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diff --git a/25861-8.txt b/25861-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b1d46d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/25861-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9884 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Stories from Aulus Gellius, by Aulus Gellius + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Stories from Aulus Gellius + Being Selections And Adaptations From The Noctes Atticae + +Author: Aulus Gellius + +Editor: G. H. Nall + +Release Date: June 21, 2008 [EBook #25861] + +Language: Latin + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STORIES FROM AULUS GELLIUS *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, Anna Tuinman, Ted Garvin and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + +[Transcriber's Note: + +This text is intended for users whose text readers cannot use the +"real" (unicode/utf-8) version of the file. Characters in the Notes and +Vocabulary that could not be fully displayed have been "unpacked" and +shown in brackets: + + [-a] [-e] [-i] [-o] [-u] vowels with macron or "long" mark + [)a] [)e] [)i] [)o] [)u] [)y] vowels with breve or "short" mark + ([)y] and long vowels are rare) + [)-a] [)-e] [)-i] [)-u] vowel with combined breve and macron (rare) + the "oe" ligature, used only in English text, is shown simply as + oe (unmarked) + +Greek words have been transliterated and shown between #marks#. + +The original text used numbered lines for reference in the Notes. +These have been replaced with line numbers in {braces} placed between +sentences, generally at mid-line. The lines in your text reader are +probably longer than the lines in the original book, so numbers such +as {5} and {10} will be less than five physical lines apart. Selections +are short, and each Note starts with the word or phrase referenced. + +Except as noted above, brackets in the Notes and Vocabulary are in the +original. + +Typographical errors are listed at the end of the text.] + + + + ++Elementary Classics.+ + + + STORIES FROM + + AULUS GELLIUS, + + Being Selections And Adaptations From The + + NOCTES ATTICAE, + + + _Edited With Notes Exercises And Vocabularies_ + _For The Use Of Lower Forms_ + + + By The + + REV. G. H. NALL, M.A., + Assistant Master At Westminster School. + + + +London:+ + MACMILLAN AND CO., + AND NEW YORK. + 1888. + + + + +PREFACE. + + +It is hoped that this series of short stories from A. Gellius may serve +as a pleasant change to young boys after a course of Cornelius Nepos, +Eutropius, etc. The language of the original has been simplified in +parts, and some rare or late words and constructions cut out. The Notes +have been made, with few exceptions, as short as possible; a few more +lengthy digressions, such as those upon the ablative absolute and the +gerundial constructions, will need no apology, if they succeed in +leading boys to think out for themselves the difficulties which these +constructions present. Some simple Exercises have been added at the +request of the Publishers, and for these an English-Latin Vocabulary has +been compiled. In this Vocabulary the words are arranged in alphabetical +order, since the Exercises are intended principally for _viva voce_ +drill in form, and the Editor's experience does not confirm the theory +of some Editors, that a boy's knowledge of a language is increased in +proportion to the time that he spends in hunting for words that he does +not know; he considers that the "paragraph" vocabulary makes the lazy +boy take refuge in guessing, whilst it wastes the time of the +industrious boy. + +The Editor acknowledges his obligations to the Latin Grammars of Dr. +Kennedy and Mr. Roby, and to Dr. Smith's Dictionaries of Biography and +Antiquities, and to similar works which lie at every schoolmaster's +elbow. + + + + +CONTENTS. + + PAGE + Preface, v + Life of Aulus Gellius, ix + Text of the "Stories from Aulus Gellius," 1 + Notes on the Text, 33 + Exercises, 75 + Latin-English Vocabulary, 98 + English-Latin Vocabulary, 137 + Table showing the order of the "Stories" compared + with the Books of the "Noctes Atticae," 147 + Index to Notes, 148 + Index to Proper Names. 152 + + + + +I + +AULUS GELLIUS. + + +Nothing is known about the life of A. Gellius beyond what can be +gathered from occasional hints in his own writings; it has even been +disputed whether his name was Agellius or A. Gellius. Probably he was a +Roman by birth, of good family and connections. He seems to have spent +his early years at Rome, studying under the celebrated teachers, +Sulpicius Apollinaris, T. Castricius, and Antonius Julianus (cf. +xxxiv. 1): to have continued his studies at Athens, where he lived on +terms of familiarity with Herodes Atticus, Calvisius Taurus, Peregrinus +Proteus, and other famous philosophers of that day: and after the lapse +of many years to have returned to Rome, and devoted the remaining years +of his life to literary pursuits and the society of a large circle of +friends. The dates of his birth and death are unknown, but from the +names of his teachers and friends it is certain that he lived during the +reigns of Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius, 117-180 A.D. + +The only work of A. Gellius that has reached us, possibly the only one +that he wrote, is the "Noctes Atticae," so called because it was begun +during the long nights of winter in a country house in Attica +(_longinquis per hiemen noctibus in agro terrae Atticae_). It consists +of numerous extracts from Greek and Roman writers on subjects connected +with history, philosophy, philology, and antiquities, illustrated by +abundant criticisms and discussions. These extracts are thrown together +without any attempt at order or arrangement, and divided into twenty +books. He had been accustomed whilst reading, he says, to make notes +upon anything which struck him as worth remembering. These notes he +embodied with little change in his work, in the same haphazard order in +which they had been made (_usi autem sumus ordine rerum fortuito quem +antea in excerpendo feceramus_). + +Naturally the various parts of such a 'Miscellany' vary greatly in +quality. Some portions of it are highly valuable and interesting. For +instance, many quotations are preserved from ancient authors whose works +have perished, some of which throw light upon questions of +constitutional and antiquarian interest, which would otherwise have +remained obscure; many literary and historical anecdotes are given which +are valuable in themselves; and some important grammatical usages and +theories are noted. But the author's appetite was omnivorous. He is as +eager to tell the story of a marvellous African serpent, 120 feet in +length, whose destruction required the utmost efforts of a whole Roman +army, with their _ballistae_ and _catapultae_ (_magna totius exercitus +conflictione, ballistis atque catapultis diu oppugnatum._ --_N. A._ +vii. 3), or to discuss some absurd etymology, such as that of _avarus_ +from _avidus aeris_, as to preserve some really valuable detail of +senatorial procedure, or record the use and origin of obscure +constitutional phrases. His own criticisms, moreover, are as a rule +worthless, and his translations are feeble; but in spite of all these +defects his work is exceedingly interesting, and we could ill afford to +lose it. + +His Latin style shows the defects of his age, an age in which the Romans +had ceased to feel the full meaning of the words which they used, and +endeavoured to gain emphasis by employing obscure phrases and unnatural +turns of expression. But these peculiarities are even more noticeable in +the writings of his contemporaries. + + + + + +STORIES FROM AULUS GELLIUS. + + +I. VERGIL AND HIS POEMS. + + _Vergil, who spent much labour in polishing his verses, used to + compare himself to a bear, which licks its cubs into shape._ + +Dicebat P. Vergilius, ut amici eius familiaresque ferunt, se parere +versus more ursino. "Namque ut illa bestia" inquit, "fetum edit informem +lambendoque postea conformat et fingit, sic ingenii quoque mei partus +primum rudes et inperfecti sunt, sed tractando corrigendoque reddo iis +oris et vultus liniamenta." {6} + + +II. MENANDER AND PHILEMON. + + _The poet Menander, meeting his successful rival Philemon, asked + him if he did not feel ashamed to defeat him._ + +Menander a Philemone, nequaquam pari scriptore, in certaminibus +comoediarum ambitu gratiâque saepenumero vincebatur. Ei forte obviam +factus est Menander, et "Quaeso" inquit, "Philemo, bonâ veniâ dic mihi, +cum me vincis, nonne erubescis?" {5} + + +III. THE PALM TREE. + + _The palm has been made the emblem of victory, because its wood + does not yield, when heavy weights are placed upon it._ + +Rem hercle mirandam Aristoteles et Plutarchus dicunt. "Si super palmae +arboris lignum" inquiunt "magna pondera imponis, non deorsum palma cedit +nec intra flectitur, sed adversus pondus resurgit et sursum recurvatur; +propterea in certaminibus palma signum victoriae facta est, quoniam +urgentibus opprimentibusque non cedit." {7} + + +IV. SOCRATES AND HIS WIFE. + + _Socrates, when asked why he endured his quarrelsome wife, replied + that to bear her temper was good discipline._ + +Xanthippe, Socratis philosophi uxor, admodum morosa et litigiosa fuisse +fertur, irisque muliebribus per diem perque noctem scatebat. Quam rem in +maritum Socraten Alcibiades demiratus, "Cur mulierem" inquit "tam +acerbam domo non exigis?" "Quoniam," respondit Socrates, "cum illam domi +talem perpetior, insuesco et exerceor, ut ceterorum quoque foris +petulantiam et iniuriam facilius feram." {8} + + +V. THE SELF-DISCIPLINE OF SOCRATES. + + _Socrates used to train himself to bear fatigue by standing + motionless for twenty-four hours at a time. His health was always + perfect._ + +Inter labores voluntarios corporis firmandi causâ id quoque accepimus +Socraten facere insuevisse: stabat per diem perque noctem a lucis ortu +ad solem alterum orientem immobilis, iisdem in vestigiis, et ore atque +oculis eundem in locum directis, cogitans, tamquam quodam secessu mentis +atque animi facto a corpore. {7} + +Temperantiâ quoque tantâ fuisse traditus est, ut omnem fere vitam +valitudine integrâ vixerit. In eâ etiam pestilentiâ, quae in belli +Peloponnensiaci principiis Atheniensium civitatem depopulata est, +dicitur vigorem corporis retinuisse. {12} + + +VI. ALEXANDER AND BUCEPHALAS. + + _How Alexander obtained his famous charger Bucephalas, how it + saved his life in battle, and how the King showed his gratitude._ + +Equus Alexandri regis nomine Bucephalas fuit. Emptum Chares scripsit +talentis tredecim et regi Philippo donatum; hoc autem aeris nostri summa +est sestertia trecenta duodecim. De hoc equo haec memoriâ digna +accepimus. {5} Ubi ornatus erat armatusque ad proelium, haud umquam +inscendi sese ab alio, nisi ab rege passus est. Bello Indico cum +insidens in eo Alexander facinora faceret fortia, in hostium cuneum, non +satis sibi providens, inmisit. Coniectis undique in Alexandrum telis, +vulneribus altis in cervice atque in latere equus perfossus est. {11} +Moribundus tamen ac prope iam exanguis e mediis hostibus regem citato +cursu retulit atque, ubi eum extra tela extulerat, ilico concidit et, +domini iam superstitis securus, animam expiravit. Tum rex Alexander, +partâ eius belli victoriâ, oppidum in iisdem locis condidit idque ob +equi honores Bucephalon appellavit. {17} + + +VII. ALCIBIADES AND THE PIPES. + + _Alcibiades, when a boy, refused to learn to play the pipes, + because they distorted the player's mouth._ + +Alcibiades Atheniensis apud avunculum Periclen educatus est, qui artibus +ac disciplinis liberalibus puerum docendum curavit. Inter alios +magistros tibicinem arcessi iussit, ut eum canere tibiis doceret, quod +honestissimum tum videbatur. Traditas sibi tibias Alcibiades ad os +adhibuit inflavitque; sed ubi oris deformitatem vidit, abiecit +infregitque. Cum ea res percrebuisset, omnium tum Atheniensium consensu +disciplina tibiis canendi desita est. {9} + + +VIII. FABRICIUS AND THE SAMNITE GOLD. + + _Fabricius refused rich presents, which the Samnites offered him, + saying that, while he retained command over his senses, he had all + that he needed._ + +Legati a Samnitibus ad C. Fabricium, imperatorem populi Romani, venerunt +et, memoratis multis magnisque rebus, quae bene post redditam pacem +Samnitibus fecisset, dono grandem pecuniam obtulerunt. "Quae facimus" +Samnites inquiunt, "quod multa ad splendorem domus atque victus defieri +videmus." {6} Tum Fabricius manus ab auribus ad oculos et infra deinceps +ad nares et ad os et ad gulam deduxit, et legatis ita respondit: "Dum +his omnibus membris, quae attigi, imperare possum, numquam quicquam mihi +deerit; quamobrem hanc pecuniam, quâ nihil mihi est usus, a vobis, qui +eâ uti scitis, non accipio." {12} + + +IX. HANNIBAL'S JEST. + + _Antiochus, proud of his army, asked Hannibal if they were 'enough + for the Romans.' 'Quite enough,' replied Hannibal, 'however greedy + the Romans are.'_ + +Antiochus ostendebat Hannibali in campo copias ingentis, quas bellum +populo Romano facturus comparaverat, convertebatque exercitum insignibus +argenteis et aureis micantem; inducebat etiam currus cum falcibus et +elephantos cum turribus equitatumque frenis, ephippiis, monilibus, +phaleris fulgentem. {6} Atque ibi rex Hannibalem aspicit et "Putasne" +inquit "satis esse Romanis haec omnia?" Tum Poenus, eludens ignaviam +militum eius tam pretiose armatorum, "Satis, plane satis esse credo +Romanis haec omnia, etiamsi avarissimi sunt." {11} + + +X. THE DEATH OF MILO. + + _Milo, when enfeebled by age, tried to tear a tree open, but the + wood closed on his hands and he perished miserably._ + +Milo Crotoniensis, athleta inlustris, exitum habuit e vita miserandum et +mirandum. Cum iam natu grandis artem athleticam desisset iterque faceret +forte solus in locis Italiae silvestribus, quercum vidit proxime viam +rimis in parte mediâ hiantem. {5} Tum experiri etiam tunc volens, +an ullae sibi vires adessent, inmissis in cavernas arboris digitis, +diducere et rescindere quercum conatus est. Ac mediam quidem partem +discidit divellitque; quercus autem in duas diducta partis, cum ille +manus laxasset, rediit in naturam, manibusque eius retentis inclusisque +dilacerandum hominem feris praebuit. {12} + + +XI. A HOAX:--THE STORY OF PAPIRIUS PRAETEXTATUS. + + _The young Papirius, pressed by his mother to reveal the secret + proceedings of the Senate, told her that they had debated whether + it was better for one husband to have two wives, or one wife two + husbands._ + +Mos antea senatoribus Romae fuit, in curiam cum praetextatis filiis +introire. Forte res maior quaepiam consultata et in diem posterum +prolata est, placuitque ut eam rem ne quis enuntiaret, priusquam decreta +esset. Sed mater Papirii pueri, qui cum patre suo in curiâ fuerat, +percontata est filium, quidnam in senatu patres egissent. {7} Puer +respondit tacendum esse neque id dici licere. Mulier autem fit audiendi +cupidior, ac tandem puer matre urgente lepidi mendacii consilium capit. +Actum in senatu dixit, utrum videretur utilius exque republicâ esse, +unusne ut duas uxores haberet, an ut una duobus nupta esset. {12} + + +XII. THE RESULT OF THE HOAX. + + _The consternation of the Roman Matrons, the bewilderment of the + Senators, the confession of Papirius, and the reward for his + discretion._ + +Ubi illa hoc audivit, domo trepidans egreditur, ad ceteras matronas se +adfert. Pervenit ad senatum postridie matrum familias caterva. +Lacrimantes atque obsecrantes orant, ut una potius duobus nupta fieret +quam ut duae uni. Senatores in curiam ingredientes mirabantur, quae illa +mulierum insania et quid sibi postulatio istaec vellet. {7} Puer +Papirius in medium curiae progressus, quid mater audire institisset, +quid ipse matri dixisset, denarrat. Senatus fidem atque ingenium pueri +laudat et consultum facit, uti posthac pueri cum patribus in curiam ne +introeant, praeter illum unum Papirium, cui postea cognomen honoris +gratiâ datum "Praetextatus." {13} + + +XIII. SERTORIUS. + + _The extraordinary influence that Sertorius exercised over the + minds of his soldiers, and the means by which he maintained this + influence._ + +Sertorius, vir acer egregiusque dux, et utendi et regendi exercitus +peritus fuit. Is in temporibus difficillimis et mentiebatur ad milites, +si mendacium prodesset, et litteras compositas pro veris legebat, et +somnium simulabat, et falsas religiones conferebat, si quid istae res +eum apud militum animos adiuvabant. {6} Haec hominum barbarorum +credulitas Sertorio in magnis rebus magno usui fuit. Memoria prodita +est, neminem umquam ex his nationibus, quae cum Sertorio faciebant, cum +multis proeliis superatus esset, ab eo descivisse, quamquam id genus +hominum esset mobilissimum. {12} + + +XIV. SERTORIUS AND THE DOE. + + _Sertorius pretended that divine revelations were made to him + through a white doe. This doe once ran away, but was soon found + again. The use which Sertorius made of this incident._ + +Huic Sertorio cerva alba eximiae pulchritudinis et celeritatis a +Lusitano quodam dono data est. Hanc persuasit omnibus, oblatam sibi +divinitus et instinctam Dianae numine, conloqui secum et monere et +docere, quae utilia factu essent, ac, si quid durius videbatur, quod +imperandum militibus foret, a cervâ sese monitum praedicabat. {7} Id cum +dixerat, universi, tamquam si deo, libentes ei parebant. Ea cerva quodam +die, cum incursio hostium esset nuntiata, tumultu consternata in fugam +se proripuit atque in palude proximâ delituit, et postea requisita +periisse credita est. Neque multis diebus post inventam esse cervam +Sertorio nuntiatur. {12} Tum eum qui nuntiaverat iussit tacere ac, ne +cui palam diceret, interminatus est praecepitque, ut eam postero die +repente in eum locum, in quo ipse cum amicis esset, inmitteret. {16} +Admissis deinde amicis postridie, cervam ait, quae periisset, visam esse +in quiete ad se reverti et, ut prius consuerat, quod opus esset facto +praedicere; tum servo quod imperaverat significat, cerva emissa in +cubiculum Sertorii introrupit, clamor factus et orta admiratio est. {21} + + +XV. TARQUIN AND THE SIBYLLINE BOOKS. + + _A Sibyl offered to sell King Tarquin nine books for a large sum. + On his scornful refusal she burnt three, and offered the remaining + six for the same sum, but he again refused. She burnt three more + and offered the remaining three for the same sum: these the King + bought and deposited in the 'Sacristy.'_ + +In antiquis annalibus haec memoria de libris Sibyllinis prodita est: +Anus hospita atque incognita ad Tarquinium Superbum regem adiit, novem +libros ferens, quos divina oracula esse dicebat; eos velle vendere. +Tarquinius pretium percontatus est. Mulier nimium atque inmensum +poposcit: rex, quasi anus aetate desiperet, derisit. {7} Tum illa +foculum coram cum igni apponit, tris libros ex novem deurit et, ecquid +reliquos sex eodem pretio emere vellet, regem interrogavit. Sed enim +Tarquinius id multo magis risit, dixitque anum iam procul dubio +delirare. Mulier ibidem statim tris alios libros exussit atque id ipsum +denuo placide rogat, ut tris reliquos eodem illo pretio emat. {14} +Tarquinius ore iam serio atque attentiore animo fit, eam constantiam +confidentiamque non contemnendam intellegit, libros tris reliquos +mercatur nihilo minore pretio, quam quod erat petitum pro omnibus. Sed +ea mulier tunc a Tarquinio digressa postea nusquam loci visa est. Libri +tres, in sacrarium conditi, "Sibyllini" appellati; ad eos quasi ad +oraculum quindecimviri adeunt, cum di immortales publice consulendi +sunt. {22} + + +XVI. SCIPIO AFRICANUS IMPEACHED: HIS ANSWER. + + _Scipio was accused of having received bribes from Antiochus. + Scorning to answer such a charge, he reminded the people that this + was the anniversary of his great victory at Zama, and called upon + them to follow him to the Capitol and there return thanks to the + gods._ + +M. Naevius tribunus plebis accusavit Scipionem ad populum, dixitque eum +accepisse a rege Antiocho pecuniam, ut condicionibus mollibus pax cum eo +populi Romani nomine fieret, et quaedam item alia indigna tali viro +addidit. Tum Scipio pauca praefatus, quae dignitas vitae suae atque +gloria postulabat, {6} "Memoriâ" inquit, "Quirites, repeto, diem esse +hodiernum, quo Hannibalem Poenum, imperio vestro inimicissimum, magno +proelio in terrâ Africâ vici, pacemque et victoriam vobis peperi +praeclaram. Non igitur simus adversum deos ingrati et, censeo, +relinquamus nebulonem hunc, eamus hinc protinus Iovi optimo maximo +gratulatum." {13} Id cum dixisset, avertit et ire ad Capitolium coepit. +Tum contio universa, quae ad sententiam de Scipione ferendam convenerat, +relicto tribuno Scipionem in Capitolium comitata, atque inde ad aedes +eius cum laetitiâ et gratulatione sollemni prosecuta est. {18} + + +XVII. SCIPIO AFRICANUS: ANOTHER IMPEACHMENT. + + _Scipio on another occasion was accused of embezzling the money + paid by Antiochus as a war indemnity: he answered the charge by + tearing his accounts in pieces before the eyes of the Senators._ + +Item aliud est factum eius praeclarum. Petilii quidam tribuni plebis a +M., ut aiunt, Catone, inimico Scipionis, comparati in eum atque inmissi, +desiderabant in senatu, ut pecuniae Antiochinae praedaeque in eo bello +captae rationem redderet: fuerat enim L. Scipioni Asiatico, fratri suo, +imperatori in eâ provinciâ legatus. {7} Ibi Scipio exurgit et, prolato e +sinu togae libro, rationes in eo scriptas esse dixit omnis pecuniae +omnisque praedae; allatum, ut palam recitaretur et ad aerarium +deferretur. "Sed enim id iam non faciam" inquit, "nec me ipse afficiam +contumeliâ," eumque librum statim coram discidit suis manibus, aegre +passus, quod, cui salus imperii ac reipublicae accepta referri deberet, +ab eo ratio praedae posceretur. {14} + + +XVIII. SCIPIO AFRICANUS AND THE GODS. + + _Scipio believed that he was a special favourite of the gods: + before entering on any important work he used to spend hours of + quiet meditation in the temple on the Capitol. A story is given + showing his power of foreseeing the future._ + +Id etiam dicere haut piget, quod ii, qui de vitâ et rebus Africani +scripserunt, litteris mandaverunt. Solitus est noctis extremo ante +primam lucem in Capitolium ventitare ac iubere aperiri cellam Iovis, +atque ibi solus diu demorari, quasi consultans de republicâ cum Iove. +{6} Aeditumi eius templi saepe admirati, quod in eum solum id temporis +in Capitolium ingredientem canes, semper in alios saevientes, neque +latrarent neque incurrerent. Has volgi de Scipione opiniones confirmare +atque approbare videbantur dicta factaque eius pleraque admiranda. Ex +quibus est unum huiuscemodi. {12} Assidebat oppugnabatque oppidum in +Hispaniâ situm, moenibus defensoribusque validum et munitum, re etiam +cibariâ copiosum, nullaque eius potiundi spes erat. Quodam die ius in +castris sedens dicebat, atque ex eo loco id oppidum procul visebatur. +{17} Tum quispiam e militibus, qui in iure apud eum stabant, +interrogavit ex more, in quem diem locumque vadimonium promitti iuberet: +et Scipio manum ad ipsam oppidi, quod obsidebatur, arcem protendens, +perendie sese sistere illo in loco iussit. Atque ita factum: die tertio, +in quem vadari iusserat, oppidum captum est eodemque eo die in arce eius +oppidi ius dixit. {24} + + +XIX. DUTY AND FRIENDSHIP. + + _How a man, when trying a friend who was guilty, succeeded in + reconciling the claims of duty and of friendship, by himself + voting for condemnation, but persuading his fellow iudices to vote + for acquittal._ + +Super amici capite iudex cum duobus aliis fui. Ita lex fuit, uti eum +hominem condemnari necesse esset. Aut amico igitur caput perdendum aut +adhibenda fraus legi fuit. Multa cum animo meo ad casum tam ancipitem +medendum consultavi; tandem hoc, quod feci, visum est optimum. Ipse +tacitus ad condemnandum sententiam tuli, iis qui simul iudicabant, ut +absolverent, persuasi. Sic mihi et iudicis et amici officium in re tantâ +salvum fuit. {9} + + +XX. AVOID OBSOLETE LANGUAGE. + + _Favorinus rebuked a young man, who affected the use of archaic + language, by telling him to hold his tongue altogether if he did + not wish to be understood: if he admired the purity of the good + old times he should imitate their ways, not their words._ + +Favorinus philosophus adulescenti, veterum verborum cupidissimo et +plerasque voces nimis priscas et ignotas in cotidianis sermonibus +expromenti, "Curius" inquit "et Fabricius et Coruncanius, antiquissimi +viri, et his antiquiores Horatii illi trigemini plane ac dilucide cum +suis locuti sunt, neque Auruncorum aut Sicanorum aut Pelasgorum, qui +primi coluisse Italiam dicuntur, sed aetatis suae verbis usi sunt; {8} +tu autem, proinde quasi cum matre Euandri nunc loquare, sermone abhinc +multis annis iam desito uteris, quod neminem vis scire atque intellegere +quae dicas. Nonne, homo inepte, ut quod vis abunde consequaris, taces? +{12} Sed antiquitatem tibi placere ais, quod honesta et bona et sobria +et modesta sit. Vive ergo moribus praeteritis, loquere verbis +praesentibus: atque id, quod a C. Caesare scriptum est, habe semper in +memoriâ atque in pectore, ut tamquam scopulum sic fugias insolens +verbum." {18} + + +XXI. TORQUATUS AND THE GAUL:--THE CHALLENGE. + + _In one of the struggles between the Romans and the Gauls in 361 + B.C. a gigantic Gaul challenged the Romans to send out a champion + to meet him: all held back except the young T. Manlius._ + +Titus Manlius summo loco natus fuit. Ei cognomen factum est Torquatus. +Causa cognomenti fuisse dicitur torquis, quam ex hoste, quem occiderat, +detractam induit. Quis hostis fuerit et qualis pugna ita accepimus. {5} + +Galli contra Romanos pugnabant, cum interim Gallus quidam nudus praeter +scutum et gladios duos, torque atque armillis decoratus, qui et viribus +et magnitudine et adulescentiâ et virtute ceteros praestabat, processit +et manu significare coepit utrisque, ut quiescerent. Extemplo silentio +facto voce maximâ conclamat, si quis secum depugnare vellet, uti +prodiret. {12} Nemo audebat propter magnitudinem atque inmanem faciem. +Deinde Gallus inridere coepit atque linguam exertare. Doluit Titus +Manlius, tantum flagitium civitati adcidere, e tanto exercitu neminem +prodire. Processit ipse scuto pedestri et gladio Hispanico cinctus et +contra Gallum constitit. {18} + + +XXII. TORQUATUS AND THE GAUL:--THE BATTLE. + + _In the struggle which followed Manlius disconcerted the Gaul by + suddenly with his shield dashing him back from his posture of + defence; he then came to close quarters with the Gaul, and slew + him. He put on his own neck the necklace which the Gaul had worn; + hence he was named Torquatus. This same Manlius executed his son + for disobeying orders and slaying an enemy who had challenged + him._ + +Metu magno ea congressio in ipso ponte, utroque exercitu inspectante, +facta est. Constitit Gallus suâ disciplinâ scuto proiecto cunctabundus; +Manlius, animo magis quam arte confisus, scuto scutum percussit atque +statum Galli conturbavit. {5} Dum se Gallus iterum eodem pacto +constituere studet, Manlius iterum scuto scutum percutit atque de loco +hominem iterum deiecit; eo pacto ei sub Gallicum gladium successit atque +Hispanico pectus hausit; deinde continuo umerum dextrum incidit neque +recessit usquam, donec subvertit. Ubi eum evertit, caput praecidit, +torquem detraxit eamque sanguinulentam sibi in collum inponit. Quo ex +facto ipse posterique eius Torquati sunt cognominati. {13} + +Ab hoc Tito Manlio imperia et aspera et immitia Manlia dicta sunt, +quoniam postea, cum bello adversum Latinos esset consul, filium suum +securi percussit, qui speculatum ab eo missus, pugnâ interdictâ, hostem, +a quo provocatus fuerat, occiderat. {18} + + +XXIII. VALERIUS CORVINUS:--THE ORIGIN OF HIS NAME. + + _On another occasion the young Valerius accepted the challenge of + a gigantic Gaul. During the fight a raven aided the Roman by + attacking his enemy with its talons; thus helped Valerius slew the + Gaul, and received the name of Corvinus._ + +Copiae Gallorum ingentes agrum Pomptinum insederant instruebanturque +acies a consulibus. Dux interea Gallorum, vastâ proceritate armisque +auro praefulgentibus, manu telum vibrans incedebat perque contemptum et +superbiam circumspicit despicitque omnia, et venire iubet et congredi, +si quis pugnare secum ex omni Romano exercitu auderet. {7} Tum Valerius +adulescens, tribunus iam militaris, ceteris inter metum pudoremque +ambiguis, impetrat a consulibus, ut in Gallum pugnare sese permitterent, +et progreditur intrepidus obviam. Et congrediuntur et consistunt et +conserebantur iam manus. {12} Atque ibi vis quaedam divina fit: corvus +repente advolat et super galeam tribuni insistit atque inde in +adversarii os atque oculos pugnare incipit, eius manum unguibus laniabat +atque, ubi satis saevierat, revolabat in galeam tribuni. Sic tribunus, +spectante utroque exercitu, et suâ virtute nixus et operâ, alitis +adiutus, ducem hostium ferocissimum vicit interfecitque, atque ob hanc +causam cognomen habuit Corvinum. {20} + +Statuam Corvino isti divus Augustus in foro suo statuendam curavit. In +eius statuae capite corvi simulacrum est, rei pugnaeque, quam diximus, +monimentum. + + +XXIV. AESOP. + + _Aesop in his fables gives good advice in a pleasant way, and + hence men attend to him. An instance of this is his fable of the + lark, which has been put into verse by Ennius._ + +Aesopus ille e Phrygia fabularum scriptor haud inmerito sapiens +existimatus est; quae enim utilia monitu suasuque erant, non severe +praecepit, ut philosophis mos est, sed hilares iucundosque apologos +commentus, in mentes hominum cum audiendi quâdam inlecebrâ induit. {6} +Velut haec eius fabula de parvae avis nidulo lepide praemonet spem +fiduciamque rerum, quas efficere quis possit, haut umquam in alio, sed +in semetipso habendam. Hunc Aesopi apologum Q. Ennius in satiris +versibus quadratis composuit, quorum duo postremi hi sunt: {11} + + Hóc erit tibi árgumentum sémper in promptú situm, + Né quid expectés amicos, quód tute agere póssies. {13} + + +XXV. A FABLE OF AESOP:--THE LARK AND THE REAPERS. + + _A certain lark found the corn, in which it had built, ripe for + cutting before its young were fledged. It therefore ordered them + to report anything unusual which might happen in its absence. The + first day they announced that the master had been to the field and + had sent to ask his friends to help him to reap the corn. On + hearing this the mother said that there was no immediate need for + them to leave the field._ + +Avis est parva, nomen est cassita. Habitat in segetibus, id ferme +temporis ut appetat messis pullis iam iam plumantibus. Ea cassita in +sementes forte congesserat tempestiviores; propterea frumentis +flavescentibus pulli etiam tunc inplumes erant. {5} Dum igitur ipsa iret +cibum pullis quaesitum, monet eos, ut, si quid ibi rei novae fieret +dicereturve, animadverterent idque sibi, ubi rediisset, nuntiarent. +Dominus postea segetum illarum filium adulescentem vocat et "Videsne" +inquit "haec maturuisse et manus iam postulare? idcirco cras, ubi primum +dilucescit, fac amicos eas et roges, ut veniant operamque mutuam dent et +in hac messi nos adiuvent." {13} Haec ubi ille dixit, et discessit. +Atque ubi redit cassita, pulli tremibundi orare matrem, ut iam statim +properet inque alium locum sese asportet: "Nam dominus" inquiunt "misit, +qui amicos roget, uti luce oriente veniant et metant." Mater iubet eos +otioso animo esse: "Si enim dominus" inquit "messim ad amicos reiicit, +cras seges non metetur, neque necesse est hodie uti vos auferam." {20} + + +XXVI. THE LARK AND THE REAPERS (_Continued_). + + _Next day the young ones reported that the master, finding his + friends had not come, had sent to ask the aid of his relations. + The mother still tells them to be in no fear, and next day again + goes out to seek food. This time the young ones report that the + master, finding his relations lingered, had determined to cut the + corn himself. On hearing this the mother announces that they must + go at once._ + +Die postero mater in pabulum volat. Dominus, quos rogaverat, opperitur. +Sol fervit, et fit nihil; it dies, et amici nulli eunt. Tum ille rursum +ad filium "Amici isti" inquit "cessatores sunt. Quin potius imus et +cognatos adfinesque nostros oramus, ut adsint cras ad metendum?" {6} +Itidem hoc pulli pavefacti matri nuntiant. Mater hortatur, ut tum quoque +sine metu ac sine curâ sint; cognatos adfinesque nullos ferme tam +faciles esse ait, ut ad laborem capessendum nihil cunctentur et statim +dicto oboediant: "Vos modo" inquit "advertite, si modo quid denuo +dicetur." Aliâ luce ortâ avis in pastum profecta est. {12} Cognati et +adfines operam, quam dare rogati sunt, neglexerunt. Ad postremum igitur +dominus filio "Valeant" inquit "amici cum propinquis. Afferes primâ luce +falces duas; unam egomet mihi et tu tibi capies alteram et frumentum +nosmetipsi manibus nostris cras metemus." {17} Id ubi ex pullis dixisse +dominum mater audivit, "Tempus" inquit "est cedendi et abeundi; fiet +nunc dubio procul quod futurum dixit. In ipso enim iam vertitur cuia res +est, non in alio, unde petitur." Atque ita cassita e nido migravit, +seges a domino demessa est. {23} + + +XXVII. PYRRUS AND FABRICIUS. + + _A friend of King Pyrrus came to the Roman general Fabricius and + offered to poison the King for a bribe. Fabricius reported the + matter to the Senate, who warned Pyrrus to be on his guard. Pyrrus + showed his gratitude by sending back all the Roman prisoners._ + +Cum Pyrrus rex in terrâ Italiâ esset et unam atque alteram pugnas +prospere pugnasset et pleraque Italia ad regem descivisset, tum +Ambraciensis quispiam Timochares, regis Pyrri amicus, ad C. Fabricium +consulem furtim venit ac praemium petivit et, si de praemio conveniret, +promisit se regem venenis necaturum; idque facile esse factu dixit, +quoniam filius suus pocula in convivio regi ministraret. {8} Eam rem +Fabricius ad senatum scripsit. Senatus ad regem legatos misit +mandavitque, ut de Timochare nihil proderent, sed monerent, uti rex +cautius ageret atque a proximorum insidiis salutem tutaretur. Quamobrem +Pyrrus populo Romano laudes atque gratias scripsisse dicitur captivosque +omnes, quos tum habuit, vestivisse et reddidisse. {15} + + +XXVIII. ANDROCLUS AND THE LION: SCENE IN THE CIRCUS. + + _At the games in the Circus a lion of gigantic size was seen to + fawn upon one of the condemned slaves exposed in the arena._ + +In circo maximo venationis pugna populo dabatur. Multae ibi ferae, sed +praeter alia omnia leo corpore vasto terrificoque fremitu et sonoro +animos oculosque omnium in sese converterat. Introductus erat inter +compluris ceteros ad pugnam bestiarum datos servus viri consularis; ei +servo Androclus nomen fuit. {6} Hunc ille leo ubi vidit procul, repente +quasi admirans stetit ac deinde sensim atque placide, tamquam +familiaris, ad hominem accedit. Tum caudam more adulantium canum blande +movet cruraque et manus hominis, prope iam exanimati metu, linguâ +leniter demulcet. {11} Homo Androclus inter illa tam atrocis ferae +blandimenta amissum animum recuperat, paulatim oculos ad contuendum +leonem refert. Tum quasi mutuâ recognitione factâ laetos et gratulantes +videres hominem et leonem. {16} + + +XXIX. ANDROCLUS AND THE LION:--THE SLAVE'S STORY. + + _When questioned by the Emperor the slave explained that he had + fled from his master into the African desert, that he had by + accident taken refuge in this lion's cave, and, when the lion had + returned to its home lame, he had extracted a thorn from its + foot._ + +Haec tam mira res maximos populi clamores excitat et Caesar Androclum +vocat quaeritque causam, cur illi uni atrocissimus leo pepercisset. Ibi +Androclus rem mirificam atque admirandam narrat. {4} "Cum provinciam" +inquit "Africam proconsulari imperio meus dominus obtineret, ego ibi +iniquis eius et cotidianis verberibus ad fugam sum coactus et, quo mihi +a domino, terrae illius praeside, tutiores latebrae forent, in locos +desertos et remotos concessi ac, si defuisset cibus, consilium fuit +mortem aliquo pacto quaerere. {10} Tum die medio sole flagrante specum +quemdam nanctus remotum latebrosumque, in eum me recondo. Neque multo +post ad eundem specum venit hic leo, debili uno et cruento pede, gemitus +edens et murmura ob dolorem cruciatumque vulneris. {15} Atque illic +primo quidem conspectu advenientis leonis territus et pavefactus sum; +sed postquam introgressus leo videt me procul delitescentem, mitis et +mansuetus accessit et sublatum pedem ostendere mihi et porrigere quasi +opis petendae gratiâ visus est. {20} Ibi ego stirpem ingentem, vestigio +pedis eius haerentem, revelli conceptamque saniem volnere intimo +expressi et sine magnâ iam formidine siccavi penitus atque detersi +cruorem. Illâ tunc meâ operâ levatus, pede in manibus meis posito, +recubuit et quievit." {25} + + +XXX. ANDROCLUS AND THE LION:--THE SLAVE'S STORY (_continued_). + + _For three years he and the lion had lived together. At last he + had grown weary of the savage life, but as soon as he had returned + to the haunts of men he had been captured, condemned, and sent to + Rome to be exposed to the wild beasts in the circus. Androclus was + pardoned and the lion was given to him._ + +"Ex eo die triennium totum ego et leo in eodem specu eodemque et victu +viximus. Nam, quas venabatur feras, membra opimiora ad specum mihi +ferebat, quae ego, ignis copiam non habens, meridiano sole torrens +edebam. {5} Sed ubi me vitae illius ferinae iam pertaesum est, leone in +venatum profecto, reliqui specum et, viam ferme tridui permensus, +a militibus visus adprehensusque sum et ad dominum ex Africâ Romam +deductus. Is me statim rei capitalis damnandum dandumque ad bestias +curavit. Intellego autem" inquit "hunc quoque leonem me tunc separato +captum, gratiam mihi nunc beneficii et medicinae referre." {13} + +Haec dixit Androclus; quae cum scripta essent circumlataque populo et +declarata, cunctis petentibus dimissus Androclus et poenâ solutus et +leone suffragiis populi donatus. Postea Androclus et leo, loro tenui +revinctus, urbe totâ circum tabernas ibat: donatus est aere Androclus, +floribus sparsus est leo, omnesque ubique obvii exclamant, "Hic est leo +hospes hominis, hic est homo medicus leonis." {21} + + +XXXI. THE ACTOR POLUS. + + _Polus, having to act the part of Electra soon after his only son + had died, appeared on the stage holding the urn which contained + the remains of his son, and over this he wept the tears of real + grief._ + +Histrio in terrâ Graeciâ fuit famâ celebri, cui nomen erat Polus. Is +unice amatum filium morte amisit, sed ubi cum satis visus est luxisse, +rediit ad quaestum artis. {4} + +Eo tempore Athenis Electram Sophoclis acturus, gestare urnam quasi cum +Oresti ossibus debebat. Ita compositum fabulae argumentum est ut, veluti +fratris reliquias ferens, Electra comploret interitum eius existimatum. +{9} Igitur Polus, lugubri habitu Electrae indutus, ossa atque urnam e +sepulcro tulit filii et, quasi Oresti amplexus, opplevit omnia non +simulacris sed luctu atque lamentis veris. Itaque cum agi fabula +videretur, dolor actus est. {13} + + +XXXII. A GREEK ORATOR IS BRIBED, AND GLORIES IN HIS SHAME. + + _A Greek orator--some say Demosthenes, others Demades--at first + opposed a request of the Milesians for aid, but took a bribe to + withdraw his opposition. When the matter was again discussed he + announced that he was suffering from an inflamed throat, and so + could not speak. He afterwards openly boasted that he had been + paid to hold his tongue._ + +Legati Mileto auxilii petendi causâ venerunt Athenas. Tum qui pro sese +verba facerent advocaverunt; hi, uti erat mandatum, verba pro Milesiis +ad populum fecerunt, sed Demosthenes Milesiorum postulatis acriter +respondit; neque Milesios auxilio dignos neque ex republicâ id esse +contendit. Res tandem in posterum diem prolata est. {7} Tum legati ad +Demosthenen venerunt oraveruntque, uti contra ne diceret. Is pecuniam +petivit et quantam petiverat abstulit. Postridie, cum res agi denuo +coepta esset, Demosthenes, lanâ multâ collum circumvolutus, ad populum +prodit et dixit se synanchen pati; eo contra Milesios loqui non quire. +Tum e populo quidam exclamavit, non synanchen eum pati sed argyranchen. +{14} + +Ipse etiam Demosthenes non id postea celavit, quin gloriae quoque hoc +sibi adsignavit. Nam cum interrogasset Aristodemum, actorem fabularum, +quantum mercedis, uti ageret, accepisset, et Aristodemus talentum +respondisset, "At ego plus" inquit "accepi, ut tacerem." {20} + +Quod hic diximus de Demosthene, id nonnulli scriptores in Demaden +contulerunt. {22} + + +XXXIII. CICERO. + + _Cicero once borrowed money to buy a house, but afterwards denied + that he had ever taken the money or had intended to purchase the + property. He did buy the house, and, when reminded of what he had + said, replied that a prudent man always concealed his intended + purchases._ + +Cicero cum emere vellet in Palatio domum neque pecuniam in praesens +haberet, a P. Sulla, qui tum reus erat, mutua sestertium viciens tacita +accepit. Ea res tamen, priusquam emeret, prodita est et in vulgus +exivit, obiectumque ei est, quod pecuniam domus emendae causâ a reo +accepisset. {6} Tum Cicero inopinatâ obprobratione permotus accepisse se +negavit ac domum quoque se empturum negavit. Sed cum postea emisset et +hoc mendacium in senatu ei ab amicis obiiceretur, risit satis atque +inter ridendum: "#akoinonoêtoi#" inquit "homines estis, cum ignoratis +prudentis et cauti patrisfamilias esse, quod emere velit, empturum sese +negare propter competitores emptionis." {13} + + +XXXIV. FIRES AT ROME:--A REMEDY. + + _"Property in Rome," said a friend, "would be worth far more if + the risk from fire were not so great." "Archelaus," replied + Julianus, "preserved his defensive outworks from fire by covering + them with alum."_ + +Declamaverat Antonius Iulianus rhetor quam felicissime, eumque nos +familiares eius circumfusi undique prosequebamur domum, cum subeuntes +montem Cispium conspicimus insulam quandam multis, arduisque tabulatis +editam, igni occupatam et propinqua iam omnia flagrare vasto incendio. +{6} Tum quispiam ibi ex comitibus Iuliani, "Magni" inquit "reditus +urbanorum praediorum, sed pericula sunt longe maxima. Si quid autem +posset remedii fore, ut ne tam adsidue domus Romae arderent, venum +hercle dedissem res rusticas et urbicas emissem." Atque illi Iulianus +"Si annalem" inquit "undevicensimum Q. Claudi legisses, docuisset te +profecto Archelaus, regis Mitridati praefectus, quo remedio ignem +defenderes. {14} In eo enim libro scriptum inveni, cum obpugnaret L. +Sulla in terrâ Atticâ Piraeum et contra Archelaus regis Mitridati +praefectus ex eo oppido propugnaret, turrim ligneam defendendi gratiâ +structam, cum ex omni latere circumplexa igni foret, ardere non quisse, +quod alumine ab Archelao oblita fuisset." {20} + + +XXXV. ARION AND THE DOLPHIN. + +1. THE ROBBERY. + + _Arion, having gained much money in Italy and Sicily, took ship to + return to Corinth, but was robbed and made to leap overboard by + the sailors._ + +Vetus et nobilis cantor Arion fuit. Is oppido Methymnaeus, terrâ Lesbius +fuit. Eum Arionem rex Corinthi Periander amicum habuit artis gratiâ. Is +inde a rege proficiscitur, ut terras praeclaras Siciliam atque Italiam +viseret. Ubi eo venit aures omnium mentesque in utriusque terrae urbibus +delectavit, et postea grandem pecuniam adeptus Corinthum instituit +redire. {8} Navem igitur et navitas, ut notiores amicioresque sibi, +Corinthios delegit. Sed ei Corinthii, homine accepto navique in altum +provectâ, praedae pecuniaeque cupidi, consilium de necando Arione +ceperunt. Tum ille pecuniam ceteraque sua eis dedit vitam modo sibi ut +parcerent oravit. {13} Navitae per vim suis manibus eum non necaverunt, +sed imperaverunt, ut iam statim coram desiliret praeceps in mare. Homo +ibi territus, spe omni vitae perditâ, id unum postea oravit, ut, +priusquam mortem obpeteret, induere permitterent sua sibi omnia et fides +capere et canere carmen. {19} Quod oraverat impetrat, atque ibi mox de +more cinctus, amictus, ornatus stansque in summâ puppi, carmen, quod +"orthium" dicitur, voce sublatissimâ cantavit. Ad postrema cantus cum +fidibus ornatuque omni, sicut stabat canebatque, iecit sese procul in +profundum. {24} + + +XXXVI. ARION AND THE DOLPHIN. + +2. THE RESCUE. + + _A dolphin carried him safely to Taenarum; thence he travelled to + Corinth, and told his adventure to the King. The sailors on their + arrival were confronted by Arion and convicted of their crime._ + +Navitae, hautquaquam dubitantes, quin periisset, cursum, quem facere +coeperant, tenuerunt. Sed novum et mirum et pium facinus contigit. +Delphinus repente inter undas adnavit, fluitantique sese homini +subdidit, et dorso super fluctus edito vectavit incolumique eum corpore +et ornatu Taenarum in terram Laconicam devexit. {7} Tum Arion prorsus ex +eo loco Corinthum petivit talemque Periandro regi, qualis delphino +vectus fuerat, inopinanti sese optulit, eique rem, sicuti acciderat, +narravit. Rex istaec parum credidit, Arionem, quasi falleret, custodiri +iussit, navitas inquisitos, ablegato Arione, dissimulanter interrogavit, +ecquid audissent in his locis, unde venissent, de Arione? {14} Dixerunt +hominem, cum inde irent, in terrâ Italiâ fuisse et illic bene agere. Tum +inter haec eorum verba Arion cum fidibus et indumentis, cum quibus se in +salum deiecerat, extitit, navitaeque stupefacti convictique ire infitias +non quiverunt. Hanc fabulam dicunt Lesbii et Corinthii, atque fabulae +argumentum est quod simulacra duo aenea ad Taenarum visuntur, delphinus +vehens et homo insidens. {21} + + +XXXVII. THE THRACIAN HUSBANDMAN. + + _A Thracian having heard that trees required cutting and pruning, + proceeded to chop the tops off his vines and olives, and thus in + his ignorance destroyed all his property._ + +Homo Thracus ex ultimâ barbariâ ruris colendi insolens, cum in terras +cultiores migrasset, fundum mercatus est oleo atque vino consitum. Qui +nihil admodum de vite aut arbore colendâ sciret, videt forte vicinum +rubos alte atque late obortas excidentem, fraxinos ad summum prope +verticem deputantem, suboles vitium e radicibus super terram fusas +revellentem, stolones in pomis aut in oleis proceros amputantem; {9} +acceditque prope et cur tantam ligni atque frondium caedem faceret, +percontatus est. Et vicinus ita respondit: "Ut ager" inquit "mundus +purusque fiat, eius arbor atque vitis fecundior." {12} Discedit ille a +vicino gratias agens et laetus, tamquam adeptus rei rusticae +disciplinam. Tum falcem ac securim capit; atque ibi homo miser imperitus +vites suas sibi omnis et oleas detruncat, comasque arborum laetissimas +uberrimosque vitium palmites decidit, et virgulta simul omnia, pomis +gignendis felicia, cum sentibus et rubis purgandi agri gratiâ convellit. +{19} + + +XXXVIII. MITRIDATES. + + _Mitridates by the use of antidotes made himself proof against + poisons: hence when he wished to kill himself he had to use his + sword. He could speak perfectly the languages of the twenty-two + nations over which he ruled._ + +Mitridates ille Ponti rex medicinae rei et remediorum sollers erat, +quorum adsiduo usu a clandestinis epularum insidiis cavebat; quin et +ultro ostentandi gratiâ venenum rapidum et velox saepenumero hausit, +atque id tamen sine noxâ fuit. Quamobrem postea, cum proelio victus in +ultima regni refugisset et mori decrevisset, venena festinandae necis +causâ frustra expertus, suo se ipse gladio transegit. {8} + +Quintus Ennius tria corda sese habere dicebat, quod loqui Graece et Osce +et Latine sciret. Mitridates autem duarum et viginti gentium, quas sub +dicione habuit, linguas percalluit, earumque omnium gentium viris haut +umquam per interpretem conlocutus est, sed linguâ et oratione cuiusque, +non minus scite quam si gentis eius esset, locutus est. {15} + + +XXXIX. THE PHILOSOPHER AND HIS PUPIL. + + _Euathlus agreed to pay Protagoras a certain sum of money on the + day when he won his first case. He never undertook one, so at last + Protagoras brought an action against him to recover the money. + "You are in this dilemma," said the philosopher: "if you lose this + action, the court will award me the money; if you win it, you will + have won your first case, and will owe me the fee according to our + agreement." "Nay," replied the pupil, "if I win the action, + I shall owe you nothing according to the sentence of the court; + if I lose, I shall owe you nothing according to our agreement."_ + +Euathlus, adulescens dives, eloquentiae discendae causarumque orandi +cupidus fuit. Is in disciplinam Protagorae sese dedit daturumque +promisit mercedem grandem pecuniam, quantam Protagoras petiverat, +dimidiumque eius dedit iam tunc pepigitque, ut reliquum dimidium daret, +quo primo die causam apud iudices orasset et vicisset. {7} Postea cum +diu auditor Protagorae fuisset, causas tamen non reciperet, tempusque +iam longum transcurreret et facere id videretur, ne relicum mercedis +daret, capit consilium Protagoras, ut tum existimabat, astutum: petere +institit ex pacto mercedem, litem cum Euathlo contestatur. {12} + +Cum ad iudices venissent, tum Protagoras sic exorsus est: "Disce," +inquit "stultissime adulescens, utroque id modo fore, uti reddas quod +peto, sive contra te pronuntiatum erit sive pro te. Nam, si contra te +lis data erit, merces mihi ex sententiâ debebitur, quia ego vicero; sin +vero secundum te iudicatum erit, merces mihi ex pacto debebitur, quia tu +viceris." {20} + +Ad ea respondit Euathlus: "Disce igitur tu quoque, magister +sapientissime, utroque modo fore, uti non reddam quod petis, sive contra +me pronuntiatum fuerit sive pro me. Nam, si iudices pro causâ meâ +senserint, nihil tibi ex sententiâ debebitur, quia ego vicero; sin +contra me pronuntiaverint, nihil tibi ex pacto debebo, quia non vicero." +{27} + +Tum iudices hoc inexplicabile esse rati, causam in diem longissimam +distulerunt. Sic ab adulescente discipulo magister doctissimus suo ipse +argumento confutatus est. {31} + + +XL. ROMAN RESPECT FOR AN OATH; THE STORY OF THE TEN CAPTIVES. + + _Hannibal after the battle of Cannae sent ten captives to Rome to + propose an exchange of prisoners, but bound the ten by an oath to + return, if the Senate did not accept his offer. The Senate + rejected it, and eight out of the ten returned, but two, yielding + to the entreaties of their friends, and alleging that they had by + a trick freed themselves from the obligation of the oath, remained + behind. These two were treated with such scorn that they found + life unbearable and committed suicide._ + +Post proelium Cannense Hannibal ex captivis nostris electos decem Romam +misit, mandavitque eis pactusque est, ut, si populo Romano videretur, +permutatio fieret captivorum et pro his, quos alteri plures acciperent, +darent argenti pondo libram et selibram. Hoc, priusquam +proficiscerentur, iusiurandum eos adegit, redituros esse in castra +Poenica, si Romani captivos non permutarent. {8} + +Veniunt Romam decem captivi. Mandatum Poeni imperatoris in senatu +exponunt. Permutatio senatui non placet. Parentes, cognati adfinesque +captivorum amplexi eos postliminio in patriam redisse dicebant, +statumque eorum integrum incolumemque esse, ac, ne ad hostes redire +vellent, orabant. {14} Tum octo ex his postliminium iustum non esse sibi +responderunt, quoniam iure iurando vincti forent, statimque, uti iurati +erant, ad Hannibalem profecti sunt. {17} Duo reliqui Romae manserunt +solutosque se esse ac liberatos religione dicebant, quoniam, cum egressi +castra hostium fuissent, commenticio consilio, tamquam ob aliquam +fortuitam causam, eodem regressi sunt, atque ita rursum iniurati +abissent. {22} Haec eorum fraudulenta calliditas tam esse turpis +existimata est, ut contempti vulgo sint censoresque eos postea omnibus +ignominiae notis adfecerint. {25} + +Multis autem in senatu placuit, ut datis custodibus ad Hannibalem +deducerentur, sed ea sententia numero plurium, quibus id non videretur, +superata. Usque adeo tamen invisi erant, ut taedio vitae necem sibi +conscivissent. {30} + + + + +NOTES. + + +I. + +1. +P. Vergilius Maro+, the greatest of Roman epic poets, was born 70 +B.C. near Mantua, in the N. of Italy, and died 19 B.C. at Brundusium, in +the S.E. of Italy. His chief works were the _B[-u]c[)o]l[)i]c[)a]_ +(#bou-koleô#, I tend cattle), or _Ecl[)o]gae_ ('Selections,' from +#ek-legô#, I choose out), a series of short poems, chiefly pastoral; the +_G[)e]org[)i]c[)a]_ (#gê ergon#), a poetical treatise on agriculture; +and the _Aen[-e]ïs_, or story of Aen[-e]as, a poem in twelve books, +relating the adventures of Aeneas after the fall of Troy. + +2. +se parere versus+, 'that he produced his verses like a bear,' lit. +'in a bear-like manner.' + ++p[)a]r[)e]re+, from _p[)a]rio_. Distinguish three words, (1) _p[)a]ro, +-avi, -atum, -are_, 'I prepare,' (2) _p[-a]reo, -ui, -itum, -[-e]re_, +'I obey,' gov. dat. case, (3) _p[)a]rio, p[)e]p[)e]ri, partum_, or +_par[)i]tum, -[)e]re_, 'I bring forth.' + +3. +lambendo+, abl. of the gerund, 'by licking it'; so +tractando +corrigendoque+, 'by polishing and correcting them.' + +5. +partus+, nom. pl., best translated by the English sing., 'the +offspring of...' + +6. +reddo+, compound of +re+ and +do+. _R[)e]d_ is used for _re_ in +_red[)a]mo_, _redarguo_, _reddo_, _redeo_, _redhibeo_, _redigo_, +_redimo_, _redoleo_, _redundo_. In composition the _re_ is short except +in ... +r[-e]ligio+ (often spelt _relligio_), +r[-e]liquiae+ (often +spelt _relliquiae_), and the perfects of _r[)e]pello_, _r[)e]perio_, +and _r[)e]fero_, viz., +r[-e]puli+ (or _reppuli_), +r[-e]peri+ (or +_repperi_), and +r[-e]tuli+ (or _rettuli_). +R[-e]fert+, the impersonal +verb, 'it concerns,' is a compound of _res-fert_: _r[)e]fero_, makes 3rd +sing, _r[)e]fert_. +Re+ or _red_ in composition has two principal +meanings, (1) 'back' or 'backward,' as _redeo_, 'I go back,' +(2) 'again,' as _reficio_, 'I make again, repair.' It also frequently +denotes (3) 'duty' or 'obligation,' so _reddo_ here means 'I give as is +due,' 'render.' + + +II. + +1. +Menander+ (342-291 B.C.), an Athenian comic poet, famous as the +model of Roman dramatists, especially Terence. + ++Philemon+, also an Athenian comic poet, the contemporary and rival of +Menander. + +2. +in certaminibus comoediarum+. In Athens dramas were represented at +the great festivals in honour of Dionysus, at which "every citizen was +present, as a matter of course, from daybreak to sunset" (Donaldson). +Judges were appointed by lot to decide upon the merits of the rival +plays. The successful poet was crowned with ivy, and his name was +proclaimed before the audience. + ++ambitus+, 'bribery,' from _ambio_; properly a 'going round' to canvass +for votes, etc., especially by bribery. _Ambitio_, from the same verb, +is used both in this sense and also as 'a desire for power,' etc., our +'ambition.' + +4. +quaeso+, used parenthetically like our 'pray!' + ++bonâ veniâ+, 'apologizing for the question'; lit. 'with your good +leave...' _i.e._ 'pardon me, but...' + +5. +nonne+ introduces a question expecting the answer 'Yes,' e.g. _nonne +erubescis_, 'do you not blush?' +Num+ introduces a question expecting +the answer 'No,' e.g. _num erubescis_, 'you do not blush, do you?' +-ne+ +is used when the answer is doubtful, e.g. _erubescisne_, 'do you blush?' + ++erubesco+. The termination _-sco_ shows that the verb is inceptive or +inchoative, _i.e._ denotes the beginning (_inceptum_) of an action or +state. Such verbs are always of the 3rd conjugation, and form their +perfects and supines (if they have supines, but in most inceptives the +supine is wanting) from the simple verb or stem from which they spring, +e.g. _pallesco_ (from _palleo_), _pallui_, (no supine), _pallescere_, +I begin to grow pale; _v[)e]t[)e]rasco_ (from old form _v[)e]ter_, +classical _v[)e]tus_, _-[)e]ris_), _-ravi_, no sup., _veterasc[)e]re_, +'I grow old.' + + +III. + +1. +Aristoteles+, the Greek philosopher, was born at Stag[-i]ra, in +Macedonia, 384 B.C. He lived for twenty years at Athens, where he was a +pupil of Plato; afterwards he returned to Macedonia, and became the +tutor of Alexander. When Alexander succeeded to the throne, Aristotle +again went to Athens and taught philosophy for 13 years in the Lyceum, +a gymnasium sacred to Apollo Lyceus. He died in 322 B.C. at Chalcis in +Euboea. Many of his writings upon logic, moral and political philosophy, +natural history, etc., have reached us. + ++Plutarchus+ was born at Chaeronea in Boeotia about 50 A.D. He came to +Rome at an early age, and spent many years there and in other parts of +Italy. In his old age he returned to Chaeronea, where he died at an +unknown date. His works were written in Greek: the most famous of them +is the _Parallel Lives_ of forty-six Greeks and Romans, arranged in +pairs, a Greek and a Roman together (_e.g._ Alexander and Caesar, +Demosthenes and Cicero), the life of each pair being followed by a short +discussion of their comparative merits. + ++hercle+ is a nominative form; the similar exclamations _mehercules_, +_mehercule_, _mehercle_, _hercules_, _hercule_, and _hercle_ are all +abbreviations for '_me Hercules juvet!_' 'may Hercules help me!' Cf. the +interjectional phrase, '_medius fidius_,' for '_me deus Fidius juvet_', +'so help me the God of Faith!' + +2. +si super ...+, the order is '_si imponis magna pondera super lignum +palmae arboris_.' + +3. +non deorsum+, the wood does not yield and bend inwards beneath the +weight, but rises up against it and bends outwards. + +6. +urgentibus opprimentibusque+, dat. after cedit, 'it does not +yield to....' + + +IV. + +1. +Socrates+ was born at Athens 469 B.C. His father was a statuary, and +in early life Socrates followed the same profession, but he soon +abandoned it and devoted himself entirely to philosophy. He did not +follow the usual custom of giving public lectures or opening a school, +but went about in the city talking to men wherever he met them, and +endeavouring to awake in them a love of true knowledge. By his attacks +upon the popular theories and his free discussion of religious questions +he roused a strong antagonism; at last he was impeached on the three +charges of corrupting the Athenian youth, despising the gods of the +State, and introducing new deities, and was executed by a draught of +hemlock poison, 399 B.C. He left no written works, so that our knowledge +of him is derived from the writings of his pupils and contemporaries, +chiefly Plato and Xenophon. + +3. +iris ... scatebat+, lit. 'bubbled over with,' 'overflowed with ...' +Cf. Hor. _Od._ iii. 27, 26, '_scatentem beluis pontum_,' 'the ocean +teeming with monsters'; and Aulus Gellius, _N. A._ l. 15, uses '_scatere +verbis_.' + ++quam rem ... demiratus+, 'having expressed his astonishment at this +fact to her husband Socrates.' + +4. +Alcibiades+, 450-404 B.C., was a brilliant but unprincipled Athenian +statesman, who became famous during the Peloponnesian war. He enjoyed +the friendship of Socrates, was saved by Socrates at the battle of +Potidaea, 432 B.C., and saved the life of Socrates at the battle of +Delium, 424 B.C. + +5. +[)a]cerbum+, _[)a]cer-bus_ from _[-a]cer_, as _s[)u]per-bus_ from +_s[)u]per_. Usually words retain the quantity of the word from which +they are derived, but there are many exceptions, e.g. _h[)o]mo_ and +_h[-u]manus_, _n[-o]tus_ and _cog-n[)i]tus_, so _rex_, gen. _r[-e]gis_, +but _r[)e]go_, _dux_, gen. _d[)u]cis_, but _d[-u]co_. + +7. +insuesco+. Cf. note on _erubesco_, ii. 5. + ++exerceor+, in a middle sense, 'I exercise myself.' Cf. _faciunt idem, +cum exercentur, athletae_ (Cic. _Tusc._ ii. 23, 56), 'athletes do the +same when they exercise themselves.' Many Latin passives have thus a +'middle' force; cf. _vertor_, I turn myself; _lavor_, I wash myself; and +the deponents _glorior_, I boast myself; _vescor_, I feed myself, etc. + +8. +ut ... feram+, 'so that I bear more easily.' _Ut_ used in a +consecutive sense, _i.e._ denoting the consequence or result. + + +V. + +1. +corporis firmandi causâ+, '(undergone) for the sake of strengthening +his body'--the gerundive attraction. Cf. note xiii. 1. + +3. +ad solem alterum orientem+, 'till the next sunrise.' _Sol oriens_ is +used for sunrise, _i.e._ the rising of the sun, as '_summus mons_' for +'the top of the mountain,' _Caesar mortuus_ for 'the death of Caesar,' +etc. + +5. +tanquam ... facto+, lit. a certain withdrawal, as it were, of mind +and feeling from the body having taken place, _i.e._ 'mind and feeling +having, as it were, left his body.' He stood in seeming unconsciousness. +_Animus_, when contrasted with _mens_, is the mind as the seat of the +passions, etc.; _mens_ the higher reasoning faculty, the intellect. + +9. +valitudine integra+, the abl. absolute, 'in unimpaired health.' + +_Ablative Absolute_, 'absolute' (_absolutus_, fr. _ab·solvo_, +'I release') here means 'released' from government by any word in the +principal sentence. + +The construction is one of many varieties of the adverbial ablative; +_e.g._ the abl. of time, the abl. of place where, the abl. of manner, +etc.; but it differs from these ablatives-- + +(1) In being equivalent to a complete clause, e.g. _Caesar hoc dixit, +convocatis militibus_ is equivalent to _cum milites convocati essent_. + +(2) Or, to express the same fact in another way, it consists of two +words each in the ablative, one of which stands to the other in the +relation of predicate to subject; the 'subject' being a substantive or +pronoun, the 'predicate' a participle, adjective, substantive, or, more +rarely, a pronoun. + +_Exceptions:_ But (_a_) sometimes the subject is not expressed, and a +participle is used impersonally by itself in the abl. absol.--the +participle here being equivalent to a clause containing an impersonal +verb, e.g. _mihi_, _errato_, _nulla venia_, 'there is no pardon for me, +if I blunder' (_errato = si erratum erit a me_). + +(_b_) Sometimes a whole clause is substituted for the abl. of the +'subject': e.g. _excepto quod non simul esses, cetera laetus_, 'happy in +all respects, except the fact that you were not with me' (lit. 'the fact +that you were not with me being excepted'). + +_Examples:_ (1) Subst. and participle, _Tullio regnante vixerunt_, 'they +lived whilst Tullius was king.' (2) Subst. and adj., _Hannibale vivo +Romani semper Poenos timuerunt_, 'the Romans always feared the +Carthaginians whilst Hannibal lived.' (3) Subst. and subst., _Nil +desperandum Teucro duce_, 'there is no cause for despair whilst Teucer +is our leader.' (4) Subst. and pron., _quid hoc populo obtineri potest_, +'what can be maintained with such a people as this?' (5) Pron. and +participle, _eis occisis ceteri domum redierunt_, 'when those men had +been slain the rest returned home.' (6) Pron. and adj., _me invito id +fecit_, 'he did it contrary to my wishes.' (7) Pron. and subst., _eo +rege tuti erant_, 'they were safe whilst he was king.' + +_Note._--(1) The abl. absolute sometimes expresses merely time (_e.g._ +_inita aestate_, 'at the beginning of summer'), but more often attendant +circumstances, or cause. + +(2) The abl. absol. cannot be used when the 'subject' of the clause is +the same as the subject or object of the principal clause. This rule is +sometimes, but rarely, violated. + +(3) In Greek the genitive is the absolute case: in most modern languages +the nom. is thus used: but the acc. is sometimes used absolutely in +German, and in Old English the accusative (representing the dative of +Anglo-Saxon) was used absolutely. Milton uses both nom. and acc.: cf. +"Us dispossessed," _Par. L._, vii. 140; "I extinct," id. ix. 994. + +10. +pestilentia+, the famous plague of Athens, which raged during the +second and third years of the +Peloponnesian war+. This was a war +between Athens with her allies and Sparta with her allies, which lasted +for 28 years, from 431 to 404 B.C., and ended in the defeat of Athens +and the loss of her maritime supremacy. + + +VI. + +1. +Alexander III+. (356-323 B.C.), surnamed the Great, ascended the +throne of Macedonia on the death of his father Philip, 336 B.C. In the +13 years of his reign he conquered the greater part of Eastern Europe +and Asia Minor, and marched even into Northern India and Egypt. The +incident here mentioned happened in his Indian campaign. In 327 he +crossed the Indus, entered the Punjaub, defeated and captured the Indian +king Porus in a great battle on the banks of the Hydaspes, and founded +there two towns--Bucephalon and Nicaea. He continued his progress as far +as the banks of the Hyphasis, but here his wearied troops mutinied and +refused to advance any further. + ++B[-u]c[)e]ph[)a]l[-a]s+ (#boukephalas#, #bous kephalê#), 'ox-head,' so +called from the breadth of its forehead. + +2. +emptum+, 'Chares has stated that it was bought for 13 talents.' +_talentis_, abl. of price. + ++Chares+ was an officer at Alexander's court, who wrote a series of +anecdotes about the life and exploits of the king. + +3. +hoc autem+, the order _is hoc est nostri aeris summa trecenta +duodecim sestertia_, 'this is in (lit. of) our money the sum (of) 312 +sestertia.' Sestertium = 1,000 sestertii, about £8 at this time. +Therefore 312 sestertia = £312 x 8 = £2,496. For _sestertium_ cf. +xxxiii. 2. + +6. +haud unquam+, etc., 'it never allowed itself to be mounted by any +one except the king.' + +8. +faceret+, subj. after _cum_. + +_Cum_ (= when), like other temporal conjunctions, takes as a rule the +indic. mood; but the subj. is required when the time of the _cum_ clause +is regarded as depending on the time of the principal clause. This is +usually the case in past time, hence the rule is that _cum_ in past time +requires the imperf. or plup. subj., unless (1) it is used in a +frequentative sense, _e.g._ 'as often as' (but later writers, _e.g._ +Livy, often use the subj. even in this sense), e.g. _cum palam ejus +anuli ad palmam converterat, a nullo videbatur_ (Cic. _Off._), 'as often +as he turned the bezel of that ring to his palm, he was seen by no one,' +cf. xiv. 7, _id cum dixerat_, 'as often as he had said that'; (2) it is +simply equivalent to _et tum_, e.g. _castra ibi posita, cum subito +advenere Samnitium legiones_ (Livy), 'the camp had been pitched there, +when the Samnite legions suddenly arrived'; (3) the two clauses mark +strictly contemporaneous events, _tum_ being often added in the +principal clause to mark this fact, e.g. _vos tum paruistis cum paruit +nemo_ (Cic. _p. Lig._ 7), 'you were obedient at a time when no one +(else) was obedient.' + +9. +non satis sibi providens+, 'without sufficient forethought.' + ++inmisit+ used absolutely, _i.e._ without an object; this, if expressed, +would be '_equum_,' 'spurred it forward against.' + +11. +moribundus+. The termination _bundus_, or _cundus_, denotes +fulness, e.g. _vagabundus_, 'wandering'; _iracundus_, 'wrathful.' Cf. +_L. Primer_, p. 58, § 70 E. + +12. +e mediis hostibus+, 'from the midst of the enemy.' In many phrases +the adj. is used in Latin where in English we use a subst. with another +subst. depending on it, and _vice versa_: e.g. _summus mons_, 'the top +of the mountain'; but _animi dolor_, 'mental pain'; cf. v. 3, _sol +oriens_. + +14. +domini iam superstitis securus+, 'relieved from anxiety for its +master, now safe.' For the genitive _domini_ after _securus_, cf. +_s[-e]c[-u]r[)a] f[)u]t[-u]ri_, Ovid; _s[-e]c[-u]rus p[)e]l[)a]gi atque +mei_, Verg. + + +VII. + +1. +Alcibiades+. Cf. iv. 4. note. + ++Pericles+ was a great Athenian statesman. He was born about 490 B.C. +(the year of the battle of Marathon), and first took part in public +affairs in 469, when Athens was beginning to develop rapidly after the +Persian wars. From this time till his death in 429 he was the recognised +leader of the democratic party. Under his guidance Athens became the +most powerful state and the most beautiful city in Greece. + ++[)a]vunc[)u]lus+ (deminutive of _[)a]vus_, a grandfather) is an uncle +on the mother's side--a mother's brother; _p[)a]truus_ (_p[)-a]ter_), an +uncle on the father's side--a father's brother. + +3. +puerum docendum curavit+, 'had the boy educated.' This use of the +gerundive in a final sense, as '+an oblique predicate+' with the direct +object of certain transitive verbs, e.g. _curo_, _do_, _suscipio_, etc., +is common in Latin writers, especially Caesar. Cf. _pontem faciendum +curavit_, 'he had a bridge made'; _agros eis habitandos dedit_, 'he gave +them lands to dwell in'; _me dandum ad bestias curavit_ (xxx.), 'he had +me given to the wild beasts.' Cf. Note xiii. 1. iv., on the Gerundive. + +4. +canere tibiis+, 'to play on the pipes.' Both Greeks and Romans +usually played on a double pipe, composed of two instruments not unlike +flageolets, joined at the mouth-piece, and spreading out in the form of +a V; hence the plural _tibiae_. _Tibia_ means originally the shin bone, +and then a musical instrument, pipes or flutes being at first made of +bone. + + +VIII. + +1. +C. Fabricius+ Lusc[-i]nus was one of the most popular heroes in +Roman history. He was regarded as the type of the old-fashioned honest +warrior, who was proof against the luxury and corruption of the rising +generation. In his first consulship, 282 B.C., he defeated the +Lucanians, Bruttians, and Samnites; in 280-278 B.C. he served with +distinction against Pyrrus (cf. xxvii.). + +The +Samnites+ were a powerful people living to the east of Rome. The +Romans first came into contact with them in 343 B.C.; for 50 years there +was war between the two nations; at last the Samnites were conquered, +but they still maintained their love of freedom, and once more proved +formidable opponents to Rome in the Social War, 90 B.C. + +2. +memoratis ... rebus+, abl. absolute, 'after mentioning the many +great services which he had rendered (_rebus quae bene fecisset_) to the +Samnites after the restoration of peace....' + +3. +post redditam pacem+. _Pax reddita_, 'the restoration of peace.' Cf. +_sol oriens_, 'the rising of the sun,' v. 3. note. + +4. +dono+, as a gift, the predicative dative, or dative of purpose used +as a complement. Cf. Hor. _exitio est avidum mare nautis_, 'the greedy +sea is [as] a destruction to sailors.' + +11. +quâ+, abl. after _usus_, 'for which I have no use.' + + +IX. + +1. +Hannibal+, the famous general of the Carthaginians in the second +Punic war, was born in 247 B.C. In 218 he began his march from Spain +into Italy, crossed the Alps, and defeated the Romans in N. Italy on the +Ticinus and the Trebia; then followed the great victories at Lake +Trasimenus, 217, and Cannae, 216. In 203 Hannibal was compelled to +return to Africa to oppose Scipio, who had defeated the Carthaginian +troops and their ally Syphax. A decisive battle was fought at Zama, +October 19th, 202, in which Scipio gained a great victory over Hannibal. +In the following year peace was made. Hannibal now set to work to +prepare Carthage for a fresh struggle, but his political enemies +denounced his designs to the Romans, and he was compelled in 193 B.C. to +take refuge at the court of +Antiochus+ the Great, King of Syria, who +was on the eve of war with Rome. On the defeat of Antiochus the +surrender of Hannibal was made one of the conditions of peace; but he +fled to Prusias, King of Bithynia, 188 B.C. The Romans still pursued +him, and sent messengers to Prusias demanding his surrender. Fearing +that Prusias would be unable to resist this demand, and not knowing +whither to flee to escape the vengeance of his enemies, he took poison, +183 B.C. + +2. +ingentis+. The acc. pl. of _-i_ nouns of the 3rd decl. varies in the +mss. between _-[-i]s_, _-eis_, and _[-e]s_. All three forms seem to have +been used till the Augustan age, after which period the form in _-es_ +prevailed. A nom. pl. also in _-is_ and _-eis_ is found sometimes in the +mss. of Plautus and Lucretius and in old inscriptions. + ++populo Romano+, dat. of the 'Remoter Object' after _facturus_, the +'nearer object' being _bellum_. + +4. +currus cum falcibus+. The wheels of these chariots were armed with +projecting scythes or hooks, which kept the enemy at a distance, or cut +them down, as the charioteers drove at full speed through their ranks. +These war chariots were in use among the Assyrians, Persians, Medes, and +Syrians in Asia, and in Europe among the Gauls and Britons. Some have +supposed that these are the 'chariots of iron' referred to in the books +of Joshua and Judges; but Xenophon (_Cyrop._, vi. i. 30) says that +'scythe chariots' were not introduced into Asia Minor till the time of +Cyrus. + +5. +elephantos cum turribus+, small turrets placed on the backs of the +elephants, and carrying a few soldiers. + +6. +frenis+. The bits were sometimes made of silver and gold, and the +bridles decorated with jewels, etc. + ++ephippiis+. The saddles in use among Eastern nations, the Greeks and +the Romans, consisted sometimes of a mere skin or cloth, sometimes of a +wooden frame, upon which padded cloth, etc., was stretched; from either +side cloths hung down, often dyed with bright colours, and decorated +with fringes, etc. + ++monilibus+, necklets used as ornaments for horses, as well as for men +and women. + ++phaleris+, bosses of metal attached as ornaments to the harness of +horses and the armour of men. They were sometimes hung as pendants to +the horse's saddle, and jangled loudly as it charged forward against the +enemy. For these military ornaments cf. the well-known passage in +Verg.,_ Aen._ vii. 276-- + + _Omnibus extemplo Teucris jubet ordine duci_ + _Instratos ostro alipedes pictisque tapetis;_ + _Aurea pectoribus demissa monilia pendent;_ + _Tecti auro, fulvum mandunt sub dentibus aurum._ + +7. +putasne+. Cf. ii. 5. note. + +8. +Poenus+ (_Poen[)i]cus_ or _P[-u]n[)i]cus_), properly Phoenician, but +applied by Roman writers especially to the inhabitants of Carthage, +which was founded about 850 B.C. by Phoenician colonists, who came +probably from Tyre. + + +X. + +1. +Milo+ was the most famous wrestler in Greece; he was six times +victor in wrestling at the Olympic games and seven times at the Pythian +games. Many stories are told about his great strength: he is said to +have carried a heifer four years old on his shoulders through the +stadium (or race course, a distance of about 40 yards), to have then +killed it with a blow of his fist, and eaten the whole of it the same +day. He was a pupil of the great philosopher Pythagoras, at Crotona. One +day the pillar on which the roof of the school rested suddenly gave way, +but Milo supported the whole weight of the building, and gave the +philosopher and his disciples time to escape. + ++Crotona+ was a Greek city on the S.E. coast of Italy, founded 740 B.C. +by the Achaeans. It became the most important city in S. Italy, owing to +its trade with the E. Mediterranean. It attained its greatest power in +510 by the defeat of its neighbour and rival Sybaris: on this occasion +Milo commanded the army of Crotona. + ++Crotoniensis+. Note the use of the adj. where we employ a subst. and +prep., 'Milo of Crotona'; so _pugna Cannensis_ (xl. 1.), 'the Battle of +Cannae,' etc. + +3. +artem athleticam desisset+, 'had given up athletics.' The acc. after +_desino_ is rare, and chiefly poetical; but Cicero (_Fam._ vii. 1. 4) +uses _artem desinere_. + +5. +rimis in parte mediâ hiantem+, lit. 'gaping open with cracks in the +middle.' + +6. +an ullae ... adessent+. _Adessent_ is the subj. after the dependent +interrogative word _an_; the construction is called the Indirect or +Dependent Question, _Interrogatio Obliqua_. Thus 'who are you?' is +'_quis es?_' but 'I ask you who you are' is '_interrogo quis sis_.' + ++ullae+. _Quisquam_ (pronoun) and _ullus_ (adjective) are used for 'any' +in comparative and negative sentences, in questions expecting the answer +No, and in hypothetical sentences. + +11. +rediit in naturam+, 'returned to its natural (_i.e._ former) +position.' + +12. +feris+, dat. after _praebuit_, 'gave the man to the beasts to tear +to pieces.' For this use of the gerundive cf. xiii. 1. note. + + +XI. + +1. +Romae+, 'at Rome,' the locative case. This case, which had almost +died out in classical Latin, originally ended in _-i_ for the singular +and _-s_ for the plural. In some forms it still survived, viz., (1) in +such words as _militiae_ (earlier _militiai_), _belli_, 'in the field,' +'at the war'; _domi_, at home; _humi_, 'on the ground'; _vesperi_ (or +_-e_), 'in the evening'; _ruri_, 'in the country'; _luci_, 'in the +light'; and the adverbs _ubi_, 'in which place'; _ibi_, 'in that place,' +etc.; (2) in the names of towns--_Romae_ (earlier _Romai_), 'at Rome'; +_Tarenti_, 'at Tarentum'; _Carthagini_ (or _Carthagine_), 'at Carthage,' +etc.; (3) in such phrases as _animi angor_, 'I am vexed in mind'; +_maturus aevi_, 'advanced in age,' etc. + ++Curiam+. The word Curia is connected with C[)u]res, the chief town of +the Sabines, and Qu[)i]r[-i]tes (or C[)u]r[-i]tes), the inhabitants of +C[)u]res. It originally denoted one of the 30 divisions into which the +Romans and Sabines were divided when they united in one community. The +word was then applied to the building used for the religious service of +a Curia, and afterwards especially to the building in which the Senate +met. + +2. +praetextatis+, _i.e._ wearing the _toga praetexta_, a white toga +with a broad purple border, worn under the Republic by the higher +magistrates, by persons engaged in paying vows, and by free-born +children. It is said to have been adopted from the Etruscans, and made +the royal robe by Tullus Hostilius; and to have been worn with the +_bulla_ by boys after the reign of Tarquinius Priscus, whose son at the +age of fourteen slew an enemy with his own hand in the Sabine war, and +was allowed as a reward to wear the royal robe. + ++maior+, more important than usual. + +4. +placuitque ut eam rem ne quis...+. 'It was resolved that no one +should mention the matter until a decision had been arrived at' (lit. +until it had been decreed). + ++ut ... ne quis+, or _ne quis_, 'that no one,' is always used in a final +sentence instead of _ut nemo_; so _ne quid_, _ne ullus_, and _ne +unquam_, instead of _ut nihil_, _ut nullus_, _ut nunquam_. The +indefinite pronoun _quis_ is, as a rule, used for 'any' or 'some' in +relative sentences, and after _si_, _nisi_, _num_, _ne_, and _cum_; but +_aliquis_ is sometimes found after _si_, more rarely after _ne_. + +5. +decreta esset+. The subj. is required, because this is a dependent +sentence forming part of the _Oratio Obliqua_ after _placuit_. + +7. +egissent+, subj. after the dependent interrogative _quidnam_. Cf. +x. 6. note. For the same reason _videretur_, line 11, is in subj. + +9. +lepidi mendacii consilium capit+, 'bethought himself of an amusing +falsehood.' + +10. +utrum ... unusne ... an...+. The _-ne_ is 'pleonastic,' _i.e._ more +than is required, for the sentence would be complete without it--_utrum +videretur utilius ut unus ... an (videretur utilius) ut una...._ This +idiom is chiefly ante-classical (found often in Plautus), but Cicero +uses it, '_est etiam illa distinctio, utrum illudne non videatur aegre +ferendum ... an ..._' (Cic. _Tusc._ iv. 27, 59). Translate 'He said the +Senate had discussed whether it seemed more useful and advantageous to +the State that one man should have two wives, or that one woman should +be married to two men.' + + +XII. + +3. +matrum familias+, gen. plur. of _mater familias_. When _familia_ is +compounded with _pater_, _mater_, _filius_, and _filia_, the old gen. +sing. _famili_+as+ is usually found, but _familiae_ also is frequently +used by Cicero and other writers, by Livy always. In Sallust and later +writers even _patres familiarum_ is found. + +4. +una potius ... duae+. The order is _ut una (uxor) nupta fieret +duobus viris potius quam ut duae (uxores nuptae fierent) uni (viro)_. + +6. +esset, vellet+, subj. after the dept. interrogatives _quae_ and +_quid_; so +institisset+ and +dixisset+. Cf. x. 6. note. + ++quid sibi postulatio istaec vellet+, 'what that demand of theirs +meant.' _Quid sibi res vult_, 'what does the thing mean?' lit. 'what +does it wish for itself?' 'what is its object or drift?' so _quid tibi +vis_, 'what do you mean, or want?' and, more rarely, _quid mihi volo_, +'what do I mean, or want?' + + +XIII. + +1. +Sertorius+ was a Roman general, who first distinguished himself in +Gaul. On the outbreak of civil war in 88 B.C. between Marius and Sulla +he joined the former. At first the Sullan party were victorious, but +when their leader went to the East to fight against Mitridates they were +defeated, and from 87-82 the Marian party were supreme. In 83 (or, +according to another writer, 82) Sertorius was sent to Spain as governor +in the Marian interest. Finding himself unable to hold his ground +against the Sullan generals, he crossed to Africa, and gained various +successes there. The Lusitani, who inhabited the western part of the +Spanish peninsula, then invited him to become their leader against the +Romans. He returned with a small force of 2,600 men, one third of whom +were Libyans, and then by his extraordinary influence over the natives, +and his great powers of organisation, succeeded in forming an army which +for years set at defiance every effort made by the generals of the +Sullan party, which was now in the ascendant. In 76 Pompeius was sent to +Spain with a large army to reinforce the Sullan generals, but for five +years more Sertorius held his ground. At last, in 72 B.C., he was +assassinated by Perperna and other of his own Roman officers, who were +jealous of his power. + ++et utendi et regendi exercitus+, the gerundial attraction. When an +object is expressed after a gerund, the construction called the +gerundial, or +gerundival attraction+ is preferred. In this construction +the object is attracted (if it differs) into the case of the gerund, and +the gerund, taking adjectival inflections (and then called the +gerundive), is made to agree adjectivally with the object in number and +gender. + +Examples:-- + + _a._ The Acc., _praemisit milites ad Gallos insequendos_, 'he sent + the soldiers forward to pursue the Gauls.' + + _b._ The Gen., _causâ urbis delendae_, 'for the sake of destroying + the city.' + + _c._ The Dat., _bello gerendo me praefecistis_, 'you placed me in + command of the management of the war.' + + _d._ The Abl., _in vestigiis persequendis operam consumpsi_, + 'I spent labour in following their tracks.' + +The Gerundival Attraction is of course only used with transitive verbs +which govern a direct object in the acc. case. The words _fungor_, +_fruor_, _utor_, _vescor_, _potior_ are exceptions; they are used both +in this construction and in the constructions explained in ii. and iii. +below, because they were originally transitive, and governed an acc. + +The +gerunds+ and +gerundives+ are the substantival and adjectival forms +respectively of a participle in _-ndus_. Under the gerund are included +the substantival forms in _-ndum, -ndi, -ndo_; under the gerundive the +full adjectival declension in _-ndus, a, um_, etc. + ++The uses of the gerund and gerundive+ may be divided under four +headings. + +i. By its oblique cases the gerund (and the gerundive in the +construction mentioned above--the 'gerundival attraction') completes the +active infinite verb noun, which is only used in the nom. and acc., e.g. +_haec ad iudicandum sunt facillima_, 'these matters are very easy to +decide'; _amor agendi, canendi_, etc., 'love of acting, singing,' etc.; +_causâ agendi_, 'for the sake of acting'; _aqua utilis bibendo_, 'water +useful for drinking'; _mens alitur discendo_, 'the mind is nourished by +learning.' + +ii. The nom. (and in _oratio obliqua_ the acc.) of the gerund is used +intransitively with parts of the verb _sum_ (_est_, _erat_, _fuit_, +_esse_, etc.), as an impersonal verb to denote necessity, duty, or +suitability, e.g. _nunc est bibendum_, 'now it is right to drink', +_eundum est_, 'there is a necessity to go'; _parendum est legibus_, 'it +is necessary to be obedient to the laws.' The person on whom the duty +falls is expressed by the dat. case, the 'Dative of the Agent,' except +after verbs which govern a dative; after these, to avoid ambiguity, the +agent is expressed by _a_ or _ab_ with the abl., e.g. _eundum est mihi_, +'I must go,' but _parendum est ei a te_, 'you must obey him'. + +iii. The gerundive is used (1) personally as a verb, usually with a +passive signification, e.g. _aqua bibenda est_, 'water ought to be +drunk'; (2) as a mere epithet, e.g. _ridenda poemata_, 'poems to be +laughed at.' + +iv. The acc. of the gerundive is used in a final sense as an oblique +predicate, or complement, agreeing with the direct object of certain +transitive verbs--_curo_, _do_, _suscipio_, _habeo_, etc., e.g. _Caesar +pontem faciendum curavit_, 'Caesar had a bridge made'; _agros eis +habitandos dedit_, 'he gave them the lands to dwell in.' Cf. vii. 3. +note. + +8. +usui+, predicative dative or dat. of purpose. Cf. _dono_, viii. 4. +note. + ++memoria+, etc. The order is _memoria prodita est neminem ex his +nationibus, quae cum S. faciebant_ ('who served with Sertorius'), _cum +multis proeliis superatus esset_ ('although he had been defeated in many +battles'), _unquam ab eo descivisse_. + + +9. _neminem._ The gen. of this word, _neminis_, is only found in writers +before Cicero, the abl. _nemine_ in late writers (_e.g._ Tacitus and +Suetonius), and once in Plautus; the plural is not used. Hence we have + + Nom., _nemo_, _nulli_, etc. + Acc., _neminem_, _nullos_, etc. + Gen., _nullius_, _nullorum_, etc. + Dat., _nemini_, _nullis_. + Abl., _nullo_ or _nullâ_, _nullis_. + + +XIV. + +1. +alba+. _Albus_ is a dull white as opposed to _ater_, dull black; +_candidus_, shining white, opposed to _niger_, shining black. + ++eximiae pulchritudinis et celeritatis+, genitives of quality. + +2. +dono+, predicative dat., or dat. of purpose. Cf. _dono_, viii. 4. +note. + +5. +factu+, the supine in _-u_, used as an abl. of respect. Cf. _foedum +dictu est_, 'it is horrible to state' (lit. 'in the saying'), and +xxiv. 2, _utilia monitu suasuque_. + ++quid+, the indef. pron.; so _cui_, line 13. For its use after _si_ cf. +xi. 4. note. + +7. +dixerat+, indic. after _cum_ in a frequentative sense, 'whenever he +had said that.' Cf. vi. 8. note. + +10. +in fugam se proripuit+, 'took to hasty flight.' + +18. +consuerat+, indic., because it is not part of what Sertorius said, +but a statement made by the author. + ++quod opus esset facto+, 'what had to be done.' _Facto_ is the abl. of +the perf. part. pass.; for this use cf. _maturato, properato opus est_, +'there is need of haste'; and the similar construction with the abl. of +the supine, _dictu opus est_ (Terence), 'it is necessary to speak'; +_quod scitu opus est_ (Cicero), 'what has to be known.' + + +XV. + + ++Tarquinius Superbus+, according to tradition, was the seventh and last +of the Roman kings (535-510 B.C.), the others being Romulus, Numa +Pompilius, Tullus Hostilius, Ancus Martius, Tarquinius Priscus, Servius +Tullius. + +1. +Libris Sibyllinis+. Little is known about the famous Sibylline +books. They were probably derived from Cumae in Campania, the seat of a +celebrated oracle. At Rome they were kept in a stone chest (_sacrarium_) +beneath the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, under the charge of certain +officers (_quindecimviri_), and consulted only by the special command of +the Senate. In 82 B.C. this temple was burnt and the books destroyed. +A fresh collection of oracles was made by ambassadors sent to the chief +cities of Italy, Greece, and Asia Minor. When the temple was rebuilt +these were deposited in the same place, but many spurious prophetic +books, purporting to be Sibylline oracles, seem to have got into +circulation at Rome, and several revisions of the books were ordered +from time to time. Christian writers frequently appeal to the Sibylline +oracles as containing prophecies of the Messiah. + +2. +hospita+, feminine form of _hospes_. Cf. _antistes_ and _sacerdos_, +priest, _antistita_ and _sacerdota_ (in inscriptions), priestess, +_sospes_ and _sospita_, saviour, etc. + +4. +eos velle vendere+, '(she said) that she wished to sell them.' + +6. +nimium atque inmensum+, 300 pieces of gold, according to one form of +the legend. + ++quasi ... desiperet+. _Quasi_, 'as if,' introducing a statement which +is not a fact, naturally governs the subj., 'as if she were mad' (but +she was not). In sentences of comparison introduced by such conjunctions +as _tanquam_, _ceu_, _quasi_, _velut_, etc., the subj. is usually found, +because the statement is usually not true; but when the statement is a +fact the indic. is employed, e.g. _Fuit olim, quasi nunc ego sum, senex_ +(Plautus). Frequently _quasi_, etc., are used, not as conjunctions +introducing the sentence, but adverbially with a single word; in such +cases they do not affect the mood, e.g. _servis respublica et quasi +civitas domus est_ (_Pl. Ep._ viii. 16), 'to slaves their home is a +state, and, as it were, a city.' Cf. xviii. 5, _quasi consultans cum +Jove_. + +7. +foculum+. _F[)o]c[)u]lus_, deminutiveof _f[)o]cus_ (a hearth). Cf. +_r[)i]v[)u]lus_, a rivulet, and _rivus_, a river. + +9. +vellet+, subj. after the dependent interrogative _ecquid_. Cf. x. 6. +note. + +10. +sed enim+, 'but indeed.' Cf. the use of #allà gàr# in Greek. + +14. +ore ... fit+, 'now becomes serious and more attentive' (lit. 'of a +serious countenance and more attentive mind'). _Ore_ and _animo_ are +ablatives of quality. + +19. +nusquam loci+, 'nowhere in the world.' The genitives _loci_, +_locorum_, _gentium_ and _terrarum_ are frequently used with adverbs of +place--_ubi_, _quo_, _unde_, _usquam_, _nusquam_, etc., e.g. _ubi +terrarum sumus_ (Cic.), 'where on earth are we?' + + +XVI. + +1. +Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Maior+ was born in 234 B.C. He is +first mentioned in 218 B.C. at the battle of the Ticinus (cf. ix. 1. +note), in which he is said to have saved the life of his father P. +Scipio. He fought at Cannae, 216, and was chosen with App. Claudius to +command the remains of the Roman army after that great disaster. In 212 +he was unanimously elected aedile. When the tribunes objected to the +election, because he was under the legal age, he replied, 'If all the +Quirites wish to make me aedile, I am old enough.' In 210, at the age of +twenty-four, he was appointed to command the army in Spain, having come +forward as a candidate for the post which all the old generals feared to +accept. By 207 he had conquered almost the whole of that country from +the Carthaginians. In 205 he was elected consul. He was anxious to cross +over to Africa and end the war by a blow at Carthage itself, but the +Senate, partly from jealousy, partly from timidity, opposed his plans +and would only grant him the province of Sicily, with power to cross +over to Africa if he thought it in the interests of the State; but this +permission they endeavoured to render useless by refusing him an army. +Volunteers however flocked from every part of Italy to his standard, and +in 204 he was able to land in Africa with a large force. In 203 he +defeated Hasdrubal and his ally Syphax, and in 202 brought the second +Punic war to an end by a great victory at Zama over Hannibal, who had +been recalled from Italy. In 201 peace was made, and Scipio, returning +to Rome, received the agnomen Africanus, and was overwhelmed with every +mark of honour. In 190 he served as legate under his brother, +Lucius +Scipio Asiaticus+, in the war against Antiochus (cf. ix. and xvii.) On +their return the accusations mentioned in xvi. and xvii. were made +against the brothers. In 185 Scipio retired into private life, and died +soon afterwards, probably in 183. + +1. +tribunus plebis+. The tribuni plebis were appointed in 494, after +the secession to Mons Sacer, to protect the plebeians against the +patrician magistrates. At first they were two in number, afterwards they +were increased to ten. + +3. +ut condicionibus+, etc., 'that peace might be made with him (_i.e._ +Antiochus) on favourable conditions in the name of the Roman people.' + +7. +diem esse hodiernum+, 'that this is the day on which ...' (lit. +'that it is to-day on which ...'). + +9. +proelio+. The battle of Zama, Oct. 19th, 202 B.C. + +11. +simus+, 'let us not be ungrateful therefore to the gods....' + +12. +censeo+, used parenthetically, 'I propose.' Cf. _quaeso_, ii. 4. + +13. +gratulatum+, the supine in _-um_, used to express purpose after the +verb of motion, _eamus_. + +17. +aedes+, in sing., a 'temple' (a single room), in the plur., a +'house' (a collection of rooms). As distinguished from _templum_, +_aedes_ is a simple building without division into rooms; _templum_ is a +large edifice consisting of many rooms, consecrated by the augurs, and +belonging often to several deities. + +18. +sollemni+. _Sollemnis_, from _sollus_ (cf. #holos#, _salvus_), +whole; prop. taking place every year, 'established,' especially of +festivals; then, with the religious force predominating, 'religious,' +'festive,' 'solemn.' + + +XVII. + +2. +M. Porcius Cato+, known as the Censor (234-149), first distinguished +himself in the second Punic war; in 204-3 he served as Quaestor to +Scipio Africanus in Sicily and Africa. From this time forward he became +the declared enemy of the Scipios and their friends, who were +introducing, he said, into Rome the luxury and refinement of degenerate +Greece and ruining the simple and honest Roman character. He served with +distinction in Spain, 195-4, and against Antiochus, 191. In 184 he was +censor, and applied himself strenuously, but in vain, to stem the tide +of Greek luxury. He was one of the ambassadors sent to Africa to +arbitrate between Masinissa and the Carthaginians, and was so struck by +the flourishing condition of Carthage, that on his return he insisted +that, whilst that city existed, Rome would never be safe. Whenever he +was called upon for his vote in the Senate, whatever the subject before +the house was, he always concluded his remarks by 'And I further am of +opinion that Carthage must be destroyed (_delendam esse Carthaginem_).' +The third Punic war, which broke out soon after his death, was largely +due to his influence. + +5. +L. Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus+ served under his brother Africanus in +Spain, and in 190 defeated Antiochus at Mount Sipylus. Cf. xvi. 1. + +3. +comparati in eum+. _Comparare hominem in aliquem_ is the regular +phrase for procuring a man to attack another. 'Having been set upon +him....' + +4. +pecuniae ... rationem redderet+, 'to give an account of the money +paid by Antiochus, and the spoil....' + +9. +allatum+, i.e. _dixit librum allatum esse_, 'he said that it had +been brought.' + +10. +aerarium+, the public treasury at Rome, in which, besides the State +treasure, the standards of the legions and copies of all decrees of the +Senate were kept. After the expulsion of the kings the Temple of Saturn, +at the head of the Forum, was used for this purpose. + +10. +sed enim+, 'but indeed.' Cf. xv. 10. + +11. +nec me ipse afficiam contumeliâ+, 'nor will I insult myself with my +own lips (_ipse_).' + +12. +coram+, 'before their eyes.' + +13. +quod cui+. The order is _quod ab eo ratio praedae posceretur, cui +salus ... deberet_, 'indignant that an account of the booty was demanded +from a man, to whom the safety of the State and constitution ought to be +ascribed.' + +_Acceptum aliquid referre alicui_, lit. 'to put down a thing as received +to a man's account,' 'to credit him with it'; a metaphor from banking. + + +XVIII. + +2. +Scipio Africanus+ "was unquestionably one of the greatest men of +Rome, and he acquired at an early age the confidence and admiration of +his countrymen. His enthusiastic mind led him to believe that he was a +special favourite of the gods; and he never engaged in any public or +private business without first going to the Capitol, where he sat some +time alone, enjoying communication from the gods. For all he proposed or +executed he alleged the divine approval; and the Roman people gave +credit to his assertions, and regarded him as a being almost superior to +the common race of men. There can be no doubt that Scipio believed +himself in the divine revelations, which he asserted to have been +vouchsafed to him, and the extraordinary success which attended all his +enterprises must have deepened this belief."--Smith's _Classical +Dictionary_. + +3. +noctis extremo+, 'at the end of night.' The neuter _extremum_ is +used as a substantive, meaning 'the end.' Cf. _extremo anni_, Livy, +xxxv. 11. 1; _sub extremum noctis_, Sil. 4. 88. + +4. +ventitare+. _Ventito_ is the frequentative form of _venio_. +Frequentative or iterative verbs denote repeated action: they are of the +first conjugation, and formed by adding _-to_, _-so_, _-ito_, or _-itor_ +to the supine stem, or, more rarely, to the clipt stem, as _can-to_, +'I sing often'; _cur-so_, 'I run often'; _rog-ito_, 'I ask often'; +_min-itor_, 'I threaten often'; _haes-ito_, 'I stick fast.' Sometimes +one frequentative verb is formed from another, as _cant-ito_ from +_canto_. + ++ac iubere ... Iovis+, 'and to order the temple of Jupiter to be +opened.' + +5. +quasi consultans+. Cf. xv. 6. note. + +7. +id temporis+. For this 'genitive of the thing measured,' depending +on a neuter pronoun, expressing quantity, hence often called the +'partitive genitive,' cf. _aliquid veri, falsi_; _id aetatis_; _nihil +reliqui facere_, 'to leave nothing undone' (Caes.); _quantum mercedis_ +(xxxii. 17.); _si quid remedii_ (xxxiv. 8.), and such phrases as _navium +quod ubique fuerat in unum locum coegerant_ (Caes.). _Id_ in this phrase +is in the accusative. Similar adverbial accusatives are--_hoc noctis_, +_magnam partem_, _suam vicem_, _multum_, etc. The use of the acc. has +arisen from an extended use of the cognate acc. after intransitive verbs +(e.g. _servire servitatem_, _dormire noctem_, _dolere aliquid_, etc.). + ++quod in eum solum ... incurrerent+, the order is _aeditumi ... +admirati, quod canes, semper in alios saevientes, neque latrarent neque +incurrerent in eum solum id temporis in Capitolium ingredientem_, +'because he was the only man who entered the temple at that time, at +whom the dogs, that always attacked others, did not bark and fly.' + +14. +re cibaria copiosum+, 'well supplied with provisions.' + +15. +eius potiundi+. Gerundival attraction, cf. xiii. 1. note. + +16. +ius dicebat+, 'he was administering justice,' the technical term. + +18. +in iure stare+, or _esse_, 'to stand,' 'present oneself before a +magistrate'; _in ius ire_, 'to go before a magistrate.' + +19. +vadimonium promittere+, to promise or give security (bail) for a +man's appearance, 'for what day and what place' (_i.e._ for his +appearance on what day and place) 'he would order security to be given.' + ++iuberet+, subj. after the dependent interrog. _quem_. Cf. x. 6. note. + +21. +sese+, object. of _sistere_, 'ordered him to present himself on the +third day in yonder place.' + +22. +atque ita factum+, 'and so it happened.' + ++vadari+. _Vador aliquem_ = 'I bind a man over by bail': the object. of +_vadari_ here is _militem_; "on the third day, on which he had ordered +(them) to bind (the man) over to appear." + + +XIX. + +1. +capite+. _Caput_ denotes the legal status of a citizen: he lost it +"as much if he were struck off the roll of citizens as if his head were +struck off his shoulders" (Wilkins, _R. Lit. Primer_). "I and two others +were trying a friend on a capital charge." + +4. +ad casum ... medendum+, 'to remedy so perilous a mischance.' + +6. +ad condemnandum+, sc. _hominem_, 'I gave my vote in silence for +condemning the man.' + + +XX. + +1. +Favorinus+ was a native of Arles, in Gaul; he was a famous +philosopher, and resided at different periods of his life in Rome, +Greece, and Asia Minor (about 110-130 A.D.). + +3. +Curius+. M' Curius Dentatus, consul in 290, 275, and 274 B.C., +distinguished himself in the Samnite wars. He was a favourite hero of +the Romans, and celebrated as a type of the old-fashioned virtue and +frugality. The Samnites, it is said, once sent an embassy to him with +costly gifts. The messengers found the great general sitting by his +hearth, and roasting turnips. They proffered their gifts, but he +rejected them, saying that he would rather rule over those who possessed +gold than possess it himself. + +4. +Fabricius+. Cf. viii. 1. note. + ++Coruncanius+, consul 260 B.C., fought with success against the +Etruscans and against Pyrrus (cf. xxvii. 1. note); he was also a +distinguished lawyer, and the first plebeian who became Pontifex +Maximus. + +5. +his+, abl. after the comparative _antiquiores_. + ++antiquus+, 'former,' 'ancient,' is used of what has existed in past +time as opposed to _novus_, what has not previously existed, new. +_Vetus_ denotes what has existed for a long time, old, aged, opposed to +_r[)e]cens_, what has not existed for long, recent. + ++Horatii+. The three brothers of the Horatian gens, who, according to +the legend, in the reign of Tullus Hostilius, fought against the +Curiatii, three brothers from Alba, to determine whether Rome or Alba +was to exercise the supremacy. + +6. +Auruncorum+, etc., genitives depending of _verbis_, 'used the +language of the Aurunci,' etc. The Aurunci, Sicani, and Pelasgi were old +Italian races. + +9. +quasi loquare+. Cf. xv. 6. note, '_quasi desiperet_.' + ++Euandri+. The legend says that Euander, son of Hermes and an Arcadian +nymph, about 60 years before the Trojan war, led a Pelasgian colony from +Arcadia in Greece to Italy, and built the town of Pallantium at the foot +of the Palatine hill. Vergil represents Euander as still alive when +Aeneas came to Italy. (_Aeneid_, viii. 51.) + +10. +abhinc multis annis+, 'many years ago.' To express 'how long ago,' +_abhinc_ and _ante_ are used with either abl. or acc. case. Cf. _abhinc +triennium huc commigravit_, 'she came hither three years ago' (Ter. +_An._ i. 70). + +11. +quae dicas+, 'anything that you say.' The subj. (a consecutive +subjunctive) after the relative marks the statement as indefinite; _quae +dicis_ would mean the particular words which you are actually using. + +14. +sit+, subjunctive, because a dependent sentence in the _oratio +obliqua_ after _ais_. + +16. +C. Julius Caesar+, the Dictator, 100-44 B.C. This quotation is from +his lost work _De Analogia_, written, it is said, when he was crossing +the Alps. + +18. +ut tamquam+, 'that you should avoid a rare word, as (you would +avoid) a rock.' + + +XXI. + +1. +T. Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus+ was another of the favourite heroes +of Roman history. His exploit here mentioned happened in 361. In 353 and +again in 349 he was Dictator; in 347, 344, and 340, Consul. In this last +year Torquatus and P. Decius Mus gained a great victory over the Latins +near Mt. Vesuvius, and established the Roman supremacy in Latium. It was +shortly before this battle that the disobedient act of his son occurred, +mentioned at the end of xxii. + +3. +torquis+, a 'twisted neck chain,' as opposed to _monile_ (cf. +ix. 6), which was made of beads, stones, etc., strung together. + ++ex hoste detractam induit+, 'he had taken from an enemy, and put on +himself.' A participle and verb are frequently used in Latin where in +English two verbs are employed, e.g. _scripsit se profectum celeriter +adfore_, 'he wrote (to say) that he had set out and would soon arrive.' + +4. +fuerit+, subj. after the dependent interrogative _quis_. Cf. x. 6. +note. + +6. +cum ... processit+, etc. The indicative is used in past time after +_cum_, when the conjunction is purely temporal, and equivalent to _et +tum_. Cf. vi. 8 note. + +7. +nudus+, 'unarmed.' _Nudus_ is used in many senses besides its usual +one of 'unclothed,' 'naked': _e.g._ 'without a _toga_,' _i.e._ 'in a +tunic only,' _nudus ara, sere nudus_ (Verg. _G._ i. 299); 'uncovered by +turf,' _silex nuda_ (Verg. _E._ i. 15); 'leafless,' _nudum nemus_; +'without a garrison,' _urbs nuda praesidio_ (Cic. _Att._ vii. 13-1); +'destitute,' _nuda senectus_ (Juv.); 'unadorned,' _nuda oratio_ (Cic.), +etc. + +12. +si quis ... vellet, uti prodiret+, 'that if any one was willing to +fight him, he should step forward.' The tenses are historic, because +_conclamant_ is the historical present, and therefore equivalent to a +past tense. Primary tenses are sometimes used after a historic present, +but historic tenses are more common. + +17. +scuto pedestri+. The _scutum_ was an oblong or oval shield (4 ft. +by 2½ ft., Polybius), made of wood or wickerwork. It was borrowed from +the Sabines and made the shield of the whole Roman army, superseding the +large circular _clipeus_, when the Roman soldiers first began to receive +pay, and to form a permanent army instead of an irregular militia (Livy, +viii. 8. etc.). + ++cinctus+ in this connection is properly 'surrounded' with a girdle to +support a shield or sword, hence 'armed with.' + + +XXII. + +1. +metu magno+, 'amid great anxiety.' An ablative of manner, closely +akin to the "ablative absolute." + +2. +sua disciplina+, 'according to his custom,' _i.e._ way of fighting. +Cf. _eadem nos disciplina utimur_, 'our habits are the same' (Plaut. +_As._ i. 3. 49), and _disciplina militiae, bellica militaris_, etc., +'the art of war.' + +3. +cunctabundus+. Cf. _moribundus_, vi. 11. note. The Gaul stood on the +alert ready to parry a blow, and waiting his opportunity. Manlius +disconcerted him by suddenly dashing him backwards. + +7. +eo pacto ei ... +, etc., 'in that way he got to close quarters with +him (_ei successit_) under his Gallic sword, and wounded his chest with +his Spanish sword (sc. _gladio_).' The "Spanish sword" was a short +weapon, fitted for thrusting and stabbing at close quarters; the "Gallic +sword" a much longer and heavier weapon. + +9. +pectus hausit+. _Haurire_ of a weapon in the sense of 'wounding,' +'tearing open,' is found in Lucretius, Vergil, and often in Ovid: +probably the sword, etc., is regarded as devouring the flesh or drinking +the blood (Conington). Cf. Verg. _Aen._ x. 313-- + + _Huic gladio perque aerea suta, + Per tunicam squalentem auro, latus haurit apertum._ + +'With his sword, through brazen coat of mail and tunic stiff with gold, +he wounded his unguarded side.' + +17. +speculatum+. The supine is _-um_, expressing purpose after a verb +of motion. + ++pugna interdicta+, 'though he had been forbidden to fight.' Abl. +absolute. + + +XXIII. + +1. +Agrum Pomptinum+. The Ager Pomptinus was a low plain on the coast of +Latium, between Circeii and Terracina; it was originally a fertile +cornland, but after the third century B.C., it became more and more +marshy, till at last the Pomptine marshes were the most malarious +district in Italy. They were partially drained from time to time, but no +permanent relief was afforded till the time of Pius VI. (1778). The +district is still the most unhealthy in Italy. + +3. +vasta proceritate+, abl. of description. + ++armis auro fulgentibus+, abl. abs., 'a man of enormous stature, with +armour gleaming with gold.' + +5. +per contemptum et superbiam+, 'scornfully and haughtily.' Cf. _per +vim_, 'forcibly,' etc. + +6. +venire iubet+, etc., 'bids anyone out of the whole Roman army who +dares to fight, to come forward and meet him,' lit. 'bids (him) come, if +anyone dares.' _Auderet_ is in historical time, because _iubet_ is the +historic present, standing for a past tense. Cf. xxi. 12. note. + +8. +tribunus militaris+. The _tribuni militum_, or _militares_, were the +chief officers of the legion; there were originally three, afterwards +six, to each legion. + ++ceteris ... ambiguis+. Abl. absol., 'since the rest hesitated.' + +11. +progreditur ... obviam+, 'advances to meet him.' + +13. +vis quaedam divina fit+, 'a miracle happens': lit., a divine power +is manifested. + +16. +laniabat ... revolabat+, the imperfects denote repeated action. + +21. +statuam statuendam curavit+, 'had a statue set up': for this use of +_curo_ cf. xiii. 1. 4. note. + ++Augustus+. Cf. xxix. 2. note. + ++in foro suo+, the 'Forum Augusti.' There were three great _fora_ at +Rome, the F. Augusti, the F. Magnum, Vetus, or Romanum, and the F. +Julii. + +23. +monimentum+, in apposition to _simulacrum_. + + +XXIV. + +1. +Aesopus+ lived about 570 B.C. Little is known about his life. He was +a slave, but was freed by one of his masters, Iadmon of Samos. He is +said to have visited Croesus, king of Lydia, and Pisistratus of Athens, +and to have been sent by the former to Delphi to distribute a gift of +money among the citizens. A dispute however arose, and he refused to +give any of the money, so the angry men of Delphi threw him over a +precipice. Later stories, without good authority, represent him as +deformed. + ++e Phrygia+. Cotioeum in Phrygia, Mesembria in Thrace, Samos, and Sardis +each claimed to be the birthplace of Aesop. + +2. +utilia monitu suasuque+. The abl. of the supine in _-u_ is regularly +used as an abl. of respect. Cf. _nefas visu_, _turpe dictu_, _facile +factu_ (xxvii. 7.), etc. + +5. +cum audiendi quadam inlecebra+, lit. 'with some charm of hearing.' + +7. +spem+, etc., 'that in matters (_rerum_) which a man can manage +himself, hope and trust ought never to be placed in another, but in +himself,' _i.e._ that a man ought not to rely upon another for what he +can do himself. + +10. +Q. Ennius+. Cf. xxxviii. 9. + ++satiris+. _Satira_ or _satura_ (_satur_ = full), properly a mixture of +all sorts of things, originally denoted a work which dealt with many +subjects; then the title was applied to poems which treated +'didactically' the follies and vices of mankind. + ++versibus quadratis+, _versus quadrati_ (square) are those containing +eight or seven feet. These lines of Ennius are called _Septenarii_ or +_Tetrameter Catalectic_ verses. The principal feet in them are the +_trochee_ ¯ ¯ ), and _spondee_ ¯ ¯. + + H[-o]c [)e]r|[-i]t t[)i]b(i) | [-a]rg[)u]|m[-e]nt[-u]m | s[-e]mp[)e]r +| [-i]n pr[-o]mp|t[-u] s[)i]|tum, + N[-e] qu[)i]d | [-e]xp[-e]c|t[-e]s [)a]|m[-i]c[-o]s, | quod t[)u]t(e) +| [)a]g[)e]r[)e] | poss[)i]|es. + +12. +semper in promptu situm+, 'ever ready at hand.' + +13. +ne quid+, etc., 'not to wait for your friends at all (_quid_) in a +matter which (_quod_) you yourself can do.' + ++possies+, old form of _possis_, pres. subj. of _possum_. + + +XXV. + +2. +id temporis+. Cf. xviii. 7. note, 'at such a time, as a rule, that +the harvest is at hand when its young ones are just becoming fledged.' + +3. +ea cassita+, that particular lark about which the story is told. + ++congesserat+, used absolutely (_i.e._ without an object) in the sense +of making a nest, as we used the word 'to build.' Cf. Verg._ Ecl._ +iii. 69, _locum aeriae quo congessere columbae_. + +5. +dum iret+. _Dum_, like other temporal conjunctions, takes the indic. +(in Oratio R.) when _strictly_ temporal, but the subj. is required when +the notion of time is complicated with that of purpose, consequence, +etc. In other words, _dum_, 'whilst,' always takes the indic., _dum_, +'until,' the indic. usually, the subj. sometimes, viz., when the idea of +expecting or waiting for something comes in. Here purpose is expressed: +'to enable her to meanwhile go ...,' 'till she should go.' Cf. +_priusquam emeret_, xxxiii. 4. note. + +6. +quaesitum+, 'to seek for food ...'; the supine in _-um_ expressing +purpose after a verb of motion. Cf. xvi. 13, xxii. 17. + +7. +si quid+, etc., 'if anything unusual happened.' For the genitive +_quid rei_, cf. _id temporis_, xviii. 7. note. + +11. +fac eas et roges+, a less peremptory way of expressing a command +than the simple imperative. Cf. _scribas velim_, _cura ut scribas_, +_scribe sis_ (for _si vis_), instead of _scribe_. + +12. +veniant+, etc., subj. after _roges_, 'ask them to come ...' + +15. +orare+, the historical infinite, used instead of a finite verb. In +this construction, which is frequent in an animated description of a +scene, the pres. inf. only is used (besides the two perfects _odisse_ +and _meminisse_, which have a present meaning). Dr. Kennedy (Pub. Sch. +Lat. Gr., 332) treats it as analogous to the omission of parts of the +verb _sum_ (e.g. _occisus_ for _occisus est_), as it leaves out the +expression of time, number, and person. 'It is used to express the +occurrence of actions without marking the order of time.' (Roby.) + +17. +misit qui amicos roget+. _Roget_ is in subj., because the relative +expresses purpose: 'has sent me to ask ....' _Misit_ is the perfect +proper, 'has sent,' a primary tense, hence _roget_ is in the pres. subj. + +18. +otioso animo esse+, abl. of quality, lit. 'bids them be of an easy +mind,' _i.e._ 'bids them be easy in mind.' + + +XXVI. + +4. +isti+, ironical, 'those friends of yours are laggards.' + ++quin ... imus+, 'why do we not rather go ...?' The conjunction _quin_ +(= _quî_, an old ablative, and _-ne_) is thus used in exhortations and +remonstrances (_a_) usually with the pres. indic., e.g. _quin +conscendimus equos?_ (Livy), 'why do we not mount?' _i.e._ 'nay, mount +at once': (_b_) sometimes with the imperative, _quin aspice me_, 'nay, +look at me'; _quin dic uno verbo_, 'just answer in a single word.' + +5. +cognatos+. _Cognatus_ is a kinsman by blood, either on the father's +or the mother's side; _agnatus_, a blood relation on the father's side; +_gentilis_, a member of the same _gens_, and bearing the same gentile +name, _e.g._ Cornelii, Fabii; all these three classes were +_consanguinei_, related by blood; _adfinis_, a relation by marriage, or +sometimes merely a neighbour. + +8. +cognatos adfinesque nullos ferme ...+, lit. 'as a rule no kinsmen +and neighbours were so good-natured,' she said, 'as to make no delay in +undertaking work, and to obey orders at once.' + +14. +valeant+, 'good-bye to ...,' _i.e._ let us have no more to do +with.... + +18. +id ubi ...+, the order is, _ubi mater audivit ex pullis dominum +dixisse id...._ + +19. +tempus cedendi et abeundi+, 'it is time to go and be off.' + +20. +in ipso enim+. The order is, _vertitur enim iam in ipso, cuia res +est, non in alio, unde petitur_, lit. 'for (the work) now depends upon +the man himself, whose the property is, not upon another, from whom (the +work) is asked,' _i.e._ who is asked to do the work. + + +XXVII. + +1. +Pyrrus+ (318-272 B.C.), king of Epirus, was one of the most famous +generals of his age. In 280 he was invited to Italy by the Tarentines to +aid them in their struggle with Rome. He defeated the Romans in two +great battles, near Heraclea on the Siris in 280, and near Asculum in +279, but his own troops suffered so severely that he concluded an +armistice, and in 278 crossed to Sicily to help the Greek colonies in +that island against the Carthaginians. The incident mentioned in this +selection afforded the pretext for the truce. In 276 Pyrrus returned to +Italy, but he was decisively defeated by Curius Dentatus near Beneventum +and compelled to leave Italy. He went back to Epirus, and engaged in +many new warlike enterprises. In 272, when retreating from Argos, he was +stunned by a tile thrown by a woman, and slain by the pursuing soldiers. +Hannibal is reported to have said, that of all the great generals the +world had seen, Alexander was the greatest, Pyrrus the second, himself +the third; or, according to another version, Pyrrus the first, Scipio +the second, and himself the third. + ++in terra Italia+, 'in the land of Italy'; cf. xxxi. 7, _in terra +Graecia_, so _urbs Roma_, etc., the two substantives being in +apposition. + +4. +Fabricius+. Cf. viii. 1. note. + +7. +facile factu+, 'easy to do.' Cf. xxiv. 2., _utilia monitu et suasu_, +note. + +12. +salutem tutaretur+, 'should protect himself from...,' 'be on his +guard against;' lit. 'protect his safety.' + +13. +laudes ... scripsisse+, 'it is said that Pyrrus wrote to the Roman +people, praising and thanking them ...,' lit. 'wrote praises and +thanks.' + ++populo Romano+. Cf. _ad senatum scripsit_, line 9. The rule is that, if +the verb expresses or implies motion, _ad_ with the acc. is used to +express the remoter object; if no motion is implied, the dative is used; +so, _misit hoc ad me_, but _dedit hoc mihi_. Hence many verbs admit both +constructions, as they fall on the line between expressing motion and +not expressing it. _Scribo_ is one of these, for the letter has to be +sent, so motion is implied, but the verb itself expresses no motion. +This rule, however, is not always observed even in prose, and far less +so in poetry. + + +XXVIII. + +1. +In circo maximo+. The early Roman legends say that when Tarquinius +Priscus had taken the town of Apiolae from the Latins, he commemorated +his success by holding races and games in the Murcian Valley, between +the Palatine and Aventine hills. Round the valley temporary platforms +and stands were erected, and the course with its surroundings was called +'_Circus_,' either because the spectators stood in a circle or because +the races went round in a circle. Soon a permanent building was erected +in this valley. This was enlarged and beautified from time to time, and +known as the Circus Maximus, to distinguish it from the many similar +buildings which were erected in various parts of Rome. In the time of +Julius Caesar the Circus Maximus was about 600 yards in length, and 200 +in width, and held 150,000 people: a century later it could hold twice +as many. The building was used chiefly for chariot-racing; but sometimes +the area was flooded, and naval battles were represented, and often +beasts were let loose in it to fight with one another, or with men, +either condemned criminals and captives, or _bestiari_, specially +trained for the purpose. This latter exhibition was called _venatio_, or +_pugna venationis_. Animals were brought in almost incredible numbers +from all parts of the Roman world to be thus slaughtered. Julius Caesar +once turned 500 lions into the arena together, and Augustus, in the +Monimentum Ancyranum, boasts that he had thus killed 3,500 elephants +during his reign. + +2. +multae ibi ferae+, sc. _erant_. + +7. +quasi admirans+. Cf. _quasi desiperet_, xv. 6. note. + +15. +videres+, 'you might have seen.' Cf. Livy, _maesti, crederes +victos, redeunt in castra_, 'you would have thought they had been +defeated.' This use is confined to the second person singular ('you' +indefinite = one); the subjunctive is explained by treating the +expression as part of a conditional sentence, the condition understood +being the reality of the subject. 'If you had been there, you might have +seen....' + + +XXIX. + +2. +Caesar+, probably Claudius, emperor 41-54 A.D.; he was the fourth +emperor--Augustus being the first, Tiberius the second, and Caligula the +third. Caesar was originally the name of a patrician family of the +Julian _gens_. The name was taken by Augustus (Octavianus), as the +adopted son of the Dictator, C. Julius Caesar: by Tiberius, as the +adopted son of Augustus Caesar: and it continued to be used by Caligula, +Claudius, and Nero, as members, by adoption, or female descent, of +Caesar's family. This family became extinct with Nero, but succeeding +emperors employed the name as part of their official title. + +3. +uni+ with +illi+, 'had spared him alone.' + ++pepercisset+, subj. after the dependent interrogative _cur_. + +5. +proconsulari imperio+. The _Proconsulare Imperium_ is the power held +by a man who acts _pro consule_, 'in the place of a consul.' As the +number of Roman provinces increased, it became the custom under the +Republic for men, who had held the office of consul, to accept the +government of provinces for a year, and rule these with the "_Imperium +Proconsulare_," which was conferred by a special decree of the Senate +and of the people. Under the Empire the provinces were divided into two +groups: (1) the Senatorial Provinces (the more peaceful ones in which no +large armies were maintained), which were governed with _Imperium +Proconsulare_ by men who had been consuls or praetors: (2) the Imperial +Provinces, which were governed with _Praetorian_ power by _Legati +Caesaris_, who acted as the Emperor's deputies. + ++Africam+, the Roman name for the district round Carthage. + +10. +consilium fuit+, 'my plan was,' 'I purposed.' + +14. +debili ... pede+. Abl. absol., 'with one foot lame and +bloodstained.' + +22. +volnere intimo expressi+, 'I pressed out from the bottom of the +wound.' Words compounded with _ab_, _cum_, _de_, and _ex_ usually govern +an abl., either with or (less frequently in prose) without the +preposition repeated. + +23. +cruorem+: _cruor_ is 'gore,' _i.e._ blood which has flowed from a +wound; _sanguis_, either 'gore,' or blood circulating in the body. + + +XXX. + +1. +triennium totum+, acc. of duration of time; 'for three whole years.' + +2. +eodemque et victu+, abl. of matter; 'on the same food also.' + ++nam quas+, etc. The order is--'_ferebat ad specum mihi_ (to the cave +for me), _membra opimiora ferarum quas venabatur_,' the antecedent +_ferarum_ being attracted into the relative sentence, and so becoming +_feras_. + +7. +viam ... permensus+, 'having travelled a journey of almost three +days.' + +9. +rei capitalis+, the genitive of the charge used after verbs of +condemning and acquitting. _Res capitalis_ is a crime punishable by +death or loss of civil rights, _caput_ denoting both life and civil +status. Cf. xix. 1. note. + +10. +damnandum curavit+. Cf. xiii. 1. 4. note. + +11. +quoque+, the lion, as well as I, having been captured. + + +XXXI. + +1. +in terra Graecia+. Cf. _in terra Italia_, xxvii. 1. note. + ++fama celebri+, abl. of quality, 'of great reputation.' + +5. +Athenis+, 'at Athens,' the locative case. Cf. xi. 1. note. + ++Electram+, etc. The order is--_acturus Electram Sophoclis, debebat +gestare urnam quasi cum Oresti ossibus_, 'being about to play the part +of Sophocles' Electra (_i.e._ the part of Electra in the play of +Sophocles called 'the Electra') he had to carry an urn, supposed to +contain (_quasi cum_) the bones of Orestes.' Women's characters were +played by men both on the Greek and on the Roman stage. + +When Agamemnon, king of Argos and Mycenae, returned from the Trojan war, +he was murdered by his wife Clytaemnestra. Electra, their daughter, +contrived to save her young brother Orestes, and send him to the court +of Strophius, king of Phocis. After some years Orestes returned in +company with Pylades, the son of Strophius. At first he pretended to be +a messenger from Strophius, who had come to announce the death of +Orestes in a chariot race, in token of which he brought an urn +containing, he said, the ashes of the dead man. Finally, he made himself +known to Electra, and then slew Clytaemnestra and her lover Aegisthus. + ++Sophocles+, 495-406, the great Athenian tragic poet, was thirty years +younger than Aeschylus and fifteen years older than Euripides. He is +said to have written 130 plays, but of these seven only have reached us, +of which the 'Electra,' here mentioned, is one. + +6. +Oresti+. The gen. sing. of Greek proper names in _-es_ of the third +declension usually ends in _-i_, sometimes in _-is_. Hence we have nom. +and voc., Orestes; acc., Oresten and Orestem; gen., Oresti and Orestis; +dat., Oresti; abl., Orest[)e], rarely Orest[-e]. The plural, when used, +follows the first declension. + +11. +quasi Oresti amplexus+. _Oresti_ is the gen. depending on _ossa_ +understood. + +12. +itaque+, etc., lit. 'and so when a play seemed to be represented, +(true) grief was represented.' + +When the great English actor Macready played the part of Virginius, soon +after the death of his own daughter, he declared that his recent +experience of real grief gave a new force to his acting. Diderot, on the +other hand, in his famous _Paradoxe sur le Comédien_, maintains that the +emotions of the actor must be artificial, not real, to produce an +artistic effect. + + +XXXII. + +2. +qui pro se ... advocaverunt+, 'they engaged men to plead their +case'; lit. 'who should speak for them,' _qui_ being used in a final +sense, and hence the subj. For this sense of _advocaverunt_ cf. the +English word 'advocate.' + +4. +Demosthenes+, the greatest of Athenian orators, was born in 385 and +died in 322 B.C. As a statesman his whole policy was directed to +resisting the aggressions of the Macedonian kings Philip and Alexander +(cf. vi.). He made many bitter enemies, of whom +Demades+ (line 22) was +one of the most important. Demades was a warm supporter of the +Macedonian party, and, as he is known to have been an unprincipled man, +this story probably applies to him, and not to Demosthenes. + +11. +lana multa ... circumvolutus+, lit. 'wrapped round as to his neck +with much wool.' _Collum_ is the acc. of respect. + +12. +eo+, for that reason, therefore. + +14. +non synanchen ... sed argyranchen+, 'that his throat was inflamed +not by cold, but by gold.' _Argyranche_ (#arguranchê#) is a sarcastic +word coined to imitate _synanche_ (#sunanchê#), 'an inflamed throat.' + +15. +quin ... quoque+, 'nay he even prided himself upon it,' lit. +ascribed it as a glory (dat of purpose or complement, cf. viii. 4. note) +to himself. _Quinetiam_ is more common than the simple _quin_ in this +sense. + +17. +quantum mercedis+. For this 'genitive of the thing measured,' +usually called the 'partitive genitive,' depending of a neuter pronoun, +cf. _id temporis_, xviii. 7. note, 'how much pay he had received for +acting.' _Accepisset_ is subj. after the dependent interrogative +_quantum_. + +18. +uti ageret+, lit. in order to act, a final sentence. So '_ut +tacerem_'. + +19. +talentum+, the Attic talent, £243 15s. + + +XXXIII. + +1. +Marcus Tullius Cicero+, the famous Roman orator, was born near +Arpinum on Jan 3rd, 106 B.C. He was consul in 63 B.C., and was murdered +Dec 7th, 43 B.C., by the emissaries of M. Antonius. + ++in Palatio+, the Palatium or Mons Palatinus was the hill on the S.W. of +the Roman Forum. On it the original city is said to have been built. + +2. +in praesens+ sc. _tempus_, 'for the present'. _Praesens_, the pres. +participle of _praesum_, and _absens_, the pres. participle of _absum_, +are the only forms in which the pres. participle of _sum_ is found. + ++P. Sulla+, the nephew of the great Dictator, L. Sulla, was accused of +complicity in the Catilinarian conspiracy. He was defended by Cicero and +Hortensius--the famous rival of Cicero, and, though certainly guilty, +was acquitted, 62 B.C. + ++mutua ... tacita accepit+, 'accepted as a secret loan....' + ++sestertium viciens+, 2,000,000 _sestertii_, _i.e._ about £19,000. The +unit for reckoning large sums was the _sestertius_ or _nummus_ (¼ of a +_denarius_, the ordinary silver coin in use, or 2½ asses), in value +about 2¼d. Up to 2,000 the cardinal numbers were prefixed, e.g. _centum +sestertii_, _mille sestertii_, etc. The gen. plur. of _sestertius_ is +_sestertium_, so 2,000 _sestertii_ is _duo millia sestertium_. This form +_sestertium_ in time became treated as if it were a neuter singular. +Hence for _duo millia sestertium_, _duo_ or _bina sestertia_ was +written, as the 'distributive' form of the numeral was often used. Hence +for sums from 2,000 up to 1,000,000 _sestertii_ we have _duo_ or _bina +sestertia_, _sexaginta_ or _sexagena sestertia_, etc. For sums above +1,000,000 _sestertii_ the numeral adverb was generally employed: thus, +2,000,000 _sestertii_ was written _viciens centena_ (or _centum_) +_millia sestertium_, which was generally contracted into _viciens +sestertium_, or _viciens_ alone. + +4. +priusquam emeret+. _Priusquam_ and _antequam_, like other temporal +conjunctions, usually govern the indicative; but when they introduce an +event which is expected, and its occurrence prevented, _i.e._ when they +convey any idea of purpose, they usually require the subjunctive. Cf. +note on _dum iret_, xxv. 5. Translate, "before he _could_ buy." + ++quod ... accepisset+, 'that he had accepted.' Fees to lawyers were +illegal at Rome; but the law was evaded in many ways. + +10. +inter ridendum+, 'amidst his laughing.' Cf. note on the gerund, +xiii. 1. + ++#akoinonoêtoi#+ (_akoin[)o]n[)o][-e]toi_), #a-koinos-noêtos (noêsis)#, +not having common sense. The word is not found in extant Greek works. + +11. +cum ignoratis+, 'because you do not know that.' This use of _cum_ +with the indic., giving a reason, is common in early writers (_e.g._ +Plautus), but only used by Cicero after such words as _laudo_ and +_gratulor_. Later writers do not employ it. + +12. +patris familias+, 'it is the custom of a prudent and careful master +of the household to say that he is not going to buy what he wishes to +purchase....' For the genitive, cf. _cuiusvis hominis est errare_, 'it +is any man's nature to err,' etc. The genitive may be explained by +saying that it depends upon some such word as _indoles_, 'nature,' +_officium_, 'duty,' etc., understood. + + +XXXIV. + +3. +Mons Cispius+ was one of the peaks of Mons Esquilinus, on the E. of +the Forum. + ++subeuntes montem+. Many intransitive verbs, especially verbs of motion, +gain a semi-transitive or transitive force by being compounded with +prepositions, chiefly prepositions which govern an acc., e.g. _adire_, +_circumvenire_, _adstare_, _adloqui_, _oppugnare_, etc. But many of +these compounds govern a dative, instead of, or as well as, an +accusative, e.g. _adlabi_, _succedere_. Some verbs compounded with +prepositions which govern an ablative take an accusative, e.g. +_convenire_, _expugnare_, etc. + +4. +insulam+. _Insula_ was a house for poor people, let out in rooms or +flats to several families; as opposed to _domus_, the large mansion of a +single wealthy family. + ++multis ... editam+, built to a great height with many floors. + +7. +magni+, nominative, 'the profits of city property are great.' + +8. +si quid remedii+. For the gen. cf. _id temporis_, xviii. 7. note, +'if any remedy could have been found to prevent houses burning so +constantly at Rome, I would have sold....' + +10. +venum dedissem+. _Venum_ (neuter) is only found in the classical +period in the acc. sing., but Tacitus uses _veno_, and still later +writers _venui_. _Venum do_--often written as one word, _venumdo_, +contracted into _vendo_--is 'I give for sale'; _venum eo_--often written +_veneo_--is 'I am for sale.' For the acc. cf. _pessum dare_, 'I give to +destruction,' and _pessum ire_, 'I go to destruction.' + +12. +annalem undevicensimum+, 'the nineteenth book of the history +(annals) of Q. Claudius....' + +13. +Mitridati+, genitive; cf. _Oresti_, xxxi. 6. note. + +14. +defenderes+, subj. after the dependent interrogative _quo_. + +15. +L. Cornelius Sulla+, surnamed Felix, was born in 138 and died 78 +B.C. He first distinguished himself in Africa, when serving under Marius +in the campaign against Jugurtha (107-106). In 88 he was appointed to +the command of the war against Mitridates, but Marius, eager to obtain +this for himself, got a new law passed transferring the command to +himself. Sulla thereupon marched upon Rome with his troops, and Marius +fled, only to return and deluge the streets of Rome with blood, when his +rival had sailed for the East. The siege of Athens here referred to took +place in 86: in 83 Sulla returned to Rome, and quickly overthrew the +remains of the Marian party, Marius having died in 86. In 81 Sulla was +appointed Dictator. He devoted two years to reforming the State, and +restoring the power of the senate and aristocracy, and then retired into +private life in 79. In the following year he died. + ++Piraeum+. Piraeus, Munychia, and Phalerum were the three harbours of +Athens. + + +XXXV. + +1. +Arion+. This story about Arion comes from the Greek historian +Herodotus. +Periander+ was "tyrant" of Corinth from 625 to 585 B.C. Like +most of the Greek "tyrants" he was a patron of art and literature. + ++nobilis+ is common in the sense of 'famous,' as well as in its +technical use of one whose ancestors had held curule office. + ++Methymnaeus+. Methymna was a town at the northern extremity of Lesbos. + +5. +viseret+, the imperf. subj., because _proficiscitur_ is the +'historical present' standing for a past tense. Cf. xxi. 12. note. + +8. +ut notiores+, 'as better known....' + +10. +in altum+, 'the deep sea.' + +11. +de necando Arione+, gerundial attraction. Cf. xiii. 7. note. + +21. +carmen ... orthium+, Greek #nomos orthios#, lit. the loud, high +song, was the name for a shrill, stirring air. + + +XXXVI. + +2. +cursum ... tenuerunt+, 'held on their course.' + +4. +fluitanti sese homini subdidit+, 'placed itself under the floating +man.' + +5. +incolumique corpore et ornatu+, abl. absol., 'carried him to land +(_devexit_) at Taenarum, in the country of Laconia, with body and +clothes unharmed.' _Taenarum_ is the acc. of 'place whither.' + ++in terram Laconicam+, lit. 'to Taenarum into the land of Laconia.' So +'he set out for Carthage in Africa' is '_profectus est Carthaginem in +Africam_.' + +6. +Taenarum+ was a promontory and town in the S.W. of Laconia, now +Cape Matapan. + +7. +devexit+, 'carried _down_,' _i.e._ to land. The Greeks and Romans +spoke of the coast line as lower than both the inland country and the +'high' sea. Cf. the uses of #anabainô# and #katabainô#. + +8. +talemque+, etc., lit. 'presented himself to King Periander, not +expecting him, in the same guise (_talem_) as he had been in (_qualis_) +(when) carried on the dolphin.' + ++quasi falleret+. Cf. _quasi desiperet_, xv. 6. note. + +12. +dissimulanter+, secretly, hiding the truth; _simulanter_, +feignedly, pretending what does not exist (the form _simulanter_ is +post-classical). This distinction between _simulo_ and _dissimulo_ is +expressed in the pentameter-- + + "_Quod non es simulas, dissimulasque quod es_," + +'you pretend what you are not, and hide what you are.' + +13. +audissent+, subj. after the dept. interrogative '_ecquid_.' + ++unde venissent+, subj. because a dept. sentence in the _interrogatio +obliqua_, after _interrogavit_. + +18. +ire infitias+, 'to deny.' For the phrase, cf. _ire exequias_, 'to +attend a funeral.' The acc. in these phrases must be compared with the +'acc. of place whither' after a verb of motion, _e.g._ _Romam_, _domum_, +_rus ire_; and the acc. of the supine used to express purpose after a +verb of motion, e.g. _lusum it Maecenas, dormitum ego_ (Horace), +'Maecenas goes to play, I to sleep.' + +20. +quod+, 'the fact that...,' introduces the substantival sentence +'_simulacra ... visuntur_' which is the subject of _est_. + +21. +delphinus+ and +homo+ are in opposition with _simulacra_. + + +XXXVII. + +1. +ruris colendi insolens+, 'ignorant of agriculture.' For the +gerundial attraction, cf. xiii. 1. note. + +3. +qui ... sciret+, 'since he knew...,' the relative when used in a +causal sense governs the subjunctive. + +10. +faceret+, subj. after the dept. interrogative _cur_; 'he asked +why he was making....' + +13. +gratias agens+. The plural _gratias_ is always used with _agere_; +but after _referre_, _debere_, _sentire_, etc., the singular, _gratiam_, +is most commonly found. + +15. +imperitus+ goes closely with _detruncat_. In English we should +use the adverb, 'ignorantly (or, in his ignorance) cuts the tops +off....' + ++vites suas sibi omnes et oleas+, 'all the vines and olives that he +possessed.' + +18. +pomis gignendis felicia+, lit. all the twigs 'productive for +bearing fruit,' _i.e._ 'all the fruit-bearing twigs.' _Pomis gignendis_ +is the dative after _felicia_. For the gerundive attraction cf. xiii. 1. +note. + ++felicia+. The root of _felix_ is the same as the root of _fecundus_ +(fruitful), _fetus_ (offspring), etc. Hence the earliest meaning of +_felix_ is fruit-bearing: in this sense it is used in Lucretius, Ovid, +Livy, etc., and the adverb _felicius_ in Verg. (_hic segetes, illic +veniunt felicius uvae._--Georg. i. 54.) + + +XXXVIII. + +1. +Mitridates VI+., king of Pontus, 120-63 B.C., was the most +powerful foe whom the Romans encountered in the East. The first +Mitridatic war was brought to a successful conclusion by Sulla in 84 +B.C.; the second, 83-82 B.C., was uneventful; the third, 74-63 B.C., in +which Pompeius distinguished himself, ended in the flight and suicide of +the king, as described in line 8. + +2. +quorum ... cavebat+, 'by the continual use of which he protected +himself from secret attempts at banquets'; _epularum_ is a descriptive +genitive depending on _insidiis_. + +3. +quin ... est+. Cf. _quin quoque_, xxxii. 15. note, 'nay, he +even....' + ++ostentandi gratia+, 'to show off.' + +6. +in ultima regni+, 'to the most distant parts of his kingdom.' + +9. +Q. Ennius+ (239-169 B.C.), though a Greek by birth, spent his life +at Rome, and was regarded by the Romans as the father of their poetry, +_alter Homerus_ (Horace). His most important work was the _Annales_, an +epic poem upon the history of Rome. Only a few fragments of his writings +have reached us. + +10. +Osce+. The Osci were a primitive people who lived in Campania. + +14. +lingua locutus est+, 'he spoke in the tongue and language of each +as skilfully as if he had been of that nation.' + + +XXXIX. + +1. +eloquentiae discendae causarumque orandi cupidus+, lit. 'was +anxious to learn eloquence and to plead causes.' + ++causarum orandi+, the genitive _orandi_ depends upon _cupidus_, and +_causarum_ is a genitive depending on the gerund _orandi_. This +construction (instead of the gerundial attraction, or the ordinary acc. +after the gerund) is very rare; but cf. _nobis fuit exemplorum eligendi +potestas_ (Cic de Juv. ii. 2), 'we had the power of choosing examples.' + ++in disciplinam ... sese dedit+, 'entered himself as a pupil of +Protagoras,' lit. gave himself to the teaching of Protagoras. + +3. +Protagoras+, of Abd[-e]ra, in Thrace, was born about 480 B.C. and +died 411 B.C. He came to Athens before the year 445, and there +established a school. He was the first Greek philosopher who called +himself a 'Sophist,' and taught for pay. + ++daturumque+, etc. The order is--_promisit se daturum esse grandem +pecuniam mercedem_, 'promised to give a large sum as a remuneration....' +_Mercedem_ is in apposition with _pecuniam_. + +6. +quo primo die+, 'on the first day on which he pleaded and won a +case'; the antecedent _primo die_ is attracted into the relative +clauses, a common construction in Latin. Cf. xxx. 2. + +8. +causas ... reciperet+, 'did not undertake cases,' _i.e._ take +briefs. + +12. +litem ... contestatur+ is the technical phrase for setting a suit +on foot by calling witnesses; 'he brings an action against Euathlus.' + +17. +ex sententia+, in accordance with the votes of the judges. +'_Sententia_' is an expressed opinion, hence our 'sentence.' + +18. +secundum te+, 'in your favour.' + +24. +pro causa mea senserint+, 'shall have pronounced in my favour.' + + +XL. + +1. +proelium Cannense+, 216 B.C. Cf. ix. 1. Note the use of the +adjective, where we use a subst. and prep., 'the battle of Cannae.' + +2. +electos ... misit+, 'sent to Rome ten men chosen out of our +captives,' _i.e._ 'selected ten of our captives and sent them to Rome.' +Cp. xxi. 3. note. + +3. +videretur+, 'if it seemed good to the Roman people.' + +4. +quos alteri plures acciperent+, 'whom the one side received more +(than the other)'; _plures_ is acc. qualifying _quos_. + +5. +argenti+, etc., 'a pound and a half of silver by weight.' + +6. +hoc iusiurandum eos adegit+, 'bound them by this oath.' _Adigere +aliquem iusiurandum_, or _ad iusiurandum_, is literally to drive a man +to an oath, _i.e._ to make him take it. After the time of Livy the +construction _adigere aliquem iure iurando_, 'to bind a man by an oath,' +was more common. + +12. +postliminio+, 'by the right of _postliminium_.' _Postliminium_ is +"the recovery of rights by a person returned from captivity, or the +recovery of rights over a person or thing recovered from hostile +possession" (Poste's _Gaius_, § 129), since a man by hostile capture +became the slave of the enemy, and so during the interval of captivity +his rights as a free citizen were suspended. The usual derivation given +is from _post_ and _limen_, 'a returning behind the threshold'; others +derive the _post_ from the same root as _potestas_ and _possessio_. + ++liberatos religione+, 'freed from their obligation.' + +19. +quoniam+, etc., lit. 'since, when they had left the enemy's camp, +they had returned to it (_eo lem._ lit. to the same place) on an +imaginary pretext, as if for some accidental reason, and so had again +left (the camp) not bound by an oath.' + +24. +censores+. Two censors were elected every five years (_lustrum_); +they held office for 18 months. Their duties were (1) to take the +census, _i.e._ the register of the citizens and their property; (2) to +exercise a supervision over the morals of the citizens, and punish +defaulters by the _nota censoria_, and degrade them in various ways. +The consequence of the _nota_ was _ignominia_. + + + + +EXERCISES + +TO BE TRANSLATED INTO LATIN. + +[_The words in brackets are not to be translated._] + + +I. + +1. Vergil used to produce his verses like a bear. + +2. The verses of Vergil were at first rough and unfinished. + +3. He used to polish and correct his rough verses like a bear. + +4. That animal by licking gives features to its shapeless offspring. + +5. All the verses of Vergil were afterwards polished and corrected. + +6. The offspring of that animal is at first rough and shapeless. + +7. It produces a shapeless offspring, but afterwards licks and forms it. + +8. The rough verses were polished and corrected by Vergil, as (its) +offspring is licked and formed by that animal. + + +II. + +1. Philemon was an author by no means equal to Menander. + +2. Do you not blush, whenever you defeat me in such contests? + +3. Philemon did not blush when he met Menander. + +4. Philemon often defeated Menander in those contests. + +5. Menander will meet Philemon by chance. + +6. Menander, a writer of comedies, defeated Philemon by bribery. + +7. Menander and Philemon were by no means equal. + +8. How do you defeat me in these contests? + + +III. + +1. A wonderful thing is told by Plutarch about the palm. + +2. Great weights were placed by the philosophers on the stem of that +palm tree. + +3. The tree will not yield, but will rise against the great weight. + +4. They have made the palm the emblem of victory. + +5. Why is this tree an emblem of victory in battle? + +6. The stem of the tree was not bent by the weights placed upon it. + +7. Philosophers tell many wonderful tales about this tree. + +8. This tree was made by the Greeks the emblem of victory. + + +IV. + +1. It is said that Xanthippe was the wife of Socrates the philosopher. + +2. Socrates had a very bad-tempered wife, Xanthippe by name. + +3. He did not drive his quarrelsome wife from home. + +4. I can bear the impertinence of the others more easily. + +5. The wife of Socrates was very quarrelsome both day and night. + +6. The friends of Socrates wondered at his bad-tempered wife. + +7. Why has your quarrelsome and bad-tempered wife not been driven from +home? + +8. Alcibiades, the friend of Socrates, wondered at Xanthippe, the +quarrelsome wife of that philosopher. + + +V. + +1. Voluntary labours used to strengthen the body of Socrates. + +2. He used to stand day and night motionless. + +3. Socrates lived in perfect health for almost his whole life. + +4. A plague ravaged the city of Athens in the Peloponnesian war. + +5. Socrates kept his bodily vigour during the plague which ravaged +Athens. + +6. He used to stand with his eyes directed to the same place. + +7. Socrates bore very many labours to strengthen his body. + +8. He directed his eyes to the same place from one sunrise to the next +sunrise. + + +VI. + +1. King Alexander had a wonderful horse called Bucephalas. + +2. No one, except King Alexander, could mount this horse. + +3. The king, seated on this horse, performed many brave deeds in the +Indian war. + +4. Darts were thrown from all sides at King Alexander. + +5. The king was carried back at full speed by the dying horse from the +middle of the battle. + +6. A town, called Bucephalon, was built by Alexander in that place. + +7. The horse was pierced by many wounds and fell down almost lifeless. + +8. Alexander built a town in India, which he called Bucephalon in honour +of his wonderful horse Bucephalas. + + +VII. + +1. Alcibiades was educated by his uncle Pericles. + +2. A flute-player endeavoured to teach Alcibiades to play the flute. + +3. The flute was handed to Alcibiades by his master. + +4. The flute was thrown away and broken by the boy Alcibiades. + +5. The Athenians unanimously ceased to play the flute. + +6. The uncle caused the boy to be taught to play the flute. + +7. The wise uncle caused many masters to be summoned. + +8. Flute-playing was formerly considered by the Athenians a most +honourable accomplishment. + + +VIII. + +1. The Samnites sent ambassadors to C. Fabricius, the Roman general. + +2. They offered the Roman general a large sum of money as a gift. + +3. Many things were lacking to the magnificence of his home. + +4. Fabricius could control his eyes, mouth and ears. + +5. Fabricius was unwilling to receive the money from the Samnites. + +6. The Samnites know (how) to use the money. + +7. Fabricius did many things for the Samnites after peace had been made. + +8. The Roman general was unwilling to use the Samnite money. + + +IX. + +1. The king had collected his forces on the plain. + +2. King Antiochus was about to make war on his enemies, the Roman +people. + +3. The army of the king was glittering with gold and silver trappings. + +4. He manoeuvred his chariots, cavalry and elephants. + +5. These things will be enough for the greedy Romans. + +6. Many elephants had been collected by Antiochus. + +7. Hannibal jeered at the cowardice of Antiochus' soldiers. + +8. The king had collected chariots with sickles and elephants with +turrets. + + +X. + +1. The death of Milo was wonderful and pitiable. + +2. Athletics were abandoned by Milo (when) advanced in age. + +3. A large oak was standing near the road. + +4. He thrust his fingers into the hollows of the tree. + +5. Milo endeavoured with his fingers to tear open the oak. + +6. The tree returned to its natural position and shut in his hands. + +7. The man was torn to pieces by wild beasts. + +8. The oak was torn open by the hands of Milo. + + +XI. + +1. The Roman senators used to enter the senate house with their sons. + +2. The senators were consulting about a very important matter. + +3. No one spoke about the matter, (which had been) adjourned to the next +day. + +4. The mother of the boy Papirius was very anxious to hear the matter. + +5. It is advantageous to the state for one man to have two wives. + +6. The boy was unwilling to tell his mother those matters. + +7. In that city one woman was not married to two men. + +8. I must be silent, for I am not allowed to tell you this. + + +XII. + +1. On hearing this she betook herself in alarm to the other women. + +2. Next day a crowd of women came to the senate-house. + +3. What is this crowd of women, and what do these demands mean? + +4. The boy advances into the middle of the senate-house and says these +things. + +5. Afterwards no boy entered the senate-house except Papirius. + +6. The name (of) "Praetextatus" was given to the boy. + +7. The women were frightened and surrounded the senate-house weeping and +praying. + +8. The senators wondered, when they saw the crowd of matrons. + + +XIII. + +1. Sertorius was an energetic general, skilled in commanding an army. + +2. In times of difficulty he used to pretend dreams and tell lies to the +soldiers. + +3. A certain man gave Sertorius a white doe of remarkable beauty. + +4. This doe has been presented to me by heaven. + +5. The doe used to converse with Sertorius and advise him. + +6. He announced that the doe had given him this advice. + +7. The soldiers willingly obeyed Sertorius as if (he were) a god. + +8. The doe, which had been given him as a gift, was of remarkable beauty +and extraordinary speed. + + +XIV. + +1. The doe, alarmed by an inroad of the enemy, took to flight. + +2. The doe one day hid in a neighbouring marsh, and was searched for in +vain. + +3. It was believed that Sertorius' doe had perished. + +4. Sertorius ordered the man, who found the doe, to be silent. + +5. The doe appeared to me in the middle of the night and foretold what +must be done. + +6. The doe was suddenly let loose into the room, in which Sertorius and +his friends were sitting. + +7. The credulity of these barbarians was very useful to the general. + +8. No one deserted Sertorius, though he was often conquered. + + +XV. + +1. An old woman brought nine books to King Tarquin. + +2. She said that she wished to sell the books, which she had brought. + +3. The woman demanded an immense (sum of) money, and therefore the king +laughed. + +4. Three out of the nine books were burnt before the king's face. + +5. The king said that the old woman was certainly mad. + +6. She sold these books for the same price that she had demanded for +all. + +7. Tarquin at first despised the old woman, but afterwards bought the +three remaining books. + +8. The books, which this old woman sold to Tarquin, are called the +Sibylline (books). + + +XVI. + +1. Scipio Africanus did not receive money from King Antiochus. + +2. Scipio made peace with Antiochus on favourable terms. + +3. Many charges were made against Scipio by M. Naevius. + +4. This is the day on which Scipio conquered Hannibal in a very great +battle in Africa. + +5. This victory of Scipio in the land of Africa was very famous. + +6. They went to the Capitol, to give thanks to Jupiter. + +7. The assembly did not pass sentence on Scipio. + +8. They all followed Scipio to his house with rejoicings and +congratulations. + + +XVII. + +1. Cato, Scipio's enemy, won over a certain tribune, named Petilius. + +2. He was unwilling to give an account of the money and spoil to the +senate. + +3. Scipio produced a book, in which was written an account of the money +and the spoil. + +4. He tore the book to pieces with his own hands. + +5. The safety of the state ought to be ascribed to Scipio. + +6. He rose and produced a book, in which were the accounts. + +7. I will not read the accounts to you, for I am unwilling to insult +myself. + +8. Scipio had taken much money and spoil in the war against Antiochus, +and had written an account of it in a book. + + +XVIII. + +1. Old writers have told many (tales) about the life and deeds of +Africanus. + +2. Before dawn Scipio used to go to the temple of Jupiter. + +3. The dogs did not attack Scipio as he went to the Capitol. + +4. The attendants of the temple wondered that the dogs did not bark at +Scipio. + +5. Scipio was attacking a very strong town, situated in Spain. + +6. There was small hope of taking this strong town. + +7. He ordered bail to be given by the soldier for (his appearance on) +the third day. + +8. Scipio stretched out his hand towards the town, which he was +attacking. + + +XIX. + +1. The man must be condemned by the law. + +2. I consulted about the life of my friend with the judges. + +3. I persuaded the other judges to acquit my friend. + +4. He silently gave his vote for condemning the man. + +5. The duty of a friend and of a judge was thus safe. + +6. He consulted with himself about the life of his friend. + +7. Two out of the three judges acquitted my friend. + +8. It is the duty of a judge to condemn a man, who ought by the law to +be condemned. + + +XX. + +1. A certain young man was very fond of old words. + +2. In his daily conversations he used old-fashioned expressions. + +3. The Pelasgi were the first who inhabited Italy. + +4. He used old-fashioned words, as though he were talking with the +mother of Evander. + +5. He did not wish any one to understand what he said. + +6. You ought to be silent, and thus you would gain what you wish for. + +7. You ought to use modern expressions, if you wish to be understood. + +8. I love the old Aurunci, for they were honourable and good. + + +XXI. + +1. Titus Manlius took a necklace from an enemy, whom he had killed. + +2. He was named Torquatus in honour of a necklace, which he had taken +from an enemy. + +3. A certain Gaul advanced with a shield and two swords. + +4. A Gaul advanced, who surpassed the other in height and strength. + +5. He beckoned with his hand, and cried with a very loud voice. + +6. The others dared not fight against this enemy, on account of his +dreadful appearance. + +7. The barbarian began to jeer at them, because no one dared to advance. + +8. T. Manlius was grieved that the others dared not fight against the +Gaul. + + +XXII. + +1. The two soldiers, the Roman and the Gaul, fought on the bridge in the +sight of both armies. + +2. Manlius trusted in his courage, the Gaul in his skill. + +3. The enemy's shield was struck again by Manlius. + +4. Manlius wounded the Gaul's shoulder with his Spanish sword. + +5. The Roman threw his enemy down and cut off his head. + +6. The bloodstained necklace was taken from the neck of the Gaul by +Manlius. + +7. The son of Manlius killed an enemy, who had challenged him, although +he had been forbidden to fight by his father. + +8. Harsh commands are called "Manlian," because this Manlius beheaded +his own son. + + +XXIII. + +1. The consul drew up the Roman lines facing the vast forces of the +Gauls. + +2. The arms of the Gallic leader shone with gold. + +3. The Gaul, a man of enormous height, advanced shaking his spear. + +4. He haughtily ordered any Roman to come, who dared to fight against +him. + +5. Whilst the others were wavering between shame and fear, Valerius +advanced boldly against the enemy. + +6. A raven suddenly attacked the eyes of the Gaul. + +7. The raven, having torn the hands and face of the Gaul, perched on the +head of Valerius. + +8. Thus, helped by the bird, he killed his enemy, and in honour of the +victory was named Corvinus. + + +XXIV. + +1. Aesop, who lived in Phrygia, was a very wise writer of fables. + +2. He invented amusing stories, and thus gave useful advice. + +3. Philosophers give useful advice, but what they say is not amusing. + +4. Aesop invented an amusing story about a lark. + +5. This fable about the lark warned men that their hopes ought to be +placed in themselves. + +6. Q. Ennius composed many verses about this story of Aesop. + +7. This is a proof that our confidence ought to be placed in ourselves. + +8. It is the custom with philosophers to give useful advice, with +writers of fables amusing advice. + + +XXV. + +1. It is said that a lark built in the corn. + +2. The corn was ripening when the young ones were unfledged. + +3. The lark went to search for food, and left her young ones in the +nest. + +4. If anything unusual happens, said she, tell me when I return home. + +5. The young ones saw the owner of the crops calling his son. + +6. The owner's friends were unwilling to assist him in the harvest. + +7. Make haste, mother, and carry us to another nest. + +8. The lark said that it was not necessary to take her young ones to +another home. + + +XXVI. + +1. When the mother had flown to seek food, the owner returned to the +field with his son. + +2. He told his son that the friends were loiterers, for they had not +come. + +3. Let us go, said he, and ask our relations to help us to-morrow. + +4. The young ones told their mother that the master had sent for his +relations. + +5. The master said that he would himself reap the corn with his sickle. + +6. The relations neglected to come, and so the master and his son +themselves reaped the corn. + +7. The mother said that it was time to go; for what he had ordered would +now be done. + +8. The matter now depends on the master himself, not on his friends. + + +XXVII. + +1. Pyrrhus fought many battles with success in the land of Italy. + +2. Timochares, a friend of Pyrrhus, wished to kill the king by poison. + +3. If we agree about the reward, I promise to kill the king by poison. + +4. My son is the king's cup-bearer, and so he will easily be able to +give poison to the king. + +5. Fabricius wrote to the Roman Senate, that Timochares wished to kill +King Pyrrhus by poison. + +6. The Senate advised the king to act more cautiously. + +7. Your friends wish to kill you by poison; therefore it is necessary to +act very cautiously. + +8. The king wrote to the Roman Senate, thanking and praising them, and +restored all the prisoners whom he had taken. + + +XXVIII. + +1. A lion of enormous size was brought into the circus. + +2. Many slaves had been given by their masters to fight wild beasts. + +3. An enormous and terrible lion attracted the attention of all by its +roaring. + +4. It is said that the lion, seeing Androclus, suddenly stood still. + +5. It is said that the lion wagged its tail like a dog, and licked the +man's hands. + +6. The slave recovered his lost courage and turned his eyes on the lion. + +7. You might have seen the lion licking the legs and hands of the slave. + +8. A mimic hunt was given in the circus, for which many wild-beasts had +been sent from Africa. + + +XXIX. + +1. Loud shouts were aroused by this wonderful sight. + +2. Caesar asked why the lion spared Androclus alone. + +3. A wonderful and marvellous story was told Caesar by the slave. + +4. The slave, driven to flight by his master's daily blows, took refuge +in the desert. + +5. At mid-day the slave hid in a cave, to which a lion came. + +6. An enormous lion was coming to the cave, with one foot lame, groaning +and sighing. + +7. He was at first terrified by the sight of the lion, but soon +recovered his courage. + +8. The slave pulled a large thorn out of the lion's foot; the lion then +placed its foot in his hands and slept. + + +XXX. + +1. He said that for three years he had lived in the same cave as the +lion. + +2. I used to cook my food by the mid-day sun, because I had no fire. + +3. I am weary of this wild-beast's life, and I will leave the cave. + +4. His master arrested him and sent him from Africa to Rome. + +5. My master had me condemned to death and given to the wild-beasts in +the Circus. + +6. The lion, after I was separated from it, was taken and sent to Rome. + +7. Androclus, after telling this wonderful tale, was pardoned and +presented with the lion. + +8. They gave money to the slave and flowers to the lion, which had been +the host of the man. + + +XXXI. + +1. Polus, a famous actor in Greece, had a well-loved son. + +2. Polus lost his son, and mourned for him many days. + +3. Polus was about to act the "Electra" of Sophocles, and to carry the +bones of Orestes in his hands. + +4. Electra carried the remains of her brother in an urn, and wept for +his death. + +5. Electra, the sister of Orestes, was dressed in mourning and carried +the remains of her brother. + +6. She took the urn from the tomb and carried it in her hands. + +7. The urn, which Electra was carrying, had been placed in a tomb. + +8. Polus carried in his hands the remains of his own son, and wept for +his, not Orestes', death. + + +XXXII. + +1. It is said that ambassadors came from Athens to Miletus to ask for +help. + +2. They pleaded for the Milesians, but Demades replied that help ought +not to be given to them. + +3. Demades maintained that the Milesians were not worthy of help. + +4. He said that it would not be advantageous to the state to give help. + +5. It is said that Demades received from the Milesian ambassadors as +much money as he asked for. + +6. I am suffering from an inflamed throat and therefore I cannot oppose +the Milesian demands. + +7. He did not conceal what he had done, but said he had received much +money. + +8. You received three talents for acting, I received more for being +silent. + + +XXXIII. + +1. Cicero wished to buy a house on the Palatine, but had no money at the +time. + +2. P. Sulla lent Cicero 5,000,000 sesterces secretly. + +3. You have received, said they, money from Sulla for buying a house. + +4. Cicero afterwards bought the house with the money which he had +received from Sulla. + +5. I said that I did not wish to buy that house, because I was a +cautious father of a family. + +6. Cicero's friends reproached him with this lie. + +7. Cicero told that lie, because he had received money from a defendant. + +8. Cicero wished to buy that house, but he said that he did not wish to +buy it. + + +XXXIV. + +1. Many friends accompanied Julianus home. + +2. A block, many stories high, was blazing. + +3. He said that property in the city gave great returns. + +4. There is no remedy to prevent houses at Rome burning. + +5. He sold all his country property and bought city property. + +6. The philosopher said that alum was the best remedy for fire. + +7. A wooden tower, which had been built to defend the city, was smeared +with alum by Archelaus. + +8. Q. Claudius says that this tower, smeared with alum, could not burn. + + +XXXV. + +1. Arion of Lesbos lived at Corinth, and was loved by Periander. + +2. Arion went to Italy and charmed the ears of all in that land. + +3. He gained much money by playing, and afterwards wished to return to +King Periander at Corinth. + +4. He chose a Corinthian ship, because he thought the sailors would be +more friendly to him. + +5. Arion gave all his money to the sailors, but prayed them to spare his +life. + +6. The sailors ordered Arion to spring down into the sea, in order that +they might take possession of his money. + +7. In a loud voice he sang this song, and then threw himself into the +sea. + +8. He took his lyre in his hand and, standing on the stern, began to +sing a song. + + +XXXVI. + +1. The sailors thought that Arion had perished in the sea, and held on +their course to Corinth. + +2. It is said that a dolphin carried the man safe to Taenarum. + +3. Arion went from Taenarum to Corinth and related what had happened to +himself. + +4. The king believed that Arion was deceiving him, and ordered him to be +guarded for two days. + +5. The king ordered the sailors to be sent for, and asked them if they +had heard anything about Arion. + +6. The sailors told the king that Arion was living in Italy. + +7. Arion stood forth before the astounded sailors, who thought that he +had perished in the sea. + +8. At Taenarum two bronze figures stand as a proof of this tale. + + +XXXVII. + +1. A certain barbarian bought a large farm planted with olives and +vines. + +2. The Thracian saw his neighbour pruning his trees. + +3. He asked his neighbour why he pulled up the vine suckers. + +4. The trees of his neighbour were more fruitful than his own. + +5. He thanked his neighbour and went home rejoicing. + +6. The ignorant Thracian took a sickle, and began to cut off the most +luxuriant foliage of the trees. + +7. He cut off all the fruitful twigs of the apple-trees. + +8. The ignorant man thought that he was pruning his trees, as his +neighbour had done. + + +XXXVIII. + +1. The King of Pontus was very skilled in medicine. + +2. It is said that these medicines are good for dissipating poisons. + +3. The King of Pontus for his whole life was on his guard against secret +treachery. + +4. Mitridates often drank poison to show that it was harmless to him. + +5. He slew himself with his own sword, (after) having in vain tried the +strongest poisons. + +6. Ennius could speak Greek, Latin and Oscan, and so he used to say that +he had three hearts. + +7. The King of Pontus knew the languages of all the nations under his +dominion, twenty-two in number. + +8. Mitridates used to talk with the men of each nation, whom he had +under his dominion, in the language of that nation, and not through an +interpreter. + + +XXXIX. + +1. He gave Protagoras half of the money which he asked for, and promised +to give the remaining half afterwards. + +2. I will give you, said he, the remaining half on the first day on +which I win a case. + +3. He was a pupil of Protagoras for a long while, but did not undertake +any case. + +4. He did not undertake any case, in order to avoid paying the rest of +the money. + +5. Protagoras thought that his plan for gaining the money was very +clever. + +6. If the verdict is given in your favour,[A] it will be necessary for +you to pay me the money. + +7. The judges left the matter unsettled, because they did not know what +sentence they ought to give. + +8. The wise judges adjourned the law-suit to a very distant day. + + [Footnote A: The verdict is given in my favour: pronuntiatum est + pro me.] + + +XL. + +1. Hannibal chose ten prisoners and sent them to Rome. + +2. He wished after the battle of Cannae to make an exchange of prisoners +with his enemies. + +3. The Roman prisoners promised with an oath to return to Hannibal. + +4. They told the senators what Hannibal had said about an exchange of +prisoners. + +5. Their relations embraced them and prayed them with tears not to +return to Hannibal. + +6. Of the ten prisoners eight returned to Hannibal, and two only +remained at Rome. + +7. The two prisoners, who remained at Rome, were despised by all. + +8. The censors branded with every mark of infamy the prisoners, who had +refused to return to Hannibal. + + + + +LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. + +_The parts of regular verbs are not given._ + +_A dot occurring in a word separates the parts of a compound._ + + ++A.+ for Aulus, -i. + ++a, ab+, _prep. gov. abl._, from, by. + ++ab·eo+, -[-i]vi or -ii, -[)i]tum, -[-i]re, 4 _v. n._, I go away. + ++ab·hinc+, _adv._, henceforward, since. + ++ab·i[)i]cio+, -i[-e]ci, -iectum, 3 _v. a._, I throw away, throw from. +(i[)a]cio.) + ++ab·l[-e]go+, _v. a._ 1, I send away. + ++ab·solvo+, -solvi, -s[)o]l[-u]tum, 3 _v. a._, I set loose, I acquit. + ++[)a]bund[-e]+, _adv._, abundantly, sufficiently. (ab·undo, I overflow; +cf. unda, a wave.) + ++ac+, _conj._, and. + ++ac·c[-e]do+, -cessi, -cessum, 3 _v. n._, I go to, I approach. (ad, +c[-e]do.) + ++ac·c[)i]do+ (or adc[)i]do), -cidi, no sup., 3 _v. n._, I fall to, fall +out, happen. (ad, c[)a]do.) + ++[)a]cies, -ei+, _f._, line-of-battle (lit. sharp edge). ([-a]cer, +[)a]cus.) + ++ac·c[)i]pio+, -c[-e]pi, -ceptum, 3 _v. a._, I receive, learn, hear. +(ad, c[)a]pio.) + ++ac·c[-u]so+, 1 _v. a._, I impeach, blame. + ++[-a]cer+, acris, acre, _adj._, sharp, eager, energetic. + ++[)a]cerbus, -a, -um+, _adj._, bitter, bad-tempered. ([-a]cer.) + ++[-a]cr[)i]ter+, _adv._, sharply, keenly. ([-a]cer.) + ++actor+, -[-o]ris, _m._, actor. ([)a]go.) + ++acturus+, _fut. part._, fr. [)a]go. + ++[)a]d+, _prep. gov. acc._, to, for. + ++ad·cido+. Cf. accido. + ++ad·do+, -d[)i]di, -d[)i]tum, 3 _v. a._, I bring to, add. + ++[)a]d·eo+, -[-i]vi or -ii, -[)i]tum, 4 _v. n._, I go to, approach. + ++ad·e[)-o]+, _adv._, thus far; usque adeo, to such an extent, (ad, is; +cf. quoad.) + ++ad·f[)e]ro+ (or aff[)e]ro), -t[)u]li, -l[-a]tum, 3 _v. a._, I bring to. + ++ad·ficio+. Cf. afficio. + ++ad·f[-i]nis+ (or affinis), -e, _adj._, neighbouring to, related to (by +marriage); as a _subst._, neighbour, relation. + ++ad·[)i]go+, -[-e]gi, -actum, 3 _v. a._, I drive to. adigo aliquem (ad) +iusiurandum, I drive a man to an oath, make him swear. ([)a]go.) + ++ad·h[)i]beo+, -h[)i]bui, -h[)i]b[)i]tum, 2 _v. a._, I bring to, employ. +(h[)a]beo.) + ++ad·[)i]piscor+, -eptus, 3 _v. dep._, I obtain. ([)a]piscor.) + ++ad·i[)u]vo+, -i[-u]vi, -i[-u]tum, 1 _v. a._, I assist. + ++ad·m[-i]r[-a]tio+, -[-o]nis, _f._, wonder. + ++ad·m[)i]ror+, 1 _v. dep._, I wonder at. + ++ad·mitto+, -m[-i]si, -missum, 3 _v. a._, I bring to, bring in, admit. + ++ad·m[)o]dum+, _adv._, lit. to a measure, in a high degree, very. +(m[)o]dus.) + ++ad·no+, 1 _v. n._, I swim to. + ++ad·pr[)e]hendo+ (or apprehendo), -pr[)e]hendi, -pr[)e]hensum, 3 _v. +a._, I seize. + ++ads[)i]duus+, -a, -um, _adj._, constant, eager, diligent. (adsideo: cf. +continuus, fr. contineo.) + ++ads[)i]due+, _adv._, constantly. (adsiduus.) + ++ad·signo+, 1 _v. a._, I attribute to. (signum.) + ++ad·sum+, -fui, -esse, _v. n._, I am present. + ++ad[)u]lescens+ (or ad[)o]lescens), -entis, _c._, young man, young +woman. (ad·[)o]lesco.) + ++ad[)u]lescentia+, -ae, _f._, youth, manly strength, (ad·olesco.) + ++ad[)u]lor+, 1 _v. dep._, I fawn on, flatter. + ++ad·v[)e]nio+, -v[-e]ni, -ventum, 4 _v. n._, I come to, approach. + ++ad·vers[-a]rius+, -a, -um, _adj._, turned towards, opposed to; +_subst._, antagonist. (ad, versus.) + ++ad·versum+, or +ad·versus+, _adv._, and _prep. gov. acc._, towards, +against. + ++ad·verto+, -verti, -versum, 3 _v. a._, I turn towards, observe +(generally in phrase 'animum adverto'). + ++ad·v[)o]co+, 1 _v. a._, I call to my aid. + ++ad·v[)o]lo+, 1 _v. n._, I fly towards. + ++aedes+ (or aedis), -is, _f._, a building, temple; in _pl._, a house. + ++aed[)i]t[)u]mus+, -i, _m._, keeper of temple, sacristan. (aedes.) + ++aegr[-e]+, _adv._, with difficulty, scarcely. aegre passus, displeased. +(aeger.) + ++[)a][-e]neus+, -a, -um, _adj._, brazen. (aes.) + ++aer[-a]rium+, -ii, _n._, treasury. (aes.) + ++aes+, aeris, _n._, copper, brass, money. + ++Aes[-o]pus+, -i, _m._, Aesop. (#Aisôpos#.) + ++aetas+, -[-a]tis, _f._, age (for aev[)i]tas, fr. aevum, #aiôn#.) + ++affero+. Cf. adfero. + ++af·f[)i]cio+, -f[-e]ci, -fectum, 3 _v. a._, I affect in some way: +afficio contumeliâ, I affect, brand with disgrace, _i.e._ I disgrace, +insult. (f[)a]cio.) + ++Afr[)i]ca+, -ae, _f._, Africa, _i.e._ the land round Carthage. + ++Afr[)i]c[-a]nus+, -i, _m._, agnomen of Scipio. + ++[)a]ger+, agri, _m._, land, territory. (#agros#, cf. English acre, +German Acker.) + ++[)a]go+, [-e]gi, actum, 3 _v. a._, I drive, do, act; of the Senate, +I transact, I discuss: ago gratias, I give thanks; bene ago, I fare +well, prosper. + ++[-a]io+, _v. n._, _defective_, I say. + ++#akoinonoêtoi#+ (cf. xxxiii. 10, note), deficient in common sense. + ++[-a]la+, -ae, _f._, wing. + ++albus+, -a, -um, _adj._, white. + ++Alc[)i]b[)i][)a]des+, -is or -i, _m._, Alcibiades. (#Alkibiadês#.) + ++[-a]les+, -[)i]tis, _adj._, winged; as _subst._, c., a bird. ([-a]la.) + ++Alexander+, -dri, _m._, Alexander. (#Alexandros#.) + ++[)a]l[)i]qu[)i]s+, aliquid, _subst. pron._, some one, any one. +([)a]lius, quis.) + ++[)a]l[)i]ter+, _adv._, otherwise. ([)a]lius.) + ++[)a]lius+, -a, -um, _adj._, other, another. (Cf. #allos#.) + ++alt[-e]+, _adv._, deeply. (altus.) + ++alter+, -[)e]ra, -[)e]rum, _adj._, the one (or other) of two. (Cf. +[)a]lius.) + ++altus+, -a, -um, _adj._, deep; as _subst._, altum, i, _n._, the deep +sea. ([)a]lo, I nourish.) + ++[)a]l[-u]men+, -[)i]nis, _n._, alum. + ++amb[)i]guus+, -a, -um, _adj._, wavering, hesitating. (amb[)i]go, fr. +ambi, Gr. #amphi#, [)a]go.) + ++amb[)i]tus+, -us, _m._, lit. a going round, bribery. (ambio. fr. ambi, +Gr. #amphi#, eo.) + ++Ambr[)a]ciensis+, -e, _adj._, Ambracian, belonging to Ambr[)a]cia, town +in S. of Ep[-i]rus. + ++[)a]m·[)i]cio+, -[)i]cui or -ixi, -ictum, 4 _v. a._, I wrap around, +clothe. (am or amb, Gr. #amphi#, and i[)a]cio. Cf. #amphiballô#.) + ++[)a]mictus+, -a, -um, _part._ fr. am[)i]cio. As _subst._, amictus, +[-u]s _m._, clothing. + ++[)a]m[-i]cus+, -a, -um, _adj._, friendly; _subst._, [)a]m[-i]cus, i, +_m._, a friend. ([)a]mo.) + ++[-a]·mitto+, -m[-i]si, -missum, 3 _v. a._, I send away, let go, lose. + ++[)a]mo+, 1 _v. a._, I love. + ++am·plector+, -exus, 3 _v. dep._, I embrace. (am cf. am·icio, plecto, +I plait.) + ++ampl[)i]t[-u]do+, -[)i]nis, _f._, dignity. (amplus.) + ++amp·[)u]to+, 1 _v. a._, I lop off. + ++[)a]n+, _conj._, or, whether (in disjunctive interrogations). + ++an·ceps+, -c[)i]p[)i]tis, _adj._, two-headed, doubtful, dangerous. (an, +cf. am·[)i]cio, caput.) + ++Androclus+, -i, _m._, Androclus. + ++[)a]n[)i]ma+, -ae, _f._, soul. (animous, #anemos#, that which +breathes.) + ++[)a]n[)i]m·ad·verto+, -ti, -sum, 3 _v. a._, I direct my attention to, +notice. (animus, ad, verto.) + ++[)a]n[)i]mus+, -i, _m._, mind. (Cf. anima.) + ++ann[-a]lis+, -e, _adj._, belonging to a year. As _subst._, annalis, +-is, _m._ (sc. liber), chronicle, annal. (annus.) + ++annus+, -i, _m._, year. + ++ant[)e]+, _adv._, and _prep. gov. acc._, before. + ++ant[)e][-a]+, _adv._, before. + ++ant[)e]·quam+, _conj._, before that. + ++Ant[)i][)o]ch[-i]nus+, -a, -um, _adj._, belonging to Antiochus. + ++Ant[)i][)o]chus+, -i, _m._, Antiochus (#Antiochos#.) + ++ant[-i]qu[)i]tas+, -[-a]tis, _f._, antiquity, old times. (antiquus.) + ++ant[-i]qu[)i]tus+, _adv._, from of old, in former times. (antiquus.) + ++ant[-i]quus+ (or anticus), -a, -um, _adj._, ancient. (ante.) + ++Ant[-o]nius+, -ii, _m._, Antonius. + ++[)a]nus+, -us, _f._, old woman. + ++[)a]p[)e]rio+, -[)e]rui, -[)e]rtum, 4 _v. a._, I open. + ++[)a]p[)o]l[)o]gus+, -i, _m._, fable. (#apologos#.) + ++ap·pello+ (or +ad·pello+), 1 _v. a._, I drive to, go to, I accost, +appeal to. + ++ap·p[)e]to+ (or +ad·peto+), -[-i]vi and -ii, -[-i]tum, 3 _v. a._ and +_n._, I seek for, long for, approach. + ++ap·pono+ (or +ad·pono+), -p[)o]sui, -p[)o]s[)i]tum, 3 _v. a._, I place +near. + ++ap·pr[)o]bo+ (or +ad·pr[)o]bo+), 1 _v. a._, I approve, I confirm. + ++aptus+, -a, -um, _part._ fr. [)a]po, [)a]pere, I fit to; fit, suited. +(Cf. apiscor, #haptô#.) + ++[)a]p[)u]d+, _prep. gov. acc._, near to, at the house of. + ++arbor+, -[)o]ris, _f._, a tree. + ++arcesso+, -[-i]vi, -[-i]tum, 3 _v. a._, I send for. + ++Arch[)e]l[-a]us+, -i, _m._, Archelaus. + ++ardeo+, arsi, arsum, 2 _v. n._, I am on fire, burn. + ++arduus+, -a, -um, _adj._, steep, lofty. + ++argentum+, -i, _n._, silver. + ++arg[-u]mentum+, -i, _n._, proof, argument, plot. (arguo.) + ++arg[)y]ranche+ (#arguranchê#). Cf. xxxii. 14, note. + ++[)A]r[-i]on+, [)o]nis, _m._, Arion. + ++Arist[)o]d[-e]mus+, -i, _m._, Aristodemus. + ++[)A]rist[)o]t[)e]les+, -is or -i, _m._, Aristotle. + ++arma+, -orum, _n._, _plur. only_, arms. + ++armilla+, -ae, _f._, bracelet. (arma.) + ++armo+, 1 _v. a._, I arm, equip. (arma.) + ++ars+, +artis+, _f._, art, skill. (Cf. arma.) + ++arx+, +arcis+, _f._, citadel. (arceo.) + ++a·scendo+, -ndi, -sum, 3 _v. n._, I mount up. (scando, I climb.) + ++[)-A]s[)i][-a]t[)i]cus+, -a, -um, _adj._, belonging to Asia. + ++aspectus+, -us, _m._, look. (aspicio.) + ++asper+, -[)e]ra, -[)e]rum, _adj._, harsh, rough. + ++a·spernor+, 1 _v. dep._, I despise. (ab, sperno.) + ++a·spicio+, -exi, -ectum, 3 _v. a._, I behold, look at. + ++as·porto+, 1 _v. a._, I carry away. (abs, porto.) + ++as·s[)i]deo+, -s[-e]di, -sessum, 2 _v. n._, I sit by; I besiege. (ad, +sedeo.) + ++assum+. Cf. adsum. + ++ast[-u]tus+, -a, -um, _adj._, skilled, clever. (astus.) + ++[)a]t+, _conj._, but. + ++[)A]th[-e]nae+, -arum, _f. plur._ only, Athens. + ++[)A]th[-e]niensis+, -e, _adj._, Athenian. + ++[-a]thl[-e]ta+, -ae, _m._, wrestler, athlete. (#athlêtês#.) + ++[-a]thl[-e]t[)i]cus+, -a, -um, _adj._, athletic. ars athletica, +athletics. + ++atqu[)e]+, _conj._, and. + ++[)-a]trox+, -[-o]cis, _adj._, frightful, fierce. ([-a]ter, black, +gloomy.) + ++Att[)i]ca+, -ae, _f._, Attica. + ++attent[-e]+, _adv., comp._, attentius, attentively. (attendo.) + ++at·tingo+, -t[)i]gi, -tactum, 3 _v. a._, I touch. (ad·tango.) + ++auctor+, -[-o]ris, _m._, author. (augeo.) + ++audeo+, ausus, 2 _v. a._ and _n._, I dare. + ++audio+, 4 _v. a._, I hear. (Cf. auris, ear.) + ++aud[-i]tor+, -[-o]ris, _m._, hearer. (audio.) + ++au·f[)e]ro+, abs·t[)u]li, ab·l[-a]tum, au·ferre, 3 _v. a._, I carry +away, take. (ab, fero.) + ++aureus+, -a, -um, _adj._, golden. (aurum.) + ++auris+, -is, _f._, ear. + ++aurum+, -i, _n._, gold. + ++Aurunci+, -orum, _m._, the Aurunci. + ++aut+, _conj._, or. aut ... aut, either ... or. + ++autem+, _conj._, but, however, moreover. + ++aux[)i]l[)i]um+, -ii, _n._, help. (augeo.) + ++[)a]v[-a]rus+, -a, -um, _adj._, covetous, greedy. ([)a]veo, I long +for.) + ++[-a]versus+, -a, -um, _part._ from [-a]verto, turned away. + ++[-a]·verto+, -ti, -sum, 3 _v. a._, I turn away. + ++[)a]vis+, -is, _f._, bird. + ++[)a]vunc[)u]lus+, -i, _m._, maternal uncle. (Diminutive of [)a]vus, +grandfather.) + + ++barb[)a]ria+, -ae, _f._, foreign country. (barb[)a]rus.) + ++barb[)a]rus+, -a, -um, _adj._, foreign. (#barbaros#: cf. balbus, +stammering.) + ++bellum+, -i, _n._, war. + ++bell[-a]tor+, -[-o]ris, _m._, warrior. (bellum.) + ++b[)e]n[)e]+, _adv._, well. bene facio, I benefit. + ++b[)e]n[)e]f[)i]cium+, -ii, _n._, kindness. (bene, facio.) + ++bestia+, -ae, _f._, wild beast. + ++bland[-e]+, _adv._, gently. (blandus). + ++bland[-i]mentum+, -i, _n._, blandishment. (blandior, I caress.) + ++b[)o]nus+, -a -um, _adj._, good. + ++B[-u]c[)e]ph[)a]las+, -ae (#Boukephalas#), _m._, Bucephalas. Cf. vi. 1. +note. + + ++C.+ for C[-a][)i][)u]s or G[-a][)i][)u]s. + ++caedes+, -is, _f._, lopping off, destruction. (caedo.) + ++Caesar+, -[)a]ris, _m._, Caesar. + ++C[-a][)i][)u]s+, -i, _m._, Caius. + ++call[)i]d[)i]tas+, -[-a]tis, _f._, skill, cunning. (callidus.) + ++campus+, -i, _m._, plain. + ++c[)a]nis+, -is, _c._, dog. (#kuôn#.) + ++Cannensis+, -e, _adj._, of Cannae. + ++c[)a]no+, c[)e]c[)i]ni, cantum, 3 _v. a._, I sing, I play. cano tibiis += I play the flute. + ++canto+, 1 _v. n._ and _a._, I sing, I play (frequentative form of +cano.) + ++cantor+, -[-o]ris, _m._, singer, musician. (c[)a]no.) + ++cantus+, -us, _m._, song, melody. (c[)a]no.) + ++c[)a]pesso+, -[-i]vi or -ii, -[-i]tum, 3 _v. a._, I strive for, +undertake. (desiderative form fr. c[)a]pio.) + ++c[)a]pio+, c[-e]pi, captum, 3 _v. a._, I take. capio consilium, I form +or adopt a plan. + ++C[)a]p[)i]t[-o]lium+, -ii, _n._, the Capitol. (c[)a]put.) + ++c[)a]p[)i]t[-a]lis+, -e, _adj._, relating to the caput, _i.e._ life or +civil rights, capital. res capitalis, capital offence. (c[)a]put.) + ++capt[-i]vus+, -i, _m._, captive, (c[)a]pio.) + ++c[)a]put+, -[)i]tis, _n._, head, life, civil rights. (Cf. #kephalê#.) + ++carmen+, -[)i]nis, _n._, song. (c[)a]no.) + ++cass[-i]ta+, -ae, _f._, the crested lark, [)a]lauda cristata, L. +(cassis, a helmet.) + ++castrum+, -i, _n._, fort; in _plur._, a camp. (Cf. c[)a]sa, hut.) + ++c[-a]sus+, -us, _m._, accident, case. (c[)a]do, I fall, happen.) + ++c[)a]terva+, -ae, _f._, troop, band, body of men. + ++C[)a]to+, -[-o]nis, _m._, Cato. (c[)a]tus, shrewd.) + ++cauda+, -ae, _f._, tail. + ++causa+, -ae, _f._, cause, reason, case. + ++caus[-a]+, _abl._ of causa, for the sake of, with _genitive_. + ++caut[-e]+, _adv._, cautiously, (cautus.) + ++cautus+, -a, -um, _part._ from c[)a]veo, careful. + ++c[)a]veo+, c[-a]vi, cautum, 2 _v. n._, I am on my guard, cautious. + ++c[)a]verna+, -ae, _f._, cave, hollow. (c[)a]vus, hollow.) + ++c[-e]do+, cessi, cessum, 3 _v. n._ and _a._, I yield, go away, depart. + ++c[)e]l[)e]ber+, -bris, -bre, _adj._, numerous, famous. + ++c[)e]l[)e]r[)i]tas+, -[-a]tis, _f._, speed. (c[)e]ler.) + ++c[-e]lla+, -ae, _f._, shrine, part of temple in which the image of the +god stood. + ++c[-e]lo+, 1 _v. a._, I conceal. + ++censeo+, -ui, censum, 2 _v. a._, I assess, think, vote for, decree, +resolve. + ++censor+, -[-o]ris, _m._, censor. (censeo.) + ++centum+, _indecl. num. adj._, one hundred. + ++cert[-a]men+, -[)i]nis, _n._, contest, competition. (certo, I strive.) + ++cerva+, -ae, _f._, doe. + ++cervix+, -[-i]cis, _f._, neck. + ++cess[-a]tor+, -[-o]ris, _m._, loiterer. (cesso.) + ++[c[-e]t[)e]rus]+, -a, -um, the other, the rest. The nom. sing. masc. is +not in use. + ++Ch[-i]l[-o]+, -[-o]nis, _m._, Chilo. (#Cheilôn#.) + ++c[)i]b[-a]rius+, -a, -um, _adj._, belonging to food (c[)i]bus). res +cibaria, provisions. + ++c[)i]bus+, -i, _m._, food. + ++c[)i]c[-a]trix+, -[-i]cis, _f._, scar. + ++C[)i]c[)e]ro+, -[-o]nis, _m._, Cicero. + ++cingo+, -nxi, -nctum, 3 _v. a._, I surround, gird on, clothe. + ++circum+, _adv._, and _prep. gov. acc._, around. + ++circum·f[)e]ro+, -t[)u]li, -l[-a]tum, 3 _v. a._, I carry round, report. + ++circum·fundo+, -f[-u]di, -f[-u]sum, 3 _v. a._, I pour around, surround. + ++circum·plector+, -plexus, 3 _v. dep. a._, I embrace, surround. + ++circum·sp[)i]cio+, -spexi, -spectum, 3 _v. n._ and _a._, I look around, +survey. + ++circum·volvo+, no perf., -v[)o]l[-u]tum, 3 _v. a._, I roll round. + ++circus+, -i, _m._ (#kirkos#), circus. + ++Cispius+ (mons), the Cispian hill. + ++c[)i]t[-a]tus+, -a, -um, _part._ fr. c[)i]to, urged on. citato cursu, +at full speed. + ++c[)i]to+, 1 _v. a._, I urge on. (frequentative form of cieo.) + ++c[-i]vis+, -is, _c._, citizen. + ++c[-i]v[)i]tas+, -[-a]tis, _f._, state. (c[-i]vis.) + ++cl[-a]mor+, -[-o]ris, _m._, shout, noise. (cl[-a]mo.) + ++clandest[-i]nus+, -a, -um, _adj._, secret. (clam.) + ++Claudius+, -ii, _m._, Claudius. + ++claudo+, -si, -sum, 3 _v. a._, I shut. (Cf. clavis, key, #kleiô#.) + ++coepi+, coepisse, 3 _v. a._, defective (the _pres._ coepio only in +ante-classical writers.) _perf._ with _pres._ signific., I begin. + ++c[-o]g[)i]to+, 1 _v. a._, I meditate upon. (co, agito.) + ++co·gn[-a]tus+, -a, -um, _adj._, related by blood; as _subst._, +a kinsman. (co, gnatus for natus.) + ++co·gn[-o]men+, -[)i]nis, _n._, surname. (co, n[-o]men.) + ++co·gn[-o]m[)i]no+, 1 _v. a._, I surname. + ++co·gnosco+, -gn[-o]vi, -gn[)i]tum, 3 _v. a._, I become acquainted with, +investigate a case. (nosco.) + ++c[-o]go+, c[)o][-e]gi, c[)o]actum, 3 _v. a._, I drive together, compel, +(co, ago.) + ++col·l[)o]quor+, -l[)o]c[-u]tus, 3 _v. dep._, I talk with. + ++c[)o]lo+, c[)o]lui, cultum, 3 _v. a._, I cultivate. (Cf. +[)-a]gr[)i]-c[)o]la.) + ++collum+, -i, _n._, neck. + ++c[)o]ma+, -ae, _f._, hair, foliage. (#komê#.) + ++c[)o]mes+, -[)i]tis, _c._, companion. (com, eo.) + ++comment[)i]cius+, -a, -um, _adj._, pretended, false. (comminiscor.) + ++c[)o]m[)i]tor+, 1 _v. dep._, I accompany. (c[)o]mes.) + ++commentus+, -a, -um, _part._ fr. comm[)i]niscor. + ++com·m[)i]niscor+, -mentus, 3 _v. dep._, I devise, invent. (Cf. +re·miniscor.) + ++c[-o]moedia+, -ae, _f._, comedy. (#kômôdia#.) certamina comoediarum, +dramatic competitions. + ++com·p[)a]ro+, 1 _v. a._, prepare, procure. + ++comp[)e]t[-i]tor+, -[-o]ris, _m._, rival, competitor. (com·peto.) + ++com·pl[-o]ro+, 1 _v. a._, I bewail violently. + ++com·pl[-u]res+, -a, rarely -ia, _adj._, several. + ++com·p[-o]no+, -p[)o]sui, -p[)o]s[)i]tum, 3 _v. a._, I place together, +arrange, compose. litterae compositae, forged letters. + ++con·c[-e]do+, -cessi, -cessum, 3 _v. a._ and _n._, I yield, grant, +retire. + ++con·c[)i]do+, [)i]di, no sup., 3 _v. n._, I fall down. (c[)a]do.) + ++con·c[)i]pio+, -c[-e]pi, -ceptum, 3 _v. a._, I take to myself. concepta +sanies, matter which has gathered in a wound. (c[)a]pio.) + ++con·cl[-a]mo+, 1 _v. a._ and _n._, I cry out, shout together or loudly. + ++con·demno+, 1 _v. a._, I sentence, condemn. (damno.) + ++cond[)i]cio+, -[-o]nis, _f._, agreement, conditions, terms, (con·dico.) + ++con·do+, -d[)i]di, -d[)i]tum, 3 _v. a._, I bring together, build, lay +up, hide. + ++con·f[)e]ro+, -t[)u]li, -l[-a]tum, or coll[-a]tum, 3 _v. a._, I bring +together, employ, attribute. + ++con·f[)i]cio+, -f[-e]ci, -fectum, 3 _v. a._, I execute, finish. +(f[)a]cio.) + ++conf[-i]dentia+, -ae, _f._, boldness, confidence. (conf[-i]do.) + ++con·f[-i]do+, -fisus, 3 _v. n._, I trust in. + ++con·firmo+, 1 _v. a._, I establish, confirm. + ++conf[-i]sus+, -a, -um, _part._ fr. confido, confident. + ++con·formo+, 1 _v. a._, I shape. + ++con·f[-u]to+, 1 _v. a._, I restrain, silence. (futo, _intens._ form of +f[)o]veo.) + ++con·g[)e]ro+, -gessi, -gestum, 3 _v. a._, I bring together. Absolutely +(sc. nidum), I build a nest. + ++con·gr[)e]dior+, -gressus, 3 _v. dep._, I meet as friend, or foe, +I attack. (gradior.) + ++congressio+, -onis, _f._, meeting, attack. (congredior.) + ++c[-o]n·i[)i]cio+, -i[-e]ci, -iectum, 3 _v. a._, I throw together, hurl. +(i[)a]cio.) + ++coni[-u]r[-a]tio+, -[-o]nis, _f._, conspiracy. (con·i[-u]ro.) + ++c[-o]nor+, 1 _v. dep._, I attempt. + ++con·scisco+, -sc[-i]vi, or -scii, -sc[-i]tum, 3 _v. a._, I approve of. +conscisco aliquid mihi, I adjudge something to myself; conscisco necem, +mortem, mihi, I kill myself. + ++consensus+, -us, _m._, consent, agreement. (consentio.) + ++con·s[)e]quor+, -s[)e]c[-u]tus, 3 _v. dep._, I follow after, attain, +gain. + ++con·s[)e]ro+, -s[-e]vi, -s[)i]tum, or -s[)a]tum, 3 _v. a._, I sow, +plant. + ++con·s[-i]do+, -s[-e]di, -sessum, 3 _v. n._, I sit down, encamp. +(s[)e]deo.) + ++cons[)i]lium+, -ii, _n._, plan, purpose. (con, root sul; cf. consul.) + ++con·sisto+, -st[)i]ti, st[)i]tum, 3 _v. n._ and _a._, I halt. + ++cons[)i]tus+, -a, -um, _part._ fr. cons[)e]ro. + ++conspectus+, -us, _m._, sight, view. (consp[)i]cio.) + ++con·sp[)i]cio+, -spexi, -spectum, 3 _v. a._ and _n._, I look at with +attention, see. + ++con·sterno+, 1 _v. a._, I stretch on ground, terrify. + ++con·st[)i]tuo+, -ui, -[-u]tum, 3 _v. a._, I place (a thing) somewhere, +station. (st[)a]tuo.) + ++con·s[)u]esco+, -su[-e]vi, -su[-e]tum, 3 _v. n._, I grow accustomed. + ++consul+, -[)u]lis, _m._, consul. (Cf. cons[)i]lium.) + ++cons[)u]l[-a]ris+, -e, _adj._, consular. + ++cons[)u]lo+, -lui, -ltum, 3 _v. n._ and _a._, I reflect, I consult +with. (Cf. consilium.) + ++consulto+, 1 _v. a._, I deliberate upon, I debate. (frequentative form +of cons[)u]lo.) + ++consultum+, -i, _n._, decision, decree. (cons[)u]lo.) + ++con·temno+, -mpsi, -mptum, 3 _v. a._, I despise. + ++con·tendo+, -di, -tum, 3 _v. a._ and _n._, I strain after, strive for, +assert. + ++con·testor+, 1 _v. dep._, I call to witness. Contestor litem, +I introduce a lawsuit by calling witnesses. (testis.) + ++con·tingo+, -t[)i]gi, -tactum, 3 _v. n._, I touch, reach to, happen. +(tango.) + ++cont[)i]nuo+, _adv._, immediately. (continuus, fr. con·tineo.) + ++contio+, [-o]nis, _f._, meeting, assembly. (for con·ventio, a coming +together.) + ++contr[-a]+, _adv., prep. gov. acc._, against. contra d[-i]co, I object +to. appeal against sentence. + ++con·tueor+, -tuitus, 2 _v. dep._, I gaze upon. + ++cont[)u]m[-e]lia+, -ae, _f._, disgrace, ignominy. (root tem: cf. +con·temno.) + ++con·turbo+, 1 _v. a._, I throw into disorder. (turba.) + ++con·vello+, -velli (rarely -vulsi), -vulsum, 3 _v. a._, I tear +away, up. + ++con·v[)e]nio+, -v[-e]ni, -ventum, 4 _v. n._ and _a._, I come together, +agree with, meet. + ++con·verto+, -ti, -sum, 3 _v. a._, I turn round, manoeuvre. + ++con·vinco+, -v[-i]ci, -victum, 3 _v. a._, I completely conquer. +I convict of (a crime). + ++conv[-i]vium+, -ii, _n._, banquet. (v[-i]vo.) + ++c[-o]pia+, -ae, _f._, plenty, supply; in _plur._, forces. (co, ops.) + ++c[-o]pi[-o]sus+, -a, -um, _adj._ with _abl._, well supplied with. + ++cor, cordis+, _n._, heart. (Cf. #kardia#.) + ++c[-o]ram+, _adv._, and _prep. gov. abl._, in the presence of. + ++C[)o]rinthius+, -a, -um, _adj._, Corinthian. + ++C[)o]rinthus+, -i, _f._, Corinth. + ++c[)o]r[-o]na+, -ae, _f._, wreath, garland. (#korônê#.) + ++c[)o]r[-o]no+, 1 _v. a._, I crown. (c[)o]r[-o]na.) + ++corpus+, -[)o]ris, _n._, body. + ++cor·r[)i]go+, -rexi, -rectum, 3 _v. a._, I make straight, correct. +(con, rego.) + ++C[)o]runc[-a]nius+, -ii, Coruncanius. + ++Corv[-i]nus+, -i, _m._, Corvinus. (corvus.) + ++corvus+, -i, _m._, raven. (#korax#.) + ++c[)o]t[-i]d[)i][-a]nus+ (or +qu[)o]t[-i]d[)i][-a]nus+), -a, -um, +_adj._, daily. (c[)o]t[-i]d[)i][-e].) + ++cras+, _adv._, to-morrow. + ++Crassus+, -i, _m._, Crassus. + ++cr[-e]do+, -d[)i]di, -ditum, 3 _v. a._, I entrust, I trust in, +I believe. Used absolutely, I suppose. + ++cr[-e]d[)u]l[)i]tas+, -[-a]tis, _f._, easiness of belief, credulity, +(cr[-e]d[)u]lus, cr[-e]do.) + ++cr[-i]men+, -[)i]nis, _n._, charge, accusation. + ++Cr[)o]t[-o]niensis+, -e, _adj._, of Crotona. + ++cr[)u]c[)i][-a]tus+, -us, _m._, torture, (cr[)u]cio, crux.) + ++cruentus+, -a, -um, _adj._, stained with blood. (cruor.) + ++cruor+, -[-o]ris, _m._, gore, blood which has flowed from wounds. + ++cr[-u]s, cr[-u]r[)i]s+, _n._, leg. + ++c[)u]b[)i]c[)u]lum+, -i, _m._, a resting or sleeping room, (c[)u]bo.) + ++c[-u]ius+, -a, -um, _interrog._ and _relat. adj. pron._, whose? or +whose. (qui.) + ++cultus+, -a, -um, _part._ fr. colo, cultivated, civilized. + ++cum+ (or +quum+), _conj._, when, since, if, although. + ++cum+, _prep. gov. abl._, with. + ++cunct[-a]bundus+, -a, -um, lingering, (cunctor.) + ++cunctor+, 1 _v. dep._, I loiter, linger. + ++cunctus+, -a, -um, _adj._, all in a body, all. (for con·iunctus.) + ++c[)u]neus+, -i, _m._, wedge, wedge-shaped body of troops. + ++c[)u]p[)i]dus+, -a, -um, _adj._, eager, desirous, proud of (with gen.) +(c[)u]pio.) + ++c[-u]r+, _adv._ and _conj._, why, wherefore. + ++c[-u]ra+, -ae, _f._, care, anxiety. + ++c[-u]ria+, -ae, _f._, senate-house. (Quiris, Cures.) + ++C[)u]rius+, -ii, _m._, Curius. + ++c[-u]ro+, 1 _v. a._, I take care of. With gerundive, cf. vii. 3. note. +Curo puerum docendum, I get the boy taught. (c[-u]ra.) + ++currus+, -us, _m._, chariot. (curro.) + ++cursus+, -us, _m._, running, race, course. C[)i]tato cursu, at full +speed. (curro.) + ++cust[-o]dio+, 4 _v. a._, I guard. (custos.) + ++custos+, -[-o]dis, _c._, guard. + + ++damno+, 1 _v. a._, I condemn. (damnum, hurt, loss.) + ++de+, _prep. gov. abl._, concerning, from. + ++d[-e]beo+, 2 _v. a._, I owe. (de, h[)a]beo.) + ++d[-e]b[)i]lis+, -e, _adj._, lamed, feeble. (de, habilis.) + ++d[)e]cem+, _numer._, ten. + ++d[-e]·cerno+, -cr[-e]vi, -cr[-e]tum, 3 _v. a._ and _n._, I determine, +decide; of the senate, I pass a decree. + ++d[-e]·c[-i]do+, -c[-i]di, -c[-i]sum. 3 _v. a._, I cut off. (caedo.) + ++de·cl[-a]mo+, 1 _v. n._ and _a._, I exercise myself in speaking, +declaim. + ++de·cl[-a]ro+, 1 _v. a._, I show, proclaim. + ++d[)e]c[)o]ro+, 1 _v. a._, I adorn. (d[)e]cus, ornament, glory.) + ++d[-e]d[)i]tio+, -[-o]nis, _f._, surrender. (d[-e]do.) + ++d[-e]·d[-u]co+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I lead away, withdraw, bring +down. + ++d[-e]·fendo+, -di, -sum, 3 _v. a._, I ward off, keep off. + ++d[-e]fensor+, -[-o]ris, _m._, defender. (d[-e]fendo.) + ++d[-e]·f[)e]ro+, -t[)u]li, -l[-a]tum, 3 _v. a._, I bring down, hand +over. + ++d[-e]·f[-i]o+, -fectus, -f[)i][)e]ri, _v. n._ (used as _passive_ of +d[-e]f[)i]cio), I am wanting, I fail. + ++d[-e]form[)i]tas+, -[-a]tis, _f._, ugliness, deformity. (d[-e]·formis, +ugly. Cf. forma.) + ++d[-e]·i[)i]cio+, -i[-e]ci, -iectum, 3 _v. a._, I throw down. +(i[)a]cio.) + ++de[-i]nceps+ (dissyl.), or +d[)e]ïnceps+, _adv._, next, following. +(deinde.) + ++de[-i]nd[)e]+ (dissyl.), or +d[)e][-i]nd[)e]+, _adv._, then, thereupon. + ++d[-e]lecto+, 1 _v. a._, I delight. (intens. of del[)i]cio.) + ++d[-e]·l[)i]go+, -l[-e]gi, -lectum, 3 _v. a._, I choose out, select. +(l[)e]go.) + ++d[-e]·l[-i]ro+, 1 _v. n._, I rave. (de, lira, out of the furrow.) + ++d[-e]·l[)i]tesco+, -tui, 3 _v. n._, I lie hid, conceal myself. +(l[)a]tesco, inceptive of l[)a]teo.) + ++delph[-i]nus+, -i, _m._, dolphin. (#delphis#.) + ++D[-e]m[-a]d[-e]s+, -is, _m._, Demades. (#Dêmadês#.) + ++de·m[)e]to+, -messui, -messum, 3 _v. a._, I reap, mow. + ++d[-e]·m[-i]ror+, 1 _v. dep. a._, I wonder at. + ++d[-e]·m[)o]ror+, 1 _v. dep._, I linger. + ++D[-e]mosth[)e]nes+, -is and -i, _m._, Demosthenes. (#Dêmosthenês#.) + ++d[-e]·mulceo+, -mulsi, -mulctum, 2 _v. a._, I stroke down, caress. + ++d[-e]mum+, _adv._, at last. (de.) + ++d[-e]n[)i]qu[)e]+, _adv._, and then, finally. (de.) + ++Dent[-a]tus+, -i, _m._, Dentatus. + ++d[-e]nuo+, _adv._, again. (For de novo.) + ++d[-e]·p[)o]p[)u]lor+, 1 _v. dep. a._, I ravage. + ++d[-e]·p[)u]to+, 1 _v. a._ I cut off, prune. + ++de·r[-i]deo+, -si, -sum, 2 _v. a._, I laugh at. + ++de·scisco+, -[-i]vi or -ii, -[-i]tum, 3 _v. n._, I withdraw, revolt +from, abandon; with _prep._ ab and _abl._ + ++d[-e]·s[)e]ro+, -rui, -rtum, 3 _v. a._, I desert, abandon. (Lit., +I undo, sever; sero, I join.) + ++d[-e]sertus+, -a, -um, _part._ fr. d[-e]s[)e]ro, lonely, desert. + ++d[-e]·s[-i]d[)e]ro+, 1 _v. a._, I long for. + ++d[-e]·s[)i]lio+, -[)i]lui, -ultum, 4 _v. n._, I leap down, (s[)a]lio.) + ++d[-e]·s[)i]no+, -sii, rarely -s[-i]vi, -s[)i]tum, 3 _v. n._ and _a._, +I give up, cease. + ++d[-e]·s[)i]pio+, no perf. or sup., -ere, _v. n._, I act foolishly, I am +foolish, (s[)a]pio.) + ++d[-e]s[)i]tus+, -a, -um, _part._ of des[)i]no, obsolete, disused. + ++d[-e]·sp[)i]cio+, -exi, -ectum, 3 _v. a._ and _n._, I look down upon, +despise. + ++d[-e]·sum+, -fui, -esse, _v. n._, I am wanting. + ++d[-e]·t[)e]go+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I uncover, discover. + ++d[-e]·tergeo+, -si, -sum, 2 _v. a._, I wipe off. + ++d[-e]·tr[)a]ho+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I take away. + ++d[-e]·trunco+, 1 _v. a._, I lop, cut off. + ++d[)e]·[-u]ro+, -ussi, -ustum, 3 _v. a._, I burn up. + ++deus+, -i, _m._, god. + ++d[-e]·v[)e]ho+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I carry away, carry down. + ++d[-e]·v[)e]nio+, -v[-e]ni, -ventum, 4 _v. n._, I come from, I go to, +arrive at. + ++dexter+, -t[)e]ra, -t[)e]rum, and tra, trum, _adj._, on the right side, +right. (#dexios#.) + ++Di[-a]na+, -ae, _f._, Diana. + ++d[)i]cio+, -[-o]nis, _f._, rule, jurisdiction. (Cf. dico, condicio.) + ++d[-i]co+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I say, tell, call. + ++dictum+, -i, _n._, saying, command, (d[-i]co.) + ++d[-i]·d[-u]co+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I draw apart, separate. + ++dies+, -ei, _m._ (in _sing. com._), day. + ++dif·fero+, dist[)u]li, d[-i]l[-a]tum, 3 _v. a._, I carry away, put off. + ++dif·f[-i]c[)i]lis+, -e, _adj._, difficult, hard. (f[)a]c[)i]lis.) + ++d[-i]·g[)e]ro+, -gessi, -gestum, 3 _v. a._, I separate, disperse, +dissipate. + ++d[)i]g[)i]tus+, -i, _m._, finger. + ++dign[)i]tas+, -[-a]tis, _f._, rank, dignity. (dignus.) + ++dignus+, -a, -um, _adj._, worthy. + ++d[-i]·gr[)e]dior+, -gressus, 3 _v. dep._, I go away. (gr[)a]dior.) + ++d[-i]·l[)a]c[)e]ro+, 1 _v. a._, I tear to pieces. + ++d[-i]l[-u]cesco+, luxi, no sup., 3 _v. n._, I begin to grow light. +(Inceptive form of dil[-u]ceo.) + ++d[-i]l[-u]c[)i]d[-e]+, _adv._, clearly. (dil[-u]ceo, lux.) + ++d[-i]m[)i]dium+, -ii, _n._, half, (di, medius.) + ++d[-i]·mitto+, -m[-i]si, -missum, 3 _v. a._, I send away, dismiss. + ++d[-i]·r[)i]go+, -rexi, -rectum, 3 _v. a._, I arrange in a straight +line, I direct to. + ++dis·c[-e]do+, -cessi, -cessum, 3 _v. n._, I depart, go away. + ++di·scindo+, -sc[)i]di, -scissum, 3 _v. a._, I tear asunder, cut open. + ++disc[)-i]pl[-i]na+, -ae, _f._, teaching, knowledge, tactics, custom. +(disc[)i]p[)u]lus, disco.) + ++disc[)i]p[)u]lus+, -i, _m._, disciple, follower. (disco.) + ++disco+, d[)i]d[)i]ci, no sup., 3 _v. a._, I learn. (Root da: cf. +#didaskô#, doceo.) + ++diss[)i]m[)u]lanter+, _adv._, secretly. (diss[)i]m[)u]lo.) + ++d[)i][-u]+, _adv._, for a long time. (dies.) + ++d[-i]·vello+, -velli, rarely -vulsi, -vulsum, 3 _v. a._, I tear +asunder. + ++d[-i]ves+, -[)i]tis, _adj._, rich. + ++d[-i]v[-i]n[)i]tus+, _adv._, from heaven, by divine providence or +influence. (d[-i]vus, deus.) + ++d[-i]v[-i]nus+, -a, -um, _adj._, divine. (d[-i]vus, deus.) + ++do+, d[)e]di, d[)a]tum, d[)a]re, _v. a._, I give. (Cf. #didômi# +d[-o]num.) + ++d[)o]ceo+, -cui, -ctum, 2 _v. a._, I teach. (Cf. disco.) + ++d[)o]leo+, -ui, -[)i]tum, 2 _v. n._ and _a._, I grieve, I grieve for. + ++d[)o]lor+, -[-o]ris, _m._, pain, grief. (d[)o]leo.) + ++d[)o]mi+, _adv._, at home. Locative case of d[)o]mus. + ++d[)o]mus+, -us, _f._, home, house. (#domos#, root dem, to build.) + ++d[-o]n[)e]c+, _conj._, until. + ++d[-o]no+, 1 _v. a._, I give, I present. (do.) + ++d[-o]num+, -i, _n._, gift, (do.) + ++dorsum+, -i, _n._, back. + ++d[)u]b[)i]to+, 1 _v. a._, I hesitate. + ++d[)u]bius+, -a, -um, _adj._, doubtful. D[)u]bio pr[)o]cul, without +doubt. + ++dum+, _conj._, whilst, until. + ++d[)u][)o]+, -ae, -[)o], _numer._, two. (#duo#.) + ++d[)u][)o]·d[-e]·v[-i]ginti+, _numer._, eighteen. + ++d[-u]rus+, -a, -um, _adj._, hard, harsh. + ++dux, d[)u]cis+, _m._, leader. (d[-u]co.) + + ++e, ex+, _prep. gov. abl._, out of, from. Ex republica, to the advantage +of the state. + ++[)e]do+, [-e]di, [-e]sum, 3 _v. a._, I eat. (Cf. [)e]dax, #edô#, +#esthiô#.) + ++ecqu[)i]s+, ecqu[)i]d, _interrog. subst. pron._, whether any? + ++[-e]·do+, -d[)i]di, -d[)i]tum, 3 _v. a._, I give forth, bring forth, +produce, utter, form, raise. + ++[-e]·d[-u]co+, 1 _v. a._, I rear, educate. + ++ef·f[)e]ro+, ex·t[)u]li, [-e]·l[-a]tum, 3 _v. a._, I bring out. + ++ef·f[)i]cio+, -f[-e]ci, -fectum, 3 _v. a._, I bring to pass, +accomplish. (ex, f[)a]cio.) + ++[)e]g[)o]+, _pers. pron._, I. + ++[)e]g[)o]·m[)e]t+, I myself. + ++[-e]·gr[)e]dior+, -gressus, 3 _v. dep._, I go out, I leave. +(gr[)a]dior.) + ++[-e]gr[)e]g[)i]us+, -a, -um, _adj._, distinguished, eminent. (e, grex, +chosen from the herd.) + ++[-E]lectra+, -ae, _f._, Electra. (#Êlektra#.) + ++[)e]l[)e]phantus+, -i, _m._, elephant. (#elephas#.) + ++[-e]l[)o]quentia+, -ae, _f._, eloquence. ([-e]l[)o]quor.) + ++[-e]·l[-u]do+, -si, -sum, 3 _v. a._, I mock, jeer at. + ++[-e]·mitto+, -m[-i]si, -missum, 3 _v. a._, I send out. + ++[)e]mo+, [-e]mi, emptum, 3 _v. a._, I buy. + ++emptio+, -[-o]nis, _f._, purchase, buying. ([)e]mo.) + ++[)e]nim+, _conj._, for. sed enim, but indeed. + ++Ennius+, -ii, _m._, Ennius. + ++[-e]·nuntio+, 1 _v. a._, I declare, mention. + ++eo+, [-i]vi or ii, [)i]tum, [-i]re, 4 _v. n._, I go. (Root i; cf. +#eimi#.) + ++eo+, _adv._, thither, for that reason, therefore. (is.) + ++[)e]phippium+, -ii, _n._, saddle, horse caparison. (#ephippion#, from +#epi#, #hippos#.) + ++[)e]p[)u]lae+, -arum, _f._, feast, banquet. (In _sing._ [)e]p[)u]lum, +-i, _n._) + ++[)e]qu[)i]t[-a]tus, -us+, _m._, cavalry. ([)e]quus.) + ++[)e]qu[)u]s+, -i, _m._, horse. (#hippos#.) + ++ergo+, _adv._, therefore. + ++[-e]·r[)u]besco+, -bui, no sup., 3 _v. n. incep._, I grow red, blush. + ++[)e]t+, _conj._, and. + ++[)e]t[)i]am+, _conj._, also, even. + ++[)e]t[)i]am·si+, _conj._, even if. + ++Euander+, -dri, _m._, Evander. + ++Euathlus+, -i, _m._, Euathlus. + ++[-e]verto+, -ti, -sum, 3 _v. a._, I overthrow. + ++exangu[)i]s+, or +exsanguis+, -e, _adj._, bloodless, lifeless. (ex, +sanguis.) + ++ex·[)a]n[)i]m[-a]tus+, _part._, from ex-[)a]n[)i]mo, lifeless. + ++ex·[)a]n[)i]mo+, 1 _v. a._, I deprive of life. (anima.) + ++ex·c[-i]do+, -c[-i]di, -c[-i]sum, 3 _v. a._, I cut out, off. (caedo.) + ++exc[)i]to+, 1 _v. a._, I arouse. (Freq. form of excio.) + ++ex·cl[-a]mo+, 1 _v. a._ and _n._, I cry out, exclaim. + ++ex·eo, -ivi or ii, -[)i]tum, -ire+, 4 _v. n._, I go out. + ++ex·erceo, -ui, -[)i]tum+, 2 _v. a._, I drive on, I practise. (arceo.) + ++exerc[)i]tus+, -us, _m._, army. (exerceo.) + ++exerto+, or +exserto+, no perf. and sup., 1 _v. a._, I thrust out. (ex, +serto, freq. of s[)e]ro.) + ++ex·[)i]go+, -[-e]gi, -actum, 3 _v. a._, I drive out. ([)a]go.) + ++ex[)i]lium+, or +exsilium+, -ii, _n._, exile. (exul.) + ++ex[)i]mius+, -a, -um, _adj._, extraordinary, uncommon. (eximo, I take +out of the mass.) + ++ex·ist[)i]mo+, 1 _v. a._, I judge, consider. (aestimo.) + ++ex[)i]tus+, -us, _m._, going out, departure. (exeo.) + ++ex·ordior+, -orsus, 4 _v. dep. a._, I begin. + ++ex·pecto+, or +ex·specto+, 1 _v. a._, I look for. (ex, specto.) + ++ex·p[)e]rior, -pertus+, 4 _v. dep._, I try. + ++ex·p[-i]ro+, or +ex·sp[-i]ro+, 1 _v. a._, I breathe out. (ex, spiro.) + ++ex·p[-o]no+, -p[)o]sui, -p[)o]s[)i]tum, 3 _v. a._, I set forth, +explain. + ++ex·pr[)i]mo+, -pressi, -pressum, 3 _v. a._, I press out. (pr[)e]mo.) + ++ex·pr[-o]mo+, -mpsi, -mptum, 3 _v. a._, I bring forth, utter. + ++extemplo+, _adv._, immediately. + ++ex·to+, or +ex·sto+, no perf. and sup., -are, _v. n._, I stand forth, +appear. (ex, sto.) + ++extr[-a]+, _prep. gov. acc._, outside. Extra tela, out of range. + ++extr[-e]mus+, -a, -um, _adj._, outermost, furthest. Extremâ nocte, at +the very end of night. Superl. degree from [exter and ext[)e]rus, +post-classical], ext[)e]rior, extr[-e]mus, and ext[)i]mus. (ex.) + ++ex·urgo+, or +ex·surgo+, exurrexi, no sup., 3 _v. n._, I rise up. (ex, +surgo.) + ++ex[-u]ro+, -ussi, -ustum, 3 _v. a._, I burn up. + + ++F[)a]bius+, -ii, _m._, Fabius. + ++F[-a]br[)i]cius+, -ii, _m._, Fabricius. + ++f[-a]b[)u]la+, -ae, _f._, fable, story. (f[-a]ri, to say.) + ++f[)a]c[)i]lis+, -e, _adj._, easy, good-natured. (f[)a]cio.) + ++f[)a]c[)i]nus+, -[)o]ris, _n._, deed, crime. (f[)a]cio.) + ++f[)a]cio+, f[-e]ci, factum, f[)a]c[)e]re, 3 _v. a._, I make, do. Facio +cum aliquo, I take part with anyone. + ++factum+, -i, _n._, deed. (f[)a]cio.) + ++f[-a]cundia+, -ae, _f._, eloquence. (f[-a]ri, to say.) + ++fallo+, f[)e]felli, falsum, 3 _v. a._, I deceive. (#sphallô#, +#a·sphalês#.) + ++falsus+, -a, -um, _adj._, false. (fallo.) + ++falx+, falcis, _f._, sickle. + ++f[-a]ma+, -ae, _f._, renown. (f[-a]ri, to say.) + ++f[)a]m[)i]lia+, -ae (old gen. -as), _f._, the slaves in a household, +a household. + ++f[)a]m[)i]li[-a]ris+, -e, _adj._, belonging to a household +(f[)a]m[)i]lia), intimate; as _subst._, friend. + ++F[)a]v[-o]r[-i]nus+, -i, _m._, Favorinus. + ++f[-e]cundus+, -a, -um, _adj._, fruitful. + ++f[-e]l[-i]c[)i]ter+, happily: f[-e]l[-i]cius, f[-e]l[-i]cissime. +(f[-e]lix.) + ++f[-e]lix+, f[-e]l[-i]cis, _adj._, happy, rich. + ++f[)e]ra+, -ae, _f._, wild beast. (ferus.) + ++f[)e]r[-e]+, _adv._, almost. + ++f[)e]r[-i]nus+, -a, -um, _adj._, of wild beasts. (f[)e]rus.) + ++ferm[-e]+, _adv._, nearly, about, usually. (Cf. fere.) + ++f[)e]ro+, t[)u]li, l[-a]tum, ferre, 3 _v. a._, I bear; I tell, say. +(#pherô#, tollo.) + ++f[)e]rox+, +f[)e]r[-o]cis+, _adj._, fierce. (Cf. ferus.) + ++f[)e]rus+, -a, -um, _adj._, wild. (Cf. ferox.) + ++fervo+, -vi, no sup., 3, _v. n._, I grow hot; commoner form, ferveo, +-bui, no sup., 2. + ++fest[-i]no+, 1, _v. n._ and _a._, I hasten. + ++f[-e]tus+, -us, _m._, brood, offspring. + ++f[)i]des+, -ei, _f._, faith, trustworthiness. (f[-i]do.) + ++f[)i]des+, -is, _f._, string, stringed instrument, lyre; usually in +plural only. + ++f[-i]d[-u]cia+, -ae, _f._, trust, courage. (fido.) + ++f[-i]lius+, -ii, _m._, son. + ++fingo+, -nxi, -nctum, 3 _v. a._, I form, fashion. + ++f[-i]o+, factus, fi[)e]ri, _v. n._, (used as pass. of facio), I am +made, become. + ++firmo+, 1 _v. a._, I strengthen. (firmus.) + ++fl[-a]g[)i]tium+, -ii, _n._, shameful act, disgrace. (fl[-a]g[)i]to.) + ++fl[)a]gro+, 1 _v. n._, I burn, blaze. + ++fl[-a]vesco+, no perf. and sup., 3 _v. n._, I become yellow. (Inceptive +form of fl[-a]veo.) + ++flecto+, -xi, -xum, 3 _v. a._, I bend. + ++fl[-o]s+, -[-o]ris, _m._, flower. + ++fluctus+, -us, _m._, wave. (fluo.) + ++fluito+, 1 _v. n._, I float. (Intensitive form of fluo.) + ++f[)o]c[)u]lus+, -i, _m._, little hearth, brazier. (diminutive of +focus.) + ++f[)o]ris+, _adv._, out of doors, (f[)o]ris, a door.) + ++form[-i]do+, -[)i]nis, _f._, fear. + ++fors+, +fortis+, _f._, chance. + ++fort[)e]+, _adv._, by chance. (abl. of fors.) + ++fortis+, -e, _adj._, brave. + ++fort[)i]ter+, _adv._, bravely. (fortis.) + ++fort[)i]t[-u]do+, -[)i]nis, _f._, bravery. (fortis.) + ++fortu[)-i]tus+, -a, -um, _adj._, accidental. (fors.) + ++fr[-a]ter+, -tris, _m._, brother. (#phratêr#, clansman.) + ++fraud[)u]lentus+, -a, -um, _adj._, deceitful. (fraus.) + ++fraus+, fraudis, _f._, deceit. + ++frax[)i]nus+, -i, _f._, ash tree. + ++fr[)e]m[)i]tus+, -us, _m._, roaring (fr[)e]mo.) + ++fr[-e]num+, -i, _n._, bridle, bit. + ++frons+, frondis, _f._, leafy branch, foliage. + ++fr[-u]ges+, -um. Cf. frux. + ++fr[-u]mentum+, -i, _n._, corn. (For frug[)i]mentum, cf. frux, fruor.) + ++frustr[-a]+, _adv._, in vain. (Cf. fraus.) + ++frux+, fr[-u]gis, _f._, fruit. Nom. sing. rare; more common in plural. +(Cf. fruor.) + ++f[)u]ga+, -ae, _f._, flight, (f[)u]gio, #pheugô#.) + ++f[)u]g[)i]t[-i]vus+, -a, -um, _adj._, fugitive. (f[)u]gio.) + ++fulgeo+, fulsi, no sup., 2 _v. n._, I glitter. (Cf. fulgur, lightning.) + ++fundo+, f[-u]di, f[-u]sum, 3 _v. a._, I pour out, scatter. + ++fundus+, -i, _m._, farm. + ++furtim+, _adv._, secretly. (fur, thief.) + ++f[-u]sus+. Cf. fundo. + + ++g[)a]lea+, -ae, _f._, helmet. + ++Gall[)i]cus+, -a, -um, _adj._, belonging to Gaul, Gallic. + ++Gallus+, -i, _m._, a Gaul. + ++Gellius+, -ii, _m._, Gellius. + ++g[)e]m[)i]tus+, -us, _m._, groan. (g[)e]mo.) + ++gens+, gentis, _f._, clan, race, nation. (Cf. gigno, genus.) + ++g[)e]nus+, -[)e]ris, _n._, race, kind. (#genos#, gens, gigno.) + ++g[)e]ro+, gessi, gestum, 3 _v. a._, I bear, I carry on. + ++gesto+, 1 _v. a._, I carry. (Intens. of g[)e]ro.) + ++gigno+, g[)e]nui, g[)e]n[)i]tum, 3 _v. a._, I produce. (Cf. gens, +genus.) + ++gl[)a]dius+, -ii, _m._, sword. + ++gl[-o]ria+, -ae, _f._, renown, glory. + ++Graec[-e]+, _adv._, in Greek. + ++Graecia+, -ae, _f._, Greece. + ++gr[-a]men+, -[)i]nis, _n._, grass. + ++gr[-a]m[)i]neus+, -a, -um, _adj._, made of grass. (gr[-a]men.) + ++grandis+, -e, _adj._, great, large, abundant. Grandis natu, advanced in +age. + ++gr[-a]tia+, -ae, _f._, favour, influence, gratitude, thanks: with agere +in plural only. In abl. gratiâ, for the sake of, with gen. (gratus.) + ++gr[-a]t[)u]l[-a]tio+, -onis, _f._, rejoicing, congratulation. +(gr[-a]t[)u]lor.) + ++gr[-a]t[)u]lor+, 1 _v. dep._, I congratulate, give thanks. (gr[-a]tus.) + ++g[)u]la+, -ae, _f._, throat. + + ++h[)a]beo+, 2 _v. a._, I have. + ++h[)a]b[)i]to+, 1 _v. a._ and _n._, I inhabit, dwell in. (Intensitive of +h[)a]beo.) + ++haereo+, haesi, haesum, 2 _v. n._, I stick to. + ++Hann[)i]bal+, -[)a]lis, _m._, Hannibal. + ++haud+, _adv._, not. + ++haurio+, hausi, haustum, 4 _v. a._, I draw up, drink, tear open, wound. + ++haut+ (or +haud+), _adv._, not. + ++haut·qu[-a]·quam+, or +haud·qua·quam+, _adv._, by no means. + ++Hercles+ (or Herc[)u]les), -is and -i. _m._, Hercules. For form Hercle, +cf. iii. 1. note. + ++h[-i]c, haec, h[-o]c+, _demonstr. pron._, this. + ++h[-i]c+, _adv._, here. + ++h[)i]l[)a]ris+, -e, _adj._, merry, amusing. + ++hinc+, _adv._, hence. (hic.) + ++hio+, 1 _v. n._, I open my mouth, gape. Rimis hiantem, with wide open +clefts, lit., gaping open with clefts. + ++Hisp[-a]nia+, -ae, _f._, Spain. + ++Hisp[-a]n[)i]cus+, -a, -um, _adj._, Spanish. + ++histrio+, -[-o]nis, _m._, actor. (Etruscan word hister, an actor.) + ++h[)o]di[-e]+, _adv._, to-day. (hoc die.) + ++h[)o]diernus+, -a, -um, _adj._, of this day. (h[)o]die.) + ++h[)o]mo+, -[)i]nis, _m._, man. (Cf. h[-u]m[-a]nus.) + ++h[)o]nestus+, -a, -um, _adj._, honourable, proper, respectable. +(h[)o]nor.) + ++h[)o]nor+, or +h[)o]nos+, -[-o]ris, _m._, honour. + ++H[)o]r[-a]tius+, -ii, _m._, Horatius. + ++hortor+, 1 _v. dep._, I encourage, urge. (Cf. #ornumi#, #hormê#.) + ++hospes+, -[)i]tis, _m._, host, guest, stranger. (Cf. hostis, stranger, +enemy.) + ++hosp[)i]ta+, -ae, _f._ (feminine form of hospes,) female host, guest, +stranger. + ++hostis+, -is, _c._, enemy. + ++h[-u]ius·c[)e]·m[)o]di+, and +h[-u]ius·m[)o]di+, of this kind. (Cf. +m[)o]dus.) + ++h[)u]m[)e]rus+, -i, _m._, shoulder. + ++h[)u]m[)i]lis+, -e, _adj._, low, humble, insignificant. (h[)u]mus, +ground.) + + ++i[)a]cio, i[)e]ci, iactum+, 3 _v. a._, I throw. + ++iam+, _adv._, already, now. + ++[)i]b[)-i]+, _adv._, there, thereupon. (is.) + ++[)i]b[)-i]dem+, _adv._, in the same place, immediately. (ibi, dem. cf. +idem.) + ++ictus+, -us, _m._, blow, stroke. (Obsolete _present_, ico and icio, +I strike.) + ++idcirco+, _adv._, therefore. (id-circo.) + ++[-i]dem+, +[)e][)a]dem+, +[)i]dem+, _pron._, same. (is, and suffix +dem.) + ++[)i]d[-o]neus+, -a, -um, _adj._, fit. + ++[)i]g[)i]tur+, _conj._, then, therefore. (is, and suffix tur.) + ++ign[-a]via+, -ae, _f._, cowardice. (in-gn[-a]vus, lazy, cowardly; from +navus, or gnavus, busy.) + ++ignis+, -is, _m._, fire. + ++ign[-o]m[)i]nia+, -ae, _f._, disgrace. (in-n[-o]men, or gn[-o]men, loss +of good name.) + ++ign[-o]ro+, 1 _v. a._ and _n._, I am ignorant of. (ign[-a]rus, for +in-gnarus or -narus.) + ++i·gnosco+, -n[-o]vi, n[-o]tum, 3 _v. a._, I pardon, overlook. +(in-gnosco or -nosco.) + ++i·gn[-o]tus+, -a, -um, _adj._, unknown. (in·gnotus or notus.) + ++[-i]lex+, -[)i]cis, _f._, holm-oak, or great scarlet oak. Quercus +ilex L. + ++[-i]l[)i]co+ (or illico), _adv._, on the spot, immediately. (in, loco.) + ++ill[)e]+, ill[)a], ill[)u]d, _demonstr. pron._, that, he. + ++ill[-i]c+, _adv._, in that place, there. (ille, ce.) + ++im·m[-o]b[)i]lis+, -e, _adj._, motionless. (in, m[)o]veo.) + ++imp[)e]dio+, -[-i]vi or -ii, -[-i]tum, 4 _v. a._, I hinder. (in, pes.) + ++imp[)e]r[-a]tor+, -[-o]ris, _m._, general. (imp[)e]ro.) + ++imp[)e]rium+, -ii, _n._, command, empire. (imp[)e]ro.) + ++imp[)e]ro+, 1 _v. a._, I command, I rule over (dat.). + ++impetro+, 1 _v. a._, I accomplish, obtain. + ++imp[)e]tus+, -us, _m._, attack, force. (in·peto, I rush upon.) + ++im·m[-i]tis+, -e, _adj._, stern. + ++in+, _prep. gov. acc._ and _abl._, in, into, on, against. + ++in·c[-e]do+, -cessi, -cessum, 3 _v. n._, I approach. + ++incendium+, -ii, _n._, fire. (in-cendo, fr. in, candeo.) + ++in·c[-i]do+, -c[-i]di, -c[-i]sum, 3 _v. a._, I cut into, cut through, +open. (in, caedo.) + ++in·c[)i]pio+, -c[-e]pi, -ceptum, 3 _v. a._, I begin. (in, c[)a]pio, +I seize upon.) + ++in·cl[-u]do+, -si, -sum, 3 _v. a._, I shut in. (claudo.) + ++in·cogn[)i]tus+, -a, -um, _adj._, unknown. (in·cognosco.) + ++in·c[)o]l[)u]mis+, -e, _adj._, uninjured, safe. + ++in·cruentus+, -a, -um, _adj._, bloodless. (cruor.) + ++in·curro+, -curri or -c[)u]curri, cursum, 3 _v. n._, I rush into, rush +against, attack. + ++incursio+, -[-o]nis, _f._, inroad, attack. (in·curro.) + ++ind[)e]+, _adv._, thence, thenceforward. (is.) + ++in·d[-i]co+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I proclaim. + ++Ind[)i]cus+, -a, -um, _adj._, Indian. + ++in·dignus+, -a, -um, _adj._, unworthy. + ++in·d[-u]co+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I bring in, exhibit. + ++induo+, -ui, -[-u]tum, 3 _v. a._, I put on. (#enduô#.) + ++ineptus+, -a, -um, _adj._, unsuitable, foolish. (in, aptus.) + ++[)i]n·expl[)i]c[-a]b[)i]lis+, -e, _adj._, hard to unfold, understand, +intricate. (in, ex, plico, I fold.) + ++inf[)i]tiae+, -arum, _f._, denial. Only used in _acc. plur._ in phrase +infitias ire, to deny. (infateor.) + ++in·flo+, 1 _v. a._, I blow into or upon. + ++informis+, -e, _adj._, shapeless. (forma.) + ++infr[-a]+, _adv._, and _prep. gov. acc._, below. (For infer[)a], _sc._ +parte.) + ++in·fringo+, -fr[-e]gi, -fractum, 3 _v. a._, I break in upon, break. +(frango.) + ++ing[)e]nium+, -ii, _n._, nature, talent, genius. (in, gigno.) + ++ingens+, -entis, _adj._, immense. + ++in·gr[-a]tus+, -a, -um, _adj._, ungrateful. + ++in·gr[)e]dior+, -gressus, 3 _v. dep._, I step into, advance. +(gr[)a]dior.) + ++[)i]n·[)i]m[-i]cus+, -a, -um, _adj._, hostile; as _subst._, an enemy. +(in, [)a]m[-i]cus.) + ++in·[-i]quus+, -a, -um, unequal, unfair, dangerous. (in, aequus.) + ++in·i[-u]r[-a]tus+, -a, -um, _adj._, unsworn, relieved from oath. (in, +i[-u]ro.) + ++ini[-u]ria+, -ae, _f._, wrong, insult. (in, ius.) + ++inl[)e]c[)e]bra+, or +ill[)e]c[)e]bra+, -ae, _f._, attraction, +allurement. (illicio.) + ++inlustris+, or +illustris+, -e, _adj._, famous. (inlustro, I make +light.) + ++inm[-a]nis+, or +immanis+, -e, _adj._, fierce. (in, m[-a]nus, old Latin +word = bonus: cf. manes, good spirits.) + ++inmensus+, -a, -um, _adj._, immeasurable. (metior.) + ++inm[)e]r[)i]to+, _adv._, undeservedly. (in, mereo.) + ++in·mitto+, -m[-i]si, -missum, 3 _v. a._, I send in, thrust in, carry +in, incite or suborn against. Used absolutely, sc. equum, urge horse +forward, vi. 9. + ++in·mort[-a]lis+, or +im·mort[-a]lis+, -e, _adj._, immortal. + ++in·[)o]p[-i]n[-a]tus+, -a, -um, _adj._, unexpected. (in, [)o]p[-i]nor.) + ++in·p[)e]r[-i]tus+, -a, -um, unskilled. + ++in·perfectus+, -a, -um, _adj._, not thoroughly finished, unfinished. +(f[)a]cio.) + ++in·pl[-u]mis+, -e, _adj._, unfeathered, unfledged. (pl[-u]ma.) + ++in·p[-o]no+, -p[)o]sui, -p[)o]s[)i]tum, 3 _v. a._, I place on. + ++inquam+, _v. n._, defective, I say. + ++in·qu[-i]ro+, -s[-i]vi, -s[-i]tum, 3 _v. a._, I search into, examine, +(in, quaero.) + ++in·r[-i]deo+, -r[-i]si, -r[-i]sum, 2 _v. a._ and _n._, I laugh at. + ++ins[-a]nia+, -ae, _f._, madness. (s[-a]nus.) + ++in·scendo+, -endi, -ensum, 3 _v. a._, I climb up, mount. (scando.) + ++in·s[)i]deo+, -s[-e]di, -sessum, 2 _v. n._, I sit on, occupy, +(s[)e]deo.) + ++in·s[)i]diae+, -arum, _f._, _plur. only_, ambush, treachery. +(ins[)i]deo.) + ++insigne+, -is, _n._, badge, ornament. (in·signis, distinguished by a +mark, signum.) + ++in·sisto+, -stiti, no sup., 3 _v. n._, I stand on, rest on, persist. + ++in·s[)o]lens+, -entis, _adj._, unaccustomed to, with gen. (in, +s[)o]leo.) + ++ins[)o]lenter+, _adv._, haughtily. (in·solens.) + ++in·specto+, 1 _v. a._, I look upon. (Frequentative of in·spicio, from +specio.) + ++instinctus+, -a, -um, _part._ fr. instinguo. + ++instinguo+, -nxi, -nctum, 3 _v. a._, I incite. (Only in perf. part. +pass. in classical writers.) + ++inst[)i]tuo+, -ui, -[-u]tum, 3 _v. a._, I determine. (st[)a]tuo.) + ++in·sto+, -st[)i]ti, no sup., 1 _v. n._, I stand upon, press upon, +insist. + ++in·struo+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I build upon, I draw up, arrange. + ++in·suesco+, -[-e]vi, -[-e]tum, 3 _v. n._, I am accustomed. + ++ins[)u]la+, -ae, _f._, island, lodging-house. + ++int[)e]ger+, -gra, -gram, _adj._, untouched, sound. (tango.) + ++intell[)e]go+, -exi, -ectum, 3 _v. a._, I perceive, understand. (inter, +l[)e]go.) + ++inter+, _prep. gov. acc._, between, among. + ++int[)e]r·[)e][-a]+, _adv._, meanwhile. (inter·ea, from is.) + ++inter·d[-i]co+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I forbid. + ++int[)e]r·eo+, -ii, -[)i]tum, 4 _v. n._, I die. (Lit., I go among +several things, and so, disappear.) + ++inter·f[)i]cio+, -f[-e]ci, -fectum, 3 _v. a._, I kill. (f[)a]cio, lit., +I put between.) + ++int[)e]rim+, _adv._, meanwhile. (inter, im old acc. of is.) + ++inter[)i]tus+, -us, _m._, ruin, death. (intereo.) + ++interpres+, -[)e]tis, _com._, interpreter. + ++inter·r[)o]go+, 1 _v. a._, I question, ask. + ++int[)i]mus+, -a, -um, _adj._, inmost, superlative from [int[)e]rus, not +found; cf. inter and intra], int[)e]rior. + ++intr[-a]+, _adv._, and _prep. gov. acc._, within. + ++in·tr[)e]p[)i]dus+, -a, -um, _adj._, fearless. + ++intr[-o]·d[-u]co+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I bring in, introduce. + ++intr[)o]·eo+, -[-i]vi or -ii, -[)i]tum, 4 _v. n._, I go in, enter. + ++intr[-o]·gr[)e]dior+, -gressus, 3 _v. dep._, I step in, enter. +(gr[)a]dior.) + ++intr[-o]·rumpo+, -r[-u]pi, -ruptum, 3 _v. n._, I burst into. + ++in·v[)e]nio+, -v[-e]ni, -ventum, 4 _v. a._, I come upon, find. + ++in·v[-i]sus+, -a, -um, _adj._, hated. (in·v[)i]deo, I look at with evil +eye, hate.) + ++ipse+, -a, -um, _demonstr. pron._, himself, herself, itself. + ++[-i]ra+, -ae, _f._, anger. + ++is, ea, id+, _demonstr. pron._, that, he, she, it. + ++ist[)e]+, -a, -[)u]d, _demonstr. pron._, that of yours, that near you. + ++istic+, -aec, -oc or -uc, _demonstr. pron._, that of yours, that near +you. (For iste·ce.) + ++[)i]ta+, _adv._, thus, so. + ++[-I]t[)a]lia+, -ae, _f._, Italy. + ++[)i]tem+, _adv._, likewise, also. (is.) + ++[)i]ter+, it[)i]n[)e]ris, _n._, journey. (eo.) + ++[)i]t[)e]rum+, _adv._, a second time, again. (Acc. sing. of comparative +form from is.) + ++[)i]t[)i]dem+, _adv._, in like manner. (ita, dem.) + ++i[)u]beo+, iussi, iussum, 2 _v. a._, I order. + ++i[-u]cunde+, _adv._, pleasantly. (i[-u]cundus.) + ++i[-u]cundus+, -a, -um, _adj._, pleasant, delightful. (i[)o]cus.) + ++i[-u]dex+, -[)i]cis, _m._, judge. (ius, d[-i]co.) + ++i[-u]d[)i]co+, 1 _v. a._, I judge, decide. (ius, d[-i]co.) + ++I[-u]li[-a]nus+, -i, _m._, Julian. + ++I[-u]p[)i]ter+ (or Iupp[)i]ter), I[)o]vis, _m._, Jupiter, Jove. (Iovis +pater: cf. #Zeus patêr#. Iovis from root div, bright.) + ++i[-u]ro+ and i[-u]ror (_dep_.), 1 _v. a._, I swear. (ius.) + ++i[-u]s+, i[-u]ris, _n._, right, law, justice. (Root iu, join: cf. +#zeugnumi#.) + ++ius·iurandum+, iuris·iurandi, _n._, oath. (ius, i[-u]ro.) + ++iustus+, -a, -um, _adj._, right, fair. (ius.) + + ++L.+, for Lucius. + ++l[)a]bor+, -[-o]ris, _m._, toil, labour. + ++L[)a]c[)e]daem[)o]nius+, -a, -um, _adj._, Lacedaemonian, Spartan. + ++L[)a]c[-o]n[)i]cus+, -a, -um, _adj._, Laconian, Lacedaemonian. + ++l[)-a]cr[)i]mo+, 1 _v. n._, I weep. (l[)-a]cr[)i]ma: cf. #dakru#, +tear.) + ++laet[)i]tia+, -ae, _f._, joy. (laetus.) + ++laetus+, -a, -um, _adj._, glad, rich. + ++lambo+, -bi, -b[)i]tum, 3 _v. a._, I lick. + ++l[-a]menta+, orum, _n._, _plur._ only, wailing, lamentation. + ++l[-a]na+, -ae, _f._, wool. + ++l[)a]nio+, 1 _v. a._, I tear, mangle. (Cf. l[)a]cer, torn to pieces.) + ++lat[-e]+, _adv._, widely. (l[-a]tus.) + ++l[)a]t[-e]bra+, -ae, _f._, hiding place. (l[)a]teo, I lie hid.) + ++l[)a]t[)-e]br[-o]sus+, -a, -um, _adj._, full of hiding places; hidden, +retired. (l[)a]t[)-e]bra.) + ++L[)a]t[-i]n[-e]+, _adv._, in Latin. + ++L[)a]t[-i]nus+, -a, -um, _adj._, Latin. + ++l[-a]tro+, 1 _v. n._, I bark, bark at. + ++l[-a]tus+, -a, -um, _adj._, broad. + ++l[-a]tus+, -a, -um, _part._ of f[)e]ro. + ++l[)a]tus+, -[)e]ris, _n._, side. + ++laudo+, 1 _v. a._, I praise. (laus.) + ++laurus+, -us, _f._, bay tree, laurel tree. + ++laus+, laudis, _f._, praise. + ++laxo+, 1 _v. a._, I loosen, relax. (laxus; cf. languidus.) + ++l[-e]g[-a]tus+, -i, _m._, ambassador, lieutenant. (l[-e]go, -are, +I send with a charge, depute.) + ++l[)e]go+, -lexi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I collect, choose out, read. +(#legô#, #logos#, dilegens.) + ++l[-e]n[)i]ter+, _adv._, gently. (l[-e]nis: cf. lentus.) + ++leo+, -[-o]nis, _m._, lion. #leôn.# + ++l[)e]p[)i]d[-e]+, _adv._, charmingly, humorously. (l[)e]p[)i]dus.) + ++l[)e]p[)i]dus+, -a, -um, _adj._, charming, humorous. (l[)e]pos, charm.) + ++Lesbius+, -a, -um, _adj._, Lesbian, of Lesbos. + ++l[)e]vo+, 1 _v. a._, I raise up, relieve. (Cf. +l[)e]vis+, light.) + ++lex, l[-e]gis+, _f._, law. + ++l[)i]benter+, _adv._, gladly, willingly. (l[)i]bet.) + ++l[)i]ber+, -bri, _m._, book. (Lit., inner bark of tree.) + ++l[-i]b[)e]r[-a]lis+, -e, _adj._, befitting a freeman, decorous, noble. +(l[-i]ber.) + ++l[-i]b[)e]ro+, 1 _v. a._, I set free. (l[-i]ber.) + ++l[-i]bra+, -ae, _f._, pound. (Cf. #litra.#) + ++l[)i]cet+, l[)i]cuit and l[)i]c[)i]tum est, 2 _v. n._, defective, it is +allowable. + ++ligneus+, -a, -um, _adj._., wooden. (lignum.) + ++lignum+, -i, _n._, what is gathered (l[)e]go) as firewood, wood. + ++l[-i]ne[-a]mentum+, -i, _n._, feature. (l[-i]nea, a line.) + ++lingua+, -ae, _f._, tongue. + ++l[-i]s+, l[-i]tis, _f._, lawsuit. + ++l[-i]tigi[-o]sus+, -a, -um, quarrelsome. (lis.) + ++littera+ (or +l[-i]tera+), -ae, _f._, letter. (l[)i]no.) + ++l[)o]cus+, -i, nom. plur. -i and -a, _m._, place, position, rank. + ++long[-e]+, _adv._, far off, by far. + ++longus+, -a, -um, _adj._, long, far off. + ++l[)o]quor+, -c[-u]tus, 3 _v. dep._, I speak, say. + ++l[-o]rum+, -i, _n._, thong, leash. + ++L[-u]cius+, -ii, _m._, Lucius. + ++luctus+, -us, _m._, mourning. (l[-u]geo.) + ++l[-u]geo+, -xi, [-ctum], 2 _v. n._ and _a._, I mourn, mourn for. + ++l[-u]g[)-u]bris+, -e, _adj._, mournful. (l[-u]geo.) + ++L[-u]s[)i]t[-a]nus+, -a, -um, _adj._, of Lusitania. + ++lux+, l[-u]cis, _f._, light, day. Lucis ortu, at sunrise; primâ luce, +at dawn. (l[-u]ceo.) + + ++M.+, for Marcus. + ++m[)a]gis+, _adv._, more: comparative degree from magn[)o]p[)e]re, +magis, maxime. (Root magh: cf. #megas#.) + ++m[)a]gister+, -tri, _m._, master. (m[)a]gis and comparative suffix +ter.) + ++magn[)i]t[-u]do+, -[)i]nis, _f._, size. (magnus.) + ++magnus+, -a, -um, _adj._, great. (Root magh: cf. #megas#.) + ++m[-a]ior, maius+, _adj._, comparative degree of magnus, maior, +max[)i]mus. + ++mand[-a]tum+, -i, _n._, command. (mando.) + ++mando+, 1 _v. a._, I entrust, command, enjoin upon. Mando litteris, +I commit to writing. (manus, do.) + ++m[)a]neo+, -nsi, -nsum, 2 _v. n._, I remain. + ++Manlius+, -ii, _m._, Manlius. + ++mans[)u][-e]tus+, -a, -um, _part._ from mansuesco, tamed, gentle. + ++mans[)u][-e]sco+, -s[)u][-e]vi, s[)u][-e]tum, 3 _v. a._ and _n._, +I tame, grow tame. (Manus, suesco, I accustom to the hand.) + ++m[)a]nus+, -us, _f._, hand, band. + ++Marcus+, -i, _m._, Marcus. + ++m[)a]r[)e]+, -is, _n._, sea. (Root mar, to shine: cf. marmor.) + ++m[)a]r[)i]t[)i]mus+, -a, -um, belonging to the sea, maritime. (mare.) + ++m[)a]r[-i]tus+, -i, _m._, husband. (mas.) + ++m[-a]ter+, -tris, _f._, mother. (#mêtêr#.) + ++m[-a]ter·f[)a]m[)i]li[-a]s+, m[-a]tris·f[)a]m[)i]li[-a]s, _f._, mother +of a family, matron. + ++m[-a]tr[)i]m[-o]nium+, -ii, _n._, marriage. (m[-a]ter.) + ++m[-a]tr[-o]na+, -ae, _f._, matron. (m[-a]ter.) + ++m[-a]t[-u]resco+, -rui, no sup., 3 _v. n. inceptive_, I become ripe. + ++max[)i]mus+, -a, -um, _adj._, greatest; superlative degree, from +magnus, maior. + ++m[)e]deor+, no perf., 2 _v. dep._, I cure. + ++m[)e]d[)i]c[-i]na+, -ae, _f._, medicine, remedy. (From adj. +m[)e]d[)i]c[-i]nus, _sc._ ars.) + ++m[)e]d[)i]c[-i]nus+, -a, -um, _adj._, medical. (Cf. m[)e]deor.) + ++m[)e]d[)i]cus+, -i, _m._, doctor. (Cf. m[)e]deor.) + ++m[)e]dius+, -a, -um, _adj._, middle. (#mesos#.) + ++membrum+, -i, _n._, limb. + ++m[)e]m[)o]ria+, -ae, _f._, memory, recollection, story. (m[)e]mor.) + ++m[)e]m[)o]ro+, 1 _v. a._, I call to remembrance, I relate. (Cf. +memoria.) + ++M[)e]nander+, -dri, _m._, Menander. (#Menandros#.) + ++mend[-a]cium+, -ii, _n._, lie. (mendax, mentior.) + ++mens+, mentis, _f._, mind. (Root mem; cf. memini.) + ++mentior+, 4 _v. dep._, I tell lies. (Lit., I invent, root men: cf. +mens.) + ++merces+, -[-e]dis, _f._, price. (m[)e]reor, I earn.) + ++mercor+, 1 _v. dep. a._, I buy. (merx, merchandise, m[)e]reor.) + ++m[)e]reor+, 2 _v. dep._, I deserve, earn, (#meros#, share.) + ++m[)e]r[-i]di[-a]nus+, -a, -um, _adj._, of mid-day. (mer[-i]dies for +medi- dies, from m[)e]dius, dies.) + ++messis+, -is, acc. -em and -im, _f._ harvest. (m[)e]to.) + ++M[-e]thymnaeus+, -a, -um, _adj._, of Methymna. (#Mêthumna#.) + ++m[)e]to+, messui, messum, 3 _v. a._, I reap. (Cf. messis.) + ++m[)e]tus+, -us, _m._, fear. + ++meus+, -a, -um, _adj._, my. + ++m[)i]co+, -ui, no sup., 1 _v. n._, I glitter. + ++m[)-i]gro+, 1 _v. n._, I depart from, quit. (Cf. meo, I go.) + ++m[-i]les+, -[)i]tis, _c._, soldier. + ++M[-i]l[-e]sius+, -a, -um, _adj._, of Miletus. + ++M[-i]l[-e]tus+, -i, _f._, Miletus, a town in Asia Minor. (#Milêtos#.) + ++m[-i]l[)i]t[-a]ris+, -e, _adj._, military. (m[-i]les.) + ++M[)i]lo+, -[-o]nis, _m._, Milo. + ++m[)i]nistro+, 1 _v. a._, I wait upon, serve up, hand. (m[)i]nister, +servant.) + ++m[)i]nor+, -us, _adj._, less. comparative of parvus. (Root min: cf. +minuo, I lessen.) + ++m[)i]nor+, 1 _v. dep._, I threaten. (minae, threats.) + ++m[-i]randus+, -a, -um, wonderful: _ger._ of m[-i]ror. + ++m[-i]r[)i]f[)i]cus+, -a, -um, _adj._, causing wonder, marvellous. +(m[-i]rus, f[)a]cio.) + ++m[-i]ror+, 1 _v. dep._, I wonder at. (Cf. m[-i]rus.) + ++m[-i]rus+, -a, -um, _adj._, wonderful. + ++m[)i]ser+, -era, -erum, _adj._ wretched. (Root mi: cf. m[)i]nuo.) + ++m[)i]serandus+, -a, -um, pitiable: _gerundive_ of m[)i]seror. + ++m[)i]seror+, 1 _v. dep._, I pity. (m[)i]ser.) + ++m[-i]tis+, -e, _adj._, gentle. + ++M[)i]tr[)i]d[-a]tes+, -is and -i, _m._, Mitridates or Mithridates. + ++mitto+, m[-i]si, missum, 3 _v. a._, I send. + ++m[-o]b[)i]lis+, -e, _adj._, movable, fickle. (For movibilis, from +m[)o]veo.) + ++m[)o]destus+, -a, -um, _adj._, moderate, virtuous, discreet. +(m[)o]dus.) + ++m[)o]d[)o]+, _adv._, only. (Lit., by measure, m[)o]dus.) + ++m[)o]dus+, -i, _m._, measure, manner. huiusmodi, of this sort. + ++moenia+, -ium, _n._, plur. only, defensive walls, ramparts. (Cf. +m[-u]nio.) + ++mollis+, -e, _adj._, easy, soft, (moveo.) + ++m[)o]neo+, 2 _v. a._, I warn, advise, remind. + ++m[)o]n[-i]le+, -is, _n._, collar, necklace. + ++m[)o]n[)i]mentum+, -i, _n._, monument. (m[)o]neo, I remind.) + ++mons+, montis, _m._, mountain. + ++m[)o]r[)i]bundus+, -a, -um, _adj._, dying. (m[)o]rior.) + ++m[)o]rior+, mortuus, 3 _v. n._, I die. + ++m[-o]r[-o]sus+, -a, -um, _adj._, bad-tempered. + ++mors+, mortis, _f._, death. (Cf. m[)o]rior.) + ++mos+, m[-o]ris, _m._, manner, custom. More ursino, like a bear. De +more, according to custom, as usual. + ++mox+, _adv._, soon. + ++m[)u]li[-e]bris+, -e, _adj._, womanly, (m[)u]lier.) + ++m[)u]lier+, -[)e]ris, _f._, woman. + ++multo+ (or +mulcto+), 1 _v. a._, I punish, fine. + ++multus+, -a, -um, _adj._, many, much. Comp., pl[-u]s; sup., +pl[-u]r[)i]mus. + ++mundus+, -a, -um, _adj._, clean, tidy. + ++m[-u]n[-i]mentum+, -i, _n._, fortification. (m[-u]nio.) + ++m[-u]nio+, 4 _v. a._, I fortify. (Cf. moenia, m[-u]rus.) + ++murmur+, -[)u]ris, _n._, complaint. + ++m[-u]rus+, -i, _m._, wall. (Root mu: cf. m[-u]nio, moenia.) + ++m[-u]tuus+, -a, -um, _adj._, borrowed, lent. (m[-u]to, I change.) + + + ++nam+, _conj._, for. + ++nanciscor+, nactus, and nanctus, 3 _v. dep._, I obtain, reach. + ++n[-a]ris+, -is, _f._, nostril, nose; usually in plural. + ++narro+, 1 _v. a._, I tell, relate. (Cf. i·gnarus, nosco; root gna, +know.) + ++nascor+, n[-a]tus, 3 _v. dep._, I am born, spring up. + ++n[-a]tio+, -[-o]nis, _f._, race, nation. (nascor.) + ++n[-a]t[-u]ra+, -ae, _f._, nature. Rediit in naturam, it returned to its +natural position. (nascor.) + ++n[-a]tus+, -us, _m._, birth, age. Natu grandis, advanced in age. +(nascor.) + ++nauta+. Cf. navita. + ++n[-a]v[-a]lis+, -e, _adj._, naval. (n[-a]vis.) + ++n[-a]vis+, -is, _f._, ship. (#naus#.) + ++n[-a]v[)i]ta+ (or +nauta+), -ae, _m._, sailor. (n[-a]vis.) + ++n[-e]+, _adv._ and _conj._, not, in order that not, lest. + ++-n[)e]+, _enclitic interrog. particle._ + ++n[)e]b[)u]lo+, -[-o]nis, _m._, worthless fellow. (n[)e]b[)u]la, mist: +cf. n[-u]bes, cloud.) + ++n[)e]c+, neither, nor, and not. + ++n[)e]cess[)e]+, _adj._, _nom._ and _acc. neuter_ only, necessary. + ++n[)e]co+, 1 _v. a._, I kill. (Cf. #nekus#, corpse.) + ++negl[)i]go+, and negl[)e]go, -exi, -ectum, 3 _v. a._, I neglect. (nec, +l[)e]go, I do not pick up.) + ++n[)e]ego+, 1 _v. n._ and _a._, I deny, refuse. + ++n[-e]mo+, -[)i]nis, _pron._, no one. (ne, h[)o]mo.) + ++n[-e]·qu[-a]·quam+, _adv._, by no means. + ++n[)e]qu[)e]+, neither, nor, and not. + ++nex+, n[)e]cis, _f._, violent death. (n[)e]co.) + ++n[-i]d[)u]lus+, -i, _m._, a little nest. (demin. of n[-i]dus.) + ++n[)i]h[)i]l+, n[-i]l, _n._, _indecl._, nothing. + ++n[)i]h[)i]lo+, by nothing; cf. n[)i]h[)i]lum. Used with comparatives, +nihilo minus, none the less. + ++n[)i]h[)i]lum+, -i, _n._, nothing. + ++n[)i]mis+, _adv._, too much. + ++n[)i]m[)i]um+, _adv._ and _subst._, too much. + ++n[)i]·s[)i]+, _conj._, unless. + ++n[-i]tor+, n[-i]sus and nixus, 3 _v. dep._, I strive. + ++n[-o]b[)i]lis+, -e, _adj._, celebrated, noble. (For gnobilis, from +nosco or gnosco.) + ++n[-o]men+, -[)i]nis, _n._, name. (Cf. nosco.) + ++non+, _adv._, not. + ++non·n[)e]+, _interrog. adv._, is not? + ++non·nullus+, -a, -um, _adj._, some, several. + ++nos+, _plur._ of ego, we. (Cf. #nô#.) + ++nos met·ipsi+, we ourselves. + ++nosco+, n[-o]vi, n[-o]tum, 3 _v. a._, I know. (Or gnosco, root gno: cf. +n[-o]men, n[-o]bilis.) + ++noster+, -tra, -trum, _adj._, our. (n[-o]s.) + ++n[-o]ta+, -ae, _f._, mark, brand. (nosco.) + ++n[-o]tus+, -a, -um, known, _part._ from nosco. + ++n[)o]vem+, _numer._, nine. + ++n[)o]vus+, -a, -um, _adj._, new. + ++nox+, noctis, _f._, night. (#nux#.) + ++noxa+, -ae, _f._, injury, harm. (n[)o]cco.) + ++n[-u]bo+, -psi, -ptum, 3 _v. n._, I am married (of the woman), with +_dative_. (Lit., I veil myself: cf. n[-u]bes.) + ++n[-u]dus+, -a, -um, _adj._, bare, unarmed. + ++nullus+, -a, -um, _adj._, none. (ne·ullus.) + ++n[-u]men+, -[)i]nis, _n._, nod, will, divinity. (nuo.) + ++n[)u]m[)e]rus+, -i, _m._, number. (Cf. #nemô#, I distribute, nummus.) + ++nunc+, _adv._, now. (num·ce: cf. #nun#.) + ++nunquam+, _adv._, never. (ne-unquam.) + ++nuntio+, 1 _v. a._, I announce, report. (Cf. n[)o]vus.) + ++nusquam+, _adv._, nowhere. (ne-usquam.) + + + ++[)o]b+, _prep. gov. acc._, on account of. + ++ob·i[)i]cio+, and +[-o]b[)i]cio+, obi[-e]ci, obiectum, 3 _v. a._, +I throw before, I reproach with. (j[)a]cio.) + ++ob·l[)i]no+, -l[-e]vi, -l[)i]tum, 3 _v. a._, I smear over. + ++[)o]b·oedio+, 4 _v. n._, I obey, with dative. (ob, audio.) + ++[)o]b·[)o]rior+, -ortus, 4 _v. dep._, I grow, spring up. + ++ob·p[)e]to+ (or +op·peto+), -[-i]vi or -ii, -[-i]tum, 3 _v. a._, +I encounter. + ++ob·pugno+ (or +op·pugno+), 1 _v. a._, I fight against, attack. + ++ob·s[)e]cro+, 1 _v. a._, I beseech, entreat. (sacro, lit., I ask on +religious grounds, ob sacrum.) + ++ob·s[)i]deo+, -s[-e]di, -sessum, 2 _v. n._, I besiege. (s[)e]deo.) + ++obs[)i]dio+, -[-o]nis, _f._, siege. (obs[)i]deo.) + ++ob·servo+, 1 _v. a._, I notice, attend to. + ++ob·t[)i]neo+, -ui, -tentum, 2 _v. a._, I hold. (t[)e]neo.) + ++ob·v[)e]nio+, -v[-e]ni, -ventum, 4 _v. n._, I come in way of, fall to +lot of. + ++ob·viam+, _adv._, with dative, in the way. Obviam ire, progredi, etc., +alicui, to meet anyone. (via.) + ++ob·vius+, -a, -um, _adj._, in the way. (via.) + ++oc·c[-i]do+, -c[-i]di, c[-i]sum, 3 _v. a._, I kill. (caedo.) + ++occ[)u]po+, 1 _v. a._, I seize, take hold of. (ob, c[)a]pio.) + ++octo+, _num._, eight. (#oktô#.) + ++oct[-o]ginta+, _num._, eighty. + ++[)o]c[)u]lus+, -i, _m._, eye. (Cf. #osse#, the two eyes; #ossomai#, +I see.) + ++of·f[)e]ro+, obt[)u]li, obl[-a]tum, 3 _v. a._, I offer, present. + ++off[)i]cium+, -ii, _n._, service, work, duty. (For opificium, opus, +f[)a]cio.) + ++[)o]lea+, -ae, _f._, olive tree. (#elaia#.) + ++[)o]le[-a]g[)i]neus+, -a, -um, _adj._, of the olive. ([)o]lea.) + ++[)o]leum+, -i, _n._, olive oil. (#elaion#.) + ++[)o]·mitto+, -m[-i]si, -missum, 3 _v. a._, I neglect. (ob, mitto, +I let go.) + ++omnis+, -e, _adj._, all. + ++[)o]p[)e]ra+, -ae, _f._, work. (Cf. [)o]pus.) + ++[)o]p[-i]mus+, -a, -um, _adj._, rich, fat, choice. + ++[)o]p[-i]nio+, -[-o]nis, _f._, opinion, supposition. (op[-i]nor.) + ++opp[)e]rior+, -per[-i]tus and -pertus, 4 _v. dep._, I wait for. (Cf. +experior and peritus, from obsolete perior.) + ++opp[)i]dum+, -i, _n._, town. + ++op·pleo+, -[-e]vi, -[-e]tum, 2 _v. a._, I fill up. + ++op·pr[)i]mo+, -essi, -essum, 3 _v. a._, I press against, oppress, +crush. (pr[)e]mo.) + ++[ops]+, [)o]pis, _f._, nom. sing. not used, power, wealth, help. (Cf. +[)o]pulentus.) + ++opt[)i]mus+, -a, -um, superlative of b[)o]nus. (Cf. ops.) + ++opto+, 1 _v. a._, I wish for. (Root op, pick out: cf. #opsomai#.) + ++opt[)u]lit+ (or obt[)u]lit), fr. off[)e]ro. + ++[-o]r[-a]c[)u]lum+, -i, _n._, oracle, ([-o]ro.) + ++[)o]r[-a]tio+, -onis, _f._, speech, ([-o]ro.) + ++[)O]restes+, -is or -i, Orestes. (#Orestês#.) + ++[)o]rior+, ortus, 4 _v. dep._, I arise. Sol oriens, sunrise. (Cf. +#ornumi#.) + ++orn[-a]tus+, -us, _m._, attire. (orno.) + ++orno+, 1 _v. a._, I adorn. + ++[-o]ro+, 1 _v. a._, I pray for, beg. ([-o]s.) + ++orthius+, -a, -um, _adj._, high. Carmen orthium, #nomos orthios#: cf. +note xxxv. 21. + ++ortus+, -us, _m._, rising. ([)o]rior.) solis ortu, at sunrise. + ++[-o]s+, [-o]ris, _n._, mouth, face. + ++[)o]s+, ossis, _n._, bone. (#osteon#.) + ++Osc[-e]+, _adv._, in Oscan. + ++ostendo+, -di, -sum and -tum, 3 _v. a._, I show. (obs·tendo.) + ++ostento+, 1 _v. a._, I show; freq. form fr. ostendo. + ++[-o]ti[-o]sus+, -a, -um, _adj._, unoccupied, free, quiet. ([-o]tium.) + + ++P.+ for Publius, -ii, _m._, Publius. + ++p[-a]b[)u]lum+, -i, _n._, food. (pasco.) + ++p[)a]ciscor+, -i, pactus, 3 _v. dep._, _a._ and _n._, I agree, bargain. +(Cf. pax, pactum.) + ++pactum+, -i, _n._, agreement, manner. (p[)a]ciscor.) + ++p[)a]lam+, _adv._, openly. + ++P[)a]l[-a]tium+, -ii, _n._, the Palatine hill. + ++palma+, -ae, _f._, palm. + ++palmes+, -[)i]tis, _m._, vine-shoot. (palma.) + ++p[)a]l[-u]s+, -[-u]dis, _f._, marsh. (#pêlos#, mud.) + ++pango+, p[)e]p[)i]gi, pactum (also panxi and p[-e]gi, panctum), 3 _v. +a._, I settle. (Cf. pax.) + ++P[)a]p[-i]rius+, -ii, _m._, Papirius. + ++p[-a]r+, p[)a]ris, _adj._, equal. + ++parco+, p[)e]perci, rarely parsi, parc[)i]tum and parsum, 3 _v. n._, +with dat., I spare. + ++p[)a]rens+, -entis, _c._, parent. (p[)a]rio.) + ++p[-a]reo+, 2 _v. n._, with dative, I obey. + ++p[)a]rio+, p[)e]p[)e]ri, p[)a]r[)i]tum and partum, 3 _v. a._, I beget, +produce. + ++pars+, partis, _f._, part, side. + ++partus+, -us, _m._, birth, offspring. (p[)a]rio.) + ++p[)a]rum+, _adv._, too little. (Cf. parvus.) + ++parvus+, -a, -um, _adj._, small. (Cf. paucus.) + ++pastus+, -us, _m._, food, pasture. (pasco.) + ++p[)a]ter+, p[-a]tris, _m._, father. (#patêr#, root pa: cf. pasco.) + ++p[)a]tior+, passus, 3 _v. dep._, I suffer, allow. Aegre passus, +displeased. + ++paucus+, -a, -um, _adj._, few. (Root pau: cf. #pauros#, paulus.) + ++paul[-a]tim+, _adv._, by degrees, gradually. (paulus, little.) + ++p[)a]v[)e]·f[)a]cio+, -f[-e]ci, -factum, 3 _v. a._, I terrify. +(p[)a]veo.) + ++pax+, p[-a]cis, _f._, peace. (Root pac, make firm: cf. paciscor, pango, +#pêgnumi#.) + ++pectus+, -[)o]ris, _n._, breast: mind. + ++p[)e]c[-u]nia+, -ae, _f._, money. (p[)e]cus, cattle being the original +standard of value.) + ++p[)e]dester+, -tris, -tre, _adj._, on foot; in plur. as subst., +foot-soldiers. (pes.) + ++P[)e]lasgus+, -a, -um, _adj._, Pelasgian. + ++P[)e]l[)o]ponnensi[)a]cus+, -a, -um, _adj._, Peloponnesian. + ++p[)e]n[)i]tus+, _adv._, deeply, thoroughly. + ++per+, _prep. gov. acc._, through. + ++per·callesco+, -lui, no sup., 3 _v. a._, I am well versed in, know +well. (Inceptive form from per·calleo: cf. call[)i]dus.) + ++per·contor+, 1 _v. dep._, I enquire. + ++per·cr[-e]besco+ (or +per·crebresco+), bui (or brui), no sup., 3 _v. +n._, I spread abroad. (creber.) + ++per·c[)u]tio+, cussi, cussum, 3 _v. a._, I strike. securi percutio, +I behead. (qu[)a]tio.) + ++per·do+, -d[)i]di, -d[)i]tum, 3 _v. a._, I lose. + ++p[)e]ren·die+, _adv._, on the day after to-morrow. (#peran#, dies.) + ++p[)e]r·eo+, -ii or -[-i]vi, -[)i]tum, 4 _v. n._, I pass away, die. + ++per·f[)o]dio+, -f[-o]di, -fossum, 3 _v. a._, I dig through, pierce +through. + ++P[)e]riander+, -dri, _m._, Periander. + ++P[)e]r[)i]cles+, -is or -i, _m._, Pericles. + ++p[)e]r[-i]c[)u]lum+, -i, _n._, danger. + ++p[)e]r[-i]tus+, -a, -um, _adj._, skilled. (_Part._ fr. obsolete perior: +cf. op·perior.) + ++per·m[-e]tior+, -ensus, 4 _v. dep. a._, I measure through, travel over. + ++per·mitto+, m[-i]si, missum, 3 _v. a._, I suffer, allow. + ++per·m[)o]veo+, -m[-o]vi, -m[-o]tum, 2 _v. a._, I move thoroughly, +rouse, disturb. + ++per·m[-u]t[-a]tio+, -[-o]nis, _f._, exchange. (per·m[-u]to.) + ++per·m[-u]to+, 1 _v. a._, I exchange. + ++per·p[)e]tior+, pessus, 3 _v. dep. n._, and _a._, I suffer, endure. +(p[)a]tior.) + ++per·su[-a]deo+, -su[-a]si, su[-a]sum, 2 _v. a._, I convince, persuade. + ++per·taedet+, -taesum est, 2 _v. n._, impersonal; it thoroughly wearies. +(Acc. of person affected, and gen. of thing or person causing the +weariness.) + ++per·v[)e]nio+, -v[-e]ni, -ventum, 4 _v. n._, I arrive at. + ++p[-e]s+, +p[)e]dis+, _m._, foot. (Cf. #pous, podos#.) + ++pest[)i]lentia+, -ae, _f._, plague. (pestis.) + ++P[)e]t[-i]lius+, -ii, _m._, Petilius. + ++p[)e]to+, -[-i]vi or -ii, -[-i]tum, 3 _v. a._, I seek, ask for. (Lit., +to fall upon: cf. #piptô#.) + ++p[)e]t[)u]lantia+, -ae, _f._, impudence. (Obsolete p[)e]t[)u]lo: cf. +p[)e]to.) + ++ph[)a]l[)e]rae+, -arum, _f._, _plur._ only, ornaments for chests and +foreheads of horses. (#phalara#.) + ++Ph[)i]l[-e]mon+ (or +Ph[)i]l[-e]mo+), -[-o]nis, _m._, Philemon. +(#Philêmôn#.) + ++ph[)i]l[)o]s[)o]phus+, -i, _m._, philosopher. (#philosophos#.) + ++Phrygia+, -ae, _f._, Phrygia. + ++p[)i]get+, p[)i]guit and p[)i]g[)i]tum est, 2 _v. n._ (rarely used +personally), it troubles, displeases. + ++pinna+, or +penna+, -ae, _f._, feather. (Root pet: cf. #petomai#, +I fly.) + ++P[-i]raeus+, -i, the Piraeus, port of Athens. + ++pius+, -a, -um, _adj._, dutiful, kind. + ++pl[)a]ceo+, 2 _v. n._, I am pleasing; often used impersonally, placet +mihi, it pleases me, seems good to me, is my opinion; of the senate, it +is resolved, determined. + ++pl[)a]c[)i]d[-e]+, _adv._, gently, quietly. (pl[)a]c[)i]dus, +pl[)a]ceo.) + ++pl[-a]n[-e]+, _adv._, clearly, plainly. (pl[-a]nus, level.) + ++plebs+, plebis (or +pl[-e]bes+, -ei and -is), _f._, the common people. + ++pl[-e]rus·que+, -aque, -umque, _adj._, very many, most. (plerus: cf. +pl[-e]nus, root ple, fill.) + ++pl[-u]mo+, 1 _v. a._ and _n._, I cover, or am covered with, feathers, +am fledged. (pl[-u]ma.) + ++pl[-u]s+, pl[-u]ris, _adj._, more: comparative of multus. + ++Pl[-u]tarchus+, -i, _m._, Plutarch. + ++p[-o]c[)u]lum+, -i, _n._, cup, goblet. (Cf. p[-o]tus, a draught.) + ++Poen[)i]cus+, -a, -um, _adj._ Cf. Poenus. + ++Poenus+, -a, -um, Punic, Carthaginian. Cf. ix. 8 note. + ++poena+, -ae, _f._, punishment, penalty. (#poinê#, punio, poeniteo.) + ++P[)o]lus+, -i, _m._, Polus. + ++Pompt[-i]nus+, -a, -um, _adj._, Pomptine, _i.e._ near Pometia, in +Latium. + ++p[-o]mum+, -i, _n._, fruit or apple. + ++pondo+, _adv._, in or by weight. (pondus.) + ++pondus+, -[)e]ris, _n._, weight. (pendo, I hang up.) + ++p[-o]no+, p[)o]sui, p[)o]s[)i]tum, 3 _v. a._, I place. + ++pons+, pontis, _m._, bridge. (prop, a path, #patos#, German Pfad, esp. +across a river: cf. Pontifex.) + ++Pontus+, -i, _m._, district in Asia Minor. + ++p[)o]p[)u]lus+, -i, _m._, people. + ++porgere+. Cf. porrigo. + ++porr[)i]go+, -rexi, -rectum, 3 _v. a._, I stretch out. (Several +contracted forms, porgere, porge, porgite, etc.) (pro, rego.) + ++posco+, p[)o]posci, no sup., 3 _v. a._, I demand. + ++possies+, _old pres. subj._ of possum, for possis. + ++possum+, p[)o]tui, posse, _v. n._, I am able. (p[)o]tis, sum.) + ++post+, _adv._, and _prep. gov. acc._, afterwards, after. + ++poste[-a]+, _adv._, afterwards. (post, ea, from is.) + ++post[)e]rior+, -us, comparative fr. posterus. + ++post[)e]rus+, -a, -um, _adj._, coming after; as _subst._, descendant. +(post, _comp._ post[)e]rior, _sup._ postr[-e]mus.) + ++post·hac+, _adv._, after this, henceforth. + ++postl[-i]m[)i]nium+, -ii, _n._, return to rank and privileges. Cf. note +xl. 13. (post, limen, usual derivation.) + ++post·quam+, _conj._, after that. + ++postr[-e]mus+, -a, -um, last; superlative from post[)e]rus. ad +postremum, at last. + ++postr[-i]di[-e]+, _adv._, on the next day. (post[)e]rus, dies.) + ++post[)u]l[-a]tio+, -[-o]nis, _f._, demand. (post[)u]lo.) + ++post[)u]l[-a]tum+, -i, _n._, demand. (post[)u]lo.) + ++post[)u]lo+, 1 _v. a._, I demand. (posco.) + ++p[)o]tior+, 4 _v. dep._, I obtain possession of; with gen. and abl. +(p[)o]tis, able.) + ++p[)o]tius+, _adv._, rather; only used in comparative p[)o]tius, and +superl. p[)o]tissime. (fr. p[)o]tis, -e, _adj._, p[)o]tior, +p[)o]tissimus.) + ++praebeo+, 2 _v. a._, I offer, give. + ++praeceps+, -[)i]p[)i]tis, _adj._, head-first, headlong, (prae, +c[)a]put.) + ++prae·c[-i]do+, -c[-i]di, -c[-i]sum, 3 _v. a._, I cut off. (caedo.) + ++prae·c[)i]pio+, -c[-e]pi, -ceptum, 3 _v. a._, I take beforehand, +I instruct. (c[)a]pio.) + ++prae·cl[-a]rus+, -a, -um, _adj._, famous. + ++praeda+, -ae, _f._, booty, spoil. + ++prae·d[)i]co+, 1 _v. a._, I proclaim, declare publicly. + ++praedium+, -ii, _n._, farm, estate. + ++praefectus+, -i, _m._, a man placed over, overseer, prefect. (prae, +f[)a]cio.) + ++prae·for+, 1 _v. dep._, I say beforehand. + ++prae·fulgeo+, -si, no sup., 2 _v. n._, I glitter. + ++praemium+, -ii, _n._, reward. + ++prae·m[)o]neo+, 2 _v. a._, I forewarn, admonish beforehand. + ++praesens+, -entis, _adj._, present. (praesum.) + ++prae·ses+, -[)i]dis, _adj._, protecting; as _subst._, ruler. (prae, +s[)e]deo.) + ++prae·sto+, -[)i]ti, -[)i]tum (rarely -[-a]vi, -[-a]tum), 1 _v. n._ and +_a._, I am superior, I surpass. + ++praeter+, _prep. gov. acc._, besides, except. (prae, and suffix ter.) + ++praeter[)i]tus+, -a, -um, _part._ fr. praetereo, past. + ++praet[)e]r·eo+, -ii or -[-i]vi, [)i]tum, 4 _v. n._ and _a._, I pass by. + ++praetext[-a]tus+, -a, -um, _adj._, wearing the toga praetexta. + ++pr[)e]ti[-o]s[-e]+, _adv._, expensively, splendidly. (pr[)e]ti[-o]sus: +cf. pr[)e]tium.) + ++pr[)e]tium+, -ii, _n._, price. + ++pr[-i]mum+, _adv._, at first. Ubi, or cum, primum, as soon as. + ++pr[-i]mus+, -a, -um, _adj._, first, _superl._; no positive; _comp._ +prior. (Cp. priscus.) + ++princ[)i]pium+, -ii, _n._, beginning. (princeps.) + ++prior+, -us, _adj._, former, _comp._; (Cf. pr[-i]mus.) + ++prius+, _adv._, before. (prior.) + ++prius·quam+, _conj._, before that. + ++pro+, _prep. gov. abl._, before, for, in proportion to. + ++pr[-o]·c[-e]do+, -cessi, -cessum, 3 _v. n._, I advance. + ++pr[-o]c[-e]r[)i]tas+, -[-a]tis, _f._, height. (pr[-o]c[-e]rus.) + ++pr[-o]c[-e]rus+, -a, -um, _adj._, tall. (procello.) + ++pr[-o]·cons[)u]l[-a]ris+, -e, _adj._, proconsular, acting instead of a +consul. + ++pr[)o]c[)u]l+, _adv._, absolutely, or with _abl._, with or without +'ab'; at a distance, far from. Dubio procul, without doubt. + ++pr[)o]·c[-u]ro+, 1 _v. a._ and _n._, I take care of. + ++pr[-o]d·eo+, -ii, -[)i]tum, -ire, 4 _v. n._, I come forward, (pro, eo.) + ++pr[-o]·do+, -d[)i]di, -d[)i]tum, 3 _v. a._, I give forth, report, +relate; I betray. + ++proelium+, -ii, _n._, battle. + ++pr[-o]·f[)e]ro+, -t[)u]li, -l[-a]tum, 3 _v. a._, I bring forth, +I prolong. + ++pr[)o]·f[)i]ciscor+, -fectus, 3 _v. dep. n._, I set out. (pro, +f[)a]cio.) + ++pr[)o]·fundus+, -a, -um, _adj._, deep; as _subst._ profundum, -i (_sc._ +mare), deep sea. + ++pr[-o]·gr[)e]dior+, -essus, 3 _v. dep. n._, I advance. (gr[)a]dior.) + ++pr[)o]·ind[-e]+, _adv._, just so, just as. + ++pr[-o]·i[)i]cio+, or +pr[-o]·[)i]cio+, -i[-e]ci, -iectum, 3 _v. a._, +I throw forward, thrust forward. (i[)a]cio.) + ++pr[-o]·mitto+, -m[-i]si, -missum, 3 _v. a._, I send forth; I say +beforehand, promise. + ++pr[-o]·m[)o]veo+, -m[-o]vi, -m[-o]tum, 2 _v. a._, I move forward, cause +to advance. + ++promptus+, -us, _m._, readiness. in promptu esse, to be at hand, ready. +(pr[-o]mo, I take forth.) + ++pr[-o]·nuntio+, 1 _v. a._, I proclaim, announce. + ++pr[)o]pe+, _adv._, and _prep. gov. acc._, near, almost: pr[)o]pe, +pr[)o]pius, prox[)i]m[-e]. + ++pr[)o]p[)e]ro+, 1 _v. a._ and _n._, I hasten. (pr[)o]p[)e]rus, quick.) + ++pr[)o]pinquus+, -a, -um, near, neighbouring; as _subst._, a neighbour. +(pr[)o]pe.) + ++propter+, _prep. gov. acc._, on account of. (for propiter, fr. +pr[)o]pe.) + ++propt[)e]r·e[-a]+, _adv._, on account of those things, therefore. + ++pr[-o]·pugno+, 1 _v. n._, I fight in front of, fight for, defend. + ++pr[-o]·r[)i]pio+, -r[)i]pui, -reptum, 3 _v. a._, I drag forth; se +proripere, to rush forth, take refuge in. (r[)a]pio.) + ++prorsus+, _adv._, forward, directly. (pro, versus.) + ++pr[-o]·s[)e]quor+, -c[-u]tus, 3 _v. dep. a._, I follow. + ++prospectus+, -us, _m._, view. (prosp[)i]cio.) + ++prosp[)e]r[-e]+, _adv._, successfully. (prosp[)e]rus, from prospe, +answering to hope.) + ++pr[-o]·sum+, -fui, pr[-o]desse, _v. n._, I am of use to. + ++Pr[-o]t[)a]g[)o]ras+, -ae, _m._, Protagoras. + ++pr[-o]-tendo+, -di, -sum and -tum, 3 _v. a._, I stretch forth. + ++pr[-o]·t[)i]nus+, _adv._, forthwith. (t[)e]nus, _prep._, as far as.) + ++pr[-o]·v[)e]ho+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I carry forward; in _pass._, +I go forward, I sail, etc. + ++pr[-o]·v[)i]dens+, -entis, _part._ of prov[)i]deo, careful. + ++pr[-o]·v[)i]deo+, -v[-i]di, -v[-i]sum, 2 _v. n._ and _a._, I foresee, +I am careful. + ++pr[-o]vincia+, -ae, _f._, sphere of duty, province. + ++pr[-o]·v[)o]co+, 1 _v. a._, I call forth, challenge. + ++prox[)i]m[-e]+, _adv._, and _prep._ with _acc._, very near: super. fr. +pr[)o]pe. + ++prox[)i]mus+, -a, -um, _adj._, very near: [pr[)o]pis obsolete], +pr[)o]pior, prox[)i]mus. (Cf. pr[)o]pe.) + ++pr[-u]dens+, -entis, _adj._, foreseeing, discreet. (For pro·v[)i]dens.) + ++publ[)i]c[-e]+, _adv._, in behalf of the state. + ++p[)u]dor+, -[-o]ris, _m._, shame, modesty. (p[)u]deo.) + ++puer+, -[)e]ri, _m._, boy. + ++pugna+, -ae, _f._, battle, contest. (Root pug, strike: cf. pugil, +pugno.) + ++pugno+, 1 _v. a._, I fight. (pugna.) + ++pulchr[)i]t[-u]do+, -[)i]nis, _f._, beauty. (pulcher.) + ++pullus+, -i, _m._, young animal or bird. + ++p[-u]nio+, -[-i]vi or ii, [-i]tum, 4 _v. a._, I punish. (poena.) + ++puppis+, -is, _f._, stern, poop of ship. + ++purgo+, 1 _v. a._, I make clean, clear. (p[-u]rus, [)a]go.) + ++p[)u]to+, 1 _v. a._, I think. (Lit., I trim, arrange, and so reckon, +think; root, pu, cleanse: cf. purus.) + ++Pyrrhus+, -i, _m._, Pyrrhus. + + ++qu[-a]dr[-a]gint[-a]+, _num._, forty. + ++quaero+, -s[-i]vi or -sii, s[-i]tum, 3 _v. a._, I seek, inquire for, +ask. + ++quaeso+, -[-i]vi or -ii, no sup., 3 _v. a._, I seek, beg. Used +parenthetically, 'pray.' + ++quaestus+, -us, _m._, gain, business. (quaero.) + ++qu[-a]lis+, -e, _adj. pron._, of what kind; talis ... qualis, such ... +as. (quis.) + ++quam+, _conj._ and _adv._, than, as. (qui.) + ++quam·ob·rem+, _adv._, _relative_ and _interrog._, wherefore. + ++quam·quam+, _conj._, although. + ++quantus+, -a, -um, _adj._, how great, as great. (quam.) + ++qu[)a]s[)i]+, _adv._, as if, just as. (quamsi.) + ++quattuord[)e]cim+ (or quatuord[)e]cim), _numer._, fourteen. + ++-qu[)e]+, _enclitic conj._, and. + ++qu[)e]o+, -[-i]vi and -ii, -[)i]tum, -ire, 4 _v. n._, I am able. + ++quercus+, -us, _f._, oak. + ++qui+, quae, quod, _rel. pron., indef. adj. pron._ and _inter. adj. +pron._, who, what. + ++qu[)i][)a]+, _conj._, because. (For qui-am, quî-iam, whereby now.) + ++qu[-i]dam+, quaedam, quoddam (and quiddam, _subst._), _indef. pron._, +a certain one. + ++qu[)i]dem+, _adv._, indeed. + ++qu[)i]es+, -[-e]tis, _f._, rest. + ++qu[)i]esco+, -[-e]vi, -[-e]tum, 3 _v. n._, I rest, (quies.) + ++qu[-i]n+, _conj._, that not, but that, but indeed, rather; _interrog._, +why not? (qui, ne.) + ++quin·d[)e]cim·v[)i]r+, -i, a quindecimvir, one of the college of 15 men +who had charge of the Sibylline books. + ++quinqu[)e]+, _numer._, five. + ++quinqu[)i]es+, _adv._, five times. + ++quis+, quid, _inter. pron._, who? which? + ++quis+, qua, quid, _indef. pron._, any. + ++quis·nam+, quidnam, _inter. pron._, who, which, what pray? whoever? + ++quis·piam+, quaepiam, quodpiam (and _subst._, quidpiam or quippiam), +_indef. pron._, any, some. + ++quis·qu[)e]+, quaeque, quodque (and _subst._, quidque or quicque), +_indef. pron._, each, every. + ++quis·quam+, quaequam, quicquam or quidquam, _indef. pron._, anyone. + ++quo+, _adv._ and _conj._, for which reason, in order that, so that. +(qui.) + ++quod+, _conj._, because, that. (qui.) + ++qu[)o]n[)i]am+, _adv._, since, because. (quom for cum, iam.) + ++qu[)o]qu[)e]+, _conj._, also. + + ++r[-a]dix+, -[-i]cis, _f._, root. (Cf. ramus, branch; #rhixa#, root.) + ++r[)a]p[)i]dus+, -a, -um, _adj._, swift. (r[)a]pio.) + ++r[)a]tio+, -[-o]nis, _f._, reason, account. (reor.) + ++r[)e]·c[-e]do+, -cessi- -cessum, 3 _v. n._, I fall back, withdraw. + ++r[)e]·c[)i]pio+, -c[-e]pi, -ceptum, 3 _v. a._, I take back, receive. +(c[)a]pio.) + ++r[)e]·c[)i]to+, 1 _v. a._, I read out, repeat. + ++r[)e]·condo+, -d[)i]di, -d[)i]tum, 3 _v. a._, I put back, hide. + ++r[)e]cord[-a]tio+, -onis, _f._, recollection. (re·cordor: cf. cor.) + ++r[)e]·cumbo+, -c[)u]bui, 3 _v. n._, I lie down again. + ++r[)e]·c[)u]p[)e]ro+, 1 _v. a._, I recover. (c[)a]pio.) + ++r[)e]·curvo+, no perf., -[-a]tum, 1 _v. a._, I bend back. + ++red·do+, -d[)i]di, -d[)i]tum, 3 _v. a._, I give back, render, impart, +restore. (re, do.) + ++r[)e]d·eo+, -[-i]vi or -ii, -[)i]tum, -ire, 4 _v. n._, I go back. + ++r[)e]d[)i]tus+, -us, _m._, return. (r[)e]deo.) + ++r[)e]·f[)e]ro+, r[-e]t[)u]li (and rett[)u]li), r[)e]l[-a]tum, 3 _v. +a._, I bring back, return, turn back, attribute. + ++r[)e]·f[)u]gio+, -f[-u]gi, no sup., 3 _v. n._ and _a._, I flee back, +flee away, escape. + ++regnum+, -i, _n._, kingdom. (rex.) + ++r[)e]go+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I rule, direct. (rex.) + ++r[)e]·gr[)e]dior+, -gressus, 3 _v. dep. n._, I return. (gr[)a]dior.) + ++reicit+, for reiicit. + ++r[-e]·i[)i]cio+, or +r[-e]·[)i]cio+, -i[-e]ci, -iectum, 3 _v. a._, +I throw back, postpone. (i[)a]cio.) + ++r[)e]l[)i]cus+. Cf. reliquus. + ++r[)-e]l[)i]gio+, -[-o]nis, _f._, religious scruple, obligation. + ++r[)e]·linquo+, -l[-i]qui, -lictum, 3 _v. a._, I leave behind. + ++r[)-e]l[)i]qu[)i]ae+, -arum, _pl._ only, remains. (r[)e]l[)i]quus.) + ++r[)e]l[)i]quus+ (or relicus), -a, -um, _adj._, remaining. +(r[)e]linquo.) + ++r[)e]m[)e]dium+, -ii, _n._, remedy, cure. (re, m[)e]deor.) + ++r[)e]·m[-o]tus+, -a, -um, _part._ from rem[)o]veo, retired, distant. + ++r[)e]·m[)o]veo+, -m[-o]vi, m[-o]tum, 2 _v. a._, I move back, withdraw. + ++reor+, r[)a]tus, 2 _v. dep. a._, I believe, think. + ++r[)e]pent[-e]+, _adv._, suddenly. (r[)e]pens, sudden.) + ++r[)e]·p[)e]to+, -[-i]vi or -ii, -[-i]tum, 3 _v. a._, I seek again. +Memoriâ repeto, I call to mind. + ++r[)e]·qu[-i]ro+, -s[-i]vi or -sii, -s[-i]tum, 3 _v. a._, I seek again, +seek for. (quaero.) + ++r[-e]s+, rei, _f._, thing, deed. + ++re·scindo+, -sc[)i]di, -scissum, 3 _v. a._, I tear open. + ++re·scr[-i]bo+, -psi, -ptum, 3 _v. a._, I write back. + ++re·spondeo+, -di, -sum, 2 _v. n._, I reply. (Lit., I promise in +return.) + ++res·publ[)i]ca+, reipublicae, _f._, state. + ++r[)e]·surgo+, -surrexi, -surrectum, 3 _v. n._, I rise again. + ++r[)e]·t[)i]neo+, -ui, -tentum, 2 _v. a._, I hold back, keep. +(t[)e]neo.) + ++r[)e][)u]s+, -i, _m._, defendant in an action, culprit. (res.) + ++r[)e]·vello+, -velli, -vulsum and -volsum, 3 _v. a._, I pull away, pull +out. + ++r[)e]·verto+, -ti, -sum, 3 _v. n._, I turn back, return. + ++r[)e]vertor+, -versus, 3 _v. dep. n._, I turn back, return. + ++r[)e]·vincio+, -nxi, -nctum, 4 _v. a._, I bind back, fasten. + ++r[)e]·v[)o]lo+, no perf. or sup., are, 1 _v. n._, I fly back. + ++rex+, r[-e]gis, _m._, king. (r[)e]go.) + ++rh[-e]tor+, -[)o]ris, _m._, teacher of oratory, rhetorician. +(#rhêtôr#.) + ++r[-i]deo+, -si, -sum, 2 _v. n._ and _a._, I laugh, laugh at, mock. + ++r[-i]ma+, -ae, _f._, crack, cleft. + ++r[-i]t[)e]+, _adv._, duly, fitly. (ritus, religious observance.) + ++r[)o]go+, 1 _v. a._, I ask for, ask. + ++R[-o]ma+, -ae, _f._, Rome. + ++R[-o]m[-a]nus+, -a, -um, _adj._, Roman. + ++rostrum+, -i, _n._, beak, prow. (r[-o]do, I gnaw.) + ++r[)u]bus+, -i, _m._, bramble. (r[)u]ber, red.) + ++r[)u]dis+, -e, _adj._, rough. + ++rursum+ and rursus, _adv._, again. (For revorsum, from re·verto.) + ++rust[)i]cus+, -a, -um, _adj._, of the country, rural, rustic. (rus.) + + ++s[)-a]cr[-a]rium+, -ii, _n._, shrine, sacristy. (s[)a]cer, sacred.) + ++saep[)e]+, _adv._, often. (Obsolete adj. saepis, frequent.) + ++saep[)e]·n[)u]m[)e]r[-o]+, _adv._, often. + ++saevio+, -ii, -[-i]tum, 4 _v. n._, I rage, am fierce. (saevus.) + ++s[)a]lum+, -i, _n._, the open sea. (#salos#.) + ++s[)a]l[-u]s+, -[-u]tis, _f._, safety. (Cf. salvus.) + ++salvus+, -a, -um, _adj._, safe. + ++Samnis+, -[-i]tis, _adj._, Samnite. + ++sangu[)i]n[)o]lentus+, -a, -um, blood-stained. (sanguis.) + ++s[)a]n[)i]es+ (-em, -e, no genitive nor plural), _f._, corrupted blood, +matter. (sanguis.) + ++s[)a]piens+, -entis, _adj._, wise. (s[)a]pio.) + ++s[)a]t[)i]ra+, or s[)a]t[)u]ra, -ae, _f._, a satire. + ++s[)a]tis+, _adv._, sufficiently. + ++sc[)a]teo+, no perf. or sup., -[-e]re, 2 _v. n._, I bubble, flow forth; +bubble over with: with _abl._ + ++scio+, -[-i]vi, -[-i]tum, 4 _v. a._, I know. + ++Sc[-i]pio+, -[-o]nis, _m._, Scipio. + ++sc[-i]t[-e]+, _adv._, cleverly, skilfully. (scio.) + ++sc[)o]p[)u]lus+, -i, _m._, rock. (#skopelos#.) + ++scr[-i]bo+, -psi, -ptum, 3 _v. a._, I write. (#graphô#, schreiben.) + ++scriptor+, -[-o]ris, _m._, writer, author. (scr[-i]bo.) + ++sc[-u]tum+, -i, _n._, shield. (#skutos#.) + ++s[-e]+, and s[-e]s[-e], _gen._ sui, _reflex. pron._, himself, herself, +itself. + ++s[-e]cessus+, -us, _m._, withdrawal. (s[-e]·c[-e]do.) + ++s[-e]·cum+, for cum se, with himself, etc. + ++s[)e]cundum+, _prep. gov. acc._, following after, according to. +(s[)e]quor.) + ++s[)e]cundus+, -a, -um, _adj._, following, second, favourable, +(s[)e]quor.) + ++s[)e]c[-u]ris+, -is, _f._, axe. securi percutio, I behead. (s[)e]co.) + ++s[-e]c[-u]rus+, -a, -um, _adj._, free from care. (se, = sine, cura.) + ++sed+, _conj._, but. sed enim, but indeed. + ++s[)e]deo+, s[-e]di, sessum, 2 _v. n._, I sit. (s[-e]des, ins[)i]diae.) + ++s[)e]ges+, -[)e]tis, _f._, cornfield. + ++s[-e]·l[-i]bra+, -ae, _f._, half pound. (semi, libra.) + ++s[-e]mentis+, -is, _f._, seed, crop. (s[-e]men.) + ++s[-e]·m[)e]t+, strengthened form of se. + ++semper+, _adv._, always. (Cf. s[)e]mel.) + ++s[)e]n[-a]tor+, -[-o]ris, _m._, Senator. (s[)e]nex.) + ++s[)e]n[-a]tus+, -us, _m._, Senate. + ++s[)e]n[-a]tus consultum+, -i, _n._, decree of Senate. + ++sensim+, _adv._, slowly. (sentio, lit., perceptibly.) + ++sententia+, -ae, _f._, way of thinking, opinion, decision. (sentio.) + ++sentio+, -si- -sum, 4 _v. a._, I perceive, judge, decide. + ++sentis+, -is, _m._, rarely _f._, thorn. + ++se·orsum+, _adv._, separately, (se, verto.) + ++s[-e]·p[)a]ro+, 1 _v. a._, I separate. (p[)a]ro.) + ++septem+, _numer._, seven. (Cf. #hepta#.) + ++s[)e]pulcrum+, -i, _n._, tomb. (s[)e]p[)e]lio.) + ++sermo+, -[-o]nis, _m._, speech. (s[)e]ro.) + ++Sert[-o]rius+, -ii, _m._, Sertorius. + ++servo+, 1 _v. a._, I preserve. + ++servus+, -i, _m._, slave. + ++sestertium+, -ii, _n._, a thousand sestertii. Cf. note vi. 4. + ++s[)e]v[-e]r[-e]+, _adv._, austerely, severely. + ++sex+, _numer._, six. + ++sex[-a]ginta+, _numer._, sixty. + ++si+, _conj._, if. + ++S[)i]byll[-i]nus+, -a, -um, _adj._, of the Sibyl, Sibylline. +(S[)i]bylla.) + ++s[-i]c+, _adv._ so, thus. ut ... sic, _correlatives_, as ... so. + ++S[)i]c[-a]ni+, -orum, _m._, the Sicani. + ++sicco+, 1 _v. a._, I dry. (siccus, dry.) + ++S[)i]c[)i]lia+, -ae, _f._, Sicily. + ++s[-i]c·[)u]t+, _adv._, just as, so as. + ++sign[)i]f[)i]co+, 1 _v. a._, I show, make known, signify, beckon. +(signum, f[)a]cio.) + ++signum+, -i, _n._, sign, emblem. + ++s[)i]lentium+, -ii, _n._, silence, (s[)i]leo.) + ++silvestris+, -e, _adj._, woody. (silva.) + ++s[)i]m[)u]l+, _adv._, at once, at same time. + ++s[)i]m[)u]l[-a]crum+, -i, _n._, image, representation, appearance. +(s[)i]m[)i]lis, s[)i]m[)u]lo.) + ++s[)i]m[)u]lo+, 1 _v. a._, I pretend. (similis.) + ++s[-i]n+, _conj._, but if. (si, ne.) + ++s[)i]n[)e]+, _prep. gov. abl._, without. + ++s[)i]no+, s[-i]vi, s[)i]tum, 3 _v. a._, I set down; I allow. + ++s[)i]nus+, -us, _m._, folds of garment, bosom. + ++sisto+, stiti, statum, 3 _v. a._ and _n._, I cause to stand, I stand. +Se sistere, to present oneself, appear, (sto, #histêmi#.) + ++s[)i]tus+, -a, -um, _part._ from s[)i]no, situated. + ++s[-i]v[)e]+ (or seu), _conj._, or if. Sive ... sive, whether ... or. + ++s[-o]brius+, -a, -um, _adj._, not drunk, sober, moderate. + ++S[-o]cr[)a]tes+, -is or -i, _m._, Socrates. (#Sôkratês#.) + ++s[-o]l+, s[-o]lis, _m._, sun. + ++s[-o]lemnis+ (or +solennis+ or +sollennis+), -e, _adj._, annual, +stated, customary, solemn. (sollus, whole, cf. #holos#.) + ++s[)o]leo+, -itus, 2 _v. n._, I am accustomed. + ++sollers+, -ertis, _adj._, skilled: with gen. (sollus, whole.) + ++s[-o]lus+, -a, -um, _adj._, alone. (Cf. sollus, whole.) + ++solvo+, -lvi, -l[-u]tum, 3 _v. a._, I release, set loose. (se·luo.) + ++somnium+, -ii, _n._, dream. (somnus, #hupnos#.) + ++s[)o]n[-o]rus+, -a, -um, _adj._, loud. (s[)o]nus.) + ++S[)o]phocles+, -is and -i, _m._, Sophocles. (#Sophoklês#.) + ++Sp.+ for +Spurius+, -i, _m._, Spurius. + ++spargo+, -si, -sum, 3 _v. a._, I sprinkle, strew. + ++sp[)e]c[)u]lor+, -atus, 1 _v. dep. a._, I spy out, reconnoitre. +(sp[)e]cio, sp[)e]c[)u]la, watch tower.) + ++specto+, 1 _v. a._, I gaze at. (Intens. form of sp[)e]cio.) + ++sp[)e]cus+, -us, _m._, cave. + ++sp[-e]s+, -ei, _f._, hope. (Cf. sp[-e]ro.) + ++splendor+, -[-o]ris, _m._, magnificence. (splendeo, I shine.) + ++sp[)o]lium+, -ii, _n._, spoil, booty. + ++st[)a]tim+, _adv._, immediately. (sto.) + ++st[)a]tus+, -us, _m._, position. (sto.) + ++stirps+, stirpis, _f._, rarely _m._, stem, root. + ++sto+, st[)e]ti, st[)a]tum, st[-a]re, 1 _v. n._, I stand. (#istêmi#.) + ++st[)o]lo+, -[-o]nis, _m._, sucker of tree. + ++str[-e]nuus+, -a, -um, _adj._, active, energetic. (Cf. #stereos#, +hard.) + ++struo+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I build up. + ++st[)u]deo+, -ui, no sup., 2 _v. a._, I am eager, I strive. + ++st[)u]dium+, -ii, _n._, zeal, study. (st[)u]deo.) + ++stultus+, -a, -um, _adj._, foolish. + ++st[)u]p[)e]·f[)a]cio+, -f[-e]ci, -factum, 3 _v. a._, I make stupid or +senseless; I amaze. (st[)u]peo.) + ++su[-a]deo+, -si, -sum, 2 _v. n._ and _a._, I persuade. (Cf. su[-a]vis.) + ++s[)u]b+, _prep. gov. acc._ and _abl._, under. + ++sub·do+, -d[)i]di, -d[)i]tum, 3 _v. a._, I place under. + ++subl[-a]tiss[)i]mus+, _superl._ of subl[-a]tus, from tollo, very high. + ++s[)u]b[)o]les+, -is, _f._, shoot. (sub, [)o]lesco, grow.) + ++sub·verto+, -ti, -sum, 3 _v. a._, I overthrow. + ++suc·c[-e]do+, -cessi, -cessum, 3 _v. n._, I go under, go from under, +ascend, advance. (sub, c[-e]do.) + ++suffr[-a]gium+, -ii, _n._, vote. + ++Sulla+, -ae, _m._, Sulla. + ++sum+, fui, esse, _v. n._, I am. + ++summus+, -a, -um, _adj._, highest; _superl._ fr. s[)u]p[)e]rus, +s[)u]p[)e]rior, s[-u]pr[-e]mus or summus. + ++s[)u]p[)e]r+, _adv._, and _prep. gov. acc._ and _abl._, above, over, +on, about. + ++s[)u]perbia+, -ae, _f._, pride. (s[)u]perbus.) + ++s[)u]perbus+, -a, -um, _adj._, proud, haughty. (s[)u]per.) + ++s[)u]p[)e]rior+, -us, _adj._, higher, former; comp. fr. s[)u]p[)e]rus, +sup[)e]rior, s[)-u]pr[-e]mus or summus. + ++s[)u]p[)e]ro, 1+ _v. a._, I overcome. (s[)u]per.) + ++s[)u]perstes+, -[)i]tis, _adj._, surviving. + ++suppl[)i]cium+, -ii, _n._, punishment. (supplex.) + ++sursum+, _adv._, from below. (sub-versum.) + ++suus+, -a, -um, _reflex. adj. pron._, his own, her own, its own. + ++synanch[-e]+, -es, _f._, (#sunanchê#), a sore throat. + + ++T.+, for Titus, -i, _m._, Titus. + ++t[)a]berna+, -ae, _f._, shop. (Cf. t[)a]b[)u]la, plank.) + ++t[)a]b[)u]l[-a]t[-u]m+, -i, _n._, floor. (t[)a]b[)u]la, plank.) + ++t[)a]ceo+, 2 _v. n._ and _a._, I am silent, pass over in silence. + ++t[)a]c[)i]tus+, -a, -um, _part._ from taceo, not spoken of, silent. + ++taedium+, -ii, _n._, weariness. (taedet.) + ++Taen[)a]rum+, -i, _n._, and Taen[)a]rus, -i, _m._ and _f._, Taenarum +and Taenarus. + ++t[)a]lentum+, -i, _n._, talent (sum of money, £243 15s.). (#talanton#.) + ++t[-a]lis+, -e, _adj._, of such a kind, such. + ++tam+, _adv._, so. + ++t[)a]men+, _adv._, however. + ++tam·quam+, _adv._, just as, as if, as it were. + ++tandem+, _adv._, at last. + ++tantus+, -a, -um, _adj._, so great. + ++Tarqu[)i]nius+, -ii, _m._, Tarquin. + ++t[-e]lum+, i., _n._, dart. + ++temp[)e]rantia+, -ae, _f._, moderation, temperance. (temp[)e]ro, +tempus.) + ++tempest[-i]vus+, -a, -um, _adj._, seasonable, ripe. (tempus.) + ++templum+, -i, _n._, temple. + ++tempus+, -[)o]ris, _n._, time. + ++t[)e]neo+, t[)e]nui, tentum, 2 _v. a._, I hold, keep. Cursum teneo, +I hold on a course. + ++t[)e]n[)u]is+, -e, _adj._, drawn out, thin, slender. (t[)e]neo.) + ++terra+, -ae, land, country. + ++terreo+, 2 _v. a._, I alarm. (#treô#.) + ++terr[)i]f[)i]cus+, -a, -um, alarming, terrible. (terreo, f[)a]cio.) + ++tertius+, -a, -um, _adj._, third. (ter.) + ++testis+, -is, _c._, witness. (testor.) + ++Thr[-a]cus+, -a, -um, _adj._, Thracian. + ++Tib.+, for T[)i]b[)e]rius, -ii, _m._, Tiberius. + ++t[-i]bia+, -ae, _f._, pipe, flute. + ++t[-i]b[-i]c[-e]n+, -[)i]nis, _m._, flute-player. (For tib[)i][)i]cen, +fr. t[-i]b[)i][)a], c[)a]no.) + ++T[-i]m[)o]ch[)a]res+, -is and -i, _m._, Timochares. + ++t[)o]ga+, -ae, _f._, a garment, a toga. (t[)e]go.) + ++tollo+, sust[)u]li, subl[-a]tum, 3 _v. a._, I raise. (Cf. t[)u]li, +t[)o]l[)e]ro.) + ++Torqu[-a]tus+, -i, _m._, Torquatus. + ++torques+ (and +torquis+), -is, _m._ and _f._, twisted necklace or +collar. (torqueo.) + ++torreo+, torrui, tostum, 2 _v. a._, I roast. + ++t[-o]tus+, -a, -um, _adj._, all, whole. + ++tracto+, 1 _v. a._, I handle, treat, polish. (Intens. of tr[)a]ho.) + ++tr[-a]do+, -d[)i]di, -d[)i]tum, 3 _v. a._, I hand over, give up, hand +down, relate. (trans, do.) + ++trans·curro+, -curri and -c[)u]curri, -cursum, 3 _v. n._, I run past, +I pass. + ++trans·[)i]go+, -[-e]gi, -actum, 3 _v. a._, I drive through, I pierce. +([)a]go.) + ++trans[)i]lio+, -[-i]vi or -ui, no sup., 4 _v. a._ and _n._, I leap +across, leap over. (trans, s[)a]lio.) + ++tr[)e]m[)i]bundus+, -a, -um, _adj._, full of trembling. (tr[)e]mo.) + ++tr[)e]p[)i]dans+, -antis, _part._ fr. trepido, trembling. + ++tr[)e]p[)i]do+, 1 _v. n._, I am in a state of confusion or alarm. (Cf. +#trepô#.) + ++tr[-e]s+, tria, _numer._, three. (#treis, tria#.) + ++tr[)i]b[-u]nus+, -i, _m._, tribune. (Lit., the chief of a tribe, +tr[)i]bus.) + ++tr[-i]duum+, -i, _n._, space of three days. (tres, dies, _sc._ +sp[)a]tium.) + ++triennium+, -ii, _n._, space of three years. (tres, annus, _sc._ +sp[)a]tium.) + ++tr[)i]g[)e]m[)i]nus+, -a, -um, _adj._, three born at a birth. (tres, +geminus.) + ++triumpho+, 1 _v. n._ and _a._, I triumph. (triumphus.) + ++triumphus+, -i, _m._, a triumph. (#thriambos#, procession in honour of +Bacchus.) + ++tu+, _pers. pron._, thou. (#su#.) + ++tum+, _adv._, then. + ++t[)u]multus+, -us, _m._, disturbance. (t[)u]meo.) + ++tunc+, _adv._, then. (tum-ce.) + ++turba+, -ae, _f._, uproar, crowd. + ++turpis+, -e, _adj._, base. + ++turris+, -is, _f._, turret, tower. + ++t[-u]t[-e]+, _adv._, safely. (tutus.) + ++t[-u]tor+, 1 _v. dep. a._, I watch, defend. (tueor.) + ++t[-u]tus+, -a, -um, _adj._, safe. (tueor.) + ++tuus+, -a, -um, _adj._, thy. (tu.) + + ++[-u]ber+, -[)e]ris, _adj._, rich, fertile. + ++[)u]b[)-i]+, _adv._, _relat._ and _interrog._, where, when. Ubi primum, +as soon as. + ++[)u]b[-i]·qu[)e]+, _adv._, wherever, everywhere, anywhere. + ++ullus+, -a, -um, _adj._, any. (For [-u]n[)u]lus, demin. of [-u]nus.) + ++ult[)i]mus+, -a, -um, _adj._, farthest, super. fr. [ulter, obsolete; +cf. ultra] ult[)e]rior, ultimus. + ++ultr[-a]+, _adv._, and _prep. gov. acc._, beyond. (Cf. ult[)i]mus.) + ++ultro+, _adv._, beyond, besides, of one's own accord. (Cf. ultimus.) + ++unda+, -ae, _f._, wave. + ++un·d[-e]·v[-i]c[-e]s[)i]mus+, -a, -um, _adj._, nineteenth. + ++und[)i]qu[)e]+, _adv._, from or on all sides. (unde-que.) + ++unguis+, -is, _m._, nail or talon. (#onux#.) + ++[-u]n[)i]c[-e]+, _adv._, solely, especially. (un[)i]cus, unus.) + ++[-u]n[)i]versus+, -a, -um, _adj._, all together. (unus, verto, turned +into one.) + ++unquam+, or +umquam+, _adv._, at any time, ever. + ++[-u]nus+, -a, -um, _numer._, one. + ++urb[-a]nus+, -a, -um, _adj._, of the city. (urbs.) + ++urb[)i]cus+, -a, -um, _adj._, of the city. (urbs.) + ++urbs+, -is, _f._, city. + ++urgeo+, ursi, no sup., 2 _v. a._, I press on, press hard upon, urge. + ++urna+, -ae, _f._, urn. (Properly a vessel of burnt clay; [-u]ro, +I burn.) + ++urs[-i]nus+, -a, -um, _adj._, like a bear. (ursus.) + ++usquam+, _adv._, anywhere, in anything. (For ubs·quam, from [)u]bi.) + ++usqu[)e]+, _adv._, all the way, always. Usque adeo, to such an extent. +(For ubs·que, from [)u]bi.) + ++[-u]sus+, -us, _m._, use, advantage. ([-u]tor.) + ++[)u]t+, [)u]t[-i], with _indic._, as, when; ut ... sic, _correlatives_, +as ... so; with _subj._, in order that, so that. + ++[)u]ter·qu[)e]+, [)-u]tr[)a]que, [)-u]trumque, _adj. pron._, both, +each. + ++[-u]t[)i]lis+, -e, _adj._, useful. ([-u]tor.) + ++[-u]tor+, [-u]sus, 3 _v. dep._, I use; with _abl._ + ++[)-u]trum+, _interrog. adv._, whether. ([)u]ter.) + ++uxor+, -[-o]ris, _f._, wife. + + ++v[)a]d[)i]m[-o]nium+, -ii, _n._, bail. (v[)a]s, a surety.) + ++v[)a]dor+, 1 _v. dep. a._, I bind over by bail. (v[)a]s.) + ++v[)a]leo+, 2 _v. n._, I am strong, I am of value. In leave-taking, +v[)a]l[-e], etc., farewell. + ++V[)a]l[)e]rius+, -ii, _m._, Valerius. + ++v[)a]l[)i]dus+, -a, -um, _adj._, strong. (v[)a]leo.) + ++v[)a]l[-i]t[-u]do (or v[)a]l[-e]t[-u]do)+, -[)i]nis, _f._, health. +(v[)a]leo.) + ++vallum+, -i, _n._, a rampart with palisades. (vallus, a stake.) + ++v[)a]rius+, -a, -um, _adj._, diverse, different. + ++vast[-u]s+, -a, -um, _adj._, empty, immense. + ++-v[)e]+, _enclitic_, or. + ++vecto+, 1 _v. a._, I carry. (_intens._ of v[)e]ho.) + ++v[)e]ho+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I carry. + ++v[-e]lox+, -[-o]cis, _adj._, swift. (Cf. v[)o]lo, -[-a]re, I fly.) + ++v[)e]l·[)u]t+, +v[)e]l·[)u]ti+, _adv._, just as, as if. + ++v[-e]n[-a]tio+, -[-o]nis, _f._, hunting. (v[-e]nor.) + ++vendo+, -d[)i]di, -d[)i]tum, 3 _v. a._, I sell. (v[-e]num, do.) + ++v[)e]n[-e]num+, -i, _n._, poison. + ++v[)e]nia+, -ae, _f._, pardon. Bonâ veniâ, by your kind leave. + ++v[)e]nio+, v[-e]ni, ventum, 4 _v. n._, I come. + ++v[-e]nor+, 1 _v. dep. a._, I hunt. + ++v[-e]num+, -i, _n._, sale. In classical writers only in acc. sing. + ++vent[)i]to+, 1 _v. n._, I come frequently. (Intens. of v[)e]nio.) + ++verber+, -[)e]ris, _n._, scourge, blow. + ++verbum+, -i, _n._, word. + ++Vergilius+, -ii, _m._, Vergil. + ++v[-e]r[-o]+, _adv._, in truth, but indeed. (v[-e]rus.) + ++versus+, -us, _m._, a line, verse. (verto.) + ++vertex+, -[)i]cis, _m._, whirlpool, top, head. (verto.) + ++verto+, -ti, -sum, 3 _v. a._, I turn; in _pass._ also with abl., I turn +upon, depend upon. + ++v[-e]rus+, -a, -um, _adj._, true. + ++vester+, -tra, -trum, _poss. pron._, your. (vos.) + ++vest[-i]gium+, -ii, _n._, footprint, sole of foot. (vest[-i]go, +I track.) + ++vestio+, 4 _v. a._, I clothe. (vestis, garment.) + ++v[)e]tus+, -[)e]ris, _adj._, old. + ++via+, -ae, _f._, road, way. + ++v[)-i]bro+, 1 _v. a._ and _n._, I brandish, I shake. + ++v[-i]c[)i]es+, _adv._, twenty times. + ++v[-i]c[-i]nus+, -a, -um, _adj._, neighbouring; as _subst._, +a neighbour. (v[-i]cus, hamlet.) + ++vict[-o]ria+, -ae, _f._, victory. (victor, vinco.) + ++victus+, -us, _m._, food, way of life. (v[-i]vo.) + ++v[)i]deo+, v[-i]di, v[-i]sum, 2 _v. a._, I see; in _pass._, I seem. +Impersonally, videtur mihi, it seems good to me. + ++v[-i]ginti+, _numer._, twenty. + ++v[)i]gor+, [-o]ris, _m._, force, strength. (v[)i]geo, I flourish.) + ++vincio+, -nxi, -nctum, 4 _v. a._, I bind. + ++vinco+, v[-i]ci, victum, 3 _v. a._, I conquer. + ++vind[)i]co+, 1 _v. a._, I avenge. (vim-dico, I assert authority.) + ++v[-i]num+, -i, _n._, vine, wine. (#oinos#.) + ++vi[)o]lens+, -entis, _adj._, impetuous. (vis.) + ++vir+, v[)i]ri, _m._, man, husband. + ++virgultum+, -i, _n._, twig. (For virg[)u]l[-e]tum, fr. virg[)u]la, +demin. of virga, branch, twig.) + ++virt[-u]s+, -[-u]tis, _f._, valour. (vir.) + ++vis+ (vim, vi, no _gen. sing._, _plur._ v[-i]res, etc.), _f._, +strength, force. (#is#.) + ++v[-i]so+, -si, -sum, 3 _v. a._, I behold. (Intens. of v[)i]deo.) + ++v[-i]ta+, -ae, _f._, life. (vivo.) + ++v[-i]tis+, -is, _f._, vine. + ++v[-i]vo+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. n._, I live. + ++v[)o]co+, 1 _v. a._, I call. (vox.) + ++volgus+ (or +vulgus+), -i, _n._, rarely _m._, common people; in _abl._, +volgo, as _adv._, commonly. + ++v[)o]lo+, -ui, no sup., velle, 3 _v. a._, I wish for. Quid hoc sibi +vult, what does this mean. + ++v[)o]lo+, 1 _v. n._, I fly. + ++v[)o]lunt[-a]rius+, -a, -um, _adj._, voluntary. (v[)o]lo, I wish.) + ++vos+, _plur._ of tu, you. + ++vox+, v[-o]cis, _f._, voice, expression. (v[)o]co.) + ++vulgus+ and +vulgo+. Cf. volgus. + ++vulnus+, or +volnus+, -[-e]ris, _n._, wound. (Cf. vello, I tear.) + ++vultus+, -us, _m._, countenance. + + ++Xanthippe+, -es, _f._, Xanthippe. (#Xanthippê#.) + + + + +ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. + +_For details about Latin words turn to the Latin-English Vocabulary._ + + ++abandon+, desino. + ++able, I am+, possum. + ++about+, de. + ++accompany+ (home), prosequor. + ++accomplishment+, disciplina. + ++account+, ratio. + ++account, on account of+, propter. + ++acquit+, absolvo. + ++act+, ago. + ++actor+, histrio, actor. + ++adjourn+, profero, differo. + ++administer+ (justice), dico (jus). + ++advance+, incedo, procedo, prodeo, progredior. + ++advanced+ (in age), grandis (natu). + ++advantageous to+, e, ex. + ++advise+, moneo. + ++after+, post. + ++afterwards+, postea, posthac. + ++again+, denuo, iterum. + ++against+, adversus, adversum, in. + ++age+, natus. + ++agree+, convenio. + ++alarm, in+, trepidans. + ++all+, omnis. + ++allowed, it is+, licet. + ++almost+, fere, prope. + ++alone+, solus. + ++alum+, alumen. + ++ambassador+, legatus. + ++amusing+, hilaris, iucundus. + ++and+, et, atque, -que. + ++animal+, bestia, fera. + ++announce+, praedico. + ++another+, alius. + ++anxious+, cupidus. + ++appear+, videor. + ++appearance+, aspectus. + ++apple-tree+, pomum. + ++approve+, probo. + ++arms+, arma. + ++army+, exercitus. + ++arouse+, excito. + ++arrest+, adprehendo. + ++as+, ut, velut. + ++as if, as though+, quasi. + ++ask+, interrogo, rogo; peto, oro. + ++ask for+, peto, oro. + ++ascribe+, acceptum refero. + ++assembly+, contio. + ++assist+, adiuvo. + ++astound+, stupefacio. + ++at+, in. + ++athletics+, ars athletica. + ++attack+, oppugno, pugno in, incurro. + ++attendant+, aeditumus. + ++attract attention+, converto oculos, animum. + ++author+, scriptor. + + ++back, in the+, aversus. + ++bad-tempered+, morosus. + ++bail+, vadimonium. + ++barbarian+, barbarus. + ++bark+, latro. + ++battle+, pugna, proelium. + ++bear+ (_v._), fero. + ++bear-like+, ursinus. + ++beauty+, pulchritudo. + ++because+, quod. + ++beckon+, significo. + ++before+, ante, coram. + ++begin+, coepi. + ++behead+, securi percutio. + ++believe+, credo. + ++bend+, flecto. + ++besiege+, obsideo. + ++betake+, adfero. + ++bird+, avis. + ++blaze+, flagro. + ++block+, insula. + ++blood-stained+, cruentus. + ++blow+, verber. + ++blush+, erubesco. + ++bodily+, _genitive of_ corpus. + ++body+, corpus. + ++boldly+, intrepidus. + ++bone+, os. + ++book+, liber. + ++both+, uterque, + ++both ... and+, et ... et. + ++boy+, puer. + ++brand+ (with mark of infamy), adficio. + ++brave+, fortis, strenuus. + ++brazen+, aeneus. + ++break+, infringo. + ++bribery+, ambitus. + ++bridge+, pons. + ++bring+, fero. + ++bring in+, introduco. + ++brother+, frater. + ++build+, struo, condo, congero. + ++burn+, ardeo, deuro. + ++but+, sed, at. + ++buy+, emo, mercor. + ++by no means+, nequaquam, haudquaquam. + + ++call+, appello, voco. + ++called+, nomine. + ++camp+, castra. + ++can+, possum. + ++carry+, fero, vecto. + ++carry back+, refero. + ++carry to+, asporto. + ++case+, causa, res. + ++cause+, (_v._), curo _with gerundive_. + ++cautious+, cautus. + ++cavalry+, equitatus. + ++cave+, specus. + ++cease+, omitto. + ++censor+, censor. + ++centre+, media pars. + ++certain, a+ (_indef._), quidam. + ++certainly+, procul dubio. + ++challenge+, provoco. + ++chance, by+, forte. + ++chariot+, currus. + ++charm+, demulceo. + ++choose+, deligo, eligo. + ++citizen+, civis. + ++city+, urbs. + ++city, in the+ (_adj._), urbanus, urbicus. + ++clever+, astutus. + ++collect+, comparo. + ++come+, venio. + ++come to+, pervenio. + ++comedy+, comoedia. + ++command+, imperium. + ++command+ (army), rego. + ++conceal+, celo. + ++condemn+, condemno, damno. + ++confidence+, confidentia. + ++congratulation+, gratulatio. + ++conquer+, vinco, supero. + ++consider+, habeo; +I am considered+, videor, habeor. + ++conspiracy+, coniuratio. + ++consult+, consulo, consulto. + ++contest+, certamen. + ++control+, impero. + ++conversation+, sermo. + ++converse with+, colloquor. + ++cook+, torreo. + ++corn+, sementes. + ++correct+, corrigo. + ++country+ (_adj._), rusticus. + ++courage+, animus. + ++course+, cursus. + ++cowardice+, ignavia. + ++credulity+, credulitas. + ++crop+, seges. + ++crowd+, turba, caterva. + ++crown+ (_s._), corona. + ++crown+ (_v._), corono. + ++cry+, conclamo. + ++custom+, mos. + ++cut off+, decido, praecido. + + ++daily+, quotidianus. + ++dare+, audeo. + ++dart+, telum. + ++daughter+, filia. + ++dawn+, prima lux. + ++day+, dies. + ++death+, mors, exitus e vita; (condemn to) +death+, capitis (damno.) + ++deceive+, fallo. + ++deed+, facinus, factum. + ++defeat+, vinco, supero. + ++defend+, defendo. + ++defendant+, reus. + ++demand+ (_s._), postulatum, postulatio. + ++demand+ (_v._), posco. + ++depart+, digredior. + ++depend on+, vertor in. + ++desert+ (_s._), locus desertus. + ++desert+ (_v._), descisco ab. + ++desire+, opto. + ++despise+, contemno. + ++difficulty, of+ (_adj._), difficilis. + ++direct+, dirigo. + ++discover+, detego. + ++dissipate+, digero. + ++distance, at a+, procul. + ++distant+, longus. + ++divine+, divinus. + ++do+, facio. + ++doe+, cerva. + ++dog+, canis. + ++dolphin+, delphin. + ++dominion+, dicio. + ++draw up+, instruo. + ++dreadful+, inmanis. + ++dream+, somnium. + ++dress+, induo. + ++drink+, haurio. + ++drive+, cogo; (from home), exigo. + ++duty+, officium. + ++dying+, moribundus. + + ++each+, quisque. + ++ear+, auris. + ++easily+, faciliter. + ++educate+, educo. + ++eight+, octo. + ++eighty+, octoginta. + ++elephant+, elephantus. + ++emblem+, signum. + ++embrace+, amplector. + ++endeavour+, conor. + ++enemy+, hostis, inimicus. + ++energetic+, acer. + ++enormous+, ingens, vastus. + ++enough+, satis. + ++enter+, introeo, ascendo in. + ++equal+, par. + ++except+, nisi, praeter. + ++exchange+, permutatio. + ++exile+, exilium. + ++expression+, vox. + ++extraordinary+, egregius. + ++eye+, oculus. + + ++fable+, fabula. + ++face+, os. + ++facing+, adversum, adversus. + ++fall down+, concido. + ++famous+, praeclarus, famâ celebri. + ++farm+, fundus. + ++father+, pater, paterfamilias. + ++favourable+, mollis. + ++fear+, metus. + ++feature+, lineamentum. + ++field+, ager. + ++fight+, pugno. + ++figure+, simulacrum. + ++find+, invenio. + ++fine+, pecunia. + ++finger+, digitus. + ++fire+, ignis, incendium. + ++first+, primus. + ++first at+, primum. + ++fit+, aptus. + ++five+, quinque. + ++five times+, quinquies. + ++flight+, fuga. + ++flower+, flos. + ++flute+, tibiae. + ++flute-player+, tibicen. + ++fly+, volo. + ++foliage+, comae. + ++follow+, prosequor. + ++fond+, cupidus. + ++food+, cibus, victus, pabulum. + ++foot+, pes. + ++for+, enim, nam. + ++forbid+, interdico. + ++forces+, copiae. + ++foretell+, praedico. + ++form+, conformo, fingo. + ++formerly+, antea. + ++fortify+, munio. + ++free+, libero. + ++friend+, amicus, familiaris. + ++frighten+, consterno. + ++from+, e, ex; a, ab. + ++from all sides+, undique. + ++front, in+, adversus. + ++fruitful+, felix, fecundus, uber. + ++full speed, at+, citato cursu. + + ++gain+, adipiscor, mihi obvenit. + ++gain possession of+, potior. + ++general+, imperator. + ++gift+, praemium, donum. + ++give+, do, reddo. + ++give account of+, rationem reddo. + ++give advice+, praecipio, moneo. + ++give bail+, vadimonium dare, promittere. + ++give thanks+, gratias ago. + ++give vote+, sententiam fero. + ++glitter+, mico. + ++go+, eo, cedo. + ++god+, deus. + ++gold+ (_adj._), aureus. + ++good+, bonus. + ++good for, I am+, valeo. + ++grass+, gramen. + ++great+, magnus. + ++greedy+, avarus. + ++grieve+, doleo. + ++groan+, gemitus edo. + ++ground+, locus. + ++grow+, nascor. + ++guard+, custodio. + ++guard, I am on my+, caveo. + + ++half+, dimidium. + ++hand+, manus. + ++hand to+, trado. + ++happen+, fio, accido. + ++harmless+, sine noxâ. + ++harsh+, asper. + ++harvest+, messis. + ++haste, make+, propero. + ++haughtily+, per superbiam. + ++have+, habeo. + ++head+, caput. + ++hear+, audio. + ++health+, valetudo. + ++heart+, cor. + ++heaven, by+, divinitus. + ++height+, proceries, magnitudo. + ++help+ (_s._), auxilium. + ++help+ (_v._), adjuvo. + ++herself+, ipsa, se. + ++hide+, recondo, delitesco. + ++high, many stories+, multis tabulatis editus. + ++his+, suus, ejus. + ++hold on+, teneo. + ++hollow+, caverna. + ++home+, domus. + ++honour+, honor; +in honour of+, ob honorem. + ++honourable+, honestus. + ++hope+, spes. + ++horse+, equus. + ++host+, hospes. + ++house+, aedes. + ++how+, quomodo. + ++hundred+, centum. + ++hunt+, venatio. + + ++ignorant+, imperitus. + ++immediately+, statim. + ++immense+, inmensus. + ++impertinence+, petulantia. + ++important+, magnus. + ++in+, in. + ++in honour of+, ob honorem. + ++infamy+, ignominia. + ++inflamed-throat+, synanche. + ++inhabit+, incolo, colo. + ++inroad+, incursio. + ++insult+, contumeliâ afficio. + ++interpreter+, interpres. + ++invent+, comminiscor. + + ++jeer at+, eludo, inrideo. + ++judge+, iudex. + ++justice+, ius. + + ++keep+, retineo. + ++kill+, occido, interficio. + ++king+, rex. + ++know+, scio, percallesco. + + ++labour+, labor. + ++lack+, desum. + ++lame+, debilis. + ++land+, terra. + ++language+, lingua. + ++large+, magnus, ingens. + ++large sum of+, grandis. + ++lark+, cassita. + ++laugh at+, derideo. + ++laurel+ (_s._), laurus. + ++laurel+ (_adj._), laureus. + ++law+, lex. + ++law-suit+, lis. + ++leader+, dux. + ++leaf+, frons. + ++leave+, relinquo. + ++leg+, crus. + ++lend+, dare ... mutuum. + ++lick+, lambo, demulceo. + ++lie+, mendacium. + ++lies, tell+, mentior. + ++life+, vita, caput. + ++lifeless+, exanguis. + ++like+, more (_with adj. or gen._). + ++line+ (+of battle+), acies. + ++linger+, demoror. + ++lion+, leo. + ++live+, vivo. + ++loiterer+, cessator. + ++long while, for a+, diu. + ++loose, let+, emitto. + ++lose+, amitto. + ++loud+, sublatus, magnus. + ++love+, amo. + ++luxuriant+, laetus. + ++lyre+, fides. + + ++mad, I am+, deliro. + ++magnificence+, splendor. + ++maintain+, retineo, contendo. + ++make+, facio, reddo. + ++make haste+, propero. + ++man+, homo. + ++manoeuvre+, converto. + ++many+, multus. + ++many sorts of+, varius. + ++mark+, nota. + ++marriage+, matrimonium. + ++married to, I am+, nubo. + ++marsh+, palus. + ++marvellous+, mirandus. + ++master+, dommus, magister. + ++matron+, materfamilias. + ++matter+, res. + ++mean, what does this+, quid hoc sibi vult. + ++medicine+, medicina, res medicina. + ++meet+, obviam fio. + ++mid-day+, (_s._), dies medius. + ++mid-day+, (_adj._), meridianus. + ++middle+, medius. + ++military+, militaris. + ++mimic hunt+, pugna venationis. + ++modern+, praesens. + ++money+, pecunia. + ++mother+, mater. + ++motionless+, immobilis. + ++mount+, inscendo. + ++mourn for+, lugeo. + ++mourning+, habitus lugubris. + ++mouth+, os. + ++much+, multus, grandis. + ++much+, as much as, tantus ... quantus. + ++must+, necesse est. + ++my+, meus. + ++myself+, ego ipse. + + ++name+, nomen, cognomen. + ++nation+, gens. + ++natural position+, natura. + ++near+, prope. + ++necessary+, necesse. + ++neck+, collum. + ++neck-lace+, torquis. + ++neglect+, negligo. + ++neighbour+, vicinus. + ++neighbouring+, proximus. + ++nest+, nidus. + ++never+, nunquam, nusquam. + ++next+, posterus. + ++next day+, postridie. + ++night+, nox. + ++nine+, novem. + ++no one+, nemo, nullus. + ++not+, non, haud. + ++number+, numerus. + + ++oak+, quercus. + ++oath+, iusiurandum. + ++obey+, pareo. + ++offer+, offero. + ++offspring+, fetus. + ++often+, saepe. + ++old+, antiquus, vetus. + ++old days, in+, antiquitus. + ++old-fashioned+, priscus. + ++old woman+, anus. + ++olive+, oleum. + ++on, in+, super. + ++one+, unus. + ++one day+, quodam die. + ++only+, modo. + ++opinion, I am of+, censeo. + ++oppose+, loquor contra. + ++oracle+, oraculum. + ++order+, jubeo, impero. + ++order that, in+, ut, quo. + ++other+, alius. + ++others, the+, ceteri. + ++ought+, debeo, _or gerundive_. + ++out of+, e, ex. + ++own, his+, suus. + ++owner+, dominus. + + ++palm+, palma. + ++pardon+, poenâ solvo. + ++pass+ (sentence), fero (sententiam). + ++pay+, do, solvo. + ++peace+, pax. + ++people+, populus, vulgus. + ++perch on+, insisto. + ++perfect+, integer. + ++perform+, facio. + ++perish+, pereo. + ++persuade+, persuadeo. + ++philosopher+, philosophus. + ++pierce+, perfodio. + ++pitiable+, miserandus. + ++place+, (_s._), locus. + ++place+ (hope), habeo (spem). + ++place in+, condo. + ++place on+, impono, pono. + ++plague+, pestilentia. + ++plain+, campus. + ++plan+, consilium. + ++plant+, consero. + ++play+, cano. + ++plead+, verba facere. + ++poison+, venenum. + ++polish+, tracto. + ++position, natural+, natura. + ++possession, take+, potior. + ++praise+, laus. + ++pray+, obsecro, oro. + ++present+, dono, offero. + ++pretend+, simulo. + ++prevent, to+, ut ne, ne. + ++price+, pretium. + ++prisoner+, captivus. + ++produce+, pario, edo, profero. + ++promise+, promitto. + ++proof+, argumentum. + ++property+, praedium. + ++propose+, censeo. + ++provided with+, copiosus. + ++prune+, amputo. + ++publicly+, publice. + ++pull out+, revello. + ++pull up+, revello. + ++punish+, vindico, punio, multo. + ++pupil+, auditor. + + ++quarrelsome+, litigiosus. + + ++ravage+, depopulor. + ++raven+, corvus. + ++read+, recito. + ++reap+, meto. + ++receive+, accipio, fero. + ++recover+, recupero. + ++refuse+, nolo. + ++rejoicing+ (_s._), laetitia. + ++rejoicing+ (_adj._), laetus. + ++relate+, narro, trado. + ++relation+, cognatus. + ++remain+, maneo. + ++remaining+, reliquus. + ++remains+, reliquiae. + ++remarkable+, eximius. + ++remedy+, remedium. + ++reply+, respondeo. + ++reproach+, obiicio. + ++restore+, reddo. + ++return+, redeo. + ++returns+ (_s._), reditus. + ++reward+, praemium. + ++rise+, exurgo, resurgo. + ++road+, via. + ++roaring+, fremitus. + ++room+, cubiculum. + ++rough+, rudis. + + ++safe+, salvus, incolumis. + ++safety+, salus. + ++sailor+, nauta. + ++same+, idem. + ++save+, servo. + ++say+, dico, narro. + ++scorn+, aspernor. + ++sea+, mare. + ++search for+, quaero, requiro. + ++seated on+, insidens. + ++secret+, clandestinus, tacitus. + ++secretly+, tacite. + ++see+, video. + ++sell+, vendo. + ++senate+, senatus. + ++senate-house+, curia. + ++senator+, senator. + ++send+, mitto. + ++send for+, arcesso. + ++sentence+, sententia. + ++separate+, separo. + ++shake+, vibro. + ++shame+, pudor. + ++shapeless+, informis. + ++shield+, scutum. + ++shine+, praefulgeo. + ++ship+, navis. + ++shoulder+, humerus. + ++shout+, clamor. + ++show+, ostendo. + ++shut in+, includo. + ++shut up+, claudo. + ++sickle+, falx. + ++siege+, obsideo. + ++sigh+, murmura edo. + ++sight+, aspectus. + ++sight, in my+, me inspectante. + ++silent, I am+, taceo. + ++silently+, tacite. + ++silver+ (_adj._), argenteus. + ++sing+, cano. + ++sister+, soror. + ++sit+, sedeo. + ++situated+, situs. + ++six+, sex. + ++size+, corpus. + ++skill+, ars, disciplina. + ++skilled+, peritus, sollers. + ++slave+, servus. + ++slay+, transigo. + ++sleep+, quiesco. + ++small+, parvus. + ++smear+, lino. + ++so+, ita, itaque. + ++soldier+, miles. + ++son+, filius. + ++song+, carmen. + ++soon+, mox. + ++spare+, parco. + ++speak+, loquor, dico, enuntio. + ++spear+, telum. + ++speed, at full+, citato cursu. + ++speed+, celeritas. + ++spoil+, praeda. + ++spring into+, transilio. + ++spring down+, desilio. + ++stand+, sto. + ++stand forth+, exto. + ++stand still+, consisto. + ++state+, respublica. + ++stem+, lignum. + ++stern+, puppis. + ++story+, tabulatum (of house); apologus (tale). + ++strength+, vis. + ++strengthen+, firmo. + ++stretch out+, protendo. + ++strike+, percutio. + ++strong+, validus, violentas. + ++success, with+, prospere. + ++such+, talis, ejusmodi. + ++sucker+, suboles. + ++suddenly+, repente. + ++suffer from+, patior. + ++summon+, arcesso. + ++sunrise+, lucis ortus, sol oriens. + ++supply+, copia. + ++surpass+, praesto. + ++surround+, cingo. + ++sword+, gladius. + + ++tail+, cauda. + ++take+, capio, fero. + ++take from+, detraho. + ++take to flight+, in fugam me proripio. + ++take possession of+, potior. + ++take refuge in+, concedo in. + ++tale+, fabula. + ++talent+, talentum. + ++talk with+, colloquor. + ++teach+, doceo. + ++tear+, lanio. + ++tear in pieces+, dilacero, discindo. + ++tear open+, rescindo, divello. + ++tell+, dico, narro, enuntio. + ++tell lies+, mentior. + ++temple+, templum. + ++ten+, decem. + ++term+, condicio. + ++terrible+, terrificus. + ++terrified+, territus. + ++thank+, grates ago, gratias ago. + ++thanks+, grates, gratiae. + ++that+, ille, is. + ++their+, suus, eorum, illorum. + ++therefore+, itaque. + ++thing+, res. + ++think+, puto. + ++third+, tertius. + ++this+, hic. + ++thorn+, stirps. + ++though+, cum. + ++three+, tres. + ++three years+, triennium. + ++through+, per. + ++throw+, iacio, coniicio. + ++throw away+, abiicio. + ++throw down+, everto. + ++thus+, ita, sic. + ++time+, tempus. + ++time, at the+, in praesens. + ++tomb+, sepulcrum. + ++to-morrow+, cras. + ++towards+, ad. + ++tower+, turris. + ++town+, oppidum. + ++trappings+, insignia. + ++treachery+, insidiae. + ++tree+, arbor. + ++tribune+, tribunus. + ++triumph+ (_s._), triumphus. + ++triumph+ (_v._), triumpho. + ++trust in+, confido. + ++try+, experior, cognosco. + ++turn to+ or +on+, refero. + ++turret+, turris. + ++twenty+, viginti. + ++twenty-times+, vicies. + ++twig+, virgultum. + ++two+, duo. + + ++uncle+, patruus. + ++understand+, intellego. + ++undertake+, recipio. + ++unfinished+, inperfectus. + ++unfledged+, involucris. + ++unsettled+, iniudicatus. + ++unusual+, novus. + ++unwilling, I am+, nolo. + ++urn+, urna. + ++use+, utor, expromo. + ++useful+, utilis, magno usu _and_ magno usui. + + ++vain, in+, frustra. + ++vast+, ingens. + ++verdict, I give a+, pronuntio. + ++verse+, versus. + ++very+, admodum. + ++victory+, victoria. + ++vigour+, vigor. + ++vine+, vinum. + ++voice+, vox. + ++voluntary+, voluntarius. + ++vote+, sententia. + + ++wag+, moveo. + ++war+, bellum. + ++warn+, moneo, praemoneo. + ++warrior+, bellator. + ++wavering+, ambiguus. + ++weary, I am, of this+, pertaedet me huius. + ++weep+, lacrimo. + ++weep for+, comploro. + ++weight+, pondus. + ++well-loved+, amatus. + ++what+, quis. + ++whatever+, quicumque. + ++when+, ubi, cum. + ++whenever+, ubicumque, cum. + ++which+, qui. + ++white+, albus. + ++who+, quis, qui. + ++whoever+, quicumque. + ++whole+, totus. + ++why+, cur. + ++wife+, uxor. + ++wild-beast+, fera, bestia. + ++wild-beast, of a+, (_adj._), ferinus. + ++willingly+, libenter. + ++win+, vinco. + ++win over+, comparo. + ++with+, cum. + ++wise+, sapiens. + ++wish+, volo. + ++woman+, mulier. + ++woman, old+, anus. + ++wonder at+, miror, admiror, demiror. + ++wonderful+, minis, mirandus, mirificus. + ++wooden+, ligneus. + ++word+, verbum. + ++worthy+, dignus. + ++wound+ (_s._), vulnus. + ++wound+ (_v._), haurio. + ++write+, scribo. + ++writer+, scriptor. + + ++you+, tu, vos. + ++young man+, adulescens. + ++young ones+, pulli. + + + + +ORDER OF THE "STORIES" COMPARED WITH THE BOOKS OF THE "NOCTES ATTICAE." + + +SELECTION. NOCTES ATTICAE. + + 1. xvii. 10 + 2. xvii. 4 + 3. xiii. 6 + 4. i. 17 + 5. ii. 1 + 6. v. 2 + 7. xv. 17 + 8. i. 14 + 9. v. 5 + 10. xv. 16 + 11. i. 23 + 12. i. 23 + 13. xv. 22 + 14. xv. 22 + 15. i. 19 + 16. iv. 18 + 17. iv. 18 + 18. vi. (vii.) 1 + 19. i. 3 + 20. i. 10 + 21. ix. 13 + 22. ix. 13 + 23. ix. 11 + 24. ii. 29 + 25. ii. 29 + 26. ii. 29 + 27. iii. 8 + 28. v. 14 + 29. v. 14 + 30. v. 14 + 31. vi. (vii.) 5 + 32. xi. 9 + 33. xii. 12 + 34. xv. 1 + 35. xvi. 19 + 36. xvi. 19 + 37. xix. 12 + 38. xvii. 16 + 39. v. 10 + 40. vi. (vii.) 18 + + + + +INDEX TO THE MOST IMPORTANT NOTES. + +_The Roman figures give the number of the selection, the Arabic figures +the number of the line in the selection._ + + [Transcriber's Note: + The Notes and the Proper Names were printed as shown here, + in a single merged Index.] + + _abhinc multis annis_, xx. 10. + _ablative absolute_, v. 9. + _acceptum referre_, xvii. 13. + _accusative plural_ of 3rd declension in -is, ix. 2. + _acerbus_, v. 5. + _adfines_, xxvi. 5. + _adigere_ aliquem iusiurandum, xl. 6. + _adjective_ for English substantive and preposition, x. 1 (Milo + Crotoniensis); xl. 1 (proelium Cannense). + _advocare_, xxxii. 2. + _aedes_, xvi. 17. + _aerarium_, xvii. 10. + _Aesopus_, xxiv. 1. + _ager Pomptinus_, xxiii. 1. + +#akoinonoêtoi#+, xxxiii. 10. + _albus_, xiv. 1. + _Alcibiades_, iv. 4. + _Alexander_, vi. 1. + _ambitus_, ii. 2. + _animus_ and _mens_, v. 5. + _Antiochus_, ix. 1. + _antiquus_, xx. 4. + _argyranche_, xxxii. 14. + _Arion_, xxxv. 1. + _Aristoteles_, iii. 1. + _attraction of antecedent_ into relative clause, xxx. 2; xxxix. 6. + _Aurunci_, xx. 6. + _avunculus_, vii. 1. + + _Bucephalas_, vi. 1. + _-bundus_ and _-cundus_, vi. 11. + + _Caesar_, C. Iulius, xx. 16. + _Caesar_, Claudius, xxix. 2. + _canere tibiis_, vii. 4. + _Cannae_, ix. 1. + _capitalis res_, xxx. 9. + _caput_, xix. 1. + _Cato_, xvii. 1. + _censeo_ (parenthetically), xvi. 12. + _censores_, xl. 24. + _Chares_, vi. 2. + _Cicero_, xxxiii. 1. + _cinctus_, xxi. 17. + _Circus_ Maximus, xxviii. 1. + _Cispius_ Mons, xxxiv. 3. + _cognati_, xxvi. 5. + _comoediarum certamina_, ii. 2. + _comparare_ hominem in aliquem, xvii. 3. + _congerere_ (absolutely), xxv. 3. + _consecution_ of tenses after historic present, xxi. 12; xxiii. 6; + xxxv. 5. + _contestari_ litem, xxxix. 12. + _Coruncanius_, xx. 4. + _Crotoniensis_, x. 1. + _Crotona_, x. 1. + _cruor_, xxix. 23. + _cum_ (conj.), vi. 8; with indic. (1) frequentative, xiv. 7; + (2) = et tum, xxi. 6; (3) = because, xxxiii. 11. + _curia_, xi. 1. + _Curius Dentatus_, xx. 3. + _curo_ with gerundive, vii. 3; xiii. 1. + + _dative_ of purpose (predicative dat.), viii. 4. + _Demades_, xxxii. 4. + _Demosthenes_, xxxii. 4. + _dependent_ interrogatives, x. 6. + _desinere_ artem, x. 3. + _deveho_ (de = to land), xxxvi. 7. + _disciplina_, xxii. 2. + _dissimulanter_, xxxvi. 12. + _dum_ with subj., xxv. 5. + + _Electra_, xxxi. 5. + _Ennius_, xxxviii. 9. + _ephippium_, ix. 6. + _Euander_, xx. 9. + _exerceor_, in middle sense, iv. 7. + + _Fabricius_, viii. 1. + _fac eas_, xxv. 11. + _facto_ ... opus est, xiv. 18. + _falcibus_ (currus cum), ix. 4. + _familias_, xii. 3. + _Favorinus_, xx. 1. + _felix_ (fruitful), xxxvii. 18. + _foculus_, xv. 7. + _forum_, xxiii. 21. + _frequentative_ verbs, xviii. 4. + _frenis_ ... fulgentem, ix. 6. + + _genitive_ denoting "nature," "duty" of, xxxiii. 12. + _genitive_ after gerund (causarum orandi cupidus), xxxix. 1. + _gerunds_ and _gerundives_, xiii. 1. + _gratiae_, xxxvii. 13. + + _Hannibal_, ix. 1. + _haurire_ pectus, xxii. 9. + _hercle_, iii. 1. + _Hispanicus_ gladius, xxii. 7. + _historic_ infinitive, xxv. 15. + _Horatii_, xx. 5. + _hospita_, xv. 2. + + _id temporis_, xviii. 7. + _imperium_ proconsulare, xxix. 5. + _inceptive_ or inchoative verbs, ii. 5. + _ingentis_, (acc. plur.), ix. 2. + _in iure_ stare, xviii. 18. + _inmittere_ (absolutely), vi. 9. + _insula_ (lodging-house), xxxiv. 4. + _interrogatives_, dependent, x. 6. + _ire infitias_, xxxvi. 18. + _ius_ dicere, xviii. 16. + _iusiurandum_ aliquem adigere, xl. 6. + + _locative_ case, xi. 1. + _loci_ (nusquam), xv. 19. + + (e) _mediis_ hostibus, vi. 12. + _Menander_, ii. 1. + _mens_ and _animus_, v. 5. + _Methymna_, xxxv. 1. + _middle_ signification of passive voice, iv. 7. + _mihi_ and _ad me_ after verbs, xxvii. 13. + _Milo_, x. 1. + _Mitridates_, xxxviii. 1. + _monilia_, ix. 6. + + _-ne_ pleonastic, xi. 10. + _ne_ ... quis, xi. 4. + _nemo_, xiv. 9. + _nobilis_, xxxv. 1. + _noctis_ extremo, xviii. 3. + _nonne_, _num_, _-ne_, ii. 5. + _nudus_, xxi. 7. + _nusquam_ loci, xv. 16. + + _Orestes_, xxxi. 5. + _Oresti_ (genitive), xxxi. 6. + _orthium_ carmen, xxxv. 21. + _Osce_, xxxviii. 10. + + _Palatium_, xxxiii. 1. + _pareo_, _pario_, _paro_, i. 2. + _participle_ and verb in Latin = two verbs in English, xxi. 3; xl. 2. + _partitive_ genitive, id temporis, xviii. 7; quantum mercedis, + xxxii. 17. + _passives_ with middle signification, iv. 7. + _Pelasgi_, xx. 6. + _per_ contemptum, xxiii. 5. + _Periander_, xxxv. 1. + _Pericles_, vii. 1. + _phalerae_, ix. 6. + _Philemon_, ii. 1. + _Piraeus_, xxxiv. 15. + _plague_ of Athens, v. 10. + _Plutarchus_, iii. 1. + _Poenus_, ix. 8. + _Pomptinus_ ager, xxiii. 1. + _possies_, xxiv. 13. + _postliminium_, xl. 12. + (in) _praesens_, xxxiii. 2. + _praetextatus_, xi. 2. + _predicative_ dative, viii. 4. + _prepositions_, verbs compounded with, xxix. 22; xxxiv. 3. + _priusquam_ with subjunctive, xxxiii. 4. + _proconsulare_ imperium, xxix. 5. + _Protagoras_, xxxix. 3. + _purpose_, dative of, viii. 4. + _Pyrrus_, xxvii. 1. + _Pythagoras_, x. 1. + + _quadrati_ versus, xxiv. 10. + _quae_ dicas (indefinite), xx. 11. + _quaeso_ (parenthetically), ii. 4. + _quasi_, xv. 6. + _qui_ with subjunctive (final), xxv. 17; (causal) xxxvii. 3. + _quid_ ... sibi vult, xii. 6. + (si) _quid_ rei, xxv. 7. + _quin_ with indicative, xxvi. 4. + _quis_ (indefinite), xi. 4. + _quisquam_ and _ullus_, x. 6. + + _re_ in composition, i. 6. + + _Samnites_, viii. 1. + _satira_, xxiv. 10. + _scatebat_ iris, iv. 3. + _Scipio_ Africanus, xvi. 1; xviii. 2. + _Scipio_ Asiaticus, xvii. 5. + _scutum_, xxi. 17. + _securus_ with genitive, vi. 14. + _sed_ enim, xv. 10. + _sequence_ of tenses after historic present, xxi. 12; xxiii. 6; + xxxv. 5. + _sestertii_ and _sestertium_, vi. 3; xxxiii. 2. + _Sertorius_, xiii. 1. + _Sibyllini_ libri, xv. 1. + _Sicani_, xx. 6. + _Socrates_, iv. 1, 4. + _sol_ oriens, v. 3. + _sollemnis_, xvi. 18. + _Sophocles_, xxx. 5. + _Sulla_, L., xxxiv. 15. + _Sulla_, P., xxxiii. 2. + _supine_ in -um, xvi. 13; xxii. 17; xxv. 6. + _supine_ in -u, xiv. 5; xxiv. 2; xxvii. 12. + + _Taenarum_, xxxvi. 6. + _talentum_, xxxii. 19. + _Tarquinius_ Superbus, xv. 1. + _temporal_ conjunctions with subjunctive, cum, vi. 8; dum, xxv. 5; + priusquam, xxxiii. 4. + _tibiae_, vii. 4. + _Torquatus_, xxi. 1. + _torquis_, xxi. 3. + _tribunus_ militaris, xxiii. 8. + _tribunus_ plebis, xvi. 1. + _turribus_ (elephanti cum), ix. 5. + + _ullus_, x. 6. + + _vadari_, xviii. 22. + _vadimonium_, xviii. 19. + _venum_ dare, xxxiv. 10. + _Vergilius_, i. 1. + _vertitur_ in, xxvi. 20. + _videres_, xxviii. 15. + _vult_, quid sibi, xii. 6. + + _Zama_, ix. 1. + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + +ERRATA (noted by transcriber) + +The spelling "deminutive" (demin.) is used consistently. + +A few terms were inconsistently italicized, including "e.g.", "i.e." +and "only" (in vocabulary notes such as "sing. only"). Rather than +try to second-guess the author, they have been left as printed. + + +_Errors and Irregularities:_ + + XV: + Tarquinius ore iam serio atque attentiore animo fit [Tarquinus] + + VI Note: + entered the Punjaub [_spelling unchanged_] + XVI Note: + +gratulatum+ ... the verb of motion [notion] + + Latin-to-English Vocabulary: + +d[-o]n[)e]c+, _conj._, until. + [_Text has Greek #e# for [)e] in "donec"_] + +l[-i]b[)e]ro+ ... (l[-i]ber.) + [_Macron in "l[-i]ber" conjectural: printed text has "l[i]ber" + without visible macron or dot_] + + +_Missing or invisible punctuation:_ + +"Invisible" means that there is a suitably sized gap, but no printing +is visible. + +STORIES + + XIV. + ... in eum locum, in quo ipse cum amicis esset, [. for second ,] + XVIII. + atque ibi solus diu demorari, [. for ,] + XXIX. + recubuit et quievit." [" missing] + +NOTES + + I. + +P. Vergilius Maro+ ... after the fall of Troy [. missing] + +p[)a]r[)e]re+ ..._par[)i]tum, -[)e]re_ [- missing] + III. + +hercle+ ... '_me deus Fidius juvet_' [' missing] + XIII. + +The uses of the gerund and gerundive+ + ... e.g. _haec ad iudicandum sunt facillima_ + ... _sum_ (_est_, _erat_, _fuit_, _esse_, etc.) + ... e.g. _nunc est bibendum_ + [_all periods in "e.g." and "etc." invisible_] + 'he gave them the lands to dwell in.' Cf. vii. 3. note. + [. missing after "dwell in" _and_ after "vii."] + XVI. + +Publius Cornelius+ ... his father P. Scipio [. missing] + I am old enough.' [" for '] + XVIII. + +ventitare+ ... 'I stick fast.' [" for '] + XX. + +11.+ +quae dicas+ [. invisible] + XXVI. + +quin ... imus+ ... 'nay, look at me' [" for '] + XXIX. + +proconsulari imperio+ ... praetors: (2) the Imperial Provinces + [_shown as printed, but : may be error for ;_] + XXXI. + +Electram+ ... the bones of Orestes.' [" for '] + XXXII. + +quin ... quoque+, [_ellipsis in printed phrase invisible_] + XXXIII. + +sestertium viciens+ ... or 2½ asses [denominator invisible] + +LATIN VOCABULARY + + +ad·ficio+. Cf. afficio. [· invisible] + +c[)o]r[-o]na+, -ae [- missing] + +deus+, -i, _m._, god. [. missing] + +f[-a]cundia+, -ae, _f._, eloquence [. invisible] + +f[-e]cundus+, -a, -um [- missing] + +g[)e]m[)i]tus+, -us [- missing] + +ign[-o]ro+ ... (ign[-a]rus, for in-gnarus or -narus.) [) missing] + +im·m[-i]tis+ [· invisible] + +m[-i]r[)i]f[)i]cus+, -a, -um [first - missing] + +ob·v[)e]nio+ [· invisible] + +p[)a]v[)e]·f[)a]cio+ ... (p[)a]veo.) [. missing] + +pax+, p[-a]cis ... (#pêgnumi#.) [. invisible] + +P[)e]riander+, -dri, _m._ [. for second ,] + +quaero+, -s[-i]vi or -sii, s[-i]tum [second - missing] + +qu[-a]lis+, -e ... talis ... qualis + [_ellipsis in "talis ... qualis" invisible_] + +quam·ob·rem+, _adv._ [. invisible] + +s[)u]p[)e]rior+, -us ... s[)-u]pr[-e]mus or summus. [. invisible] + +vast[-u]s+, -a, -um [second - missing] + +v[-e]rus+, -a, -um, [. after -um.,] + +vict[-o]ria+, -ae, _f._, victory. (victor, vinco.) [. invisible] + +vis+ (vim, vi, no _gen. sing._, _plur._ v[-i]res, etc.) + [. invisible] + +ENGLISH VOCABULARY + + +bail+, vadimonium [. missing] + +sight, in my+, me inspectante [. missing] + +INDEX TO NOTES + + _Osce_, xxxviii. 10. 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