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+Project Gutenberg's Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 3 of 3), by John Morley
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 3 of 3)
+       Essay 6: Harriet Martineau
+
+Author: John Morley
+
+Release Date: June 14, 2008 [EBook #25793]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CRITICAL MISCELLANIES ***
+
+
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+
+Produced by Paul Murray, Kit Ellis and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
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+
+
+CRITICAL
+MISCELLANIES
+
+BY
+
+JOHN MORLEY
+
+
+
+VOL. III.
+
+ESSAY 6: HARRIET MARTINEAU
+
+
+
+
+London
+
+MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED
+
+NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
+
+1904
+
+
+
+
+
+    HARRIET MARTINEAU.
+
+
+    Introductory                                     175
+
+    Early days                                       178
+
+    Literary ordeal                                  180
+
+    Success of the Tales on Political Economy        181
+
+    Her feeling, not literary, but truly social      182
+
+    London Society (1832)                            184
+
+    Character of her judgments on Men                187
+
+    The Whigs                                        188
+
+    Carlyle's influence                              189
+
+    Interest in American slavery                     192
+
+    Her first novel                                  194
+
+    The Atkinson Letters                             196
+
+    Her new religious opinions                       197
+
+    Eastern travels                                  199
+
+    Retirement to the Lakes                          200
+
+    Her manner of life                               202
+
+    Translation of Comte                             204
+
+    Her right estimate of literary work              205
+
+    Her Biographic Sketches                          208
+
+    Characteristics                                  210
+
+
+
+
+HARRIET MARTINEAU.
+
+
+In 1850 Charlotte Brontë paid a visit to Harriet Martineau at Ambleside,
+and she wrote to her friends various emphatic accounts of her hostess.
+'Without adopting her theories,' Miss Brontë said, 'I yet find a worth
+and greatness in herself, and a consistency, benevolence, perseverance
+in her practice, such as wins the sincerest esteem and affection. She is
+not a person to be judged by her writings alone, but rather by her own
+deeds and life, than which nothing can be more exemplary or noble.'
+
+The division which Miss Brontë thus makes between opinions and
+character, and again between literary production and character, is at
+the root of any just criticism of the two volumes of autobiography which
+have just been given to the public. Of the third volume, _The
+Memorials_, by Mrs. Chapman, it is impossible to say anything serious.
+Mrs. Chapman fought an admirable fight in the dark times of American
+history for the abolition of slavery, but unhappily she is without
+literary gifts; and this third volume is one more illustration of the
+folly of entrusting the composition of biography to persons who have
+only the wholly irrelevant claim of intimate friendship, or kinship, or
+sympathy in public causes. The qualification for a biographer is not in
+the least that he is a virtuous person, or a second cousin, or a dear
+friend, or a trusty colleague; but that he knows how to write a book,
+has tact, style, taste, considerateness, sense of proportion, and a good
+eye for the beginnings and ends of things. The third volume, then, tells
+us little about the person to whom they relate. The two volumes of
+autobiography tell all that we can seek to know, and the reader who
+judges them in an equitable spirit will be ready to allow that, when all
+is said that can be said of her hardness, arbitrariness, and insularity,
+Harriet Martineau is still a singular and worthy figure among the
+conspicuous personages of a generation that has now almost vanished.
+Some will wonder how it was that her literary performances acquired so
+little of permanent value. Others will be pained by the distinct
+repudiation of all theology, avowed by her with a simple and courageous
+directness that can scarcely be counted other than honourable to her.
+But everybody will admit, as Charlotte Brontë did, that though her books
+are not of the first nor of the second rank, and though her
+anti-theological opinions are to many so repugnant, yet behind books and
+opinions was a remarkable personality, a sure eye for social realities,
+a moral courage that never flinched; a strong judgment within its
+limits; a vigorous self-reliance both in opinion and act, which yet did
+not prevent a habit of the most neutral self-judgment; the commonplace
+virtues of industry and energy devoted to aims too elevated, and too
+large and generous, to be commonplace; a splendid sincerity, a
+magnificent love of truth. And that all these fine qualities, which
+would mostly be described as manly, should exist not in a man but a
+woman, and in a woman who discharged admirably such feminine duties as
+fell to her, fills up the measure of our interest in such a character.
+
+                   *       *       *       *       *
+
+Harriet Martineau was born at Norwich in 1802, and she died, as we all
+remember, in the course of the summer of 1876. Few people have lived so
+long as three-quarters of a century, and undergone so little substantial
+change of character, amid some very important changes of opinion. Her
+family was Unitarian, and family life was in her case marked by some of
+that stiffness, that severity, that chilly rigour, with which Unitarians
+are sometimes taxed by religionists of a more ecstatic doctrine. Her
+childhood was very unhappy; the household seems to have been unamiable,
+and she was treated with none of that tenderness and sympathy for which
+firm and defiant natures are apt to yearn as strongly as others that get
+the credit of greater sensibility. With that singular impulse to suicide
+which is frequent among children, though rarer with girls than boys, she
+went one day into the kitchen for the carving-knife, that she might cut
+her throat; luckily the servants were at dinner, and the child
+retreated. Deafness, which proved incurable, began to afflict her
+before she was sixteen. A severe, harsh, and mournful kind of
+religiosity seized her, and this 'abominable spiritual rigidity,' as she
+calls it, confirmed all the gloomy predispositions of her mind. She
+learned a good deal, mastering Latin, French, and Italian in good time;
+and reading much in her own tongue, including constant attention to the
+Bible, with all sorts of commentaries and explanations, such as those of
+us who were brought up in a certain spiritual atmosphere have only too
+good reasons never to forget. This expansion of intellectual interest,
+however, did not make her less silent, less low in her spirits, less
+full of vague and anxious presentiment. The reader is glad when these
+ungracious years of youth are at an end, and the demands of active life
+stirred Harriet Martineau's energies into vigorous work.
+
+In 1822 her father died, and seven years later his widow and his
+daughters lost at a single blow nearly all that they had in the world.
+Before this event, which really proved to be a blessing in the disguise
+of a catastrophe, Harriet Martineau had written a number of slight
+pieces. They had been printed, and received a certain amount of
+recognition. They were of a religious cast, as was natural in one with
+whom religious literature, and religious life and observance, had
+hitherto taken in the whole sphere of her continual experience.
+_Traditions of Palestine_ and _Devotional Exercises_ are titles that
+tell their own tale, and we may be sure that their authoress was still
+at the antipodean point of the positive philosophy in which she ended
+her speculative journey. She still clung undoubtingly to what she had
+been brought up to believe when she won three prizes for essays intended
+to present Unitarianism to the notice of Jews, of Catholics, and of
+Mahometans. Her success in these and similar efforts turned her mind
+more decidedly towards literature as a profession.
+
+Miss Martineau is at some pains to assure us on several occasions that
+it was the need of utterance now and always that drove her to write, and
+that money, although welcome when it came, was never her motive. This
+perhaps a little savours of affectation. Nobody would dream of
+suspecting Miss Martineau of writing anything that she did not believe
+to be true or useful merely for the sake of money. But there is plenty
+of evidence that the prospect of payment stirred her to true and useful
+work, as it does many other authors by profession, and as it does the
+followers of all professions whatever. She puts the case fairly enough
+in another place (i. 422):--'Every author is in a manner an adventurer;
+and no one was ever more decidedly so than myself; but the difference
+between one kind of adventurer and another is, I believe, simply
+this--that the one has something to say which presses for utterance, and
+is uttered at length without a view to future fortunes; while the other
+has a sort of general inclination towards literature, without any
+specific need of utterance, and a very definite desire for the honours
+and rewards of the literary career.' Even in the latter case, however,
+honest journeyman's work enough is done in literature by men and women
+who seek nothing higher than a reputable source of income. Miss
+Martineau did, no doubt, seek objects far higher and more generous than
+income, but she lived on the income which literature brought to her; and
+there seems a certain failure of her usually admirable common sense in
+making any ado about so simple a matter. When doctors and counsel refuse
+their guineas, and the parson declines a stipend, it will be quite soon
+enough for the author to be especially anxious to show that he has a
+right to regard money much as the rest of the human race regard it.
+
+Miss Martineau underwent the harsh ordeal which awaits most literary
+aspirants. She had a scheme in her head for a long series of short tales
+to illustrate some of the propositions of political economy. She trudged
+about London day after day, through mud and fog, with weary limbs and
+anxious heart, as many an author has done before and since. The times
+were bad; cholera was abroad; people were full of apprehension and
+concern about the Reform Bill; and the publishers looked coldly on a
+doubtful venture. Miss Martineau talks none of the conventional nonsense
+about the cruelty and stupidity of publishers. What she says is this: 'I
+have always been anxious to extend to young or struggling authors the
+sort of aid which would have been so precious to me in that winter of
+1829-1830, and I know that, in above twenty years, I have never
+succeeded but once.' One of the most distinguished editors in London,
+who had charge of a periodical for many years, told us what comes to the
+same thing, namely, that in no single case during all these years did a
+volunteer contributor of real quality, or with any promise of eminence,
+present himself or herself. So many hundreds think themselves called so
+few are chosen. In Miss Martineau's case, however, the trade made a
+mistake. When at length she found some one to go halves with her in the
+enterprise, on terms extremely disadvantageous to herself, the first of
+her tales was published (1832), and instantly had a prodigious success.
+The sale ran up to more than ten thousand of each monthly volume. In
+that singular autobiographical sketch of herself which Miss Martineau
+prepared for a London paper, to be printed as her obituary notice, she
+pronounced a judgment upon this work which more disinterested, though
+not more impartial, critics will confirm. Her own unalterable view, she
+says, of what the work could and could not effect, 'prevented her from
+expecting too much from it, either in regard to its social operations or
+its influence on her own fame. The original idea of exhibiting the great
+natural laws of society by a series of pictures of selected social
+action was a fortunate one; and her tales initiated a multitude of minds
+into the conception of what political economy is, and how it concerns
+everybody living in society. Beyond this there is no merit of a high
+order in the work. It popularised in a fresh form some doctrines and
+many truths long before made public by others.' James Mill, one of the
+acutest economists of the day, and one of the most vigorous and original
+characters of that or any other day, had foretold failure; but when the
+time came, he very handsomely admitted that his prophecy had been rash.
+In after years, when Miss Martineau had acquired from Comte a conception
+of the growth and movement of societies as a whole, with their economic
+conditions controlled and constantly modified by a multitude of other
+conditions of various kinds, she rated the science of her earlier days
+very low. Even in those days, however, she says: 'I believe I should not
+have been greatly surprised or displeased to have perceived, even then,
+that the pretended science is no science at all, strictly speaking; and
+that so many of its parts must undergo essential change, that it may be
+a question whether future generations will owe much more to it than the
+benefit (inestimable, to be sure) of establishing the grand truth that
+social affairs proceed according to general laws, no less than natural
+phenomena of every kind' (_Autob._ ii. 245).
+
+Harriet Martineau was not of the class of writers, most of them terribly
+unprofitable, who merely say literary things about social organisation,
+its institutions, and their improvement. Her feeling about society was
+less literary than scientific: it was not sentimental, but the
+business-like quality of a good administrator. She was moved less by
+pity or by any sense of the pathos and the hardness of the world, than
+by a sensible and energetic interest in good government and in the
+rational and convenient ordering of things. Her tales to illustrate the
+truths of political economy are what might be expected from a writer of
+this character. They are far from being wanting--many of them--in the
+genuine interest of good story-telling. They are rapid, definite, and
+without a trace of either slovenliness or fatigue. We are amazed as we
+think of the speed and prompt regularity with which they were produced;
+and the fertile ingenuity with which the pill of political economy is
+wrapped up in the confectionery of a tale, may stand as a marvel of true
+cleverness and inventive dexterity. Of course, of imagination or
+invention in a high sense there is not a trace. Such a quality was not
+in the gifts of the writer, nor could it in any case have worked within
+such limitations as those set by the matter and the object of the
+series.
+
+Literary success was followed in the usual order by social temptation.
+Miss Martineau removed from Norwich to London, and she had good reasons
+for making the change. Her work dealt with matters of a political kind,
+and she could only secure a real knowledge of what was best worth saying
+by intercourse with those who had a better point of view for a survey of
+the social state of England than could be found in a provincial town
+like Norwich. So far as evening parties went, Miss Martineau soon
+perceived how little 'essential difference there is between the extreme
+case of a cathedral city and that of literary London, or any other
+place, where dissipation takes the turn of book-talk instead of dancing
+or masquerading.' She went out to dinner every night except Sundays, and
+saw all the most interesting people of the London of five-and-forty
+years ago. While she was free from presumptuousness in her judgments,
+she was just as free from a foolish willingness to take the reputations
+of her hour on trust. Her attitude was friendly and sensible, but it was
+at the same time critical and independent; and that is what every frank,
+upright, and sterling character naturally becomes in face of an
+unfamiliar society. Harriet Martineau was too keen-sighted, too aware of
+the folly and incompetent pretension of half the world, too consciously
+self-respecting and proud, to take society and its ways with any
+diffidence or ingenuous simplicity. On the importance of the small
+_littérateur_ who unreasonably thinks himself a great one, on the airs
+and graces of the gushing blue-stockings who were in vogue in that day,
+on the detestable vulgarity of literary lionising, she had no mercy. She
+recounts with caustic relish the story about a certain pedantical lady,
+of whom Tierney had said that there was not another head in England that
+could encounter hers on the subject of Cause and Effect. The story was
+that when in a country house one fine day she took her seat in a window,
+saying in a business-like manner (to David Ricardo): 'Come now, let us
+have a little discussion about Space.' We remember a story about a
+certain Mademoiselle de Launay, afterwards well known to the Paris of
+the eighteenth century, being introduced at Versailles by a silly great
+lady who had an infatuation for her. 'This,' the great lady kept saying,
+'is the young person whom I have told you about, who is so wonderfully
+intelligent, who knows so much. Come, Mademoiselle, pray talk. Now,
+Madame, you will see how she talks. Well, first of all, now talk a
+little about religion; then you can tell us about something else.'
+
+We cannot wonder that Miss Martineau did not go a second time to the
+house where Space might be the unprovoked theme of a casual chat.
+Pretension in every shape she hated most heartily. Her judgments in most
+cases were thoroughly just--at this period of her life at any rate--and
+sometimes even unexpectedly kindly; and the reason is that she looked at
+society through the medium of a strong and penetrating kind of common
+sense, which is more often the gift of clever women than of clever men.
+If she is masculine, she is, like Mrs. Colonel Poyntz, in one of
+Bulwer's novels, 'masculine in a womanly way.' There is a real spirit of
+ethical divination in some of her criticism of character. Take the
+distinguished man whose name we have just written. 'There was Bulwer on
+a sofa,' she says, 'sparkling and languishing among a set of female
+votaries--he and they dizened out, perfumed, and presenting the nearest
+picture to a seraglio to be seen on British ground--only the
+indifference or hauteur of the lord of the harem being absent.' Yet this
+disagreeable sight does not prevent her from feeling a cordial interest
+in him, amidst any amount of vexation and pity for his weakness. 'He
+seems to be a woman of genius inclosed by misadventure in a man's form.
+He has insight, experience, sympathy, letters, power and grace of
+expression, and an irrepressible impulse to utterance, and industry
+which should have produced works of the noblest quality; and these have
+been intercepted by mischiefs which may be called misfortune rather than
+fault. His friendly temper, his generous heart, his excellent
+conversation (at his best), and his simple manners (when he forgot
+himself), have many a time 'left me mourning' that such a being should
+allow himself to sport with perdition.' Those who knew most about Bulwer,
+and who were most repelled by his terrible faults, will feel in this
+page of Miss Martineau's the breath of social equity in which charity is
+not allowed to blur judgment, nor moral disapproval to narrow, starve,
+and discolour vision into lost possibilities of character. And we may
+note in passing how even here, in the mere story of the men and women
+whom she met in London drawing-rooms, Harriet Martineau does not lose
+herself in gossip about individuals looked at merely in their individual
+relations. It is not merely the 'blighting of promise nor the forfeiture
+of a career' that she deplores in the case of a Bulwer or a Brougham; it
+is 'the intercepting of national blessings.' If this view of natural
+gifts as a source of blessing to society, and not merely of power or
+fame to their privileged possessor, were more common than it is, the
+impression which such a thought is calculated to make would be the
+highest available protection against those blighted promises and
+forfeited careers, of which Brougham and Bulwer were only two out of a
+too vast host of examples.
+
+It is the very fulness with which she is possessed by this large way of
+conceiving a life in its manifold relations to the service of the world,
+that is the secret of Harriet Martineau's firm, clear, calm, and almost
+neutral way of judging both her own work and character and those of
+others. By calm we do not mean that she was incapable of strong and
+direct censure. Many of her judgments, both here and in her _Biographic
+Sketches_, are stern; and some--like that on Macaulay, for instance--may
+even pass for harsh. But they are never the product of mere anger or
+heatedness, and it is a great blunder to suppose that reasoned severity
+is incompatible with perfect composure, or that calm is another name for
+amiable vapidity.
+
+                        Thöricht ist's
+    In allen Stücken billig sein; es heisst
+    Sein eigen Selbst zerstören.
+
+Her condemnation of the Whigs, for example, is as stringent and
+outspoken as condemnation can be; yet it is a deliberate and reasoned
+judgment, not a mere bitterness or prejudice. The Whigs were at that
+moment, between 1832 and 1834, at the height of their authority,
+political, literary, and social. After a generation of misgovernment
+they had been borne to power on the tide of national enthusiasm for
+parliamentary reform, and for all those improvements in our national
+life to which parliamentary reform was no more than the first step. The
+harshness and darkness of the past generation were the measure of the
+hopes of the new time. These hopes, which were at least as strong in
+Harriet Martineau as in anybody then living, the Whigs were soon felt to
+have cheated. She cannot forgive them. Speaking of John and Edward
+Romilly, 'they had virtuous projects,' she says, 'and had every hope of
+achieving service worthy of their father's fame; but their aspirations
+were speedily tamed down--as all high aspirations _are_ lowered by Whig
+influences.' A certain peer is described as 'agreeable enough in society
+to those who are not very particular in regard to sincerity; and was, as
+Chancellor of the Exchequer or anything else, as good a representative
+as could be found of the flippancy, conceit, and official helplessness
+and ignorance of the Whig administration.' Charles Knight started a new
+periodical for the people under the patronage of the official Whigs.
+'But the poverty and perverseness of their ideas, and the insolence of
+their feelings, were precisely what might be expected by all who really
+knew that remarkably vulgar class of men. They purposed to lecture the
+working classes, who were by far the wiser party of the two, in a
+jejune, coaxing, dull, religious-tract sort of tone, and criticised and
+deprecated everything like vigour, and a manly and genial tone of
+address in the new publication, while trying to push in as contributors
+effete and exhausted writers and friends of their own, who knew about
+as much of the working classes of England as of those of Turkey.' This
+energetic description, which belongs to the year 1848, gives us an
+interesting measure of the distance that has been traversed during the
+last thirty years. The workmen have acquired direct political power;
+they have organised themselves into effective groups for industrial
+purposes; they have produced leaders of ability and sound judgment; and
+the Whig who seeks their support must stoop or rise to talk a Radicalism
+that would have amply satisfied even Harriet Martineau herself.
+
+The source of this improvement in the society to which she bade
+farewell, over that into which she had been born, is set down by Miss
+Martineau to the most remarkable literary genius with whom, during her
+residence in London, she was brought into contact. 'What Wordsworth did
+for poetry,' she says, 'in bringing us out of a conventional idea and
+method to a true and simple one, Carlyle has done for morality. He may
+be himself the most curious opposition to himself--he may be the
+greatest mannerist of his age while denouncing conventionalism--the
+greatest talker while eulogising silence--the most woful complainer
+while glorifying fortitude--the most uncertain and stormy in mood, while
+holding forth serenity as the greatest good within the reach of man; but
+he has nevertheless infused into the mind of the English nation a
+sincerity, earnestness, healthfulness, and courage which can be
+appreciated only by those who are old enough to tell what was our
+morbid state when Byron was the representative of our temper, the
+Clapham church of our religion, and the rotten-borough system of our
+political morality.' We have no quarrel with this account of the
+greatest man of letters of our generation. But Carlyle has only been one
+influence among others. It is a far cry indeed from _Sartor Resartus_ to
+the _Tracts for the Times_, yet they were both of them protests against
+the same thing, both of them attempted answers to the same problem, and
+the _Tracts_ perhaps did more than _Sartor_ to quicken spiritual life,
+to shatter 'the Clapham church,' and to substitute a mystic faith and
+not unlovely hope for the frigid, hard, and mechanical lines of official
+orthodoxy on the one hand, and the egotism and sentimental despair of
+Byronism on the other. There is a third school, too, and Harriet
+Martineau herself was no insignificant member of it, to which both the
+temper and the political morality of our time have owed a deep debt; the
+school of those utilitarian political thinkers who gave light rather
+than heat, and yet by the intellectual force with which they insisted on
+the right direction of social reform, also stirred the very impulse
+which made men desire social reform. The most illustrious of this body
+was undoubtedly John Mill; because to accurate political science he
+added a fervid and vibrating social sympathy, and a power of quickening
+it in the best minds of a scientific turn. It is odd, by the way, that
+Miss Martineau, while so lavish in deserved panegyric on Carlyle,
+should be so grudging and disparaging in the case of Mill, with whom her
+intellectual affinities must have been closer than with any other of her
+contemporaries. The translator of Comte's _Positive Philosophy_ had
+better reasons than most people for thinking well of the services of the
+author of the _System of Logic_: it was certainly the latter book which
+did more than any other to prepare the minds of the English philosophic
+public for the former.
+
+It is creditable to Miss Martineau's breadth of sympathy that she should
+have left on record the tribute of her admiration for Carlyle, for
+nobody has written so harshly as Carlyle on the subject which interested
+Harriet Martineau more passionately than any other events of her time.
+In 1834 she had finished her series of illustrations of political
+economy; her domestic life was fretted by the unreasonable exigences of
+her mother; London society had perhaps begun to weary her, and she felt
+the need of a change of scene. The United States, with the old European
+institutions placed amid new conditions, were then as now a natural
+object of interest to everybody with a keen feeling for social
+improvement. So to the Western Republic Miss Martineau turned her face.
+She had not been long in the States before she began to feel that the
+Abolitionists, at that moment a despised and persecuted handful of men
+and women, were the truly moral and regenerating party in the country.
+Harriet Martineau no sooner felt this conviction driving out her former
+prejudice against them as fanatical and impracticable, than she at once
+bore public testimony, at serious risk of every kind to herself, in
+favour of the extreme Anti-Slavery agitators. And for thirty years she
+never slackened her sympathy nor her energetic action on English public
+opinion, in this most vital matter of her time. She was guided not
+merely by humanitarian disgust at the cruel and brutal abominations of
+slavery,--though we know no reason why this alone should not be a
+sufficient ground for turning Abolitionist,--but also on the more purely
+political ground of the cowardice, silence, corruption, and hypocrisy
+that were engendered in the Free States by purchased connivance at the
+peculiar institution of the Slave States. Nobody has yet traced out the
+full effect upon the national character of the Americans of all those
+years of conscious complicity in slavery, after the moral iniquity of
+slavery had become clear to the inner conscience of the very men who
+ignobly sanctioned the mobbing of Abolitionists.
+
+In the summer of 1836 Miss Martineau returned to England, having added
+this great question to the stock of her foremost objects of interest and
+concern. Such additions, whether literary or social, are the best kind
+of refreshment that travel supplies. She published two books on America:
+one of them abstract and quasi-scientific, _Society in America_; the
+other, _A Retrospect of Western Travel_, of a lighter and more purely
+descriptive quality. Their success with the public was moderate, and in
+after years she condemned them in very plain language, the first of them
+especially as 'full of affectations and preachments.' Their only
+service, and it was not inconsiderable, was the information which they
+circulated as to the condition of slavery and of the country under it.
+We do not suppose that they are worth reading at the present day, except
+from a historical point of view. But they are really good specimens of a
+kind of literature which is not abundant, and yet which is of the utmost
+value--we mean the record of the sociological observation of a country
+by a competent traveller, who stays long enough in the country, has
+access to the right persons of all kinds, and will take pains enough to
+mature his judgments. It was a happy idea of O'Connell's to suggest that
+she should go over to Ireland, and write such an account of that country
+as she had written of the United States. And we wish at this very hour
+that some one as competent as Miss Martineau would do what O'Connell
+wished her to do. A similar request came to her from Milan: why should
+she not visit Lombardy, and then tell Europe the true tale of Austrian
+rule?
+
+But after her American journey Miss Martineau felt a very easily
+intelligible desire to change the literary field. For many years she had
+been writing almost entirely about fact: and the constraint of the
+effort to be always correct, and to bear without solicitude the
+questioning of her correctness, had become burdensome. She felt the
+danger of losing nerve and becoming morbidly fearful of criticism on
+the one hand, and of growing narrow and mechanical about accuracy on the
+other. 'I longed inexpressibly,' she says, 'for the liberty of fiction,
+while occasionally doubting whether I had the power to use that freedom
+as I could have done ten years before.' The product of this new mental
+phase was _Deerbrook_, which was published in the spring of 1839.
+_Deerbrook_ is a story of an English country village, its petty feuds,
+its gentilities, its chances and changes of fortune. The influence of
+Jane Austen's stories is seen in every chapter; but Harriet Martineau
+had none of the easy flow, the pleasant humour, the light-handed irony
+of her model, any more than she had the energetic and sustained
+imaginative power of Charlotte or Emily Brontë. There is playfulness
+enough in _Deerbrook_, but it is too deliberate to remind us of the
+crooning involuntary playfulness of _Pride and Prejudice_ or _Sense and
+Sensibility_. _Deerbrook_ is not in the least a story with a moral; it
+is truly and purely a piece of art; yet we are conscious of the serious
+spirit of the social reformer as haunting the background, and only
+surrendering the scene for reasons of its own. On the other hand, there
+is in _Deerbrook_ a gravity of moral reflection that Jane Austen,
+whether wisely or unwisely, seldom or never attempts. In this respect
+_Deerbrook_ is the distant forerunner of some of George Eliot's most
+characteristic work. Distant, because George Eliot's moralising is
+constantly suffused by the broad light of a highly poetic imagination,
+and this was in no degree among Miss Martineau's gifts. Still there is
+something above the flat touch of the common didactic in such a page as
+that in which (chapter xix.) she describes the case of 'the
+unamiable--the only order of evil ones who suffer hell without seeing
+and knowing that it is hell: nay, they are under a heavier curse than
+even this, they inflict torments second only to their own, with an
+unconsciousness worthy of spirits of light.' However, when all is said,
+we may agree that this is one of the books that give a rational person
+pleasure once, but which we hardly look forward to reading again.
+
+Shortly after the publication of her first novel, Miss Martineau was
+seized by a serious internal malady, from which recovery seemed
+hopeless. According to her usual practice of taking her life
+deliberately in her hands, and settling its conditions for herself,
+instead of letting things drift as they might, she insisted on declining
+the hospitable shelter pressed upon her by a near relative, on the
+excellent ground that it is wrong for an invalid to impose restraints
+upon a healthy household. She proceeded to establish herself in lodgings
+at Tynemouth, on the coast of Northumberland. Here she lay on a couch
+for nearly five years, seeing as few persons as might be, and working at
+such literary matters as came into her head with steadfast industry and
+fortitude. The ordeal was hard, but the little book that came of it,
+_Life in a Sickroom_, remains to show the moods in which the ordeal was
+borne.
+
+At length Miss Martineau was induced to try mesmerism as a possible cure
+for her disease, and what is certain is, that after trying mesmeric
+treatment, the invalid whom the doctors had declared incurable shortly
+recovered as perfect health as she had ever known. A virulent
+controversy arose upon the case, for, by some curious law, physicians
+are apt to import into professional disputes a heat and bitterness at
+least as marked as that of their old enemies, the theologians. It was
+said that Miss Martineau had begun to improve before she was mesmerised,
+and what was still more to the point, that she had been taking heavy
+doses of iodine. 'It is beyond all question or dispute,' as Voltaire
+said, 'that magic words and ceremonies are quite capable of most
+effectually destroying a whole flock of sheep, if the words be
+accompanied by a sufficient quantity of arsenic.'
+
+Mesmerism was indirectly the means of bringing Miss Martineau into an
+intimate acquaintance with a gentleman, who soon began to exert a
+decisive influence upon the most important of her opinions. Mr. Atkinson
+is still alive, and we need not say much about him. He seems to have
+been a grave and sincere person, using his mind with courageous
+independence upon the great speculative problems which were not in 1844,
+as they are in 1877, the common topics of every-day intercourse among
+educated people. This is not the place for an examination of the
+philosophy in which Miss Martineau was finally landed by Mr. Atkinson's
+influence. That philosophy was given to the world in 1851, in a volume
+called _Letters on the Laws of Man's Nature and Development_. The
+greater part of it was written by Mr. Atkinson in reply to short
+letters, in which Miss Martineau stated objections and propounded
+questions. The book points in the direction of that explanation of the
+facts of the universe which is now so familiar under the name of
+Evolution. But it points in this way only, as the once famous _Vestiges
+of Creation_ pointed towards the scientific hypotheses of Darwin and
+Wallace; or as Buckle's crude and superficial notions about the history
+of civilisation pointed towards a true and complete conception of
+sociology. That is to say, the Atkinson Letters state some of the
+difficulties in the way of the explanations of life and motion hitherto
+received as satisfactory; they insist upon approaching the facts
+exclusively by the positive, Baconian, or inductive method; and then
+they hurry to an explanation of their own, which may be as plausible as
+that which they intend it to replace, but which they leave equally
+without ordered proof and strict verification.
+
+The only point to which we are called upon to refer is that this way of
+thinking about man and the rest of nature led to repudiation by Miss
+Martineau of the whole structure of dogmatic theology. For one thing,
+she ceased to hold the conception of a God with any human attributes
+whatever; also of any principle or practice of Design; 'of an
+administration of life according to human wishes, or of the affairs of
+the world by the principles of human morals.' All these became to her
+as mere visions; beliefs necessary in their day, but not philosophically
+nor permanently true. Miss Martineau was not an Atheist in the
+philosophic sense; she never denied a First Cause, but only that this
+Cause is within the sphere of human attributes, or can be defined in
+their terms.
+
+Then, for another thing, she ceased to believe in the probability of
+there being a continuance of conscious individual life after the
+dissolution of the body. With this, of course, fell all expectation of a
+state of personal rewards and punishments. 'The real and justifiable and
+honourable subject of interest,' she said, 'to human beings, living and
+dying, is the welfare of their fellows surrounding them or surviving
+them.' About that she cared supremely, and about nothing else did she
+bring herself to care at all. It is painful to many people even to hear
+of a person holding such beliefs as these. Yet it would plainly be the
+worst kind of spiritual valetudinarianism to insist on the omission from
+even the shortest account of this remarkable woman, of what became the
+very basis and foundation of her life for those thirty years of it,
+which she herself always counted the happiest part of the whole.
+
+Although it was Mr. Atkinson who finally provided her with a positive
+substitute for her older beliefs, yet a journey which Miss Martineau
+made in the East shortly after her restoration to health (1846) had done
+much to build up in her mind a historic conception of the origin and
+order of the great faiths of mankind--the Christian, the Hebrew, the
+Mahometan, the old Egyptian. We need not say more on this subject. The
+work in which she published the experiences of the journey which was
+always so memorable to her, deserves a word. There are few more
+delightful books of travel than _Eastern Life, Past and Present_. The
+descriptions are admirably graphic, and they have the attraction of
+making their effect by a few direct strokes, without any of the wordy
+elaboration of our modern picturesque. The writer shows a true feeling
+for nature, and she shows a vigorous sense, which is not merely pretty
+sentiment, like Chateaubriand's, for the vast historic associations of
+those old lands and dim cradles of the race. All is sterling and real;
+we are aware that the elevated reflection and the meditative stroke are
+not due to mere composition, but did actually pass through her mind as
+the suggestive wonders passed before her eyes. And hence there is no jar
+as we find a little homily on the advantage of being able to iron your
+own linen on a Nile boat, followed by a lofty page on the mighty pair of
+solemn figures that gaze as from eternity on time amid the sand at
+Thebes. The whole, one may say again, is sterling and real, both the
+elevation and the homeliness. The student of the history of opinion may
+find some interest in comparing Miss Martineau's work with the famous
+book, _Ruins; or, Meditations on the Revolutions of Empires_, in which
+Volney, between fifty and sixty years before, had drawn equally
+dissolvent conclusions with her own from the same panorama of the dead
+ages. Perhaps Miss Martineau's history is not much better than Volney's,
+but her brisk sense is preferable to Volney's high _à priori_
+declamation and artificial rhetoric.
+
+Before starting for the East, Miss Martineau had settled a new plan of
+life for herself, and built a little house where she thought she could
+best carry her plan out. To this little house she returned, and it
+became her cherished home for the long remainder of her days. London,
+during the years of her first success, had not been without its usual
+attractions to the new-comer, but she had always been alive to the
+essential incompleteness, the dispersion, the want of steadfast
+self-collection, in a life much passed in London society. And we may
+believe that the five austere and lonely years at Tynemouth, with their
+evening outlook over the busy waters of the harbour-bar into the stern
+far-off sea, may have slowly bred in her an unwillingness to plunge
+again into the bustling triviality, the gossip, the distracting
+lightness of the world of splendid fireflies. To have discerned the Pale
+Horse so near and for so long a space awakens new moods, and strangely
+alters the old perspectives of our life. Yet it would imply a
+misunderstanding of Harriet Martineau's character to suppose that she
+turned her back upon London, and built her pretty hermitage at
+Ambleside, in anything like the temper of Jean Jacques Rousseau. She was
+far too positive a spirit for that, and far too full of vivid and
+concentrated interest in men and their doings. It would be unjust to
+think of Harriet Martineau as having no ear for the inner voices, yet
+her whole nature was objective; it turned to practice and not to
+reverie. She had her imaginative visions, as we know, and as all truly
+superior minds have them, even though their main superiority happens to
+be in the practical order. But her visions were limited as a landscape
+set in a rigid frame; they had not the wings that soar and poise in the
+vague unbounded empyrean. And she was much too sensible to think that
+these moods were strong, or constant, or absorbing enough in her case to
+furnish material and companionship for a life from day to day and year
+to year. Nor again was it for the sake of undisturbed acquisition of
+knowledge, nor cultivation of her finer faculties that she sought a
+hermitage. She was not moved by thought of the famous maxim which Goethe
+puts into the mouth of Leonore--
+
+    Es bildet ein Talent sich in der Stille,
+    Sich ein Charakter in dem Strom der Welt.
+
+Though an intense egotist, in the good and respectable sense of
+insisting on her own way of doing things, of settling for herself what
+it was that she was living for, and of treading the path with a firm and
+self-reliant step, yet Harriet Martineau was as little of an egotist as
+ever lived, in the poor and stifling sense of thinking of the perfecting
+of her own culture as in the least degree worthy of ranking among
+Ends-in-themselves. She settled in the Lake district, because she
+thought that there she would be most favourably placed for satisfying
+the various conditions which she had fixed as necessary to her scheme of
+life. 'My own idea of an innocent and happy life,' she says, 'was a
+house of my own among poor improvable neighbours, with young servants
+whom I might train and attach to myself, with pure air, a garden,
+leisure, solitude at command, and freedom to work in peace and
+quietness.'
+
+'It is the wisest step in her life,' Wordsworth said, when he heard that
+she had bought a piece of land and built a pretty house upon it; and
+then he added the strangely unpoetic reason--'because the value of the
+property will be doubled in ten years.' Her poetic neighbour gave her a
+characteristic piece of advice in the same prudential vein. He warned
+her that she would find visitors a great expense. 'When you have a
+visitor,' he said, 'you must do as we did; you must say: "If you like to
+have a cup of tea with us, you are very welcome; but if you want any
+meat, you must pay for your board."' Miss Martineau declined to carry
+thrift to this ungracious extremity. She constantly had guests in her
+house, and, if they were all like Charlotte Brontë, they enjoyed their
+visits in spite of the arbitrary ways of their energetic hostess.
+
+Her manner of life during these years is pleasant to contemplate;
+cheerful, active, thoroughly wholesome. 'My habit,' she says, 'was to
+rise at six and to take a walk, returning to my solitary breakfast at
+half-past seven. My household orders were given for the day, and all
+affairs settled out of doors and in by a quarter or half-past eight,
+when I went to work, which I continued without interruption, except from
+the post, till three o'clock or later, when alone. While my friend was
+with me we dined at two, and that was of course the limit of my day's
+work.' De Tocqueville, if we remember, never saw his guests until after
+he had finished his morning's work, of which he had done six hours by
+eleven o'clock. Schopenhauer was still more sensitive to the jar of
+external interruption on that finely-tuned instrument, the brain, after
+a night's repose, for it was as much as his housekeeper's place was
+worth to allow either herself or any one else to appear to the
+philosopher before midday. After the early dinner at Ambleside cottage
+came little bits of neighbourly business, exercise, and so forth. 'It is
+with singular alacrity that in winter evenings I light the lamp and
+unroll my wool-work, and meditate or dream till the arrival of the
+newspaper tells me that the tea has stood long enough. After tea, if
+there was news from the seat of war, I called in my maids, who brought
+down the great atlas and studied the chances of the campaign with me.
+Then there was an hour or two for Montaigne, or Bacon, or Shakespeare,
+or Tennyson, or some dear old biography.'
+
+The only productions of this time worth mentioning are the _History of
+the Thirty Years' Peace_ (1849) and the condensed version of Comte's
+_Positive Philosophy_ (1853), both of them meritorious and useful pieces
+of work, and both of them undertaken, as nearly all Miss Martineau's
+work was, not from merely literary motives, but because she thought that
+they would be meritorious and useful, and because nothing more useful
+came into her head or under her hand at the moment. The condensation of
+Comte is easy and rapid, and it is said by those who have looked very
+closely into it to be hardly free from some too hasty renderings. It
+must, however, on the whole, be pronounced a singularly intelligent and
+able performance. The pace at which Comte was able to compose is a
+standing marvel to all who have pondered the great and difficult art of
+composition. It must be admitted that the author of the English version
+of him was in this respect no unworthy match for her original. Miss
+Martineau tells us that she despatched the last three volumes, which
+number over 1800 pages, in some five months. She thought the rendering
+of thirty pages of Comte a fair morning's work. If we consider the
+abstract and difficult nature of the matter, this must be pronounced
+something of a feat. We have not space to describe her method, but any
+reader who happens to be interested in the mechanism of literary
+productions will find the passage in vol. ii. p. 391. _The History of
+the Thirty Years' Peace_ is no less astonishing an example of rapid
+industry. From the first opening of the books to study for the history
+to the depositing of the MS. of the first volume at press, was exactly
+six months. The second volume took six months to do, with an interval of
+some weeks of holiday and other work!
+
+We think all this worth mentioning, because it is an illustration of
+what is a highly important maxim; namely, that it is a great mistake to
+expend more time and labour on a piece of composition than is enough to
+make it serve the purpose in hand. The immeasurable moment and
+far-reachingness of the very highest kinds of literature are apt to make
+men who play at being students forget there are many other kinds of
+literature which are not in the least immeasurably far-reaching, but
+which, for all that, are extremely useful in their own day and
+generation. Those highly fastidious and indolent people, who sometimes
+live at Oxford and Cambridge, with whom, indeed, for the most part,
+their high fastidiousness is only a fine name for impotence and lack of
+will, forget that the less immortal kinds of literature are the only
+kinds within their own reach. Literature is no doubt a fine art--the
+finest of the arts--but it is also a practical art; and it is deplorable
+to think how much stout, instructive work might and ought to be done by
+people who, in dreaming of ideals in prose or verse beyond their
+attainment, end, like the poor Casaubon of fiction, in a little pamphlet
+on a particle, or else in mediocre poetry, or else in nothing. By
+insisting on rearing nothing short of a great monument more durable than
+brass, they are cutting themselves off from building the useful little
+mud-hut, or some of the other modest performances by which only they are
+capable of serving their age. It is only one volume in a million that is
+not meant to perish, and to perish soon, as flowers, sunbeams, and all
+the other brightnesses of the earth are meant to perish. There are some
+forms of composition in which perfection is not only good but
+indispensable. But the most are designed for the purpose of a day, and
+if they have the degree of elaboration, accuracy, grasp, and
+faithfulness that suffice for the given purpose, then we may say that it
+is enough. There is literature proper, for which only two or three men
+and women in a generation have the true gift. This cannot be too good.
+But besides this there is a mass of honest and needful work to be done
+with the pen, to which literary form is only accidental, and in which
+consummate literary finish or depth is a sheer work of supererogation.
+If Miss Martineau had given twice as many years as she gave months to
+the condensation of Comte, the book would not have been a whit more
+useful in any possible respect--indeed, over-elaboration might easily
+have made it much less so--and the world would have lost many other
+excellent, if not dazzling or stupendous services.
+
+'Her original power,' she wrote of herself in that manly and outspoken
+obituary notice to which we have already referred, 'was nothing more
+than was due to earnestness and intellectual clearness within a certain
+range. With small imaginative and suggestive powers, and therefore
+nothing approaching to genius, she could see clearly what she did see,
+and give a clear expression to what she had to say. In short, she could
+popularise, while she could neither discover nor invent.... She could
+obtain and keep a firm grasp of her own views, and moreover she could
+make them understood. The function of her life was to do this, and in as
+far as it was done diligently and honestly, her life was of use.' All
+this is precisely true, and her life was of great use; and that makes
+what she says not only true, but an example worth much weighing by many
+of those who meddle with literature.
+
+Miss Martineau was never tired of trying to be useful in directing and
+improving opinion. She did not disdain the poor neighbours at her gates.
+She got them to establish a Building Society, she set them an example of
+thrifty and profitable management by her little farm of two acres, and
+she gave them interesting and cheerful courses of lectures in the winter
+evenings. All this time her eye was vigilant for the great affairs of
+the world. In 1852 she began to write leading articles for the _Daily
+News_, and in this department her industry and her aptitude were such
+that at times she wrote as many as six leading articles in a week. When
+she died, it was computed that she had written sixteen hundred. They are
+now all dead enough, as they were meant to die, but they made an
+impression that is still alive in its consequences upon some of the most
+important social, political, and economical matters of five-and-twenty
+important years. In what was by far the greatest of all the issues of
+those years, the Civil War in the United States, Harriet Martineau's
+influence was of the most inestimable value in keeping public opinion
+right against the strong tide of ignorant Southern sympathies in this
+country. If she may seem to some to have been less right in her views of
+the Crimean War, we must admit that the issues were very complex, and
+that complete assurance on that struggle is not easy to everybody even
+at this distance of time.
+
+To this period belong the Biographic Sketches which she contributed to a
+London newspaper. They have since been collected in a single volume, now
+in its fourth edition. They are masterpieces in the style of the
+vignette. Their conciseness, their clearness in fact, their definiteness
+in judgment, and above all, the rightly graduated impression of the
+writer's own personality in the background, make them perfect in their
+kind. There is no fretting away of the portrait in over-multiplicity of
+lines and strokes. Here more than anywhere else Miss Martineau shows the
+true quality of the writer, the true mark of literature, the sense of
+proportion, the modulated sentence, the compact and suggestive phrase.
+There is a happy precision, a pithy brevity, a condensed
+argumentativeness. And this literary skill is made more telling by the
+writer's own evident interest and sincerity about the real lives and
+characters of the various conspicuous people with whom she deals. It may
+be said that she has no subtle insight into the complexities of human
+nature, and that her philosophy of character is rather too little
+analytical, too downright, too content with averages of motive, and too
+external. This is so in a general way, but it does not spoil the charm
+of these sketches, because the personages concerned, though all of them
+conspicuous, were for the most part commonplace in motive, though more
+than commonplace in strength of faculty. Subtle analysis is wholly
+unreasonable in the case of Miss Martineau herself, and she would
+probably have been unable to use that difficult instrument in
+criticising characters less downright and objective than her own.
+
+The moment of the Crimean War marked an alarming event in her own life.
+The doctors warned her that she had a heart disease which would end her
+days suddenly and soon. Miss Martineau at once set her affairs in order,
+and sat down to write her Autobiography. She had the manuscript put into
+type, and the sheets finally printed off, just as we now possess them.
+But the hour was not yet. The doctors had exaggerated the peril, and the
+strong woman lived for twenty years after she had been given up. She
+used up the stuff of her life to the very end, and left no dreary
+remnant nor morbid waste of days. She was like herself to the
+last--English, practical, positive. Yet she had thoughts and visions
+which were more than this. We like to think of this faithful woman and
+veteran worker in good causes, in the stroll which she always took on
+her terrace before retiring to rest for the night:--
+
+'On my terrace there were two worlds extended bright before me, even
+when the midnight darkness hid from my bodily eyes all but the outlines
+of the solemn mountains that surround our valley on three sides, and the
+clear opening to the lake on the south. In the one of those worlds I saw
+now the magnificent coast of Massachusetts in autumn, or the flowery
+swamps of Louisiana, or the forests of Georgia in spring, or the
+Illinois prairie in summer; or the blue Nile, or the brown Sinai, or the
+gorgeous Petra, or the view of Damascus from the Salahiey; or the Grand
+Canal under a Venetian sunset, or the Black Forest in twilight, or Malta
+in the glare of noon, or the broad desert stretching away under the
+stars, or the Red Sea tossing its superb shells on shore in the pale
+dawn. That is one world, all comprehended within my terrace wall, and
+coming up into the light at my call. The other and finer scenery is of
+that world, only beginning to be explored, of Science.... It is truly an
+exquisite pleasure to dream, after the toil of study, on the sublime
+abstractions of mathematics; the transcendent scenery unrolled by
+astronomy; the mysterious, invisible forces dimly hinted to us by
+physics; the new conception of the constitution of matter originated by
+chemistry; and then, the inestimable glimpses opened to us, in regard to
+the nature and destiny of man, by the researches into vegetable and
+animal organisation, which are at length perceived to be the right path
+of inquiry into the highest subjects of thought.... Wondrous beyond the
+comprehension of any one mind is the mass of glorious facts and the
+series of mighty conceptions laid open; but the shadow of the
+surrounding darkness rests upon it all. The unknown always engrosses the
+greater part of the field of vision, and the awe of infinity sanctifies
+both the study and the dream.'
+
+It would be a pity if difference of opinion upon subjects of profound
+difficulty, remoteness, and manifold perplexity, were to prevent any one
+from recognising in such words and such moods as these what was, in
+spite of some infirmities, a character of many large thoughts and much
+generous purpose. And with this feeling we may part from her.
+
+                   *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Transcriber's Note:
+  The following changes have been made to the text.
+
+  Sich ein Charakter im dem Strom der Welt.
+  has been changed to:
+  Sich ein Charakter in dem Strom der Welt.
+
+  literature which are are not in the least immeasurably far-reaching, but
+  has been changed to:
+  literature which are not in the least immeasurably far-reaching, but
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 3 of 3), by John Morley
+
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+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Critical Miscellanies, Vol. III,
+      Essay 6: Harriet Martineau, by John Morley.
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css">
+/*<![CDATA[  XML blockout */
+<!--
+    p {  margin-top: .75em;
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+    table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;}
+
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+
+
+<pre>
+
+Project Gutenberg's Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 3 of 3), by John Morley
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 3 of 3)
+       Essay 6: Harriet Martineau
+
+Author: John Morley
+
+Release Date: June 14, 2008 [EBook #25793]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CRITICAL MISCELLANIES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Paul Murray, Kit Ellis and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+
+  <h1>CRITICAL<br /><br />
+  MISCELLANIES</h1>
+
+  <h4>BY</h4>
+
+  <h2>JOHN MORLEY</h2>
+
+  <h3>VOL. III.</h3>
+
+
+  <h3>ESSAY 6: HARRIET MARTINEAU</h3>
+
+
+<p class="center">London<br />
+
+MACMILLAN AND CO., <span class="smcap">Limited</span><br />
+
+NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY<br />
+
+1904
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="HARRIET_MARTINEAU"></a>HARRIET MARTINEAU.</h2>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="65%" cellspacing="0" summary="CONTENTS">
+<tr><td align='left'> Introductory</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_175'><b>175</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'> Early days</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_178'><b>178</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Literary ordeal</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_180'><b>180</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Success of the Tales on Political Economy</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_181'><b>181</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Her feeling, not literary, but truly social</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_182'><b>182</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>London Society (1832)</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_184'><b>184</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Character of her judgments on Men</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_187'><b>187</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Whigs</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_188'><b>188</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Carlyle's influence</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_189'><b>189</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interest in American slavery</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_192'><b>192</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Her first novel</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_194'><b>194</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Atkinson Letters</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_196'><b>196</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Her new religious opinions</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_197'><b>197</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Eastern travels</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_199'><b>199</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Retirement to the Lakes</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_200'><b>200</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Her manner of life</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_202'><b>202</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Translation of Comte</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_204'><b>204</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Her right estimate of literary work</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_205'><b>205</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Her Biographic Sketches</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_208'><b>208</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Characteristics</td><td align='left'><a href='#Page_210'><b>210</b></a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="HARRIET_MARTINEAU" id="HARRIET_MARTINEAU1"></a>HARRIET MARTINEAU.</h2>
+
+
+<p>In 1850 Charlotte Bront&euml; paid a visit to Harriet Martineau at Ambleside,
+and she wrote to her friends various emphatic accounts of her hostess.
+'Without adopting her theories,' Miss Bront&euml; said, 'I yet find a worth
+and greatness in herself, and a consistency, benevolence, perseverance
+in her practice, such as wins the sincerest esteem and affection. She is
+not a person to be judged by her writings alone, but rather by her own
+deeds and life, than which nothing can be more exemplary or noble.'</p>
+
+<p>The division which Miss Bront&euml; thus makes between opinions and
+character, and again between literary production and character, is at
+the root of any just criticism of the two volumes of autobiography which
+have just been given to the public. Of the third volume, <i>The
+Memorials</i>, by Mrs. Chapman, it is impossible to say anything serious.
+Mrs. Chapman fought an admirable fight in the dark times of American
+history for the abolition of slavery, but unhappily she is without
+literary gifts; and this third volume is one more illustration of the
+folly of entrusting the composition of biography to persons who have
+only<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> the wholly irrelevant claim of intimate friendship, or kinship, or
+sympathy in public causes. The qualification for a biographer is not in
+the least that he is a virtuous person, or a second cousin, or a dear
+friend, or a trusty colleague; but that he knows how to write a book,
+has tact, style, taste, considerateness, sense of proportion, and a good
+eye for the beginnings and ends of things. The third volume, then, tells
+us little about the person to whom they relate. The two volumes of
+autobiography tell all that we can seek to know, and the reader who
+judges them in an equitable spirit will be ready to allow that, when all
+is said that can be said of her hardness, arbitrariness, and insularity,
+Harriet Martineau is still a singular and worthy figure among the
+conspicuous personages of a generation that has now almost vanished.
+Some will wonder how it was that her literary performances acquired so
+little of permanent value. Others will be pained by the distinct
+repudiation of all theology, avowed by her with a simple and courageous
+directness that can scarcely be counted other than honourable to her.
+But everybody will admit, as Charlotte Bront&euml; did, that though her books
+are not of the first nor of the second rank, and though her
+anti-theological opinions are to many so repugnant, yet behind books and
+opinions was a remarkable personality, a sure eye for social realities,
+a moral courage that never flinched; a strong judgment within its
+limits; a vigorous self-reliance both in opinion and act, which yet did
+not prevent a habit of the most<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> neutral self-judgment; the commonplace
+virtues of industry and energy devoted to aims too elevated, and too
+large and generous, to be commonplace; a splendid sincerity, a
+magnificent love of truth. And that all these fine qualities, which
+would mostly be described as manly, should exist not in a man but a
+woman, and in a woman who discharged admirably such feminine duties as
+fell to her, fills up the measure of our interest in such a character.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Harriet Martineau was born at Norwich in 1802, and she died, as we all
+remember, in the course of the summer of 1876. Few people have lived so
+long as three-quarters of a century, and undergone so little substantial
+change of character, amid some very important changes of opinion. Her
+family was Unitarian, and family life was in her case marked by some of
+that stiffness, that severity, that chilly rigour, with which Unitarians
+are sometimes taxed by religionists of a more ecstatic doctrine. Her
+childhood was very unhappy; the household seems to have been unamiable,
+and she was treated with none of that tenderness and sympathy for which
+firm and defiant natures are apt to yearn as strongly as others that get
+the credit of greater sensibility. With that singular impulse to suicide
+which is frequent among children, though rarer with girls than boys, she
+went one day into the kitchen for the carving-knife, that she might cut
+her throat; luckily the servants were at dinner, and the child
+retreated. Deafness, which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> proved incurable, began to afflict her
+before she was sixteen. A severe, harsh, and mournful kind of
+religiosity seized her, and this 'abominable spiritual rigidity,' as she
+calls it, confirmed all the gloomy predispositions of her mind. She
+learned a good deal, mastering Latin, French, and Italian in good time;
+and reading much in her own tongue, including constant attention to the
+Bible, with all sorts of commentaries and explanations, such as those of
+us who were brought up in a certain spiritual atmosphere have only too
+good reasons never to forget. This expansion of intellectual interest,
+however, did not make her less silent, less low in her spirits, less
+full of vague and anxious presentiment. The reader is glad when these
+ungracious years of youth are at an end, and the demands of active life
+stirred Harriet Martineau's energies into vigorous work.</p>
+
+<p>In 1822 her father died, and seven years later his widow and his
+daughters lost at a single blow nearly all that they had in the world.
+Before this event, which really proved to be a blessing in the disguise
+of a catastrophe, Harriet Martineau had written a number of slight
+pieces. They had been printed, and received a certain amount of
+recognition. They were of a religious cast, as was natural in one with
+whom religious literature, and religious life and observance, had
+hitherto taken in the whole sphere of her continual experience.
+<i>Traditions of Palestine</i> and <i>Devotional Exercises</i> are titles that
+tell their own tale, and we may be sure that their authoress was still
+at the antipodean point<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> of the positive philosophy in which she ended
+her speculative journey. She still clung undoubtingly to what she had
+been brought up to believe when she won three prizes for essays intended
+to present Unitarianism to the notice of Jews, of Catholics, and of
+Mahometans. Her success in these and similar efforts turned her mind
+more decidedly towards literature as a profession.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Martineau is at some pains to assure us on several occasions that
+it was the need of utterance now and always that drove her to write, and
+that money, although welcome when it came, was never her motive. This
+perhaps a little savours of affectation. Nobody would dream of
+suspecting Miss Martineau of writing anything that she did not believe
+to be true or useful merely for the sake of money. But there is plenty
+of evidence that the prospect of payment stirred her to true and useful
+work, as it does many other authors by profession, and as it does the
+followers of all professions whatever. She puts the case fairly enough
+in another place (i. 422):&mdash;'Every author is in a manner an adventurer;
+and no one was ever more decidedly so than myself; but the difference
+between one kind of adventurer and another is, I believe, simply
+this&mdash;that the one has something to say which presses for utterance, and
+is uttered at length without a view to future fortunes; while the other
+has a sort of general inclination towards literature, without any
+specific need of utterance, and a very definite desire for the honours
+and rewards of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span> the literary career.' Even in the latter case, however,
+honest journeyman's work enough is done in literature by men and women
+who seek nothing higher than a reputable source of income. Miss
+Martineau did, no doubt, seek objects far higher and more generous than
+income, but she lived on the income which literature brought to her; and
+there seems a certain failure of her usually admirable common sense in
+making any ado about so simple a matter. When doctors and counsel refuse
+their guineas, and the parson declines a stipend, it will be quite soon
+enough for the author to be especially anxious to show that he has a
+right to regard money much as the rest of the human race regard it.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Martineau underwent the harsh ordeal which awaits most literary
+aspirants. She had a scheme in her head for a long series of short tales
+to illustrate some of the propositions of political economy. She trudged
+about London day after day, through mud and fog, with weary limbs and
+anxious heart, as many an author has done before and since. The times
+were bad; cholera was abroad; people were full of apprehension and
+concern about the Reform Bill; and the publishers looked coldly on a
+doubtful venture. Miss Martineau talks none of the conventional nonsense
+about the cruelty and stupidity of publishers. What she says is this: 'I
+have always been anxious to extend to young or struggling authors the
+sort of aid which would have been so precious to me in that winter of
+1829-1830, and I know that, in above twenty years, I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> have never
+succeeded but once.' One of the most distinguished editors in London,
+who had charge of a periodical for many years, told us what comes to the
+same thing, namely, that in no single case during all these years did a
+volunteer contributor of real quality, or with any promise of eminence,
+present himself or herself. So many hundreds think themselves called so
+few are chosen. In Miss Martineau's case, however, the trade made a
+mistake. When at length she found some one to go halves with her in the
+enterprise, on terms extremely disadvantageous to herself, the first of
+her tales was published (1832), and instantly had a prodigious success.
+The sale ran up to more than ten thousand of each monthly volume. In
+that singular autobiographical sketch of herself which Miss Martineau
+prepared for a London paper, to be printed as her obituary notice, she
+pronounced a judgment upon this work which more disinterested, though
+not more impartial, critics will confirm. Her own unalterable view, she
+says, of what the work could and could not effect, 'prevented her from
+expecting too much from it, either in regard to its social operations or
+its influence on her own fame. The original idea of exhibiting the great
+natural laws of society by a series of pictures of selected social
+action was a fortunate one; and her tales initiated a multitude of minds
+into the conception of what political economy is, and how it concerns
+everybody living in society. Beyond this there is no merit of a high
+order in the work. It popularised in a fresh form<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> some doctrines and
+many truths long before made public by others.' James Mill, one of the
+acutest economists of the day, and one of the most vigorous and original
+characters of that or any other day, had foretold failure; but when the
+time came, he very handsomely admitted that his prophecy had been rash.
+In after years, when Miss Martineau had acquired from Comte a conception
+of the growth and movement of societies as a whole, with their economic
+conditions controlled and constantly modified by a multitude of other
+conditions of various kinds, she rated the science of her earlier days
+very low. Even in those days, however, she says: 'I believe I should not
+have been greatly surprised or displeased to have perceived, even then,
+that the pretended science is no science at all, strictly speaking; and
+that so many of its parts must undergo essential change, that it may be
+a question whether future generations will owe much more to it than the
+benefit (inestimable, to be sure) of establishing the grand truth that
+social affairs proceed according to general laws, no less than natural
+phenomena of every kind' (<i>Autob.</i> ii. 245).</p>
+
+<p>Harriet Martineau was not of the class of writers, most of them terribly
+unprofitable, who merely say literary things about social organisation,
+its institutions, and their improvement. Her feeling about society was
+less literary than scientific: it was not sentimental, but the
+business-like quality of a good administrator. She was moved less by
+pity or by any sense of the pathos and the hardness of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> world, than
+by a sensible and energetic interest in good government and in the
+rational and convenient ordering of things. Her tales to illustrate the
+truths of political economy are what might be expected from a writer of
+this character. They are far from being wanting&mdash;many of them&mdash;in the
+genuine interest of good story-telling. They are rapid, definite, and
+without a trace of either slovenliness or fatigue. We are amazed as we
+think of the speed and prompt regularity with which they were produced;
+and the fertile ingenuity with which the pill of political economy is
+wrapped up in the confectionery of a tale, may stand as a marvel of true
+cleverness and inventive dexterity. Of course, of imagination or
+invention in a high sense there is not a trace. Such a quality was not
+in the gifts of the writer, nor could it in any case have worked within
+such limitations as those set by the matter and the object of the
+series.</p>
+
+<p>Literary success was followed in the usual order by social temptation.
+Miss Martineau removed from Norwich to London, and she had good reasons
+for making the change. Her work dealt with matters of a political kind,
+and she could only secure a real knowledge of what was best worth saying
+by intercourse with those who had a better point of view for a survey of
+the social state of England than could be found in a provincial town
+like Norwich. So far as evening parties went, Miss Martineau soon
+perceived how little 'essential difference there is between the extreme
+case of a cathedral city and that of literary London, or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> any other
+place, where dissipation takes the turn of book-talk instead of dancing
+or masquerading.' She went out to dinner every night except Sundays, and
+saw all the most interesting people of the London of five-and-forty
+years ago. While she was free from presumptuousness in her judgments,
+she was just as free from a foolish willingness to take the reputations
+of her hour on trust. Her attitude was friendly and sensible, but it was
+at the same time critical and independent; and that is what every frank,
+upright, and sterling character naturally becomes in face of an
+unfamiliar society. Harriet Martineau was too keen-sighted, too aware of
+the folly and incompetent pretension of half the world, too consciously
+self-respecting and proud, to take society and its ways with any
+diffidence or ingenuous simplicity. On the importance of the small
+<i>litt&eacute;rateur</i> who unreasonably thinks himself a great one, on the airs
+and graces of the gushing blue-stockings who were in vogue in that day,
+on the detestable vulgarity of literary lionising, she had no mercy. She
+recounts with caustic relish the story about a certain pedantical lady,
+of whom Tierney had said that there was not another head in England that
+could encounter hers on the subject of Cause and Effect. The story was
+that when in a country house one fine day she took her seat in a window,
+saying in a business-like manner (to David Ricardo): 'Come now, let us
+have a little discussion about Space.' We remember a story about a
+certain Mademoiselle de Launay, afterwards well known to the Paris of
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> eighteenth century, being introduced at Versailles by a silly great
+lady who had an infatuation for her. 'This,' the great lady kept saying,
+'is the young person whom I have told you about, who is so wonderfully
+intelligent, who knows so much. Come, Mademoiselle, pray talk. Now,
+Madame, you will see how she talks. Well, first of all, now talk a
+little about religion; then you can tell us about something else.'</p>
+
+<p>We cannot wonder that Miss Martineau did not go a second time to the
+house where Space might be the unprovoked theme of a casual chat.
+Pretension in every shape she hated most heartily. Her judgments in most
+cases were thoroughly just&mdash;at this period of her life at any rate&mdash;and
+sometimes even unexpectedly kindly; and the reason is that she looked at
+society through the medium of a strong and penetrating kind of common
+sense, which is more often the gift of clever women than of clever men.
+If she is masculine, she is, like Mrs. Colonel Poyntz, in one of
+Bulwer's novels, 'masculine in a womanly way.' There is a real spirit of
+ethical divination in some of her criticism of character. Take the
+distinguished man whose name we have just written. 'There was Bulwer on
+a sofa,' she says, 'sparkling and languishing among a set of female
+votaries&mdash;he and they dizened out, perfumed, and presenting the nearest
+picture to a seraglio to be seen on British ground&mdash;only the
+indifference or hauteur of the lord of the harem being absent.' Yet this
+disagreeable sight does not prevent her from feeling a cordial interest
+in him, amidst any<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> amount of vexation and pity for his weakness. 'He
+seems to be a woman of genius inclosed by misadventure in a man's form.
+He has insight, experience, sympathy, letters, power and grace of
+expression, and an irrepressible impulse to utterance, and industry
+which should have produced works of the noblest quality; and these have
+been intercepted by mischiefs which may be called misfortune rather than
+fault. His friendly temper, his generous heart, his excellent
+conversation (at his best), and his simple manners (when he forgot
+himself), have many a time 'left me mourning' that such a being should
+allow himself to sport with perdition.' Those who knew most about Bulwer,
+and who were most repelled by his terrible faults, will feel in this
+page of Miss Martineau's the breath of social equity in which charity is
+not allowed to blur judgment, nor moral disapproval to narrow, starve,
+and discolour vision into lost possibilities of character. And we may
+note in passing how even here, in the mere story of the men and women
+whom she met in London drawing-rooms, Harriet Martineau does not lose
+herself in gossip about individuals looked at merely in their individual
+relations. It is not merely the 'blighting of promise nor the forfeiture
+of a career' that she deplores in the case of a Bulwer or a Brougham; it
+is 'the intercepting of national blessings.' If this view of natural
+gifts as a source of blessing to society, and not merely of power or
+fame to their privileged possessor, were more common than it is, the
+impression which such a thought is calculated<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> to make would be the
+highest available protection against those blighted promises and
+forfeited careers, of which Brougham and Bulwer were only two out of a
+too vast host of examples.</p>
+
+<p>It is the very fulness with which she is possessed by this large way of
+conceiving a life in its manifold relations to the service of the world,
+that is the secret of Harriet Martineau's firm, clear, calm, and almost
+neutral way of judging both her own work and character and those of
+others. By calm we do not mean that she was incapable of strong and
+direct censure. Many of her judgments, both here and in her <i>Biographic
+Sketches</i>, are stern; and some&mdash;like that on Macaulay, for instance&mdash;may
+even pass for harsh. But they are never the product of mere anger or
+heatedness, and it is a great blunder to suppose that reasoned severity
+is incompatible with perfect composure, or that calm is another name for
+amiable vapidity.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 12em;">Th&ouml;richt ist's</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">In allen St&uuml;cken billig sein; es heisst</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sein eigen Selbst zerst&ouml;ren.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>Her condemnation of the Whigs, for example, is as stringent and
+outspoken as condemnation can be; yet it is a deliberate and reasoned
+judgment, not a mere bitterness or prejudice. The Whigs were at that
+moment, between 1832 and 1834, at the height of their authority,
+political, literary, and social. After a generation of misgovernment
+they had been borne to power on the tide of national enthusiasm for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span>
+parliamentary reform, and for all those improvements in our national
+life to which parliamentary reform was no more than the first step. The
+harshness and darkness of the past generation were the measure of the
+hopes of the new time. These hopes, which were at least as strong in
+Harriet Martineau as in anybody then living, the Whigs were soon felt to
+have cheated. She cannot forgive them. Speaking of John and Edward
+Romilly, 'they had virtuous projects,' she says, 'and had every hope of
+achieving service worthy of their father's fame; but their aspirations
+were speedily tamed down&mdash;as all high aspirations <i>are</i> lowered by Whig
+influences.' A certain peer is described as 'agreeable enough in society
+to those who are not very particular in regard to sincerity; and was, as
+Chancellor of the Exchequer or anything else, as good a representative
+as could be found of the flippancy, conceit, and official helplessness
+and ignorance of the Whig administration.' Charles Knight started a new
+periodical for the people under the patronage of the official Whigs.
+'But the poverty and perverseness of their ideas, and the insolence of
+their feelings, were precisely what might be expected by all who really
+knew that remarkably vulgar class of men. They purposed to lecture the
+working classes, who were by far the wiser party of the two, in a
+jejune, coaxing, dull, religious-tract sort of tone, and criticised and
+deprecated everything like vigour, and a manly and genial tone of
+address in the new publication, while trying to push in as contributors
+effete<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span> and exhausted writers and friends of their own, who knew about
+as much of the working classes of England as of those of Turkey.' This
+energetic description, which belongs to the year 1848, gives us an
+interesting measure of the distance that has been traversed during the
+last thirty years. The workmen have acquired direct political power;
+they have organised themselves into effective groups for industrial
+purposes; they have produced leaders of ability and sound judgment; and
+the Whig who seeks their support must stoop or rise to talk a Radicalism
+that would have amply satisfied even Harriet Martineau herself.</p>
+
+<p>The source of this improvement in the society to which she bade
+farewell, over that into which she had been born, is set down by Miss
+Martineau to the most remarkable literary genius with whom, during her
+residence in London, she was brought into contact. 'What Wordsworth did
+for poetry,' she says, 'in bringing us out of a conventional idea and
+method to a true and simple one, Carlyle has done for morality. He may
+be himself the most curious opposition to himself&mdash;he may be the
+greatest mannerist of his age while denouncing conventionalism&mdash;the
+greatest talker while eulogising silence&mdash;the most woful complainer
+while glorifying fortitude&mdash;the most uncertain and stormy in mood, while
+holding forth serenity as the greatest good within the reach of man; but
+he has nevertheless infused into the mind of the English nation a
+sincerity, earnestness, healthfulness, and courage which can be
+appreciated only by those who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> are old enough to tell what was our
+morbid state when Byron was the representative of our temper, the
+Clapham church of our religion, and the rotten-borough system of our
+political morality.' We have no quarrel with this account of the
+greatest man of letters of our generation. But Carlyle has only been one
+influence among others. It is a far cry indeed from <i>Sartor Resartus</i> to
+the <i>Tracts for the Times</i>, yet they were both of them protests against
+the same thing, both of them attempted answers to the same problem, and
+the <i>Tracts</i> perhaps did more than <i>Sartor</i> to quicken spiritual life,
+to shatter 'the Clapham church,' and to substitute a mystic faith and
+not unlovely hope for the frigid, hard, and mechanical lines of official
+orthodoxy on the one hand, and the egotism and sentimental despair of
+Byronism on the other. There is a third school, too, and Harriet
+Martineau herself was no insignificant member of it, to which both the
+temper and the political morality of our time have owed a deep debt; the
+school of those utilitarian political thinkers who gave light rather
+than heat, and yet by the intellectual force with which they insisted on
+the right direction of social reform, also stirred the very impulse
+which made men desire social reform. The most illustrious of this body
+was undoubtedly John Mill; because to accurate political science he
+added a fervid and vibrating social sympathy, and a power of quickening
+it in the best minds of a scientific turn. It is odd, by the way, that
+Miss Martineau, while so lavish in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> deserved panegyric on Carlyle,
+should be so grudging and disparaging in the case of Mill, with whom her
+intellectual affinities must have been closer than with any other of her
+contemporaries. The translator of Comte's <i>Positive Philosophy</i> had
+better reasons than most people for thinking well of the services of the
+author of the <i>System of Logic</i>: it was certainly the latter book which
+did more than any other to prepare the minds of the English philosophic
+public for the former.</p>
+
+<p>It is creditable to Miss Martineau's breadth of sympathy that she should
+have left on record the tribute of her admiration for Carlyle, for
+nobody has written so harshly as Carlyle on the subject which interested
+Harriet Martineau more passionately than any other events of her time.
+In 1834 she had finished her series of illustrations of political
+economy; her domestic life was fretted by the unreasonable exigences of
+her mother; London society had perhaps begun to weary her, and she felt
+the need of a change of scene. The United States, with the old European
+institutions placed amid new conditions, were then as now a natural
+object of interest to everybody with a keen feeling for social
+improvement. So to the Western Republic Miss Martineau turned her face.
+She had not been long in the States before she began to feel that the
+Abolitionists, at that moment a despised and persecuted handful of men
+and women, were the truly moral and regenerating party in the country.
+Harriet Martineau no sooner felt this con<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span>viction driving out her former
+prejudice against them as fanatical and impracticable, than she at once
+bore public testimony, at serious risk of every kind to herself, in
+favour of the extreme Anti-Slavery agitators. And for thirty years she
+never slackened her sympathy nor her energetic action on English public
+opinion, in this most vital matter of her time. She was guided not
+merely by humanitarian disgust at the cruel and brutal abominations of
+slavery,&mdash;though we know no reason why this alone should not be a
+sufficient ground for turning Abolitionist,&mdash;but also on the more purely
+political ground of the cowardice, silence, corruption, and hypocrisy
+that were engendered in the Free States by purchased connivance at the
+peculiar institution of the Slave States. Nobody has yet traced out the
+full effect upon the national character of the Americans of all those
+years of conscious complicity in slavery, after the moral iniquity of
+slavery had become clear to the inner conscience of the very men who
+ignobly sanctioned the mobbing of Abolitionists.</p>
+
+<p>In the summer of 1836 Miss Martineau returned to England, having added
+this great question to the stock of her foremost objects of interest and
+concern. Such additions, whether literary or social, are the best kind
+of refreshment that travel supplies. She published two books on America:
+one of them abstract and quasi-scientific, <i>Society in America</i>; the
+other, <i>A Retrospect of Western Travel</i>, of a lighter and more purely
+descriptive quality. Their success with the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span> public was moderate, and in
+after years she condemned them in very plain language, the first of them
+especially as 'full of affectations and preachments.' Their only
+service, and it was not inconsiderable, was the information which they
+circulated as to the condition of slavery and of the country under it.
+We do not suppose that they are worth reading at the present day, except
+from a historical point of view. But they are really good specimens of a
+kind of literature which is not abundant, and yet which is of the utmost
+value&mdash;we mean the record of the sociological observation of a country
+by a competent traveller, who stays long enough in the country, has
+access to the right persons of all kinds, and will take pains enough to
+mature his judgments. It was a happy idea of O'Connell's to suggest that
+she should go over to Ireland, and write such an account of that country
+as she had written of the United States. And we wish at this very hour
+that some one as competent as Miss Martineau would do what O'Connell
+wished her to do. A similar request came to her from Milan: why should
+she not visit Lombardy, and then tell Europe the true tale of Austrian
+rule?</p>
+
+<p>But after her American journey Miss Martineau felt a very easily
+intelligible desire to change the literary field. For many years she had
+been writing almost entirely about fact: and the constraint of the
+effort to be always correct, and to bear without solicitude the
+questioning of her correctness, had become burdensome. She felt the
+danger of losing nerve<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> and becoming morbidly fearful of criticism on
+the one hand, and of growing narrow and mechanical about accuracy on the
+other. 'I longed inexpressibly,' she says, 'for the liberty of fiction,
+while occasionally doubting whether I had the power to use that freedom
+as I could have done ten years before.' The product of this new mental
+phase was <i>Deerbrook</i>, which was published in the spring of 1839.
+<i>Deerbrook</i> is a story of an English country village, its petty feuds,
+its gentilities, its chances and changes of fortune. The influence of
+Jane Austen's stories is seen in every chapter; but Harriet Martineau
+had none of the easy flow, the pleasant humour, the light-handed irony
+of her model, any more than she had the energetic and sustained
+imaginative power of Charlotte or Emily Bront&euml;. There is playfulness
+enough in <i>Deerbrook</i>, but it is too deliberate to remind us of the
+crooning involuntary playfulness of <i>Pride and Prejudice</i> or <i>Sense and
+Sensibility</i>. <i>Deerbrook</i> is not in the least a story with a moral; it
+is truly and purely a piece of art; yet we are conscious of the serious
+spirit of the social reformer as haunting the background, and only
+surrendering the scene for reasons of its own. On the other hand, there
+is in <i>Deerbrook</i> a gravity of moral reflection that Jane Austen,
+whether wisely or unwisely, seldom or never attempts. In this respect
+<i>Deerbrook</i> is the distant forerunner of some of George Eliot's most
+characteristic work. Distant, because George Eliot's moralising is
+constantly suffused by the broad light of a highly poetic imagination,
+and this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> was in no degree among Miss Martineau's gifts. Still there is
+something above the flat touch of the common didactic in such a page as
+that in which (chapter xix.) she describes the case of 'the
+unamiable&mdash;the only order of evil ones who suffer hell without seeing
+and knowing that it is hell: nay, they are under a heavier curse than
+even this, they inflict torments second only to their own, with an
+unconsciousness worthy of spirits of light.' However, when all is said,
+we may agree that this is one of the books that give a rational person
+pleasure once, but which we hardly look forward to reading again.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after the publication of her first novel, Miss Martineau was
+seized by a serious internal malady, from which recovery seemed
+hopeless. According to her usual practice of taking her life
+deliberately in her hands, and settling its conditions for herself,
+instead of letting things drift as they might, she insisted on declining
+the hospitable shelter pressed upon her by a near relative, on the
+excellent ground that it is wrong for an invalid to impose restraints
+upon a healthy household. She proceeded to establish herself in lodgings
+at Tynemouth, on the coast of Northumberland. Here she lay on a couch
+for nearly five years, seeing as few persons as might be, and working at
+such literary matters as came into her head with steadfast industry and
+fortitude. The ordeal was hard, but the little book that came of it,
+<i>Life in a Sickroom</i>, remains to show the moods in which the ordeal was
+borne.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span>At length Miss Martineau was induced to try mesmerism as a possible cure
+for her disease, and what is certain is, that after trying mesmeric
+treatment, the invalid whom the doctors had declared incurable shortly
+recovered as perfect health as she had ever known. A virulent
+controversy arose upon the case, for, by some curious law, physicians
+are apt to import into professional disputes a heat and bitterness at
+least as marked as that of their old enemies, the theologians. It was
+said that Miss Martineau had begun to improve before she was mesmerised,
+and what was still more to the point, that she had been taking heavy
+doses of iodine. 'It is beyond all question or dispute,' as Voltaire
+said, 'that magic words and ceremonies are quite capable of most
+effectually destroying a whole flock of sheep, if the words be
+accompanied by a sufficient quantity of arsenic.'</p>
+
+<p>Mesmerism was indirectly the means of bringing Miss Martineau into an
+intimate acquaintance with a gentleman, who soon began to exert a
+decisive influence upon the most important of her opinions. Mr. Atkinson
+is still alive, and we need not say much about him. He seems to have
+been a grave and sincere person, using his mind with courageous
+independence upon the great speculative problems which were not in 1844,
+as they are in 1877, the common topics of every-day intercourse among
+educated people. This is not the place for an examination of the
+philosophy in which Miss Martineau was finally landed by Mr. Atkinson's
+influence. That philosophy was given<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> to the world in 1851, in a volume
+called <i>Letters on the Laws of Man's Nature and Development</i>. The
+greater part of it was written by Mr. Atkinson in reply to short
+letters, in which Miss Martineau stated objections and propounded
+questions. The book points in the direction of that explanation of the
+facts of the universe which is now so familiar under the name of
+Evolution. But it points in this way only, as the once famous <i>Vestiges
+of Creation</i> pointed towards the scientific hypotheses of Darwin and
+Wallace; or as Buckle's crude and superficial notions about the history
+of civilisation pointed towards a true and complete conception of
+sociology. That is to say, the Atkinson Letters state some of the
+difficulties in the way of the explanations of life and motion hitherto
+received as satisfactory; they insist upon approaching the facts
+exclusively by the positive, Baconian, or inductive method; and then
+they hurry to an explanation of their own, which may be as plausible as
+that which they intend it to replace, but which they leave equally
+without ordered proof and strict verification.</p>
+
+<p>The only point to which we are called upon to refer is that this way of
+thinking about man and the rest of nature led to repudiation by Miss
+Martineau of the whole structure of dogmatic theology. For one thing,
+she ceased to hold the conception of a God with any human attributes
+whatever; also of any principle or practice of Design; 'of an
+administration of life according to human wishes, or of the affairs of
+the world by the principles of human morals.' All<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> these became to her
+as mere visions; beliefs necessary in their day, but not philosophically
+nor permanently true. Miss Martineau was not an Atheist in the
+philosophic sense; she never denied a First Cause, but only that this
+Cause is within the sphere of human attributes, or can be defined in
+their terms.</p>
+
+<p>Then, for another thing, she ceased to believe in the probability of
+there being a continuance of conscious individual life after the
+dissolution of the body. With this, of course, fell all expectation of a
+state of personal rewards and punishments. 'The real and justifiable and
+honourable subject of interest,' she said, 'to human beings, living and
+dying, is the welfare of their fellows surrounding them or surviving
+them.' About that she cared supremely, and about nothing else did she
+bring herself to care at all. It is painful to many people even to hear
+of a person holding such beliefs as these. Yet it would plainly be the
+worst kind of spiritual valetudinarianism to insist on the omission from
+even the shortest account of this remarkable woman, of what became the
+very basis and foundation of her life for those thirty years of it,
+which she herself always counted the happiest part of the whole.</p>
+
+<p>Although it was Mr. Atkinson who finally provided her with a positive
+substitute for her older beliefs, yet a journey which Miss Martineau
+made in the East shortly after her restoration to health (1846) had done
+much to build up in her mind a historic conception of the origin and
+order of the great faiths<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> of mankind&mdash;the Christian, the Hebrew, the
+Mahometan, the old Egyptian. We need not say more on this subject. The
+work in which she published the experiences of the journey which was
+always so memorable to her, deserves a word. There are few more
+delightful books of travel than <i>Eastern Life, Past and Present</i>. The
+descriptions are admirably graphic, and they have the attraction of
+making their effect by a few direct strokes, without any of the wordy
+elaboration of our modern picturesque. The writer shows a true feeling
+for nature, and she shows a vigorous sense, which is not merely pretty
+sentiment, like Chateaubriand's, for the vast historic associations of
+those old lands and dim cradles of the race. All is sterling and real;
+we are aware that the elevated reflection and the meditative stroke are
+not due to mere composition, but did actually pass through her mind as
+the suggestive wonders passed before her eyes. And hence there is no jar
+as we find a little homily on the advantage of being able to iron your
+own linen on a Nile boat, followed by a lofty page on the mighty pair of
+solemn figures that gaze as from eternity on time amid the sand at
+Thebes. The whole, one may say again, is sterling and real, both the
+elevation and the homeliness. The student of the history of opinion may
+find some interest in comparing Miss Martineau's work with the famous
+book, <i>Ruins; or, Meditations on the Revolutions of Empires</i>, in which
+Volney, between fifty and sixty years before, had drawn equally
+dissolvent conclusions with her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> own from the same panorama of the dead
+ages. Perhaps Miss Martineau's history is not much better than Volney's,
+but her brisk sense is preferable to Volney's high <i>&agrave; priori</i>
+declamation and artificial rhetoric.</p>
+
+<p>Before starting for the East, Miss Martineau had settled a new plan of
+life for herself, and built a little house where she thought she could
+best carry her plan out. To this little house she returned, and it
+became her cherished home for the long remainder of her days. London,
+during the years of her first success, had not been without its usual
+attractions to the new-comer, but she had always been alive to the
+essential incompleteness, the dispersion, the want of steadfast
+self-collection, in a life much passed in London society. And we may
+believe that the five austere and lonely years at Tynemouth, with their
+evening outlook over the busy waters of the harbour-bar into the stern
+far-off sea, may have slowly bred in her an unwillingness to plunge
+again into the bustling triviality, the gossip, the distracting
+lightness of the world of splendid fireflies. To have discerned the Pale
+Horse so near and for so long a space awakens new moods, and strangely
+alters the old perspectives of our life. Yet it would imply a
+misunderstanding of Harriet Martineau's character to suppose that she
+turned her back upon London, and built her pretty hermitage at
+Ambleside, in anything like the temper of Jean Jacques Rousseau. She was
+far too positive a spirit for that, and far too full of vivid and
+con<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span>centrated interest in men and their doings. It would be unjust to
+think of Harriet Martineau as having no ear for the inner voices, yet
+her whole nature was objective; it turned to practice and not to
+reverie. She had her imaginative visions, as we know, and as all truly
+superior minds have them, even though their main superiority happens to
+be in the practical order. But her visions were limited as a landscape
+set in a rigid frame; they had not the wings that soar and poise in the
+vague unbounded empyrean. And she was much too sensible to think that
+these moods were strong, or constant, or absorbing enough in her case to
+furnish material and companionship for a life from day to day and year
+to year. Nor again was it for the sake of undisturbed acquisition of
+knowledge, nor cultivation of her finer faculties that she sought a
+hermitage. She was not moved by thought of the famous maxim which Goethe
+puts into the mouth of Leonore&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Es bildet ein Talent sich in der Stille,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sich ein Charakter in dem Strom der Welt.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Though an intense egotist, in the good and respectable sense of
+insisting on her own way of doing things, of settling for herself what
+it was that she was living for, and of treading the path with a firm and
+self-reliant step, yet Harriet Martineau was as little of an egotist as
+ever lived, in the poor and stifling sense of thinking of the perfecting
+of her own culture as in the least degree worthy of ranking among
+Ends-in-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span>themselves. She settled in the Lake district, because she
+thought that there she would be most favourably placed for satisfying
+the various conditions which she had fixed as necessary to her scheme of
+life. 'My own idea of an innocent and happy life,' she says, 'was a
+house of my own among poor improvable neighbours, with young servants
+whom I might train and attach to myself, with pure air, a garden,
+leisure, solitude at command, and freedom to work in peace and
+quietness.'</p>
+
+<p>'It is the wisest step in her life,' Wordsworth said, when he heard that
+she had bought a piece of land and built a pretty house upon it; and
+then he added the strangely unpoetic reason&mdash;'because the value of the
+property will be doubled in ten years.' Her poetic neighbour gave her a
+characteristic piece of advice in the same prudential vein. He warned
+her that she would find visitors a great expense. 'When you have a
+visitor,' he said, 'you must do as we did; you must say: "If you like to
+have a cup of tea with us, you are very welcome; but if you want any
+meat, you must pay for your board."' Miss Martineau declined to carry
+thrift to this ungracious extremity. She constantly had guests in her
+house, and, if they were all like Charlotte Bront&euml;, they enjoyed their
+visits in spite of the arbitrary ways of their energetic hostess.</p>
+
+<p>Her manner of life during these years is pleasant to contemplate;
+cheerful, active, thoroughly wholesome. 'My habit,' she says, 'was to
+rise at six and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> to take a walk, returning to my solitary breakfast at
+half-past seven. My household orders were given for the day, and all
+affairs settled out of doors and in by a quarter or half-past eight,
+when I went to work, which I continued without interruption, except from
+the post, till three o'clock or later, when alone. While my friend was
+with me we dined at two, and that was of course the limit of my day's
+work.' De Tocqueville, if we remember, never saw his guests until after
+he had finished his morning's work, of which he had done six hours by
+eleven o'clock. Schopenhauer was still more sensitive to the jar of
+external interruption on that finely-tuned instrument, the brain, after
+a night's repose, for it was as much as his housekeeper's place was
+worth to allow either herself or any one else to appear to the
+philosopher before midday. After the early dinner at Ambleside cottage
+came little bits of neighbourly business, exercise, and so forth. 'It is
+with singular alacrity that in winter evenings I light the lamp and
+unroll my wool-work, and meditate or dream till the arrival of the
+newspaper tells me that the tea has stood long enough. After tea, if
+there was news from the seat of war, I called in my maids, who brought
+down the great atlas and studied the chances of the campaign with me.
+Then there was an hour or two for Montaigne, or Bacon, or Shakespeare,
+or Tennyson, or some dear old biography.'</p>
+
+<p>The only productions of this time worth mentioning are the <i>History of
+the Thirty Years' Peace</i> (<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span>1849) and the condensed version of Comte's
+<i>Positive Philosophy</i> (1853), both of them meritorious and useful pieces
+of work, and both of them undertaken, as nearly all Miss Martineau's
+work was, not from merely literary motives, but because she thought that
+they would be meritorious and useful, and because nothing more useful
+came into her head or under her hand at the moment. The condensation of
+Comte is easy and rapid, and it is said by those who have looked very
+closely into it to be hardly free from some too hasty renderings. It
+must, however, on the whole, be pronounced a singularly intelligent and
+able performance. The pace at which Comte was able to compose is a
+standing marvel to all who have pondered the great and difficult art of
+composition. It must be admitted that the author of the English version
+of him was in this respect no unworthy match for her original. Miss
+Martineau tells us that she despatched the last three volumes, which
+number over 1800 pages, in some five months. She thought the rendering
+of thirty pages of Comte a fair morning's work. If we consider the
+abstract and difficult nature of the matter, this must be pronounced
+something of a feat. We have not space to describe her method, but any
+reader who happens to be interested in the mechanism of literary
+productions will find the passage in vol. ii. p. 391. <i>The History of
+the Thirty Years' Peace</i> is no less astonishing an example of rapid
+industry. From the first opening of the books to study for the history
+to the depositing of the MS. of the first volume at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span> press, was exactly
+six months. The second volume took six months to do, with an interval of
+some weeks of holiday and other work!</p>
+
+<p>We think all this worth mentioning, because it is an illustration of
+what is a highly important maxim; namely, that it is a great mistake to
+expend more time and labour on a piece of composition than is enough to
+make it serve the purpose in hand. The immeasurable moment and
+far-reachingness of the very highest kinds of literature are apt to make
+men who play at being students forget there are many other kinds of
+literature which are not in the least immeasurably far-reaching, but
+which, for all that, are extremely useful in their own day and
+generation. Those highly fastidious and indolent people, who sometimes
+live at Oxford and Cambridge, with whom, indeed, for the most part,
+their high fastidiousness is only a fine name for impotence and lack of
+will, forget that the less immortal kinds of literature are the only
+kinds within their own reach. Literature is no doubt a fine art&mdash;the
+finest of the arts&mdash;but it is also a practical art; and it is deplorable
+to think how much stout, instructive work might and ought to be done by
+people who, in dreaming of ideals in prose or verse beyond their
+attainment, end, like the poor Casaubon of fiction, in a little pamphlet
+on a particle, or else in mediocre poetry, or else in nothing. By
+insisting on rearing nothing short of a great monument more durable than
+brass, they are cutting themselves off from building the useful little<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span>
+mud-hut, or some of the other modest performances by which only they are
+capable of serving their age. It is only one volume in a million that is
+not meant to perish, and to perish soon, as flowers, sunbeams, and all
+the other brightnesses of the earth are meant to perish. There are some
+forms of composition in which perfection is not only good but
+indispensable. But the most are designed for the purpose of a day, and
+if they have the degree of elaboration, accuracy, grasp, and
+faithfulness that suffice for the given purpose, then we may say that it
+is enough. There is literature proper, for which only two or three men
+and women in a generation have the true gift. This cannot be too good.
+But besides this there is a mass of honest and needful work to be done
+with the pen, to which literary form is only accidental, and in which
+consummate literary finish or depth is a sheer work of supererogation.
+If Miss Martineau had given twice as many years as she gave months to
+the condensation of Comte, the book would not have been a whit more
+useful in any possible respect&mdash;indeed, over-elaboration might easily
+have made it much less so&mdash;and the world would have lost many other
+excellent, if not dazzling or stupendous services.</p>
+
+<p>'Her original power,' she wrote of herself in that manly and outspoken
+obituary notice to which we have already referred, 'was nothing more
+than was due to earnestness and intellectual clearness within a certain
+range. With small imaginative and suggestive powers, and therefore
+nothing approaching to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> genius, she could see clearly what she did see,
+and give a clear expression to what she had to say. In short, she could
+popularise, while she could neither discover nor invent&hellip;. She could
+obtain and keep a firm grasp of her own views, and moreover she could
+make them understood. The function of her life was to do this, and in as
+far as it was done diligently and honestly, her life was of use.' All
+this is precisely true, and her life was of great use; and that makes
+what she says not only true, but an example worth much weighing by many
+of those who meddle with literature.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Martineau was never tired of trying to be useful in directing and
+improving opinion. She did not disdain the poor neighbours at her gates.
+She got them to establish a Building Society, she set them an example of
+thrifty and profitable management by her little farm of two acres, and
+she gave them interesting and cheerful courses of lectures in the winter
+evenings. All this time her eye was vigilant for the great affairs of
+the world. In 1852 she began to write leading articles for the <i>Daily
+News</i>, and in this department her industry and her aptitude were such
+that at times she wrote as many as six leading articles in a week. When
+she died, it was computed that she had written sixteen hundred. They are
+now all dead enough, as they were meant to die, but they made an
+impression that is still alive in its consequences upon some of the most
+important social, political, and economical matters of five-and-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span>twenty
+important years. In what was by far the greatest of all the issues of
+those years, the Civil War in the United States, Harriet Martineau's
+influence was of the most inestimable value in keeping public opinion
+right against the strong tide of ignorant Southern sympathies in this
+country. If she may seem to some to have been less right in her views of
+the Crimean War, we must admit that the issues were very complex, and
+that complete assurance on that struggle is not easy to everybody even
+at this distance of time.</p>
+
+<p>To this period belong the Biographic Sketches which she contributed to a
+London newspaper. They have since been collected in a single volume, now
+in its fourth edition. They are masterpieces in the style of the
+vignette. Their conciseness, their clearness in fact, their definiteness
+in judgment, and above all, the rightly graduated impression of the
+writer's own personality in the background, make them perfect in their
+kind. There is no fretting away of the portrait in over-multiplicity of
+lines and strokes. Here more than anywhere else Miss Martineau shows the
+true quality of the writer, the true mark of literature, the sense of
+proportion, the modulated sentence, the compact and suggestive phrase.
+There is a happy precision, a pithy brevity, a condensed
+argumentativeness. And this literary skill is made more telling by the
+writer's own evident interest and sincerity about the real lives and
+characters of the various conspicuous people with whom she deals. It may
+be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span> said that she has no subtle insight into the complexities of human
+nature, and that her philosophy of character is rather too little
+analytical, too downright, too content with averages of motive, and too
+external. This is so in a general way, but it does not spoil the charm
+of these sketches, because the personages concerned, though all of them
+conspicuous, were for the most part commonplace in motive, though more
+than commonplace in strength of faculty. Subtle analysis is wholly
+unreasonable in the case of Miss Martineau herself, and she would
+probably have been unable to use that difficult instrument in
+criticising characters less downright and objective than her own.</p>
+
+<p>The moment of the Crimean War marked an alarming event in her own life.
+The doctors warned her that she had a heart disease which would end her
+days suddenly and soon. Miss Martineau at once set her affairs in order,
+and sat down to write her Autobiography. She had the manuscript put into
+type, and the sheets finally printed off, just as we now possess them.
+But the hour was not yet. The doctors had exaggerated the peril, and the
+strong woman lived for twenty years after she had been given up. She
+used up the stuff of her life to the very end, and left no dreary
+remnant nor morbid waste of days. She was like herself to the
+last&mdash;English, practical, positive. Yet she had thoughts and visions
+which were more than this. We like to think of this faithful woman and
+veteran worker in good causes, in the stroll which she always<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span> took on
+her terrace before retiring to rest for the night:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>'On my terrace there were two worlds extended bright before me, even
+when the midnight darkness hid from my bodily eyes all but the outlines
+of the solemn mountains that surround our valley on three sides, and the
+clear opening to the lake on the south. In the one of those worlds I saw
+now the magnificent coast of Massachusetts in autumn, or the flowery
+swamps of Louisiana, or the forests of Georgia in spring, or the
+Illinois prairie in summer; or the blue Nile, or the brown Sinai, or the
+gorgeous Petra, or the view of Damascus from the Salahiey; or the Grand
+Canal under a Venetian sunset, or the Black Forest in twilight, or Malta
+in the glare of noon, or the broad desert stretching away under the
+stars, or the Red Sea tossing its superb shells on shore in the pale
+dawn. That is one world, all comprehended within my terrace wall, and
+coming up into the light at my call. The other and finer scenery is of
+that world, only beginning to be explored, of Science&hellip;. It is truly an
+exquisite pleasure to dream, after the toil of study, on the sublime
+abstractions of mathematics; the transcendent scenery unrolled by
+astronomy; the mysterious, invisible forces dimly hinted to us by
+physics; the new conception of the constitution of matter originated by
+chemistry; and then, the inestimable glimpses opened to us, in regard to
+the nature and destiny of man, by the researches into vegetable and
+animal organisation, which are at length perceived<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span> to be the right path
+of inquiry into the highest subjects of thought&hellip;. Wondrous beyond the
+comprehension of any one mind is the mass of glorious facts and the
+series of mighty conceptions laid open; but the shadow of the
+surrounding darkness rests upon it all. The unknown always engrosses the
+greater part of the field of vision, and the awe of infinity sanctifies
+both the study and the dream.'</p>
+
+<p>It would be a pity if difference of opinion upon subjects of profound
+difficulty, remoteness, and manifold perplexity, were to prevent any one
+from recognising in such words and such moods as these what was, in
+spite of some infirmities, a character of many large thoughts and much
+generous purpose. And with this feeling we may part from her.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p style="margin: auto; border: 1px solid #ccc; background-color: #fafafa; padding: 1em; width: 34em;">
+  Transcriber's Note:<br/>
+  The following changes have been made to the text.<br/><br/>
+
+  Sich ein Charakter im dem Strom der Welt.<br/>
+  on <a href="#Page_201">page 201</a> has been changed to:<br/>
+  Sich ein Charakter in dem Strom der Welt.<br/><br/>
+
+  literature which are are not in the least immeasurably far-reaching, but<br/>
+  on <a href="#Page_205">page 205</a> has been changed to:<br/>
+  literature which are not in the least immeasurably far-reaching, but
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 3 of 3), by John Morley
+
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+</body>
+</html>
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@@ -0,0 +1,1336 @@
+Project Gutenberg's Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 3 of 3), by John Morley
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 3 of 3)
+       Essay 6: Harriet Martineau
+
+Author: John Morley
+
+Release Date: June 14, 2008 [EBook #25793]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CRITICAL MISCELLANIES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Paul Murray, Kit Ellis and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CRITICAL
+MISCELLANIES
+
+BY
+
+JOHN MORLEY
+
+
+
+VOL. III.
+
+ESSAY 6: HARRIET MARTINEAU
+
+
+
+
+London
+
+MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED
+
+NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
+
+1904
+
+
+
+
+
+    HARRIET MARTINEAU.
+
+
+    Introductory                                     175
+
+    Early days                                       178
+
+    Literary ordeal                                  180
+
+    Success of the Tales on Political Economy        181
+
+    Her feeling, not literary, but truly social      182
+
+    London Society (1832)                            184
+
+    Character of her judgments on Men                187
+
+    The Whigs                                        188
+
+    Carlyle's influence                              189
+
+    Interest in American slavery                     192
+
+    Her first novel                                  194
+
+    The Atkinson Letters                             196
+
+    Her new religious opinions                       197
+
+    Eastern travels                                  199
+
+    Retirement to the Lakes                          200
+
+    Her manner of life                               202
+
+    Translation of Comte                             204
+
+    Her right estimate of literary work              205
+
+    Her Biographic Sketches                          208
+
+    Characteristics                                  210
+
+
+
+
+HARRIET MARTINEAU.
+
+
+In 1850 Charlotte Bronte paid a visit to Harriet Martineau at Ambleside,
+and she wrote to her friends various emphatic accounts of her hostess.
+'Without adopting her theories,' Miss Bronte said, 'I yet find a worth
+and greatness in herself, and a consistency, benevolence, perseverance
+in her practice, such as wins the sincerest esteem and affection. She is
+not a person to be judged by her writings alone, but rather by her own
+deeds and life, than which nothing can be more exemplary or noble.'
+
+The division which Miss Bronte thus makes between opinions and
+character, and again between literary production and character, is at
+the root of any just criticism of the two volumes of autobiography which
+have just been given to the public. Of the third volume, _The
+Memorials_, by Mrs. Chapman, it is impossible to say anything serious.
+Mrs. Chapman fought an admirable fight in the dark times of American
+history for the abolition of slavery, but unhappily she is without
+literary gifts; and this third volume is one more illustration of the
+folly of entrusting the composition of biography to persons who have
+only the wholly irrelevant claim of intimate friendship, or kinship, or
+sympathy in public causes. The qualification for a biographer is not in
+the least that he is a virtuous person, or a second cousin, or a dear
+friend, or a trusty colleague; but that he knows how to write a book,
+has tact, style, taste, considerateness, sense of proportion, and a good
+eye for the beginnings and ends of things. The third volume, then, tells
+us little about the person to whom they relate. The two volumes of
+autobiography tell all that we can seek to know, and the reader who
+judges them in an equitable spirit will be ready to allow that, when all
+is said that can be said of her hardness, arbitrariness, and insularity,
+Harriet Martineau is still a singular and worthy figure among the
+conspicuous personages of a generation that has now almost vanished.
+Some will wonder how it was that her literary performances acquired so
+little of permanent value. Others will be pained by the distinct
+repudiation of all theology, avowed by her with a simple and courageous
+directness that can scarcely be counted other than honourable to her.
+But everybody will admit, as Charlotte Bronte did, that though her books
+are not of the first nor of the second rank, and though her
+anti-theological opinions are to many so repugnant, yet behind books and
+opinions was a remarkable personality, a sure eye for social realities,
+a moral courage that never flinched; a strong judgment within its
+limits; a vigorous self-reliance both in opinion and act, which yet did
+not prevent a habit of the most neutral self-judgment; the commonplace
+virtues of industry and energy devoted to aims too elevated, and too
+large and generous, to be commonplace; a splendid sincerity, a
+magnificent love of truth. And that all these fine qualities, which
+would mostly be described as manly, should exist not in a man but a
+woman, and in a woman who discharged admirably such feminine duties as
+fell to her, fills up the measure of our interest in such a character.
+
+                   *       *       *       *       *
+
+Harriet Martineau was born at Norwich in 1802, and she died, as we all
+remember, in the course of the summer of 1876. Few people have lived so
+long as three-quarters of a century, and undergone so little substantial
+change of character, amid some very important changes of opinion. Her
+family was Unitarian, and family life was in her case marked by some of
+that stiffness, that severity, that chilly rigour, with which Unitarians
+are sometimes taxed by religionists of a more ecstatic doctrine. Her
+childhood was very unhappy; the household seems to have been unamiable,
+and she was treated with none of that tenderness and sympathy for which
+firm and defiant natures are apt to yearn as strongly as others that get
+the credit of greater sensibility. With that singular impulse to suicide
+which is frequent among children, though rarer with girls than boys, she
+went one day into the kitchen for the carving-knife, that she might cut
+her throat; luckily the servants were at dinner, and the child
+retreated. Deafness, which proved incurable, began to afflict her
+before she was sixteen. A severe, harsh, and mournful kind of
+religiosity seized her, and this 'abominable spiritual rigidity,' as she
+calls it, confirmed all the gloomy predispositions of her mind. She
+learned a good deal, mastering Latin, French, and Italian in good time;
+and reading much in her own tongue, including constant attention to the
+Bible, with all sorts of commentaries and explanations, such as those of
+us who were brought up in a certain spiritual atmosphere have only too
+good reasons never to forget. This expansion of intellectual interest,
+however, did not make her less silent, less low in her spirits, less
+full of vague and anxious presentiment. The reader is glad when these
+ungracious years of youth are at an end, and the demands of active life
+stirred Harriet Martineau's energies into vigorous work.
+
+In 1822 her father died, and seven years later his widow and his
+daughters lost at a single blow nearly all that they had in the world.
+Before this event, which really proved to be a blessing in the disguise
+of a catastrophe, Harriet Martineau had written a number of slight
+pieces. They had been printed, and received a certain amount of
+recognition. They were of a religious cast, as was natural in one with
+whom religious literature, and religious life and observance, had
+hitherto taken in the whole sphere of her continual experience.
+_Traditions of Palestine_ and _Devotional Exercises_ are titles that
+tell their own tale, and we may be sure that their authoress was still
+at the antipodean point of the positive philosophy in which she ended
+her speculative journey. She still clung undoubtingly to what she had
+been brought up to believe when she won three prizes for essays intended
+to present Unitarianism to the notice of Jews, of Catholics, and of
+Mahometans. Her success in these and similar efforts turned her mind
+more decidedly towards literature as a profession.
+
+Miss Martineau is at some pains to assure us on several occasions that
+it was the need of utterance now and always that drove her to write, and
+that money, although welcome when it came, was never her motive. This
+perhaps a little savours of affectation. Nobody would dream of
+suspecting Miss Martineau of writing anything that she did not believe
+to be true or useful merely for the sake of money. But there is plenty
+of evidence that the prospect of payment stirred her to true and useful
+work, as it does many other authors by profession, and as it does the
+followers of all professions whatever. She puts the case fairly enough
+in another place (i. 422):--'Every author is in a manner an adventurer;
+and no one was ever more decidedly so than myself; but the difference
+between one kind of adventurer and another is, I believe, simply
+this--that the one has something to say which presses for utterance, and
+is uttered at length without a view to future fortunes; while the other
+has a sort of general inclination towards literature, without any
+specific need of utterance, and a very definite desire for the honours
+and rewards of the literary career.' Even in the latter case, however,
+honest journeyman's work enough is done in literature by men and women
+who seek nothing higher than a reputable source of income. Miss
+Martineau did, no doubt, seek objects far higher and more generous than
+income, but she lived on the income which literature brought to her; and
+there seems a certain failure of her usually admirable common sense in
+making any ado about so simple a matter. When doctors and counsel refuse
+their guineas, and the parson declines a stipend, it will be quite soon
+enough for the author to be especially anxious to show that he has a
+right to regard money much as the rest of the human race regard it.
+
+Miss Martineau underwent the harsh ordeal which awaits most literary
+aspirants. She had a scheme in her head for a long series of short tales
+to illustrate some of the propositions of political economy. She trudged
+about London day after day, through mud and fog, with weary limbs and
+anxious heart, as many an author has done before and since. The times
+were bad; cholera was abroad; people were full of apprehension and
+concern about the Reform Bill; and the publishers looked coldly on a
+doubtful venture. Miss Martineau talks none of the conventional nonsense
+about the cruelty and stupidity of publishers. What she says is this: 'I
+have always been anxious to extend to young or struggling authors the
+sort of aid which would have been so precious to me in that winter of
+1829-1830, and I know that, in above twenty years, I have never
+succeeded but once.' One of the most distinguished editors in London,
+who had charge of a periodical for many years, told us what comes to the
+same thing, namely, that in no single case during all these years did a
+volunteer contributor of real quality, or with any promise of eminence,
+present himself or herself. So many hundreds think themselves called so
+few are chosen. In Miss Martineau's case, however, the trade made a
+mistake. When at length she found some one to go halves with her in the
+enterprise, on terms extremely disadvantageous to herself, the first of
+her tales was published (1832), and instantly had a prodigious success.
+The sale ran up to more than ten thousand of each monthly volume. In
+that singular autobiographical sketch of herself which Miss Martineau
+prepared for a London paper, to be printed as her obituary notice, she
+pronounced a judgment upon this work which more disinterested, though
+not more impartial, critics will confirm. Her own unalterable view, she
+says, of what the work could and could not effect, 'prevented her from
+expecting too much from it, either in regard to its social operations or
+its influence on her own fame. The original idea of exhibiting the great
+natural laws of society by a series of pictures of selected social
+action was a fortunate one; and her tales initiated a multitude of minds
+into the conception of what political economy is, and how it concerns
+everybody living in society. Beyond this there is no merit of a high
+order in the work. It popularised in a fresh form some doctrines and
+many truths long before made public by others.' James Mill, one of the
+acutest economists of the day, and one of the most vigorous and original
+characters of that or any other day, had foretold failure; but when the
+time came, he very handsomely admitted that his prophecy had been rash.
+In after years, when Miss Martineau had acquired from Comte a conception
+of the growth and movement of societies as a whole, with their economic
+conditions controlled and constantly modified by a multitude of other
+conditions of various kinds, she rated the science of her earlier days
+very low. Even in those days, however, she says: 'I believe I should not
+have been greatly surprised or displeased to have perceived, even then,
+that the pretended science is no science at all, strictly speaking; and
+that so many of its parts must undergo essential change, that it may be
+a question whether future generations will owe much more to it than the
+benefit (inestimable, to be sure) of establishing the grand truth that
+social affairs proceed according to general laws, no less than natural
+phenomena of every kind' (_Autob._ ii. 245).
+
+Harriet Martineau was not of the class of writers, most of them terribly
+unprofitable, who merely say literary things about social organisation,
+its institutions, and their improvement. Her feeling about society was
+less literary than scientific: it was not sentimental, but the
+business-like quality of a good administrator. She was moved less by
+pity or by any sense of the pathos and the hardness of the world, than
+by a sensible and energetic interest in good government and in the
+rational and convenient ordering of things. Her tales to illustrate the
+truths of political economy are what might be expected from a writer of
+this character. They are far from being wanting--many of them--in the
+genuine interest of good story-telling. They are rapid, definite, and
+without a trace of either slovenliness or fatigue. We are amazed as we
+think of the speed and prompt regularity with which they were produced;
+and the fertile ingenuity with which the pill of political economy is
+wrapped up in the confectionery of a tale, may stand as a marvel of true
+cleverness and inventive dexterity. Of course, of imagination or
+invention in a high sense there is not a trace. Such a quality was not
+in the gifts of the writer, nor could it in any case have worked within
+such limitations as those set by the matter and the object of the
+series.
+
+Literary success was followed in the usual order by social temptation.
+Miss Martineau removed from Norwich to London, and she had good reasons
+for making the change. Her work dealt with matters of a political kind,
+and she could only secure a real knowledge of what was best worth saying
+by intercourse with those who had a better point of view for a survey of
+the social state of England than could be found in a provincial town
+like Norwich. So far as evening parties went, Miss Martineau soon
+perceived how little 'essential difference there is between the extreme
+case of a cathedral city and that of literary London, or any other
+place, where dissipation takes the turn of book-talk instead of dancing
+or masquerading.' She went out to dinner every night except Sundays, and
+saw all the most interesting people of the London of five-and-forty
+years ago. While she was free from presumptuousness in her judgments,
+she was just as free from a foolish willingness to take the reputations
+of her hour on trust. Her attitude was friendly and sensible, but it was
+at the same time critical and independent; and that is what every frank,
+upright, and sterling character naturally becomes in face of an
+unfamiliar society. Harriet Martineau was too keen-sighted, too aware of
+the folly and incompetent pretension of half the world, too consciously
+self-respecting and proud, to take society and its ways with any
+diffidence or ingenuous simplicity. On the importance of the small
+_litterateur_ who unreasonably thinks himself a great one, on the airs
+and graces of the gushing blue-stockings who were in vogue in that day,
+on the detestable vulgarity of literary lionising, she had no mercy. She
+recounts with caustic relish the story about a certain pedantical lady,
+of whom Tierney had said that there was not another head in England that
+could encounter hers on the subject of Cause and Effect. The story was
+that when in a country house one fine day she took her seat in a window,
+saying in a business-like manner (to David Ricardo): 'Come now, let us
+have a little discussion about Space.' We remember a story about a
+certain Mademoiselle de Launay, afterwards well known to the Paris of
+the eighteenth century, being introduced at Versailles by a silly great
+lady who had an infatuation for her. 'This,' the great lady kept saying,
+'is the young person whom I have told you about, who is so wonderfully
+intelligent, who knows so much. Come, Mademoiselle, pray talk. Now,
+Madame, you will see how she talks. Well, first of all, now talk a
+little about religion; then you can tell us about something else.'
+
+We cannot wonder that Miss Martineau did not go a second time to the
+house where Space might be the unprovoked theme of a casual chat.
+Pretension in every shape she hated most heartily. Her judgments in most
+cases were thoroughly just--at this period of her life at any rate--and
+sometimes even unexpectedly kindly; and the reason is that she looked at
+society through the medium of a strong and penetrating kind of common
+sense, which is more often the gift of clever women than of clever men.
+If she is masculine, she is, like Mrs. Colonel Poyntz, in one of
+Bulwer's novels, 'masculine in a womanly way.' There is a real spirit of
+ethical divination in some of her criticism of character. Take the
+distinguished man whose name we have just written. 'There was Bulwer on
+a sofa,' she says, 'sparkling and languishing among a set of female
+votaries--he and they dizened out, perfumed, and presenting the nearest
+picture to a seraglio to be seen on British ground--only the
+indifference or hauteur of the lord of the harem being absent.' Yet this
+disagreeable sight does not prevent her from feeling a cordial interest
+in him, amidst any amount of vexation and pity for his weakness. 'He
+seems to be a woman of genius inclosed by misadventure in a man's form.
+He has insight, experience, sympathy, letters, power and grace of
+expression, and an irrepressible impulse to utterance, and industry
+which should have produced works of the noblest quality; and these have
+been intercepted by mischiefs which may be called misfortune rather than
+fault. His friendly temper, his generous heart, his excellent
+conversation (at his best), and his simple manners (when he forgot
+himself), have many a time 'left me mourning' that such a being should
+allow himself to sport with perdition.' Those who knew most about Bulwer,
+and who were most repelled by his terrible faults, will feel in this
+page of Miss Martineau's the breath of social equity in which charity is
+not allowed to blur judgment, nor moral disapproval to narrow, starve,
+and discolour vision into lost possibilities of character. And we may
+note in passing how even here, in the mere story of the men and women
+whom she met in London drawing-rooms, Harriet Martineau does not lose
+herself in gossip about individuals looked at merely in their individual
+relations. It is not merely the 'blighting of promise nor the forfeiture
+of a career' that she deplores in the case of a Bulwer or a Brougham; it
+is 'the intercepting of national blessings.' If this view of natural
+gifts as a source of blessing to society, and not merely of power or
+fame to their privileged possessor, were more common than it is, the
+impression which such a thought is calculated to make would be the
+highest available protection against those blighted promises and
+forfeited careers, of which Brougham and Bulwer were only two out of a
+too vast host of examples.
+
+It is the very fulness with which she is possessed by this large way of
+conceiving a life in its manifold relations to the service of the world,
+that is the secret of Harriet Martineau's firm, clear, calm, and almost
+neutral way of judging both her own work and character and those of
+others. By calm we do not mean that she was incapable of strong and
+direct censure. Many of her judgments, both here and in her _Biographic
+Sketches_, are stern; and some--like that on Macaulay, for instance--may
+even pass for harsh. But they are never the product of mere anger or
+heatedness, and it is a great blunder to suppose that reasoned severity
+is incompatible with perfect composure, or that calm is another name for
+amiable vapidity.
+
+                        Thoericht ist's
+    In allen Stuecken billig sein; es heisst
+    Sein eigen Selbst zerstoeren.
+
+Her condemnation of the Whigs, for example, is as stringent and
+outspoken as condemnation can be; yet it is a deliberate and reasoned
+judgment, not a mere bitterness or prejudice. The Whigs were at that
+moment, between 1832 and 1834, at the height of their authority,
+political, literary, and social. After a generation of misgovernment
+they had been borne to power on the tide of national enthusiasm for
+parliamentary reform, and for all those improvements in our national
+life to which parliamentary reform was no more than the first step. The
+harshness and darkness of the past generation were the measure of the
+hopes of the new time. These hopes, which were at least as strong in
+Harriet Martineau as in anybody then living, the Whigs were soon felt to
+have cheated. She cannot forgive them. Speaking of John and Edward
+Romilly, 'they had virtuous projects,' she says, 'and had every hope of
+achieving service worthy of their father's fame; but their aspirations
+were speedily tamed down--as all high aspirations _are_ lowered by Whig
+influences.' A certain peer is described as 'agreeable enough in society
+to those who are not very particular in regard to sincerity; and was, as
+Chancellor of the Exchequer or anything else, as good a representative
+as could be found of the flippancy, conceit, and official helplessness
+and ignorance of the Whig administration.' Charles Knight started a new
+periodical for the people under the patronage of the official Whigs.
+'But the poverty and perverseness of their ideas, and the insolence of
+their feelings, were precisely what might be expected by all who really
+knew that remarkably vulgar class of men. They purposed to lecture the
+working classes, who were by far the wiser party of the two, in a
+jejune, coaxing, dull, religious-tract sort of tone, and criticised and
+deprecated everything like vigour, and a manly and genial tone of
+address in the new publication, while trying to push in as contributors
+effete and exhausted writers and friends of their own, who knew about
+as much of the working classes of England as of those of Turkey.' This
+energetic description, which belongs to the year 1848, gives us an
+interesting measure of the distance that has been traversed during the
+last thirty years. The workmen have acquired direct political power;
+they have organised themselves into effective groups for industrial
+purposes; they have produced leaders of ability and sound judgment; and
+the Whig who seeks their support must stoop or rise to talk a Radicalism
+that would have amply satisfied even Harriet Martineau herself.
+
+The source of this improvement in the society to which she bade
+farewell, over that into which she had been born, is set down by Miss
+Martineau to the most remarkable literary genius with whom, during her
+residence in London, she was brought into contact. 'What Wordsworth did
+for poetry,' she says, 'in bringing us out of a conventional idea and
+method to a true and simple one, Carlyle has done for morality. He may
+be himself the most curious opposition to himself--he may be the
+greatest mannerist of his age while denouncing conventionalism--the
+greatest talker while eulogising silence--the most woful complainer
+while glorifying fortitude--the most uncertain and stormy in mood, while
+holding forth serenity as the greatest good within the reach of man; but
+he has nevertheless infused into the mind of the English nation a
+sincerity, earnestness, healthfulness, and courage which can be
+appreciated only by those who are old enough to tell what was our
+morbid state when Byron was the representative of our temper, the
+Clapham church of our religion, and the rotten-borough system of our
+political morality.' We have no quarrel with this account of the
+greatest man of letters of our generation. But Carlyle has only been one
+influence among others. It is a far cry indeed from _Sartor Resartus_ to
+the _Tracts for the Times_, yet they were both of them protests against
+the same thing, both of them attempted answers to the same problem, and
+the _Tracts_ perhaps did more than _Sartor_ to quicken spiritual life,
+to shatter 'the Clapham church,' and to substitute a mystic faith and
+not unlovely hope for the frigid, hard, and mechanical lines of official
+orthodoxy on the one hand, and the egotism and sentimental despair of
+Byronism on the other. There is a third school, too, and Harriet
+Martineau herself was no insignificant member of it, to which both the
+temper and the political morality of our time have owed a deep debt; the
+school of those utilitarian political thinkers who gave light rather
+than heat, and yet by the intellectual force with which they insisted on
+the right direction of social reform, also stirred the very impulse
+which made men desire social reform. The most illustrious of this body
+was undoubtedly John Mill; because to accurate political science he
+added a fervid and vibrating social sympathy, and a power of quickening
+it in the best minds of a scientific turn. It is odd, by the way, that
+Miss Martineau, while so lavish in deserved panegyric on Carlyle,
+should be so grudging and disparaging in the case of Mill, with whom her
+intellectual affinities must have been closer than with any other of her
+contemporaries. The translator of Comte's _Positive Philosophy_ had
+better reasons than most people for thinking well of the services of the
+author of the _System of Logic_: it was certainly the latter book which
+did more than any other to prepare the minds of the English philosophic
+public for the former.
+
+It is creditable to Miss Martineau's breadth of sympathy that she should
+have left on record the tribute of her admiration for Carlyle, for
+nobody has written so harshly as Carlyle on the subject which interested
+Harriet Martineau more passionately than any other events of her time.
+In 1834 she had finished her series of illustrations of political
+economy; her domestic life was fretted by the unreasonable exigences of
+her mother; London society had perhaps begun to weary her, and she felt
+the need of a change of scene. The United States, with the old European
+institutions placed amid new conditions, were then as now a natural
+object of interest to everybody with a keen feeling for social
+improvement. So to the Western Republic Miss Martineau turned her face.
+She had not been long in the States before she began to feel that the
+Abolitionists, at that moment a despised and persecuted handful of men
+and women, were the truly moral and regenerating party in the country.
+Harriet Martineau no sooner felt this conviction driving out her former
+prejudice against them as fanatical and impracticable, than she at once
+bore public testimony, at serious risk of every kind to herself, in
+favour of the extreme Anti-Slavery agitators. And for thirty years she
+never slackened her sympathy nor her energetic action on English public
+opinion, in this most vital matter of her time. She was guided not
+merely by humanitarian disgust at the cruel and brutal abominations of
+slavery,--though we know no reason why this alone should not be a
+sufficient ground for turning Abolitionist,--but also on the more purely
+political ground of the cowardice, silence, corruption, and hypocrisy
+that were engendered in the Free States by purchased connivance at the
+peculiar institution of the Slave States. Nobody has yet traced out the
+full effect upon the national character of the Americans of all those
+years of conscious complicity in slavery, after the moral iniquity of
+slavery had become clear to the inner conscience of the very men who
+ignobly sanctioned the mobbing of Abolitionists.
+
+In the summer of 1836 Miss Martineau returned to England, having added
+this great question to the stock of her foremost objects of interest and
+concern. Such additions, whether literary or social, are the best kind
+of refreshment that travel supplies. She published two books on America:
+one of them abstract and quasi-scientific, _Society in America_; the
+other, _A Retrospect of Western Travel_, of a lighter and more purely
+descriptive quality. Their success with the public was moderate, and in
+after years she condemned them in very plain language, the first of them
+especially as 'full of affectations and preachments.' Their only
+service, and it was not inconsiderable, was the information which they
+circulated as to the condition of slavery and of the country under it.
+We do not suppose that they are worth reading at the present day, except
+from a historical point of view. But they are really good specimens of a
+kind of literature which is not abundant, and yet which is of the utmost
+value--we mean the record of the sociological observation of a country
+by a competent traveller, who stays long enough in the country, has
+access to the right persons of all kinds, and will take pains enough to
+mature his judgments. It was a happy idea of O'Connell's to suggest that
+she should go over to Ireland, and write such an account of that country
+as she had written of the United States. And we wish at this very hour
+that some one as competent as Miss Martineau would do what O'Connell
+wished her to do. A similar request came to her from Milan: why should
+she not visit Lombardy, and then tell Europe the true tale of Austrian
+rule?
+
+But after her American journey Miss Martineau felt a very easily
+intelligible desire to change the literary field. For many years she had
+been writing almost entirely about fact: and the constraint of the
+effort to be always correct, and to bear without solicitude the
+questioning of her correctness, had become burdensome. She felt the
+danger of losing nerve and becoming morbidly fearful of criticism on
+the one hand, and of growing narrow and mechanical about accuracy on the
+other. 'I longed inexpressibly,' she says, 'for the liberty of fiction,
+while occasionally doubting whether I had the power to use that freedom
+as I could have done ten years before.' The product of this new mental
+phase was _Deerbrook_, which was published in the spring of 1839.
+_Deerbrook_ is a story of an English country village, its petty feuds,
+its gentilities, its chances and changes of fortune. The influence of
+Jane Austen's stories is seen in every chapter; but Harriet Martineau
+had none of the easy flow, the pleasant humour, the light-handed irony
+of her model, any more than she had the energetic and sustained
+imaginative power of Charlotte or Emily Bronte. There is playfulness
+enough in _Deerbrook_, but it is too deliberate to remind us of the
+crooning involuntary playfulness of _Pride and Prejudice_ or _Sense and
+Sensibility_. _Deerbrook_ is not in the least a story with a moral; it
+is truly and purely a piece of art; yet we are conscious of the serious
+spirit of the social reformer as haunting the background, and only
+surrendering the scene for reasons of its own. On the other hand, there
+is in _Deerbrook_ a gravity of moral reflection that Jane Austen,
+whether wisely or unwisely, seldom or never attempts. In this respect
+_Deerbrook_ is the distant forerunner of some of George Eliot's most
+characteristic work. Distant, because George Eliot's moralising is
+constantly suffused by the broad light of a highly poetic imagination,
+and this was in no degree among Miss Martineau's gifts. Still there is
+something above the flat touch of the common didactic in such a page as
+that in which (chapter xix.) she describes the case of 'the
+unamiable--the only order of evil ones who suffer hell without seeing
+and knowing that it is hell: nay, they are under a heavier curse than
+even this, they inflict torments second only to their own, with an
+unconsciousness worthy of spirits of light.' However, when all is said,
+we may agree that this is one of the books that give a rational person
+pleasure once, but which we hardly look forward to reading again.
+
+Shortly after the publication of her first novel, Miss Martineau was
+seized by a serious internal malady, from which recovery seemed
+hopeless. According to her usual practice of taking her life
+deliberately in her hands, and settling its conditions for herself,
+instead of letting things drift as they might, she insisted on declining
+the hospitable shelter pressed upon her by a near relative, on the
+excellent ground that it is wrong for an invalid to impose restraints
+upon a healthy household. She proceeded to establish herself in lodgings
+at Tynemouth, on the coast of Northumberland. Here she lay on a couch
+for nearly five years, seeing as few persons as might be, and working at
+such literary matters as came into her head with steadfast industry and
+fortitude. The ordeal was hard, but the little book that came of it,
+_Life in a Sickroom_, remains to show the moods in which the ordeal was
+borne.
+
+At length Miss Martineau was induced to try mesmerism as a possible cure
+for her disease, and what is certain is, that after trying mesmeric
+treatment, the invalid whom the doctors had declared incurable shortly
+recovered as perfect health as she had ever known. A virulent
+controversy arose upon the case, for, by some curious law, physicians
+are apt to import into professional disputes a heat and bitterness at
+least as marked as that of their old enemies, the theologians. It was
+said that Miss Martineau had begun to improve before she was mesmerised,
+and what was still more to the point, that she had been taking heavy
+doses of iodine. 'It is beyond all question or dispute,' as Voltaire
+said, 'that magic words and ceremonies are quite capable of most
+effectually destroying a whole flock of sheep, if the words be
+accompanied by a sufficient quantity of arsenic.'
+
+Mesmerism was indirectly the means of bringing Miss Martineau into an
+intimate acquaintance with a gentleman, who soon began to exert a
+decisive influence upon the most important of her opinions. Mr. Atkinson
+is still alive, and we need not say much about him. He seems to have
+been a grave and sincere person, using his mind with courageous
+independence upon the great speculative problems which were not in 1844,
+as they are in 1877, the common topics of every-day intercourse among
+educated people. This is not the place for an examination of the
+philosophy in which Miss Martineau was finally landed by Mr. Atkinson's
+influence. That philosophy was given to the world in 1851, in a volume
+called _Letters on the Laws of Man's Nature and Development_. The
+greater part of it was written by Mr. Atkinson in reply to short
+letters, in which Miss Martineau stated objections and propounded
+questions. The book points in the direction of that explanation of the
+facts of the universe which is now so familiar under the name of
+Evolution. But it points in this way only, as the once famous _Vestiges
+of Creation_ pointed towards the scientific hypotheses of Darwin and
+Wallace; or as Buckle's crude and superficial notions about the history
+of civilisation pointed towards a true and complete conception of
+sociology. That is to say, the Atkinson Letters state some of the
+difficulties in the way of the explanations of life and motion hitherto
+received as satisfactory; they insist upon approaching the facts
+exclusively by the positive, Baconian, or inductive method; and then
+they hurry to an explanation of their own, which may be as plausible as
+that which they intend it to replace, but which they leave equally
+without ordered proof and strict verification.
+
+The only point to which we are called upon to refer is that this way of
+thinking about man and the rest of nature led to repudiation by Miss
+Martineau of the whole structure of dogmatic theology. For one thing,
+she ceased to hold the conception of a God with any human attributes
+whatever; also of any principle or practice of Design; 'of an
+administration of life according to human wishes, or of the affairs of
+the world by the principles of human morals.' All these became to her
+as mere visions; beliefs necessary in their day, but not philosophically
+nor permanently true. Miss Martineau was not an Atheist in the
+philosophic sense; she never denied a First Cause, but only that this
+Cause is within the sphere of human attributes, or can be defined in
+their terms.
+
+Then, for another thing, she ceased to believe in the probability of
+there being a continuance of conscious individual life after the
+dissolution of the body. With this, of course, fell all expectation of a
+state of personal rewards and punishments. 'The real and justifiable and
+honourable subject of interest,' she said, 'to human beings, living and
+dying, is the welfare of their fellows surrounding them or surviving
+them.' About that she cared supremely, and about nothing else did she
+bring herself to care at all. It is painful to many people even to hear
+of a person holding such beliefs as these. Yet it would plainly be the
+worst kind of spiritual valetudinarianism to insist on the omission from
+even the shortest account of this remarkable woman, of what became the
+very basis and foundation of her life for those thirty years of it,
+which she herself always counted the happiest part of the whole.
+
+Although it was Mr. Atkinson who finally provided her with a positive
+substitute for her older beliefs, yet a journey which Miss Martineau
+made in the East shortly after her restoration to health (1846) had done
+much to build up in her mind a historic conception of the origin and
+order of the great faiths of mankind--the Christian, the Hebrew, the
+Mahometan, the old Egyptian. We need not say more on this subject. The
+work in which she published the experiences of the journey which was
+always so memorable to her, deserves a word. There are few more
+delightful books of travel than _Eastern Life, Past and Present_. The
+descriptions are admirably graphic, and they have the attraction of
+making their effect by a few direct strokes, without any of the wordy
+elaboration of our modern picturesque. The writer shows a true feeling
+for nature, and she shows a vigorous sense, which is not merely pretty
+sentiment, like Chateaubriand's, for the vast historic associations of
+those old lands and dim cradles of the race. All is sterling and real;
+we are aware that the elevated reflection and the meditative stroke are
+not due to mere composition, but did actually pass through her mind as
+the suggestive wonders passed before her eyes. And hence there is no jar
+as we find a little homily on the advantage of being able to iron your
+own linen on a Nile boat, followed by a lofty page on the mighty pair of
+solemn figures that gaze as from eternity on time amid the sand at
+Thebes. The whole, one may say again, is sterling and real, both the
+elevation and the homeliness. The student of the history of opinion may
+find some interest in comparing Miss Martineau's work with the famous
+book, _Ruins; or, Meditations on the Revolutions of Empires_, in which
+Volney, between fifty and sixty years before, had drawn equally
+dissolvent conclusions with her own from the same panorama of the dead
+ages. Perhaps Miss Martineau's history is not much better than Volney's,
+but her brisk sense is preferable to Volney's high _a priori_
+declamation and artificial rhetoric.
+
+Before starting for the East, Miss Martineau had settled a new plan of
+life for herself, and built a little house where she thought she could
+best carry her plan out. To this little house she returned, and it
+became her cherished home for the long remainder of her days. London,
+during the years of her first success, had not been without its usual
+attractions to the new-comer, but she had always been alive to the
+essential incompleteness, the dispersion, the want of steadfast
+self-collection, in a life much passed in London society. And we may
+believe that the five austere and lonely years at Tynemouth, with their
+evening outlook over the busy waters of the harbour-bar into the stern
+far-off sea, may have slowly bred in her an unwillingness to plunge
+again into the bustling triviality, the gossip, the distracting
+lightness of the world of splendid fireflies. To have discerned the Pale
+Horse so near and for so long a space awakens new moods, and strangely
+alters the old perspectives of our life. Yet it would imply a
+misunderstanding of Harriet Martineau's character to suppose that she
+turned her back upon London, and built her pretty hermitage at
+Ambleside, in anything like the temper of Jean Jacques Rousseau. She was
+far too positive a spirit for that, and far too full of vivid and
+concentrated interest in men and their doings. It would be unjust to
+think of Harriet Martineau as having no ear for the inner voices, yet
+her whole nature was objective; it turned to practice and not to
+reverie. She had her imaginative visions, as we know, and as all truly
+superior minds have them, even though their main superiority happens to
+be in the practical order. But her visions were limited as a landscape
+set in a rigid frame; they had not the wings that soar and poise in the
+vague unbounded empyrean. And she was much too sensible to think that
+these moods were strong, or constant, or absorbing enough in her case to
+furnish material and companionship for a life from day to day and year
+to year. Nor again was it for the sake of undisturbed acquisition of
+knowledge, nor cultivation of her finer faculties that she sought a
+hermitage. She was not moved by thought of the famous maxim which Goethe
+puts into the mouth of Leonore--
+
+    Es bildet ein Talent sich in der Stille,
+    Sich ein Charakter in dem Strom der Welt.
+
+Though an intense egotist, in the good and respectable sense of
+insisting on her own way of doing things, of settling for herself what
+it was that she was living for, and of treading the path with a firm and
+self-reliant step, yet Harriet Martineau was as little of an egotist as
+ever lived, in the poor and stifling sense of thinking of the perfecting
+of her own culture as in the least degree worthy of ranking among
+Ends-in-themselves. She settled in the Lake district, because she
+thought that there she would be most favourably placed for satisfying
+the various conditions which she had fixed as necessary to her scheme of
+life. 'My own idea of an innocent and happy life,' she says, 'was a
+house of my own among poor improvable neighbours, with young servants
+whom I might train and attach to myself, with pure air, a garden,
+leisure, solitude at command, and freedom to work in peace and
+quietness.'
+
+'It is the wisest step in her life,' Wordsworth said, when he heard that
+she had bought a piece of land and built a pretty house upon it; and
+then he added the strangely unpoetic reason--'because the value of the
+property will be doubled in ten years.' Her poetic neighbour gave her a
+characteristic piece of advice in the same prudential vein. He warned
+her that she would find visitors a great expense. 'When you have a
+visitor,' he said, 'you must do as we did; you must say: "If you like to
+have a cup of tea with us, you are very welcome; but if you want any
+meat, you must pay for your board."' Miss Martineau declined to carry
+thrift to this ungracious extremity. She constantly had guests in her
+house, and, if they were all like Charlotte Bronte, they enjoyed their
+visits in spite of the arbitrary ways of their energetic hostess.
+
+Her manner of life during these years is pleasant to contemplate;
+cheerful, active, thoroughly wholesome. 'My habit,' she says, 'was to
+rise at six and to take a walk, returning to my solitary breakfast at
+half-past seven. My household orders were given for the day, and all
+affairs settled out of doors and in by a quarter or half-past eight,
+when I went to work, which I continued without interruption, except from
+the post, till three o'clock or later, when alone. While my friend was
+with me we dined at two, and that was of course the limit of my day's
+work.' De Tocqueville, if we remember, never saw his guests until after
+he had finished his morning's work, of which he had done six hours by
+eleven o'clock. Schopenhauer was still more sensitive to the jar of
+external interruption on that finely-tuned instrument, the brain, after
+a night's repose, for it was as much as his housekeeper's place was
+worth to allow either herself or any one else to appear to the
+philosopher before midday. After the early dinner at Ambleside cottage
+came little bits of neighbourly business, exercise, and so forth. 'It is
+with singular alacrity that in winter evenings I light the lamp and
+unroll my wool-work, and meditate or dream till the arrival of the
+newspaper tells me that the tea has stood long enough. After tea, if
+there was news from the seat of war, I called in my maids, who brought
+down the great atlas and studied the chances of the campaign with me.
+Then there was an hour or two for Montaigne, or Bacon, or Shakespeare,
+or Tennyson, or some dear old biography.'
+
+The only productions of this time worth mentioning are the _History of
+the Thirty Years' Peace_ (1849) and the condensed version of Comte's
+_Positive Philosophy_ (1853), both of them meritorious and useful pieces
+of work, and both of them undertaken, as nearly all Miss Martineau's
+work was, not from merely literary motives, but because she thought that
+they would be meritorious and useful, and because nothing more useful
+came into her head or under her hand at the moment. The condensation of
+Comte is easy and rapid, and it is said by those who have looked very
+closely into it to be hardly free from some too hasty renderings. It
+must, however, on the whole, be pronounced a singularly intelligent and
+able performance. The pace at which Comte was able to compose is a
+standing marvel to all who have pondered the great and difficult art of
+composition. It must be admitted that the author of the English version
+of him was in this respect no unworthy match for her original. Miss
+Martineau tells us that she despatched the last three volumes, which
+number over 1800 pages, in some five months. She thought the rendering
+of thirty pages of Comte a fair morning's work. If we consider the
+abstract and difficult nature of the matter, this must be pronounced
+something of a feat. We have not space to describe her method, but any
+reader who happens to be interested in the mechanism of literary
+productions will find the passage in vol. ii. p. 391. _The History of
+the Thirty Years' Peace_ is no less astonishing an example of rapid
+industry. From the first opening of the books to study for the history
+to the depositing of the MS. of the first volume at press, was exactly
+six months. The second volume took six months to do, with an interval of
+some weeks of holiday and other work!
+
+We think all this worth mentioning, because it is an illustration of
+what is a highly important maxim; namely, that it is a great mistake to
+expend more time and labour on a piece of composition than is enough to
+make it serve the purpose in hand. The immeasurable moment and
+far-reachingness of the very highest kinds of literature are apt to make
+men who play at being students forget there are many other kinds of
+literature which are not in the least immeasurably far-reaching, but
+which, for all that, are extremely useful in their own day and
+generation. Those highly fastidious and indolent people, who sometimes
+live at Oxford and Cambridge, with whom, indeed, for the most part,
+their high fastidiousness is only a fine name for impotence and lack of
+will, forget that the less immortal kinds of literature are the only
+kinds within their own reach. Literature is no doubt a fine art--the
+finest of the arts--but it is also a practical art; and it is deplorable
+to think how much stout, instructive work might and ought to be done by
+people who, in dreaming of ideals in prose or verse beyond their
+attainment, end, like the poor Casaubon of fiction, in a little pamphlet
+on a particle, or else in mediocre poetry, or else in nothing. By
+insisting on rearing nothing short of a great monument more durable than
+brass, they are cutting themselves off from building the useful little
+mud-hut, or some of the other modest performances by which only they are
+capable of serving their age. It is only one volume in a million that is
+not meant to perish, and to perish soon, as flowers, sunbeams, and all
+the other brightnesses of the earth are meant to perish. There are some
+forms of composition in which perfection is not only good but
+indispensable. But the most are designed for the purpose of a day, and
+if they have the degree of elaboration, accuracy, grasp, and
+faithfulness that suffice for the given purpose, then we may say that it
+is enough. There is literature proper, for which only two or three men
+and women in a generation have the true gift. This cannot be too good.
+But besides this there is a mass of honest and needful work to be done
+with the pen, to which literary form is only accidental, and in which
+consummate literary finish or depth is a sheer work of supererogation.
+If Miss Martineau had given twice as many years as she gave months to
+the condensation of Comte, the book would not have been a whit more
+useful in any possible respect--indeed, over-elaboration might easily
+have made it much less so--and the world would have lost many other
+excellent, if not dazzling or stupendous services.
+
+'Her original power,' she wrote of herself in that manly and outspoken
+obituary notice to which we have already referred, 'was nothing more
+than was due to earnestness and intellectual clearness within a certain
+range. With small imaginative and suggestive powers, and therefore
+nothing approaching to genius, she could see clearly what she did see,
+and give a clear expression to what she had to say. In short, she could
+popularise, while she could neither discover nor invent.... She could
+obtain and keep a firm grasp of her own views, and moreover she could
+make them understood. The function of her life was to do this, and in as
+far as it was done diligently and honestly, her life was of use.' All
+this is precisely true, and her life was of great use; and that makes
+what she says not only true, but an example worth much weighing by many
+of those who meddle with literature.
+
+Miss Martineau was never tired of trying to be useful in directing and
+improving opinion. She did not disdain the poor neighbours at her gates.
+She got them to establish a Building Society, she set them an example of
+thrifty and profitable management by her little farm of two acres, and
+she gave them interesting and cheerful courses of lectures in the winter
+evenings. All this time her eye was vigilant for the great affairs of
+the world. In 1852 she began to write leading articles for the _Daily
+News_, and in this department her industry and her aptitude were such
+that at times she wrote as many as six leading articles in a week. When
+she died, it was computed that she had written sixteen hundred. They are
+now all dead enough, as they were meant to die, but they made an
+impression that is still alive in its consequences upon some of the most
+important social, political, and economical matters of five-and-twenty
+important years. In what was by far the greatest of all the issues of
+those years, the Civil War in the United States, Harriet Martineau's
+influence was of the most inestimable value in keeping public opinion
+right against the strong tide of ignorant Southern sympathies in this
+country. If she may seem to some to have been less right in her views of
+the Crimean War, we must admit that the issues were very complex, and
+that complete assurance on that struggle is not easy to everybody even
+at this distance of time.
+
+To this period belong the Biographic Sketches which she contributed to a
+London newspaper. They have since been collected in a single volume, now
+in its fourth edition. They are masterpieces in the style of the
+vignette. Their conciseness, their clearness in fact, their definiteness
+in judgment, and above all, the rightly graduated impression of the
+writer's own personality in the background, make them perfect in their
+kind. There is no fretting away of the portrait in over-multiplicity of
+lines and strokes. Here more than anywhere else Miss Martineau shows the
+true quality of the writer, the true mark of literature, the sense of
+proportion, the modulated sentence, the compact and suggestive phrase.
+There is a happy precision, a pithy brevity, a condensed
+argumentativeness. And this literary skill is made more telling by the
+writer's own evident interest and sincerity about the real lives and
+characters of the various conspicuous people with whom she deals. It may
+be said that she has no subtle insight into the complexities of human
+nature, and that her philosophy of character is rather too little
+analytical, too downright, too content with averages of motive, and too
+external. This is so in a general way, but it does not spoil the charm
+of these sketches, because the personages concerned, though all of them
+conspicuous, were for the most part commonplace in motive, though more
+than commonplace in strength of faculty. Subtle analysis is wholly
+unreasonable in the case of Miss Martineau herself, and she would
+probably have been unable to use that difficult instrument in
+criticising characters less downright and objective than her own.
+
+The moment of the Crimean War marked an alarming event in her own life.
+The doctors warned her that she had a heart disease which would end her
+days suddenly and soon. Miss Martineau at once set her affairs in order,
+and sat down to write her Autobiography. She had the manuscript put into
+type, and the sheets finally printed off, just as we now possess them.
+But the hour was not yet. The doctors had exaggerated the peril, and the
+strong woman lived for twenty years after she had been given up. She
+used up the stuff of her life to the very end, and left no dreary
+remnant nor morbid waste of days. She was like herself to the
+last--English, practical, positive. Yet she had thoughts and visions
+which were more than this. We like to think of this faithful woman and
+veteran worker in good causes, in the stroll which she always took on
+her terrace before retiring to rest for the night:--
+
+'On my terrace there were two worlds extended bright before me, even
+when the midnight darkness hid from my bodily eyes all but the outlines
+of the solemn mountains that surround our valley on three sides, and the
+clear opening to the lake on the south. In the one of those worlds I saw
+now the magnificent coast of Massachusetts in autumn, or the flowery
+swamps of Louisiana, or the forests of Georgia in spring, or the
+Illinois prairie in summer; or the blue Nile, or the brown Sinai, or the
+gorgeous Petra, or the view of Damascus from the Salahiey; or the Grand
+Canal under a Venetian sunset, or the Black Forest in twilight, or Malta
+in the glare of noon, or the broad desert stretching away under the
+stars, or the Red Sea tossing its superb shells on shore in the pale
+dawn. That is one world, all comprehended within my terrace wall, and
+coming up into the light at my call. The other and finer scenery is of
+that world, only beginning to be explored, of Science.... It is truly an
+exquisite pleasure to dream, after the toil of study, on the sublime
+abstractions of mathematics; the transcendent scenery unrolled by
+astronomy; the mysterious, invisible forces dimly hinted to us by
+physics; the new conception of the constitution of matter originated by
+chemistry; and then, the inestimable glimpses opened to us, in regard to
+the nature and destiny of man, by the researches into vegetable and
+animal organisation, which are at length perceived to be the right path
+of inquiry into the highest subjects of thought.... Wondrous beyond the
+comprehension of any one mind is the mass of glorious facts and the
+series of mighty conceptions laid open; but the shadow of the
+surrounding darkness rests upon it all. The unknown always engrosses the
+greater part of the field of vision, and the awe of infinity sanctifies
+both the study and the dream.'
+
+It would be a pity if difference of opinion upon subjects of profound
+difficulty, remoteness, and manifold perplexity, were to prevent any one
+from recognising in such words and such moods as these what was, in
+spite of some infirmities, a character of many large thoughts and much
+generous purpose. And with this feeling we may part from her.
+
+                   *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Transcriber's Note:
+  The following changes have been made to the text.
+
+  Sich ein Charakter im dem Strom der Welt.
+  has been changed to:
+  Sich ein Charakter in dem Strom der Welt.
+
+  literature which are are not in the least immeasurably far-reaching, but
+  has been changed to:
+  literature which are not in the least immeasurably far-reaching, but
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 3 of 3), by John Morley
+
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