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diff --git a/25659.txt b/25659.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5fa805b --- /dev/null +++ b/25659.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2920 @@ +Project Gutenberg's A Week of Instruction and Amusement,, by Mrs. Harley + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Week of Instruction and Amusement, + or, Mrs. Harley's birthday present to her daughter : + interspersed with short stories, outlines of sacred and + prophane history, geography &c. + +Author: Mrs. Harley + +Release Date: May 31, 2008 [EBook #25659] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INSTRUCTION AND AMUSEMENT *** + + + + +Produced by Tamise Totterdell and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + + + + +[Illustration: Instruction.] + + + + + A + + WEEK + + OF + + INSTRUCTION + + AND + + AMUSEMENT; + + OR, + + MRS. HARLEY'S + _BIRTHDAY PRESENT_ + TO + HER DAUGHTER. + + + INTERSPERSED WITH SHORT STORIES + --OUTLINES OF SACRED AND + PROPHANE HISTORY-- + GEOGRAPHY, &c. + + + LONDON: + PRINTED FOR J. HARRIS, + CORNER OF ST. PAUL'S CHURCH-YARD. + + 1812. + + + + +H. Bryer, Printer, Bridge-Street, Blackfriars, London. + + + + +ADVERTISEMENT. + + +The following pages were written with the design of communicating, in a +manner agreeable to children, some knowledge of those subjects which +they so often find tedious and uninteresting.--Should the stories +related inspire a love of virtue, and the lessons awaken a desire for +the further acquisition of useful knowledge, the attempt, +notwithstanding its defect, cannot, it is hoped, be deemed wholly +useless. + + + + +A WEEK OF INSTRUCTION, _&c._ + + + + +_CHAPTER I._ + +THURSDAY. + + +At a pleasant village a few miles from London, resided a widow-lady of +the name of Harley; she had but one child, and to forming her manners +and instructing her mind she devoted her whole time. Anne (for so was +this little girl named) was an amiable child; she rewarded her mother's +care and affection, by paying great attention to her instructions; like +all other children, she was fond of play, but seldom murmured when +called to attend the hours set apart for working, reading, or learning +her lessons: all these she performed extremely well for her age, and had +already gone through many of the first books that are put into the hands +of children. + +As a reward for her application, her mamma had promised to write a few +stories on purpose for her, and one Thursday in the month of August, the +day on which little Anne completed her eighth year, Mrs. Harley +presented her the book which contained them, saying, "I shall only +permit you to read in this book, my dear Anne, when I have reason to be +satisfied with your conduct, for as it is now given to a good little +girl, I would never upon any account, allow a naughty one to make use of +it. We will begin our mornings with reading one of these stories, and +afterwards I will give you a lesson upon different subjects, many of +which you are now quite unacquainted with. By pursuing this method you +will be daily adding to your stock of knowledge, and will I hope in time +become a good and sensible girl: this, my dear, is the first wish of my +heart, and you must do every thing in your power to promote it. Be +industrious and docile, and you may be sure of succeeding in all I +require you to undertake. But come, the morning is so fine that we will +go into the garden, where upon yonder seat you shall begin your new +study." + +Little Anne after thanking her mamma for her kind present, followed her +to the bench, when they were seated, she opened the book, and the first +story that presented itself was + + +_The pleasure of giving, much greater than that of receiving._ + +Edward and James were the sons of a respectable farmer, who spared no +pains in giving them an education suited to their situation in life. +Having been pleased with their good conduct in some circumstances that +had lately occurred, he promised them a holiday the first time the +weather should be fine enough for them to visit their aunt, who lived a +few miles distant from the village where they resided. The wished for +morning at length arrived, the farmer gave each of his sons a shilling, +and a basket filled with provisions. Thus equipped, they began their +journey, and amused themselves on the road, by talking of the pleasure +they should have in seeing their good aunt. The best way of spending +their shillings was a subject of great importance, "I will have a +handsome kite," said Edward, "and the string shall be long enough to +allow it to fly as high as the clouds." "Yes," answered James, "but +however long your string may be, I believe it must depend upon the wind +for flying. Now, I will have a bag of marbles, with these I can always +play on the stones in the church-yard after school." "Excepting when it +rains brother James; however, as the money is our own, we have each you +know a right to please ourselves." + +Just as Edward finished speaking, a poor little ragged boy came up to +the brothers, and asked for a halfpenny to buy a bit of bread, saying +he was so very hungry he knew not what to do. "What, have you had no +breakfast! my little man?" asked James. "No, sir, nor supper last night, +do pray give me a halfpenny, I am so very faint for want of food." + +Edward immediately took a piece of cake from his basket and gave it to +the boy, enquiring at the same time, where his father and mother was. + +"Alas, my good young gentleman, they are both dead. I lost father about +a month ago, and I fear I shall soon follow him, for indeed I am very +ill, and not able to work, therefore I must be starved." "O no," said +James, "not if I can prevent it, you do indeed look very ill, but take +courage, I hope you will soon recover, and surely the parish must +provide for you--where do you live?" + +"Since father died I have had no regular home, and this is not my +parish. Sometimes I sleep in a barn. I do what I can to assist an old +man, who was my mother's uncle, but he is ill now, and not able to keep +me, so I shall be quite deserted."--"Well," said Edward, "I will provide +you with a dinner to day, and give you money to procure a lodging at +night; here is a shilling, my father gave it me to buy toys with, but I +can do better without them, than you can without food." The little boy +took the shilling, and with tears in his eyes thanked his kind friend. +James would not suffer him to depart without accepting his shilling +also, and desiring him to call the next morning at their father's, where +they would try to be of further use to him, they bade him adieu, and +pursued their journey. + +"I am sure," said Edward, "I feel more pleasure in making that child +happy, than in flying the finest kite in the world." "And I," added +James, "was a hundred times happier in giving him a shilling, than I was +when I received it this morning. Only think how rejoiced the poor boy +must be, to have so much money; I dare say he never before, possessed so +large a sum, but Edward, we shall have no new kite nor marbles +now!--Never mind, brother, we have done a good action, and that, you +know, our father says is the surest way to secure happiness"-- + +Thus conversing, these good lads arrived at their aunt's, where they +spent a very pleasant day, and in the evening returned home, to delight +their father's heart, with an account of their morning's adventure.--The +poor boy came the next morning to the farmer's, who having made the +necessary enquiries into his former conduct, took him into his service. +The brothers had soon the satisfaction of seeing him restored to health, +and in time he became a useful, faithful, and grateful servant to his +benevolent master. + + * * * * * + +"Well, my dear Anne," said Mrs. Harley, "how do you like my first +story?" + +_Anne._ O very much mamma, what good children Edward and James were, to +give their money to a poor little hungry boy; indeed, if ever I should +meet one I will do the same. + +_Mrs. Harley._ Then you will do well, and I shall love you dearly. +Remember, that the use of reading examples of virtue is to inspire you +with the desire to imitate them. But do you, my dear, know of what the +story you have just read is composed? + +_Anne._ O yes, mamma, of words, is it not? + +_Mrs. Harley._ You are right: letters make syllables, one or more +syllables make a word, words form a sentence, and a number of sentences +compose not only the little story of Edward and James, but all the great +books in the library. Now can you tell me how letters are divided? + +_Anne._ Not properly mamma, pray explain it to me. + +_Mrs. Harley._ I will my dear, and so we begin our + + +FIRST LESSON. + +_Mrs. Harley._ Letters of which there are twenty six in our language, +are divided into vowels and consonants. There are five proper vowels, a, +e, i, o, and u. Y is generally a consonant at the beginning of words, +and a vowel at the end of them. Repeat the vowels. + +_Anne._ a, e, i, o, u. Y, is sometimes a vowel, and sometimes a +consonant. The other letters are all consonants, they are, b, c, d, f, +g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z. + +_Mrs. Harley._ Very well, now you understand the letters, I will explain +the other little marks you see in this book. They are called stops: +there are six different ones, the comma, which is the shortest; the +semicolon;--the colon:--the period.--the note of admiration!--which +denotes wonder or surprise--and the note of interrogation? which shews +that a question is asked. Repeat them to me. + +_Anne._ , ; : . ! ? + +_Mrs. Harley._ Quite right, you may now put away your book, and go to +play. + + + + +_CHAPTER II._ + +FRIDAY. + + +_Mrs. Harley._ Here is another story for you Anne. + +_Anne._ Thank you, dear mamma, let me begin it directly. + + +_The Naughty Girl Reformed._ + +There was once a little girl who had been so much indulged in her +infancy, that by the time she arrived at her sixth year, every one +disliked her. She was proud and ill-tempered, she wanted whatever she +saw, and when any thing was refused her, she immediately began crying +and teazing her mamma for it, who being at last quite tired of her +importunity, generally gave up the point, and Fanny obtained what she +wished for. Now, though the mamma certainly intended to be very kind to +her child, yet I think she did wrong in this respect, because children +should never have what they cry for. + +Fanny's ill-temper increased with her years, she quarrelled with all the +children who used to play with her, till at length she was quite +shunned, and none of her little friends took any notice of her. + +A lady had given her sister Julia a pretty wax-doll, and she had taken +great pleasure in dressing it: almost all her leisure was occupied in +making its cloaths, and when they were completed she was quite +delighted. It so happened that Fanny was from home when her sister +received this present, but no sooner was she returned, and the doll +produced, than she began, as usual, to cry for it, and so loud, too, +that she disturbed the whole house. For this time, however, her tears +were in vain, Julia would not give up her favourite, though she +endeavoured to sooth her sister, by promising to lend it her as soon as +she should be a little more careful. Fanny was at length pacified, but +she watched the first opportunity to get possession of the doll. She +soon succeeded, and for some time played with it very carefully, but +having acquired a negligent habit of using her toys, she soon forgot its +brittle texture, and when tired of nursing it, threw it down on the +ground. The face was immediately broken to pieces, and while she was +picking up the scattered remains of the once beautiful features, Julia +entered the room. On seeing her favourite thus destroyed, she could not +help shedding tears, and she reproached Fanny for having taken the doll +without permission, especially as she had been so repeatedly desired +never to touch it. Fanny felt quite ashamed for her fault, and was +really sorry for the mischief she had occasioned: she begged her +sister's pardon and promised never again to be so naughty. The good +tempered Julia readily forgave her, and for a few days after this +misfortune Fanny behaved much better than usual. However, as ill habits +are very difficult to be overcome, she soon relapsed into her former +fretful and passionate ways; indeed, she made the family so +uncomfortable that her mother determined to send her from home, and for +that purpose wrote to a relation, entreating her to take the care of +Fanny for some time, and try if a different mode of treatment might have +some good effect in correcting her faults. + +Mrs. Benson was eminently distinguished for good sense and pleasing +manners. She had frequently regretted the improper indulgences that were +granted to this little girl, and accepted with alacrity the charge +consigned to her care. She made but a short visit to her sister, and +when she returned to her own residence, took back her little niece. It +had been a very difficult task to persuade Fanny to accompany Mrs. Benson, +but at length the engaging manners of this lady quite overcame her +reluctance, and after parting very affectionately with her mother and +sister, she got into the carriage that was to convey her above a hundred +miles from the place where she had hitherto resided. + +It was night when Mrs. Benson with her young charge arrived at the end +of her journey. The motion of the carriage had lulled Fanny to sleep, +and she was undressed and put to bed without being conscious of what was +passing around her. The next morning on opening her eyes, she was quite +surprised to find herself in an apartment with which she was wholly +unacquainted, but the sight of her aunt soon brought to her recollection +the change that had taken place. Mrs. Benson desired her to rise, but +when told to put on her stockings she began to cry, and said that her +maid always did it at home. "But here, my dear," replied Mrs. Benson, +"you must do it yourself, for I make it an invariable rule never to +assist a little girl in any thing she can so easily accomplish by +herself. And I must now tell you Fanny, that you never can have what you +cry for in my house, so be a good girl and do as you are desired." + +Fanny then continued to cry very violently, and would not obey; her +naughty behaviour had no effect upon her aunt, who continued dressing +herself, and when she had finished, went out of the room without +noticing it. Fanny being left alone, and finding that no one attended to +her tears, at length began to dress, and after she had remained quiet +for some time, a servant was sent up to assist her. She then went down +stairs, and when she entered the parlour, her aunt said to her, "I am +sorry you have been so long dressing, because I have breakfasted; the +things are removed, and I cannot suffer them to be brought up again this +morning. I am going out, and if you like to accompany me, I will shew +you the village, and we will visit some of the cottagers who are +employed in making lace, their work, I assure you, is very beautiful." + +Fanny was greatly disappointed at being deprived of her breakfast, but +she fetched her bonnet and followed her aunt. She was quite delighted +with her walk, and on her return to the house was very glad to see a +plate of bread and fruit on the table. After she had eaten as much as +she chose, Mrs. Benson shewed her some pictures, and she remained a +tolerably good girl during the rest of the day. + +The following morning, when Mrs. Benson desired Fanny to read, she was +very naughty, and would not say a letter. "Well," said her aunt, "if you +will not read you shall neither play nor walk, so when I go out I shall +leave you at home." Fanny persisted in her ill-humour, and was therefore +obliged to spend the morning alone, instead of enjoying a pleasant +ramble in the fields. When Mrs. Benson returned, she asked her niece if +she would then try to read, "because," added she "till you have done +so, you may be assured I will grant you no amusement." Fanny perceiving +that her aunt was quite determined to keep her word, at length took up +the book and read as well as she could. Mrs. Benson, pleased with her +compliance, made no allusion to her former obstinacy, but gave her a +pretty sattin pincushion, telling her that if she would try to be a good +child she should love her dearly. + +From this time Fanny began to amend; at first she found it very +difficult to restrain her temper, but the more she tried, the easier she +found the task: and though during the first few months of her residence +at Mrs. Benson's she frequently forgot the good resolutions she had +formed, yet she was always sincerely sorry for her faults, and +endeavoured to make amends by doing whatever she thought would restore +her to her aunt's favour. + +Thus Mrs. Benson had the satisfaction of seeing a child whom she had +formerly known so undutiful and ill-tempered, become by degrees quite +amiable and obliging: the alteration in her was so great, that when at +the end of a year Mrs. Benson carried her to pay a visit to her family, +they could hardly trace any resemblance between Fanny such as she now +was, and the naughty little girl who had given them so much trouble. She +staid in London three weeks, during which time the cloud of ill-humour +scarcely once ruffled her brow. At the end of that time Mrs. Benson +wished to return home, and Fanny begged to accompany her, fearing that +if deprived of her aunt's counsel before her good habits were entirely +fixed, she might relapse into her former errors. + +Several years are now past since these events happened. Fanny has been +constantly improving, she is now the delight of her family, and the +favourite of all who know her. + +Let the history of Fanny teach all little girls that to be _good_ is to +be _happy_! + + * * * * * + +"What an interesting story," said Anne, as she shut the book: "now I +find what a silly thing it is to be naughty, I will always try to be +good." + +_Mrs. Harley._ Do my dear child, and you will be sure of success. It +gives me pleasure to see you so attentive to the instructions contained +in the stories you read. + + +SECOND LESSON. + +_Mrs. Harley._ We talked about letters yesterday: to-day I will explain +figures or numbers to you, the following is a list of them: those +letters which stand for numbers are called _numeral letters_. + + 1 I One + 2 II Two + 3 III Three + 4 IV Four + 5 V Five + 6 VI Six + 7 VII Seven + 8 VIII Eight + 9 IX Nine + 10 X Ten + 11 XI Eleven + 12 XII Twelve + 13 XIII Thirteen + 14 XIV Fourteen + 15 XV Fifteen + 16 XVI Sixteen + 17 XVII Seventeen + 18 XVIII Eighteen + 19 XIX Nineteen + 20 XX Twenty + 21 XXI Twenty-one + 22 XXII Twenty-two + 23 XXIII Twenty-three + 24 XXIV Twenty-four + 25 XXV Twenty-five + 30 XXX Thirty + 36 XXXVI Thirty-six + 40 XL Forty + 47 XLVII Forty-seven + 50 L Fifty + 60 LX Sixty + 70 LXX Seventy + 80 LXXX Eighty + 90 XC Ninety + 100 C One hundred + 200 CC Two hundred + 300 CCC Three hundred + 400 CCCC Four hundred + 500 D Five hundred + 600 DC Six hundred + 700 DCC Seven hundred + 800 DCCC Eight hundred + 900 DCD Nine hundred + 1000 M One thousand + 1100 MC One thousand one hundred + 1500 MD One thousand five hundred + 1812 MDCCCXII One thousand eight hundred and twelve + +In the above list you perceive the numeral letters are I, V, X, L, C, +D, and M; the letter that stands for a smaller sum put before one that +denotes a greater takes so many from it, and that after it adds so many +to it. + +The numbers you learned long ago; but I don't think you know the +numeration table, it will teach you to read any number of figures not +exceeding nine: the last figure on the right hand denotes _units_, or +single figures, the one before that tens, then _hundreds_, _thousands_, +_tens of thousands_, _hundreds of thousands_, _tens of hundreds of +thousands_, _millions_, _tens of millions_, _hundreds of millions_, now +my dear read the following number, 123,456,789. + +_Anne._ One hundred and twenty three millions, four hundred and fifty +six thousand, seven hundred and eighty nine. + +_Mrs. Harley._ Right; it is absolutely necessary to be able to read +figures perfectly, before you can learn arithmetic. + +_Anne._ What is arithmetic, mamma? + +_Mrs. Harley._ The act of numbering, or computing by numbers, my dear. +The four principal rules of arithmetic are addition, subtraction, +multiplication, and division. + +_Anne._ I wish you would explain them to me. + +_Mrs. Harley._ Addition teaches to collect several numbers together in +order to know their total value. The answer to a question in addition +is therefore called the _sum_, _total_, or _amount_; subtraction teaches +to take a less number from a greater, in order to know the remainder. +The answer in subtraction is called the _remainder_, or _difference_. + +Multiplication teaches to find the amount of any given number repeated a +certain number of times. The answer in multiplication is called the +_product_. The three terms made use of in multiplication are, the +multiplicand, or number to be multiplied; the multiplier, or number that +multiplies; and the product or answer, which is the amount of the +multiplicand and multiplier. + +Division teaches to find how often one number is contained in another. +The answer in division is called the _quotient_. The four terms made use +of in division are, the dividend or number to be divided, the divisor, +or number that divides, the quotient or answer which is the number of +times one number is contained in another, and the remainder or what is +left after dividing. + +This explanation of arithmetic must serve you for the present, you shall +learn the multiplication table, and do some sums every day, and when you +are thoroughly acquainted with these rules, we will proceed to the +others. + + + + +_CHAPTER III._ + +SATURDAY. + + +_Mrs. Harley._ Come hither my dear Anne. Your smiling countenance tells +me I may give you a story, so take the book and let us hear the + + +_History of an Orphan._ + +One fine autumnal morning in the year 1789, John and Cicely Wortham, +with their little son Robert, began a long journey into the North of +England. They had hitherto resided at a small village near Abergavenny +in South Wales, and there they would most probably have ended their +days, had not John been informed of the death of a distant relation at +Durham, to whose property he knew himself to be the rightful heir, +though to secure it, he found it necessary to repair thither. Having, +therefore, disposed of his Welsh hut, and converted all his furniture +into money, he removed to London, and after spending a few days there, +secured places on the outside of a stage-coach, which was to convey him +with his family about half way on their journey. + +Their conversation chiefly turned on the friends they had left, and the +hopes of finding as kind ones in the country whither they were going. +Robert was too young to be interested in either the hopes or fears of +his parents; at the age of six months he slept as comfortably on his +mother's red cloak as if he had been placed on a bed of down. + +Towards the close of their second day's journey the sky began to darken, +and a violent storm of hail and rain completely penetrated the cloaths +of our poor travellers. However, as they had been always accustomed to +the inclemency of the weather they did not much mind it, and Cicely, who +was an excellent mother, took care to prevent her boy from feeling any +inconvenience. In this manner they proceeded for several miles, till at +length a large stone in the winding of the road overturned the carriage +and dashed all the outside passengers with violence to the ground. Poor +Cicely was killed on the spot; John had his leg and three of his ribs +broken, but little Robert escaped unhurt. This unfortunate family were +carried to a neighbouring farm-house, a surgeon was sent for who set +John's leg, but all attempts to recover Cicely were fruitless, a +stronger and more powerful hand than that of the surgeon had for ever +closed her eyes! The melancholy intelligence was for some hours +concealed from her husband, but at length he enquired for his wife, and +soon discovered in the mournful countenances of those around him that +she was no more. This fatal news, together with the pain of his leg and +side, so agitated his mind, that his fever increased to a very alarming +degree; and the third day from that on which the accident happened, poor +John Wortham lay a lifeless corpse by the side of his beloved Cicely. + +The humane farmer into whose house they had been carried when the coach +overset, ordered them to be decently buried. Little Robert attended at +their funeral, but was quite unconscious of his loss, though he sadly +cried for that nourishment he would never more receive from the breast +of a mother. + +When the undertaker's bill and other expences were paid, farmer Hodson +found that no more than six guineas remained for the young orphan. The +trunks and pockets of his parents were carefully searched, but no paper +appeared that gave the least information either of the name or residence +of the unfortunate pair. Hodson made every enquiry that seemed most +likely to lead to a discovery of little Robert's remaining relations: he +advertised the circumstance in several papers, but in vain, and he at +length gave up the fruitless search. Though by no means in flourishing +circumstances himself, yet he had not the heart to send the poor orphan +to the parish, and as he had no children of his own, it was agreed, +with his wife's consent, to bring him up as their adopted son. Dame +Hodson took the greatest care of her little nursling, and she had the +satisfaction of seeing his daily improvement in health and good humour. + +As Robert grew in years, he discovered to his kind friends a heart +framed for the reception of every noble and virtuous sentiment: by the +time he attained his twelfth year he was their chief delight, and the +affectionate supporter of their declining years. Time passed on, Hodson +could not labour as he had done, and two bad years, joined to his +infirmities, reduced the family to much distress. Now was the time for +the farmer to reap the reward of his generous compassion to a forlorn +infant. Robert, ever industrious, earned enough with his own hands to +maintain his benefactors. Were they sick, Robert was their nurse--were +they sad, Robert was their comforter--he read to them, cheered their +drooping spirits, and smoothed the pillow of declining years. + +It happened about this time, that a gentleman of the name of Goldworthy, +bought a large estate in the county where farmer Hodson resided; he +heard the story of young Robert, and felt greatly interested for the +whole family. He visited them, and found the accounts that had been +given him were strictly true, and from that time he resolved to be +their friend. Mr. Goldworthy, though master of a large fortune, and +consequently placed above the reach of many misfortunes to which the +more indigent are exposed, yet possessed a heart always alive to the +distresses of others.--He determined with Hodson's consent, to take +charge of young Robert, and fit him for some respectable employment, +where he might have a larger scope for the exercise of his virtues and +more abundant means for gratifying his generous disposition. Hodson with +gratitude accepted Mr. Goldworthy's proposal; but no temptation, however +alluring to his youthful mind, could induce our hero to quit his old and +earliest friends, till Mr. Goldworthy promised to remove them to a +cottage adjoining his own house, where they should be furnished with +every thing necessary to their support. Here they spent many happy +years, and had the heartfelt satisfaction of seeing their beloved boy +grow up a respectable and worthy member of society, a useful assistant +to his benefactor, and a friend to the poor. + + * * * * * + +"Dear mamma," said Anne, "I am quite delighted with farmer Hodson and +his wife: they deserved Mr. Goldworthy's kindness to them, and what a +sweet little boy Robert must have been!" + +_Mrs. Harley._ Yes, my dear, he was an excellent youth, and his good +conduct met its reward in the affection of his friends. I wish you, my +dear child, to be convinced, from this story, that there is no situation +in life, however humble, which does not afford opportunities for +exercising those duties recommended to us by our Saviour.--To feed the +hungry, to clothe the naked, and to comfort the afflicted, is, to a +certain degree, in the power of us all. You may be in a situation that +will enable you to dispense comfort to many; but in relieving strangers, +never forget the duties you owe to your own family; be mild and +submissive when they correct you, obedient to their wishes, attentive to +their instructions, and endeavour by the affectionate gratitude of your +conduct, to repay the many hours of anxious solicitude they must spend +on your account. + +Lift up your heart with gratitude to the great God who made you, and, +when you reflect on the many blessings you enjoy, never, if you do meet +with little disappointments, give way to discontent and murmurings. +Remember, it is easy to be good humoured when every thing happens +agreeably to our wishes: it is only by cheerfully submitting to the +opposition of them that a really good temper is proved. We must now +hasten to our other business, or we shall not have time to finish it +before dinner. + +_Anne._ I am quite ready to attend to you, dear mamma; Grammar, I think, +is to be the subject of our lesson. What is the meaning of the word +Grammar? + + +THIRD LESSON. + +_Mrs. Harley._ The shortest definition I can give you of Grammar, is I +believe, my dear, by saying, that it is the art of speaking and writing +a language correctly. By parts of speech are meant the different kinds +of words of which a language is composed: ours is the English language, +and it contains _nine_ parts of speech, which are, + + The Article, + The Noun or Substantive, + The Pronoun, + The Adjective, + The Verb, + The Adverb, + The Preposition, + The Conjunction, + The Interjection. + +Do you think you can remember their names, Anne. + +_Anne._ I will try do so, mamma. + +_Mrs. Harley._ I will now give you a short explanation of them. An +article is placed before a substantive to limit or determine its +meaning; the articles are _a_, _an_, and _the_; _a_ or _an_ is called +the _indefinite article_, because it does not point out any particular +object: _the_ is called the _definite article_ because it determines +what particular object is meant. Do you understand this explanation, my +dear? + +_Anne._ Perfectly mamma; _a_ man, _an_ orange, mean any man, or any +orange; but _the_ man, _the_ orange, refer to some particular man or +orange. + +_Mrs. Harley._ Quite right, _a_ you perceive is used before a consonant +and _an_ before a vowel. + +A noun is the name of a _person_, _place_, or _thing_. Nouns are divided +into _proper_ and _common_; _proper nouns_ are the names of particular +persons, places, or things, common nouns are the names that belong to +all persons, places or things of the same kind. Give me some examples. + +_Anne._ Anne, Clapham, Limetree, are proper nouns; girl, village, tree, +are common nouns. + +_Mrs. Harley._ _Gender_ is the distinction of sex; there are three +genders, the _masculine_ which denotes the male kind as, a man: the +_feminine_ which denotes the female kind as, a woman: and the _neuter_ +which denotes things without animated life as, a cabbage. + +_Number_ is the distinction of one from many: there are two numbers, the +_singular_ which speaks of one; and the _plural_ which speaks of more +than one. Tell me some nouns with their genders and numbers. + +_Anne._ I know that mamma is a noun of the feminine gender and singular +number; men is a noun masculine and plural; table is neuter and +singular. + +_Mrs. Harley._ Very well. A _Pronoun_ is used to avoid repeating the +noun as, Frederic was good, and _he_ went out. There are four kinds of +pronouns. _Personal pronouns_, as, _I_, _me_; _thou_, _thee_; _he_, +_him_; _she_, _her_; _it_: _we_, _us_; _you_; _they_, _them_. +_Possessive pronouns_ which denote property, as, _my_, _mine_; _thy_, +_thine_; _his_; _her_, _hers_; _its_: _our_, _ours_; _your_, _yours_; +_their_, _theirs_; _whose_, _ones_, and _anothers_. _Relative pronouns_ +which refer to a noun going before or coming after them; they are, +_who_, _whom_, _which_, _what_, and _whether_. _Demonstrative pronouns_ +point out some particular object; they are, _this_, _these_; _that_, and +_those_. + +_Anne._ I don't think I can remember all these words without reading +them over a great many times, but I quite understand the use of the +pronoun, for it would be very awkward to say, Mary played, Mary +laughed, and Mary danced; I ought to say, Mary played, she laughed, and +she danced. + +_Mrs. Harley._ I am pleased with your attention. The _adjective_ +explains the _quality_, _colour_, _form_, _size_, or any other property +of the noun, as, good, blue, square, large. The signification of +adjectives may be increased or diminished, and this is called +_comparison_; there are two degrees of comparison, the comparative, +which increases or diminishes the quality, is formed by adding _er_ to +the adjective in its positive state; the superlative increases or +diminishes the comparative to its last degree, and is formed by adding +_est_ to the adjective in its positive or original state, as long, +longer, longest; short, shorter, shortest. When the adjective consists +of more than two syllables, the comparative and superlative are formed +by prefixing the words more and most to the adjective; as, beautiful, +more beautiful, most beautiful. Some adjectives differ entirely from +these rules in forming their comparison, as, good, better, best; bad, +worse, worst. Now, some examples. + +_Anne._ Fine is an adjective because it is a quality, black because it +is a colour, coarse is an adjective in its positive state, brighter is +the comparative degree, and youngest is the superlative. + +_Mrs. Harley._ A _verb_ is a word which signifies _to be_, _to do_, or +_to suffer_. Verbs are divided into _neuter_, _active_, and _passive_. +Neuter verbs merely signify being, or that kind of action which has no +effect upon any thing beyond the performer, as, _I am_, _I sit_, _I +walk_. (You may distinguish those neuter verbs that seem to imply action +from active verbs by their making a complete sense by themselves, +whereas active verbs always require a noun or pronoun after them to +finish the sense.) + +_Active verbs_, denote action as, I eat, I love, I work. _Passive +verbs_, denote suffering, they are only the _participle passive_ of an +active verb with a tense of the neuter verb _to be_ before it; as, _I am +loved_, _you are dressed_. + +Any word is a verb before which you can place a _noun_, a _pronoun_, or +the word _to_, as _Mary talks_, _he works_, _to be_. The different times +when actions are performed are called _tenses_, there are properly only +three, the present, as _I am_, the past as _I was_, and the future as _I +shall be_; but these are subdivided into others; and there are a great +many other things relating to verbs, which you shall learn when you are +a little older. + +_Anne._ Thank you, mamma, I believe I understand all that you have told +me about verbs, except the meaning of _participle passive_. + +_Mrs. Harley._ A _participle passive_, my dear, is that part of a verb +which follows a tense of either of the verbs _to have_, or _to be_. +Some people consider it a distinct part of speech. + +_Adverbs_ denote _time_, _place_, _manner_, and _quantity_; therefore +you may always know them by recollecting their meaning: _to-day_, +_there_, _prettily_, _much_, are adverbs. + +Prepositions serve to connect words with one another and to shew the +relation between them. They require some word after them to complete the +sense; as, come _to_ me, _up_, _down_, _to_, _from_, _for_, are +prepositions. + +Conjunctions join words and sentences together, as you _and_ I are +going, _but_ she stays at home. + +Interjections express some emotion of the mind as, Alas! Oh! Ah! + +I am afraid, my dear, you are quite tired of this long lesson, but I +don't expect you to remember all I have told you; we will talk over a +_very_ small portion of it every day, and then in time you will be able +to tell me what part of speech any word is that I may ask you.--I will +give you a little example to shew you what I mean and then you shall run +away. + +The rose in your nosegay was very beautiful a little while ago; but +alas! it is now quite dead! + +_The_, an article definite--_rose_, a substantive, neuter gender, +singular number--_in_, a preposition--_your_, a possessive +pronoun--_nosegay_, a substantive--_was_, a verb neuter past +tense--_very_, an adverb--_beautiful_, an adjective--_a_, an article +indefinite--_little_, an adjective--_while_, a substantive--_ago_, an +adverb--_but_, a conjunction--_alas!_, an interjection--_it_, a personal +pronoun neuter gender--_is_, a verb--_now_, an adverb--_quite_, an +adverb,--_dead_, a verb, participle passive. + + * * * * * + +Children might soon understand that a case in grammar signifies the +different terminations of nouns and pronouns. A noun has two cases, the +nominative which simply names the object: it generally precedes the +verb, and answers to the questions who? which? what? The genitive +denotes possession and is formed by adding an apostrophe, and the letter +_s_ to the nominative; it answers to the question whose? When the +plural nominative ends in _s_ the apostrophe only is added: ex. _Anne_ +plays. Who? Anne.--_Mary's_ gown. Whose? _Mary's._--_Birds'_ feathers. +Whose? _Birds'._ + +A personal pronoun has two cases the _nominative_ and the _objective_. +The nominative precedes the verb, and requires it to be of the same +person and number as itself; it answers to the questions, who? which? +what? The objective follows the verb, and answers to the question whom? +ex. _I_ dance, who? _I._--We love _her_, whom? _her._ + + SINGULAR. PLURAL. + + _Nom._ _Objec._ _Nom._ _Objec._ + I Me We Us + Thou Thee You You + He Him They Them + She Her + It It + +The accusative case of the relative pronoun _who_ is _whom_. + + + + +_CHAPTER IV_ + +SUNDAY. + + +_Mrs. Harley._ Come hither, my love: you know that to-day is called +_Sunday_, and is set apart for the observance of _religious_ duties. + +You have read in the Bible that God created the heavens, the earth, the +sea, and all that therein is, in the space of six days, that he rested +on the seventh, and called that day holy, ordering his people so to +observe it, and to abstain from every kind of labour throughout its +duration. Therefore, the Jews, to whom this commandment was originally +given, keep their sabbath on Saturday, the last day in the week; but +Christians, who have been taught the blessed religion of Jesus, begin +the week with praising God. No command for changing the day of worship +seems ever to have been given, either by our Saviour or the apostles; +but we know that it was the custom of the earliest Christians, even +during our Lord's time, to meet together on the first day of the week +for the purpose of holding religious assemblies; and all nations which +have embraced the religion of the New Testament have adhered to this +practice. + +_Anne._ Thank you, mamma. Will you now perform your promise of giving +me a new morning and evening prayer? + +_Mrs. Harley._ In the evening I will, my dear; but at present, I wish to +give you a short account of the contents of the books contained in the +sacred volumes. As yet you have only read detached parts of them, and +before you proceed to a more general perusal, it may be useful to have +some distinct idea of the whole. The account I shall give you I have +chiefly extracted from Dr. Prettyman's Elements of Christian Theology. + +All the books of the Bible were originally written in Hebrew, excepting +a few passages towards the conclusion of the volume, which appear in +the Chaldee tongue. The English translation used in all our churches was +begun and completed in the reign of James the first. + +The five first books of the Bible are, Genesis, which begins with an +account of the creation of the world, and ends with the death of Joseph. + +Exodus, which relates the departure of the Israelites out of Egypt; +their bondage in that country, deliverance by Moses, and the +promulgation of the law. + +Leviticus, which describes the offices and duties of the Levites and +priests. + +Numbers, which contains an account of the numbering of the people in the +wilderness when a very miraculous increase was found to have taken +place since the arrival of Jacob and his family in Egypt. + +Deuteronomy, which contains a repetition of the civil and moral law, and +ends with the death of Moses. These five books are called the +Pentateuch, and were written by Moses. They contain the history of 2552 +years and a half. + +Joshua, contains an account of the conquest and division of Canaan among +the twelve tribes, and ends with the death of Joshua. This book is +supposed to have been written by himself, excepting the last few verses, +which were added by one of his successors. + +Judges gives an account of the Jewish history from the death of Moses +to that of Sampson. It was most probably written by Samuel. + +Ruth contains the history of the person of that name, a native of Moab: +she married Boaz an Israelite, and was the great grandmother of David. +This book is generally ascribed to Samuel. The first book of Samuel +completes the government of the Judges, and relates the appointment of +Saul to be king of Israel, the rejection of his family, and the +anointing of David. + +The second book of Samuel continues the history of David after the death +of Saul. Most probably, Samuel wrote the first 24 chapters of the first +book, and the prophets Gad and Nathan the remainder of it, and all the +second. + +The first book of Kings commences with an account of the death of +David, and continues to that of Jehosaphat. + +The second book of Kings continues the history of the kings of Judah and +Israel to the destruction of the city and temple of Jerusalem by +Nebuchadnezzar. These books were probably compiled by Ezra, from the +records which were kept both at Jerusalem and Samaria of all public +transactions. + +The two books of Chronicles contain a great many genealogical tables, +and various circumstances omitted in the other historical books of +Scripture. + +Ezra, continues the Jewish history from the edict of Cyrus (which +permitted the Jews to return to their own land, and rebuild their +temple,) to the reform effected among them, by Ezra and Nehemiah. Ezra +wrote part of this book in Chaldee. + +Nehemiah gives an account of his own appointment to the government of +Judea, and his administration to the year of the world 3595, at which +period the scripture history closes. + +Esther, contains the history of a Jewish captive of that name, who by +her good qualities gained the affections of Ahasuerus, and was by him +raised to the throne of Persia. It is supposed that by Ahasuerus is +meant Artaxerxes Longimanus. There is great diversity of opinion +concerning the author of this book; it has been ascribed to Ezra, to +Mordecai, and to the joint labours of the great synagogue. + +Job, contains the history of a man remarkable for his piety and +patience, under severe afflictions. The author of this book is very +uncertain. Some ascribe it to Moses, others to Job himself. + +The Psalms, are a collection of hymns in praise of God, written by +different persons, but as the greater part of them was composed by +David, they are generally called the Psalms of David. + +The Proverbs, are a collection of short sentences, written by Solomon, +in which much excellent advice is contained. + +Ecclesiastes, is supposed to have been written by Solomon, after he +repented of the idolatry and sin into which he fell, towards the close +of his life, and with the design to point out the vanity of worldly +pursuits, in order to induce men to prepare for that state, where there +will be no vanity nor vexation of spirit. + +The Song of Solomon, is a pastoral dialogue, supposed to have been +written by him, upon his marriage with the daughter of Pharoah. + +It is universally allowed that the 16 Prophetical Books, and the +Lamentations of Jeremiah, which describe the desolation of Judah, during +the Babylonian captivity, and prophecy the still greater misfortunes to +be suffered at a future time, were written by the persons whose names +they bear. + +The four great prophets were, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and +Daniel.--The twelve minor prophets were, Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, +Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habbakuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, and +Malachi. + +The books of the New Testament were all originally written in Greek; +except St. Matthew's Gospel, and St. Paul's Epistle to the Hebrews, +which many commentators suppose to have been originally composed in +Hebrew, and then immediately translated into Greek; but opinions in this +respect are much divided. + +The Four Gospels, written by Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, give an +account of the life, ministry, death, and resurrection of our Saviour. + +The Acts of the Apostles written by Luke, gives an historical account of +the progress of Christianity after our Saviour's ascension. The latter +part of the book is confined to the history of Saint Paul, of whom St. +Luke was the constant companion for many years. + +Of the fourteen Epistles ascribed to St. Paul, viz. Romans, 1 and 2 to +the Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 and 2 +to the Thessalonians, 1 and 2 to Timothy, Titus, Philemon, and Hebrews, +the first thirteen have, in all ages of the Church, been universally +acknowledged to be written by him. Many doubts have been entertained +concerning the author of the Epistle to the Hebrews. St. Paul was born +at Tarsus the principal city of Cilicia in Asia Minor, and was by birth +both a Jew and a citizen of Rome. St. Paul is not mentioned in the +Gospels, nor is it known whether he ever heard our Saviour preach. His +name is first noticed in the account of St. Stephen's Martyrdom, which +was followed by a severe persecution of the Church at Jerusalem, in +which St. Paul, (who was then called Saul) distinguished himself among +its enemies, by his activity and violence. He was going to Damascus, to +bring back bound any Christians whom he might find there, when his +miraculous conversion took place: after which, he became one of the most +zealous preachers of the Gospel; and as he devoted much of his time to +the instruction of the Gentiles, he is called the _Apostle of the +Gentiles_. Gentiles, was the appellation by which all nations were +distinguished, that were not Jews, and consequently the Gentiles were +Pagans. St. Paul performed many voyages and journies in the service of +the Christian religion, and the New Testament history closes A. D. 63, +with his release from a two years imprisonment at Rome; no ancient +author has left any particulars of the remaining part of this Apostle's +life. + +The Epistle of St. James was written by that Apostle, who is called +James the Less, the son of Alphaeus or Cleophat, which are supposed to +be the same name, differently written. It contains much excellent +instruction. + +The two Epistles of St. Peter, were written by that Apostle, who enjoyed +the favour of his divine master, in a peculiar degree. St. Peter seems +to have been almost the constant companion of our Lord, and was +extremely zealous in propagating his religion, though he was +occasionally led into great errors, particularly the denial of his +master, but his bitter remorse and repentance, prove that his sorrow for +this crime was sincere. He admitted Cornelius, the first Gentile +convert, into the Christian faith, but as the chief of his instructions +were confined to the Jews, he is called the apostle of the Jews. + +The three Epistles of St. John, were written by the apostle who was +favoured with the greatest share of our Saviour's affection. He leaned +on his bosom at the last supper, and was one of the first who were made +acquainted with his resurrection. + +The Epistle of St. Jude was written by the apostle, who was also called +Lebbaeus and Thaddaeus, he was the brother of James the Less, and +excepting in the catalogue of the apostles, is only once mentioned in +the Gospels. (John chap. 14, verse 22). + +The Revelation of John the divine, was written by the same Evangelist +and Apostle who wrote the Gospels and Epistles bearing that name. The +Revelation is a prophetical book, and was written by St. John, during +his banishment to the isle of Patmos, in the time of Domitian. St. John +is supposed to have been the youngest of the Apostles, and to have +survived all the rest. He died at Ephesus in Asia Minor, in the third +year of the emperor Trajan's reign, A. D. 100.--The Apostles were twelve +good men, whom Jesus chose to be the ministers of his gospel. They were +entrusted with the power of working miracles: and their names were, +Simon Peter, James the son of Zebedee, and John his brother, Andrew, +Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew, Thomas, James the son of Alphaeus (called +also James the Less,) Thaddeus whose sirname was Jude, Simon the +Canaanite, and Judas Iscariot.--After the death of Judas Iscariot who +betrayed our Saviour, Matthias was chosen in his stead. + +The Disciples of Christ, were those who learned of him as their master. + +Thus, my dear, I have given you a short account of all the books +contained in the sacred volumes. I will now mention to you, a few of the +principal Jewish sects, and then proceed to some description of the +history of that people. + +There does not appear to have been any difference of religious opinions +among the Jews, till after the cessation of prophecy: most of them +sprang up, subsequent to the return from the Babylonian captivity. + +The Scribes are not usually considered as a religious sect: they were +writers of the law, and often perverted the meaning of the text, instead +of explaining it. "Scribes," "doctors of the law," and "lawyers," were +only different names for the same class of men. + +The Pharisees believed in the immortality of the soul, the resurrection +of the dead, and in a future state of rewards and punishments. "Trusting +in themselves that they were righteous," they despised the rest of +mankind, were entirely destitute of humility towards God, and paid more +attention to outward ceremonies than to the duties of moral virtue. + +The Sadducees denied the resurrection of the dead, and the immortality +of the soul; therefore, confining all their hopes to this present world, +they devoted themselves to its pleasures, and only punished the crimes +which disturbed the public tranquillity. + +The Nazarites, of whom we read in the Old and New Testament, were +persons either devoted to God by their parents, or who devoted +themselves for life, or for a limited time. The only three instances of +Nazarites devoted to God by their parents before their birth, are +Sampson, Samuel, and John the Baptist. + +The Herodians were partizans of Herod the Great. + +The Galileans, so called from their leader Judas of Galilee, were a very +turbulent and seditious sect, and by degrees united to themselves almost +all the other sects. + +The Publicans were not of any sect, civil or religious, but merely +tax-gatherers, and collectors of customs due to the Romans. The +Publicans were generally Jews, and by their employment were rendered +odious to their brethren. + +Proselytes were those persons, who being Gentiles by birth, came over to +the Jewish religion, but retained that name, till they were admitted +into the congregation of the Lord, as adopted children. + +The land of Canaan, so named from Canaan the son of Ham, whose +posterity possessed this land, as well as Egypt or Mizraim, lies in the +western part of Asia. Its boundaries were to the north, Coelo Syria; +to the west, the Mediterranean Sea; to the east, Arabia Deserta; and to +the south and south west, Arabia Petrea and Egypt. Its extent was about +200 miles from north to south, and its breadth 100.--It was divided into +two parts, by the river Jordan; the capital was Jerusalem, (supposed to +have been the Salem of Melchisedek.) The whole country was also called +Palestine from the Philistines, who inhabiting the western coast, were +first known to the Romans, and being by them corruptly called +Palestines, gave that name to the country; but it was more commonly +called Judea, as the land of the Jews. Since our Saviour's advent it has +been called the Holy land, but in modern writers, all distinction is +frequently lost in the name of Syria, which is given to the whole +country east of the Mediterranean, between the sea and the desert. + + * * * * * + +The government of the Jews partook of the patriarchal form, as much as +was consistent with the condition and circumstances of a nation. + +The leaders or princes of the 12 tribes, possessed a peculiar and +supreme authority over each tribe, as their chief magistrate and leader +in time of war. + +The elders or rulers of cities, only exercised authority in their own +respective cities, and as well as the princes were subject to the great +council. + +The Sanhedrim or great national council of the Jews was established by +Moses: it consisted of 70 persons, besides the president, who after the +time of Moses was usually the High Priest. + + * * * * * + +The Septuagint is a Greek translation of the Bible, made at Alexandria, +when Ptolemy Philadelphus was king of Egypt. It is often signified in +books by "the LXX." + +The Vulgate was a very ancient version of the Bible in Latin. + +The Bible commences with an account of the creation of the world, 4004 +B. C., the history of our first parents, their deviation from virtue, +and the evil consequences that ensued. To Adam and Eve were born sons +and daughters. The only three mentioned by name, are Cain, Abel and +Seth, and the sacred historian has chiefly confined himself to the +posterity of Seth, from whom Noah descended: in his time mankind became +very wicked, and to punish them, God sent a violent rain upon the earth +which caused a general deluge, and all the inhabitants of the world were +drowned, except Noah, his wife, their three sons, Shem, Ham, and +Japhet, and their wives, and a few animals of every kind. The +descendants of Noah and his sons multiplied greatly, and "they were all +of one language," after a time the whole race of men moved from their +original habitations in Armenia, and settled in the plains of Shinar +near the Euphrates. Here they determined to establish themselves, and +build a tower whose top might reach the heavens. God was displeased with +this work, which seems to have been undertaken in defiance of his power, +and he confounded the language of those who were engaged in it. This +obliged them to discontinue their labour; they soon after dispersed, and +the different parts of the world became inhabited. + +Terah the father of Abraham was a descendant of Shem; he settled with +his family in Haran in Mesopotamia, where he died: God soon after +commanded Abraham to remove with his wife Sarah into the land of Canaan, +and here when they were far advanced in age, their son Isaac was born. +God made many remarkable promises to Abraham, and one of them was, "that +in him all the families of the earth should be blessed." This was a +declaration that the Messiah should be a descendant of Abraham. To make +trial of his obedience, God ordered him to offer up Isaac, as a burnt +offering on Mount Moriah, but just as he was going to slay him, an +angel of the Lord appeared, and told him not to touch the lad, but to +take a ram and offer it up in his stead. It was upon this mountain that +Solomon's temple was afterwards built and here our Saviour was +crucified, the mountain being then called Calvary. + +Isaac married Rebekah, and had two sons, Esau and Jacob. Jacob though +the younger obtained the rights of primogeniture; he also procured his +father's blessing by very unjustifiable means; and then repaired to +Padan-aram to take a wife out of his own family. He married Leah and +Rachel, and had twelve sons, who were called the twelve Patriarchs or +fathers of the 12 tribes of Israel, their names were, Reuben, Simeon, +Levi, Judah, Dan, Naphthali, Gad, Asher, Issachar, Zabulon, Joseph and +Benjamin. They were all born in Padan-aram; but Jacob returned to Canaan +before his father's death. Joseph was the favourite son of Jacob; on +which account his brethren hated him, and at length sold him to some +Ishmaelites, who were merchants, and the descendants of Ishmael a son of +Abraham; these Ishmaelites carried Joseph into Egypt, where he became a +slave to Potiphar, the chief officer under the king. His good conduct +soon gained the esteem and confidence of his master, but the wickedness +of Potiphar's wife caused him to be thrown into prison. He was released +from this confinement, in order to interpret two dreams of Pharoah's. +God enabled him to discover that they predicted seven years of plenty +which would be followed by seven years of famine; and the wise advice +Joseph gave the king on this subject, induced the monarch to raise him +to a very high office in his kingdom, and entrust to him the whole care +of collecting and managing the corn. This famine was severely felt in +Canaan, and Jacob sent his sons into Egypt to purchase corn. Joseph +recognised his brethren, and after putting them to several trials, for +the purpose of making them properly sensible of their former cruel +conduct, he discovered himself to them in a very affectionate manner; +he enquired concerning his father, and when he found the old man was +still alive, he desired his brothers to fetch him, and their families +out of Canaan. Jacob who had bitterly wept the loss of his favourite +son, whom he believed from the accounts of his other children to have +been devoured by a wild beast, rejoiced when he heard of his safety, and +desired to go to Egypt to see him before he died. Pharoah gave Joseph's +family the land of Goshen for their residence; and during his reign, the +Hebrews were held in great estimation. The descendants of Jacob +multiplied to so great a degree, that about sixty years after the death +of Joseph, the king who then reigned over Egypt became jealous of their +numbers, and endeavoured to check their increase by slaying the infants, +and reducing the parents to a state of slavery. They suffered many +hardships during several years, but at length God was pleased to deliver +them in a miraculous manner by the hand of Moses, who would soon have +conducted them into the promised land, had not their disobedience and +perverseness brought upon them the punishment of a forty years' +wandering in the wilderness. During this time, God commanded Moses to +deliver his laws to the people of Israel. Aaron the brother of Moses was +made High Priest, and to him was committed the superintendance of +religious ceremonies. + +Neither Moses nor Aaron were permitted to enter the promised land on +account of their disobedience to a command of God; and they both died in +the wilderness during the last year of their wandering. Joshua was +appointed to succeed Moses in the important office of leader of the +people, God promised him his support, and when all things were prepared, +he led the Israelites to the banks of the river Jordan: as soon as their +feet touched the water, the current was stopped, the river became dry +ground, and the people entered the country opposite to the city of +Jericho, which was taken in a miraculous manner. + +Some time after Joshua's death, Judges were appointed to govern Israel: +they were 12 in number and their government lasted rather more than 300 +years. Othniel was the first of the Judges, and Samuel the last. In his +time the people desired to have a king like other nations, and God +commanded him to anoint Saul of the tribe of Benjamin 1095 years B. C., +to be the first king of Israel. Johim succeeded David of the tribe of +Judah, and at his death the throne devolved to his son Solomon, who +built a temple to the name of the "Lord his God;" in it were deposited +the ark--the holy Scriptures, and other sacred things.--Solomon was +succeeded by his son Rehoboam, the folly and wickedness of whose conduct +induced ten of the tribes to revolt, and they chose Jeroboam one of his +officers for their king. The two tribes that remained faithful to +Rehoboam were Judah and Benjamin. Rehoboam's kingdom was called Judah, +and the capital of it was Jerusalem. Jeroboam's kingdom was named Israel +and its chief city was Samaria. + +Jeroboam was succeeded by his son Nadab; and after he had reigned two +years, he was killed by Baasha, who usurped the crown and destroyed the +whole race of Jeroboam, a man remarkable for his impiety.--All the +succeeding kings of Judah were descendants of Rehoboam, which fulfilled +the promise made by God to David, that he would "establish his house and +the throne of his kingdom for ever:" this was a declaration that the +Messiah was to be a descendant of David. + +There were frequent wars between the kings of Judah and Israel, and +between them and the neighbouring kings,--the kings and people both of +Judah and Israel, soon fell into the greatest depravity; and at length +God suffered Shalmaneser king of Assyria, by the capture of Samaria in +the reign of Hoshea, to put an end to the kingdom of Israel 721 years +B. C. and about 250 years after its first establishment into a separate +kingdom. And 606 years B. C. and about 115 years after the destruction +of the kingdom of Israel, God permitted Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, +to invade Judea in the reign of Jehoiakim, and to besiege and take +Jerusalem. Jehoiakim was carried prisoner to Babylon, though afterwards +restored to his kingdom, and succeeded by two other kings, yet, from +this period may be dated the commencement of the Babylonian captivity, +which according to the prediction of Jeremiah was to last 70 years. When +this time was completed, Cyrus, under whom were united the kingdoms of +Persia, Media, and Babylon, permitted the Jews to return to their own +land, and rebuild their temple at Jerusalem. + +They were conducted by Zerubbabel the grandson of Jeconias, and Joshua +the son of Josedec the high priest. The second temple was finished in +the reign of king Darius of Persia. + +The settlement of the people "after their old estate," together with the +arrangement of all civil and ecclesiastical matters, were completed by +Ezra and Nehemiah. + +At the period, about 430 years B. C. the Scripture history closes, and +for the remaining particulars of the Jewish history recourse must be had +to uninspired writers, particularly to the books of the Maccabees and to +Josephus. + +Judea continued subject to Persia until Alexander conquered that +country; it then fell under his dominion and he treated the Jews with +great lenity. After the conqueror's death, Judea became subject to his +successors, till Mattathias, a priest eminent for his piety and +resolution, encouraged the people to shake off the Syrian yoke. +Mattathias died before this was effected, but his son Judas Maccabeus +completed the deliverance of his country, and the government of Judea +remained in his family till the time of Herod the great, who put an end +to the administration of the Maccabees or Armenians, and prevailed upon +the Roman senate to appoint him king of Judea. + +It was in the thirty sixth year of the reign of Herod, and while +Augustus was Emperor of Rome that our Saviour Jesus Christ was born, +four years before the common aera. + +Herod was a cruel tyrant to his people, and even to his own children: +but to keep the Jews in subjection, and to erect a lasting monument to +his own name, he repaired the temple at Jerusalem, and considerably +enlarged the kingdom of Judea. + +At his death, the countries over which he had reigned were divided among +his three sons, but they were not allowed to take the title of kings; +they were called ethnarchs or tetrarchs. Archelaus one of Herod's sons, +acting with great cruelty and injustice, was, by order of Augustus, +banished to Vienne in Gaul, where he died. His dominions were then +reduced to a Roman province, and from this time the Jews possessed but +little civil authority. Justice was administered in the name and by the +laws of Rome, and taxes were paid immediately to the emperor. Several of +the Roman governors severely oppressed and persecuted the Jews, and at +length, in the reign of Nero they openly revolted from the Romans. Then +began the Jewish war, which was terminated after an obstinate defence +and unparalleled suffering, on the part of the Jews, by the total +destruction of the city and temple of Jerusalem, by Titus son of +Vespasian the Roman emperor. Since that time the Jews have no where +subsisted as a nation. + +Though I have endeavoured, my dear, to give you as brief an account as +possible of the Jewish history, yet the subject is so interesting, that +I perceive it has already occupied a much longer time than I at first +intended. The history of our Saviour's ministry and the Acts of the +Apostles we must therefore defer to a future opportunity: though I +hardly know if these subjects require any elucidation; the facts in the +New Testament being recorded in so clear a manner by the Evangelists +themselves, that I think they must be intelligible even to your +apprehension. + +I hope you will perceive that I have mentioned but very slightly some of +the most interesting and important events, purposely to induce you to +seek a more detailed account of them in the sacred volume itself. This +inestimable treasure will I am sure furnish the most agreeable topic of +many of our future conversations. You, my dear, have never been taught +to consider religion as a dry and difficult study, but rather as a means +of adding to the cheerful enjoyment of the many blessings bestowed upon +you by the almighty giver of all good, and I trust the gratitude and +piety of your future life will prove you worthy of being called a +disciple of the benevolent Jesus. + +_Anne._ Indeed, mamma, I feel the truth of what you say, and I will +endeavour to act as you wish me.--I am sure I shall have much more +pleasure in reading those parts of the Bible you think proper for me, +now I have some connected idea of the whole. + +_Mrs. Harley._ I believe you will. But good bye, my love, for the +present: when you go to bed you will find the prayers you asked for on +my table; there are besides two hymns which I have selected from an +admirable collection. + +_Anne._ Thank you, mamma, I will learn to repeat them. + + +_A Morning Prayer for a Child._ + +O Almighty God, the Father and Preserver of all mankind! I desire to +offer thee my sincerest thanks that I am arisen this morning in health +and safety. May I spend the day on which I am now entered in +endeavouring to do thy will: let me carefully avoid all that I know to +be displeasing in thy sight, and diligently apply myself to perform all +the good in my power. May I keep a strict watch over my lips and temper, +and try to live in peace with those around me. Grant thy protection and +blessing to my relations and friends; if it should please thee to +preserve us through this day, may the close of it find us more worthy of +again addressing thee through Jesus Christ, + +Our Father, &c. + + +_An Evening Prayer._ + +Almighty and Merciful God! at the close of another day which thou hast +graciously permitted me to spend in the enjoyment of many blessings, I +would return thee humble thanksgivings from a grateful heart. Conscious +of the many errors I am continually committing, I would earnestly +implore thy pardon for whatsoever has been amiss in my conduct this day. +Forgive me, O Lord, every foolish and angry word I have spoken, every +perverse thought I have indulged, all I have done that I ought not to +have done, and all I have left undone that I ought to have done. O may I +truly repent of these my past faults, and strive to amend my future +life. Bless my relations and friends; pardon all their past +transgressions, and if it please thee to preserve us through the night, +may we arise in the morning to do thy will. Above all the other +blessings thou hast granted me, I would value that of having become +early acquainted with the religion of Jesus. May his example be my +guide, and, with a thankful remembrance of all he did and suffered for +our sakes, I sum up my petitions for the whole human race in the prayer +himself taught us, saying, + +Our Father, &c. + + + A MORNING HYMN. + + Lord of my life! O may thy praise + Employ my noblest powers. + Whose goodness lengthens out my days, + And fills the circling hours! + + Preserved by thine almighty arm, + I pass the shades of night, + Serene, and safe from every harm, + And see returning light. + + While many spent the night in sighs, + And restless pains and woes; + In gentle sleep I clos'd my eyes, + And undisturb'd repose. + + When sleep, death's semblance o'er me spread, + And I unconscious lay, + Thy watchful care was round my bed, + To guard my feeble clay. + + O let the same almighty care + My waking hours attend; + From every danger, every snare, + My heedless steps defend. + + Smile on my minutes as they roll, + And guide my future days; + And let thy goodness fill my soul + With gratitude and praise. + + + AN EVENING HYMN. + + Great God! to thee my ev'ning song, + With humble gratitude, I raise; + O let thy mercy tune my tongue, + And fill my heart with lively praise? + + My days unclouded, as they pass, + And ev'ry gently rolling hour, + Are monuments of wond'rous grace, + And witness to thy love and power. + + Thy love and power, celestial guard, + Preserve me from surrounding harms: + Can danger reach me, while the Lord + Extends his kind protecting arms? + + Let cheering hope my eyelids close, + With sleep refresh my feeble frame, + Safe in thy care may I repose, + And wake with praises to thy name. + + + + +_CHAPTER V._ + +MONDAY. + + +_Mrs. Harley._ The story you are to read this morning, my dear, is +founded upon facts which come within my own observation. I dare say you +have frequently heard the French Revolution spoken of: it was this event +which gave rise to the incidents contained in + + +_The History of the Melcour Family._ + +Mr. de Melcour was the son of a younger branch of a good family; his +father died when he was quite a child, and left him but a small +patrimony. He early entered the army, where for many years he served +his country with honour and fidelity: he was present in several +engagements, and by his bravery and exemplary conduct, acquired the +esteem of all his fellow officers. During the peace which followed the +American war he married an amiable lady, whose fortune united to his +own, enabled him to quit the noisy scenes of a military life, and settle +on a beautiful little estate he purchased in the province of Gascony. +Here he enjoyed all the happiness which a good conscience, a good +temper, and a feeling heart can bestow, joined to the blessings of +domestic peace. Madame de Melcour spent her time in the bosom of her +family; she had little taste for the dissipation of the capital, and +possessing only a limited income, had she indulged herself in expensive +pleasures, she must have foregone the higher satisfaction of +contributing to the comfort of those in less fortunate circumstances. +She had profited by the excellent education her parents had been careful +to give her, and this enabled her to bring up her own children with +little assistance from others. Frederic and Elizabeth were the happiest +little boy and girl in the neighbourhood: they tenderly loved their +parents, and feeling the necessity of doing their duty, it became quite +habitual to them. The little faults natural to childhood they were +conscious would not be punished with severity, and their good actions +they knew would never pass unrewarded. Frederic employed much of his +time in working in a little garden that his father had given him: +Elizabeth assisted in the management of the flowers, and their highest +ambition was to present their mamma with a nosegay of roses, before any +were blown in the _great_ garden. + +Thus happily passed many years at Melcour; when the troubles attendant +on the revolution came to disturb the tranquillity of their domestic +enjoyment. M. de Melcour was called upon to resume a military command; +and though he disapproved of many of the measures that had been pursued +by the government, yet, when he saw his sovereign in distress, he would +not withhold his aid. He was particularly active in endeavouring to put +a stop to the devastation caused by a misguided populace; and in a fray +between some peasants and soldiers, he fell a victim to his benevolent +exertions in the cause of humanity. + +The sad news was brought to Madame de Melcour just as she was recovering +from the bed of sickness; her constitution already much weakened, was +unable to support the fatal shock, and she soon after closed her eyes +for ever in the arms of her beloved children. + +At this period, Frederic was just fifteen, his sister two years younger; +they were left without any protector but an aged grandmother, who had +constantly resided with her daughter since the marriage of the latter +with M. de Melcour. Already suffering from the infirmities of age, +Madame de Joinville felt herself unable to resist the persecutions of +ill-disposed persons, and in the course of a few months found it +necessary to leave the chateau. It was her intention to retire with her +grandchildren into England, the country where she had spent much of the +early part of her life, and where she still hoped to discover some of +her former friends. Accordingly, having settled her affairs as well as +the distracted state of the nation would permit, and, accompanied by +Frederic and Elizabeth, she proceeded to the nearest seaport. They +encountered many difficulties on the road, but at length, through +Frederic's activity, succeeded in securing their passage in a vessel +that was on the point of sailing for England. + +Madame de Joinville suffered extremely from the fatigues and anxieties +she had lately undergone, and on their arrival at ---- it was found +necessary to remain there a few days in order to recruit her exhausted +strength. + +As soon as Madame de Joinville was sufficiently recovered, they +hastened to London, where, by the assistance of some friends, a small +house was hired for their reception. The expences of a long journey had +much diminished the sum Madame de Joinville had collected before her +departure from France, and the most rigid economy was necessary to +prevent them from becoming burthensome to others. In these +circumstances, Frederic could not bear the idea of leading an idle life; +he greatly wished to follow the profession of his father, but the +anxious fears of his grandmother and sister long opposed his +inclinations: however, he at length prevailed, and entered a regiment +that was ordered on foreign service. The parting between Elizabeth and +Frederic was a melancholy scene: she was long inconsolable for his loss, +but religion, which she had always been taught to consider as the best +comforter of the afflicted, came to her aid, and feeling the necessity +of submission, she determined by active exertions to divert her mind +from past calamities. + +It was now that Elizabeth felt the inestimable advantages of _a good +education_; she perfectly understood the English language; her industry +and punctuality procured her many friends, who, young as she was, +entrusted her with the translation of papers of consequence, and the +reward she received for her labour, greatly contributed to the support +of the family. Every instant she could spare from her employment and the +care of their domestic affairs, was devoted to her grandmother. She +nursed her when sick, read aloud for her amusement, and by every kind +attention endeavoured to lessen her regret for the blessings she had +lost. Madame de Joinville has often been heard to declare, that without +the filial affection of her granddaughter she could hardly have +supported her afflictions. The infirmities of age must sometimes render +those advanced in years petulant and capricious: Elizabeth never +murmured when her endeavours to please failed of success; much less did +she irritate her grandmother by contradiction; she patiently submitted +to these trials of her temper, and when evening came, and Madame de +Joinville retired to rest, Elizabeth thought herself amply repaid for +any little disappointments she had encountered during the day, by +receiving her blessing and the assurance of her tenderest love. + +Frederic remained two years abroad; whatever he could spare from his own +actual wants he constantly remitted to his sister; but without her +industry they would often have been greatly distressed. At length +Elizabeth's noble and pious conduct was made known to a lady who had +formerly been an intimate acquaintance of Madame de Joinville's family. +Her visits to the old lady gave her constant opportunities of witnessing +the amiable disposition of her granddaughter; and anxious to reward her +virtues, she interested herself so warmly in their concerns, that at +length, through the intercession of some powerful friends, a restitution +of part of M. de Melcour's property was procured for his children. +Elizabeth when in happier circumstances preserved the same humility of +mind, and her never failing attention to her grandmother was rewarded by +the pleasure of seeing the comforts of her last days make amends for the +sorrows that had embittered so many of her former ones. + +Frederic arrived in England soon after this happy change in their +circumstances; he would have wished his sister to return to their +native country, but the inconvenience of removing her grandmother, and +the still unquiet state of the continent, induced her to prefer a +residence in that land where she was secured from the horrors she had +once witnessed. Frederic yielded to her reasons; and when their affairs +obliged him to leave her, a constant correspondence maintained the +affection that had always subsisted from their earliest years. + + * * * * * + +"Dear mamma," said Anne, "I think I like Elizabeth better than any of +the young people I have yet read about, but do you really believe there +ever was so good a character?" + +_Mrs. Harley._ Certainly, my dear; and I have no doubt but many such are +to be found. They must be depraved indeed, who can be wanting in +affection to their parents. But I fear we must not comment a great deal +on this story at present, or there will not be time to give you some +account of _Geography_, which I intend for your study this morning. + +_Anne._ I will then, mamma, after dinner, ask you to explain to me a few +of the words I did not quite understand. + +_Mrs. Harley._ Do, my dear, I shall be happy to give you all the +information you desire. + + +FOURTH LESSON. + +_Mrs. Harley._ You know, my dear, what is meant by Geography? + +_Anne._ O yes, mamma, Geography is a description of the earth we +inhabit. + +_Mrs. Harley._ And the earth (which the globe before us represents,) is +divided into four parts, viz. Europe, Asia, Africa, and America. The +three first are contained in the eastern hemisphere, and are called the +old world. America is situated in the western hemisphere, and is called +the new world, because discovered in modern times. + +_Anne._ Pray, mamma, is not a continent one of the divisions of the +land? + +_Mrs. Harley._ Yes, my dear; for after we have divided the whole globe +into land and water, we again subdivide the land into Continents, +Islands, Peninsulas, Isthmusses, and Promontories,--the water into +Oceans, Seas, Straits, Gulfs, Bays, Lakes, Rivers, and Creeks. + +A Continent is a large tract of land containing several countries which +are not separated by seas; as Europe, Asia, Africa, and America. + +An Island, is a tract of land entirely surrounded by water, as Britain, +Ireland, Sicily, &c. + +A Peninsula, is a tract of land almost surrounded by water, and is +joined to the main land by an isthmus, as the Morea. + +An Isthmus, is a narrow neck of land that joins a peninsula to the +continent, as the Isthmus of Corinth. + +A Cape or Promontory, is that high part of land which shoots into the +sea, and appears to terminate in a point, as the Cape of Good Hope in +Africa, Cape Finistere in Spain, &c. + +A Shore or Coast, is that land which borders upon the sea. + +The Ocean, is that general collection of water which surrounds the whole +earth. It is distinguished by the names of the four cardinal points of +the world; viz. the northern or icy ocean, which environs the north +pole; the western or Atlantic Ocean, which lies between Europe and +America, extending to the Equator; the southern or Ethiopic Ocean, which +extends from the Equator between Africa and America; and the Eastern or +Indian Ocean, which washes the eastern coast of Africa, and the southern +coast of Asia. To these have been added by later discoveries the Pacific +Ocean, commonly called the Great South Sea, between America and Asia; +and the Antarctic Icy Ocean which surrounds the South Pole. + +A Sea, is a part of the Ocean, into which we must enter by some strait, +and it is almost surrounded by land, as the Mediterranean and Baltic +Seas. + +A Strait, is a narrow passage opening a way into some sea, as the +Straits of Gibraltar, the Hellespont. + +A Gulf is a part of an ocean or sea, which runs up considerably into the +land, as the Gulf of Venice, the Gulf of Mexico, &c. + +A Bay is a smaller kind of gulf, (and is frequently much smaller at the +entrance than in the middle) as the Bay of Naples. + +A Lake is a collection of water entirely surrounded by land, as the Lake +of Geneva, and the Lake of Constance: when no stream flows in or out of +it, it is called a pool. + +A River is a current or stream, which rises in some elevated land, and +flows into the sea, another river, or lake, as the River Thames, the +Medway, and the River St. Lawrence. + +A Creek, is a small part of the sea or of a river which runs but a +little way into the land. + +That part of the sea which flows between the shores of an Island and a +Continent, is called a Channel, as the English Channel. + +This description of the divisions of land and water, I wish you to +commit to memory; and I will shew you all the names I have mentioned on +the globe, which will give you a more perfect idea of them, than you can +acquire by reading only. + +_Anne._ Thank you, mamma; but I hope you will tell me a little more of +the earth. + +_Mrs. Harley._ Willingly, my dear. You have read that after the flood, +the world was peopled by Noah's children: Shem and his descendants +spread over Asia, Ham over Africa, and Japhet over Europe. It is +uncertain who were the original inhabitants of America. Europe, though +the smallest of the four parts of the world, is much the most populous; +and here the arts and sciences are brought to the greatest perfection: +it is divided into different countries, of which the following are the +principal, though many of them, have undergone great changes during the +last few years. + + ON THE NORTH. + + _Countries._ _Capitals._ + + 1 Norway Bergen + 2 Sweden Stockholm + 3 Denmark Copenhagen + 4 Russia St. Petersburgh + + IN THE MIDDLE. + + British {England London + Dominions 1 {Scotland Edinburgh + {Ireland Dublin + 2 France Paris + 3 Swisserland Bern + 4 Netherlands Brussels + 5 United Provinces Amsterdam + 6 Germany Vienna + 7 Bohemia Prague + 8 Hungary Presburgh + 9 Poland Cracow + 10 Prussia Koningsburgh + +Note. Berlin, in Germany, was the capital of the king of Prussia's +Dominions. + + IN THE SOUTH. + + 1 Spain Madrid + 2 Portugal Lisbon + 3 Italy Rome + 4 Turkey Constantinople + +The most considerable Islands of Europe are + +Great Britain and Ireland in the Atlantic Ocean, + +Iceland in the Northern Ocean, + +Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Majorca, Minorca, Candia, all in the +Mediterranean sea, and the Islands in the Archipelago. + +It is now so late my dear, that I must finish my account of Europe +to-morrow; good bye, and try to remember what I have already told you. + + + + +_CHAPTER VI._ + +TUESDAY. + + +_Anne._ You see me earlier than usual this morning, dear mamma; but as I +know all the geography you desired me to learn quite perfectly, I hope +you will give me leave to read another story. + +_Mrs. Harley._ Certainly, my dear: but remember to read very distinctly; +make proper pauses; fall your voice at a period, and begin the next +sentence in rather a higher tone; aspirate the _H_, excepting in such +words as _hour_, _honour_, _heiress_, and a few others where it is +silent: and above all, avoid a monotonous manner of reading, for nothing +can be more unpleasant to those who are listening to you, than to hear a +tale, however interesting in itself, read on in one continued tone: +instead of affording any amusement, it only induces the persons you are +reading to, to wish for a cessation of the unpleasant murmuring noise +which offends their ears. + +_Anne._ I will attend to what you say, mamma, while I am reading the +following story, which is called + + +_The Advantages of Truth._ + +George Elliot the son of a respectable gentleman, had been paying a +visit to his uncle, and on his return home, was accompanied by one of +his cousins, who was to spend a few months with him at Hartley, +Mr. Elliot's country residence. + +George was a boy of a frank and generous disposition, and good +abilities; these being cultivated by a careful education, made him at +the age of eleven years, a well-informed and agreeable boy. Charles +Morden his cousin, was much his inferior in every respect. Accustomed to +excessive indulgence, he became fretful and idle, and often entered into +mischief, for the sake of having _something to do_; his parents so +plentifully supplied him with play-things, that he was consequently +tired of every thing he possessed, and only desirous of what was in +expectation; nay, worse, for to obtain any particular gratification, he +would not scruple making use of falshood. Such was the boy, now +unfortunately the constant companion of George Elliot. + +Mr. Elliot indulged his son in every innocent amusement proper for his +age, but loved him too well to suffer his faults to pass unnoticed. +George had been long anxious for a poney, and as soon as a proper one +could be purchased, his father presented it to him, and often allowed +him to ride out, either accompanied by himself or a servant, but +particularly forbade him from ever mounting any other horse in the +stables, telling him at the same time, the many fatal accidents that +had occurred, owing to boys attempting to ride horses they were unable +to manage. George promised obedience, and had strictly adhered to his +word. + +It was settled that Charles was to share the studies, as well as the +amusements of his cousin, and the gentleman to whose care George's +education was confided, paid equal attention to both, though he soon +perceived that Charles had little delight in useful occupations: and he +was always glad of some excuse that might save him the trouble of +attending Mr. Darford, and laughed at George for being always _fagging_ +as he called it. + +About two months after his son's return, Mr. Elliot was obliged by some +business of importance, to take a journey that he thought might detain +him about a fortnight from home. He embraced the children at parting, +desired them to behave well, and at his return they should be rewarded. + +For the first week after Mr. Elliot's departure, the boys were so good, +and their tutor so well pleased with their conduct, that one fine day he +gave them a holiday, telling them, that provided they avoided all +mischievous amusements they were at liberty to spend the day in any +manner most agreeable to themselves.--During several hours, they were +employed in catching their balls, flying their kites, working in the +garden, &c. At length, Charles seeing a little boy going by on +horseback, said he should like nothing so well as a nice ride before +dinner. "Nor I neither," answered George, "but you know it is +impossible, my father having expressly forbidden us to ride out alone +during his absence. Mr. Darford is not at home, and I know that all the +men are busy." "What does that signify?" returned Charles, "we are +surely old enough to take care of ourselves, and as to my uncle, he will +never know any thing of the matter." + +George was at first quite shocked at the idea of disobeying his father, +but he at last suffered himself to be persuaded by the artful entreaties +of his cousin, to do what he knew to be wrong. They went to the +stables, where George took out his own little poney, and Charles one of +his uncle's large horses, assuring his cousin that he could manage it +very well. At their first setting out, they agreed not to go far from +home, only just to ride round the paddock; the pleasantness of the +weather, however, soon tempted them to alter their resolution, and they +ventured into the high road. They went on very well for some time, and +were just thinking of returning, when Charles's horse took fright at +some object on the side of the road, and by a sudden start threw his +rider; he was not much hurt by the fall, but the horse galloped away, +and they soon lost all trace of the way he took: after wasting some +time in fruitless endeavours to follow him, they were obliged to return +home. + +George was very uneasy, and bitterly repented the fault he had +committed. "O Charles," cried he, "why did you ask me to disobey my +father! Alas! I fear he will never forgive me." + +"Don't cry so, pray," answered his cousin, "come, follow my advice, and +this affair will never be discovered."--"How can that be? you surely +forget the horse is lost, and besides, I would not upon any account tell +an untruth." "You are very foolish then, let me tell you; for as nobody +saw us go out, if we deny knowing any thing about the horse, we shall +never be suspected." + +"No, Charles, that I will never do; I had rather suffer the severest +punishment that could be inflicted upon me, than tell a _lie_. Nothing +shall induce me to add to the fault I have already committed. When my +father comes home, I will confess what I have done, and rely upon his +indulgence for pardoning a disobedience I so sincerely repent." + +"Well then," said Charles, "if you will not follow my advice, at least +you have no occasion to say it was I who persuaded you to take out the +horses."--"I shall not even mention your name: but come, let us waste no +more time, in regretting an action that cannot be recalled, we had +better try by our future conduct, to make some reparation for the +past."--So saying, he took his cousin by the arm, and they were together +leaving the room, when Mr. Elliot entered. The young lads drew back in +dismay; Mr. Elliot ran to embrace his son. "You see me here, my dear +boy, sooner than you expected; but fortunately the business that called +me hence, was concluded much earlier than I could have imagined." Some +few minutes had elapsed, before George could gain courage to answer his +father, at length he said, "you are convinced, my dear sir, that your +company has always given me pleasure, but to day it causes me pain, for +I have just been guilty of a fault that will I fear deprive me of your +confidence." George here related to his father, all that had passed, +except carefully concealing the part his cousin had acted; when he had +finished, Mr. Elliot thus addressed him, "I am charmed with your noble +conduct, my dear boy, and most willingly forgive the error you have +committed, because I believe your repentance to be sincere, and am +convinced you have told me the exact truth. Listen, now, to the +consequences that would have ensued, had you concealed it: I was in the +adjoining apartment, and heard the whole conversation that passed +between yourself and Charles; so, had you, as he wickedly advised, had +recourse to a falsehood, it would not have deceived _me_, but only have +proved that _you_ were unworthy my care and affection: whereas, I now +rejoice in the virtuous resolution of a son thus rendered dearer to me +than ever. Always speak the _truth_, and be assured it is the easiest +and surest way of extricating yourself from every difficulty.--As for +you, Sir," continued Mr. Elliot turning to Charles, "I shall not take +the trouble of punishing the meanness and depravity of your conduct, +because I fear that any punishment I could inflict, would have little +effect on a _liar_: I shall immediately send you back to your parents, +with an account of this day's transactions, at the same time advising +them to find some place far distant from all who belong to you, and +where, under a severe discipline, you may be made to repent of your +wickedness, and I hope in time recalled to that virtuous conduct from +which you have now so miserably erred." + +Mr. Elliot then taking his son by the hand led him out of the parlour, +and left Charles at leisure to reflect on the sad consequences of a +habit of lying. + + * * * * * + +This story being finished, Mrs. Harley said, it is not necessary my dear +Anne, that I should comment on the subject of which you have been +reading; the advantages arising from a strict adherence to truth are too +obvious not to be immediately perceived, and I trust, from the +principles I have always endeavoured to instil into your young mind, +that you will ever prefer the fair and open path she points out, to the +intricate labyrinths of despicable falshood. + +_Anne._ Indeed, mamma, if ever I should be tempted to tell an untruth, I +will think of this story, and then, I am sure I shall reject it, even +though I were certain it would remain undiscovered. + +_Mrs. Harley._ Do not imagine _that_ would ever be the case, as it is +impossible for children, however artful, long to dissemble their actions +or even thoughts from persons interested about them. + +I will now conclude my account of Europe. + + +FIFTH LESSON. + +_Mrs. Harley._ I ended yesterday, I think, with the European islands.--I +will now tell you the principal seas which surround Europe--the sea of +Asoph, the Euxine or Black Sea, the Archipelago or Grecian Sea, are +between Europe and Asia--the Mediterranean between Europe and +Africa--the Atlantic Ocean between Europe and America--the German Ocean +or North Sea between Britain and Germany--the Icy Ocean on the North, +and the White Sea in Russia. + +The principal straits are, the Straits of Caffa between the Sea of Asoph +and the Black Sea--the Bosphorus, or Straits of Constantinople between +the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmora--the Hellespont between the Sea of +Marmora and the Archipelago--the Faro of Messina between Italy and +Sicily--the Straits of Bonifacio between Corsica and Sardinia--the +Straits of Gibraltar between Barbary and Spain--the Straits of Dover +between England and France--the Sound in the Baltic between Denmark and +Sweden. + +The principal gulfs and bays are, the Gulf of Bothnia in Sweden--the +Gulf of Finland between Sweden and Russia--the Bay of Biscay between +France and Spain--the Gulf of Venice between Italy and Turkey. + +The principal rivers are, the Wolga--the Don or Tanais--and the +Boristhenes or Dnieper in Russia--the Thames and the Severn in +England--the Danube, the Rhine, and the Elbe in Germany--the Vistula or +Wesil in Poland--the Loire, the Seine, the Rhine, and the Garonne in +France--the Ebro, the Tagus, and the Douro in Spain--the Po in Italy. + +The chief lakes are Ladoga and Onega in Russia--Windermere in England, +Lough Neagh in Ireland, and Loch Lomond in Scotland--Lake of Geneva +between Swisserland and Italy--Lake of Constance between Swisserland and +Germany--Lakes of Como and Maggiore in Italy. + +The chief mountains are, the Dofre-field between Norway and Sweden--the +Cheviot Hills in Scotland--Plinlimmon in Wales--the Peak in Derbyshire +in England--the Carpathian mountains between Poland and Hungary--the +Pyrenean mountains between France and Spain--the Alps which divide +France and Germany from Italy--the Apennines which run through Italy +from North to South. + +Besides these, there are several volcanos in Europe, Vesuvius in +Naples--Stromboli one of the Lipari isles--Etna in Sicily, and Hecla in +Iceland. + +_Anne._ Thank you, mamma, I will look for all of them in the map; but +pray before you leave Europe tell me something more of our own country. + +_Mrs. Harley._ England, my dear, is bounded on the north by Scotland, +on the east by the German Ocean, on the south by the British Channel, +and on the west by the Irish sea, and St. George's Channel. It is +divided into 52 counties, 40 in England and 12 in Wales. The 40 English +counties are + + 6 IN THE NORTH. + + _Counties._ _Chief Towns._ + + Northumberland Newcastle. + Cumberland Carlisle + Durham Durham + Westmoreland Kendal + Yorkshire York + Lancashire Lancaster. + + 6 IN THE EAST. + + Norfolk Norwich + Suffolk Ipswich + Essex Chelmsford + Middlesex London + Hertfordshire Hertford + Cambridgeshire Cambridge. + + 6 IN THE SOUTH. + + Kent Canterbury + Sussex Chichester + Surry Guildford + Hampshire Winchester + Berkshire Reading + Wiltshire Salisbury. + + 4 IN THE WEST. + + Dorsetshire Dorchester + Somersetshire Bristol + Devonshire Exeter + Cornwall Launceston. + + 18 IN THE MIDDLE. + + Gloucestershire Gloucester + Monmouthshire Monmouth + Herefordshire Hereford + Shropshire Shrewsbury + Cheshire Chester + Derbyshire Derby + Nottinghamshire Nottingham + Lincolnshire Lincoln + Huntingdonshire Huntingdon + Bedfordshire Bedford + Buckinghamshire Buckingham + Oxfordshire Oxford + Worcestershire Worcester + Staffordshire Stafford + Leicestershire Leicester + Rutlandshire Oakham + Northamptonshire Northampton + Warwickshire Warwick. + +The 12 Welsh counties are, + + 6 IN NORTH WALES. + + _Counties._ _Chief Towns._ + + Anglesea Beaumaris + Caernarvonshire Caernarvon + Denbighshire Denbigh + Flintshire St. Asaph + Merionethshire Harlech + Montgomeryshire Montgomery + + 6 IN SOUTH WALES. + + Cardiganshire Cardigan + Radnorshire Radnor + Pembrokeshire Pembroke + Caermarthenshire Caermarthen + Brecknockshire Brecknock + Glamorganshire Cardiff. + +You will learn these counties, my dear, and trace them on the map at +your first leisure opportunity. We have been so long in Europe, that I +fear I must give you a very short description of the other parts of the +world. + +Asia is rendered famous on account of its having been the residence of +our first parents, and the scene of almost every transaction mentioned +in the scriptures: here our Saviour was born, lived and died; and from +hence the gospel was first promulgated to mankind. Its inhabitants, +though formerly celebrated for their refinement, are now, in general, a +lazy, ignorant people. China is celebrated for its productions of silk +and tea, which is a plant almost peculiar to this country, and the +beautiful manufacture of porcelain called China. In the southern part of +Asia the East Indies are situated, and in the West Arabia. The chief +rivers are the Euphrates, Tigris, Indus and Ganges. The principal +mountains are, Azarat, Horeb, Sinai and Lebanon. The most remarkable +Islands are, the Japan isles, the Maiana or Ladrone Islands, Formoso, +Philippines, Moluccas, Banda islands, Celebes or Macassar, the Sunda +islands, Ceylon, Maldives and Jesso isles. + +_Anne._ Thank you, mamma, now for Africa. + +_Mrs. Harley._ Africa, my dear, though once so highly renowned for the +learning and politeness of its natives is now nearly barbarous. In +Africa, near the northern coast, was situated the once famous city of +Carthage, founded by Queen Dido, and the native country of a famous +general named Hannibal, whose history you will hereafter read. Egypt so +famous for the Nile (an immense river) lies in this part of the world, +and here the arts and sciences were formerly highly cultivated. The +chief rivers are, the Nile, Niger, Gambia, and Senegal. The mountains +are, Mount Atlas in the north, and the Peak of Teneriffe one of the +Canary isles. The principal African Islands are, the Azores, the +Madeiras, Canaries, Cape Verde isles, and St. Helena in the Atlantic +Ocean; Madagascar, Mauritius, Bourbon, Comora isles, and Socotora in +the Indian Ocean. + +America, the largest division of the globe, was discovered in the year +1492 by Christopher Columbus, a native of Genoa in Italy; though it +derives its name (not quite justly I think) from Americus Vesputius, who +extended the discoveries of Columbus. America is divided into north and +south, and these two peninsulas are joined by the Isthmus of Darien. The +mountains here are much higher and the rivers much larger than those in +the other parts of the world. The Andes, a ridge of mountains in South +America, are considered the highest in the world; their tops are covered +with perpetual snow, notwithstanding the excessive heat of the climate +in which they are situated. In North America are the Appalachian or +Allegany mountains. The principal rivers are, in the southern peninsula, +the river Amazon, the Oronoko, the Rio de la Plata, and the river +Janeiro: in the north, St. Lawrence, Delaware, and Susquehana. + +Great part of North America formerly belonged to Great Britain, but some +disputes arising between the mother country (England) and the colonies, +a war ensued, which was, at length, terminated in favour of the +Americans, and in 1783 they were declared a free, sovereign, and +independent nation. This part of America is now distinguished by the +appellation of "the United States." General Washington, of whom you +have frequently heard me speak, was an American. + +I must now finish my lecture on geography, which, though very imperfect, +has yet exceeded the usual limits of our lessons; many interesting +circumstances relating to the various countries I have mentioned, have +been entirely omitted, as I was fearful that by telling you too much on +the subject I should prevent you from remembering any of the particulars +so necessary for you to retain. + +_Anne._ Oh, dear mamma! how much I thank you for what you have told me +about geography, I think it very entertaining, and I like looking over +maps; but now I should very much like to know the history of all these +countries. + +_Mrs. Harley._ To-morrow, my dear, I will give you some account of them, +but to know all the particulars of each nation would require you to +read more volumes than as yet you have patience for. Farewell. + + + + +_CHAPTER VII._ + +WEDNESDAY. + + +_Mrs. Harley._ We will this morning, my dear, contrary to the usual +custom, begin our instructions with the _Lesson_ instead of the _Story_; +and as the two last days have given you some idea of geography, I think +I cannot better employ the present than by devoting it to History. + +_Anne._ You know, mamma, I am always happy to learn what you are so good +as to teach me. Pray, if I was to ask you the meaning of the word +History, how would you answer me? + +_Mrs. Harley._ I should say, my dear, that History is a relation of the +past actions of men and women. It is divided into sacred and profane. By +sacred history is meant all the relations that are contained in the Old +and New Testaments. + +_Anne._ And of which you have already given me some account, mamma. + +_Mrs. Harley._ From your earliest childhood, my dear, it has been my +constant endeavour to store your mind with as much knowledge of sacred +subjects as I thought it capable of receiving. + +By profane history is meant the account of all transactions not included +in the sacred volumes. Ancient history relates the events that happened +from the creation of the world to the birth of Jesus Christ: Modern +history, those from the birth of Jesus Christ to the present time. +Ancient history is divided into the four periods or aeras of the four +successive monarchies called universal. + +_Anne._ Why were they called universal monarchies, mamma? + +_Mrs. Harley._ Because they extended over the greatest part of the +_then_ known world. The first was the Assyrian monarchy, founded by +Nimrod, the grandson of Ham, who, you know, was the son of Noah. Nimrod +was a very courageous man, and a famous hunter of wild beasts, which +impressed his friends with so high an idea of his abilities, that they +agreed to elect him their king; he taught his subjects the arts of +hunting and building cities, besides several other useful things: he +founded the Assyrian monarchy about 1800 years after the creation. +Nimrod was succeeded by his son Ninus, and at his death the crown +devolved to his Queen Semiramis, remarkable for her extraordinary +valour; she was slain in battle by the Indians, who, in those days, made +use of elephants in their armies. This monarchy ended under +Sardanapalus, who was a very weak prince. The capitals of the Assyrian +empire were Babylon upon the river Euphrates, and Nineveh on the Tigris. +It was divided, after the death of Sardanapalus, into three kingdoms, +called, the Median, Babylonian, and the second Assyrian. Belshazzar, the +last king of Babylon, was a very wicked man, and treated the Jews (who +had been brought captive to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar, a former king) +with great cruelty. At a splendid entertainment which he one night gave +to the lords of his court, he ordered the vessels that had been taken +from Solomon's temple to be brought to him, and, with his guests, +insulted the Jewish religion by drinking out of them; his impiety was, +however, speedily punished, for that very night Cyrus entered Babylon +with a powerful army, made himself master of the kingdom, and +Belshazzar was slain. + +Cyrus becoming, soon after this event, by the death of his father and +uncle, king of Persia, Media, and Babylon, established the second +universal monarchy called the Persian. He was a very good prince, and +permitted the Jews to return to their own land and rebuild their city. + +_Anne._ Which was called Jerusalem, was it not, mamma? + +_Mrs. Harley._ Yes, my dear, I am glad to find you recollect what you +read. Cyrus lived to be very old, and was succeeded by his son Cambyses, +who, far from following the virtuous example of his father, committed +numberless crimes, among which was the murder of his own brother. After +him reigned Smerdis the impostor, who pretended to be the true Smerdis +that had been killed by Cambyses: next to him Darius, who was chosen +because his horse neighed before any of those belonging to the other +competitors for the crown: then Xerxes, a very vain-glorious prince, who +attempted to conquer Greece, but was himself beaten, and obliged to make +his escape from thence in a little fishing boat: he was succeeded by his +son Artaxerxes, and at length, after several other kings, Darius +ascended the throne, who, had he not been proud of his riches, might +have been a wise and good sovereign. During his reign, the Greeks (who +inhabited that country which is now the southern part of Turkey in +Europe) determined, under the command of the famous Alexander, to make +the Persians submit to their power: accordingly, an immense army invaded +the Persian dominions, and after several battles, they were completely +conquered, and Darius was killed by one of his own nobles. Thus +Alexander putting an end to the Persian monarchy, established the third +Universal Empire about 330 years before Christ. + +The capital of Persia was Susa. + +_Anne._ I suppose then, that Alexander was a native of Greece, pray tell +me a little about that country? + +_Mrs. Harley._ Long before the time of Alexander, Greece had been +highly celebrated. It was divided into several small states, the +principal of which were, Sparta and Athens. Sparta was governed by +kings; Lycurgus was their famous legislator; he framed many wise laws, +which greatly added to the prosperity of the kingdom. Athens was a +commonwealth, and even more renowned for wisdom than Sparta. Solon was +their lawgiver, and his laws tended much more to the refinement of the +people, than those of Lycurgus, some of which were very cruel. Macedon +was a state of little consequence till the time of Philip, who greatly +increased its importance: he procured himself to be appointed +commander-in-chief of all the armies destined for the invasion of +Persia, but he was killed before he set out on this expedition. He was +succeeded by his son Alexander, both as king of Macedon and +generalissimo of Greece, who, after settling the affairs of his native +country, marched into Persia; not contented with conquering this vast +country, he turned his arms against the Indian princes, many of whom +were obliged to submit to his authority; one of them was named Porus, a +man of extraordinary stature, who afterwards became the sincere friend +of the conqueror. + +Thus Alexander having subdued so many nations, was at last obliged to +yield to the instances of his soldiers, and to think of returning back +to Macedon. He entered Babylon in triumph, and spent much of his time, +while there, in feasting and drinking. The excesses he committed, at +times deranged his mind, and in one fit of intoxication he killed a +faithful old friend named Clitus: many more of his actions were totally +unworthy of a prince who assumed the name of _Great_, this appellation +was certainly bestowed upon him rather for his extensive conquests, than +for any benefits his subjects derived from his reign, nor could _Good_ +with any propriety have been added to the title of Great. + +He at length, fell a victim to his intemperance in the thirty-third year +of his age, about 323 years before Christ. Leaving no proper person to +succeed him; four of his generals, after many disputes and battles +divided his extensive dominions among themselves. To relate the +particular histories of these kingdoms would engross too much of our +time; I shall therefore proceed to the Roman Empire which was the fourth +universal monarchy; and was founded by Romulus about 752 years before +Christ. Perhaps a short account of its origin will be entertaining to +you. + +Romulus and Remus were the twin sons of a lady named Rhea Sylvia. As +soon as they were born they were condemned by their cruel uncle Amulius +king of Alba (in Italy) to be thrown into the Tiber, this was executed, +but they were found and preserved by a herdsman named Faustulus, who +brought them up as his own sons till they arrived at years of +discretion; when becoming acquainted with the history of their birth, +they determined to dethrone their wicked uncle Amulius, and restore +their grandfather Numitor to the crown his brother had unjustly deprived +him of. They succeeded, and then formed a plan for building themselves a +city, among those hills on which they had spent their earliest years. +They could not, however, agree concerning the best situation for it, but +the opinion of Romulus at length prevailing, Remus, to vex his brother, +leaped contemptuously over the city wall: this so irritated Romulus that +a violent quarrel ensued, they fought, and either by accident or design +Romulus killed his brother, and then the whole government of the new +state devolved upon himself: it was called Rome after its founder. +Inhabitants flocked from every part of the surrounding country into the +new city, and it soon became a very considerable kingdom. After the +death of Romulus six other kings succeeded to the throne all of whom, +excepting the last, were great and good men, their names were, + + Romulus the Founder, + Numa Pompilius, + Tullus Hostilius, + Ancus Martius, + Tarquinius Priscus, + Servius Tullius, and + Tarquinius Superbus. + +Under whom ended the regal state. A Commonwealth ensued. Many great men +flourished during this period: but at length the government changed once +more, and Rome became an empire. The first twelve emperors were +distinguished by the appellation of the twelve Caesars, their names were + + Julius Caesar, the first Roman emperor. + + Augustus, in whose reign our Saviour Jesus Christ came into the + world. + + Tiberius, + Caligula, + Claudius, + Nero, + Sergius Galba, + Otho, + Vitellius, + Vespasian, + Titus, and + Domitian. + +Many emperors succeeded these, until Constantine the Great, the 41st +emperor, removed the seat of empire from Rome to Constantinople, which, +before his time, was called Byzantium. Constantine was a very good man, +and was the first Roman emperor who embraced the Christian religion, but +he pursued a system of politics that hastened the destruction of the +empire. After his death the sovereignty was divided between his sons, +and soon after Rome, which had once given laws to the world, became a +prey to merciless barbarians, and sunk into comparative insignificance. + +_Anne._ O! thank you, mamma, for this entertaining account of Rome, I +shall be very glad when I am old enough to read the Roman History. + +_Mrs. Harley._ Age, my dear, is not the only thing necessary for the +accomplishment of your wish. Let me see you attentive to your present +employments, and I shall have much pleasure in reading with you a +history that I am sure will engage your attention. I will now tell you a +very little about our own country. + +Britain was little known to the rest of the world, till about 52 years +before the common aera; when Julius Caesar invaded the country with a +powerful army: the natives, assisted by their Druids or priests, opposed +his landing, but they were unable long to resist so warlike a people as +the Romans, who soon after making themselves masters of the island, +maintained possession of the most fertile parts of it near 500 years. +Their own affairs then requiring their attention at home, they abandoned +it, and the Saxons made their appearance. These people came from a +province in Germany, and when they had subdued Britain, they divided it +into seven kingdoms called the Saxon Heptarchy. + + Kent, which included the isles of Thanet and Sheppey. + + Northumberland, contained Northumberland, Durham, Lancashire, + and Yorkshire. + + East Anglia, contained Cambridgeshire, Suffolk, and Norfolk. + + Mercia, contained all the middle countries from the Severn + between East Anglia and Wessex. + + Essex, or East Saxony, contained Essex, Middlesex, and part of + Hertfordshire. + + Sussex, or South Saxony, contained Surry, Sussex, and the New + Forest. + + Wessex, or West Saxony, included Hampshire, Dorsetshire, + Wiltshire, Berkshire, and the Isle of Wight. + +Egbert, king of Wessex, at length subduing the other princes of the +Heptarchy, united the whole country under one monarchy, and became +himself the first king of England, in the year 827 after Christ. + +I will give you a chronological list of the kings of England, not that I +wish you to learn it at present, but because it will be useful to refer +to when you are reading the history. Some knowledge of dates is +desirable, as it enables you to ascertain the periods when any +particular events occurred, and under whose reign. The Danes made +frequent incursions into England during the time of the Saxons, and +caused great devastation in the country. Alfred, the most excellent +prince mentioned in history, was obliged, owing to these barbarians, to +abandon his throne and retire to an obscure cottage, where, however, he +occupied his time in forming the best plans for his own +re-establishment, and the restoration of tranquility to his distracted +country: his wise measures were successful and for some time the Danes +were entirely quelled, but they soon renewed their usual predatory +warfare, and Canute became king of England. + + SAXON KINGS OF ENGLAND. + + 800 Egbert + 838 Ethelwolf + 857 Ethelbald + 860 Ethelbert + 866 Ethelred + 871 Alfred the Great + 901 Edward the Elder + 925 Athelston + 941 Edmund + 946 Edred + 955 Edwy + 959 Edgar + 975 Edward the Martyr + 978 Ethelred II + 1016 Edmund II, or Ironside. + + DANISH KINGS. + + 1017 Canute + 1035 Harold + 1039 Hardicanute + 1041 Edward the Confessor + 1065 Harold II. + +William the first (commonly called the Conqueror,) Duke of Normandy, +invaded England with a powerful army, and slew Harold at the battle of +Hastings. This victory is called the Conquest; it was gained on the 14th +of October, 1066. + + NORMAN LINE. + + Kings names. Began to reign. Reigned years. + + William I 1066 20 Duke of Normandy + William II 1087 12 Son to the Conqueror + Henry I 1100 35 Brother to William II + Stephen 1135 18 Grandson to the Conqueror by + his daughter Adela, who + married the Earl of Blois. + + LINE OF PLANTAGENET. + + Henry II 1154 34 Grandson to Henry I by his + daughter Matilda, who married + the Earl of Anjou + Richard I 1189 9 Son to Henry I + John 1199 17 Brother to Richard I + Henry III 1216 56 Son to John + Edward I 1272 34 Son to Henry III + Edward II 1307 19 Son to Edward I + Edward III 1327 50 Son to Edward II. + Richard II 1377 22 Grandson to Edward III by his + eldest son, the Black Prince. + + LINE OF LANCASTER. + + Henry IV 1399 13 Son to John of Gaunt, Duke of + Lancaster, fourth son of + Edward III + Henry V 1413 9 Son to Henry IV + Henry VI 1422 38 Son to Henry V. + + LINE OF YORK. + + Edward IV 1461 22 Son to Richard Duke of York, + a descendant by the mother's + side from Lionel, the third + son of Edward III + Edward V 1483 2ms. Son of Edward IV + Richard III 1483 2 Uncle to Edward V. + + LINE OF TUDOR, + + In which were united the Houses of York and Lancaster, by the + marriage of Henry VII, son of the Countess of Richmond, of the + House of Lancaster, to Elizabeth daughter of Edward IV. + + Henry VII 1485 23 Earl of Richmond + Henry VIII 1509 37 Son to Henry VII + Edward VI 1547 6 Son to Henry VIII + Mary 1553 5 Sister to Edward VI + Elizabeth 1558 44 Sister to Mary. + + LINE OF STUART. + + James I 1603 22 Son to Mary queen of Scots, + who was descended from + Henry VII + Charles I 1625 23 Son to James I. (Charles was + beheaded in 1649.) + + COMMON-WEALTH AND PROTECTORATE OF CROMWELL. + + Charles II 1660 24 Son to Charles I + James II 1685 4 Brother to Charles II. + (James II abdicated + the throne in 1689.) + + LINE OF ORANGE. + + {William III 1689 13 Nephew and Son-in-law to + {& James II + {Mary II Stuart Daughter to James II + Anne 1702 12 Daughter to James II. + + LINE OF BRUNSWICK. + + George I 1714 12 Son to the Princess Sophia, + Electress of Hanover, and + grandaughter of James I + George II 1728 33 Son to George I + George III 1760 Grandson to George II. + +I will not, my dear, enter into the history of any of these sovereigns, +as there are many English histories extant, which will give you better +information upon this subject, than you could receive from any +description of mine: indeed, the little I have now been telling you of +history in general, is only intended to awaken in your mind a desire for +the attainment of this useful knowledge. Modern History we shall defer +for several years, but I will to-morrow give you Rollin's Ancient +History, a work, I think, particularly well calculated for young people; +when you have read this, you shall proceed to the Roman History, after +which you may be able to enter into the accounts of more modern times. +In the mean while, let me beg you to continue attentive to the +instructions you receive, and new lessons and more stories shall then be +prepared for your next + +BIRTH-DAY PRESENT. + + + + +THE END. + + + + +H. Bryer, Printer, Bridge-Street, Blackfriars, London. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Week of Instruction and Amusement,, by +Mrs. Harley + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INSTRUCTION AND AMUSEMENT *** + +***** This file should be named 25659.txt or 25659.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/5/6/5/25659/ + +Produced by Tamise Totterdell and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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