> + +<p><b>alarm, in</b>, trepidans.</p> + +<p><b>all</b>, omnis.</p> + +<p><b>allowed, it is</b>, licet.</p> + +<p><b>almost</b>, fere, prope.</p> + +<p><b>alone</b>, solus.</p> + +<p><b>alum</b>, alumen.</p> + +<p><b>ambassador</b>, legatus.</p> + +<p><b>amusing</b>, hilaris, iucundus.</p> + +<p><b>and</b>, et, atque, -que.</p> + +<p><b>animal</b>, bestia, fera.</p> + +<p><b>announce</b>, praedico.</p> + +<p><b>another</b>, alius.</p> + +<p><b>anxious</b>, cupidus.</p> + +<p><b>appear</b>, videor.</p> + +<p><b>appearance</b>, aspectus.</p> + +<p><b>apple-tree</b>, pomum.</p> + +<p><b>approve</b>, probo.</p> + +<p><b>arms</b>, arma.</p> + +<p><b>army</b>, exercitus.</p> + +<p><b>arouse</b>, excito.</p> + +<p><b>arrest</b>, adprehendo.</p> + +<p><b>as</b>, ut, velut.</p> + +<p><b>as if, as though</b>, quasi.</p> + +<p><b>ask</b>, interrogo, rogo; peto, oro.</p> + +<p><b>ask for</b>, peto, oro.</p> + +<p><b>ascribe</b>, acceptum refero.</p> + +<p><b>assembly</b>, contio.</p> + +<p><b>assist</b>, adiuvo.</p> + +<p><b>astound</b>, stupefacio.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">138</span> +<p><b>at</b>, in.</p> + +<p><b>athletics</b>, ars athletica.</p> + +<p><b>attack</b>, oppugno, pugno in, incurro.</p> + +<p><b>attendant</b>, aeditumus.</p> + +<p><b>attract attention</b>, converto oculos, animum.</p> + +<p><b>author</b>, scriptor.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>back, in the</b>, aversus.</p> + +<p><b>bad-tempered</b>, morosus.</p> + +<p><b>bail</b>, vadimonium<ins class = "correction" title = ". missing">. </ins></p> + +<p><b>barbarian</b>, barbarus.</p> + +<p><b>bark</b>, latro.</p> + +<p><b>battle</b>, pugna, proelium.</p> + +<p><b>bear</b> (<i>v.</i>), fero.</p> + +<p><b>bear-like</b>, ursinus.</p> + +<p><b>beauty</b>, pulchritudo.</p> + +<p><b>because</b>, quod.</p> + +<p><b>beckon</b>, significo.</p> + +<p><b>before</b>, ante, coram.</p> + +<p><b>begin</b>, coepi.</p> + +<p><b>behead</b>, securi percutio.</p> + +<p><b>believe</b>, credo.</p> + +<p><b>bend</b>, flecto.</p> + +<p><b>besiege</b>, obsideo.</p> + +<p><b>betake</b>, adfero.</p> + +<p><b>bird</b>, avis.</p> + +<p><b>blaze</b>, flagro.</p> + +<p><b>block</b>, insula.</p> + +<p><b>blood-stained</b>, cruentus.</p> + +<p><b>blow</b>, verber.</p> + +<p><b>blush</b>, erubesco.</p> + +<p><b>bodily</b>, <i>genitive of</i> corpus.</p> + +<p><b>body</b>, corpus.</p> + +<p><b>boldly</b>, intrepidus.</p> + +<p><b>bone</b>, os.</p> + +<p><b>book</b>, liber.</p> + +<p><b>both</b>, uterque,</p> + +<p><b>both ... and</b>, et ... et.</p> + +<p><b>boy</b>, puer.</p> + +<p><b>brand</b> (with mark of infamy), adficio.</p> + +<p><b>brave</b>, fortis, strenuus.</p> + +<p><b>brazen</b>, aeneus.</p> + +<p><b>break</b>, infringo.</p> + +<p><b>bribery</b>, ambitus.</p> + +<p><b>bridge</b>, pons.</p> + +<p><b>bring</b>, fero.</p> + +<p><b>bring in</b>, introduco.</p> + +<p><b>brother</b>, frater.</p> + +<p><b>build</b>, struo, condo, congero.</p> + +<p><b>burn</b>, ardeo, deuro.</p> + +<p><b>but</b>, sed, at.</p> + +<p><b>buy</b>, emo, mercor.</p> + +<p><b>by no means</b>, nequaquam, haudquaquam.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>call</b>, appello, voco.</p> + +<p><b>called</b>, nomine.</p> + +<p><b>camp</b>, castra.</p> + +<p><b>can</b>, possum.</p> + +<p><b>carry</b>, fero, vecto.</p> + +<p><b>carry back</b>, refero.</p> + +<p><b>carry to</b>, asporto.</p> + +<p><b>case</b>, causa, res.</p> + +<p><b>cause</b>, (<i>v.</i>), curo <i>with gerundive</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cautious</b>, cautus.</p> + +<p><b>cavalry</b>, equitatus.</p> + +<p><b>cave</b>, specus.</p> + +<p><b>cease</b>, omitto.</p> + +<p><b>censor</b>, censor.</p> + +<p><b>centre</b>, media pars.</p> + +<p><b>certain, a</b> (<i>indef.</i>), quidam.</p> + +<p><b>certainly</b>, procul dubio.</p> + +<p><b>challenge</b>, provoco.</p> + +<p><b>chance, by</b>, forte.</p> + +<p><b>chariot</b>, currus.</p> + +<p><b>charm</b>, demulceo.</p> + +<p><b>choose</b>, deligo, eligo.</p> + +<p><b>citizen</b>, civis.</p> + +<p><b>city</b>, urbs.</p> + +<p><b>city, in the</b> (<i>adj.</i>), urbanus, urbicus.</p> + +<p><b>clever</b>, astutus.</p> + +<p><b>collect</b>, comparo.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">139</span> +<p><b>come</b>, venio.</p> + +<p><b>come to</b>, pervenio.</p> + +<p><b>comedy</b>, comoedia.</p> + +<p><b>command</b>, imperium.</p> + +<p><b>command</b> (army), rego.</p> + +<p><b>conceal</b>, celo.</p> + +<p><b>condemn</b>, condemno, damno.</p> + +<p><b>confidence</b>, confidentia.</p> + +<p><b>congratulation</b>, gratulatio.</p> + +<p><b>conquer</b>, vinco, supero.</p> + +<p><b>consider</b>, habeo;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>I am considered</b>, videor, habeor.</p> + +<p><b>conspiracy</b>, coniuratio.</p> + +<p><b>consult</b>, consulo, consulto.</p> + +<p><b>contest</b>, certamen.</p> + +<p><b>control</b>, impero.</p> + +<p><b>conversation</b>, sermo.</p> + +<p><b>converse with</b>, colloquor.</p> + +<p><b>cook</b>, torreo.</p> + +<p><b>corn</b>, sementes.</p> + +<p><b>correct</b>, corrigo.</p> + +<p><b>country</b> (<i>adj.</i>), rusticus.</p> + +<p><b>courage</b>, animus.</p> + +<p><b>course</b>, cursus.</p> + +<p><b>cowardice</b>, ignavia.</p> + +<p><b>credulity</b>, credulitas.</p> + +<p><b>crop</b>, seges.</p> + +<p><b>crowd</b>, turba, caterva.</p> + +<p><b>crown</b> (<i>s.</i>), corona.</p> + +<p><b>crown</b> (<i>v.</i>), corono.</p> + +<p><b>cry</b>, conclamo.</p> + +<p><b>custom</b>, mos.</p> + +<p><b>cut off</b>, decido, praecido.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>daily</b>, quotidianus.</p> + +<p><b>dare</b>, audeo.</p> + +<p><b>dart</b>, telum.</p> + +<p><b>daughter</b>, filia.</p> + +<p><b>dawn</b>, prima lux.</p> + +<p><b>day</b>, dies.</p> + +<p><b>death</b>, mors, exitus e vita;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +(condemn to) <b>death</b>, capitis (damno.)</p> + +<p><b>deceive</b>, fallo.</p> + +<p><b>deed</b>, facinus, factum.</p> + +<p><b>defeat</b>, vinco, supero.</p> + +<p><b>defend</b>, defendo.</p> + +<p><b>defendant</b>, reus.</p> + +<p><b>demand</b> (<i>s.</i>), postulatum, postulatio.</p> + +<p><b>demand</b> (<i>v.</i>), posco.</p> + +<p><b>depart</b>, digredior.</p> + +<p><b>depend on</b>, vertor in.</p> + +<p><b>desert</b> (<i>s.</i>), locus desertus.</p> + +<p><b>desert</b> (<i>v.</i>), descisco ab.</p> + +<p><b>desire</b>, opto.</p> + +<p><b>despise</b>, contemno.</p> + +<p><b>difficulty, of</b> (<i>adj.</i>), difficilis.</p> + +<p><b>direct</b>, dirigo.</p> + +<p><b>discover</b>, detego.</p> + +<p><b>dissipate</b>, digero.</p> + +<p><b>distance, at a</b>, procul.</p> + +<p><b>distant</b>, longus.</p> + +<p><b>divine</b>, divinus.</p> + +<p><b>do</b>, facio.</p> + +<p><b>doe</b>, cerva.</p> + +<p><b>dog</b>, canis.</p> + +<p><b>dolphin</b>, delphin.</p> + +<p><b>dominion</b>, dicio.</p> + +<p><b>draw up</b>, instruo.</p> + +<p><b>dreadful</b>, inmanis.</p> + +<p><b>dream</b>, somnium.</p> + +<p><b>dress</b>, induo.</p> + +<p><b>drink</b>, haurio.</p> + +<p><b>drive</b>, cogo; (from home), exigo.</p> + +<p><b>duty</b>, officium.</p> + +<p><b>dying</b>, moribundus.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>each</b>, quisque.</p> + +<p><b>ear</b>, auris.</p> + +<p><b>easily</b>, faciliter.</p> + +<p><b>educate</b>, educo.</p> + +<p><b>eight</b>, octo.</p> + +<p><b>eighty</b>, octoginta.</p> + +<p><b>elephant</b>, elephantus.</p> + +<p><b>emblem</b>, signum.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">140</span> +<p><b>embrace</b>, amplector.</p> + +<p><b>endeavour</b>, conor.</p> + +<p><b>enemy</b>, hostis, inimicus.</p> + +<p><b>energetic</b>, acer.</p> + +<p><b>enormous</b>, ingens, vastus.</p> + +<p><b>enough</b>, satis.</p> + +<p><b>enter</b>, introeo, ascendo in.</p> + +<p><b>equal</b>, par.</p> + +<p><b>except</b>, nisi, praeter.</p> + +<p><b>exchange</b>, permutatio.</p> + +<p><b>exile</b>, exilium.</p> + +<p><b>expression</b>, vox.</p> + +<p><b>extraordinary</b>, egregius.</p> + +<p><b>eye</b>, oculus.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>fable</b>, fabula.</p> + +<p><b>face</b>, os.</p> + +<p><b>facing</b>, adversum, adversus.</p> + +<p><b>fall down</b>, concido.</p> + +<p><b>famous</b>, praeclarus, famâ celebri.</p> + +<p><b>farm</b>, fundus.</p> + +<p><b>father</b>, pater, paterfamilias.</p> + +<p><b>favourable</b>, mollis.</p> + +<p><b>fear</b>, metus.</p> + +<p><b>feature</b>, lineamentum.</p> + +<p><b>field</b>, ager.</p> + +<p><b>fight</b>, pugno.</p> + +<p><b>figure</b>, simulacrum.</p> + +<p><b>find</b>, invenio.</p> + +<p><b>fine</b>, pecunia.</p> + +<p><b>finger</b>, digitus.</p> + +<p><b>fire</b>, ignis, incendium.</p> + +<p><b>first</b>, primus.</p> + +<p><b>first at</b>, primum.</p> + +<p><b>fit</b>, aptus.</p> + +<p><b>five</b>, quinque.</p> + +<p><b>five times</b>, quinquies.</p> + +<p><b>flight</b>, fuga.</p> + +<p><b>flower</b>, flos.</p> + +<p><b>flute</b>, tibiae.</p> + +<p><b>flute-player</b>, tibicen.</p> + +<p><b>fly</b>, volo.</p> + +<p><b>foliage</b>, comae.</p> + +<p><b>follow</b>, prosequor.</p> + +<p><b>fond</b>, cupidus.</p> + +<p><b>food</b>, cibus, victus, pabulum.</p> + +<p><b>foot</b>, pes.</p> + +<p><b>for</b>, enim, nam.</p> + +<p><b>forbid</b>, interdico.</p> + +<p><b>forces</b>, copiae.</p> + +<p><b>foretell</b>, praedico.</p> + +<p><b>form</b>, conformo, fingo.</p> + +<p><b>formerly</b>, antea.</p> + +<p><b>fortify</b>, munio.</p> + +<p><b>free</b>, libero.</p> + +<p><b>friend</b>, amicus, familiaris.</p> + +<p><b>frighten</b>, consterno.</p> + +<p><b>from</b>, e, ex; a, ab.</p> + +<p><b>from all sides</b>, undique.</p> + +<p><b>front, in</b>, adversus.</p> + +<p><b>fruitful</b>, felix, fecundus, uber.</p> + +<p><b>full speed, at</b>, citato cursu.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>gain</b>, adipiscor, mihi obvenit.</p> + +<p><b>gain possession of</b>, potior.</p> + +<p><b>general</b>, imperator.</p> + +<p><b>gift</b>, praemium, donum.</p> + +<p><b>give</b>, do, reddo.</p> + +<p><b>give account of</b>, rationem reddo.</p> + +<p><b>give advice</b>, praecipio, moneo.</p> + +<p><b>give bail</b>, vadimonium dare, promittere.</p> + +<p><b>give thanks</b>, gratias ago.</p> + +<p><b>give vote</b>, sententiam fero.</p> + +<p><b>glitter</b>, mico.</p> + +<p><b>go</b>, eo, cedo.</p> + +<p><b>god</b>, deus.</p> + +<p><b>gold</b> (<i>adj.</i>), aureus.</p> + +<p><b>good</b>, bonus.</p> + +<p><b>good for, I am</b>, valeo.</p> + +<p><b>grass</b>, gramen.</p> + +<p><b>great</b>, magnus.</p> + +<p><b>greedy</b>, avarus.</p> + +<p><b>grieve</b>, doleo.</p> + +<p><b>groan</b>, gemitus edo.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">141</span> +<p><b>ground</b>, locus.</p> + +<p><b>grow</b>, nascor.</p> + +<p><b>guard</b>, custodio.</p> + +<p><b>guard, I am on my</b>, caveo.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>half</b>, dimidium.</p> + +<p><b>hand</b>, manus.</p> + +<p><b>hand to</b>, trado.</p> + +<p><b>happen</b>, fio, accido.</p> + +<p><b>harmless</b>, sine noxâ.</p> + +<p><b>harsh</b>, asper.</p> + +<p><b>harvest</b>, messis.</p> + +<p><b>haste, make</b>, propero.</p> + +<p><b>haughtily</b>, per superbiam.</p> + +<p><b>have</b>, habeo.</p> + +<p><b>head</b>, caput.</p> + +<p><b>hear</b>, audio.</p> + +<p><b>health</b>, valetudo.</p> + +<p><b>heart</b>, cor.</p> + +<p><b>heaven, by</b>, divinitus.</p> + +<p><b>height</b>, proceries, magnitudo.</p> + +<p><b>help</b> (<i>s.</i>), auxilium.</p> + +<p><b>help</b> (<i>v.</i>), adjuvo.</p> + +<p><b>herself</b>, ipsa, se.</p> + +<p><b>hide</b>, recondo, delitesco.</p> + +<p><b>high, many stories</b>, multis tabulatis editus.</p> + +<p><b>his</b>, suus, ejus.</p> + +<p><b>hold on</b>, teneo.</p> + +<p><b>hollow</b>, caverna.</p> + +<p><b>home</b>, domus.</p> + +<p><b>honour</b>, honor;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>in honour of</b>, ob honorem.</p> + +<p><b>honourable</b>, honestus.</p> + +<p><b>hope</b>, spes.</p> + +<p><b>horse</b>, equus.</p> + +<p><b>host</b>, hospes.</p> + +<p><b>house</b>, aedes.</p> + +<p><b>how</b>, quomodo.</p> + +<p><b>hundred</b>, centum.</p> + +<p><b>hunt</b>, venatio.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>ignorant</b>, imperitus.</p> + +<p><b>immediately</b>, statim.</p> + +<p><b>immense</b>, inmensus.</p> + +<p><b>impertinence</b>, petulantia.</p> + +<p><b>important</b>, magnus.</p> + +<p><b>in</b>, in.</p> + +<p><b>in honour of</b>, ob honorem.</p> + +<p><b>infamy</b>, ignominia.</p> + +<p><b>inflamed-throat</b>, synanche.</p> + +<p><b>inhabit</b>, incolo, colo.</p> + +<p><b>inroad</b>, incursio.</p> + +<p><b>insult</b>, contumeliâ afficio.</p> + +<p><b>interpreter</b>, interpres.</p> + +<p><b>invent</b>, comminiscor.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>jeer at</b>, eludo, inrideo.</p> + +<p><b>judge</b>, iudex.</p> + +<p><b>justice</b>, ius.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>keep</b>, retineo.</p> + +<p><b>kill</b>, occido, interficio.</p> + +<p><b>king</b>, rex.</p> + +<p><b>know</b>, scio, percallesco.</p> + +<p class = "space"> +<b>labour</b>, labor.</p> + +<p><b>lack</b>, desum.</p> + +<p><b>lame</b>, debilis.</p> + +<p><b>land</b>, terra.</p> + +<p><b>language</b>, lingua.</p> + +<p><b>large</b>, magnus, ingens.</p> + +<p><b>large sum of</b>, grandis.</p> + +<p><b>lark</b>, cassita.</p> + +<p><b>laugh at</b>, derideo.</p> + +<p><b>laurel</b> (<i>s.</i>), laurus.</p> + +<p><b>laurel</b> (<i>adj.</i>), laureus.</p> + +<p><b>law</b>, lex.</p> + +<p><b>law-suit</b>, lis.</p> + +<p><b>leader</b>, dux.</p> + +<p><b>leaf</b>, frons.</p> + +<p><b>leave</b>, relinquo.</p> + +<p><b>leg</b>, crus.</p> + +<p><b>lend</b>, dare ... mutuum.</p> + +<p><b>lick</b>, lambo, demulceo.</p> + +<p><b>lie</b>, mendacium.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">142</span> +<p><b>lies, tell</b>, mentior.</p> + +<p><b>life</b>, vita, caput.</p> + +<p><b>lifeless</b>, exanguis.</p> + +<p><b>like</b>, more (<i>with adj. or gen.</i>).</p> + +<p><b>line</b> (<b>of battle</b>), acies.</p> + +<p><b>linger</b>, demoror.</p> + +<p><b>lion</b>, leo.</p> + +<p><b>live</b>, vivo.</p> + +<p><b>loiterer</b>, cessator.</p> + +<p><b>long while, for a</b>, diu.</p> + +<p><b>loose, let</b>, emitto.</p> + +<p><b>lose</b>, amitto.</p> + +<p><b>loud</b>, sublatus, magnus.</p> + +<p><b>love</b>, amo.</p> + +<p><b>luxuriant</b>, laetus.</p> + +<p><b>lyre</b>, fides.</p> +</td> +<td> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>mad, I am</b>, deliro.</p> + +<p><b>magnificence</b>, splendor.</p> + +<p><b>maintain</b>, retineo, contendo.</p> + +<p><b>make</b>, facio, reddo.</p> + +<p><b>make haste</b>, propero.</p> + +<p><b>man</b>, homo.</p> + +<p><b>manœuvre</b>, converto.</p> + +<p><b>many</b>, multus.</p> + +<p><b>many sorts of</b>, varius.</p> + +<p><b>mark</b>, nota.</p> + +<p><b>marriage</b>, matrimonium.</p> + +<p><b>married to, I am</b>, nubo.</p> + +<p><b>marsh</b>, palus.</p> + +<p><b>marvellous</b>, mirandus.</p> + +<p><b>master</b>, dommus, magister.</p> + +<p><b>matron</b>, materfamilias.</p> + +<p><b>matter</b>, res.</p> + +<p><b>mean, what does this</b>, quid hoc sibi vult.</p> + +<p><b>medicine</b>, medicina, res medicina.</p> + +<p><b>meet</b>, obviam fio.</p> + +<p><b>mid-day</b>, (<i>s.</i>), dies medius.</p> + +<p><b>mid-day</b>, (<i>adj.</i>), meridianus.</p> + +<p><b>middle</b>, medius.</p> + +<p><b>military</b>, militaris.</p> + +<p><b>mimic hunt</b>, pugna venationis.</p> + +<p><b>modern</b>, praesens.</p> + +<p><b>money</b>, pecunia.</p> + +<p><b>mother</b>, mater.</p> + +<p><b>motionless</b>, immobilis.</p> + +<p><b>mount</b>, inscendo.</p> + +<p><b>mourn for</b>, lugeo.</p> + +<p><b>mourning</b>, habitus lugubris.</p> + +<p><b>mouth</b>, os.</p> + +<p><b>much</b>, multus, grandis.</p> + +<p><b>much</b>, as much as, tantus ... quantus.</p> + +<p><b>must</b>, necesse est.</p> + +<p><b>my</b>, meus.</p> + +<p><b>myself</b>, ego ipse.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>name</b>, nomen, cognomen.</p> + +<p><b>nation</b>, gens.</p> + +<p><b>natural position</b>, natura.</p> + +<p><b>near</b>, prope.</p> + +<p><b>necessary</b>, necesse.</p> + +<p><b>neck</b>, collum.</p> + +<p><b>neck-lace</b>, torquis.</p> + +<p><b>neglect</b>, negligo.</p> + +<p><b>neighbour</b>, vicinus.</p> + +<p><b>neighbouring</b>, proximus.</p> + +<p><b>nest</b>, nidus.</p> + +<p><b>never</b>, nunquam, nusquam.</p> + +<p><b>next</b>, posterus.</p> + +<p><b>next day</b>, postridie.</p> + +<p><b>night</b>, nox.</p> + +<p><b>nine</b>, novem.</p> + +<p><b>no one</b>, nemo, nullus.</p> + +<p><b>not</b>, non, haud.</p> + +<p><b>number</b>, numerus.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>oak</b>, quercus.</p> + +<p><b>oath</b>, iusiurandum.</p> + +<p><b>obey</b>, pareo.</p> + +<p><b>offer</b>, offero.</p> + +<p><b>offspring</b>, fetus.</p> + +<p><b>often</b>, saepe.</p> + +<p><b>old</b>, antiquus, vetus.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum right">143</span> +<p><b>old days, in</b>, antiquitus.</p> + +<p><b>old-fashioned</b>, priscus.</p> + +<p><b>old woman</b>, anus.</p> + +<p><b>olive</b>, oleum.</p> + +<p><b>on, in</b>, super.</p> + +<p><b>one</b>, unus.</p> + +<p><b>one day</b>, quodam die.</p> + +<p><b>only</b>, modo.</p> + +<p><b>opinion, I am of</b>, censeo.</p> + +<p><b>oppose</b>, loquor contra.</p> + +<p><b>oracle</b>, oraculum.</p> + +<p><b>order</b>, jubeo, impero.</p> + +<p><b>order that, in</b>, ut, quo.</p> + +<p><b>other</b>, alius.</p> + +<p><b>others, the</b>, ceteri.</p> + +<p><b>ought</b>, debeo, <i>or gerundive</i>.</p> + +<p><b>out of</b>, e, ex.</p> + +<p><b>own, his</b>, suus.</p> + +<p><b>owner</b>, dominus.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>palm</b>, palma.</p> + +<p><b>pardon</b>, poenâ solvo.</p> + +<p><b>pass</b> (sentence), fero (sententiam).</p> + +<p><b>pay</b>, do, solvo.</p> + +<p><b>peace</b>, pax.</p> + +<p><b>people</b>, populus, vulgus.</p> + +<p><b>perch on</b>, insisto.</p> + +<p><b>perfect</b>, integer.</p> + +<p><b>perform</b>, facio.</p> + +<p><b>perish</b>, pereo.</p> + +<p><b>persuade</b>, persuadeo.</p> + +<p><b>philosopher</b>, philosophus.</p> + +<p><b>pierce</b>, perfodio.</p> + +<p><b>pitiable</b>, miserandus.</p> + +<p><b>place</b>, (<i>s.</i>), locus.</p> + +<p><b>place</b> (hope), habeo (spem).</p> + +<p><b>place in</b>, condo.</p> + +<p><b>place on</b>, impono, pono.</p> + +<p><b>plague</b>, pestilentia.</p> + +<p><b>plain</b>, campus.</p> + +<p><b>plan</b>, consilium.</p> + +<p><b>plant</b>, consero.</p> + +<p><b>play</b>, cano.</p> + +<p><b>plead</b>, verba facere.</p> + +<p><b>poison</b>, venenum.</p> + +<p><b>polish</b>, tracto.</p> + +<p><b>position, natural</b>, natura.</p> + +<p><b>possession, take</b>, potior.</p> + +<p><b>praise</b>, laus.</p> + +<p><b>pray</b>, obsecro, oro.</p> + +<p><b>present</b>, dono, offero.</p> + +<p><b>pretend</b>, simulo.</p> + +<p><b>prevent, to</b>, ut ne, ne.</p> + +<p><b>price</b>, pretium.</p> + +<p><b>prisoner</b>, captivus.</p> + +<p><b>produce</b>, pario, edo, profero.</p> + +<p><b>promise</b>, promitto.</p> + +<p><b>proof</b>, argumentum.</p> + +<p><b>property</b>, praedium.</p> + +<p><b>propose</b>, censeo.</p> + +<p><b>provided with</b>, copiosus.</p> + +<p><b>prune</b>, amputo.</p> + +<p><b>publicly</b>, publice.</p> + +<p><b>pull out</b>, revello.</p> + +<p><b>pull up</b>, revello.</p> + +<p><b>punish</b>, vindico, punio, multo.</p> + +<p><b>pupil</b>, auditor.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>quarrelsome</b>, litigiosus.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>ravage</b>, depopulor.</p> + +<p><b>raven</b>, corvus.</p> + +<p><b>read</b>, recito.</p> + +<p><b>reap</b>, meto.</p> + +<p><b>receive</b>, accipio, fero.</p> + +<p><b>recover</b>, recupero.</p> + +<p><b>refuse</b>, nolo.</p> + +<p><b>rejoicing</b> (<i>s.</i>), laetitia.</p> + +<p><b>rejoicing</b> (<i>adj.</i>), laetus.</p> + +<p><b>relate</b>, narro, trado.</p> + +<p><b>relation</b>, cognatus.</p> + +<p><b>remain</b>, maneo.</p> + +<p><b>remaining</b>, reliquus.</p> + +<p><b>remains</b>, reliquiae.</p> + +<p><b>remarkable</b>, eximius.</p> + +<p><b>remedy</b>, remedium.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum right">144</span> +<p><b>reply</b>, respondeo.</p> + +<p><b>reproach</b>, obiicio.</p> + +<p><b>restore</b>, reddo.</p> + +<p><b>return</b>, redeo.</p> + +<p><b>returns</b> (<i>s.</i>), reditus.</p> + +<p><b>reward</b>, praemium.</p> + +<p><b>rise</b>, exurgo, resurgo.</p> + +<p><b>road</b>, via.</p> + +<p><b>roaring</b>, fremitus.</p> + +<p><b>room</b>, cubiculum.</p> + +<p><b>rough</b>, rudis.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>safe</b>, salvus, incolumis.</p> + +<p><b>safety</b>, salus.</p> + +<p><b>sailor</b>, nauta.</p> + +<p><b>same</b>, idem.</p> + +<p><b>save</b>, servo.</p> + +<p><b>say</b>, dico, narro.</p> + +<p><b>scorn</b>, aspernor.</p> + +<p><b>sea</b>, mare.</p> + +<p><b>search for</b>, quaero, requiro.</p> + +<p><b>seated on</b>, insidens.</p> + +<p><b>secret</b>, clandestinus, tacitus.</p> + +<p><b>secretly</b>, tacite.</p> + +<p><b>see</b>, video.</p> + +<p><b>sell</b>, vendo.</p> + +<p><b>senate</b>, senatus.</p> + +<p><b>senate-house</b>, curia.</p> + +<p><b>senator</b>, senator.</p> + +<p><b>send</b>, mitto.</p> + +<p><b>send for</b>, arcesso.</p> + +<p><b>sentence</b>, sententia.</p> + +<p><b>separate</b>, separo.</p> + +<p><b>shake</b>, vibro.</p> + +<p><b>shame</b>, pudor.</p> + +<p><b>shapeless</b>, informis.</p> + +<p><b>shield</b>, scutum.</p> + +<p><b>shine</b>, praefulgeo.</p> + +<p><b>ship</b>, navis.</p> + +<p><b>shoulder</b>, humerus.</p> + +<p><b>shout</b>, clamor.</p> + +<p><b>show</b>, ostendo.</p> + +<p><b>shut in</b>, includo.</p> + +<p><b>shut up</b>, claudo.</p> + +<p><b>sickle</b>, falx.</p> + +<p><b>siege</b>, obsideo.</p> + +<p><b>sigh</b>, murmura edo.</p> + +<p><b>sight</b>, aspectus.</p> + +<p><b>sight, in my</b>, me inspectante<ins class = "correction" title = +". missing">. </ins></p> + +<p><b>silent, I am</b>, taceo.</p> + +<p><b>silently</b>, tacite.</p> + +<p><b>silver</b> (<i>adj.</i>), argenteus.</p> + +<p><b>sing</b>, cano.</p> + +<p><b>sister</b>, soror.</p> + +<p><b>sit</b>, sedeo.</p> + +<p><b>situated</b>, situs.</p> + +<p><b>six</b>, sex.</p> + +<p><b>size</b>, corpus.</p> + +<p><b>skill</b>, ars, disciplina.</p> + +<p><b>skilled</b>, peritus, sollers.</p> + +<p><b>slave</b>, servus.</p> + +<p><b>slay</b>, transigo.</p> + +<p><b>sleep</b>, quiesco.</p> + +<p><b>small</b>, parvus.</p> + +<p><b>smear</b>, lino.</p> + +<p><b>so</b>, ita, itaque.</p> + +<p><b>soldier</b>, miles.</p> + +<p><b>son</b>, filius.</p> + +<p><b>song</b>, carmen.</p> + +<p><b>soon</b>, mox.</p> + +<p><b>spare</b>, parco.</p> + +<p><b>speak</b>, loquor, dico, enuntio.</p> + +<p><b>spear</b>, telum.</p> + +<p><b>speed, at full</b>, citato cursu.</p> + +<p><b>speed</b>, celeritas.</p> + +<p><b>spoil</b>, praeda.</p> + +<p><b>spring into</b>, transilio.</p> + +<p><b>spring down</b>, desilio.</p> + +<p><b>stand</b>, sto.</p> + +<p><b>stand forth</b>, exto.</p> + +<p><b>stand still</b>, consisto.</p> + +<p><b>state</b>, respublica.</p> + +<p><b>stem</b>, lignum.</p> + +<p><b>stern</b>, puppis.</p> + +<p><b>story</b>, tabulatum (of house); apologus (tale).</p> + +<span class = "pagenum right">145</span> +<p><b>strength</b>, vis.</p> + +<p><b>strengthen</b>, firmo.</p> + +<p><b>stretch out</b>, protendo.</p> + +<p><b>strike</b>, percutio.</p> + +<p><b>strong</b>, validus, violentas.</p> + +<p><b>success, with</b>, prospere.</p> + +<p><b>such</b>, talis, ejusmodi.</p> + +<p><b>sucker</b>, suboles.</p> + +<p><b>suddenly</b>, repente.</p> + +<p><b>suffer from</b>, patior.</p> + +<p><b>summon</b>, arcesso.</p> + +<p><b>sunrise</b>, lucis ortus, sol oriens.</p> + +<p><b>supply</b>, copia.</p> + +<p><b>surpass</b>, praesto.</p> + +<p><b>surround</b>, cingo.</p> + +<p><b>sword</b>, gladius.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>tail</b>, cauda.</p> + +<p><b>take</b>, capio, fero.</p> + +<p><b>take from</b>, detraho.</p> + +<p><b>take to flight</b>, in fugam me proripio.</p> + +<p><b>take possession of</b>, potior.</p> + +<p><b>take refuge in</b>, concedo in.</p> + +<p><b>tale</b>, fabula.</p> + +<p><b>talent</b>, talentum.</p> + +<p><b>talk with</b>, colloquor.</p> + +<p><b>teach</b>, doceo.</p> + +<p><b>tear</b>, lanio.</p> + +<p><b>tear in pieces</b>, dilacero, discindo.</p> + +<p><b>tear open</b>, rescindo, divello.</p> + +<p><b>tell</b>, dico, narro, enuntio.</p> + +<p><b>tell lies</b>, mentior.</p> + +<p><b>temple</b>, templum.</p> + +<p><b>ten</b>, decem.</p> + +<p><b>term</b>, condicio.</p> + +<p><b>terrible</b>, terrificus.</p> + +<p><b>terrified</b>, territus.</p> + +<p><b>thank</b>, grates ago, gratias ago.</p> + +<p><b>thanks</b>, grates, gratiae.</p> + +<p><b>that</b>, ille, is.</p> + +<p><b>their</b>, suus, eorum, illorum.</p> + +<p><b>therefore</b>, itaque.</p> + +<p><b>thing</b>, res.</p> + +<p><b>think</b>, puto.</p> + +<p><b>third</b>, tertius.</p> + +<p><b>this</b>, hic.</p> + +<p><b>thorn</b>, stirps.</p> + +<p><b>though</b>, cum.</p> + +<p><b>three</b>, tres.</p> + +<p><b>three years</b>, triennium.</p> + +<p><b>through</b>, per.</p> + +<p><b>throw</b>, iacio, coniicio.</p> + +<p><b>throw away</b>, abiicio.</p> + +<p><b>throw down</b>, everto.</p> + +<p><b>thus</b>, ita, sic.</p> + +<p><b>time</b>, tempus.</p> + +<p><b>time, at the</b>, in praesens.</p> + +<p><b>tomb</b>, sepulcrum.</p> + +<p><b>to-morrow</b>, cras.</p> + +<p><b>towards</b>, ad.</p> + +<p><b>tower</b>, turris.</p> + +<p><b>town</b>, oppidum.</p> + +<p><b>trappings</b>, insignia.</p> + +<p><b>treachery</b>, insidiae.</p> + +<p><b>tree</b>, arbor.</p> + +<p><b>tribune</b>, tribunus.</p> + +<p><b>triumph</b> (<i>s.</i>), triumphus.</p> + +<p><b>triumph</b> (<i>v.</i>), triumpho.</p> + +<p><b>trust in</b>, confido.</p> + +<p><b>try</b>, experior, cognosco.</p> + +<p><b>turn to</b> or <b>on</b>, refero.</p> + +<p><b>turret</b>, turris.</p> + +<p><b>twenty</b>, viginti.</p> + +<p><b>twenty-times</b>, vicies.</p> + +<p><b>twig</b>, virgultum.</p> + +<p><b>two</b>, duo.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>uncle</b>, patruus.</p> + +<p><b>understand</b>, intellego.</p> + +<p><b>undertake</b>, recipio.</p> + +<p><b>unfinished</b>, inperfectus.</p> + +<p><b>unfledged</b>, involucris.</p> + +<p><b>unsettled</b>, iniudicatus.</p> + +<p><b>unusual</b>, novus.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum right">146</span> +<p><b>unwilling, I am</b>, nolo.</p> + +<p><b>urn</b>, urna.</p> + +<p><b>use</b>, utor, expromo.</p> + +<p><b>useful</b>, utilis, magno usu <i>and</i> magno usui.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>vain, in</b>, frustra.</p> + +<p><b>vast</b>, ingens.</p> + +<p><b>verdict, I give a</b>, pronuntio.</p> + +<p><b>verse</b>, versus.</p> + +<p><b>very</b>, admodum.</p> + +<p><b>victory</b>, victoria.</p> + +<p><b>vigour</b>, vigor.</p> + +<p><b>vine</b>, vinum.</p> + +<p><b>voice</b>, vox.</p> + +<p><b>voluntary</b>, voluntarius.</p> + +<p><b>vote</b>, sententia.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>wag</b>, moveo.</p> + +<p><b>war</b>, bellum.</p> + +<p><b>warn</b>, moneo, praemoneo.</p> + +<p><b>warrior</b>, bellator.</p> + +<p><b>wavering</b>, ambiguus.</p> + +<p><b>weary, I am, of this</b>, pertaedet me huius.</p> + +<p><b>weep</b>, lacrimo.</p> + +<p><b>weep for</b>, comploro.</p> + +<p><b>weight</b>, pondus.</p> + +<p><b>well-loved</b>, amatus.</p> + +<p><b>what</b>, quis.</p> + +<p><b>whatever</b>, quicumque.</p> + +<p><b>when</b>, ubi, cum.</p> + +<p><b>whenever</b>, ubicumque, cum.</p> + +<p><b>which</b>, qui.</p> + +<p><b>white</b>, albus.</p> + +<p><b>who</b>, quis, qui.</p> + +<p><b>whoever</b>, quicumque.</p> + +<p><b>whole</b>, totus.</p> + +<p><b>why</b>, cur.</p> + +<p><b>wife</b>, uxor.</p> + +<p><b>wild-beast</b>, fera, bestia.</p> + +<p><b>wild-beast, of a</b>, (<i>adj.</i>), ferinus.</p> + +<p><b>willingly</b>, libenter.</p> + +<p><b>win</b>, vinco.</p> + +<p><b>win over</b>, comparo.</p> + +<p><b>with</b>, cum.</p> + +<p><b>wise</b>, sapiens.</p> + +<p><b>wish</b>, volo.</p> + +<p><b>woman</b>, mulier.</p> + +<p><b>woman, old</b>, anus.</p> + +<p><b>wonder at</b>, miror, admiror, demiror.</p> + +<p><b>wonderful</b>, minis, mirandus, mirificus.</p> + +<p><b>wooden</b>, ligneus.</p> + +<p><b>word</b>, verbum.</p> + +<p><b>worthy</b>, dignus.</p> + +<p><b>wound</b> (<i>s.</i>), vulnus.</p> + +<p><b>wound</b> (<i>v.</i>), haurio.</p> + +<p><b>write</b>, scribo.</p> + +<p><b>writer</b>, scriptor.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<b>you</b>, tu, vos.</p> + +<p><b>young man</b>, adulescens.</p> + +<p><b>young ones</b>, pulli.</p> + +<p class = "space"> </p> + +<p class = "voclink space"><a href = "#vocab_english"> +Beginning of English-Latin Vocabulary</a></p> + +<p class = "voclink space"><a href = "#vocab_latin"> +Latin-English Vocabulary</a></p> + + +</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<span class = "pagenum">147</span> +<h3 class = "chapter"><a name = "order" id = "order"> +ORDER OF THE “STORIES” COMPARED</a><br> +WITH THE BOOKS OF THE<br> +“NOCTES ATTICAE.”</h3> + +<table class = "order" summary = "see heading, above"> +<col> +<col> +<col> +<tr> +<td class = "smallroman left">SELECTION.</td> +<td class = "smallroman" colspan = "2">NOCTES ATTICAE.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "left"> 1.</td> +<td>xvii.</td> +<td>10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "left"> 2.</td> +<td>xvii.</td> +<td>4</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "left"> 3.</td> +<td>xiii.</td> +<td>6</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "left"> 4.</td> +<td>i.</td> +<td>17</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "left"> 5.</td> +<td>ii.</td> +<td>1</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "left"> 6.</td> +<td>v.</td> +<td>2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "left"> 7.</td> +<td>xv.</td> +<td>17</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "left"> 8.</td> +<td>i.</td> +<td>14</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "left"> 9.</td> +<td>v.</td> +<td>5</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "left">10.</td> +<td>xv.</td> +<td>16</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "left">11.</td> +<td>i.</td> +<td>23</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "left">12.</td> +<td>i.</td> +<td>23</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "left">13.</td> +<td>xv.</td> +<td>22</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "left">14.</td> +<td>xv.</td> +<td>22</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "left">15.</td> +<td>i.</td> +<td>19</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "left">16.</td> +<td>iv.</td> +<td>18</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "left">17.</td> +<td>iv.</td> +<td>18</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "left">18.</td> +<td>vi. (vii.)</td> +<td>1</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "left">19.</td> +<td>i.</td> +<td>3</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "left">20.</td> +<td>i.</td> +<td>10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "left">21.</td> +<td>ix.</td> +<td>13</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "left">22.</td> +<td>ix.</td> +<td>13</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "left">23.</td> +<td>ix.</td> +<td>11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "left">24.</td> +<td>ii.</td> +<td>29</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "left">25.</td> +<td>ii.</td> +<td>29</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "left">26.</td> +<td>ii.</td> +<td>29</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "left">27.</td> +<td>iii.</td> +<td>8</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "left">28.</td> +<td>v.</td> +<td>14</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "left">29.</td> +<td>v.</td> +<td>14</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "left">30.</td> +<td>v.</td> +<td>14</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "left">31.</td> +<td>vi. (vii.)</td> +<td>5</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "left">32.</td> +<td>xi.</td> +<td>9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "left">33.</td> +<td>xii.</td> +<td>12</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "left">34.</td> +<td>xv.</td> +<td>1</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "left">35.</td> +<td>xvi.</td> +<td>19</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "left">36.</td> +<td>xvi.</td> +<td>19</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "left">37.</td> +<td>xix.</td> +<td>12</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "left">38.</td> +<td>xvii.</td> +<td>16</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "left">39.</td> +<td>v.</td> +<td>10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "left">40.</td> +<td>vi. (vii.)</td> +<td>18</td> +</tr> +</table> + + + +<span class = "pagenum">148</span> +<h3 class = "chapter"><a name = "index" id = "index"> +INDEX TO THE MOST IMPORTANT NOTES.</a></h3> + +<p class = "center"> +<i>The Roman figures give the number of the selection, the Arabic +figures the number of the line in the selection.</i></p> + +<p class = "mynote"> +The Notes and the Proper Names were printed as shown here, in a single +merged Index. Links go to the beginning of each Note.</p> + +<div class = "vocab"> + +<p><i>abhinc multis annis</i>, <a href = "#notes_XX">xx. 10</a>.</p> + +<p><i>ablative absolute</i>, <a href = "#notes_V">v. 9</a>.</p> + +<p><i>acceptum referre</i>, <a href = "#notes_XVII">xvii. 13</a>.</p> + +<p><i>accusative plural</i> of 3rd declension in -is, <a href = +"#notes_IX">ix. 2</a>.</p> + +<p><i>acerbus</i>, <a href = "#notes_V">v. 5</a>.</p> + +<p><i>adfines</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXVI">xxvi. 5</a>.</p> + +<p><i>adigere</i> aliquem iusiurandum, <a href = "#notes_XL">xl. +6</a>.</p> + +<p><i>adjective</i> for English substantive and preposition, <a href = +"#notes_X">x. 1</a> (Milo Crotoniensis); <a href = "#notes_XL">xl. 1</a> +(proelium Cannense).</p> + +<p><i>advocare</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXXII">xxxii. 2</a>.</p> + +<p><i>aedes</i>, <a href = "#notes_XVI">xvi. 17</a>.</p> + +<p><i>aerarium</i>, <a href = "#notes_XVII">xvii. 10</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Aesopus</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXIV">xxiv. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>ager Pomptinus</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXIII">xxiii. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><b><span class = "greek" title = +"akoinonoêtoi">ἀκοινονόητοι</span></b>, <a href = +"#notes_XXXIII">xxxiii. 10</a>.</p> + +<p><i>albus</i>, <a href = "#notes_XIV">xiv. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Alcibiades</i>, <a href = "#notes_IV">iv. 4</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Alexander</i>, <a href = "#notes_VI">vi. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>ambitus</i>, <a href = "#notes_II">ii. 2</a>.</p> + +<p><i>animus</i> and <i>mens</i>, <a href = "#notes_V">v. 5</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Antiochus</i>, <a href = "#notes_IX">ix. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>antiquus</i>, <a href = "#notes_XX">xx. 4</a>.</p> + +<p><i>argyranche</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXXII">xxxii. 14</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Arion</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXXV">xxxv. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Aristoteles</i>, <a href = "#notes_III">iii. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>attraction of antecedent</i> into relative clause, <a href = +"#notes_XXX">xxx. 2</a>; <a href = "#notes_XXXIX">xxxix. 6</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Aurunci</i>, <a href = "#notes_XX">xx. 6</a>.</p> + +<p><i>avunculus</i>, <a href = "#notes_VII">vii. 1</a>.</p> + +<p class = "space"> +<i>Bucephalas</i>, <a href = "#notes_VI">vi. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>-bundus</i> and <i>-cundus</i>, <a href = "#notes_VI">vi. +11</a>.</p> + +<p class = "space"> +<i>Caesar</i>, C. Iulius, <a href = "#notes_XX">xx. 16</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Caesar</i>, Claudius, <a href = "#notes_XXIX">xxix. 2</a>.</p> + +<p><i>canere tibiis</i>, <a href = "#notes_VII">vii. 4</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Cannae</i>, <a href = "#notes_IX">ix. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>capitalis res</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXX">xxx. 9</a>.</p> + +<p><i>caput</i>, <a href = "#notes_XIX">xix. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Cato</i>, <a href = "#notes_XVII">xvii. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>censeo</i> (parenthetically), <a href = "#notes_XVI">xvi. +12</a>.</p> + +<p><i>censores</i>, <a href = "#notes_XL">xl. 24</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Chares</i>, <a href = "#notes_VI">vi. 2</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Cicero</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXXIII">xxxiii. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>cinctus</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXI">xxi. 17</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Circus</i> Maximus, <a href = "#notes_XXVIII">xxviii. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Cispius</i> Mons, <a href = "#notes_XXXIV">xxxiv. 3</a>.</p> + +<p><i>cognati</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXVI">xxvi. 5</a>.</p> + +<p><i>comoediarum certamina</i>, <a href = "#notes_II">ii. 2</a>.</p> + +<p><i>comparare</i> hominem in aliquem, <a href = "#notes_XVII">xvii. +3</a>.</p> + +<p><i>congerere</i> (absolutely), <a href = "#notes_XXV">xxv. 3</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">149</span> +<p><i>consecution</i> of tenses after historic present, <a href = +"#notes_XXI">xxi. 12</a>; <a href = "#notes_XXIII">xxiii. 6</a>; <a href += "#notes_XXXV">xxxv. 5</a>.</p> + +<p><i>contestari</i> litem, <a href = "#notes_XXXIX">xxxix. 12</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Coruncanius</i>, <a href = "#notes_XX">xx. 4</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Crotoniensis</i>, <a href = "#notes_X">x. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Crotona</i>, <a href = "#notes_X">x. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>cruor</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXIX">xxix. 23</a>.</p> + +<p><i>cum</i> (conj.), <a href = "#notes_VI">vi. 8</a>; with indic. (1) +frequentative, <a href = "#notes_XIV">xiv. 7</a>; (2) = et tum, +<a href = "#notes_XXI">xxi. 6</a>; (3) = because, <a href = +"#notes_XXXIII">xxxiii. 11</a>.</p> + +<p><i>curia</i>, <a href = "#notes_XI">xi. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Curius Dentatus</i>, <a href = "#notes_XX">xx. 3</a>.</p> + +<p><i>curo</i> with gerundive, <a href = "#notes_VII">vii. 3</a>; +<a href = "#notes_XIII">xiii. 1</a>.</p> + +<p class = "space"> +<i>dative</i> of purpose (predicative dat.), <a href = +"#notes_VIII">viii. 4</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Demades</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXXII">xxxii. 4</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Demosthenes</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXXII">xxxii. 4</a>.</p> + +<p><i>dependent</i> interrogatives, <a href = "#notes_X">x. 6</a>.</p> + +<p><i>desinere</i> artem, <a href = "#notes_X">x. 3</a>.</p> + +<p><i>deveho</i> (de = to land), <a href = "#notes_XXXVI">xxxvi. +7</a>.</p> + +<p><i>disciplina</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXII">xxii. 2</a>.</p> + +<p><i>dissimulanter</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXXVI">xxxvi. 12</a>.</p> + +<p><i>dum</i> with subj., <a href = "#notes_XXV">xxv. 5</a>.</p> + +<p class = "space"> +<i>Electra</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXXI">xxxi. 5</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Ennius</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXXVIII">xxxviii. 9</a>.</p> + +<p><i>ephippium</i>, <a href = "#notes_IX">ix. 6</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Euander</i>, <a href = "#notes_XX">xx. 9</a>.</p> + +<p><i>exerceor</i>, in middle sense, <a href = "#notes_IV">iv. +7</a>.</p> + +<p class = "space"> +<i>Fabricius</i>, <a href = "#notes_VIII">viii. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>fac eas</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXV">xxv. 11</a>.</p> + +<p><i>facto</i> ... opus est, <a href = "#notes_XIV">xiv. 18</a>.</p> + +<p><i>falcibus</i> (currus cum), <a href = "#notes_IX">ix. 4</a>.</p> + +<p><i>familias</i>, <a href = "#notes_XII">xii. 3</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Favorinus</i>, <a href = "#notes_XX">xx. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>felix</i> (fruitful), <a href = "#notes_XXXVII">xxxvii. +18</a>.</p> + +<p><i>foculus</i>, <a href = "#notes_XV">xv. 7</a>.</p> + +<p><i>forum</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXIII">xxiii. 21</a>.</p> + +<p><i>frequentative</i> verbs, <a href = "#notes_XVIII">xviii. +4</a>.</p> + +<p><i>frenis</i> ... fulgentem, <a href = "#notes_IX">ix. 6</a>.</p> + +<p class = "space"> +<i>genitive</i> denoting “nature,” “duty” of, <a href = +"#notes_XXXIII">xxxiii. 12</a>.</p> + +<p><i>genitive</i> after gerund (causarum orandi cupidus), <a href = +"#notes_XXXIX">xxxix. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>gerunds</i> and <i>gerundives</i>, <a href = "#notes_XIII">xiii. +1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>gratiae</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXXVII">xxxvii. 13</a>.</p> + +<p class = "space"> +<i>Hannibal</i>, <a href = "#notes_IX">ix. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>haurire</i> pectus, <a href = "#notes_XXII">xxii. 9</a>.</p> + +<p><i>hercle</i>, <a href = "#notes_III">iii. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Hispanicus</i> gladius, <a href = "#notes_XXII">xxii. 7</a>.</p> + +<p><i>historic</i> infinitive, <a href = "#notes_XXV">xxv. 15</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Horatii</i>, <a href = "#notes_XX">xx. 5</a>.</p> + +<p><i>hospita</i>, <a href = "#notes_XV">xv. 2</a>.</p> + +<p class = "space"> +<i>id temporis</i>, <a href = "#notes_XVIII">xviii. 7</a>.</p> + +<p><i>imperium</i> proconsulare, <a href = "#notes_XXIX">xxix. +5</a>.</p> + +<p><i>inceptive</i> or inchoative verbs, <a href = "#notes_II">ii. +5</a>.</p> + +<p><i>ingentis</i>, (acc. plur.), <a href = "#notes_IX">ix. 2</a>.</p> + +<p><i>in iure</i> stare, <a href = "#notes_XVIII">xviii. 18</a>.</p> + +<p><i>inmittere</i> (absolutely), <a href = "#notes_VI">vi. 9</a>.</p> + +<p><i>insula</i> (lodging-house), <a href = "#notes_XXXIV">xxxiv. +4</a>.</p> + +<p><i>interrogatives</i>, dependent, <a href = "#notes_X">x. 6</a>.</p> + +<p><i>ire infitias</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXXVI">xxxvi. 18</a>.</p> + +<p><i>ius</i> dicere, <a href = "#notes_XVIII">xviii. 16</a>.</p> + +<p><i>iusiurandum</i> aliquem adigere, <a href = "#notes_XL">xl. +6</a>.</p> + +<p class = "space"> +<i>locative</i> case, <a href = "#notes_XI">xi. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>loci</i> (nusquam), <a href = "#notes_XV">xv. 19</a>.</p> + +<p class = "space"> +(e) <i>mediis</i> hostibus, <a href = "#notes_VI">vi. 12</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Menander</i>, <a href = "#notes_II">ii. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>mens</i> and <i>animus</i>, <a href = "#notes_V">v. 5</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Methymna</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXXV">xxxv. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>middle</i> signification of passive voice, <a href = +"#notes_IV">iv. 7</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">150</span> +<p><i>mihi</i> and <i>ad me</i> after verbs, <a href = +"#notes_XXVII">xxvii. 13</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Milo</i>, <a href = "#notes_X">x. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Mitridates</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXXVIII">xxxviii. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>monilia</i>, <a href = "#notes_IX">ix. 6</a>.</p> + +<p class = "space"> +<i>-ne</i> pleonastic, <a href = "#notes_XI">xi. 10</a>.</p> + +<p><i>ne</i> ... quis, <a href = "#notes_XI">xi. 4</a>.</p> + +<p><i>nemo</i>, <a href = "#notes_XIV">xiv. 9</a>.</p> + +<p><i>nobilis</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXXV">xxxv. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>noctis</i> extremo, <a href = "#notes_XVIII">xviii. 3</a>.</p> + +<p><i>nonne</i>, <i>num</i>, <i>-ne</i>, <a href = "#notes_II">ii. +5</a>.</p> + +<p><i>nudus</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXI">xxi. 7</a>.</p> + +<p><i>nusquam</i> loci, <a href = "#notes_XV">xv. 16</a>.</p> + +<p class = "space"> +<i>Orestes</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXXI">xxxi. 5</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Oresti</i> (genitive), <a href = "#notes_XXXI">xxxi. 6</a>.</p> + +<p><i>orthium</i> carmen, <a href = "#notes_XXXV">xxxv. 21</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Osce</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXXVIII">xxxviii<ins class = +"correction" title = ". invisible">. </ins>10</a>.</p> + +<p class = "space"> +<i>Palatium</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXXIII">xxxiii. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>pareo</i>, <i>pario</i>, <i>paro</i>, <a href = "#notes_I">i. +2</a>.</p> + +<p><i>participle</i> and verb in Latin = two verbs in English, <a href = +"#notes_XXI">xxi. 3</a>; <a href = "#notes_XL">xl. 2</a>.</p> + +<p><i>partitive</i> genitive, id temporis, <a href = +"#notes_XVIII">xviii. 7</a>; quantum mercedis, <a href = +"#notes_XXXII">xxxii. 17</a>.</p> + +<p><i>passives</i> with middle signification, <a href = "#notes_IV">iv. +7</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Pelasgi</i>, <a href = "#notes_XX">xx. 6</a>.</p> + +<p><i>per</i> contemptum, <a href = "#notes_XXIII">xxiii. 5</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Periander</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXXV">xxxv. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Pericles</i>, <a href = "#notes_VII">vii. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>phalerae</i>, <a href = "#notes_IX">ix. 6</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Philemon</i>, <a href = "#notes_II">ii. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Piraeus</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXXIV">xxxiv. 15</a>.</p> + +<p><i>plague</i> of Athens, <a href = "#notes_V">v. 10</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Plutarchus</i>, <a href = "#notes_III">iii. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Poenus</i>, <a href = "#notes_IX">ix. 8</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Pomptinus</i> ager, <a href = "#notes_XXIII">xxiii. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>possies</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXIV">xxiv. 13</a>.</p> + +<p><i>postliminium</i>, <a href = "#notes_XL">xl. 12</a>.</p> + +<p>(in) <i>praesens</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXXIII">xxxiii. 2</a>.</p> + +<p><i>praetextatus</i>, <a href = "#notes_XI">xi. 2</a>.</p> + +<p><i>predicative</i> dative, <a href = "#notes_VIII">viii. 4</a>.</p> + +<p><i>prepositions</i>, verbs compounded with, <a href = +"#notes_XXIX">xxix. 22</a>; <a href = "#notes_XXXIV">xxxiv. 3</a>.</p> + +<p><i>priusquam</i> with subjunctive, <a href = "#notes_XXXIII">xxxiii. +4</a>.</p> + +<p><i>proconsulare</i> imperium, <a href = "#notes_XXIX">xxix. +5</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Protagoras</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXXIX">xxxix. 3</a>.</p> + +<p><i>purpose</i>, dative of, <a href = "#notes_VIII">viii. 4</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Pyrrus</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXVII">xxvii. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Pythagoras</i>, <a href = "#notes_X">x. 1</a>.</p> + +<p class = "space"> +<i>quadrati</i> versus, <a href = "#notes_XXIV">xxiv. 10</a>.</p> + +<p><i>quae</i> dicas (indefinite), <a href = "#notes_XX">xx. 11</a>.</p> + +<p><i>quaeso</i> (parenthetically), <a href = "#notes_II">ii. 4</a>.</p> + +<p><i>quasi</i>, <a href = "#notes_XV">xv. 6</a>.</p> + +<p><i>qui</i> with subjunctive (final), <a href = "#notes_XXV">xxv. +17</a>; (causal) <a href = "#notes_XXXVII">xxxvii. 3</a>.</p> + +<p><i>quid</i> ... sibi vult, <a href = "#notes_XII">xii. 6</a>.</p> + +<p>(si) <i>quid</i> rei, <a href = "#notes_XXV">xxv. 7</a>.</p> + +<p><i>quin</i> with indicative, <a href = "#notes_XXVI">xxvi. 4</a>.</p> + +<p><i>quis</i> (indefinite), <a href = "#notes_XI">xi. 4</a>.</p> + +<p><i>quisquam</i> and <i>ullus</i>, <a href = "#notes_X">x. 6</a>.</p> + +<p class = "space"> +<i>re</i> in composition, <a href = "#notes_I">i. 6</a>.</p> + +<p class = "space"> +<i>Samnites</i>, <a href = "#notes_VIII">viii. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>satira</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXIV">xxiv. 10</a>.</p> + +<p><i>scatebat</i> iris, <a href = "#notes_IV">iv. 3</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Scipio</i> Africanus, <a href = "#notes_XVI">xvi. 1</a>; <a href = +"#notes_XVIII">xviii. 2</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Scipio</i> Asiaticus, <a href = "#notes_XVII">xvii. 5</a>.</p> + +<p><i>scutum</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXI">xxi. 17</a>.</p> + +<p><i>securus</i> with genitive, <a href = "#notes_VI">vi. 14</a>.</p> + +<p><i>sed</i> enim, <a href = "#notes_XV">xv. 10</a>.</p> + +<p><i>sequence</i> of tenses after historic present, <a href = +"#notes_XXI">xxi. 12</a>; <a href = "#notes_XXIII">xxiii. 6</a>; <a href += "#notes_XXXV">xxxv. 5</a>.</p> + +<p><i>sestertii</i> and <i>sestertium</i>, <a href = "#notes_VI">vi. +3</a>; <a href = "#notes_XXXIII">xxxiii. 2</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Sertorius</i>, <a href = "#notes_XIII">xiii. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Sibyllini</i> libri, <a href = "#notes_XV">xv. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Sicani</i>, <a href = "#notes_XX">xx. 6</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">151</span> +<p><i>Socrates</i>, <a href = "#notes_IV">iv. 1</a>, 4.</p> + +<p><i>sol</i> oriens, <a href = "#notes_V">v. 3</a>.</p> + +<p><i>sollemnis</i>, <a href = "#notes_XVI">xvi. 18</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Sophocles</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXX">xxx. 5</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Sulla</i>, L., <a href = "#notes_XXXIV">xxxiv. 15</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Sulla</i>, P., <a href = "#notes_XXXIII">xxxiii. 2</a>.</p> + +<p><i>supine</i> in -um, <a href = "#notes_XVI">xvi. 13</a>; <a href = +"#notes_XXII">xxii. 17</a>; <a href = "#notes_XXV">xxv. 6</a>.</p> + +<p><i>supine</i> in -u, <a href = "#notes_XIV">xiv. 5</a>; <a href = +"#notes_XXIV">xxiv. 2</a>; <a href = "#notes_XXVII">xxvii. 12</a>.</p> + +<p class = "space"> +<i>Taenarum</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXXVI">xxxvi. 6</a>.</p> + +<p><i>talentum</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXXII">xxxii. 19</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Tarquinius</i> Superbus, <a href = "#notes_XV">xv. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>temporal</i> conjunctions with subjunctive, cum, <a href = +"#notes_VI">vi. 8</a>; dum, <a href = "#notes_XXV">xxv. 5</a>; +priusquam, <a href = "#notes_XXXIII">xxxiii. 4</a>.</p> + +<p><i>tibiae</i>, <a href = "#notes_VII">vii. 4</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Torquatus</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXI">xxi. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>torquis</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXI">xxi. 3</a>.</p> + +<p><i>tribunus</i> militaris, <a href = "#notes_XXIII">xxiii. 8</a>.</p> + +<p><i>tribunus</i> plebis, <a href = "#notes_XVI">xvi. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>turribus</i> (elephanti cum), <a href = "#notes_IX">ix. 5</a>.</p> + +<p class = "space"> +<i>ullus</i>, <a href = "#notes_X">x. 6</a>.</p> + +<p class = "space"> +<i>vadari</i>, <a href = "#notes_XVIII">xviii. 22</a>.</p> + +<p><i>vadimonium</i>, <a href = "#notes_XVIII">xviii. 19</a>.</p> + +<p><i>venum</i> dare, <a href = "#notes_XXXIV">xxxiv. 10</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Vergilius</i>, <a href = "#notes_I">i. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>vertitur</i> in, <a href = "#notes_XXVI">xxvi. 20</a>.</p> + +<p><i>videres</i>, <a href = "#notes_XXVIII">xxviii. 15</a>.</p> + +<p><i>vult</i>, quid sibi, <a href = "#notes_XII">xii. 6</a>.</p> + +<p class = "space"> +<i>Zama</i>, <a href = "#notes_IX">ix. 1</a>.</p> + +</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Stories from Aulus Gellius, by Aulus Gellius + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STORIES FROM AULUS GELLIUS *** + +***** This file should be named 25861-h.htm or 25861-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/5/8/6/25861/ + +Produced by Louise Hope, Anna Tuinman, Ted Garvin and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + +</pre> + +</body> +</html> |