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diff --git a/25699-h/25699-h.htm b/25699-h/25699-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..de8d760 --- /dev/null +++ b/25699-h/25699-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,12112 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Battle of New Orleans, by Zachary F. Smith. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + img {border:0;} + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + + .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + + + .bb {border-bottom: solid 2px;} + .bl {border-left: solid 2px;} + .bt {border-top: solid 2px;} + .br {border-right: solid 2px;} + .bbox {border: solid 2px;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .u {text-decoration: underline;} + a {text-decoration: none} /* no lines under links */ + + + // --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Battle of New Orleans, by Zachary F. Smith + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Battle of New Orleans + including the Previous Engagements between the Americans + and the British, the Indians and the Spanish which led to + the Final Conflict on the 8th of January, 1815 + +Author: Zachary F. Smith + +Release Date: June 5, 2008 [EBook #25699] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS *** + + + + +Produced by Irma Špehar, Graeme Mackreth and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<p class="center"> +<img src="images/illus01.jpg" alt="smith" /> +<a id="illus01" name="illus01"></a> +</p> + + +<p class="center">Z.F. SMITH.<br /> + +Member of the Filson Club</p> + + + + +<p class='center' style="margin-top: 5em;"><small> +FILSON CLUB PUBLICATIONS No. 19</small> +</p> +<h2>THE</h2> +<h1> +Battle of New Orleans</h1> + +<h4>INCLUDING THE<br /> +<br /> +Previous Engagements between the Americans and the<br /> +British, the Indians, and the Spanish which<br /> +led to the Final Conflict on the<br /> +8th of January, 1815<br /> +<br /> +BY<br /> +<br /> +ZACHARY F. SMITH</h4> + +<p class='center'>Member of The Filson Club and Author of a History of Kentucky<br /> +and School Editions of the same</p> + +<p class='center'>Illustrated</p> +<p class="center"> +<img src="images/illus09.jpg" alt="thingy" /> + +</p> + +<p class='center'> <small> +LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY<br /> +JOHN P. MORTON & COMPANY<br /> +<span class="smcap">Printers to The Filson Club</span><br /> +1904</small> +</p> + + + + +<p class='center' style="margin-top: 5em;"><small> +COPYRIGHTED BY<br /> +The Filson Club<br /> +and All Rights Reserved<br /> +1904</small></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[Pg iii]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>PREFACE</h2> + + +<p>In the preparation of the following account of the "Battle of New +Orleans," I have availed myself of all accessible authorities, and have +been placed under obligations to Colonel R.T. Durrett, of Louisville, +Kentucky. I have had free access to his library, which is the largest +private collection in this country, and embraces works upon almost every +subject. Besides general histories of the United States and of the +individual States, and periodicals, newspapers, and manuscripts, which +contain valuable information on the battle of New Orleans, his library +contains numerous works more specifically devoted to this subject. Among +these, to which I have had access, may be mentioned Notices of the War +of 1812, by John M. Armstrong, two volumes, New York, 1840; The Naval +History of Great Britain from 1783 to 1830, by Edward P. Brenton, two +volumes, London, 1834; History of the Late War, by H.M. Brackenridge, +Philadelphia, 1839; An Authentic History of the Second War for +Independence, by Samuel R. Brown, two volumes, Auburn, 1815; History of +the Late War by an American<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[Pg iv]</a></span> (Joseph Cushing), Baltimore, 1816; +Correspondence between General Jackson and General Adair as to the +Kentuckians charged by Jackson with inglorious flight, New Orleans, +1815; An Authentic History of the Late War, by Paris M. Davis, New York, +1836; A Narrative of the Campaigns of the British Army by an Officer +(George R. Gleig), Philadelphia, 1821; History of Louisiana, American +Dominion, by Charles Gayarre, New York, 1866; The Second War with +England, illustrated, by J.T. Headley, two volumes, New York, 1853; +History of the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain, +by Rossiter Johnson, New York, 1882; The Pictorial Field-book of the War +of 1812, by Benjamin J. Lossing, New York, 1868; The War of 1812 in the +Western Country, by Robert B. McAfee, Lexington, Kentucky, 1816; +Historical Memoirs of the War of 1814-1815, by Major A. Lacarriere +Latour, Philadelphia, 1816; Messages of James Madison, President of the +United States, parts one and two, Albany, 1814; The Military Heroes of +the War of 1812, by Charles J. Peterson, Philadelphia, 1858; The Naval +War of 1812, by Theodore Roosevelt, New York, 1889; The History of the +War of 1812-15, by J. Russell, junior, Hartford, 1815; The Glory of +America, etc., by R. Thomas, New York, 1834; Historic Sketches of the +Late War, by John L. Thomson, Philadelphia, 1816; The Life of Andrew +Jackson, by Alexander Walker, Phila<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span>delphia, 1867; A Full and a Correct +Account of the Military Occurrences of the Late War between Great +Britain and the United States, by James Williams, two volumes, London, +1818.</p> + +<p>I have also been placed under obligations to Mr. William Beer, librarian +of the Howard Library of New Orleans, which has become a depository of +rare works touching the history of the South Mississippi Valley, and +especially relating to the War of 1812 and the battle of New Orleans. A +list of all the works in this library which Mr. Beer placed at my +disposal would be too long for insertion here, but the following may be +mentioned: Claiborne's Notes on the War in the South, Goodwin's +Biography of Andrew Jackson, Reid and Easten's Life of General Jackson, +Nolte's Fifty Years in Both Hemispheres, Report of Committee on +Jackson's Warrant for Closing the Halls of the Legislature of Louisiana, +The Madison Papers, Ingersoll's Historic Sketch of the Second War +between Great Britain and the United States, Cooke's Seven Campaigns in +the Peninsula, Hill's Recollections of an Artillery Officer, Coke's +History of the Rifle Brigade, Diary of Private Timewell, and Cooke's +Narrative of Events. No one would do justice to himself or his subject +if he should write a history of the battle of New Orleans without +availing himself of the treasures of the Howard Library.</p> + + +<p style="margin-left: 35em;"><span class="smcap">Z.F. Smith.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>INTRODUCTION</h2> + + +<p>England was apparently more liberal than Spain or France when, in the +treaty of 1783, she agreed to the Mississippi River as the western +boundary of the United States. Spain was for limiting the territory of +the new republic on the west to the crest of the Alleghany Mountains, so +as to secure to her the opportunity of conquering from England the +territory between the mountains and the Great River. Strangely enough +and inconsistently enough, France supported Spain in this outrageous +effort to curtail the territory of the new republic after she had helped +the United States to conquer it from England, or rather after General +Clark had wrested it from England for the colony of Virginia, and while +Virginia was still in possession of it. The seeming liberality of +England, however, may not have been more disinterested than the scheming +of Spain and France in this affair. England did not believe that the +United States could exist as a permanent government, but that the +confederated States would disintegrate and return to her as colonies. +The King<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span> of England said as much when the treaty was made. If, then, +the States were to return to England as colonies, the more territory +they might bring with them the better, and hence a large grant was +acknowledged in the treaty of peace. The acts of England toward the +United States after acknowledging their independence indicate that the +fixing of the western boundary on the Mississippi had as much +selfishness as liberality, if indeed it was not entirely selfish.</p> + +<p>The ink was scarcely dry upon the parchment which bore evidence of the +ratified treaty of 1783 when the mother country began acts of hostility +and meanness against her children who had separated from her and begun a +political life for themselves. When the English ships of war, which had +blockaded New York for seven long years, sailed out of the harbor and +took their course toward the British Isles, instead of hauling down +their colors from the flagstaff of Fort George, they left them flying +over the fortification, and tried to prevent them from being removed by +chopping down all the cleats for ascent, and greasing the pole so that +no one could climb to the top and pull down the British flag or replace +it by the colors of the United States. An agile sailor boy, named Van +Arsdale, who had probably ascended many trees in search of bird's nests, +and clambered up the masts<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span> of ships until he had become an expert +climber, nailed new cleats to the flagstaff and climbed to its summit, +bearing with him the flag of the new republic. When he reached the top +he cut down the British flag and suspended that of the United States. +This greasy trick may have been the act of some wag of the retiring +fleet, and might have been taken for a joke had it not been followed by +hostile acts which indicated that this was the initial step in a long +course of hostility and meanness.</p> + +<p>But it was soon followed by the retention of the lake forts which fell +into British hands during the Revolutionary War, and which, by the terms +of the treaty, were to be surrendered. Instead of surrendering them +according to the stipulations of the treaty, they held them, and not +only occupied them for thirteen years, but used them as storehouses and +magazines from which the Indians were fed and clothed and armed and +encouraged to tomahawk and scalp Americans without regard to age or sex. +And then followed a series of orders in council, by which the commerce +of the United States was almost swept from the seas, and their sailors +forcibly taken from American ships to serve on British. These orders in +council were so frequent that it seemed as if the French on one side of +the British Channel and the English on the other were hurling decrees +and orders at one another for their own<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span> amusement while inflicting dire +injuries on other nations, and especially the Americans.</p> + +<p>Had it not been for these hostile acts of the British there would have +been no War of 1812. Had they continued to treat the young republic with +the justice and liberality to which they agreed in fixing its western +boundary in the treaty of 1783, no matter what their motive may have +been, there would have been no cause for war between the two countries. +The Americans had hardly recovered from the wounds inflicted in the +Revolutionary War. They were too few and too weak and too poor to go to +war with such a power as England, and moreover wanted a continuance of +the peace by which they were adding to the population and wealth of +their country. What they had acquired in the quarter of a century since +the end of the Revolutionary War was but little in comparison with the +accumulations of England during long centuries, and they were not +anxious to risk their all in a conflict with such a power; but young and +weak and few as they were, they belonged to that order of human beings +who hold their rights and their honor in such high regard that they can +not continuously be insulted and injured without retaliation. The time +came when they resolved to bear the burdens of war rather than submit to +unjustice and dishonor.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span></p> + +<p>In the French and Indian war which preceded the Revolution there was +fighting for some time before a formal declaration of war. The English +drove the French traders from the Ohio Valley, and the French forced out +the English while the two nations were at peace. The French chassed from +one of their forts to another with fiddles instead of drums, and the +English with fowling-pieces instead of muskets rambled over the forest, +but they sometimes met and introduced each other to acts of war while a +state of hostility was acknowledged by neither. Something like a similar +state of things preceded the War of 1812. Tecumseh was at work trying to +unite all the tribes of Indians in one grand confederacy, ostensibly to +prevent them from selling their lands to the Americans, but possibly for +the purpose of war. While he was at this work his brother, the Prophet, +had convinced the Indians that he had induced the Great Spirit to make +them bullet-proof, and the English so encouraged them with food and +clothing and arms that they believed they were able to conquer the +Americans, and began to carry on hostilities against them without any +formal declaration of war by either party. The battle of Tippecanoe, +which came of this superstition among the Indians and this encouragement +from England, may be considered the first clash of arms in the War of +1812.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</a></span> The English took no open or active part in this battle, but their +arms and ammunition and rations were in it, and after it was lost the +Indians went to the English and became their open allies when the War of +1812 really began. Whether the English were allies of the Indians or the +Indians allies of the English, they fought and bled and died and were +conquered together after the initial conflict at Tippecanoe, in 1811, to +the final battle at New Orleans in 1815, which crowned the American arms +with a glory never to fade.</p> + +<p>The Filson Club, whose broad field of work in history, literature, +science, and art is hardly indicated by the name of the first historian +of Kentucky, which it bears, has deemed three of the battles which were +fought during the War of 1812 as the most important of the many that +were waged. These three were, first, the battle of Tippecanoe, regarded +as the opening scene of the bloody drama; second, the battle of the +Thames, by which the power of the British was crushed in the west and +northwest, and third, the battle of New Orleans, which ended the war in +a glorious victory for the Americans. The Club determined to have the +history of these three battles written and filed among its archives, and +to have the matter published for the benefit of the public. Hence, the +task was undertaken by three different members of the Club.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[Pg xiii]</a></span></p> + +<p>The first of these, "The Battle of Tippecanoe," was prepared for the +Club by Captain Alfred Pirtle, and published in 1900 as Filson Club +Publication Number 15. It is an illustrated quarto of one hundred and +sixty-seven pages, which gives a detailed account of the battle of +Tippecanoe and the acts of the Indians and British which led to it and +the important consequences which followed. The names of the officers and +soldiers, and especially those of Kentucky who were engaged in it, are +given so far as could be ascertained, and the book is a historic record +of this battle, full enough and faithful enough to furnish the reader +with all of the important facts.</p> + +<p>The second, "The Battle of the Thames," the 5th of October, 1813, was +undertaken by Colonel Bennett H. Young, and appeared in 1903 as the +eighteenth publication of the Filson Club. It is an elaborately +illustrated quarto of two hundred and eighty-six pages, and presents a +detailed account of the acts which led up to the main battle and the +engagements by land and water which preceded it. It contains a list of +all the Kentuckians who as officers and privates were in the battle. The +reader who seeks information about this battle need look no further than +its pages.</p> + +<p>The third and last of these important battles occurred at New Orleans +the 8th of January, 1815. Its history<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[Pg xiv]</a></span> was prepared for the Club by Mr. +Z.F. Smith, and now appears as Filson Club Publication Number Nineteen, +for the year 1904. It is an illustrated quarto in the adopted style of +the Club, which has been so much admired for its antique paper and +beautiful typography. It sets forth with fullness and detail the +hostilities which preceded and led to the main battle, and gives such a +clear description of the final conflict by the assistance of charts as +to enable the reader to understand the maneuvers of both sides and to +virtually see the battle as it progressed from the beginning to the end. +This battle ended the War of 1812, and when the odds against the +Americans are considered, it must be pronounced one of the greatest +victories ever won upon the battlefield. The author, Mr. Z.F. Smith, was +an old-line Whig, and was taught to hate Jackson as Henry Clay, the +leader of the Whigs, hated him, but he has done the old hero full +justice in this narrative, and has assigned him full honors of one of +the greatest victories ever won. Although his sympathies were with +General Adair, a brother Kentuckian, he takes up the quarrel between him +and General Jackson and does Jackson full and impartial justice. If +Jackson had been as unprejudiced against Adair as the author against +Jackson, there would have been nothing like a stain left upon the +escutcheon of the Ken<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">[Pg xv]</a></span>tuckians who abandoned the fight on the west bank +of the Mississippi because it was their duty to get out of it rather +than be slaughtered like dumb brutes who neither see impending danger +nor reason about the mistakes of superiors and the consequences. He who +reads the account of the battle of New Orleans which follows this +introduction will know more about that battle than he knew before, or +could have learned from any other source in so small a compass.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 25em;"> +<span class="smcap">R.T. Durrett</span>,</p> +<p style="margin-left: 27em;"> +<i>President of The Filson Club</i>. +</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> + + +<p style="margin-left: 8em;"> + +<a href="#illus01">The Author,</a> <br /> +<br /> +<a href="#illus02a">Seat of War in Louisiana and Florida, </a> <br /> +<br /> +<a href="#illus03a">Position of the American and British Armies near New +Orleans on the 8th of January, 1815, </a> <br /> +<br /> +<a href="#illus04">Battle of New Orleans, on the 8th of January, 1815, </a> <br /> +<br /> +<a href="#illus05">General Andrew Jackson, </a> <br /> +<br /> +<a href="#illus06">General John Adair,</a> <br /> +<br /> +<a href="#illus07">Governor Isaac Shelby, </a> <br /> +<br /> +<a href="#illus08">Colonel Gabriel Slaughter, </a> <br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><span class="smcap">The Battle of New Orleans</span></h2> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Gulf Coast Campaign, Preceding the Final Struggle.</span></h3> + + +<p>On the 26th of November, 1814, a fleet of sixty great ships weighed +anchor, unfurled their sails, and put to sea, as the smoke lifted and +floated away from a signal gun aboard the Tonnant, the flagship of +Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane, from Negril Bay, on the coast of +Jamaica. Nearly one half of these vessels were formidable warships, the +best of the English navy, well divided between line-of-battle ships of +sixty-four, seventy-four, and eighty guns, frigates of forty to fifty +guns, and sloops and brigs of twenty to thirty guns each. In all, one +thousand pieces of artillery mounted upon the decks of these frowned +grimly through as many port-holes, bidding defiance to the navies of the +world and safely convoying over thirty transports and provisioning +ships, bearing every equipment for siege or battle by sea and for a +formidable invasion of an enemy's country by land. Admiral Cochrane, in +chief command, and Admiral Malcombe, second in command, were veteran +officers whose services and fame are a part of English history.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p> + +<p>On board of this fleet was an army and its retinue, computed by good +authorities to number fourteen thousand men, made up mainly of the +veteran troops of the British military forces recently operating in +Spain and France, trained in the campaigns and battles against Napoleon +through years of war, and victors in the end in these contests. Major +Latour, Chief Engineer of General Jackson's army, in his "Memoirs of the +War in Florida and Louisiana in 1814-15," has carefully compiled from +British official sources a detailed statement of the regiments, corps, +and companies which constituted the army of invasion under Pakenham, at +New Orleans, as follows:</p> + +<p> +Fourth Regiment—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King's Own, Lieutenant-colonel Brooks</span><span style="margin-left: 20em;"> 750</span><br /> +<br /> +Seventh Regiment—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Royal Fusileers, Lieutenant-colonel Blakency</span><span style="margin-left: 18em;"> 850</span><br /> +<br /> +Fourteenth Regiment—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchess of York's Own, Lieutenant-colonel Baker</span><span style="margin-left: 16em;"> 350</span><br /> +<br /> +Twenty-first Regiment—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Royal Fusileers, Lieutenant-colonel Patterson</span><span style="margin-left: 18em;"> 900</span><br /> +<br /> +Fortieth Regiment—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Somersetshire, Lieutenant-colonel H. Thornton</span><span style="margin-left: 16.5em;"> 1,000</span><br /> +<br /> +Forty-third Regiment—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Monmouth Light Infantry, Lieutenant-colonel Patrickson</span><span style="margin-left: 14em;">850</span><br /> +<br /> +Forty-fourth Regiment—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">East Essex, Lieutenant-colonel Mullen</span><span style="margin-left: 20.5em;"> 750</span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span><br /> +Eighty-fifth Regiment—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Buck Volunteers, Lieutenant-colonel Wm. Thornton</span><span style="margin-left: 15em;"> 650</span><br /> +<br /> +Ninety-third Regiment—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Highlanders, Lieutenant-colonel Dale</span><span style="margin-left: 20em;"> 1,100</span><br /> +<br /> +Ninety-fifth Regiment—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rifle Corps, Major Mitchell</span><span style="margin-left: 24em;"> 500</span><br /> +<br /> +First Regiment—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">West India (colored), Lieutenant-colonel Whitby</span><span style="margin-left: 16em;"> 700</span><br /> +<br /> +Fifth Regiment—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">West India (colored), Lieutenant-colonel Hamilton</span><span style="margin-left: 15.5em;"> 700</span><br /> +<br /> +A detachment from the Sixty-second Regiment <span style="margin-left: 18em;"> 350</span><br /> +<br /> +Rocket Brigade, Artillery, Engineers, Sappers and +Miners<span style="margin-left: 13em;"> 1,500</span><br /> +<br /> +Royal Marines and sailors from the fleet <span style="margin-left: 20em;"> 3,500</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 34em;">—————</span><br /> +Total<span style="margin-left: 32.5em;"> 14,450</span> +</p> + +<p>Including artillerists, marines, and others, seamen of the ships' crews +afloat, there were not fewer than eighteen thousand men, veterans in the +service of their country in the lines of their respective callings, to +complete the equipment of this powerful armada.</p> + +<p>At the head of this formidable army of invasion were Lord Edward +Pakenham, commander-in-chief; Major-general Samuel Gibbs, commanding the +first, Major-general John Lambert, the second, and Major-general John +Keene, the third divisions, supported by subordinate officers, than whom +none living were braver or more skilled in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> the science and practice of +war. Nearly all had learned their lessons under the great Wellington, +the conqueror of Napoleon. Since 1588, when the combined naval and +military forces of England were summoned to repel the attempted invasion +and conquest of that country by the Spanish Armada, the British +Government had not often fitted out and sent against an enemy a combined +armament so powerful and so costly as that which rendezvoused in the +tropical waters of Negril Bay in the latter autumn days of 1814. Even +the fleet of Nelson at the Battle of the Nile, sixteen years before, +where he won victory and immortal honors by the destruction of the +formidable French fleet, was far inferior in number of vessels, in +ordnance, and in men to that of Admiral Cochrane on this expedition. The +combined equipment cost England forty millions of dollars.</p> + +<p>In October and November of this year, the marshaling of belligerent +forces by sea and land from the shores of Europe and America, with +orders to rendezvous at a favorable maneuvering point in the West +Indies, caused much conjecture as to the object in view. That the War +Department of the English Government meditated a winter campaign +somewhere upon the southern coasts of the United States was a common +belief; that an invasion of Louisiana and the capture and occupation of +New<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> Orleans was meant, many surmised. For reasons of State policy, the +object of the expedition in view was held a secret until the day of +setting sail. Now it was disclosed by those in command that New Orleans +was the objective point, and officers and men were animated with the +hope that, in a few weeks more, they would be quartered for the winter +in the subjugated capital of Louisiana, with a dream that the coveted +territory might be occupied and permanently held as a possession of the +British Empire.</p> + +<p>The Government at Washington was advised that, during the summer and +early autumn months of 1814, our implacable enemy was engaged in +preparations for a renewal of hostilities on a scale of magnitude and +activity beyond anything attempted since the war began; but it seemed +not fully to interpret the designs and plans of the British leaders. +Especially unfortunate, and finally disastrous to the American arms, was +the inaptness and inertness of the Secretary of War, General Armstrong, +in failing to adopt, promptly and adequately, measures to meet the +emergency. For almost a year after the destruction of the English fleet +on Lake Erie by Commodore Perry, and of the English army at the battle +of the Thames by General Harrison, a period of comparative repose ensued +between the belligerents.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> The British Government was too much absorbed +in delivering the <i>coup-de-main</i> to the great Napoleon to give attention +to America. But her opportunity came. The allied powers defeated and +decimated the armies of the French Emperor, and forced him to capitulate +in his own capital. On the 3d of March, 1814, they entered Paris. On the +eleventh of May Napoleon abdicated, and was sent an exile to Elba.</p> + +<p>England was at peace with all Europe. Her conquering armies and fleets +would be idle for an indefinite period; yet, it would be premature to +disband the former or to dismantle the latter. Naturally, attention +turned to the favorable policy of employing these vast and ready +resources for the chastisement and humiliation of her American enemies, +as a fit closing of the war and punishment for their rebellious +defiance. Under orders, the troops in France and Spain were marched to +Bordeaux and placed in a camp of concentration, from which they were +debarked in fleets down the river Garonne, and across the Atlantic to +their destinations in America. An English officer with these troops +expressed the sentiment of the soldiers and seamen, and of the average +citizen of England at this time, in this language: "It was the general +opinion that a large proportion of the Peninsular army would be +transported to the other side<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> of the Atlantic, that the war would there +be carried on with vigor, and that no terms of accommodation would be +listened to, except such as a British general should dictate in the +Republican Senate."</p> + +<p>Overtures for the negotiation-of a treaty of peace had been interchanged +between the two nations at war as early as January. By April the +American Commissioners were in Europe, though the arrival of the English +Commissioners at Ghent for final deliberations was delayed until August. +Meanwhile, several thousands of these Peninsular troops were transported +to reinforce the army in Canada. On the sixteenth of August a small +fleet of British vessels in Chesapeake Bay was reinforced by thirty sail +under the command of Admirals Cochrane and Malcombe, one half of which +were ships of war. A large part of this flotilla moved up the Potomac +and disembarked about six thousand men, under command of General Ross. +The battle of Bladensburg was fought on the twenty-fourth, followed +immediately by the capture of Washington and the burning of the +Government buildings there. A few days after, the combined naval and +military British forces were defeated in an attack on Baltimore, General +Ross, commander-in-chief, being among the slain. About the same date, +Commodore McDonough won a great and crushing victory<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> over the English +fleet on Lake Champlain, while the British army of fourteen thousand +men, under Sir George Prevost, was signally defeated by the Americans, +less than seven thousand in number, at Plattsburg, on the border of New +York.</p> + +<p>Such was the military situation in the first month of autumn, 1814. +Seemingly, the British plenipotentiaries had a motive in reserve for +delaying the negotiations for peace. England yet looked upon the United +States as her wayward prodigal, and conjured many grievances against the +young nation that had rebuked her cruel insolence and pride in two wars. +She nursed a spirit of imperious and bitter revenge. A London organ, +recently before, had said: "In diplomatic circles it is rumored that our +military and naval commanders in America have no power to conclude any +armistice or suspension of arms. Terms will be offered to the American +Government at the point of the bayonet. America will be left in a much +worse situation as a commercial and naval power than she was at the +commencement of the war."</p> + +<p class='center'> +<a href="images/illus02.jpg"><img src="images/illus02a.jpg" alt="map" /></a> +<a id="illus02a" name="illus02a"></a> +</p> + +<p class='center'> SEAT OF WAR. LOUISIANA & FLORIDA<br /> +<small>(<i> click on image for a larger version</i>)</small></p> + + +<p>The reverses to the British arms on Lake Champlain, at Plattsburg, and +at Baltimore, virtually ended hostilities in the Northern States for the +remaining period of the war. Winter approaching, all belligerent +forces<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> that could be marshaled would be transferred to the waters of +the Gulf for operations on the coast there. The malice and wanton +barbarity of the English in burning the national buildings and property +at Washington, in the destruction and loot of houses, private and +public, on the shores of the Chesapeake and Atlantic, and in repeated +military outrages unjustified by the laws of civilized warfare, had +fully aroused the Government and the citizenship to the adoption of +adequate measures of defense for the Northern and Eastern States. It was +too late, however, to altogether repair the injuries done to the army of +the Southwest by the tardiness and default of the head of the War +Department, which, as General Jackson said in an official report, +threatened defeat and disaster to his command at New Orleans. Indignant +public sentiment laid the blame of the capture of Washington, and of the +humiliating disasters there, to the same negligence and default of this +official, which led to his resignation soon after.</p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">General Jackson Assumes Command of the Seventh Military District of +the Southwest.</span></h3> + +<p>General Andrew Jackson had, in July, 1814, been appointed a +major-general in the United States army, and assigned the command of the +Southern department,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> with headquarters at Mobile. His daring and +successful campaigns against the Indian allies of the British the year +previous had won for him the confidence of the Government and of the +people, and distinguished him as the man fitted for the emergency. At +the beginning of the war British emissaries busily sought to enlist, +arm, and equip all the Indians of the Southern tribes whom they could +disaffect, as their allies, and to incite them to a war of massacre, +pillage, and destruction against the white settlers, as they did with +the savage tribes north of the Ohio River. In this they were +successfully aided by Tecumseh, the Shawanee chief, and his brother, the +Prophet. These were sons of a Creek mother and a Shawanee brave. By +relationship, and by the rude eloquence of the former and the mystic +arts and incantations of the latter, they brought into confederacy with +Northern tribes—which they had organized as allies of the English in a +last hope of destroying American power in the West—almost the entire +Creek nation. These savages, though at peace under treaty and largely +supported by the fostering aid of our Government, began hostilities +after their usual methods of indiscriminate massacre and marauding +destruction, regardless of age or sex or condition, against the exposed +settlers. The latter sought refuge as they could in the rude stockade<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> +stations, but feebly garrisoned. At Fort Mims, on the Alabama River, +nearly three hundred old men and women and children, with a small +garrison of soldiers, were captured in a surprise attack by a large body +of warriors, and all massacred in cold blood. This atrocious outbreak +aroused the country, and led to speedy action for defense and terrible +chastisement for the guilty perpetrators. The British officers offered +rewards for scalps brought in, as under Proctor in the Northwest, and +many scalps of men and women murdered were exchanged for this horrible +blood-money.</p> + +<p>In October, 1813, General Jackson led twenty-five hundred Tennessee +militia, who had been speedily called out, into the Creek country in +Alabama. A corps of one thousand men from Georgia, and another of +several hundred from the territory of Mississippi, invaded the same from +different directions. Sanguinary battles with the savages were fought by +Jackson's command at Tallasehatche, Talladega, Hillabee, Autosse, +Emuckfau, Tohopeka, and other places, with signal success to the +American arms in every instance. The villages and towns of the enemy +were burned, their fields and gardens laid waste, and the survivors +driven to the woods and swamps. Not less than five thousand of the great +Ocmulgee nation perished in this war, either in battle or from the +ruinous<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> results of their treachery after. Nearly one thousand of the +border settlers were sacrificed, one half of whom were women and +children or other non-combatants, the victims of the malignant designs +and arts of British emissaries. The chief of the Creeks sued for peace, +and terms were negotiated by General Jackson on the 14th of August, +1814.</p> + +<p>From his headquarters at Mobile, in September, 1814, General Jackson, +with sleepless vigilance, was anticipating and watching the movements of +the British upon the Gulf coast, and marshaling his forces to resist any +attack. There had been reported to him the arrival of a squadron of nine +English ships in the harbor of Pensacola. Spain was at peace with our +country, and it was due that the Spanish commandant of Florida, yet a +province of Spain, should observe a strict neutrality pending +hostilities. Instead of this comity of good faith and friendship, the +Spanish officials had permitted this territory to become a refuge for +the hostile Indians. Here they could safely treat with the British +agents, from whom they received the implements of war, supplies of food +and clothing, and the pay and emoluments incident to their services as +allies in war. In violation of the obligations of neutrality, the +Spanish officials not only tolerated this trespass on the territory of +Florida, but, truckling to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> formidable power and prestige of the +great English nation, they dared openly to insult our own Government by +giving aid and encouragement to our enemy in their very capital.</p> + +<p>The most important and accessible point in Spanish Florida was +Pensacola. Here the Governor, Gonzalez Maurequez, held court and +dispensed authority over the province. The pride of the Spaniards in the +old country and in Florida and Louisiana was deeply wounded over the +summary sale of the territory of Louisiana by Napoleon to the United +States in 1803; recalling the compulsory cession of the same to France +by Spain in 1800. Naturally they resented with spirit what they deemed +an indignity to the honor and sovereignty of their nation. The Spanish +minister at Washington entered a solemn protest against the transaction; +questions of boundaries soon after became a continuing cause of +irritating dispute. The Dons contended that all east of the Mississippi +River was Florida territory and subject to their jurisdiction. A +military demonstration by General Wilkinson, then in command of the army +of the Southwest, was ordered from Washington, opposition awed into +silence, and the transfer made. In brief time after the boundaries of +Florida were fixed on the thirty-first degree of north latitude, and +east of a line near to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> present boundary between Louisiana and +Mississippi. Previously Mobile was the seat of government for Florida, +but American aggression made the removal of the Government to Pensacola +compulsory, and gave an additional cause of grievance to our sensitive +neighbors. Under British auspices and promises of protection, the +Governor displayed his resentment.</p> + +<p>To confirm the report that came to him at Mobile of the arrival of an +English squadron in Pensacola Bay, and of treacherous aid and comfort +being given by the Spanish Governor, Jackson sent as spies some friendly +Indians to the scene of operations, with instructions to furtively +observe all that could be seen and known, and report to him the +information. It was confirmed that the ships were in the harbor, and +that a camp of English soldiers was in the town; that a considerable +body of Indian recruits had been armed and were being drilled, and that +runners had been dispatched to the country to invite and bring others to +the coast to join them as comrades in arms. A few days after, a friendly +courier brought news that several hundred marines had landed from the +ships, that Colonel Nichols in command and his staff were guests of +Governor Maurequez, and that the British flag was floating with the flag +of Spain over one of the Spanish forts.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p> + +<p>An order issued about this time by Colonel Nichols to his troops, +followed by a proclamation to the people of Louisiana and Kentucky, +revealed in visible outlines something of the purposes and plans of the +menacing armaments. He advised his command that the troops would +probably soon be called upon to endure long and tedious marches through +forests and swamps in an enemy's country, and exhorted them to +conciliate their Indian allies and "never to give them just cause of +offense." He addressed the most inflammatory appeals to the national +pride and prejudices of the French people of Louisiana, and to supposed +discontented citizens of Kentucky, whose grievances had grown out of +their neglect by the National Government or been engendered by the arts +of designing politicians and adventurers.</p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">Battle at Mobile Bay—the British Repulsed.</span></h3> + +<p>General Jackson strongly suspected that Louisiana would be invaded, and +that New Orleans was designed to be the main and final point of attack. +Yet he was led to believe that the British would attempt the capture of +Mobile first, for strategic reasons. Early in September he reinforced +the garrison of Fort Bowyer, situated thirty miles south of Mobile. This +fortification, mounting twenty cannon, commanded the entrance to the +harbor. It was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> garrisoned by one hundred and thirty men, under the +command of Major William Lawrence. On the fifteenth of September the +attack was made by a squadron of four ships of war, assisted by a land +force of seven hundred marines and Indians. Though the enemy mounted +ninety-two pieces of artillery, in the assault made they were defeated +and driven off to sea again, with a loss of two hundred killed and +wounded, the flagship of the commander sent to the bottom, and the +remaining ships seriously damaged.</p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">Assault and Capture of Pensacola, the Spanish Capital of +Florida—the British Driven To Sea.</span></h3> + +<p>Incensed at the open and continued violations of neutrality by the +Spanish Governor, who had permitted Pensacola to be made a recruiting +camp for the arming and drilling of their Indian allies by the British, +General Jackson determined to march his army against this seat of +government, and to enforce the observance of neutrality on the part of +the Spanish commandant at the point of the bayonet if need be. He had +removed his headquarters to Fort Montgomery, where by the first of +November his command consisted of one thousand regular troops and two +thousand militia, mainly from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> Tennessee and Mississippi—in all, about +three thousand men. With these he set out for Pensacola, and on the +evening of the sixth of November encamped within two miles of the town. +He sent in Major Peire, bearing a flag of truce to the Governor, with a +message that Pensacola must no longer be a refuge and camp for the +enemies of the United States, and that the town must be surrendered, +together with the forts. The messenger was fired on and driven back from +Fort St. Michael, over which the British flag had been floating jointly +with the flag of Spain. The firing was done by British troops harbored +within. Governor Maurequez disavowed knowledge of the outrage, but +refused to surrender his authority. The next morning the intrepid +Jackson entered the town and carried by storm its defenses, the British +retreating to their ships and putting off to sea. Fort Barrancas was +blown up by the enemy, to prevent the Americans from turning its guns +upon the escaping British vessels. The Spanish commandant made profuse +apologies, and pledged that he would in future observe a strict +neutrality.</p> + +<p>Jackson, fearing another attempt to capture Mobile by the retiring +fleet, withdrew from Pensacola and marched for the former place, +arriving there on the eleventh of November. At Mobile, messengers from +those<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> in highest authority at New Orleans met him, urging that he +hasten there with his army and at once begin measures for the defense of +that city. Information had been received by W.C. Claiborne, then +Governor of Louisiana, from a highly credited source—most unexpected, +but most fortunate and welcome—that the vast British armament of ships +and men rendezvousing in the West Indies was about ready to sail, and +that New Orleans was assuredly the objective point of the expedition.</p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">Lafitte, the Pirate of the Gulf, and His Sea-rovers, Loyal To the +American Cause.</span></h3> + +<p>The informant was the celebrated Captain Jean Lafitte, the leader of the +reputed pirates of the Gulf, who had been outlawed by an edict of our +Government. The circumstances were so romantic, and displayed such a +patriotic love for and loyalty to our country, that they are worthy of +brief mention. As Byron wrote, he</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 15em;"> +Left a corsair's name to other times,<br /> +Linked with one virtue and a thousand crimes. +</p> + +<p>But this does injustice to these <i>marauders of the sea</i>, who put in a +plea of extenuation. The disparity of their virtues and their crimes is +overwrought in the use of poetic license. Before the period of the +conquest of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> Guadeloupe by the English, the French Government in force +on that island had granted permits to numerous privateersmen to prey +upon the commerce of the enemy, as our own Government had done in two +wars. Now they could no longer enter the ports of that or of any other +of the West India islands, with their prizes and cargoes. Lafitte and +his daring sea-rovers made of the Bay of Barataria, on the Gulf coast +sixty miles south of New Orleans, a place of rendezvous and headquarters +for their naval and commercial adventures. From this point they had +ready and almost unobserved communication by navigable bayous with New +Orleans and the marts beyond. They formed a sequestered colony on the +shores of Barataria, and among the bold followers of Lafitte there were +nearly one hundred men skilled in navigation, expert in the use of +artillery, and familiar with every bay and inlet within one hundred +miles of the Crescent City. Their services, if attainable, might be made +invaluable in the invasion and investment of New Orleans contemplated by +the British, who through their spies kept well informed of the +conditions of the environment of the city. The time seemed opportune to +win them over. If not pirates under our laws, they were smugglers who +found it necessary to market the rich cargoes they captured and brought +in as privateers<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>men. Barred out by other nations, New Orleans was +almost the lone market for their wares and for their distribution +inland. Many merchants and traders favored this traffic, and had grown +rich in doing so, despite the severity of our revenue laws against +smuggling and the protests of other nations with whom we were friendly.</p> + +<p>One of the Lafitte brothers and other leaders of the outlawed community +were under arrest and held for trial in the Federal Court at New Orleans +at this time. From Pensacola, Colonel Nichols sent Captains Lockyer, of +the navy, and Williams, of the army, as emissaries to offer to the +Baratarian outlaws the most enticing terms and the most liberal rewards, +provided they would enlist in the service of the British in their +invasion of Louisiana. Lafitte received them cautiously, but +courteously. He listened to their overtures, and feigned deep interest +in their mission. Having fully gained their confidence, they delivered +to him sealed packages from Colonel Nichols himself, offering thirty +thousand dollars in hand, high commissions in the English service for +the officers, and liberal pay for the men, on condition that the +Baratarians would ally themselves with the British forces. After the +reading of these documents, the emissaries began to enlarge on the +subject, insisting on the great advantages to result on enlisting in the +service of his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> Britannic Majesty, and the opportunity afforded of +acquiring fame and fortune. They were imprudent enough to disclose to +Lafitte the purpose and plans of the great English flotilla in the +waters of the Gulf, now ready to enter upon their execution. The army of +invasion, supported by the navy of England, would be invincible, and all +lower Louisiana would soon be in the possession of the British. They +would then penetrate the upper country, and act in concert with the +forces in Canada. On plausible pretexts the emissaries were delayed for +a day or two, and then returned to their ship lying at anchor outside +the pass into the harbor. Lafitte lost little time in visiting New +Orleans and laying before Governor Claiborne the letters of Colonel +Nichols and the sensational information he had received from the British +envoys.</p> + +<p>It was this intelligence which was borne in haste to General Jackson at +Mobile, by the couriers mentioned previously. The Lafittes promptly +tendered the services of themselves, their officers, and their men, in a +body to the American army, and pledged to do all in their power, by sea +and land, to defeat and repel the invading enemy, on condition that the +Government would accept their enlistment, pardon them of all offenses, +and remove from over them the ban of outlawry. This was all finally<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> +done, and no recruits of Jackson's army rendered more gallant and +effective service, for their numbers, in the stirring campaign that +followed. They outclassed the English gunners in artillery practice, and +showed themselves to be veterans as marines or soldiers.</p> + +<p>On receipt of this information of Lafitte, confirmed from other secret +and reliable sources, the citizens were aroused. A mass-meeting was held +in New Orleans and a Committee of Safety appointed, composed of Edward +Livingston, Pierre Fouchet, De la Croix, Benjamin Morgan, Dominique +Bouligny, J.A. Destrahan, John Blanque, and Augustine Macarte, who acted +in concert with Governor Claiborne, and with the Legislature called into +session.</p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">Jackson Arrives in New Orleans.</span></h3> + +<p>General Jackson left Mobile on the twenty-first of November and arrived +with his little army at New Orleans on the second of December, and +established headquarters at 984 (now 406) Royal Street. He found the +city well-nigh defenseless, while petty factions divided the councils of +leaders and people, especially rife among the members of the +Legislature. There was, incident to recent changes of sovereignties and +conditions of nationalities, serious disaffection on the part of a most<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> +respectable element of the population of Louisiana and Florida toward +the American Government. The French and Spaniards, who mainly composed +the population, intensely loved their native countries with a patriotic +pride. They knew allegiance to no other, until a few years before, by +the arbitrary edicts of Napoleon, all of Louisiana was sold and +transferred to the United States. Other causes of irritation added to +the bitterness of resentment felt by the old Spanish element. Spain +tenaciously insisted on enforcing her claims of sovereignty to all +territory from the east bank of the Mississippi to the Perdido River, on +the east line of Alabama. But the American settlers within the same +became turbulent, and in October, 1810, these bold bordermen organized a +filibustering force of some strength, captured and took possession of +Baton Rouge, killing Commandant Grandpre, who yet asserted there the +authority of Spain. When Congress met, in December, 1810, an act was +passed in secret session authorizing the President to take military +possession of the disputed coast country in certain contingencies. Under +orders from Washington, General Wilkinson, with a force of six hundred +regulars, marched against Mobile, took possession of the Spanish fort, +Charlotte, and caused the garrison to withdraw to Pensacola.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></p> + +<p>This precipitate action—the British envoy protesting against such +informal occupation—was justified at home on the plea of strong grounds +of suspicion that England herself might suddenly assert sovereignty over +the same territory under secret treaty with Spain. Amid these rude and +revolutionary proceedings, all within a decade of years, necessarily +there followed a tumult of differing sentiment and contentions among the +Spanish, French, and American people of the section. Fortunately the +French element were of a nativity whose country had been for generations +the inveterate enemy of the English, our common foe. If there were any +who felt resentment before over the enforced change of allegiance from +beloved France to the stranger sovereignty, when the crisis of campaign +and battle came none were more gallant and brave in meeting the invading +enemy.</p> + +<p>On the ninth of December the great English flotilla appeared off +Chandeleur Islands, and came to anchor near to Ship Island, the +shallowness of the water not permitting the nearer approach to the main +shore of vessels so large. The British authorities yet believed that the +destination of this fleet was unknown to the Americans ashore; but in +this they were mistaken, as they afterward admitted. The inadequacy of +men and means and measures to properly meet and repel such an +invad<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>ing force, as mentioned before, was mainly due to the tardy +negligence of the department at Washington. The sleepless vigilance and +untiring energy of General Jackson was in marked contrast to this, not +only within his own military jurisdiction, but in the whole region +around. His trusty spies, pale and dusky, were everywhere, and little +escaped his attention. The situation was now critical in the extreme. +Fortunately, the unbounded confidence all had in their military chief +inspired hope and infused energy among the people. He had never been +defeated in battle. If any one could wrest victory now out of the +inauspicious and chaotic conditions that threatened disaster, they +believed it to be General Jackson.</p> + +<p class='center'> +<a href="images/illus03.jpg"><img src="images/illus03a.jpg" alt="map" /></a> +<a id="illus03a" name="illus03a"></a> +</p> +<p class='center'><small>(<i> click on image for a larger version</i>)</small></p> + + +<p>Marvelous was the change wrought by his timely appearance on the theater +of active operations. The partial attempts to adopt measures of defense +were of little avail. The joint committee of the Legislature to act in +concert with Governor Claiborne, Commodore Patterson, and the military +commandant, had done but little as yet. There was wanting the +concentration of power always needed in military operations. Latour, in +his "Memoirs of the War of 1814-15," graphically describes the condition +of affairs as he saw and knew them to exist:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Confidence was wanting in the civil and military authorities, and a +feeling of distrust and gloomy apprehension pervaded the minds of the +citizens. Petty disputes on account of two committees of defense, +unfortunately countenanced by the presence and influence of several +public officials, had driven the people to despondency. They +complained, not without cause, that the Legislature wasted time, and +consumed the money of the State, in idle discussions, when both time +and money should have been devoted to measures of defense. The banks +had suspended payment of their notes, and credit was gone. The +moneyed men had drawn in their funds, and loaned their money at the +ruinous rates of three or four per cent per month. The situation +seemed desperate; in case of attack, none could hope to be saved only +by miracle, or by the wisdom and genius of a great commander.</p></div> + +<p>After his habit of giving his personal attention to every detail, +General Jackson, on his arrival, visited Fort St. Philip, ordered the +wooden barracks removed, and had mounted additional heavy artillery. He +caused two more batteries to be constructed, one on the opposite bank of +the Mississippi, and the other half a mile above, with twenty-four +pounders in position, thus fully guarding the approach by the mouth of +the river. He then proceeded to Chef Menteur, as far as Bayou Sauvage, +and ordered a battery erected at that point. He continued to fortify or +obstruct the larger bayous whose waters gave convenient access to the +city between the Mississippi and the Gulf.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p> + +<p>As early as July before, the Secretary of War, in view of the formidable +armaments of England, had made requisition of the several States for +ninety-three thousand five hundred men for general defensive purposes, +under a law of Congress enacted the previous April. The quota of +Kentucky was fifty-five hundred infantry; of Tennessee, twenty-five +hundred infantry; of Mississippi territory, five hundred infantry, and +of Louisiana, one thousand infantry. That portion of the quota of +Kentucky destined for New Orleans, twenty-two hundred men, and a portion +of the quota of Tennessee, embarked upon flatboats to float fifteen +hundred miles down the Ohio and Mississippi waters, had not arrived on +the tenth of December. Through the energetic efforts of the Governor, +aided by Major Edward Livingston and the Committee of Safety, the quota +of Louisiana was made up. With these, General Coffee's Tennesseans, +Major Hinds' Mississippians, and one thousand regular troops, there were +less than three thousand men for defensive operations yet available.</p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">Battle of the Gunboats With the Fleet of Barges.</span></h3> + +<p>An event was soon to happen which seemed for the time an irreparable +disaster to the American cause. Commodore Daniel T. Patterson, in +command of the Amer<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>ican naval forces, on learning of the approach of +the British fleet, sent Lieutenant Thomas Ap Catesby Jones, with five +gunboats, one tender, and a dispatch boat toward the passes out to Ship +Island, to watch the movements of the British vessels. This little +flotilla, barely enough for scout duty at sea, was the extent of our +naval forces in the Gulf waters near. The orders were to fall back, if +necessary, from near Cat Island to the Rigolets; and there, if hard +pressed, to sink or be sunk by the enemy. Moving in waters too shallow +for the large English ships to pursue, until the thirteenth, Lieutenant +Jones sailed for Bay St. Louis. Sighting a large number of the enemy's +barges steering for Pass Christian, he headed for the Rigolets. But the +wind having died away and an adverse current set in, the little fleet +could get no farther than the channel inside of Melheureux Island, being +there partially grounded. Early on the morning of the fourteenth, a +flotilla of barges formed in line was discovered coming from the +direction of the enemy's ships, evidently to overtake and attack the +becalmed gunboats. The two tenders, lying beyond the aid of the latter, +were captured after a spirited resistance. The guns of these were now +turned upon Lieutenant Jones' gunboats in a combined attack of the fleet +of barges, forty-five in number, and a supporting squad of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> marines. The +total equipment was twelve hundred men and forty-five pieces of +artillery. The American defensive forces were seven small gunboats, +manned by thirty guns and one hundred and eighty men. The enemy's +oarsmen advanced their entire fleet in line of battle until the fire +from the gunboats caused severe losses and some confusion in the +movements of the barges. They then separated in three divisions and +renewed the attack. The battle became general, and was contested +fiercely for nearly two hours, when the gunboats, overpowered by +numbers, were forced to surrender, losing six men killed and thirty-five +wounded, among the latter Lieutenants Jones, Speddin, and McKeever, each +in command of a boat. Several barges of the enemy were sunk, while their +losses in killed and wounded were estimated at two to three hundred. +Among the wounded were Captain Lockyer, in command, and other officers.</p> + +<p>The preparations for defense on shore were now pushed forward with +redoubled energy. General Jackson gave unremitting attention to the +fortifying of all points which seemed available for the approach of the +enemy; it was impossible to know at what point he might choose to make +his first appearance on land. Captain Newman, in command of Fort Petit +Coquille, at the Rigolets, next to Lake Pontchartrain, was reinforced, +and the order<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> given to defend the post to the last extremity. If +compelled to abandon it, he was instructed to fall back on Chef Menteur. +Swift messengers were sent to Generals Carroll and Thomas to make all +speed possible with the Tennessee and Kentucky troops on their way to +New Orleans. Also, a courier was dispatched to General Winchester, +commanding at Mobile, warning of the possible danger of another attack +on that place, since the loss of the gunboats. Major Lacoste, with the +dragoons of Feliciana and his militia battalion of colored men, was +directed, with two pieces of artillery, to take post at the confluence +of Bayous Sauvage and Chef Menteur, throw up a redoubt, and guard the +road. Major Plauche was sent with his battalion to Bayou St. John, north +of the city, Major Hughes being in command of Fort St. John. Captain +Jugeant was instructed to enlist and form into companies all the Choctaw +Indians he could collect, a mission that proved nearly barren of +results. The Baratarians, mustered into ranks and drilled for important +services under their own officers, Captains Dominique You, Beluche, +Sougis, Lagand, and Golson, were divided out to the forts named, and to +other places where expert gunners were most needed.</p> + +<p>On the eighteenth of December a grand review of the Louisiana troops was +held by Jackson in front of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> old Cathedral, now Jackson Square. The +day was memorable by many incidents, not all in harmony with the +purposes and plans of the civil and military leaders of defense. The +entire population of the city and vicinity were present to witness the +novel scenes, men and women vying with each other in applauding and +enthusing the martial ardor of the soldiers on parade. Such an army, +hastily improvised in a few brief days from city, country, and towns, +made up of a composite of divergent race elements, as was that of the +Louisiana contingent with the command of Jackson at New Orleans, was +perhaps never paralleled in the history of warfare before. Major +Plauche's battalion of uniformed companies was made up mainly of French +and Spanish Creoles, with some of American blood, enlisted from the +city; and from the same source came Captain Beale's Rifle Company, +mostly American residents. The Louisiana militia, under General Morgan, +were of the best element of the country parishes, of much the same +race-types as Plauche's men, of newer material, and without uniforms. +Then came the battalion of Louisiana free men of color, nearly three +hundred strong, led by Major Lacoste, and another battalion of men of +color, two hundred and fifty in number, commanded by Major Daquin, +recruited from the refugees in New Orleans from St. Domingo, who had +taken<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> part in the bloody strifes in that island, and who bore like +traditional hatred to the English, with all who spoke the French tongue. +Add to the above a small detachment of Choctaw Indians; and lastly, the +loyal pirates of Lafitte, who were patriotic enough to scorn the gold of +England, and brave enough to offer their services and their lives, if +need be, to the cause of our country; and together, these give us a +picture of the men under review, whom Jackson was to lead to battle in a +few days against the best-trained troops of Europe. Though of new +material, and suddenly called into service, this provincial contingent +of twelve hundred men, animated with the spirit of battle against an +invading foe, proved themselves, when ably officered, the equals of the +best troops in the field.</p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">Jackson Declares Martial Law.</span></h3> + +<p>On the sixteenth, two days before the review, General Jackson issued +from his headquarters an order declaring "the city and environs of New +Orleans under martial law." This imperious edict was resorted to in the +firm belief that only the exercise of supreme military authority could +awe into silence all opposition to defensive operations. Every person +entering the city was required to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> report himself to headquarters, and +any one departing from it must procure a pass. The street lamps were +extinguished at nine o'clock at night, and every one found passing after +that hour was subject to arrest. All persons capable of bearing arms who +did not volunteer were pressed into the military or naval service. +Rumors were rife that British spies were secretly prowling in the city, +and coming into the American camp. Reports of disloyal utterances and +suspicious proceedings on the part of certain citizens came repeatedly +to the ears of the commander-in-chief. More serious yet, he was aroused +to fierce anger by personal and direct intelligence that certain leading +and influential members of the Legislature favored a formal capitulation +and surrender of Louisiana to the enemy, by that body, in the event of a +formidable invasion, for the greater security of their persons and +property. These persons had circulated a story that Jackson would burn +the city and all valuable property in reach rather than let it fall into +the hands of the British.</p> + +<p>Determined that disloyalty should find no foothold to mar his military +plans, or to disaffect the soldiery or citizens, General Jackson, on the +day previous to his declaration of martial law, issued the following +spirited order:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p> + +<h3><span class="smcap">To the Citizens of New Orleans.</span></h3> +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>The Major-general commanding, has, with astonishment and regret, +learned that great consternation and alarm pervade your city. It is +true the enemy is on our coast and threatens to invade our territory; +but it is equally true that, with union, energy, and the approbation +of Heaven, we will beat him at every point his temerity may induce +him to set foot on our soil. The General, with still greater +astonishment, has heard that British emissaries have been permitted +to propagate seditious reports among you, that the threatened +invasion is with a view to restore the country to Spain, from the +supposition that some of you would be willing to return to your +ancient government. Believe not such incredible tales; your +Government is at peace with Spain. It is the vital enemy of your +country,—the common enemy of mankind, the highway robber of the +world, that threatens you. He has sent his hirelings among you with +this false report, to put you off your guard, that you may fall an +easy prey. Then look to your liberties, your property, the chastity +of your wives and daughters. Take a retrospect of the conduct of the +British army at Hampton, and other places where it entered our +country, and every bosom which glows with patriotism and virtue, will +be inspired with indignation, and pant for the arrival of the hour +when we shall meet and revenge these outrages against the laws of +civilization and humanity.</p> + +<p>The General calls upon the inhabitants of the city to trace this +unfounded report to its source, and bring the propagator to condign +punishment. The rules and articles of war annex the punishment of +death to any person holding secret cor<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span>respondence with the enemy, +creating false alarm, or supplying him with provision. The General +announces his determination rigidly to execute the martial law in all +cases which may come within his province.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 20em;"> +By command. <span class="smcap">Thomas L. Butler</span>,</p> +<p style="margin-left: 22em;"><i>Aid-de-camp</i>. +</p></div> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">Bayou Bienvenue and the British Spies of The Fishermen's +Village.</span></h3> + +<p>Bayou Bienvenue, formerly called St. Frances River, drains all the +waters of a swamp-basin, of triangular form and about eighty square +miles in surface, bounded on the west by New Orleans, on the northwest +by Chef Menteur, and on the east by Lake Borgne, into which it empties. +It receives the waters of several other bayous from the surrounding +cypress swamps and prairies. It is navigable for vessels of one hundred +tons burden as far as the junction with old Piernas Canal, twelve miles +from its mouth. It is about one hundred and twenty yards in width, and +has from six to nine feet of water at the bar, according to the flow of +the tides. Its principal branch is Bayou Mazant, which runs to the +southwest and receives the waters of the canals of the old plantations +of Villere, Lacoste, and Laronde, on and near which the British army +encamped, about eight miles below New<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> Orleans. The banks of these +bayous, which drain the swamp lands on either side of the Mississippi, +are usually about twelve feet below the banks of the river, which have +been elevated by the deposit of sediment from overflows for centuries. +These slopes, from the banks back to the swamps, usually ten to eighteen +hundred yards, drain off the waters and form the tillable lands of the +sugar and cotton planters. They are protected from overflows by levees +thrown up on the banks of the river. These plantation lands formed the +only ground in this country for the encampment of a large army, or +available for a march on New Orleans. On nearly all the large sugar +plantations canals were cut from the bank of the river running back to +the swamp, to furnish at high tides water-power for mills which did the +grinding or sawing for the plantations.</p> + +<p>Bayous Bienvenue and Mazant, as mentioned, formed a waterway from Lake +Borgne to the rear of the plantations of Villere, Lacoste, and Laronde, +situated but two or three hours' easy march to the city, to which there +was a continuous roadway through the plantation lands between the river +and the swamps. The enemy was fully informed of every point of approach +by spies within the military lines, and since the capture of the +gunboats determined on an attempt to secretly invade the environ<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>ing +country, and to assault and capture New Orleans by surprise. But one +mile from Lake Borgne, on the low bank of Bayou Bienvenue, was a village +of Spanish and Portuguese fishermen and their families. From the bayous +and adjacent lakes they furnished the city markets with fish, and were +familiar with every body of water and every nook and inlet for many +miles around. A number of these became notorious as spies in the pay of +the British. Of this treacherous little colony, the names of Maringuier, +Old Luiz, Francisco, Graviella, Antonio el Italiano, El Campechano, +Mannellilo, and Garcia became known as connected with this disloyalty. +These served the English as pilots to their barges, as guides to the +best approaches to New Orleans, and as ready spies within and without. +The English commander in charge sent Captain Peddie, of the army, on the +twentieth of December, as a spy in the disguise of one of these +fishermen, to inspect and report upon the feasibility of entering with +the army at the mouth of Bayou Bienvenue, landing at the plantations +above and marching suddenly by this route on the city. Old Luiz and two +others of the fishermen were his guides. He safely and without suspicion +penetrated to Villere's plantation, viewed the field for encampment +there, and noted the easy route of approach to the city, without an +obstruction in the way.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> His report being most favorable, the British +officer in command decided at once on invasion and attack from this +direction.</p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">Five Thousand British Troops enter Bayou Bienvenue and Land near +Villere's Plantation.</span></h3> + +<p>By Jackson's order, Major Villere, son of General Villere, the owner of +the plantation, placed a picket of twelve men at Fisherman's Village on +the twenty-first, to watch and report promptly in case the enemy +appeared there. After midnight, near the morning of the twenty-third, +five advance barges bearing British troops glided noiselessly into +Bienvenue from Lake Borgne, capturing the picket of twelve men without +firing a gun. Soon after, the first division of the invading army, +twenty-five hundred strong, under command of Colonel Thornton, appeared +in eighty barges, and passed up the bayous to Villere's canal, where a +landing was effected by the dawn of day. After a brief rest and +breakfast, the march of two miles was made to Villere's plantation, +arriving there at half-past eleven. The troops at once surrounded the +house of General Villere, and surprised and made prisoners a company of +the Third Louisiana Militia stationed there. Major Villere, after +capture, escaped through a window at the risk of his life, reached the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> +river bank and crossed over in a small boat, and hastened to New Orleans +with the startling news. Colonel Laronde also escaped, and reached +headquarters in the early afternoon; on the day before he had reported +the sighting of several suspicious vessels out upon Lake Borgne, +seemingly to reconnoiter.</p> + +<p>Jackson had ordered Majors Latour and Tatum, of his engineer corps, to +reconnoiter in the direction of the Laronde and Lacoste plantations, and +to carefully examine this avenue of approach by the enemy. These +officers left the city at eleven o'clock, and had reached Laronde's, +when they met several persons fleeing toward the city, who told them of +the arrival of the British at Villere's, and of the capture of the +outpost there. It was then but half-past one o'clock. The two scouts put +spurs to their horses, and by two o'clock the General was informed of +the facts. With that heroic promptness and intuition characteristic and +ever present with him, he exclaimed with fierce emphasis: "By the +eternal! the enemy shall not sleep upon our soil!" The invading movement +was a complete surprise, and there was not yet a defensive work to +obstruct the march of the British upon the coveted city. Only genius and +courage of the highest order could have met successfully such an +emergency, and Jackson alone seemed equal to the occasion.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">Jackson Determines To Attack—bloody Night-battle of the +Twenty-third of December.</span></h3> + +<p>Orders were issued rapidly, as the report of the alarm-gun gave notice +to all to be ready. The troops were stationed within a radius of a few +miles of the city, in garrisons. Major Plauche was summoned to bring +down his battalion of uniformed volunteers from Bayou St. John, which +summons was obeyed in a run all the way. General Coffee, encamped four +miles above the city, under similar order, was at headquarters within +one hour. Colonel McRae, with the Seventh regulars, Lieutenant Spotts, +with two pieces of artillery, and Lieutenant Bellevue, with a detachment +of marines, were all formed on the road near Montruil's plantation. +Coffee's riflemen and Hinds' Mississippi dragoons formed the advance in +the order of march. Beale's Orleans Rifles followed closely after, and +by four o'clock these had taken position at Rodrique's Canal. The +battalion of men of color, under Major Daquin, the Forty-fourth +regulars, under Captain Baker, and Plauche's men, were in close +supporting distance.</p> + +<p>Commodore Patterson was requested to arm such vessels lying in the river +as were ready, and to drop down and take station opposite the enemy. The +schooner<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> Carolina was put in position; the sloop of war Louisiana could +not steer in the stream. Governor Claiborne, with the First, Second, and +Fourth Louisiana Militia, occupied a post in the plain of Gentilly, to +cover the city on the side of Chef Menteur. A picket of five mounted men +was fired on near the line of Laronde's and Lacoste's plantations, and +driven in about four o'clock. A negro was apprehended, who had been sent +by the British with printed copies of a proclamation in Spanish and +French, in terms as follows: "Louisianians! remain quiet in your houses; +your slaves shall be preserved to you, and your property respected. We +make war only against Americans." This was signed by Admiral Cochrane +and General Keene. Other copies were found.</p> + +<p>About nightfall the troops were formed in line of battle, the left +composed of a part of Coffee's men, Beale's Rifles, the Mississippi +dragoons, and some other mounted riflemen, in all about seven hundred +and thirty men, General Coffee in command, Colonel Laronde as guide. +Under cover of the darkness, they took position back of the plantation +of the latter. The right formed on a perpendicular line from the river +to the garden of Laronde's plantation, and on its principal avenue. The +artillery occupied the high road, supported by a detachment of marines. +On the left of the artillery were stationed the Seventh<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> and +Forty-fourth regulars, Plauche's and Daquin's battalions, and a squad of +Choctaw Indians, all under the command of Colonel Ross.</p> + +<p>The second invading division of the British army, made up of the +Twenty-first, Forty-fourth, and Ninety-third Regiments, with a corps of +artillery, in all about twenty-five hundred men, was disembarked at the +terminus of Villere Canal at half-past seven o'clock in the evening of +the twenty-third, just as the roar of the ship's cannon announced the +opening of the night battle. At seven o'clock Commodore Patterson had +anchored the Carolina in the Mississippi, as requested, in front of the +British camp, and but a good musket-shot away. Such was the security +felt by the enemy in camp that they stood upon the levee and viewed her +as a common boat plying the river. Within thirty minutes she opened upon +the enemy a destructive fire which spread consternation and havoc +throughout their camp. In half an hour more they were driven out, with +many killed and wounded. About eight o'clock the troops on the right, +led by Jackson himself, began the attack on the enemy's left. The +Seventh and Forty-fourth regulars became hotly engaged along the line, +supported by McRae's artillery. Plauche's and Daquin's battalions coming +up, the fighting became furious from the road to Laronde's garden. The +British<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> were forced back within the limits of Lacoste's plantation, the +combatants being often intermingled and fighting hand-to-hand, almost +undistinguishable in the darkness of night, made denser by the smoke of +battle and the gathering fog.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile, Coffee's troops, from the rear of Laronde's plantation, were +moved to the boundary limits of Lacoste and Villere, with a view of +taking the enemy in the rear. Coffee extended his front and ordered his +men to move forward in silence and to fire without orders, taking aim as +best they could. They drove the enemy before them, and took a second +position in front of Lacoste's plantation. Here was posted the +Eighty-fifth Regiment of the British army, which was forced back by the +first fire toward their main camp. Captain Beale's Riflemen advanced on +the left into the British camp at Villere's, driving the enemy before +them and taking some prisoners, but sustained some loss before joining +Coffee again. Coffee's division finally took a last position in front of +the old levee, near Laronde's boundary, where it harassed the enemy as +they fell back, driven by Jackson on the right. By ten o'clock the +British had fallen back to their camp in discomfiture, where they were +permitted to lay in comparative quiet until morning, except their +harassment from the artillery fire of the schooner Carolina.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> In the +darkness and confusion of combat at dead of night lines were broken and +order lost at times, until it was difficult to distinguish friends from +foes. General Jackson led his troops back to the opening point of the +attack and rested them there until morning, when he fell back over one +mile to Rodrique's Canal, the position selected for the defense of the +city.</p> + +<p>Three hundred and fifty of the Louisiana militia, under command of +General David Morgan, were stationed at English Turn, seven miles below +Villere's, and nearly fourteen miles from New Orleans. Intelligence of +the arrival of the British at Villere's, on the twenty-third, reached +General Morgan's camp at one o'clock in the afternoon of the day. +Officers and men expressed an eagerness to be led against the enemy; but +General Morgan, not having then received orders from Jackson to that +effect, deemed it prudent to hold them waiting in camp. At half-past +seven o'clock, when the guns from the Carolina were heard bringing on +the battle, it was found difficult to restrain them longer. Morgan +finally, at the urgent request of his officers, gave orders to go +forward, which the troops received with ardor. They reached a point near +Jumonville's plantation, just below Villere's, when a picket guard in +advance met a picket force of the enemy and fired on it; the fire was +returned.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> A reconnoiter failing to discover the numbers and position of +the enemy in his front, Morgan took a position in a field until three +o'clock in the morning, when he marched his men back to camp. The +failure of this command to join issue in this battle, in concert with +the other commands of Jackson's army, was apparently most unfortunate. +The records do not show what orders, if any, were sent from headquarters +by Jackson to General Morgan in summoning his forces in the afternoon of +the day for the attack at night. It is barely possible that the General +neglected to dispatch an order to, or to communicate with, the commander +of so important a body of troops, in numbers nearly one fifth of the +entire American forces engaged, in a critical hour when every available +soldier was needed on the field of combat. A swift messenger sent by +Jackson from headquarters at two o'clock, as to other outpost commands, +could easily have reached English Turn at five o'clock. General Morgan +knew that the invading army were in bivouac seven miles above. By eight +o'clock he could have had his troops in attacking distance of the enemy, +and in their rear. When Jackson and Coffee assaulted the British lines +at eight o'clock, and drove them back in confusion upon their camp, a +spirited surprise attack by Morgan's command in the rear, any moment +before nine o'clock, would probably have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> routed the entire British +division engaged and forced them to lay down their arms or retreat to +their boats. He did move his command forward, and halt them at some +distance from the enemy, but it was probably too late. The battle was +over and the opportunity gone.</p> + +<p>An after-incident throws a ray of light upon the criticism of the day +upon the above affair. Honorable Magloire Guichard, President of the +House of Representatives, in his testimony before the Committee of +Inquiry on the military measures employed by Jackson against the +Legislature, said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>On the twenty-seventh of December, when I got home, I found Colonel +Declouet (of Morgan's command), who had just crossed the river. Amid +the conversation of the evening, I expressed my surprise at his not +having attacked the British from the lower side, on the night of the +twenty-third; that had he done so with the men under his command, at +the same time with the troops coming from the city, all would have +terminated on that evening, and the British would have laid down +their arms. He expressed great sorrow that he had not been the master +to do so. He declared that this was his intention, but that General +Morgan refused to comply with his request. Afterwards, having +resolved to come toward midnight to reconnoitre, they had met with a +small picket, who fired upon them; they returned the fire, and then +retired.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p> + +<p>The British loss in this initial night-battle is put by our authorities +at four to five hundred in killed, wounded, and prisoners. Their own +official reports admit three to five hundred. The Americans had +twenty-four killed, one hundred and fifteen wounded, and seventy-four +made prisoners. The fall of Colonel Lauderdale, of Mississippi, was much +lamented.</p> + +<p>So unique in the annals of military experience was this fiercely fought +night-battle, so startling in its surprise of the bold and confident +Britons, and so characteristic of Jackson's grim humor of war, that it +is interesting to know the impressions it made upon the minds of the +enemy. With this view, we quote a vivid description from the history of +an English officer who was in the campaigns against Napoleon, with Ross +and Pakenham in America, and who was a participant in this battle, +Captain Robert Gleig. He says:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>About half-past seven at night our attention was drawn to a large +vessel which seemed to be stealing up the river, opposite our camp, +when her anchor was dropped and her sails quietly furled. She was +repeatedly hailed, but gave no answer. An alarm spread through our +bivouac, and all thought of sleep was abandoned. Several musket shots +were fired at her, when we heard a commanding voice cry out: "Give +them this for the honor of America!" The words were instantly +followed by the flashes of her guns, and a deadly shower of grape +swept down numbers in our camp.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p> + +<p>Against this dreadful fire we had nothing as yet to oppose. We sought +shelter under the levee, and listened in painful silence to the +pattering of shot which fell among our troops, and to the shrieks and +groans of the wounded who lay near by. The night was dark as pitch. +Except the flashes of the enemy's guns, and the glare of our own +deserted fires, not an object could be distinguished. In this state +we lay helpless for nearly an hour, when a straggling fire of +musketry, driving in our pickets, warned us to prepare for a closer +and more desperate strife. This fire was presently succeeded by a +fearful yell, while the heavens became illuminated on all sides by a +semi-circular blaze of musketry.</p> + +<p>Rushing from under the bank, the Eighty-fifth and Ninety-fifth +Regiments flew to support the pickets; while the Fourth, stealing to +the rear, formed close column as a reserve. But to describe this +action is out of the question, for it was such a battle as the annals +of warfare can hardly parallel. Each officer, as he was able to +collect twenty or thirty men around him, advanced into the midst of +the enemy, where they fought hand to hand, bayonet to bayonet, and +sword to sword, with the tumult and ferocity of Homer's combats +before the walls of Troy. Attacked unexpectedly in the dark, and +surrounded by enemies before we could arrange to oppose them, no +order or discipline of war could be preserved. We were mingled with +the Americans before we could tell whether they were friends or foes. +The consequence was that more feats of individual gallantry were +performed in the course of the conflict than many campaigns might +have afforded. The combat having begun at eight in the evening, and +long and obstinately contested, continued until three in the morning; +but the vic<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span>tory was decidedly ours, for the Americans retreated in +the greatest disorder, leaving us in possession of the field. Our +losses, however, were enormous. Not less than five hundred men had +fallen, many of whom were our first and best officers.</p> + +<p>The recall being sounded, our troops were soon brought together, +forming in front of the ground where we had at first encamped. Here +we remained until the morn, when, to avoid the fire of the vessel, we +betook ourselves to the levee on the bank, and lay down. Here we lay +for some hours, worn out with fatigue and loss of sleep, and +shivering in the cold of a frosty morning, not daring to light a fire +or cook a meal. Whenever an attempt was made, the ship's guns opened +on us. Thus was our army kept prisoners for an entire day.</p></div> + +<p>This was not a field victory for either combatant, but rather a drawn +battle, as each party fell back to the lines occupied at the opening. It +was a very great victory for the Americans in its bearings on the final +issues of the campaign. The attack of Jackson was to the British like a +bolt of lightning from a clear sky. It paralyzed and checked them on the +first day, and at the first place of their encampment on shore, and +enabled him to adopt measures to beat back the invaders in every attempt +they made for a further advance inland. The enemy had found an open way +and expected an easy march, with a certainty that the Crescent City, by +Christmas Day, would become an easy prey for their "Loot and Lust,"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> as +Admiral Cochrane is said to have promised. Instead of a garden of +delights, they had walked into a deathtrap at the gate of entrance. +Confidence and prestige were shaken in the front of a foe equal in valor +and as skilled in arms as themselves. The rude reception given by +Jackson had compelled the army of the invaders to halt in its first +camp, and to re-form, to reinforce, and to rehabilitate its plans, +before daring another step forward. This delay, fatal to the British, +probably saved the city. On the next morning early (of the +twenty-fourth) the first division of the British army would have been +reinforced by the second division landed on the night of the battle, +giving five thousand fresh veteran troops in bivouac at Villere's, with +which to march upon the city. It was but seven miles distant, with a +broad, level highway leading to it. Jackson could have opposed to this +army not over two thousand men in the open field, where every advantage +would have been with the enemy. With the bravery and discipline the +latter showed in the surprise-battle at night, they would have made an +irresistible march to victory against the city, had not the invincible +Jackson paralyzed them with this first blow. It was a master-stroke, +worthy the genius of a great commander.</p> + +<p>The valor of the English soldiers was rarely, if ever, surpassed on a +bloody field of contest. There was no<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> panic, no rout, no cowering under +the murderous fire of the ship's guns, or when the blaze of musketry +encircled them in the darkness of the night. Although the ranks were +broken and little order prevailed, the men rallied to the calls of the +nearest officers, and plunged into the thickest of the strife. Only this +veteran discipline and stubborn British courage saved the enemy from +rout and worse disaster. Colonel Thornton, the bravest and most skillful +of the officers of the English army, as he repeatedly proved himself, +commanded on this occasion. General Keene had not yet come up.</p> + +<p>The American forces engaged were: United States regulars, Seventh +Regiment, Major Peire, four hundred and sixty-five men, and Forty-fourth +Regiment, Captain Baker, three hundred and thirty-one men; marines, +Lieutenant Bellevue, sixty-six; artillery, McRae, twenty-two; Major +Plauche's battalion, two hundred and eighty-seven; Major Daquin's +battalion of St. Domingo men of color, two hundred and ten; Choctaws, +Captain Jugeant, eighteen; Coffee's Tennessee Brigade, five hundred and +sixty-three; Orleans Rifles, Captain Beale, sixty-two; and Mississippi +Dragoons, Major Hinds, one hundred and seven; in all, twenty-one hundred +and thirty-one men.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">Jackson Entrenches at Rodrique's Old Canal Site.</span></h3> + +<p>As mentioned, Jackson occupied the line of Rodrique's Canal, two miles +above the British camp at Villere's, and five miles below the city. The +space from the river here back to the swamp was but seventeen hundred +yards, making it an admirable line for defense. Early on the +twenty-fourth every available man was put to work throwing up a +breastwork on the upper side of the canal, while pieces of artillery +were planted at commanding points for immediate emergency. Negroes from +the adjacent plantations were called in to expedite the work of building +the entrenchment and suitable redoubts, as had been done at other works +of fortification and defense. On the twenty-fifth, General Morgan was +ordered to abandon the post at English Turn and to move his command of +Louisiana militia to a position on the right bank of the river, at +Flood's plantation, opposite Jackson's camp.</p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">The Ship Carolina Burned With Hot Shot—Artillery Duel on the +Twenty-eighth.</span></h3> + +<p>The enemy determined to destroy the ship Carolina, as she lay out in the +river, from whose deadly broadsides by day and by night they had been so +terribly harassed since the opening of the night battle of the +twenty-third.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> Having brought up their artillery from their +landing-place, they erected a battery commanding that part of the river, +with a furnace for heating shot. On the twenty-seventh, they opened fire +in range, and in fifteen minutes the schooner was set on fire by the +red-hot missiles and burned to the water's edge. The fire of the battery +was next directed against the Louisiana, a larger war-vessel, the +preservation of which was of great importance. Lieutenant Thompson, in +command, with the combined efforts of one hundred men of his crew, +succeeded under fire of the battery in towing her beyond the range of +the guns of the enemy.</p> + +<p>On the evening of the twenty-seventh the British moved forward in force, +drove in the American advance lines, and occupied Chalmette's +plantation, one mile above Laronde's. During the night they began to +establish several batteries along the river. At dawn of day on the +twenty-eighth they advanced in columns on the road, preceded by several +pieces of artillery, some playing upon the Louisiana and others on the +American lines. The ship's crew waited until the columns of the enemy +were well in range, when they opened upon them a destructive fire, which +silenced their guns. While this oblique fire fell upon the flank of the +British, the batteries on the American line answered them from the front +with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> much effect. One shot from the Louisiana killed fifteen of the +enemy's men. Some of his guns were dismounted, and he was driven from +several of his batteries. In seven hours' cannonading the ship fired +eight hundred shot. The enemy threw into the American ranks many +Congreve rockets, evidently misled in the hope that these ugly-looking +missiles would strike terror to the ranks of our troops. These soon +learned that they were not so dangerous as they appeared. The infantry +this day did not engage in more than heavy picket skirmishing, and in +checking the demonstrations of the enemy on our lines. This movement all +along the line was evidently a feint in force, to draw from Jackson's +army information as to the powers of resistance it might offer and to +ascertain its most vulnerable point of attack. The loss of the British +this day was estimated at two hundred; that of the Americans much less, +as they were mainly sheltered from the enemy's fire. There were nine +killed and eight wounded.</p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">Defenses on the West Bank of the River.</span></h3> + +<p>Realizing that the enemy might suddenly throw a force across the river, +and by a flank movement up the right bank gain a position opposite the +city, from which, by shot and shell, he might compel a surrender,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> +Jackson sent Major Latour, chief of his engineer corps, to the west +side, with orders to select a position most suitable for a fortified +line in the rear of General Morgan's camp. Bois-Gervais Canal, three +miles below New Orleans, was fixed upon, and one hundred and fifty +negroes from the plantations near at once set to work. In six days they +completed the parapet, with a glacis on the opposite side.</p> + +<p>Commodore Patterson removed from the Louisiana a number of her guns, +which he placed in battery in front of Jordon's plantation, on the right +bank, with which he did important service to the end of the campaign. +This formidable battery was formed to give a deadly flanking fire on the +enemy's ranks from the opposite bank of the river. It was manned and +served by sailors, mostly landed from the Carolina when she was burned. +They had been enlisted about the city after the gunboats were destroyed; +men of all nations, not a third of them speaking the English language. +The constant daily fire of this battery caused the British to fall back +from Chalmette's and Bienvenue's houses and to seek safer quarters in +the rear, after the artillery duels of the twenty-eighth.</p> + +<p>Captain Henly, of the late ship Carolina, was placed in command of a +strong redoubt on the bank of the river, opposite New Orleans, around +which was a fosse twenty-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span>five feet in width, the earth from which was +thrown up to form a steep glacis, from the summit of the wall serving as +a parapet to the brink of the fosse. Here a battery of two twenty-four +pounders commanded at once the road and the river back to the swamp.</p> + +<p>The Tennesseans, placed on the left, and operating in the undergrowth of +the woods of the swamp, were a continual terror to the British sentinels +and outposts. Clad in their brown hunting-dress, they were +indistinguishable in the bush, while with their long rifles they picked +off some of the British daily. The entrenchment line was being daily +strengthened.</p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">A Second Attempt To Breach the American Works, on the First of +January—Great Artillery Duel.</span></h3> + +<p>On the evening of the twenty-fifth, Sir Edward Pakenham arrived at the +British headquarters, and at once assumed chief command of the army in +person. He was a favorite of Lord Wellington in the Peninsular +campaigns, and held in high esteem by the English Government and people. +His presence imparted great enthusiasm to the officers and men of the +army, a majority of whom had served under him in other wars. The +invad<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>ing British forces were now swelled to over ten thousand men for +present service. On the thirtieth and thirty-first, the enemy was +ominously busy in throwing up redoubts and in pushing his offensive +works in threatening nearness to our lines. In front of Bienvenue's +house he constructed a battery, of hogsheads of sugar taken from the +near plantations, the season for grinding the cane and converting the +product into sugar having just closed. A redoubt was also begun at a +point nearer the wood, fronting the American left, and some guns mounted +by the thirty-first. A heavy cannonading was opened on this day, from +this and other batteries along the British front, to which our own guns +responded, including those of the marine battery across the river, until +two in the afternoon.</p> + +<p class="center"> +<img src="images/illus04.jpg" alt="battle" /> +<a id="illus04" name="illus04"></a> +</p> +<p class='center'> BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS, JANUARY 8, 1815.</p> + +<p>These demonstrative movements of the enemy, with his busy +reconnoitering, foreboded an attack in force.</p> + +<p>In the night of the thirty-first he erected, under cover of darkness, +two other batteries of heavy guns at a distance of six hundred yards +from the front of Jackson's entrenchments, on a ditch running along the +side of Chalmette's plantation, at distances of three and six hundred +yards from the river. During the night the men working on the platforms +and mounting the ordnance could be distinctly heard.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span></p> + +<p>On the morning of the 1st of January, 1815, the earth was veiled by a +dense fog until eight o'clock. As the misty cloud lifted above the +horizon, the enemy opened up a terrific fire from his three batteries in +front, mounting respectively two, eight, and eight pieces of heavy +cannon. A meteor-like shower of Congreve rockets accompanied the balls, +filling the air for fifteen minutes with these missiles of terror. The +two batteries nearest the river directed their fire against McCarty's +house, some hundreds of yards behind our front line, where Jackson and +his staff had their headquarters. In less than ten minutes more than one +hundred balls, rockets, and shells struck the house. Bricks, splinters +of wood, and broken furniture were sent flying in all directions, making +the premises dangerously untenable. General Jackson and his staff +occupied the house at the time; yet, strange to say, not a person was +even wounded. There is no account that the old hero "ingloriously fled," +but it is in evidence that he retired with commendable dispatch to a +safer place.</p> + +<p>Though the batteries of the enemy were in a better position, on a lower +plane, and with a narrower front than those of the Americans, the +gunners of the latter fired with more precision and effect on this day, +and on other occasions, as their own officers afterward admitted.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> In an +hour's time the fire from the enemy's side began to slacken, and +continued to abate until noon, when his two batteries to the right were +abandoned. Our balls dismounted several of his guns early in the day, +and in the afternoon the greater part of his artillery was dismounted or +unfit for service. The carriages of three of the guns on the American +side were broken, and two caissons, with over one hundred rounds of +ammunition, were blown up by rockets, at which the enemy loudly cheered. +The cheeks of the embrasures of our batteries were formed of cotton +bales, which the enemy's balls struck, sending the cotton flying through +the air. The impression that Jackson's breastwork line was constructed +of bales of cotton is a mistake. Bales of cotton were used only at the +bottom and sides of the embrasures, for a firmer support for the +artillery, beneath a casing of heavy plank. The British, in the absence +of cotton bales, used hogsheads of sugar, which were conveniently near, +for the same purposes. These our shot easily knocked to pieces, +saturating the damp earth around with the saccharine sweets. Our +breastworks were more substantially and easily made of the alluvial +earth.</p> + +<p>The guns of the British batteries nearest the levee were directed in +part against the marine battery across the river during the day, but +with little effect. Before<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> the close the enemy's guns were silenced, +and several of them abandoned. The British columns were in readiness, +drawn up in several parallel lines, prudently awaiting in the back +ditches and the trenches between the batteries a favorable moment to +advance to an assault of our lines. In this they were disappointed; the +superiority of the American artillery left them no hope of an advantage +by breaching our lines with this arm. That this was their object their +own authorities state. The losses this day of the Americans were +thirty-five killed and wounded; the enemy admitted a loss of +seventy-five. During the night of the first of January, the latter +succeeded in removing his heavy guns from the dismantled batteries, +dragging them off with much difficulty through the mired earth.</p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">A View From the Enemy's Standpoint.</span></h3> + +<p>It is interesting to view a situation from an enemy's standpoint, and to +know the impressions made upon an enemy's mind in a great issue like the +one of contest. We quote again from Gleig's "Campaigns of the English +Army":</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>It was Christmas Day, and a number of officers, clubbing their scant +stocks of provisions, resolved to dine together in memory of former +times. But at so melancholy a Christmas <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>dinner, I do not remember to +have been present. We dined in a barn; of tableware, of viands, and +of good cookery, there was a dismal scarcity. These were matters, +however, of minor thought; the want of many well-known and beloved +faces thrilled us with pain. While sitting at the table, a loud +shriek from outside startled the guests. On running out, we found +that a shot from the enemy's ship had cut almost in twain the body of +a soldier, and he was gasping in death.</p> + +<p>On the twenty-eighth, the British army advanced in full force, +supported by ten pieces of artillery, with a view to a final assault. +They did not do much more than the bringing on of a heavy artillery +duel, in which they were severely worsted and driven back to camp. +That the Americans are excellent shots, as well with artillery as +with rifles, we had frequent cause to acknowledge; but perhaps on no +occasion did they assert their claim to the title of good +artillerymen more effectually than on the present. Scarcely a shot +passed over, or fell short; but all striking full into our ranks, +occasioned terrible havoc. The crash of the fire-locks and the fall +of the killed and wounded, caused at first some confusion. In half an +hour three of our heavy guns were dismounted, many gunners killed, +and the rest obliged to retire. The infantry advanced under a heavy +discharge of round and grape shot, until they were checked by a canal +in front. A halt was ordered, and the men commanded to shelter +themselves in a wet ditch as best they could.</p> + +<p>Thus it fared with the left of the army. The right failing to +penetrate through the swamp, and faring no better, was compelled to +halt. All thought of a general attack for this day was abandoned. It +only remained to withdraw the troops <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span>from their perilous position +with as little loss as possible. This was done, not in a body, but +regiment by regiment, under the same discharge which saluted their +approach.</p> + +<p>There seemed now but one practicable way of assault; to treat these +field-works as one would treat a regular fortification, by erecting +breaching batteries against them, and silencing, if possible, their +guns. To this end three days were employed in landing heavy cannon, +bringing up ammunition, and making other preparations, as for a +siege. One half of the army was ordered out on the night of the +thirty-first, quietly led up to within three hundred yards of the +enemy's works, and busily employed in throwing up a chain of works. +Before dawn, six batteries were completed, with thirty pieces of +heavy cannon mounted, when the troops, before the dawn of day, fell +back and concealed themselves behind some thick brush in the rear. +The Americans had no idea of what was going on until morning came. +This whole district was covered with the stubble of sugar-cane, and +every storehouse and barn was filled with large barrels containing +sugar. In throwing up the works this sugar was used. Rolling the +hogsheads towards the front, they were placed in the parapets of the +batteries. Sugar, to the amount of many thousand pounds sterling, was +thus disposed of.</p> + +<p>On the morning of January 1st, a thick haze obscured the sun, and all +objects at the distance of a few yards, for some hours. Finally, as +the clouds of fog drifted away, the American camp was fully exposed +to view, but three hundred yards away. The different regiments were +upon parade, and presented a fine appearance. Mounted officers rode +to and fro, bands were playing, and colors floating in the air. All +seemed <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span>gala, when suddenly our batteries opened. Their ranks were +broken; the different corps dispersing, fled in all directions, while +the utmost terror and disorder appeared to prevail.</p> + +<p>While this consternation lasted among the infantry, their artillery +remained silent; but soon recovering confidence, they answered our +salute with great precision and rapidity. A heavy cannonade on both +sides continued during the day, until our ammunition began to +fail—our fire slackening, while that of the enemy redoubled. Landing +a number of guns from their flotilla, they increased their artillery +to a prodigious amount. They also directed their cannon on the +opposite bank against the flank of our batteries, and soon convinced +us that all endeavors to surpass them in this mode of fighting would +be useless. Once more, we were obliged to retire, leaving our heavy +guns to their fate. The fatigue of officers and men, it would be +difficult to form a conception of. For two entire nights and days not +a man had closed his eyes, except to sleep amid showers of +cannon-balls. We retreated, therefore, baffled and disheartened. It +must be confessed that a murmur of discontent began to be heard in +the camp. The cannon and mortars of the enemy played on our men night +and day, from their main position; likewise a deadly fire from +eighteen pieces on the opposite bank swept the entire line of our +encampment. The duty of a picket was as dangerous as to go into +battle. The American sharpshooters harassed them from the time they +went on duty till they were relieved; while to light fires served +only as marks for the enemy's gunners. The murmurs were not of men +anxious to escape from a disagreeable situation; but rather resembled +the growlings of a chained animal, when he sees his adversary, but +can not reach him. All were eager to bring matters to the issue of a +battle, at any sacrifice.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">Tennessee and Kentucky Troops Arrive—Government Censured for +Neglect.</span></h3> + +<p>General Carroll's division of Tennessee troops arrived about this time; +also the Louisiana militia were reinforced by several companies from the +more distant parishes. On the fourth of January the entire body of +Kentucky militia reached New Orleans, twenty-two hundred in number, and +went into camp on Prevost's plantation. The day following, seven hundred +and fifty of these repaired to the lines, and went into camp in the +rear, arms being furnished to but five hundred of the number. There +were, at this time, nearly two thousand brave and willing men within +Jackson's lines, whose services were lost to the army and to the country +for the want of arms. The dangerous delay of the arrival of the troops, +and with this, the failure of the arrival of the arms and munitions +necessary to equip the men for service, had their beginning in the +culpable negligence of the War Department at Washington, of which +history has had occasion to complain. But a more immediate cause for the +irreparable delay in the arrival of the stores for arming and equipping +the troops is found in the conduct of the quartermaster who +superintended the shipment of the same from Pittsburgh. Though he was +offered a contract<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> to ship these supplies by a steamboat, and to +deliver them at New Orleans in ample time for use, for some reason he +declined the offer. He then had them loaded on a flatboat and slowly +floated to their destination, when there was little or no hope of their +arrival in time for use. At the date of the final battle at New Orleans +they were afloat somewhere near the mouth of the Ohio River, and of +course did not arrive until many days after all need of them was over.</p> + +<p>On the twenty-ninth of December, General Jackson wrote to the Secretary +of War these words of protest against this failure to make provision for +his army in such a crisis as the present:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I lament that I have not the means of carrying on more offensive +operations. The Kentucky troops have not arrived, and my effective +force at this point does not exceed three thousand men. That of the +enemy must be at least double; both prisoners and deserters agreeing +in the statement that seven thousand landed from their boats.</p></div> + +<p>When the militia of Kentucky were called for, Governor Shelby was +assured that the United States quartermaster would furnish +transportation for the troops to New Orleans; but no such officer +reported himself, and no relief came from Washington. The men had +rendezvoused on the banks of the Ohio in waiting, and here<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> the +expedition must have ended had not Colonel Richard Taylor, of Frankfort, +then quartermaster of the State militia, on his own credit, borrowed a +sum sufficient to meet the immediate emergency. With this he purchased +such boats as he could, some of which were unfit for the passage. Camp +equippage could not be had in time, and about thirty pots and kettles +were bought at Louisville, one to each company of eighty men. At the +mouth of the Cumberland River they were detained eight days, with their +axes and frows riving boards with which to patch up their old boats. +From this point they started with half a supply of rations, to which +they added as they could on the way down the Mississippi River. The men +knew there was due them an advance of two months' pay when ordered out +of the State. The United States quartermaster distributed this pay to +the Tennessee troops who had preceded them, but withheld it from the +Kentuckians. Believing that they would be furnished suitable clothing or +pay, blankets, tents, arms, and munitions with reasonable promptness, +they left home with little else than the one suit of clothing they wore, +usually of homespun jeans. As a writer has said: "Rarely, if ever, has +it been known of such a body of men leaving their homes, unprovided as +they were, and risking a difficult passage of fifteen hundred miles in +the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> crudest of barges to meet an enemy. They could have been prompted +alone by a patriotic love of country and a defiance of its enemies." +This contribution of Kentucky for the defense of Louisiana was made just +after she had furnished over ten thousand volunteer troops in the +campaigns of Harrison in the Northwest, who made up the larger part of +the soldiers in that army for the two years previous, and who recently +had won the great victory at the battle of the Thames. Governor Shelby +tendered to the government ten thousand more Kentuckians for the army of +the Southwest, if they were needed to repel the invaders.</p> + +<p>It was in the midst of an unusually severe winter in Louisiana, in a +season of almost daily rainfalls, when the Kentucky and part of the +Tennessee troops reached their destination. They went into camp without +tents or blankets or bedding of straw even, on the open and miry +alluvial ground, with the temperature at times at freezing point. This +destitution and consequent suffering at once enlisted the attention and +sympathies of the public. The Legislature of Louisiana, in session, +promptly voted six thousand dollars for relief, to which the generous +citizens added by subscription ten thousand dollars more. With these +funds materials were purchased. The noble women of New Orleans, almost +without an exception, devoted themselves day and night to making<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> up the +materials into suitable garments and distributing them as they were most +needed. In one week's time the destitute soldiers were supplied and made +comfortable. These backwoodsmen, defenders of their country, did not +forget till their dying day the generous and timely ministries in a time +of trial, in which the women and the men of Louisiana, and especially of +New Orleans, seemed to vie; nor did they cease to speak in their praise.</p> + +<p>Again, in view of the approaching battle, Jackson, in correspondence +with the Secretary of War, complains that the arms from Pittsburgh had +not yet arrived, expressing grave apprehensions of the consequences. +"Hardly," said he, "one third of the Kentucky troops, so long expected, +are armed; and the arms they have are barely fit for use." He presages +that the defeat of our armies and the dishonor of the officers +commanding, and of the nation, may be consequences chargeable to the +neglect of the government.</p> + +<p>The American batteries on both sides of the river continued day and +night to fire upon and harass the British. Wherever a group of the +latter appeared, or an assailable object presented, the American fire +was directed to disperse or destroy. This incessant cannonading +exercised our gunners in the more skillful use of their pieces, annoyed +the enemy in the work of his fortifications, and rendered his nights +well-nigh sleepless.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">Jackson's Entrenched Line, and the Positions of the Troops and +Artillery.</span></h3> + +<p>Jackson's lines, five miles below the city, were along the canal, or old +mill-race, on the border of the plantations of Rodrique and Chalmette. +The old ditch, unused for years, had filled up in part with the washings +of the earth from its sides, and grown over with grass. It was chosen +because it lay at a point the shortest in distance from the river to the +swamp, and thus the more easily defended. Along the upper bank of the +canal a parapet was raised, with a banquet behind to stand upon, by +earth brought from the rear of the line, thus raising the original +embankment. The opposite side of the canal was but little raised, +forming a kind of glacis.</p> + +<p>Plank and posts from the adjacent fencing were taken to line the parapet +and to prevent the earth from falling back into the canal. All this was +done at intervals of relief, by the different corps, assisted by labor +from the plantations near. It was not until the seventh of January that +the whole extent of the breastwork was proof against the enemy's cannon.</p> + +<p>The length of the line was less than one mile, more than half of which +ran from the river to the wood, the remainder extending into the depths +of the wood, taking<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> an oblique direction to the left and terminating in +the impassable swamp. The parapet was about five feet in height and from +ten to twenty feet thick at the base, extending inland from the river +one thousand yards. Beyond that, to the wood and swamp, where artillery +could not well be employed, the breastwork was formed of a double row of +logs, laid one over the other, leaving a space of two feet, which was +filled with earth.</p> + +<h3>The artillery was distributed on the line as follows:</h3> + +<p>Battery 1, Captain Humphries, of the United States artillery, consisted +of two twelve-pounders and a howitzer, on field carriages, and was +located thirty yards from the river, outside the levee.</p> + +<p>Battery 2, ninety yards from Battery 1; Lieutenant Norris, of the navy; +one twenty-four pounder.</p> + +<p>Battery 3, fifty yards from Battery 2; Captains Dominique and Bluche, of +the Baratarians; two twenty-four pounders.</p> + +<p>Battery 4, twenty yards from Battery 3; Captain Crawly, of the navy, one +thirty-two pounder, served by part of the crew of the Carolina.</p> + +<p>Battery 5, Colonel Perry and Lieutenant Carr, of the artillery; two +six-pounders, one hundred and ninety yards from Battery 4.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span></p> + +<p>Battery 6, thirty-six yards from Battery 5; Lieutenant Bertel; one brass +twelve-pounder.</p> + +<p>Battery 7, one hundred and ninety yards from Battery 6; Lieutenants +Spotts and Chauveau; one eighteen-and one six-pounder.</p> + +<p>Battery 8, sixty yards from Battery 7; one brass carronade, next +Carroll's and Adair's commands.</p> + +<p>Out beyond this last piece the line formed a receding elbow, mentioned +above, made unavoidable by great sinks in the soil, filled with water +from the canal. Here, and beyond into the wood, the ground was so low +that the troops were literally encamped in the water, walking often in +mire a foot in depth, their few tents being pitched on small mounds +surrounded with water or mud. Amid these discomforts, in this +ague-breeding miasm, the Tennesseans, under Generals Coffee and Carroll, +and the Kentuckians, under General Adair, for days endured the dangers +of battle and privations of camp and campaign. As one historian who was +with Jackson's army writes: "They gave an example of the rarest military +virtues. Though constantly living and sleeping in the mire, these +patriotic men never uttered a complaint or showed the least symptoms of +impatience. It was vitally necessary to guard that quarter against an +attack on our flank, and to repulse him on the edge of our breastwork, +where artil<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>lery could not be employed. We had no battery on the center +and left for thirteen hundred yards, the nature of the ground not +admitting. The Tennesseans and Kentuckians defended this entire two +thirds of our line with rifles and muskets only. As anticipated, the +enemy made his main assault against these rifles and muskets, in a vain +attempt to flank our army."</p> + +<p>A view of the positions of the respective corps in Jackson's line will +be of interest here. The redoubt on the river, where the right of the +line rested, was guarded by a company of the Seventh United States +Infantry, commanded by Lieutenant Ross; the artillery was served by a +detachment of the Forty-fourth United States Infantry, under Lieutenant +Marant. At the extremity of the line, between Battery 1 and the river, +was posted Captain Beale's company of New Orleans Rifles, thirty men +strong. The Seventh United States Regiment covered the space from +Batteries 1 to 3, four hundred and thirty men, commanded by Major Peire. +The interval between Batteries 3 and 4 was occupied by Major Plauche's +battalion of Louisiana uniformed companies, and by Major Lacoste's +battalion of Louisiana men of color, the former two hundred and +eighty-nine men, and the latter two hundred and eighty strong. From +Batteries 4 to 5, the line was held by Major Daquin's bat<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>talion of +St. Domingo men of color, one hundred and fifty in number; and next to +these were placed the Forty-fourth United States Regulars, two hundred +and forty men, commanded by Colonel Baker.</p> + +<p class="center"> +<img src="images/illus05.jpg" alt="jackson" /> +<a id="illus05" name="illus05"></a> +</p> +<p class='center'>ANDREW JACKSON. Seventh President of the United States.</p> + +<p>From this point toward the center and left, for eight hundred yards, the +breastwork was manned by the troops from Tennessee, commanded by General +Carroll, and the Kentuckians, under command of General Adair, supported +by the men of the nearest batteries. General Carroll reported that he +had over one thousand Tennesseans in his immediate command, in line of +action. General Adair had, on the morning of the seventh of January, +received arms for only six hundred of the Kentucky troops. He says, in a +subsequent correspondence, that on the seventh, anticipating the attack +of the British the following day, he went into New Orleans, and plead +with the Mayor and Committee of Safety to lend him, for temporary use, +several hundred stand of arms stored in the city armory and held for the +defense of the city in emergency, and to put a check to any possible +insurrectionary disturbance. To this the Mayor and committee finally +consented, on the condition that the removal of the arms out of the city +should be kept secret from the public. To this end, instead of General +Adair marching in and arming his men, the city authorities had the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> +arms, concealed in boxes, hauled out to the camp and delivered there. +This was done late in the dusk of the evening, and on the night of the +seventh four hundred more of the Kentuckians were thus armed and marched +forward to take a position with their comrades just in the rear of the +entrenchment, making one thousand Kentuckians under arms and ready for +to-morrow's battle.</p> + +<p>In council with General Jackson, General Adair had suggested that the +British would most probably endeavor to break our line by throwing heavy +columns against it at some chosen point; and that such was the +discipline of their veterans, they might succeed in the effort without +very great resistance was made. To be prepared for such a contingency, +it would be well to place a strong reserve of troops centrally in the +rear of the line, ready at a moment's notice to reinforce the line at +the point of assault. Jackson approved this suggestion, and gave orders +to General Adair to hold the Kentucky troops of his command in position +for such contingency. With Colonel Slaughter's regiment of seven hundred +men, and Major Reuben Harrison's battalion, three hundred and five men +(the Kentuckians under arms), Adair took position just in the rear of +Carroll's Tennesseans, occupying the center of the breastwork line.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span></p> + +<p>By the statements of their commanders, the joint forces of the +Tennesseans and Kentuckians defending the left center were about two +thousand men. General Coffee's Tennesseans, five hundred in number, +occupied the remainder of the line on the left, which made an +elbow-curve into the wood, terminating in the swamp. Ogden's squad of +cavalry and a detachment of Attakapas dragoons, about fifty men in all, +were posted near the headquarters of the commander-in-chief, and these +were later joined by Captain Chauvau, with thirty mounted men from the +city. The Mississippi cavalry, Major Hinds in command, were held in +reserve, one hundred and fifty strong, posted on Delery's plantation. +Detachments of Colonel Young's Louisiana militia, in all about two +hundred and fifty men, were placed on duty at intervals on the skirts of +the wood, behind the line as far as Piernas' Canal. Four hundred yards +in the rear a guard was posted to prevent any one going out of the camp, +and a line of sentinels was extended to the wood for the same purpose.</p> + +<p>The above details show that there were of Jackson's army on the left +bank of the river, on active duty, about forty-six hundred men; yet on +the battle-line of the eighth of January there were less than four +thousand to engage the enemy. The remainder were in reserve, or on guard +duty at various points.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></p> + +<p>From official reports and historical statements derived from British +sources, there were present and in the corps of the British army of +assault, on the morning of the eighth of January, about eleven thousand +men, fully eight thousand of whom were in the attacking columns and +reserve on the left bank of the river, the flower of the English army.</p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">The Battle of Sunday, the Eighth of January.</span></h3> + +<p>It was not yet daybreak on the morning of the eighth of January when an +American outpost came hastily in, with the intelligence that the enemy +was in motion and advancing in great force. In brief time, as the day +began to dawn, the light discovered to our men what seemed the entire +British army in moving columns, occupying two thirds of the space from +the wood to the river. Obedient to the commands of their officers, who +gallantly led in front of their men, the massive columns of the enemy +moved up with measured and steady tread. Suddenly a Congreve rocket, set +off at a point nearest the wood, blazed its way across the British front +in the direction of the river. This was the signal for attack. +Immediately the first shot from the American line was fired from the +twelve-pounder of Battery 6. This was answered by three cheers from the +enemy, who quickly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> formed in close column of more than two hundred men +in front and many lines deep. These advanced in good order in the +direction of Batteries 7 and 8, and to the left of these. It was now +evident that the main assault would be made upon that part of the +breastwork occupied by Carroll's Tennesseans, with the intent to break +the line here and flank Jackson's army on the right.</p> + +<p>As soon in the morning as word came that the British were in motion for +an advance, General Adair formed his Kentuckians in two lines in close +order, and marched them to within fifty paces of the breastwork, in the +rear of Carroll's command. The day had dawned, and the fog slowly +lifted. There was no longer doubt of the point of main assault, as the +enemy's heaviest columns moved forward in Carroll's front. The lines of +the Kentucky troops were at once moved up in order of close column to +the Tennesseans, deepening the ranks to five or six men for several +hundred yards. Batteries 6, 7, and 8 opened upon the enemy when within +four or five hundred yards, killing and wounding many, but causing no +disorder in his ranks nor check to his advance. As he approached in +range, the terrible fire of rifles and musketry opened upon him from the +Tennessee and Kentucky infantry, each line firing and falling back to +reload, giving place to the next line to advance and fire.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span></p> + +<p>The British attack was supported by a heavy artillery fire, while a +cloud of rockets continued to fall in showers throughout the contest. +The assaulting columns did little execution with small arms, as they +came up relying more on the use of the bayonet in case of effecting a +breach in our line. Some of them carried fascines and ladders in +expectation of crossing the ditch and scaling the parapet. But all in +vain. The musketry and rifles of the Tennessee and Kentucky militia, +joining with the fire of the artillery, mowed down whole files of men, +and so decimated their ranks as to throw them into a panic of disorder +and force a retreat. This first disastrous repulse was within +twenty-five minutes after the opening of the battle. Writers present who +have undertaken to describe the scene at the time say that the constant +rolling fire of cannon and musketry resembled the rattling peals of +thunder following the lightning flashes in a furious electric storm. An +English officer present mentions the phenomenon, that though the flashes +of the guns were plainly visible in front, the firing seemed to be from +the wood and swamp a mile or two away on the left. They did not hear the +sound from the front, but only the echoes from the direction named, as +though the battle raged out there.</p> + +<p>The defeated column, forced to fall back broken and disordered, was +finally rallied by the heroic efforts of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> officers, reinforced with +fresh troops, and led to a second attempt at assault; but the carnage +and destruction were as great as in the first attempt, while almost no +impression was made upon the defensive line of the Americans. The +British were again compelled to retreat in disorder, leaving great +numbers of their comrades dead or wounded on the ground, or prisoners to +the Americans. The hope of victory had now become a forlorn one to the +British. They were broken in numbers, broken in order and discipline, +and broken in prestige. Yet the brave officers, led by their +commanders-in-chief, determined not to give up the contest without a +last desperate effort. A part of the troops had dispersed and retreated +to shelter among the bushes on their right; the rest retired to the +ditch where they were first perceived in the morning, about five hundred +yards in our front. In vain did the officers call upon the men to rally +and form again for another advance, striking some with the flat of their +swords, and appealing to them by every incentive. They felt that it was +almost certain destruction to venture again into the storm of fire that +awaited them, and were insensible to everything but escape from +impending death. They would not move from the ditch, and here sheltered +the rest of the day. The ground over which they had twice advanced and +twice retreated was strewn thickly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> with their dead and wounded. Such +slaughter of their own men, with no apparent loss on our side, was +enough to appal the bravest of mankind.</p> + +<p>Nearly one hundred of the enemy reached the ditch in front of the +American breastwork, half of whom were killed and the other half +captured. A detachment of British troops had penetrated into the wood +toward our extreme left, to divert attention by a feint attack. The +troops under General Coffee opened on these with their rifles, and soon +forced them to retire.</p> + +<p>After the main attack on the American left and center had begun, another +column of over twenty-five hundred men, under the command of General +Keene, advanced along the road near the levee, and between the levee and +the river, to attack the American line on the extreme right. They were +partly sheltered by the levee from the fire of the artillery, except +that of Battery 1 and the guns across the river. Our outposts were +driven in, and the head of the column pushing forward occupied the +unfinished redoubt in front of our entrenched line before more than two +or three discharges of artillery could be made. Overpowering the small +force here, they compelled it to fall back, after killing and wounding a +few men. Bravely led by Colonel Rence and other officers of rank, the +British gained a momentary advan<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span>tage, and threatened to storm the +entrenchment itself. But Beale's Rifles from the city, defending this +extreme, poured fatal volleys upon the head of the column, while +Batteries 1 and 2 mowed down the ranks. The Seventh Regiment, the only +infantry besides Beale's in musket range, did deadly execution also. By +these, the farther advance of the enemy was made impossible, while the +nearest ground they occupied was strewn with their dead and wounded, +among whom were General Keene, Colonel Rence, and other prominent +officers. Many passed the ditch and scaled the parapet only to be shot +down in the redoubt by the unerring riflemen behind the entrenched line. +Like the main column on the left, this second column on the right, +broken and shattered, was compelled to fall back in great disorder upon +the reserve, with no effort after to renew the assault. The dead and +wounded lay thick along the road, the levee, and the river bank, as far +out as the range of our guns. A flanking fire from the battery across +the river harassed the troops in this column both in the advance and +retreat, as they passed in plain view, from which fire they sustained +severe losses.</p> + +<p>The battle was now ended as far as the firing of musketry and small arms +was concerned. The last volleys from these ceased one hour after the +British column first<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> in motion attacked our line upon the left center, +at half-past seven o'clock. In that brief time, one of the best equipped +and best disciplined armies that England ever sent forth was defeated +and shattered beyond hope by one half its number of American soldiers, +mostly militia. For one hour after the opening attack the firing along +the American line had been incessant, and the roar of the cannon, +mingling with the rattling noise of the musketry and rifles, +reverberated over the open plains and echoed back from the wood and +swamp, until the issue of combat sent the enemy to cover beyond range. +The artillery from our batteries, however, kept up a continuous fire +against the guns of the enemy, or against squads of their troops who +might expose themselves, until two o'clock in the afternoon, when the +lull of strife came to all.</p> + +<p>The scene upon the field of contest was one that can not be pictured in +words to convey an adequate impression. British officers who campaigned +in Europe, in the wars of the Peninsula, testified that in all their +military experiences they had witnessed nothing to equal the stubborn +fierceness of the contending forces, and the fearful carnage that befell +the troops of the British army. We have mentioned how thickly strewn was +the ground along the levee and the road, on the right next to the river, +with the dead and the wounded of the enemy. The fatal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span>ity among the +officers here was fearful. General Keene, in command of this second +attacking column, was borne from the field badly wounded. Colonel Rence, +next in command with Keene, was killed while leading the assault in the +redoubt. Near by fell Major King, mortally wounded, and others of rank, +leaving the command with but few leaders to conduct the broken ranks in +precipitate retreat. On our left, in the front of the Tennesseans and +Kentuckians, the greatest execution had been done. The slaughter here +was appalling. Within a space three hundred yards wide, and extending +out two hundred yards from our breastwork on the battlefield, an area of +about ten acres, the ground was literally covered with the dead and +desperately wounded. A British officer, who became also historian, says +that under the temporary truce he rode forward to view this scene. Such +a one he never witnessed elsewhere. There lay before him in this small +compass not less than one thousand men, dead or disabled by wounds, all +in the uniform of the British soldier; not one American among the +number. The fatality to the English officers had been even greater on +our left than on our right. Lord Pakenham, commander-in-chief, after the +first repulse of the main column, with a courage as reckless as it was +vain rode forward to rally his troops and lead them to a second attack +in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> person, and in the midst of a hail of missiles from cannon and +small-arms fell mortally hurt with several wounds, and died within an +hour. Major-general Gibbs, next in command, was stricken down a few +minutes after, dying within a few hours. Others in high rank were +carried down in the holocaust of casualties, until the British army +became unnerved for the want of leadership in the hour of disaster and +peril.</p> + +<p>Adjutant-general Robert Butler, in his official report to General +Jackson a few days after the battle of the eighth, placed the losses of +the British at seven hundred killed, fourteen hundred wounded, and five +hundred prisoners; twenty-six hundred men, or almost one third the +entire number the enemy admitted to have taken part in the contest of +the day. The loss of the Americans was six killed and seven wounded, +thirteen in all. Instead of comment upon this remarkable disparity of +losses, and the causes that led to such a signal victory for the +Americans and such a humiliating defeat for our enemies, it will be more +interesting to our readers to quote from English writers who were +participants in the battle, and eye-witnesses of the scenes they +describe with graphic pen. We are ever curious to know what others see +and say of us, especially if they honestly criticize us with a spice of +prejudice.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">An English Officer's Account of the Battle.</span></h3> + +<p>Gleig, in his "History of British Campaigns," says:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Dividing his troops into three columns, Sir Edward Pakenham directed +that General Keene, at the head of the Ninety-fifth, the light +companies of the Twenty-first, Fourth, and Forty-fourth Regiments, +and the two black corps, should make a demonstration on the right; +that General Gibbs, with the Fourth, Twenty-first, Forty-fourth, and +Ninety-third, should force the enemy's left; while General Lambert, +with the Seventh and Forty-third, remained in reserve. Our numbers +now amounted to a little short of eight thousand, a force which, in +any other part of America, would have been irresistible. The forces +of the enemy were reported at twenty-three to thirty thousand. I +suppose their whole force to have been twenty-five thousand. All +things were arranged on the night of the 7th, for the 8th was fixed +upon as the day decisive of the fate of New Orleans.</p> + +<p>On the morning of the 8th, the entire army was in battle array. A +little after daylight, General Pakenham gave the word to advance The +troops on the right and the left, having the Forty-fourth to follow +with the fascines and ladders, rushed on to the assault. On the left, +next to the river, a detachment of the Ninety-fifth, Twenty-first and +Fourth, stormed a three-gun battery and took it. It was in advance of +the main line of works. The enemy, in overpowering numbers, repulsed +our attacking force and recaptured the battery <i>with immense +slaughter</i>. On our right again, the Twenty-first and Fourth being +almost cut to pieces, and thrown into <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span>some confusion by the enemy's +fire, the Ninety-third pushed up and took the lead. Hastening +forward, our troops soon reached the ditch; but to scale the parapet +without ladders was impossible. Some few indeed, by mounting upon +each others' shoulders, succeeded in entering the works; but these +were, most of them, instantly killed or captured. As many as stood +without were exposed to a sweeping fire, which cut them down by whole +companies. It was in vain that the most obstinate courage was +displayed. They fell by the hands of men they could not see. The +Americans, without lifting their faces above the rampart, swung their +fire-locks over the wall and discharged them directly upon their +heads.</p> + +<p>Poor Pakenham saw how things were going, and did all that a general +could do to rally his broken troops. He prepared to lead them on +himself, when he received a slight wound in the knee, which killed +his horse. Mounting another, he again headed the Forty-fourth, when a +second ball took effect more fatally, and he dropped lifeless in the +arms of his aid-de-camp. Bravely leading their divisions, Generals +Gibbs and Keene were both wounded, and borne helpless from the field. +All was now confusion and dismay. Without leaders, and ignorant of +what was to be next done, the troops first halted, and then began to +retire, till finally, the retreat was changed into a flight, and they +quitted the ground in the utmost disorder. But the retreat was +covered in gallant style by the reserve. The Seventh and Forty-third, +under General Lambert, presented the appearance of a renewed attack, +and the enemy, overawed, did not pursue.</p> + +<p>On the granting of a two-days' truce for the burial of the dead, +prompted by curiosity, I mounted my horse and rode <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span>to the front. Of +all the sights I ever witnessed, that which met me there was, beyond +comparison, the most shocking and the most humiliating. Within the +compass of a few hundred yards, were gathered together nearly a +thousand bodies, all of them arrayed in British uniforms. Not a +single American was among them; all were English. And they were +thrown by dozens into shallow holes, scarcely deep enough to hide +their bodies. Nor was this all. An American officer stood by smoking +a cigar, and abruptly counting the slain with a look of savage +exultation, repeating that their loss amounted only to eight killed +and fourteen wounded. I confess that, when I beheld the scene, I hung +down my head half in sorrow, and half in anger. With my officious +informant, I had every inclination to pick a quarrel. But he was on +duty, and an armistice existed, both of which forbade. I turned my +horse's head and galloped back to the camp.</p> + +<p>The changes of expression now visible in every countenance, no +language can portray. Only twenty hours ago, and all was hope and +animation; wherever you went, you were enlivened by the sounds of +merriment and raillery. The expected attack was mentioned, not only +in terms of sanguine hope, but in perfect confidence as to the +result. Now gloom and discontent everywhere prevailed. +Disappointment, grief, indignation and rage succeeded each other in +all bosoms; nay, so were the troops overwhelmed by a sense of +disgrace, that, for awhile they retained their sorrow without hinting +at the cause. Nor was this dejection because of laurels tarnished, +wholly. The loss of comrades was to the full, as afflicting as the +loss of honor; for, out of more than seven thousand in action on this +side, no fewer than two thousand had fallen.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> Among these were two +generals in chief command, and many officers of courage and ability. +Hardly an individual survived who had not to mourn the loss of some +special and boon companion.</p></div> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">British Excuses for Defeat.</span></h3> + +<p>Many causes for the failure of the campaign of invasion, and for the +disastrous issue of the battle of the eighth, were conjectured in the +English army. Almost universal blame was attributed to Colonel Mullins, +of the Forty-fourth Regiment, which was detailed under orders to prepare +and have ready, and to carry to the front on the morning of the eighth, +fascines and ladders with which to cross the ditch and scale the +parapet, as the soldiers fought their way to the breastwork of the +Americans. It was freely charged that the Colonel deserted his trust and +at the moment of need was half a mile to the rear. It was then that +Pakenham, learning of Mullins' conduct, placed himself at the head of +the Forty-fourth and endeavored to lead them to the front with the +implements needed to storm the works, when he fell mortally wounded. Of +this incident another British officer, Major B.E. Hill, writes:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Before sunset of the 7th, I was directed to carry instructions to +Colonel Mullins, of the 44th, respecting the redoubt in which the +fascines and scaling ladders were placed, and to report the result of +my interview to Sir Edward Pakenham. I saw Colonel Mullins, and read +to him the directions from <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span>headquarters, begging to know if he +thoroughly understood their purport? I was assured that nothing could +be clearer. Reporting to Sir Edward, he thanked me for so completely +satisfying him that the orders so important would be certainly and +well executed.</p></div> + +<p>Colonel Mullins may have been guilty of conduct unbecoming an officer, +for which he was tried and cashiered in England; he probably saved his +life at the expense of his honor, in being absent from his post on that +day. But the British officers magnified the importance of the presence +of himself and his regiment with their fascines and ladders ready for +use. Even with the help of these devices, there were not men enough in +the English army to have crossed the ditch, climbed the parapet, and +made a breach in the breastwork line of the Americans. Some of them +might have reached the ditch alive, as did some of their comrades, but +like those comrades they would have died in the ditch or been made +prisoners. The Americans, too, could have used the bayonet as well as +the British, if necessary.</p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">Battle of the Eighth of January on the West Bank of the River.</span></h3> + +<p>We have mentioned that after the night battle of the twenty-third of +December General Jackson ordered General Morgan to move his command of +Louisiana troops<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> from English Turn, seven miles below the British camp +at Villere's, and to take a position on the west bank of the +Mississippi, opposite to the American camp. Very naturally, the +possibility, and even the probability, of the enemy, when his army was +made formidable by all the reinforcements coming up, throwing a heavy +flanking force across the river, marching it to a point opposite New +Orleans and forcing a surrender of the city, suggested itself to the +military eye of Jackson. After the latter entrenched at Rodrique Canal, +by the first of January, there was no other strategical route by which +the British could have successfully assailed the city. The importance of +this seems to have been fully comprehended neither by the one combatant +nor the other until too late to fully remedy the omission.</p> + +<p>Just such a flanking movement was undertaken by the English at the +latest day, which brought on a second battle on the eighth, on the right +bank of the river, resulting in a defeat to the American forces, and +well-nigh ending in disaster to the American cause. It is in evidence +that this strategic movement was the result of a council of war held by +the British officers, at which Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane was +present. This idea of reaching the city by a heavy detachment thrown +across the river and marching up to a point opposite, in cannon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> reach, +had occurred before; but the difficulty was in finding a way to cross +over the troops and artillery, with the Americans in command of the +means of transportation. The suggestion came from Admiral Cochrane that +the Villere Canal from the bayou could be easily deepened and widened to +the river bank and opened into the river for the passage of the boats +and barges from the fleet, and a sufficient force thrown across the +river in that way under cover of night. This seemed feasible, and the +strategy determined on. It is related further that Lord Pakenham +insisted that the main attack upon the city for its capture should be +made by a heavy detachment in this direction, and at the same time only +a demonstration in force made on the American breastworks with the whole +army, supported by the artillery. He urged that to directly assault the +fortified line in front would be at a fearful loss of life, if +successful; if it failed it would be disastrous. The Admiral replied to +this tauntingly, that there was no cause for alarm over anticipated +defeat; he would undertake to force the lines of the American militia +with two or three thousand marines. In allusion to this, Latour says: +"If the British commander-in-chief was so unmindful of what he owed to +his country, and to the army committed to his charge, as to yield to the +ill-judged and rash advice of the Admiral, he sacri<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span>ficed reason in a +moment of irritation; though he atoned with his life for having acted +contrary to his own judgment." Undoubtedly the English made their last +and most fatal blunder here.</p> + +<p>As the English writers who were with the army have so variously +minimized the forces under Colonel Thornton, and so exaggerated the +numbers of the Americans in this affair on the west bank, we quote from +the official report of Major-general Lambert, who succeeded to the +immediate command of the invading army after the fall of Generals +Pakenham, Gibbs, and Keene, what appears to be reliable:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p> +<i>To Lord Bathurst</i>: <span class="smcap">January</span> 10th, 1815.<br /> +</p> + +<p>It becomes my duty to lay before your Lordship the proceedings of the +force lately employed on the right bank of the Mississippi River. +Preparations had been made on our side to clear out and widen the +canal that led from the bayou to the river, by which our boats had +been brought up to the point of disembarkation, and to open it to the +Mississippi, by which our troops could be got over to the right bank, +and the coöperation of armed boats be secured. A corps consisting of +the 85th light infantry, two hundred seamen, four hundred marines, +the 5th West India Regiment, and four pieces of artillery, under the +command of Colonel Thornton, of the 85th, were to pass over during +the night, and move along the right bank toward New Orleans, clearing +its front, until it reached the flanking battery of the enemy on that +side, which it had orders to carry. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span>Unlooked for difficulties caused +delay in the entrance of the armed boats from the canal into the +river, destined to land Colonel Thornton's corps, by which several +hours' delay was caused. The ensemble of the general movement was +lost, a point of the last importance to the main attack on the left +bank, although Colonel Thornton ably executed his instructions.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 25em;"> +<span class="smcap">Maj.-Gen. Lambert</span>, <i>Com'd'g.</i><br /> +</p></div> + +<p>The two regiments above, with the seamen and marines, if all were +present, would have given Colonel Thornton a command of nearly two +thousand men. But it is said that in consequence of some difficulties in +getting the boats through the canal into the river, and delay consequent +thereon, a part of the forces were left behind. From the best +authorities, there were twelve hundred British troops landed upon the +west bank of the river on the morning of the eighth, by daybreak—all +except the West India regiment.</p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">Defensive Works and Forces on the West Bank, Opposite Jackson's +Camp.</span></h3> + +<p>General Morgan, commanding the Louisiana militia, was in position on +Raquet's old canal site, next to the river. Major Latour, chief of the +engineer corps, had been instructed by General Jackson, a week or two +before the battle, to proceed across the river and to select on that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> +side a suitable line for defensive works for General Morgan, in case the +enemy should attempt a flanking movement on the right bank. Of this +mission, Major Latour writes:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Agreeable to orders, I waited on General Morgan, and in the presence +of Commodore Patterson communicated to him my orders, and told him I +was at his disposal. The General seemed not to come to a conclusion, +but inclined to make choice of Raquet's line. He then desired that I +inspect the different situations myself, and make my report to him. +My orders were to assist him, and my opinion was subordinate to his.</p> + +<p>I chose for the intended line of defense an intermediate position, +nearly at equal distances from Raquet's and Jourdan's canal, where +the wood inclines to the river, leaving a space of only about nine +hundred yards between the swampy wood and the river. Works occupying +this space could not well be turned, without a siege and assault in +heavy force by the enemy. I made a rough draft of the intended line, +and immediately the overseer set his negroes to execute the work. +Returning to the left bank, I made my report to the +Commander-in-chief, who approved the disposition made. One thousand +men could have guarded a breastwork line here, and half that number +would have been sufficient had pieces of cannon been mounted in the +intended outworks. That line, defended by the eight hundred troops +and the artillery of General Morgan's command, on the 8th, could have +defied three or four times the number of British who crossed over to +the right bank that day. But these dispositions had been changed by +General Morgan, and the negroes ordered to work on the Raquet line.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span></p> + +<p>Major Latour had selected for General Jackson his line of defense on the +left bank of the river, and had directed the construction of the +breastwork and redoubts to the entire satisfaction of the General. He +objected to the Raquet line favored by General Morgan, as wholly +unsuited for defense. The space here from the river to the wood swamp +was two thousand yards, or considerably over one mile, a much longer +line than Jackson's on the other side. To be effective against an +attacking force, the entrenchment and outworks must be extended to cover +the entire space. It would require then more than double the number of +troops and of pieces of artillery for defense than the situation +selected by Latour.</p> + +<p>In determining on this change of the line of defense, contrary to the +judgment and warning of the chief of the engineer corps, General Morgan +seems to have been influenced by one consideration paramount to all +others. He was in daily council with Commodore Patterson, and was +assured of the powerful aid of his battery on the right bank, which had +done such execution in the ranks of the British across the river. Should +the enemy attack General Morgan's position at Raquet's line, the +Commodore could turn his twelve pieces of cannon in their embrasures, +sweep the field, and drive back any reason<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span>able force in range. With +this support of his artillery, the few hundred militia of Morgan's +command could more successfully repulse an attack at Raquet's line than +at the line selected by Latour farther away. This change in the +situation and plan of defense is characterized by Latour and other +authorities as an unmilitary proceeding, as it abandoned the idea of a +fortified line behind which a successful defense could have been made +probable, if not certain, for an almost open field subject to the +flanking movement of veteran troops against raw militia, with no +auxiliary support except a park of artillery with guns turned another +way, and of most doubtful use in case of need. General Morgan must not +share alone the criticism which has been so freely made of his +disposition of forces and changes of strategic plans which resulted in +sensational disaster to his command. Commodore Patterson, experienced in +military affairs as well as naval, advised with him, and must have +approved. This change of line, made some days before the eighth, must +have been known, and on the representations of Morgan and Patterson, +approved by General Jackson. It is not conceivable that so important a +change of plans would have been made by a subordinate officer, affecting +seriously the safety of New Orleans, without the consent of the +commander-in-chief. The latter seemed always<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> to have held in very high +personal esteem these two officers, and to have had confidence in their +abilities as commanders.</p> + +<p>As mentioned above, the dispositions made for a line of defense by Major +Latour were changed by General Morgan, and the negroes set to work on +Raquet's line. A breastwork fortification was thrown up by the seventh +of January, extending but two hundred yards from the river bank out on +the site of the old canal. From this terminus across the plantation land +to the wooded swamp was an open plain, with scarce an obstruction to the +deploy of troops or the sweep of artillery. The old canal had long been +in disuse, and the ditch was filled nearly full with the washings and +deposits of years. Behind this two hundred yards of entrenchment General +Morgan massed all the Louisiana troops of his command and planted his +artillery, three pieces in all. From the end of the breastwork on the +right, one mile or eighteen hundred yards to the swamp, there were no +defensive works from behind which to repulse the assault of an enemy, +nor any means of resistance in sight to an attack, other than the guns +in battery of Commodore Patterson, of more than doubtful use, and the +yet very doubtful contingent of reinforcements sufficient from General +Jackson's limited supply of men and arms.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span></p> + +<p>On the seventh, the forces of Morgan's immediate command were the First +Louisiana Militia on the left, next to the river; on the right of these, +the Second Louisiana; and on the right of the latter, the drafted +Louisiana militia, in all about five hundred men, who occupied the +fortified line of two hundred yards. It was not until late this day that +General Jackson seemed to fully awaken to the impending dangers of this +formidable flanking movement across the river. He at once gave orders +that five hundred of the unarmed Kentucky militia in camp should be +marched up the river to New Orleans and receive certain arms in store +there; then cross the river, and march down five miles on the west bank +and reinforce General Morgan's command by, or before, daylight next +morning. It was late afternoon when they started on this tramp of ten +miles, through mud and mire ankle deep. Arriving at New Orleans, it was +found that four hundred stand of arms which were expected to be obtained +from the city armory had been loaned to General Adair, and sent to him +at the Kentucky camp for other use. From other sources some +miscellaneous old guns were obtained to equip less than two hundred of +the detailed Kentuckians, who crossed the river, began their weary night +march, and reported to General Morgan before daylight of the eighth, +ready<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> for duty, though they had not slept for twenty-four hours, nor +eaten anything since noon of the previous day. Their arms, a mongrel +lot, were many of them unfit for combat; old muskets and hunting-pieces, +some without flints, and others too small-bored for the cartridges.</p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">The British Cross the River and Land at Daybreak; They Begin the +Attack—The Battle and Retreat.</span></h3> + +<p>About sunset on the evening of the seventh, General Morgan was notified +of the intention of the enemy to cross the river by Commodore Patterson, +who had closely observed his movements in the afternoon. Before day-dawn +on the eighth, the General received information of the enemy landing on +the west bank, at Andry's plantation. The rapid current of the +Mississippi had carried his little flotilla three miles below the point +he had desired to land. Having debarked his troops, he marched up the +river; his boats, manned by four pieces of artillery, keeping abreast +and covering his flank. A detachment of Louisiana militia, about one +hundred and fifty men, under command of Major Arnaud, had been sent in +the night a mile or two down the river to oppose the landing and to +check the advance of the British. These raw militia, very poorly armed, +retired before the enemy.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> The detachment of one hundred and seventy +Kentuckians just arrived, under command of Colonel Davis, was ordered to +move forward to the support of the command of Major Arnaud. Though +wearied with the toilsome all-night march, the Kentucky troops went +forward about one mile below Morgan's line and took position on Mayhew's +Canal, their left resting on the bank of the river. Major Arnaud halted +his Louisiana militia on the right of these in line. The enemy, over one +thousand strong, came up in force under Colonel Thornton, who commanded +the British in the night battle of the twenty-third. A heavy fire of +musketry from the front was supported by a flanking fire of artillery +and rockets from the boats. The command of Major Arnaud gave way and +hastily retreated to the wood, appearing no more during the day on the +field of action. The Kentuckians returned the fire of the enemy with +several effective volleys, when they were ordered by an aid-de-camp of +General Morgan's, just arrived, to fall back and take a position on his +line of defense.</p> + +<p>The falling back of the Kentuckians before the enemy was under orders +which they could not but obey. They were holding him in check and +inflicting heavier losses than they were receiving, against four or five +times their own numbers. They fell back one mile in good order.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> By +disposition of the commanding officer, they were placed in line, with an +open space of two hundred yards between their extreme left and the +extreme right of the entrenched Louisianians, and stretched out to cover +a space of three hundred yards, or one man to nearly two yards of space. +The remainder of the line stretching to the wood on the extreme right, +twelve hundred yards, was wholly without defensive works, or any defense +excepting a picket of eighteen men under Colonel Caldwell, stationed out +two hundred yards beyond the extreme right of the Kentuckians. Less than +two hundred poorly armed militia were thus isolated and distributed in +thin ranks to defend a line one mile in length, while General Morgan lay +behind his entrenchment, defending a space of two hundred yards with +five hundred troops and three pieces of artillery, which could have been +easily held by two hundred men.</p> + +<p>Colonel Thornton, in command of the British troops, in advancing to the +attack, readily perceived with his trained military eye the vulnerable +situation of the American forces. Gleig, the English author present, +gives the disposition of the enemy's assaulting columns as follows: The +Eighty-fifth, Colonel Thornton's own regiment, about seven hundred men, +stretched across the field, covering our front, with the sailors, two +hundred in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> number, prepared to storm the battery and works; while the +marines formed a reserve, protecting the fleet of barges. It is not +probable that the attack upon the entrenchments next to the river was +intended to be more than a demonstration in force to hold the attention +of General Morgan and his command there, while the main assault was +being directed with the Eighty-fifth Regiment against the thin and +unsupported line of the Kentucky militia, with a view of flanking these +and getting in the rear of General Morgan's breastworks.</p> + +<p>We quote from Major Latour's "Historical Memoir" a further account:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The enemy advancing rapidly by the road opposite the left of the +line, the artillery played on him with effect; and as he came nearer, +the musketry began to fire also. This having obliged him to fall +back, he next directed his attack against the detached Kentuckians on +our right, one column moving toward the wood and the other toward the +centre of the line. Now was felt the effect of the bad position that +we occupied. One of the enemy's columns turned our troops at the +extremity of Colonel Davis' command, while the other penetrated into +the unguarded space between the Kentuckians and the breastwork of the +Louisianians. Flanked at both extremes by four times their own +number, and unsupported, the Kentucky militia, after firing several +volleys, gave way; nor was it possible again to rally them. +Confidence had vanished, and with it all spirit of resistance. If +instead of extending over so much <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span>space, those troops had been +formed in close column, the confusion that took place might have been +avoided, and a retreat in good order made.</p> + +<p>The enemy having turned our right, pushed on towards the rear of our +left, which continued firing as long as possible. At length the +cannon were spiked just as the enemy arrived on the bank of the +canal. Commodore Patterson had kept up an artillery fire on the +British over the river. As they advanced up the road, he would now +have turned his cannon in their embrasures, and fired on those of the +enemy who had turned our line and come in range. But the Kentucky +troops and the Louisianians masked the guns, and made it impossible +to fire without killing our own men. Seeing this, he determined to +spike his guns and retreat.</p> + +<p>The Louisiana militia under General Morgan now fell back and took a +position on the Bois Gervais line, where a number of the fleeing +troops rallied. A small detachment of the enemy advanced as far as +Cazelards, but retired before evening. In the course of the night all +the enemy's troops recrossed the river, to join their main body. The +result of this attack of the enemy on the right bank was, the loss of +one hundred and twenty of his men, killed and wounded. The +commander-in-chief, receiving intelligence of the retreat of our +troops on the right bank, ordered General Humbert, formerly of the +French army, who had tendered his services as a volunteer, to cross +over with a reinforcement of four hundred men, assume command, and +repulse the enemy, cost what it might. The order was verbal; some +dispute having arisen over the question of military precedence, and +the enemy withdrawing, no further steps were taken.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">"The Kentuckians Ingloriously Fled"—A Profound Sensation.</span></h3> + +<p>In this historic review, we dwell exhaustively upon the episode of this +battle on the west bank, on the 8th of January, 1815, not because of any +intrinsic importance of the subject, but rather from the sensational +incidents which attended the movements of the belligerents, and which +were consequent upon the issue. The galling words of General Jackson, +hastily and unguardedly uttered in an attempt to throw the blame of +defeat upon a small detachment of Kentucky militia, "the Kentuckians +ingloriously fled," were resented as an undeserved stigma upon the honor +and good name of all the Kentuckians in the army, and upon the State of +Kentucky herself. The epigrammatic phrase, construed to mean more than +was intended, perhaps, like Burchard's "Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion," +struck a chord of sympathetic emotion that vibrated not only in the army +and the community of Louisiana, but throughout the entire country. These +burning words are of record in the archives at Washington, and +remembered in history; but the facts in full, which vindicate the truth +and render justice to whom it is due, are known to but few, if known to +any now living. In the words of Latour: "What took place<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> on the right +bank had made so much sensation in the immediate seat of war, and had +been so variously reported abroad, to the disparagement of many brave +men, that I thought it a duty incumbent on me to inquire into +particulars and trace the effect to its cause."</p> + +<p>Rather than give our own impressions, we quote from "Reid and Eaton's +Life of Jackson" an account of this affair, interesting because written +when the subject was yet fresh in the public mind, and from the intimacy +of the authors with the personal and public life of General Jackson:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>On the night of the 7th, two hundred Louisiana militia were sent one +mile down the river, to watch the movements of the enemy. They slept +upon their arms until, just at day, an alarm was given of the +approach of the British. They at once fell back towards General +Morgan's line. The Kentucky detachment of one hundred and seventy +men, having arrived at five in the morning, after a toilsome +all-night march, were sent forward to coöperate with the Louisiana +militia, whom Major Davis met retreating up the road. They now formed +behind a mill-race near the river. Here a stand was made, and the +British advance checked by several effective volleys. General +Morgan's aid-de-camp being present, now ordered a retreat back to the +main line of defense, which was made in good order. In the panic and +disorderly retreat afterwards are to be found incidents of +justification, which might have occasioned similar conduct in the +most disciplined troops. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span>The weakest part of the line was assailed +by the greatest strength of the enemy. This was defended by one +hundred and seventy Kentuckians, who were stretched out to an extent +of three hundred yards, unsupported by artillery. Openly exposed to +the attack of a greatly superior force, and weakened by the extent of +ground they covered, it is not deserving reproach that they abandoned +a post they had strong reasons for believing they could not maintain. +General Morgan reported to General Jackson the misfortune of defeat +he had met, and attributed it to the flight of these troops, who had +drawn along with them the rest of his forces. True, they were the +first to flee; and their example may have had some effect in alarming +others. But, in situation, the troops differed. The one were exposed +and enfeebled by the manner of their arrangement; the other, much +superior in numbers, covered a less extent of ground, were defended +by an excellent breastwork manned by several pieces of artillery; and +with this difference,—the loss of confidence of the former was not +without cause. Of these facts, Commodore Patterson was not apprised; +General Morgan was. Both reported that the disaster was owing to the +flight of the Kentucky militia. Upon this information, General +Jackson founded his report to the Secretary of War, by which these +troops were exposed to censures they did not merit. Had all the +circumstances as they existed, been disclosed, reproach would have +been prevented. At the mill-race no troops could have behaved better; +they bravely resisted the advance of the enemy. Until an order to +that effect was given, they entertained no thought of retreating.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></p> + +<p>Intelligence quickly came to General Jackson of the defeat and rout of +General Morgan's command, imperiling the safety of the city of New +Orleans, in the midst of the congratulations over the great victory of +the main army on the east bank. Naturally, a state of intense excitement +followed, bordering on consternation for a few hours. When the danger +was ended by the withdrawal of the British forces to recross the river, +the report of General Morgan, followed by that of Commodore Patterson, +came to headquarters, laying the blame of defeat and disaster to the +alleged cowardly retreat of the Kentucky militia. With General Jackson's +great personal regard for the authors of these reports, he took for +granted the correctness of the charge of censurable conduct. Amid the +tumult of emotions that must have been felt, rapidly succeeding the +changes of scenes and incidents and issues of strategy and battle during +that eventful twenty-four hours, the great commander yielded to the +impulse of the moment to write in his official report to the Secretary +of War, on the ninth, the day succeeding the battles, the following +words:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Simultaneously with his advance upon my lines, the enemy had thrown +over in his boats a considerable force to the other side of the +river. These having landed, were hardly enough to advance against the +works of General Morgan; and what is <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span>strange and difficult to +account for, at the very moment when their discomfiture was looked +for with a confidence approaching to certainty, the Kentucky +reinforcement, in whom so much reliance had been placed, ingloriously +fled, drawing after them by their example the remainder of the +forces, and thus yielding to the enemy that most formidable position. +The batteries which had rendered me, for many days, the most +important service, though bravely defended, were of course now +abandoned; not, however, until the guns had been spiked.</p></div> + +<p>Commodore Patterson also sent in a report to the Secretary of the Navy, +characterizing the little detachment of Kentucky militia in terms as +censurable and as unjust as were the words of General Jackson. When +these official reports became publicly known, imputing all blame of +disaster to the retreat of the Kentuckians, an indignant protest was +entered by General Adair and by the entire Kentucky contingent of the +army. In this protest they had the sympathy and support of a large +portion of other troops of the army, and of the community. Language at +this late day of forgetfulness and calmer reason would be too tame to +really portray the irritations, the bitter recriminations, and the angry +protests which agitated army circles, and the civil community as well, +and which were echoed from many parts of the country at large.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">A Court of Inquiry Appointed by the Commander-in-chief Exonerates +the Kentuckians.</span></h3> + +<p>General Adair, supported by the officers of his command, insisted that +the statements made in these reports to the departments at Washington +were made upon a misapprehension of the facts, and that great injustice +had been done the Kentucky militia in General Morgan's command by +attempting to shift the responsibility of defeat from its real sources, +and placing it to their discredit. A military court of inquiry was +demanded, and granted by the commander-in-chief, the members of which +were officers of rank in the army, and disinterested by their relations +in the findings, and General Carroll, of Tennessee, appointed to +preside. The following notice was served on General Morgan, and similar +notices on other officers concerned:</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 25em;"><span class="smcap">New Orleans, La.</span>, February 9, 1815.</p> +<p style="margin-left: 5em;"> <span class="smcap">Brigadier-General +Morgan.</span> </p> +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><i>Sir</i>: A Court of Inquiry is now in session for the purpose of +inquiring into the conduct of the officers under your command, on the +morning of the 8th of January. As you are somewhat concerned, I have +to request that you will introduce such witnesses on to-morrow as you +may think necessary. The conduct of Colonel Cavalier, and of Majors +Tesla and Arnaud, is yet to be inquired into.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 5em;"> +Your Most Obt. Servant,</p> +<p style="margin-left: 10em;"><span class="smcap">Wm. Carroll</span>, Maj.-Gen'l,</p> +<p style="margin-left: 15em;"><i>Prest. of Court</i>.</p> +</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span></p> + +<p>The following opinion was rendered:</p> + +<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Report of the Court of Inquiry.</span></p> + +<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Headquarters 7th Military District.</span></p> +<p class='center'><span class="smcap">New Orleans, La.</span>, +February 19, 1815.</p> + +<p class='center'><span class="smcap">General Orders.</span></p> +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>At a Court of Inquiry, convened at this place on the 9th inst., of +which Major-general Carroll is President, the military conduct of +Colonel Davis, of Kentucky Militia, and of Colonels Dijon and +Cavalier, of Louisiana Militia, in the engagement on the 8th of +January last, on the west bank of the Mississippi, were investigated; +the Court, after mature deliberation, is of opinion that the conduct +of those gentlemen in the action aforesaid, and retreat on the 8th of +January, on the western bank of the river, is not reprehensible. The +cause of the retreat the Court attributes to the shameful flight of +the command of Major Arnaud, sent to oppose the landing of the enemy. +The retreat of the Kentucky militia, which, considering their +position, the deficiency of their arms, and other causes, may be +excusable; and the panic and confusion introduced into every part of +the line, thereby occasioning the retreat and confusion of the +Orleans and Louisiana militia. While the Court found much to applaud +in the zeal and gallantry of the officer immediately commanding, they +believe that a further reason for the retreat may be found in the +manner in which the force was placed on the line; which they consider +exceptionable. The commands of Colonels Dijon, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span>Cavalier, and +Declouet, composing five hundred men, supported by three pieces of +artillery, having in front a strong breastwork, occupying a space of +only two hundred yards; whilst the Kentucky militia, composing +Colonel Davis' command, only one hundred and seventy strong, occupied +over three hundred yards, covered by a small ditch only.</p> + +<p>The Major-general approves the proceeding of the Court of Inquiry, +which is hereby dissolved.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 15em;"> +By Command.</p> +<p style="margin-left: 25em;"><span class="smcap">H. Chotard</span>, <i>Asst. Adj. Gen.</i> +</p></div> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">Controversy Between Jackson and Adair.</span></h3> + +<p>General Adair seems to have regarded the decision of the Court of +Inquiry as a modifying compromise, in deference to the high personal +character and influence of a number of persons concerned, and not the +full vindication of the Kentucky militia from the imputations of +ungallant conduct on the field reflected upon them in the official +reports. The controversy, and other causes preceding it, had rankled the +bosoms of both General Jackson and himself, and estranged the warm +friendship that had before existed between them. Adair thought that +Jackson should withdraw, or modify, the language of his official report. +General Jackson was not a man to readily retract; and was certainly not +in the humor with Adair to retract anything he had said. He would do<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> no +more than approve the opinion of the Court of Inquiry. This, perhaps, +was as much as General Adair should have asked at the time.</p> + +<p>On the 10th of February, 1816, the Legislature of Kentucky, in a +resolution of thanks to General Adair for gallant services at New +Orleans, added: "And for his spirited vindication of a respectable +portion of the troops of Kentucky from the libelous imputation of +cowardice most unjustly thrown upon them by General Andrew Jackson." +This and other incidents intensified the animosity of feeling.</p> + +<p>It was some two years after the close of hostilities that the +correspondence between Jackson and Adair was terminated in language and +spirit so intensely bitter as to make the issue personal. Adair had +reported all proceedings and facts concerning the Kentucky troops during +the campaign to Governor Shelby, who had taken a very active part in +sending all possible aid for the defense of New Orleans. In these +reports he reflected on what he deemed the injustice done the Kentucky +troops in several official publications; especially by General Jackson, +not only in the affair of Morgan's rout, but in his report of other +operations during the campaign. These were causes of irritation on the +part of the commander-in-chief. The burning words in the reports of +General<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> Jackson, General Morgan, and Commodore Patterson, imputing +cowardice to a few of their comrades, had touched a sensitive chord and +sunk deep into the hearts of the Kentucky troops in the army. In their +resentments, expressed in words and sometimes in actions, all danger +from the enemy being over, they were perhaps not always so orderly as +soldiers should be while in camp, or on scout or picket service.</p> + +<p class="center"> +<img src="images/illus06.jpg" alt="adair" /> +<a id="illus06" name="illus06"></a> +</p> +<p class='center'> JOHN ADAIR.<br /> + +Eighth Governor of Kentucky.</p> + +<p>In the closing correspondence, the language used by both Jackson and +Adair became exceedingly bitter; that of the former beyond all restraint +toward his respondent. The issue of this controversy, tradition says, +was a challenge to meet upon the field of honor, then so called, and to +settle it at the pistol's point. The challenge was accepted. By whom it +was sent, the author has not been able to learn. In the absence of any +record, written or in print, of this affair, he has to rely upon oral +recitals which have come down through members of the Adair family in +Kentucky, and are remembered in the main facts to-day. The would-be +combatants met by appointment at a spot selected on the border line of +their respective States, accompanied each by his second, his surgeon, +and a few invited friends. The unfriendly breach between Jackson and +Adair, and its possible tragic issue, seems to have given deep concern +to some of their friends.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> There was no other cause of enmity between +them save what grew out of the unfortunate occurrences at New Orleans. +They were of the same political party—Jeffersonian Republicans, as they +were known then, in distinction from Federalists. Jackson had won renown +and prestige as no other in America, and his name had already been +mentioned in connection with the highest office within the gift of the +people. Adair was held in high esteem by the people of Kentucky, and +bright hopes of political preferment were held out by his party friends. +Other considerations added, induced friends on either side to urge a +reconciliation, which was happily effected on terms mutually +satisfactory. The above account of this meeting on the field of honor +was related to the author by General D.L. Adair, of Hawesville, +Kentucky, now long past his fourscore years. He gave the facts to the +writer, he said, as he received them from his father, Doctor Adair, of +Hardin County, Kentucky, many years ago. Doctor Adair was a cousin of +General Adair, of Jackson's army, and was one of the intimate friends +whom the General invited to be present upon the ground.</p> + +<p>The correspondence of Jackson and Adair throws light upon the subject of +this controversy, and reveals to us some of the causes of the errors and +contentions of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> this affair. We have mentioned that Adair, in his +eagerness to arm as many as possible of the Kentucky militia and place +them in line for the main battle of the eighth, went into the city and +plead with the Committee of Safety to loan him four hundred stand of +arms, held in the city armory for the protection of New Orleans, for a +few days. This urgent request was granted, and the arms privately moved +out, hauled to the camp of the Kentuckians, and delivered there about +nightfall of the seventh. Four hundred more of the Kentuckians were thus +armed and moved up to the rear of the breastwork, ready for the battle +next morning. Adair believed that he was acting in the line of his duty, +and that Jackson would approve of his device for arming more of his idle +men in camp. Busy as he was that day in New Orleans, and in equipping +and marshaling the men of his command for battle, he was not made aware +of the urgent need of reinforcements on the opposite bank of the river, +nor did he know of the purpose of the commander-in-chief to arm these +from the city armory. While Adair's device very much strengthened +Jackson's line on the left bank, it unfortunately defeated Jackson's +plan of sending four hundred more men to reinforce General Morgan on the +right bank, and may in this way have largely contributed to the latter's +defeat.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span></p> + +<p>When Jackson, late on the seventh, ordered a detail of five hundred of +the Kentucky militia to be marched at once to New Orleans, there to be +armed, to cross the river and report by daylight to General Morgan, he +expected to use the arms from the city armory. There was no other +supply.</p> + +<p>We may readily imagine the feeling of disappointed chagrin and passion +that stirred to its depths the strong nature of Jackson, when the +intelligence quickly came to him across the river of the disaster to +Morgan's command, and of its retreat toward New Orleans, followed by the +enemy. It was in this tumult of passion and excitement that the report +of Morgan, followed by that of Patterson, was brought to him, imputing +the cause of defeat and disaster to the cowardly retreat of the Kentucky +detachment. Under the promptings of these incidents of the day, +Jackson's report to the Secretary of War was made, in which the words of +censure were so unjustly employed. Jackson must have informed Morgan on +the evening of the seventh that he would reinforce him with five hundred +armed soldiers. When Colonel Davis reported to Morgan, one hour before +daylight, the arrival of the Kentucky contingent, the latter was +expecting five hundred men to reinforce him. Had this been done, the +Kentucky troops and Major Arnaud's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> one hundred and fifty Louisianians +would have made the forces sent to the front to check the advance of the +British under Colonel Thornton over six hundred men. Such a force, well +officered, would probably have held the enemy in check, fallen back in +good order, and made a stubborn fight on the line of battle. But there +was only one third the Kentucky force expected; and when Major Arnaud's +command retreated, there was but this contingent of one hundred and +seventy Kentucky militia left to resist the advance of one thousand +British veterans, and to meet their main assault on the center and right +of the long line of battle. It made its march from New Orleans at +midnight, and was reported to General Morgan before daybreak. These +facts give a more intelligible view of the plan of battle arranged by +this officer. It was undoubtedly marred and broken up by the unforeseen +incidents mentioned, unfortunately for General Morgan and for the +American cause. Commodore Patterson, in his report to the Secretary of +the Navy, five days after the battle, makes the force of Kentucky +militia that gave way before the British four hundred men, more than +double the real number; thus showing the error prevalent.</p> + +<p>When the facts came out that General Adair had secured the four hundred +stand of city arms for his own<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> immediate command with which Jackson had +designed to arm the reinforcement for General Morgan, the incident was +naturally very irritating to the Commander-in-chief. It was imputed as a +cause, in part, of the defeat and disaster on the right bank. Jackson +seems to have complained to Adair that the latter ought to have known of +his order to call out the detachment of five hundred Kentuckians in +time, and of his intention to arm them in the city. Adair replied that +the order came to General Thomas, in chief command of the Kentuckians, +lying ill in camp, while he was busily engaged in New Orleans and at the +front, preparing his own command for battle next day; that he did not +know of the intention of Jackson to use the city arms until too late to +repair the mistake. It made up a chapter of accidents and errors, +happening with best intentions. As for the little body of Kentucky +militia, who were made sensationally notorious, where there was honor +and fame for no one, poorly armed and wearied with fasting and a heavy +all-night march, they did as well as troops could do. It is doubtful if +any one hundred and seventy troops in Jackson's army would have done +better. Unsupported, and attacked and flanked by four times their own +number, no troops could have held their ground longer.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span></p> + +<p>In the possession of Judge William H. Seymour, of New Orleans, is an +original letter of Major Latour, addressed to General Morgan in +anticipation of the publication of his "Historical Memoirs of the War of +1812-15," advising him that he would give an account also of the +military situation and battle on the west bank, as he viewed them; and +inviting any statement from General Morgan in his own vindication that +he might choose to make. This letter is not printed in the history, but +was seen and copied by the author, through the courtesy of Judge +Seymour, who is a lineal descendant of a sister of Andrew Jackson. A +diligent inquiry was made by the writer of this monograph for a copy of +General Morgan's report, and also of letters or documents from him in +vindication of his course in the affairs mentioned. If any such are in +print, or otherwise preserved, the author did not succeed in finding +them, to his regret.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 15em;"> <span class="smcap">New Orleans, La.</span>, April, 1815.</p> +<p style="margin-left: 5em;"> <span class="smcap">To General David +Morgan.</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><i>Sir</i>: I send you herewith a copy of the publication that I am +preparing for the press, upon the last campaign, relating to the +transaction that took place on the right bank, on the 8th of January.</p> + +<p>As I am of opinion that you are to bear the blame of our disgrace on +that part of our defense, I thought myself in duty <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span>bound, as a man +of honor, to participate to you what I wrote on the subject previous +to my putting it to the press. What I have stated is, I believe, +strictly true; however, sir, you are in a situation to furnish me +with such observations as may tend to rectify what should not be +printed, in its true light.</p> + +<p>Be persuaded, sir, that I have no enmity against you; on the +contrary, as a private citizen, I have the regard for you that I +think you deserve. Then I hope you will not take my conscientious +caution in a bad part, and that you will direct to me in +Philadelphia, where I am departing for in a day or two, anything you +will choose to write for your vindication. It will find room in the +appendix, at all events, should it be founded upon proper +authorities.</p> + +<p>I remain, sir, your most respectful servant,</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 25em;"> +<span class="smcap">A. Lacarriere Latour</span>.<br /> +</p></div> + +<p>Incidental prominence has been given to this episode of the battle of +the eighth, on the west bank of the river, far beyond its real merits as +an event of the military operations around New Orleans. Worse panic and +confusion resulted among the American militia at Bladensburg, in front +of Washington, and at other places, during the War of 1812-15, and +passed into history without unusual criticism, as incidents common to +warfare. But the injustice done to the little band of Kentucky militia, +imputing to them cowardly conduct, on the part of some of the highest +officials of the army, aroused a spirit of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> indignant protest that +echoed far and wide, and would not down. Had it not been for the +misleading report of General Morgan, followed by that of Commodore +Patterson, and prompting that of General Jackson to the Secretary of +War, saying that "the Kentuckians ingloriously fled," and imputing blame +to no other party, the incident of the battle and defeat would have been +mentioned and passed without comment.</p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">The Covert Retreat of the British.</span></h3> + +<p>The battles of the eighth were decisive of the campaign, and of the War +of 1812-15, so far as military operations were concerned. The British +had been beaten in generalship and beaten upon the field of battle, +until they were made to feel and to confess to defeat so crushing as to +leave no hope of retrieving disaster. Within fifteen days after landing, +they had sustained losses equal to one third of their entire army of +invasion. With prestige gone and spirit broken, and their ranks +shattered, there was but one thing left to do. To cover their retreat +and get safely back to their ships before the broken remnants of their +army were made to capitulate by surrender became a matter of gravest +concern. The situation is set forth in the following official letter to +the Secretary of War:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span></p> + +<p style="margin-left: 25em;"> <span class="smcap">Camp Below New Orleans</span>, January 19, 1815. </p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><i>Sir</i>: Last night, at 12 o'clock, the enemy precipitately decamped +and returned to his boats, leaving behind him, under medical +attendance, eighty of his wounded, fourteen pieces of heavy +artillery, and a quantity of ammunition. Such was the situation of +the ground he abandoned, and that through which he retired, protected +by canals, redoubts, intrenchments, and swamps on his right and the +river on his left, that I could not, without great risk, which true +policy did not seem to require, much annoy him on his retreat.</p> + +<p>Whether it is the purpose of the enemy to renew his efforts at some +other point, or not, I can not certainly determine. In my own mind, +however, there is little doubt that his last exertions have been made +in this quarter, at least for the present season. In this belief I am +strengthened by the prodigious losses he has sustained at the +position he has just quitted, and by the failure of his fleet to pass +Fort St. Philip. His loss on this ground, since the debarkation of +his troops, as stated by the last prisoners and deserters, and as +confirmed by many additional circumstances, must have exceeded four +thousand men. We succeeded on the 8th, in getting from the enemy +about one thousand stand of arms of various kinds.</p> + +<p>Since the action of the 8th, the enemy have been allowed but very +little respite, my artillery from both sides of the river being +constantly employed until the hour of their departure, in annoying +them. They were permitted to find no rest.</p> + +<p>I am advised by Major Overton, who commands at Fort St. Philip, in a +letter of the 18th, that the enemy having bombarded his fort for nine +days, with thirteen-inch mortars, with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span>out effect, had on the morning +of that day retired. I have little doubt that he would have sunk +their vessels had they attempted to run by.</p> + +<p>Do not think me too sanguine in the belief that Louisiana is now +clear of the enemy. I need not assure you, however, that wherever I +command, such a belief shall never occasion any relaxation in the +measures for resistance. I am but too sensible that while the enemy +is opposing us, is not the most proper time to provide for them. On +the 18th, our prisoners on shore were delivered to us, an exchange +having been agreed to. I shall have on hand an excess of several +hundred.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 15em;"> +I have the honor to be, &c.,</p> +<p style="margin-left: 20em;"><span class="smcap">Andrew Jackson</span>,</p> +<p style="margin-left: 25em;"><i>Commander-in-Chief</i>. +</p></div> + +<p>The losses to the American army, in the five battles fought from the +twenty-third of December to the eighth of January, inclusive, are +summarized in the report of the Adjutant-general, which we give:</p> + + +<p style="margin-left: 25em;"> +<span class="smcap">Camp Below New Orleans</span>, Jan'y 16, 1815.<br /> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>Sir: I enclose for the information of the War Department, a report of +the killed, wounded, and missing, of the army under Major-general +Jackson, in the different actions with the enemy since their landing.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 15em;"> +<span class="smcap">Rob't Butler</span>,</p> +<p style="margin-left: 20em;"><i>Adjutant-General</i>. +</p> + + +<table width='600' summary='casualties'> +<tr> +<th align='left'><span class="smcap">Battle.</span> +</th> +<th align='right'><span class="smcap">Killed.</span> +</th> +<th align='right'> <span class="smcap">Wounded.</span> +</th> +<th align='right'><span class="smcap">Missing.</span> +</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>December 23d +</td> +<td align='right'> 24 +</td> +<td align='right'>115 +</td> +<td align='right'>74 +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>December 28th +</td> +<td align='right'>9 +</td> +<td align='right'> 8 +</td> +<td align='right'>None. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>January 1st +</td> +<td align='right' >11 +</td> +<td align='right'>23 +</td> +<td align='right'>None. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td >January 8th +</td> +<td align='right'>13 +</td> +<td align='right'>39 +</td> +<td align='right'>19 +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td align='right'>——— +</td> +<td align='right'>——— +</td> +<td align='right'>——— +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +</td> +<td align='right'>57 +</td> +<td align='right'>185 +</td> +<td align='right'>93 +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +</div> + +<p>A total of three hundred and thirty-five men. This includes the killed,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> +wounded, and missing in the two battles on the eighth.</p> + +<p>Our English authorities are so marked with exaggerations and +discrepancies as to numbers in either army, and also as to losses and +casualties, that they are unreliable. There is with nearly all their +writers, and in the reports of their officers, a disposition to minimize +numbers on their own side, and to overstate those on the side of the +Americans. This was no doubt due to a sense of mortified pride and deep +chagrin over their repeated defeats and final expulsion from the +country, under humiliations such as English armies and navies had rarely +before known in history. General Jackson was not far wrong in estimating +the entire losses of the British, during the two weeks of invasion, at +more than four thousand men. If the large number who deserted from their +ranks after the battles of the eighth of January be included, the excess +would doubtless swell the numbers much above four thousand. Their +killed, wounded, and missing on the eighth approximated three thousand. +So decimated and broken up were their columns that they dared not risk +another battle.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">Repulse of the British Fleet Before Fort St. Philip.</span></h3> + +<p>On the first of January, Major W.H. Overton, in command of Fort St. +Philip, which guards the passage of the Mississippi River from its mouth +for the protection of New Orleans, received information that the enemy +intended to capture or pass the fort, to coöperate with their land +forces threatening the city. On the seventh, a fleet of two +bomb-vessels, one sloop, one brig, and one schooner appeared and +anchored below the fortification and began an attack. For nine days they +continued a heavy bombardment from four large sea-mortars and other +ordnance, but without the effect they desired. Making but little +impression toward destroying the fort, and fearing to risk an attempt +finally to pass our batteries, the fleet withdrew on the morning of the +eighteenth, and passed again into the Gulf. Our loss in this affair was +but two killed and seven wounded. During the nine days of attack the +enemy threw more than one thousand bombs from four ten-and thirteen-inch +mortars, besides many shells and round shot from howitzers and cannon.</p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">An English Soldier's View of Defeat.</span></h3> + +<p>A graphic pen-picture of the chaotic and wretched condition of the +English army after the crushing defeat<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> of the eighth, and until its +final return to the fleet, is given by Gleig in his "Narrative of the +Campaigns." It will be read with all the more interest because it is the +frank admission of a brave though prejudiced officer, giving an enemy's +view of the great disaster that befell the British arms, in which he +fully shared:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>General Lambert prudently determined not to risk the safety of his +army by another attempt upon works evidently so much beyond our +strength. He considered that his chances of success were in every +respect lessened by the late repulse. An extraordinary degree of +confidence was given to the enemy, while our forces were greatly +diminished in numbers. If again defeated, nothing could save our army +from destruction; it could only now retreat in force. A retreat, +therefore, was resolved upon while the measure appeared practicable, +and toward that end all our future operations were directed.</p> + +<p>One great obstacle existed; by what road were the troops to travel to +regain the fleet? On landing, we had taken advantage of the bayou, +and thus come within two miles of the cultivated country, in our +barges. To return by the same route was impossible. In spite of our +losses there were not enough boats to transport above one half of the +army at one time. If we separated, the chances were that both +divisions would be destroyed; for those embarked might be +intercepted, and those left behind might be attacked by the whole +American army. To obviate the difficulty, it required that we should +build a passable road through the swamp, to Lake Borgne, some twenty +miles away. The task was burthened with <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span>innumerable difficulties. +There was no firm foundation on which to work, and no trees to assist +in forming hurdles. All we could do was to bind together large +quantities of swamp weeds and lay them across the quagmire. It was +but the semblance of a road, without firmness and solidity.</p> + +<p>To complete this road, bad as it was, occupied nine days, during +which our army lay in camp, making no attempt to molest the enemy. +The Americans, however, were not so inactive. A battery of six guns, +mounted on the opposite bank, kept up a continued fire upon our men. +The same mode of proceeding was adopted in front, and thus, night and +day we were harassed by danger, against which there was no fortifying +ourselves. Of the extreme unpleasantness of our situation, it is +hardly possible to convey an adequate conception. We never closed our +eyes in peace, for we were sure to be awaked before the lapse of many +minutes, by the splash of a roundshot or shell in the mud beside us. +Tents we had none, but lay some in open air, and some in huts of +boards, or any material we could procure. From the moment of our +landing, December 23d, not a man had undressed, except to bathe; many +had worn the same shirt for weeks. Heavy rains now set in, with +violent storms of thunder and lightning, and keen frosts at night. +Thus we were wet all day, and nearly frozen at night. With our +outposts there was constant skirmishing. Every day they were attacked +by the Americans, and compelled to maintain their ground by dint of +hard fighting. No one but those who belonged to this army can form a +notion of the hardships it endured, and the fatigue it underwent.</p> + +<p>Nor were these the only evils which tended to lessen our numbers. To +our soldiers every inducement was held out by <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span>the enemy to desert. +Printed papers, offering lands and money as the price of desertion, +were thrown into the pickets, while individuals would persuade our +sentinels to quit their stations. It could not be expected that +bribes so tempting would always be refused. Many desertions began +daily to take place, and ere long became so frequent, that the evil +rose to be of a serious nature. In the course of a week, many men +quitted their colors, and fled to the enemy.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile, the wounded, except such as were too severely hurt to be +removed, were embarked in the boats and sent off to the fleet. Next +followed the baggage and stores, with the civil officers, +commissaries, and purveyors; and last of all such of the light +artillery as could be drawn without risk of discovery. But of the +heavy artillery, no account was taken. It was determined to leave +them behind, retaining their stations. By the 17th, no part of the +forces was left in camp but the infantry. On the evening of the 18th, +it also began the retreat. Trimming the fires, and arranging all in +the order as if no change were to take place, regiment after regiment +stole away, as soon as darkness concealed their motions, leaving the +pickets to follow as a rear guard, with injunctions not to retire +till daylight appeared. Profound silence was maintained; not a man +opened his mouth, except to issue necessary orders in a whisper. Not +a cough or any other noise was to be heard from the head to the rear +of the column. Even the steps of the soldiers were planted with care, +to prevent the slightest echo. Nor was this precaution unnecessary. +In spite of every endeavor to the contrary, a rumor of our intention +had reached the Americans; for we found them of late very watchful +and prying.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span></p> + +<p>While our route lay alongside the river, the march was agreeable +enough, but as soon as we entered the marsh, all comfort was at an +end. Our roadway, constructed of materials so slight, and resting on +a foundation so infirm, was trodden to pieces by the first corps. +Those who followed were compelled to flounder on the best way they +could. By the time the rear of the column gained the morass, all +trace of a way had disappeared. Not only were the reeds torn asunder +and sunk by the pressure of those in front, but the bog itself was +trodden into the consistency of mud. Every step sunk us to the knees, +and sometimes higher. Near the ditches, we had the utmost difficulty +in crossing at all. There being no light, except what the stars +supplied, it was difficult to select our steps, or follow those who +called to us that they were safe on the other side. At one of those +ditches, I myself beheld an unfortunate wretch gradually sink until +he totally disappeared. I saw him flounder, heard his cry for help, +and ran forward with the intention of saving him; but before I had +taken a second step, I myself sunk to my breast in the mire. How I +kept from smothering is more than I can tell, for I felt no solid +bottom under me, and sank slowly deeper and deeper, till the mud +reached my arms. Instead of rescuing the poor soldier, I was forced +to beg assistance for myself. A leathern canteen strap being thrown +to me, I laid hold of it, and was dragged out, just as my +fellow-sufferer was buried alive, and seen no more.</p> + +<p>All night we continued our journey, toiling and struggling through +this terrible quagmire; and in the morning reached the Fishermen's +Huts, mentioned before as standing on the brink of Bayou Bienvenue, +near Lake Borgne. The site is as complete a desert as the eye of man +was ever pained by <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span>beholding. Not a tree or a bush grew near. As far +as the eye could reach, an ocean of weeds covering and partially +hiding the swamp presented itself, except on the side where a view of +the Lake changed, without fertilizing, the prospect. Here we were +ordered to halt; and perhaps I never rejoiced more sincerely at any +order than at this. Wearied with my exertions, and oppressed with +want of sleep, I threw myself on the chilly ground, without so much +as pulling off my muddy garments; in an instant all my cares and +troubles were forgotten. After many hours, I awoke from that sleep, +cold and stiff, and creeping beside a miserable fire of weeds, +devoured the last morsal of salt pork my wallet contained.</p> + +<p>The whole army having come up, formed along the brink of the Lake; a +line of outposts was planted, and the soldiers commanded to make +themselves as comfortable as possible. But there was little comfort. +Without tents or shelter of any kind, our bed was the morass, and our +sole covering the clothes which had not quitted our backs for a +month. Our fires, so necessary to a soldier's happiness, were +composed solely of weeds, which blazed up and burned out like straw, +imparting but little warmth. Above all, our provisions were expended, +with no way to replenish in reach. Our sole dependence was the fleet, +nearly one hundred miles away, at anchor. It was necessary to wait +until our barges could make the trip there, and return. For two +entire days, the only provisions issued to the troops were some +crumbs of biscuit and a small allowance of rum. As for myself, being +fond of hunting, I determined to fare better. I took a fire-lock and +went in pursuit of wild ducks, of which there seemed plenty in the +bog. I was fortunate enough to kill several, but they fell in the +water, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span>about twenty yards out. There was no other alternative. +Pulling off my clothes, and breaking the thin ice, I waded out and +got my game, and returned to shore, shivering like an aspen. As I +neared the shore, my leg stuck fast in the mire, and in pulling it +out my stocking came off, a loss that gave me great discomfort, until +we went aboard the fleet. I request that I may not be sneered at when +I record this loss of my stocking as one of the disastrous +consequences of this ill-fated expedition.</p> + +<p>As the boats returned, regiment after regiment set sail for the +fleet. But, the wind being foul, many days elapsed before all could +be got off. By the end of January, we were all once more on board our +former ships. But our return was far from triumphant. We, who only +seven weeks ago had set out in the surest confidence of glory, and I +may add, of emolument, were brought back dispirited and dejected. Our +ranks were woefully thinned, our chiefs slain, our clothing tattered +and filthy, and our discipline in some degree injured. A gloomy +silence reigned throughout the armament, except when it was broken by +the voice of lamentation over fallen friends. The interior of each +ship presented a scene well calculated to prove the misadventures of +human hope and human prudence. On reaching the fleet, we found that a +splendid regiment, the 40th Foot, of one thousand men, had just +arrived to reinforce us, ignorant of the fatal issue of our attack. +But the coming of thrice their number could not recover what was +lost, or recall the fateful past. There was no welcome, nor +rejoicing; so great was the despondency that no attention was given +to the event. A sullen indifference as to what might happen next +seemed to have succeeded all our wonted curiosity, and confidence of +success in every undertaking.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span></p> + +<p>On the 4th of February, the fleet weighed anchor and set sail, though +detained by adverse winds near the shore of Cat Island until the 7th, +when it put to sea. Our course, towards the east, led to the +conjecture that we were steering towards Mobile. Nor was it long +before we came in sight of the bay which bears that name.</p></div> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">Second Attack on Fort Bowyer, Mobile Bay.</span></h3> + +<p>So great and so repeated had been the reverses of the British arms, that +an opportunity to retrieve lost prestige, even in a small degree, could +not well be permitted to pass unimproved. The great flotilla of sixty +vessels, with the fragments of the shattered army, which set sail with +flags and pennants gayly flying in the breeze from Negril Bay, Jamaica, +but a little over two months ago, was still a power upon the sea, at a +safe distance from Jackson's triumphant army. The little outpost of a +fort that guarded Mobile Bay, which had inflicted a heavy loss on, and +beaten off, a squadron of the enemy's ships a few months before, lay in +their path homeward, and it was determined to invest it, and to +overwhelm it with numbers. On the sixth of February, the great armament +appeared in sight of Dauphin Island. On the seventh, twenty-five ships +anchored in a crescent position extending from the island toward Mobile +Point, where stood the fort. On the morning of the eighth, the enemy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> +landed five thousand troops opposite the line of ships at anchor, +investing the fort by sea and land. The fortification was erected for +defense mainly on the sea side, to render it formidable to ships +attempting to enter the pass into Mobile Bay. On the land side was a +sandy plain, rendering it incapable of defense against a superior force +protected by extensive siege works. The enemy mounted a number of +batteries behind parapets and epaulements, which directed their fire +upon the weakest parts of the defense. The fort was gallantly defended +by a garrison of three hundred and fifty men, under command of Colonel +William Lawrence. Some losses were inflicted on the besiegers as they +continued to push their works to within short musket-range of the fort. +But the heavy cannonading and fire from small-arms encircled the +besieged from every direction, and further defense became hopeless. +Terms of surrender were agreed to on the eleventh, and on the twelfth +the garrison marched out with the honors of war, yielding possession to +the enemy.</p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">Negotiations for Peace Concluded on the 24th of December, 1814.</span></h3> + +<p>The small victory at Mobile Bay was barren of any gain to the British +cause; for, on the fourteenth, two<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> days after the surrender, +intelligence came from England to General Lambert that articles of peace +had been signed by the plenipotentiaries of the belligerent nations, in +session at Ghent. Gleig remarks, in his "Narrative": "With the reduction +of this trifling work ended all hostilities in this quarter of America; +for the army had scarcely reassembled, when intelligence arrived from +England of peace. The news reached us on the fourteenth, and I shall not +deny that it was received with much satisfaction."</p> + +<p>On the nineteenth, General Jackson issued an address from headquarters, +from which we reproduce as follows: "The flag-vessel, which was sent to +the enemy's fleet at Mobile, has returned, and brings with it +intelligence, extracted from a London paper, that on the twenty-fourth +of December articles of peace were signed by the commissioners of the +two nations."</p> + +<p>Thus, on the day after the first landing of the British army on +Louisiana soil, and after the first battle was fought at night, terms of +peace were agreed on. It was fifteen days after that auspicious event +until the battles on the eighth occurred, causing such disaster and loss +of valuable lives to the English army and nation; and fifty-two days +from the signing of articles until a message of the good news was +received by the commander-in-chief<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> of the British forces. There was no +alternative but to await the slow passage of the ship across the wide +Atlantic, with sails set to breeze and calm, and sometimes tossed and +delayed by adverse storm. To-day, the news of such an event would be +flashed over the great cables under the sea and the network of electric +wires throughout the land, in the twinkling of an eye after its +occurrence. Such an advantage at the time would have been worth to +England the entire cost of the telegraph system of the world.</p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">Legislature Suppressed Under Martial Law—Charges Of Treasonable +Utterances.</span></h3> + +<p>On the morning of the twenty-eighth of December, just as the British +began their attack on the American line, General Jackson issued an order +forcibly forbidding the meeting of the Legislature in session, and for +taking possession of the legislative halls. The proceeding created great +excitement in the civil and military circles of the city, especially +among the members of the body and their immediate friends. The author is +indebted to Mr. William Beer, of the Howard Library of New Orleans, for +the loan of a copy of a rare little book entitled "Report of the +Committee of Inquiry on the Military Measures Employed Against the +Legislature of the State<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> of Louisiana, the 28th of December, 1814." In +the full report of the testimony taken by the committee, we have a +history of the causes which led to this open rupture between the +commander-in-chief and the General Assembly of Louisiana, and of its +incidents and issues.</p> + +<p>Since the landing of the British army on the twenty-third, there were +afloat in nebulous form some rumors of disaffection toward the American +military occupation of Louisiana, among an element of the population +unfriendly to the sovereignty of the United States over the territory +since its purchase from Napoleon. Up to the time of the military +occupation under Jackson, this hostile feeling seemed to display its +temper and policies mainly in matters of civil procedure. There was very +naturally a jealous opposition on the part of many leading citizens, of +French and Spanish descent, of whom the population west of the +Mississippi was almost entirely made up, against the annexation of the +territory east of that river as part of Louisiana, on equal terms of +citizenship and co-sovereignty. This east territory, they felt, had been +rudely seized and possessed by the United States, against the claim and +protest of Spain. It was being settled by American people, who in time +would help to Americanize the country, and to lessen the power and +control of the former creole domination. The virtues of a patriotic<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> +love of their native countries yet lingered in the bosoms of these +citizens—a patriotic love which, when finally transferred to the new +government they were under, burned as brightly for the new sovereignty +as for the old.</p> + +<p>Captain Abner L. Duncan, aid to Jackson, testified before the committee +as follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>On the 28th, Colonel Declouet (of General Morgan's command) coming in +haste from the city, joined this respondent and begged him to inform +General Jackson that a plan was on foot among several members of the +Legislature for the surrender of the country to the enemy. Colonel +Declouet named in confidence to myself, to Generals Jackson and +Morgan, and to Major Robinson, several members as persons determined +on making the attempt. He added, that he heard one or more members +say, that Jackson was carrying on a Russian war (alluding to the +burning of Moscow), and that it was best to save private property by +a timely surrender; that he, Colonel Declouet, had been invited to +join in the measure. On this respondent making the communication to +General Jackson, the order he received was: "Tell Governor Claiborne +to prevent this, and to blow them up if they attempt it!"</p> + +<p>Colonel Declouet told me the plan had been first disclosed to him by +the Speaker of the House, Mr. Guichard. He said in presence of +General Jackson and Mr. Daresac, that many other influential men were +concerned in it, and that they had held several night or secret +meetings on the subject. He gave the names of Mr. John Blanque and +Mr. Marigny, and generally all those voting with Mr. Blanque in the +House. He stated <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span>that, as an inducement offered to unite in the +plan, he was informed by Mr. Guichard that General Jackson would burn +and destroy everything before him sooner than surrender the country, +and that the English would respect private property. I understood +also, from some members of the House, Mr. Harper and Mr. Fickland +among them, and in the Senate from General Morgan and Mr. Hireart, +that an attempt would be made to dismember the State. I also +understood from other members that they would consider it an act of +violence; and would resist it by violence.</p></div> + +<p>Colonel Declouet was the chief informant at headquarters; but rumors had +been rife for several days of disloyal utterances and of mysterious +proceedings, which caused uneasiness to the civil and military +authorities, and especially to Governor Claiborne, who had made known +his apprehensions of trouble from the disaffected element, warning +General Jackson of the dangers possible from this quarter. The +Legislature was to convene on the twenty-eighth; and it was intimated +that the overture for a surrender might be resolved upon that day. Such +a possible action, in the very crisis of battle, could be but an attempt +to marplot the military plans of the commander-in-chief, and to marshal +an enemy in the rear. The information brought in so abruptly on that +morning by Colonel Declouet made a profound impression on the mind of +General Jackson. The enemy had already<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> opened the battle of the +twenty-eighth of December, with the forward movement of his columns and +under the heavy fire of his batteries.</p> + +<p>In the excitement of the moment, Jackson gave the verbal order to his +aid, Captain Duncan, to be delivered at once to Governor Claiborne for +immediate execution. This order, as rendered by Captain Duncan, directed +the Governor to summarily close the halls of the Legislature, and to +place a guard at the doors to prevent a meeting of the body until +further orders. Duncan testified that the General put in emphasis the +words: "Tell Governor Claiborne to prevent this, and to blow them up if +they attempt it!"</p> + +<p>The order was executed. The Governor commissioned General J.B. Labitat, +of the Louisiana troops, to enforce it; he placed a guard of soldiers at +the doors of the building, and forbade entrance to the members on that +day. Captain Duncan had put spurs to his horse and started on a lope to +the city with the order. On the way he met Colonel Fortier, an aid to +the Governor, who consented to promptly deliver the order, permitting +Duncan to return. In the proceedings of the committee, Honorable Levi +Wells, member of the House of Representatives from Rapides Parish, +testified that on the twenty-eighth, under an order of General Jackson, +an armed guard was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> placed at the doors of the legislative halls in the +city of New Orleans, which was to hinder the members from assembling; +"and even to fire on them, should they dare to persist in their design; +and that the life of a representative of the people, and a member of the +Body, was exposed to the greatest danger; that a sentinel, to hinder him +from repairing to his post, presented his bayonet and threatened to run +him through with it, unless he retired, adding to this outrage the most +insulting tone."</p> + +<p>Through the mediation of friendly counsel the views of both the civil +and military chiefs were modified. The order was revoked within +twenty-four hours, and the guards withdrawn; on the twenty-ninth, the +Legislature was permitted to convene. In the conclusion, the committee +exonerated Speaker Guichard and other members of the Legislature +referred to as under suspicion, and severely censured Colonel Declouet +and Captain Duncan as the indiscreet authors of all the trouble. The +measures taken by General Jackson and Governor Claiborne were effectual; +while the report of the committee was evidently drawn to modify and +explain the imputed indiscretions of some of their fellow-members who +had been compromised. The procedure did not include all the legislators; +for some of these had volunteered their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> services, shouldered their +muskets, and gone to the front of battle.</p> + +<p>A feeling of keen resentment toward General Jackson and some officers +involved in this affair was nursed long after by these legislators. +After peace was assured and hostilities at an end, the Legislature voted +a resolution of thanks for valiant services in defense of Louisiana to +the officers and soldiers from the States of Kentucky, Tennessee, and +Mississippi, with the request to the Governor that he should convey the +sense of this resolution in appropriate terms in a letter each to the +officers in command of these troops, respectively. The resolution was as +follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Resolved</i>, That the thanks of the General Assembly be presented, in +the name of the State, to our brave brother soldiers from Tennessee, +Kentucky, and the Mississippi Territory, and their gallant leaders, +Generals Coffee, Carroll, Thomas, Adair, and Colonel Hinds, for the +brilliant share they have had in the defense of this country and the +happy harmony they have maintained with the inhabitants and militia +of the State.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 25em;"> +<span class="smcap">Magloire Guichard</span>,<br /> +<i>Speaker of the House of Representatives</i>.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Fulwar Skipworth</span>,<br /> +<i>President of Senate</i>.</p> +<p> +Approved, February 2d, 1815.</p> +<p style="margin-left: 25em;"> +<span class="smcap">Wm. C. Claiborne</span>,<br /> +<i>Governor of State</i>. +</p> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span>The great chieftain could well afford to pass the slight in silence, +hailed as he was by the acclamations of the multitude—the deliverer of +the country, and the hero of the nation!</p> + +<p>A similar resolution of thanks was voted to the officers and troops of +Louisiana, who had so patriotically sprung to arms on the invasion of +the enemy, and who had so gallantly fought in the several battles of the +campaign. In this resolution separate mention was made of each of the +officers of the State troops and their several commands, reciting the +meritorious services they had rendered, in terms of special praise, +making exceptions of certain officers who had incurred the displeasure +of some of the honorable legislators.</p> + +<p>Under the first resolution, letters were addressed each to Generals +Coffee and Carroll, of Tennessee, to Major Hinds, of Mississippi, and to +Generals Thomas and Adair, of Kentucky. As these letters are of similar +tenor, we quote only the correspondence with General Adair:</p> + + +<p style="margin-left: 25em;"> +<span class="smcap">New Orleans</span>, February 25th, 1815.<br /> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><i>Sir</i>: To a soldier who has done his duty in all the conflicts in +which his country has been involved, from the War of Independence to +the present moment, it must be matter of great exultation to notice +the valor and firmness of the children of his old friends; to be +convinced that they are the true <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span>descendants of the old stock. That +the young men of your brigade should have looked up to you in the +hour of battle, as their guide and their shield, is only a +continuation of that confidence which their fathers had in a chief +whose arm had so often, and so successfully, been raised against the +foe. The enclosed Resolution of the General Assembly of Louisiana +will show you the high sense which is entertained in this State of +your services and of those of your brothers in arms. Be towards them +the vehicle of our sentiments, and receive for yourself the +assurances of my respect and best wishes.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 25em;"> +<span class="smcap">Wm. C.C. Claiborne</span>,<br /> + <i>Governor of Louisiana</i>.</p> +<p> +To General John Adair. +</p> + +</div> + +<p>The response of General Adair:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p> +<span class="smcap">Gov. Wm. C.C. Claiborne.</span><br /> +</p> + +<p><i>Sir</i>: I have the honor of acknowledging the receipt of Your +Excellency's note, inclosing a Resolution of the Legislature of +Louisiana, generously awarding the thanks of the State to the militia +from her sister States, who aided in the late successful struggle to +expel a powerful invading enemy from her shores.</p> + +<p>To a proud American, citizen or soldier, the consciousness of having +faithfully discharged his duty to his country must ever be his +highest and most lasting consolation. But when to this is added the +approbation, the gratitude of the wisest, the most respectable part +of the community, with whom and under whose eye it has been his +fortune to act, it will ever be esteemed, not only the highest reward +for his services, but the most powerful incentive to his future good +conduct.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span></p> + +<p>Accept, sir, for the Legislature, my warmest acknowledgments for the +honorable mention they have made of the corps to which I belong, and +for yourself the esteem and respect so justly due from me, for your +polite and highly interesting note of communication; and my best +wishes for your health and happiness.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 25em;"> +<span class="smcap">John Adair.</span><br /> +</p> + +</div> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">General Jackson—Clash with the Court.</span></h3> + +<p>A member of the Legislature, Mr. Loillier, severely censured the +commander-in-chief for continuing New Orleans and vicinity under martial +law after the defeat and embarkation of the British army, and for his +arbitrary course in sending a body of creole troops to a remote camp +near Baton Rouge, in response to their petition for a discharge. Jackson +ordered his arrest. Loillier applied to Judge Hall, of the United States +District Court, for a writ of habeas corpus, which was promptly granted +by the court. General Jackson summarily ordered the arrest of Judge Hall +also; and that he and the assemblyman both be deported beyond the +military lines, as persons liable to incite insubordination and mutiny +within the martial jurisdiction. Intelligence of the treaty of peace at +Ghent soon followed, and martial law once again yielded to civil +authority.</p> + +<p>Judge Hall, resenting what he deemed a great indignity upon the court, +issued an order, summoning Jackson<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> to appear before him to answer a +grave charge of contempt. Jackson's attorney attempted to plead in his +defense, but the judge silenced him, and set the hearing a week after. +On the thirty-first of March, Jackson appeared in court in person, but +refused to be interrogated. As his defense had been denied, he announced +that he was there only to receive the sentence of the court. Judge Hall +then imposed a fine of one thousand dollars, which sum the veteran +offender drew from his pocket and handed in to the court.</p> + +<p>These proceedings were attended with profound excitement throughout the +city and community. The hero of the day had a determined following +present in crowds at and near the court-room; and among these were the +Baratarian contingent, with their leaders, and others as desperate as +these. But the great commander had set the example of implicit obedience +to the law, and no disrespect to the court was shown. But as the General +sought to retire from the scene, the enthusiasm of the crowds overleaped +all bounds of propriety. With shouts and roars of applause the devoted +people lifted him in their arms and upon their shoulders, and bore him +in triumph through the streets of the city to his headquarters, despite +the chagrin and helpless protestations of the victim of their +admiration. Tall and gaunt, and angular<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> in person, with his long, spare +limbs dangling helplessly about him, and rocked and swayed by the +movement of the masses under him, the great warrior was never in all his +life before in a position more awkward and undignified. The master of +men and emergencies was unthroned for one time in life.</p> + +<p>The money to pay the fine was proffered over and over again to reimburse +him by ardent friends, but Jackson would listen to no terms of payment +of the fine, except out of his own purse. He alone had committed the +offense—if there was an offense—and he alone would assume to pay the +penalty. It was not until 1844, one year before his death, that Congress +passed an act to refund the principal and interest, which amounted then +to twenty-seven hundred dollars. In advocacy of this bill Stephen A. +Douglas, then Senator from Illinois, made his maiden speech upon the +floor of the Senate of the United States.</p> + +<h3> +<span class="smcap">England's Purpose to Conquer and Hold Possession +of the Territory Ceded by Napoleon, and +to Establish Her Dominion in the +Mississippi Valley.</span> +</h3> + +<p>There are evidences that the English Government had revived an old dream +of conquest and expansion, by which she might once again establish +dominion west of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> Alleghany Mountains, by the capture of New +Orleans, the key to the lower Mississippi Valley. It is a well-known +fact in history that that government refused to recognize the legitimacy +of the sale and transfer of the Territory of Louisiana by Napoleon to +the United States. She had looked upon the transaction with a covetous +and jealous eye, for she had nursed the hope some day of adding to her +own vast possessions, by conquest or purchase, not only the domain of +Louisiana, but that of Florida also. Had it not been that she was +engrossed with her military and naval forces in the turbulent wars in +Europe, during the ascendant period of Napoleon, the British Government +would most probably have employed her armies and navies mainly in the +accomplishment of these aims of territorial aggrandizement. Her invasion +of the Northwest territory from Canada, at the opening of the War of +1812-15, which so disastrously ended with the destruction of the British +fleet by Commodore Perry on Lake Erie, and the annihilation of the +British army by General Harrison at the battle of the Thames, was but an +entering wedge to her deep designs. After the fall of Napoleon and the +pacification of Europe relieved her armies and navies of further service +on that side of the ocean, she, in her pride and insolence, believed +that she would be invincible in America. Her cherished dream<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> might now +at last be realized by the conquest and permanent possession of +Louisiana. We have mentioned the significant fact that overtures for +peaceful negotiations had been mutually arranged as early as January, +1814, and commissioners soon after appointed to meet at Ghent. When the +capitulation at Paris and the exile of Napoleon to Elba occurred within +a few brief months, repeated excuses for the delay of negotiations by +the British envoys were made. The United States wanted peace on +equitable terms, for she had nothing to gain by continuing the war. +England dallied and delayed; meanwhile marshaling her military and naval +forces for a final crushing blow on her American foe. When articles of +peace were signed on the twenty-fourth of December, the British +Government knew that information of the event would not reach the +belligerents in the Gulf of Mexico until some time in February. But His +Majesty, the King of England, and his councilors, confidently believed, +as did the officers in command of the English army and navy in this +expedition, that the victorious invaders would eat their Christmas +dinner in the subjugated city of New Orleans, and there to stay.</p> + +<p>Gleig, an educated officer with the army of invasion, who became the +chief English historian of the campaign, in his "Narrative," has to +say:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The primary cause of our defeat may be traced to a source more +distant than I have mentioned; I mean to the disclosure of our +designs to the enemy. How this occurred, I shall not take upon me to +declare; though several rumors bearing at least the guise of +probability have been circulated. The attack on New Orleans was +professedly a secret expedition, so secret indeed that it was not +communicated to the inferior officers and soldiers in the armament +until immediately previous to our quitting Jamaica. To the Americans, +however, it appears to have been long known before. And hence it was +that, instead of taking them unawares, we found them fully prepared +for our reception. <i>That our failure is to be lamented no one will +deny, since the conquest of New Orleans would have been, beyond all +comparison, the most valuable acquisition that could be made to the +British dominion throughout the whole Western hemisphere. In +possession of that post, we should have kept the entire Southern +trade of the United States in check, and furnished means of commerce +to our own merchants, of incalculable value.</i></p></div> + +<p>On the 29th of August, 1814, Colonel Edward Nichols, in command of the +land forces quartered in the Spanish capital of Pensacola, issued a +proclamation, from which we quote:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Natives of Louisiana! On you the first call is made to assist in +liberating from a faithless, imbecile government, your paternal soil. +Spaniards, Frenchmen, Italians, and British; whether settled, or +residing for a time in Louisiana, on you also, I call to aid me in +this just cause. The American usurpation in this country must be +abolished, and the lawful owners of the soil <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span>put in possession. I am +at the head of a large body of Indians, well armed, disciplined, and +commanded by British officers, a good train of artillery with every +requisite, seconded by the powerful aid of a numerous squadron of +ships. Be assured, your property, your laws, the tranquility and +peace of your country, will be guaranteed to you. Rest assured that +these brave Indians only burn with an ardent desire of satisfaction +for the wrongs they have suffered from the Americans, to join you in +liberating the southern province from their yoke, and drive them into +the limits formerly prescribed by my sovereign. The Indians have +pledged themselves not to injure the persons or properties of any but +enemies to their Spanish or English fathers. A flag, Spanish, French, +or British, over any door, will be a certain protection.</p> + +<p>Inhabitants of Kentucky! You have too long borne with grievous +impositions. The whole brunt of the war has fallen on your brave +sons; be imposed on no longer; but either range yourselves under the +standard of your forefathers, or observe a strict neutrality. If you +comply, whatever provisions you send down will be paid for in +dollars, and the safety of the persons bringing it, as well as the +free navigation of the Mississippi, will be guaranteed to you.</p> + +<p>Men of Kentucky! Let me call to your minds the conduct of those +factions which hurried you into this civil, unjust, and unnatural +war, at a time when Great Britain was straining every nerve in +defense of her own, and the liberties of the world. Europe is now +happy and free, and now hastens justly to avenge an unprovoked +insult. Accept of my offers; everything I have promised, I guarantee +to you, on the sacred honor of a British officer.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span></p> + +<p>We might repeat such evidences of the purposes and plans of the +expedition to Louisiana. But we will close the subject with the +impressions of General Jackson himself.</p> + +<p>In a contribution to the Philadelphia Times, of the 1st of November, +1898, Colonel A.C. Buell is authority for the following:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"It was related to me," says Colonel Buell, "by the late Governor +William Allen, of Ohio, when, as correspondent of the Missouri +Republican, I visited the venerable statesman at his home near +Chillicothe, in 1875. After an interview on the current political +situation, Governor Allen became reminiscent. A scrap-book beats the +best of memories in the world; so I will quote from my scrap-book the +exact text of this reminiscence. The Governor said:</p> + +<p>"'Shortly after Arkansas was admitted into the Union, in 1836, I, +being a member of Congress, then called at the White House. General +Jackson—he always preferred to be called General, rather than Mr. +President—invited me to lunch with him. No sooner were we seated, +than he said: Mr. Allen, let us take a little drink to the new star +in the flag;—Arkansas! This ceremony being duly observed, the +General continued: Allen, if there had been disaster, instead of +victory, at New Orleans, there would never have been a State of +Arkansas.</p> + +<p>"'This, of course, interested me; and I asked: Why do you say that, +General?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span></p> + +<p>"'Then he answered that: If Pakenham had taken New Orleans, the +British would have claimed and held the whole of Louisiana Purchase.</p> + +<p>"'But, I said, you know, General Jackson, that the Treaty of Ghent, +which had been signed fifteen days before the decisive battle, +provided for the restoration of all territory, places and +possessions, taken by either nation from the other, during the war, +with certain unimportant exceptions.</p> + +<p>"'Yes, of course, Jackson replied, but the minutes of the conference +at Ghent, as kept by Mr. Gallatin, represent the British +commissioners as declaring in exact words: "We do not admit +Bonaparte's construction of the law of nations; we can not accept it +in relation to any subject-matter before us."</p> + +<p>"'At that moment, pursued General Jackson, none of our commissioners +knew what the real meaning of those words was. When they were uttered +the British commissioners knew that Pakenham's expedition had been +decided on; our commissioners did not know it. Now, since I have been +Chief Magistrate, I have learned, from diplomatic sources of the most +unquestionable authority, that the British ministry did not intend +the Treaty of Ghent to apply to the Louisiana Purchase at all. The +whole corporation of them,—Pitt, the Duke of Portland, Grenville, +Perceval, Lord Liverpool, and Castlereagh, denied in toto the legal +right of Napoleon to sell Louisiana to us. They held, therefore, that +we had no right to that Territory. So you see, Allen, that the words +of Mr. Gouldburn, on behalf of the British commissioners, which I +have quoted to you from Albert Gallatin's minutes of the conference, +had a far deeper significance than our commissioners could penetrate. +These words were meant to lay the founda<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span>tion for a claim on the +Louisiana Purchase, entirely external to the provisions of the Treaty +of Ghent. And in that way, the British government was signing a +treaty with one hand in front, whilst the other hand, behind its +back, was dispatching Pakenham's army to seize the fairest of our +possessions.</p> + +<p>"'You can also see, my dear Allen, said the old General, waxing +warmer, you can also see what an awful mess such a situation would +have been, if the British programme had been carried out in full. But +Providence willed otherwise. All the tangled web that the cunning of +English diplomacy could weave around our unsuspecting commissioners +at Ghent was torn to pieces, and soaked with British blood, in half +an hour, at New Orleans, by the never-missing rifles of my Tennessee +and Kentucky pioneers; and that ended it. British diplomacy could do +wonders; but it could not provide against such a contingency as that. +Now, Allen, you have the whole story; and know why Arkansas was saved +to the Union.'"</p></div> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">Just Like Jackson.</span></h3> + +<p>During the war of 1812-15, the officials of the English Government, +civil and military, distinguished themselves by their haughty arrogance +and insulting tone of superiority toward the American people; and were, +with revengeful malice, guilty of vandalism, spoliations, and cruelties, +which were a disgrace to civilization, not to speak of the massacres and +butcheries of thousands of women and children by the savage Indians, +whom they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> employed and paid to commit these crimes. Andrew Jackson soon +put an end to these English barbarisms wherever he commanded the +American armies. An incident, illustrative of his summary methods of +dealing with the insolence of his enemies in authority, occurred at +Pensacola. The English fleet and army had come in and quartered there in +the Spanish capital, with the approval and aid of the Spanish governor, +though Spain was at peace with the United States. The British assured +him that they would soon be in possession of Louisiana and the coast +country, and would fully protect the Spaniard as an ally and friend. +When Jackson marched his army to Pensacola, and sent in a message to the +governor to expel the British soldiers from the city and order their +fleet out of the harbor, the reply of the Spaniard was truckling to the +English in tone and evasive and insolent toward the American officer in +command. General Jackson replied in the following language:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Your Excellency has been candid enough to admit your having supplied +the Indians with arms. In addition to this, I have learned that a +British flag has been seen flying on one of your forts. All this is +done while you are pretending to be neutral. You can not be surprised +then; but on the contrary will provide a fort in your town for my +soldiers and Indians, should I take it into my head to pay you a +visit. In future, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span>I beg you to withhold your insulting charges +against my government, for one more inclined to listen to slander +than I am; nor consider me any more as a diplomatic character, unless +so proclaimed to you from the mouths of my cannon.</p></div> + +<p>The old hero meant all he said; for he marched upon the town, forced a +surrender, sent the British flying to their ships for safety, and +compelled the fleet to put to sea.</p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">Humiliation of England.</span></h3> + +<p>No event in the modern history of her military operations brought a +deeper disappointment and a keener sense of humiliation to the English +Government, and to the nation, than did the disastrous failure of this +expedition, fitted out in haughty pride for the invasion and conquest of +Louisiana. The true story of the campaign and battles was in the main +suppressed by the Tory press, in the interest of the reigning dynasty +and to save the pride and prestige of a really great and imperial +people. A coincidence occurred to aid in diverting the mind of the +public from the contemplation of the deplorable event. On the 23d of +February, 1815, news of the defeat at New Orleans reached London. On the +same day arrived the intelligence of the escape of Napoleon from Elba, +and of his landing on the shores of France. Public<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> attention was +diverted by the new sensation. The government press fostered the +illusion, and the horrors of New Orleans were not so fully known or +felt.</p> + +<p>William Cobbett, the noted Liberal essayist and author, of England, +wrote of the event: "And this was all the people of the duped nation +ever heard of the matter. Bonaparte had landed from Elba, and the battle +of Waterloo soon succeeded. Both the Government and the people were glad +to forget all about this unmerciful beating in America. This battle of +New Orleans broke the heart of European despotism. The man who won it +did, in that one act, more for the good and the honor of the human race +than ever was done by any other man."</p> + +<p>The author, discussing the incidents and issues of this remarkable +campaign, in the light of the vast superiority in both military and +naval forces of the British over the Americans, their more thorough +equipment, and their veteran discipline under the best-trained officers +in the world, put the inquiry: "How can we account for the repeated +reverses, and the final over-whelming defeat and expulsion from the +country, of such a vast and formidable armament by an inferior body of +raw recruits, suddenly improvised for defense from the militia of the +country, and but poorly armed and equipped?" "Providence!" was the +reply; nothing less<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> than Providence could have baffled and beaten such +a powerful foe, bent on conquest and spoliation for a wicked purpose, +with a wicked spirit, and in a wicked cause. England's boastful pride +and intolerant and cruel insolence toward her American kindred was +humbled at last. The God of battle had once again in time punished a +strong nation for its stubborn crimes, and given victory to the +oppressed. Providence was with Jackson and his militia!</p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">Death of Lord Pakenham.</span></h3> + +<p>Pakenham died the death of the brave soldier, the heroic Briton, and the +beloved commander. His wounds were mortal, and he was at once borne back +to headquarters unconscious and dying. No last words came down to us +through the grief-stricken aids who ministered to him in his last hour. +The British accounts of his wounding and death-scenes are conflicting +and unsatisfactory. Judge Walker, in his work, "Jackson and New +Orleans," after much research, says that Pakenham was wounded first +while attempting to rally the Forty-fourth Regiment, whose chief +officer, Colonel Mullins, had failed to lead it to a second attack, +after the first repulse by the Tennessee and Kentucky infantry. A +musket-ball broke his right arm, and another killed his horse. His aid,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> +Captain McDougall, assisted him to mount his own horse, a creole pony, +and led him forward by the bridle-rein, the General's wounded arm +hanging helpless at his side. Pakenham continued in front, and to +encourage his men. As the Ninety-third Highlanders came up, he raised +his hat in his left hand, waved it in the air with enthusiasm, and +shouted:</p> + +<p>"Hurrah! Hurrah! brave Highlanders!"</p> + +<p>A discharge of grape-shot almost annihilated the group. One shot passed +through the General's thigh, and at the same time through the body of +the pony, and both went down, never to rise again. As the aid raised him +once again in his arms, the chief received a third and fatal wound in +the groin. He was borne back then, near to his headquarters, and placed +under a large oak tree, where, beyond the surgeon's skill, he shortly +breathed his last.</p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">British Soldiers Won Laurels in European Wars.</span></h3> + +<p>From English authorities we learn that there were in the English army, +under Pakenham, regiments that had won laurels at Martinique, Badajoz, +Salamanca, Vittoria, the Pyrenees, and Toulouse. The English chronicler, +Cooke, says of some of these veterans, who touched, on their way to +America from the coasts of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> France, the shore of Old England for a few +days, that "scraps from our colors, or other little souvenirs, were +craved for with outstretched hands, to find a resting place in the fair +bosoms of the ladies of Devonshire."</p> + +<p>Others again were but recently transported from the fiery ordeals of +Corunna, Busaco, and Ciudad Rodrigo, says the same author. England never +sent forth from her borders a braver or better-disciplined body of +soldiers, as was proven in every trial of campaign and battle of the +invasion of Louisiana. No other troops in the world could have behaved +with more sturdy gallantry or fought with superior courage. Their defeat +was destiny. Providence and General Jackson did it!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">General Andrew Jackson.</span></h3> + +<p>Andrew Jackson was born in the Waxhaw settlement on the 15th of March, +1767, so near the border of North and South Carolina as to leave it a +question of contention as to which State may claim the honor of his +nativity. His father, Andrew Jackson, came over from Carrickfergus, on +the north coast of Ireland, in 1765. His mother was Elizabeth +Hutchinson. The father died before the birth of Andrew. His birthplace +was a rude log cabin of the border. His education was limited to the +elementary studies of the country schools of his day. At the age of +fourteen he entered the colonial army, and, young as he was, displayed +the same spirit of patriotic courage and indomitable will that made him +famous. Two elder brothers had entered the army before him, and both +gave their lives a sacrifice to the cause of liberty. The mother died +soon, of grief and the hardships of war. Young Andrew was taken +prisoner, and roughly treated by his captors. He was nearly starved in +prison at Camden. While thus confined, an English officer insolently +ordered him one day to black his boots. Jackson indignantly refused, for +which offense the brutal officer beat him over his head with his sword, +inflicting injuries which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> caused suffering in after life. This incident +is related to have greatly intensified Jackson's hatred of the English +throughout his life. An orphan, and alone in the world, when the War of +the Revolution was over he was apprenticed to learn the saddler's trade. +At eighteen he began the study of law, in the office of McCoy, in +Salisbury.</p> + +<p>In 1788, Jackson was appointed public prosecutor for western North +Carolina, now Tennessee. He removed and located at Nashville, and very +soon was engaged in an active and remunerative practice. In 1796, he sat +as a delegate in the convention at Knoxville, to frame a constitution +for Tennessee, admitted into the Union as a State in that year. He was +the first representative in Congress of the new State. But one year +afterward, he was elected a senator of the United States Congress. In +1798, he resigned his seat in the Senate to accept an appointment as +judge of the Supreme Court of his State, which office he held for six +years. He engaged repeatedly in personal rencounters and duels, and in +the latter received wounds that caused him great physical suffering +during life.</p> + +<p>Since 1801, he had been commander of the Tennessee militia. On the +declaration of war against England, Jackson offered his services, with +twenty-five hundred<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> troops, to the Government for the defense of the +country. He was ordered to Natchez with two thousand men to operate +against any movement of the enemy on New Orleans. No enemy appearing on +the coast, he was ordered by Secretary Armstrong, of the War Department, +to disband his army. This foolish order Jackson disobeyed, and very +properly led his men back to Tennessee before dismissing them. His +famous campaign against the great Creek nation, in 1814, and his +repeated victories over these savage allies of England, breaking their +power and compelling peace; his Gulf Coast campaign and battles around +New Orleans, crushing the British army and driving it from the country; +his successful career as President of the United States, are well known +in the history of our nation, and distinguish him as one of the ablest +and most forceful characters our country has ever produced. He died at +the Hermitage, full of honors and renown, on the 8th of June, 1845, +having lived a patriot citizen, an able military chieftain, and a great +leader in the civic affairs of State and nation.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">Isaac Shelby, Governor of Kentucky.</span></h3> + +<p>Fortunate was it for Kentucky and for the nation that Isaac Shelby +directed the military affairs of the Commonwealth during the period of +the second war with England. This famous pioneer of the famous pioneers +of Kentucky was born in Maryland, on the 11th of December, 1750, near +Hagerstown. Early in life he was employed as a land surveyor. On the +threatened invasion of Virginia by the federated army of the Northwest +tribes under the celebrated chief, Cornstalk, he was lieutenant of a +company in the command of his father, General Evan Shelby, and gained +distinction for gallant services in the great victory won at Point +Pleasant on the 10th of October, 1774, which forced the Indians to sue +for peace. He visited Kentucky in 1775, with the vanguard of pioneer +explorers, and marked the lands which afterward, in 1780, he returned +and secured by entry and upon which he settled with his family after the +Revolutionary War.</p> + +<p>When he removed from Maryland, he settled near the borderline of +Virginia and North Carolina, then not well defined. Believing his +residence on Virginia soil, he was elected to the Virginia Legislature +in 1779. But<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> the survey of the boundary line determined him a citizen +of North Carolina, and as such he was officially known after until his +final removal to Kentucky. In the gloomiest period of the War for +Independence, in the southern colonies, after the defeat at Camden and +the surrender of Charleston, Shelby became famous as a border leader of +what seemed the forlorn hope of the colonists, and for his frequent +victories over the enemy. With Colonels Sevier and Clarke, he led his +command to the attack and capture of a strong fort in the Cherokee +country, which had, garrisoned by British, Tories, and Indians, greatly +harassed the settlers in west North Carolina. Soon after, in August, +1780, he inflicted a loss of several hundred by an attack on the British +at Musgrove's Mill, South Carolina, and escaped with little loss of his +own men. But his greatest victory, and one of the most decisive of the +war, was won at King's Mountain. Joining forces with Colonels Sevier and +Campbell, a bold attack was planned and made on the notorious General +Ferguson, encamped on King's Mountain. Without artillery, these +frontiersmen, with their flint-lock rifles, boldly attacked Ferguson's +veterans, advancing on the enemy up the mountain side, and keeping up +the fight until Ferguson and nearly four hundred of his men were slain, +and over seven hundred made prisoners.</p> + +<p class="center"> +<img src="images/illus07.jpg" alt="shelby" /> +<a id="illus07" name="illus07"></a> +</p> +<p class='center'> ISAAC SHELBY.<br /> + +First and Sixth Governor of Kentucky.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span>After the close of the war, in the winter of 1782-3, General Shelby +removed to Kentucky and settled in Lincoln County, where he remained +through life at his elegant home and upon his ample estate, the model +citizen and patriot. His civic and military fame preceded him, for many +of his soldiers of the Revolution were his emigrant neighbors. When +Kentucky took the initial steps toward Statehood in the Union, Shelby +was a member of the convention of 1787-8, and also of the convention to +frame the first constitution, of 1792. By unanimous consent, he became +the first Governor of the Commonwealth, in 1792, and was inaugurated as +Governor at Lexington on the first of June. On the sixth of June, in +courtly style, the Governor appeared in person in presence of the +legislators, in joint assembly, and read to the august body his first +message, formally delivering to the Speakers of each House a copy in +manuscript, and then retired in dignified state, when the Speakers each +adjourned the members to their respective halls. This was in imitation +of the custom of the British monarchs, followed by the colonial +governors in America, and by Washington himself in his first inaugural +ceremonies.</p> + +<p>So much had Governor Shelby established himself in the esteem and +confidence of the people, that with unanimity he was elected a second +time to serve as Governor<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> in the critical period of 1812, when a second +war with England became a certainty. His indomitable and patriotic zeal +counted no costs and reckoned at no sacrifice to punish the invaders and +drive them from our soil during the three years of hostilities. In this +time, under his several calls, over twenty thousand volunteers were sent +to the Army of the Northwest under Harrison, from Kentucky. By these +mainly, the shameful surrender of Hull, at Detroit, was retrieved, the +victory of the Thames won, and the British and their Indian allies +driven from the borders, from Detroit to Buffalo, for the remainder of +the war. At the battle of the Thames, won by Kentuckians, Governor +Shelby led the three thousand volunteers whom he had called out for this +campaign, in person, though in his sixty-fourth year of age. On his +return to the capital of his State, when a last requisition was made by +the Secretary of War, in 1814, thousands of volunteers answered his call +for troops to reinforce the army of General Jackson in the Southwest, of +whom three regiments, of twenty-two hundred men, were accepted and sent +to New Orleans. Governor Shelby notified the Government at Washington +that, if ten thousand soldiers were needed to repel the enemy and drive +him from our soil in the Southwest, Kentucky was ready to supply them on +brief notice.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span></p> + +<p>Peace once again reigned when his second term as Governor ended. He +retired to his country home, where he spent the evening of his life, +honored and esteemed by a grateful and devoted constituency of +citizenship as few men were. He died at his home on the 26th of July, +1826, in the ripeness of years and of honors.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">General John Adair.</span></h3> + +<p>John Adair was born in Chester County, S.C., in 1759, and was the son of +Baron William Adair, of Scotland, whose wife was a Moore. After +remaining some years in South Carolina, Baron Adair returned to +Scotland. The son became a soldier in the Revolutionary War when quite a +youth, and served with gallantry in the colonial army. He was made +prisoner, and was treated with repeated cruelties by the enemy. He was a +member of the convention which ratified the Constitution of the United +States. He removed to Kentucky in 1787, and settled in Mercer County. He +took an active and prominent part in the Indian border wars, having been +appointed major by General Wilkinson. He was in many frays with the +savages, in one of which, after several repulses of a body of Indians +largely outnumbering his own forces, he was defeated by Chief Little +Turtle, though he brought off his men after inflicting more serious +losses on the enemy than his own. This was near Fort St. Clair, in Ohio. +In 1793, General Scott appointed him a lieutenant-colonel. He +represented Mercer County in the Legislature several times, and was once +Speaker of the House.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span>Adair's name became involved with Aaron Burr's in the military movements +in Kentucky and the Southwest which have become known in history as +"Burr's Conspiracy," as did the names of Andrew Jackson and other +prominent men of this country, of unquestioned loyalty to our nation. +Burr's designs, with all the lights thrown upon the question, have +remained a mystery to this day. If he contemplated ultimate treason, he +did not fully disclose it to many who were disposed to sympathize with +and to lend aid to what they were persuaded was a legitimate expedition +to wrest from Spanish rule territory in dispute, or which "manifest +destiny" determined should come under the rule of the United States as +against the aggressions of Spain or England. Burr undoubtedly misled +many good and patriotic men, who abandoned his fortunes when the +intimations of treasonable designs were charged against him, which +brought him to trial.</p> + +<p>In 1805, when John Breckinridge resigned his seat in the United States +Senate to become attorney-general under Jefferson, Adair was elected to +fill the unexpired term. He entered the military service again, and at +the battle of Thames River acted as volunteer aid to Governor Shelby. +For gallant conduct on this occasion he was made a brigadier-general in +1814. He took a leading part in recruiting the volunteer troops for the +rein<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span>forcement of Jackson's army at New Orleans, and in their +transportation down the river. General Thomas, in chief command of +these, being prostrated with illness, the command fell upon General +Adair. He displayed courage and military skill in the disposition of his +troops, and especially in the final contest on the eighth of January, +under difficulties that were seriously embarrassing.</p> + +<p>In 1820, he was elected governor of Kentucky, and held this office when +the great questions of relief, and Old Court and New Court, began to +disturb the peace and tranquility of the Commonwealth. In 1831, he was +elected a member of Congress, and in the national house served on the +Committee on Military Affairs. He died on the 19th of May, 1840, and was +buried in the State cemetery at Frankfort, where a monument, erected at +the cost of the State, with proper inscription, stands over his grave. A +fine oil portrait of him hangs on the wall of the capitol, at +Frankfort.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">Colonel Gabriel Slaughter.</span></h3> + +<p>Who commanded a regiment of Kentucky troops in the battle of New +Orleans, was a native of Virginia, but immigrated to Kentucky in pioneer +days and settled in Mercer County, about four miles east of Harrodsburg, +on the turnpike road leading to Lexington. Though a man of ability, and +much esteemed, he seems to have lived in the retirement of private life +until the maturity of middle age. He early became a member of the +Baptist church, in which he led a consistent and zealous life, taking a +prominent part as a layman in the promotion of the interests of religion +and of the denomination with whom he fraternized. His character and +worth made him prominent among the brotherhood. He often represented his +church as its messenger, and was usually called to preside as moderator +over the associations within the jurisdictions of which he lived. His +hospitality was of that warm and generous kind which was characteristic +of pioneer days. His ample and comfortable country mansion, situated +upon a much-frequented highway, came to be known far and wide as the +"Wayfarer's Rest."</p> + +<p>Under the call of Governor Shelby, in 1814, he enlisted a regiment of +volunteers for the army of the Southwest<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> from Mercer County and the +counties adjacent, which was one of three regiments accepted for this +service. The gallant and distinguished part taken at New Orleans, in the +great battle of the eighth of January, by Colonel Slaughter and his +regiment, has been set forth in the pages of this book. No troops +engaged on the American side on that day did more fatal execution upon +the enemy's rank and file than did these. Every man of the regiment was +in rifle-range, and all did deadly work.</p> + +<p>Though courteous and gentle in manner, Colonel Slaughter was possessed +of invincible firmness and independence when occasion required or a +sense of duty urged. An incident illustrates. General Jackson, who held +him in high esteem, appointed him to preside over a court-martial. The +decision did not meet with the favor of the chief, and he ordered a +reconsideration and reversal of proceedings. Colonel Slaughter declined +to comply, saying: "I know my duty, and have performed it." Jackson's +esteem was not lessened by the manliness of the answer.</p> + +<p>His gallantry at New Orleans brought the name of Colonel Slaughter +prominently to political notice, and the next year, 1816, he was +nominated and elected lieutenant-governor, on the ticket with George +Madison for governor. Madison was not destined to wear the civic honors +which an ardent constituency had woven<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> to crown him. He died in +October, a few months after the election. Slaughter succeeded him, and +was duly installed as governor. An active opposition party made an open +issue of the question as to whether the lieutenant-governor was eligible +to become governor by succession, under the Constitution, or that a +successor should be chosen at an election to be called by act of the +Legislature. There had been no precedent to this date. The question was +fiercely agitated, in and out of the legislative halls, during two years +of the executive term, before a subsidence of partisan feeling ended the +contest. Governor Slaughter held firmly to his convictions of +constitutional right, came safely through the angry waves of opposition, +and served out his term of four years with credit to himself and the +Commonwealth. The question was settled by this precedent, no more to be +raised, that, under the constitutional provisions then in force, the +lieutenant-governor should succeed to the office of governor upon the +"death, resignation, or refusal to qualify" of the governor-elect.</p> + +<p class="center"> +<img src="images/illus08.jpg" alt="slaughter" /> +<a id="illus08" name="illus08"></a> +</p> +<p class='center'> GABRIEL SLAUGHTER,<br /> + +Eleventh Governor of Kentucky.</p> + +<p>On the expiration of his term Governor Slaughter retired to his country +home, and resumed his occupation as a farmer, leading a quiet and useful +citizen life until the end. He died at his home in 1830, aged +sixty-three years.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">Kentucky's Contribution To the War of 1812-15.</span></h3> + +<p>It is worthy of mention to the credit of Kentucky that, with a +population of four hundred thousand, she furnished for the nation's +defense, during the three years of war with England and the savages who +allied with her, forty regiments of volunteer militia, besides a number +of battalions and companies, over twenty-four thousand men in all, from +1812 to 1815. Excepting a small force of volunteers from the then +Territory of Ohio, and a few regulars, her troops made up the entire +body of the army of General Harrison in the Northwest campaign, ending +with the decisive and crushing victory at the battle of Thames River, +over the combined army of British under General Proctor, and Indians +under Tecumseh. That battle was fought and won by the impetuous charges +of the Kentuckians, under Colonel Richard M. Johnson, against the +Indians, and his brother, Colonel James Johnson, against the British, +before the forces in the rear, mainly Kentuckians also, could be brought +into action. Before Commodore Perry met the English fleet on Lake Erie, +he called for one hundred riflemen from Harrison's army to perch upon +the masts and rigging of his ships, as sharpshooters, to pick off the +seamen and gunners from the enemy's decks. One hundred Kentuckians<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> +volunteered in this perilous service, and others vied with them the +honors of the place, though all were landsmen and strangers to the sea. +The British commodore made a similar call on Proctor's men and +Tecumseh's Indians, but none cared to confront the dangers of such a +service. The fleets coming to close quarters, the deadly fire of the +riflemen in the rigging helped to strew the decks of the enemy's ships +with dead and wounded, and to silence the guns by shooting down the +gunners.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span></p> +<h2>APPENDIX</h2> + + +<h3>LIST OF KENTUCKIANS IN THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS</h3> + + +<h3>I</h3> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Roll of Field and Staff, Mitchusson's Regiment of Kentucky Detached +Militia, War of 1812, Commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel William +Mitchusson</span></h4> + + + + +<table summary='list' width='600'> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">William Mitchusson</span>, Lieut.-colonel. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">William Prince</span>, Paymaster. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Samuel Parker</span>, Lieutenant-colonel. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">John C. Pentecost</span>, Surgeon. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Reuben Harrison</span>, Major. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Stephen C. Dorris</span>, Surgeon's Mate. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Thompson Crenshaw</span>, Major. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Isaac Caldwell</span>, Sergeant-major. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Josiah Ramsey</span>, Adjutant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Moses Thompson</span>, Quartermaster-sergt. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Christopher G. Honts</span>, Quartermaster. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Johnson Loughlin</span>, Fife Major. +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<h4>CAPTAIN THOMAS GRIFFIN'S COMPANY</h4> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Thomas Griffin</span>, Captain. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">William Baird</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Boswell Pulliam</span>, Lieutenant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">John O'Neal</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Allen Hays</span>, Ensign. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Jonathan Ewbank</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Davenport Venable</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Alexander Chambers</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Terence Kirby</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">James C. Pulliam</span>, Drummer. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Simeon Acton</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Joseph Right</span>, Fifer. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Samuel Spilman</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5>PRIVATES</h5> + + +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td>Brown, James, +</td> +<td>Dobson, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Horton, Daniel, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Baird, David, +</td> +<td>Dry, John, +</td> +<td>Hamilton, Robert, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bigsby, John, +</td> +<td>Deal, Henry, +</td> +<td>Hoofman, Elam, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Biggs, David, +</td> +<td>Doke, William, +</td> +<td>Huckaboy, Joseph, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Berry, John, +</td> +<td>Dowell, David, +</td> +<td>Huckaboy, Nathan, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Button, John, +</td> +<td>Emberton, John, +</td> +<td>James, Jacob, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Button, Zacheus, +</td> +<td>Fraley, Nicholas, +</td> +<td>Jackson, Elijah, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bardwell, James, +</td> +<td>Garrett, Joseph, +</td> +<td>Johnson, Luther, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bass, Isaac, +</td> +<td>Grisane, Samuel, +</td> +<td>Johnson, Robert, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Creek, David, +</td> +<td>Gibson, John, +</td> +<td>Kirby, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Chayson, David, +</td> +<td>Gressom, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Kirby, Leonard, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cowin, James, +</td> +<td>Hobach, Mark, +</td> +<td>Kirby, Isaiah, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cowen, John, +</td> +<td>Highsmith, William, +</td> +<td>Lee, Mathias, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Miller, Samuel, +</td> +<td>Ragland, Benjamin, +</td> +<td>Wetherspoon, James, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Morris, Miles, +</td> +<td>Sayres, John, +</td> +<td>Williams, Milam, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Meadows, Jesse, +</td> +<td>Stovall, Dury, +</td> +<td>Weatherspoon, Wiley, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Noles, Robert, +</td> +<td>Seagrave, John, +</td> +<td>Welch, Thomas, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nelson, William, +</td> +<td>Springer, John, +</td> +<td>Weatherspoon, Major, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Oliver, Dury, +</td> +<td>Slaton, Ezekiel, +</td> +<td>Wooten, Daniel, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Pruett, Moses, +</td> +<td>Stamp, Charles, +</td> +<td>Wiley, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Pinkerton, James, +</td> +<td>Thompson, John, +</td> +<td>Wildman, Burnell, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Rigsby, John, +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +</table> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span></p> +<h4>CAPTAIN ROBERT SMITH'S COMPANY</h4> + +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Robert Smith</span>, Captain. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">William Sandefew</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Morton A. Rucker</span>, Lieutenant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Christopher Hardesty</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Asa Turner</span>, Ensign. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Charles W. Brown</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Thomas Kilgore</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">James Miller</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Peter Cash</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">James Brunts</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Daniel Powell</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Samuel Skinner</span>, Drummer. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">John Peters</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + + +<h5>PRIVATES</h5> + +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td>Arnet, William, +</td> +<td>Gillum, William H., +</td> +<td>McCoy, James, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Butler, Samuel, +</td> +<td>Gibson, John, +</td> +<td>Pullom, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Barnes, John, +</td> +<td>Hawthorn, Robert, +</td> +<td>Parrick, Thomas, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bramley, Daniel, +</td> +<td>Holifield, William, +</td> +<td>Rolls, Abijah, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Capps, Joshua, +</td> +<td>Hardin, Ennis, +</td> +<td>Read, James R., +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Crabtree, John F., +</td> +<td>Hardesty, Clemons, +</td> +<td>Stephens, George, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Clements, John, +</td> +<td>Hendrix, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Smith, Matthew, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Crabtree, James, +</td> +<td>Keatch, Ovid, +</td> +<td>Skillett, Thomas, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Calender, Isaac, +</td> +<td>Lambert, Joel, +</td> +<td>Sutherland, Ransom, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cross, Joseph, +</td> +<td>Lambert, William, +</td> +<td>Scott, James W., +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Ducate, James, +</td> +<td>Mayo, John, +</td> +<td>Stephens, Jesse, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dixon, Payne, +</td> +<td>Martin, Daniel, +</td> +<td>Tarpin, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Ezell, Harrison, +</td> +<td>Miller, William, +</td> +<td>Weathers, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Fickas, John, +</td> +<td>McNamer, Philip, +</td> +<td>Wiggins, Joshua. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Fugudy, Benjamin, +</td> +<td>McGraw, John, +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + + +<h4>CAPTAIN THOMAS STERRETT'S COMPANY</h4> + +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Thomas Sterrett</span>, Captain. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">David C. Feelding</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">John Austin</span>, Lieutenant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Thomas Bridges</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Henry Mines</span>, Ensign. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Nathan Johnson</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">John Brewer</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Stephen Wade</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Nathan Young</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">John Costilow</span>, Drummer. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">James B. Revill</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Benjamin Templer</span>, Fifer. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Nicholas King</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span></p> +<h5>PRIVATES</h5> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td>Bratton, George, +</td> +<td>Harris, Elijah, +</td> +<td>Newman, Jacob, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Brown, Henry, +</td> +<td>Hendrick, James, +</td> +<td>Newman, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Condra, William, +</td> +<td>Holloway, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Owensby, Nicholas, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Carter, William, +</td> +<td>Harlan, George, +</td> +<td>Pollard, Elijah, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Coal, Joseph, +</td> +<td>Jenkins, Samuel, +</td> +<td>Paulk, Moses, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Calvert, John, +</td> +<td>Johnson, Richard, +</td> +<td>Pitman, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cunningham, Brackett C., +</td> +<td>Kown, William, +</td> +<td>Roundtree, Turner, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dawson, James, +</td> +<td>Kown, Nathan, +</td> +<td>Roundtree, Kelly B., +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dawson, Jonas, +</td> +<td>Kimble, William S., +</td> +<td>Srader, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dawson, John, +</td> +<td>Kidwell, James, +</td> +<td>Stroude, Doran, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dawson, Johnson, +</td> +<td>Kelsey, David, +</td> +<td>Stagner, Jeremiah, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Davis, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Lawrence, James H., +</td> +<td>Summons, George, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Evans, Richard, +</td> +<td>Long, Abner, +</td> +<td>Stone, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Ethell, James, +</td> +<td>Marshall, James, +</td> +<td>Stroud, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Forkner, Martin, +</td> +<td>Mannon, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Templer, Jesse, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Fegert, Alexander, +</td> +<td>Moge, Jacob, +</td> +<td>Thompson, Edward, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Franklin, Stephen, +</td> +<td>McClammon, James W., +</td> +<td>Wilkinson, James, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Galloway, William, +</td> +<td>McClammon, John S., +</td> +<td>Wood, Mark D., +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Hay, James S., +</td> +<td>Miller, Philip, +</td> +<td>Wood, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Heavener, John, +</td> +<td>Mannon, William, +</td> +<td>Wiley, Elijah, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Hammond, Thomas, +</td> +<td>McMurry, William, +</td> +<td>Whitlow, Henry. +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<h4>CAPTAIN SAMUEL F. MALONE'S COMPANY</h4> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Samuel F. Malone</span>, Captain. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Abner Wells</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Elias Button</span>, Lieutenant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Hezekiah Lard</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Dennis Cochran</span>, Ensign. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">James Gash</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Matthew Simon</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">James Black</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Cornelius Manley</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Jesse Pulliam</span>, Drummer. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">James McAlister</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">James Robertson</span>, Fifer. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Robert T. Anderson</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<h5>PRIVATES</h5> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td>Alexander, Thomas, +</td> +<td> Dishmore, William, +</td> +<td>Greathouse, Hiram, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Brown, William, +</td> +<td>Duff, Fielding, +</td> +<td>Garrison, David, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Berry, Moses, +</td> +<td>Denison, Zade, +</td> +<td>Harris, John L., +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Blair, Andrew, +</td> +<td>Dewesse, Elisha, +</td> +<td>Huffman, Cornelius, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bagman, James, +</td> +<td>Dunagan, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Howell, Hudson, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bloyd, John, +</td> +<td>Emerson, William, +</td> +<td>Handy, Jesse, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Clark, Roderick, +</td> +<td>Edgar, Josiah, +</td> +<td>Hardin, Thomas, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Clark, Joseph, +</td> +<td>Edgar, Johnson, +</td> +<td>Hoge, Edmund, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Chapman, Job, +</td> +<td>Ellis, Hercules, +</td> +<td>Johnson, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dishmore, James, +</td> +<td>Farley, Clay, +</td> +<td>Jenkins, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Lewis, Charles, +</td> +<td>O'Neal, Bennett, +</td> +<td>Scott, Joseph, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Lyon, William, +</td> +<td>Owens, William, +</td> +<td>Tribble, Harris, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Logsdon, John, +</td> +<td>Pickett, John, +</td> +<td>Thacker, Allen, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Merritt, John, +</td> +<td>Pulliam, John, +</td> +<td>Taylor, James, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>McKinney, Charles W., +</td> +<td>Penick, James, +</td> +<td>Taylor, Isaac, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Mitchell, James, +</td> +<td>Roundtree, Henry, +</td> +<td>Williams, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Newell, John, +</td> +<td>Reed, William, +</td> +<td>Wheeler, Bond, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nunegard, William, +</td> +<td>Scott, Robert, +</td> +<td>Young, Asa. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nation, Laban, +</td> +<td>Sutterfield, Eli, +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span></p> +<h4>CAPTAIN JOHN C. DODD'S COMPANY</h4> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">John C. Dodd</span>, Captain. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">William Story</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">William Harrall</span>, Lieutenant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Benjamin D. Cerby</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Bert Moore</span>, Ensign. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Mahala Ingram</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Roger Filley</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">John Sullivan</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Jordan McVay</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Robert Richey</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Hiram Prunell</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Fleming Castleberg</span>, Drummer. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">William Perkins</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">William Laughlin</span>, Fifer. +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<h5>PRIVATES</h5> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td>Anderson, Evan, +</td> +<td>Gilkey, John, +</td> +<td>Nowlin, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Baker, Seth, +</td> +<td>George, Pallam, +</td> +<td>Pickering, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Barnett, Samuel, +</td> +<td>Hancock, John, +</td> +<td>Patterson, Thomas, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bridges, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Hughes, James, +</td> +<td>Philips, Samuel S., +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bridges, William, +</td> +<td>Heath, Riland, +</td> +<td>Quarles, Stores, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Barton, William, +</td> +<td>Hobart, Joseph, +</td> +<td>Robison, Kinsey, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bird, Jacob, +</td> +<td>Jenkins, Arthur B., +</td> +<td>Robison, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cammack, William, +</td> +<td>Jenkins, Whitenell W., +</td> +<td>Ritchey, Alexander, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Carlew, Henry, +</td> +<td>Kenady, William, +</td> +<td>Ramage, Benjamin, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Campbell, Lindsey, +</td> +<td>Long, William, +</td> +<td>Rhinhart, Samuel, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Carter, James, +</td> +<td>Leech, Abner, +</td> +<td>Robison, Hugh, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Carlew, John, +</td> +<td>Lamb, William, +</td> +<td>Strawmut, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cannon, Israel, +</td> +<td>Leech, Zadock, +</td> +<td>Strawmatt, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Carlew, Robert, +</td> +<td> Law, Samuel, +</td> +<td>Saxon, Lewis, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Davidson, Alexander B., +</td> +<td>Love, William, +</td> +<td>Smith, Stephen, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dison, Bennett, +</td> +<td>McNabb, John W., +</td> +<td>Stations, Moses, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Drennan, Samuel, +</td> +<td>Miller, John, +</td> +<td>Trimm, Charles, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dunn, Alexander, +</td> +<td>Moore, Edmund, +</td> +<td>Taylor, Solomon, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Duff, James, +</td> +<td>Mercer, Drury, +</td> +<td>Whitenell, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Entricon, John, +</td> +<td>McClear, William, +</td> +<td>Wadlington, James, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>French, Joseph, +</td> +<td> McElhana, William, +</td> +<td>Wells, Henry, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Green, Levi, +</td> +<td>Manas, John, +</td> +<td>Witherow, Samuel, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Gaskins, Thadeus, +</td> +<td>Neily, John, +</td> +<td>Washington, Thomas C. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Green, James, +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span></p> + +<h4>CAPTAIN EDWARD WILBURN'S COMPANY</h4> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Edward Wilburn</span>, Captain. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">James White</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">John M. Cabiness</span>, Lieutenant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">James Young</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">James Barring</span>, Ensign. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">John Williams</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Charles Lewis</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">William Bristoe</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Charles Long</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Joseph Hooper</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Hopkins Bond</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Andrew Turpin</span>, Drummer. +</td> +</tr> + +</table> +<h5>PRIVATES</h5> + +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td>Anderson, James, +</td> +<td>French, John, +</td> +<td>Newman, Isaac, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Ashlook, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Gwinn, Joseph, +</td> +<td>Ogden, David, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Agee, William, +</td> +<td>Hicks, Richard, +</td> +<td>Reynolds, Charles, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Allen, Samuel, +</td> +<td>Helms, James, +</td> +<td>Richardson, Shaderick, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bedford, John C., +</td> +<td>Hollett, Solomon, +</td> +<td>Reynolds, Amos, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bunch, Israel, +</td> +<td>Jackman, Richard, +</td> +<td>Rush, Samuel, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Banning, Clark, +</td> +<td>Linsey, Henry, +</td> +<td>Staton, Joseph, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Burges, John, +</td> +<td>Lynn, James, +</td> +<td>Stockton, Jesse, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Belk, John, +</td> +<td>Loller, James, +</td> +<td>Thurman, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Belk, James, +</td> +<td>Lynn, Charles, +</td> +<td>Thurman, Littleberry, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Craft, Gilbert, +</td> +<td> Lewis, John, +</td> +<td>Tooly, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cheetham, Hezekiah, +</td> +<td>Mitchell, William, +</td> +<td>Vann, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Carpenter, James, +</td> +<td>Moody, John, +</td> +<td>Venable, Daniel, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Craft, George, +</td> +<td>Murry, John, +</td> +<td>Wilburn, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Condrey, Elifus, +</td> +<td>Minst, Francis, +</td> +<td>Winfrey, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dohirty, Alexander, +</td> +<td>McElvain, Samuel, +</td> +<td>Young, Robert. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Eldridge, William, +</td> +<td>Nell, Philip, +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +</table> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span></p> +<h4>CAPTAIN ROBERT PAXTON'S COMPANY</h4> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Robert Paxton</span>, Captain. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">James Armes</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Daniel Zibb</span>, Lieutenant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Archibald Rhea</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">William Rhea</span>, Ensign. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Ashby Jones</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">William P. Montgomery</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">William Hogan</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Campbell Gilmore</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Anthony Davis</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Isham Ready</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Allen Miller</span>, Rt. W.M. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Alexander Brownlee</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +</table> +<h5>PRIVATES</h5> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td>Atwell, Richard, +</td> +<td>Barrett, Thompson, +</td> +<td>Cunningham, James, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Berry, Franklin, +</td> +<td> Broner, William, +</td> +<td>Caldwell, Andrew, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Butler, Nathan, +</td> +<td>Byes, Armstrong, +</td> +<td>Duncan, James, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Buckingham, Peter, +</td> +<td>Batron, Robert, +</td> +<td>Dobson, Joseph, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Baker, William, +</td> +<td>Calhoun, John, +</td> +<td>Dobson, Robert, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Faris, John, +</td> +<td>Lisle, Peter, +</td> +<td>Riley, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Gillingham, John, +</td> +<td>Lile, Vincent, +</td> +<td>Russell, Joseph, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Gooch, William, +</td> +<td>Lemons, Isaac, +</td> +<td>Ray, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Good, William, +</td> +<td>Montgomery, Robert M., +</td> +<td>Raffity, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Hampton, Stephen, +</td> +<td>Morr, William, +</td> +<td>Smith, Isaac, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Harvey, John, +</td> +<td>Montgomery, Cyrus, +</td> +<td>Skaggs, Charles, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Hays, Campbell, +</td> +<td>Moseby, Micajah, +</td> +<td>Smith, Thomas, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Hays, James I., +</td> +<td>McDaniel, William, +</td> +<td>Smith, Samuel, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Hays, Andrew E., +</td> +<td>McKinsley, William, +</td> +<td>Stearman, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Hunt, James, +</td> +<td>Mathews, Samuel, +</td> +<td>Tribble, Absalom, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Hayes, James, +</td> +<td>McMillan, Joseph M., +</td> +<td>White, John D., +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Hogan, Nathan, +</td> +<td>Morris, John, +</td> +<td>Waggoner, Willis, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Helton, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Ormes, Elly, jr., +</td> +<td>White, John C., +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Hogan, John, +</td> +<td>Ormes, Nathan, +</td> +<td>Wilson, Thomas, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Isaacs, Samuel, +</td> +<td>Ormes, Elly, +</td> +<td>Woodard, Abraham, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Janes, Berry, +</td> +<td>Ormes, Nathan, +</td> +<td>White, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Lampton, Jesse, +</td> +<td>Price, Robert, +</td> +<td>Wheeler, Charles. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Lumpkin, Abraham, +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<h4>CAPTAIN JAMES ROBISON'S COMPANY</h4> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">James Robison</span>, Captain. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Karr Hicks</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Luke Nicholas</span>, Lieutenant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Duncan Campbell</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">George Negley</span>, Ensign. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Edward Robison</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Thomas Armstrong</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Aaron Stallings</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Lily Sullivan</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Robert Williams</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Samuel Elison</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">George Lacey</span>, Fifer. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">James Alexander</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<h5>PRIVATES</h5> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td>Alexander, John, +</td> +<td>Edwards, Edward, +</td> +<td>Messick, George, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Aainsworth, Joseph, +</td> +<td>Furguson, William, +</td> +<td>Morris, Ely, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Baker, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Filson, Jesse, +</td> +<td>Messimore, George, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Britt, Robert, +</td> +<td>George, James, +</td> +<td>Malin, Thomas, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Barnes, Thomas B., +</td> +<td>Gare, Isaac, +</td> +<td>Mitchell, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Byle, John H., +</td> +<td>Gibson, Meredith, +</td> +<td>Mesamore, Jacob, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Blakeley, Samuel, +</td> +<td>Grace, Henry, +</td> +<td>Nickson, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Boreland, Samuel, +</td> +<td>Hamby, James, +</td> +<td>Pyle, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Coleran, Alexander, +</td> +<td>Hunter, David, +</td> +<td>Pyle, David, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Coleman, Robert M., +</td> +<td>Hunter, William, +</td> +<td>Stutt, Nicholas, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cravins, Jesse, +</td> +<td>Henderson, Ezekiel, +</td> +<td>Shelton, Elijah, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dunn, Richard, +</td> +<td>Handy, Benjamin, +</td> +<td>Shelton, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dinsmore, Jacob, +</td> +<td>Hardin, Samuel, +</td> +<td>Shelton, Abraham, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Davis, Clem, +</td> +<td>Hardin, Benjamin, +</td> +<td>Savage, William M., +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Davis, Joseph, +</td> +<td>Inman, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Shelton, Joseph, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Darneal, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Lancaster, Henry, +</td> +<td>Shelton, Robert, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Smith, Samuel, +</td> +<td>Thompson, John, +</td> +<td>Thomas, James, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Smith, Cloud, +</td> +<td>Threet, James, +</td> +<td>Tell, Joseph, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Sullivan, Levi, +</td> +<td>Thradford, Walker, +</td> +<td>Wingard, David. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Thompson, Lawson, +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span></p> +<h4>CAPTAIN ALMY McLEAN'S COMPANY</h4> + +<table summary='lists' width='600'> + +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Almy McLean</span>, Captain. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Jordan O'Brien</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Ephraim M. Brank</span>, Lieutenant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">James Langley</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">William Alexander</span>, Lieutenant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Moses Matthews</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Isaac Davis</span>, Ensign. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Edward H. Tarrants</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">John Stull</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">George Hill</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Henry Nusell</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Abner B.C. Dillingham</span>, Fifer. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Enoch Metcalf</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +</table> +<h5>PRIVATES</h5> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td>Apling, Henry, +</td> +<td>Fowler, Jeremiah, +</td> +<td>Martin, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Anderson, John, jr., +</td> +<td>Gany, Matthew, +</td> +<td>Macons, Peter, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Allen, Linsey, +</td> +<td>Gant, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Nanny, Spencer, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Anderson, John, +</td> +<td>Gamblin, John, +</td> +<td>Norris, Thomas, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Allison, McLean, +</td> +<td>Grayham, William, +</td> +<td>Nixon, James, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bishop, James, +</td> +<td> Hewlett, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Penrod, George, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Barker, Samuel, +</td> +<td>Hines, John, +</td> +<td>Ripple, Michael, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bone, Cornelius, +</td> +<td>Howard, Isaac, +</td> +<td>Row, Adam, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bonds, Lott, +</td> +<td>Hensley, Leftridge, +</td> +<td>Ripple, Jacob, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Carter, James, +</td> +<td>Hewlett, Lemuel, +</td> +<td>Rhodes, Bradford, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Craig, John, +</td> +<td> Hubbard, Liner, +</td> +<td>Sever, Michael, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Combs, Jesse, +</td> +<td>Jains, Edward, +</td> +<td>Sumner, Thomas, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cob, Elijah, +</td> +<td>Kern, George, +</td> +<td>Sumner, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Craig, Robert, +</td> +<td> Kennedy, George F., +</td> +<td>Sunn, John F., +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Crouch, Isaac, +</td> +<td>Lott, James, +</td> +<td>Sanders, George, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Claxton, Jeremiah, +</td> +<td> Lynn, Gasham, +</td> +<td>Voris, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dewitt, William, +</td> +<td>Lynn, Henry, +</td> +<td>Wilcox, Elias, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Donnald, James, +</td> +<td>Leece, Samuel, +</td> +<td>Williams, Noah, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Evans, James, +</td> +<td>McGill, James, +</td> +<td>Wade, Hendley, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Ferguson, John K., +</td> +<td>Moore, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Wilson, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Foley, Mason, +</td> +<td>Matthews, Jacob, +</td> +<td>Williams, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Fox, Nathan, +</td> +<td>McFerson, James, +</td> +<td>Yaunce, Lawrence. +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<h4>CAPTAIN ROBERT PATTERSON'S COMPANY</h4> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Robert Patterson</span>, Captain. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Francis Porter</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">John Henry</span>, Lieutenant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">George Hickman</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">James Porter</span>, Ensign. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Allen Kuykendall</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Allen Carter</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">William Bailey</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">George T. Ashburn</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Robert Henry</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Graves Gunn</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +</table> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span></p> +<h5>PRIVATES</h5> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td>Albert, Jacob, +</td> +<td> Ford, John, +</td> +<td>Mann, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Allen, Andrew, +</td> +<td>Farmer, Gray B., +</td> +<td>Miller, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Barrett, Enoch D., +</td> +<td>Glister, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Mitchell, Blake, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Brian, William, +</td> +<td>Gist, William, +</td> +<td>Neebart, Alexander, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Barringer, Jonathan, +</td> +<td>Gidcomb, John, +</td> +<td>Page, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Barnett, James, +</td> +<td>Gibson, Jordan, +</td> +<td>Porter, Oliver, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Brown, Richard, +</td> +<td>Gilky, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Ralls, Robert, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Burchfield, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Henderson, Carnes D., +</td> +<td>Rails, Green, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Brown, William, +</td> +<td>Haney, Joseph, +</td> +<td>Smith, Ezekiel, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Brown, Jimmy, +</td> +<td>Hodge, Nathan, +</td> +<td>Sears, Abraham, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bailey, James, +</td> +<td>Hadden, William, +</td> +<td>Smith, Joseph, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Clawson, John, +</td> +<td>Hunsucker, Samuel, +</td> +<td>Smith, Asa, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Collins, Dixon, +</td> +<td>Holley, William, +</td> +<td>Steele, Moses, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Coleman, Archibald, +</td> +<td>Jameson, Andrew, +</td> +<td>Thomas, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Clevenger, Asa, +</td> +<td>Kown, Andrew, +</td> +<td>Thomas, Thomas, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Caradine, David, +</td> +<td>Kenedy, Neil, +</td> +<td>Taylor, Peter, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cooksey, Warren, +</td> +<td>Kuykendall, Mark, +</td> +<td>Tannehill, Benjamin, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Collins, Hollen, +</td> +<td>Larkins, Joseph, +</td> +<td>Williams, David, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Carlisle, Mathew, +</td> +<td>Land, Lewis, +</td> +<td>Wheeler, Seburn, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Diamond, John, +</td> +<td>Land, Moses, +</td> +<td>Woods, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Diamond, James, +</td> +<td>Morris, William, +</td> +<td>Wilson, Benjamin, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Elam, John, +</td> +<td>McFarland, William D., +</td> +<td>Wood, Peter. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Finley, Andrew, +</td> +<td>Moore, Jeremiah, +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +</table> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>II</h3> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Roll of Field and Staff, Slaughter's Regiment, Kentucky Detached +Militia, War of 1812, Commanded by Lieutenant-colonel Gabriel +Slaughter</span></h4> + +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Gabriel Slaughter</span>, Lieutenant-colonel. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">George C. Berry</span>, S. Mate. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Lanty Armstrong</span>, First Major. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Thomas Curry</span>, Sergeant-major. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<span class="smcap">William Wakefield</span>, Second Major. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Strother H. Gaines</span>, Quartermaster-sergeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Samuel Macoun</span>, Lieutenant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">John Thompson</span>, Assistant Quarterm'r. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">William Rodes</span>, Lieutenant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Thomas Wither</span>, Fife Major. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Roger Thompson</span>, Lieutenant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Robert H.C. Pearson</span>, S. Mate. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Horatio Gaither</span>, Surgeon. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Abner Decker</span>, Drum Major. +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<h4>CAPTAIN GEORGE McAFEE'S COMPANY</h4> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">George McAfee</span>, Captain. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Samuel R. Trouer</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">William Bohan</span>, Lieutenant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">John Cochran</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">John M. Jordan</span>, Ensign. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Anderson Powers</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">John Lewis</span>, Orderly Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Daniel Bohan</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Julius Rucker</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Daniel Hay</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">James Pierson</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Thomas Robards</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<h5>PRIVATES</h5> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td>Adams, Alexander, +</td> +<td>Cooney, James, +</td> +<td>Horn, Philip, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Barnes, Zachariah, +</td> +<td>Cooney, Daniel, +</td> +<td>Hall, Barnet, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Brim, Landy, +</td> +<td>Davis, George, +</td> +<td>Johnston, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Brown, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Dean, William, +</td> +<td>Jones, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bunton, Samuel, +</td> +<td>Dodson, George, +</td> +<td>Jones, Thornton, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bradshaw, James L., +</td> +<td>Dunklin, William, +</td> +<td>Kirkham, Joseph, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Berns, Philip, +</td> +<td>Ellis, Daniel, +</td> +<td>Knox, George C., +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bryant, Daniel, +</td> +<td> Foreman, Jacob, +</td> +<td>Kirkpatrick, James, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bradley, Jacob, +</td> +<td>Goodnight, Alexander, +</td> +<td>Lytle, Lewis, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Barclay, David, +</td> +<td>Green, William, +</td> +<td>Lockhart, Levi, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cummings, Alexander, +</td> +<td>Gilmore, Joseph, +</td> +<td>Lewis, Elijah, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Curry, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Gabbert, James, +</td> +<td>Lister, Cornelius, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Combs, Joseph, +</td> +<td> Harlow, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Lister, Stephen, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cummings, Abraham, +</td> +<td>Haley, Edmund, +</td> +<td>McAfee, Samuel, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Coovert, Simon, +</td> +<td>Hulton, John, +</td> +<td>McDonald, Clement, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Curry, James, +</td> +<td>Horn, John, +</td> +<td>McCoy, Joseph, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>McMinny, William, +</td> +<td> Ruby, Jacob, +</td> +<td>Thompson, George P., +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Mullikin, John, +</td> +<td>Robertson, Samuel, +</td> +<td>Toomy, Isaac, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Montfort, Jacob, +</td> +<td>Roberts, James, +</td> +<td>Thomas, Edmund G., +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Mitchel, Jacob, +</td> +<td>Silyers, John, +</td> +<td>Voris, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Napier, William, +</td> +<td>Short, James, +</td> +<td>Violet, Sinclair, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Poulter, Joseph, +</td> +<td>Short, William, +</td> +<td>Walker, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Pierson, Joseph, +</td> +<td>Shields, William, +</td> +<td>Wilson, John H., +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Philips, Aaron, +</td> +<td>Sams, Russell, +</td> +<td>Wells, John, sr., +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Preston, George, +</td> +<td>Sample, James, +</td> +<td>Wilson, Anthony, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Quigley, John, +</td> +<td>Short, Coleman, +</td> +<td>Wells, John, jr., +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Ray, William, +</td> +<td>Sally, Rany S., +</td> +<td>Whitberry, Jacob, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Rynierson, Jacob, +</td> +<td>Stone, Levi, +</td> +<td>Weathers, Thomas, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Rains, Allen, +</td> +<td>Thomas, Thompson, +</td> +<td>Yest, Jacob. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Roberts, William, +</td> +<td>Towner, Samuel, +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span></p> +<h4>CAPTAIN JOHN EVANS' COMPANY</h4> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">John Evans</span>, Captain. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">George Duncan</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">John Cuppinheifer</span>, Lieutenant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">John Evans</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Robert Gilmore</span>, Ensign. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">John Burke</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Aaron Barrow</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">William McCullough</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Thomas Galliway</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Thomas Nichols</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Joseph Hedrick</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<h5>PRIVATES</h5> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td>Barker, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Fitzpatrick, Samuel, +</td> +<td>Hedrick, Jacob, sr., +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bebber, John, +</td> +<td>Fitzpatrick, George, +</td> +<td>Hanes, Ezekiah, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Beadle, Seaton, +</td> +<td>Gough, John, +</td> +<td>Hunt, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Barnet, James, +</td> +<td>Gilmore, William, +</td> +<td>Hamilton, James, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Barnet, Jubille, +</td> +<td>Griffin, John, +</td> +<td>Humphries, David, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bowmer, William, +</td> +<td>Gregory, Samuel, +</td> +<td>Hunt, Samuel, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Barns, Mathew, +</td> +<td>Hargus, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Johnson, James, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Burman, James, +</td> +<td>Herrin, Joel, +</td> +<td>James, Daniel F., +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bowen, William, +</td> +<td>Hendrickson, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Jasper, Andrew, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Briant, Morgan, +</td> +<td> Hendrickson, Gibson, +</td> +<td>McAllister, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Collins, Andrew, +</td> +<td>Hardister, William, +</td> +<td>Moody, Martin, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dishmon, James, +</td> +<td>Hargus, John, +</td> +<td>McCarty, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dick, Archibald, +</td> +<td>Harp, Westley, +</td> +<td>McCan, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dove, James, +</td> +<td>Harmons, Jesse, +</td> +<td>McKaughan, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Evans, John, +</td> +<td>Hedrick, Jacob, jr., +</td> +<td>Neal, Isaac, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Elkins, Richard, +</td> +<td>Hudson, Robert, +</td> +<td>Preston, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Floyd, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Hudson, Manoah, +</td> +<td>Price, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Reagan, William, +</td> +<td>White, Edward, +</td> +<td>Wilson, Bird, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Ridge, Robertson, +</td> +<td>White, Elisha, +</td> +<td>Weddle, George, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Riley, William, +</td> +<td>Woolsey, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Weddle, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Sneed, John, +</td> +<td>White, David, +</td> +<td>Wright, Walter, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Stroud, Ansel, +</td> +<td>Weatherman, Simon, +</td> +<td>White, John. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Tartar, Frederick, +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span></p> +<h4>CAPTAIN LEONARD P. HIGDON'S COMPANY</h4> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Leonard P. Higdon</span>, Captain. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Francis Hagan</span>, Third Sergeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">David Huston</span>, Lieutenant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">James W. Tyler</span>, Fourth Sergeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">John Young</span>, Ensign. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Isaac Anderson</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Samuel Handley</span>, Orderly Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">James McDaniel</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">William Bailey</span>, First Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Henry Holtzclaw</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Barton Hawley</span>, Second Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Nathaniel Harris</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<h5>PRIVATES</h5> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td>Audd, Ambrose, +</td> +<td>Connolly, Basil, +</td> +<td>McLaughlin, Jesse, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Anderson, Samuel, +</td> +<td>Cosby, Overton, +</td> +<td>Malon, Jacob, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bredwell, Noah, +</td> +<td>Clark, Abner, +</td> +<td>McDaniel, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bowl, James, +</td> +<td>DeMorgan, Reuben N., +</td> +<td>Miles, Francis, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Burkhead, Isaac, +</td> +<td>Drake, Jacob, +</td> +<td>Magnill, Richard, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Blanford, Francis, +</td> +<td>Dunn, Simpson, +</td> +<td>McDaniel, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Baldwin, McKinsey, +</td> +<td>Davis, Lemuel, +</td> +<td>Osborn, Samuel, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bishop, Solomon, +</td> +<td>David, Amos, +</td> +<td>Parrish, Francis, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Brown, Frederick, +</td> +<td>Elliot, Greenbury, +</td> +<td>Popham, Hawkins, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Blann, James, +</td> +<td>Foxworthy, George, +</td> +<td>Popham, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Burkhead, Basil, +</td> +<td>Fox, William, +</td> +<td>Paul, James, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Basey, Jesse, +</td> +<td>Fowler, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Polk, James, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bevin, Walter, +</td> +<td>Gibson, Henry, +</td> +<td>Rynearson, Peter, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bean, Judson, +</td> +<td>Hanon, Ezekiel, +</td> +<td>Roberts, George, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Baldwin, Samuel, +</td> +<td>Harrison, Grove, +</td> +<td>Rozner, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Brown, James, +</td> +<td>Hansford, William, +</td> +<td>Smither, Joel, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Connor, James, +</td> +<td>Hagerman, Tunis, +</td> +<td>Smith, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Clark, Zacheus, +</td> +<td>Higdon, James, +</td> +<td>Turner, Joseph, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cissel, James, +</td> +<td>Hibbs, John, +</td> +<td>Vinson, George, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Coffman, Michael, +</td> +<td>Hall, Philip, +</td> +<td>Witherton, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Calvert, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Knott, Henry, +</td> +<td>Wise, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cane, Michael, +</td> +<td>Lefler, John, +</td> +<td>Wise, Joseph, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Clark, John, +</td> +<td>Lent, William, +</td> +<td>Watson, Joseph, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Clemens, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Lane, Benjamin, +</td> +<td>Wilson, Benjamin +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Connell, Hiram, +</td> +<td>McDaniel, Redman, +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span></p> + +<h4>CAPTAIN JONATHAN OWSLEY'S COMPANY</h4> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Jonathan Owsley</span>, Captain. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">John Gilbreath</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Loftis Cook</span>, Lieutenant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">John Wood</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Stephen Lyons</span>, Ensign. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">William Forsythe</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Samuel P. Magill</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Robert Bryant</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Henry Sharp</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">John Huff</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">John Logan</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Thomas Scott</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<h5>PRIVATES</h5> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td>Adams, Edward, +</td> +<td>Ervin, Francis, +</td> +<td>McManny, Charles, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bettis, John, +</td> +<td>Edwards, Peter, +</td> +<td>Newcomb, Wilson, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bower, Francis, +</td> +<td>Forsythe, David, +</td> +<td>Nelly, Edward, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bryant, William, +</td> +<td>Goodnight, John, +</td> +<td>Oalder, Jonathan, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Burnett, Nicholas, +</td> +<td>Gooch, Roland, +</td> +<td>Pettit, Walker, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Berry, Labon S., +</td> +<td>Gibson, John, +</td> +<td>Pence, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Ball, Isaiah, +</td> +<td>Gill, Angel, +</td> +<td>Parsons, Obediah, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Brook, John, +</td> +<td>Hill, Zachariah, +</td> +<td>Prewitt, David, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Baldwin, Joseph, +</td> +<td>Hotzclaw, Benjamin, +</td> +<td>Ray, Joseph, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Burton, William, +</td> +<td>Hackley, James, +</td> +<td>Renalds, Fountain, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bowman, Jacob, +</td> +<td>Hair, John, +</td> +<td>Roberts, James, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Breden, James, +</td> +<td>Hutson, Lodrick, +</td> +<td>Ross, Thomas J., +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Coombs, John, +</td> +<td>Harvey, James W., +</td> +<td>Raybourne, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cox, Leroy, +</td> +<td>Haynes, James, +</td> +<td>Simpson, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cavenaugh, Philemon, +</td> +<td>Holmes, George, +</td> +<td>Sutton, Walker, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cash, William, +</td> +<td>Hall, James, +</td> +<td>Souder, Jefferson, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dudarar, Coonrod, +</td> +<td>Jackson, William, +</td> +<td>Spratt, Thomas, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dudar, William, +</td> +<td>Low, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Singleton, McIntire, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dodson, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Lavinder, John, +</td> +<td>Stephens, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Davis, Nathan, +</td> +<td>Lawrence, Hugh, +</td> +<td>Singleton, Thomas, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Doolin, James, +</td> +<td>Lynn, James, +</td> +<td>Tedrick, Jacob, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Davis, John, +</td> +<td>Martin, William, +</td> +<td>Warden, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dasswell, Jesse, +</td> +<td>McRoberts, Andrew, +</td> +<td>Wade, Jeremiah, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Duncan, William, +</td> +<td>McMullen, John, +</td> +<td>Wood, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Embree, Elijah, +</td> +<td>McCrutcheon, William, +</td> +<td>Warren, Burris. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Etone, Elijah, +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + + +<h4>CAPTAIN JOHN FARMER'S COMPANY</h4> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">John Farmer</span>, Captain. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Isaac Houston</span>, Second Sergeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Willoughby Ashby</span>, Lieutenant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Owen R. Griffith</span>, Third Sergeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">John Figg</span>, Ensign. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Corcelius Woods</span>, Fourth Sergeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Jesse Keeth</span>, First Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Samuel Heffler</span>, First Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">David Weller</span>, First Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Barnard Bridwell</span>, Second Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Isaac Chambers</span>, First Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">George Weller</span>, Third Corporal. +</td> +</tr> + +</table> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span></p> + +<h5>PRIVATES</h5> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td>Angel, George, +</td> +<td>Gilkey, William, +</td> +<td>Medcalf, Benjamin, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Anderson, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Grubb, William, +</td> +<td>Marshall, Daniel, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Anderson, John, +</td> +<td>Glass, James H., +</td> +<td>Miller, Frederick, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Berton, William, +</td> +<td>Hampton, David, +</td> +<td>Micater, Patrick, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bright, John, +</td> +<td>Hill, Robert, +</td> +<td>Philips, George, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Brown, Robert, +</td> +<td>Harden, John, +</td> +<td>Powers, Richard, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bennett, Jery, +</td> +<td>Huffman, George, +</td> +<td>Reed, Richard, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Brewer, James, +</td> +<td>Hagan, Dory, +</td> +<td>Robinson, Alexander, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Boly, Peter, +</td> +<td>Ice, James, +</td> +<td>Spilman, Henry, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Carter, William, +</td> +<td>Jones, Joseph, +</td> +<td>Springston, Abraham, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Carico, James, +</td> +<td>Jones, John, +</td> +<td>Sinkhorn, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Chaplain, Jery, +</td> +<td>Johnston, William, +</td> +<td>Shaream, George, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Carter, Samuel, +</td> +<td>Johnston, Joseph, +</td> +<td>Seals, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Carter, Joseph, +</td> +<td>Kenny, William, +</td> +<td>Thompson, James, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Conor, George, +</td> +<td>Keth, Isaac, +</td> +<td>Thompson, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cane, Mathew, +</td> +<td>Low, Richard, +</td> +<td>Walker, Howard, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Doneheu, James, +</td> +<td>Lerit, Joseph, +</td> +<td>White, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Denbow, James, +</td> +<td>Lanam, James, +</td> +<td>White, Francis, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Davis, Jesse, +</td> +<td>Mattingly, Edward, +</td> +<td>Wilcox, Isaac, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dewitt, Abraham, +</td> +<td>Medcalf, James, +</td> +<td>York, John. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Davis, John, +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + + + +<h4>CAPTAIN ADAM VICKERY'S COMPANY</h4> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Adam Vickery</span>, Captain. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Alexander Brown</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">John Garner</span>, Lieutenant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Harman Elrod</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">John Barrow</span>, Ensign. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">William Hurt</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Hiram Gregory</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">George Dodson</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Thomas Brown</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Thomas Ryon</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Moses Barnes</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Lapsly Hall</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<h5>PRIVATES</h5> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td>Ard, James, +</td> +<td>Barnes, Enos, +</td> +<td>Dean, James, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Andrew, Alexander, +</td> +<td>Brown, Lewis, +</td> +<td>Davis, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Acre, Peter, +</td> +<td>Brown, Barnabus, +</td> +<td>Dabney, Charles, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Burnham, Owen, +</td> +<td>Butrim, Cornelius, +</td> +<td>Elrod, Adam, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bell, John, +</td> +<td>Craig, John H., +</td> +<td>Foster, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Ballard, John, +</td> +<td>Casson, John, +</td> +<td>Gray, Jesse, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Burnet, James, +</td> +<td>Caughorn, William, +</td> +<td>Gholson, Samuel, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Baker, James, +</td> +<td>Cook, Enos, +</td> +<td>Gibson, Stephen, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Baker, Stephen, +</td> +<td>Cox, David, +</td> +<td>Gooding, Abraham, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Barnes, William, +</td> +<td>Cooper, Caleb, +</td> +<td>Gibson, Thomas, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bowman, Willis, +</td> +<td>Duffey, John, +</td> +<td>Hains, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Hill, William, +</td> +<td>Mays, David, +</td> +<td>Sallee, William I., +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Hall, Henry, +</td> +<td>Neal, Jesse, +</td> +<td>Tiller, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Hill, Claiborn, +</td> +<td>Pow, Alexander, +</td> +<td>Thornton, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Keniday, John, +</td> +<td>Ray, John, +</td> +<td>Thomas, Samuel, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Kogan, William, +</td> +<td>Southword, John, +</td> +<td>Wade, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Lea, John, +</td> +<td>Shaw, John, +</td> +<td>Willice, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Luster, John, +</td> +<td>Shelton, John, +</td> +<td>Woods, James, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Lenn, James, +</td> +<td>Savage, John, +</td> +<td>Welsher, Joshua, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Lambert, Henry, +</td> +<td>Shelton, James, +</td> +<td>West, Joseph, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Livingston, Robert, +</td> +<td>Smith, William, +</td> +<td>Welsher, Josiah, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Miller, George, +</td> +<td>Stephens, Peter, +</td> +<td>West, Alexander, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>McGown, Solomon, +</td> +<td>Smith, Henry, +</td> +<td>Wade, Elisha, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Mills, Ulissius, +</td> +<td>Stephens, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Wray, Daniel, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Moore, David, +</td> +<td>Smith, George, +</td> +<td>Wallace, Barnabus. +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span></p> +<h4>CAPTAIN WILLIAM WOOD'S COMPANY</h4> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">William Wood</span>, Captain. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Isaac Therman</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Peter Oatman</span>, Lieutenant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Thomas Jones</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Thomas Brown</span>, Ensign. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">John McKinsey</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Henry Robinson</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">John Allen</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Absalom Rice</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Simon Mobely</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">George Herring</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">John Bourne</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<h5>PRIVATES</h5> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td>Anderson, Garland, +</td> +<td>Davidson, John, +</td> +<td>Huffman, Henry, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Anderson, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Duggins, Richard, +</td> +<td>Henderson, Joseph, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Adams, John, +</td> +<td>Dooly, Jacob, +</td> +<td>Hicks, Fleming, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Blankenship, John, +</td> +<td>Duncan, George, +</td> +<td>Hoskins, Samuel, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Brown, Stanton, +</td> +<td>Dotson, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Holmes, Isaac, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bailey, Lewis, +</td> +<td>Edens, Mathew, +</td> +<td>Jackman, Thomas, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Beech, Joel, +</td> +<td>Elliott, Reuben, +</td> +<td>Lampton, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Brown, William, +</td> +<td>Erton, Henry, +</td> +<td>McMeas, Jacob, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Burton, Allen, +</td> +<td>Graham, Robinson, +</td> +<td>Martendale, Moses, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Brown, Edwin, +</td> +<td>Gill, John, +</td> +<td>McFadgin, James, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Barren, Mathias, +</td> +<td>Greenstaff, George, +</td> +<td>Moore, Moses, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Barker, Richard, +</td> +<td>Garvin, William, +</td> +<td>Miller, James, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Boadly, Peter D., +</td> +<td>Green, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Mayfield, Sutherland, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Brown, John, +</td> +<td>Gromer, Henry, +</td> +<td>Naylor, Jesse, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Clements, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Gayheart, Isaac, +</td> +<td>Newcomb, Lance, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Coy, Samuel, +</td> +<td>Hotsclaw, Martin, +</td> +<td>Naylor, George T., +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Chambers, Abraham, +</td> +<td>Horley, William, +</td> +<td>Naylor, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Coy, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Hurd, William, +</td> +<td>Pow, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Clark, William, +</td> +<td>Hay, Isaac, +</td> +<td>Pollard, Abner, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Preston, John, +</td> +<td>Thacker, Elijah, +</td> +<td>Wiley, Benjamin, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Pucket, William, +</td> +<td>Turpin, James, +</td> +<td>Woodal, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Spencer, John, +</td> +<td>Tarrent, Larkin, +</td> +<td>Warmouth, Thomas, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Stone, James, +</td> +<td>Tunget, Benjamin, +</td> +<td>Warmouth, Githean, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Stanton, Fleming, +</td> +<td>Vance, Jacob, +</td> +<td>Williams, Oscar, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Skiler, John, +</td> +<td>Weather, John, +</td> +<td>Williams, George, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Stephens, William, +</td> +<td>Warren, Joseph, +</td> +<td>Yancy, George. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Stephens, ——, +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span></p> +<h4>CAPTAIN WILLIAM WADE'S COMPANY</h4> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">William Wade</span>, Captain. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">John Spears</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">John Riffe</span>, Lieutenant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">John Shannon</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Mathew Coffee</span>, Ensign. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">William Jones</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">David Johnson</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">John Estis</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Joshua Moore</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Starling Coulter</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">John D. Thurmond</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Jacob Cunningham</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<h5>PRIVATES</h5> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td>(Obinion or) Albanion, Geo. +</td> +<td>Figg, William, +</td> +<td>Ragsdale, Gabriel, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Barnett, Skuyler, +</td> +<td>Gentry, Benjamin, +</td> +<td>Royaltree, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Carmen, William, +</td> +<td>Gee, John, +</td> +<td>Riffe, Abraham, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Curdum, William, +</td> +<td>Hite, Burton, +</td> +<td>Reed, Philip, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Coxe, Joseph, +</td> +<td>Harvey, Robert, +</td> +<td>Routsaw, Coonrod, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Carter, Moses, +</td> +<td>Harvel, Squire, +</td> +<td>Raglin, James, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cloyd, Joseph, +</td> +<td>Hutcherson, Samuel, +</td> +<td>Reed, Little B., +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Charlton, Levi, +</td> +<td>Johnson, Luke, +</td> +<td>Studer, David, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Coulter, Morris, +</td> +<td>King, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Seabron, Jehu, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Carman, Ezekiah, +</td> +<td>Linthicum, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Stepp, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Clifton, Nehemiah, +</td> +<td>Lee, Francis, +</td> +<td>Selch, Nicholas, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Clifton, Isaiah, +</td> +<td>Lee, Joseph P., +</td> +<td>Skidmore, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cinkhous, Henry, +</td> +<td>McCutchan, Samuel, +</td> +<td>Snow, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cunningham, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Minor, Laban, +</td> +<td>Studor, Randal, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Clark, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Mason, James, +</td> +<td>Stanton, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dyer, William, +</td> +<td>McWherton, Jesse, +</td> +<td>Thomas, Robert, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Duncan, Flemmin, +</td> +<td>Mason, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Tailor, Jacob, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dobbs, William, +</td> +<td>McCan, William, +</td> +<td>Vorus, Abraham, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Drummond, James, +</td> +<td>Mason, Thomson, +</td> +<td>Vantres, Jacob, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Davenport, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Northcut, Arthur, +</td> +<td>Williams, Amos, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>East, Nimrod, +</td> +<td>Noble, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Wright, Bennett C., +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Ewebank, James, +</td> +<td>Pankey, John B., +</td> +<td>Whitesides, David, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Ecten, Charles, +</td> +<td>Price, Robert, +</td> +<td>Williams, Richard, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Edwards, Aaron, +</td> +<td>Royaltree, Henry, +</td> +<td>Yager, Lewis. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Ellis, John, +</td> +<td>Riffe, Christopher, +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span></p> + +<h4>CAPTAIN EDWARD BERRY'S COMPANY</h4> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Edward Berry</span>, Captain. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Charles Fowler</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">David Rodman</span>, Lieutenant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">John Austin</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Thomas McIntire</span>, Ensign. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Andrew Powel</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Stephen Thompson</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Joel Nelson</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">George Elliott</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Philip Richardson</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Starling Thompson</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">John McClure</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<h5>PRIVATES</h5> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td>Adams, Henry, +</td> +<td>Higgins, David, +</td> +<td>Nelson, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Burns, Isaac, +</td> +<td>Jackson, James, +</td> +<td>Oldridge, Nathaniel, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bennett, George W., +</td> +<td>Lockett, Samuel, +</td> +<td>Prewitt, Daniel, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Baker, James, +</td> +<td>Lannom, Lewis, +</td> +<td>Prater, Reson, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Baker, William, +</td> +<td>Lawson, Chester, +</td> +<td>Richards, Zodick, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bryan, John, +</td> +<td>Lawson, Berry, +</td> +<td>Ridge, Cornelius, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Barnett, William, +</td> +<td>Lambert, David, +</td> +<td>Ridge, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Champion, Joseph, +</td> +<td>Lannom, Samuel, +</td> +<td>Right, Robert, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cannon, Robert, +</td> +<td>Miles, Alexander, +</td> +<td>Right, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cogenom, George, +</td> +<td>Miller, Joseph, +</td> +<td>Reed, Nathan, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Campton, James, +</td> +<td>Morgan, Abraham, +</td> +<td>Seamster, Pleasant, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Casey, David, +</td> +<td>McMurry, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Simpson, Floyd, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Catlin, Seth, +</td> +<td>Maxwell, Charles, +</td> +<td>Stump, Johnston, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Carter, Benjamin, +</td> +<td>Morris, Reuben, +</td> +<td>Simpson, Asa, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cross, William, +</td> +<td>Matherly, Joel, +</td> +<td>Taylor, Jeremiah, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Creagh, Christian, +</td> +<td>Malone, William, +</td> +<td>Tolby, Jonathan, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Davis, Robert, +</td> +<td>Milbourn, Israel, +</td> +<td>Whitter, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Earl, Samuel, +</td> +<td>McMurry, William, +</td> +<td>Watham, James H., +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Ferguson, Daniel, +</td> +<td>Mann, William, +</td> +<td>White, Thomas L., +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Franklin, Edward, +</td> +<td>McAllister, James, +</td> +<td>Watham, Nicholas, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Graves, John, +</td> +<td>Mead, Joseph, +</td> +<td>Whitten, Jeremiah, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Hickerson, John, +</td> +<td>McMurry, William, +</td> +<td>Whitehouse, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Hickerson, Joseph, +</td> +<td>McAllister, Daniel, +</td> +<td>Whitehouse, Cornelius, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Hilton, Henry, +</td> +<td>Miles, Edward, +</td> +<td>Woods, Henry. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Hart, William, +</td> +<td>Montgomery, Thomas, +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<h4>CAPTAIN WILLIAM PHILIPS' COMPANY</h4> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">William Philips</span>, Captain. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Henry Cowan</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Godhart Smack</span>, Lieutenant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Robert Rochester</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">John Ludwick</span>, Ensign. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">John Grayham</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Asa R. Hill</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">John Mobley</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Joseph Abel</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Robert Brumfield</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">William McEnery</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Thomas Hill</span>, Musician. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Charles Colter</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">William Vanoy</span>, Musician. +</td> +</tr> + +</table> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span></p> + +<h5>PRIVATES</h5> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td>Anderson, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Green, Charles, +</td> +<td>Meanally, Basil, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Blaire, James, +</td> +<td>Gerton, John, +</td> +<td>Meanally, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Brown, Francis, +</td> +<td>Grey, Charles, +</td> +<td>Mitchel, Jacob, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Brown, Henderson, +</td> +<td>Galesby, Edward, +</td> +<td>Newton, Ignatius, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bullott, John, +</td> +<td>Gains, Strother H., +</td> +<td>Nichols, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Butler, William, +</td> +<td>Harris, Overton, +</td> +<td>Owings, James, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Botains, William, sr., +</td> +<td>Harris, William, +</td> +<td>Patterson, Joseph, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Botains, William, jr., +</td> +<td>Hinton, Shadrick, +</td> +<td>Philips, Jesse, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Baker, Henry, +</td> +<td>Howard, Charles, +</td> +<td>Quigans, James, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Blacketler, William, +</td> +<td>Hall, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Quigans, Joseph, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Camburn, Osburn, +</td> +<td>Knott, Jeremiah, +</td> +<td>Stemmons, Henry, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cissell, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Landers, James, +</td> +<td>Stanfield, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cidwell, John, +</td> +<td>Lyons, John, +</td> +<td>Smithers, Daniel, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Caho, John, +</td> +<td>Lyons, Charles W., +</td> +<td>Smith, Richard, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cissell, Robert, +</td> +<td>Lanham, William, +</td> +<td>Simpson, Allugus, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cannon, Israel, +</td> +<td>Lockman, John B., +</td> +<td>Smith, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cravens, James, +</td> +<td>Lockman, Charles, +</td> +<td>Sanders, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cunstable, Stephen, +</td> +<td>Mercer, Martin, +</td> +<td>Updergrove, Joseph, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cinkhorn, John, +</td> +<td>Mills, Samuel, +</td> +<td>Vessels, Benjamin, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cundiff, James, +</td> +<td>Mattingly, Joseph, +</td> +<td>Vaun, Obediah, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cartico, Lloyd, +</td> +<td>Mahoney, William, +</td> +<td>Waid, Evan, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Collier, Daniel, +</td> +<td>Miller, Ignatius, +</td> +<td>Wooley, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Easton, John, +</td> +<td>Marby, Micajah, +</td> +<td>Williams, Edward, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Elliott, John, +</td> +<td>Morgan, Jubel, +</td> +<td>Whitehouse, Thomas. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Enson, George, +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +</table> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>III</h3> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Roll of Field and Staff, Davis's Regiment, Kentucky Detached +Militia, War of 1812, Commanded by Lieutenant-colonel Presley Gray</span></h4> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Presley Gray</span>, Lieutenant-colonel. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Henry Winslow</span>, Surgeon's Mate. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">John Davis</span>, Major. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">William W. Ford</span>, Sergeant-major. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">James Johnson</span>, Major. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Samuel Stewart</span>, S. Mate. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">William Walker</span>, Major. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">William Vancleve</span>, Drum Major. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Zeba Holt</span>, Major. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">John Curry</span>, Fife Major. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">S.C. Stephens</span>, Adjutant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Samuel Gray</span>, Quartermaster-sergeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">George P. Miller</span>, Paymaster. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Samuel Blackwell</span>, Quartermaster-sergeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Zachariah Terryhel</span>, Quartermaster. +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Allen A. Hamilton</span>, Surgeon. +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<h4>CAPTAIN ROBERT THRUSTON'S COMPANY</h4> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Robert Thruston</span>, Captain. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">George Runger</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Henry Gresham</span>, Lieutenant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Adam Gilliland</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">John D. Gott</span>, Ensign. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Isaac Hill</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Samuel S. Green</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">David Richey</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Daniel Ragsdale</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">John Curry</span>, Fifer. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">John S. Simpson</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Thomas Curry</span>, Drummer. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Aaron Collett</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<h5>PRIVATES</h5> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td>Armstrong, Benjamin, +</td> +<td>Cathran, John, +</td> +<td>Galbreath, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Arnold, William, +</td> +<td>Cooley, Jesse, +</td> +<td>Hunter, Charles, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Arnold, Robert, +</td> +<td>Clark, David, +</td> +<td>Hunter, Willis, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Allen, Nathaniel, +</td> +<td>Crow, Andrew, +</td> +<td>Hill, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Alexander, John, +</td> +<td>Chenowith, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Ingraham, James, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Blanton, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Collett, Moses, +</td> +<td>Inshmeyer, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bowman, James, +</td> +<td>Caplinger, John, +</td> +<td>Knapp, Charles, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bryant, Thomas, +</td> +<td> Cottonham, John D., +</td> +<td>Kirk, James, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Brooky, John, +</td> +<td>Daniels, George, +</td> +<td>Kincade, Matthew, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Barnett, Philip E., +</td> +<td>Dawville, Charles, +</td> +<td>Lowell, Jacob, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Blanchard, John, +</td> +<td>Elsbury, Jonathan, +</td> +<td>Leggett, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Caldwell, William, +</td> +<td>Farmer, James, +</td> +<td>Miller, Christopher, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Messen, James, +</td> +<td>Russell, John, +</td> +<td>Stafford, Thomas, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Milam, John, +</td> +<td>Ragsdale, Frederick, +</td> +<td>Tyler, Willis, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>McCartney, Andrew, +</td> +<td>Robinson, James, +</td> +<td>Taylor, James, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Newell, Archibald, +</td> +<td>Shrum, John, +</td> +<td>Tadlock, Alexander, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Osborn, John, +</td> +<td>Sharp, William, +</td> +<td>Thursby, James, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Porter, James, +</td> +<td>Standiford, William, +</td> +<td>Weems, James S., +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Pittenger, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Smith, Henry, +</td> +<td>White, Warren, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Prewett, Joel, +</td> +<td>Spence, Willis, +</td> +<td>Woodward, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Parsons, David, +</td> +<td>Stillwell, Isaiah, +</td> +<td>Washburn, Samuel S. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Penley, Wesley, +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span></p> +<h4>CAPTAIN THOMAS JOYES' COMPANY</h4> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Thomas Joyes</span>, Captain. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">John W. Bainbridge</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Andrew Porttorff</span>, Lieutenant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">John Ray</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Samuel Earickson</span>, Ensign. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">John O. Hanlon</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">John Hadley</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">William Duerson</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">William Sale</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Abner C. Young</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">John Booker</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +</table> +<h5>PRIVATES</h5> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td>Ames, Robert B., +</td> +<td>Guthrie, Moses, +</td> +<td>Meddis, John, (Waiter) +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Brinley, Jacob, +</td> +<td>Hilliard, Anson G., +</td> +<td>Newkirk, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bateman, Isaac, +</td> +<td>Hill, Mason, +</td> +<td>Ormer, Peter, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Balee, Abraham, +</td> +<td>Hubbs, Jacob, +</td> +<td>Parish, Price, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Booty, John, +</td> +<td>Holt, Samuel, +</td> +<td>Pearson, George R., +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Brandenburgh, Absalom, +</td> +<td>Johnson, William, +</td> +<td>Pierce, Chester, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bagwell, John, +</td> +<td>Jones, John, +</td> +<td>Ralston, Alexander, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Croxton, Cornelius, +</td> +<td>Jackson, George, +</td> +<td>Risley, James, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Carson, Hugh, +</td> +<td>Kelly, Christopher, +</td> +<td>Ross, Thomas, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cardwell, William, +</td> +<td>Lashbrook, Samuel, +</td> +<td>Stewart, James, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Carlton, Francis D., +</td> +<td>Martin, Westley, +</td> +<td>Stower, Patrick, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Crossgrave, Charles, +</td> +<td>Meddis, Godfrey, +</td> +<td>Slaughter, Jacob, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Calhoun, Alexander, +</td> +<td>Morlow, Peter, +</td> +<td>Stout, Michael, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dunn, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Miller, John, +</td> +<td>Talbot, Thomas, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Davis, Squire, +</td> +<td>Merryfield, John, +</td> +<td>Thickston, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dougherty, Patrick, +</td> +<td>Miller, Levi, +</td> +<td>Tyler, Joseph, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Elms, William, +</td> +<td>Myrtle, William, +</td> +<td>Traceler, Philip, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Floyd, Nathaniel, +</td> +<td>Miller, George, +</td> +<td>Williams, Moses, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Gosshort, Adam, +</td> +<td>Mayfield, Isaac, +</td> +<td>Woodward, James, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Greenawalt, John, +</td> +<td>Morrow, John, +</td> +<td>Wheeler, Jesse, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Glassgow, James, +</td> +<td>Minter, John, +</td> +<td>Welsh, Moses. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Glassgow, John, +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span></p> + + +<h4>CAPTAIN WILLIAM WALKER'S COMPANY</h4> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">William Walker</span>, Captain. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">John H. Gibbs</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">John Smith</span>, Lieutenant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Joel Hardin</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">John Webb</span>, Ensign. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Elijah York</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">John Harvey</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5>PRIVATES</h5> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td>Arterbury, James, +</td> +<td>Gilblaine, Robert, +</td> +<td>Mellor, Jacob, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bear, John, +</td> +<td>Goatly, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Millor, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Benedict, Tomkins, +</td> +<td>Gentry, William, +</td> +<td>Night, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bear, Adam, +</td> +<td>Glasscock, William, +</td> +<td>Osten, Jeremiah, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bear, George, +</td> +<td>Horton, Anthony, +</td> +<td>Parpoint, Charles, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Burgman, William, +</td> +<td>Hulse, Josiah, +</td> +<td>Pate, Allen, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bates, Simeon, +</td> +<td>Holmes, Nicholas, +</td> +<td>Painter, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Brewer, Charles, +</td> +<td>Hedges, Robert, +</td> +<td>Pile, Francis, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Brown, Asa, +</td> +<td>Hayes, Daniel, +</td> +<td>Paul, George, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Carr, Elijah, +</td> +<td>Jarboe, Joseph, +</td> +<td>Pearman, Samuel, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Clarke, Albin, +</td> +<td>Jackson, Isaac, +</td> +<td>Pearman, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cashman, Peter, +</td> +<td>Johns, John, +</td> +<td>Pate, Jeremiah, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cashman, John, +</td> +<td>Kindor, Peter, +</td> +<td>Padden, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Case, Jacob, +</td> +<td>King, John, +</td> +<td>Radley, Ichabod, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cowper, Joshua, +</td> +<td>Keith, Jacob, +</td> +<td>Sally, Oliver P., +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Caffrey, Thomas M., +</td> +<td>Langsley, John, +</td> +<td>Sevancy, Glasberry, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Clayton, John, +</td> +<td>Liney, Zachariah, +</td> +<td>Slack, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Davis, Silas, +</td> +<td>Lyons, John, +</td> +<td>Thomas, Joseph, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dawson, John, +</td> +<td>Mattingly, Bennett, +</td> +<td>White, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dowddle, Thomas J., +</td> +<td>Morgan, Lambeth, +</td> +<td>Whitaker, Jesse. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Gardner, James, +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<h4>CAPTAIN JOSEPH FUNK'S COMPANY</h4> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Joseph Funk</span>, Captain. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Joseph Willhort</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Thomas Todd</span>, Lieutenant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Frederick Mason</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Martin Adams</span>, Ensign. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">James Prewitt</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">William Wallace</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">John Young</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Isaac Carr</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Thomas Bateman</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">James Austin</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">William Teter</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<h5>PRIVATES</h5> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td>Anderson, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Briser, James, +</td> +<td>Campbell, George B., +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Archer, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Blankinboke, Jacob, +</td> +<td>Crews, Elijah, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Austin, William, +</td> +<td>Brooks, Jacob, +</td> +<td>Crews, Zachariah, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Austin, Daniel, +</td> +<td>Cann, Edward, +</td> +<td>Crow, Andrew D., +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bateman, John, +</td> +<td>Campbell, James, +</td> +<td>Cox, George, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Edmondson, John, +</td> +<td>Ingram, James, +</td> +<td>Shelman, Jacob, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Fiteshue, Cole, +</td> +<td>Jones, Hamilton, +</td> +<td>Spalding, George W., +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Fitzer, Jacob, +</td> +<td>Job, Andrew, +</td> +<td>Steel, Andrew, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Ferguson, Samuel, +</td> +<td>Jones, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Stuart, Robert, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Forus, James, +</td> +<td>Johnson, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Shake, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Gilman, Timothy, +</td> +<td>Kalfers, Jacob, +</td> +<td>Shake, Adam, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Griffy, Samuel, +</td> +<td>Knight, John, +</td> +<td>Shirley, Absalom, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Greathouse, Luther, +</td> +<td>Louther, Henry, +</td> +<td>Tyler, David, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Green, Joseph, +</td> +<td>Leggett, William, +</td> +<td>Tyler, Absalom, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Gunn, Jonathan, +</td> +<td>Maxwell, William, +</td> +<td>Williams, Benjamin, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Green, John, +</td> +<td>Mitchell, William, +</td> +<td>Willhoit, Larkin, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Harris, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Miller, Adam, +</td> +<td>Wilky, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Hendricks, James F., +</td> +<td>Pearce, John, +</td> +<td>Wood, Timothy, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Hortly, John, +</td> +<td>Powell, William, +</td> +<td>Wood, Henry, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Hensely, Alexander, +</td> +<td>Portlow, Samuel, +</td> +<td>Wooden, Robert, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Harmond, John, +</td> +<td>Portlow, Edward, +</td> +<td>Woodward, Michael. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Hobson, Milburn, +</td> +<td>Rudy, George, +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +</table> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span></p> + +<h4>CAPTAIN ZIBA HOLT'S COMPANY</h4> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Ziba Holt</span>, Captain. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">John Holody</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">John Montgomery</span>, Lieutenant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Thomas Sublett</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Adam Mowny</span>, Ensign. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Joseph Pew</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Wyat Coleman</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Nathan Chalfrant</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">William Stewart</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Mark Williams</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Henry Blunt</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Jeremiah Stowers</span>, Fifer. +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<h5>PRIVATES</h5> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td>Anderson, Josiah, +</td> +<td>Drinkel, Timothy, +</td> +<td>James, Thomas, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Agins, John, +</td> +<td>Dean, John, +</td> +<td>Jones, Moses, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Baker, Joseph, +</td> +<td>Eallon, Charles, +</td> +<td>Kindor, Peter, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Brasher, Reason, +</td> +<td>Gillum, Charles, +</td> +<td>Kendall, Thomas, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Boon, Moses, +</td> +<td>Glenn, John, +</td> +<td>Keyton, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Brown, William, +</td> +<td>Gillum, Benjamin, +</td> +<td>Lattey, Mathew, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bags, John, +</td> +<td>Gilpin, George, +</td> +<td>Lock, Samuel, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Barnhill, William, +</td> +<td>Glass, John, +</td> +<td>McGee, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Brent, James, +</td> +<td>Holt, John, +</td> +<td>Miller, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Barker, Samuel, +</td> +<td>Hammon, John, +</td> +<td>Montgomery, Robert, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Colvin, James M., +</td> +<td>Heath, Martin, +</td> +<td>McGannon, Thomas, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Chase, William, +</td> +<td>Horton, James, +</td> +<td>Overton, Moses, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Conway, William, +</td> +<td>Gentry, Pleasant, +</td> +<td>Parrott, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Corin, William, +</td> +<td>Gibson, Perrygon, +</td> +<td>Parker, Asa, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Crews, Jeremiah, +</td> +<td>Gannon, Zachariah, +</td> +<td>Reastine, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dermit, James, +</td> +<td>Jones, Hamilton, +</td> +<td>Reed, James, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Ragsdale, William, +</td> +<td>Spillman, Charles, +</td> +<td>Williams, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Robbins, David, +</td> +<td>Sparks, Henry, +</td> +<td>Waters, Major, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Redding, Samuel, +</td> +<td>Taylor, John, +</td> +<td>Williams, Samuel, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Senor, David, +</td> +<td>Thomas, John, +</td> +<td>Wiley, Matthew, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Spencer, Ambrose, +</td> +<td>Veal, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Wooders, Stephen. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Sparks, Walter, +</td> +<td>Watson, Samuel, +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span></p> + +<h4>CAPTAIN WILLIAM GANAWAY'S COMPANY</h4> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">William Ganaway</span>, Captain. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Henry Leach</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Julius C. Jackson</span>, Lieutenant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Samuel Kelly</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">John Field</span>, Ensign. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">John Travis</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">John Clever</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">John Cohen</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Peter Bodine</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Benjamin Thomas</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Samuel C. Myers</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<h5>PRIVATES</h5> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td>Anderson, Athel, +</td> +<td>Dunlap, Henry, +</td> +<td>Myers, Benjamin, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bott, John, +</td> +<td>Duff, William M., +</td> +<td>Miller, Uriah, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Barron, Josiah, +</td> +<td> Evans, William, +</td> +<td>Ogden, Zachariah, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Burnett, Abraham, +</td> +<td>Fulkerson, Adam, +</td> +<td>Ogden, Levi, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Barron, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Fulkerson, John, +</td> +<td>Olvy, Thomas, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Barron, Shadrick, +</td> +<td>Haycraft, James, +</td> +<td>Olvy, Clement, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Barnett, Felia, +</td> +<td>Hogan, George, +</td> +<td>Ogden, James, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bennett, Briant, +</td> +<td>Harris, Samuel, +</td> +<td>Philips, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bartell, George, +</td> +<td>Islor, Jacob, +</td> +<td>Prunty, Robert, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bennett, Reuben, +</td> +<td>Jones, Lemuel, +</td> +<td>Rice, Allen, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Brown, Isaac, +</td> +<td>Jones, Philip, +</td> +<td>Spray, Jonas, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Brown, Henry, +</td> +<td>Jordan, James, +</td> +<td>Sconse, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cane, John, +</td> +<td>Kelly, George W., +</td> +<td>Tanner, Frederick, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Conrad, Henry, +</td> +<td>Kelly, Benjamin, +</td> +<td>Wakeland, William R., +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Collard, William, +</td> +<td>Lewellon, Jabez, +</td> +<td>Ward, Jesse, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Colaway, Walter, +</td> +<td>Lock, William, +</td> +<td>Williams, Evan, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Conrad, John, +</td> +<td>Logsdon, James, +</td> +<td>Welcher, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Davis, George, +</td> +<td>Moloham, Clement, +</td> +<td>Wood, Robert. +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<h4>CAPTAIN JACOB PEACOCK'S COMPANY</h4> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Jacob Peacock</span>, Captain. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">John Shirkiliffe</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Benjamin Henson</span>, Lieutenant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">William Todd</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">John Kelly</span>, Ensign. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Levi Ridgway</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Joseph Swearing</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Joseph Rudd</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Jesse Burch</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Walter Smith</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Benjamin Collins</span>, Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Charles Wilson</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span></p> + +<h5>PRIVATES</h5> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td>Burdett, William, +</td> +<td>Glass, Royal, +</td> +<td>Osborn, Ezekiel, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Burdett, Benjamin, +</td> +<td>Greenwell, John B., +</td> +<td>Price, Samuel, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Beam, George, +</td> +<td>Harris, Essex, +</td> +<td>Polly, Joseph, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Baldwin, McKensey, +</td> +<td>Hardy, Jacob, +</td> +<td>Pratt, Richard, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Blanford, George, +</td> +<td>Hopewell, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Pursley, Peter, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bishop, Henry, +</td> +<td>Herrin, James, +</td> +<td>Quick, Ephraim, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Craw, Joseph, +</td> +<td>Johnson, Joseph, +</td> +<td>Reed, Robert, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Campbell, Jacob, +</td> +<td>Kerms, Daniel, +</td> +<td>Rogers, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cummins, John, +</td> +<td>Kirk, William, +</td> +<td>Rennels, Barney, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Clark, Joseph, +</td> +<td>Kirke, Selerin, +</td> +<td>Shephard, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Collins, Elisha, +</td> +<td>Lashbrook, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Shaw, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cardwell, George, +</td> +<td>Merryman, Charles, +</td> +<td>Steel, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Charles, William, +</td> +<td>McArthur, John, +</td> +<td>Sligar, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cosby, Ignatius, +</td> +<td>McDonald, Archibald, +</td> +<td>Smock, Jacob, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Davis, John, +</td> +<td>Miller, Peter, +</td> +<td>Thompson, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dumont, Peter, +</td> +<td>McDonnel, Miles, +</td> +<td>Tonque, John B., +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Danielson, William, +</td> +<td>McGary, Barney, +</td> +<td>Whalen, Joseph, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Duberry, Benjamin, +</td> +<td>Martin, John, +</td> +<td>Waters, Hezekiah B., +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Duberry, James, +</td> +<td>Owens, George, +</td> +<td>Younger, Ebenezer. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Easton, Samuel, +</td> +<td> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<h4>CAPTAIN ZACHARIAH TERRELL'S COMPANY</h4> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Zachariah Terrell</span>, Captain. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Jacob Cooperider</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">David Adams</span>, Lieutenant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Peter Polly</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">James Perry</span>, Ensign. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Gilbert Flankins</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">James Vance</span>, First Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Thomas Frazier</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Joshua Rutledge</span>, Second Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Elijah Summers</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">John Buchannon</span>, Third Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Jesse Isaacs</span>, Musician. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Isaac Hurd</span>, Fourth Sergeant. +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<h5>PRIVATES</h5> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td>Armstrong, Richard, +</td> +<td> Carico, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Edrington, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Applegate, Elisha, +</td> +<td>Criswell, Robert, +</td> +<td>Floyd, Elijah, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Burnett, William, +</td> +<td>Cardwell, John, +</td> +<td>Ford, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bourne, Benjamin, +</td> +<td>Corlin, Benjamin, +</td> +<td>Gray, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Briscoe, Warner, +</td> +<td>Dillon, John, +</td> +<td>Gouch, Nicholas, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Baker, Solomon, +</td> +<td>Dalgarn, Allen, +</td> +<td>Hollis, John P., +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Biggs, Hillery, +</td> +<td>Deringer, Martin, +</td> +<td>Hogan, Isaac C., +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Blackwell, Samuel, +</td> +<td>Davis, Jacob, +</td> +<td>Hackworth, Joseph, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bishop, Michael, +</td> +<td> Davis, William, +</td> +<td>Harris, Samuel, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Blackwell, Robert, +</td> +<td>Drake, John, +</td> +<td>Jones, Rodham, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Connelly, Rice, +</td> +<td>Ewin, Squire, +</td> +<td>Jacobs, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Kirkindal, Henry, +</td> +<td>Newman, John, +</td> +<td>Sherburne, Pascal, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Kipheart, Philip, +</td> +<td>Neaver, Daniel, +</td> +<td>Sanders, Johnson, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Lemaston, Ewin, +</td> +<td>Neville, James, +</td> +<td>Spencer, Thomas, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>McGee, William, +</td> +<td>Neaves, William, +</td> +<td>Steel, James, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Mudd, Francis, +</td> +<td>Paine, Elzy, +</td> +<td>Steel, Rankin, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Miller, Nathaniel, +</td> +<td>Roe, Nicholas, +</td> +<td>Scott, James, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Miller, Owen, +</td> +<td>Rodgers, John, +</td> +<td>Todd, Samuel, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Myers, David, +</td> +<td>Runy, James, +</td> +<td>Terrill, John, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nelson, William, +</td> +<td>Stutt, Christian, +</td> +<td>Vaniel, Henry, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nelson, John, +</td> +<td>Stodghill, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Welch, William. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Newman, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Steel, William, +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span></p> +<h4>CAPTAIN AARON HART'S COMPANY</h4> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Aaron Hart</span>, Captain. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">John Burriss</span>, Fourth Sergeant, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Moses Hart</span>, Lieutenant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">William Huddleston</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Nathan Tucker</span>, Ensign. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">William Watkins</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Arthur McGaughey</span>, First Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Daniel Greenwait</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">George Siss</span>, Second Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">James Linville</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">John Collins</span>, Third Sergeant. +</td> +<td><span class="smcap">David Waddle</span>, Corporal. +</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<h5>PRIVATES</h5> +<table summary='lists' width='600'> +<tr> +<td>Alexander, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Daugherty, Allen, +</td> +<td>McContis, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Alexander, David B., +</td> +<td>Gaddy, John, +</td> +<td>Miller, Philip, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Arrington, Lewis, +</td> +<td>Guardman, Jonathan, +</td> +<td>Price, William, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bennett, James, +</td> +<td>Grigsby, John, +</td> +<td>Snyder, Fielding, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bliss, Francis, +</td> +<td>Graham, John, +</td> +<td>Sipes, Henry, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Blain, James, +</td> +<td>Huston, William, +</td> +<td>Stokes, Joel, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Clark, Eaden, +</td> +<td>Hornbeck, Isaac, +</td> +<td>Shipler, George, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Clark, James, +</td> +<td>Hudgins, John, +</td> +<td>Thomas, Owen, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Case, Joseph, +</td> +<td>Johnston, Thomas, +</td> +<td>Utterback, Jacob, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cash, Jeremiah, +</td> +<td>Killam, Samuel, +</td> +<td>Utterback, Thomas, +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cast, John, +</td> +<td>Lender, Abraham, +</td> +<td>Watkins, Hankerson. +</td> +</tr> + +</table> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>INDEX</h2> + + +<p> + + +Adair, General John, borrows guns for Kentucky troops, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a><br /> + +Adair, General John, commands Kentucky troops, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br /> + +Adair, General John, Legislature votes thanks, <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br /> + +Adair, General John, rupture with Jackson, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a><br /> + +Adair, General John, sketch of his life, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> + +American forces in night battle, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> + +American losses in Louisiana campaign, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br /> + +Appendix, roster of Kentucky Militia, three regiments, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a><br /> + +Armstrong, Major, regiment Kentucky Militia, <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br /> + +Army, British, with great armada, <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br /> + +Army, Jackson's, strange medley, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br /> + +Arnaud, Major, retreat on 8th, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br /> + +<br /> +Baker, Colonel, battle of 8th, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> + +Barataria, resort of Lafitte pirates, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /> + +Baratarians loyal to Americans, <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br /> + +Baratarians offer services to Jackson, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> + +Battle at night, December 23d, <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br /> + +Battle, by assault, at Pensacola, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> + +Battle in Mobile Bay, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br /> + +Battle, January 8th, east bank, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> + +Battle, January 8th, west bank, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /> + +Battle of December 28th, artillery duel, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> + +Battle of Fort St. Philip, fleet repulsed, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> + +Battle of gunboats with barge fleet, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> + +Battle of January 1st, British in force repulsed, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br /> + +Battle, second, in Mobile Bay, <a href="#Page_132">132</a><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span><br /> +Beale, Captain, in battle of 8th, <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br /> + +Beale, Captain, New Orleans Rifles, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> + +Beer, William, Librarian, <a href="#Page_v"> v</a><br /> +<br /> +Bienvenue, Bayou, British invade at, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /> + +British army, covert retreat, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> + +British camp on Villere plantation, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br /> + +British capture Fort Bowyer, Mobile Bay, <a href="#Page_132">132</a><br /> + +British designs to capture New Orleans and hold Louisiana, <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br /> + +British forces engaged in battle, January 8th, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br /> + +British forces engaged on west bank, January 8th, <a href="#Page_93">93</a><br /> + +British invade by Bayou Bienvenue, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br /> + +British losses in battle of the 8th, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /> + +British losses in Louisiana campaign, <a href="#Page_122">122</a><br /> + +British mistakes, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a><br /> + +British soldiers' laurels in European wars, <a href="#Page_158">158</a><br /> + +Butler, Adjutant-general, losses in battle of 8th, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /> + +<br /> +Carroll, General, commands Tennessee troops, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br /> + +Carroll, General, Legislature votes thanks, <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br /> + +Carroll, General, president Court of Inquiry, <a href="#Page_109">109</a><br /> + +Chalmette plantation battle line, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> + +Claiborne, Governor, and Committee of Safety, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> + +Claiborne, Governor, closes halls of Legislature, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> + +Cobbett, William, on battle of New Orleans, <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /> + +Cochrane, Admiral, British, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a><br /> + +Coffee, General, Legislature votes thanks, <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br /> + +Coffee, General, Tennessee Riflemen, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /> + +Colored troops, Major Daquin's battalion, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br /> + +Colored troops, Major Lacoste's battalion, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br /> + +Cotton bales not used for breastworks, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /> + +Court-martial called, <a href="#Page_109">109</a><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span> +Creek Indians, defeated, sue for peace, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> + +<br /> +Daquin, Major, battle of 8th, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> + +Davis, Colonel, of Kentucky militia, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br /> + +Davis, Colonel, regiment Kentucky militia, <a href="#Page_196">196</a><br /> + +Declouet, Colonel, Louisiana troops, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br /> + +Disloyal utterances give alarm, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /> + +Disorder and chaos at New Orleans, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> + +Dragoons, Mississippi, Major Hinds', <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> + +Duncan, Captain, reports disloyalty, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br /> + +Durrett, R.T., Library, <a href="#Page_iii"> iii</a><br /> + +<br /> +England employs entire army and navy against America on fall of +Napoleon, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> + +English views of campaign, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> + +Entrenched line, Jackson's, on January 8th, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> + +<br /> +Fishermen spies favor British, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br /> + +Fleet, English, anchors off Ship Island, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> + +Fleet, English Armada, sixty sail, <a href="#Page_1">1</a><br /> + +Fortified posts around New Orleans, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> + +Fort Mims massacre, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> + +<br /> +Gaither, Doctor Horatio, surgeon Kentucky regiment, <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br /> + +Ghent, negotiations for peace put off, <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br /> + +Gibbs, General, killed in battle of 8th, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /> + +Gleig, Captain, English historian, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> + +Gleig, Captain, on battle of the 8th, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br /> + +Gleig, Captain, on conquest of Louisiana, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br /> + +Gleig, Captain, on the retreat of the British, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> + +Gray, Colonel Presley, regiment Kentucky militia, <a href="#Page_196">196</a><br /> + +Guichard, Honorable Magloire, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br /> + +<br /> +Hall, Judge, fines Jackson, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br /> + +Hall, Judge, suppressed by Jackson, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> +Hamilton, Doctor Allen A., surgeon Kentucky regiment, <a href="#Page_196">196</a><br /> + +Harrison, Major Reuben, regiment Kentucky militia, <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br /> + +Henly, Captain, post opposite New Orleans, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> + +Hill, Major, British, on cause of defeat, <a href="#Page_88">88</a><br /> + +Hinds, Major, Legislature votes thanks, <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br /> + +Hinds, Major, of Mississippi troops, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> + +<br /> +Invasion of Louisiana, British designs, <a href="#Page_4">4</a><br /> + +<br /> +Jackson appointed to command Federal army, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> + +Jackson assaults and captures Pensacola, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> + +Jackson attacks British at night on landing, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> + +Jackson, battle on west bank, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>-<a href="#Page_121">121</a><br /> + +Jackson closes Federal court, exiles judge, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /> + +Jackson declares martial law, <a href="#Page_32">32</a><br /> + +Jackson defeats British at Mobile Bay, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br /> + +Jackson fortifies at Rodrique Canal, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br /> + +Jackson, General Andrew, destroys Creek Nation, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> + +Jackson marches to Mobile, then to New Orleans, <a href="#Page_22">22</a><br /> + +Jackson on British conquest of Louisiana, <a href="#Page_157">157</a><br /> + +Jackson orders suppression of Legislature, <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br /> + +Jackson, sketch of his life, <a href="#Page_160">160</a><br /> + +Jackson's alignment on January 8th, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>-<a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> + +Jackson's report to Secretary of War, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br /> + +Johnson, Major James, regiment Kentucky militia, <a href="#Page_196">196</a><br /> + +Jones, Lieutenant, in gunboat battle, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /> + +<br /> +Keene, General, British, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br /> + +Kentucky troops, battle on west bank, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br /> + +Kentucky troops in battle of January 8th, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /> + +Kentucky troops, Louisiana women and men, noble conduct to, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> + +Kentucky troops; neglect of government; bad condition,<a href="#Page_64"> 64</a>-<a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> +Kentucky troops, reports libelous and sensational, <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br /> + +Kentucky troops, volunteer militia in War 1812-15, <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br /> + +King, Major, British, killed, <a href="#Page_83"> 83</a><br /> + +<br /> +Labitat, General, closes legislative halls, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> + +Lacoste, Major, battle of 8th, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> + +Lafitte, Captain Jean, and his pirates, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> + +Lafitte, Captain Jean, British overtures, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /> + +Lafitte, Captain Jean, reveals all to Jackson, <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br /> + +Lambert, General, succeeds Pakenham, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a><br /> + +La tour, Major, author "Memoirs of War," <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> + +Latour, Major, comments, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br /> + +Latour, Major Lacarriere, chief engineer, <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br /> + +Lauderdale, Colonel, of Mississippi troops, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> + +Lawrence, Colonel William, again defends Mobile, <a href="#Page_132">132</a><br /> + +Lawrence, Colonel William, defends Mobile, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> + +Legislature, complimentary resolutions, <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br /> + +Legislature, Louisiana, suppressed by Jackson, <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br /> + +Legislature orders Committee of Inquiry, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br /> + +Legislature report exonerates members, <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br /> + +Lockyer, Captain of English barge fleet, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /> + +Loillier, Honorable, sent beyond Jackson's lines, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /> + +Louisiana troops; Plauche's battalion, Beale's Rifles, Daquin's colored +battalion, Lacoste's colored battalion, Baratarians, General Morgan's +division,<a href="#Page_40"> 40</a>-<a href="#Page_44">44</a><br /> +<br /> + +Marequez, Governor of Florida, aids British, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> + +Marequez, Jackson's letter to, <a href="#Page_154">154</a><br /> + +Marequez surrenders Pensacola to Jackson, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> + +Martial law at New Orleans, <a href="#Page_32">32</a><br /> + +McRae, Colonel, of Seventh Regulars, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> + +Military operations, Northern and Middle States, <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> +Mississippi troops <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> + +Mitchusson, Colonel William, regiment Kentucky militia, <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br /> + +Mobile, British squadron repulsed at, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br /> + +Mobile, headquarters of Jackson, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> + +Morgan, General, at English Turn, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a><br /> + +Morgan, General, command on west bank, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br /> + +Mullins, Colonel, British, blamed for disaster, <a href="#Page_88">88</a><br /> + +<br /> +Nichols, Colonel, address to Louisianians and Kentuckians, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br /> + +Nichols, Colonel, British, camp at Pensacola, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> + +Nichols, Colonel, on conquest of Louisiana, <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br /> + +Nichols, Colonel, sends emissaries to Lafitte, the pirate, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /> + +<br /> +Ovations to Jackson, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br /> + +<br /> +Pakenham, death of, was heroic, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a><br /> + +Pakenham, Lord, Commander-in-chief, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br /> + +Pakenham, with Generals Gibbs, Keene, and Lambert, assumes command; +arrives December 25th, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br /> + +Parker, Lieutenant-colonel, regiment Kentucky militia, <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br /> + +Patterson, battery on west bank, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br /> + +Patterson, Commodore, battle of 23d, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /> + +Peace, news of, arrives, <a href="#Page_133">133</a><br /> + +Peire, Major, United States Regulars, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> + +Pensacola assaulted and captured by Jackson, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> +<br /> +Pensacola, capital Spanish Florida, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> + +Pensacola made Indian recruiting camp by British, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> + +Pentecost, Dr. John C., surgeon Kentucky regiment, <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br /> + +Plauche, Major, uniformed men, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> + +Providence and battle of New Orleans, <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /> + +<br /> +Rence, Colonel, British, killed, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br /> + +Rodrique Canal, Jackson's line, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br /> + +Ross, Colonel, American, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span> +<br /> +Seymour, Judge, William H., Latour's letter to, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br /> + +Shelby, Governor, sketch of his life, <a href="#Page_163">163</a><br /> + +Ship Carolina burned with hot shot, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br /> + +Ship Louisiana, destructive flanking fire, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br /> + +Ship Louisiana saved, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br /> + +Slaughter, Colonel, regiment Kentucky militia, <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br /> + +Slaughter, Colonel, sketch of his life, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br /> + +Spies at Fisherman's Village, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /> + +Sugar hogsheads, British used on redoubts, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /> + +<br /> +Tennessee troops in battle of January 8th, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> + +Tennessee troops, more arrive, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> + +Thomas, General, disabled with illness, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> + +Thornton, Colonel, battalion on west bank, <a href="#Page_100">100</a><br /> + +Thornton, Colonel, British, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br /> + +<br /> +Villere, General, plantation, British camp, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br /> + +Villere, Major, daring escape, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br /> + +<br /> +Wakefield, Major, regiment Kentucky militia, <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br /> + +Walker, Major, William, regiment Kentucky militia, <a href="#Page_196">196</a><br /> + +War Department, incapacity of, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> + +Wells, Honorable Levi, debarred from Legislature, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> + +West bank, military blunders, <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br /> + +West bank of river, defenses begun, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br /> + +West bank, Patterson erects battery on, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> + +<br /> +Young, Colonel, of Louisiana militia, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> +</p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Battle of New Orleans, by Zachary F. 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