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diff --git a/25735.txt b/25735.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d0b419d --- /dev/null +++ b/25735.txt @@ -0,0 +1,948 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Brochure Series of Architectural +Illustration, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Brochure Series of Architectural Illustration + Vol 1, No. 9 1895 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: June 9, 2008 [EBook #25735] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BROCHURE SERIES *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + +THE BROCHURE SERIES + +OF ARCHITECTURAL ILLUSTRATION. + +VOL. I. +SEPTEMBER, 1895. +No. 9. + + + + +PULPITS OF SOUTHERN ITALY. + + +The pulpits and ambos chosen for the illustrations in this issue of THE +BROCHURES are mainly interesting for their wonderful mosaic decorations +which are among the finest of their kind which have ever been executed. +The work of the family of Cosmati, by whose name the Roman mosaic or +inlay of this description is known, such as that in plate LXXI, is +similar in design and method of execution to that shown in the other +plates. There is one point, however, in which the Roman work is quite +different. In Sicily and southern Italy the bands and borders of +geometrical patterns are largely made up of glass or composition, while +the Cosmati confined themselves to the use of colored marbles. In the +south, and particularly in Sicily, gold is freely used, but this is +lacking in the work of the Cosmati. As a result of this difference in +material a wider range of color is possible in the southern mosaics than +in those of Rome; and this is especially noticeable in the use of blues, +which give much of the character to the beautiful examples shown in our +plates, which we regret we cannot reproduce in color. The altar, pulpit, +and bishop's throne in the churches of SS. Nerone ed Achille and S. +Cesario in Rome may be taken as additional examples. + +This is a form of decoration which may be found in many of the Byzantine +churches of the eleventh and twelfth centuries and also in the Tuscan +churches of the same epoch, notably in the Baptistery at Pisa and in the +church of San Miniato al Monte in Florence. + +The mosaic floors, dados, and solid railings of the Palermitan monuments +all seem to belong to this class: a ground of gray or white marble slabs +with large panels of colored marble, mosaic bands of geometrical pattern +let into the marble, and sometimes a plain framework of one member with +a carved row of conventional leaves. In Palermo a grayish veined Greek +marble similar to that used in Venice and Ravenna was almost exclusively +used as a background. It formed a most admirable setting for the inlaid +marble mosaics which were laid in rebated panels in the marble slabs, +making a perfectly smooth surface. In the floor mosaics green serpentine +and red or purple porphyry are the usual colors besides the gray, while +brighter reds, gold, blues, white, and a variety of other glasses +(_smalti_) are employed with the serpentine and porphyry in the mosaics +on walls, pulpits, and screens. + +In all of the work referred to above, the separate pieces of marble or +glass are carefully shaped to fit the patterns they are intended to +form, and in this respect differ from the Byzantine and other wall +mosaics, and from the earlier Roman mosaic pavements such as those which +are familiar in the Pompeiian buildings. In the latter the shape and +often the size of the pieces making up the pattern were of comparatively +little importance, and the pieces were imbedded in a matrix which filled +up the interstices and gave a background of neutral color. + +The marble pavements, made up of discs, squares, and other geometrical +forms of colored marbles surrounded by bands or borders of a smaller +scale, were similar in design to some of the mosaics shown in our +plates. This work is known as Opus Alexandrinum and is familiar from the +pavements of St. Mark's and the church of Santa Maria dei Miracoli in +Venice. + + + [Illustration: LXV. Ambo in the Capella Palatina, Palermo, + Sicily.] + + +The Capella Palatina was built and dedicated to St. Peter by King Roger +the Second of Sicily. It must have been begun soon after Roger's +coronation, and was finished in the year 1143. + +It is of the same period as the cloister of Monreale, which was +described and illustrated in the March number of THE BROCHURE SERIES; +and the work here shown distinctly recalls the mosaics upon the twisted +columns in this cloister. + +The interior is famous as one of the most beautiful works of color +decoration extant. Its general tone is bluish green with mosaic walls +and floor and a wooden ceiling decorated in tempera with cufic +inscriptions. It is scantily lighted with small windows, giving a rather +sombre effect. The best mosaics are in the chancel and apses. + +The beautiful ambo is one of its most attractive features. The famous +candelabrum of five tiers of figures, at the projecting angle, is of +white marble. + + + [Illustration: LXVI. Ambo in the Cathedral, Salerno, Italy.] + + + [Illustration: LXVII. Pulpit in the Cathedral, Salerno, Italy.] + + +Salerno and Ravello were both included under the Norman rule of the +kingdom of Naples and Sicily in the eleventh century, and the work here +shown all belongs to the Norman period. + +The Cathedral of Salerno was founded and dedicated to St. Matthew in +1084 by Robert Guiscard, who plundered the temples of Paestum of their +marbles and sculptures to embellish it. + +The two pulpits and that in the choir in front of the archbishop's +throne, which are said to have been executed by order of John of +Procida, are fine examples of the rich mosaic work of the period. The +two large pulpits are placed in the nave, before the choir, which here +has retained its original position in front of the high altar. Stairs +opening out of the choir, finely decorated in mosaic, lead to each +pulpit. In front of the larger one on the right is a fine Paschal +candelabrum, decorated in mosaic. The pulpit itself is supported on +twelve granite columns, while the four supports of the opposite ambo are +the very rare black porphyry called _Porfido Nero-Bianco._ The raised +space between is paved in Opus Alexandrinum. + + + [Illustration: LXVIII. Pulpit in the Cathedral, Ravello.] + + +The Cathedral at Ravello, dedicated to S. Pantaleo, was founded by +Niccolo Rufolo, Duke of Sora and grand admiral under Count Roger of +Sicily. + +The marble pulpit, or Gospel ambo, inlaid with mosaics, was built, +according to a Latin inscription which it bears, in the year 1272, at +the cost of Niccolo Rufolo, a descendant of the grand admiral. Another +inscription records the fact that it was the work of Nicholas, the son +of Bartolommeus of Foggia. + + + [Illustration: LXIX. Ambo in the Cathedral, Ravello.] + + +The Epistle ambo, situated on the opposite side of the church from the +main pulpit, is of earlier date than the latter. The mosaics represent +on one side Jonah being swallowed by the whale, and on the other his +being ejected. It bears the name of Costantino Rogadeo, the second +bishop of Ravello, and probably dates from about 1130. + + + [Illustration: LXX. Pulpit in the Church of S. Giovanni, + Ravello.] + + +The church of San Giovanni del Toro also dates from the time of King +Roger. The story of Jonah will be seen again depicted here. + + + [Illustration: LXXI. Ambo in S. Lorenzo fuori le Mura, Rome.] + + +The Basilica of S. Lorenzo fuori le Mura was originally only an oratory +over the Catacombs of S. Cyriaca, and was said to have been founded by +Constantine about A.D. 330. It was enlarged and partly rebuilt in the +fifth and sixth centuries, and in 1216 was again remodeled by Honorius +III, who built the present long nave and its portico, raised the +chancel, and filled up with rubbish the lower church. It is thus a grand +collection of details of various periods, but all of much interest. + +Its two ambos stand on each side of the raised portion of the floor +which corresponds to the choir in the Basilica of Honorius. The Gospel +was chanted from the one on the south side with the reading desk turned +towards the choir; and the Epistle from the one on the north, with a +single desk towards the high altar. Before the Gospel ambo is a fine +mosaic candelabrum standing on a Roman cippus reversed, having an olive +branch and birds sculptured on it. + +The pavement as well as the work upon these two ambos is in the style of +the Cosmati. + + + [Illustration: LXXII. Pulpit in the Cathedral at Messina, + Sicily.] + + +The Cathedral (S.M. Nuova) was founded by Count Roger in 1098, and was +finished by his son Roger. The interior is 305 feet in length, and is a +Latin cross with three aisles, separated by twenty-six columns of +Egyptian granite said to have been taken from the temple of Neptune at +Faro; they have gilt Corinthian capitals. The roof is of wood and is a +restoration by King Manfred of an ancient roof burned in 1254 at the +funeral of Conrad, son of Emperor Frederick II, the canopy over the +corpse having been so high that the lights by which it was crowned set +fire to the rafters. The three apses are filled with fine mosaics. + +The pulpit of white marble is attributed to Gogini, and the font near it +to Gaddo Gaddi of Florence. + + * * * * * + + + + +Competition for Advertising Design. + + +The publishers of THE BROCHURE SERIES will give three prizes, valued at +$5.00 each, for the best three designs for a full-page advertisement of +the Boynton Furnace Co. These prizes will be:-- + + 1. A complete set of Volume I of the _Architectural Review_ (see + advertisement in front pages of this number for description). + + 2. A subscription to Volume IV of the _Architectural Review_. + + 3. Details of Decorative Sculpture, both Italian and French + Renaissance (2 books). + +The authors of the best designs may have their choice of any of these +three prizes. A prize will be awarded for the best design received on or +before November 30, 1895. A second prize for the best design received +after November 20, and on or before December 10, 1895. A third prize for +the best design received after November 30, and on or before December +20, 1895. + +It is probable that all acceptable designs will be used, in which case +payment will be made, the amount of which will be determined by +correspondence with the author; and all designs not accepted will be +returned to the authors. + +The advertisements of the Boynton Furnace Co. may be referred to for +material, and the following data can be drawn upon:-- + + The business was established in 1849; the company was + incorporated in 1884. Over 100,000 heaters have been made and + sold. Furnaces, hot water and steam heaters, ranges, and + Baltimore heaters are manufactured. The Boynton goods have + always ranked high, the company being one of the "old stand-bys" + in the heating trade. Satisfactory service in carrying out + architects' specifications is made a feature of their business. + +The net size of the space allowed for advertisement is 5-1/2 inches wide +and 8 inches high. No restriction upon the design is made, except that +it shall not go beyond these dimensions. Drawings must be made one half +larger than the advertisement would be. They are not to bear the +designer's name, or any distinguishing device, but a sealed envelope +containing his name and address is to be securely attached to the back +of the drawing, or of each drawing should a designer submit two or more. +They must be in black ink upon white paper, and sent postpaid to the +Editor of THE BROCHURE SERIES, 6 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass. + +The designing of effective architectural advertisements presents a good +field for draughtsmen to cultivate. In both THE BROCHURE SERIES and the +_Architectural Review_ a considerable quantity of such work could be +used if it were the right kind. The publishers are in hopes this +competition will bring out designs that will serve as a guide to +securing special work for which there is a more or less constant demand. +If this competition proves successful in bringing out the proper kind of +material, others will be arranged for in future, and larger prizes +offered. + + * * * * * + + + + +The Brochure Series + +of Architectural Illustration. + +PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY + +BATES & GUILD, 6 BEACON STREET, BOSTON, MASS. + + Subscription Rates per year 50 cents, in advance + Special Club Rates for five subscriptions $2.00 + +Entered at the Boston Post Office as Second-class Matter. + + * * * * * + + SPECIAL NOTICE. + + Back numbers of THE BROCHURE SERIES _are not_ kept in stock. All + subscriptions will be dated from the time received and + subscribers who wish for the current numbers must place their + subscriptions at once. + + +The placing in position of the great decorative wall painting of Puvis +de Chavannes in the Boston Public Library again directs public attention +to this remarkable building. To us this last addition to the +architectural work (for every feature of the building, whether +constructional, utilitarian, or purely decorative, is architectural in +the sense of forming an essential part of an otherwise incomplete +composition) is the one feature thus far introduced which does most to +bind together the varying elements in the decorative scheme of the +interior. It occupies the most important position in the building, at +the head of the monumental staircase, and forms not only a centre of +interest aesthetically, but serves as a connecting link between the other +features, which have before seemed more or less unrelated. The grand +staircase, built of Siena marble, the finest example of the intelligent +use of colored marble in this country, has until now lacked its foil, +which the dull blue walls now give. The added pleasure which is apparent +in viewing the stairway emphasizes the importance of the guiding +intelligence which has made all this possible. There is in our +experience only one other building in the country in the interior +treatment of which this intelligence is evident in anything like the +same degree. The house built by Messrs. McKim, Mead, and White for Mr. +Henry Villard is the most completely satisfying residence we have ever +seen, and its success is due to the element of restraint shown +throughout, and to the harmony between its parts. There are other houses +in which may be found just as effective single features, but there is +some discordant note which destroys the harmony. The Library is not an +expensive building; its single features may, with the exception of the +staircase, be equaled in beauty by many other buildings in this country, +but no other can compare with it in the sense of complete satisfaction +which it awakens on account of this harmony of parts. + +We have pointed out only the harmony in color, which of course in itself +is of secondary importance, and if it were not accompanied by +intelligent harmony of plan, and treatment of detail in proportion and +scale could not make the composition a satisfactory one. The question of +decorative color treatment comes up at this time because of the +surprising effect which the addition of a little patch of colored wall +makes in the whole interior. Even the uneducated, superficial observer +is impressed with the feeling of completeness and thoughtful intention +in everything connected with the building. + + * * * * * + + + + +Brochure Series Competition. + +Number One. + +DESIGN FOR THE CASE OF AN UPRIGHT PIANO. PRIZES OFFERED BY THE +HENRY F. MILLER & SONS PIANO CO., BOSTON. + + +The object of this competition was not to secure designs for pianos at +the least possible cost, as is the object of many competitions in +design, but merely to attract the attention of designers to this special +problem, and take one more step towards a better condition of things in +the piano business. The Henry F. Miller Co. have for several years +followed a policy the results of which are seen in some of their later +designs. It has been the practice to turn special cases over to +furniture and cabinet makers, entailing an expense that has been +practically prohibitory for all but the richest clients architects have. +The Miller piano factory has been equipped with every facility for +executing work from architects' special designs and within a reasonable +cost. The prizes have been offered in the most liberal spirit, and while +a large number of the designs submitted were unsatisfactory, they have +been instructive and their shortcomings will be borne in mind in +preparing the program of another competition, with larger prizes, which +will shortly be announced in THE BROCHURE SERIES. + + + [Illustration: First Prize. A.B. Le Boutillier.] + + +Seventy-five designs were submitted, several of which arrived too late +to be entered. The drawings were very carefully examined by the officers +of the company, assisted by Mr. C. Howard Walker, and the following +awards were made:-- + + + [Illustration: Second Prize. E.F. Maher] + + +First prize, $25, A.B. Le Boutillier, Boston; second prize, $15, Edward +F. Maher, Boston; third prize, $10, James C. Green, Brooklyn, N.Y. + + +REPORT OF THE JURY. + +In judging the designs for piano cases, the element of economy, though +recognized, played but a small part in the decision of the judges. The +qualities which made the premiated designs superior to others, were +those of refinement, beauty of line, and of general proportions. + +A piano case presents, necessarily, but restricted opportunity for +design, and any attempt at great novelty is apt to be disastrous; if +originality appears, it will be in the smaller details. + + + [Illustration: Third Prize. J.C. Green.] + + +There also exists the question of style, which is determined largely by +the character of the room in which the piano is to be placed, and yet, +if the element of style is forced too far, it prevents the use of the +design for any but one case. + +Of the premiated designs those placed first and second are in distinct +styles, the one having almost the character of Francois I, the other +being of the time of the Empire. Both, however, are simple and could be +placed in rooms of other styles of architecture. + +The first prize design is especially commended for the disposition of +its ornament, and the delicate but vigorous lines of the bracket beneath +the keyboard, or what is technically called the "truss." + +The design placed second has excellent proportioning of panels and +Empire ornament in excellent relative scale, well disposed. + +The design placed third is a most direct development of the +requirements, and is a very simple, practicable design with good +proportions and lines. + +The three remaining designs published were considered worthy of mention, +each in its own way. The Gothic design could be made very rich and +interesting with panel colored decoration. The upper portion is well +proportioned, the lower portion somewhat too meagre. The Colonial design +is interesting above the keyboard; the arches below the "trusses" are +out of scale. The Baroque design would depend for its good or bad +quality entirely upon the delicacy and skill with which the carving was +done. Both the Gothic and Baroque designs could only be used in rooms of +their own respective styles. + + + [Illustration: Design by E.B. Wells.] + + * * * * * + + + + +Club Notes. + + +It is encouraging to note that a new accession to the already imposing +list of architectural clubs has been made so early in the season by the +organization of a club in Detroit. + +On Monday, September 16, thirty-five draughtsmen met at the Detroit +Museum of Art and effected a temporary organization of the Detroit +Architectural Sketch Club, Emil Lorch being elected Chairman and Alex. +Blumberg Secretary. A committee, consisting of W.E.N. Hunter, R. +Mildner, and G.H. Ropes, was appointed to draw up a Constitution and +By-laws. + +The report of this committee was adopted at the second meeting, on +September 25, and the following officers and directors elected: +President, Emil Lorch; Vice-President, G.H. Ropes; Secretary, E.A. +Schilling; Treasurer, R. Mildner; Directors, W.E.N. Hunter, F.G. Baxter, +and Alex. Blumberg. + + + [Illustration: Design by E.R. Clark.] + + +The object of the Club and its proposed methods of study are like those +of similar organizations elsewhere. + +Few of the existing clubs have started under better auspices, and fewer +still could count as many members at their inception. + +A number of the other clubs have begun early in the systematic work of +the year. The Philadelphia, Baltimore, Cleveland, and Chicago clubs in +particular are starting with unusual vigor and promise. Our next issue +will have more detailed account of these plans for the future. + + + [Illustration: Design by A.H. Cox.] + + * * * * * + + + + +Books. + + +_Architecture for General Readers_: A Short Treatise on the + Principles and Motives of Architectural Design. With an + Historical Sketch. By H. Heathcote Statham, Fellow of the + Institute of Architects, Editor of _The Builder_. With + illustrations drawn by the Author. London, New York: Charles + Scribner's Sons. 1895. + +This work is, as its title indicates, a popular handbook of the +principles of architecture, and furnishes what has hitherto been +practically inaccessible to general readers--a concise explanation of +what architecture really means. + +The greater part of the work is devoted to the explanation of the theory +of design and construction and the general principles in their simpler +applications. The subject of ornament including the use of mouldings, +sculpture, and plain surfaces, is taken up, and architectural working +drawings are explained. + +The historical sketch is excellent, although in this direction there is +not the same lack of good handbooks as in the theoretical field. The +analysis is clear and more easily comprehended than is usual in such +treatises. + + * * * * * + + + + +Notes. + + +To an architect a convenient drawing table is one of the most important +requirements. There are many devices made to meet this requirement, but +none have proved more useful or given more general satisfaction than the +"Seldis," furnished by Messrs. Frost & Adams, 37 Cornhill, Boston. The +special advantages of this table are many, but among them is the fact +that the draughtsman can work in a natural position, as the board can be +adjusted, so that all parts may be easily reached. Any board can be used +and it will not tip over, and being self-locking will remain in any +position, and can be adjusted in height to suit the draughtsman. When +not in use it can be folded to occupy the same length and width as an +ordinary drawing-board. Descriptive circulars will be sent upon +application by Messrs. Frost & Adams. + + + [Illustration: House in Brookline. Winslow & Wetherell, + Architects. From Dexter Bros.' "Some Houses Near Boston."] + + +Messrs. Dexter Bros., of 55 Broad Street, Boston, are adopting a very +effective method of advertising their English Shingle Stains. We have +already referred to their collection of photographic prints published +under the title of "Some Houses Near Boston." The illustration on this +page is reduced from one of the plates in this collection. They have +followed this with an even more attractive pamphlet showing +Kennebunkport houses, on which their stains have been used, and they +have a third collection in preparation, illustrating Bar Harbor houses. +Either of the first two will be sent to any reader of THE BROCHURE +SERIES upon receipt of a two-cent stamp, and due notice of the issue of +the collection of Bar Harbor houses will be given in these columns. As +Dexter Bros.' Stains are used by leading architects throughout the +country they have plenty of subjects to choose from in each publication, +thus enabling them to publish work that is architecturally interesting. +This raises the character of their advertising above the ordinary trade +level. Usually publications representing the buildings in which a +certain material is used, show good, bad, and indifferent architecture, +the good being present in small quantity. The Dexter Bros.' collections +show intelligent discrimination, and it is this one thing that makes +them worthy of notice. + +All who are in any way interested in suburban architecture will find +these pamphlets worth sending for. They should have a wide circulation, +for they have more than an advertising value. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Brochure Series of Architectural +Illustration, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BROCHURE SERIES *** + +***** This file should be named 25735.txt or 25735.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/5/7/3/25735/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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