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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Stories from Aulus Gellius, by Aulus Gellius
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Stories from Aulus Gellius
+       Being Selections And Adaptations From The Noctes Atticae
+
+Author: Aulus Gellius
+
+Editor: G. H. Nall
+
+Release Date: June 21, 2008 [EBook #25861]
+
+Language: Latin
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STORIES FROM AULUS GELLIUS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Louise Hope, Anna Tuinman, Ted Garvin and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+[Transcriber’s Note:
+
+This e-text includes characters that will only display in UTF-8
+(Unicode) text readers, including some accented Greek in the Notes:
+
+  œ [“oe” ligature]
+  ā ē ī ō ū [vowels with macron or “long” mark]
+  ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ [vowels with breve or “short” mark]
+  ἀκοινονόητοι [Greek: akoinonoêtoi]
+
+If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular,
+if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the
+apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage,
+make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set
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+
+The original text used numbered lines for reference in the Notes.
+These have been replaced with line numbers in {braces} placed between
+sentences, generally at mid-line. The lines in your text reader are
+probably longer than the lines in the original book, so numbers such
+as {5} and {10} will be less than five physical lines apart. Selections
+are short, and each Note starts with the word or phrase referenced.
+
+Brackets in the Notes and Vocabulary are in the original.
+
+Typographical errors are listed at the end of the text.]
+
+
+
+
++Elementary Classics.+
+
+
+                  STORIES FROM
+
+                 AULUS GELLIUS,
+
+   Being Selections And Adaptations From The
+
+                NOCTES ATTICAE,
+
+
+ _Edited With Notes Exercises And Vocabularies_
+          _For The Use Of Lower Forms_
+
+
+                     By The
+
+            REV. G. H. NALL, M.A.,
+    Assistant Master At Westminster School.
+
+
+                   +London:+
+               MACMILLAN AND CO.,
+                 AND NEW YORK.
+                     1888.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+It is hoped that this series of short stories from A. Gellius may serve
+as a pleasant change to young boys after a course of Cornelius Nepos,
+Eutropius, etc. The language of the original has been simplified in
+parts, and some rare or late words and constructions cut out. The Notes
+have been made, with few exceptions, as short as possible; a few more
+lengthy digressions, such as those upon the ablative absolute and the
+gerundial constructions, will need no apology, if they succeed in
+leading boys to think out for themselves the difficulties which these
+constructions present. Some simple Exercises have been added at the
+request of the Publishers, and for these an English-Latin Vocabulary has
+been compiled. In this Vocabulary the words are arranged in alphabetical
+order, since the Exercises are intended principally for _viva voce_
+drill in form, and the Editor’s experience does not confirm the theory
+of some Editors, that a boy’s knowledge of a language is increased in
+proportion to the time that he spends in hunting for words that he does
+not know; he considers that the “paragraph” vocabulary makes the lazy
+boy take refuge in guessing, whilst it wastes the time of the
+industrious boy.
+
+The Editor acknowledges his obligations to the Latin Grammars of Dr.
+Kennedy and Mr. Roby, and to Dr. Smith’s Dictionaries of Biography and
+Antiquities, and to similar works which lie at every schoolmaster’s
+elbow.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+                                                      PAGE
+  Preface,                                               v
+  Life of Aulus Gellius,                                ix
+  Text of the “Stories from Aulus Gellius,”              1
+  Notes on the Text,                                    33
+  Exercises,                                            75
+  Latin-English Vocabulary,                             98
+  English-Latin Vocabulary,                            137
+  Table showing the order of the “Stories” compared
+    with the Books of the “Noctes Atticae,”            147
+  Index to Notes,                                      148
+  Index to Proper Names.                               152
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+AULUS GELLIUS.
+
+
+Nothing is known about the life of A. Gellius beyond what can be
+gathered from occasional hints in his own writings; it has even been
+disputed whether his name was Agellius or A. Gellius. Probably he was a
+Roman by birth, of good family and connections. He seems to have spent
+his early years at Rome, studying under the celebrated teachers,
+Sulpicius Apollinaris, T. Castricius, and Antonius Julianus (cf.
+xxxiv. 1): to have continued his studies at Athens, where he lived on
+terms of familiarity with Herodes Atticus, Calvisius Taurus, Peregrinus
+Proteus, and other famous philosophers of that day: and after the lapse
+of many years to have returned to Rome, and devoted the remaining years
+of his life to literary pursuits and the society of a large circle of
+friends. The dates of his birth and death are unknown, but from the
+names of his teachers and friends it is certain that he lived during the
+reigns of Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius, 117-180 A.D.
+
+The only work of A. Gellius that has reached us, possibly the only one
+that he wrote, is the “Noctes Atticae,” so called because it was begun
+during the long nights of winter in a country house in Attica
+(_longinquis per hiemen noctibus in agro terrae Atticae_). It consists
+of numerous extracts from Greek and Roman writers on subjects connected
+with history, philosophy, philology, and antiquities, illustrated by
+abundant criticisms and discussions. These extracts are thrown together
+without any attempt at order or arrangement, and divided into twenty
+books. He had been accustomed whilst reading, he says, to make notes
+upon anything which struck him as worth remembering. These notes he
+embodied with little change in his work, in the same haphazard order in
+which they had been made (_usi autem sumus ordine rerum fortuito quem
+antea in excerpendo feceramus_).
+
+Naturally the various parts of such a ‘Miscellany’ vary greatly in
+quality. Some portions of it are highly valuable and interesting. For
+instance, many quotations are preserved from ancient authors whose works
+have perished, some of which throw light upon questions of
+constitutional and antiquarian interest, which would otherwise have
+remained obscure; many literary and historical anecdotes are given which
+are valuable in themselves; and some important grammatical usages and
+theories are noted. But the author’s appetite was omnivorous. He is as
+eager to tell the story of a marvellous African serpent, 120 feet in
+length, whose destruction required the utmost efforts of a whole Roman
+army, with their _ballistae_ and _catapultae_ (_magna totius exercitus
+conflictione, ballistis atque catapultis diu oppugnatum._ --_N. A._
+vii. 3), or to discuss some absurd etymology, such as that of _avarus_
+from _avidus aeris_, as to preserve some really valuable detail of
+senatorial procedure, or record the use and origin of obscure
+constitutional phrases. His own criticisms, moreover, are as a rule
+worthless, and his translations are feeble; but in spite of all these
+defects his work is exceedingly interesting, and we could ill afford to
+lose it.
+
+His Latin style shows the defects of his age, an age in which the Romans
+had ceased to feel the full meaning of the words which they used, and
+endeavoured to gain emphasis by employing obscure phrases and unnatural
+turns of expression. But these peculiarities are even more noticeable in
+the writings of his contemporaries.
+
+
+
+
+
+STORIES FROM AULUS GELLIUS.
+
+
+I. VERGIL AND HIS POEMS.
+
+  _Vergil, who spent much labour in polishing his verses, used to
+  compare himself to a bear, which licks its cubs into shape._
+
+Dicebat P. Vergilius, ut amici eius familiaresque ferunt, se parere
+versus more ursino. “Namque ut illa bestia” inquit, “fetum edit informem
+lambendoque postea conformat et fingit, sic ingenii quoque mei partus
+primum rudes et inperfecti sunt, sed tractando corrigendoque reddo iis
+oris et vultus liniamenta.” {6}
+
+
+II. MENANDER AND PHILEMON.
+
+  _The poet Menander, meeting his successful rival Philemon, asked
+  him if he did not feel ashamed to defeat him._
+
+Menander a Philemone, nequaquam pari scriptore, in certaminibus
+comoediarum ambitu gratiâque saepenumero vincebatur. Ei forte obviam
+factus est Menander, et “Quaeso” inquit, “Philemo, bonâ veniâ dic mihi,
+cum me vincis, nonne erubescis?” {5}
+
+
+III. THE PALM TREE.
+
+  _The palm has been made the emblem of victory, because its wood
+  does not yield, when heavy weights are placed upon it._
+
+Rem hercle mirandam Aristoteles et Plutarchus dicunt. “Si super palmae
+arboris lignum” inquiunt “magna pondera imponis, non deorsum palma cedit
+nec intra flectitur, sed adversus pondus resurgit et sursum recurvatur;
+propterea in certaminibus palma signum victoriae facta est, quoniam
+urgentibus opprimentibusque non cedit.” {7}
+
+
+IV. SOCRATES AND HIS WIFE.
+
+  _Socrates, when asked why he endured his quarrelsome wife, replied
+  that to bear her temper was good discipline._
+
+Xanthippe, Socratis philosophi uxor, admodum morosa et litigiosa fuisse
+fertur, irisque muliebribus per diem perque noctem scatebat. Quam rem in
+maritum Socraten Alcibiades demiratus, “Cur mulierem” inquit “tam
+acerbam domo non exigis?” “Quoniam,” respondit Socrates, “cum illam domi
+talem perpetior, insuesco et exerceor, ut ceterorum quoque foris
+petulantiam et iniuriam facilius feram.” {8}
+
+
+V. THE SELF-DISCIPLINE OF SOCRATES.
+
+  _Socrates used to train himself to bear fatigue by standing
+  motionless for twenty-four hours at a time. His health was always
+  perfect._
+
+Inter labores voluntarios corporis firmandi causâ id quoque accepimus
+Socraten facere insuevisse: stabat per diem perque noctem a lucis ortu
+ad solem alterum orientem immobilis, iisdem in vestigiis, et ore atque
+oculis eundem in locum directis, cogitans, tamquam quodam secessu mentis
+atque animi facto a corpore. {7}
+
+Temperantiâ quoque tantâ fuisse traditus est, ut omnem fere vitam
+valitudine integrâ vixerit. In eâ etiam pestilentiâ, quae in belli
+Peloponnensiaci principiis Atheniensium civitatem depopulata est,
+dicitur vigorem corporis retinuisse. {12}
+
+
+VI. ALEXANDER AND BUCEPHALAS.
+
+  _How Alexander obtained his famous charger Bucephalas, how it
+  saved his life in battle, and how the King showed his gratitude._
+
+Equus Alexandri regis nomine Bucephalas fuit. Emptum Chares scripsit
+talentis tredecim et regi Philippo donatum; hoc autem aeris nostri summa
+est sestertia trecenta duodecim. De hoc equo haec memoriâ digna
+accepimus. {5} Ubi ornatus erat armatusque ad proelium, haud umquam
+inscendi sese ab alio, nisi ab rege passus est. Bello Indico cum
+insidens in eo Alexander facinora faceret fortia, in hostium cuneum, non
+satis sibi providens, inmisit. Coniectis undique in Alexandrum telis,
+vulneribus altis in cervice atque in latere equus perfossus est. {11}
+Moribundus tamen ac prope iam exanguis e mediis hostibus regem citato
+cursu retulit atque, ubi eum extra tela extulerat, ilico concidit et,
+domini iam superstitis securus, animam expiravit. Tum rex Alexander,
+partâ eius belli victoriâ, oppidum in iisdem locis condidit idque ob
+equi honores Bucephalon appellavit. {17}
+
+
+VII. ALCIBIADES AND THE PIPES.
+
+  _Alcibiades, when a boy, refused to learn to play the pipes,
+  because they distorted the player’s mouth._
+
+Alcibiades Atheniensis apud avunculum Periclen educatus est, qui artibus
+ac disciplinis liberalibus puerum docendum curavit. Inter alios
+magistros tibicinem arcessi iussit, ut eum canere tibiis doceret, quod
+honestissimum tum videbatur. Traditas sibi tibias Alcibiades ad os
+adhibuit inflavitque; sed ubi oris deformitatem vidit, abiecit
+infregitque. Cum ea res percrebuisset, omnium tum Atheniensium consensu
+disciplina tibiis canendi desita est. {9}
+
+
+VIII. FABRICIUS AND THE SAMNITE GOLD.
+
+  _Fabricius refused rich presents, which the Samnites offered him,
+  saying that, while he retained command over his senses, he had all
+  that he needed._
+
+Legati a Samnitibus ad C. Fabricium, imperatorem populi Romani, venerunt
+et, memoratis multis magnisque rebus, quae bene post redditam pacem
+Samnitibus fecisset, dono grandem pecuniam obtulerunt. “Quae facimus”
+Samnites inquiunt, “quod multa ad splendorem domus atque victus defieri
+videmus.” {6} Tum Fabricius manus ab auribus ad oculos et infra deinceps
+ad nares et ad os et ad gulam deduxit, et legatis ita respondit: “Dum
+his omnibus membris, quae attigi, imperare possum, numquam quicquam mihi
+deerit; quamobrem hanc pecuniam, quâ nihil mihi est usus, a vobis, qui
+eâ uti scitis, non accipio.” {12}
+
+
+IX. HANNIBAL’S JEST.
+
+  _Antiochus, proud of his army, asked Hannibal if they were ‘enough
+  for the Romans.’ ‘Quite enough,’ replied Hannibal, ‘however greedy
+  the Romans are.’_
+
+Antiochus ostendebat Hannibali in campo copias ingentis, quas bellum
+populo Romano facturus comparaverat, convertebatque exercitum insignibus
+argenteis et aureis micantem; inducebat etiam currus cum falcibus et
+elephantos cum turribus equitatumque frenis, ephippiis, monilibus,
+phaleris fulgentem. {6} Atque ibi rex Hannibalem aspicit et “Putasne”
+inquit “satis esse Romanis haec omnia?” Tum Poenus, eludens ignaviam
+militum eius tam pretiose armatorum, “Satis, plane satis esse credo
+Romanis haec omnia, etiamsi avarissimi sunt.” {11}
+
+
+X. THE DEATH OF MILO.
+
+  _Milo, when enfeebled by age, tried to tear a tree open, but the
+  wood closed on his hands and he perished miserably._
+
+Milo Crotoniensis, athleta inlustris, exitum habuit e vita miserandum et
+mirandum. Cum iam natu grandis artem athleticam desisset iterque faceret
+forte solus in locis Italiae silvestribus, quercum vidit proxime viam
+rimis in parte mediâ hiantem. {5} Tum experiri etiam tunc volens,
+an ullae sibi vires adessent, inmissis in cavernas arboris digitis,
+diducere et rescindere quercum conatus est. Ac mediam quidem partem
+discidit divellitque; quercus autem in duas diducta partis, cum ille
+manus laxasset, rediit in naturam, manibusque eius retentis inclusisque
+dilacerandum hominem feris praebuit. {12}
+
+
+XI. A HOAX:--THE STORY OF PAPIRIUS PRAETEXTATUS.
+
+  _The young Papirius, pressed by his mother to reveal the secret
+  proceedings of the Senate, told her that they had debated whether
+  it was better for one husband to have two wives, or one wife two
+  husbands._
+
+Mos antea senatoribus Romae fuit, in curiam cum praetextatis filiis
+introire. Forte res maior quaepiam consultata et in diem posterum
+prolata est, placuitque ut eam rem ne quis enuntiaret, priusquam decreta
+esset. Sed mater Papirii pueri, qui cum patre suo in curiâ fuerat,
+percontata est filium, quidnam in senatu patres egissent. {7} Puer
+respondit tacendum esse neque id dici licere. Mulier autem fit audiendi
+cupidior, ac tandem puer matre urgente lepidi mendacii consilium capit.
+Actum in senatu dixit, utrum videretur utilius exque republicâ esse,
+unusne ut duas uxores haberet, an ut una duobus nupta esset. {12}
+
+
+XII. THE RESULT OF THE HOAX.
+
+  _The consternation of the Roman Matrons, the bewilderment of the
+  Senators, the confession of Papirius, and the reward for his
+  discretion._
+
+Ubi illa hoc audivit, domo trepidans egreditur, ad ceteras matronas se
+adfert. Pervenit ad senatum postridie matrum familias caterva.
+Lacrimantes atque obsecrantes orant, ut una potius duobus nupta fieret
+quam ut duae uni. Senatores in curiam ingredientes mirabantur, quae illa
+mulierum insania et quid sibi postulatio istaec vellet. {7} Puer
+Papirius in medium curiae progressus, quid mater audire institisset,
+quid ipse matri dixisset, denarrat. Senatus fidem atque ingenium pueri
+laudat et consultum facit, uti posthac pueri cum patribus in curiam ne
+introeant, praeter illum unum Papirium, cui postea cognomen honoris
+gratiâ datum “Praetextatus.” {13}
+
+
+XIII. SERTORIUS.
+
+  _The extraordinary influence that Sertorius exercised over the
+  minds of his soldiers, and the means by which he maintained this
+  influence._
+
+Sertorius, vir acer egregiusque dux, et utendi et regendi exercitus
+peritus fuit. Is in temporibus difficillimis et mentiebatur ad milites,
+si mendacium prodesset, et litteras compositas pro veris legebat, et
+somnium simulabat, et falsas religiones conferebat, si quid istae res
+eum apud militum animos adiuvabant. {6} Haec hominum barbarorum
+credulitas Sertorio in magnis rebus magno usui fuit. Memoria prodita
+est, neminem umquam ex his nationibus, quae cum Sertorio faciebant, cum
+multis proeliis superatus esset, ab eo descivisse, quamquam id genus
+hominum esset mobilissimum. {12}
+
+
+XIV. SERTORIUS AND THE DOE.
+
+  _Sertorius pretended that divine revelations were made to him
+  through a white doe. This doe once ran away, but was soon found
+  again. The use which Sertorius made of this incident._
+
+Huic Sertorio cerva alba eximiae pulchritudinis et celeritatis a
+Lusitano quodam dono data est. Hanc persuasit omnibus, oblatam sibi
+divinitus et instinctam Dianae numine, conloqui secum et monere et
+docere, quae utilia factu essent, ac, si quid durius videbatur, quod
+imperandum militibus foret, a cervâ sese monitum praedicabat. {7} Id cum
+dixerat, universi, tamquam si deo, libentes ei parebant. Ea cerva quodam
+die, cum incursio hostium esset nuntiata, tumultu consternata in fugam
+se proripuit atque in palude proximâ delituit, et postea requisita
+periisse credita est. Neque multis diebus post inventam esse cervam
+Sertorio nuntiatur. {12} Tum eum qui nuntiaverat iussit tacere ac, ne
+cui palam diceret, interminatus est praecepitque, ut eam postero die
+repente in eum locum, in quo ipse cum amicis esset, inmitteret. {16}
+Admissis deinde amicis postridie, cervam ait, quae periisset, visam esse
+in quiete ad se reverti et, ut prius consuerat, quod opus esset facto
+praedicere; tum servo quod imperaverat significat, cerva emissa in
+cubiculum Sertorii introrupit, clamor factus et orta admiratio est. {21}
+
+
+XV. TARQUIN AND THE SIBYLLINE BOOKS.
+
+  _A Sibyl offered to sell King Tarquin nine books for a large sum.
+  On his scornful refusal she burnt three, and offered the remaining
+  six for the same sum, but he again refused. She burnt three more
+  and offered the remaining three for the same sum: these the King
+  bought and deposited in the ‘Sacristy.’_
+
+In antiquis annalibus haec memoria de libris Sibyllinis prodita est:
+Anus hospita atque incognita ad Tarquinium Superbum regem adiit, novem
+libros ferens, quos divina oracula esse dicebat; eos velle vendere.
+Tarquinius pretium percontatus est. Mulier nimium atque inmensum
+poposcit: rex, quasi anus aetate desiperet, derisit. {7} Tum illa
+foculum coram cum igni apponit, tris libros ex novem deurit et, ecquid
+reliquos sex eodem pretio emere vellet, regem interrogavit. Sed enim
+Tarquinius id multo magis risit, dixitque anum iam procul dubio
+delirare. Mulier ibidem statim tris alios libros exussit atque id ipsum
+denuo placide rogat, ut tris reliquos eodem illo pretio emat. {14}
+Tarquinius ore iam serio atque attentiore animo fit, eam constantiam
+confidentiamque non contemnendam intellegit, libros tris reliquos
+mercatur nihilo minore pretio, quam quod erat petitum pro omnibus. Sed
+ea mulier tunc a Tarquinio digressa postea nusquam loci visa est. Libri
+tres, in sacrarium conditi, “Sibyllini” appellati; ad eos quasi ad
+oraculum quindecimviri adeunt, cum di immortales publice consulendi
+sunt. {22}
+
+
+XVI. SCIPIO AFRICANUS IMPEACHED: HIS ANSWER.
+
+  _Scipio was accused of having received bribes from Antiochus.
+  Scorning to answer such a charge, he reminded the people that this
+  was the anniversary of his great victory at Zama, and called upon
+  them to follow him to the Capitol and there return thanks to the
+  gods._
+
+M. Naevius tribunus plebis accusavit Scipionem ad populum, dixitque eum
+accepisse a rege Antiocho pecuniam, ut condicionibus mollibus pax cum eo
+populi Romani nomine fieret, et quaedam item alia indigna tali viro
+addidit. Tum Scipio pauca praefatus, quae dignitas vitae suae atque
+gloria postulabat, {6} “Memoriâ” inquit, “Quirites, repeto, diem esse
+hodiernum, quo Hannibalem Poenum, imperio vestro inimicissimum, magno
+proelio in terrâ Africâ vici, pacemque et victoriam vobis peperi
+praeclaram. Non igitur simus adversum deos ingrati et, censeo,
+relinquamus nebulonem hunc, eamus hinc protinus Iovi optimo maximo
+gratulatum.” {13} Id cum dixisset, avertit et ire ad Capitolium coepit.
+Tum contio universa, quae ad sententiam de Scipione ferendam convenerat,
+relicto tribuno Scipionem in Capitolium comitata, atque inde ad aedes
+eius cum laetitiâ et gratulatione sollemni prosecuta est. {18}
+
+
+XVII. SCIPIO AFRICANUS: ANOTHER IMPEACHMENT.
+
+  _Scipio on another occasion was accused of embezzling the money
+  paid by Antiochus as a war indemnity: he answered the charge by
+  tearing his accounts in pieces before the eyes of the Senators._
+
+Item aliud est factum eius praeclarum. Petilii quidam tribuni plebis a
+M., ut aiunt, Catone, inimico Scipionis, comparati in eum atque inmissi,
+desiderabant in senatu, ut pecuniae Antiochinae praedaeque in eo bello
+captae rationem redderet: fuerat enim L. Scipioni Asiatico, fratri suo,
+imperatori in eâ provinciâ legatus. {7} Ibi Scipio exurgit et, prolato e
+sinu togae libro, rationes in eo scriptas esse dixit omnis pecuniae
+omnisque praedae; allatum, ut palam recitaretur et ad aerarium
+deferretur. “Sed enim id iam non faciam” inquit, “nec me ipse afficiam
+contumeliâ,” eumque librum statim coram discidit suis manibus, aegre
+passus, quod, cui salus imperii ac reipublicae accepta referri deberet,
+ab eo ratio praedae posceretur. {14}
+
+
+XVIII. SCIPIO AFRICANUS AND THE GODS.
+
+  _Scipio believed that he was a special favourite of the gods:
+  before entering on any important work he used to spend hours of
+  quiet meditation in the temple on the Capitol. A story is given
+  showing his power of foreseeing the future._
+
+Id etiam dicere haut piget, quod ii, qui de vitâ et rebus Africani
+scripserunt, litteris mandaverunt. Solitus est noctis extremo ante
+primam lucem in Capitolium ventitare ac iubere aperiri cellam Iovis,
+atque ibi solus diu demorari, quasi consultans de republicâ cum Iove.
+{6} Aeditumi eius templi saepe admirati, quod in eum solum id temporis
+in Capitolium ingredientem canes, semper in alios saevientes, neque
+latrarent neque incurrerent. Has volgi de Scipione opiniones confirmare
+atque approbare videbantur dicta factaque eius pleraque admiranda. Ex
+quibus est unum huiuscemodi. {12} Assidebat oppugnabatque oppidum in
+Hispaniâ situm, moenibus defensoribusque validum et munitum, re etiam
+cibariâ copiosum, nullaque eius potiundi spes erat. Quodam die ius in
+castris sedens dicebat, atque ex eo loco id oppidum procul visebatur.
+{17} Tum quispiam e militibus, qui in iure apud eum stabant,
+interrogavit ex more, in quem diem locumque vadimonium promitti iuberet:
+et Scipio manum ad ipsam oppidi, quod obsidebatur, arcem protendens,
+perendie sese sistere illo in loco iussit. Atque ita factum: die tertio,
+in quem vadari iusserat, oppidum captum est eodemque eo die in arce eius
+oppidi ius dixit. {24}
+
+
+XIX. DUTY AND FRIENDSHIP.
+
+  _How a man, when trying a friend who was guilty, succeeded in
+  reconciling the claims of duty and of friendship, by himself
+  voting for condemnation, but persuading his fellow iudices to vote
+  for acquittal._
+
+Super amici capite iudex cum duobus aliis fui. Ita lex fuit, uti eum
+hominem condemnari necesse esset. Aut amico igitur caput perdendum aut
+adhibenda fraus legi fuit. Multa cum animo meo ad casum tam ancipitem
+medendum consultavi; tandem hoc, quod feci, visum est optimum. Ipse
+tacitus ad condemnandum sententiam tuli, iis qui simul iudicabant, ut
+absolverent, persuasi. Sic mihi et iudicis et amici officium in re tantâ
+salvum fuit. {9}
+
+
+XX. AVOID OBSOLETE LANGUAGE.
+
+  _Favorinus rebuked a young man, who affected the use of archaic
+  language, by telling him to hold his tongue altogether if he did
+  not wish to be understood: if he admired the purity of the good
+  old times he should imitate their ways, not their words._
+
+Favorinus philosophus adulescenti, veterum verborum cupidissimo et
+plerasque voces nimis priscas et ignotas in cotidianis sermonibus
+expromenti, “Curius” inquit “et Fabricius et Coruncanius, antiquissimi
+viri, et his antiquiores Horatii illi trigemini plane ac dilucide cum
+suis locuti sunt, neque Auruncorum aut Sicanorum aut Pelasgorum, qui
+primi coluisse Italiam dicuntur, sed aetatis suae verbis usi sunt; {8}
+tu autem, proinde quasi cum matre Euandri nunc loquare, sermone abhinc
+multis annis iam desito uteris, quod neminem vis scire atque intellegere
+quae dicas. Nonne, homo inepte, ut quod vis abunde consequaris, taces?
+{12} Sed antiquitatem tibi placere ais, quod honesta et bona et sobria
+et modesta sit. Vive ergo moribus praeteritis, loquere verbis
+praesentibus: atque id, quod a C. Caesare scriptum est, habe semper in
+memoriâ atque in pectore, ut tamquam scopulum sic fugias insolens
+verbum.” {18}
+
+
+XXI. TORQUATUS AND THE GAUL:--THE CHALLENGE.
+
+  _In one of the struggles between the Romans and the Gauls in 361
+  B.C. a gigantic Gaul challenged the Romans to send out a champion
+  to meet him: all held back except the young T. Manlius._
+
+Titus Manlius summo loco natus fuit. Ei cognomen factum est Torquatus.
+Causa cognomenti fuisse dicitur torquis, quam ex hoste, quem occiderat,
+detractam induit. Quis hostis fuerit et qualis pugna ita accepimus. {5}
+
+Galli contra Romanos pugnabant, cum interim Gallus quidam nudus praeter
+scutum et gladios duos, torque atque armillis decoratus, qui et viribus
+et magnitudine et adulescentiâ et virtute ceteros praestabat, processit
+et manu significare coepit utrisque, ut quiescerent. Extemplo silentio
+facto voce maximâ conclamat, si quis secum depugnare vellet, uti
+prodiret. {12} Nemo audebat propter magnitudinem atque inmanem faciem.
+Deinde Gallus inridere coepit atque linguam exertare. Doluit Titus
+Manlius, tantum flagitium civitati adcidere, e tanto exercitu neminem
+prodire. Processit ipse scuto pedestri et gladio Hispanico cinctus et
+contra Gallum constitit. {18}
+
+
+XXII. TORQUATUS AND THE GAUL:--THE BATTLE.
+
+  _In the struggle which followed Manlius disconcerted the Gaul by
+  suddenly with his shield dashing him back from his posture of
+  defence; he then came to close quarters with the Gaul, and slew
+  him. He put on his own neck the necklace which the Gaul had worn;
+  hence he was named Torquatus. This same Manlius executed his son
+  for disobeying orders and slaying an enemy who had challenged
+  him._
+
+Metu magno ea congressio in ipso ponte, utroque exercitu inspectante,
+facta est. Constitit Gallus suâ disciplinâ scuto proiecto cunctabundus;
+Manlius, animo magis quam arte confisus, scuto scutum percussit atque
+statum Galli conturbavit. {5} Dum se Gallus iterum eodem pacto
+constituere studet, Manlius iterum scuto scutum percutit atque de loco
+hominem iterum deiecit; eo pacto ei sub Gallicum gladium successit atque
+Hispanico pectus hausit; deinde continuo umerum dextrum incidit neque
+recessit usquam, donec subvertit. Ubi eum evertit, caput praecidit,
+torquem detraxit eamque sanguinulentam sibi in collum inponit. Quo ex
+facto ipse posterique eius Torquati sunt cognominati. {13}
+
+Ab hoc Tito Manlio imperia et aspera et immitia Manlia dicta sunt,
+quoniam postea, cum bello adversum Latinos esset consul, filium suum
+securi percussit, qui speculatum ab eo missus, pugnâ interdictâ, hostem,
+a quo provocatus fuerat, occiderat. {18}
+
+
+XXIII. VALERIUS CORVINUS:--THE ORIGIN OF HIS NAME.
+
+  _On another occasion the young Valerius accepted the challenge of
+  a gigantic Gaul. During the fight a raven aided the Roman by
+  attacking his enemy with its talons; thus helped Valerius slew the
+  Gaul, and received the name of Corvinus._
+
+Copiae Gallorum ingentes agrum Pomptinum insederant instruebanturque
+acies a consulibus. Dux interea Gallorum, vastâ proceritate armisque
+auro praefulgentibus, manu telum vibrans incedebat perque contemptum et
+superbiam circumspicit despicitque omnia, et venire iubet et congredi,
+si quis pugnare secum ex omni Romano exercitu auderet. {7} Tum Valerius
+adulescens, tribunus iam militaris, ceteris inter metum pudoremque
+ambiguis, impetrat a consulibus, ut in Gallum pugnare sese permitterent,
+et progreditur intrepidus obviam. Et congrediuntur et consistunt et
+conserebantur iam manus. {12} Atque ibi vis quaedam divina fit: corvus
+repente advolat et super galeam tribuni insistit atque inde in
+adversarii os atque oculos pugnare incipit, eius manum unguibus laniabat
+atque, ubi satis saevierat, revolabat in galeam tribuni. Sic tribunus,
+spectante utroque exercitu, et suâ virtute nixus et operâ, alitis
+adiutus, ducem hostium ferocissimum vicit interfecitque, atque ob hanc
+causam cognomen habuit Corvinum. {20}
+
+Statuam Corvino isti divus Augustus in foro suo statuendam curavit. In
+eius statuae capite corvi simulacrum est, rei pugnaeque, quam diximus,
+monimentum.
+
+
+XXIV. AESOP.
+
+  _Aesop in his fables gives good advice in a pleasant way, and
+  hence men attend to him. An instance of this is his fable of the
+  lark, which has been put into verse by Ennius._
+
+Aesopus ille e Phrygia fabularum scriptor haud inmerito sapiens
+existimatus est; quae enim utilia monitu suasuque erant, non severe
+praecepit, ut philosophis mos est, sed hilares iucundosque apologos
+commentus, in mentes hominum cum audiendi quâdam inlecebrâ induit. {6}
+Velut haec eius fabula de parvae avis nidulo lepide praemonet spem
+fiduciamque rerum, quas efficere quis possit, haut umquam in alio, sed
+in semetipso habendam. Hunc Aesopi apologum Q. Ennius in satiris
+versibus quadratis composuit, quorum duo postremi hi sunt: {11}
+
+  Hóc erit tibi árgumentum sémper in promptú situm,
+  Né quid expectés amicos, quód tute agere póssies. {13}
+
+
+XXV. A FABLE OF AESOP:--THE LARK AND THE REAPERS.
+
+  _A certain lark found the corn, in which it had built, ripe for
+  cutting before its young were fledged. It therefore ordered them
+  to report anything unusual which might happen in its absence. The
+  first day they announced that the master had been to the field and
+  had sent to ask his friends to help him to reap the corn. On
+  hearing this the mother said that there was no immediate need for
+  them to leave the field._
+
+Avis est parva, nomen est cassita. Habitat in segetibus, id ferme
+temporis ut appetat messis pullis iam iam plumantibus. Ea cassita in
+sementes forte congesserat tempestiviores; propterea frumentis
+flavescentibus pulli etiam tunc inplumes erant. {5} Dum igitur ipsa iret
+cibum pullis quaesitum, monet eos, ut, si quid ibi rei novae fieret
+dicereturve, animadverterent idque sibi, ubi rediisset, nuntiarent.
+Dominus postea segetum illarum filium adulescentem vocat et “Videsne”
+inquit “haec maturuisse et manus iam postulare? idcirco cras, ubi primum
+dilucescit, fac amicos eas et roges, ut veniant operamque mutuam dent et
+in hac messi nos adiuvent.” {13} Haec ubi ille dixit, et discessit.
+Atque ubi redit cassita, pulli tremibundi orare matrem, ut iam statim
+properet inque alium locum sese asportet: “Nam dominus” inquiunt “misit,
+qui amicos roget, uti luce oriente veniant et metant.” Mater iubet eos
+otioso animo esse: “Si enim dominus” inquit “messim ad amicos reiicit,
+cras seges non metetur, neque necesse est hodie uti vos auferam.” {20}
+
+
+XXVI. THE LARK AND THE REAPERS (_Continued_).
+
+  _Next day the young ones reported that the master, finding his
+  friends had not come, had sent to ask the aid of his relations.
+  The mother still tells them to be in no fear, and next day again
+  goes out to seek food. This time the young ones report that the
+  master, finding his relations lingered, had determined to cut the
+  corn himself. On hearing this the mother announces that they must
+  go at once._
+
+Die postero mater in pabulum volat. Dominus, quos rogaverat, opperitur.
+Sol fervit, et fit nihil; it dies, et amici nulli eunt. Tum ille rursum
+ad filium “Amici isti” inquit “cessatores sunt. Quin potius imus et
+cognatos adfinesque nostros oramus, ut adsint cras ad metendum?” {6}
+Itidem hoc pulli pavefacti matri nuntiant. Mater hortatur, ut tum quoque
+sine metu ac sine curâ sint; cognatos adfinesque nullos ferme tam
+faciles esse ait, ut ad laborem capessendum nihil cunctentur et statim
+dicto oboediant: “Vos modo” inquit “advertite, si modo quid denuo
+dicetur.” Aliâ luce ortâ avis in pastum profecta est. {12} Cognati et
+adfines operam, quam dare rogati sunt, neglexerunt. Ad postremum igitur
+dominus filio “Valeant” inquit “amici cum propinquis. Afferes primâ luce
+falces duas; unam egomet mihi et tu tibi capies alteram et frumentum
+nosmetipsi manibus nostris cras metemus.” {17} Id ubi ex pullis dixisse
+dominum mater audivit, “Tempus” inquit “est cedendi et abeundi; fiet
+nunc dubio procul quod futurum dixit. In ipso enim iam vertitur cuia res
+est, non in alio, unde petitur.” Atque ita cassita e nido migravit,
+seges a domino demessa est. {23}
+
+
+XXVII. PYRRUS AND FABRICIUS.
+
+  _A friend of King Pyrrus came to the Roman general Fabricius and
+  offered to poison the King for a bribe. Fabricius reported the
+  matter to the Senate, who warned Pyrrus to be on his guard. Pyrrus
+  showed his gratitude by sending back all the Roman prisoners._
+
+Cum Pyrrus rex in terrâ Italiâ esset et unam atque alteram pugnas
+prospere pugnasset et pleraque Italia ad regem descivisset, tum
+Ambraciensis quispiam Timochares, regis Pyrri amicus, ad C. Fabricium
+consulem furtim venit ac praemium petivit et, si de praemio conveniret,
+promisit se regem venenis necaturum; idque facile esse factu dixit,
+quoniam filius suus pocula in convivio regi ministraret. {8} Eam rem
+Fabricius ad senatum scripsit. Senatus ad regem legatos misit
+mandavitque, ut de Timochare nihil proderent, sed monerent, uti rex
+cautius ageret atque a proximorum insidiis salutem tutaretur. Quamobrem
+Pyrrus populo Romano laudes atque gratias scripsisse dicitur captivosque
+omnes, quos tum habuit, vestivisse et reddidisse. {15}
+
+
+XXVIII. ANDROCLUS AND THE LION: SCENE IN THE CIRCUS.
+
+  _At the games in the Circus a lion of gigantic size was seen to
+  fawn upon one of the condemned slaves exposed in the arena._
+
+In circo maximo venationis pugna populo dabatur. Multae ibi ferae, sed
+praeter alia omnia leo corpore vasto terrificoque fremitu et sonoro
+animos oculosque omnium in sese converterat. Introductus erat inter
+compluris ceteros ad pugnam bestiarum datos servus viri consularis; ei
+servo Androclus nomen fuit. {6} Hunc ille leo ubi vidit procul, repente
+quasi admirans stetit ac deinde sensim atque placide, tamquam
+familiaris, ad hominem accedit. Tum caudam more adulantium canum blande
+movet cruraque et manus hominis, prope iam exanimati metu, linguâ
+leniter demulcet. {11} Homo Androclus inter illa tam atrocis ferae
+blandimenta amissum animum recuperat, paulatim oculos ad contuendum
+leonem refert. Tum quasi mutuâ recognitione factâ laetos et gratulantes
+videres hominem et leonem. {16}
+
+
+XXIX. ANDROCLUS AND THE LION:--THE SLAVE’S STORY.
+
+  _When questioned by the Emperor the slave explained that he had
+  fled from his master into the African desert, that he had by
+  accident taken refuge in this lion’s cave, and, when the lion had
+  returned to its home lame, he had extracted a thorn from its
+  foot._
+
+Haec tam mira res maximos populi clamores excitat et Caesar Androclum
+vocat quaeritque causam, cur illi uni atrocissimus leo pepercisset. Ibi
+Androclus rem mirificam atque admirandam narrat. {4} “Cum provinciam”
+inquit “Africam proconsulari imperio meus dominus obtineret, ego ibi
+iniquis eius et cotidianis verberibus ad fugam sum coactus et, quo mihi
+a domino, terrae illius praeside, tutiores latebrae forent, in locos
+desertos et remotos concessi ac, si defuisset cibus, consilium fuit
+mortem aliquo pacto quaerere. {10} Tum die medio sole flagrante specum
+quemdam nanctus remotum latebrosumque, in eum me recondo. Neque multo
+post ad eundem specum venit hic leo, debili uno et cruento pede, gemitus
+edens et murmura ob dolorem cruciatumque vulneris. {15} Atque illic
+primo quidem conspectu advenientis leonis territus et pavefactus sum;
+sed postquam introgressus leo videt me procul delitescentem, mitis et
+mansuetus accessit et sublatum pedem ostendere mihi et porrigere quasi
+opis petendae gratiâ visus est. {20} Ibi ego stirpem ingentem, vestigio
+pedis eius haerentem, revelli conceptamque saniem volnere intimo
+expressi et sine magnâ iam formidine siccavi penitus atque detersi
+cruorem. Illâ tunc meâ operâ levatus, pede in manibus meis posito,
+recubuit et quievit.” {25}
+
+
+XXX. ANDROCLUS AND THE LION:--THE SLAVE’S STORY (_continued_).
+
+  _For three years he and the lion had lived together. At last he
+  had grown weary of the savage life, but as soon as he had returned
+  to the haunts of men he had been captured, condemned, and sent to
+  Rome to be exposed to the wild beasts in the circus. Androclus was
+  pardoned and the lion was given to him._
+
+“Ex eo die triennium totum ego et leo in eodem specu eodemque et victu
+viximus. Nam, quas venabatur feras, membra opimiora ad specum mihi
+ferebat, quae ego, ignis copiam non habens, meridiano sole torrens
+edebam. {5} Sed ubi me vitae illius ferinae iam pertaesum est, leone in
+venatum profecto, reliqui specum et, viam ferme tridui permensus,
+a militibus visus adprehensusque sum et ad dominum ex Africâ Romam
+deductus. Is me statim rei capitalis damnandum dandumque ad bestias
+curavit. Intellego autem” inquit “hunc quoque leonem me tunc separato
+captum, gratiam mihi nunc beneficii et medicinae referre.” {13}
+
+Haec dixit Androclus; quae cum scripta essent circumlataque populo et
+declarata, cunctis petentibus dimissus Androclus et poenâ solutus et
+leone suffragiis populi donatus. Postea Androclus et leo, loro tenui
+revinctus, urbe totâ circum tabernas ibat: donatus est aere Androclus,
+floribus sparsus est leo, omnesque ubique obvii exclamant, “Hic est leo
+hospes hominis, hic est homo medicus leonis.” {21}
+
+
+XXXI. THE ACTOR POLUS.
+
+  _Polus, having to act the part of Electra soon after his only son
+  had died, appeared on the stage holding the urn which contained
+  the remains of his son, and over this he wept the tears of real
+  grief._
+
+Histrio in terrâ Graeciâ fuit famâ celebri, cui nomen erat Polus. Is
+unice amatum filium morte amisit, sed ubi cum satis visus est luxisse,
+rediit ad quaestum artis. {4}
+
+Eo tempore Athenis Electram Sophoclis acturus, gestare urnam quasi cum
+Oresti ossibus debebat. Ita compositum fabulae argumentum est ut, veluti
+fratris reliquias ferens, Electra comploret interitum eius existimatum.
+{9} Igitur Polus, lugubri habitu Electrae indutus, ossa atque urnam e
+sepulcro tulit filii et, quasi Oresti amplexus, opplevit omnia non
+simulacris sed luctu atque lamentis veris. Itaque cum agi fabula
+videretur, dolor actus est. {13}
+
+
+XXXII. A GREEK ORATOR IS BRIBED, AND GLORIES IN HIS SHAME.
+
+  _A Greek orator--some say Demosthenes, others Demades--at first
+  opposed a request of the Milesians for aid, but took a bribe to
+  withdraw his opposition. When the matter was again discussed he
+  announced that he was suffering from an inflamed throat, and so
+  could not speak. He afterwards openly boasted that he had been
+  paid to hold his tongue._
+
+Legati Mileto auxilii petendi causâ venerunt Athenas. Tum qui pro sese
+verba facerent advocaverunt; hi, uti erat mandatum, verba pro Milesiis
+ad populum fecerunt, sed Demosthenes Milesiorum postulatis acriter
+respondit; neque Milesios auxilio dignos neque ex republicâ id esse
+contendit. Res tandem in posterum diem prolata est. {7} Tum legati ad
+Demosthenen venerunt oraveruntque, uti contra ne diceret. Is pecuniam
+petivit et quantam petiverat abstulit. Postridie, cum res agi denuo
+coepta esset, Demosthenes, lanâ multâ collum circumvolutus, ad populum
+prodit et dixit se synanchen pati; eo contra Milesios loqui non quire.
+Tum e populo quidam exclamavit, non synanchen eum pati sed argyranchen.
+{14}
+
+Ipse etiam Demosthenes non id postea celavit, quin gloriae quoque hoc
+sibi adsignavit. Nam cum interrogasset Aristodemum, actorem fabularum,
+quantum mercedis, uti ageret, accepisset, et Aristodemus talentum
+respondisset, “At ego plus” inquit “accepi, ut tacerem.” {20}
+
+Quod hic diximus de Demosthene, id nonnulli scriptores in Demaden
+contulerunt. {22}
+
+
+XXXIII. CICERO.
+
+  _Cicero once borrowed money to buy a house, but afterwards denied
+  that he had ever taken the money or had intended to purchase the
+  property. He did buy the house, and, when reminded of what he had
+  said, replied that a prudent man always concealed his intended
+  purchases._
+
+Cicero cum emere vellet in Palatio domum neque pecuniam in praesens
+haberet, a P. Sulla, qui tum reus erat, mutua sestertium viciens tacita
+accepit. Ea res tamen, priusquam emeret, prodita est et in vulgus
+exivit, obiectumque ei est, quod pecuniam domus emendae causâ a reo
+accepisset. {6} Tum Cicero inopinatâ obprobratione permotus accepisse se
+negavit ac domum quoque se empturum negavit. Sed cum postea emisset et
+hoc mendacium in senatu ei ab amicis obiiceretur, risit satis atque
+inter ridendum: “ἀκοινονόητοι” inquit “homines estis, cum ignoratis
+prudentis et cauti patrisfamilias esse, quod emere velit, empturum sese
+negare propter competitores emptionis.” {13}
+
+
+XXXIV. FIRES AT ROME:--A REMEDY.
+
+  _“Property in Rome,” said a friend, “would be worth far more if
+  the risk from fire were not so great.” “Archelaus,” replied
+  Julianus, “preserved his defensive outworks from fire by covering
+  them with alum.”_
+
+Declamaverat Antonius Iulianus rhetor quam felicissime, eumque nos
+familiares eius circumfusi undique prosequebamur domum, cum subeuntes
+montem Cispium conspicimus insulam quandam multis, arduisque tabulatis
+editam, igni occupatam et propinqua iam omnia flagrare vasto incendio.
+{6} Tum quispiam ibi ex comitibus Iuliani, “Magni” inquit “reditus
+urbanorum praediorum, sed pericula sunt longe maxima. Si quid autem
+posset remedii fore, ut ne tam adsidue domus Romae arderent, venum
+hercle dedissem res rusticas et urbicas emissem.” Atque illi Iulianus
+“Si annalem” inquit “undevicensimum Q. Claudi legisses, docuisset te
+profecto Archelaus, regis Mitridati praefectus, quo remedio ignem
+defenderes. {14} In eo enim libro scriptum inveni, cum obpugnaret L.
+Sulla in terrâ Atticâ Piraeum et contra Archelaus regis Mitridati
+praefectus ex eo oppido propugnaret, turrim ligneam defendendi gratiâ
+structam, cum ex omni latere circumplexa igni foret, ardere non quisse,
+quod alumine ab Archelao oblita fuisset.” {20}
+
+
+XXXV. ARION AND THE DOLPHIN.
+
+1. THE ROBBERY.
+
+  _Arion, having gained much money in Italy and Sicily, took ship to
+  return to Corinth, but was robbed and made to leap overboard by
+  the sailors._
+
+Vetus et nobilis cantor Arion fuit. Is oppido Methymnaeus, terrâ Lesbius
+fuit. Eum Arionem rex Corinthi Periander amicum habuit artis gratiâ. Is
+inde a rege proficiscitur, ut terras praeclaras Siciliam atque Italiam
+viseret. Ubi eo venit aures omnium mentesque in utriusque terrae urbibus
+delectavit, et postea grandem pecuniam adeptus Corinthum instituit
+redire. {8} Navem igitur et navitas, ut notiores amicioresque sibi,
+Corinthios delegit. Sed ei Corinthii, homine accepto navique in altum
+provectâ, praedae pecuniaeque cupidi, consilium de necando Arione
+ceperunt. Tum ille pecuniam ceteraque sua eis dedit vitam modo sibi ut
+parcerent oravit. {13} Navitae per vim suis manibus eum non necaverunt,
+sed imperaverunt, ut iam statim coram desiliret praeceps in mare. Homo
+ibi territus, spe omni vitae perditâ, id unum postea oravit, ut,
+priusquam mortem obpeteret, induere permitterent sua sibi omnia et fides
+capere et canere carmen. {19} Quod oraverat impetrat, atque ibi mox de
+more cinctus, amictus, ornatus stansque in summâ puppi, carmen, quod
+“orthium” dicitur, voce sublatissimâ cantavit. Ad postrema cantus cum
+fidibus ornatuque omni, sicut stabat canebatque, iecit sese procul in
+profundum. {24}
+
+
+XXXVI. ARION AND THE DOLPHIN.
+
+2. THE RESCUE.
+
+  _A dolphin carried him safely to Taenarum; thence he travelled to
+  Corinth, and told his adventure to the King. The sailors on their
+  arrival were confronted by Arion and convicted of their crime._
+
+Navitae, hautquaquam dubitantes, quin periisset, cursum, quem facere
+coeperant, tenuerunt. Sed novum et mirum et pium facinus contigit.
+Delphinus repente inter undas adnavit, fluitantique sese homini
+subdidit, et dorso super fluctus edito vectavit incolumique eum corpore
+et ornatu Taenarum in terram Laconicam devexit. {7} Tum Arion prorsus ex
+eo loco Corinthum petivit talemque Periandro regi, qualis delphino
+vectus fuerat, inopinanti sese optulit, eique rem, sicuti acciderat,
+narravit. Rex istaec parum credidit, Arionem, quasi falleret, custodiri
+iussit, navitas inquisitos, ablegato Arione, dissimulanter interrogavit,
+ecquid audissent in his locis, unde venissent, de Arione? {14} Dixerunt
+hominem, cum inde irent, in terrâ Italiâ fuisse et illic bene agere. Tum
+inter haec eorum verba Arion cum fidibus et indumentis, cum quibus se in
+salum deiecerat, extitit, navitaeque stupefacti convictique ire infitias
+non quiverunt. Hanc fabulam dicunt Lesbii et Corinthii, atque fabulae
+argumentum est quod simulacra duo aenea ad Taenarum visuntur, delphinus
+vehens et homo insidens. {21}
+
+
+XXXVII. THE THRACIAN HUSBANDMAN.
+
+  _A Thracian having heard that trees required cutting and pruning,
+  proceeded to chop the tops off his vines and olives, and thus in
+  his ignorance destroyed all his property._
+
+Homo Thracus ex ultimâ barbariâ ruris colendi insolens, cum in terras
+cultiores migrasset, fundum mercatus est oleo atque vino consitum. Qui
+nihil admodum de vite aut arbore colendâ sciret, videt forte vicinum
+rubos alte atque late obortas excidentem, fraxinos ad summum prope
+verticem deputantem, suboles vitium e radicibus super terram fusas
+revellentem, stolones in pomis aut in oleis proceros amputantem; {9}
+acceditque prope et cur tantam ligni atque frondium caedem faceret,
+percontatus est. Et vicinus ita respondit: “Ut ager” inquit “mundus
+purusque fiat, eius arbor atque vitis fecundior.” {12} Discedit ille a
+vicino gratias agens et laetus, tamquam adeptus rei rusticae
+disciplinam. Tum falcem ac securim capit; atque ibi homo miser imperitus
+vites suas sibi omnis et oleas detruncat, comasque arborum laetissimas
+uberrimosque vitium palmites decidit, et virgulta simul omnia, pomis
+gignendis felicia, cum sentibus et rubis purgandi agri gratiâ convellit.
+{19}
+
+
+XXXVIII. MITRIDATES.
+
+  _Mitridates by the use of antidotes made himself proof against
+  poisons: hence when he wished to kill himself he had to use his
+  sword. He could speak perfectly the languages of the twenty-two
+  nations over which he ruled._
+
+Mitridates ille Ponti rex medicinae rei et remediorum sollers erat,
+quorum adsiduo usu a clandestinis epularum insidiis cavebat; quin et
+ultro ostentandi gratiâ venenum rapidum et velox saepenumero hausit,
+atque id tamen sine noxâ fuit. Quamobrem postea, cum proelio victus in
+ultima regni refugisset et mori decrevisset, venena festinandae necis
+causâ frustra expertus, suo se ipse gladio transegit. {8}
+
+Quintus Ennius tria corda sese habere dicebat, quod loqui Graece et Osce
+et Latine sciret. Mitridates autem duarum et viginti gentium, quas sub
+dicione habuit, linguas percalluit, earumque omnium gentium viris haut
+umquam per interpretem conlocutus est, sed linguâ et oratione cuiusque,
+non minus scite quam si gentis eius esset, locutus est. {15}
+
+
+XXXIX. THE PHILOSOPHER AND HIS PUPIL.
+
+  _Euathlus agreed to pay Protagoras a certain sum of money on the
+  day when he won his first case. He never undertook one, so at last
+  Protagoras brought an action against him to recover the money.
+  “You are in this dilemma,” said the philosopher: “if you lose this
+  action, the court will award me the money; if you win it, you will
+  have won your first case, and will owe me the fee according to our
+  agreement.” “Nay,” replied the pupil, “if I win the action,
+  I shall owe you nothing according to the sentence of the court;
+  if I lose, I shall owe you nothing according to our agreement.”_
+
+Euathlus, adulescens dives, eloquentiae discendae causarumque orandi
+cupidus fuit. Is in disciplinam Protagorae sese dedit daturumque
+promisit mercedem grandem pecuniam, quantam Protagoras petiverat,
+dimidiumque eius dedit iam tunc pepigitque, ut reliquum dimidium daret,
+quo primo die causam apud iudices orasset et vicisset. {7} Postea cum
+diu auditor Protagorae fuisset, causas tamen non reciperet, tempusque
+iam longum transcurreret et facere id videretur, ne relicum mercedis
+daret, capit consilium Protagoras, ut tum existimabat, astutum: petere
+institit ex pacto mercedem, litem cum Euathlo contestatur. {12}
+
+Cum ad iudices venissent, tum Protagoras sic exorsus est: “Disce,”
+inquit “stultissime adulescens, utroque id modo fore, uti reddas quod
+peto, sive contra te pronuntiatum erit sive pro te. Nam, si contra te
+lis data erit, merces mihi ex sententiâ debebitur, quia ego vicero; sin
+vero secundum te iudicatum erit, merces mihi ex pacto debebitur, quia tu
+viceris.” {20}
+
+Ad ea respondit Euathlus: “Disce igitur tu quoque, magister
+sapientissime, utroque modo fore, uti non reddam quod petis, sive contra
+me pronuntiatum fuerit sive pro me. Nam, si iudices pro causâ meâ
+senserint, nihil tibi ex sententiâ debebitur, quia ego vicero; sin
+contra me pronuntiaverint, nihil tibi ex pacto debebo, quia non vicero.”
+{27}
+
+Tum iudices hoc inexplicabile esse rati, causam in diem longissimam
+distulerunt. Sic ab adulescente discipulo magister doctissimus suo ipse
+argumento confutatus est. {31}
+
+
+XL. ROMAN RESPECT FOR AN OATH; THE STORY OF THE TEN CAPTIVES.
+
+  _Hannibal after the battle of Cannae sent ten captives to Rome to
+  propose an exchange of prisoners, but bound the ten by an oath to
+  return, if the Senate did not accept his offer. The Senate
+  rejected it, and eight out of the ten returned, but two, yielding
+  to the entreaties of their friends, and alleging that they had by
+  a trick freed themselves from the obligation of the oath, remained
+  behind. These two were treated with such scorn that they found
+  life unbearable and committed suicide._
+
+Post proelium Cannense Hannibal ex captivis nostris electos decem Romam
+misit, mandavitque eis pactusque est, ut, si populo Romano videretur,
+permutatio fieret captivorum et pro his, quos alteri plures acciperent,
+darent argenti pondo libram et selibram. Hoc, priusquam
+proficiscerentur, iusiurandum eos adegit, redituros esse in castra
+Poenica, si Romani captivos non permutarent. {8}
+
+Veniunt Romam decem captivi. Mandatum Poeni imperatoris in senatu
+exponunt. Permutatio senatui non placet. Parentes, cognati adfinesque
+captivorum amplexi eos postliminio in patriam redisse dicebant,
+statumque eorum integrum incolumemque esse, ac, ne ad hostes redire
+vellent, orabant. {14} Tum octo ex his postliminium iustum non esse sibi
+responderunt, quoniam iure iurando vincti forent, statimque, uti iurati
+erant, ad Hannibalem profecti sunt. {17} Duo reliqui Romae manserunt
+solutosque se esse ac liberatos religione dicebant, quoniam, cum egressi
+castra hostium fuissent, commenticio consilio, tamquam ob aliquam
+fortuitam causam, eodem regressi sunt, atque ita rursum iniurati
+abissent. {22} Haec eorum fraudulenta calliditas tam esse turpis
+existimata est, ut contempti vulgo sint censoresque eos postea omnibus
+ignominiae notis adfecerint. {25}
+
+Multis autem in senatu placuit, ut datis custodibus ad Hannibalem
+deducerentur, sed ea sententia numero plurium, quibus id non videretur,
+superata. Usque adeo tamen invisi erant, ut taedio vitae necem sibi
+conscivissent. {30}
+
+
+
+
+NOTES.
+
+
+I.
+
+1. +P. Vergilius Maro+, the greatest of Roman epic poets, was
+born 70 B.C. near Mantua, in the N. of Italy, and died 19 B.C. at
+Brundusium, in the S.E. of Italy. His chief works were the _Būcŏlĭcă_
+(βου-κολέω, I tend cattle), or _Eclŏgae_ (‘Selections,’ from ἐκ-λέγω,
+I choose out), a series of short poems, chiefly pastoral; the _Gĕorgĭcă_
+(γῆ ἔργον), a poetical treatise on agriculture; and the _Aenēïs_, or
+story of Aenēas, a poem in twelve books, relating the adventures of
+Aeneas after the fall of Troy.
+
+2. +se parere versus+, ‘that he produced his verses like a bear,’ lit.
+‘in a bear-like manner.’
+
++părĕre+, from _părio_. Distinguish three words, (1) _păro, -avi, -atum,
+-are_, ‘I prepare,’ (2) _pāreo, -ui, -itum, -ēre_, ‘I obey,’ gov. dat.
+case, (3) _părio, pĕpĕri, partum_, or _parĭtum, -ĕre_, ‘I bring forth.’
+
+3. +lambendo+, abl. of the gerund, ‘by licking it’; so +tractando
+corrigendoque+, ‘by polishing and correcting them.’
+
+5. +partus+, nom. pl., best translated by the English sing., ‘the
+offspring of...’
+
+6. +reddo+, compound of +re+ and +do+. _Rĕd_ is used for _re_ in
+_redămo_, _redarguo_, _reddo_, _redeo_, _redhibeo_, _redigo_, _redimo_,
+_redoleo_, _redundo_. In composition the _re_ is short except in ...
++rēligio+ (often spelt _relligio_), +rēliquiae+ (often spelt
+_relliquiae_), and the perfects of _rĕpello_, _rĕperio_, and _rĕfero_,
+viz., +rēpuli+ (or _reppuli_), +rēperi+ (or _repperi_), and +rētuli+ (or
+_rettuli_). +Rēfert+, the impersonal verb, ‘it concerns,’ is a compound
+of _res-fert_: _rĕfero_, makes 3rd sing, _rĕfert_. +Re+ or _red_ in
+composition has two principal meanings, (1) ‘back’ or ‘backward,’ as
+_redeo_, ‘I go back,’ (2) ‘again,’ as _reficio_, ‘I make again, repair.’
+It also frequently denotes (3) ‘duty’ or ‘obligation,’ so _reddo_ here
+means ‘I give as is due,’ ‘render.’
+
+
+II.
+
+1. +Menander+ (342-291 B.C.), an Athenian comic poet, famous as the
+model of Roman dramatists, especially Terence.
+
++Philemon+, also an Athenian comic poet, the contemporary and rival of
+Menander.
+
+2. +in certaminibus comoediarum+. In Athens dramas were represented at
+the great festivals in honour of Dionysus, at which “every citizen was
+present, as a matter of course, from daybreak to sunset” (Donaldson).
+Judges were appointed by lot to decide upon the merits of the rival
+plays. The successful poet was crowned with ivy, and his name was
+proclaimed before the audience.
+
++ambitus+, ‘bribery,’ from _ambio_; properly a ‘going round’ to canvass
+for votes, etc., especially by bribery. _Ambitio_, from the same verb,
+is used both in this sense and also as ‘a desire for power,’ etc., our
+‘ambition.’
+
+4. +quaeso+, used parenthetically like our ‘pray!’
+
++bonâ veniâ+, ‘apologizing for the question’; lit. ‘with your good
+leave...’ _i.e._ ‘pardon me, but...’
+
+5. +nonne+ introduces a question expecting the answer ‘Yes,’ e.g.
+_nonne erubescis_, ‘do you not blush?’ +Num+ introduces a question
+expecting the answer ‘No,’ e.g. _num erubescis_, ‘you do not blush,
+do you?’ +-ne+ is used when the answer is doubtful, e.g. _erubescisne_,
+‘do you blush?’
+
++erubesco+. The termination _-sco_ shows that the verb is inceptive or
+inchoative, _i.e._ denotes the beginning (_inceptum_) of an action or
+state. Such verbs are always of the 3rd conjugation, and form their
+perfects and supines (if they have supines, but in most inceptives the
+supine is wanting) from the simple verb or stem from which they spring,
+e.g. _pallesco_ (from _palleo_), _pallui_, (no supine), _pallescere_,
+I begin to grow pale; _vĕtĕrasco_ (from old form _vĕter_, classical
+_vĕtus_, _-ĕris_), _-ravi_, no sup., _veterascĕre_, ‘I grow old.’
+
+
+III.
+
+1. +Aristoteles+, the Greek philosopher, was born at Stagīra, in
+Macedonia, 384 B.C. He lived for twenty years at Athens, where he was a
+pupil of Plato; afterwards he returned to Macedonia, and became the
+tutor of Alexander. When Alexander succeeded to the throne, Aristotle
+again went to Athens and taught philosophy for 13 years in the Lyceum,
+a gymnasium sacred to Apollo Lyceus. He died in 322 B.C. at Chalcis in
+Euboea. Many of his writings upon logic, moral and political philosophy,
+natural history, etc., have reached us.
+
++Plutarchus+ was born at Chaeronea in Boeotia about 50 A.D. He came to
+Rome at an early age, and spent many years there and in other parts of
+Italy. In his old age he returned to Chaeronea, where he died at an
+unknown date. His works were written in Greek: the most famous of them
+is the _Parallel Lives_ of forty-six Greeks and Romans, arranged in
+pairs, a Greek and a Roman together (_e.g._ Alexander and Caesar,
+Demosthenes and Cicero), the life of each pair being followed by a short
+discussion of their comparative merits.
+
++hercle+ is a nominative form; the similar exclamations _mehercules_,
+_mehercule_, _mehercle_, _hercules_, _hercule_, and _hercle_ are all
+abbreviations for ‘_me Hercules juvet!_’ ‘may Hercules help me!’ Cf. the
+interjectional phrase, ‘_medius fidius_,’ for ‘_me deus Fidius juvet_’,
+‘so help me the God of Faith!’
+
+2. +si super ...+, the order is ‘_si imponis magna pondera super
+lignum palmae arboris_.’
+
+3. +non deorsum+, the wood does not yield and bend inwards beneath the
+weight, but rises up against it and bends outwards.
+
+6. +urgentibus opprimentibusque+, dat. after cedit, ‘it does not
+yield to....’
+
+
+IV.
+
+1. +Socrates+ was born at Athens 469 B.C. His father was a statuary,
+and in early life Socrates followed the same profession, but he soon
+abandoned it and devoted himself entirely to philosophy. He did not
+follow the usual custom of giving public lectures or opening a school,
+but went about in the city talking to men wherever he met them, and
+endeavouring to awake in them a love of true knowledge. By his attacks
+upon the popular theories and his free discussion of religious questions
+he roused a strong antagonism; at last he was impeached on the three
+charges of corrupting the Athenian youth, despising the gods of the
+State, and introducing new deities, and was executed by a draught of
+hemlock poison, 399 B.C. He left no written works, so that our knowledge
+of him is derived from the writings of his pupils and contemporaries,
+chiefly Plato and Xenophon.
+
+3. +iris ... scatebat+, lit. ‘bubbled over with,’ ‘overflowed with ...’
+Cf. Hor. _Od._ iii. 27, 26, ‘_scatentem beluis pontum_,’ ‘the ocean
+teeming with monsters’; and Aulus Gellius, _N. A._ l. 15, uses ‘_scatere
+verbis_.’
+
++quam rem ... demiratus+, ‘having expressed his astonishment at this
+fact to her husband Socrates.’
+
+4. +Alcibiades+, 450-404 B.C., was a brilliant but unprincipled
+Athenian statesman, who became famous during the Peloponnesian war. He
+enjoyed the friendship of Socrates, was saved by Socrates at the battle
+of Potidaea, 432 B.C., and saved the life of Socrates at the battle of
+Delium, 424 B.C.
+
+5. +ăcerbum+, _ăcer-bus_ from _ācer_, as _sŭper-bus_ from _sŭper_.
+Usually words retain the quantity of the word from which they are
+derived, but there are many exceptions, e.g. _hŏmo_ and _hūmanus_,
+_nōtus_ and _cog-nĭtus_, so _rex_, gen. _rēgis_, but _rĕgo_, _dux_, gen.
+_dŭcis_, but _dūco_.
+
+7. +insuesco+. Cf. note on _erubesco_, ii. 5.
+
++exerceor+, in a middle sense, ‘I exercise myself.’ Cf. _faciunt idem,
+cum exercentur, athletae_ (Cic. _Tusc._ ii. 23, 56), ‘athletes do the
+same when they exercise themselves.’ Many Latin passives have thus a
+‘middle’ force; cf. _vertor_, I turn myself; _lavor_, I wash myself; and
+the deponents _glorior_, I boast myself; _vescor_, I feed myself, etc.
+
+8. +ut ... feram+, ‘so that I bear more easily.’ _Ut_ used in a
+consecutive sense, _i.e._ denoting the consequence or result.
+
+
+V.
+
+1. +corporis firmandi causâ+, ‘(undergone) for the sake of
+strengthening his body’--the gerundive attraction. Cf. note xiii. 1.
+
+3. +ad solem alterum orientem+, ‘till the next sunrise.’ _Sol oriens_
+is used for sunrise, _i.e._ the rising of the sun, as ‘_summus mons_’
+for ‘the top of the mountain,’ _Caesar mortuus_ for ‘the death of
+Caesar,’ etc.
+
+5. +tanquam ... facto+, lit. a certain withdrawal, as it were, of mind
+and feeling from the body having taken place, _i.e._ ‘mind and feeling
+having, as it were, left his body.’ He stood in seeming unconsciousness.
+_Animus_, when contrasted with _mens_, is the mind as the seat of the
+passions, etc.; _mens_ the higher reasoning faculty, the intellect.
+
+9. +valitudine integra+, the abl. absolute, ‘in unimpaired health.’
+
+_Ablative Absolute_, ‘absolute’ (_absolutus_, fr. _ab·solvo_,
+‘I release’) here means ‘released’ from government by any word in the
+principal sentence.
+
+The construction is one of many varieties of the adverbial ablative;
+_e.g._ the abl. of time, the abl. of place where, the abl. of manner,
+etc.; but it differs from these ablatives--
+
+(1) In being equivalent to a complete clause, e.g. _Caesar hoc dixit,
+convocatis militibus_ is equivalent to _cum milites convocati essent_.
+
+(2) Or, to express the same fact in another way, it consists of two
+words each in the ablative, one of which stands to the other in the
+relation of predicate to subject; the ‘subject’ being a substantive or
+pronoun, the ‘predicate’ a participle, adjective, substantive, or, more
+rarely, a pronoun.
+
+_Exceptions:_ But (_a_) sometimes the subject is not expressed, and a
+participle is used impersonally by itself in the abl. absol.--the
+participle here being equivalent to a clause containing an impersonal
+verb, e.g. _mihi_, _errato_, _nulla venia_, ‘there is no pardon for me,
+if I blunder’ (_errato = si erratum erit a me_).
+
+(_b_) Sometimes a whole clause is substituted for the abl. of the
+‘subject’: e.g. _excepto quod non simul esses, cetera laetus_, ‘happy in
+all respects, except the fact that you were not with me’ (lit. ‘the fact
+that you were not with me being excepted’).
+
+_Examples:_ (1) Subst. and participle, _Tullio regnante vixerunt_, ‘they
+lived whilst Tullius was king.’ (2) Subst. and adj., _Hannibale vivo
+Romani semper Poenos timuerunt_, ‘the Romans always feared the
+Carthaginians whilst Hannibal lived.’ (3) Subst. and subst., _Nil
+desperandum Teucro duce_, ‘there is no cause for despair whilst Teucer
+is our leader.’ (4) Subst. and pron., _quid hoc populo obtineri potest_,
+‘what can be maintained with such a people as this?’ (5) Pron. and
+participle, _eis occisis ceteri domum redierunt_, ‘when those men had
+been slain the rest returned home.’ (6) Pron. and adj., _me invito id
+fecit_, ‘he did it contrary to my wishes.’ (7) Pron. and subst., _eo
+rege tuti erant_, ‘they were safe whilst he was king.’
+
+_Note._--(1) The abl. absolute sometimes expresses merely time (_e.g._
+_inita aestate_, ‘at the beginning of summer’), but more often attendant
+circumstances, or cause.
+
+(2) The abl. absol. cannot be used when the ‘subject’ of the clause is
+the same as the subject or object of the principal clause. This rule is
+sometimes, but rarely, violated.
+
+(3) In Greek the genitive is the absolute case: in most modern languages
+the nom. is thus used: but the acc. is sometimes used absolutely in
+German, and in Old English the accusative (representing the dative of
+Anglo-Saxon) was used absolutely. Milton uses both nom. and acc.: cf.
+“Us dispossessed,” _Par. L._, vii. 140; “I extinct,” id. ix. 994.
+
+10. +pestilentia+, the famous plague of Athens, which raged during the
+second and third years of the +Peloponnesian war+. This was a war
+between Athens with her allies and Sparta with her allies, which lasted
+for 28 years, from 431 to 404 B.C., and ended in the defeat of Athens
+and the loss of her maritime supremacy.
+
+
+VI.
+
+1. +Alexander III+. (356-323 B.C.), surnamed the Great, ascended the
+throne of Macedonia on the death of his father Philip, 336 B.C. In the
+13 years of his reign he conquered the greater part of Eastern Europe
+and Asia Minor, and marched even into Northern India and Egypt. The
+incident here mentioned happened in his Indian campaign. In 327 he
+crossed the Indus, entered the Punjaub, defeated and captured the Indian
+king Porus in a great battle on the banks of the Hydaspes, and founded
+there two towns--Bucephalon and Nicaea. He continued his progress as far
+as the banks of the Hyphasis, but here his wearied troops mutinied and
+refused to advance any further.
+
++Būcĕphălās+ (βουκεφάλας, βοῦς κεφαλή), ‘ox-head,’ so called from the
+breadth of its forehead.
+
+2. +emptum+, ‘Chares has stated that it was bought for 13 talents.’
+_talentis_, abl. of price.
+
++Chares+ was an officer at Alexander’s court, who wrote a series of
+anecdotes about the life and exploits of the king.
+
+3. +hoc autem+, the order _is hoc est nostri aeris summa trecenta
+duodecim sestertia_, ‘this is in (lit. of) our money the sum (of) 312
+sestertia.’ Sestertium = 1,000 sestertii, about £8 at this time.
+Therefore 312 sestertia = £312 x 8 = £2,496. For _sestertium_ cf.
+xxxiii. 2.
+
+6. +haud unquam+, etc., ‘it never allowed itself to be mounted by any
+one except the king.’
+
+8. +faceret+, subj. after _cum_.
+
+_Cum_ (= when), like other temporal conjunctions, takes as a rule the
+indic. mood; but the subj. is required when the time of the _cum_ clause
+is regarded as depending on the time of the principal clause. This is
+usually the case in past time, hence the rule is that _cum_ in past time
+requires the imperf. or plup. subj., unless (1) it is used in a
+frequentative sense, _e.g._ ‘as often as’ (but later writers, _e.g._
+Livy, often use the subj. even in this sense), e.g. _cum palam ejus
+anuli ad palmam converterat, a nullo videbatur_ (Cic. _Off._), ‘as often
+as he turned the bezel of that ring to his palm, he was seen by no one,’
+cf. xiv. 7, _id cum dixerat_, ‘as often as he had said that’; (2) it is
+simply equivalent to _et tum_, e.g. _castra ibi posita, cum subito
+advenere Samnitium legiones_ (Livy), ‘the camp had been pitched there,
+when the Samnite legions suddenly arrived’; (3) the two clauses mark
+strictly contemporaneous events, _tum_ being often added in the
+principal clause to mark this fact, e.g. _vos tum paruistis cum paruit
+nemo_ (Cic. _p. Lig._ 7), ‘you were obedient at a time when no one
+(else) was obedient.’
+
+9. +non satis sibi providens+, ‘without sufficient forethought.’
+
++inmisit+ used absolutely, _i.e._ without an object; this, if expressed,
+would be ‘_equum_,’ ‘spurred it forward against.’
+
+11. +moribundus+. The termination _bundus_, or _cundus_, denotes
+fulness, e.g. _vagabundus_, ‘wandering’; _iracundus_, ‘wrathful.’ Cf.
+_L. Primer_, p. 58, § 70 E.
+
+12. +e mediis hostibus+, ‘from the midst of the enemy.’ In many
+phrases the adj. is used in Latin where in English we use a subst. with
+another subst. depending on it, and _vice versa_: e.g. _summus mons_,
+‘the top of the mountain’; but _animi dolor_, ‘mental pain’; cf. v. 3,
+_sol oriens_.
+
+14. +domini iam superstitis securus+, ‘relieved from anxiety for its
+master, now safe.’ For the genitive _domini_ after _securus_, cf.
+_sēcūră fŭtūri_, Ovid; _sēcūrus pĕlăgi atque mei_, Verg.
+
+
+VII.
+
+1. +Alcibiades+. Cf. iv. 4. note.
+
++Pericles+ was a great Athenian statesman. He was born about 490 B.C.
+(the year of the battle of Marathon), and first took part in public
+affairs in 469, when Athens was beginning to develop rapidly after the
+Persian wars. From this time till his death in 429 he was the recognised
+leader of the democratic party. Under his guidance Athens became the
+most powerful state and the most beautiful city in Greece.
+
++ăvuncŭlus+ (deminutive of _ăvus_, a grandfather) is an uncle on the
+mother’s side--a mother’s brother; _pătruus_ (_pā̆ter_), an uncle on the
+father’s side--a father’s brother.
+
+3. +puerum docendum curavit+, ‘had the boy educated.’ This use of the
+gerundive in a final sense, as ‘+an oblique predicate+’ with the direct
+object of certain transitive verbs, e.g. _curo_, _do_, _suscipio_, etc.,
+is common in Latin writers, especially Caesar. Cf. _pontem faciendum
+curavit_, ‘he had a bridge made’; _agros eis habitandos dedit_, ‘he gave
+them lands to dwell in’; _me dandum ad bestias curavit_ (xxx.), ‘he had
+me given to the wild beasts.’ Cf. Note xiii. 1. iv., on the Gerundive.
+
+4. +canere tibiis+, ‘to play on the pipes.’ Both Greeks and Romans
+usually played on a double pipe, composed of two instruments not unlike
+flageolets, joined at the mouth-piece, and spreading out in the form of
+a V; hence the plural _tibiae_. _Tibia_ means originally the shin bone,
+and then a musical instrument, pipes or flutes being at first made of
+bone.
+
+
+VIII.
+
+1. +C. Fabricius+ Luscīnus was one of the most popular heroes in Roman
+history. He was regarded as the type of the old-fashioned honest
+warrior, who was proof against the luxury and corruption of the rising
+generation. In his first consulship, 282 B.C., he defeated the
+Lucanians, Bruttians, and Samnites; in 280-278 B.C. he served with
+distinction against Pyrrus (cf. xxvii.).
+
+The +Samnites+ were a powerful people living to the east of Rome. The
+Romans first came into contact with them in 343 B.C.; for 50 years there
+was war between the two nations; at last the Samnites were conquered,
+but they still maintained their love of freedom, and once more proved
+formidable opponents to Rome in the Social War, 90 B.C.
+
+2. +memoratis ... rebus+, abl. absolute, ‘after mentioning the many
+great services which he had rendered (_rebus quae bene fecisset_) to the
+Samnites after the restoration of peace....’
+
+3. +post redditam pacem+. _Pax reddita_, ‘the restoration of peace.’
+Cf. _sol oriens_, ‘the rising of the sun,’ v. 3. note.
+
+4. +dono+, as a gift, the predicative dative, or dative of purpose
+used as a complement. Cf. Hor. _exitio est avidum mare nautis_, ‘the
+greedy sea is [as] a destruction to sailors.’
+
+11. +quâ+, abl. after _usus_, ‘for which I have no use.’
+
+
+IX.
+
+1. +Hannibal+, the famous general of the Carthaginians in the second
+Punic war, was born in 247 B.C. In 218 he began his march from Spain
+into Italy, crossed the Alps, and defeated the Romans in N. Italy on the
+Ticinus and the Trebia; then followed the great victories at Lake
+Trasimenus, 217, and Cannae, 216. In 203 Hannibal was compelled to
+return to Africa to oppose Scipio, who had defeated the Carthaginian
+troops and their ally Syphax. A decisive battle was fought at Zama,
+October 19th, 202, in which Scipio gained a great victory over Hannibal.
+In the following year peace was made. Hannibal now set to work to
+prepare Carthage for a fresh struggle, but his political enemies
+denounced his designs to the Romans, and he was compelled in 193 B.C. to
+take refuge at the court of +Antiochus+ the Great, King of Syria, who
+was on the eve of war with Rome. On the defeat of Antiochus the
+surrender of Hannibal was made one of the conditions of peace; but he
+fled to Prusias, King of Bithynia, 188 B.C. The Romans still pursued
+him, and sent messengers to Prusias demanding his surrender. Fearing
+that Prusias would be unable to resist this demand, and not knowing
+whither to flee to escape the vengeance of his enemies, he took poison,
+183 B.C.
+
+2. +ingentis+. The acc. pl. of _-i_ nouns of the 3rd decl. varies in
+the mss. between _-īs_, _-eis_, and _ēs_. All three forms seem to have
+been used till the Augustan age, after which period the form in _-es_
+prevailed. A nom. pl. also in _-is_ and _-eis_ is found sometimes in the
+mss. of Plautus and Lucretius and in old inscriptions.
+
++populo Romano+, dat. of the ‘Remoter Object’ after _facturus_, the
+‘nearer object’ being _bellum_.
+
+4. +currus cum falcibus+. The wheels of these chariots were armed with
+projecting scythes or hooks, which kept the enemy at a distance, or cut
+them down, as the charioteers drove at full speed through their ranks.
+These war chariots were in use among the Assyrians, Persians, Medes, and
+Syrians in Asia, and in Europe among the Gauls and Britons. Some have
+supposed that these are the ‘chariots of iron’ referred to in the books
+of Joshua and Judges; but Xenophon (_Cyrop._, vi. i. 30) says that
+‘scythe chariots’ were not introduced into Asia Minor till the time of
+Cyrus.
+
+5. +elephantos cum turribus+, small turrets placed on the backs of the
+elephants, and carrying a few soldiers.
+
+6. +frenis+. The bits were sometimes made of silver and gold, and the
+bridles decorated with jewels, etc.
+
++ephippiis+. The saddles in use among Eastern nations, the Greeks and
+the Romans, consisted sometimes of a mere skin or cloth, sometimes of a
+wooden frame, upon which padded cloth, etc., was stretched; from either
+side cloths hung down, often dyed with bright colours, and decorated
+with fringes, etc.
+
++monilibus+, necklets used as ornaments for horses, as well as for men
+and women.
+
++phaleris+, bosses of metal attached as ornaments to the harness of
+horses and the armour of men. They were sometimes hung as pendants to
+the horse’s saddle, and jangled loudly as it charged forward against the
+enemy. For these military ornaments cf. the well-known passage in
+Verg.,_ Aen._ vii. 276--
+
+  _Omnibus extemplo Teucris jubet ordine duci_
+  _Instratos ostro alipedes pictisque tapetis;_
+  _Aurea pectoribus demissa monilia pendent;_
+  _Tecti auro, fulvum mandunt sub dentibus aurum._
+
+7. +putasne+. Cf. ii. 5. note.
+
+8. +Poenus+ (_Poenĭcus_ or _Pūnĭcus_), properly Phoenician, but
+applied by Roman writers especially to the inhabitants of Carthage,
+which was founded about 850 B.C. by Phoenician colonists, who came
+probably from Tyre.
+
+
+X.
+
+1. +Milo+ was the most famous wrestler in Greece; he was six times
+victor in wrestling at the Olympic games and seven times at the Pythian
+games. Many stories are told about his great strength: he is said to
+have carried a heifer four years old on his shoulders through the
+stadium (or race course, a distance of about 40 yards), to have then
+killed it with a blow of his fist, and eaten the whole of it the same
+day. He was a pupil of the great philosopher Pythagoras, at Crotona. One
+day the pillar on which the roof of the school rested suddenly gave way,
+but Milo supported the whole weight of the building, and gave the
+philosopher and his disciples time to escape.
+
++Crotona+ was a Greek city on the S.E. coast of Italy, founded 740 B.C.
+by the Achaeans. It became the most important city in S. Italy, owing to
+its trade with the E. Mediterranean. It attained its greatest power in
+510 by the defeat of its neighbour and rival Sybaris: on this occasion
+Milo commanded the army of Crotona.
+
++Crotoniensis+. Note the use of the adj. where we employ a subst. and
+prep., ‘Milo of Crotona’; so _pugna Cannensis_ (xl. 1.), ‘the Battle of
+Cannae,’ etc.
+
+3. +artem athleticam desisset+, ‘had given up athletics.’ The acc.
+after _desino_ is rare, and chiefly poetical; but Cicero (_Fam._
+vii. 1. 4) uses _artem desinere_.
+
+5. +rimis in parte mediâ hiantem+, lit. ‘gaping open with cracks in
+the middle.’
+
+6. +an ullae ... adessent+. _Adessent_ is the subj. after the
+dependent interrogative word _an_; the construction is called the
+Indirect or Dependent Question, _Interrogatio Obliqua_. Thus ‘who are
+you?’ is ‘_quis es?_’ but ‘I ask you who you are’ is ‘_interrogo quis
+sis_.’
+
++ullae+. _Quisquam_ (pronoun) and _ullus_ (adjective) are used for ‘any’
+in comparative and negative sentences, in questions expecting the answer
+No, and in hypothetical sentences.
+
+11. +rediit in naturam+, ‘returned to its natural (_i.e._ former)
+position.’
+
+12. +feris+, dat. after _praebuit_, ‘gave the man to the beasts to
+tear to pieces.’ For this use of the gerundive cf. xiii. 1. note.
+
+
+XI.
+
+1. +Romae+, ‘at Rome,’ the locative case. This case, which had almost
+died out in classical Latin, originally ended in _-i_ for the singular
+and _-s_ for the plural. In some forms it still survived, viz., (1) in
+such words as _militiae_ (earlier _militiai_), _belli_, ‘in the field,’
+‘at the war’; _domi_, at home; _humi_, ‘on the ground’; _vesperi_ (or
+_-e_), ‘in the evening’; _ruri_, ‘in the country’; _luci_, ‘in the
+light’; and the adverbs _ubi_, ‘in which place’; _ibi_, ‘in that place,’
+etc.; (2) in the names of towns--_Romae_ (earlier _Romai_), ‘at Rome’;
+_Tarenti_, ‘at Tarentum’; _Carthagini_ (or _Carthagine_), ‘at Carthage,’
+etc.; (3) in such phrases as _animi angor_, ‘I am vexed in mind’;
+_maturus aevi_, ‘advanced in age,’ etc.
+
++Curiam+. The word Curia is connected with Cŭres, the chief town of the
+Sabines, and Quĭrītes (or Cŭrītes), the inhabitants of Cŭres. It
+originally denoted one of the 30 divisions into which the Romans and
+Sabines were divided when they united in one community. The word was
+then applied to the building used for the religious service of a Curia,
+and afterwards especially to the building in which the Senate met.
+
+2. +praetextatis+, _i.e._ wearing the _toga praetexta_, a white toga
+with a broad purple border, worn under the Republic by the higher
+magistrates, by persons engaged in paying vows, and by free-born
+children. It is said to have been adopted from the Etruscans, and made
+the royal robe by Tullus Hostilius; and to have been worn with the
+_bulla_ by boys after the reign of Tarquinius Priscus, whose son at the
+age of fourteen slew an enemy with his own hand in the Sabine war, and
+was allowed as a reward to wear the royal robe.
+
++maior+, more important than usual.
+
+4. +placuitque ut eam rem ne quis...+. ‘It was resolved that no one
+should mention the matter until a decision had been arrived at’ (lit.
+until it had been decreed).
+
++ut ... ne quis+, or _ne quis_, ‘that no one,’ is always used in a final
+sentence instead of _ut nemo_; so _ne quid_, _ne ullus_, and _ne
+unquam_, instead of _ut nihil_, _ut nullus_, _ut nunquam_. The
+indefinite pronoun _quis_ is, as a rule, used for ‘any’ or ‘some’ in
+relative sentences, and after _si_, _nisi_, _num_, _ne_, and _cum_; but
+_aliquis_ is sometimes found after _si_, more rarely after _ne_.
+
+5. +decreta esset+. The subj. is required, because this is a dependent
+sentence forming part of the _Oratio Obliqua_ after _placuit_.
+
+7. +egissent+, subj. after the dependent interrogative _quidnam_. Cf.
+x. 6. note. For the same reason _videretur_, line 11, is in subj.
+
+9. +lepidi mendacii consilium capit+, ‘bethought himself of an amusing
+falsehood.’
+
+10. +utrum ... unusne ... an...+. The _-ne_ is ‘pleonastic,’ _i.e._
+more than is required, for the sentence would be complete without
+it--_utrum videretur utilius ut unus ... an (videretur utilius) ut
+una...._ This idiom is chiefly ante-classical (found often in Plautus),
+but Cicero uses it, ‘_est etiam illa distinctio, utrum illudne non
+videatur aegre ferendum ... an ..._’ (Cic. _Tusc._ iv. 27, 59).
+Translate ‘He said the Senate had discussed whether it seemed more
+useful and advantageous to the State that one man should have two wives,
+or that one woman should be married to two men.’
+
+
+XII.
+
+3. +matrum familias+, gen. plur. of _mater familias_. When _familia_
+is compounded with _pater_, _mater_, _filius_, and _filia_, the old gen.
+sing. _famili_+as+ is usually found, but _familiae_ also is frequently
+used by Cicero and other writers, by Livy always. In Sallust and later
+writers even _patres familiarum_ is found.
+
+4. +una potius ... duae+. The order is _ut una (uxor) nupta fieret
+duobus viris potius quam ut duae (uxores nuptae fierent) uni (viro)_.
+
+6. +esset, vellet+, subj. after the dept. interrogatives _quae_ and
+_quid_; so +institisset+ and +dixisset+. Cf. x. 6. note.
+
++quid sibi postulatio istaec vellet+, ‘what that demand of theirs
+meant.’ _Quid sibi res vult_, ‘what does the thing mean?’ lit. ‘what
+does it wish for itself?’ ‘what is its object or drift?’ so _quid tibi
+vis_, ‘what do you mean, or want?’ and, more rarely, _quid mihi volo_,
+‘what do I mean, or want?’
+
+
+XIII.
+
+1. +Sertorius+ was a Roman general, who first distinguished himself in
+Gaul. On the outbreak of civil war in 88 B.C. between Marius and Sulla
+he joined the former. At first the Sullan party were victorious, but
+when their leader went to the East to fight against Mitridates they were
+defeated, and from 87-82 the Marian party were supreme. In 83 (or,
+according to another writer, 82) Sertorius was sent to Spain as governor
+in the Marian interest. Finding himself unable to hold his ground
+against the Sullan generals, he crossed to Africa, and gained various
+successes there. The Lusitani, who inhabited the western part of the
+Spanish peninsula, then invited him to become their leader against the
+Romans. He returned with a small force of 2,600 men, one third of whom
+were Libyans, and then by his extraordinary influence over the natives,
+and his great powers of organisation, succeeded in forming an army which
+for years set at defiance every effort made by the generals of the
+Sullan party, which was now in the ascendant. In 76 Pompeius was sent to
+Spain with a large army to reinforce the Sullan generals, but for five
+years more Sertorius held his ground. At last, in 72 B.C., he was
+assassinated by Perperna and other of his own Roman officers, who were
+jealous of his power.
+
++et utendi et regendi exercitus+, the gerundial attraction. When an
+object is expressed after a gerund, the construction called the
+gerundial, or +gerundival attraction+ is preferred. In this construction
+the object is attracted (if it differs) into the case of the gerund, and
+the gerund, taking adjectival inflections (and then called the
+gerundive), is made to agree adjectivally with the object in number and
+gender.
+
+Examples:--
+
+  _a._ The Acc., _praemisit milites ad Gallos insequendos_, ‘he sent
+  the soldiers forward to pursue the Gauls.’
+
+  _b._ The Gen., _causâ urbis delendae_, ‘for the sake of destroying
+  the city.’
+
+  _c._ The Dat., _bello gerendo me praefecistis_, ‘you placed me in
+  command of the management of the war.’
+
+  _d._ The Abl., _in vestigiis persequendis operam consumpsi_,
+  ‘I spent labour in following their tracks.’
+
+The Gerundival Attraction is of course only used with transitive verbs
+which govern a direct object in the acc. case. The words _fungor_,
+_fruor_, _utor_, _vescor_, _potior_ are exceptions; they are used both
+in this construction and in the constructions explained in ii. and iii.
+below, because they were originally transitive, and governed an acc.
+
+The +gerunds+ and +gerundives+ are the substantival and adjectival forms
+respectively of a participle in _-ndus_. Under the gerund are included
+the substantival forms in _-ndum, -ndi, -ndo_; under the gerundive the
+full adjectival declension in _-ndus, a, um_, etc.
+
++The uses of the gerund and gerundive+ may be divided under four
+headings.
+
+i. By its oblique cases the gerund (and the gerundive in the
+construction mentioned above--the ‘gerundival attraction’) completes the
+active infinite verb noun, which is only used in the nom. and acc., e.g.
+_haec ad iudicandum sunt facillima_, ‘these matters are very easy to
+decide’; _amor agendi, canendi_, etc., ‘love of acting, singing,’ etc.;
+_causâ agendi_, ‘for the sake of acting’; _aqua utilis bibendo_, ‘water
+useful for drinking’; _mens alitur discendo_, ‘the mind is nourished by
+learning.’
+
+ii. The nom. (and in _oratio obliqua_ the acc.) of the gerund is used
+intransitively with parts of the verb _sum_ (_est_, _erat_, _fuit_,
+_esse_, etc.), as an impersonal verb to denote necessity, duty, or
+suitability, e.g. _nunc est bibendum_, ‘now it is right to drink’,
+_eundum est_, ‘there is a necessity to go’; _parendum est legibus_, ‘it
+is necessary to be obedient to the laws.’ The person on whom the duty
+falls is expressed by the dat. case, the ‘Dative of the Agent,’ except
+after verbs which govern a dative; after these, to avoid ambiguity, the
+agent is expressed by _a_ or _ab_ with the abl., e.g. _eundum est mihi_,
+‘I must go,’ but _parendum est ei a te_, ‘you must obey him’.
+
+iii. The gerundive is used (1) personally as a verb, usually with a
+passive signification, e.g. _aqua bibenda est_, ‘water ought to be
+drunk’; (2) as a mere epithet, e.g. _ridenda poemata_, ‘poems to be
+laughed at.’
+
+iv. The acc. of the gerundive is used in a final sense as an oblique
+predicate, or complement, agreeing with the direct object of certain
+transitive verbs--_curo_, _do_, _suscipio_, _habeo_, etc., e.g. _Caesar
+pontem faciendum curavit_, ‘Caesar had a bridge made’; _agros eis
+habitandos dedit_, ‘he gave them the lands to dwell in.’ Cf. vii. 3.
+note.
+
+8. +usui+, predicative dative or dat. of purpose. Cf. _dono_, viii. 4.
+note.
+
++memoria+, etc. The order is _memoria prodita est neminem ex his
+nationibus, quae cum S. faciebant_ (‘who served with Sertorius’), _cum
+multis proeliis superatus esset_ (‘although he had been defeated in many
+battles’), _unquam ab eo descivisse_.
+
+
+9. _neminem._ The gen. of this word, _neminis_, is only found in
+writers before Cicero, the abl. _nemine_ in late writers (_e.g._ Tacitus
+and Suetonius), and once in Plautus; the plural is not used. Hence we
+have
+
+  Nom.,  _nemo_,              _nulli_, etc.
+  Acc.,  _neminem_,           _nullos_, etc.
+  Gen.,  _nullius_,           _nullorum_, etc.
+  Dat.,  _nemini_,            _nullis_.
+  Abl.,  _nullo_ or _nullâ_,  _nullis_.
+
+
+XIV.
+
+1. +alba+. _Albus_ is a dull white as opposed to _ater_, dull black;
+_candidus_, shining white, opposed to _niger_, shining black.
+
++eximiae pulchritudinis et celeritatis+, genitives of quality.
+
+2. +dono+, predicative dat., or dat. of purpose. Cf. _dono_, viii. 4.
+note.
+
+5. +factu+, the supine in _-u_, used as an abl. of respect. Cf.
+_foedum dictu est_, ‘it is horrible to state’ (lit. ‘in the saying’),
+and xxiv. 2, _utilia monitu suasuque_.
+
++quid+, the indef. pron.; so _cui_, line 13. For its use after _si_ cf.
+xi. 4. note.
+
+7. +dixerat+, indic. after _cum_ in a frequentative sense, ‘whenever
+he had said that.’ Cf. vi. 8. note.
+
+10. +in fugam se proripuit+, ‘took to hasty flight.’
+
+18. +consuerat+, indic., because it is not part of what Sertorius
+said, but a statement made by the author.
+
++quod opus esset facto+, ‘what had to be done.’ _Facto_ is the abl. of
+the perf. part. pass.; for this use cf. _maturato, properato opus est_,
+‘there is need of haste’; and the similar construction with the abl. of
+the supine, _dictu opus est_ (Terence), ‘it is necessary to speak’;
+_quod scitu opus est_ (Cicero), ‘what has to be known.’
+
+
+XV.
+
+
++Tarquinius Superbus+, according to tradition, was the seventh and last
+of the Roman kings (535-510 B.C.), the others being Romulus, Numa
+Pompilius, Tullus Hostilius, Ancus Martius, Tarquinius Priscus, Servius
+Tullius.
+
+1. +Libris Sibyllinis+. Little is known about the famous Sibylline
+books. They were probably derived from Cumae in Campania, the seat of a
+celebrated oracle. At Rome they were kept in a stone chest (_sacrarium_)
+beneath the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, under the charge of certain
+officers (_quindecimviri_), and consulted only by the special command of
+the Senate. In 82 B.C. this temple was burnt and the books destroyed.
+A fresh collection of oracles was made by ambassadors sent to the chief
+cities of Italy, Greece, and Asia Minor. When the temple was rebuilt
+these were deposited in the same place, but many spurious prophetic
+books, purporting to be Sibylline oracles, seem to have got into
+circulation at Rome, and several revisions of the books were ordered
+from time to time. Christian writers frequently appeal to the Sibylline
+oracles as containing prophecies of the Messiah.
+
+2. +hospita+, feminine form of _hospes_. Cf. _antistes_ and
+_sacerdos_, priest, _antistita_ and _sacerdota_ (in inscriptions),
+priestess, _sospes_ and _sospita_, saviour, etc.
+
+4. +eos velle vendere+, ‘(she said) that she wished to sell them.’
+
+6. +nimium atque inmensum+, 300 pieces of gold, according to one form
+of the legend.
+
++quasi ... desiperet+. _Quasi_, ‘as if,’ introducing a statement which
+is not a fact, naturally governs the subj., ‘as if she were mad’ (but
+she was not). In sentences of comparison introduced by such conjunctions
+as _tanquam_, _ceu_, _quasi_, _velut_, etc., the subj. is usually found,
+because the statement is usually not true; but when the statement is a
+fact the indic. is employed, e.g. _Fuit olim, quasi nunc ego sum, senex_
+(Plautus). Frequently _quasi_, etc., are used, not as conjunctions
+introducing the sentence, but adverbially with a single word; in such
+cases they do not affect the mood, e.g. _servis respublica et quasi
+civitas domus est_ (_Pl. Ep._ viii. 16), ‘to slaves their home is a
+state, and, as it were, a city.’ Cf. xviii. 5, _quasi consultans cum
+Jove_.
+
+7. +foculum+. _Fŏcŭlus_, deminutiveof _fŏcus_ (a hearth). Cf.
+_rĭvŭlus_, a rivulet, and _rivus_, a river.
+
+9. +vellet+, subj. after the dependent interrogative _ecquid_. Cf.
+x. 6. note.
+
+10. +sed enim+, ‘but indeed.’ Cf. the use of ἀλλὰ γὰρ in Greek.
+
+14. +ore ... fit+, ‘now becomes serious and more attentive’ (lit. ‘of
+a serious countenance and more attentive mind’). _Ore_ and _animo_ are
+ablatives of quality.
+
+19. +nusquam loci+, ‘nowhere in the world.’ The genitives _loci_,
+_locorum_, _gentium_ and _terrarum_ are frequently used with adverbs of
+place--_ubi_, _quo_, _unde_, _usquam_, _nusquam_, etc., e.g. _ubi
+terrarum sumus_ (Cic.), ‘where on earth are we?’
+
+
+XVI.
+
+1. +Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Maior+ was born in 234 B.C. He
+is first mentioned in 218 B.C. at the battle of the Ticinus (cf. ix. 1.
+note), in which he is said to have saved the life of his father P.
+Scipio. He fought at Cannae, 216, and was chosen with App. Claudius to
+command the remains of the Roman army after that great disaster. In 212
+he was unanimously elected aedile. When the tribunes objected to the
+election, because he was under the legal age, he replied, ‘If all the
+Quirites wish to make me aedile, I am old enough.’ In 210, at the age of
+twenty-four, he was appointed to command the army in Spain, having come
+forward as a candidate for the post which all the old generals feared to
+accept. By 207 he had conquered almost the whole of that country from
+the Carthaginians. In 205 he was elected consul. He was anxious to cross
+over to Africa and end the war by a blow at Carthage itself, but the
+Senate, partly from jealousy, partly from timidity, opposed his plans
+and would only grant him the province of Sicily, with power to cross
+over to Africa if he thought it in the interests of the State; but this
+permission they endeavoured to render useless by refusing him an army.
+Volunteers however flocked from every part of Italy to his standard, and
+in 204 he was able to land in Africa with a large force. In 203 he
+defeated Hasdrubal and his ally Syphax, and in 202 brought the second
+Punic war to an end by a great victory at Zama over Hannibal, who had
+been recalled from Italy. In 201 peace was made, and Scipio, returning
+to Rome, received the agnomen Africanus, and was overwhelmed with every
+mark of honour. In 190 he served as legate under his brother, +Lucius
+Scipio Asiaticus+, in the war against Antiochus (cf. ix. and xvii.) On
+their return the accusations mentioned in xvi. and xvii. were made
+against the brothers. In 185 Scipio retired into private life, and died
+soon afterwards, probably in 183.
+
+1. +tribunus plebis+. The tribuni plebis were appointed in 494, after
+the secession to Mons Sacer, to protect the plebeians against the
+patrician magistrates. At first they were two in number, afterwards they
+were increased to ten.
+
+3. +ut condicionibus+, etc., ‘that peace might be made with him
+(_i.e._ Antiochus) on favourable conditions in the name of the Roman
+people.’
+
+7. +diem esse hodiernum+, ‘that this is the day on which ...’ (lit.
+‘that it is to-day on which ...’).
+
+9. +proelio+. The battle of Zama, Oct. 19th, 202 B.C.
+
+11. +simus+, ‘let us not be ungrateful therefore to the gods....’
+
+12. +censeo+, used parenthetically, ‘I propose.’ Cf. _quaeso_, ii. 4.
+
+13. +gratulatum+, the supine in _-um_, used to express purpose after
+the verb of motion, _eamus_.
+
+17. +aedes+, in sing., a ‘temple’ (a single room), in the plur.,
+a ‘house’ (a collection of rooms). As distinguished from _templum_,
+_aedes_ is a simple building without division into rooms; _templum_ is a
+large edifice consisting of many rooms, consecrated by the augurs, and
+belonging often to several deities.
+
+18. +sollemni+. _Sollemnis_, from _sollus_ (cf. ὅλος, _salvus_), whole;
+prop. taking place every year, ‘established,’ especially of festivals;
+then, with the religious force predominating, ‘religious,’ ‘festive,’
+‘solemn.’
+
+
+XVII.
+
+2. +M. Porcius Cato+, known as the Censor (234-149), first
+distinguished himself in the second Punic war; in 204-3 he served as
+Quaestor to Scipio Africanus in Sicily and Africa. From this time
+forward he became the declared enemy of the Scipios and their friends,
+who were introducing, he said, into Rome the luxury and refinement of
+degenerate Greece and ruining the simple and honest Roman character. He
+served with distinction in Spain, 195-4, and against Antiochus, 191. In
+184 he was censor, and applied himself strenuously, but in vain, to stem
+the tide of Greek luxury. He was one of the ambassadors sent to Africa
+to arbitrate between Masinissa and the Carthaginians, and was so struck
+by the flourishing condition of Carthage, that on his return he insisted
+that, whilst that city existed, Rome would never be safe. Whenever he
+was called upon for his vote in the Senate, whatever the subject before
+the house was, he always concluded his remarks by ‘And I further am of
+opinion that Carthage must be destroyed (_delendam esse Carthaginem_).’
+The third Punic war, which broke out soon after his death, was largely
+due to his influence.
+
+5. +L. Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus+ served under his brother Africanus
+in Spain, and in 190 defeated Antiochus at Mount Sipylus. Cf. xvi. 1.
+
+3. +comparati in eum+. _Comparare hominem in aliquem_ is the regular
+phrase for procuring a man to attack another. ‘Having been set upon
+him....’
+
+4. +pecuniae ... rationem redderet+, ‘to give an account of the money
+paid by Antiochus, and the spoil....’
+
+9. +allatum+, i.e. _dixit librum allatum esse_, ‘he said that it had
+been brought.’
+
+10. +aerarium+, the public treasury at Rome, in which, besides the
+State treasure, the standards of the legions and copies of all decrees
+of the Senate were kept. After the expulsion of the kings the Temple of
+Saturn, at the head of the Forum, was used for this purpose.
+
+10. +sed enim+, ‘but indeed.’ Cf. xv. 10.
+
+11. +nec me ipse afficiam contumeliâ+, ‘nor will I insult myself with
+my own lips (_ipse_).’
+
+12. +coram+, ‘before their eyes.’
+
+13. +quod cui+. The order is _quod ab eo ratio praedae posceretur, cui
+salus ... deberet_, ‘indignant that an account of the booty was demanded
+from a man, to whom the safety of the State and constitution ought to be
+ascribed.’
+
+_Acceptum aliquid referre alicui_, lit. ‘to put down a thing as received
+to a man’s account,’ ‘to credit him with it’; a metaphor from banking.
+
+
+XVIII.
+
+2. +Scipio Africanus+ “was unquestionably one of the greatest men of
+Rome, and he acquired at an early age the confidence and admiration of
+his countrymen. His enthusiastic mind led him to believe that he was a
+special favourite of the gods; and he never engaged in any public or
+private business without first going to the Capitol, where he sat some
+time alone, enjoying communication from the gods. For all he proposed or
+executed he alleged the divine approval; and the Roman people gave
+credit to his assertions, and regarded him as a being almost superior to
+the common race of men. There can be no doubt that Scipio believed
+himself in the divine revelations, which he asserted to have been
+vouchsafed to him, and the extraordinary success which attended all his
+enterprises must have deepened this belief.”--Smith’s _Classical
+Dictionary_.
+
+3. +noctis extremo+, ‘at the end of night.’ The neuter _extremum_ is
+used as a substantive, meaning ‘the end.’ Cf. _extremo anni_, Livy,
+xxxv. 11. 1; _sub extremum noctis_, Sil. 4. 88.
+
+4. +ventitare+. _Ventito_ is the frequentative form of _venio_.
+Frequentative or iterative verbs denote repeated action: they are of the
+first conjugation, and formed by adding _-to_, _-so_, _-ito_, or _-itor_
+to the supine stem, or, more rarely, to the clipt stem, as _can-to_,
+‘I sing often’; _cur-so_, ‘I run often’; _rog-ito_, ‘I ask often’;
+_min-itor_, ‘I threaten often’; _haes-ito_, ‘I stick fast.’ Sometimes
+one frequentative verb is formed from another, as _cant-ito_ from
+_canto_.
+
++ac iubere ... Iovis+, ‘and to order the temple of Jupiter to be
+opened.’
+
+5. +quasi consultans+. Cf. xv. 6. note.
+
+7. +id temporis+. For this ‘genitive of the thing measured,’ depending
+on a neuter pronoun, expressing quantity, hence often called the
+‘partitive genitive,’ cf. _aliquid veri, falsi_; _id aetatis_; _nihil
+reliqui facere_, ‘to leave nothing undone’ (Caes.); _quantum mercedis_
+(xxxii. 17.); _si quid remedii_ (xxxiv. 8.), and such phrases as _navium
+quod ubique fuerat in unum locum coegerant_ (Caes.). _Id_ in this phrase
+is in the accusative. Similar adverbial accusatives are--_hoc noctis_,
+_magnam partem_, _suam vicem_, _multum_, etc. The use of the acc. has
+arisen from an extended use of the cognate acc. after intransitive verbs
+(e.g. _servire servitatem_, _dormire noctem_, _dolere aliquid_, etc.).
+
++quod in eum solum ... incurrerent+, the order is _aeditumi ...
+admirati, quod canes, semper in alios saevientes, neque latrarent neque
+incurrerent in eum solum id temporis in Capitolium ingredientem_,
+‘because he was the only man who entered the temple at that time, at
+whom the dogs, that always attacked others, did not bark and fly.’
+
+14. +re cibaria copiosum+, ‘well supplied with provisions.’
+
+15. +eius potiundi+. Gerundival attraction, cf. xiii. 1. note.
+
+16. +ius dicebat+, ‘he was administering justice,’ the technical term.
+
+18. +in iure stare+, or _esse_, ‘to stand,’ ‘present oneself before a
+magistrate’; _in ius ire_, ‘to go before a magistrate.’
+
+19. +vadimonium promittere+, to promise or give security (bail) for a
+man’s appearance, ‘for what day and what place’ (_i.e._ for his
+appearance on what day and place) ‘he would order security to be given.’
+
++iuberet+, subj. after the dependent interrog. _quem_. Cf. x. 6. note.
+
+21. +sese+, object. of _sistere_, ‘ordered him to present himself on
+the third day in yonder place.’
+
+22. +atque ita factum+, ‘and so it happened.’
+
++vadari+. _Vador aliquem_ = ‘I bind a man over by bail’: the object. of
+_vadari_ here is _militem_; “on the third day, on which he had ordered
+(them) to bind (the man) over to appear.”
+
+
+XIX.
+
+1. +capite+. _Caput_ denotes the legal status of a citizen: he lost it
+“as much if he were struck off the roll of citizens as if his head were
+struck off his shoulders” (Wilkins, _R. Lit. Primer_). “I and two others
+were trying a friend on a capital charge.”
+
+4. +ad casum ... medendum+, ‘to remedy so perilous a mischance.’
+
+6. +ad condemnandum+, sc. _hominem_, ‘I gave my vote in silence for
+condemning the man.’
+
+
+XX.
+
+1. +Favorinus+ was a native of Arles, in Gaul; he was a famous
+philosopher, and resided at different periods of his life in Rome,
+Greece, and Asia Minor (about 110-130 A.D.).
+
+3. +Curius+. M’ Curius Dentatus, consul in 290, 275, and 274 B.C.,
+distinguished himself in the Samnite wars. He was a favourite hero of
+the Romans, and celebrated as a type of the old-fashioned virtue and
+frugality. The Samnites, it is said, once sent an embassy to him with
+costly gifts. The messengers found the great general sitting by his
+hearth, and roasting turnips. They proffered their gifts, but he
+rejected them, saying that he would rather rule over those who possessed
+gold than possess it himself.
+
+4. +Fabricius+. Cf. viii. 1. note.
+
++Coruncanius+, consul 260 B.C., fought with success against the
+Etruscans and against Pyrrus (cf. xxvii. 1. note); he was also a
+distinguished lawyer, and the first plebeian who became Pontifex
+Maximus.
+
+5. +his+, abl. after the comparative _antiquiores_.
+
++antiquus+, ‘former,’ ‘ancient,’ is used of what has existed in past
+time as opposed to _novus_, what has not previously existed, new.
+_Vetus_ denotes what has existed for a long time, old, aged, opposed to
+_rĕcens_, what has not existed for long, recent.
+
++Horatii+. The three brothers of the Horatian gens, who, according to
+the legend, in the reign of Tullus Hostilius, fought against the
+Curiatii, three brothers from Alba, to determine whether Rome or Alba
+was to exercise the supremacy.
+
+6. +Auruncorum+, etc., genitives depending of _verbis_, ‘used the
+language of the Aurunci,’ etc. The Aurunci, Sicani, and Pelasgi were old
+Italian races.
+
+9. +quasi loquare+. Cf. xv. 6. note, ‘_quasi desiperet_.’
+
++Euandri+. The legend says that Euander, son of Hermes and an Arcadian
+nymph, about 60 years before the Trojan war, led a Pelasgian colony from
+Arcadia in Greece to Italy, and built the town of Pallantium at the foot
+of the Palatine hill. Vergil represents Euander as still alive when
+Aeneas came to Italy. (_Aeneid_, viii. 51.)
+
+10. +abhinc multis annis+, ‘many years ago.’ To express ‘how long
+ago,’ _abhinc_ and _ante_ are used with either abl. or acc. case. Cf.
+_abhinc triennium huc commigravit_, ‘she came hither three years ago’
+(Ter. _An._ i. 70).
+
+11. +quae dicas+, ‘anything that you say.’ The subj. (a consecutive
+subjunctive) after the relative marks the statement as indefinite; _quae
+dicis_ would mean the particular words which you are actually using.
+
+14. +sit+, subjunctive, because a dependent sentence in the _oratio
+obliqua_ after _ais_.
+
+16. +C. Julius Caesar+, the Dictator, 100-44 B.C. This quotation is
+from his lost work _De Analogia_, written, it is said, when he was
+crossing the Alps.
+
+18. +ut tamquam+, ‘that you should avoid a rare word, as (you would
+avoid) a rock.’
+
+
+XXI.
+
+1. +T. Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus+ was another of the favourite
+heroes of Roman history. His exploit here mentioned happened in 361. In
+353 and again in 349 he was Dictator; in 347, 344, and 340, Consul. In
+this last year Torquatus and P. Decius Mus gained a great victory over
+the Latins near Mt. Vesuvius, and established the Roman supremacy in
+Latium. It was shortly before this battle that the disobedient act of
+his son occurred, mentioned at the end of xxii.
+
+3. +torquis+, a ‘twisted neck chain,’ as opposed to _monile_ (cf.
+ix. 6), which was made of beads, stones, etc., strung together.
+
++ex hoste detractam induit+, ‘he had taken from an enemy, and put on
+himself.’ A participle and verb are frequently used in Latin where in
+English two verbs are employed, e.g. _scripsit se profectum celeriter
+adfore_, ‘he wrote (to say) that he had set out and would soon arrive.’
+
+4. +fuerit+, subj. after the dependent interrogative _quis_. Cf. x. 6.
+note.
+
+6. +cum ... processit+, etc. The indicative is used in past time after
+_cum_, when the conjunction is purely temporal, and equivalent to _et
+tum_. Cf. vi. 8 note.
+
+7. +nudus+, ‘unarmed.’ _Nudus_ is used in many senses besides its
+usual one of ‘unclothed,’ ‘naked’: _e.g._ ‘without a _toga_,’ _i.e._ ‘in
+a tunic only,’ _nudus ara, sere nudus_ (Verg. _G._ i. 299); ‘uncovered
+by turf,’ _silex nuda_ (Verg. _E._ i. 15); ‘leafless,’ _nudum nemus_;
+‘without a garrison,’ _urbs nuda praesidio_ (Cic. _Att._ vii. 13-1);
+‘destitute,’ _nuda senectus_ (Juv.); ‘unadorned,’ _nuda oratio_ (Cic.),
+etc.
+
+12. +si quis ... vellet, uti prodiret+, ‘that if any one was willing
+to fight him, he should step forward.’ The tenses are historic, because
+_conclamant_ is the historical present, and therefore equivalent to a
+past tense. Primary tenses are sometimes used after a historic present,
+but historic tenses are more common.
+
+17. +scuto pedestri+. The _scutum_ was an oblong or oval shield (4 ft.
+by 2½ ft., Polybius), made of wood or wickerwork. It was borrowed from
+the Sabines and made the shield of the whole Roman army, superseding the
+large circular _clipeus_, when the Roman soldiers first began to receive
+pay, and to form a permanent army instead of an irregular militia (Livy,
+viii. 8. etc.).
+
++cinctus+ in this connection is properly ‘surrounded’ with a girdle to
+support a shield or sword, hence ‘armed with.’
+
+
+XXII.
+
+1. +metu magno+, ‘amid great anxiety.’ An ablative of manner, closely
+akin to the “ablative absolute.”
+
+2. +sua disciplina+, ‘according to his custom,’ _i.e._ way of
+fighting. Cf. _eadem nos disciplina utimur_, ‘our habits are the same’
+(Plaut. _As._ i. 3. 49), and _disciplina militiae, bellica militaris_,
+etc., ‘the art of war.’
+
+3. +cunctabundus+. Cf. _moribundus_, vi. 11. note. The Gaul stood on
+the alert ready to parry a blow, and waiting his opportunity. Manlius
+disconcerted him by suddenly dashing him backwards.
+
+7. +eo pacto ei ... +, etc., ‘in that way he got to close quarters
+with him (_ei successit_) under his Gallic sword, and wounded his chest
+with his Spanish sword (sc. _gladio_).’ The “Spanish sword” was a short
+weapon, fitted for thrusting and stabbing at close quarters; the “Gallic
+sword” a much longer and heavier weapon.
+
+9. +pectus hausit+. _Haurire_ of a weapon in the sense of ‘wounding,’
+‘tearing open,’ is found in Lucretius, Vergil, and often in Ovid:
+probably the sword, etc., is regarded as devouring the flesh or drinking
+the blood (Conington). Cf. Verg. _Aen._ x. 313--
+
+              _Huic gladio perque aerea suta,
+  Per tunicam squalentem auro, latus haurit apertum._
+
+‘With his sword, through brazen coat of mail and tunic stiff with gold,
+he wounded his unguarded side.’
+
+17. +speculatum+. The supine is _-um_, expressing purpose after a verb
+of motion.
+
++pugna interdicta+, ‘though he had been forbidden to fight.’ Abl.
+absolute.
+
+
+XXIII.
+
+1. +Agrum Pomptinum+. The Ager Pomptinus was a low plain on the coast
+of Latium, between Circeii and Terracina; it was originally a fertile
+cornland, but after the third century B.C., it became more and more
+marshy, till at last the Pomptine marshes were the most malarious
+district in Italy. They were partially drained from time to time, but no
+permanent relief was afforded till the time of Pius VI. (1778). The
+district is still the most unhealthy in Italy.
+
+3. +vasta proceritate+, abl. of description.
+
++armis auro fulgentibus+, abl. abs., ‘a man of enormous stature, with
+armour gleaming with gold.’
+
+5. +per contemptum et superbiam+, ‘scornfully and haughtily.’ Cf. _per
+vim_, ‘forcibly,’ etc.
+
+6. +venire iubet+, etc., ‘bids anyone out of the whole Roman army who
+dares to fight, to come forward and meet him,’ lit. ‘bids (him) come, if
+anyone dares.’ _Auderet_ is in historical time, because _iubet_ is the
+historic present, standing for a past tense. Cf. xxi. 12. note.
+
+8. +tribunus militaris+. The _tribuni militum_, or _militares_, were
+the chief officers of the legion; there were originally three,
+afterwards six, to each legion.
+
++ceteris ... ambiguis+. Abl. absol., ‘since the rest hesitated.’
+
+11. +progreditur ... obviam+, ‘advances to meet him.’
+
+13. +vis quaedam divina fit+, ‘a miracle happens’: lit., a divine
+power is manifested.
+
+16. +laniabat ... revolabat+, the imperfects denote repeated action.
+
+21. +statuam statuendam curavit+, ‘had a statue set up’: for this use
+of _curo_ cf. xiii. 1. 4. note.
+
++Augustus+. Cf. xxix. 2. note.
+
++in foro suo+, the ‘Forum Augusti.’ There were three great _fora_ at
+Rome, the F. Augusti, the F. Magnum, Vetus, or Romanum, and the F.
+Julii.
+
+23. +monimentum+, in apposition to _simulacrum_.
+
+
+XXIV.
+
+1. +Aesopus+ lived about 570 B.C. Little is known about his life. He
+was a slave, but was freed by one of his masters, Iadmon of Samos. He is
+said to have visited Croesus, king of Lydia, and Pisistratus of Athens,
+and to have been sent by the former to Delphi to distribute a gift of
+money among the citizens. A dispute however arose, and he refused to
+give any of the money, so the angry men of Delphi threw him over a
+precipice. Later stories, without good authority, represent him as
+deformed.
+
++e Phrygia+. Cotioeum in Phrygia, Mesembria in Thrace, Samos, and Sardis
+each claimed to be the birthplace of Aesop.
+
+2. +utilia monitu suasuque+. The abl. of the supine in _-u_ is
+regularly used as an abl. of respect. Cf. _nefas visu_, _turpe dictu_,
+_facile factu_ (xxvii. 7.), etc.
+
+5. +cum audiendi quadam inlecebra+, lit. ‘with some charm of hearing.’
+
+7. +spem+, etc., ‘that in matters (_rerum_) which a man can manage
+himself, hope and trust ought never to be placed in another, but in
+himself,’ _i.e._ that a man ought not to rely upon another for what he
+can do himself.
+
+10. +Q. Ennius+. Cf. xxxviii. 9.
+
++satiris+. _Satira_ or _satura_ (_satur_ = full), properly a mixture of
+all sorts of things, originally denoted a work which dealt with many
+subjects; then the title was applied to poems which treated
+‘didactically’ the follies and vices of mankind.
+
++versibus quadratis+, _versus quadrati_ (square) are those containing
+eight or seven feet. These lines of Ennius are called _Septenarii_ or
+_Tetrameter Catalectic_ verses. The principal feet in them are the
+_trochee_ ¯ ¯ ˘, and _spondee_ ¯ ¯.
+
+  Hōc ĕr|īt tĭb(i) | ārgŭ|mēntūm | sēmpĕr | īn prōmp|tū sĭ|tum,
+  Nē quĭd | ēxpēc|tēs ă|mīcōs, | quod tŭt(e) | ăgĕrĕ | possĭ|es.
+
+12. +semper in promptu situm+, ‘ever ready at hand.’
+
+13. +ne quid+, etc., ‘not to wait for your friends at all (_quid_) in
+a matter which (_quod_) you yourself can do.’
+
++possies+, old form of _possis_, pres. subj. of _possum_.
+
+
+XXV.
+
+2. +id temporis+. Cf. xviii. 7. note, ‘at such a time, as a rule, that
+the harvest is at hand when its young ones are just becoming fledged.’
+
+3. +ea cassita+, that particular lark about which the story is told.
+
++congesserat+, used absolutely (_i.e._ without an object) in the sense
+of making a nest, as we used the word ‘to build.’ Cf. Verg._ Ecl._
+iii. 69, _locum aeriae quo congessere columbae_.
+
+5. +dum iret+. _Dum_, like other temporal conjunctions, takes the
+indic. (in Oratio R.) when _strictly_ temporal, but the subj. is
+required when the notion of time is complicated with that of purpose,
+consequence, etc. In other words, _dum_, ‘whilst,’ always takes the
+indic., _dum_, ‘until,’ the indic. usually, the subj. sometimes, viz.,
+when the idea of expecting or waiting for something comes in. Here
+purpose is expressed: ‘to enable her to meanwhile go ...,’ ‘till she
+should go.’ Cf. _priusquam emeret_, xxxiii. 4. note.
+
+6. +quaesitum+, ‘to seek for food ...’; the supine in _-um_ expressing
+purpose after a verb of motion. Cf. xvi. 13, xxii. 17.
+
+7. +si quid+, etc., ‘if anything unusual happened.’ For the genitive
+_quid rei_, cf. _id temporis_, xviii. 7. note.
+
+11. +fac eas et roges+, a less peremptory way of expressing a command
+than the simple imperative. Cf. _scribas velim_, _cura ut scribas_,
+_scribe sis_ (for _si vis_), instead of _scribe_.
+
+12. +veniant+, etc., subj. after _roges_, ‘ask them to come ...’
+
+15. +orare+, the historical infinite, used instead of a finite verb.
+In this construction, which is frequent in an animated description of a
+scene, the pres. inf. only is used (besides the two perfects _odisse_
+and _meminisse_, which have a present meaning). Dr. Kennedy (Pub. Sch.
+Lat. Gr., 332) treats it as analogous to the omission of parts of the
+verb _sum_ (e.g. _occisus_ for _occisus est_), as it leaves out the
+expression of time, number, and person. ‘It is used to express the
+occurrence of actions without marking the order of time.’ (Roby.)
+
+17. +misit qui amicos roget+. _Roget_ is in subj., because the
+relative expresses purpose: ‘has sent me to ask ....’ _Misit_ is the
+perfect proper, ‘has sent,’ a primary tense, hence _roget_ is in the
+pres. subj.
+
+18. +otioso animo esse+, abl. of quality, lit. ‘bids them be of an
+easy mind,’ _i.e._ ‘bids them be easy in mind.’
+
+
+XXVI.
+
+4. +isti+, ironical, ‘those friends of yours are laggards.’
+
++quin ... imus+, ‘why do we not rather go ...?’ The conjunction _quin_
+(= _quî_, an old ablative, and _-ne_) is thus used in exhortations and
+remonstrances (_a_) usually with the pres. indic., e.g. _quin
+conscendimus equos?_ (Livy), ‘why do we not mount?’ _i.e._ ‘nay, mount
+at once’: (_b_) sometimes with the imperative, _quin aspice me_, ‘nay,
+look at me’; _quin dic uno verbo_, ‘just answer in a single word.’
+
+5. +cognatos+. _Cognatus_ is a kinsman by blood, either on the
+father’s or the mother’s side; _agnatus_, a blood relation on the
+father’s side; _gentilis_, a member of the same _gens_, and bearing the
+same gentile name, _e.g._ Cornelii, Fabii; all these three classes were
+_consanguinei_, related by blood; _adfinis_, a relation by marriage, or
+sometimes merely a neighbour.
+
+8. +cognatos adfinesque nullos ferme ...+, lit. ‘as a rule no kinsmen
+and neighbours were so good-natured,’ she said, ‘as to make no delay in
+undertaking work, and to obey orders at once.’
+
+14. +valeant+, ‘good-bye to ...,’ _i.e._ let us have no more to do
+with....
+
+18. +id ubi ...+, the order is, _ubi mater audivit ex pullis dominum
+dixisse id...._
+
+19. +tempus cedendi et abeundi+, ‘it is time to go and be off.’
+
+20. +in ipso enim+. The order is, _vertitur enim iam in ipso, cuia res
+est, non in alio, unde petitur_, lit. ‘for (the work) now depends upon
+the man himself, whose the property is, not upon another, from whom (the
+work) is asked,’ _i.e._ who is asked to do the work.
+
+
+XXVII.
+
+1. +Pyrrus+ (318-272 B.C.), king of Epirus, was one of the most famous
+generals of his age. In 280 he was invited to Italy by the Tarentines to
+aid them in their struggle with Rome. He defeated the Romans in two
+great battles, near Heraclea on the Siris in 280, and near Asculum in
+279, but his own troops suffered so severely that he concluded an
+armistice, and in 278 crossed to Sicily to help the Greek colonies in
+that island against the Carthaginians. The incident mentioned in this
+selection afforded the pretext for the truce. In 276 Pyrrus returned to
+Italy, but he was decisively defeated by Curius Dentatus near Beneventum
+and compelled to leave Italy. He went back to Epirus, and engaged in
+many new warlike enterprises. In 272, when retreating from Argos, he was
+stunned by a tile thrown by a woman, and slain by the pursuing soldiers.
+Hannibal is reported to have said, that of all the great generals the
+world had seen, Alexander was the greatest, Pyrrus the second, himself
+the third; or, according to another version, Pyrrus the first, Scipio
+the second, and himself the third.
+
++in terra Italia+, ‘in the land of Italy’; cf. xxxi. 7, _in terra
+Graecia_, so _urbs Roma_, etc., the two substantives being in
+apposition.
+
+4. +Fabricius+. Cf. viii. 1. note.
+
+7. +facile factu+, ‘easy to do.’ Cf. xxiv. 2., _utilia monitu et
+suasu_, note.
+
+12. +salutem tutaretur+, ‘should protect himself from...,’ ‘be on his
+guard against;’ lit. ‘protect his safety.’
+
+13. +laudes ... scripsisse+, ‘it is said that Pyrrus wrote to the
+Roman people, praising and thanking them ...,’ lit. ‘wrote praises and
+thanks.’
+
++populo Romano+. Cf. _ad senatum scripsit_, line 9. The rule is that,
+if the verb expresses or implies motion, _ad_ with the acc. is used to
+express the remoter object; if no motion is implied, the dative is used;
+so, _misit hoc ad me_, but _dedit hoc mihi_. Hence many verbs admit both
+constructions, as they fall on the line between expressing motion and
+not expressing it. _Scribo_ is one of these, for the letter has to be
+sent, so motion is implied, but the verb itself expresses no motion.
+This rule, however, is not always observed even in prose, and far less
+so in poetry.
+
+
+XXVIII.
+
+1. +In circo maximo+. The early Roman legends say that when Tarquinius
+Priscus had taken the town of Apiolae from the Latins, he commemorated
+his success by holding races and games in the Murcian Valley, between
+the Palatine and Aventine hills. Round the valley temporary platforms
+and stands were erected, and the course with its surroundings was called
+‘_Circus_,’ either because the spectators stood in a circle or because
+the races went round in a circle. Soon a permanent building was erected
+in this valley. This was enlarged and beautified from time to time, and
+known as the Circus Maximus, to distinguish it from the many similar
+buildings which were erected in various parts of Rome. In the time of
+Julius Caesar the Circus Maximus was about 600 yards in length, and 200
+in width, and held 150,000 people: a century later it could hold twice
+as many. The building was used chiefly for chariot-racing; but sometimes
+the area was flooded, and naval battles were represented, and often
+beasts were let loose in it to fight with one another, or with men,
+either condemned criminals and captives, or _bestiari_, specially
+trained for the purpose. This latter exhibition was called _venatio_,
+or _pugna venationis_. Animals were brought in almost incredible numbers
+from all parts of the Roman world to be thus slaughtered. Julius Caesar
+once turned 500 lions into the arena together, and Augustus, in the
+Monimentum Ancyranum, boasts that he had thus killed 3,500 elephants
+during his reign.
+
+2. +multae ibi ferae+, sc. _erant_.
+
+7. +quasi admirans+. Cf. _quasi desiperet_, xv. 6. note.
+
+15. +videres+, ‘you might have seen.’ Cf. Livy, _maesti, crederes
+victos, redeunt in castra_, ‘you would have thought they had been
+defeated.’ This use is confined to the second person singular (‘you’
+indefinite = one); the subjunctive is explained by treating the
+expression as part of a conditional sentence, the condition understood
+being the reality of the subject. ‘If you had been there, you might have
+seen....’
+
+
+XXIX.
+
+2. +Caesar+, probably Claudius, emperor 41-54 A.D.; he was the fourth
+emperor--Augustus being the first, Tiberius the second, and Caligula the
+third. Caesar was originally the name of a patrician family of the
+Julian _gens_. The name was taken by Augustus (Octavianus), as the
+adopted son of the Dictator, C. Julius Caesar: by Tiberius, as the
+adopted son of Augustus Caesar: and it continued to be used by Caligula,
+Claudius, and Nero, as members, by adoption, or female descent, of
+Caesar’s family. This family became extinct with Nero, but succeeding
+emperors employed the name as part of their official title.
+
+3. +uni+ with +illi+, ‘had spared him alone.’
+
++pepercisset+, subj. after the dependent interrogative _cur_.
+
+5. +proconsulari imperio+. The _Proconsulare Imperium_ is the power
+held by a man who acts _pro consule_, ‘in the place of a consul.’ As the
+number of Roman provinces increased, it became the custom under the
+Republic for men, who had held the office of consul, to accept the
+government of provinces for a year, and rule these with the “_Imperium
+Proconsulare_,” which was conferred by a special decree of the Senate
+and of the people. Under the Empire the provinces were divided into two
+groups: (1) the Senatorial Provinces (the more peaceful ones in which no
+large armies were maintained), which were governed with _Imperium
+Proconsulare_ by men who had been consuls or praetors: (2) the Imperial
+Provinces, which were governed with _Praetorian_ power by _Legati
+Caesaris_, who acted as the Emperor’s deputies.
+
++Africam+, the Roman name for the district round Carthage.
+
+10. +consilium fuit+, ‘my plan was,’ ‘I purposed.’
+
+14. +debili ... pede+. Abl. absol., ‘with one foot lame and
+bloodstained.’
+
+22. +volnere intimo expressi+, ‘I pressed out from the bottom of the
+wound.’ Words compounded with _ab_, _cum_, _de_, and _ex_ usually govern
+an abl., either with or (less frequently in prose) without the
+preposition repeated.
+
+23. +cruorem+: _cruor_ is ‘gore,’ _i.e._ blood which has flowed from a
+wound; _sanguis_, either ‘gore,’ or blood circulating in the body.
+
+
+XXX.
+
+1. +triennium totum+, acc. of duration of time; ‘for three whole
+years.’
+
+2. +eodemque et victu+, abl. of matter; ‘on the same food also.’
+
++nam quas+, etc. The order is--‘_ferebat ad specum mihi_ (to the cave
+for me), _membra opimiora ferarum quas venabatur_,’ the antecedent
+_ferarum_ being attracted into the relative sentence, and so becoming
+_feras_.
+
+7. +viam ... permensus+, ‘having travelled a journey of almost three
+days.’
+
+9. +rei capitalis+, the genitive of the charge used after verbs of
+condemning and acquitting. _Res capitalis_ is a crime punishable by
+death or loss of civil rights, _caput_ denoting both life and civil
+status. Cf. xix. 1. note.
+
+10. +damnandum curavit+. Cf. xiii. 1. 4. note.
+
+11. +quoque+, the lion, as well as I, having been captured.
+
+
+XXXI.
+
+1. +in terra Graecia+. Cf. _in terra Italia_, xxvii. 1. note.
+
++fama celebri+, abl. of quality, ‘of great reputation.’
+
+5. +Athenis+, ‘at Athens,’ the locative case. Cf. xi. 1. note.
+
++Electram+, etc. The order is--_acturus Electram Sophoclis, debebat
+gestare urnam quasi cum Oresti ossibus_, ‘being about to play the part
+of Sophocles’ Electra (_i.e._ the part of Electra in the play of
+Sophocles called ‘the Electra’) he had to carry an urn, supposed to
+contain (_quasi cum_) the bones of Orestes.’ Women’s characters were
+played by men both on the Greek and on the Roman stage.
+
+When Agamemnon, king of Argos and Mycenae, returned from the Trojan war,
+he was murdered by his wife Clytaemnestra. Electra, their daughter,
+contrived to save her young brother Orestes, and send him to the court
+of Strophius, king of Phocis. After some years Orestes returned in
+company with Pylades, the son of Strophius. At first he pretended to be
+a messenger from Strophius, who had come to announce the death of
+Orestes in a chariot race, in token of which he brought an urn
+containing, he said, the ashes of the dead man. Finally, he made himself
+known to Electra, and then slew Clytaemnestra and her lover Aegisthus.
+
++Sophocles+, 495-406, the great Athenian tragic poet, was thirty years
+younger than Aeschylus and fifteen years older than Euripides. He is
+said to have written 130 plays, but of these seven only have reached us,
+of which the ‘Electra,’ here mentioned, is one.
+
+6. +Oresti+. The gen. sing. of Greek proper names in _-es_ of the
+third declension usually ends in _-i_, sometimes in _-is_. Hence we have
+nom. and voc., Orestes; acc., Oresten and Orestem; gen., Oresti and
+Orestis; dat., Oresti; abl., Orestĕ, rarely Orestē. The plural, when
+used, follows the first declension.
+
+11. +quasi Oresti amplexus+. _Oresti_ is the gen. depending on _ossa_
+understood.
+
+12. +itaque+, etc., lit. ‘and so when a play seemed to be represented,
+(true) grief was represented.’
+
+When the great English actor Macready played the part of Virginius, soon
+after the death of his own daughter, he declared that his recent
+experience of real grief gave a new force to his acting. Diderot, on the
+other hand, in his famous _Paradoxe sur le Comédien_, maintains that the
+emotions of the actor must be artificial, not real, to produce an
+artistic effect.
+
+
+XXXII.
+
+2. +qui pro se ... advocaverunt+, ‘they engaged men to plead their
+case’; lit. ‘who should speak for them,’ _qui_ being used in a final
+sense, and hence the subj. For this sense of _advocaverunt_ cf. the
+English word ‘advocate.’
+
+4. +Demosthenes+, the greatest of Athenian orators, was born in 385
+and died in 322 B.C. As a statesman his whole policy was directed to
+resisting the aggressions of the Macedonian kings Philip and Alexander
+(cf. vi.). He made many bitter enemies, of whom +Demades+ (line 22) was
+one of the most important. Demades was a warm supporter of the
+Macedonian party, and, as he is known to have been an unprincipled man,
+this story probably applies to him, and not to Demosthenes.
+
+11. +lana multa ... circumvolutus+, lit. ‘wrapped round as to his neck
+with much wool.’ _Collum_ is the acc. of respect.
+
+12. +eo+, for that reason, therefore.
+
+14. +non synanchen ... sed argyranchen+, ‘that his throat was inflamed
+not by cold, but by gold.’ _Argyranche_ (αργυραγχη) is a sarcastic word
+coined to imitate _synanche_ (συναγχη), ‘an inflamed throat.’
+
+15. +quin ... quoque+, ‘nay he even prided himself upon it,’ lit.
+ascribed it as a glory (dat of purpose or complement, cf. viii. 4. note)
+to himself. _Quinetiam_ is more common than the simple _quin_ in this
+sense.
+
+17. +quantum mercedis+. For this ‘genitive of the thing measured,’
+usually called the ‘partitive genitive,’ depending of a neuter pronoun,
+cf. _id temporis_, xviii. 7. note, ‘how much pay he had received for
+acting.’ _Accepisset_ is subj. after the dependent interrogative
+_quantum_.
+
+18. +uti ageret+, lit. in order to act, a final sentence. So ‘_ut
+tacerem_’.
+
+19. +talentum+, the Attic talent, £243 15s.
+
+
+XXXIII.
+
+1. +Marcus Tullius Cicero+, the famous Roman orator, was born near
+Arpinum on Jan 3rd, 106 B.C. He was consul in 63 B.C., and was murdered
+Dec 7th, 43 B.C., by the emissaries of M. Antonius.
+
++in Palatio+, the Palatium or Mons Palatinus was the hill on the S.W.
+of the Roman Forum. On it the original city is said to have been built.
+
+2. +in praesens+ sc. _tempus_, ‘for the present’. _Praesens_, the
+pres. participle of _praesum_, and _absens_, the pres. participle of
+_absum_, are the only forms in which the pres. participle of _sum_ is
+found.
+
++P. Sulla+, the nephew of the great Dictator, L. Sulla, was accused of
+complicity in the Catilinarian conspiracy. He was defended by Cicero and
+Hortensius--the famous rival of Cicero, and, though certainly guilty,
+was acquitted, 62 B.C.
+
++mutua ... tacita accepit+, ‘accepted as a secret loan....’
+
++sestertium viciens+, 2,000,000 _sestertii_, _i.e._ about £19,000. The
+unit for reckoning large sums was the _sestertius_ or _nummus_ (¼ of a
+_denarius_, the ordinary silver coin in use, or 2½ asses), in value
+about 2¼d. Up to 2,000 the cardinal numbers were prefixed, e.g. _centum
+sestertii_, _mille sestertii_, etc. The gen. plur. of _sestertius_ is
+_sestertium_, so 2,000 _sestertii_ is _duo millia sestertium_. This form
+_sestertium_ in time became treated as if it were a neuter singular.
+Hence for _duo millia sestertium_, _duo_ or _bina sestertia_ was
+written, as the ‘distributive’ form of the numeral was often used. Hence
+for sums from 2,000 up to 1,000,000 _sestertii_ we have _duo_ or _bina
+sestertia_, _sexaginta_ or _sexagena sestertia_, etc. For sums above
+1,000,000 _sestertii_ the numeral adverb was generally employed: thus,
+2,000,000 _sestertii_ was written _viciens centena_ (or _centum_)
+_millia sestertium_, which was generally contracted into _viciens
+sestertium_, or _viciens_ alone.
+
+4. +priusquam emeret+. _Priusquam_ and _antequam_, like other temporal
+conjunctions, usually govern the indicative; but when they introduce an
+event which is expected, and its occurrence prevented, _i.e._ when they
+convey any idea of purpose, they usually require the subjunctive. Cf.
+note on _dum iret_, xxv. 5. Translate, “before he _could_ buy.”
+
++quod ... accepisset+, ‘that he had accepted.’ Fees to lawyers were
+illegal at Rome; but the law was evaded in many ways.
+
+10. +inter ridendum+, ‘amidst his laughing.’ Cf. note on the gerund,
+xiii. 1.
+
++ἀκοινονοητοι+ (_akoinŏnŏētoi_), ἀ-κοινος-νοητος (νόησις), not having
+common sense. The word is not found in extant Greek works.
+
+11. +cum ignoratis+, ‘because you do not know that.’ This use of _cum_
+with the indic., giving a reason, is common in early writers (_e.g._
+Plautus), but only used by Cicero after such words as _laudo_ and
+_gratulor_. Later writers do not employ it.
+
+12. +patris familias+, ‘it is the custom of a prudent and careful
+master of the household to say that he is not going to buy what he
+wishes to purchase....’ For the genitive, cf. _cuiusvis hominis est
+errare_, ‘it is any man’s nature to err,’ etc. The genitive may be
+explained by saying that it depends upon some such word as _indoles_,
+‘nature,’ _officium_, ‘duty,’ etc., understood.
+
+
+XXXIV.
+
+3. +Mons Cispius+ was one of the peaks of Mons Esquilinus, on the E.
+of the Forum.
+
++subeuntes montem+. Many intransitive verbs, especially verbs of motion,
+gain a semi-transitive or transitive force by being compounded with
+prepositions, chiefly prepositions which govern an acc., e.g. _adire_,
+_circumvenire_, _adstare_, _adloqui_, _oppugnare_, etc. But many of
+these compounds govern a dative, instead of, or as well as, an
+accusative, e.g. _adlabi_, _succedere_. Some verbs compounded with
+prepositions which govern an ablative take an accusative, e.g.
+_convenire_, _expugnare_, etc.
+
+4. +insulam+. _Insula_ was a house for poor people, let out in rooms
+or flats to several families; as opposed to _domus_, the large mansion
+of a single wealthy family.
+
++multis ... editam+, built to a great height with many floors.
+
+7. +magni+, nominative, ‘the profits of city property are great.’
+
+8. +si quid remedii+. For the gen. cf. _id temporis_, xviii. 7. note,
+‘if any remedy could have been found to prevent houses burning so
+constantly at Rome, I would have sold....’
+
+10. +venum dedissem+. _Venum_ (neuter) is only found in the classical
+period in the acc. sing., but Tacitus uses _veno_, and still later
+writers _venui_. _Venum do_--often written as one word, _venumdo_,
+contracted into _vendo_--is ‘I give for sale’; _venum eo_--often written
+_veneo_--is ‘I am for sale.’ For the acc. cf. _pessum dare_, ‘I give to
+destruction,’ and _pessum ire_, ‘I go to destruction.’
+
+12. +annalem undevicensimum+, ‘the nineteenth book of the history
+(annals) of Q. Claudius....’
+
+13. +Mitridati+, genitive; cf. _Oresti_, xxxi. 6. note.
+
+14. +defenderes+, subj. after the dependent interrogative _quo_.
+
+15. +L. Cornelius Sulla+, surnamed Felix, was born in 138 and died 78
+B.C. He first distinguished himself in Africa, when serving under Marius
+in the campaign against Jugurtha (107-106). In 88 he was appointed to
+the command of the war against Mitridates, but Marius, eager to obtain
+this for himself, got a new law passed transferring the command to
+himself. Sulla thereupon marched upon Rome with his troops, and Marius
+fled, only to return and deluge the streets of Rome with blood, when his
+rival had sailed for the East. The siege of Athens here referred to took
+place in 86: in 83 Sulla returned to Rome, and quickly overthrew the
+remains of the Marian party, Marius having died in 86. In 81 Sulla was
+appointed Dictator. He devoted two years to reforming the State, and
+restoring the power of the senate and aristocracy, and then retired into
+private life in 79. In the following year he died.
+
++Piraeum+. Piraeus, Munychia, and Phalerum were the three harbours of
+Athens.
+
+
+XXXV.
+
+1. +Arion+. This story about Arion comes from the Greek historian
+Herodotus. +Periander+ was “tyrant” of Corinth from 625 to 585 B.C. Like
+most of the Greek “tyrants” he was a patron of art and literature.
+
++nobilis+ is common in the sense of ‘famous,’ as well as in its
+technical use of one whose ancestors had held curule office.
+
++Methymnaeus+. Methymna was a town at the northern extremity of Lesbos.
+
+5. +viseret+, the imperf. subj., because _proficiscitur_ is the
+‘historical present’ standing for a past tense. Cf. xxi. 12. note.
+
+8. +ut notiores+, ‘as better known....’
+
+10. +in altum+, ‘the deep sea.’
+
+11. +de necando Arione+, gerundial attraction. Cf. xiii. 7. note.
+
+21. +carmen ... orthium+, Greek νόμος ὄρθιος, lit. the loud, high song,
+was the name for a shrill, stirring air.
+
+
+XXXVI.
+
+2. +cursum ... tenuerunt+, ‘held on their course.’
+
+4. +fluitanti sese homini subdidit+, ‘placed itself under the floating
+man.’
+
+5. +incolumique corpore et ornatu+, abl. absol., ‘carried him to land
+(_devexit_) at Taenarum, in the country of Laconia, with body and
+clothes unharmed.’ _Taenarum_ is the acc. of ‘place whither.’
+
++in terram Laconicam+, lit. ‘to Taenarum into the land of Laconia.’ So
+‘he set out for Carthage in Africa’ is ‘_profectus est Carthaginem in
+Africam_.’
+
+6. +Taenarum+ was a promontory and town in the S.W. of Laconia, now
+Cape Matapan.
+
+7. +devexit+, ‘carried _down_,’ _i.e._ to land. The Greeks and Romans
+spoke of the coast line as lower than both the inland country and the
+‘high’ sea. Cf. the uses of ἀναβαίνω and καταβαίνω.
+
+8. +talemque+, etc., lit. ‘presented himself to King Periander, not
+expecting him, in the same guise (_talem_) as he had been in (_qualis_)
+(when) carried on the dolphin.’
+
++quasi falleret+. Cf. _quasi desiperet_, xv. 6. note.
+
+12. +dissimulanter+, secretly, hiding the truth; _simulanter_,
+feignedly, pretending what does not exist (the form _simulanter_ is
+post-classical). This distinction between _simulo_ and _dissimulo_ is
+expressed in the pentameter--
+
+  “_Quod non es simulas, dissimulasque quod es_,”
+
+‘you pretend what you are not, and hide what you are.’
+
+13. +audissent+, subj. after the dept. interrogative ‘_ecquid_.’
+
++unde venissent+, subj. because a dept. sentence in the _interrogatio
+obliqua_, after _interrogavit_.
+
+18. +ire infitias+, ‘to deny.’ For the phrase, cf. _ire exequias_, ‘to
+attend a funeral.’ The acc. in these phrases must be compared with the
+‘acc. of place whither’ after a verb of motion, _e.g._ _Romam_, _domum_,
+_rus ire_; and the acc. of the supine used to express purpose after a
+verb of motion, e.g. _lusum it Maecenas, dormitum ego_ (Horace),
+‘Maecenas goes to play, I to sleep.’
+
+20. +quod+, ‘the fact that...,’ introduces the substantival sentence
+‘_simulacra ... visuntur_’ which is the subject of _est_.
+
+21. +delphinus+ and +homo+ are in opposition with _simulacra_.
+
+
+XXXVII.
+
+1. +ruris colendi insolens+, ‘ignorant of agriculture.’ For the
+gerundial attraction, cf. xiii. 1. note.
+
+3. +qui ... sciret+, ‘since he knew...,’ the relative when used in a
+causal sense governs the subjunctive.
+
+10. +faceret+, subj. after the dept. interrogative _cur_; ‘he asked
+why he was making....’
+
+13. +gratias agens+. The plural _gratias_ is always used with _agere_;
+but after _referre_, _debere_, _sentire_, etc., the singular, _gratiam_,
+is most commonly found.
+
+15. +imperitus+ goes closely with _detruncat_. In English we should
+use the adverb, ‘ignorantly (or, in his ignorance) cuts the tops
+off....’
+
++vites suas sibi omnes et oleas+, ‘all the vines and olives that he
+possessed.’
+
+18. +pomis gignendis felicia+, lit. all the twigs ‘productive for
+bearing fruit,’ _i.e._ ‘all the fruit-bearing twigs.’ _Pomis gignendis_
+is the dative after _felicia_. For the gerundive attraction cf. xiii. 1.
+note.
+
++felicia+. The root of _felix_ is the same as the root of _fecundus_
+(fruitful), _fetus_ (offspring), etc. Hence the earliest meaning of
+_felix_ is fruit-bearing: in this sense it is used in Lucretius, Ovid,
+Livy, etc., and the adverb _felicius_ in Verg. (_hic segetes, illic
+veniunt felicius uvae._--Georg. i. 54.)
+
+
+XXXVIII.
+
+1. +Mitridates VI+., king of Pontus, 120-63 B.C., was the most
+powerful foe whom the Romans encountered in the East. The first
+Mitridatic war was brought to a successful conclusion by Sulla in 84
+B.C.; the second, 83-82 B.C., was uneventful; the third, 74-63 B.C., in
+which Pompeius distinguished himself, ended in the flight and suicide of
+the king, as described in line 8.
+
+2. +quorum ... cavebat+, ‘by the continual use of which he protected
+himself from secret attempts at banquets’; _epularum_ is a descriptive
+genitive depending on _insidiis_.
+
+3. +quin ... est+. Cf. _quin quoque_, xxxii. 15. note, ‘nay, he
+even....’
+
++ostentandi gratia+, ‘to show off.’
+
+6. +in ultima regni+, ‘to the most distant parts of his kingdom.’
+
+9. +Q. Ennius+ (239-169 B.C.), though a Greek by birth, spent his life
+at Rome, and was regarded by the Romans as the father of their poetry,
+_alter Homerus_ (Horace). His most important work was the _Annales_, an
+epic poem upon the history of Rome. Only a few fragments of his writings
+have reached us.
+
+10. +Osce+. The Osci were a primitive people who lived in Campania.
+
+14. +lingua locutus est+, ‘he spoke in the tongue and language of each
+as skilfully as if he had been of that nation.’
+
+
+XXXIX.
+
+1. +eloquentiae discendae causarumque orandi cupidus+, lit. ‘was
+anxious to learn eloquence and to plead causes.’
+
++causarum orandi+, the genitive _orandi_ depends upon _cupidus_, and
+_causarum_ is a genitive depending on the gerund _orandi_. This
+construction (instead of the gerundial attraction, or the ordinary acc.
+after the gerund) is very rare; but cf. _nobis fuit exemplorum eligendi
+potestas_ (Cic de Juv. ii. 2), ‘we had the power of choosing examples.’
+
++in disciplinam ... sese dedit+, ‘entered himself as a pupil of
+Protagoras,’ lit. gave himself to the teaching of Protagoras.
+
+3. +Protagoras+, of Abdēra, in Thrace, was born about 480 B.C. and
+died 411 B.C. He came to Athens before the year 445, and there
+established a school. He was the first Greek philosopher who called
+himself a ‘Sophist,’ and taught for pay.
+
++daturumque+, etc. The order is--_promisit se daturum esse grandem
+pecuniam mercedem_, ‘promised to give a large sum as a remuneration....’
+_Mercedem_ is in apposition with _pecuniam_.
+
+6. +quo primo die+, ‘on the first day on which he pleaded and won a
+case’; the antecedent _primo die_ is attracted into the relative
+clauses, a common construction in Latin. Cf. xxx. 2.
+
+8. +causas ... reciperet+, ‘did not undertake cases,’ _i.e._ take
+briefs.
+
+12. +litem ... contestatur+ is the technical phrase for setting a suit
+on foot by calling witnesses; ‘he brings an action against Euathlus.’
+
+17. +ex sententia+, in accordance with the votes of the judges.
+‘_Sententia_’ is an expressed opinion, hence our ‘sentence.’
+
+18. +secundum te+, ‘in your favour.’
+
+24. +pro causa mea senserint+, ‘shall have pronounced in my favour.’
+
+
+XL.
+
+1. +proelium Cannense+, 216 B.C. Cf. ix. 1. Note the use of the
+adjective, where we use a subst. and prep., ‘the battle of Cannae.’
+
+2. +electos ... misit+, ‘sent to Rome ten men chosen out of our
+captives,’ _i.e._ ‘selected ten of our captives and sent them to Rome.’
+Cp. xxi. 3. note.
+
+3. +videretur+, ‘if it seemed good to the Roman people.’
+
+4. +quos alteri plures acciperent+, ‘whom the one side received more
+(than the other)’; _plures_ is acc. qualifying _quos_.
+
+5. +argenti+, etc., ‘a pound and a half of silver by weight.’
+
+6. +hoc iusiurandum eos adegit+, ‘bound them by this oath.’ _Adigere
+aliquem iusiurandum_, or _ad iusiurandum_, is literally to drive a man
+to an oath, _i.e._ to make him take it. After the time of Livy the
+construction _adigere aliquem iure iurando_, ‘to bind a man by an oath,’
+was more common.
+
+12. +postliminio+, ‘by the right of _postliminium_.’ _Postliminium_ is
+“the recovery of rights by a person returned from captivity, or the
+recovery of rights over a person or thing recovered from hostile
+possession” (Poste’s _Gaius_, § 129), since a man by hostile capture
+became the slave of the enemy, and so during the interval of captivity
+his rights as a free citizen were suspended. The usual derivation given
+is from _post_ and _limen_, ‘a returning behind the threshold’; others
+derive the _post_ from the same root as _potestas_ and _possessio_.
+
++liberatos religione+, ‘freed from their obligation.’
+
+19. +quoniam+, etc., lit. ‘since, when they had left the enemy’s camp,
+they had returned to it (_eo lem._ lit. to the same place) on an
+imaginary pretext, as if for some accidental reason, and so had again
+left (the camp) not bound by an oath.’
+
+24. +censores+. Two censors were elected every five years (_lustrum_);
+they held office for 18 months. Their duties were (1) to take the
+census, _i.e._ the register of the citizens and their property; (2) to
+exercise a supervision over the morals of the citizens, and punish
+defaulters by the _nota censoria_, and degrade them in various ways.
+The consequence of the _nota_ was _ignominia_.
+
+
+
+
+EXERCISES
+
+TO BE TRANSLATED INTO LATIN.
+
+[_The words in brackets are not to be translated._]
+
+
+I.
+
+1. Vergil used to produce his verses like a bear.
+
+2. The verses of Vergil were at first rough and unfinished.
+
+3. He used to polish and correct his rough verses like a bear.
+
+4. That animal by licking gives features to its shapeless offspring.
+
+5. All the verses of Vergil were afterwards polished and corrected.
+
+6. The offspring of that animal is at first rough and shapeless.
+
+7. It produces a shapeless offspring, but afterwards licks and forms it.
+
+8. The rough verses were polished and corrected by Vergil, as (its)
+offspring is licked and formed by that animal.
+
+
+II.
+
+1. Philemon was an author by no means equal to Menander.
+
+2. Do you not blush, whenever you defeat me in such contests?
+
+3. Philemon did not blush when he met Menander.
+
+4. Philemon often defeated Menander in those contests.
+
+5. Menander will meet Philemon by chance.
+
+6. Menander, a writer of comedies, defeated Philemon by bribery.
+
+7. Menander and Philemon were by no means equal.
+
+8. How do you defeat me in these contests?
+
+
+III.
+
+1. A wonderful thing is told by Plutarch about the palm.
+
+2. Great weights were placed by the philosophers on the stem of that
+palm tree.
+
+3. The tree will not yield, but will rise against the great weight.
+
+4. They have made the palm the emblem of victory.
+
+5. Why is this tree an emblem of victory in battle?
+
+6. The stem of the tree was not bent by the weights placed upon it.
+
+7. Philosophers tell many wonderful tales about this tree.
+
+8. This tree was made by the Greeks the emblem of victory.
+
+
+IV.
+
+1. It is said that Xanthippe was the wife of Socrates the philosopher.
+
+2. Socrates had a very bad-tempered wife, Xanthippe by name.
+
+3. He did not drive his quarrelsome wife from home.
+
+4. I can bear the impertinence of the others more easily.
+
+5. The wife of Socrates was very quarrelsome both day and night.
+
+6. The friends of Socrates wondered at his bad-tempered wife.
+
+7. Why has your quarrelsome and bad-tempered wife not been driven from
+home?
+
+8. Alcibiades, the friend of Socrates, wondered at Xanthippe, the
+quarrelsome wife of that philosopher.
+
+
+V.
+
+1. Voluntary labours used to strengthen the body of Socrates.
+
+2. He used to stand day and night motionless.
+
+3. Socrates lived in perfect health for almost his whole life.
+
+4. A plague ravaged the city of Athens in the Peloponnesian war.
+
+5. Socrates kept his bodily vigour during the plague which ravaged
+Athens.
+
+6. He used to stand with his eyes directed to the same place.
+
+7. Socrates bore very many labours to strengthen his body.
+
+8. He directed his eyes to the same place from one sunrise to the next
+sunrise.
+
+
+VI.
+
+1. King Alexander had a wonderful horse called Bucephalas.
+
+2. No one, except King Alexander, could mount this horse.
+
+3. The king, seated on this horse, performed many brave deeds in the
+Indian war.
+
+4. Darts were thrown from all sides at King Alexander.
+
+5. The king was carried back at full speed by the dying horse from the
+middle of the battle.
+
+6. A town, called Bucephalon, was built by Alexander in that place.
+
+7. The horse was pierced by many wounds and fell down almost lifeless.
+
+8. Alexander built a town in India, which he called Bucephalon in honour
+of his wonderful horse Bucephalas.
+
+
+VII.
+
+1. Alcibiades was educated by his uncle Pericles.
+
+2. A flute-player endeavoured to teach Alcibiades to play the flute.
+
+3. The flute was handed to Alcibiades by his master.
+
+4. The flute was thrown away and broken by the boy Alcibiades.
+
+5. The Athenians unanimously ceased to play the flute.
+
+6. The uncle caused the boy to be taught to play the flute.
+
+7. The wise uncle caused many masters to be summoned.
+
+8. Flute-playing was formerly considered by the Athenians a most
+honourable accomplishment.
+
+
+VIII.
+
+1. The Samnites sent ambassadors to C. Fabricius, the Roman general.
+
+2. They offered the Roman general a large sum of money as a gift.
+
+3. Many things were lacking to the magnificence of his home.
+
+4. Fabricius could control his eyes, mouth and ears.
+
+5. Fabricius was unwilling to receive the money from the Samnites.
+
+6. The Samnites know (how) to use the money.
+
+7. Fabricius did many things for the Samnites after peace had been made.
+
+8. The Roman general was unwilling to use the Samnite money.
+
+
+IX.
+
+1. The king had collected his forces on the plain.
+
+2. King Antiochus was about to make war on his enemies, the Roman
+people.
+
+3. The army of the king was glittering with gold and silver trappings.
+
+4. He manœuvred his chariots, cavalry and elephants.
+
+5. These things will be enough for the greedy Romans.
+
+6. Many elephants had been collected by Antiochus.
+
+7. Hannibal jeered at the cowardice of Antiochus’ soldiers.
+
+8. The king had collected chariots with sickles and elephants with
+turrets.
+
+
+X.
+
+1. The death of Milo was wonderful and pitiable.
+
+2. Athletics were abandoned by Milo (when) advanced in age.
+
+3. A large oak was standing near the road.
+
+4. He thrust his fingers into the hollows of the tree.
+
+5. Milo endeavoured with his fingers to tear open the oak.
+
+6. The tree returned to its natural position and shut in his hands.
+
+7. The man was torn to pieces by wild beasts.
+
+8. The oak was torn open by the hands of Milo.
+
+
+XI.
+
+1. The Roman senators used to enter the senate house with their sons.
+
+2. The senators were consulting about a very important matter.
+
+3. No one spoke about the matter, (which had been) adjourned to the next
+day.
+
+4. The mother of the boy Papirius was very anxious to hear the matter.
+
+5. It is advantageous to the state for one man to have two wives.
+
+6. The boy was unwilling to tell his mother those matters.
+
+7. In that city one woman was not married to two men.
+
+8. I must be silent, for I am not allowed to tell you this.
+
+
+XII.
+
+1. On hearing this she betook herself in alarm to the other women.
+
+2. Next day a crowd of women came to the senate-house.
+
+3. What is this crowd of women, and what do these demands mean?
+
+4. The boy advances into the middle of the senate-house and says these
+things.
+
+5. Afterwards no boy entered the senate-house except Papirius.
+
+6. The name (of) “Praetextatus” was given to the boy.
+
+7. The women were frightened and surrounded the senate-house weeping and
+praying.
+
+8. The senators wondered, when they saw the crowd of matrons.
+
+
+XIII.
+
+1. Sertorius was an energetic general, skilled in commanding an army.
+
+2. In times of difficulty he used to pretend dreams and tell lies to the
+soldiers.
+
+3. A certain man gave Sertorius a white doe of remarkable beauty.
+
+4. This doe has been presented to me by heaven.
+
+5. The doe used to converse with Sertorius and advise him.
+
+6. He announced that the doe had given him this advice.
+
+7. The soldiers willingly obeyed Sertorius as if (he were) a god.
+
+8. The doe, which had been given him as a gift, was of remarkable beauty
+and extraordinary speed.
+
+
+XIV.
+
+1. The doe, alarmed by an inroad of the enemy, took to flight.
+
+2. The doe one day hid in a neighbouring marsh, and was searched for in
+vain.
+
+3. It was believed that Sertorius’ doe had perished.
+
+4. Sertorius ordered the man, who found the doe, to be silent.
+
+5. The doe appeared to me in the middle of the night and foretold what
+must be done.
+
+6. The doe was suddenly let loose into the room, in which Sertorius and
+his friends were sitting.
+
+7. The credulity of these barbarians was very useful to the general.
+
+8. No one deserted Sertorius, though he was often conquered.
+
+
+XV.
+
+1. An old woman brought nine books to King Tarquin.
+
+2. She said that she wished to sell the books, which she had brought.
+
+3. The woman demanded an immense (sum of) money, and therefore the king
+laughed.
+
+4. Three out of the nine books were burnt before the king’s face.
+
+5. The king said that the old woman was certainly mad.
+
+6. She sold these books for the same price that she had demanded for
+all.
+
+7. Tarquin at first despised the old woman, but afterwards bought the
+three remaining books.
+
+8. The books, which this old woman sold to Tarquin, are called the
+Sibylline (books).
+
+
+XVI.
+
+1. Scipio Africanus did not receive money from King Antiochus.
+
+2. Scipio made peace with Antiochus on favourable terms.
+
+3. Many charges were made against Scipio by M. Naevius.
+
+4. This is the day on which Scipio conquered Hannibal in a very great
+battle in Africa.
+
+5. This victory of Scipio in the land of Africa was very famous.
+
+6. They went to the Capitol, to give thanks to Jupiter.
+
+7. The assembly did not pass sentence on Scipio.
+
+8. They all followed Scipio to his house with rejoicings and
+congratulations.
+
+
+XVII.
+
+1. Cato, Scipio’s enemy, won over a certain tribune, named Petilius.
+
+2. He was unwilling to give an account of the money and spoil to the
+senate.
+
+3. Scipio produced a book, in which was written an account of the money
+and the spoil.
+
+4. He tore the book to pieces with his own hands.
+
+5. The safety of the state ought to be ascribed to Scipio.
+
+6. He rose and produced a book, in which were the accounts.
+
+7. I will not read the accounts to you, for I am unwilling to insult
+myself.
+
+8. Scipio had taken much money and spoil in the war against Antiochus,
+and had written an account of it in a book.
+
+
+XVIII.
+
+1. Old writers have told many (tales) about the life and deeds of
+Africanus.
+
+2. Before dawn Scipio used to go to the temple of Jupiter.
+
+3. The dogs did not attack Scipio as he went to the Capitol.
+
+4. The attendants of the temple wondered that the dogs did not bark at
+Scipio.
+
+5. Scipio was attacking a very strong town, situated in Spain.
+
+6. There was small hope of taking this strong town.
+
+7. He ordered bail to be given by the soldier for (his appearance on)
+the third day.
+
+8. Scipio stretched out his hand towards the town, which he was
+attacking.
+
+
+XIX.
+
+1. The man must be condemned by the law.
+
+2. I consulted about the life of my friend with the judges.
+
+3. I persuaded the other judges to acquit my friend.
+
+4. He silently gave his vote for condemning the man.
+
+5. The duty of a friend and of a judge was thus safe.
+
+6. He consulted with himself about the life of his friend.
+
+7. Two out of the three judges acquitted my friend.
+
+8. It is the duty of a judge to condemn a man, who ought by the law to
+be condemned.
+
+
+XX.
+
+1. A certain young man was very fond of old words.
+
+2. In his daily conversations he used old-fashioned expressions.
+
+3. The Pelasgi were the first who inhabited Italy.
+
+4. He used old-fashioned words, as though he were talking with the
+mother of Evander.
+
+5. He did not wish any one to understand what he said.
+
+6. You ought to be silent, and thus you would gain what you wish for.
+
+7. You ought to use modern expressions, if you wish to be understood.
+
+8. I love the old Aurunci, for they were honourable and good.
+
+
+XXI.
+
+1. Titus Manlius took a necklace from an enemy, whom he had killed.
+
+2. He was named Torquatus in honour of a necklace, which he had taken
+from an enemy.
+
+3. A certain Gaul advanced with a shield and two swords.
+
+4. A Gaul advanced, who surpassed the other in height and strength.
+
+5. He beckoned with his hand, and cried with a very loud voice.
+
+6. The others dared not fight against this enemy, on account of his
+dreadful appearance.
+
+7. The barbarian began to jeer at them, because no one dared to advance.
+
+8. T. Manlius was grieved that the others dared not fight against the
+Gaul.
+
+
+XXII.
+
+1. The two soldiers, the Roman and the Gaul, fought on the bridge in the
+sight of both armies.
+
+2. Manlius trusted in his courage, the Gaul in his skill.
+
+3. The enemy’s shield was struck again by Manlius.
+
+4. Manlius wounded the Gaul’s shoulder with his Spanish sword.
+
+5. The Roman threw his enemy down and cut off his head.
+
+6. The bloodstained necklace was taken from the neck of the Gaul by
+Manlius.
+
+7. The son of Manlius killed an enemy, who had challenged him, although
+he had been forbidden to fight by his father.
+
+8. Harsh commands are called “Manlian,” because this Manlius beheaded
+his own son.
+
+
+XXIII.
+
+1. The consul drew up the Roman lines facing the vast forces of the
+Gauls.
+
+2. The arms of the Gallic leader shone with gold.
+
+3. The Gaul, a man of enormous height, advanced shaking his spear.
+
+4. He haughtily ordered any Roman to come, who dared to fight against
+him.
+
+5. Whilst the others were wavering between shame and fear, Valerius
+advanced boldly against the enemy.
+
+6. A raven suddenly attacked the eyes of the Gaul.
+
+7. The raven, having torn the hands and face of the Gaul, perched on the
+head of Valerius.
+
+8. Thus, helped by the bird, he killed his enemy, and in honour of the
+victory was named Corvinus.
+
+
+XXIV.
+
+1. Aesop, who lived in Phrygia, was a very wise writer of fables.
+
+2. He invented amusing stories, and thus gave useful advice.
+
+3. Philosophers give useful advice, but what they say is not amusing.
+
+4. Aesop invented an amusing story about a lark.
+
+5. This fable about the lark warned men that their hopes ought to be
+placed in themselves.
+
+6. Q. Ennius composed many verses about this story of Aesop.
+
+7. This is a proof that our confidence ought to be placed in ourselves.
+
+8. It is the custom with philosophers to give useful advice, with
+writers of fables amusing advice.
+
+
+XXV.
+
+1. It is said that a lark built in the corn.
+
+2. The corn was ripening when the young ones were unfledged.
+
+3. The lark went to search for food, and left her young ones in the
+nest.
+
+4. If anything unusual happens, said she, tell me when I return home.
+
+5. The young ones saw the owner of the crops calling his son.
+
+6. The owner’s friends were unwilling to assist him in the harvest.
+
+7. Make haste, mother, and carry us to another nest.
+
+8. The lark said that it was not necessary to take her young ones to
+another home.
+
+
+XXVI.
+
+1. When the mother had flown to seek food, the owner returned to the
+field with his son.
+
+2. He told his son that the friends were loiterers, for they had not
+come.
+
+3. Let us go, said he, and ask our relations to help us to-morrow.
+
+4. The young ones told their mother that the master had sent for his
+relations.
+
+5. The master said that he would himself reap the corn with his sickle.
+
+6. The relations neglected to come, and so the master and his son
+themselves reaped the corn.
+
+7. The mother said that it was time to go; for what he had ordered would
+now be done.
+
+8. The matter now depends on the master himself, not on his friends.
+
+
+XXVII.
+
+1. Pyrrhus fought many battles with success in the land of Italy.
+
+2. Timochares, a friend of Pyrrhus, wished to kill the king by poison.
+
+3. If we agree about the reward, I promise to kill the king by poison.
+
+4. My son is the king’s cup-bearer, and so he will easily be able to
+give poison to the king.
+
+5. Fabricius wrote to the Roman Senate, that Timochares wished to kill
+King Pyrrhus by poison.
+
+6. The Senate advised the king to act more cautiously.
+
+7. Your friends wish to kill you by poison; therefore it is necessary to
+act very cautiously.
+
+8. The king wrote to the Roman Senate, thanking and praising them, and
+restored all the prisoners whom he had taken.
+
+
+XXVIII.
+
+1. A lion of enormous size was brought into the circus.
+
+2. Many slaves had been given by their masters to fight wild beasts.
+
+3. An enormous and terrible lion attracted the attention of all by its
+roaring.
+
+4. It is said that the lion, seeing Androclus, suddenly stood still.
+
+5. It is said that the lion wagged its tail like a dog, and licked the
+man’s hands.
+
+6. The slave recovered his lost courage and turned his eyes on the lion.
+
+7. You might have seen the lion licking the legs and hands of the slave.
+
+8. A mimic hunt was given in the circus, for which many wild-beasts had
+been sent from Africa.
+
+
+XXIX.
+
+1. Loud shouts were aroused by this wonderful sight.
+
+2. Caesar asked why the lion spared Androclus alone.
+
+3. A wonderful and marvellous story was told Caesar by the slave.
+
+4. The slave, driven to flight by his master’s daily blows, took refuge
+in the desert.
+
+5. At mid-day the slave hid in a cave, to which a lion came.
+
+6. An enormous lion was coming to the cave, with one foot lame, groaning
+and sighing.
+
+7. He was at first terrified by the sight of the lion, but soon
+recovered his courage.
+
+8. The slave pulled a large thorn out of the lion’s foot; the lion then
+placed its foot in his hands and slept.
+
+
+XXX.
+
+1. He said that for three years he had lived in the same cave as the
+lion.
+
+2. I used to cook my food by the mid-day sun, because I had no fire.
+
+3. I am weary of this wild-beast’s life, and I will leave the cave.
+
+4. His master arrested him and sent him from Africa to Rome.
+
+5. My master had me condemned to death and given to the wild-beasts in
+the Circus.
+
+6. The lion, after I was separated from it, was taken and sent to Rome.
+
+7. Androclus, after telling this wonderful tale, was pardoned and
+presented with the lion.
+
+8. They gave money to the slave and flowers to the lion, which had been
+the host of the man.
+
+
+XXXI.
+
+1. Polus, a famous actor in Greece, had a well-loved son.
+
+2. Polus lost his son, and mourned for him many days.
+
+3. Polus was about to act the “Electra” of Sophocles, and to carry the
+bones of Orestes in his hands.
+
+4. Electra carried the remains of her brother in an urn, and wept for
+his death.
+
+5. Electra, the sister of Orestes, was dressed in mourning and carried
+the remains of her brother.
+
+6. She took the urn from the tomb and carried it in her hands.
+
+7. The urn, which Electra was carrying, had been placed in a tomb.
+
+8. Polus carried in his hands the remains of his own son, and wept for
+his, not Orestes’, death.
+
+
+XXXII.
+
+1. It is said that ambassadors came from Athens to Miletus to ask for
+help.
+
+2. They pleaded for the Milesians, but Demades replied that help ought
+not to be given to them.
+
+3. Demades maintained that the Milesians were not worthy of help.
+
+4. He said that it would not be advantageous to the state to give help.
+
+5. It is said that Demades received from the Milesian ambassadors as
+much money as he asked for.
+
+6. I am suffering from an inflamed throat and therefore I cannot oppose
+the Milesian demands.
+
+7. He did not conceal what he had done, but said he had received much
+money.
+
+8. You received three talents for acting, I received more for being
+silent.
+
+
+XXXIII.
+
+1. Cicero wished to buy a house on the Palatine, but had no money at the
+time.
+
+2. P. Sulla lent Cicero 5,000,000 sesterces secretly.
+
+3. You have received, said they, money from Sulla for buying a house.
+
+4. Cicero afterwards bought the house with the money which he had
+received from Sulla.
+
+5. I said that I did not wish to buy that house, because I was a
+cautious father of a family.
+
+6. Cicero’s friends reproached him with this lie.
+
+7. Cicero told that lie, because he had received money from a defendant.
+
+8. Cicero wished to buy that house, but he said that he did not wish to
+buy it.
+
+
+XXXIV.
+
+1. Many friends accompanied Julianus home.
+
+2. A block, many stories high, was blazing.
+
+3. He said that property in the city gave great returns.
+
+4. There is no remedy to prevent houses at Rome burning.
+
+5. He sold all his country property and bought city property.
+
+6. The philosopher said that alum was the best remedy for fire.
+
+7. A wooden tower, which had been built to defend the city, was smeared
+with alum by Archelaus.
+
+8. Q. Claudius says that this tower, smeared with alum, could not burn.
+
+
+XXXV.
+
+1. Arion of Lesbos lived at Corinth, and was loved by Periander.
+
+2. Arion went to Italy and charmed the ears of all in that land.
+
+3. He gained much money by playing, and afterwards wished to return to
+King Periander at Corinth.
+
+4. He chose a Corinthian ship, because he thought the sailors would be
+more friendly to him.
+
+5. Arion gave all his money to the sailors, but prayed them to spare his
+life.
+
+6. The sailors ordered Arion to spring down into the sea, in order that
+they might take possession of his money.
+
+7. In a loud voice he sang this song, and then threw himself into the
+sea.
+
+8. He took his lyre in his hand and, standing on the stern, began to
+sing a song.
+
+
+XXXVI.
+
+1. The sailors thought that Arion had perished in the sea, and held on
+their course to Corinth.
+
+2. It is said that a dolphin carried the man safe to Taenarum.
+
+3. Arion went from Taenarum to Corinth and related what had happened to
+himself.
+
+4. The king believed that Arion was deceiving him, and ordered him to be
+guarded for two days.
+
+5. The king ordered the sailors to be sent for, and asked them if they
+had heard anything about Arion.
+
+6. The sailors told the king that Arion was living in Italy.
+
+7. Arion stood forth before the astounded sailors, who thought that he
+had perished in the sea.
+
+8. At Taenarum two bronze figures stand as a proof of this tale.
+
+
+XXXVII.
+
+1. A certain barbarian bought a large farm planted with olives and
+vines.
+
+2. The Thracian saw his neighbour pruning his trees.
+
+3. He asked his neighbour why he pulled up the vine suckers.
+
+4. The trees of his neighbour were more fruitful than his own.
+
+5. He thanked his neighbour and went home rejoicing.
+
+6. The ignorant Thracian took a sickle, and began to cut off the most
+luxuriant foliage of the trees.
+
+7. He cut off all the fruitful twigs of the apple-trees.
+
+8. The ignorant man thought that he was pruning his trees, as his
+neighbour had done.
+
+
+XXXVIII.
+
+1. The King of Pontus was very skilled in medicine.
+
+2. It is said that these medicines are good for dissipating poisons.
+
+3. The King of Pontus for his whole life was on his guard against secret
+treachery.
+
+4. Mitridates often drank poison to show that it was harmless to him.
+
+5. He slew himself with his own sword, (after) having in vain tried the
+strongest poisons.
+
+6. Ennius could speak Greek, Latin and Oscan, and so he used to say that
+he had three hearts.
+
+7. The King of Pontus knew the languages of all the nations under his
+dominion, twenty-two in number.
+
+8. Mitridates used to talk with the men of each nation, whom he had
+under his dominion, in the language of that nation, and not through an
+interpreter.
+
+
+XXXIX.
+
+1. He gave Protagoras half of the money which he asked for, and promised
+to give the remaining half afterwards.
+
+2. I will give you, said he, the remaining half on the first day on
+which I win a case.
+
+3. He was a pupil of Protagoras for a long while, but did not undertake
+any case.
+
+4. He did not undertake any case, in order to avoid paying the rest of
+the money.
+
+5. Protagoras thought that his plan for gaining the money was very
+clever.
+
+6. If the verdict is given in your favour,[A] it will be necessary for
+you to pay me the money.
+
+7. The judges left the matter unsettled, because they did not know what
+sentence they ought to give.
+
+8. The wise judges adjourned the law-suit to a very distant day.
+
+    [Footnote A: The verdict is given in my favour: pronuntiatum est
+    pro me.]
+
+
+XL.
+
+1. Hannibal chose ten prisoners and sent them to Rome.
+
+2. He wished after the battle of Cannae to make an exchange of prisoners
+with his enemies.
+
+3. The Roman prisoners promised with an oath to return to Hannibal.
+
+4. They told the senators what Hannibal had said about an exchange of
+prisoners.
+
+5. Their relations embraced them and prayed them with tears not to
+return to Hannibal.
+
+6. Of the ten prisoners eight returned to Hannibal, and two only
+remained at Rome.
+
+7. The two prisoners, who remained at Rome, were despised by all.
+
+8. The censors branded with every mark of infamy the prisoners, who had
+refused to return to Hannibal.
+
+
+
+
+LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
+
+_The parts of regular verbs are not given._
+
+_A dot occurring in a word separates the parts of a compound._
+
+
++A.+ for Aulus, -i.
+
++a, ab+, _prep. gov. abl._, from, by.
+
++ab·eo+, -īvi or -ii, -ĭtum, -īre, 4 _v. n._, I go away.
+
++ab·hinc+, _adv._, henceforward, since.
+
++ab·iĭcio+, -iēci, -iectum, 3 _v. a._, I throw away, throw from.
+(iăcio.)
+
++ab·lēgo+, _v. a._ 1, I send away.
+
++ab·solvo+, -solvi, -sŏlūtum, 3 _v. a._, I set loose, I acquit.
+
++ăbundē+, _adv._, abundantly, sufficiently. (ab·undo, I overflow; cf.
+unda, a wave.)
+
++ac+, _conj._, and.
+
++ac·cēdo+, -cessi, -cessum, 3 _v. n._, I go to, I approach. (ad, cēdo.)
+
++ac·cĭdo+ (or adcĭdo), -cidi, no sup., 3 _v. n._, I fall to, fall out,
+happen. (ad, cădo.)
+
++ăcies, -ei+, _f._, line-of-battle (lit. sharp edge). (ācer, ăcus.)
+
++ac·cĭpio+, -cēpi, -ceptum, 3 _v. a._, I receive, learn, hear. (ad,
+căpio.)
+
++ac·cūso+, 1 _v. a._, I impeach, blame.
+
++ācer+, acris, acre, _adj._, sharp, eager, energetic.
+
++ăcerbus, -a, -um+, _adj._, bitter, bad-tempered. (ācer.)
+
++ācrĭter+, _adv._, sharply, keenly. (ācer.)
+
++actor+, -ōris, _m._, actor. (ăgo.)
+
++acturus+, _fut. part._, fr. ăgo.
+
++ăd+, _prep. gov. acc._, to, for.
+
++ad·cido+. Cf. accido.
+
++ad·do+, -dĭdi, -dĭtum, 3 _v. a._, I bring to, add.
+
++ăd·eo+, -īvi or -ii, -ĭtum, 4 _v. n._, I go to, approach.
+
++ad·eō̆+, _adv._, thus far; usque adeo, to such an extent, (ad, is; cf.
+quoad.)
+
++ad·fĕro+ (or affĕro), -tŭli, -lātum, 3 _v. a._, I bring to.
+
++ad·ficio+. Cf. afficio.
+
++ad·fīnis+ (or affinis), -e, _adj._, neighbouring to, related to (by
+marriage); as a _subst._, neighbour, relation.
+
++ad·ĭgo+, -ēgi, -actum, 3 _v. a._, I drive to. adigo aliquem (ad)
+iusiurandum, I drive a man to an oath, make him swear. (ăgo.)
+
++ad·hĭbeo+, -hĭbui, -hĭbĭtum, 2 _v. a._, I bring to, employ. (hăbeo.)
+
++ad·ĭpiscor+, -eptus, 3 _v. dep._, I obtain. (ăpiscor.)
+
++ad·iŭvo+, -iūvi, -iūtum, 1 _v. a._, I assist.
+
++ad·mīrātio+, -ōnis, _f._, wonder.
+
++ad·mĭror+, 1 _v. dep._, I wonder at.
+
++ad·mitto+, -mīsi, -missum, 3 _v. a._, I bring to, bring in, admit.
+
++ad·mŏdum+, _adv._, lit. to a measure, in a high degree, very. (mŏdus.)
+
++ad·no+, 1 _v. n._, I swim to.
+
++ad·prĕhendo+ (or apprehendo), -prĕhendi, -prĕhensum, 3 _v. a._,
+I seize.
+
++adsĭduus+, -a, -um, _adj._, constant, eager, diligent. (adsideo: cf.
+continuus, fr. contineo.)
+
++adsĭdue+, _adv._, constantly. (adsiduus.)
+
++ad·signo+, 1 _v. a._, I attribute to. (signum.)
+
++ad·sum+, -fui, -esse, _v. n._, I am present.
+
++adŭlescens+ (or adŏlescens), -entis, _c._, young man, young woman.
+(ad·ŏlesco.)
+
++adŭlescentia+, -ae, _f._, youth, manly strength, (ad·olesco.)
+
++adŭlor+, 1 _v. dep._, I fawn on, flatter.
+
++ad·vĕnio+, -vēni, -ventum, 4 _v. n._, I come to, approach.
+
++ad·versārius+, -a, -um, _adj._, turned towards, opposed to; _subst._,
+antagonist. (ad, versus.)
+
++ad·versum+, or +ad·versus+, _adv._, and _prep. gov. acc._, towards,
+against.
+
++ad·verto+, -verti, -versum, 3 _v. a._, I turn towards, observe
+(generally in phrase ‘animum adverto’).
+
++ad·vŏco+, 1 _v. a._, I call to my aid.
+
++ad·vŏlo+, 1 _v. n._, I fly towards.
+
++aedes+ (or aedis), -is, _f._, a building, temple; in _pl._, a house.
+
++aedĭtŭmus+, -i, _m._, keeper of temple, sacristan. (aedes.)
+
++aegrē+, _adv._, with difficulty, scarcely. aegre passus, displeased.
+(aeger.)
+
++ăēneus+, -a, -um, _adj._, brazen. (aes.)
+
++aerārium+, -ii, _n._, treasury. (aes.)
+
++aes+, aeris, _n._, copper, brass, money.
+
++Aesōpus+, -i, _m._, Aesop. (Αἴσωπος.)
+
++aetas+, -ātis, _f._, age (for aevĭtas, fr. aevum, αἰών.)
+
++affero+. Cf. adfero.
+
++af·fĭcio+, -fēci, -fectum, 3 _v. a._, I affect in some way: afficio
+contumeliâ, I affect, brand with disgrace, _i.e._ I disgrace, insult.
+(făcio.)
+
++Afrĭca+, -ae, _f._, Africa, _i.e._ the land round Carthage.
+
++Afrĭcānus+, -i, _m._, agnomen of Scipio.
+
++ăger+, agri, _m._, land, territory. (ἀγρός, cf. English acre, German
+Acker.)
+
++ăgo+, ēgi, actum, 3 _v. a._, I drive, do, act; of the Senate,
+I transact, I discuss: ago gratias, I give thanks; bene ago, I fare
+well, prosper.
+
++āio+, _v. n._, _defective_, I say.
+
++ἀκοινονόητοι+ (cf. xxxiii. 10, note), deficient in common sense.
+
++āla+, -ae, _f._, wing.
+
++albus+, -a, -um, _adj._, white.
+
++Alcĭbĭădes+, -is or -i, _m._, Alcibiades. (Ἀλκιβιάδης.)
+
++āles+, -ĭtis, _adj._, winged; as _subst._, c., a bird. (āla.)
+
++Alexander+, -dri, _m._, Alexander. (Ἀλέξανδρος.)
+
++ălĭquĭs+, aliquid, _subst. pron._, some one, any one. (ălius, quis.)
+
++ălĭter+, _adv._, otherwise. (ălius.)
+
++ălius+, -a, -um, _adj._, other, another. (Cf. ἄλλος.)
+
++altē+, _adv._, deeply. (altus.)
+
++alter+, -ĕra, -ĕrum, _adj._, the one (or other) of two. (Cf. ălius.)
+
++altus+, -a, -um, _adj._, deep; as _subst._, altum, i, _n._, the deep
+sea. (ălo, I nourish.)
+
++ălūmen+, -ĭnis, _n._, alum.
+
++ambĭguus+, -a, -um, _adj._, wavering, hesitating. (ambĭgo, fr. ambi,
+Gr. ἀμφί, ăgo.)
+
++ambĭtus+, -us, _m._, lit. a going round, bribery. (ambio. fr. ambi, Gr.
+ἀμφί, eo.)
+
++Ambrăciensis+, -e, _adj._, Ambracian, belonging to Ambrăcia, town in S.
+of Epīrus.
+
++ăm·ĭcio+, -ĭcui or -ixi, -ictum, 4 _v. a._, I wrap around, clothe. (am
+or amb, Gr. ἀμφί, and iăcio. Cf. ἀμφιβάλλω.)
+
++ămictus+, -a, -um, _part._ fr. amĭcio. As _subst._, amictus, ūs _m._,
+clothing.
+
++ămīcus+, -a, -um, _adj._, friendly; _subst._, ămīcus, i, _m._,
+a friend. (ămo.)
+
++ā·mitto+, -mīsi, -missum, 3 _v. a._, I send away, let go, lose.
+
++ămo+, 1 _v. a._, I love.
+
++am·plector+, -exus, 3 _v. dep._, I embrace. (am cf. am·icio, plecto,
+I plait.)
+
++amplĭtūdo+, -ĭnis, _f._, dignity. (amplus.)
+
++amp·ŭto+, 1 _v. a._, I lop off.
+
++ăn+, _conj._, or, whether (in disjunctive interrogations).
+
++an·ceps+, -cĭpĭtis, _adj._, two-headed, doubtful, dangerous. (an, cf.
+am·ĭcio, caput.)
+
++Androclus+, -i, _m._, Androclus.
+
++ănĭma+, -ae, _f._, soul. (animous, ἄνεμος, that which breathes.)
+
++ănĭm·ad·verto+, -ti, -sum, 3 _v. a._, I direct my attention to, notice.
+(animus, ad, verto.)
+
++ănĭmus+, -i, _m._, mind. (Cf. anima.)
+
++annālis+, -e, _adj._, belonging to a year. As _subst._, annalis, -is,
+_m._ (sc. liber), chronicle, annal. (annus.)
+
++annus+, -i, _m._, year.
+
++antĕ+, _adv._, and _prep. gov. acc._, before.
+
++antĕā+, _adv._, before.
+
++antĕ·quam+, _conj._, before that.
+
++Antĭŏchīnus+, -a, -um, _adj._, belonging to Antiochus.
+
++Antĭŏchus+, -i, _m._, Antiochus (Ἀντίοχος.)
+
++antīquĭtas+, -ātis, _f._, antiquity, old times. (antiquus.)
+
++antīquĭtus+, _adv._, from of old, in former times. (antiquus.)
+
++antīquus+ (or anticus), -a, -um, _adj._, ancient. (ante.)
+
++Antōnius+, -ii, _m._, Antonius.
+
++ănus+, -us, _f._, old woman.
+
++ăpĕrio+, -ĕrui, -ĕrtum, 4 _v. a._, I open.
+
++ăpŏlŏgus+, -i, _m._, fable. (ἀπόλογος.)
+
++ap·pello+ (or +ad·pello+), 1 _v. a._, I drive to, go to, I accost,
+appeal to.
+
++ap·pĕto+ (or +ad·peto+), -īvi and -ii, -ītum, 3 _v. a._ and _n._,
+I seek for, long for, approach.
+
++ap·pono+ (or +ad·pono+), -pŏsui, -pŏsĭtum, 3 _v. a._, I place near.
+
++ap·prŏbo+ (or +ad·prŏbo+), 1 _v. a._, I approve, I confirm.
+
++aptus+, -a, -um, _part._ fr. ăpo, ăpere, I fit to; fit, suited. (Cf.
+apiscor, ἅπτω.)
+
++ăpŭd+, _prep. gov. acc._, near to, at the house of.
+
++arbor+, -ŏris, _f._, a tree.
+
++arcesso+, -īvi, -ītum, 3 _v. a._, I send for.
+
++Archĕlāus+, -i, _m._, Archelaus.
+
++ardeo+, arsi, arsum, 2 _v. n._, I am on fire, burn.
+
++arduus+, -a, -um, _adj._, steep, lofty.
+
++argentum+, -i, _n._, silver.
+
++argūmentum+, -i, _n._, proof, argument, plot. (arguo.)
+
++argy̆ranche+ (ἀργυράγχη). Cf. xxxii. 14, note.
+
++Ărīon+, ŏnis, _m._, Arion.
+
++Aristŏdēmus+, -i, _m._, Aristodemus.
+
++Ăristŏtĕles+, -is or -i, _m._, Aristotle.
+
++arma+, -orum, _n._, _plur. only_, arms.
+
++armilla+, -ae, _f._, bracelet. (arma.)
+
++armo+, 1 _v. a._, I arm, equip. (arma.)
+
++ars+, +artis+, _f._, art, skill. (Cf. arma.)
+
++arx+, +arcis+, _f._, citadel. (arceo.)
+
++a·scendo+, -ndi, -sum, 3 _v. n._, I mount up. (scando, I climb.)
+
++Ā̆sĭātĭcus+, -a, -um, _adj._, belonging to Asia.
+
++aspectus+, -us, _m._, look. (aspicio.)
+
++asper+, -ĕra, -ĕrum, _adj._, harsh, rough.
+
++a·spernor+, 1 _v. dep._, I despise. (ab, sperno.)
+
++a·spicio+, -exi, -ectum, 3 _v. a._, I behold, look at.
+
++as·porto+, 1 _v. a._, I carry away. (abs, porto.)
+
++as·sĭdeo+, -sēdi, -sessum, 2 _v. n._, I sit by; I besiege. (ad, sedeo.)
+
++assum+. Cf. adsum.
+
++astūtus+, -a, -um, _adj._, skilled, clever. (astus.)
+
++ăt+, _conj._, but.
+
++Ăthēnae+, -arum, _f. plur._ only, Athens.
+
++Ăthēniensis+, -e, _adj._, Athenian.
+
++āthlēta+, -ae, _m._, wrestler, athlete. (ἀθλητής.)
+
++āthlētĭcus+, -a, -um, _adj._, athletic. ars athletica, athletics.
+
++atquĕ+, _conj._, and.
+
++ā̆trox+, -ōcis, _adj._, frightful, fierce. (āter, black, gloomy.)
+
++Attĭca+, -ae, _f._, Attica.
+
++attentē+, _adv., comp._, attentius, attentively. (attendo.)
+
++at·tingo+, -tĭgi, -tactum, 3 _v. a._, I touch. (ad·tango.)
+
++auctor+, -ōris, _m._, author. (augeo.)
+
++audeo+, ausus, 2 _v. a._ and _n._, I dare.
+
++audio+, 4 _v. a._, I hear. (Cf. auris, ear.)
+
++audītor+, -ōris, _m._, hearer. (audio.)
+
++au·fĕro+, abs·tŭli, ab·lātum, au·ferre, 3 _v. a._, I carry away, take.
+(ab, fero.)
+
++aureus+, -a, -um, _adj._, golden. (aurum.)
+
++auris+, -is, _f._, ear.
+
++aurum+, -i, _n._, gold.
+
++Aurunci+, -orum, _m._, the Aurunci.
+
++aut+, _conj._, or. aut ... aut, either ... or.
+
++autem+, _conj._, but, however, moreover.
+
++auxĭlĭum+, -ii, _n._, help. (augeo.)
+
++ăvārus+, -a, -um, _adj._, covetous, greedy. (ăveo, I long for.)
+
++āversus+, -a, -um, _part._ from āverto, turned away.
+
++ā·verto+, -ti, -sum, 3 _v. a._, I turn away.
+
++ăvis+, -is, _f._, bird.
+
++ăvuncŭlus+, -i, _m._, maternal uncle. (Diminutive of ăvus,
+grandfather.)
+
+
++barbăria+, -ae, _f._, foreign country. (barbărus.)
+
++barbărus+, -a, -um, _adj._, foreign. (βάρβαρος: cf. balbus,
+stammering.)
+
++bellum+, -i, _n._, war.
+
++bellātor+, -ōris, _m._, warrior. (bellum.)
+
++bĕnĕ+, _adv._, well. bene facio, I benefit.
+
++bĕnĕfĭcium+, -ii, _n._, kindness. (bene, facio.)
+
++bestia+, -ae, _f._, wild beast.
+
++blandē+, _adv._, gently. (blandus).
+
++blandīmentum+, -i, _n._, blandishment. (blandior, I caress.)
+
++bŏnus+, -a -um, _adj._, good.
+
++Būcĕphălas+, -ae (Βουκεφάλας), _m._, Bucephalas. Cf. vi. 1. note.
+
+
++C.+ for Cāĭŭs or Gāĭŭs.
+
++caedes+, -is, _f._, lopping off, destruction. (caedo.)
+
++Caesar+, -ăris, _m._, Caesar.
+
++Cāĭŭs+, -i, _m._, Caius.
+
++callĭdĭtas+, -ātis, _f._, skill, cunning. (callidus.)
+
++campus+, -i, _m._, plain.
+
++cănis+, -is, _c._, dog. (κύων.)
+
++Cannensis+, -e, _adj._, of Cannae.
+
++căno+, cĕcĭni, cantum, 3 _v. a._, I sing, I play. cano tibiis = I play
+the flute.
+
++canto+, 1 _v. n._ and _a._, I sing, I play (frequentative form of
+cano.)
+
++cantor+, -ōris, _m._, singer, musician. (căno.)
+
++cantus+, -us, _m._, song, melody. (căno.)
+
++căpesso+, -īvi or -ii, -ītum, 3 _v. a._, I strive for, undertake.
+(desiderative form fr. căpio.)
+
++căpio+, cēpi, captum, 3 _v. a._, I take. capio consilium, I form or
+adopt a plan.
+
++Căpĭtōlium+, -ii, _n._, the Capitol. (căput.)
+
++căpĭtālis+, -e, _adj._, relating to the caput, _i.e._ life or civil
+rights, capital. res capitalis, capital offence. (căput.)
+
++captīvus+, -i, _m._, captive, (căpio.)
+
++căput+, -ĭtis, _n._, head, life, civil rights. (Cf. κεφαλή.)
+
++carmen+, -ĭnis, _n._, song. (căno.)
+
++cassīta+, -ae, _f._, the crested lark, ălauda cristata, L. (cassis,
+a helmet.)
+
++castrum+, -i, _n._, fort; in _plur._, a camp. (Cf. căsa, hut.)
+
++cāsus+, -us, _m._, accident, case. (cădo, I fall, happen.)
+
++căterva+, -ae, _f._, troop, band, body of men.
+
++Căto+, -ōnis, _m._, Cato. (cătus, shrewd.)
+
++cauda+, -ae, _f._, tail.
+
++causa+, -ae, _f._, cause, reason, case.
+
++causā+, _abl._ of causa, for the sake of, with _genitive_.
+
++cautē+, _adv._, cautiously, (cautus.)
+
++cautus+, -a, -um, _part._ from căveo, careful.
+
++căveo+, cāvi, cautum, 2 _v. n._, I am on my guard, cautious.
+
++căverna+, -ae, _f._, cave, hollow. (căvus, hollow.)
+
++cēdo+, cessi, cessum, 3 _v. n._ and _a._, I yield, go away, depart.
+
++cĕlĕber+, -bris, -bre, _adj._, numerous, famous.
+
++cĕlĕrĭtas+, -ātis, _f._, speed. (cĕler.)
+
++cēlla+, -ae, _f._, shrine, part of temple in which the image of the god
+stood.
+
++cēlo+, 1 _v. a._, I conceal.
+
++censeo+, -ui, censum, 2 _v. a._, I assess, think, vote for, decree,
+resolve.
+
++censor+, -ōris, _m._, censor. (censeo.)
+
++centum+, _indecl. num. adj._, one hundred.
+
++certāmen+, -ĭnis, _n._, contest, competition. (certo, I strive.)
+
++cerva+, -ae, _f._, doe.
+
++cervix+, -īcis, _f._, neck.
+
++cessātor+, -ōris, _m._, loiterer. (cesso.)
+
++[cētĕrus]+, -a, -um, the other, the rest. The nom. sing. masc. is not
+in use.
+
++Chīlō+, -ōnis, _m._, Chilo. (Χείλων.)
+
++cĭbārius+, -a, -um, _adj._, belonging to food (cĭbus). res cibaria,
+provisions.
+
++cĭbus+, -i, _m._, food.
+
++cĭcātrix+, -īcis, _f._, scar.
+
++Cĭcĕro+, -ōnis, _m._, Cicero.
+
++cingo+, -nxi, -nctum, 3 _v. a._, I surround, gird on, clothe.
+
++circum+, _adv._, and _prep. gov. acc._, around.
+
++circum·fĕro+, -tŭli, -lātum, 3 _v. a._, I carry round, report.
+
++circum·fundo+, -fūdi, -fūsum, 3 _v. a._, I pour around, surround.
+
++circum·plector+, -plexus, 3 _v. dep. a._, I embrace, surround.
+
++circum·spĭcio+, -spexi, -spectum, 3 _v. n._ and _a._, I look around,
+survey.
+
++circum·volvo+, no perf., -vŏlūtum, 3 _v. a._, I roll round.
+
++circus+, -i, _m._ (κίρκος), circus.
+
++Cispius+ (mons), the Cispian hill.
+
++cĭtātus+, -a, -um, _part._ fr. cĭto, urged on. citato cursu, at full
+speed.
+
++cĭto+, 1 _v. a._, I urge on. (frequentative form of cieo.)
+
++cīvis+, -is, _c._, citizen.
+
++cīvĭtas+, -ātis, _f._, state. (cīvis.)
+
++clāmor+, -ōris, _m._, shout, noise. (clāmo.)
+
++clandestīnus+, -a, -um, _adj._, secret. (clam.)
+
++Claudius+, -ii, _m._, Claudius.
+
++claudo+, -si, -sum, 3 _v. a._, I shut. (Cf. clavis, key, κλείω.)
+
++coepi+, coepisse, 3 _v. a._, defective (the _pres._ coepio only in
+ante-classical writers.) _perf._ with _pres._ signific., I begin.
+
++cōgĭto+, 1 _v. a._, I meditate upon. (co, agito.)
+
++co·gnātus+, -a, -um, _adj._, related by blood; as _subst._, a kinsman.
+(co, gnatus for natus.)
+
++co·gnōmen+, -ĭnis, _n._, surname. (co, nōmen.)
+
++co·gnōmĭno+, 1 _v. a._, I surname.
+
++co·gnosco+, -gnōvi, -gnĭtum, 3 _v. a._, I become acquainted with,
+investigate a case. (nosco.)
+
++cōgo+, cŏēgi, cŏactum, 3 _v. a._, I drive together, compel, (co, ago.)
+
++col·lŏquor+, -lŏcūtus, 3 _v. dep._, I talk with.
+
++cŏlo+, cŏlui, cultum, 3 _v. a._, I cultivate. (Cf. ā̆grĭ-cŏla.)
+
++collum+, -i, _n._, neck.
+
++cŏma+, -ae, _f._, hair, foliage. (κόμη.)
+
++cŏmes+, -ĭtis, _c._, companion. (com, eo.)
+
++commentĭcius+, -a, -um, _adj._, pretended, false. (comminiscor.)
+
++cŏmĭtor+, 1 _v. dep._, I accompany. (cŏmes.)
+
++commentus+, -a, -um, _part._ fr. commĭniscor.
+
++com·mĭniscor+, -mentus, 3 _v. dep._, I devise, invent. (Cf.
+re·miniscor.)
+
++cōmoedia+, -ae, _f._, comedy. (κωμῳδία.) certamina comoediarum,
+dramatic competitions.
+
++com·păro+, 1 _v. a._, prepare, procure.
+
++compĕtītor+, -ōris, _m._, rival, competitor. (com·peto.)
+
++com·plōro+, 1 _v. a._, I bewail violently.
+
++com·plūres+, -a, rarely -ia, _adj._, several.
+
++com·pōno+, -pŏsui, -pŏsĭtum, 3 _v. a._, I place together, arrange,
+compose. litterae compositae, forged letters.
+
++con·cēdo+, -cessi, -cessum, 3 _v. a._ and _n._, I yield, grant, retire.
+
++con·cĭdo+, ĭdi, no sup., 3 _v. n._, I fall down. (cădo.)
+
++con·cĭpio+, -cēpi, -ceptum, 3 _v. a._, I take to myself. concepta
+sanies, matter which has gathered in a wound. (căpio.)
+
++con·clāmo+, 1 _v. a._ and _n._, I cry out, shout together or loudly.
+
++con·demno+, 1 _v. a._, I sentence, condemn. (damno.)
+
++condĭcio+, -ōnis, _f._, agreement, conditions, terms, (con·dico.)
+
++con·do+, -dĭdi, -dĭtum, 3 _v. a._, I bring together, build, lay up,
+hide.
+
++con·fĕro+, -tŭli, -lātum, or collātum, 3 _v. a._, I bring together,
+employ, attribute.
+
++con·fĭcio+, -fēci, -fectum, 3 _v. a._, I execute, finish. (făcio.)
+
++confīdentia+, -ae, _f._, boldness, confidence. (confīdo.)
+
++con·fīdo+, -fisus, 3 _v. n._, I trust in.
+
++con·firmo+, 1 _v. a._, I establish, confirm.
+
++confīsus+, -a, -um, _part._ fr. confido, confident.
+
++con·formo+, 1 _v. a._, I shape.
+
++con·fūto+, 1 _v. a._, I restrain, silence. (futo, _intens._ form of
+fŏveo.)
+
++con·gĕro+, -gessi, -gestum, 3 _v. a._, I bring together. Absolutely
+(sc. nidum), I build a nest.
+
++con·grĕdior+, -gressus, 3 _v. dep._, I meet as friend, or foe,
+I attack. (gradior.)
+
++congressio+, -onis, _f._, meeting, attack. (congredior.)
+
++cōn·iĭcio+, -iēci, -iectum, 3 _v. a._, I throw together, hurl. (iăcio.)
+
++coniūrātio+, -ōnis, _f._, conspiracy. (con·iūro.)
+
++cōnor+, 1 _v. dep._, I attempt.
+
++con·scisco+, -scīvi, or -scii, -scītum, 3 _v. a._, I approve of.
+conscisco aliquid mihi, I adjudge something to myself; conscisco necem,
+mortem, mihi, I kill myself.
+
++consensus+, -us, _m._, consent, agreement. (consentio.)
+
++con·sĕquor+, -sĕcūtus, 3 _v. dep._, I follow after, attain, gain.
+
++con·sĕro+, -sēvi, -sĭtum, or -sătum, 3 _v. a._, I sow, plant.
+
++con·sīdo+, -sēdi, -sessum, 3 _v. n._, I sit down, encamp. (sĕdeo.)
+
++consĭlium+, -ii, _n._, plan, purpose. (con, root sul; cf. consul.)
+
++con·sisto+, -stĭti, stĭtum, 3 _v. n._ and _a._, I halt.
+
++consĭtus+, -a, -um, _part._ fr. consĕro.
+
++conspectus+, -us, _m._, sight, view. (conspĭcio.)
+
++con·spĭcio+, -spexi, -spectum, 3 _v. a._ and _n._, I look at with
+attention, see.
+
++con·sterno+, 1 _v. a._, I stretch on ground, terrify.
+
++con·stĭtuo+, -ui, -ūtum, 3 _v. a._, I place (a thing) somewhere,
+station. (stătuo.)
+
++con·sŭesco+, -suēvi, -suētum, 3 _v. n._, I grow accustomed.
+
++consul+, -ŭlis, _m._, consul. (Cf. consĭlium.)
+
++consŭlāris+, -e, _adj._, consular.
+
++consŭlo+, -lui, -ltum, 3 _v. n._ and _a._, I reflect, I consult with.
+(Cf. consilium.)
+
++consulto+, 1 _v. a._, I deliberate upon, I debate. (frequentative form
+of consŭlo.)
+
++consultum+, -i, _n._, decision, decree. (consŭlo.)
+
++con·temno+, -mpsi, -mptum, 3 _v. a._, I despise.
+
++con·tendo+, -di, -tum, 3 _v. a._ and _n._, I strain after, strive for,
+assert.
+
++con·testor+, 1 _v. dep._, I call to witness. Contestor litem,
+I introduce a lawsuit by calling witnesses. (testis.)
+
++con·tingo+, -tĭgi, -tactum, 3 _v. n._, I touch, reach to, happen.
+(tango.)
+
++contĭnuo+, _adv._, immediately. (continuus, fr. con·tineo.)
+
++contio+, ōnis, _f._, meeting, assembly. (for con·ventio, a coming
+together.)
+
++contrā+, _adv., prep. gov. acc._, against. contra dīco, I object to.
+appeal against sentence.
+
++con·tueor+, -tuitus, 2 _v. dep._, I gaze upon.
+
++contŭmēlia+, -ae, _f._, disgrace, ignominy. (root tem: cf. con·temno.)
+
++con·turbo+, 1 _v. a._, I throw into disorder. (turba.)
+
++con·vello+, -velli (rarely -vulsi), -vulsum, 3 _v. a._, I tear
+away, up.
+
++con·vĕnio+, -vēni, -ventum, 4 _v. n._ and _a._, I come together, agree
+with, meet.
+
++con·verto+, -ti, -sum, 3 _v. a._, I turn round, manœuvre.
+
++con·vinco+, -vīci, -victum, 3 _v. a._, I completely conquer. I convict
+of (a crime).
+
++convīvium+, -ii, _n._, banquet. (vīvo.)
+
++cōpia+, -ae, _f._, plenty, supply; in _plur._, forces. (co, ops.)
+
++cōpiōsus+, -a, -um, _adj._ with _abl._, well supplied with.
+
++cor, cordis+, _n._, heart. (Cf. καρδία.)
+
++cōram+, _adv._, and _prep. gov. abl._, in the presence of.
+
++Cŏrinthius+, -a, -um, _adj._, Corinthian.
+
++Cŏrinthus+, -i, _f._, Corinth.
+
++cŏrōna+, -ae, _f._, wreath, garland. (κορώνη.)
+
++cŏrōno+, 1 _v. a._, I crown. (cŏrōna.)
+
++corpus+, -ŏris, _n._, body.
+
++cor·rĭgo+, -rexi, -rectum, 3 _v. a._, I make straight, correct. (con,
+rego.)
+
++Cŏruncānius+, -ii, Coruncanius.
+
++Corvīnus+, -i, _m._, Corvinus. (corvus.)
+
++corvus+, -i, _m._, raven. (κόραξ.)
+
++cŏtīdĭānus+ (or +quŏtīdĭānus+), -a, -um, _adj._, daily. (cŏtīdĭē.)
+
++cras+, _adv._, to-morrow.
+
++Crassus+, -i, _m._, Crassus.
+
++crēdo+, -dĭdi, -ditum, 3 _v. a._, I entrust, I trust in, I believe.
+Used absolutely, I suppose.
+
++crēdŭlĭtas+, -ātis, _f._, easiness of belief, credulity, (crēdŭlus,
+crēdo.)
+
++crīmen+, -ĭnis, _n._, charge, accusation.
+
++Crŏtōniensis+, -e, _adj._, of Crotona.
+
++crŭcĭātus+, -us, _m._, torture, (crŭcio, crux.)
+
++cruentus+, -a, -um, _adj._, stained with blood. (cruor.)
+
++cruor+, -ōris, _m._, gore, blood which has flowed from wounds.
+
++crūs, crūrĭs+, _n._, leg.
+
++cŭbĭcŭlum+, -i, _m._, a resting or sleeping room, (cŭbo.)
+
++cūius+, -a, -um, _interrog._ and _relat. adj. pron._, whose? or whose.
+(qui.)
+
++cultus+, -a, -um, _part._ fr. colo, cultivated, civilized.
+
++cum+ (or +quum+), _conj._, when, since, if, although.
+
++cum+, _prep. gov. abl._, with.
+
++cunctābundus+, -a, -um, lingering, (cunctor.)
+
++cunctor+, 1 _v. dep._, I loiter, linger.
+
++cunctus+, -a, -um, _adj._, all in a body, all. (for con·iunctus.)
+
++cŭneus+, -i, _m._, wedge, wedge-shaped body of troops.
+
++cŭpĭdus+, -a, -um, _adj._, eager, desirous, proud of (with gen.)
+(cŭpio.)
+
++cūr+, _adv._ and _conj._, why, wherefore.
+
++cūra+, -ae, _f._, care, anxiety.
+
++cūria+, -ae, _f._, senate-house. (Quiris, Cures.)
+
++Cŭrius+, -ii, _m._, Curius.
+
++cūro+, 1 _v. a._, I take care of. With gerundive, cf. vii. 3. note.
+Curo puerum docendum, I get the boy taught. (cūra.)
+
++currus+, -us, _m._, chariot. (curro.)
+
++cursus+, -us, _m._, running, race, course. Cĭtato cursu, at full speed.
+(curro.)
+
++custōdio+, 4 _v. a._, I guard. (custos.)
+
++custos+, -ōdis, _c._, guard.
+
+
++damno+, 1 _v. a._, I condemn. (damnum, hurt, loss.)
+
++de+, _prep. gov. abl._, concerning, from.
+
++dēbeo+, 2 _v. a._, I owe. (de, hăbeo.)
+
++dēbĭlis+, -e, _adj._, lamed, feeble. (de, habilis.)
+
++dĕcem+, _numer._, ten.
+
++dē·cerno+, -crēvi, -crētum, 3 _v. a._ and _n._, I determine, decide;
+of the senate, I pass a decree.
+
++dē·cīdo+, -cīdi, -cīsum. 3 _v. a._, I cut off. (caedo.)
+
++de·clāmo+, 1 _v. n._ and _a._, I exercise myself in speaking, declaim.
+
++de·clāro+, 1 _v. a._, I show, proclaim.
+
++dĕcŏro+, 1 _v. a._, I adorn. (dĕcus, ornament, glory.)
+
++dēdĭtio+, -ōnis, _f._, surrender. (dēdo.)
+
++dē·dūco+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I lead away, withdraw, bring down.
+
++dē·fendo+, -di, -sum, 3 _v. a._, I ward off, keep off.
+
++dēfensor+, -ōris, _m._, defender. (dēfendo.)
+
++dē·fĕro+, -tŭli, -lātum, 3 _v. a._, I bring down, hand over.
+
++dē·fīo+, -fectus, -fĭĕri, _v. n._ (used as _passive_ of dēfĭcio), I am
+wanting, I fail.
+
++dēformĭtas+, -ātis, _f._, ugliness, deformity. (dē·formis, ugly. Cf.
+forma.)
+
++dē·iĭcio+, -iēci, -iectum, 3 _v. a._, I throw down. (iăcio.)
+
++deīnceps+ (dissyl.), or +dĕïnceps+, _adv._, next, following. (deinde.)
+
++deīndĕ+ (dissyl.), or +dĕīndĕ+, _adv._, then, thereupon.
+
++dēlecto+, 1 _v. a._, I delight. (intens. of delĭcio.)
+
++dē·lĭgo+, -lēgi, -lectum, 3 _v. a._, I choose out, select. (lĕgo.)
+
++dē·līro+, 1 _v. n._, I rave. (de, lira, out of the furrow.)
+
++dē·lĭtesco+, -tui, 3 _v. n._, I lie hid, conceal myself. (lătesco,
+inceptive of lăteo.)
+
++delphīnus+, -i, _m._, dolphin. (δελφίς.)
+
++Dēmādēs+, -is, _m._, Demades. (Δημάδης.)
+
++de·mĕto+, -messui, -messum, 3 _v. a._, I reap, mow.
+
++dē·mīror+, 1 _v. dep. a._, I wonder at.
+
++dē·mŏror+, 1 _v. dep._, I linger.
+
++Dēmosthĕnes+, -is and -i, _m._, Demosthenes. (Δημοσθένης.)
+
++dē·mulceo+, -mulsi, -mulctum, 2 _v. a._, I stroke down, caress.
+
++dēmum+, _adv._, at last. (de.)
+
++dēnĭquĕ+, _adv._, and then, finally. (de.)
+
++Dentātus+, -i, _m._, Dentatus.
+
++dēnuo+, _adv._, again. (For de novo.)
+
++dē·pŏpŭlor+, 1 _v. dep. a._, I ravage.
+
++dē·pŭto+, 1 _v. a._ I cut off, prune.
+
++de·rīdeo+, -si, -sum, 2 _v. a._, I laugh at.
+
++de·scisco+, -īvi or -ii, -ītum, 3 _v. n._, I withdraw, revolt from,
+abandon; with _prep._ ab and _abl._
+
++dē·sĕro+, -rui, -rtum, 3 _v. a._, I desert, abandon. (Lit., I undo,
+sever; sero, I join.)
+
++dēsertus+, -a, -um, _part._ fr. dēsĕro, lonely, desert.
+
++dē·sīdĕro+, 1 _v. a._, I long for.
+
++dē·sĭlio+, -ĭlui, -ultum, 4 _v. n._, I leap down, (sălio.)
+
++dē·sĭno+, -sii, rarely -sīvi, -sĭtum, 3 _v. n._ and _a._, I give up,
+cease.
+
++dē·sĭpio+, no perf. or sup., -ere, _v. n._, I act foolishly, I am
+foolish, (săpio.)
+
++dēsĭtus+, -a, -um, _part._ of desĭno, obsolete, disused.
+
++dē·spĭcio+, -exi, -ectum, 3 _v. a._ and _n._, I look down upon,
+despise.
+
++dē·sum+, -fui, -esse, _v. n._, I am wanting.
+
++dē·tĕgo+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I uncover, discover.
+
++dē·tergeo+, -si, -sum, 2 _v. a._, I wipe off.
+
++dē·trăho+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I take away.
+
++dē·trunco+, 1 _v. a._, I lop, cut off.
+
++dĕ·ūro+, -ussi, -ustum, 3 _v. a._, I burn up.
+
++deus+, -i, _m._, god.
+
++dē·vĕho+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I carry away, carry down.
+
++dē·vĕnio+, -vēni, -ventum, 4 _v. n._, I come from, I go to, arrive at.
+
++dexter+, -tĕra, -tĕrum, and tra, trum, _adj._, on the right side,
+right. (δεξιός.)
+
++Diāna+, -ae, _f._, Diana.
+
++dĭcio+, -ōnis, _f._, rule, jurisdiction. (Cf. dico, condicio.)
+
++dīco+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I say, tell, call.
+
++dictum+, -i, _n._, saying, command, (dīco.)
+
++dī·dūco+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I draw apart, separate.
+
++dies+, -ei, _m._ (in _sing. com._), day.
+
++dif·fero+, distŭli, dīlātum, 3 _v. a._, I carry away, put off.
+
++dif·fīcĭlis+, -e, _adj._, difficult, hard. (făcĭlis.)
+
++dī·gĕro+, -gessi, -gestum, 3 _v. a._, I separate, disperse, dissipate.
+
++dĭgĭtus+, -i, _m._, finger.
+
++dignĭtas+, -ātis, _f._, rank, dignity. (dignus.)
+
++dignus+, -a, -um, _adj._, worthy.
+
++dī·grĕdior+, -gressus, 3 _v. dep._, I go away. (grădior.)
+
++dī·lăcĕro+, 1 _v. a._, I tear to pieces.
+
++dīlūcesco+, luxi, no sup., 3 _v. n._, I begin to grow light. (Inceptive
+form of dilūceo.)
+
++dīlūcĭdē+, _adv._, clearly. (dilūceo, lux.)
+
++dīmĭdium+, -ii, _n._, half, (di, medius.)
+
++dī·mitto+, -mīsi, -missum, 3 _v. a._, I send away, dismiss.
+
++dī·rĭgo+, -rexi, -rectum, 3 _v. a._, I arrange in a straight line,
+I direct to.
+
++dis·cēdo+, -cessi, -cessum, 3 _v. n._, I depart, go away.
+
++di·scindo+, -scĭdi, -scissum, 3 _v. a._, I tear asunder, cut open.
+
++discī̆plīna+, -ae, _f._, teaching, knowledge, tactics, custom.
+(discĭpŭlus, disco.)
+
++discĭpŭlus+, -i, _m._, disciple, follower. (disco.)
+
++disco+, dĭdĭci, no sup., 3 _v. a._, I learn. (Root da: cf. διδάσκω,
+doceo.)
+
++dissĭmŭlanter+, _adv._, secretly. (dissĭmŭlo.)
+
++dĭū+, _adv._, for a long time. (dies.)
+
++dī·vello+, -velli, rarely -vulsi, -vulsum, 3 _v. a._, I tear asunder.
+
++dīves+, -ĭtis, _adj._, rich.
+
++dīvīnĭtus+, _adv._, from heaven, by divine providence or influence.
+(dīvus, deus.)
+
++dīvīnus+, -a, -um, _adj._, divine. (dīvus, deus.)
+
++do+, dĕdi, dătum, dăre, _v. a._, I give. (Cf. δίδωμι dōnum.)
+
++dŏceo+, -cui, -ctum, 2 _v. a._, I teach. (Cf. disco.)
+
++dŏleo+, -ui, -ĭtum, 2 _v. n._ and _a._, I grieve, I grieve for.
+
++dŏlor+, -ōris, _m._, pain, grief. (dŏleo.)
+
++dŏmi+, _adv._, at home. Locative case of dŏmus.
+
++dŏmus+, -us, _f._, home, house. (δόμος, root dem, to build.)
+
++dōnĕc+, _conj._, until.
+
++dōno+, 1 _v. a._, I give, I present. (do.)
+
++dōnum+, -i, _n._, gift, (do.)
+
++dorsum+, -i, _n._, back.
+
++dŭbĭto+, 1 _v. a._, I hesitate.
+
++dŭbius+, -a, -um, _adj._, doubtful. Dŭbio prŏcul, without doubt.
+
++dum+, _conj._, whilst, until.
+
++dŭŏ+, -ae, -ŏ, _numer._, two. (δύο.)
+
++dŭŏ·dē·vīginti+, _numer._, eighteen.
+
++dūrus+, -a, -um, _adj._, hard, harsh.
+
++dux, dŭcis+, _m._, leader. (dūco.)
+
+
++e, ex+, _prep. gov. abl._, out of, from. Ex republica, to the advantage
+of the state.
+
++ĕdo+, ēdi, ēsum, 3 _v. a._, I eat. (Cf. ĕdax, ἔδω, ἐσθίω.)
+
++ecquĭs+, ecquĭd, _interrog. subst. pron._, whether any?
+
++ē·do+, -dĭdi, -dĭtum, 3 _v. a._, I give forth, bring forth, produce,
+utter, form, raise.
+
++ē·dūco+, 1 _v. a._, I rear, educate.
+
++ef·fĕro+, ex·tŭli, ē·lātum, 3 _v. a._, I bring out.
+
++ef·fĭcio+, -fēci, -fectum, 3 _v. a._, I bring to pass, accomplish. (ex,
+făcio.)
+
++ĕgŏ+, _pers. pron._, I.
+
++ĕgŏ·mĕt+, I myself.
+
++ē·grĕdior+, -gressus, 3 _v. dep._, I go out, I leave. (grădior.)
+
++ēgrĕgĭus+, -a, -um, _adj._, distinguished, eminent. (e, grex, chosen
+from the herd.)
+
++Ēlectra+, -ae, _f._, Electra. (Ἠλέκτρα.)
+
++ĕlĕphantus+, -i, _m._, elephant. (ἐλέφας.)
+
++ēlŏquentia+, -ae, _f._, eloquence. (ēlŏquor.)
+
++ē·lūdo+, -si, -sum, 3 _v. a._, I mock, jeer at.
+
++ē·mitto+, -mīsi, -missum, 3 _v. a._, I send out.
+
++ĕmo+, ēmi, emptum, 3 _v. a._, I buy.
+
++emptio+, -ōnis, _f._, purchase, buying. (ĕmo.)
+
++ĕnim+, _conj._, for. sed enim, but indeed.
+
++Ennius+, -ii, _m._, Ennius.
+
++ē·nuntio+, 1 _v. a._, I declare, mention.
+
++eo+, īvi or ii, ĭtum, īre, 4 _v. n._, I go. (Root i; cf. εῖμι.)
+
++eo+, _adv._, thither, for that reason, therefore. (is.)
+
++ĕphippium+, -ii, _n._, saddle, horse caparison. (ἐφίππιον, from ἐπὶ,
+ἵππος.)
+
++ĕpŭlae+, -arum, _f._, feast, banquet. (In _sing._ ĕpŭlum, -i, _n._)
+
++ĕquĭtātus, -us+, _m._, cavalry. (ĕquus.)
+
++ĕquŭs+, -i, _m._, horse. (ἵππος.)
+
++ergo+, _adv._, therefore.
+
++ē·rŭbesco+, -bui, no sup., 3 _v. n. incep._, I grow red, blush.
+
++ĕt+, _conj._, and.
+
++ĕtĭam+, _conj._, also, even.
+
++ĕtĭam·si+, _conj._, even if.
+
++Euander+, -dri, _m._, Evander.
+
++Euathlus+, -i, _m._, Euathlus.
+
++ēverto+, -ti, -sum, 3 _v. a._, I overthrow.
+
++exanguĭs+, or +exsanguis+, -e, _adj._, bloodless, lifeless. (ex,
+sanguis.)
+
++ex·ănĭmātus+, _part._, from ex-ănĭmo, lifeless.
+
++ex·ănĭmo+, 1 _v. a._, I deprive of life. (anima.)
+
++ex·cīdo+, -cīdi, -cīsum, 3 _v. a._, I cut out, off. (caedo.)
+
++excĭto+, 1 _v. a._, I arouse. (Freq. form of excio.)
+
++ex·clāmo+, 1 _v. a._ and _n._, I cry out, exclaim.
+
++ex·eo, -ivi or ii, -ĭtum, -ire+, 4 _v. n._, I go out.
+
++ex·erceo, -ui, -ĭtum+, 2 _v. a._, I drive on, I practise. (arceo.)
+
++exercĭtus+, -us, _m._, army. (exerceo.)
+
++exerto+, or +exserto+, no perf. and sup., 1 _v. a._, I thrust out. (ex,
+serto, freq. of sĕro.)
+
++ex·ĭgo+, -ēgi, -actum, 3 _v. a._, I drive out. (ăgo.)
+
++exĭlium+, or +exsilium+, -ii, _n._, exile. (exul.)
+
++exĭmius+, -a, -um, _adj._, extraordinary, uncommon. (eximo, I take out
+of the mass.)
+
++ex·istĭmo+, 1 _v. a._, I judge, consider. (aestimo.)
+
++exĭtus+, -us, _m._, going out, departure. (exeo.)
+
++ex·ordior+, -orsus, 4 _v. dep. a._, I begin.
+
++ex·pecto+, or +ex·specto+, 1 _v. a._, I look for. (ex, specto.)
+
++ex·pĕrior, -pertus+, 4 _v. dep._, I try.
+
++ex·pīro+, or +ex·spīro+, 1 _v. a._, I breathe out. (ex, spiro.)
+
++ex·pōno+, -pŏsui, -pŏsĭtum, 3 _v. a._, I set forth, explain.
+
++ex·prĭmo+, -pressi, -pressum, 3 _v. a._, I press out. (prĕmo.)
+
++ex·prōmo+, -mpsi, -mptum, 3 _v. a._, I bring forth, utter.
+
++extemplo+, _adv._, immediately.
+
++ex·to+, or +ex·sto+, no perf. and sup., -are, _v. n._, I stand forth,
+appear. (ex, sto.)
+
++extrā+, _prep. gov. acc._, outside. Extra tela, out of range.
+
++extrēmus+, -a, -um, _adj._, outermost, furthest. Extremâ nocte,
+at the very end of night. Superl. degree from [exter and extĕrus,
+post-classical], extĕrior, extrēmus, and extĭmus. (ex.)
+
++ex·urgo+, or +ex·surgo+, exurrexi, no sup., 3 _v. n._, I rise up. (ex,
+surgo.)
+
++exūro+, -ussi, -ustum, 3 _v. a._, I burn up.
+
+
++Făbius+, -ii, _m._, Fabius.
+
++Fābrĭcius+, -ii, _m._, Fabricius.
+
++fābŭla+, -ae, _f._, fable, story. (fāri, to say.)
+
++făcĭlis+, -e, _adj._, easy, good-natured. (făcio.)
+
++făcĭnus+, -ŏris, _n._, deed, crime. (făcio.)
+
++făcio+, fēci, factum, făcĕre, 3 _v. a._, I make, do. Facio cum aliquo,
+I take part with anyone.
+
++factum+, -i, _n._, deed. (făcio.)
+
++fācundia+, -ae, _f._, eloquence. (fāri, to say.)
+
++fallo+, fĕfelli, falsum, 3 _v. a._, I deceive. (σφάλλω, ἀ·σφαλής.)
+
++falsus+, -a, -um, _adj._, false. (fallo.)
+
++falx+, falcis, _f._, sickle.
+
++fāma+, -ae, _f._, renown. (fāri, to say.)
+
++fămĭlia+, -ae (old gen. -as), _f._, the slaves in a household,
+a household.
+
++fămĭliāris+, -e, _adj._, belonging to a household (fămĭlia), intimate;
+as _subst._, friend.
+
++Făvōrīnus+, -i, _m._, Favorinus.
+
++fēcundus+, -a, -um, _adj._, fruitful.
+
++fēlīcĭter+, happily: fēlīcius, fēlīcissime. (fēlix.)
+
++fēlix+, fēlīcis, _adj._, happy, rich.
+
++fĕra+, -ae, _f._, wild beast. (ferus.)
+
++fĕrē+, _adv._, almost.
+
++fĕrīnus+, -a, -um, _adj._, of wild beasts. (fĕrus.)
+
++fermē+, _adv._, nearly, about, usually. (Cf. fere.)
+
++fĕro+, tŭli, lātum, ferre, 3 _v. a._, I bear; I tell, say. (φέρω,
+tollo.)
+
++fĕrox+, +fĕrōcis+, _adj._, fierce. (Cf. ferus.)
+
++fĕrus+, -a, -um, _adj._, wild. (Cf. ferox.)
+
++fervo+, -vi, no sup., 3, _v. n._, I grow hot; commoner form, ferveo,
+-bui, no sup., 2.
+
++festīno+, 1, _v. n._ and _a._, I hasten.
+
++fētus+, -us, _m._, brood, offspring.
+
++fĭdes+, -ei, _f._, faith, trustworthiness. (fīdo.)
+
++fĭdes+, -is, _f._, string, stringed instrument, lyre; usually in plural
+only.
+
++fīdūcia+, -ae, _f._, trust, courage. (fido.)
+
++fīlius+, -ii, _m._, son.
+
++fingo+, -nxi, -nctum, 3 _v. a._, I form, fashion.
+
++fīo+, factus, fiĕri, _v. n._, (used as pass. of facio), I am made,
+become.
+
++firmo+, 1 _v. a._, I strengthen. (firmus.)
+
++flāgĭtium+, -ii, _n._, shameful act, disgrace. (flāgĭto.)
+
++flăgro+, 1 _v. n._, I burn, blaze.
+
++flāvesco+, no perf. and sup., 3 _v. n._, I become yellow. (Inceptive
+form of flāveo.)
+
++flecto+, -xi, -xum, 3 _v. a._, I bend.
+
++flōs+, -ōris, _m._, flower.
+
++fluctus+, -us, _m._, wave. (fluo.)
+
++fluito+, 1 _v. n._, I float. (Intensitive form of fluo.)
+
++fŏcŭlus+, -i, _m._, little hearth, brazier. (diminutive of focus.)
+
++fŏris+, _adv._, out of doors, (fŏris, a door.)
+
++formīdo+, -ĭnis, _f._, fear.
+
++fors+, +fortis+, _f._, chance.
+
++fortĕ+, _adv._, by chance. (abl. of fors.)
+
++fortis+, -e, _adj._, brave.
+
++fortĭter+, _adv._, bravely. (fortis.)
+
++fortĭtūdo+, -ĭnis, _f._, bravery. (fortis.)
+
++fortuī̆tus+, -a, -um, _adj._, accidental. (fors.)
+
++frāter+, -tris, _m._, brother. (φράτηρ, clansman.)
+
++fraudŭlentus+, -a, -um, _adj._, deceitful. (fraus.)
+
++fraus+, fraudis, _f._, deceit.
+
++fraxĭnus+, -i, _f._, ash tree.
+
++frĕmĭtus+, -us, _m._, roaring (frĕmo.)
+
++frēnum+, -i, _n._, bridle, bit.
+
++frons+, frondis, _f._, leafy branch, foliage.
+
++frūges+, -um. Cf. frux.
+
++frūmentum+, -i, _n._, corn. (For frugĭmentum, cf. frux, fruor.)
+
++frustrā+, _adv._, in vain. (Cf. fraus.)
+
++frux+, frūgis, _f._, fruit. Nom. sing. rare; more common in plural.
+(Cf. fruor.)
+
++fŭga+, -ae, _f._, flight, (fŭgio, φεύγω.)
+
++fŭgĭtīvus+, -a, -um, _adj._, fugitive. (fŭgio.)
+
++fulgeo+, fulsi, no sup., 2 _v. n._, I glitter. (Cf. fulgur, lightning.)
+
++fundo+, fūdi, fūsum, 3 _v. a._, I pour out, scatter.
+
++fundus+, -i, _m._, farm.
+
++furtim+, _adv._, secretly. (fur, thief.)
+
++fūsus+. Cf. fundo.
+
+
++gălea+, -ae, _f._, helmet.
+
++Gallĭcus+, -a, -um, _adj._, belonging to Gaul, Gallic.
+
++Gallus+, -i, _m._, a Gaul.
+
++Gellius+, -ii, _m._, Gellius.
+
++gĕmĭtus+, -us, _m._, groan. (gĕmo.)
+
++gens+, gentis, _f._, clan, race, nation. (Cf. gigno, genus.)
+
++gĕnus+, -ĕris, _n._, race, kind. (γένος, gens, gigno.)
+
++gĕro+, gessi, gestum, 3 _v. a._, I bear, I carry on.
+
++gesto+, 1 _v. a._, I carry. (Intens. of gĕro.)
+
++gigno+, gĕnui, gĕnĭtum, 3 _v. a._, I produce. (Cf. gens, genus.)
+
++glădius+, -ii, _m._, sword.
+
++glōria+, -ae, _f._, renown, glory.
+
++Graecē+, _adv._, in Greek.
+
++Graecia+, -ae, _f._, Greece.
+
++grāmen+, -ĭnis, _n._, grass.
+
++grāmĭneus+, -a, -um, _adj._, made of grass. (grāmen.)
+
++grandis+, -e, _adj._, great, large, abundant. Grandis natu, advanced in
+age.
+
++grātia+, -ae, _f._, favour, influence, gratitude, thanks: with agere in
+plural only. In abl. gratiâ, for the sake of, with gen. (gratus.)
+
++grātŭlātio+, -onis, _f._, rejoicing, congratulation. (grātŭlor.)
+
++grātŭlor+, 1 _v. dep._, I congratulate, give thanks. (grātus.)
+
++gŭla+, -ae, _f._, throat.
+
+
++hăbeo+, 2 _v. a._, I have.
+
++hăbĭto+, 1 _v. a._ and _n._, I inhabit, dwell in. (Intensitive of
+hăbeo.)
+
++haereo+, haesi, haesum, 2 _v. n._, I stick to.
+
++Hannĭbal+, -ălis, _m._, Hannibal.
+
++haud+, _adv._, not.
+
++haurio+, hausi, haustum, 4 _v. a._, I draw up, drink, tear open, wound.
+
++haut+ (or +haud+), _adv._, not.
+
++haut·quā·quam+, or +haud·qua·quam+, _adv._, by no means.
+
++Hercles+ (or Hercŭles), -is and -i. _m._, Hercules. For form Hercle,
+cf. iii. 1. note.
+
++hīc, haec, hōc+, _demonstr. pron._, this.
+
++hīc+, _adv._, here.
+
++hĭlăris+, -e, _adj._, merry, amusing.
+
++hinc+, _adv._, hence. (hic.)
+
++hio+, 1 _v. n._, I open my mouth, gape. Rimis hiantem, with wide open
+clefts, lit., gaping open with clefts.
+
++Hispānia+, -ae, _f._, Spain.
+
++Hispānĭcus+, -a, -um, _adj._, Spanish.
+
++histrio+, -ōnis, _m._, actor. (Etruscan word hister, an actor.)
+
++hŏdiē+, _adv._, to-day. (hoc die.)
+
++hŏdiernus+, -a, -um, _adj._, of this day. (hŏdie.)
+
++hŏmo+, -ĭnis, _m._, man. (Cf. hūmānus.)
+
++hŏnestus+, -a, -um, _adj._, honourable, proper, respectable. (hŏnor.)
+
++hŏnor+, or +hŏnos+, -ōris, _m._, honour.
+
++Hŏrātius+, -ii, _m._, Horatius.
+
++hortor+, 1 _v. dep._, I encourage, urge. (Cf. ὄρνυμι, ὁρμή.)
+
++hospes+, -ĭtis, _m._, host, guest, stranger. (Cf. hostis, stranger,
+enemy.)
+
++hospĭta+, -ae, _f._ (feminine form of hospes,) female host, guest,
+stranger.
+
++hostis+, -is, _c._, enemy.
+
++hūius·cĕ·mŏdi+, and +hūius·mŏdi+, of this kind. (Cf. mŏdus.)
+
++hŭmĕrus+, -i, _m._, shoulder.
+
++hŭmĭlis+, -e, _adj._, low, humble, insignificant. (hŭmus, ground.)
+
+
++iăcio, iĕci, iactum+, 3 _v. a._, I throw.
+
++iam+, _adv._, already, now.
+
++ĭbī̆+, _adv._, there, thereupon. (is.)
+
++ĭbī̆dem+, _adv._, in the same place, immediately. (ibi, dem. cf. idem.)
+
++ictus+, -us, _m._, blow, stroke. (Obsolete _present_, ico and icio,
+I strike.)
+
++idcirco+, _adv._, therefore. (id-circo.)
+
++īdem+, +ĕădem+, +ĭdem+, _pron._, same. (is, and suffix dem.)
+
++ĭdōneus+, -a, -um, _adj._, fit.
+
++ĭgĭtur+, _conj._, then, therefore. (is, and suffix tur.)
+
++ignāvia+, -ae, _f._, cowardice. (in-gnāvus, lazy, cowardly; from navus,
+or gnavus, busy.)
+
++ignis+, -is, _m._, fire.
+
++ignōmĭnia+, -ae, _f._, disgrace. (in-nōmen, or gnōmen, loss of good
+name.)
+
++ignōro+, 1 _v. a._ and _n._, I am ignorant of. (ignārus, for in-gnarus
+or -narus.)
+
++i·gnosco+, -nōvi, nōtum, 3 _v. a._, I pardon, overlook. (in-gnosco or
+-nosco.)
+
++i·gnōtus+, -a, -um, _adj._, unknown. (in·gnotus or notus.)
+
++īlex+, -ĭcis, _f._, holm-oak, or great scarlet oak. Quercus ilex L.
+
++īlĭco+ (or illico), _adv._, on the spot, immediately. (in, loco.)
+
++illĕ+, illă, illŭd, _demonstr. pron._, that, he.
+
++illīc+, _adv._, in that place, there. (ille, ce.)
+
++im·mōbĭlis+, -e, _adj._, motionless. (in, mŏveo.)
+
++impĕdio+, -īvi or -ii, -ītum, 4 _v. a._, I hinder. (in, pes.)
+
++impĕrātor+, -ōris, _m._, general. (impĕro.)
+
++impĕrium+, -ii, _n._, command, empire. (impĕro.)
+
++impĕro+, 1 _v. a._, I command, I rule over (dat.).
+
++impetro+, 1 _v. a._, I accomplish, obtain.
+
++impĕtus+, -us, _m._, attack, force. (in·peto, I rush upon.)
+
++im·mītis+, -e, _adj._, stern.
+
++in+, _prep. gov. acc._ and _abl._, in, into, on, against.
+
++in·cēdo+, -cessi, -cessum, 3 _v. n._, I approach.
+
++incendium+, -ii, _n._, fire. (in-cendo, fr. in, candeo.)
+
++in·cīdo+, -cīdi, -cīsum, 3 _v. a._, I cut into, cut through, open. (in,
+caedo.)
+
++in·cĭpio+, -cēpi, -ceptum, 3 _v. a._, I begin. (in, căpio, I seize
+upon.)
+
++in·clūdo+, -si, -sum, 3 _v. a._, I shut in. (claudo.)
+
++in·cognĭtus+, -a, -um, _adj._, unknown. (in·cognosco.)
+
++in·cŏlŭmis+, -e, _adj._, uninjured, safe.
+
++in·cruentus+, -a, -um, _adj._, bloodless. (cruor.)
+
++in·curro+, -curri or -cŭcurri, cursum, 3 _v. n._, I rush into, rush
+against, attack.
+
++incursio+, -ōnis, _f._, inroad, attack. (in·curro.)
+
++indĕ+, _adv._, thence, thenceforward. (is.)
+
++in·dīco+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I proclaim.
+
++Indĭcus+, -a, -um, _adj._, Indian.
+
++in·dignus+, -a, -um, _adj._, unworthy.
+
++in·dūco+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I bring in, exhibit.
+
++induo+, -ui, -ūtum, 3 _v. a._, I put on. (ἐνδύω.)
+
++ineptus+, -a, -um, _adj._, unsuitable, foolish. (in, aptus.)
+
++ĭn·explĭcābĭlis+, -e, _adj._, hard to unfold, understand, intricate.
+(in, ex, plico, I fold.)
+
++infĭtiae+, -arum, _f._, denial. Only used in _acc. plur._ in phrase
+infitias ire, to deny. (infateor.)
+
++in·flo+, 1 _v. a._, I blow into or upon.
+
++informis+, -e, _adj._, shapeless. (forma.)
+
++infrā+, _adv._, and _prep. gov. acc._, below. (For inferă, _sc._
+parte.)
+
++in·fringo+, -frēgi, -fractum, 3 _v. a._, I break in upon, break.
+(frango.)
+
++ingĕnium+, -ii, _n._, nature, talent, genius. (in, gigno.)
+
++ingens+, -entis, _adj._, immense.
+
++in·grātus+, -a, -um, _adj._, ungrateful.
+
++in·grĕdior+, -gressus, 3 _v. dep._, I step into, advance. (grădior.)
+
++ĭn·ĭmīcus+, -a, -um, _adj._, hostile; as _subst._, an enemy. (in,
+ămīcus.)
+
++in·īquus+, -a, -um, unequal, unfair, dangerous. (in, aequus.)
+
++in·iūrātus+, -a, -um, _adj._, unsworn, relieved from oath. (in, iūro.)
+
++iniūria+, -ae, _f._, wrong, insult. (in, ius.)
+
++inlĕcĕbra+, or +illĕcĕbra+, -ae, _f._, attraction, allurement.
+(illicio.)
+
++inlustris+, or +illustris+, -e, _adj._, famous. (inlustro, I make
+light.)
+
++inmānis+, or +immanis+, -e, _adj._, fierce. (in, mānus, old Latin
+word = bonus: cf. manes, good spirits.)
+
++inmensus+, -a, -um, _adj._, immeasurable. (metior.)
+
++inmĕrĭto+, _adv._, undeservedly. (in, mereo.)
+
++in·mitto+, -mīsi, -missum, 3 _v. a._, I send in, thrust in, carry in,
+incite or suborn against. Used absolutely, sc. equum, urge horse
+forward, vi. 9.
+
++in·mortālis+, or +im·mortālis+, -e, _adj._, immortal.
+
++in·ŏpīnātus+, -a, -um, _adj._, unexpected. (in, ŏpīnor.)
+
++in·pĕrītus+, -a, -um, unskilled.
+
++in·perfectus+, -a, -um, _adj._, not thoroughly finished, unfinished.
+(făcio.)
+
++in·plūmis+, -e, _adj._, unfeathered, unfledged. (plūma.)
+
++in·pōno+, -pŏsui, -pŏsĭtum, 3 _v. a._, I place on.
+
++inquam+, _v. n._, defective, I say.
+
++in·quīro+, -sīvi, -sītum, 3 _v. a._, I search into, examine, (in,
+quaero.)
+
++in·rīdeo+, -rīsi, -rīsum, 2 _v. a._ and _n._, I laugh at.
+
++insānia+, -ae, _f._, madness. (sānus.)
+
++in·scendo+, -endi, -ensum, 3 _v. a._, I climb up, mount. (scando.)
+
++in·sĭdeo+, -sēdi, -sessum, 2 _v. n._, I sit on, occupy, (sĕdeo.)
+
++in·sĭdiae+, -arum, _f._, _plur. only_, ambush, treachery. (insĭdeo.)
+
++insigne+, -is, _n._, badge, ornament. (in·signis, distinguished by a
+mark, signum.)
+
++in·sisto+, -stiti, no sup., 3 _v. n._, I stand on, rest on, persist.
+
++in·sŏlens+, -entis, _adj._, unaccustomed to, with gen. (in, sŏleo.)
+
++insŏlenter+, _adv._, haughtily. (in·solens.)
+
++in·specto+, 1 _v. a._, I look upon. (Frequentative of in·spicio, from
+specio.)
+
++instinctus+, -a, -um, _part._ fr. instinguo.
+
++instinguo+, -nxi, -nctum, 3 _v. a._, I incite. (Only in perf. part.
+pass. in classical writers.)
+
++instĭtuo+, -ui, -ūtum, 3 _v. a._, I determine. (stătuo.)
+
++in·sto+, -stĭti, no sup., 1 _v. n._, I stand upon, press upon, insist.
+
++in·struo+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I build upon, I draw up, arrange.
+
++in·suesco+, -ēvi, -ētum, 3 _v. n._, I am accustomed.
+
++insŭla+, -ae, _f._, island, lodging-house.
+
++intĕger+, -gra, -gram, _adj._, untouched, sound. (tango.)
+
++intellĕgo+, -exi, -ectum, 3 _v. a._, I perceive, understand. (inter,
+lĕgo.)
+
++inter+, _prep. gov. acc._, between, among.
+
++intĕr·ĕā+, _adv._, meanwhile. (inter·ea, from is.)
+
++inter·dīco+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I forbid.
+
++intĕr·eo+, -ii, -ĭtum, 4 _v. n._, I die. (Lit., I go among several
+things, and so, disappear.)
+
++inter·fĭcio+, -fēci, -fectum, 3 _v. a._, I kill. (făcio, lit., I put
+between.)
+
++intĕrim+, _adv._, meanwhile. (inter, im old acc. of is.)
+
++interĭtus+, -us, _m._, ruin, death. (intereo.)
+
++interpres+, -ĕtis, _com._, interpreter.
+
++inter·rŏgo+, 1 _v. a._, I question, ask.
+
++intĭmus+, -a, -um, _adj._, inmost, superlative from [intĕrus, not
+found; cf. inter and intra], intĕrior.
+
++intrā+, _adv._, and _prep. gov. acc._, within.
+
++in·trĕpĭdus+, -a, -um, _adj._, fearless.
+
++intrō·dūco+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I bring in, introduce.
+
++intrŏ·eo+, -īvi or -ii, -ĭtum, 4 _v. n._, I go in, enter.
+
++intrō·grĕdior+, -gressus, 3 _v. dep._, I step in, enter. (grădior.)
+
++intrō·rumpo+, -rūpi, -ruptum, 3 _v. n._, I burst into.
+
++in·vĕnio+, -vēni, -ventum, 4 _v. a._, I come upon, find.
+
++in·vīsus+, -a, -um, _adj._, hated. (in·vĭdeo, I look at with evil eye,
+hate.)
+
++ipse+, -a, -um, _demonstr. pron._, himself, herself, itself.
+
++īra+, -ae, _f._, anger.
+
++is, ea, id+, _demonstr. pron._, that, he, she, it.
+
++istĕ+, -a, -ŭd, _demonstr. pron._, that of yours, that near you.
+
++istic+, -aec, -oc or -uc, _demonstr. pron._, that of yours, that near
+you. (For iste·ce.)
+
++ĭta+, _adv._, thus, so.
+
++Ītălia+, -ae, _f._, Italy.
+
++ĭtem+, _adv._, likewise, also. (is.)
+
++ĭter+, itĭnĕris, _n._, journey. (eo.)
+
++ĭtĕrum+, _adv._, a second time, again. (Acc. sing. of comparative form
+from is.)
+
++ĭtĭdem+, _adv._, in like manner. (ita, dem.)
+
++iŭbeo+, iussi, iussum, 2 _v. a._, I order.
+
++iūcunde+, _adv._, pleasantly. (iūcundus.)
+
++iūcundus+, -a, -um, _adj._, pleasant, delightful. (iŏcus.)
+
++iūdex+, -ĭcis, _m._, judge. (ius, dīco.)
+
++iūdĭco+, 1 _v. a._, I judge, decide. (ius, dīco.)
+
++Iūliānus+, -i, _m._, Julian.
+
++Iūpĭter+ (or Iuppĭter), Iŏvis, _m._, Jupiter, Jove. (Iovis pater: cf.
+Ζεύς πατήρ. Iovis from root div, bright.)
+
++iūro+ and iūror (_dep_.), 1 _v. a._, I swear. (ius.)
+
++iūs+, iūris, _n._, right, law, justice. (Root iu, join: cf. ζεύγνυμι.)
+
++ius·iurandum+, iuris·iurandi, _n._, oath. (ius, iūro.)
+
++iustus+, -a, -um, _adj._, right, fair. (ius.)
+
+
++L.+, for Lucius.
+
++lăbor+, -ōris, _m._, toil, labour.
+
++Lăcĕdaemŏnius+, -a, -um, _adj._, Lacedaemonian, Spartan.
+
++Lăcōnĭcus+, -a, -um, _adj._, Laconian, Lacedaemonian.
+
++lā̆crĭmo+, 1 _v. n._, I weep. (lā̆crĭma: cf. δάκρυ, tear.)
+
++laetĭtia+, -ae, _f._, joy. (laetus.)
+
++laetus+, -a, -um, _adj._, glad, rich.
+
++lambo+, -bi, -bĭtum, 3 _v. a._, I lick.
+
++lāmenta+, orum, _n._, _plur._ only, wailing, lamentation.
+
++lāna+, -ae, _f._, wool.
+
++lănio+, 1 _v. a._, I tear, mangle. (Cf. lăcer, torn to pieces.)
+
++latē+, _adv._, widely. (lātus.)
+
++lătēbra+, -ae, _f._, hiding place. (lăteo, I lie hid.)
+
++lătē̆brōsus+, -a, -um, _adj._, full of hiding places; hidden, retired.
+(lătē̆bra.)
+
++Lătīnē+, _adv._, in Latin.
+
++Lătīnus+, -a, -um, _adj._, Latin.
+
++lātro+, 1 _v. n._, I bark, bark at.
+
++lātus+, -a, -um, _adj._, broad.
+
++lātus+, -a, -um, _part._ of fĕro.
+
++lătus+, -ĕris, _n._, side.
+
++laudo+, 1 _v. a._, I praise. (laus.)
+
++laurus+, -us, _f._, bay tree, laurel tree.
+
++laus+, laudis, _f._, praise.
+
++laxo+, 1 _v. a._, I loosen, relax. (laxus; cf. languidus.)
+
++lēgātus+, -i, _m._, ambassador, lieutenant. (lēgo, -are, I send with a
+charge, depute.)
+
++lĕgo+, -lexi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I collect, choose out, read. (λέγω,
+λόγος, dilegens.)
+
++lēnĭter+, _adv._, gently. (lēnis: cf. lentus.)
+
++leo+, -ōnis, _m._, lion. λέων
+
++lĕpĭdē+, _adv._, charmingly, humorously. (lĕpĭdus.)
+
++lĕpĭdus+, -a, -um, _adj._, charming, humorous. (lĕpos, charm.)
+
++Lesbius+, -a, -um, _adj._, Lesbian, of Lesbos.
+
++lĕvo+, 1 _v. a._, I raise up, relieve. (Cf. +lĕvis+, light.)
+
++lex, lēgis+, _f._, law.
+
++lĭbenter+, _adv._, gladly, willingly. (lĭbet.)
+
++lĭber+, -bri, _m._, book. (Lit., inner bark of tree.)
+
++lībĕrālis+, -e, _adj._, befitting a freeman, decorous, noble. (līber.)
+
++lībĕro+, 1 _v. a._, I set free. (līber.)
+
++lībra+, -ae, _f._, pound. (Cf. λίτρα)
+
++lĭcet+, lĭcuit and lĭcĭtum est, 2 _v. n._, defective, it is allowable.
+
++ligneus+, -a, -um, _adj._., wooden. (lignum.)
+
++lignum+, -i, _n._, what is gathered (lĕgo) as firewood, wood.
+
++līneāmentum+, -i, _n._, feature. (līnea, a line.)
+
++lingua+, -ae, _f._, tongue.
+
++līs+, lītis, _f._, lawsuit.
+
++lītigiōsus+, -a, -um, quarrelsome. (lis.)
+
++littera+ (or +lītera+), -ae, _f._, letter. (lĭno.)
+
++lŏcus+, -i, nom. plur. -i and -a, _m._, place, position, rank.
+
++longē+, _adv._, far off, by far.
+
++longus+, -a, -um, _adj._, long, far off.
+
++lŏquor+, -cūtus, 3 _v. dep._, I speak, say.
+
++lōrum+, -i, _n._, thong, leash.
+
++Lūcius+, -ii, _m._, Lucius.
+
++luctus+, -us, _m._, mourning. (lūgeo.)
+
++lūgeo+, -xi, [-ctum], 2 _v. n._ and _a._, I mourn, mourn for.
+
++lūgū̆bris+, -e, _adj._, mournful. (lūgeo.)
+
++Lūsĭtānus+, -a, -um, _adj._, of Lusitania.
+
++lux+, lūcis, _f._, light, day. Lucis ortu, at sunrise; primâ luce,
+at dawn. (lūceo.)
+
+
++M.+, for Marcus.
+
++măgis+, _adv._, more: comparative degree from magnŏpĕre, magis, maxime.
+(Root magh: cf. μέγας.)
+
++măgister+, -tri, _m._, master. (măgis and comparative suffix ter.)
+
++magnĭtūdo+, -ĭnis, _f._, size. (magnus.)
+
++magnus+, -a, -um, _adj._, great. (Root magh: cf. μέγας.)
+
++māior, maius+, _adj._, comparative degree of magnus, maior, maxĭmus.
+
++mandātum+, -i, _n._, command. (mando.)
+
++mando+, 1 _v. a._, I entrust, command, enjoin upon. Mando litteris,
+I commit to writing. (manus, do.)
+
++măneo+, -nsi, -nsum, 2 _v. n._, I remain.
+
++Manlius+, -ii, _m._, Manlius.
+
++mansŭētus+, -a, -um, _part._ from mansuesco, tamed, gentle.
+
++mansŭēsco+, -sŭēvi, sŭētum, 3 _v. a._ and _n._, I tame, grow tame.
+(Manus, suesco, I accustom to the hand.)
+
++mănus+, -us, _f._, hand, band.
+
++Marcus+, -i, _m._, Marcus.
+
++mărĕ+, -is, _n._, sea. (Root mar, to shine: cf. marmor.)
+
++mărĭtĭmus+, -a, -um, belonging to the sea, maritime. (mare.)
+
++mărītus+, -i, _m._, husband. (mas.)
+
++māter+, -tris, _f._, mother. (μήτηρ.)
+
++māter·fămĭliās+, mātris·fămĭliās, _f._, mother of a family, matron.
+
++mātrĭmōnium+, -ii, _n._, marriage. (māter.)
+
++mātrōna+, -ae, _f._, matron. (māter.)
+
++mātūresco+, -rui, no sup., 3 _v. n. inceptive_, I become ripe.
+
++maxĭmus+, -a, -um, _adj._, greatest; superlative degree, from magnus,
+maior.
+
++mĕdeor+, no perf., 2 _v. dep._, I cure.
+
++mĕdĭcīna+, -ae, _f._, medicine, remedy. (From adj. mĕdĭcīnus, _sc._
+ars.)
+
++mĕdĭcīnus+, -a, -um, _adj._, medical. (Cf. mĕdeor.)
+
++mĕdĭcus+, -i, _m._, doctor. (Cf. mĕdeor.)
+
++mĕdius+, -a, -um, _adj._, middle. (μέσος.)
+
++membrum+, -i, _n._, limb.
+
++mĕmŏria+, -ae, _f._, memory, recollection, story. (mĕmor.)
+
++mĕmŏro+, 1 _v. a._, I call to remembrance, I relate. (Cf. memoria.)
+
++Mĕnander+, -dri, _m._, Menander. (Μένανδρος.)
+
++mendācium+, -ii, _n._, lie. (mendax, mentior.)
+
++mens+, mentis, _f._, mind. (Root mem; cf. memini.)
+
++mentior+, 4 _v. dep._, I tell lies. (Lit., I invent, root men: cf.
+mens.)
+
++merces+, -ēdis, _f._, price. (mĕreor, I earn.)
+
++mercor+, 1 _v. dep. a._, I buy. (merx, merchandise, mĕreor.)
+
++mĕreor+, 2 _v. dep._, I deserve, earn, (μέρος, share.)
+
++mĕrīdiānus+, -a, -um, _adj._, of mid-day. (merīdies for medi- dies,
+from mĕdius, dies.)
+
++messis+, -is, acc. -em and -im, _f._ harvest. (mĕto.)
+
++Mēthymnaeus+, -a, -um, _adj._, of Methymna. (Μήθυμνα.)
+
++mĕto+, messui, messum, 3 _v. a._, I reap. (Cf. messis.)
+
++mĕtus+, -us, _m._, fear.
+
++meus+, -a, -um, _adj._, my.
+
++mĭco+, -ui, no sup., 1 _v. n._, I glitter.
+
++mī̆gro+, 1 _v. n._, I depart from, quit. (Cf. meo, I go.)
+
++mīles+, -ĭtis, _c._, soldier.
+
++Mīlēsius+, -a, -um, _adj._, of Miletus.
+
++Mīlētus+, -i, _f._, Miletus, a town in Asia Minor. (Μίλητος.)
+
++mīlĭtāris+, -e, _adj._, military. (mīles.)
+
++Mĭlo+, -ōnis, _m._, Milo.
+
++mĭnistro+, 1 _v. a._, I wait upon, serve up, hand. (mĭnister, servant.)
+
++mĭnor+, -us, _adj._, less. comparative of parvus. (Root min: cf. minuo,
+I lessen.)
+
++mĭnor+, 1 _v. dep._, I threaten. (minae, threats.)
+
++mīrandus+, -a, -um, wonderful: _ger._ of mīror.
+
++mīrĭfĭcus+, -a, -um, _adj._, causing wonder, marvellous. (mīrus,
+făcio.)
+
++mīror+, 1 _v. dep._, I wonder at. (Cf. mīrus.)
+
++mīrus+, -a, -um, _adj._, wonderful.
+
++mĭser+, -era, -erum, _adj._ wretched. (Root mi: cf. mĭnuo.)
+
++mĭserandus+, -a, -um, pitiable: _gerundive_ of mĭseror.
+
++mĭseror+, 1 _v. dep._, I pity. (mĭser.)
+
++mītis+, -e, _adj._, gentle.
+
++Mĭtrĭdātes+, -is and -i, _m._, Mitridates or Mithridates.
+
++mitto+, mīsi, missum, 3 _v. a._, I send.
+
++mōbĭlis+, -e, _adj._, movable, fickle. (For movibilis, from mŏveo.)
+
++mŏdestus+, -a, -um, _adj._, moderate, virtuous, discreet. (mŏdus.)
+
++mŏdŏ+, _adv._, only. (Lit., by measure, mŏdus.)
+
++mŏdus+, -i, _m._, measure, manner. huiusmodi, of this sort.
+
++moenia+, -ium, _n._, plur. only, defensive walls, ramparts. (Cf.
+mūnio.)
+
++mollis+, -e, _adj._, easy, soft, (moveo.)
+
++mŏneo+, 2 _v. a._, I warn, advise, remind.
+
++mŏnīle+, -is, _n._, collar, necklace.
+
++mŏnĭmentum+, -i, _n._, monument. (mŏneo, I remind.)
+
++mons+, montis, _m._, mountain.
+
++mŏrĭbundus+, -a, -um, _adj._, dying. (mŏrior.)
+
++mŏrior+, mortuus, 3 _v. n._, I die.
+
++mōrōsus+, -a, -um, _adj._, bad-tempered.
+
++mors+, mortis, _f._, death. (Cf. mŏrior.)
+
++mos+, mōris, _m._, manner, custom. More ursino, like a bear. De more,
+according to custom, as usual.
+
++mox+, _adv._, soon.
+
++mŭliēbris+, -e, _adj._, womanly, (mŭlier.)
+
++mŭlier+, -ĕris, _f._, woman.
+
++multo+ (or +mulcto+), 1 _v. a._, I punish, fine.
+
++multus+, -a, -um, _adj._, many, much. Comp., plūs; sup., plūrĭmus.
+
++mundus+, -a, -um, _adj._, clean, tidy.
+
++mūnīmentum+, -i, _n._, fortification. (mūnio.)
+
++mūnio+, 4 _v. a._, I fortify. (Cf. moenia, mūrus.)
+
++murmur+, -ŭris, _n._, complaint.
+
++mūrus+, -i, _m._, wall. (Root mu: cf. mūnio, moenia.)
+
++mūtuus+, -a, -um, _adj._, borrowed, lent. (mūto, I change.)
+
+
+
++nam+, _conj._, for.
+
++nanciscor+, nactus, and nanctus, 3 _v. dep._, I obtain, reach.
+
++nāris+, -is, _f._, nostril, nose; usually in plural.
+
++narro+, 1 _v. a._, I tell, relate. (Cf. i·gnarus, nosco; root gna,
+know.)
+
++nascor+, nātus, 3 _v. dep._, I am born, spring up.
+
++nātio+, -ōnis, _f._, race, nation. (nascor.)
+
++nātūra+, -ae, _f._, nature. Rediit in naturam, it returned to its
+natural position. (nascor.)
+
++nātus+, -us, _m._, birth, age. Natu grandis, advanced in age. (nascor.)
+
++nauta+. Cf. navita.
+
++nāvālis+, -e, _adj._, naval. (nāvis.)
+
++nāvis+, -is, _f._, ship. (ναῦς.)
+
++nāvĭta+ (or +nauta+), -ae, _m._, sailor. (nāvis.)
+
++nē+, _adv._ and _conj._, not, in order that not, lest.
+
++-nĕ+, _enclitic interrog. particle._
+
++nĕbŭlo+, -ōnis, _m._, worthless fellow. (nĕbŭla, mist: cf. nūbes,
+cloud.)
+
++nĕc+, neither, nor, and not.
+
++nĕcessĕ+, _adj._, _nom._ and _acc. neuter_ only, necessary.
+
++nĕco+, 1 _v. a._, I kill. (Cf. νέκυς, corpse.)
+
++neglĭgo+, and neglĕgo, -exi, -ectum, 3 _v. a._, I neglect. (nec, lĕgo,
+I do not pick up.)
+
++nĕego+, 1 _v. n._ and _a._, I deny, refuse.
+
++nēmo+, -ĭnis, _pron._, no one. (ne, hŏmo.)
+
++nē·quā·quam+, _adv._, by no means.
+
++nĕquĕ+, neither, nor, and not.
+
++nex+, nĕcis, _f._, violent death. (nĕco.)
+
++nīdŭlus+, -i, _m._, a little nest. (demin. of nīdus.)
+
++nĭhĭl+, nīl, _n._, _indecl._, nothing.
+
++nĭhĭlo+, by nothing; cf. nĭhĭlum. Used with comparatives, nihilo minus,
+none the less.
+
++nĭhĭlum+, -i, _n._, nothing.
+
++nĭmis+, _adv._, too much.
+
++nĭmĭum+, _adv._ and _subst._, too much.
+
++nĭ·sĭ+, _conj._, unless.
+
++nītor+, nīsus and nixus, 3 _v. dep._, I strive.
+
++nōbĭlis+, -e, _adj._, celebrated, noble. (For gnobilis, from nosco or
+gnosco.)
+
++nōmen+, -ĭnis, _n._, name. (Cf. nosco.)
+
++non+, _adv._, not.
+
++non·nĕ+, _interrog. adv._, is not?
+
++non·nullus+, -a, -um, _adj._, some, several.
+
++nos+, _plur._ of ego, we. (Cf. νώ.)
+
++nos met·ipsi+, we ourselves.
+
++nosco+, nōvi, nōtum, 3 _v. a._, I know. (Or gnosco, root gno: cf.
+nōmen, nōbilis.)
+
++noster+, -tra, -trum, _adj._, our. (nōs.)
+
++nōta+, -ae, _f._, mark, brand. (nosco.)
+
++nōtus+, -a, -um, known, _part._ from nosco.
+
++nŏvem+, _numer._, nine.
+
++nŏvus+, -a, -um, _adj._, new.
+
++nox+, noctis, _f._, night. (νύξ.)
+
++noxa+, -ae, _f._, injury, harm. (nŏcco.)
+
++nūbo+, -psi, -ptum, 3 _v. n._, I am married (of the woman), with
+_dative_. (Lit., I veil myself: cf. nūbes.)
+
++nūdus+, -a, -um, _adj._, bare, unarmed.
+
++nullus+, -a, -um, _adj._, none. (ne·ullus.)
+
++nūmen+, -ĭnis, _n._, nod, will, divinity. (nuo.)
+
++nŭmĕrus+, -i, _m._, number. (Cf. νέμω, I distribute, nummus.)
+
++nunc+, _adv._, now. (num·ce: cf. νῦν.)
+
++nunquam+, _adv._, never. (ne-unquam.)
+
++nuntio+, 1 _v. a._, I announce, report. (Cf. nŏvus.)
+
++nusquam+, _adv._, nowhere. (ne-usquam.)
+
+
+
++ŏb+, _prep. gov. acc._, on account of.
+
++ob·iĭcio+, and +ōbĭcio+, obiēci, obiectum, 3 _v. a._, I throw before,
+I reproach with. (jăcio.)
+
++ob·lĭno+, -lēvi, -lĭtum, 3 _v. a._, I smear over.
+
++ŏb·oedio+, 4 _v. n._, I obey, with dative. (ob, audio.)
+
++ŏb·ŏrior+, -ortus, 4 _v. dep._, I grow, spring up.
+
++ob·pĕto+ (or +op·peto+), -īvi or -ii, -ītum, 3 _v. a._, I encounter.
+
++ob·pugno+ (or +op·pugno+), 1 _v. a._, I fight against, attack.
+
++ob·sĕcro+, 1 _v. a._, I beseech, entreat. (sacro, lit., I ask on
+religious grounds, ob sacrum.)
+
++ob·sĭdeo+, -sēdi, -sessum, 2 _v. n._, I besiege. (sĕdeo.)
+
++obsĭdio+, -ōnis, _f._, siege. (obsĭdeo.)
+
++ob·servo+, 1 _v. a._, I notice, attend to.
+
++ob·tĭneo+, -ui, -tentum, 2 _v. a._, I hold. (tĕneo.)
+
++ob·vĕnio+, -vēni, -ventum, 4 _v. n._, I come in way of, fall to lot of.
+
++ob·viam+, _adv._, with dative, in the way. Obviam ire, progredi, etc.,
+alicui, to meet anyone. (via.)
+
++ob·vius+, -a, -um, _adj._, in the way. (via.)
+
++oc·cīdo+, -cīdi, cīsum, 3 _v. a._, I kill. (caedo.)
+
++occŭpo+, 1 _v. a._, I seize, take hold of. (ob, căpio.)
+
++octo+, _num._, eight. (ὀκτώ.)
+
++octōginta+, _num._, eighty.
+
++ŏcŭlus+, -i, _m._, eye. (Cf. ὄσσε, the two eyes; ὄσσομαι, I see.)
+
++of·fĕro+, obtŭli, oblātum, 3 _v. a._, I offer, present.
+
++offĭcium+, -ii, _n._, service, work, duty. (For opificium, opus,
+făcio.)
+
++ŏlea+, -ae, _f._, olive tree. (ἐλαία.)
+
++ŏleāgĭneus+, -a, -um, _adj._, of the olive. (ŏlea.)
+
++ŏleum+, -i, _n._, olive oil. (ἔλαιον.)
+
++ŏ·mitto+, -mīsi, -missum, 3 _v. a._, I neglect. (ob, mitto, I let go.)
+
++omnis+, -e, _adj._, all.
+
++ŏpĕra+, -ae, _f._, work. (Cf. ŏpus.)
+
++ŏpīmus+, -a, -um, _adj._, rich, fat, choice.
+
++ŏpīnio+, -ōnis, _f._, opinion, supposition. (opīnor.)
+
++oppĕrior+, -perītus and -pertus, 4 _v. dep._, I wait for. (Cf. experior
+and peritus, from obsolete perior.)
+
++oppĭdum+, -i, _n._, town.
+
++op·pleo+, -ēvi, -ētum, 2 _v. a._, I fill up.
+
++op·prĭmo+, -essi, -essum, 3 _v. a._, I press against, oppress, crush.
+(prĕmo.)
+
++[ops]+, ŏpis, _f._, nom. sing. not used, power, wealth, help. (Cf.
+ŏpulentus.)
+
++optĭmus+, -a, -um, superlative of bŏnus. (Cf. ops.)
+
++opto+, 1 _v. a._, I wish for. (Root op, pick out: cf. ὄψομαι.)
+
++optŭlit+ (or obtŭlit), fr. offĕro.
+
++ōrācŭlum+, -i, _n._, oracle, (ōro.)
+
++ŏrātio+, -onis, _f._, speech, (ōro.)
+
++Ŏrestes+, -is or -i, Orestes. (Ὀρέστης.)
+
++ŏrior+, ortus, 4 _v. dep._, I arise. Sol oriens, sunrise. (Cf. ὄρνυμι.)
+
++ornātus+, -us, _m._, attire. (orno.)
+
++orno+, 1 _v. a._, I adorn.
+
++ōro+, 1 _v. a._, I pray for, beg. (ōs.)
+
++orthius+, -a, -um, _adj._, high. Carmen orthium, νόμος ὄρθιος: cf. note
+xxxv. 21.
+
++ortus+, -us, _m._, rising. (ŏrior.) solis ortu, at sunrise.
+
++ōs+, ōris, _n._, mouth, face.
+
++ŏs+, ossis, _n._, bone. (ὀστέον.)
+
++Oscē+, _adv._, in Oscan.
+
++ostendo+, -di, -sum and -tum, 3 _v. a._, I show. (obs·tendo.)
+
++ostento+, 1 _v. a._, I show; freq. form fr. ostendo.
+
++ōtiōsus+, -a, -um, _adj._, unoccupied, free, quiet. (ōtium.)
+
+
++P.+ for Publius, -ii, _m._, Publius.
+
++pābŭlum+, -i, _n._, food. (pasco.)
+
++păciscor+, -i, pactus, 3 _v. dep._, _a._ and _n._, I agree, bargain.
+(Cf. pax, pactum.)
+
++pactum+, -i, _n._, agreement, manner. (păciscor.)
+
++pălam+, _adv._, openly.
+
++Pălātium+, -ii, _n._, the Palatine hill.
+
++palma+, -ae, _f._, palm.
+
++palmes+, -ĭtis, _m._, vine-shoot. (palma.)
+
++pălūs+, -ūdis, _f._, marsh. (πηλός, mud.)
+
++pango+, pĕpĭgi, pactum (also panxi and pēgi, panctum), 3 _v. a._,
+I settle. (Cf. pax.)
+
++Păpīrius+, -ii, _m._, Papirius.
+
++pār+, păris, _adj._, equal.
+
++parco+, pĕperci, rarely parsi, parcĭtum and parsum, 3 _v. n._, with
+dat., I spare.
+
++părens+, -entis, _c._, parent. (părio.)
+
++pāreo+, 2 _v. n._, with dative, I obey.
+
++părio+, pĕpĕri, părĭtum and partum, 3 _v. a._, I beget, produce.
+
++pars+, partis, _f._, part, side.
+
++partus+, -us, _m._, birth, offspring. (părio.)
+
++părum+, _adv._, too little. (Cf. parvus.)
+
++parvus+, -a, -um, _adj._, small. (Cf. paucus.)
+
++pastus+, -us, _m._, food, pasture. (pasco.)
+
++păter+, pātris, _m._, father. (πατήρ, root pa: cf. pasco.)
+
++pătior+, passus, 3 _v. dep._, I suffer, allow. Aegre passus,
+displeased.
+
++paucus+, -a, -um, _adj._, few. (Root pau: cf. παῦρος, paulus.)
+
++paulātim+, _adv._, by degrees, gradually. (paulus, little.)
+
++păvĕ·făcio+, -fēci, -factum, 3 _v. a._, I terrify. (păveo.)
+
++pax+, pācis, _f._, peace. (Root pac, make firm: cf. paciscor, pango,
+πήγνυμι.)
+
++pectus+, -ŏris, _n._, breast: mind.
+
++pĕcūnia+, -ae, _f._, money. (pĕcus, cattle being the original standard
+of value.)
+
++pĕdester+, -tris, -tre, _adj._, on foot; in plur. as subst.,
+foot-soldiers. (pes.)
+
++Pĕlasgus+, -a, -um, _adj._, Pelasgian.
+
++Pĕlŏponnensiăcus+, -a, -um, _adj._, Peloponnesian.
+
++pĕnĭtus+, _adv._, deeply, thoroughly.
+
++per+, _prep. gov. acc._, through.
+
++per·callesco+, -lui, no sup., 3 _v. a._, I am well versed in, know
+well. (Inceptive form from per·calleo: cf. callĭdus.)
+
++per·contor+, 1 _v. dep._, I enquire.
+
++per·crēbesco+ (or +per·crebresco+), bui (or brui), no sup., 3 _v. n._,
+I spread abroad. (creber.)
+
++per·cŭtio+, cussi, cussum, 3 _v. a._, I strike. securi percutio,
+I behead. (quătio.)
+
++per·do+, -dĭdi, -dĭtum, 3 _v. a._, I lose.
+
++pĕren·die+, _adv._, on the day after to-morrow. (πέραν, dies.)
+
++pĕr·eo+, -ii or -īvi, -ĭtum, 4 _v. n._, I pass away, die.
+
++per·fŏdio+, -fōdi, -fossum, 3 _v. a._, I dig through, pierce through.
+
++Pĕriander+, -dri, _m._, Periander.
+
++Pĕrĭcles+, -is or -i, _m._, Pericles.
+
++pĕrīcŭlum+, -i, _n._, danger.
+
++pĕrītus+, -a, -um, _adj._, skilled. (_Part._ fr. obsolete perior: cf.
+op·perior.)
+
++per·mētior+, -ensus, 4 _v. dep. a._, I measure through, travel over.
+
++per·mitto+, mīsi, missum, 3 _v. a._, I suffer, allow.
+
++per·mŏveo+, -mōvi, -mōtum, 2 _v. a._, I move thoroughly, rouse,
+disturb.
+
++per·mūtātio+, -ōnis, _f._, exchange. (per·mūto.)
+
++per·mūto+, 1 _v. a._, I exchange.
+
++per·pĕtior+, pessus, 3 _v. dep. n._, and _a._, I suffer, endure.
+(pătior.)
+
++per·suādeo+, -suāsi, suāsum, 2 _v. a._, I convince, persuade.
+
++per·taedet+, -taesum est, 2 _v. n._, impersonal; it thoroughly wearies.
+(Acc. of person affected, and gen. of thing or person causing the
+weariness.)
+
++per·vĕnio+, -vēni, -ventum, 4 _v. n._, I arrive at.
+
++pēs+, +pĕdis+, _m._, foot. (Cf. ποῦς, ποδός.)
+
++pestĭlentia+, -ae, _f._, plague. (pestis.)
+
++Pĕtīlius+, -ii, _m._, Petilius.
+
++pĕto+, -īvi or -ii, -ītum, 3 _v. a._, I seek, ask for. (Lit., to fall
+upon: cf. πίπτω.)
+
++pĕtŭlantia+, -ae, _f._, impudence. (Obsolete pĕtŭlo: cf. pĕto.)
+
++phălĕrae+, -arum, _f._, _plur._ only, ornaments for chests and
+foreheads of horses. (φάλαρα.)
+
++Phĭlēmon+ (or +Phĭlēmo+), -ōnis, _m._, Philemon. (Φιλήμων.)
+
++phĭlŏsŏphus+, -i, _m._, philosopher. (φιλόσοφος.)
+
++Phrygia+, -ae, _f._, Phrygia.
+
++pĭget+, pĭguit and pĭgĭtum est, 2 _v. n._ (rarely used personally),
+it troubles, displeases.
+
++pinna+, or +penna+, -ae, _f._, feather. (Root pet: cf. πέτομαι, I fly.)
+
++Pīraeus+, -i, the Piraeus, port of Athens.
+
++pius+, -a, -um, _adj._, dutiful, kind.
+
++plăceo+, 2 _v. n._, I am pleasing; often used impersonally, placet
+mihi, it pleases me, seems good to me, is my opinion; of the senate,
+it is resolved, determined.
+
++plăcĭdē+, _adv._, gently, quietly. (plăcĭdus, plăceo.)
+
++plānē+, _adv._, clearly, plainly. (plānus, level.)
+
++plebs+, plebis (or +plēbes+, -ei and -is), _f._, the common people.
+
++plērus·que+, -aque, -umque, _adj._, very many, most. (plerus: cf.
+plēnus, root ple, fill.)
+
++plūmo+, 1 _v. a._ and _n._, I cover, or am covered with, feathers,
+am fledged. (plūma.)
+
++plūs+, plūris, _adj._, more: comparative of multus.
+
++Plūtarchus+, -i, _m._, Plutarch.
+
++pōcŭlum+, -i, _n._, cup, goblet. (Cf. pōtus, a draught.)
+
++Poenĭcus+, -a, -um, _adj._ Cf. Poenus.
+
++Poenus+, -a, -um, Punic, Carthaginian. Cf. ix. 8 note.
+
++poena+, -ae, _f._, punishment, penalty. (ποινή, punio, poeniteo.)
+
++Pŏlus+, -i, _m._, Polus.
+
++Pomptīnus+, -a, -um, _adj._, Pomptine, _i.e._ near Pometia, in Latium.
+
++pōmum+, -i, _n._, fruit or apple.
+
++pondo+, _adv._, in or by weight. (pondus.)
+
++pondus+, -ĕris, _n._, weight. (pendo, I hang up.)
+
++pōno+, pŏsui, pŏsĭtum, 3 _v. a._, I place.
+
++pons+, pontis, _m._, bridge. (prop, a path, πάτος, German Pfad, esp.
+across a river: cf. Pontifex.)
+
++Pontus+, -i, _m._, district in Asia Minor.
+
++pŏpŭlus+, -i, _m._, people.
+
++porgere+. Cf. porrigo.
+
++porrĭgo+, -rexi, -rectum, 3 _v. a._, I stretch out. (Several contracted
+forms, porgere, porge, porgite, etc.) (pro, rego.)
+
++posco+, pŏposci, no sup., 3 _v. a._, I demand.
+
++possies+, _old pres. subj._ of possum, for possis.
+
++possum+, pŏtui, posse, _v. n._, I am able. (pŏtis, sum.)
+
++post+, _adv._, and _prep. gov. acc._, afterwards, after.
+
++posteā+, _adv._, afterwards. (post, ea, from is.)
+
++postĕrior+, -us, comparative fr. posterus.
+
++postĕrus+, -a, -um, _adj._, coming after; as _subst._, descendant.
+(post, _comp._ postĕrior, _sup._ postrēmus.)
+
++post·hac+, _adv._, after this, henceforth.
+
++postlīmĭnium+, -ii, _n._, return to rank and privileges. Cf. note
+xl. 13. (post, limen, usual derivation.)
+
++post·quam+, _conj._, after that.
+
++postrēmus+, -a, -um, last; superlative from postĕrus. ad postremum,
+at last.
+
++postrīdiē+, _adv._, on the next day. (postĕrus, dies.)
+
++postŭlātio+, -ōnis, _f._, demand. (postŭlo.)
+
++postŭlātum+, -i, _n._, demand. (postŭlo.)
+
++postŭlo+, 1 _v. a._, I demand. (posco.)
+
++pŏtior+, 4 _v. dep._, I obtain possession of; with gen. and abl.
+(pŏtis, able.)
+
++pŏtius+, _adv._, rather; only used in comparative pŏtius, and superl.
+pŏtissime. (fr. pŏtis, -e, _adj._, pŏtior, pŏtissimus.)
+
++praebeo+, 2 _v. a._, I offer, give.
+
++praeceps+, -ĭpĭtis, _adj._, head-first, headlong, (prae, căput.)
+
++prae·cīdo+, -cīdi, -cīsum, 3 _v. a._, I cut off. (caedo.)
+
++prae·cĭpio+, -cēpi, -ceptum, 3 _v. a._, I take beforehand, I instruct.
+(căpio.)
+
++prae·clārus+, -a, -um, _adj._, famous.
+
++praeda+, -ae, _f._, booty, spoil.
+
++prae·dĭco+, 1 _v. a._, I proclaim, declare publicly.
+
++praedium+, -ii, _n._, farm, estate.
+
++praefectus+, -i, _m._, a man placed over, overseer, prefect. (prae,
+făcio.)
+
++prae·for+, 1 _v. dep._, I say beforehand.
+
++prae·fulgeo+, -si, no sup., 2 _v. n._, I glitter.
+
++praemium+, -ii, _n._, reward.
+
++prae·mŏneo+, 2 _v. a._, I forewarn, admonish beforehand.
+
++praesens+, -entis, _adj._, present. (praesum.)
+
++prae·ses+, -ĭdis, _adj._, protecting; as _subst._, ruler. (prae,
+sĕdeo.)
+
++prae·sto+, -ĭti, -ĭtum (rarely -āvi, -ātum), 1 _v. n._ and _a._, I am
+superior, I surpass.
+
++praeter+, _prep. gov. acc._, besides, except. (prae, and suffix ter.)
+
++praeterĭtus+, -a, -um, _part._ fr. praetereo, past.
+
++praetĕr·eo+, -ii or -īvi, ĭtum, 4 _v. n._ and _a._, I pass by.
+
++praetextātus+, -a, -um, _adj._, wearing the toga praetexta.
+
++prĕtiōsē+, _adv._, expensively, splendidly. (prĕtiōsus: cf. prĕtium.)
+
++prĕtium+, -ii, _n._, price.
+
++prīmum+, _adv._, at first. Ubi, or cum, primum, as soon as.
+
++prīmus+, -a, -um, _adj._, first, _superl._; no positive; _comp._ prior.
+(Cp. priscus.)
+
++princĭpium+, -ii, _n._, beginning. (princeps.)
+
++prior+, -us, _adj._, former, _comp._; (Cf. prīmus.)
+
++prius+, _adv._, before. (prior.)
+
++prius·quam+, _conj._, before that.
+
++pro+, _prep. gov. abl._, before, for, in proportion to.
+
++prō·cēdo+, -cessi, -cessum, 3 _v. n._, I advance.
+
++prōcērĭtas+, -ātis, _f._, height. (prōcērus.)
+
++prōcērus+, -a, -um, _adj._, tall. (procello.)
+
++prō·consŭlāris+, -e, _adj._, proconsular, acting instead of a consul.
+
++prŏcŭl+, _adv._, absolutely, or with _abl._, with or without ‘ab’; at a
+distance, far from. Dubio procul, without doubt.
+
++prŏ·cūro+, 1 _v. a._ and _n._, I take care of.
+
++prōd·eo+, -ii, -ĭtum, -ire, 4 _v. n._, I come forward, (pro, eo.)
+
++prō·do+, -dĭdi, -dĭtum, 3 _v. a._, I give forth, report, relate;
+I betray.
+
++proelium+, -ii, _n._, battle.
+
++prō·fĕro+, -tŭli, -lātum, 3 _v. a._, I bring forth, I prolong.
+
++prŏ·fĭciscor+, -fectus, 3 _v. dep. n._, I set out. (pro, făcio.)
+
++prŏ·fundus+, -a, -um, _adj._, deep; as _subst._ profundum, -i (_sc._
+mare), deep sea.
+
++prō·grĕdior+, -essus, 3 _v. dep. n._, I advance. (grădior.)
+
++prŏ·indē+, _adv._, just so, just as.
+
++prō·iĭcio+, or +prō·ĭcio+, -iēci, -iectum, 3 _v. a._, I throw forward,
+thrust forward. (iăcio.)
+
++prō·mitto+, -mīsi, -missum, 3 _v. a._, I send forth; I say beforehand,
+promise.
+
++prō·mŏveo+, -mōvi, -mōtum, 2 _v. a._, I move forward, cause to advance.
+
++promptus+, -us, _m._, readiness. in promptu esse, to be at hand, ready.
+(prōmo, I take forth.)
+
++prō·nuntio+, 1 _v. a._, I proclaim, announce.
+
++prŏpe+, _adv._, and _prep. gov. acc._, near, almost: prŏpe, prŏpius,
+proxĭmē.
+
++prŏpĕro+, 1 _v. a._ and _n._, I hasten. (prŏpĕrus, quick.)
+
++prŏpinquus+, -a, -um, near, neighbouring; as _subst._, a neighbour.
+(prŏpe.)
+
++propter+, _prep. gov. acc._, on account of. (for propiter, fr. prŏpe.)
+
++proptĕr·eā+, _adv._, on account of those things, therefore.
+
++prō·pugno+, 1 _v. n._, I fight in front of, fight for, defend.
+
++prō·rĭpio+, -rĭpui, -reptum, 3 _v. a._, I drag forth; se proripere,
+to rush forth, take refuge in. (răpio.)
+
++prorsus+, _adv._, forward, directly. (pro, versus.)
+
++prō·sĕquor+, -cūtus, 3 _v. dep. a._, I follow.
+
++prospectus+, -us, _m._, view. (prospĭcio.)
+
++prospĕrē+, _adv._, successfully. (prospĕrus, from prospe, answering to
+hope.)
+
++prō·sum+, -fui, prōdesse, _v. n._, I am of use to.
+
++Prōtăgŏras+, -ae, _m._, Protagoras.
+
++prō-tendo+, -di, -sum and -tum, 3 _v. a._, I stretch forth.
+
++prō·tĭnus+, _adv._, forthwith. (tĕnus, _prep._, as far as.)
+
++prō·vĕho+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I carry forward; in _pass._, I go
+forward, I sail, etc.
+
++prō·vĭdens+, -entis, _part._ of provĭdeo, careful.
+
++prō·vĭdeo+, -vīdi, -vīsum, 2 _v. n._ and _a._, I foresee, I am careful.
+
++prōvincia+, -ae, _f._, sphere of duty, province.
+
++prō·vŏco+, 1 _v. a._, I call forth, challenge.
+
++proxĭmē+, _adv._, and _prep._ with _acc._, very near: super. fr. prŏpe.
+
++proxĭmus+, -a, -um, _adj._, very near: [prŏpis obsolete], prŏpior,
+proxĭmus. (Cf. prŏpe.)
+
++prūdens+, -entis, _adj._, foreseeing, discreet. (For pro·vĭdens.)
+
++publĭcē+, _adv._, in behalf of the state.
+
++pŭdor+, -ōris, _m._, shame, modesty. (pŭdeo.)
+
++puer+, -ĕri, _m._, boy.
+
++pugna+, -ae, _f._, battle, contest. (Root pug, strike: cf. pugil,
+pugno.)
+
++pugno+, 1 _v. a._, I fight. (pugna.)
+
++pulchrĭtūdo+, -ĭnis, _f._, beauty. (pulcher.)
+
++pullus+, -i, _m._, young animal or bird.
+
++pūnio+, -īvi or ii, ītum, 4 _v. a._, I punish. (poena.)
+
++puppis+, -is, _f._, stern, poop of ship.
+
++purgo+, 1 _v. a._, I make clean, clear. (pūrus, ăgo.)
+
++pŭto+, 1 _v. a._, I think. (Lit., I trim, arrange, and so reckon,
+think; root, pu, cleanse: cf. purus.)
+
++Pyrrhus+, -i, _m._, Pyrrhus.
+
+
++quādrāgintā+, _num._, forty.
+
++quaero+, -sīvi or -sii, sītum, 3 _v. a._, I seek, inquire for, ask.
+
++quaeso+, -īvi or -ii, no sup., 3 _v. a._, I seek, beg. Used
+parenthetically, ‘pray.’
+
++quaestus+, -us, _m._, gain, business. (quaero.)
+
++quālis+, -e, _adj. pron._, of what kind; talis ... qualis, such ... as.
+(quis.)
+
++quam+, _conj._ and _adv._, than, as. (qui.)
+
++quam·ob·rem+, _adv._, _relative_ and _interrog._, wherefore.
+
++quam·quam+, _conj._, although.
+
++quantus+, -a, -um, _adj._, how great, as great. (quam.)
+
++quăsĭ+, _adv._, as if, just as. (quamsi.)
+
++quattuordĕcim+ (or quatuordĕcim), _numer._, fourteen.
+
++-quĕ+, _enclitic conj._, and.
+
++quĕo+, -īvi and -ii, -ĭtum, -ire, 4 _v. n._, I am able.
+
++quercus+, -us, _f._, oak.
+
++qui+, quae, quod, _rel. pron., indef. adj. pron._ and _inter. adj.
+pron._, who, what.
+
++quĭă+, _conj._, because. (For qui-am, quî-iam, whereby now.)
+
++quīdam+, quaedam, quoddam (and quiddam, _subst._), _indef. pron._,
+a certain one.
+
++quĭdem+, _adv._, indeed.
+
++quĭes+, -ētis, _f._, rest.
+
++quĭesco+, -ēvi, -ētum, 3 _v. n._, I rest, (quies.)
+
++quīn+, _conj._, that not, but that, but indeed, rather; _interrog._,
+why not? (qui, ne.)
+
++quin·dĕcim·vĭr+, -i, a quindecimvir, one of the college of 15 men who
+had charge of the Sibylline books.
+
++quinquĕ+, _numer._, five.
+
++quinquĭes+, _adv._, five times.
+
++quis+, quid, _inter. pron._, who? which?
+
++quis+, qua, quid, _indef. pron._, any.
+
++quis·nam+, quidnam, _inter. pron._, who, which, what pray? whoever?
+
++quis·piam+, quaepiam, quodpiam (and _subst._, quidpiam or quippiam),
+_indef. pron._, any, some.
+
++quis·quĕ+, quaeque, quodque (and _subst._, quidque or quicque), _indef.
+pron._, each, every.
+
++quis·quam+, quaequam, quicquam or quidquam, _indef. pron._, anyone.
+
++quo+, _adv._ and _conj._, for which reason, in order that, so that.
+(qui.)
+
++quod+, _conj._, because, that. (qui.)
+
++quŏnĭam+, _adv._, since, because. (quom for cum, iam.)
+
++quŏquĕ+, _conj._, also.
+
+
++rādix+, -īcis, _f._, root. (Cf. ramus, branch; ῥίξα, root.)
+
++răpĭdus+, -a, -um, _adj._, swift. (răpio.)
+
++rătio+, -ōnis, _f._, reason, account. (reor.)
+
++rĕ·cēdo+, -cessi- -cessum, 3 _v. n._, I fall back, withdraw.
+
++rĕ·cĭpio+, -cēpi, -ceptum, 3 _v. a._, I take back, receive. (căpio.)
+
++rĕ·cĭto+, 1 _v. a._, I read out, repeat.
+
++rĕ·condo+, -dĭdi, -dĭtum, 3 _v. a._, I put back, hide.
+
++rĕcordātio+, -onis, _f._, recollection. (re·cordor: cf. cor.)
+
++rĕ·cumbo+, -cŭbui, 3 _v. n._, I lie down again.
+
++rĕ·cŭpĕro+, 1 _v. a._, I recover. (căpio.)
+
++rĕ·curvo+, no perf., -ātum, 1 _v. a._, I bend back.
+
++red·do+, -dĭdi, -dĭtum, 3 _v. a._, I give back, render, impart,
+restore. (re, do.)
+
++rĕd·eo+, -īvi or -ii, -ĭtum, -ire, 4 _v. n._, I go back.
+
++rĕdĭtus+, -us, _m._, return. (rĕdeo.)
+
++rĕ·fĕro+, rētŭli (and rettŭli), rĕlātum, 3 _v. a._, I bring back,
+return, turn back, attribute.
+
++rĕ·fŭgio+, -fūgi, no sup., 3 _v. n._ and _a._, I flee back, flee away,
+escape.
+
++regnum+, -i, _n._, kingdom. (rex.)
+
++rĕgo+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I rule, direct. (rex.)
+
++rĕ·grĕdior+, -gressus, 3 _v. dep. n._, I return. (grădior.)
+
++reicit+, for reiicit.
+
++rē·iĭcio+, or +rē·ĭcio+, -iēci, -iectum, 3 _v. a._, I throw back,
+postpone. (iăcio.)
+
++rĕlĭcus+. Cf. reliquus.
+
++rē̆lĭgio+, -ōnis, _f._, religious scruple, obligation.
+
++rĕ·linquo+, -līqui, -lictum, 3 _v. a._, I leave behind.
+
++rē̆lĭquĭae+, -arum, _pl._ only, remains. (rĕlĭquus.)
+
++rĕlĭquus+ (or relicus), -a, -um, _adj._, remaining. (rĕlinquo.)
+
++rĕmĕdium+, -ii, _n._, remedy, cure. (re, mĕdeor.)
+
++rĕ·mōtus+, -a, -um, _part._ from remŏveo, retired, distant.
+
++rĕ·mŏveo+, -mōvi, mōtum, 2 _v. a._, I move back, withdraw.
+
++reor+, rătus, 2 _v. dep. a._, I believe, think.
+
++rĕpentē+, _adv._, suddenly. (rĕpens, sudden.)
+
++rĕ·pĕto+, -īvi or -ii, -ītum, 3 _v. a._, I seek again. Memoriâ repeto,
+I call to mind.
+
++rĕ·quīro+, -sīvi or -sii, -sītum, 3 _v. a._, I seek again, seek for.
+(quaero.)
+
++rēs+, rei, _f._, thing, deed.
+
++re·scindo+, -scĭdi, -scissum, 3 _v. a._, I tear open.
+
++re·scrībo+, -psi, -ptum, 3 _v. a._, I write back.
+
++re·spondeo+, -di, -sum, 2 _v. n._, I reply. (Lit., I promise in
+return.)
+
++res·publĭca+, reipublicae, _f._, state.
+
++rĕ·surgo+, -surrexi, -surrectum, 3 _v. n._, I rise again.
+
++rĕ·tĭneo+, -ui, -tentum, 2 _v. a._, I hold back, keep. (tĕneo.)
+
++rĕŭs+, -i, _m._, defendant in an action, culprit. (res.)
+
++rĕ·vello+, -velli, -vulsum and -volsum, 3 _v. a._, I pull away, pull
+out.
+
++rĕ·verto+, -ti, -sum, 3 _v. n._, I turn back, return.
+
++rĕvertor+, -versus, 3 _v. dep. n._, I turn back, return.
+
++rĕ·vincio+, -nxi, -nctum, 4 _v. a._, I bind back, fasten.
+
++rĕ·vŏlo+, no perf. or sup., are, 1 _v. n._, I fly back.
+
++rex+, rēgis, _m._, king. (rĕgo.)
+
++rhētor+, -ŏris, _m._, teacher of oratory, rhetorician. (ῥήτωρ.)
+
++rīdeo+, -si, -sum, 2 _v. n._ and _a._, I laugh, laugh at, mock.
+
++rīma+, -ae, _f._, crack, cleft.
+
++rītĕ+, _adv._, duly, fitly. (ritus, religious observance.)
+
++rŏgo+, 1 _v. a._, I ask for, ask.
+
++Rōma+, -ae, _f._, Rome.
+
++Rōmānus+, -a, -um, _adj._, Roman.
+
++rostrum+, -i, _n._, beak, prow. (rōdo, I gnaw.)
+
++rŭbus+, -i, _m._, bramble. (rŭber, red.)
+
++rŭdis+, -e, _adj._, rough.
+
++rursum+ and rursus, _adv._, again. (For revorsum, from re·verto.)
+
++rustĭcus+, -a, -um, _adj._, of the country, rural, rustic. (rus.)
+
+
++sā̆crārium+, -ii, _n._, shrine, sacristy. (săcer, sacred.)
+
++saepĕ+, _adv._, often. (Obsolete adj. saepis, frequent.)
+
++saepĕ·nŭmĕrō+, _adv._, often.
+
++saevio+, -ii, -ītum, 4 _v. n._, I rage, am fierce. (saevus.)
+
++sălum+, -i, _n._, the open sea. (σάλος.)
+
++sălūs+, -ūtis, _f._, safety. (Cf. salvus.)
+
++salvus+, -a, -um, _adj._, safe.
+
++Samnis+, -ītis, _adj._, Samnite.
+
++sanguĭnŏlentus+, -a, -um, blood-stained. (sanguis.)
+
++sănĭes+ (-em, -e, no genitive nor plural), _f._, corrupted blood,
+matter. (sanguis.)
+
++săpiens+, -entis, _adj._, wise. (săpio.)
+
++sătĭra+, or sătŭra, -ae, _f._, a satire.
+
++sătis+, _adv._, sufficiently.
+
++scăteo+, no perf. or sup., -ēre, 2 _v. n._, I bubble, flow forth;
+bubble over with: with _abl._
+
++scio+, -īvi, -ītum, 4 _v. a._, I know.
+
++Scīpio+, -ōnis, _m._, Scipio.
+
++scītē+, _adv._, cleverly, skilfully. (scio.)
+
++scŏpŭlus+, -i, _m._, rock. (σκόπελος.)
+
++scrībo+, -psi, -ptum, 3 _v. a._, I write. (γράφω, schreiben.)
+
++scriptor+, -ōris, _m._, writer, author. (scrībo.)
+
++scūtum+, -i, _n._, shield. (σκῦτος.)
+
++sē+, and sēsē, _gen._ sui, _reflex. pron._, himself, herself, itself.
+
++sēcessus+, -us, _m._, withdrawal. (sē·cēdo.)
+
++sē·cum+, for cum se, with himself, etc.
+
++sĕcundum+, _prep. gov. acc._, following after, according to. (sĕquor.)
+
++sĕcundus+, -a, -um, _adj._, following, second, favourable, (sĕquor.)
+
++sĕcūris+, -is, _f._, axe. securi percutio, I behead. (sĕco.)
+
++sēcūrus+, -a, -um, _adj._, free from care. (se, = sine, cura.)
+
++sed+, _conj._, but. sed enim, but indeed.
+
++sĕdeo+, sēdi, sessum, 2 _v. n._, I sit. (sēdes, insĭdiae.)
+
++sĕges+, -ĕtis, _f._, cornfield.
+
++sē·lībra+, -ae, _f._, half pound. (semi, libra.)
+
++sēmentis+, -is, _f._, seed, crop. (sēmen.)
+
++sē·mĕt+, strengthened form of se.
+
++semper+, _adv._, always. (Cf. sĕmel.)
+
++sĕnātor+, -ōris, _m._, Senator. (sĕnex.)
+
++sĕnātus+, -us, _m._, Senate.
+
++sĕnātus consultum+, -i, _n._, decree of Senate.
+
++sensim+, _adv._, slowly. (sentio, lit., perceptibly.)
+
++sententia+, -ae, _f._, way of thinking, opinion, decision. (sentio.)
+
++sentio+, -si- -sum, 4 _v. a._, I perceive, judge, decide.
+
++sentis+, -is, _m._, rarely _f._, thorn.
+
++se·orsum+, _adv._, separately, (se, verto.)
+
++sē·păro+, 1 _v. a._, I separate. (păro.)
+
++septem+, _numer._, seven. (Cf. ἑπτά.)
+
++sĕpulcrum+, -i, _n._, tomb. (sĕpĕlio.)
+
++sermo+, -ōnis, _m._, speech. (sĕro.)
+
++Sertōrius+, -ii, _m._, Sertorius.
+
++servo+, 1 _v. a._, I preserve.
+
++servus+, -i, _m._, slave.
+
++sestertium+, -ii, _n._, a thousand sestertii. Cf. note vi. 4.
+
++sĕvērē+, _adv._, austerely, severely.
+
++sex+, _numer._, six.
+
++sexāginta+, _numer._, sixty.
+
++si+, _conj._, if.
+
++Sĭbyllīnus+, -a, -um, _adj._, of the Sibyl, Sibylline. (Sĭbylla.)
+
++sīc+, _adv._ so, thus. ut ... sic, _correlatives_, as ... so.
+
++Sĭcāni+, -orum, _m._, the Sicani.
+
++sicco+, 1 _v. a._, I dry. (siccus, dry.)
+
++Sĭcĭlia+, -ae, _f._, Sicily.
+
++sīc·ŭt+, _adv._, just as, so as.
+
++signĭfĭco+, 1 _v. a._, I show, make known, signify, beckon. (signum,
+făcio.)
+
++signum+, -i, _n._, sign, emblem.
+
++sĭlentium+, -ii, _n._, silence, (sĭleo.)
+
++silvestris+, -e, _adj._, woody. (silva.)
+
++sĭmŭl+, _adv._, at once, at same time.
+
++sĭmŭlācrum+, -i, _n._, image, representation, appearance. (sĭmĭlis,
+sĭmŭlo.)
+
++sĭmŭlo+, 1 _v. a._, I pretend. (similis.)
+
++sīn+, _conj._, but if. (si, ne.)
+
++sĭnĕ+, _prep. gov. abl._, without.
+
++sĭno+, sīvi, sĭtum, 3 _v. a._, I set down; I allow.
+
++sĭnus+, -us, _m._, folds of garment, bosom.
+
++sisto+, stiti, statum, 3 _v. a._ and _n._, I cause to stand, I stand.
+Se sistere, to present oneself, appear, (sto, ἵστημι.)
+
++sĭtus+, -a, -um, _part._ from sĭno, situated.
+
++sīvĕ+ (or seu), _conj._, or if. Sive ... sive, whether ... or.
+
++sōbrius+, -a, -um, _adj._, not drunk, sober, moderate.
+
++Sōcrătes+, -is or -i, _m._, Socrates. (Σωκράτης.)
+
++sōl+, sōlis, _m._, sun.
+
++sōlemnis+ (or +solennis+ or +sollennis+), -e, _adj._, annual, stated,
+customary, solemn. (sollus, whole, cf. ὅλος.)
+
++sŏleo+, -itus, 2 _v. n._, I am accustomed.
+
++sollers+, -ertis, _adj._, skilled: with gen. (sollus, whole.)
+
++sōlus+, -a, -um, _adj._, alone. (Cf. sollus, whole.)
+
++solvo+, -lvi, -lūtum, 3 _v. a._, I release, set loose. (se·luo.)
+
++somnium+, -ii, _n._, dream. (somnus, ὕπνος.)
+
++sŏnōrus+, -a, -um, _adj._, loud. (sŏnus.)
+
++Sŏphocles+, -is and -i, _m._, Sophocles. (Σοφοκλῆς.)
+
++Sp.+ for +Spurius+, -i, _m._, Spurius.
+
++spargo+, -si, -sum, 3 _v. a._, I sprinkle, strew.
+
++spĕcŭlor+, -atus, 1 _v. dep. a._, I spy out, reconnoitre. (spĕcio,
+spĕcŭla, watch tower.)
+
++specto+, 1 _v. a._, I gaze at. (Intens. form of spĕcio.)
+
++spĕcus+, -us, _m._, cave.
+
++spēs+, -ei, _f._, hope. (Cf. spēro.)
+
++splendor+, -ōris, _m._, magnificence. (splendeo, I shine.)
+
++spŏlium+, -ii, _n._, spoil, booty.
+
++stătim+, _adv._, immediately. (sto.)
+
++stătus+, -us, _m._, position. (sto.)
+
++stirps+, stirpis, _f._, rarely _m._, stem, root.
+
++sto+, stĕti, stătum, stāre, 1 _v. n._, I stand. (ἵστημι.)
+
++stŏlo+, -ōnis, _m._, sucker of tree.
+
++strēnuus+, -a, -um, _adj._, active, energetic. (Cf. στερεός, hard.)
+
++struo+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I build up.
+
++stŭdeo+, -ui, no sup., 2 _v. a._, I am eager, I strive.
+
++stŭdium+, -ii, _n._, zeal, study. (stŭdeo.)
+
++stultus+, -a, -um, _adj._, foolish.
+
++stŭpĕ·făcio+, -fēci, -factum, 3 _v. a._, I make stupid or senseless;
+I amaze. (stŭpeo.)
+
++suādeo+, -si, -sum, 2 _v. n._ and _a._, I persuade. (Cf. suāvis.)
+
++sŭb+, _prep. gov. acc._ and _abl._, under.
+
++sub·do+, -dĭdi, -dĭtum, 3 _v. a._, I place under.
+
++sublātissĭmus+, _superl._ of sublātus, from tollo, very high.
+
++sŭbŏles+, -is, _f._, shoot. (sub, ŏlesco, grow.)
+
++sub·verto+, -ti, -sum, 3 _v. a._, I overthrow.
+
++suc·cēdo+, -cessi, -cessum, 3 _v. n._, I go under, go from under,
+ascend, advance. (sub, cēdo.)
+
++suffrāgium+, -ii, _n._, vote.
+
++Sulla+, -ae, _m._, Sulla.
+
++sum+, fui, esse, _v. n._, I am.
+
++summus+, -a, -um, _adj._, highest; _superl._ fr. sŭpĕrus, sŭpĕrior,
+sūprēmus or summus.
+
++sŭpĕr+, _adv._, and _prep. gov. acc._ and _abl._, above, over, on,
+about.
+
++sŭperbia+, -ae, _f._, pride. (sŭperbus.)
+
++sŭperbus+, -a, -um, _adj._, proud, haughty. (sŭper.)
+
++sŭpĕrior+, -us, _adj._, higher, former; comp. fr. sŭpĕrus, supĕrior,
+sū̆prēmus or summus.
+
++sŭpĕro, 1+ _v. a._, I overcome. (sŭper.)
+
++sŭperstes+, -ĭtis, _adj._, surviving.
+
++supplĭcium+, -ii, _n._, punishment. (supplex.)
+
++sursum+, _adv._, from below. (sub-versum.)
+
++suus+, -a, -um, _reflex. adj. pron._, his own, her own, its own.
+
++synanchē+, -es, _f._, (συνάγχη), a sore throat.
+
+
++T.+, for Titus, -i, _m._, Titus.
+
++tăberna+, -ae, _f._, shop. (Cf. tăbŭla, plank.)
+
++tăbŭlātūm+, -i, _n._, floor. (tăbŭla, plank.)
+
++tăceo+, 2 _v. n._ and _a._, I am silent, pass over in silence.
+
++tăcĭtus+, -a, -um, _part._ from taceo, not spoken of, silent.
+
++taedium+, -ii, _n._, weariness. (taedet.)
+
++Taenărum+, -i, _n._, and Taenărus, -i, _m._ and _f._, Taenarum and
+Taenarus.
+
++tălentum+, -i, _n._, talent (sum of money, £243 15s.). (τάλαντον.)
+
++tālis+, -e, _adj._, of such a kind, such.
+
++tam+, _adv._, so.
+
++tămen+, _adv._, however.
+
++tam·quam+, _adv._, just as, as if, as it were.
+
++tandem+, _adv._, at last.
+
++tantus+, -a, -um, _adj._, so great.
+
++Tarquĭnius+, -ii, _m._, Tarquin.
+
++tēlum+, i., _n._, dart.
+
++tempĕrantia+, -ae, _f._, moderation, temperance. (tempĕro, tempus.)
+
++tempestīvus+, -a, -um, _adj._, seasonable, ripe. (tempus.)
+
++templum+, -i, _n._, temple.
+
++tempus+, -ŏris, _n._, time.
+
++tĕneo+, tĕnui, tentum, 2 _v. a._, I hold, keep. Cursum teneo, I hold on
+a course.
+
++tĕnŭis+, -e, _adj._, drawn out, thin, slender. (tĕneo.)
+
++terra+, -ae, land, country.
+
++terreo+, 2 _v. a._, I alarm. (τρέω.)
+
++terrĭfĭcus+, -a, -um, alarming, terrible. (terreo, făcio.)
+
++tertius+, -a, -um, _adj._, third. (ter.)
+
++testis+, -is, _c._, witness. (testor.)
+
++Thrācus+, -a, -um, _adj._, Thracian.
+
++Tib.+, for Tĭbĕrius, -ii, _m._, Tiberius.
+
++tībia+, -ae, _f._, pipe, flute.
+
++tībīcēn+, -ĭnis, _m._, flute-player. (For tibĭĭcen, fr. tībĭă, căno.)
+
++Tīmŏchăres+, -is and -i, _m._, Timochares.
+
++tŏga+, -ae, _f._, a garment, a toga. (tĕgo.)
+
++tollo+, sustŭli, sublātum, 3 _v. a._, I raise. (Cf. tŭli, tŏlĕro.)
+
++Torquātus+, -i, _m._, Torquatus.
+
++torques+ (and +torquis+), -is, _m._ and _f._, twisted necklace or
+collar. (torqueo.)
+
++torreo+, torrui, tostum, 2 _v. a._, I roast.
+
++tōtus+, -a, -um, _adj._, all, whole.
+
++tracto+, 1 _v. a._, I handle, treat, polish. (Intens. of trăho.)
+
++trādo+, -dĭdi, -dĭtum, 3 _v. a._, I hand over, give up, hand down,
+relate. (trans, do.)
+
++trans·curro+, -curri and -cŭcurri, -cursum, 3 _v. n._, I run past,
+I pass.
+
++trans·ĭgo+, -ēgi, -actum, 3 _v. a._, I drive through, I pierce. (ăgo.)
+
++transĭlio+, -īvi or -ui, no sup., 4 _v. a._ and _n._, I leap across,
+leap over. (trans, sălio.)
+
++trĕmĭbundus+, -a, -um, _adj._, full of trembling. (trĕmo.)
+
++trĕpĭdans+, -antis, _part._ fr. trepido, trembling.
+
++trĕpĭdo+, 1 _v. n._, I am in a state of confusion or alarm. (Cf.
+τρέπω.)
+
++trēs+, tria, _numer._, three. (τρεῖς, τρία.)
+
++trĭbūnus+, -i, _m._, tribune. (Lit., the chief of a tribe, trĭbus.)
+
++trīduum+, -i, _n._, space of three days. (tres, dies, _sc._ spătium.)
+
++triennium+, -ii, _n._, space of three years. (tres, annus, _sc._
+spătium.)
+
++trĭgĕmĭnus+, -a, -um, _adj._, three born at a birth. (tres, geminus.)
+
++triumpho+, 1 _v. n._ and _a._, I triumph. (triumphus.)
+
++triumphus+, -i, _m._, a triumph. (θρίαμβος, procession in honour of
+Bacchus.)
+
++tu+, _pers. pron._, thou. (σύ.)
+
++tum+, _adv._, then.
+
++tŭmultus+, -us, _m._, disturbance. (tŭmeo.)
+
++tunc+, _adv._, then. (tum-ce.)
+
++turba+, -ae, _f._, uproar, crowd.
+
++turpis+, -e, _adj._, base.
+
++turris+, -is, _f._, turret, tower.
+
++tūtē+, _adv._, safely. (tutus.)
+
++tūtor+, 1 _v. dep. a._, I watch, defend. (tueor.)
+
++tūtus+, -a, -um, _adj._, safe. (tueor.)
+
++tuus+, -a, -um, _adj._, thy. (tu.)
+
+
++ūber+, -ĕris, _adj._, rich, fertile.
+
++ŭbī̆+, _adv._, _relat._ and _interrog._, where, when. Ubi primum,
+as soon as.
+
++ŭbī·quĕ+, _adv._, wherever, everywhere, anywhere.
+
++ullus+, -a, -um, _adj._, any. (For ūnŭlus, demin. of ūnus.)
+
++ultĭmus+, -a, -um, _adj._, farthest, super. fr. [ulter, obsolete; cf.
+ultra] ultĕrior, ultimus.
+
++ultrā+, _adv._, and _prep. gov. acc._, beyond. (Cf. ultĭmus.)
+
++ultro+, _adv._, beyond, besides, of one’s own accord. (Cf. ultimus.)
+
++unda+, -ae, _f._, wave.
+
++un·dē·vīcēsĭmus+, -a, -um, _adj._, nineteenth.
+
++undĭquĕ+, _adv._, from or on all sides. (unde-que.)
+
++unguis+, -is, _m._, nail or talon. (ὄνυξ.)
+
++ūnĭcē+, _adv._, solely, especially. (unĭcus, unus.)
+
++ūnĭversus+, -a, -um, _adj._, all together. (unus, verto, turned into
+one.)
+
++unquam+, or +umquam+, _adv._, at any time, ever.
+
++ūnus+, -a, -um, _numer._, one.
+
++urbānus+, -a, -um, _adj._, of the city. (urbs.)
+
++urbĭcus+, -a, -um, _adj._, of the city. (urbs.)
+
++urbs+, -is, _f._, city.
+
++urgeo+, ursi, no sup., 2 _v. a._, I press on, press hard upon, urge.
+
++urna+, -ae, _f._, urn. (Properly a vessel of burnt clay; ūro, I burn.)
+
++ursīnus+, -a, -um, _adj._, like a bear. (ursus.)
+
++usquam+, _adv._, anywhere, in anything. (For ubs·quam, from ŭbi.)
+
++usquĕ+, _adv._, all the way, always. Usque adeo, to such an extent.
+(For ubs·que, from ŭbi.)
+
++ūsus+, -us, _m._, use, advantage. (ūtor.)
+
++ŭt+, ŭtī, with _indic._, as, when; ut ... sic, _correlatives_, as ...
+so; with _subj._, in order that, so that.
+
++ŭter·quĕ+, ū̆trăque, ū̆trumque, _adj. pron._, both, each.
+
++ūtĭlis+, -e, _adj._, useful. (ūtor.)
+
++ūtor+, ūsus, 3 _v. dep._, I use; with _abl._
+
++ū̆trum+, _interrog. adv._, whether. (ŭter.)
+
++uxor+, -ōris, _f._, wife.
+
+
++vădĭmōnium+, -ii, _n._, bail. (văs, a surety.)
+
++vădor+, 1 _v. dep. a._, I bind over by bail. (văs.)
+
++văleo+, 2 _v. n._, I am strong, I am of value. In leave-taking, vălē,
+etc., farewell.
+
++Vălĕrius+, -ii, _m._, Valerius.
+
++vălĭdus+, -a, -um, _adj._, strong. (văleo.)
+
++vălītūdo (or vălētūdo)+, -ĭnis, _f._, health. (văleo.)
+
++vallum+, -i, _n._, a rampart with palisades. (vallus, a stake.)
+
++vărius+, -a, -um, _adj._, diverse, different.
+
++vastūs+, -a, -um, _adj._, empty, immense.
+
++-vĕ+, _enclitic_, or.
+
++vecto+, 1 _v. a._, I carry. (_intens._ of vĕho.)
+
++vĕho+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. a._, I carry.
+
++vēlox+, -ōcis, _adj._, swift. (Cf. vŏlo, -āre, I fly.)
+
++vĕl·ŭt+, +vĕl·ŭti+, _adv._, just as, as if.
+
++vēnātio+, -ōnis, _f._, hunting. (vēnor.)
+
++vendo+, -dĭdi, -dĭtum, 3 _v. a._, I sell. (vēnum, do.)
+
++vĕnēnum+, -i, _n._, poison.
+
++vĕnia+, -ae, _f._, pardon. Bonâ veniâ, by your kind leave.
+
++vĕnio+, vēni, ventum, 4 _v. n._, I come.
+
++vēnor+, 1 _v. dep. a._, I hunt.
+
++vēnum+, -i, _n._, sale. In classical writers only in acc. sing.
+
++ventĭto+, 1 _v. n._, I come frequently. (Intens. of vĕnio.)
+
++verber+, -ĕris, _n._, scourge, blow.
+
++verbum+, -i, _n._, word.
+
++Vergilius+, -ii, _m._, Vergil.
+
++vērō+, _adv._, in truth, but indeed. (vērus.)
+
++versus+, -us, _m._, a line, verse. (verto.)
+
++vertex+, -ĭcis, _m._, whirlpool, top, head. (verto.)
+
++verto+, -ti, -sum, 3 _v. a._, I turn; in _pass._ also with abl., I turn
+upon, depend upon.
+
++vērus+, -a, -um, _adj._, true.
+
++vester+, -tra, -trum, _poss. pron._, your. (vos.)
+
++vestīgium+, -ii, _n._, footprint, sole of foot. (vestīgo, I track.)
+
++vestio+, 4 _v. a._, I clothe. (vestis, garment.)
+
++vĕtus+, -ĕris, _adj._, old.
+
++via+, -ae, _f._, road, way.
+
++vī̆bro+, 1 _v. a._ and _n._, I brandish, I shake.
+
++vīcĭes+, _adv._, twenty times.
+
++vīcīnus+, -a, -um, _adj._, neighbouring; as _subst._, a neighbour.
+(vīcus, hamlet.)
+
++victōria+, -ae, _f._, victory. (victor, vinco.)
+
++victus+, -us, _m._, food, way of life. (vīvo.)
+
++vĭdeo+, vīdi, vīsum, 2 _v. a._, I see; in _pass._, I seem.
+Impersonally, videtur mihi, it seems good to me.
+
++vīginti+, _numer._, twenty.
+
++vĭgor+, ōris, _m._, force, strength. (vĭgeo, I flourish.)
+
++vincio+, -nxi, -nctum, 4 _v. a._, I bind.
+
++vinco+, vīci, victum, 3 _v. a._, I conquer.
+
++vindĭco+, 1 _v. a._, I avenge. (vim-dico, I assert authority.)
+
++vīnum+, -i, _n._, vine, wine. (οἶνος.)
+
++viŏlens+, -entis, _adj._, impetuous. (vis.)
+
++vir+, vĭri, _m._, man, husband.
+
++virgultum+, -i, _n._, twig. (For virgŭlētum, fr. virgŭla, demin. of
+virga, branch, twig.)
+
++virtūs+, -ūtis, _f._, valour. (vir.)
+
++vis+ (vim, vi, no _gen. sing._, _plur._ vīres, etc.), _f._, strength,
+force. (ἴς.)
+
++vīso+, -si, -sum, 3 _v. a._, I behold. (Intens. of vĭdeo.)
+
++vīta+, -ae, _f._, life. (vivo.)
+
++vītis+, -is, _f._, vine.
+
++vīvo+, -xi, -ctum, 3 _v. n._, I live.
+
++vŏco+, 1 _v. a._, I call. (vox.)
+
++volgus+ (or +vulgus+), -i, _n._, rarely _m._, common people; in _abl._,
+volgo, as _adv._, commonly.
+
++vŏlo+, -ui, no sup., velle, 3 _v. a._, I wish for. Quid hoc sibi vult,
+what does this mean.
+
++vŏlo+, 1 _v. n._, I fly.
+
++vŏluntārius+, -a, -um, _adj._, voluntary. (vŏlo, I wish.)
+
++vos+, _plur._ of tu, you.
+
++vox+, vōcis, _f._, voice, expression. (vŏco.)
+
++vulgus+ and +vulgo+. Cf. volgus.
+
++vulnus+, or +volnus+, -ēris, _n._, wound. (Cf. vello, I tear.)
+
++vultus+, -us, _m._, countenance.
+
+
++Xanthippe+, -es, _f._, Xanthippe. (Ξανθίππη.)
+
+
+
+
+ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
+
+_For details about Latin words turn to the Latin-English Vocabulary._
+
+
++abandon+, desino.
+
++able, I am+, possum.
+
++about+, de.
+
++accompany+ (home), prosequor.
+
++accomplishment+, disciplina.
+
++account+, ratio.
+
++account, on account of+, propter.
+
++acquit+, absolvo.
+
++act+, ago.
+
++actor+, histrio, actor.
+
++adjourn+, profero, differo.
+
++administer+ (justice), dico (jus).
+
++advance+, incedo, procedo, prodeo, progredior.
+
++advanced+ (in age), grandis (natu).
+
++advantageous to+, e, ex.
+
++advise+, moneo.
+
++after+, post.
+
++afterwards+, postea, posthac.
+
++again+, denuo, iterum.
+
++against+, adversus, adversum, in.
+
++age+, natus.
+
++agree+, convenio.
+
++alarm, in+, trepidans.
+
++all+, omnis.
+
++allowed, it is+, licet.
+
++almost+, fere, prope.
+
++alone+, solus.
+
++alum+, alumen.
+
++ambassador+, legatus.
+
++amusing+, hilaris, iucundus.
+
++and+, et, atque, -que.
+
++animal+, bestia, fera.
+
++announce+, praedico.
+
++another+, alius.
+
++anxious+, cupidus.
+
++appear+, videor.
+
++appearance+, aspectus.
+
++apple-tree+, pomum.
+
++approve+, probo.
+
++arms+, arma.
+
++army+, exercitus.
+
++arouse+, excito.
+
++arrest+, adprehendo.
+
++as+, ut, velut.
+
++as if, as though+, quasi.
+
++ask+, interrogo, rogo; peto, oro.
+
++ask for+, peto, oro.
+
++ascribe+, acceptum refero.
+
++assembly+, contio.
+
++assist+, adiuvo.
+
++astound+, stupefacio.
+
++at+, in.
+
++athletics+, ars athletica.
+
++attack+, oppugno, pugno in, incurro.
+
++attendant+, aeditumus.
+
++attract attention+, converto oculos, animum.
+
++author+, scriptor.
+
+
++back, in the+, aversus.
+
++bad-tempered+, morosus.
+
++bail+, vadimonium.
+
++barbarian+, barbarus.
+
++bark+, latro.
+
++battle+, pugna, proelium.
+
++bear+ (_v._), fero.
+
++bear-like+, ursinus.
+
++beauty+, pulchritudo.
+
++because+, quod.
+
++beckon+, significo.
+
++before+, ante, coram.
+
++begin+, coepi.
+
++behead+, securi percutio.
+
++believe+, credo.
+
++bend+, flecto.
+
++besiege+, obsideo.
+
++betake+, adfero.
+
++bird+, avis.
+
++blaze+, flagro.
+
++block+, insula.
+
++blood-stained+, cruentus.
+
++blow+, verber.
+
++blush+, erubesco.
+
++bodily+, _genitive of_ corpus.
+
++body+, corpus.
+
++boldly+, intrepidus.
+
++bone+, os.
+
++book+, liber.
+
++both+, uterque,
+
++both ... and+, et ... et.
+
++boy+, puer.
+
++brand+ (with mark of infamy), adficio.
+
++brave+, fortis, strenuus.
+
++brazen+, aeneus.
+
++break+, infringo.
+
++bribery+, ambitus.
+
++bridge+, pons.
+
++bring+, fero.
+
++bring in+, introduco.
+
++brother+, frater.
+
++build+, struo, condo, congero.
+
++burn+, ardeo, deuro.
+
++but+, sed, at.
+
++buy+, emo, mercor.
+
++by no means+, nequaquam, haudquaquam.
+
+
++call+, appello, voco.
+
++called+, nomine.
+
++camp+, castra.
+
++can+, possum.
+
++carry+, fero, vecto.
+
++carry back+, refero.
+
++carry to+, asporto.
+
++case+, causa, res.
+
++cause+, (_v._), curo _with gerundive_.
+
++cautious+, cautus.
+
++cavalry+, equitatus.
+
++cave+, specus.
+
++cease+, omitto.
+
++censor+, censor.
+
++centre+, media pars.
+
++certain, a+ (_indef._), quidam.
+
++certainly+, procul dubio.
+
++challenge+, provoco.
+
++chance, by+, forte.
+
++chariot+, currus.
+
++charm+, demulceo.
+
++choose+, deligo, eligo.
+
++citizen+, civis.
+
++city+, urbs.
+
++city, in the+ (_adj._), urbanus, urbicus.
+
++clever+, astutus.
+
++collect+, comparo.
+
++come+, venio.
+
++come to+, pervenio.
+
++comedy+, comoedia.
+
++command+, imperium.
+
++command+ (army), rego.
+
++conceal+, celo.
+
++condemn+, condemno, damno.
+
++confidence+, confidentia.
+
++congratulation+, gratulatio.
+
++conquer+, vinco, supero.
+
++consider+, habeo; +I am considered+, videor, habeor.
+
++conspiracy+, coniuratio.
+
++consult+, consulo, consulto.
+
++contest+, certamen.
+
++control+, impero.
+
++conversation+, sermo.
+
++converse with+, colloquor.
+
++cook+, torreo.
+
++corn+, sementes.
+
++correct+, corrigo.
+
++country+ (_adj._), rusticus.
+
++courage+, animus.
+
++course+, cursus.
+
++cowardice+, ignavia.
+
++credulity+, credulitas.
+
++crop+, seges.
+
++crowd+, turba, caterva.
+
++crown+ (_s._), corona.
+
++crown+ (_v._), corono.
+
++cry+, conclamo.
+
++custom+, mos.
+
++cut off+, decido, praecido.
+
+
++daily+, quotidianus.
+
++dare+, audeo.
+
++dart+, telum.
+
++daughter+, filia.
+
++dawn+, prima lux.
+
++day+, dies.
+
++death+, mors, exitus e vita; (condemn to) +death+, capitis (damno.)
+
++deceive+, fallo.
+
++deed+, facinus, factum.
+
++defeat+, vinco, supero.
+
++defend+, defendo.
+
++defendant+, reus.
+
++demand+ (_s._), postulatum, postulatio.
+
++demand+ (_v._), posco.
+
++depart+, digredior.
+
++depend on+, vertor in.
+
++desert+ (_s._), locus desertus.
+
++desert+ (_v._), descisco ab.
+
++desire+, opto.
+
++despise+, contemno.
+
++difficulty, of+ (_adj._), difficilis.
+
++direct+, dirigo.
+
++discover+, detego.
+
++dissipate+, digero.
+
++distance, at a+, procul.
+
++distant+, longus.
+
++divine+, divinus.
+
++do+, facio.
+
++doe+, cerva.
+
++dog+, canis.
+
++dolphin+, delphin.
+
++dominion+, dicio.
+
++draw up+, instruo.
+
++dreadful+, inmanis.
+
++dream+, somnium.
+
++dress+, induo.
+
++drink+, haurio.
+
++drive+, cogo; (from home), exigo.
+
++duty+, officium.
+
++dying+, moribundus.
+
+
++each+, quisque.
+
++ear+, auris.
+
++easily+, faciliter.
+
++educate+, educo.
+
++eight+, octo.
+
++eighty+, octoginta.
+
++elephant+, elephantus.
+
++emblem+, signum.
+
++embrace+, amplector.
+
++endeavour+, conor.
+
++enemy+, hostis, inimicus.
+
++energetic+, acer.
+
++enormous+, ingens, vastus.
+
++enough+, satis.
+
++enter+, introeo, ascendo in.
+
++equal+, par.
+
++except+, nisi, praeter.
+
++exchange+, permutatio.
+
++exile+, exilium.
+
++expression+, vox.
+
++extraordinary+, egregius.
+
++eye+, oculus.
+
+
++fable+, fabula.
+
++face+, os.
+
++facing+, adversum, adversus.
+
++fall down+, concido.
+
++famous+, praeclarus, famâ celebri.
+
++farm+, fundus.
+
++father+, pater, paterfamilias.
+
++favourable+, mollis.
+
++fear+, metus.
+
++feature+, lineamentum.
+
++field+, ager.
+
++fight+, pugno.
+
++figure+, simulacrum.
+
++find+, invenio.
+
++fine+, pecunia.
+
++finger+, digitus.
+
++fire+, ignis, incendium.
+
++first+, primus.
+
++first at+, primum.
+
++fit+, aptus.
+
++five+, quinque.
+
++five times+, quinquies.
+
++flight+, fuga.
+
++flower+, flos.
+
++flute+, tibiae.
+
++flute-player+, tibicen.
+
++fly+, volo.
+
++foliage+, comae.
+
++follow+, prosequor.
+
++fond+, cupidus.
+
++food+, cibus, victus, pabulum.
+
++foot+, pes.
+
++for+, enim, nam.
+
++forbid+, interdico.
+
++forces+, copiae.
+
++foretell+, praedico.
+
++form+, conformo, fingo.
+
++formerly+, antea.
+
++fortify+, munio.
+
++free+, libero.
+
++friend+, amicus, familiaris.
+
++frighten+, consterno.
+
++from+, e, ex; a, ab.
+
++from all sides+, undique.
+
++front, in+, adversus.
+
++fruitful+, felix, fecundus, uber.
+
++full speed, at+, citato cursu.
+
+
++gain+, adipiscor, mihi obvenit.
+
++gain possession of+, potior.
+
++general+, imperator.
+
++gift+, praemium, donum.
+
++give+, do, reddo.
+
++give account of+, rationem reddo.
+
++give advice+, praecipio, moneo.
+
++give bail+, vadimonium dare, promittere.
+
++give thanks+, gratias ago.
+
++give vote+, sententiam fero.
+
++glitter+, mico.
+
++go+, eo, cedo.
+
++god+, deus.
+
++gold+ (_adj._), aureus.
+
++good+, bonus.
+
++good for, I am+, valeo.
+
++grass+, gramen.
+
++great+, magnus.
+
++greedy+, avarus.
+
++grieve+, doleo.
+
++groan+, gemitus edo.
+
++ground+, locus.
+
++grow+, nascor.
+
++guard+, custodio.
+
++guard, I am on my+, caveo.
+
+
++half+, dimidium.
+
++hand+, manus.
+
++hand to+, trado.
+
++happen+, fio, accido.
+
++harmless+, sine noxâ.
+
++harsh+, asper.
+
++harvest+, messis.
+
++haste, make+, propero.
+
++haughtily+, per superbiam.
+
++have+, habeo.
+
++head+, caput.
+
++hear+, audio.
+
++health+, valetudo.
+
++heart+, cor.
+
++heaven, by+, divinitus.
+
++height+, proceries, magnitudo.
+
++help+ (_s._), auxilium.
+
++help+ (_v._), adjuvo.
+
++herself+, ipsa, se.
+
++hide+, recondo, delitesco.
+
++high, many stories+, multis tabulatis editus.
+
++his+, suus, ejus.
+
++hold on+, teneo.
+
++hollow+, caverna.
+
++home+, domus.
+
++honour+, honor; +in honour of+, ob honorem.
+
++honourable+, honestus.
+
++hope+, spes.
+
++horse+, equus.
+
++host+, hospes.
+
++house+, aedes.
+
++how+, quomodo.
+
++hundred+, centum.
+
++hunt+, venatio.
+
+
++ignorant+, imperitus.
+
++immediately+, statim.
+
++immense+, inmensus.
+
++impertinence+, petulantia.
+
++important+, magnus.
+
++in+, in.
+
++in honour of+, ob honorem.
+
++infamy+, ignominia.
+
++inflamed-throat+, synanche.
+
++inhabit+, incolo, colo.
+
++inroad+, incursio.
+
++insult+, contumeliâ afficio.
+
++interpreter+, interpres.
+
++invent+, comminiscor.
+
+
++jeer at+, eludo, inrideo.
+
++judge+, iudex.
+
++justice+, ius.
+
+
++keep+, retineo.
+
++kill+, occido, interficio.
+
++king+, rex.
+
++know+, scio, percallesco.
+
+
++labour+, labor.
+
++lack+, desum.
+
++lame+, debilis.
+
++land+, terra.
+
++language+, lingua.
+
++large+, magnus, ingens.
+
++large sum of+, grandis.
+
++lark+, cassita.
+
++laugh at+, derideo.
+
++laurel+ (_s._), laurus.
+
++laurel+ (_adj._), laureus.
+
++law+, lex.
+
++law-suit+, lis.
+
++leader+, dux.
+
++leaf+, frons.
+
++leave+, relinquo.
+
++leg+, crus.
+
++lend+, dare ... mutuum.
+
++lick+, lambo, demulceo.
+
++lie+, mendacium.
+
++lies, tell+, mentior.
+
++life+, vita, caput.
+
++lifeless+, exanguis.
+
++like+, more (_with adj. or gen._).
+
++line+ (+of battle+), acies.
+
++linger+, demoror.
+
++lion+, leo.
+
++live+, vivo.
+
++loiterer+, cessator.
+
++long while, for a+, diu.
+
++loose, let+, emitto.
+
++lose+, amitto.
+
++loud+, sublatus, magnus.
+
++love+, amo.
+
++luxuriant+, laetus.
+
++lyre+, fides.
+
+
++mad, I am+, deliro.
+
++magnificence+, splendor.
+
++maintain+, retineo, contendo.
+
++make+, facio, reddo.
+
++make haste+, propero.
+
++man+, homo.
+
++manœuvre+, converto.
+
++many+, multus.
+
++many sorts of+, varius.
+
++mark+, nota.
+
++marriage+, matrimonium.
+
++married to, I am+, nubo.
+
++marsh+, palus.
+
++marvellous+, mirandus.
+
++master+, dommus, magister.
+
++matron+, materfamilias.
+
++matter+, res.
+
++mean, what does this+, quid hoc sibi vult.
+
++medicine+, medicina, res medicina.
+
++meet+, obviam fio.
+
++mid-day+, (_s._), dies medius.
+
++mid-day+, (_adj._), meridianus.
+
++middle+, medius.
+
++military+, militaris.
+
++mimic hunt+, pugna venationis.
+
++modern+, praesens.
+
++money+, pecunia.
+
++mother+, mater.
+
++motionless+, immobilis.
+
++mount+, inscendo.
+
++mourn for+, lugeo.
+
++mourning+, habitus lugubris.
+
++mouth+, os.
+
++much+, multus, grandis.
+
++much+, as much as, tantus ... quantus.
+
++must+, necesse est.
+
++my+, meus.
+
++myself+, ego ipse.
+
+
++name+, nomen, cognomen.
+
++nation+, gens.
+
++natural position+, natura.
+
++near+, prope.
+
++necessary+, necesse.
+
++neck+, collum.
+
++neck-lace+, torquis.
+
++neglect+, negligo.
+
++neighbour+, vicinus.
+
++neighbouring+, proximus.
+
++nest+, nidus.
+
++never+, nunquam, nusquam.
+
++next+, posterus.
+
++next day+, postridie.
+
++night+, nox.
+
++nine+, novem.
+
++no one+, nemo, nullus.
+
++not+, non, haud.
+
++number+, numerus.
+
+
++oak+, quercus.
+
++oath+, iusiurandum.
+
++obey+, pareo.
+
++offer+, offero.
+
++offspring+, fetus.
+
++often+, saepe.
+
++old+, antiquus, vetus.
+
++old days, in+, antiquitus.
+
++old-fashioned+, priscus.
+
++old woman+, anus.
+
++olive+, oleum.
+
++on, in+, super.
+
++one+, unus.
+
++one day+, quodam die.
+
++only+, modo.
+
++opinion, I am of+, censeo.
+
++oppose+, loquor contra.
+
++oracle+, oraculum.
+
++order+, jubeo, impero.
+
++order that, in+, ut, quo.
+
++other+, alius.
+
++others, the+, ceteri.
+
++ought+, debeo, _or gerundive_.
+
++out of+, e, ex.
+
++own, his+, suus.
+
++owner+, dominus.
+
+
++palm+, palma.
+
++pardon+, poenâ solvo.
+
++pass+ (sentence), fero (sententiam).
+
++pay+, do, solvo.
+
++peace+, pax.
+
++people+, populus, vulgus.
+
++perch on+, insisto.
+
++perfect+, integer.
+
++perform+, facio.
+
++perish+, pereo.
+
++persuade+, persuadeo.
+
++philosopher+, philosophus.
+
++pierce+, perfodio.
+
++pitiable+, miserandus.
+
++place+, (_s._), locus.
+
++place+ (hope), habeo (spem).
+
++place in+, condo.
+
++place on+, impono, pono.
+
++plague+, pestilentia.
+
++plain+, campus.
+
++plan+, consilium.
+
++plant+, consero.
+
++play+, cano.
+
++plead+, verba facere.
+
++poison+, venenum.
+
++polish+, tracto.
+
++position, natural+, natura.
+
++possession, take+, potior.
+
++praise+, laus.
+
++pray+, obsecro, oro.
+
++present+, dono, offero.
+
++pretend+, simulo.
+
++prevent, to+, ut ne, ne.
+
++price+, pretium.
+
++prisoner+, captivus.
+
++produce+, pario, edo, profero.
+
++promise+, promitto.
+
++proof+, argumentum.
+
++property+, praedium.
+
++propose+, censeo.
+
++provided with+, copiosus.
+
++prune+, amputo.
+
++publicly+, publice.
+
++pull out+, revello.
+
++pull up+, revello.
+
++punish+, vindico, punio, multo.
+
++pupil+, auditor.
+
+
++quarrelsome+, litigiosus.
+
+
++ravage+, depopulor.
+
++raven+, corvus.
+
++read+, recito.
+
++reap+, meto.
+
++receive+, accipio, fero.
+
++recover+, recupero.
+
++refuse+, nolo.
+
++rejoicing+ (_s._), laetitia.
+
++rejoicing+ (_adj._), laetus.
+
++relate+, narro, trado.
+
++relation+, cognatus.
+
++remain+, maneo.
+
++remaining+, reliquus.
+
++remains+, reliquiae.
+
++remarkable+, eximius.
+
++remedy+, remedium.
+
++reply+, respondeo.
+
++reproach+, obiicio.
+
++restore+, reddo.
+
++return+, redeo.
+
++returns+ (_s._), reditus.
+
++reward+, praemium.
+
++rise+, exurgo, resurgo.
+
++road+, via.
+
++roaring+, fremitus.
+
++room+, cubiculum.
+
++rough+, rudis.
+
+
++safe+, salvus, incolumis.
+
++safety+, salus.
+
++sailor+, nauta.
+
++same+, idem.
+
++save+, servo.
+
++say+, dico, narro.
+
++scorn+, aspernor.
+
++sea+, mare.
+
++search for+, quaero, requiro.
+
++seated on+, insidens.
+
++secret+, clandestinus, tacitus.
+
++secretly+, tacite.
+
++see+, video.
+
++sell+, vendo.
+
++senate+, senatus.
+
++senate-house+, curia.
+
++senator+, senator.
+
++send+, mitto.
+
++send for+, arcesso.
+
++sentence+, sententia.
+
++separate+, separo.
+
++shake+, vibro.
+
++shame+, pudor.
+
++shapeless+, informis.
+
++shield+, scutum.
+
++shine+, praefulgeo.
+
++ship+, navis.
+
++shoulder+, humerus.
+
++shout+, clamor.
+
++show+, ostendo.
+
++shut in+, includo.
+
++shut up+, claudo.
+
++sickle+, falx.
+
++siege+, obsideo.
+
++sigh+, murmura edo.
+
++sight+, aspectus.
+
++sight, in my+, me inspectante.
+
++silent, I am+, taceo.
+
++silently+, tacite.
+
++silver+ (_adj._), argenteus.
+
++sing+, cano.
+
++sister+, soror.
+
++sit+, sedeo.
+
++situated+, situs.
+
++six+, sex.
+
++size+, corpus.
+
++skill+, ars, disciplina.
+
++skilled+, peritus, sollers.
+
++slave+, servus.
+
++slay+, transigo.
+
++sleep+, quiesco.
+
++small+, parvus.
+
++smear+, lino.
+
++so+, ita, itaque.
+
++soldier+, miles.
+
++son+, filius.
+
++song+, carmen.
+
++soon+, mox.
+
++spare+, parco.
+
++speak+, loquor, dico, enuntio.
+
++spear+, telum.
+
++speed, at full+, citato cursu.
+
++speed+, celeritas.
+
++spoil+, praeda.
+
++spring into+, transilio.
+
++spring down+, desilio.
+
++stand+, sto.
+
++stand forth+, exto.
+
++stand still+, consisto.
+
++state+, respublica.
+
++stem+, lignum.
+
++stern+, puppis.
+
++story+, tabulatum (of house); apologus (tale).
+
++strength+, vis.
+
++strengthen+, firmo.
+
++stretch out+, protendo.
+
++strike+, percutio.
+
++strong+, validus, violentas.
+
++success, with+, prospere.
+
++such+, talis, ejusmodi.
+
++sucker+, suboles.
+
++suddenly+, repente.
+
++suffer from+, patior.
+
++summon+, arcesso.
+
++sunrise+, lucis ortus, sol oriens.
+
++supply+, copia.
+
++surpass+, praesto.
+
++surround+, cingo.
+
++sword+, gladius.
+
+
++tail+, cauda.
+
++take+, capio, fero.
+
++take from+, detraho.
+
++take to flight+, in fugam me proripio.
+
++take possession of+, potior.
+
++take refuge in+, concedo in.
+
++tale+, fabula.
+
++talent+, talentum.
+
++talk with+, colloquor.
+
++teach+, doceo.
+
++tear+, lanio.
+
++tear in pieces+, dilacero, discindo.
+
++tear open+, rescindo, divello.
+
++tell+, dico, narro, enuntio.
+
++tell lies+, mentior.
+
++temple+, templum.
+
++ten+, decem.
+
++term+, condicio.
+
++terrible+, terrificus.
+
++terrified+, territus.
+
++thank+, grates ago, gratias ago.
+
++thanks+, grates, gratiae.
+
++that+, ille, is.
+
++their+, suus, eorum, illorum.
+
++therefore+, itaque.
+
++thing+, res.
+
++think+, puto.
+
++third+, tertius.
+
++this+, hic.
+
++thorn+, stirps.
+
++though+, cum.
+
++three+, tres.
+
++three years+, triennium.
+
++through+, per.
+
++throw+, iacio, coniicio.
+
++throw away+, abiicio.
+
++throw down+, everto.
+
++thus+, ita, sic.
+
++time+, tempus.
+
++time, at the+, in praesens.
+
++tomb+, sepulcrum.
+
++to-morrow+, cras.
+
++towards+, ad.
+
++tower+, turris.
+
++town+, oppidum.
+
++trappings+, insignia.
+
++treachery+, insidiae.
+
++tree+, arbor.
+
++tribune+, tribunus.
+
++triumph+ (_s._), triumphus.
+
++triumph+ (_v._), triumpho.
+
++trust in+, confido.
+
++try+, experior, cognosco.
+
++turn to+ or +on+, refero.
+
++turret+, turris.
+
++twenty+, viginti.
+
++twenty-times+, vicies.
+
++twig+, virgultum.
+
++two+, duo.
+
+
++uncle+, patruus.
+
++understand+, intellego.
+
++undertake+, recipio.
+
++unfinished+, inperfectus.
+
++unfledged+, involucris.
+
++unsettled+, iniudicatus.
+
++unusual+, novus.
+
++unwilling, I am+, nolo.
+
++urn+, urna.
+
++use+, utor, expromo.
+
++useful+, utilis, magno usu _and_ magno usui.
+
+
++vain, in+, frustra.
+
++vast+, ingens.
+
++verdict, I give a+, pronuntio.
+
++verse+, versus.
+
++very+, admodum.
+
++victory+, victoria.
+
++vigour+, vigor.
+
++vine+, vinum.
+
++voice+, vox.
+
++voluntary+, voluntarius.
+
++vote+, sententia.
+
+
++wag+, moveo.
+
++war+, bellum.
+
++warn+, moneo, praemoneo.
+
++warrior+, bellator.
+
++wavering+, ambiguus.
+
++weary, I am, of this+, pertaedet me huius.
+
++weep+, lacrimo.
+
++weep for+, comploro.
+
++weight+, pondus.
+
++well-loved+, amatus.
+
++what+, quis.
+
++whatever+, quicumque.
+
++when+, ubi, cum.
+
++whenever+, ubicumque, cum.
+
++which+, qui.
+
++white+, albus.
+
++who+, quis, qui.
+
++whoever+, quicumque.
+
++whole+, totus.
+
++why+, cur.
+
++wife+, uxor.
+
++wild-beast+, fera, bestia.
+
++wild-beast, of a+, (_adj._), ferinus.
+
++willingly+, libenter.
+
++win+, vinco.
+
++win over+, comparo.
+
++with+, cum.
+
++wise+, sapiens.
+
++wish+, volo.
+
++woman+, mulier.
+
++woman, old+, anus.
+
++wonder at+, miror, admiror, demiror.
+
++wonderful+, minis, mirandus, mirificus.
+
++wooden+, ligneus.
+
++word+, verbum.
+
++worthy+, dignus.
+
++wound+ (_s._), vulnus.
+
++wound+ (_v._), haurio.
+
++write+, scribo.
+
++writer+, scriptor.
+
+
++you+, tu, vos.
+
++young man+, adulescens.
+
++young ones+, pulli.
+
+
+
+
+ORDER OF THE “STORIES” COMPARED WITH THE BOOKS OF THE “NOCTES ATTICAE.”
+
+
+SELECTION.   NOCTES ATTICAE.
+
+    1.          xvii.  10
+    2.          xvii.   4
+    3.          xiii.   6
+    4.             i.  17
+    5.            ii.   1
+    6.             v.   2
+    7.            xv.  17
+    8.             i.  14
+    9.             v.   5
+   10.            xv.  16
+   11.             i.  23
+   12.             i.  23
+   13.            xv.  22
+   14.            xv.  22
+   15.             i.  19
+   16.            iv.  18
+   17.            iv.  18
+   18.     vi. (vii.)   1
+   19.             i.   3
+   20.             i.  10
+   21.            ix.  13
+   22.            ix.  13
+   23.            ix.  11
+   24.            ii.  29
+   25.            ii.  29
+   26.            ii.  29
+   27.           iii.   8
+   28.             v.  14
+   29.             v.  14
+   30.             v.  14
+   31.     vi. (vii.)   5
+   32.            xi.   9
+   33.           xii.  12
+   34.            xv.   1
+   35.           xvi.  19
+   36.           xvi.  19
+   37.           xix.  12
+   38.          xvii.  16
+   39.             v.  10
+   40.     vi. (vii.)  18
+
+
+
+
+INDEX TO THE MOST IMPORTANT NOTES.
+
+_The Roman figures give the number of the selection, the Arabic figures
+the number of the line in the selection._
+
+  [Transcriber’s Note:
+  The Notes and the Proper Names were printed as shown here,
+  in a single merged Index.]
+
+  _abhinc multis annis_, xx. 10.
+  _ablative absolute_, v. 9.
+  _acceptum referre_, xvii. 13.
+  _accusative plural_ of 3rd declension in -is, ix. 2.
+  _acerbus_, v. 5.
+  _adfines_, xxvi. 5.
+  _adigere_ aliquem iusiurandum, xl. 6.
+  _adjective_ for English substantive and preposition, x. 1 (Milo
+    Crotoniensis); xl. 1 (proelium Cannense).
+  _advocare_, xxxii. 2.
+  _aedes_, xvi. 17.
+  _aerarium_, xvii. 10.
+  _Aesopus_, xxiv. 1.
+  _ager Pomptinus_, xxiii. 1.
+  +ἀκοινονόητοι+, xxxiii. 10.
+  _albus_, xiv. 1.
+  _Alcibiades_, iv. 4.
+  _Alexander_, vi. 1.
+  _ambitus_, ii. 2.
+  _animus_ and _mens_, v. 5.
+  _Antiochus_, ix. 1.
+  _antiquus_, xx. 4.
+  _argyranche_, xxxii. 14.
+  _Arion_, xxxv. 1.
+  _Aristoteles_, iii. 1.
+  _attraction of antecedent_ into relative clause, xxx. 2; xxxix. 6.
+  _Aurunci_, xx. 6.
+  _avunculus_, vii. 1.
+
+  _Bucephalas_, vi. 1.
+  _-bundus_ and _-cundus_, vi. 11.
+
+  _Caesar_, C. Iulius, xx. 16.
+  _Caesar_, Claudius, xxix. 2.
+  _canere tibiis_, vii. 4.
+  _Cannae_, ix. 1.
+  _capitalis res_, xxx. 9.
+  _caput_, xix. 1.
+  _Cato_, xvii. 1.
+  _censeo_ (parenthetically), xvi. 12.
+  _censores_, xl. 24.
+  _Chares_, vi. 2.
+  _Cicero_, xxxiii. 1.
+  _cinctus_, xxi. 17.
+  _Circus_ Maximus, xxviii. 1.
+  _Cispius_ Mons, xxxiv. 3.
+  _cognati_, xxvi. 5.
+  _comoediarum certamina_, ii. 2.
+  _comparare_ hominem in aliquem, xvii. 3.
+  _congerere_ (absolutely), xxv. 3.
+  _consecution_ of tenses after historic present, xxi. 12; xxiii. 6;
+    xxxv. 5.
+  _contestari_ litem, xxxix. 12.
+  _Coruncanius_, xx. 4.
+  _Crotoniensis_, x. 1.
+  _Crotona_, x. 1.
+  _cruor_, xxix. 23.
+  _cum_ (conj.), vi. 8; with indic. (1) frequentative, xiv. 7;
+    (2) = et tum, xxi. 6; (3) = because, xxxiii. 11.
+  _curia_, xi. 1.
+  _Curius Dentatus_, xx. 3.
+  _curo_ with gerundive, vii. 3; xiii. 1.
+
+  _dative_ of purpose (predicative dat.), viii. 4.
+  _Demades_, xxxii. 4.
+  _Demosthenes_, xxxii. 4.
+  _dependent_ interrogatives, x. 6.
+  _desinere_ artem, x. 3.
+  _deveho_ (de = to land), xxxvi. 7.
+  _disciplina_, xxii. 2.
+  _dissimulanter_, xxxvi. 12.
+  _dum_ with subj., xxv. 5.
+
+  _Electra_, xxxi. 5.
+  _Ennius_, xxxviii. 9.
+  _ephippium_, ix. 6.
+  _Euander_, xx. 9.
+  _exerceor_, in middle sense, iv. 7.
+
+  _Fabricius_, viii. 1.
+  _fac eas_, xxv. 11.
+  _facto_ ... opus est, xiv. 18.
+  _falcibus_ (currus cum), ix. 4.
+  _familias_, xii. 3.
+  _Favorinus_, xx. 1.
+  _felix_ (fruitful), xxxvii. 18.
+  _foculus_, xv. 7.
+  _forum_, xxiii. 21.
+  _frequentative_ verbs, xviii. 4.
+  _frenis_ ... fulgentem, ix. 6.
+
+  _genitive_ denoting “nature,” “duty” of, xxxiii. 12.
+  _genitive_ after gerund (causarum orandi cupidus), xxxix. 1.
+  _gerunds_ and _gerundives_, xiii. 1.
+  _gratiae_, xxxvii. 13.
+
+  _Hannibal_, ix. 1.
+  _haurire_ pectus, xxii. 9.
+  _hercle_, iii. 1.
+  _Hispanicus_ gladius, xxii. 7.
+  _historic_ infinitive, xxv. 15.
+  _Horatii_, xx. 5.
+  _hospita_, xv. 2.
+
+  _id temporis_, xviii. 7.
+  _imperium_ proconsulare, xxix. 5.
+  _inceptive_ or inchoative verbs, ii. 5.
+  _ingentis_, (acc. plur.), ix. 2.
+  _in iure_ stare, xviii. 18.
+  _inmittere_ (absolutely), vi. 9.
+  _insula_ (lodging-house), xxxiv. 4.
+  _interrogatives_, dependent, x. 6.
+  _ire infitias_, xxxvi. 18.
+  _ius_ dicere, xviii. 16.
+  _iusiurandum_ aliquem adigere, xl. 6.
+
+  _locative_ case, xi. 1.
+  _loci_ (nusquam), xv. 19.
+
+  (e) _mediis_ hostibus, vi. 12.
+  _Menander_, ii. 1.
+  _mens_ and _animus_, v. 5.
+  _Methymna_, xxxv. 1.
+  _middle_ signification of passive voice, iv. 7.
+  _mihi_ and _ad me_ after verbs, xxvii. 13.
+  _Milo_, x. 1.
+  _Mitridates_, xxxviii. 1.
+  _monilia_, ix. 6.
+
+  _-ne_ pleonastic, xi. 10.
+  _ne_ ... quis, xi. 4.
+  _nemo_, xiv. 9.
+  _nobilis_, xxxv. 1.
+  _noctis_ extremo, xviii. 3.
+  _nonne_, _num_, _-ne_, ii. 5.
+  _nudus_, xxi. 7.
+  _nusquam_ loci, xv. 16.
+
+  _Orestes_, xxxi. 5.
+  _Oresti_ (genitive), xxxi. 6.
+  _orthium_ carmen, xxxv. 21.
+  _Osce_, xxxviii. 10.
+
+  _Palatium_, xxxiii. 1.
+  _pareo_, _pario_, _paro_, i. 2.
+  _participle_ and verb in Latin = two verbs in English, xxi. 3; xl. 2.
+  _partitive_ genitive, id temporis, xviii. 7; quantum mercedis,
+    xxxii. 17.
+  _passives_ with middle signification, iv. 7.
+  _Pelasgi_, xx. 6.
+  _per_ contemptum, xxiii. 5.
+  _Periander_, xxxv. 1.
+  _Pericles_, vii. 1.
+  _phalerae_, ix. 6.
+  _Philemon_, ii. 1.
+  _Piraeus_, xxxiv. 15.
+  _plague_ of Athens, v. 10.
+  _Plutarchus_, iii. 1.
+  _Poenus_, ix. 8.
+  _Pomptinus_ ager, xxiii. 1.
+  _possies_, xxiv. 13.
+  _postliminium_, xl. 12.
+  (in) _praesens_, xxxiii. 2.
+  _praetextatus_, xi. 2.
+  _predicative_ dative, viii. 4.
+  _prepositions_, verbs compounded with, xxix. 22; xxxiv. 3.
+  _priusquam_ with subjunctive, xxxiii. 4.
+  _proconsulare_ imperium, xxix. 5.
+  _Protagoras_, xxxix. 3.
+  _purpose_, dative of, viii. 4.
+  _Pyrrus_, xxvii. 1.
+  _Pythagoras_, x. 1.
+
+  _quadrati_ versus, xxiv. 10.
+  _quae_ dicas (indefinite), xx. 11.
+  _quaeso_ (parenthetically), ii. 4.
+  _quasi_, xv. 6.
+  _qui_ with subjunctive (final), xxv. 17; (causal) xxxvii. 3.
+  _quid_ ... sibi vult, xii. 6.
+  (si) _quid_ rei, xxv. 7.
+  _quin_ with indicative, xxvi. 4.
+  _quis_ (indefinite), xi. 4.
+  _quisquam_ and _ullus_, x. 6.
+
+  _re_ in composition, i. 6.
+
+  _Samnites_, viii. 1.
+  _satira_, xxiv. 10.
+  _scatebat_ iris, iv. 3.
+  _Scipio_ Africanus, xvi. 1; xviii. 2.
+  _Scipio_ Asiaticus, xvii. 5.
+  _scutum_, xxi. 17.
+  _securus_ with genitive, vi. 14.
+  _sed_ enim, xv. 10.
+  _sequence_ of tenses after historic present, xxi. 12; xxiii. 6;
+    xxxv. 5.
+  _sestertii_ and _sestertium_, vi. 3; xxxiii. 2.
+  _Sertorius_, xiii. 1.
+  _Sibyllini_ libri, xv. 1.
+  _Sicani_, xx. 6.
+  _Socrates_, iv. 1, 4.
+  _sol_ oriens, v. 3.
+  _sollemnis_, xvi. 18.
+  _Sophocles_, xxx. 5.
+  _Sulla_, L., xxxiv. 15.
+  _Sulla_, P., xxxiii. 2.
+  _supine_ in -um, xvi. 13; xxii. 17; xxv. 6.
+  _supine_ in -u, xiv. 5; xxiv. 2; xxvii. 12.
+
+  _Taenarum_, xxxvi. 6.
+  _talentum_, xxxii. 19.
+  _Tarquinius_ Superbus, xv. 1.
+  _temporal_ conjunctions with subjunctive, cum, vi. 8; dum, xxv. 5;
+    priusquam, xxxiii. 4.
+  _tibiae_, vii. 4.
+  _Torquatus_, xxi. 1.
+  _torquis_, xxi. 3.
+  _tribunus_ militaris, xxiii. 8.
+  _tribunus_ plebis, xvi. 1.
+  _turribus_ (elephanti cum), ix. 5.
+
+  _ullus_, x. 6.
+
+  _vadari_, xviii. 22.
+  _vadimonium_, xviii. 19.
+  _venum_ dare, xxxiv. 10.
+  _Vergilius_, i. 1.
+  _vertitur_ in, xxvi. 20.
+  _videres_, xxviii. 15.
+  _vult_, quid sibi, xii. 6.
+
+  _Zama_, ix. 1.
+
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+           *       *       *       *
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ERRATA (noted by transcriber)
+
+The spelling “deminutive” (demin.) is used consistently.
+
+A few terms were inconsistently italicized, including “e.g.”, “i.e.”
+and “only” (in vocabulary notes such as “sing. only”). Rather than
+try to second-guess the author, they have been left as printed.
+
+
+_Errors and Irregularities:_
+
+  XV:
+    Tarquinius ore iam serio atque attentiore animo fit  [Tarquinus]
+
+  VI Note:
+    entered the Punjaub  [_spelling unchanged_]
+  XVI Note:
+    +gratulatum+ ... the verb of motion  [notion]
+
+  Latin-to-English Vocabulary:
+    +dōnĕc+, _conj._, until.  [_Text has Greek ε for ĕ in “dōnĕc”_]
+    +lībĕro+ ... (līber.)
+      [_Macron in “līber” conjectural: printed text has “lıber” without
+      visible macron or dot_]
+
+
+_Missing or invisible punctuation:_
+
+“Invisible” means that there is a suitably sized gap, but no printing
+is visible.
+
+STORIES
+
+  XIV.
+    ... in eum locum, in quo ipse cum amicis esset,  [. for second ,]
+  XVIII.
+    atque ibi solus diu demorari,  [. for ,]
+  XXIX.
+    recubuit et quievit.”  [” missing]
+
+NOTES
+
+  I.
+    +P. Vergilius Maro+ ... after the fall of Troy  [. missing]
+    +părĕre+ ..._parĭtum, -ĕre_  [- missing]
+  III.
+    +hercle+ ... ‘_me deus Fidius juvet_’  [’ missing]
+  XIII.
+  +The uses of the gerund and gerundive+
+    ... e.g. _haec ad iudicandum sunt facillima_
+    ... _sum_ (_est_, _erat_, _fuit_, _esse_, etc.)
+    ... e.g. _nunc est bibendum_
+      [_all periods in “e.g.” and “etc.” invisible_]
+    ‘he gave them the lands to dwell in.’ Cf. vii. 3. note.
+      [. missing after “dwell in” _and_ after “vii.”]
+  XVI.
+    +Publius Cornelius+ ... his father P. Scipio  [. missing]
+    I am old enough.’  [” for ’]
+  XVIII.
+    +ventitare+ ... ‘I stick fast.’  [” for ’]
+  XX.
+    +11.+ +quae dicas+  [. invisible]
+  XXVI.
+    +quin ... imus+ ... ‘nay, look at me’  [” for ’]
+  XXIX.
+    +proconsulari imperio+ ... praetors: (2) the Imperial Provinces
+      [_shown as printed, but : may be error for ;_]
+  XXXI.
+    +Electram+ ... the bones of Orestes.’  [” for ’]
+  XXXII.
+    +quin ... quoque+, [_ellipsis in printed phrase invisible_]
+  XXXIII.
+    +sestertium viciens+ ... or 2½ asses  [denominator invisible]
+
+LATIN VOCABULARY
+
+  +ad·ficio+. Cf. afficio.  [· invisible]
+  +cŏrōna+, -ae  [- missing]
+  +deus+, -i, _m._, god.  [. missing]
+  +fācundia+, -ae, _f._, eloquence  [. invisible]
+  +fēcundus+, -a, -um  [- missing]
+  +gĕmĭtus+, -us  [- missing]
+  +ignōro+ ... (ignārus, for in-gnarus or -narus.)  [) missing]
+  +im·mītis+  [· invisible]
+  +mīrĭfĭcus+, -a, -um  [first - missing]
+  +ob·vĕnio+  [· invisible]
+  +păvĕ·făcio+ ... (păveo.)  [. missing]
+  +pax+, pācis ... (πήγνυμι.)  [. invisible]
+  +Pĕriander+, -dri, _m._  [. for second ,]
+  +quaero+, -sīvi or -sii, sītum  [second - missing]
+  +quālis+, -e ... talis ... qualis
+    [_ellipsis in “talis ... qualis” invisible_]
+  +quam·ob·rem+, _adv._  [. invisible]
+  +sŭpĕrior+, -us ... sū̆prēmus or summus.  [. invisible]
+  +vastūs+, -a, -um  [second - missing]
+  +vērus+, -a, -um,  [. after -um.,]
+  +victōria+, -ae, _f._, victory. (victor, vinco.)  [. invisible]
+  +vis+ (vim, vi, no _gen. sing._, _plur._ vīres, etc.)  [. invisible]
+
+ENGLISH VOCABULARY
+
+  +bail+, vadimonium  [. missing]
+  +sight, in my+, me inspectante  [. missing]
+
+INDEX TO NOTES
+
+  _Osce_, xxxviii. 10.  [. after “xxxviii” missing]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Stories from Aulus Gellius, by Aulus Gellius
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