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diff --git a/25604-0.txt b/25604-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9b5401d --- /dev/null +++ b/25604-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11536 @@ +Project Gutenberg's A Manual of the Malay language, by William Edward Maxwell + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Manual of the Malay language + With an Introductory Sketch of the Sanskrit Element in Malay + +Author: William Edward Maxwell + +Release Date: May 26, 2008 [EBook #25604] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, Miranda van de Heijning and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +[Transcriber’s Note: + +This e-text includes characters that will only display in UTF-8 +(Unicode) text readers: + + ḳ, ḥ, ṭ, ḍ, ṇ, ṃ, ṛ (letters with dot under: except ḳ and ḥ, these + are used only in Sanskrit words) + ṅ (n with dot over, in Sanskrit words) + ă, ĕ, ŭ (vowel with breve or “short” sign: only ĕ is common) + ā (a with macron or “long” sign) + +If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, +if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the +apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, +make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set +to Unicode (UTF-8). You may also need to change the default font. As a +last resort, use the Latin-1 version of the text. + +In the section on Sanskrit origins, anusvara was printed as m̃ (m with +tilde). It has been changed in this e-text to ṃ (m with dot under) for +more reliable display. Note also that ś is written as ç, ṣ as sh, and +ṛ as ṛi. + +Footnote 53 of the Introduction refers to “the peculiar vowel sound +represented in Arabic by the letter _ain_ ... denoted by the Greek rough +breathing”. The reference is to the glottal stop. It is represented in +this e-text with a single opening quote ‘ because this will display more +reliably than the printed text’s ‛ or ῾ (“Greek rough breathing”, +equivalent to a “reversed high-nine” single quote). + +In some sections, parts of words are italicized. These italics are shown +in {braces}; elsewhere, italics are shown conventionally with _lines_. + +Errors are listed at the end of the e-text.] + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + +A + +MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. + + + + +NEW WORKS ON + +MALAY LANGUAGE + +HANDBOOK OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE, for the Use of Tourists and Residents. + By KELLY and WALSH. Second Edition. 98 pages, 12mo, cloth. 1903. + 3s. 6d. net. Printed in Roman characters only. It contains an + elementary grammar and an English-Malay vocabulary. + +SPREEKT GIJ MALEISCH? Words and phrases in Dutch, Malay, French, German, + and English. By JZN. RIJNENBERG. Fourth Edition. 163 pages, oblong + 8vo. 1901. 3s. 6d. net. + +PRACTICAL MALAY GRAMMAR, with Reading and Translation Exercises. By + W. G. SHELLABEAR. 83 pages, 8vo, bound. 1899. 5s. net. All Malay words + are printed in Roman characters only. + +MALAY-ENGLISH VOCABULARY, containing 6500 Malay words and phrases. By + W. G. SHELLABEAR. 141 pages, 8vo, cloth. 1902. 6s. net. Printed in + Roman characters only. + +MALAY-ENGLISH DICTIONARY. By R. J. WILKINSON. 4to. 1901-3. Unbound, + £2, 10s.; bound, £3, 3s. The Malay words are printed in Arabic and + in Roman characters. + +ENGLISH-MALAY VOCABULARY. By F. A. SWETTENHAM. Fifth Edition. 245 and + xxxii pages, 8vo, cloth. 1905. 8s. 6d. net. + +MALAY-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. By F. A. SWETTENHAM. New edition in + preparation. ⁂ Malay words printed both in Arabic and Roman + characters. + +TRAVELLER’S MALAY PRONOUNCING HANDBOOK, for the Use of Travellers and + Newcomers to Singapore. Seventh Edition. 317 and xxvi pages, 12mo, + cloth. 1904. 5s. + + _Printed in Roman characters only._ + + + LONDON: KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER, & CO. LTD. + Dryden House, Gerrard Street, W. + + + + + A MANUAL + + of the + + MALAY LANGUAGE. + + with + + +An Introductory Sketch of the + Sanskrit Element in Malay.+ + + by + + WILLIAM EDWARD MAXWELL, + of the Inner Temple, Barrister-At-Law; + Assistant Resident, Perak, Malay Peninsula. + + + EIGHTH EDITION. + + + LONDON: + KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER, & CO. Ltd. + Dryden House, Gerrard Street, W. + + 1907 + + + + +Je n’en refuis aulcune de phrases qui s’usent emmy les rues; +ceux qui veulent combattre l’usage par la grammaire se mocquent. + + MONTAIGNE. + + + + +PREFACE. + + +The language which I have endeavoured to illustrate in the following +pages is the Malay of the British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca, +some knowledge of which I have had the opportunity of acquiring during +sixteen years’ service in Penang, Province Wellesley, Malacca, +Singapore, and Perak. + +Dialectical peculiarities are so abundant in Malay that it is impossible +to teach the colloquial language of the people without imparting to the +lesson the distinct marks of a particular locality. In parts of India it +is said proverbially that in every twelve _kos_ there is a variation in +the language,[1] and very much the same might be said of the Malay +Peninsula and adjacent islands. The construction of the language and the +general body of words remain, of course, the same, but in every state or +subdivision of a state there are peculiar words and expressions and +variations of accent and pronunciation which belong distinctively to it. +Words common in one district sound strangely in another, or, it may be, +they convey different meanings in the two places. Even words of such +constant occurrence as the personal pronouns “I” and “you” vary +according to locality. The Kedah accent is easily distinguished from +that of Patani, and that again from the speech of Trengganu and Pahang. +Certain expressions common in Penang are almost unintelligible in +Malacca and Singapore, and _vice versâ_. In Perak it is not difficult to +say whether a man comes from the upper or lower reaches of the river, by +merely noting particular words in his conversation. Even individual +villages and districts have their peculiar twang or their tricks of +expression not found elsewhere. In Java, Sumatra, and other islands +eastward in which Malay is spoken, the pronunciation and character of +the language are much influenced by the other languages current there. +Malay is only spoken in perfection in places where the natives speak no +other tongue. + + [Footnote 1: Beames, Comparative Grammar of the Aryan Languages, + p. 101.] + +Native pedantry has endeavoured to classify various styles of speaking, +as the court style (_bahasa dalam_), the well-bred style (_bahasa +bangsawan_), the trader’s language (_bahasa dagang_), and the mixed +language (_bahasa kachau-kan_), but all that can be correctly said is, +that a limited number of words are used exclusively in intercourse with +royal personages; that persons of good birth and education, in the +Eastern Archipelago, as elsewhere, select their expressions more +carefully than the lower classes; and that the vocabulary of commerce +does not trouble itself with the graces of style and the copious use of +Arabic words which commend themselves to native writers. + +The written language is more stilted and less terse and idiomatic than +the colloquial dialect; and even where pure Malay is employed, the +influence of Arabic compositions is very marked. Whole sentences, +sometimes, though clothed in excellent Malay, are unacknowledged +translations of Arabic phrases. This may be verified by any one well +acquainted with Malay literary compositions who will look into a really +good translation of an Arabic work; for instance, Lane’s translation of +the “Thousand and One Nights.” The Malay speaks much better than he +writes, and has at his command quantities of words which never find +their way into his literature, and, therefore, but rarely into +dictionaries compiled by Europeans. + +The spelling of Malay words in the native character is hardly yet fixed, +though the Perso-Arabic alphabet has been in use since the thirteenth +century; and those follow but a vain shadow who seek to prescribe exact +modes of spelling words regarding which even native authorities are not +agreed, and of which the pronunciation may vary according to locality. +The experience of Crawfurd sufficiently proves this; there are words in +his dictionary which are transliterated in as many as four different +ways. + +Two classes of works in his own language have hitherto been at the +service of the English student of Malay--grammars, more or less +scientifically arranged, and vocabularies and books of dialogues, which +presuppose some knowledge of grammatical construction. + +The Malay Grammar of Marsden is an admirable work, of unquestionable +utility to the advanced student; but it contains more than the beginner +wants to know. Crawfurd’s Malay Grammar, too, is hardly a work to put +into the hands of a beginner. + +Mere vocabularies, on the other hand, teach nothing but words and +sentences, and throw no light upon forms of construction. + +It has been my aim to supply a work which will be at once an elementary +grammar and a compendium of words and sentences, which will teach the +colloquial dialect and yet explain grammatical rules; and for this I +have taken as my model the Hindustani Manual of the late Professor +Forbes. + +The language is not ennobled by having been the speech of men who have +made their mark in the world’s history. The islands of Indonesia have +never startled the Eastern world with an Akbar, or charmed it with a +Hafiz or a Chand. Receptivity, not originality, is the characteristic of +the Malay races. But the importance of Malay, when the traveller heads +eastward from the Bay of Bengal, has been recognised by Europeans since +the sixteenth century, when Magellan’s Malay interpreter was found to be +understood from one end of the Archipelago to the other. It is the +strong and growing language of an interesting people, and (in the words +of a recent writer on Eastern languages) “for Malay, as for Hindustani, +a magnificent future may be anticipated among the great speech-media of +Asia and of the world. They manifest that capacity for the absorption +and assimilation of foreign elements which we recognise as making +English the greatest vernacular that the world has ever seen.”[2] + + [Footnote 2: Cust, Modern Languages of the East Indies, 150.] + + W. E. M. + + THE RESIDENCY, LARUT, PERAK, + _July_ 1, 1881 + + + + +INTRODUCTION. + + +The interest of Englishmen in the Malay language began with the early +ventures of the East India Company in the Far East, in the first years +of the seventeenth century. It was the language of commerce everywhere +east of the Bay of Bengal, and our earliest adventurers found it spoken +at the trading ports which they visited. The Portuguese had preceded +them by a century, and the Dutch had been a little earlier in the same +field. Our countrymen seem to have been indebted to the latter for their +first Malay vocabulary. The minutes of the East India Company record +how, on the 22d January 1614, “a book of dialogues, heretofore +translated into Latin by the Hollanders, and printed with the Malacca +tongue, Mr. Hakluyt having now turned the Latin into English, and +supposed very fit for the factors to learn, was ordered to be printed +before the departure of the ships.”[1] + + [Footnote 1: Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, East + Indies, p. 272.] + +At present the use of Malay, as far as Englishmen are concerned, is +chiefly confined to the officers of the Colonial Government in the +British possessions in the Straits of Malacca and in the native states +adjoining them, and to other residents in those parts, and in the Dutch +settlements in the East. To these may be added the English communities +of Labuan and Sarawak, and merchants, traders, and seamen all over the +Eastern Archipelago. The limited extent of our Malay possessions, when +they are compared with the magnificent islands which make up Netherlands +India, excuse us, no doubt, for the secondary place which we occupy in +all researches connected with the language and literature of the Malays. +To the Dutch their colonies in the Eastern seas are what our Indian +Empire is to us; and with them the study of Malay, Javanese, Kawi, &c., +takes the place of Persian, Hindustani, Tamil, Sanskrit, &c., which +occupy our civilians in India. The extent and value of Dutch works on +Malay subjects is, however, but little known to Englishmen in the East, +owing to their general ignorance of the Dutch language. It is not too +much to say that any one aiming at a thorough knowledge of the language, +literature, and history of the Malay people should commence his task by +learning Dutch. + +Malay is the language not of a nation, but of tribes and communities +widely scattered in the East, and is probably spoken with greatest +purity in the states of Kedah and Perak, on the west coast of the Malay +Peninsula. It is spoken in all the states of the Peninsula, in Sumatra, +Sunda, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Flores, Timor, and Timor Laut, the +Moluccas, and the Philippines. Traces of it are found among the numerous +Polynesian dialects, and in the language of the islanders of Formosa. +Siam proper has a large Malay population, descendants mainly of captives +taken in war, and the language is therefore in use there in places; it +is found also here and there on the coasts and rivers of Anam and +Cochin-China. No other language of the Eastern Archipelago is understood +over such an extensive area, and it is the common means of communication +between the numerous tribes and races of the Malay family whose +languages and dialects differ. + +Logan supposes that the earliest inhabitants of the Archipelago were +tribes of Africo-Indian origin, who peopled the Eastern islands as well +as the more accessible portions of the Continent, descendants of whom he +recognises in the negro and quasi-negro tribes that are still preserved +in some of the mountains of the Malay Peninsula, Siam, and Anam. To +these succeeded immigrant tribes from Mid-Asia, by way of the Irawadi, +whom Logan designates by the term of the Tibeto-Anam family, all the +races and languages from Tibet to Anam being included under it. “By a +long-continued influx this family spread itself over the Peninsula, +Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Celebes; but its farther progress over the +many islands to the north and east appears to have been checked by the +older races. It was probably only by slow steps and by settling at many +points that it gained a firm footing even in the western islands, and a +long period must have elapsed before its tribes became so populous and +spread so far into the interior as to enable them to absorb and destroy +the earlier occupants.”[2] The variety which exists among the languages +and dialects in the region affected by these movements is thus accounted +for by Logan:-- “The languages imported by the Tibeto-Anamese settlers +differed as did those of the natives, and the combinations formed in +different places from the contact of the two families varied in the +proportions of each which entered into them. But the structures of the +native tongues had strong affinities amongst themselves, and +predominated in all these new combinations.”[3] + + [Footnote 2: Journ. Ind. Arch., iv. 311.] + + [Footnote 3: Idem, p. 315.] + +The idea presented by this sketch of the origin of the aboriginal Malay +language is that of a mixed dialect, borrowing something from the +Tibeto-Anam languages (the influence of which would be more apparent in +the western settlements), and gradually approaching the Africo-Indian +forms farther east.[4] “Lastly,” Logan supposes, “a later Indian +influence, belonging to a far more advanced civilisation, flowed in a +great stream into the Western Archipelago, and cut off that of the +Irawadi, before its linguistic operation had made much progress.”[5] It +is to this epoch that we must ascribe the introduction of the Sanskrit +element into the Malay language. + + [Footnote 4: Journ. Ind. Arch., v. p. 569.] + + [Footnote 5: Idem.] + +Malay is mainly dissyllabic, but there are not wanting evidences of a +former monosyllabic tendency. The syllable _bu_, _bun_, or _bung_, for +instance, occurs in a considerable number of words conveying an idea of +roundness:-- + + _Bu-lan_ the moon. + _Bu-lat_ round. + _Bu-ah_ fruit. + _Bu-yong_ a jar. + _Bu-tir_ a grain, globule. + _Bu-sar_ an arch. + _Bu-kit_ a hill. + _Bu-sut_ an anthill. + _Bun-tar_ round. + _Bun-ting_ pregnant. + _Bun-chit_ pot-bellied. + _Bun-tut._ the buttocks. + _Bun-toh_ a numeral affix implying rotundity + (cf. _lún_, Burmese), used with such + words as _chin-chin_, a ring; and _kail_, + a fishhook. + _Bung-kok_ hump-backed. + _Bung-kus_ a bundle. + +Many others might be cited.[6] + + [Footnote 6: These remarks do not, of course, affect foreign + words, such as _bumi_ and _bujang_ derived from the Sanskrit + _bhumi_ and _bhujangga_.] + +Another characteristic list of words might be made, compounded with the +monosyllable _tang_ (which in Sakai and Semang means “_hand_”), and +conveying an idea of seizing or holding. + + _Tang-an _ the hand. + _Tang-kap_ to seize. + _Tang-kei_ a stalk. + _Tang-gong_ to support. + _Tang-gal_ to drop off (having left hold). + _Tong-kat_ a walking-stick, &c. + +The history of the Malay people is to be discovered in the language +itself, for no authentic records of pre-Muhammadan times exist. Just as +an insight into the early history of our own nation may be obtained by +analysing the component parts of the English tongue, and assigning to +each of the languages which have contributed to make it what it is their +due proportion of influence, so, by resolving the Malay language into +its separate elements, of which native, Sanskrit, and Arabic are the +chief, and by examining the words contributed by each, it is possible to +follow with some approach to historical accuracy the successive advances +which the Malay people have made on the path of civilisation. + +The aboriginal dialect, prior to the admixture of Sanskrit, must have +been but the poor vocabulary of men hardly raised above savage life. The +purely native element in Malay furnishes all the necessary terms to +express the physical objects surrounding men leading a primitive life in +the forest, and all that has to do with their food, dwellings, +agriculture, fishing, hunting, and domestic affairs. + +The use of a Sanskrit word for “plough” seems to record a revolution in +agriculture. The primitive cultivation of the Malays was carried on by +clearing and burning the hill-sides (a system still largely adopted in +native states where land is plentiful and timber valueless), and the +cultivation of the wet ricefields of the plains, which necessitates the +use of the plough, would thus seem to have been resorted to only after +the arrival of the Hindus. + +As soon as the analysis reaches moral ideas, or objects requiring some +advance in civilisation, it is found that they are expressed by words of +foreign origin. These are, for the most part, Sanskrit or Arabic. The +latter require no notice here, for they are of comparatively recent +introduction. For the most part, they consist of terms incidental to the +ethical and religious teaching of the Muhammadans. The Arabic element in +Malay is not accurately determinable, for new expressions are constantly +being introduced. + +A sketch of the Sanskrit element in Malay is all that there is space for +here. + +A careful classification of the principal Sanskrit words which are found +in Malay helps to indicate what must have been the condition of society +when the Aryan came into contact with the islanders of Sumatra. It +shows, independently of other proof, that Hindu colonisation must have +gradually introduced the Malay races to institutions, ideas, pursuits, +and wants to which they had hitherto been strangers. Many of the +incidents of commerce, most of the metals and precious stones, the pomp +and ceremony of royalty, and the use of the elephant, are shown, by the +Sanskrit nomenclature employed in describing them, to be of Hindu +importation. From this it is not difficult to infer the primitive +condition of a people to whom all these things were unknown. So, the +Sanskrit names of many weapons indicate a period when the rude weapons +of savage Malay tribes--blowpipes, spears, &c.--were supplemented by +arms of a more formidable character, for which they were indebted to +India. Other groups of words show, independently of other proof, that +the Hindu religion was successfully planted among the Malays and +flourished for a time, and that the monarchical form of government was +introduced in Malay countries by Hindu settlers and rulers. + +The word “rulers” is used advisedly, for the theory of Marsden as to the +manner of the introduction of Hinduism seems to possess greater claims +to general acceptance than that advocated by certain other writers, +notably Leyden and Crawfurd. Crawfurd asserted that the Sanskrit words +adopted in Malay came originally through the Hindu priesthood, and that +the priests through whom this was effected belonged to the Telugu race, +this, in his opinion, being the people who, commencing by trading with +the Malays, proceeded to partial settlement in their country, and ended +by converting them to Hinduism and introducing the language and +literature of the Hindus. He entirely discountenances the idea that +Sanskrit could have been introduced by a people of whom it was the +vernacular language.[7] He admits, however, that in Southern India +Sanskrit was itself a foreign tongue; that Sanskrit has found its way +into Javanese and Malay in a state of comparative purity, and not +intermixed with Telugu; and that there is no trace whatever of any +extensive settlement of the Telugus in the Malay Archipelago. + + [Footnote 7: Crawfurd, Malay Grammar, Dissertation xxxix., xliii.] + +Marsden’s contention, on the other hand, points to Gujarat as the +quarter from which Hindu civilisation penetrated to the far East, and to +conquest as the mode in which the way was cleared for its +introduction.[8] + + [Footnote 8: “Innovations of such magnitude, we shall venture to + say, could not have been produced otherwise than by the entire + domination and possession of these islands by some ancient Hindu + power, and by the continuance of its sway during several ages. Of + the period when this state of things existed we at present know + nothing, and judging of their principles of action by what we + witness in these days, we are at a loss to conceive under what + circumstances they could have exerted an influence in distant + countries of the nature here described. The spirit of foreign + conquest does not appear to have distinguished their character and + zeal, for the conversion of others to their own religious faith + seems to be incompatible with their tenets. We may, however, be + deceived by forming our opinion from the contemplation of modern + India, and should recollect that, previously to the Mohametan + irruptions into the upper provinces, which first took place about + the year 1000, and until the progressive subjugation of the + country by Persians and Moghuls, there existed several powerful + and opulent Hindu states of whose maritime relations we are + entirely ignorant at present, and can only cherish the hope of + future discoveries from the laudable spirit of research that + pervades and does so much honour to our Indian establishments.” + --_Marsden, Malay Grammar_, xxxii.] + +Before proceeding to classify some of the Sanskrit words which are found +in Malay, and to deduce any theories from their presence, it is +necessary, in order to avoid misconception, to notice several +difficulties which cannot be overlooked. + +In the first place, it is not meant to be asserted that the Malays have +obtained all the words enumerated further on direct from the people of +India. All theories founded upon the presence of Sanskrit words in Malay +must apply with equal force to Javanese, which contains a larger +proportion of Sanskrit words than Malay. “Sanskrit words are found in +greatest purity in the Javanese, and next to it in the Malay, their +corruption increasing as we recede from Java and Sumatra.”[9] It may be +assumed, therefore, that in addition to the influence which Hinduism +exerted among the Malays of Sumatra by means of direct intercourse with +India, there was also a second source from which the Malays derived a +great portion of their Hindu nomenclature, namely, the ancient Hindu +kingdoms of Java.[10] + + [Footnote 9: Crawfurd. See also Marsden, Malay Grammar, xxxiii.] + + [Footnote 10: “The Hindu religion and Sanskrit language were, in + all probability, earliest introduced in the western part of + Sumatra, the nearest part of the Archipelago to the continent of + India. Java, however, became eventually the favourite abode of + Hinduism, and its language the chief recipient of Sanskrit. + Through the Javanese and Malays Sanskrit appears to have been + disseminated over the rest of the Archipelago, and even to the + Philippine Islands. This is to be inferred from the greater number + of Sanskrit words in Javanese and Malay--especially in the first + of these--than in the other cultivated languages, from their + existing in greater purity in the Javanese and Malay, and from the + errors of these two languages, both as to sense and orthography, + having been copied by all the other tongues. An approximation to + the proportions of Sanskrit existing in some of the principal + languages will show that the amount constantly diminishes as we + recede from Java and Sumatra, until all vestiges of it disappear + in the dialects of Polynesia. In the ordinary written language of + Java the proportion is about 110 in 1000; in Malay, 50; in the + Sunda of Java, 40; in the Bugis, the principal language of + Celebes, 17; and in the Tagala, one of the principal languages of + the Philippines, about one and a half.” --_Crawfurd, Malay + Grammar, Dissertation_ xlvii. _Sed quære_ as to the total absence + of Sanskrit in the Polynesian dialects. Ellis’ “Polynesian + Researches,” i. 116.] + +These remarks may be illustrated by reference to the fourth column of +the lists of words which follow. + +Again, some of the Sanskrit words in the following lists are synonyms +merely, there being native or Arabic words, or both, in common use to +express the same object. + +In some instances, too, the words quoted are not often heard in the +colloquial dialect, but occur in books to which in many cases they have +been transplanted from Javanese romances. + +All these circumstances seriously modify the possibility of drawing +general conclusions from an analysis of the body of Sanskrit vocables +found in Malay. The questions to be decided seem to be (1) whether it is +possible that such a mass of terms for common objects (for they are by +no means confined to words incident to the Hindu religion) could have +been imported into Malay by any means except by oral communication with +a Sanskrit-speaking people; (2) supposing that this could have been +effected through some later Indian dialect, itself largely tinged with +Sanskrit (as the Latin words in English came to us with the Norman +speech), what dialect was this? Telugu, as Crawfurd thinks, Gujarati, to +which Marsden inclines, or what? + +It is in order to contribute to the settlement of such questions as +these that a classification of some of the Sanskrit terms in Malay has +been attempted in this Introduction.[11] It is hoped that the subject +may attract the attention of those more competent to deal with it, and +that the researches of Sanskrit scholars may facilitate a decision which +there is no pretension to pronounce here. + + [Footnote 11: A selection of words only is given. There are + numbers of Sanskrit words in Malay which have no place in these + lists.] + +The centre of Hindu influence in Malay states would seem to have been +the court. From the governing classes the use of Sanskrit expressions +would gradually spread among the people. To this day there are certain +Sanskrit words which are applied to royalty alone, there being native +equivalents when the non-privileged classes are intended. The words +_putra_ and _putrî_ afford an instance in point. Meaning simply “son” +and “daughter” in Sanskrit, they have, from the fact of Sanskrit +nomenclature having been affected at Malay courts, come to mean +“_prince_” and “_princess_,” and are applied only to the sons and +daughters of rajas. + +At the chief seats of Hindu government, there must have been Brahmans +conversant with the sacred writings, whose teaching would gradually be +the means of introducing a taste for Hindu learning and literature. +_Bacha_, to read (from _bach_, to speak), is Sanskrit, but _tulis_, to +write, is a native word,[12] and _surat_, a writing, is Arabic. +Language, therefore, in this instance does not throw much light on the +progress made by the Malays in the art of writing in the pre-Muhammadan +stage of their history. Rock-inscriptions found in Province Wellesley +and Singapore prove, however, that at some remote period an ancient +Indian character was known on the Peninsula,[13] though it was probably +confined to religious purposes. + + [Footnote 12: Unless the Sansk. root _likh_, to write, may be + detected in the second syllable.] + + [Footnote 13: Journal Royal As. Soc., Bengal, vi. 680; xvii. part + i. 154 and 232; Idem, part ii. 62, 66.] + +Crawfurd, writing in 1852, stated that Malay can be written or spoken +without the least difficulty, without a word of Sanskrit or Arabic, and +described the foreign elements in Malay as “extrinsic and +unessential.”[14] But several words of the first necessity are Sanskrit. +It would be difficult to speak Malay intelligibly, while avoiding the +use of the relative pronouns _yang_ (Sansk. _yas_, _ya_, _yat_, who, +which) and _mana_ (Sansk. _mâna_, measure), or of the common auxiliary +_sudah_ (Sansk. _çuddha_,[15] pure, acquitted), which denotes the past +tense. A long list might be made of common words not included in any of +the following groups, which are almost pure Sanskrit, such as _bawa_, to +bring (_vaha_, bearing, carrying); _kata_, to say (_kath_, to tell, +talk); _biasa_, accustomed (_abhyâsa_, reflection); _langkah_, to step, +stride (_langh_, to stride over); _kelahi_, to fight (_kalaha_, +quarrel); and _niala_, to blaze, to burn (_jval_). Nor is the influence +of Sanskrit in Malay confined to words which have been adopted in +comparative purity. An extension of the sphere of research reveals whole +groups of Malay words which seem to be formed from some Sanskrit root, +and to retain to some extent its signification. Thus the Sanskrit root +_ju_ (to push on, impel) may perhaps be detected in such words as +_juwang_, to rush against; _jungur_, prominent, a beak; _jungang_, +prominent (of teeth); _juring_, sharp, pointed; _jurus_, to pull, +course, direction; _juluk_, to thrust upwards; _julir_, a kind of +harpoon; _julur_, to wag, to wriggle; &c. + + [Footnote 14: Malay Grammar, Dissertation vi.] + + [Footnote 15: This is the derivation given in Favre’s Dictionary. + Another from _soḍha_, (borne, undergone) might perhaps be + suggested with equal probability.] + +_Ap_ is a common termination of Malay words, e.g., _tangkap_, to seize; +_chakap_, to speak; _silap_, to mistake, &c. The presence of the +Sanskrit root _âp_ (to attain, obtain) is not indeed to be assumed in +every case, but it is difficult to resist the conviction that it does +form a part of many Malay derivations. D{ap}at, to obtain; r{ap}at, to +approach; as{ap}, smoke (cf. vy{âp}ta); aw{ap}, steam; tangk{ap}, to +seize, grasp; a{lap}(Jav.), to take; are instances which, among others, +might be cited. + +_Gal_ (Sansk., to drop, to distil, percolate, to fall) is another root +which seems to enter into the composition of Malay words, _e.g._, +tang{gal}, to fall off, to drop out; ting{gal}, to leave, forsake; +tung{gal}, solitary; pang{gal}, to chop off, a portion chopped off. +Compare also _gali_, to dig; teng{gal}am, to sink; tu{gal}, to sow rice +by putting seeds into holes made with a sharp stick; {gal}ah, a pole; +{gal}a-{gal}a, pitch. + +If it be correct to assign a Sanskrit origin to all or any of these +words, they belong to a much earlier epoch than the comparatively pure +Sanskrit words, the importation of which into Malay is the subject now +under discussion. + +The presence of Sanskrit words in the Malay language was first remarked +by Sir William Jones,[16] and the subject received more attention at the +hands of Marsden, who gives a short list of fifteen words, “taken, with +little pains in the selection, from a Malayan dictionary.”[17] Many of +the Sanskrit words are, as Marsden observes, “such as the progress of +civilisation must soon have rendered necessary, being frequently +expressive of the feelings of the mind, or denoting those ordinary modes +of thought which result from the social habits of mankind, or from the +evils that tend to interrupt them.” This assertion might have been put +in more forcible terms had it occurred to the author to include not only +words expressive of thought and feelings, but even some signifying +natural objects, though doubtless most of these are expressed by +aboriginal words. _Hari_, day, is clearly identical with the Sanskrit +_hari_, “the sun,” which is also used as a name of Vishnu or Krishna. +_Mata-hari_, the sun (Malay), is thus “the eye of Hari,” and is a +compound formed of the native word _mata_ and the Sanskrit _hari_. +_Halilintar_, a thunderbolt, seems to be compounded similarly of _hari_ +and _lontar_ (to hurl), “hurled by Hari.” Here the _r_ has been softened +into _l_. The Sanskrit _kapala_ has almost entirely superseded the use +of the old native word _ulu_ or _hulu_, the head; the latter, however, +is found in composition with a Sanskrit word in the substantive +_hulubalang_, a war-chief, from _hulu_, head, and _bala_, an army. + + [Footnote 16: Asiatic Researches, iii. 11, 12.] + + [Footnote 17: On the Traces of the Hindu Language and Literature + extant among the Malays, As. Res. iv. See also, On the Languages + and Literature of the Indo-Chinese Nations, Leyden, As. Res. x.] + +The extent to which the Malays are indebted to Sanskrit for words to +express the human body and members is shown in the following list:-- + + |English. + | |Malay. + | | |Sanskrit. + | | | |Other Languages[18] + |The body + | |salîra + | | |çarîra + | | | |J. _sarira_; Bat. _sorira_. + |Limb, member, body + | |anggûta + | | |angga + | | | |J. _ongga_. + |Form, appearance + | |rûpa + | | |rûpa + | | | |J., S., Bat., Mak., and Bu. _rupa_. + |Joint + | |sendi + | | |saṃdhi + | | | |S. _sandi_; D. _sandik_, bound; Tag. and Bis. _sandig_, + | | | |unite. + |Head + | |kapâla + | | |kapâla (the skull) + | | | |J., S., D., Mak. _kapala_, chief; Bat. _kapala_, thick. + |Tongue + | |lîdah + | | |lih (to lick), lîdha (licked) + | | | |J. _lidah_; Bat. _dila_; Mak. and Bu. _lila_; D. _jela_; + | | | |Tag. and Bis. _dila_. + |Pulse + | |nâdî + | | |nâḍî (artery, vein, intestine) + |Shoulder + | |bâhû + | | |bâhu (the arm) + | | | |J. _bahu_; S. and D. _baha_. + |Hair of the body + | |rôma + | | |roman + |Foot + | |pâda + | | |pâda + | | | |Kw. _pada_. + + [Footnote 18: The words in this column have been taken from the + Malay and French Dictionary of the Abbé Favre. J. signifies + Javanese, S. Sundanese, Bat. Battak, Mak. Makassar, Bu. Bugis, D. + Dayak, Bis. Bisaya, Tag. Tagala, and Malg. Malagasi.] + +Time and its division and measurement have supplied a number of Sanskrit +terms to the Malay language, most of which are so necessary in everyday +life that it is difficult to conceive the poverty of a dialect which +contained no words to express them. The following list contains the +greater number of them:-- + + |English. + | |Malay. + | | |Sanskrit. + | | | |Other Languages. + |Time + | |kâla, kâli + | | |kâla + | | | |J. and S. _kala_. + |When + | |tatkâla + | | |tad (this) kâla + |Time, period + | |katika + | | |ghatikâ (a division of time) + | | | |Bat. _katika_; D. _katika_. + |Time, period, hour + | |dewâsa + | | |divasa (a day) + | | | |J. _diwasa_, adult; Mak. _rewusa_. + |Just now + | |tâdî + | | |tad (this, that) + | | | |S. _tadi_. + |Day + | |hârî + | | |hari (the sun) + | | | |J. and B. _hari_. + |Day + | |dîna + | | |dina + | | | |J. _dina_. + |Dawn + | |dînahârî + | | |from dina and hari + |Evening, sunset + | |senja, or senja- kala + | | |saṃdhyâ (twilight) + | | | |Bat. _sonja_; J. _chandik-kala_, evg. twilight. + |Always + | |santîasa + | | |nityaças + | | | |J. _nityasa_. + |Old, former + | |sadîa + |Former time + | |sadîa-kâla + | | |sâdhya (from sâdh, to finish, accomplish) + |Continually + | |sada-kâla + | | |sâda (perishing) + |Time (when) + | |bîla + | | |velâ + |Time, season, period + | |mâsa + | | |mâsa (month) + | | | |J. and S. _mangsa_; Tag. _masa_. + +Another group of Sanskrit words found in Malay is that comprising +articles of commerce, weights and measures, &c. Their presence suffices +without other evidence to show that for their knowledge of the +commercial value of many products the East Indian islanders were +indebted to traders from Hindustan, who, indeed, probably introduced not +only the names of, but the use of, their weights and measures. _Buah +pala_, the Malay phrase for the “nutmeg,” is in strictness a pleonasm, +for _phala_ signifies “fruit” in Sanskrit, as _buah_ does in Malay. + +TERMS OF COMMERCE. + + |English. + | |Malay. + | | |Sanskrit. + | | | |Other Languages. + |Nutmeg + | |pâla + | | |phala (fruit) + | | | |J. and S. _pala_. + |Clove + | |lawang + | | |lavaṃga + |Eagle-wood + | |găhârû + | | |aguru + | | | |J., S., and Mak. _garu_; D. _garo_, perfume. + |Camphor + | |kâpur, kâpur bârus + | | |karpûra + | | | |J., S., and D. _kapur-barus_; Mak. _kaporo barusu_ + |Sandalwood + | |chandâna + | | |chandana + | | | |J. and S. _chendana_; Tag. and Bis. _sandana_ + |Musk + | |kastûrî + | | |kastûrî + | | | |J. and S. _kasturi_; Mak. _kasaturi_; Tag, and Bis. + | | | |_kastoli_. + |Charcoal + | |ârang + | | |aṅgâra + | | | |J. and S. _areng_; S. _arang_; Bat. _agong_; D. _aring_; + | | | |Tag. and Bis. _oling_. + |Sugar + | |gûla + | | |guḍa (molasses) + | | | |J., S., and D. _gula_; Mak. _golla_. + |Saltpetre + | |sandâwa + | | |saindhava (rocksalt) + | | | |J. _sendawa_; S. _chindawa_. + |Silk + | |sûtra + | | |sûtra (thread, fibre) + | | | |J. and S. _sutra_; Bat. _suntora_; Mak; and Bu. _sutara_; + | | | |Tag. _sutla_. + |Cotton + | |kâpas + | | |karpâsa + | | | |J., S., and D. _kapas_ Bat. _hapas_; Mak. _kapasa_; + | | | |Bis. _gapas_. + |Gunny-bag + | |gônî + | | |goṇi + | | | |S. _goné_ + |Price + | |harga + | | |argha + | | | |S. and Bat. _harga_; J. and D. _rega_; Mak. _angga_; + | | | |Tag. and Bis. _halaga_. + |Profit + | |lâba + | | |lâbha + | | | |Kw., Bat., Mak., and D. _laba_; Tag. and Bis. _laba_, + | | | |increase, usury. + |Scales for weighing + | |narâcha + | | |nârâchî (a gold smith’s scales) + | | | |Kw. _naracha_; J. and S. _traju_ + |A bhar (native weight = 3 pikuls) + | |băhâra + | | |bhâra (a load, a weight) + | | | |Kw. and Mak. _bara_ 100 millions: Bis. _bala_, to load + | | | |on the back. + |A cubit + | |hasta + | | |hasta + | | | |J. and S. _asta_. + |A number, figure + | |ângka + | | |aṅka (a mark, a cipher) + | | | |J. _ongka_; S., Mak., Bu., and D. _angka_. + |Ten thousand + | |laksa + | | |laksha (100,000) + | | | |J. _leksa_; S., D., Tag. and Bis. _laksa_; Bat. _loksa_; + | | | |Mak., _lassa_. + |A million + | |jûta + | | |ayuta (10,000) + | | | |J. and S. _yuta_. + + +Many of the metals and most of the precious stones are known to the +Malays by their Sanskrit names, even those which are found in Malay +countries. + + |English. + | |Malay. + | | |Sanskrit. + | | | |Other Languages. + |Gold + | |âmas, mas + | | |mas (to mete, to measure) + | | | |J. _emas_; S. _mas_; Bat. _omas_; D. _amas_; Tag. and Bis. + | | | |_amas_, gold, weight. + |Gold + | |kanchâna + | | |kânchana + | | | |Kw. and S. _kanchana_. + |Copper + | |tambâga + | | |tâmra + | | | |J. _tembaga_; S. _tambaga_; Bat. _tombaga_; + | | | |Mak. _tambaga_; Tag. and Bis. _tumbaga_. + |Tin + | |tîmah + | | |tîvra + | | | |J., S., and D. _timah_; Bat. _simbora_; Mak. _timbera_; + | | | |Tag. and Bis. _tingga_. + |Quicksilver + | |râsa + | | |rasa + | | | |J., S., Mak., and D. _rasa_. + |Pinchbeck + | |suwâsa + | | |suvarchasa (brilliant) + | | | |J., S., Bat., and Mak. _suwasa._ + |Glass + | |kâcha + | | |kâcha + | | | |J., S., Mak., and Bu. _kacha_; D. _kacha_; and _kasa_; + | | | |Tag. _kasa_, blue and green stone. + |Mica + | |âbrak[19] + | | |abhra (amber, talc) + |Crystal + | |golega + | | |golaka (globule) + |Jewel, precious stone + | |mânî + | | |maṇi + | | | |J. _mani_. + | |mânikam + | | |maṇika + | | | |Kw. and S. _manikem_; Mak. _manikang_. + | |kamâla + | | |kamala (lotus) + | | | |Kw. _kuma‘a_; Bat. _humala_, snake-stone. + |Sapphire + | |nîlam (nîla, blue) + | | |nîla (blue) + | | | |J. and S. _nila_; Mak. _nyila_, blue. + |Opal + | |bidûri + | | |vidûra (a mountain which produces lapis lazuli) + |Ruby + | |dalîma + | | |dâlima (pomegranate) + |Jewel, brilliant + | |mustîka + | | |mushtika (goldsmith) + |Topaze + | |pusparâgam + | | |pushparâga + |Pearl + | |mutia, mutiara + | | |muktâ + |Jewel, precious stone + | |permâta + | | |paramata (excellence) + | | | |Kw. _pramati_, a very beautiful object. + |Jewels of five kinds + | |panchalôgam + | | |panchaloha (five metals) + + [Footnote 19: Favre derives _abrak_ from the Arabic.] + +The implements, utensils, instruments, &c., the names of which, if not +the things themselves, the Malay races have borrowed from their Indian +conquerors and rulers, are as follows:-- + + |English. + | |Malay. + | | |Sanskrit. + | | | |Other Languages. + |A lock + | |kunchî + | | |kunchikâ (a key) + | | | |J., S., and D. _kunchi_; Bat. _hunsi_; Mak. _konchi._ + |A bell + | |ganta + | | |ghaṇṭâ + | | | |J. and S. _genta_; Bat. _gonta_; D. _ganta_; + | | | |Mak. _garaganta_. + |A water vessel + | |kindî + | | |kuṇḍî + | | | |J. and S. _kendi_. + |A net + | |jâla + | | |jâla + | | | |J., S., Bat., Mak., and D. _jala_. + |A box + | |petî + | | |peṭî (basket, bag) + | | | |S. _peti_; Mak. _patti_; D. _pati_. + |Name of a sword + | |chora + | | |kshura (a razor) + |A plough + | |tanggâla + | | |hala + | | | |Bat. _tinggala_; Mak. _nangkala_. + |Chess + | |châtur + | | |chatur (four) + | | | |J. and S. _chatur_. + |Dice + | |jûdî + | | |dyûta (game at dice) + | | | |J. _judi_; Bat. _juji_. + |A saw + | |gargâjî + | | |krakacha + | | | |J. _graji_; S. _gergaji_; Bat. and Mak. _garagaji_. + |An awl + | |jâra + | | |ârâ + | | | |J. and S. _jara_. + |A coffin + | |karanda + | | |karanda (basket) + | | | |Bat. _hurondo_. + |Royal umbrella + | |chatrâ + | | |chhattra + |Salver with a pedestal + | |charâna + | | |charaṇa (a foot) + | | | |S. _charana_; Bat. _sarano_; D. _sarana_. + |A wheel + | |jantrâ + | | |yantra (an engine or machine) + | | | |J. _jontra_; S. _jantra_. + |Chariot + | |râta + | | |ratha + | | | |J. _rata_. + |Lyre, lute + | |kechâpî + | | |kachchhapi + | | | |S. _kachapi_; Bat. _husapi_; D. _kasapi_. + |Flute + | |bangsî + | | |vançî + |Pipe, flute + | |mûri + | | |muralî + +The terms of adulation common in India in the mouths of inferiors +addressing superiors have no equivalents in Malay. It is noticeable, +however, that some of the most ordinary Malay phrases of politeness are +Sanskrit. _Tâbek_ (J. and S. _tabé_; Bat. _santabi_; Mak. _tabeya_; D. +_tabi_; Tag. and Bis. _tabi_; Tag. _santabi_, to show respect), which +corresponds to the Indian _salaam_ in communications between Europeans +and Malays, means properly “pardon,” and is derived from the Sanskrit +_kshantavya_, excusable; _sîla_, to sit cross-legged[20] (the respectful +attitude indoors), is the Sanskrit _çîl_, to meditate, to worship; and +_sîla_, a Malay term of politeness, which in some respects answers to +our “if you please,” but which also means “to invite,” has its origin in +the Sanskrit word _çîla_, good conduct, moral practice. The same +language, too, supplies a considerable number of words denoting family +and relationship:-- + + |English. + | |Malay. + | | |Sanskrit. + | | | |Other Languages. + |Father + | |âyah + | | |vayas (prime of life) + | | | |J. _ayah_, grandson; S. _aya_; Mak. _aya_, mother. + |Brother + | |sûdâra + | | |sodarya + | | | |J. _saudara_. + |Husband + | |swâmî + | | |svâmin + |Wife + | |istrî + | | |strî (a woman) + | | | |J. _estri_; S. _istri_. + |Virgin + | |ânak dâra + | | |dâra (wife), adâra (unmarried) + | | | |Kw. _dara_; J. _lara_; Bat. _dara_; Mak. _rara_; + | | | |S. _dara_, a young woman who has just got her first child. + |Relationship + | |pangkat + | | |paṅkti (a line, row) + |Race + | |bangsa + | | |vaṃça + | | | |J. _wongsa_; S., Bat., and D. _bangsa_; Mak. _bansa_. + |Family + | |kulawarga + | | |kula (family), varga (class) + | | | |J. _kulawarga_. + |Do. + | |kulawangsa + | | |vaṃça + + [Footnote 20: J., S., and Tag. _sila_; S. _silah_, to invite; Bat. + _sila_, a gift of welcome.] + +The few astronomical terms known to the Malays have been borrowed either +from Sanskrit or Arabic, the former supplying the following:-- + + |English. + | |Malay. + | | |Sanskrit. + | | | |Other Languages. + |Eclipse + | |grahana + | | |grahaṇa + | | | |J. _grahana_. + |Firmament + | |udara + | | |adhara (lower) + |Celestial sphere + | |chakrawâla + | | |chakra-vâla (horizon; a range of mountains supposed to + | | | |encircle the earth and to be the limit of light and + | | | |darkness) + |Atmosphere + | |bumantâra + | | |_cf._ dyumantara (brilliancy) + | | | |Kw. _bomantara_; J. _jumantara_. + |The heavens, æther + | |angkasa + | | |âkâça + | | | |Kw. and S. _akasa_. + |The milky-way + | |bîmasaktî + | | |bhîma (terrible), çakti (strength, power) + | | | |S. _bimasakti_; J. _bimasakti_, the name of a star + |Pleiades + | |kertîka + | | |kṛittikâ (the third of the lunar mansions) + |The sign Cancer in the Zodiac + | |mangkâra + | | |makara + | | | |J. _mangkara_, crab. + |Astrology + | |panchalîma + | | |panchan (five) + +To these may be added _Râhû_ (Sansk. _Râhu_, a deity to whom eclipses +are ascribed) and _Kedû_ (Sansk. _Ketu_, the mythological name of the +descending node, represented as a headless demon), monsters who are +supposed by the Malays to cause eclipses by swallowing the moon. To +denote the points of the compass the Malays have native, Sanskrit, and +Arabic terms. Utâra (_uttara_),[21] the north, and daḳsina (_dakshiṇa_), +the south, are Sanskrit words; and _paḳsina_, the north, has evidently +been coined by Malays in imitation of _daḳsina_. + + [Footnote 21: J., S., and D. _utara_; Bat. _otara_; Bis. _otala_, + east wind.] + +The elephant is most generally known all over the Archipelago by its +Sanskrit name _gajah_. Sanskrit terms are also used to signify the +driver of an elephant and several articles used in connection with this +animal. From these circumstances we may probably conclude, with +Crawfurd, that the art of training and domesticating elephants was +first learned by the Malays from natives of India.[22] + + [Footnote 22: Crawfurd’s Malay Grammar, Dissertation clxxxiii.] + + |English. + | |Malay. + | | |Sanskrit. + | | | |Other Languages. + |Elephant + | |gâjah + | | |gaja + | | | |J., S., and D. _gajah_; Bat. and Mak. _gaja_; + | | | |Tag. _gadia_; Bis. _gadya_. + |Elephant-driver + | |gambâla-gâjah + | | |gopâla (herdsman) + |Goad + | |ângkus, kwâsa + | | |aṅkuça + |Foot-chain + | |ândûwân + | | |andu (chain) + |Front part of the head + | |gomba, kumba + | | |kumbha + |Unbroken, vicious (of an elephant); the condition called _musth_ + | |meta + | | |mada (elephant in rut) + | | | |Kw. _meta_, wild elephant. + |Hobbles for securing the feet + | |sengkăla + | | |çṛiṅkhala (a chain) + +The words of command used by elephant-drivers in the Malay peninsula +appear, however, to be adapted mainly from the Siamese, and it is from +this people that the Malays of the continent have acquired much of their +modern knowledge of the art of capturing, subduing, and training the +elephant. The names of animals, birds, &c., indicate, as might be +expected, that while most of the varieties known to the Malays are +indigenous, there are some species which have been imported, or which, +belonging to other countries, are known by name only in the Archipelago. +The word _morga_, (mṛiga) and _satwâ_ (sattva),[23] both meaning “an +animal,” are Sanskrit, and if the commoner word _benâtang_ is derived, +as seems possible, from the Sanskrit _vana_, forest, there is no purely +native generic term to signify a beast or animal. While, therefore, the +early Malay tribes had names for all the animals domesticated by them, +as well as those which they encountered in their forests, it was not +until the period of their intercourse with more civilised races from +India that they learned to generalise and to comprehend the brute +creation under one term. The following Sanskrit words for animals, &c., +occur in Malay:-- + + + |English. + | |Malay. + | | |Sanskrit. + | | | |Other Languages. + |Lion + | |sînga + | | |siṃha + | | | |J. and S. _singa_ and _singha_; Mak. and D. _singa_. + |Jackal + | |srîgâla + | | |cṛigâla + | | | |Bat. _sorigala_; J. _segawon_, a dog. + |Camel + | |onta + | | |ushṭra (a camel) + | | | |J. and Mak. _unta_; S. _onta_. + |Wild bull + | |ândâka + | | |dhâka + | | | |Kw. _daka_ and _andaka_. + |Ichneumon + | |charpalei + | | |sarpâri (sarpa, a snake) + |A small yellow snake, about a span long + | |chintâ-mani + | | |chintâ-maṇi (a fabulous gem, the possessor of which gets + | | |all he wishes for) + |Scorpion + | |kâla + | | |kâla (black) + | | | |J., S., D., and Malg. _kala_; Bat. _kala_; + | | | |Mak. _pati-kala_. + |Crow + | |gâgak + | | |kâka + | | | |J. and S. _gayak_; Bat. _gak_; Mak. _kala_; D. _kak_. + |Peacock + | |mĕraḳ + | | |barha, varha + | | | |J. and S. _merak_; Mak. _muraka_; D. _marak_. + |Goose[24] + | |angsa, hangsa, gangsa + | | |haṃsa + | | | |J. _ongsa_; S. _gangsa_. + |Pigeon + | |mĕr-ăpâti, perapâti + | | |pârâpatî + | | | |S. _japati_; Bat. _darapati_; Tag. _palapati_; + | | | |Bis. _salapati_. + |Eagle-falcon + | |râjawâlî + | | |rajjuvâla (a species of bird) + |Indian cuckoo (_Gracula religiosa_) + | |kokila + | | |kokila + | | | |J. _kokila_. + + [Footnote 23: J. _mergu_; J. _sato_; S. _satoa_; D. _satua_; Bat. + _santuwa_, a mouse.] + + [Footnote 24: Crawfurd has noticed the fact that the names of the + domesticated animals are native, one exception being the goose, + which, he thinks, may therefore be supposed to have been of + foreign introduction (Crawfurd’s Grammar, Dissertation clxxxiii.). + It must be remembered, however, that among the Hindus the goose is + worshipped at the festivals of Brahma, and that, being thus in a + manner sacred, its Sanskrit name would naturally be in use + wherever the Hindu religion spread. Brahma is represented as + riding on a white _haṃsa_.] + +Perhaps the Malay word _harîmau_ (Kw. _rimong_; Bat. _arimo_, tiger-cat; +D. _harimaung_, panther), a tiger, may have been formed from _Hari_ +(Krishna or Vishnu) and _mṛiga_ (an animal). Words similarly compounded +with _mṛiga_ (Malay _morga_) are not uncommon in Sanskrit, _e.g._, +_Kṛishṇa-mṛiga_ (the black antelope), _mahâ-mṛiga_ (an elephant).[25] +The terms in use for “horse” and “sheep” seem to indicate that those +animals were first brought to Malay countries from India. _Kûda_, horse +(Kw. and S. _kuda_), is derived by Crawfurd from _ghora_ (Hindi), by +others from _kudra_ (Tamul). _Bîri-bîri_ (sheep) is said to be borrowed +from the Hindi _bher_, which is itself derived from the Sanskrit +_bheḍa_, a ram, or from _bhîru_ (Sansk.), a goat. Certain fabulous birds +and reptiles which belong to the domain of Hindu mythology have their +places also in Malay folk-lore; such as _garuḍa_,[26] the eagle of +Vishnu, and _Jaṭâyu_ (Malay _jintâyu_), a fabulous vulture; +_chandrawâsi_, a name given by Malays to a fabulous bird which is heard +but never seen, is also evidently of Sanskrit origin. To these _nâga_, a +dragon, may be added (J., S., Bat., Mak., Bu., and D. _naga_). + + [Footnote 25: Perhaps a more plausible derivation is from the + Tamul _ari-mâ_, a male lion.] + + [Footnote 26: J. and S. _garuda_; Mak. _guruda_.] + +The vegetable kingdom supplies a long list of trees, plants, and flowers +which are known to the Malays by Sanskrit names. Some of these are +closely connected with another group of words to be noticed presently, +namely, those which belong to the department of religion. The use of +sweet-smelling flowers is a noticeable feature in the religious worship +of the Hindus, and the fact that many flowers held by them to be sacred +to the worship of particular gods are called by Malays by the same names +which they bear in the temples of India, is a remarkable example of an +historical lesson latent in words. It points to the fact, abundantly +proved by other evidence, that Brahmanism once held sway where it has +long been superseded by the faith of Islam, and that words which have no +special significance for the modern Muhammadan Malay were fraught with +mystic solemnity for his distant ancestors. + +In many cases, indeed, the Sanskrit names have been applied by the +Malays to different plants from those designated by the same expressions +in India. In other cases, names unknown in classical Sanskrit, but +obviously compounded of Sanskrit words, have been given by the Malays or +Javanese. The common native Malay term for “flower” is _bûnga_; _sâri_ +(Javanese _sari_, Sansk. _kesara_) and _puspa_ (Sansk. _pushpa_) have +been borrowed from India. + + |English or Latin. + | |Malay. + | | |Sanskrit. + | | | |Other Languages. + |Michelia champaka + | |champaka + | | |champaka (dedicated by the Hindus to Krishna; one of + | | |Kamadeva’s arrows is tipped with it) + | | | |J. and S. _champaka_; Mak. _champaga_. + |Jonesia asoka + | |ângsôka + | | |açoka (sacred to Mahadeva, and held in the highest veneration + | | |by the Hindus) + | | | |J. _angsoka_ and _soka_. + |Mesua ferrea + | |nâgasârî (Rigg supposes the Malay plant to be _Acacia + | |pedunculata_; Marsden, _Acacia aurea_). + | | |nâgakesara (“The delicious odour of its blossoms justly + | | |gives them a place in the quiver of Kamadeva.” --_Sir William + | | |Jones_) + |Jasminum sambac (jasmine) + | |malâtî + | | |mâlatî (_Jasminum grandiflorum_[27]) + | | | |J. _malati_; S. _melati_. + |Arabian jasmine (_Nyctanthes_?) + | |melor + | | |mâdhura (cf. _malura_, Cratæva religiosa) + | | | |J. _menur_; Kw. _menur_, silver. + |Ocymum basilicum (holy basil) + | |sulasi + | | |tulasî (sacred to Krishna) + | | | |J. _selasih_ and _telasih_; S. _selasi_; Mak. _tolasi_; + | | | |Tag. _solasi_. + |Uvaria odorata (or cananga) + | |kenânga + | | |kânana[28] (a forest) + | | | |J. _kenonga_; Mak. and Bu. _kananga_. + |Santalum album, sandal-wood + | |chandâna + | | |chandana (“Perpetually mentioned in the most ancient books + | | |of the Hindus as flourishing on the mountains of Malaya” + | | |--_Sir Wm. Jones_) + | | | |J. and S. _chendana_; Tag. and Bis. _sandana_. + |Plumieria acutifolia + | |kambôja + | | |kâmboja (a kind of _mimosa_) + | | | |S. _kamboja_. + |Nelumbium speciosum, lotus. + | |saroja + | | |saroja + | | | |J. _saroja_. + |Vitex trifoliata + | |lagundi [29] + | | |nirgandhi (“Which Bontius calls _lagondi_.” --_Sir Wm. + | | |Jones_) _-Gandhi_ is used in the latter part of a compound + | | |word with same meaning that _gandha_ has: “smell,” “odour” + | | | |J. _legundi_; Bat. _gundi_. + |Alpinia galanga, or Curcuma reclinata + | |gâdamâla + | | |_gandha_, smell; _mâlâ_, a garland + |Justicia gandarusa + | |gandarusa + | | |_gandha_, smell; _rusa_ (Malay), a deer(?) + | | | |S. _gandarusa_ + |Hibiscus abelmoschus + | |gandapûra + | | |_gandha_, smell; _pura_, calix of a flower + | | | |Mak. _gandapura_ + |Hedichium coronarium + | |gandasûlî + | | |_gandha_, smell + | | | |S. _gandasoli_. + |Liquidambar altingiana + | |rasamala + | | |_surasa_, sweet, elegant; _mâlâ_, a garland + |Carthamus tinctorius, safflower + | |kasumba + | | |kusumbha + | | | |J., S., Mak., and D. _kasumba_; Tag. _kasubha_; + | | | |Bis. _kasobha_. + |Crocus sativus, saffron + | |kumkumâ + | | |kuṃkuma + | | | |J. _kamkuma_; Mak. _kuma_. + |Alyxia stellata; an odoriferous root used in medicine + | |pûlasâri + | | |phul (_Hind_.), flower; _sari_ (Javanese), from _kesara_ + | | |(Sansk.), a flower + |Tectonia grandis, teak + | |jâtî + | | |jâti (synonymous with _malati_), Jasminum grandiflorum + | | | |J., S., Bat., Mak., Bu., and D. _jati_. + |Pterocarpus indicus + | |ângsâna + | | |asana (Terminalia alata tomentosa) + | | | |J. and S. _angsana_. + |Borassus flabelliformis + | |lontar + | | |tâla + | | | |J. and S. _lontar_; Bat. _otal_; Mak. _tala_; Bu. _ta_; + | | | |Tag. _tual_. + |Eugenia jambu, roseapple + | |jambû + | | |jambu + | | | |J., S., Mak., and D. _jambu_; Bu. _jampu_; Tag. _dambo_; + | | | |Bat. _jambu-jambu_, fringe; Bu. _jambo-jambo_, fringe, + | | | |plume. + |Mangifera indica, mango + | |mampelam + | | |from Telugu, _mampalam_; Sansk. _mahâphala_, “great fruit” + | | | |J. _pelem_; S. _ampelem_. + |Spondias myrobolan (or mangifera) + | |âmra + | | |âmra (the mango, _Mangifera indica_); âmrâta (_Spondias + | | |mangifera_) + |Punica granatum, pomegranate + | |dalîma + | | |dâḍima and dâlima + |Zizyphus jujuba + | |bidâra + | | |vidara + | | | |J. _widara_; S. _bidara_. + |Cucurbita lagenaria, gourd, pumpkin + | |lâbû + | | |alâbu + | | | |S. _labu_; Bat. _tabu-tabu_; Malg. _tawu_. + |Tricosanthes laciniosa + | |patôla + | | |paṭola + |Cassia fistula + | |biraksa + | | |vṛiksha (a tree) + |Emblica officinalis + | |malâka + | | |âmalaka (Emblic myrobalan) + | | | |S. _malaka_; Bat. _malakah_. + + + [Footnote 27: “Commeline had been informed that the Javans give + the name of _Malati_ to the _Zambak_ (_Jasminum sambac_), which in + Sanskrit is called _Navamalika_, and which, according to Rheede, + is used by the Hindus in their sacrifices; but they make offerings + of most odoriferous flowers, and particularly of the various + _Jasmins_ and _Zambaks_.” --_Sir William Jones_, _As. Res._ iv.] + + [Footnote 28: Ainslie’s Materia Medica, Madras, 1813. _Kanana_ + occurs in the names of several flowers, _e.g._, _kanana karavira_, + Plumieria alba.] + + [Footnote 29: Perhaps a corruption of _nila-gandhi_. Ainslie gives + the Sanskrit name as _jela-nirghoondi_.] + +_Pâlas_, _palâsa_, and _palâsang_ are Malay names for trees of different +kinds, not one of which corresponds botanically with the Sanskrit +_palâça_ (_Butea frondosa_, a tree which is held by Hindus to be +peculiarly venerable and holy). The preceding list affords several +illustrations of a similar misuse of terms. To it might be added several +words borrowed from other Indian languages, such as _nânas_, pine-apple +(Hind. _ananas_), _bilimbing_ (Tamul _bilimbi_), &c., &c.[30] + + [Footnote 30: J. _nanas_; S. _kanas_; Bat. _honas_; D. _kanas_; J. + and S. _balimbing_; Bat. _balingbing_.] + +Marsden has remarked on the number of Sanskrit words expressive of the +feelings and emotions of the human mind which occur in Malay, and Arabic +also furnishes several. Either their synonymous native terms have been +lost, or the Malays, at the period of Indian influence, had not reached +that stage of civilisation when man commences to analyse and name the +emotions he experiences and sees experienced by others. Good and bad +qualities, in the same way and for the same reason, seem often to bear +Sanskrit appellations. The following list does not profess to be +complete:-- + + |English. + | |Malay. + | | |Sanskrit. + | | | |Other Languages. + |Pleasure, to be pleased + | |sûka + | | |sukha + | | | |J., S., and D. _suka_ + |Joy, rejoiced + | |suka-chita + | | |sukha-chit (chit = thought, the heart) + |Sorrow, grief + | |dûka + | | |duhkha (pain) + | | | |J. and S. _duka_. + | |duka-chita + | | |duhkha-chit + |Care, anxiety, concern + | |chinta + | | |chintâ (thought) + | | | |J. _chipta_; S. _chinta_; Mak. _chita_; D. and Tag. + | | | |_sinta_. + |Passionately in love + | |berâhî + | | |virahin (suffering separation) + | | | |J. _birahi_. + |Angry + | |murka + | | |mûrkha (stupidity) + | | | |J. _murka_, greedy, dissatisfied. + |Hope + | |âsa + | | |âçâ + | | | |Tag. _asa_. + |Love + | |âsmâra + | | |smara + | | | |J. and S. _asmara_. + |Avarice, covetousness + | |lôba + | | |lobha + | | | |Kw. _loba_, voluptuous, luxurious; S. _loba_, abundant. + |Wisdom, understanding + | |bûdî + | | |buddhi + | | | |J. and S. _budi_. + |Stupid, foolish + | |bôdoh + | | |abodha + | | | |J. and S. _bodo_. + |Wise, learned + | |pandei + | | |paṇḍita + | | | |J., S., and Bat. _pandé_. + |Lazy + | |malas + | | |alasa + |Charity, benevolence + | |dermâ + | | |dharma + | | | |J. and S. _derma_; Bat. _dorma_, means of gaining + | | | |affection. + |Generous + | |dermâwan + | | |dharmavant + |Fidelity + | |setîa + | | |satya + | | | |J. _satya_ and _secha_; S. _sacha_. + |Faithful, loyal + | |setîâwan + | | |satyavant + |Thought, to think + | |sangka + | | |çaṅka + |To suspect, conjecture + | |tarka + | | |tarka (doubt, reason) + | | | |J. and S. _tarka_ and _terka_. + |Blame + | |chelâ + | | |chhala (fraud) + | | | |J. _chela_; Mak. _challa_. + |Misfortune, vile, base + | |chelâka + | | |chhalaka (deceiving, a deceiver) + | | | |J. and S. _chelaka_; Mak. _chilaka_; D. _chalaka_. + |Sin, crime + | |dôsa + | | |dush (to sin) + | | | |J., S., Bat., Mak., and D. _dosa_. + |False, untrue + | |dusta + | | |dushta + |Merit meritorious actions + | |pahâla + | | |phala (fruit, produce, result) + | | | |Kw. _pahala_, fruit, merit. + |Happiness, good fortune + | |bahagîa + | | |bhâgya (lot, fate) + | | | |J. _bagya_; S. _bagia_; Bat. _badiya_. + |Use, value, quality + | |guna + | | |guṇa (quality) + | | | |J., S., Bat., Mak., and D. _guna_. + +Inter-tribal warfare is usually characteristic of savage tribes, and an +ample vocabulary of words connected with fighting and the art of war may +be looked for in a language like Malay. But though the native terms are +numerous, many have also been furnished by Sanskrit, among which may be +instanced the following:-- + + |English. + | |Malay. + | | |Sanskrit. + | | | |Other Languages. + |Army + | |bâla, bâlatantrâ + | | |bala (an army), tantra (series, offspring) + | | | |J. and S. _bala_. + |Fort + | |kôta + | | |kûṭa + | | | |J. _kuta_; Bat. _kuta_; S., Mak., D., Tag., and Bis. + | | | |_kota_. + |Bastion, redoubt + | |mâlawâti [31] + | | |balavatî (strong, powerful)? + |Weapon, arm + | |senjâta + | | |sajjâ (armour), sajjatâ, readiness + | | | |Kw. and Mak. _sanjata_; Bat. _sonjata_; D. _sandata_. + |Bow + | |pânah + | | |vâṇa (an arrow) + | | | |J., S., and D. _panah_; Mak. _pana_; Tag. and Bis. + | | | |_pana_, arrow. + |Dagger + | |kris + | | |kṛit (to cut, to kill) + | | | |J. and S. _keris_ and _kris_; Bat. _horis_; Mak. _kurisi_; + | | | |Tag. and Bis. _kalis_. + |Discus + | |chakra + | | |chakra + |Club + | |gada + | | |gadâ + | | | |J. _gada_. + |Cross-bow + | |gandî + | | |gâṇḍiva + | | | |J. _gandewa_. + |Pike + | |sanggamâra + | | |saṃgrâma (war, battle) + |Knife + | |churîka + | | |chhurikâ + | | | |Kw. _churika_, a kris. + |Enemy + | |satrû + | | |çatru + | | | |J. and S. _satru_. + |Battlefield + | |râna + | | |raṇa (battle) + | | | |Kw. and S. _rana_. + |Victory + | |jaya + | | |jaya + | | | |J. and S. _jaya_. + + + [Footnote 31: Crawfurd, very likely correctly, derives this from + the Portuguese _baluârte_, a bulwark.] + +Among the Malays the titles of royalty and nobility, and many of the +terms in use for the paraphernalia of the court, are Sanskrit. Logan +supposes the native Malayan institutions to have been of a “mixed +patriarchal and oligarchical” form.[32] Crawfurd was not satisfied that +the terms alluded to proved that Hinduism had exercised much influence +on Malayan government;[33] but when to these is added a long catalogue +of words connected with law, justice, and administration, it will +probably be apparent that Indian influence has played an important part +in moulding the institutions of the Malays. The following are some of +the principal titles, &c., in use about the court of a Malay Raja:-- + + |English. + | |Malay. + | | |Sanskrit. + | | | |Other Languages. + |King + | |râja + | | |râj + | | | |J., S., and Bat. _raja_. + |Maharaja (a title not confined to royalty, but used also by Malay + |chiefs) + | |mahârâja + | | |mahârâja (a king, sovereign) + |_Adiraja_ (a title) + | |âdirâja + | | |âdhirâja (the first or primeval king, epithet of Manu and + | | |of a son of Kuru) + |King (reigning monarch) + | |baginda + | | |bhâgya (merit, happiness) + | | | |J. _bagenda_; S. _baginda_. + |_Paduka_ (a title of respect used in addressing persons of rank) + | |paduka[34] + | | |pâduka (a shoe) + | | | |J. and S. _paduka_. + |_Duli_ (a title used in addressing royalty) + | |dûli[34] + | | |dhuli (dust) + | | | |J. _duli_; Bat. _daholi_. + |Queen + | |permeisûrî + | | |parameçvarî (a title of Durga, wife of Çiva) + | | | |J. _prameswari_; S. _permasuri_. + |Prince + | |putrâ + | | |putra (a son) + | | | |J. and S. _putra_. + |Princess + | |putrî + | | |putrî (a daughter) + | | | |J. and S. _putri_. + |Minister + | |mantrî + | | |mantrin (councillor) + | | | |J. _mantri_; Mak. _mantari_; S. _mantri_, a minor + | | | |official. + |Chief minister + | |pardana-mantri + | | |pradhâna + |Councillor + | |paramantri + | | |para (highest) + |Officer of the household + | |sîda-sîda + | | |siddha (priest, learned man) + |Warrior, royal escort + | |hulubâlang + | | |bala (army) + | | | |J. and Bat. _hulubalang_. + |Sage, royal adviser + | |pandîta + | | |paṇḍita + | | | |J. and S. _pandita_. + |Laksamana (one of the officers of state) + | |laksamâna + | | |lakshmaṇa (the son of Daçaratha by Sumitrâ) + | | | |J. and S. _laksmana_. + |Treasurer + | |bandahâra + | | |bhâṇḍâgâra (treasure) + | | | |Mak. _bandara_; J. _bendara_, master; S. _bandaran_; + | | | |custom-house. + |Throne + | |singgahasana + | | |siṃhâsana + | | | |Kw. and S. _singasana_. + |Palace + | |astana + | | |sthâna (place, whence the Persian _astana_, a threshold, + | | |a fakir’s residence) + |Crown + | |makôta + | | |mukuṭa + | | | |J. and S. _makuta_; Mak. _makota_. + |Royal insignia + | |upachara + | | |upachâra (service) + | | | |J. _upachara_. + |Title of a chief who is of noble blood on one side only + | |magat + | | |mâgadha (the son of a Vaiçya by a Kshatriya woman) + |Officer (hero) + | |punggâwa + | | |puṅgava (a bull; as latter part of compound words, + | | |“excellent,” _e.g._, _nara-puṅgava_, an excellent warrior) + | | | |J., S., and Mak. _punggawa_. + + [Footnote 32: Journ. Ind. Arch., v. 572.] + + [Footnote 33: Crawfurd, Malay Grammar, Dissertation ccii.] + + [Footnote 34: These two words must have been originally used by + Malays in the sense which they bear in Sanskrit. “Unto the shoes + of my lord’s feet,” or “beneath the dust of your majesty’s feet,” + are phrases in which _paduka_ and _duli_ would immediately precede + the name or title of the person addressed. Being thus used always + in connection with the titles of royal or distinguished persons, + the two words have been taken for honorific titles, and are so + used by Malays, unaware of the humble origin of what are to them + high-sounding words.] + +The incidents of Asiatic government have caused the introduction into +the Malay language of such terms as the following, among others:-- + + |English. + | |Malay. + | | |Sanskrit. + | | | |Other Languages. + |Country + | |negrî + | | |nagara and nagarî + | | | |J. and S. _nagara_. + |District + | |dêsa + | | |diçâ + | | | |J., and S., Bat., and D. _desa_; Mak. _dessa_. + |Tax + | |ûpatî + | | |utpatti + | | | |J. and S. _upeti_. + |Hall, court + | |bâlei + | | |valaya (an enclosure) + | | | |S. _balé_; D. _balai_, open building; J. _balé_, bench; + | | | |Bat. _balé_, hut on a king’s tomb. + |Examine, inquire + | |preḳsa + | | |parîkshâ + | | | |J. _priksa_; Mak. _paressa_; D. _pariksa_ and _riksa_. + |Cause, suit + | |bichara + | | |vichâra (consideration, discussion) + | | | |Mak. and D. _bichara_; J. _wichara_; S. _pichara_. + |Witness + | |saḳsi + | | |sâkshin + | | | |J., S., D., Tag., and Bis. _saksi_. + |Crime + | |dosa + | | |dush (to sin) + | | | |J., S., Bat., Mak., and D. _dosa_. + |Insult, trespass + | |ângkâra + | | |ahaṃkâra (pride) + | | | |Kw. _angkara_. + |Injustice, oppression + | |ânyâya + | | |anyâya + | | | |J. _aniaya_. + |Inheritance + | |pusâka + | | |push (to possess) + | | | |J., S., and Mak. _pusaka_. + |Action, negotiation + | |sanggêta + | | |saṃketa (appointment, convention) + |Proof + | |biti + | | |vitti (probability) + |Cause, matter in dispute + | |âchâra + | | |âchara (conduct) + |Punishment + | |siḳsa + | | |çikshâ (learning) + | | | |J. and S. _siksa_; Mak. _sessa_. + |Fine + | |denda + | | |daṇḍa + | | | |J. and S. _denda_; Bat. _dangdang_; D. _danda_. + |Prison + | |panjâra + | | |panjara (a cage) + | | | |J. and S. _kunjara_; Mak. _panjara_; Bat. _binjara_, + | | | |a trap; D. _jara_ and _panjara_, punished. + |Punishment (of a disgraceful kind inflicted on women) + | |druma + | | |druh (to hurt) + |Slave + | |sahâya + | | |sahâya (companion) + |Free, liberated + | |mardahîka + | | |mṛidh (to pardon?) + | | | |J. and S. _mardika_; Bat. _mardaekoh_; Mak., Bu., and D. + | | | |_maradeka_; Tag. _mahadlika_ + |Executioner + | |palabâya + | | |para (exceeding) bhaya (fear) + +The groups of words remaining to be noticed are those connected with the +Hindu religion, and with the demon-worship or spirit-worship, which was +the earliest form which the religious sentiment took among the Malay +tribes.[35] After the conversion of the Malays to the faith of Muhammad, +the traditions of Hinduism were gradually confused with the aboriginal +superstitions, and neither have been entirely obliterated by the cult +which superseded them. The belief in the power of malignant spirits to +cause misfortune, sickness, and death is still strong among the Malays, +whose _pawangs_ or medicine-men claim to be able to propitiate demons by +spells, prayers, and offerings. These men frequently invoke benevolent +spirits by the names of Rama, Vishnu, and other Hindu deities, in +complete ignorance that they are Hindu,[36] to counteract the evil +influences of malevolent demons. Practices of this sort prevail most +generally in places remote from Arab influence. + + [Footnote 35: “The Javanese have peopled the air, the woods and + rivers with various classes of spirits, their belief in which + probably constituted their sole religion before the arrival of the + Bramins.” --_Crawfurd’s Grammar_, _Dissertation_ cxcix.] + + [Footnote 36: “The Javanese consider all the Hindu gods of their + former belief not as imaginary beings, but as real demons” + (_Ibid._), just as the early Christians regarded the classic gods, + and attributed oracles to diabolical agency.] + +The Malays did not altogether discard the theological terms of Hinduism +when they adopted a new religion. For instance, _puâsa_,[37] abstinence, +fasting (Sansk. _upavâsa_), is used to express the annual fast of the +Muhammadans during the month Ramzan. Heaven and hell also retain their +Sanskrit names. + + [Footnote 37: J., S., Mak., D., and Bis. _puasa_; Bat. _puaso_.] + +The following are some of the principal theological terms which have +passed from Sanskrit into Malay:-- + + |English. + | |Malay. + | | |Sanskrit. + | | | |Other Languages. + |Religion + | |âgâma + | | |âgama (sacred science)[38] + | | | |J., S. Mak., Bu., and D. _agama_. + |Spiritual guide + | |gûrû + | | |guru + | | | |J., S. Mak., Bu., and D. _guru_. + |Praise, adoration + | |puji, puja + | | |pûj (to honour) + | | |pûjâ (worshipping) + | | | |J. and S. _puji_, _puja_; Bat. and Mak. _puji_; + | | | |D. _mampuji_; to invoke. + |Religious penance + | |tâpa + | | |tapas + | | | |J., S., Mak., D., and Bu. _tapa_. + |Heaven + | |sûrga + | | |svarga + | | | |J. _suwarga_; S. _surga_. + |Hell + | |nâraka, patâla + | | |naraka, pâtâla + | | | |J., S., Mak., and D. _naraka_; S. _patala_. + |Fast, abstinence + | |puâsa + | | |upavâsa + | | | |J., S., Mak., D., and Bis. _puasa_; Bat. _puaso_. + |Supernatural power + | |saḳtî + | | |çakti (strength, power) + | | | |J. and S. _sakti_. + |Meritorious service, merit + | |baḳtî + | | |bhakti (worship, devotion) + | | | |J. and S. _bakti_. + |Sacred formula, charm, spell + | |mantrâ + | | |mantra + | | | |J. and S. _mantra_. + |Incense + | |dûpa + | | |dhûpa + | | | |J., S., Mak., Bu., and D. _dupa_; Bat. _daupa_; + | | | |Tag. _dupa-an_, censer. + |Incense (made of eight ingredients) + | |istanggi + | | |ashṭaka (a collection of eight things) + | | | |S. _istanggi_; Mak. _satanggi_. + |Censer (a bamboo split at one end, and opened out so as to form + |a receptacle) + | |sangka + | | |çaṅkha (conchshell used for libations) + |Trumpet + | |sangkakala + | | |çaṅkha (conchshell used for blowing as a horn), kala (time) + |Protection, blessing, or invocation to secure protection + | |sempana + | | |sampanna + |_Sati_, self-sacrifice on the tomb of a lord or husband + | |bela + | | |velâ (sudden death?) + | | | |J. and Bat. _bela_. + |Recluse, devotee + | |biku + | | |bhikshu (a religious mendicant) + | | | |Kw. _wiku_; Siam. _phiku_, a devotee, beggar. + |Mystic words prefixed to prayers and invocations + | |Om, hong[39] + | | |om (a mystic word prefacing all prayers); hum (a mystic + | | |syllable used in incantations) + | | | |J. _hong_. + |Sacrifice, burnt-offering + | |hûmum + | | |homa (sacrifice) + +DEITIES, &c. + + |A god + | |batâra + | | |avatâra (descent) + | | | |J., S., Bat., and Mak. _batara_; Bis. _batala_, idol. + |Minor deity + | |dêwa, dêwâta + | | |deva, devatâ + | | | |J. and S. _dewa_, _dewata_; Mak. _dewa_, _rewata_; + | | | |D. _dewa_; Bis. _dia_, idol; Bat. _debata_; Bu. _dewata_. + |Do. (female) + | |dêwî + | | |devî + | | | |J., S., and Mak. _dewi_. + |Names supposed by Malays to belong to powerful spirits or demons + | |Brahma + | | |Brahma (one of the three principal Hindu deities) + | |Bisnû + | | |Vishnu (one of the three principal Hindu deities) + | |Srî Râma + | | |Râma (the hero of the Râmâyana) + | |Ranjûna + | | |Arjuna (the third son of Pandu) + | |Barûna + | | |Varuṇa (the deity of the waters) + | | | |S. _Baruna_. + | |Mahêswâra + | | |Maheçvara + | |Handûman + | | |Hanumant (the monkey chief in the Râmâyana) + | |Mahareshî + | | |Maharshi (a sage of a pre-eminent class) + |Supernatural beings + | |Indrâ + | | |Indra (king of heaven) + | | | |Kw. _Endra_; S. _Indra_. + | |Chandrâ + | | |Chandra (the moon) + | | | |J. and S. _Chandra_. + |Nymph, goddess + | |Bidyâdârî + | | |Vidyâdharî (a female demi-god) + | | | |J. _Widadari_; Mak. _Bidadari_. + +DEMONS, &c. + + |Demon + | |jana, janu + | | |jana (creature, demon) + |Malignant spirit + | |bôta + | | |bhûta + | | | |J. and S. _buta_; Mak. _bota_. + |Name of a particular demon + | |pancha-maha-bôta + | | |panchan (five); bhûta (element); the five elements according + | | |to the Hindus are earth, fire, water, air, and æther + |A kind of demon + | |bôga + | | |bhoga (a snake) + |Name of a particular demon + | |bûjangga + | | |bhujaṃga (a snake) + | | | |J. _bujongga_; S. _bujangga_. + |An evil spirit + | |rakshâsa + | | |râkshasa + | | | |J. and S. _raksasa_. + |Ghost, goblin + | |hantû + | | |hantu (death) + | | | |J. _antu_; Bat. and S. _hantu_; D. _hantu_, corpse. + |Spectre (which haunts the scene of a murder or sudden death) + | |bâdei + | | |vadha (killing, murder) + |A female who chants incantations + | |bîdû, bidûan + | | |vidhavâ (a widow) + | | | |Bat. _biduwan_. + |Spell to cause death + | |permâya + | | |pramaya (death) + | | | |Bat. _parangmayo_. + |A demon + | |danâwa + | | |dânava + | | | |J. _danawa_. + |A daitya or demon + | |ditya + | | |daitya + | | | |Kw. _ditya_. + |A supernatural monster + | |gargâsi + | | |karkaça (cruel), or perhaps, from _ugra_, very strong, + | | |terrible, cruel + | | | | J. _gargasi_, a large bird + |Magic + | |sastarâ + | | |çâstra (science, learning) + |Magician, sorcerer + | |sastarâwan + | | |çâstravant (skilled in the holy writings) + + [Footnote 38: “_Agama_ in Sanskrit is ‘authority for religious + doctrine:’ in Malay and Javanese it is religion itself, and is at + present applied both to the Mohammedan and the Christian + religions.” --_Crawfurd_, _Malay Grammar_, _Dissertation_ + cxcviii.] + + [Footnote 39: I have found both these words used separately and + distinctly by Pawangs in the state of Perak. Raffles and Logan + confused them. Journ. Ind. Arch., i. 309; History of Java, ii. + 369. De Backer mentions _ong_ only. L’Archipel. Indien, p. 287] + +A remarkable instance of the extent to which the Malay language has been +enriched by Aryan terms is to be found in their national or racial name. +The origin of the word _Malayu_ (the native word from which we obtain +our “Malay”) has been made the subject of some discussion by several +authors. Some are disposed to trace it to the Sanskrit word _malaya_, +while others prefer to regard it as a purely native word. These views +are summarised in the following extract from the introduction to the +Malay Grammar of the Abbé Favre:-- + +“Some authors, and particularly Dr. Leyden, whose authority in this +matter is of great weight, derive the word _malayu_ from the Tamil +_malé_, which means ‘mountain,’ whence _malaya_, ‘chain of mountains,’ a +word applied in Sanskrit to the Western Ghauts. + +“Marsden asserts that this opinion, being founded upon a mere +resemblance of sound between the Sanskrit word _malaya_ and the name of +the Malay people, is not sufficient to justify this derivation.[40] + +“Nevertheless the opinion of Dr. Leyden has continued to command belief, +and has been regarded as not altogether unfounded by M. Louis de Backer, +who has recently published a work on the Indian Archipelago.[41] + +“Another theory, which has the support of Werndly,[42] is so far simple +and rational that it seeks the etymology of this word in the traditions +of the Malays and in books written by themselves. Thus, in a work which +has the greatest authority among them, and which is entitled +_Sulālates-salātin_, or _Sejārat malāyu_, the following passage +occurs:-- + +“‘There is in the island of Sumatra an ancient kingdom called Palembang, +opposite to the island of Banka; a river flows there which is still +called Tatang, into the upper portion of which another river falls, +after having watered the spurs of the mountain Maha Meru (which Malay +princes claim as the cradle of their origin); the tributary is called +_Melayu_, or _Malayu_.’ The meaning of this word is ‘to flow quickly’ or +‘rapidly,’ from _layu_, which in Javanese as well as in the dialect of +Palembang signifies ‘swift, rapid;’ it has become _laju_, _melaju_, in +Malay by the conversion of ي into ج, a change which is by no means rare +in Malay, as it may be seen in يهوري and جهوري,[43] from the Sanskrit +_ayuta_ and _yodi_, and in جوري _jehudi_, from the Arabic جوت _yehudi_, +&c. + +“Now the Malays, an essentially nautical people, are in the habit of +settling along the banks of rivers and streams, whence it comes that a +great number of their towns have taken the names of the rivers on or +near which they are situated, such as Johor, Pahang, &c. In this way +‘the country situated near the river of which the current is rapid,’ +_Sungei Malayu_, would take the name of _Tanah Malayu_, and the +inhabitants of this country (governed in those times by a chief named +Demang Lebar Daun) that of _Orang Malayu_, just as the inhabitants of +Johor and Pahang are called _Orang Johor_, _Orang Pahang_; and their +language is called _Bahasa Orang Malayu_ or _Bahasa Malayu_. + +“The name of _Malayu_ thus applied to the people and to the language +spread with the descendants of Demang Lebar Daun, whose son-in-law, Sang +Sapurba, became king of Menangkabau or Pagar Ruwang, a powerful empire +in the interior of Sumatra. A grandson of Demang Lebar Daun, named Sang +Mutiaga, became king of Tanjong Pura. A second, Sang Nila Utama, married +the daughter of the queen of Bentan, and immediately founded the kingdom +of Singapore, a place previously known as Tamassak. It was a descendant +of his, Iskander Shah, who founded the empire of Malacca, which extended +over a great part of the peninsula; and, after the capture of Malacca by +the Portuguese, became the empire of Johor. It is thus that a portion of +the Indian Archipelago has taken the name of _Tanah Malayu_, ‘Malay +country.’ + +“One of the granddaughters of Demang Lebar Daun was married to the +Batara or king of Majapahit, a kingdom which extended over the island of +Java and beyond it; and another was married to the Emperor of China, a +circumstance which contributed not a little to render the name of +_Malayu_ or Malay known in distant parts.”[44] + + [Footnote 40: Malay Grammar, Introduction.] + + [Footnote 41: L’Archipel Indien, p. 53.] + + [Footnote 42: Maleische Spraakkunst, door G. H. Werndly p. xix.] + + [Footnote 43: The derivation of _judi_, gaming, from _dyuta_ (game + at dice), seems to be preferable to that adopted by M. Favre + (following Van der Tuuk), who refers it to _yodi_, a warrior.] + + [Footnote 44: Favre, Grammaire de la Langue Malaise, Introduction, + viii.] + +This theory requires that we should suppose that a word of wide +application, which is known wherever Malays have established themselves, +is, in fact, a Malay word disguised in a form found only in Javanese and +the dialect of Palembang. If the arguments adduced in support of it are +to apply, we must first of all admit the very doubtful historical +accuracy of the _Sejarah Malayu_, from which they are drawn. + +There is a Malay word, _layu_, which means “faded,” “withered,” and it +is only the exigency of finding a word applicable to a river that makes +it necessary to look for a derivation in _laju_, swift. In this or some +kindred sense the word _laju_ is found in Javanese, Sundanese, and +Dayak; but why it should give its name, in the form of _layu_, to a +river in Sumatra, and thence to the whole Malay race, is not very +obvious. A river named in consequence of its swift current would be +called by Malays _Sungei Laju_, not _Sungei Malaju_. Even if the +derivation of Malayu from _melaju_ had the support of the Malays +themselves, Malay etymologies are not often safe guides. Not much, for +instance, can be said in favour of the fanciful derivation of Sumatra +from _semut raya_, “large ant,” which is given by the author of the +_Sâjarah Malayu_.[45] + + [Footnote 45: Leyden’s Malay Annals, 65.] + +It is impossible to treat the story of Sang Sapurba, the first Malay +raja, as historical. The name, “Maha-Meru,” sufficiently shows that we +are upon mythological ground. The story is as follows:-- Three young men +descend from the heavens of Indra (_ka indra-an_) upon the mountain +Maha-Meru, on the slopes of which they meet two women who support +themselves by planting hill-padi. Supernatural incidents mark the advent +of the strangers. The very corn in the ground puts forth ears of gold, +while its leaves become silver and its stalks copper. One of the +new-comers rides on a white bull, and carries a sword called _Chora_ +(Sansk. _kshura_, a razor) _samandang-kini_. They are received by the +natives of the district (Palembang) and made rajas. He who rides the +bull becomes king of Menangkabau, and the other two receive minor +kingdoms. + +It is not difficult to recognise here certain attributes of the god +Çiva, with which, by a not unnatural confusion of ideas, Muhammadan +Malays, the recipients of the old traditions, have clothed their first +raja. + +Maha-Meru, or Sumeru, on which are the abodes of the gods, is placed by +Hindu geographers in the centre of the earth. _Malaya_ is mentioned in +the _Puranas_ as a mountain in which the Godavari and other rivers take +their rise. The white bull of Sang Sapurba is evidently the _vahan_ of +Çiva, and the name of the sword bears a close resemblance to +_manda-kini_, the name given in heaven to the sacred Ganges, which +springs from the head of Çiva. Most of the incidents in the story, +therefore, are of purely Hindu origin, and this gives great probability +to the conjecture which assigns a Sanskrit source to the word _Malayu_. +The Straits of Malacca abound with places with Sanskrit names. Not to +speak of Singha-pura, there are the islands of Langka-wi and Lingga and +the towns of Indragiri and Indrapura, &c. Sumeru (in Java), Madura, +Ayuthia (in Siam), and many other names, show how great Indian +influences have been in past times in the far East. May it not be, +therefore, that _Malaya_ or _Malayu_[46] was the name by which the +earliest Sanskrit-speaking adventurers from India denominated the rude +tribes of Sumatra and the peninsula with whom they came in contact, just +as _Jawi_ is the name given to Malays by the Arabs, the term in either +case being adopted by the people from those to whom they looked up with +reverence as their conquerors or teachers? According to this view, the +introduction of a river, _Malayu_, into the story of Sang Sapurba is an +_ex post facto_ way of explaining the name, inserted with this object by +the native author of the _Sâjarah Malayu_. + + [Footnote 46: Besides signifying a range of mountains, _Malaya_ + has the secondary meaning of “a garden.” If the term was applied + originally in reference to the agricultural pursuits of the + primitive tribes, it receives additional illustration from the + name given to one of the women whom Sang Sapurba meets on Mount + Maha-Meru, “_Malini_,” a gardener’s wife (Sansk.).] + +If it be granted that the story of Sang Sapurba is mythological, it +becomes unnecessary to follow any attempt to show that the name of +_Malayu_ received additional celebrity from the marriages of +granddaughters of Demang Lebar Daun with the Batara of Majapahit and the +Emperor of China! The contemptuous style in which Malay, Javanese, and +other barbarian rajas are spoken of by ancient Chinese historians leaves +but slender probability to the legend that an Emperor of China once took +a Malay princess as his wife.[47] + + [Footnote 47: See Grœneveldt’s Notes on the Malay Archipelago, + compiled from Chinese sources. Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch + Genootschap, xxxix.] + +From this subject it is natural to proceed to another disputed +etymology, namely, the origin of the word _Jawi_, which is often used by +the Malays for the word _Malayu_ in speaking of their language and +written character, _bahasa jawi_ meaning Malay language, and _surat +jawi_ a document written in Malay. It is not necessary to go into all +the various conjectures on the subject, which will be found in the works +of Marsden, Crawfurd, Favre, and others. + +_Jawi_ is a word of Arab origin, and is formed in accordance with the +rules of Arabic grammar from the noun _Jawa_, Java. Just as from +_Makah_, Meccah, is derived the word _Makk-i_, of or belonging to +Meccah, so from _Jawa_, Java, we get _Jawi_, of or belonging to Java. +When this name was first applied to Malays, the Arabs had not an +accurate knowledge of the ethnography of the Eastern Archipelago. +Without very strict regard to ethnical divergencies, they described all +the brown races of the eastern islands under the comprehensive and +convenient term _Jawi_, and the Malays, who alone among those races +adopted the Arabic alphabet, adopted also the term in speaking of their +language and writing.[48] + + [Footnote 48: “_Sawa_, _Jawa_, _Saba_, _Jaba_, _Zaba_, &c., has + evidently in all times been the capital local name in Indonesia. + The whole Archipelago was compressed into an island of that name + by the Hindus and Romans. Even in the time of Marco Polo we have + only a _Java Major_ and a _Java Minor_. The Bugis apply the name + of Jawa, _Jawaka_ (comp. the Polynesian _Sawaiki_, Ceramese + _Sawai_) to the Moluccas. One of the principal divisions of + Battaland in Sumatra is called _Tanah Jawa_. Ptolemy has both Jaba + and Saba.” --_Logan_, _Journ. Ind. Arch._, iv. 338.] + +As in Malay there are no inflexions to denote change of number, gender, +or person, the connection of _Jawi_ with _Jawa_ is quite unknown to the +Malays, just as the second part of the word _senamaki_ (_sena-maki_, +senna of Meccah[49]) is not suspected by them to have any reference to +the sacred city. There is a considerable Malay and Javanese colony in +Meccah,[50] where all are known to the Meccans indiscriminately as +_Jawi_. + + [Footnote 49: _Senna_ (_Cassia senna_), as a medicine, enjoys a + high reputation in India and all over the East. In Favre’s + Malay-French Dictionary _daun sena-maki_ is translated _feuilles + de séné_, no notice being taken of the last word; but Shakespear’s + Hindustani Dictionary has _sena makk-i_, “senna of Mecca.”] + + [Footnote 50: Burton’s Pilgrimage to Medinah and Meccah, p. 175.] + +Marsden devotes several pages of the introduction to his Malay Grammar +to a discussion as to the origin and use of the expression _orang +di-bawah angin_, people below the wind, applied by Malays to themselves, +in contradistinction to _orang di-atas angin_, people above the wind, or +foreigners from the West. He quotes from De Barros and Valentyn, and +from several native documents, instances of the use of these +expressions, but confesses his inability to explain their origin. +Crawfurd quotes these terms, which he considers to be “native,” and +remarks that they are used by the Malays alone of all the tribes in the +Archipelago. A much more recent writer characterises these terms as +“_Noms dont on ignore encore la vraie signification_.”[51] + + [Footnote 51: De Backer, L’Archipel Indien, li. (Paris, 1874).] + +The expression is not of Malay origin, but is a translation into that +language of an Arabic phrase. Instances of its use occur in the “MOHIT” +(the ocean), a Turkish work on navigation in the Indian seas, written by +Sidi al Chelebi, captain of the fleet of Sultan Suleiman the Legislator, +in the Red Sea. The original was finished at Ahmedabad, the capital of +Gujarat, in the last days of Muharram, A.H. 962 (A.D. 1554). It +enumerates, among others, “the monsoons below the wind, that is, of the +parts of India situated below the wind,” among which are “Malacca, +Shomotora, Tanassari, Martaban, and Faiku (Pegu).”[52] + + [Footnote 52: Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, iii. 545.] + + +TRANSLITERATION OF MALAY IN THE ROMAN CHARACTER. + +Malay is written in a character which has been borrowed from a foreign +literature in comparatively modern times, and which but imperfectly +suits its sounds. With the introduction of the Muhammadan religion, the +Malays adopted the Arabic alphabet, modified to suit the peculiarities +of their language. + +In Malay literary compositions there is great diversity in the manner of +spelling many words. The accentuation of the spoken dialect differs so +much from Arabic, that it is difficult, even for native writers, to +decide when to write the long vowels and when to leave them out. This is +the point in which diversity is most common. + +Every European author who writes Malay in the Roman character has to +decide on what system he intends to render the native language by means +of our alphabet. The Malay alphabet has thirty-four letters, so it is +obvious that ours will not accurately correspond with it. It is open to +him, if he wishes to obtain a symbol to correspond with every letter of +the Malay alphabet, to employ various means to denote those letters for +which we have no equivalents; or he may dismiss the native alphabet from +his mind altogether, and determine to write the language phonetically. +In a language, however, which abounds in Sanskrit and Arabic words, he +should, of course, avoid the adoption of any system of spelling which +would disguise the true origin of words of foreign derivation. + +Muhammadans from India or Persia introduced their own method of writing +among the Malays. They wrote Malay in their own character (to the +gradual supersession of any native alphabet that may have previously +existed), and this became the alphabet of the Malays. + +It is now our turn to write Malay in our character. Is it sufficient to +do this in our own way, as those did who introduced the Perso-Arabic +alphabet, or must we also have regard to the mode of spelling adopted by +the latter? + +In an elementary work like the present, it does not seem to be necessary +to burden the student with a system of transliteration. The native +character is not employed in this manual, and there is, therefore, all +the less occasion for using special means for denoting peculiar native +letters. It will be found that the mode of spelling Malay words adopted +by Marsden has been followed in the main.[53] In this Introduction the +long vowels (that is, the vowels which are written in full in the native +character) are marked with a circumflex accent, but it has not been +thought necessary to adopt this system in the body of the work. + + [Footnote 53: In certain foreign words the hard _k_ will be found + to be denoted by a dot under the letter, thus, ḳ; and the peculiar + vowel sound represented in Arabic by the letter _ain_ is denoted + by the Greek rough breathing ‘.] + +Sometimes vowels will be found marked with the short sign, ˘. This is +only for the purpose of assisting the student in pronunciation, and does +not represent any peculiarity in the native character. + +The vowels are to be sounded in general as in the languages of the +Continent of Europe. Final _k_ is mute. + +The correct pronunciation of Arabic words is aimed at by Malays of +education, and the European student should get the right sounds of the +vowel _ain_ and of the more peculiar Arabic consonants explained to him. + + + + +MALAY MANUAL. + + + + +_PART I._ + + +The object of this work is to facilitate the acquisition of an +elementary knowledge of the Malay language. It is believed also that +some of the hints and suggestions which it contains will be of use to +those who already have a colloquial knowledge of Malay, especially if +this has been acquired from Indian or Chinese settlers in the Straits of +Malacca, not from Malays themselves. + +The Roman character is used throughout, but a knowledge of the native +character can hardly be dispensed with by those who aim at a thorough +acquaintance with the language. As it abounds in idiomatic expressions, +the study of native compositions is most important, and these are +generally to be found only in the Malay character. Little attempt is +made at scientific arrangement. In dealing with the various parts of +speech, technical terms are as far as possible avoided, and reliance is +placed rather on illustrations than abstract rules. The student should +divest himself of the expectation that sentences may be formed in Malay +on principles of construction which govern composition in European +languages. An elementary knowledge of Malay is so easily acquired that a +learner soon begins to construct sentences, and the tendency, of course, +is to reproduce the phrases of his own language with words of the new +one. He may thus succeed in making himself intelligible, but it need +hardly be said that he does not speak the language of the natives. +Correctness of expression cannot be entirely learnt from grammars. In +this manual cautions and hints will be given, and, where possible, +absolute rules will be laid down, but these must not be regarded as +complete. Instruction derived from books must be supplemented by +constant practice in speaking _with Malays_--not with Malay-speaking +Asiatics of other nationalities--before idioms can be mastered. Until +some facility in framing sentences according to native idioms has been +attained, and it has been perceived how shades of meaning may be +conveyed by emphasis, or by the position of a word in the sentence, the +European will find it difficult to convey his ideas in Malay, even with +a considerable vocabulary of words at his disposal. A Dutch author +justly remarks:-- “Malay is called a poor language, and so it is, but +not so much so as is often imagined, certainly not as far as its +vocabulary is concerned. That it is often unable to furnish us with +words for abstract ideas is a deficiency which it has in common with all +languages of the Indian Archipelago, or rather with all races who have +not yet risen to the height of our civilisation and development. Its +richness or poverty, however, must not be judged by the existing +dictionaries, or by the contents of those manuscripts which are known to +us. When Malays are seated together talking about various topics of +everyday life, they are not in want of words, and such conversations +would, if noted down, provide our present dictionaries with a good many +supplements, additions, corrections, and appendices.”[1] + + [Footnote 1: Klinkert, Eenige ophelderingen omtrent de Maleische + Spreekwoorden en spreekwijzen.] + + +I. THE ARTICLE. + +There is no article in Malay, that is, there is no word which +corresponds exactly with our definite article _the_, or indefinite +article _a_, _an_. _Kuda_, horse, and _orang_, man, signify equally +“_the_ horse” and “_the_ man.” When it is desired to specify particular +objects, the pronouns _ini_, this, _itu_, that, and _yang_, this which, +or that which, are used. _Si_ sometimes supplies the place of the +definite article when a person is spoken of; as _si-laki-laki_, the man; +_si-perampuan_, the woman; _si-mati_, the deceased; _si-bongkok_, the +cripple. + +The numeral _satu_, one, is often used as the indefinite article; as +_ada sa’ orang di negri Kedah_, there was a man in the state of Kedah; +_ini satu kuda chantek_, this is a beautiful horse. + + +II. SUBSTANTIVES. + +A difficulty which attends the classification of Malay words into +various parts of speech, according to the system applied to European +languages, consists in the number of words which, while yet unmodified +by particles, are either verb or substantive, substantive or adjective, +adjective or adverb, according to the context. _Baniak_, as an adverb, +means much, as an adjective, many; _jalan_ is either a road or to walk; +_panjang_ either long, tall, or length, height. The same thing occurs in +English in a minor degree; but with us the difference between _cold_ and +_a cold_, or between _to brush_ and _a brush_, is rendered distinct by +the use of the article _a_ and the particle _to_. Many Malay words must +thus be treated as now substantive, now adjective, now verb, according +to the position they occupy in the sentence. + +The noun undergoes no change to denote number, gender, or case. + + +NUMBER. + +The plural, if not sufficiently made plain from the context, is often +indicated by the use of such words as _baniak_, many, _sumua_, +_sa-kali-an_, and _sagala_, all. + +It is also expressed sometimes by repeating the noun; as _raja_, a king, +_raja-raja_, kings; _tuan_, master, _tuan-tuan_, masters. _All_ nouns +are not capable of this duplication. As a general rule, it may be said +to be mainly confined to nouns expressing persons or animate objects. + +When there is nothing to show whether singular or plural is meant, the +number remains indefinite, but may generally be assumed to be plural. In +such phrases as _menembak burong_, to shoot birds, _membĕli hayam_, to +buy fowls, the substantives are clearly plural, though nothing marks +them as such. To restrict the number, and show that _one bird_ or _one +fowl_ is meant, it would be necessary to use the word _satu_, one, with +the idiomatic term _ekor_ (lit. _tail_), which is always used in +enumerating the lower animals; as _menembak sa’ekor burong_, to shoot a +bird; _membĕli sa’ekor hayam_, to buy a fowl. + + +GENDER. + +Inflexion is unknown in Malay, and gender has no place in the grammar of +the language. Most nouns which signify animate things are of both +genders, and the sexes are distinguished by the addition, in the case of +persons, of the words _laki-laki_, male, and _perampuan_, female, and in +other cases of the words _jantan_, male, and _betina_, female. _Jantan_ +and _betina_ are also applied vulgarly to persons. If an apparent +exception is found in such words as _putra_, a prince, and _putri_, a +princess, derivation from a foreign language may be suspected. The +inflexion in the word just cited is due to the rules of Sanskrit +grammar. + + +DECLENSION. + +There is nothing in the Malay language which corresponds with the +_cases_ of a Latin, Greek, or Sanskrit noun, which are formed by changes +of termination, or of a Hindustani noun, which are formed by +postpositions. In Malay the cases are expressed, as in English, by +prepositions:-- + + To, _ka_, _kepada_, _sama_. + For, _akan_. + With, _dengan_, _sama_. + From, _deri_, _deri-pada_. + By, _uleh_. + +The genitive or possessive case is expressed either by the use of the +word _punya_ after the noun, or by placing the noun which signifies the +possessor immediately after the thing possessed; as _sahaya_, I; _sahaya +punya_, of me, mine; _rumah_, house; _rumah punya_, of the house; +_sahaya punya rumah_, or _rumah sahaya_, my house. + +The employment of the genitive with _punya_ is to be avoided. It is more +idiomatic to say _rumah sahaya_ than _sahaya punya rumah_. + +Substantives are of five classes:-- + +1. Those which in their primitive form are substantives; as _orang_, +person; _rumah_, house; _kuda_, horse; _bapa_, father. + +2. Those which are formed from verbs by prefixing the inseparable +particle _pe_; as _pe-lari_, a runaway; _peng-asuh_, a nurse; +_pem-buru_, a hunter; _pen-churi_, a thief; _penyapu_, a broom. + +3. Those which are formed by affixing the termination _-an_ to verbs, +adjectives, prepositions, and to other substantives; as _makan-an_, +food; _manis-an_, sweetness; _hampir-an_, proximity; _trus-an_, a +channel; _buah-an_, fruit in general; _laut-an_, the ocean. + +4. Those which are formed by prefixing the particle _pe_ and adding the +termination _-an_; as _pe-layar-an_, a voyage; _peng-ajar-an_, +instruction; _pem-bunoh-an_, slaying, execution; _pen-dapat-an_, +acquisition; _pel-ajar-an_, lesson; _per-uleh-an_, possession; +_per-main-an_, amusement. + +5. Those which are formed by prefixing the particle _ka-_ and adding the +termination _-an_; as _ka-jadi-an_, creation, origin; _ka-baniak-an_, +generality; _ka-puji-an_, praise; _ka-salah-an_, guilt, offence; +_ka-korang-an_, want, deficiency. + + +III. ADJECTIVES. + +Adjectives, like nouns, are indeclinable. They are always placed _after_ +their substantives; as _kuda baik_, a good horse; _orang jahat_, a bad +man; not _baik kuda_, _jahat orang_. + + +IV. PRONOUNS. + +The proper use of the personal pronouns and of the nouns which are used +for them presents some difficulty. + +The following words may be used to express the first person singular, +_I_:-- + + 1. _Aku_, I. + 2. _Sahaya_ (lit. companion, slave; Sansk. _sahâya_). + 3. _Hamba_ (lit. slave), or _hamba tuan_ (lit. master’s slave). + 4. _Perhamba_ (lit. lowest slave). + 5. _Beta_ (lit. slave). + 6. _Patek_ (lit. slave). + 7. _Tĕman_ (lit. companion). + +The appropriate use of these pronouns is dependent upon the relative +positions of the persons between whom communication takes place. + +_Aku_ is generally used by natives among themselves. Its use implies +familiarity and equality. It should not be used by Europeans addressing +natives, or by natives addressing Europeans. + +_Sahaya_ is the ordinary polite form used by Europeans in conversation +with natives of all classes, and by natives of the upper class in +addressing Europeans. + +_Ha ba_, _ha ba tuan_, and _perhamba_ are used by persons of inferior +rank when addressing superiors. _Hamba_, if used by a chief or native of +high rank, implies a certain affectation of modesty. + +The use of _beta_ is confined to literary composition, and it is +incorrect to employ the word colloquially. It may be used by Europeans +and natives. + +_Patek_ is used only by natives, and by them only when addressing a +person of royal blood. + +_Tĕman_ is used only in intercourse between natives of the upper class +and of approximately equal rank. + +The first person plural is _kita_ or _kami_, we. _Kita_ is used when the +person addressed is intended to be included. _Kami_, on the contrary, +like the royal “we” in English, excludes the person addressed. + +Sometimes the word _orang_ is added without changing the signification; +as _kita orang_, we. + +Other forms are also in use, but they are generally provincialisms +confined to particular states or districts. _Sahaya apa_, _kita apa_, +and _hamba tuan apa_ are used in Kedah, and _sahaya-ma_ in Perak, for +_kita orang_. + +Colloquially the personal pronouns are often omitted to avoid +repetition. This is done especially in narration or description; as, for +example, in the following sentence: _Lepas itu jalan pula ka-kampong +singgah di rumah Haji Ismail hari pun sudah pĕtang langsong pulang +ka-rumah maka nasi_-- Afterwards (I started) again (and) walked to the +_kampong_, (and) stopped at the house of Haji Ismail, (and then), as it +was evening, (I) went straight home (and) had my dinner. + +Here the personal pronoun _I_ is understood throughout. + +The second person singular is _angkau_, you. Each syllable of this word +may be used separately for the whole. _Ang_ or _hang_ is much employed +in Kedah and Perak, and _kau_ in other parts of the peninsula and in +Borneo. In Perak _mika_, in Malacca _awah_, in Borneo _kita_, and in +Batavia _kweh_, are also used. The preceding words are used by a +superior addressing an inferior, or by the common people in ordinary +(not in polite) conversation. + +In polite conversation the use of _angkau_, or of most of the words +given above, must be avoided, as it is considered by Malays to be vulgar +or harsh. In addressing servants or followers, the name of the +individual addressed is often inserted in the sentence instead of the +pronoun _you_; as, in addressing Ismail: When you were at the bazaar +just now who was with you?-- _Apabila Ismail di pekan tadi siapa sama?_ +In the same way _tuan_, sir, master, is employed in addressing a haji or +sayyid; _tuan-ku_ or _tunku_, my lord, in addressing a raja; _datoh_, +grandfather, in addressing a chief or _penghulu_. + +Other words similarly employed are-- + + _Abang_ (elder brother) or _wah_ (uncle), to a man older than the + speaker. + _Kakak_ (elder sister), to a woman older than the speaker. + _Adek_ (younger brother). + _Inche_ (sir or madam), to respectable persons of either sex. + + +EXAMPLES. + + When did you arrive? (to a haji)-- + _Bila-mana tuan sudah tiba?_ + I must ask one thing of you (to a raja)-- + _Sahaya handak minta satu kapada tunku._ + If you give the order (to a chief)-- + _Jikalau datoh suroh._ + Do not be angry (to an elderly man)-- + _Jangan abang marah._ + Please help yourselves to water (to guests of various ranks)-- + _Datoh-datoh, tuan-tuan, inche-inche sakalian, sila berayer._ + +The use of the word _lu_, a form of the second person singular, derived +from the Chinese, and generally used by Europeans, is offensive to +Malays of all classes, and is altogether to be avoided. + +In the plural _kamu_, ye, corresponds to _angkau_, you, in the singular; +that is to say, it is used by a superior addressing inferiors. It is +found in its contracted form _mu_ in literary composition, but seldom +colloquially; as _ka-tahu-i uleh-mu_, be it known unto ye. + +_Kamu_ is sometimes used in the singular also. + + +THIRD PERSON SINGULAR. + +_Dia_ or _iya_, he, she, it. + +_Dia_ and _iya_ are used indifferently, but perhaps _dia_ is more common +in conversation and _iya_ in literature. + +The plural is _dia orang_ (and sometimes, though less commonly, _iya +orang_), they. + +Another form of the third person plural is _marika-itu_, they, these, or +those persons; but it is found in literary compositions only, and is not +used in conversation. + +A pronoun of the third person only used in conjunction with other words +is _-nia_, a contraction of _inia_, he, she, it. + +The indefinite form “one” (the French “on” and German “man”) is +expressed in Malay by _orang_; as _orang tiada bĕrani pergi sana_, one +dare not go there; _kalau orang handak kawin_, if one is about to marry. + + +POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. + +The possessive pronouns, _my_, _thy_, _his_, _our_, _your_, _their_, are +usually denoted by placing the personal pronoun after the word +expressing the object possessed; as _rumah sahaya_, my house; _pada +pikir-an hamba_, in my opinion; _apa pen-chari-an angkau?_ what is your +occupation? _apa nama dia?_ what is his name? + +Possessive pronouns are also formed by the word _punya_ or _ampunya_ +(lit. owning, owned) placed after the personal pronoun; as _aku punya_, +my or mine; _tuan punya suka_, as you please (your pleasure); _yang +ampunya tanah_, (he) whose land it is. + + _Singular._ | _Plural._ + My, mine, _sahaya punya_. | Ours, _kita punya_. + Thy, thine, _angkau punya_. | Yours, _kamu punya_. + His, hers, its, _dia punya_. | Theirs, _dia-orang punya_. + +Frequently where the word “your” would be used in English Malays leave +out the pronoun altogether. “Bring your gun with you,” would be +correctly rendered in Malay, _bawa snapang sama_ (lit. bring gun +together), not _bawa angkau punya snapang sama angkau_. + +In literary composition _ku_ and _mu_ (abbreviated forms of _aku_ and +_kamu_) are affixed to the noun denoting the thing possessed; as +_rumah-ku_, my house; _bapa-mu_, your father. + +The affix _-nia_ is used in the sense of _his_, _hers_, or _its_, as +well as the other forms of the possessive pronoun; as _patah kaki-nia_, +his leg was broken; _bauh-nia terlalu wangi_, its smell is very sweet. + + +DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. + + _Ini_, this, these. _Itu_, that, those. + +The demonstrative pronouns, like adjectives, follow the word to which +they belong; as _rumah ini_, this house; _hari ini_, this day, to-day; +_aku ini_, I myself; _sakarang ini_, this moment; _orang itu_, that man +or those men; _waktu itu_, that time; _iya itu_, that is to say. It is +not unusual to hear _ini_ and _itu_ placed before the noun, but this is +not idiomatic. + + +The INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS are + + _Siapa_, who? _Apa_, what? _Mana_, who? what? + + +EXAMPLES. + + _Apa mahu?_-- What do you want? + _Rumah ini siapa?_-- Whose house is this? + _Siapa panggil?_-- Who called? + _Gajah mana ini?_-- What elephant is this? + _Siapa akan tahu?_-- Who knows? + + +The RELATIVE PRONOUN is + +_Yang_, who, which. + + +EXAMPLES. + + _Burong yang liyar_, a bird that is wild. + _Raja yang adil_, a king who is just. + _Ada yang tuah, ada yang muda_, some are old and some are young + (lit. there are who are old, &c.). + +The Menangkabau word is _nen_. This is often found in composition, but +is seldom used in the dialect spoken in the Straits of Malacca. Example: +_Patek nen fakir_-- I who am but a beggar. + + +REFLECTIVE PRONOUNS. + +_Diri_, _sendiri_, or _kendiri_, self, are used with or without the +personal pronouns to signify myself, yourself, himself, ourselves, &c. + +EXAMPLES. + + _Bunoh diri_, to kill oneself. + _Meng-ajar diri_, to take oneself to task. + _Hamba sendiri handak pergi_, I shall go myself. + _Baik tuan sendiri suroh_, you had better order it yourself. + _Kemdian turun-lah raja sendiri_, afterwards the king himself + descended. + _Dia lari masok hutan membawa diri-nia_, she escaped to the jungle + with her life (lit. taking herself with her). + _Biar-lah hamba sa-orang diri me-lawan dia_, let me fight him myself + alone. + + +V. VERBS. + +Verbs are either primitive or derivative; the former are those which in +their original signification are verbs; the latter are formed from +primitive verbs, or from substantives, adjectives, or adverbs, by the +application of particles. + +Examples of primitive verbs are _pukul_, to strike; _makan_, to eat; +_lari_, to run; of derivative verbs, _ber-kaki_, to have feet, from +_kaki_, a foot; _panjang-kan_, to lengthen or make long, from _panjang_, +long. + +The primitive verb, which is generally a dissyllable, is either +transitive, as _tangkap_, to seize, or intransitive, as _tidor_, to +sleep; but a transitive sense may be given to an intransitive verb by +the addition of the particle _-kan_, as _lari_, _me-lari_, to run; +_me-lari-kan_, to carry off. + +Though the examples of primitive verbs given above are translated for +the sake of convenience by our infinitive, their signification is not +necessarily rendered by that mood. Favre translates them by the past +participle (as _ambil_, taken, _buang_, thrown[2]), but this is rather +fanciful than accurate. The fact is, that the meaning of the radical or +primitive is indefinite, and depends for its precise signification on +its position (with respect to other words) in the sentence, or on the +particles which may be added before or after it. Thus _lari_ means +simply run, though syntax will show that it may mean to run, I run, he +runs, run thou, &c., according to its position in the sentence. + + [Footnote 2: Grammaire de la Langue Malaise, 56.] + +Marsden distinguishes the following moods--the imperative, the +indicative or assertive, the conditional, and the infinitive or +indefinite--“which admit, for the most part, of being expressed in the +present, the past, and the future tenses or times.” + +It is not proposed, in an elementary work like the present, to go deeply +into a scientific arrangement, which, however well suited to the Latin +and Greek languages, is adapted with less propriety to uncultivated +languages like Malay. It is believed that an explanation of the use of +auxiliaries and particles, and a paradigm showing the most common +changes of which the verb is susceptible, will be sufficient, and that +the student may be left to gain further knowledge as to the mode of +expressing variations of mood and tense as he advances in the study of +the language.[3] + + [Footnote 3: “It is difficult to eradicate the belief that the + forms in which we think are identical with the thought itself; and + it is only linguistic science that enables us to see that many of + the forms of grammar which we imagine necessary and universal are, + after all, but accidental and restricted in use. The cases of + Latin and Greek do not exist in the majority of languages; the + Polynesian dialects have no true verbs; and the Esquimaux gets on + well enough without ‘the parts of speech’ that figure so largely + in our own grammars.” --_Sayce, Introduction to the Science of + Language_, ii. 328.] + + +USE OF PARTICLES. + +The inseparable affix _-kan_ always denotes a verb used in a +_transitive_ sense; as _men-jalan-kan_, to cause to walk. It is an +abbreviation of the preposition _akan_. Thus _buat-kan_ (to do) means to +do something _to_ (_akan_) something or somebody. + +The inseparable affix _-i_ also denotes the transitive sense; as +_kras-i_, to oppress (from _kras_, hard); _halus-i_, to treat carefully +(from _halus_, fine, close). + +The inseparable prefix _ber-_ (_bel-_, _be-_) is the mark of a verb +which expresses a state or condition of being; as _ber-jalan_, to walk, +or to be in the act of walking; _ber-wang_, to have money; _ber-misei_, +to wear moustaches; _ber-pukul_, to strike, _i.e._, to be in the act or +condition of striking (not to strike another, _transitive_, which would +be expressed by _pukul-_ or _me-mukul-kan_). + +The inseparable prefix _me-_ (in all its various forms, _mem_, _meng_, +_men_, and _meny_) is the mark of a verb which expresses an action; as +_men-jalan-kan_, to cause to walk, _mem-buat_, to make; _menyakit-kan_, +to afflict (from _sakit_); _meng-ambil_, to take. + +According as the primitive verb has a transitive or intransitive sense, +the derivative verbs formed from it will take _ber-_ or _me-_ as the +case may be. Thus from _adu_, to sleep, is formed _ber-adu_, not +_meng-adu_; while from _adu_, to complain, is formed _meng-adu_, not +_ber-adu_. + +Often both particles may be used, and both transitive and intransitive +derivative verbs may be formed from the same primitive. Thus from +_taroh_, to put, are formed _menaroh_, to put (the act of a person who +puts), and _ber-taroh_, to bet (the condition of a person who stakes). +From _tidor_, to sleep, are formed _menidor-kan_, to put to sleep, and +_ber-tidor_, to be sleeping or lying down; and from _ajar_, instruct, +_meng-ajar_, to teach (impart instruction), and _bel-ajar_, to learn +(get instruction). + +_Mem-bawa_, to bring, _mem-bunoh_, to kill, and _me-makan_, to eat, are +formed from _bawa_, _bunoh_, and _makan_ respectively, which, as they +express actions, not states, do not take the prefix _ber-_. +_Ber-gantong_ is to hang (intransitive), that is, to be in a state or +condition of hanging; _meng-gantong-kan_ is to hang (transitive), that +is, to perform the action of hanging something. + +The particle _per-_ (Sansk. _pra_), a prefix used with transitive verbs, +does not seem always to effect a change in the sense. It is used more +generally in literature than in the colloquial dialects, and seems to be +introduced frequently for the sake of euphony only. The difference, for +instance, between _meng-himpun-kan_, to assemble, to collect persons +together, and _mem-per-himpun-kan_, to cause persons to collect +together, is not very marked. No general rule applicable to all +transitive verbs can be laid down for the use of this form with +_mem-per-_; practice and experience must form the only guide. + + +AUXILIARIES. + +The auxiliary verbs and adverbs are-- + + _Ada_, is, was, are, were. + _Sudah_, was, did, has been. + _Tĕlah_, was, did, has been. + _Mahu_, will, shall, would, must. + _Handak_, will, shall, would, must, is, was, or were about to. + _Jadi_, is, was, become, became. + + +PARADIGMS. + +_Tidor_, sleep. + + _Sahaya tidor_, I sleep, or I was sleeping. + _Tidor-lah dia_, he was sleeping or slept. + _Ber-tidor_, asleep, sleeping. + _Sahaya sudah tidor_, I have slept. + _Dia telah tidor_, he had slept. + _Sahaya maku tidor_, I will sleep, or I want to sleep. + _Sahaya handak tidor_, I shall sleep, or I am about to sleep. + _Dia akan tidor_, he will sleep or is going to sleep. + _Tidor-lah_, sleep thou. + _Mahu-lak angkau tidor_, you must sleep. + _Biar iya tidor_, let him sleep. + _Handak-lah di-tidor-nia_, it must be slept by him, _i.e._, he + intends to sleep. + _Menidor-kan_ or _menidor-i_, to lay down (transitive). + _Mem-per-tidor-kan_ or _mem-per-tidor-i_, to cause to sleep. + _Penidor_, a soporific; that which causes to sleep. + _Penidor-an_, act of causing to sleep. + _Per-tidor-an_, that which belongs to sleep; a bed. + _Ka-tidor-an_, the act of sleeping; there was sleeping on the part + of ----. + _Sa-ka-tidor-an_, the act of sleeping with another; there was + sleeping with ----. + _Si-tidor_, the sleeper. + _Ter-tidor_, gone to sleep. + + +_Lari_, run. + + _Sahaya lari_, I run, or I was running. + _Lari-lah dia_, he ran, or was running. + _Ber-lari_, run, running. + _Ber-lari-lari_, running about incessantly. + _Sahaya sudah lari_, I have or had run. + _Dia telah lari_, he had run. + _Sahaya mahu lari_, I will run, or I want to run. + _Sahaya handak lari_, I will run, or I am about to run. + _Dia akan lari_, he will run. + _Lari-lah_, run thou. + _Mahu lah angkau lari_, you must run. + _Biar iya lari_, let him run. + _Handak-lah di lari-nia_, it must be run by him, _i.e._, he intends + to run. + _Me-lari-kan_, to carry off (transitive). + _Lari-an_, a running, a course. + _Ber-lari-an_, the act of running; there was running on the part + of ----. + _Ber-lari-lari-an_, incessant running; running to and fro; there was + incessant running on the part of ----. + _Ka-lari-an_, flight; act of running. + _Pe-lari_, a runaway, a fugitive. + _Pe-lari-an_, flight. + _Di-lari-kan_ (passive), is, are, was, were, have, has, or had been + run away with. + _Di-lari-kan-nia_, is, are, was, were, have, has, or had been run + away with by him, her, or them. + _Ter-lari_, run, run away (past). + _Bawa lari_, to carry off, run off with. (Here _lari_ is the past + participle after _bawa_, to take, bring, and may be used with that + verb in all its forms.) + + +_Ada_, be. + + _Sahaya ada_, I am or was. + _Ber-ada_, have (possess.), has or had. + _Meng-ada_, to cause to be, to make, invent. + _Sudah ada_, have got, have been. + _Telah ada_, was, have been. + _Mahu ada_, must be. + _Meng-ada-ngada_, to make or invent repeatedly. + _Meng-ada kan_, to create, to cause to exist. + _Ber-ada-kan_, possess, own. + _Mem-per-ada-kan_, to produce, to cause to exist. + _Ter-ada-kan_, produced, created. + _Ada-an_, being, existence. + _Ka-ada-an_, state, existence. + + +_Bawa_, bring. + + _Sahaya bawa_, I bring or was bringing. + _Mem-bawa_, bring, to bring. + _Sudah bawa_, has brought. + _Telah bawa_, had brought. + _Mahu bawa_, will or must bring. + _Aku handak bawa_, I will bring, or am about to bring. + _Bawa-lah_, bring thou. + _Biar iya bawa_, let him bring. + _Mem-bawa-kan_ or _mem-bawa-i_, to cause to be brought or taken. + _Pem-bawa_, a bringer. + _Bawa-an_, that which is brought; a burden. + _Pem-bawa-an_, act of bringing, transport. + _Di-bawa_ and _di-bawa-kan_, brought, passive. + _Di-bawa-nia_ and _di-bawa-kan-nia_, is, are, was, were, have, has, + or had been brought by him, her, or them. + _Ter-bawa_, brought. + + +_Ambil_, take. + + _Sahaya ambil_, I take. + _Meng ambil_, take, to take. + _Sudah ambil_, has or had taken. + _Telah ambil_, had taken. + _Mahu ambil_, will or must take. + _Handak ambil_, shall take or about to take. + _Ambil-lah_, take thou. + _Mahu-lah angkau ambil_, you must take. + _Biar iya ambil_, let him take. + _Handak-lah di ambil-nia_, he must take or intends to take. + _Meng-ambil-kan_, to take or cause to take. + _Ambil-an_, a thing taken. + _Peng-ambil-an_, the act of taking. + _Di-ambil_ or _di-ambil-kan_, is or was, &c., taken (passive). + _Di-ambil-nia_ or _di-ambil-kan-nia_, is or was. &c., taken by him, + her, or them. + _Ter-ambil_, taken, having been taken. + + +_Suroh_, order. + + _Sehaya suroh_, I order. + _Menyuroh_, order, to order. + _Sudah suroh_, has ordered. + _Telah suroh_, had ordered. + _Mahu suroh_, will or must order. + _Handak suroh_, shall order or about to order. + _Suroh-lah_, order thou. + _Mahu-lah angkau suroh_, you must order. + _Biar iya suroh_, let him order. + _Handak-lah di suroh-nia_, he must order or intends to order. + _Menyuroh-kan_, to issue orders, to commission. + _Pe-suroh_ and _penyuroh_, one who is commissioned; a messenger. + _Penyuroh-an_, an order, command; the act of commanding. + _Suroh-suroh-an_, people who are at the orders or command of another. + _Suroh-menyuroh_, to issue orders incessantly. + _Di-suroh_ or _di-suroh-kan_, is or was, &c., ordered. + _Di-suroh-nia_ or _di-suroh-kan-nia_, is, or was, &c., ordered by + him, her, or them. + _Ter-suroh_, ordered, having been ordered. + + +The facts to be derived from a careful study of the foregoing examples +may be summarised as follows:-- + +1st. The tense of the verb standing alone is indefinite. It may be +present, imperfect, present or past, &c., according to the context; as +_dia ada_, he is; _tatkala sahaya ada di sana_, when I was there; _kalau +sahaya ada dĕkat_, if I am, should be, were, or had been near. This +applies equally to the forms created by prefixing _ber-_ and _me-_, +_mem-_, _men-_, _meng-_, _meny-_ to the radical. Examples: _kita +ber-jalan_, we _are_ or _were_ walking; _nanti sampei sahaya ber-balik_, +wait till I _shall have_ returned; _mati-mati ber-minyak_, if you +_should_ use oil; _raja meng-angkat kalmarin dahulu_, the raja _set_ out +the day before yesterday. + +2d. The Imperfect may sometimes be expressed by making the verb, +followed by the particle _-lah_, precede the pronoun; as _diam-lah dia +orang_, they were silent; _maka pergi-lah raja kapada tuan putri_, and +the king went to the princess. + +3d. _Past._-- Though the past may be expressed by the primitive verb, as +shown above, if the context shows that the act spoken of is past, it is, +nevertheless, more emphatically marked by the use of the auxiliaries +_sudah_ and _tĕlah_, has or had; as _dia sudah tidor_, he has gone to +sleep; _telah lari-lah pe-rompah sumua_, the pirates have (or had) all +run away. + +4th. _Future._-- The verb standing alone may express the future when +there is something in the sentence which indicates that a future tense +is meant, such as the word “to-morrow” or “hereafter;” as _esok hari +kita ber-pĕrang pula_, to-morrow we shall be fighting again. + +The future is also expressed by the auxiliaries _mahu_ and _handak_; as +_dia mahu jual_, he will sell it; _tiada mahu dia datang_, he would not +come; _kapal handak masok sungei_, a ship is about to enter the river; +_di-panggil-nia orang-besar-besar mushawarat handak di-buat meligei_, he +summoned the chiefs to consult about building a palace. + +Another mode of forming the future is by the word _nanti_ (lit. wait), +placed, like the French verb _aller_, before the verb; as _sahaya nanti +chahari_, _je vais chercher_, I am going to seek, or _j’irai chercher_, +I shall go to seek. + +The preposition _akan_, in order to, in order that, is sometimes used to +convey the sense of the future; as _penyakit itu tiada akan semboh_, +that disease is not to be cured; _siapa akan tahu?_ who shall know? +(= who can tell?); _jikalau raja yang anyaya naraka akan tampat-nia_, if +a king is unjust hell will be his place hereafter. + +5th. _Imperative._-- To convey an order or command the radical is used +either by itself or with the affix _-lah_; _kamu_, thou, being either +expressed or understood. The particle adds additional emphasis to the +command. Examples: _pergi_, go; _pergi-lah_, be off, get away; _ka-luar_ +or _ka-luar-lah_, go out; _ka-luar-kan-lah_, take (it) out, or turn +(him) out. + +_Mahu_ and _handak_ with the affix _-lah_ signify must; as _mahu-lah +kamu turut_, ye must obey; _handak-lah ayam yang puteh_, there must be a +fowl that is white, or, the fowl must be a white one; _handak-lah segala +pegawei raja itu duduk dengan adab dan diam_, the king’s officers must +sit with reverence and in silence. + +The third person of the imperative mood, which we express by “let him,” +may be rendered in Malay by the use of the word _biar_ or _biar-lah_, +with the verb in the manner shown by the following examples:-- _Biar-lah +dia masok_, let him come in; _biar-lah aku mati_, let me die. + +6th. From many verbs are formed verbal nouns by prefixing the particle +_pe-_ (_peng_, _pem_, _pen_, _peny_) to the radical. This prefix +operates like the syllable _-er_ in such words as robber, purchaser, +teacher; as _churi_, to steal; _pen-churi_, a robber; _bĕli_, to buy; +_pem-bĕli_, a purchaser; _ajar_, to teach; _peng-ajar_, a teacher. +Substantives of this kind and others formed from the verb with the +particles _ka-_ and _-an_ have already been noticed under the head of +the Substantive. But the form arrived at by prefixing to the simple verb +the particle _ka-_ and annexing the particle _-an_ is not merely a noun, +but, as Marsden says, “a gerund in form as well as in sense, being in +fact a verbal noun infinitively applied in construction;” as, +_ka-dengar-an sampei Sayong_, it was to be heard as far as Sayong; +_tiada ka-tahu-an_, not to be understood; _mata-hari tiada ka-lihat-an +sebab ka-lindong-an-lah sayap-nia_, the sun was not to be seen by reason +of the shadowing of its wings. + +7th. _Passive._-- In Malay the passive voice is denoted by the particle +_di-_ prefixed to the verb. The place of the nouns which express the +agent and subject respectively will be understood from the following +examples:-- + + _Hamba di-pukul orang_, I was beaten by men. + _Orang di-pukul hamba_, the men were beaten by me. + _Rumah di-makan api_, the house was consumed by fire. + _Api di-padam-kan orang_, the fire was extinguished by men. + +Here the personal pronoun or other agent follows the verb and the +subject precedes it. + +Sometimes the preposition “by” finds an equivalent in Malay, the word +_uleh_ being expressed instead of being understood (as in the preceding +sentences). Examples:-- + + _Maka uleh baginda pun di-sambut dengan seperti ‘adat_, they were + received by the king with the customary ceremony. + _Di-titah-kan-lah uleh baginda_, it was commanded by the king. + +The passive participle is formed by prefixing to the verb the +inseparable particle _ter-_; as _ter-pukul_, struck; _ter-tulis_, +written. When _ter-_ precedes _per-_, one of the particles drops its +final letter; as _te-per-sayang_, compassionated; _ter-pe-lanting_, sent +flying. + +_Other forms of the Verb._-- In the preceding paradigms generally those +changes have been inserted which result from the application of +inseparable particles. But there are moods and tenses of the English +verb which are translatable in Malay, though they are not included above +because they involve the use of other words, which, though united to the +verb in construction, do not form part of it. + +_Conditional or Potential._-- In expressing a conditional or potential +sense the verb undergoes no change, though following such conjunctions +as “if,” “provided that,” “in order that;” as _jika tuan datang_, if you +come; _kalau raja me-larang_, if the king should forbid; _dapat kami +ber-untong_, provided we are successful; _sapaya jangan hamba kĕna +rugi_, in order that I may not incur a loss; _agar sapaya anak-nia +menjadi ‘alim_, in order that his children may become learned. + +_Optative._-- An optative sense is generally indicated by such words as +_apa-lah_, _apa-lah kira-nia_, prithee, expressions of entreaty, or +_garangan_, forsooth, conveying the notion of a doubt or query; as +_barang di-sampei-kan Allah apa-lah kira-nia_, may God in his goodness +cause it to arrive. But sometimes these are understood; as _di-bri Allah +kamarau sadikit_, may God grant a little fair weather. + +_Participle Present._-- Continuity or existing duration of action is +often expressed by the use of such words as _lagi_, still more, +_sambil_, _seraya_, and _serla_, whilst at the same time the verb +remains unaltered in form; as _lagi datang_, coming; _lagi tidor_, +sleeping or still asleep; _ber-jalan sambil ber-sinnyum_, walked on +smiling; _meniambah serta meniapu ayer mata-nia_, made obeisance, at the +same time wiping away her tears. + +_Tengah_, half, middle, is often used with the verb in a similar way; as +_dia tengah makan nasi_, he was in the act of eating his dinner. + + +VI. ADVERBS. + +Adverbs in Malay are not distinguished by any prevailing termination +corresponding to the English _-ly_ or the French _-ment_. Many +adjectives and some prepositions are used adverbially. + +The following are some of the most useful adverbs:-- + + +ADVERBS OF TIME. + + _sakarang_, now. + _tadi_, just now. + _dahulu_, before, formerly. + _sa’buntar_, presently. + _bĕlum_, not yet. + _pagi-pagi_, early. + _esok_, _besok_, to-morrow. + _kalmarin_,[4] yesterday. + _tatkala_, _sa-katika_, when (_relative_). + _kemdian_, afterwards. + _pernah_, ever. + _ta’pernah_, never. + _sĕdang_, while. + _kadang_, sometimes. + _apa-bila_, _apa-kala_, _bila-mana_, _bila_, when? (_interrogative_). + _kalmarin dahulu_, the day before yesterday. + _lusa_, the day after to-morrow. + _tulat_, the third day from this. + + [Footnote 4: In Perak _kalmarin_ means “formerly.” _Pĕtang_ is + “yesterday.”] + + +ADVERBS OF PLACE. + + _sini_, _ka-mari_, here. + _situ_, _sana_, _nun_, there. + _mana_, where, wherever (_rel._). + _di-mana_, where? (_inter._). + _hampir_, near, nearly. + _luar_, outside. + _dalam_, inside. + _sabĕrang_, across. + _jauh_, far. + _atas_, above. + _bawah_, below. + _sabĕlah_, beside. + _balik_, behind. + _dĕkat_, near. + + +MISCELLANEOUS. + + _bagini_, like this. + _bagitu_, like that. + _bageimana_, how? + _ya_, yes. + _bukan_, no, not. + _sahaja_, only. + _makin_, so much the more. + _naschaya_, certainly. + _tidak_, no. + _tentu_, certainly. + +Adverbs expressing intensity will be found enumerated in Lesson 4. + +Among the examples above given several are also prepositions, and will +be found under that heading. + + +VII. PREPOSITIONS. + +The principal prepositions of place and motion are _di_, at, in, on; +_ka_, to, towards; _deri_, from. A great many so-called prepositions are +formed from these three compounded with certain other words, such as:-- + + _di-atas_, on the top of. + _ka-atas_, to the top of. + _deri-atas_, from the top of. + _di-dalam_, in the interior of. + _ka-dalam_, to the interior of. + _deri-dalam_, from the interior of. + _di-bĕlakang_, at the back of. + _ka-bĕlakang_, to the back of. + _deri-bĕlakang_, from the back of. + _di-sabĕrang_, on the farther side of. + _ka-sabĕrang_, to the farther side of. + _deri-sabĕrang_, from the farther side of. + _di-bawah_, at the bottom of. + _ka-bawah_, to the bottom of. + _deri-bawah_, from the bottom of. + _di-hadap-an_, in front of. + _ka-hadap-an_, to the front of. + _deri-hadap-an_, from the front of. + _di-luar_, at the outside of. + _ka-luar_, to the outside of. + _deri-luar_, from the outside of. + +These twenty-one words are used like prepositions, and are often +classified as such, but the true prepositions are the three initial +words. + +_Atas_, _bawah_, _dalam_, _hadap-an_, _bĕlakang_, _luar_, and _sabĕrang_ +here are really substantives governed by the prepositions _di_, _ka_, +and _deri_. Some of these words aptly illustrate the difficulty of +classifying Malay words according to the parts of speech usually +recognised by grammarians. _Dalam_, for instance, has already been +classified in the preceding section as an adverb. It is also +substantive, adjective, and preposition. + + _Dalam_ (subs.), interior, depth; as _penghulu dalam_, the guardian + of the interior (inner apartments); _dalam-nia tiga depa_, its + depth is three fathoms. + _Dalam_ (adj.), deep; as _ter-lalu dalam sungei ini_, this river is + very deep. + _Dalam_ (adv.), inside; as _ada orang dalam_, there are people inside. + _Dalam_ (prep.), in; as _kain yang dalam gĕdong itu_, cloth in that + warehouse. + +In Malay a substantive in the possessive case immediately follows the +substantive denoting the possessor (_supra_, p. 47). In the sentences +_bĕlakang gunong_, the back of the mountain; _hadap-an raja_, the +presence of the king; _sabĕrang sungei_, the farther side of the river, +all the words are substantives, _gunong_, _raja_, and _sungei_ being in +the possessive case. + +Now let the prepositions _di_, _ka_, and _deri_ be added to these +sentences. + +_Di-bĕlakang gunong_, at the back of the mountain, may be more shortly +translated _behind_ the mountain; so _ka-hadap-an raja_ may be rendered +_before_ the king, and _deri-sabĕrang sungei_ _from beyond_ the river. + +Here, though the purport of the Malay phrases _di-bĕlakang_, +_ka-hadap-an_, and _deri-sabĕrang_ are correctly rendered by English +prepositions, only the first portion of each phrase is a Malay +preposition. + +Of the remaining prepositions the following are the chief:-- + + _pada_, _kapada_, at, to, on, towards. + _deri-pada_, from, than. + _akan_, to, for, as to, as for. + _uleh_, by. + _atas_, on, upon. + _datang_, } + _sampei_, } until, as far as. + _hingga_, } + _antara_, between. + _samantara_, until. + _ganti_, instead of. + _balik_, behind. + _serta_, with. + _sama_, with, to. + _dengan_, with. + _dalam_, in, into. + _lĕpas_, after. + _karana_, } + _krana_, } on account of. + _sebab_, } + _sa-kadar_, according to. + _demei_, by. + _dĕkat_, near. + _tentang_, concerning, opposite. + _bagi_, to. + _trus_, through. + + +VIII. CONJUNCTIONS. + +The following list includes the most useful of the conjunctions in +Malay:-- + + _dan_, and. + _kalau_, } + _jika_, } if. + _jikalau_, } + _antah_, } perhaps. + _kunun_, } + _sapaya_, in order that. + _pula_, also, again. + _sambil_, } whilst. + _selang_, } + _seraya_, at the same time. + _tambah-an_, furthermore. + _karana_, } because. + _sĕbab_, } + _serta_, and, also. + _asal-kan_, provided that. + _atau_, or. + _tĕtapi_, but. + _me-lain-kan_, except. + _hania_, but, except. + _yang_, that. + _kĕlak_, forsooth. + _juga_, _jua_, also. + _sahaja_, only. + _lagi_, again, even. + _lagi pula_, again, too. + _lagi pun_, besides, also. + _saperti_, as, like. + _laksana_, } like. + _bagei_, } + _iya-itu_, that is to say. + _lamun-kan_, although. + +There are also a number of conjunctions which are met with almost +exclusively in the written language, and which it would be pedantic to +use in conversation. Of such are:-- + + _maka_, _bahwa_, _ḥata_, _shahadan_, seldom necessary to the sense, + and not always requiring translation. They answer in some degree + to such words as “now,” “next,” “but,” “then,” “again,” “so.” + _sa-ber-mula_, first, now. + _sa-bagei-lagi_, further, again. + _arkian_, now, then. + _agar_, in order that. + _y‘ani_, that is to say. + _wab‘adahu_,[5] and then, afterwards. + _walakin_ (Arab. _wa_, and _lakin_, but), but, though, nevertheless. + + [Footnote 5: Arabic _wa_, and, _b‘adahu_, afterwards--often used + by a pleonasm with _kemdian_, afterwards; _wab‘adahu kemdian + deri-pada itu_, and after that.] + + +IX. INTERJECTIONS. + +The interjections in most common use are:-- + + _hei!_ O! _ya!_ O! (Arabic). + _aho!_ O! (Sansk.). + _aduh!_ _aduhi!_ oh! alas! (pain, lamentation). + _niah!_ _niah-lah!_ be off! begone! + _ai!_ _wah!_ oh! alas! (astonishment or affliction). + _ayo!_ _ayohi!_ ah! (affection). + _cheh!_ fie! + _wayi!_ alas! + _demei Allah!_ by God! + _nah!_ there! take it! + _jum!_[6] forwards! + + [Footnote 6: This is a Kedah word. _Mah!_ is used in the same + sense in Perak.] + +Many other words are used like interjections; such as _kasi-han_ (lit. +affection), what a pity! _sayang_ (lit. concern), ’tis pity! alas! +_karam_ (lit. wrecked), woe to thee! _me-rachun_ (may I be poisoned), +no! (emphatic denial), &c., &c. + +A number of Arabic expressions common to all Muhammadans in all parts of +the world are used by Malays, such as _In sháa-lláh_, if it be the will +of God; _Alláhu a‘alam_, God is all-knowing; _Astaghfir alláh_, I beg +forgiveness of God; _Wa-llahi_ and _Wa-llah_, by God! _Yá rabb_, O Lord! +_Bi-smi-llah_, in the name of God! _El-ḥamdu li-llah_, praise be to God! +_Alláhu akbar_, God is most great. + + +X. NUMERALS. + +The numerals in Malay are exceedingly simple. The first ten are:-- + + 1. _sa_, _satu_, _suatu_, one. + 2. _dua_, two. + 3. _tiga_, three. + 4. _ampat_, four. + 5. _lima_, five. + 6. _anam_, six. + 7. _tujoh_, seven. + 8. _dĕlapan_, eight. + 9. _sambilan_, nine. + 10. _sapuloh_, ten. + +From eleven to nineteen inclusive the numerals are formed from the +digits with the termination _bĕlas_:-- + + 11. _sa-bĕlas_, eleven. + 12. _dua-bĕlas_, twelve. + 13. _tiga-bĕlas_, thirteen. + 14. _ampat-bĕlas_, fourteen. + 15. _lima-bĕlas_, fifteen. + 16. _anam-bĕlas_, sixteen. + 17. _tujoh-bĕlas_, seventeen. + 18. _dĕlapan-bĕlas_, eighteen. + 19. _sambilan-bĕlas_, nineteen. + 20. _dua-puloh_, twenty. + +Multiples of ten up to ninety inclusive have the termination _puloh_, +ten:-- + + 20. _dua-puloh_, twenty. + 30. _tiga-puloh_, thirty. + 40. _ampat-puloh_, forty. + 50. _lima-puloh_, fifty. + 60. _anam-puloh_, sixty. + 70. _tujoh-puloh_, seventy. + 80. _dĕlapan-puloh_, eighty. + 90. _sambilan-puloh_, ninety. + +The intermediate numbers are formed simply by adding the units; as-- + + 21. _dua-puloh-satu_, twenty-one. + 32. _tiga-puloh-dua_, thirty-two. + 43. _ampat-puloh-tiga_, forty-three. + 54. _lima-puloh-ampat_, fifty-four. + 65. _anam-puloh-lima_, sixty-five. + 76. _tujoh-puloh-anam_, seventy-six. + 87. _dĕlapan-puloh-tujoh_, eighty-seven. + 98. _sambilan-puloh-dĕlapan_, ninety-eight. + +Above a hundred the numbers proceed with equal regularity:-- + + 100. _sa-ratus_, one hundred. + 200. _dua-ratus_, two hundred. + 300. _tiga-ratus_, three hundred. + 400. _ampat-ratus_, four hundred. + 1000. _sa-ribu_, one thousand. + 2000. _dua-ribu_, two thousand. + 3000. _tiga-ribu_, three thousand. + 4000. _ampat-ribu_, four thousand. + +Any sum, however great, may be expressed by the numerals in +juxtaposition without the insertion of a conjunction; as, +_sa-ribu-dĕlapan-ratus-tujoh-puloh-sambilan_, one thousand eight hundred +(and) seventy nine, 1879. + +Certain terms for high numbers have been borrowed from the Sanskrit +language and misapplied in adoption, namely, _laḳsa_ (Sansk. _laksha_, +100,000), _keti_ (Sansk. _koṭi_, 10,000,000), and _juta_ (Sansk. +_ayuta_, 10,000). + +The numbers represented by these words in Malay are _sa-laḳsa_, ten +thousand; _sa-keti_, one hundred thousand; _sa-juta_, one million. + +In reckoning the numbers from 20 to 30, _lekor_, a score, is sometimes +used instead of _dua-puloh_ (especially in mentioning dates), but in +that case the unit precedes instead of following the decimal; as +_sa-lekor_, twenty-one; _dua-lekor_, twenty-two; _tiga-lekor_, +twenty-three, &c. + +To express a quantity which approaches what we call a round number, it +is sometimes convenient to state the latter qualified by the figure in +which it is deficient, as is done in the old-fashioned phrase “forty +stripes save one.” Thus, instead of _sambilan-puloh-dĕlapan_, +ninety-eight, the phrase _korang dua sa-ratus_, one hundred save two, +may be used. + +The use of the word _tengah_, half, before a numeral serves in the same +way to reduce it by half of one. Thus, _tengah dua_ signifies “one and a +half,” or “two, less half a one,” as if the full phrase were _korang +sa-tengah dua_; so _tengah tiga-puloh_, twenty-five (lit. “three tens +save half”); _tengah lima ratus_, four hundred and fifty (lit. “five +hundreds save half”). + + +ORDINAL NUMBERS. + + _pertama_ (Sansk. _prathama_), first. + _ka-dua_, second. + _ka-tiga_, third. + _ka-sa-bĕlas_, eleventh. + _ka-dua-puloh_, twentieth. + _ka-sa-ratus_, hundredth. + +The word _yang_ placed before ordinals corresponds to the definite +article in English; as _yang pertama_, the first; _yang ka-dua_, the +second; _yang ka-sa-ribu_, the thousandth. + + +FRACTIONAL NUMBERS. + +_Tengah_, _sa-tengah_, half; _suku_, _sa-suku_, quarter; _sa-per-dua_, +one-half; _sa-per-tiga_, one-third; _dua-per-tiga_, two-thirds; +_tiga-per-ampat_, three-fourths. Similar fractions may be formed with +other numbers by placing the particle _per_ between the dividend and the +divisor. + + +COLLECTIVE NUMBERS. + +Phrases like “a score,” “a dozen,” “a couple,” are formed in Malay by +the use of the particle _ber_ with the numeral; as-- + + _ber-dua_, the two, or the pair. + _ber-tiga_, the three. + _ber-puloh-puloh_, by tens. + _be-ratus-ratus_, by hundreds. + _be-ribu-ribu_, by thousands. + +The word _ganda_, which in Hindustani is a collective numeral meaning “a +four,” is used in Malay in conjunction with numerals in a sense +corresponding to the English word “times;” as _dua-ganda_, double, +twice; _tiga-ganda_, triple, three times. + + +NUMERAL CO-EFFICIENTS. + +In Malay, as in Burmese, Siamese, and Chinese, “there exists a set of +specific and technical terms, called by the grammarians _numeral +affixes_, some one or other of which is always used as a co-efficient to +the numeral, the term being selected according to the class under which +the object falls.”[7] The use of these terms will be best understood by +comparing it with the analogous use in English of such phrases as so +many _head_ of cattle; so many _file_ of soldiers; so many _sail_ of +ships; so many _stand_ of rifles. + + [Footnote 7: Col. Yule, Journ. Anthropol. Inst. Feb. 1880. This + peculiarity in the Indo-Chinese languages has attracted much + attention among ethnologists. See Peschel, Races of Man, 117; + Tylor, Early History of Mankind, 208; Bunsen’s Universal History, + i. 409.] + +1. _Orang_ (person or persons) is introduced in the enumeration of +mankind; as _China tiga orang, Malayu sa’orang_, three Chinese and a +Malay; _budak dua orang_, two children. + +2. _Ekor_ (tail) is employed in speaking of animals; as _sa-ekor +kuching_, a cat; _kuda bĕlang dua ekor_, two piebald horses; _ikan +kechil-kechil barang lima anam ekor_, about five or six small fish. + +3. _Buah_ (fruit) is applied to fruit, houses, ships, places, &c.; as +_sa-buah rumah_, a house; _sa-buah nĕgri_, a town or kingdom; _lima buah +kapal_, five ships. + +4. _Biji_ (seed) is applied to small objects more or less round; as +_buah manggis lima-puloh biji_, fifty mangostins; _ampat biji telor_, +four eggs; _nior muda sa-biji_, one green cocoa-nut. + +5. _Halei_ or _lei_, to tenuous objects, such as hair, feathers, leaves, +wearing apparel, &c.; as _bulu sa-lei_, a feather; _kain Palembang +sa-puloh halei_, ten Palembang sarongs. + +6. _Batang_ (stem), to long objects; as _lembing dua batang_, two +spears; _tiang ampat batang_, four posts. + +7. _Puchuk_ (young shoot), to letters, muskets, cannon, elephants’ +tusks, &c.; as _tiga puchuk surat_, three letters; _sa-puchuk gading_, +one tusk: _snapang lima puchuk_, five muskets. + +8. _Keping_ (piece, slice), to pieces of wood, metal, &c.; as _papan +sa-keping_, a plank; _timah tiga-puloh keping_, thirty slabs of tin. + +9. _Tangga_ (ladder) and _pintu_ (door), to houses; as _rumah dua +tangga_, two houses; _rumah batu anam pintu_, six brick houses. + +10. _Lapis_ (fold), to clothing; as _kapan sa-lapis_, a shroud. + +11. _Rawan_, to nets and cordage; as _pukut sa-rawan_, a seine net; +_jala dua rawan_, two casting nets. + +12. _Bilah_, to cutting weapons; as _kris sa-bilah_, one kris; _pĕdang +lima bilah_, five swords. + +13. _Buntoh_, to rings, fish-hooks, &c.; as _kail sa-buntoh_, a +fish-hook; _chinchin tiga buntoh_, three rings. + +14. _Bidang_, to things spread out; as _destar sa-bidang_, one +head-cloth. + +15. _Butir_, to fruit, seeds, and other small round objects; as _nior +sa-butir_, a cocoa-nut; _mutiara sa-butir_, a pearl. + +There are many other similar idiomatic terms, examples of which will be +given in the more advanced lessons farther on. + + +XI. PARTICLES. + +Most of the particles have been noticed in speaking of the verb, but +there are three or four which require special mention. + +_Lah_ is affixed to words of all kinds, sometimes merely for the sake of +euphony, but more frequently as a particle of intensity. + +In the sentence _ada-lah kapada suatu hari_, it happened on a certain +day, _lah_ is simply expletive; but in the sentence _dia-lah yang buat_, +it was _he_ who did it, the particle serves to emphasise the word _dia_. +The latter use of the particle _lah_ is exemplified by its frequent +employment to emphasise a command; as _mari-lah_, come; _pergi-lah_, go. + +_Kah_ is the interrogative particle. When affixed to words it is the +sign of a question or a doubt; as _itu-kah atau lain-kah?_ is it that or +another? _Antah sunggoh-kah atau tidak_, it is doubtful whether it be +true or not. + +_Tah_ is also an interrogative particle, but of less general use than +_kah_. _Apa-tah?_ what else? is a common phrase indicating assent. + +_Pun_ is annexed to all kinds of words, sometimes merely to give +roundness to a phrase, sometimes with the sense of “too,” or “also” +(where the sentence is affirmative), or “nor,” “neither” (where it is +negative); as _maka iya-pun datang_, then he came; _aku pun mahu_, I too +want it; _siyang pun tidak malam pun tidak_, it was neither day nor +night. + + + + +PART II. + +COMPOSITION OF SENTENCES. + + +Owing to the absence of inflexion, the composition of simple sentences +in Malay offers few difficulties. The phrases and exercises which will +be given in this Part are simple and elementary, serving thus as a +preparation for others of progressive difficulty to be reached at a +later stage. + + + + +LESSON I. + + +SUBSTANTIVES. + + person (man, woman, or child), _orang_. + man, _laki-laki_. + woman, _per-ampu-an_. + child, _anak_. + house, _rumah_. + water, _ayer_. + fire, _api_. + wind, _angin_. + wood, _kayu_. + carriage, _kreta_. + horse, _kuda_. + ship, _kapal_. + steamer, _kapal-api_. + boat, _sampan_. + cow, ox, _lumbu_. + dog, _anjing_. + bird, _burong_. + snake, _ular_. + fish, _ikan_. + sun, _mata-hari_. + moon, _bulan_. + star, _bintang_. + sea, _laut_. + river, _sungei_. + cloth, _kain_. + + +ADJECTIVES. + + good, _baik_. + new, _băharu_. + naughty, wicked, _jahat_. + beautiful, _bagus_. + pretty, _chantek_. + wise, _pandei_. + stupid, _bodoh_. + large, _bĕsar_. + small, _kĕchil_. + deep, _dalam_. + swift, _laju_. + high, _tinggi_. + round, _bulat_. + old, _tuah_. + young, _muda_. + cold, _sĕjuk_. + hot, _panas_. + far, _jauh_. + near, _dĕkat_. + coarse, _kasar_. + fine, _halus_. + + +ADVERBS. + + very, _baniak_. + exceedingly, _sangat_. + +Before showing how sentences may be constructed with these words by +means of the verb _ada_, and with the aid of the personal pronouns, two +of the hints already given are here repeated:-- + +1. Adjectives follow their substantives. + +2. The verb _ada_ is frequently omitted and left to be understood. + + +EXAMPLES. + + A bad man-- + _Orang jahat._ + A pretty woman-- + _Perampuan chantek._ + A high house-- + _Rumah tinggi._ + A high wind-- + _Angin bĕsar._ + Cold water-- + _Ayer sĕjuk._ + This is my child-- + _Ini anak sahaya_ (not, _Ini ada sahaya punya anak_). + That bullock-cart is mine-- + _Kreta lumbu itu sahaya punya._ + That pony-carriage is swift-- + _Kreta kuda itu ada laju._ + That person has a dog-- + _Orang itu ada sa’ekor anjing._ + That woman’s cloth is very fine-- + _Kain perampuan itu halus sangat._ + This man has one son and two daughters-- + _Orang ini ada anak laki-laki sa’orang dan anak perampuan dua + orang._ + The steamer is near-- + _Kapal-api ada dĕkat._ + His child is very naughty-- + _Anak dia baniak jahat._ + They have a boat-- + _Dia orang ada sa’buah sampan._ + There are men and women-- + _Ada orang laki-laki dan perampuan._ + The old man has a piece of coarse cloth-- + _Orang tuah itu ada kain kasar sa’lei._ + + +EXERCISE. + +I am a good man. His child is very wise. The moon is round. They have a +beautiful horse. My boat is very large. The sea is very deep. The sun +and stars are very far off. This person has a vicious dog. That man’s +daughter is beautiful. This river is very swift. A small snake. This ox +is very old. That person’s boat is small. There are fish. There is a +bird. The water of the river is warm. There are stupid people and there +are wise people. His ship is very far off. + + + + +LESSON II. + + +ON THE SECOND PERSON. + +The use of the word _angkau_ and similar pronouns is to be avoided as +much as possible. When the pronoun of the second person cannot be +understood but must be expressed, _angkau_, or the local or provincial +word used in substitution for it (according to the part of the +Archipelago in which the speaker finds himself), may be employed. In +addressing natives of rank or of superior position, the appropriate +forms should be used. The word _lu_ should never be used to a Malay; it +is, however, in common use among those Chinese who use Malay as a medium +of communication with other nationalities. On the subject of the second +person see _supra_, p. 49. + + +SUBSTANTIVES. + + animal, _bĕnatang_. + father (common form), _bapa_. + father (polite form), _ayah_, _ayahnda_. + mother (common form), _mak_, _ibu_. + mother (polite form), _bonda_. + elder brother, _abang_. + elder sister, _kakak_. + younger brother or sister, _adek_. + boy or girl, _budak_. + brother or sister, _sudara_. + husband, _laki_. + wife, _bini_. + forest, _hutan_. + tree, _pokok_. + plain, _padang_. + shop, _kĕdei_. + fruit, _buah_. + sky, _langit_. + ground, _tanah_. + dollar, _ringgit_. + road, _jalan_. + age, _‘umur_. + + +ADJECTIVES. + + long, _panjang_. + short, _pendek_, _pandah_. + sweet, _manis_. + wet, _basah_. + dry, _kĕring_. + many, _baniak_. + rich, _kaya_. + poor, _miskin_. + strong, _kuat_. + hard, _kĕras_. + soft, _lumbut_. + few, _sadikit_. + + +VERBS. + + to say, _kata_. + to go, _pergi_. + to run, _lari_. + to talk, _chakap_. + to tell, _bilang_. + to arrive, _sampei_. + to sit, _duduk_. + to dwell, _tinggal_. + to send, _kirim_. + to bring, _bawa_. + + +EXAMPLES. + +_To a Raja._ + + Your house is very large-- + _Rumah tunku baniak besar._ + Your father is very old-- + _Ayahnda tunku tuah sangat._ + This is your horse-- + _Ini tunku punya kuda._ + +_To a respectable Chinese._ + + There is a quantity of cloth in your shop-- + _Ada baniak kain-kain didalam baba punya kĕdei._ + When did you arrive?-- + _Towkay bila sampei?_ + Your elder brother is very rich-- + _Towkay punya abang baniak kaya._ + Your carriage and mine are alike-- + _Kreta baba dengan kreta sahaya ada sama._ + +_To a Malay Headman._ + + There are a number of people in your house-- + _Ada baniak orang di-dalam rumah datoh._ + Your son is very strong-- + _Anak datoh, baniak kuat._ + Where do you live?-- + _Datoh di-mana tinggal?_ + +_To a Malay of superior rank._ + + What do you say to it?-- + _Apa kata inche?_ + Who told it to you?-- + _Siapa bilang kapada inche?_ + Your elder sister has a great many fruit-trees-- + _Inche punya kakak ada baniak pokok buah._ + +_To a Sayyid or Haji._ + + Where are you going to?-- + _Tuan handak pergi ka-mana?_ + What is your age?-- + _Bĕr-apa ‘umur tuan?_ + I wish to talk a little with you-- + _Sahaya handak chakap sadikit dengan tuan._ + +_To Persons of inferior rank._ + + Who are you?-- + _Siapa kamu?_ + Is this yours?-- + _Angkau punya-kah ini?_ + Where is your house?-- + _Di-mana rumah angkau?_ + Bring your hat-- + _Bawa topi sĕndiri._ + Where do you live?-- + _Di-mana tinggal?_ + Have you got a light?-- + _Ada api?_ + Why are you so late?-- + _Apa buat lambat ini?_ + When you were at the shop just now, who was there?-- + _Apabila angkau di kĕdei tadi siapa ada di-situ?_ + + +EXERCISE. + +Where is your shop? Is this your mother? You and your brother were +running. You are very stupid. Have you told your elder sister? Your son +has arrived. Was it you who sent fruit? What did you say to him? When +will you go? You will bring a boat. You went to the jungle. + + + + +LESSON III. + + +SUBSTANTIVES. + + news, _khabar_. + workman, _tukang_. + cat, _kuching_. + rat, _tikus_. + sugar, _gula_. + needle, _jarum_. + form, _rupa_. + elephant, _gajah_. + + +ADJECTIVES. + + excellent, _endah_. + careful, _jimat_. + worthless, _burok_. + difficult, _susah_. + + +VERBS. + + To do, make, _buat_. + To seek, _chăhari_. + To conceal, _sembunyi_. + To find, obtain, _dapat_. + + +ON THE DEGREES OF COMPARISON. + +One form of the comparative degree is similar in construction to the +Hindustani comparative, that is to say, the object with which the +comparison is made is put in the ablative case (by the use of the +preposition _deri_ or _deri-pada_), while the adjective remains +unmodified by adverb or particle. Thus the phrase “This house is larger +than that,” may be rendered _Besar rumah ini deri rumah itu_ (_Yih ghar +us ghar se baṛā hai_). + + +EXAMPLES. + + The rumour is better than the reality-- + _Endah khabar deri rupa._ + The Chinese workman is more skilful than the Kling-- + _Pandei tukang China deri tukang Kling._ + The cat is larger than the mouse-- + _Besar kuching deri tikus._ + This is better than that-- + _Baik ini deri-pada itu._ + (_Note that the adjective always precedes the objects compared._) + +The comparative degree is also formed by the use of the adverb _lebeh_ +or _ter-lebeh_, more, prefixed to the adjective, which is followed by +the preposition _deri_ or _deri-pada_. + + Hotter than before-- + _Lebeh panas deri dahulu._ + Sweeter than honey-- + _Lebeh manis deri gula._ + It is better to go than to remain-- + _Ter-lebeh baik pergi deri-pada tinggal._ + +The adverb _lagi_, more, is sometimes used instead of _lebeh_. + + You must make it larger-- + _Mahu buat besar lagi._ + This is better-- + _Ini lagi baik._ + +Another form of comparison is constructed with the adverb _korang_, +less, prefixed to the adjective; as _korang baik_, not very good; +_korang biasa_, inexperienced (lit. less accustomed). + +The superlative degree is formed in several ways: First, by making a +comparison of universal application; as-- + + This is the best (lit. this is better than all)-- + _Baik ini deri sumua._ + The finest needle of all-- + _Jarum yang lebeh halus deri-pada sumua-nia._ + The hardest of all to obtain-- + _Yang ter-lebeh susah men-dapat deri-pada sumua-nia._ + +Secondly, by the use of the adverb _sakali_, very, exceedingly, after +the adjective when the latter is preceded by the relative pronoun +_yang_; as-- + + The best-- + _Yang baik sakali._ + The worst-- + _Yang burok sakali._ + Such-a-one was the handsomest-- + _Yang elok sakali si-anu._ + +Thirdly, by duplication of the adjective, which then takes the particle +_sa_ before it; as-- + + The quickest pace of an elephant is the slowest walk of a man-- + _Sa-chepat-chepat jalan-an gajah, sa-lambat-lambat jalan an orang._ + The very least-- + _Sa-korang-korang._ + Utterly and completely guilty-- + _Sa-penoh-penoh salah._ + The most just king-- + _Sa-adil-adil raja._ + With the greatest care-- + _Dengan sa-habis-habis jimat._ + You must look out for the very best article-- + _Handak chăhari yang sa-baik-baik-nia._ + He hides it with the greatest pains-- + _Di-sembunyi-kan-nia dengan sa-buleh-buleh-nia._ + + +EXERCISE. + +My horse is better than your horse. These people are more stupid than +those. The form of the horse is handsomer than that of the elephant. The +men are more wicked than the women. The pace of the horse is swifter +than that of the elephant. That woman is the handsomest, but this one is +the wisest. His house is the worst of all. Bring the slowest elephant of +all. The father is wiser than the child. It is better to bring the ox +than the horse. + + + + +LESSON IV. + +ON INTENSIVES. + + +SUBSTANTIVES. + + reception-hall, _balei_. + room, _bilek_. + stairs, _tangga_. + a play, _per-main-an_. + conduct, _ka-laku-an_. + body, _tuboh_. + head, _kapala_. + year, _tahun_. + month, _bulan_. + price, _harga_. + country, _nĕgri_. + queen, _permeisuri_. + king, _raja_. + minister, _mantri_. + patience, _sabar_. + + +ADJECTIVES. + + ill, painful, _sakit_. + cheap, _morah_. + dear, _mahal_. + wide, _luas_. + astonished, _heiran_. + thin, _kurus_. + fat, _gumok_. + illustrious, _mulia_. + narrow, _simpit_. + glad, _suka_. + + +VERBS. + + to see, _lihat_. + to demand, _minta_. + to be able, _buleh_. + to hear, _dengar_. + to play, _main_. + to look, _tengok_. + to enter, _masok_ + to order, _suroh_. + + +_On Intensives._-- To express an intensive degree the particle _ter_ is +prefixed to adjectives and adverbs; as _ter-bĕsar_, very large; +_ter-kuasa_, very powerful; _ter-lebeh_, most; _ter-lalu_, excessively; +_ter-lampau_, surpassing; _ter-amat_, most exceedingly. + +The adjective may also be intensified by duplication; as _ikan yang +besar-besar_, great big fish; _burong kechil-kechil_, very small birds; +_nĕgri jauh-jauh_, far-distant lands; _dia harti baik-baik_, he +understands very well. + +The following adverbs are of frequent use in heightening the sense of +words:-- + + _baniak_, very. + _amat_, exceedingly. + _sangat_, very. + _sakali_, quite, most. + _ter-lebeh_, most. + _ter-lalu_, excessively. + _ter-langsong_, } surpassingly. + _ter-lampau_, } + _ter-amat_, most exceedingly. + +All of these precede the positive except _sakali_, which invariably +follows it. _Amat_ and _sangat_ are also sometimes placed after the +adjective which they qualify. + +It is common to use more than one of these words with the same +adjective, just as we say “the very most.” + + +EXAMPLES. + + There were a very great number of people in the reception-hall-- + _Di balei itu ter-amat-lah baniak orang._ + His body was very thin-- + _Tuboh-nia sangat kurus._ + The performance was exceedingly pretty-- + _Sangat-lah chantek itu per-main-an._ + He was immensely astonished at seeing it-- + _Dia ter-lalu heiran me-lihat-kan._ + This year all fruit is very plentiful and cheap-- + _Tahun ini sagala buah-buah sangat-lah baniak dan morah harga-nia._ + You must be exceedingly patient-- + _Handak-lah dengan sabar sangat._ + Very stupid in appearance-- + _Ter-lalu bodoh rupa-nia._ + The road is very bad-- + _Jalan itu burok sakali._ + Most exceedingly painful-- + _Yang ter-lebeh sangat sakit._ + It was a very large country-- + _Ter-lalu amat besar negri itu._ + His conduct was too bad-- + _Ter-lampau jahat ka-laku-an-nia._ + +The adjective _maha_, great, is similarly used; as _maha besar_, very +great; _maha mulia_, most illustrious; _maha kuasa_, all-powerful. + + +EXERCISE. + +He demanded a very high price. He is very ill. Your father was +exceedingly wise. It is a very large river. I am very frightened. The +water is very deep. Those Chinese are very wicked. The most illustrious +and most mighty queen. The old man’s cow is very thin. I was much +surprised at hearing it. He brought some very big horses. Some very +large ships have arrived. This month fish is very cheap. The room is +very wide. The river was much too narrow, the ship could not enter. I +have a very bad headache. + + + + +LESSON V. + + +INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES. + +In asking a question, the tone of the voice sometimes marks the +interrogation sufficiently. + +Sometimes the interrogation is marked by the use of the particle _-kah_ +affixed to the emphatic word of the sentence. + +Sometimes the interrogative form of a sentence is shown by the use of +such words as-- + + _apa_, what? + _siapa_, who? + _ka-mana_, where? + _bĕr-apa_, how many? + _mana_, who, which, how? + _bagei-mana_, how? + _apa sebab_, or } + _apa buat_, or } why? + _mengapa_ } + +SUBSTANTIVES. + + time, _kali_. + rain, _hujan_. + market, _pasar_. + stone, _batu_. + use, _guna_. + iron, _besi_. + steel, _baja_. + tin, _timah_. + lead, _timah hitam_. + copper, _tambaga_. + box, _pĕti_. + kind, sort, _macham_. + tobacco, _tambakau_. + coffee, _kahwah_. + tea, _teh_, _cha_. + tea (dry), _daun teh_. + tea (liquid), _ayer teh_. + money, _wang_. + jacket, _baju_. + trousers, _saluar_. + + +EXAMPLES. + + What is the matter?-- + _Apa korang?_ + What is to be done? (_i.e._, there is nothing to be done)-- + _Apa bulik buat?_ + What is the use?-- + _Apa guna?_ + Whence do you come?-- + _Deri-mana datang kamu?_ + Where are you going?-- + _Handak pergi ka-mana?_ + Why did you not tell me sooner?-- + _Apa buat ta’bilang dahulu?_ + What do you say?-- + _Apa kata kamu?_ + Why do ye run?-- + _Mengapa kumu orang lari?_ + Where did you get that?-- + _Di-mana-kah angkau dapat itu?_ + Which tree shall I cut down?-- + _Pokoh mana handak tebang?_ + How many days ago?-- + _Bĕrapa hari sudah?_ + When was he at the market?-- + _Bila-mana dia di pasar?_ + Whose house is this?-- + _Rumah ini siapa punya?_ + Are there many Chinese in Patani?-- + _Baniak-kah orang China di Patani?_ + Was it truly he who did it?-- + _Sunggoh-kah dia yang buat?_ + Is it this one or another?-- + _Ini-kah atau lain-kah?_ + Is it going to rain?-- + _Handak hujan-kah?_ + What is the price of this?-- + _Bĕrapa harga ini?_ + What is the news? (How goes it?)-- + _Apa khabar?_ + How could I dare to do it ?-- + _Macham mana sahaya bĕrani buat?_ + + +EXERCISE. + +Where is my jacket? What did he say? Why do you come here? Are there any +dollars in the box? How many times has it rained this month? Whose tin +is this? Who brought this tobacco? Did you demand the money from his +father? Whence did you obtain this news? Did you order him to bring the +coffee? How many miles (lit. _stones_) is it to the market? Shall I cut +down this tree? Have you seen that play? Who was that who brought the +fish? What kind of animal is that? When were you at the house? Why do +they not enter? + + +Sometimes the word _apa_ at the commencement of a sentence gives it an +interrogative sense;[1] as _apa, tuan ta’ makan daging karbau?_ do you +not eat buffalo meat? _apa tiada-kah sukar leher bangau itu?_ what! +would not the stork’s neck be inconveniently long? _apa tiada-kah +tuan-hamba kenal akan bangau itu?_ does not my lord recognise that +stork?[2] + + [Footnote 1: Like the Hindustani _kya_ or the Latin _an_, _num_. + Forbes’ Hindustani Manual.] + + [Footnote 2: Sri Rama. Favre’s Grammar, p. 92.] + + + + +LESSON VI. + + +FORMATION OF NEGATIVE SENTENCES. + + _Tidak_, no. + _Tiada_, is not (are, was, were, do, did not, &c.). + _Bukan_, no, not. + _Jangan_, don’t, let not. + _Antah_, I know not; who knows? there is no saying. + _Jangan-kan_, not only, not, so far from. + +_Bukan_ is a more emphatic denial than _tidak_. It is also used, either +alone or with the affix _-kah_, to signify _is it not?_ _is it not so?_ + +_Tiada_ is generally abbreviated colloquially to _t’ada_ and _t’a’_ (in +Java _trada_ and _tra_). + +_Antah_ is an expression of doubt. + + +EXAMPLES. + + Yes or no?-- + _Ya atau tidak._ + That which is he causes not to be; that which is not he causes to be-- + _Yang ada dia tidak-kan, yang tidak dia ada-kan._ + It is nothing = never mind-- + _Tidak apa._ + He got no small quantity of fish-- + _Dia men-dapat ikan bukan sadikit._ + Her beauty was of no ordinary kind-- + _Molek-nia bukan alang-kapalang._ + Is this his house or not?-- + _Ini-kah rumah dia atau bukan?_ + Indescribable, wonderful-- + _Bukan buat-an lagi_ (lit. _it was no longer doing_). + You said just now that you went home first, did you not?-- + _Kata kamu tadi sudah pulang ka rumah dahulu, bukan-kah?_ + He is not my child-- + _Bukan-lah iya anak hamba._ + He will not come-- + _Dia ta’ mahu datang._ + I asked him a great many times, but he would not-- + _Sahaya minta bĕrapa kali tiada dia mahu._ + There are no fish in the market-- + _T’ada ikan di pasar._ + I do not know where he has gone-- + _Antah ka-mana pergi-nia._ + There is no saying how many of them died-- + _Antah ber-apa baniak-nia yang mati._ + It cannot be otherwise-- + _Ta’ dapat tiada._ + He cannot enter-- + _Dia ta’bulih masok._ + Do not go-- + _Jangan pergi._ + Do not believe what people say-- + _Jangan perchaya akan perkata-an orang._ + Shall I enter the house or not?-- + _Masok-kah aku dalam rumah atau jangan-kah?_ + So far from obtaining it, we did not even see it-- + _Jangan-kan dapat, me-lihat-pun tidak._ + Not to speak of _you_, of _me_, even, they are afraid-- + _Jangan-kan tuan, hamba-tuan pun dia orang takut._ + + +EXERCISE. + +He said no. That conduct is not proper. He cannot write. The children +are not in the house. So far from getting a pony-carriage, we cannot +even get a bullock-cart. Not to speak of the night, by day even people +are afraid to go there. There is no saying how it happened. Do not go +near. Shall I give the fruit to the woman or not? There are not many +horses here. Do you not know that? The Chinaman will not say yes or no. +Do not be afraid. If the seed is good it cannot but be that the fruit is +good also. The wind was of no ordinary force (_kuat_). + + +_New words in this Lesson to be learned by heart._ + +Beautiful, beauty, _molek_; dead, to die, _mati_; to believe, +_perchaya_; saying, speech, _per-kata-an_ (from _kata_, to say); to +fear, _takut_; to write, _tulis_; night, _malam_; daylight, _siyang_; +seed, _biji_; doing, making, fabrication, manufacture, _buat-an_ (from +_buat_, to do, to make); to go away, go home, _pulang_. + + + + +LESSON VII. + + +ON THE USE OF PREPOSITIONS. + +For a list of the most useful prepositions see _supra_, p. 63. + + +EXAMPLES. + + We are going _up_ the mountain-- + _Kita handak naik ka-atas gunong._ + _For_ every _orlong_ (land-measure) ten cents-- + _Pada satu orlong sa-puloh duit._[3] + The clerks who are _under_ him-- + _Krani-krani yang di-bawah-nia._ + Many people have settled _at_ that place-- + _Baniak orang sudah masok di tampat itu._ + He saw it _from_ outside-- + _Deri luar iya me-lihat-kan._ + People have remarked upon the subject _before_ me (in my presence)-- + _Ada juga orang ter-kenang-kan hal itu di hadap-an sahaya._ + The Raja gave a present _to_ him-- + _Raja membĕri hadia kapada-nia._ + Che Ismail has made preparations for marrying his daughter + _to (with)_ Haji Daud-- + _Che Ismail sudah siap handak me-nikaḥ-kan anak-nia dengan Haji + Daud._ + They were sentenced _by_ the judge-- + _Di-ḥukum-kan uleh ḥakim._ + _Among_ the four men three were wounded and one ran away-- + _Di-dalam ampat orang itu tiga luka satu lari._ + I want to know _about_ that affair-- + _Sahaya handak tahu deri-pada hal itu._ + The case was begun _on_ the first day of the month-- + _Kapada satu hari bulan di-mula-i bichara-nia._ + _With_ great haste-- + _Dengan sangat gopoh._ + He has gone _towards_ the kitchen-- + _Sudah dia jalan sa-bĕlah dapor._ + _On_ both sides of the road-- + _Antara ka-dua bĕlah jalan._ + _Regarding_ the subject of that document-- + _Akan hal surat itu._ + _After_ a few days-- + _Lepas sadikit hari._ + He was buried _near_ his father-- + _Di-ḳubur-kan dĕkat ayah-nia._ + _According to_ their circumstances-- + _Atas ḳadar-nia._ + _According to_ his strength-- + _Sa-kadar kuasa-nia._ + Go _to_ your master-- + _Pergi sama tuan kamu._ + He inquired _about_ a murder-- + _Dia preḳsa fasal bunoh._ + Another version _behind_ your back-- + _Balik bĕlakang lain bichara._ + _Between_ earth and sky-- + _Antara bumi dan langit._ + To walk _through_ the water-- + _Ber-jalan trus ayer._ + _For the sake of_ God-- + _Karana Allah._ + _As far as_ the cross-roads-- + _Hingga sempang jalan._ + _Until_ now-- + _Sampei sakarang._ + + [Footnote 3: In Penang 1 _duit_ = 1 cent.; in Singapore and + Malacca ¼ cent.] + + +EXERCISE. + +He lives upon the hill. On the tenth day of the month. They came before +the raja. His master gave a dollar to him. He was buried by his +brothers. After that all went away. Among those ten persons six are men +and four are women. As regards the subject of that case, inquiry is now +being made. Each man received according to his circumstances. In which +direction has he gone, towards the right or towards the left? Between +the house and the river. How much will you receive for every pikul of +tin? The dogs are under the house. They sat upon the ground. He arrived +at that place with fifteen men. They remained until night. + +The following words used in this lesson should be committed to memory:-- + +Clerk, _krani_; place, _tampat_; affair, subject, _hal_; gift, present, +_hadia_; judge, _ḥakim_; order, sentence, _ḥukum_; case, negotiation, +_bichara_; hurried, haste, _gopoh_; kitchen, _dapor_; a grave, _ḳubur_; +to bury, _ḳubur-kan_; rate, condition, circumstances, _ḳadar_; strength, +power, _kuasa_; the back, _bĕlakang_; the earth, _bumi_; God, _Allah_; +fork (of a road), _sempang_; side, _bĕlah_. + +To ascend, _naik_; to reflect, consider, _kenang_; wounded, to wound, +_luka_; to marry, _nikaḥ_; to give in marriage, _nikaḥ-kan_; to examine, +inquire into, _preḳsa_; to kill, _bunoh_; to receive, _tĕrima_. + + + + +LESSON VIII. + + +ON THE WORDS _SUDAH_ AND _HABIS_. + +SUBSTANTIVES. + + a lock, _kunchi_. + a key, _anak kunchi_. + accounts, _kira-kira_. + skill, _ka-pandei-an_. + anger, _ka-marah-an_. + small-pox, _ka-tumboh-an_. + loss, _rugi_. + disease, _penyakit_. + an egg, _tĕlor_. + an axe, _kapak_. + the foot, _kaki_. + cold (in the head), _sardi_. + dagger, kris, _kris_. + rocks, reef, _karang_. + a fine, _denda_. + blemish, _chachat_. + + +VERBS. + + to lock, _kunchi-kan_. + to try, attempt, _choba_. + to expend, _bĕlanja_. + to be silent, _diam_. + to break, _pechah_. + to stab, _tikam_. + to beat, _pukul_. + to be destroyed, _binasa_. + to burn, _bakar_; burnt, _ter-bakar_. + to be angry, _marah_. + to loose, _lepas_; loosed _ter-lepas_. + to disobey, _bantah_. + to cheat, _tipu_. + to be damaged, _rosak_. + to rob, _samun_. + to bite (as a snake), _pagut_. + + +ADJECTIVES. + + guilty, _salah_. + black, _hitam_. + slow, _lambat_. + rotten, _busuk_. + severe, _tĕrok_. + fit, suitable, probable, _harus_. + + +ADVERBS. + + quickly, _lăkas_. + slowly, _perlahan_. + +_Sudah_ is classed as an adverb, but its most common use is to serve as +a kind of auxiliary verb in forming the past tenses. It is +translateable, according to the context, by the words and phrases, has, +had; has, have, and had been, or become; done, finished, completed, &c. + +_Habis_ signifies done, finished, exhausted, expended; utterly, +completely. The use of these words with verbs will be seen from the +following examples:-- + + +EXAMPLES. + + Have you locked the door?-- + _Sudah kunchi-kan pintu-kah?_ + I have-- + _Sudah._ + When I reached the house he was already there (lit. had become + present before)-- + _Tatkala sahaya sampei di rumah dia sudah ada dahulu._ + It is not yet finished-- + _Belum sudah._ + It is half finished (just being finished)-- + _Tengah handak sudah._ + Nearly finished-- + _Dekat mahu sudah._ + Long ago-- + _Lama sudah._ + A month ago, more or less-- + _Lebih korang sa’bulan sudah._ + That is enough-- + _Sudah-lah._ + It has gone bad-- + _Sudah busuk._ + It is over-- + _Sudah habis._ + His father is an old man (has become old)-- + _Bapa-nia sudah tuah._ + Try to complete this-- + _Choba-lah bagi sudah._ + He understands (has arrived at understanding) accounts very well-- + _Pasal kira-kira sudah iya harti baik-baik._ + Now it is (has become) near-- + _Sakarang sudah dĕkat._ + They are all dead and gone-- + _Sumua-nia mati habis._ + Entirely destroyed-- + _Habis binasa._ + It is all spent-- + _Sudah bĕlanja habis._ + When he had finished speaking-- + _Apabila sudah habis chakap._ + All were quite silent-- + _Habis-lah diam sumua._ + The utmost of his skill-- + _Sa-habis ka-pandei-an dia._ + + +EXERCISE. + +He is dead. He died long ago. He had made preparations for going away. +Are they all ready? The workman says that the box is not yet finished. +He has gone to Malacca. I have seen this before. The tea is finished. +All the eggs are broken. The house was entirely burnt. He spent all his +father’s money. Finish that quickly. They have gone back to their own +country. That house is nearly finished. I arrived here a year ago. When +you have finished writing that letter go home. It is now at a distance. +I am just finishing this letter. + + + + +LESSON IX. + + +ON THE VERB _KĔNA_. + +_Kĕna_, in the sense of “to incur,” is frequently used with other words +to express the passive mood. Thus, instead of “he was fined,” Malays +will say “he incurred a fine;” instead of “he was blamed,” “he incurred +anger.” _Kĕna_ also means to touch, strike, hit, affect. _Kĕna apa?_ +“affected by what?” is frequently pronounced as a single word, _kenapa_, +meaning “why?” + + He was prosecuted-- + _Dia kĕna bichara._ + They were sentenced to five years each-- + _Kĕna hukum atas sa’orang lima tahun._ + He incurred the displeasure of his father-- + _Dia kĕna ka-marah-an deri-pada bapa-nia._ + The axe slipped in his hand and took effect on the back of his leg-- + _Ter lepas di tangan kapak itu, kĕna di bĕlakang kaki-nia._ + Those who have not yet had small-pox-- + _Orang yang belum kĕna ka-tumboh-an._[4] + If any one disobeys he will be fined five dollars-- + _Kalau ada siapa ban tah nanti kĕna denda lima ringgit._ + I have been cheated-- + _Sahaya sudah kĕna tipu._ + He has been found guilty-- + _Dia sudah kĕna salah._ + He died of a snake-bite-- + _Dia mati kĕna pagut ular._ + That won’t do (does not hit it)-- + _Ta’ kĕna bagitu._ + Don’t go there, you may be injured-- + _Jangan pergi sana, barangkali kĕna satu apa-apa._ + I am always catching cold-- + _Salalu sahaya kĕna sardi._[5] + If the medicine does not take effect it is likely that the disease + will take a long time to be cured (_i.e._, the patient will + probably die)-- + _Kalau tiada kĕna ubat-nia harus juga lambat baik penyakit itu._ + + [Footnote 4: The Malay word for small-pox differs in various + localities. In Penang the common word is _ka-tumboh-an_ (lit. + _eruption_); in Malacca and Singapore, _chachar_; in Perak, + _si-tawar_ and _sakit orang baik_ (lit. “disease of the good + people,” a euphuism); in some parts of Borneo, _puru nasi_.] + + [Footnote 5: _Sardi_ (Persian and Hindustani) is the word used by + the Malays of Penang. _Selesima_ and _selimat_ generally mean more + than a mere cold in the head.] + + +EXERCISE. + +He died of a stab with a _kris_. He was put to great expense. The ship +was damaged by striking on the rocks. They were fined twenty dollars +each. It did not receive a single blemish. Those who disobey will be +prosecuted. He was very severely beaten. What has happened to the dog +that he limps like that? He has been robbed on the road. He suffered no +small loss. That place won’t do. This letter has been blackened by fire. +Yesterday he incurred his master’s anger. + + + + +LESSON X. + + +ON THE VERBS _BULEH_, _BAHAGI_, &C. + +The verbs _buleh_, can, or to be able; _bahagi_, to give (lit. to +divide); _kasih_ and _bĕri_, to give, grant; and _biar_, to permit, to +suffer, are frequently used to govern other verbs, which they invariably +precede. + +_Buleh_ is a contraction of _ber-uleh_, a verb formed from the +preposition _uleh_, by, by means of. The primary meaning of _ber-uleh_ +or _buleh_ is to obtain, effect, and hence it has come to mean “to be +able.” The original sense of the word may be seen in such sentences as +_ber-uleh per-minta-an_, to obtain (compliance with) a request; +_sudah-kah buleh anak?_ have you had a child? + + +EXAMPLES. + + How can one know?-- + _Mana buleh tahu?_ + Can you read English?-- + _Kamu buleh-kah mem-bacha surat Inggris?_ + It is not to be calculated-- + _Tiada-lah buleh handak di-kira-kira lagi._ + Every month I remind (give to remember) him-- + _Tiap-tiap bulan ada hamba-tuan bĕri ingat._ + To feed (lit. give to eat)-- + _Bĕri makan._ + Just read that and let me hear it-- + _Choba bacha itu biar sahaya dengar._ + I wished to speak to him, but they would not let me-- + _Sahaya handak chakap dengan dia orang ta’ bahagi._ + He informed (gave to know) the Penghulu-- + _Dia bĕri tahu kapada Penghulu._ + Send those people away-- + _Kasih pulang orang-orang itu._ + Let it fall-- + _Biar jatoh._ + + +EXERCISE. + +I cannot open the door. He tried to stab him, but could not touch him. +Let him strike. Let the axe drop. His brother cannot understand the +accounts. Let that child go back to the house. I wanted to give him a +little tea, but they would not permit it. The raja sent (gave to go) +messengers. He brought (gave to come) his wife and children. Can I live +here? I have searched, but I cannot find it. He lets them come into the +house. When can you come? + + +Request, _per-minta-an_, from _minta_, to ask; messenger, _lit._ one +ordered, _penyuroh_, from _suroh_, to order; to remember, _ingat_; to +read, _bacha_; to fall, _jatoh_; every, _tiap-tiap_. + + + + +LESSON XI. + +ON THE VERBS _LANGSONG_, _LALU_, &C. + + +In describing a proceeding which involves motion to a place or +continuous action on the part of some person or thing, it is common to +use the words _langsong_, _lanjar_ or _lanchar_, and _lalu_, to proceed, +go, direct one’s course. Their signification in a sentence is not easily +translateable in English, but it is perhaps best rendered by the English +idiom, to _go and_ do a thing. Sometimes the effect is that of the +adverbs “immediately,” “at last,” “incontinently,” “forthwith,” +“altogether.” _Langsong_ is generally used in Penang, but in Perak the +Malays generally use _lanjar_ in the same sense. + + +EXAMPLES. + + Intending to cook (food), to go and burn it-- + _Handak masak langsong hangus._ + He went to Meccah and never returned-- + _Dia pergi ka-Makah lanjar ta’ balik._ + The pony fell down and immediately died-- + _Rĕbah kuda itu langsong mati._ + He journeyed to Singapore and thence on to Johor-- + _Ber-laiar-lah dia ka-Singgapura lalu ka-Johor._ + He spat it out and then went and licked it up again-- + _Sudah ludah lalu di-jilat_ (a proverb). + He took a knife and forthwith stabbed him-- + _Dia ambil pisau langsong tikam._ + He visited the districts down the river and thence went on to Kampar-- + _Dia pergi ka-daira rantau hilir, lanjar ka-Kampar._ + He has gone altogether-- + _Dia sudah pergi langsong._ + +_Lalu_ is often used in the sense of “can,” “able,” instead of _buleh_. + + I cannot do it-- + _Sahaya ta’ lalu buat._ + For a day or two past she has been unable to eat-- + _Sudah satu dua hari dia ta’ lalu makan nasi._[6] + Will fish swallow a bare hook?-- + _Ada-kah ikan lalu me-makan mata kail sahaja?_ + + [Footnote 6: _Makan nasi_, eat rice. Malays do not, like us, say + simply eat, read, write. It is more idiomatic to say, eat rice, + read book, write letter.] + + +EXERCISE. + +He got up and forthwith went away. He was very angry, and at once +ordered him to go out. The ship struck on a rock and immediately sunk. +He ate rice and then went to sleep. He stabbed him twice and immediately +ran away. He came out of the house and at once fell down. He returned to +his country and died there. Do you intend to go direct to Johor? + + +To cook, _masak_; to burn, _hangus_; to fall down, _rĕbah_; to return, +_balik_; to spit, _ludah_; to lick, _jilat_; to take, _ambil_; to eat, +_makan_; to go out, _kaluar_; to sink, _tinggalam_; a sail, _laiar_; to +sail; _ber-laiar_; a knife, _pisau_; a district, _daira_; rice, _bĕras_; +boiled rice, _nasi_; fish-hook, _mata kail_; reach of a river, _rantau_; +down-stream, _hilir_; up-stream, _hulu_. + + + + +LESSON XII. + + +ON THE WORDS _SAMPAT_ AND _DAN_. + +_Sampat_, to be able, competent to, opportunity, fit time; and _dan_, +occasion, opportunity, fit time, are two useful words which are employed +with verbs in much the same manner as _buleh_, _lalu_, &c. + +In some parts of the peninsula (Perak, for example), _sampang_ is used +instead of _sampat_. + +These words are used more generally to state a negative proposition than +an affirmative one. + + +EXAMPLES. + + They are not able to stand-- + _Tiada-lah sampat iya ber-diri._ + There was not time (for the fire) to spread to the inner part of the + house, but (it was confined) to the cook-room-- + _Tiada sampang di-makan sampei ka-dalam rumah hania sa-bĕlah dapor + sahaja._ + There was no time to render assistance-- + _Tiada dan di-tulong._ + He is not in a position to resist-- + _Tiada sampat iya me-lawan._ + I was not in time to see him; he had already started-- + _Ta’dan ber-jumpa, sudah dia jalan dahulu._ + Such of them as could not gain the shore-- + _Barang yang tiada sampat naik ka-darat._ + + +EXERCISE. + +He ran away before I was able to seize him. They were unable to run +away, for people seized them. He went away quickly, so I had no time to +see him. That place is very far off; there is not time to reach it in +one day. He fell down and died before one could render assistance. +Yesterday I was in a great hurry and had not time to finish what I was +saying. There is not time to finish it in two days. Before I could stand +up he struck me. + + +To stand, _ber-diri_; except, but, _hania_; to help, _tulong_; to +resist, oppose, _lawan_; to meet, _jumpa_; land, _darat_; any, some, +each, every, _barang_. + + + + +PART III. + + +The preceding lessons, it is hoped, will have explained and illustrated +in some degree the construction of sentences in Malay. It is now +proposed to give a series of useful words and phrases applicable for the +most part to common domestic incidents, so that the student may at once +have at command the phrases most likely to be required in speaking to +native servants. Unfortunately for the purity of the dialect spoken at +the British settlements in the Straits of Malacca, the majority of the +domestic servants there are foreigners (natives of India, Chinese, +Javanese, &c.), who seldom speak Malay well, either as regards style or +pronunciation. It is assumed that the student aims at something more +than clothing foreign idioms with Malay words, and he should be on his +guard therefore against the errors of people of this class. Facility of +expression and the accurate use of idioms can only be acquired by much +practice in speaking with Malays, and by attentive study of Malay +authors. + + + + +LESSON XIII. + + + { breakfast, } + Bring { dinner, } + { luncheon, } + _Bawa makan-an_.[1] + Put bread on the table-- + _Taroh roti di-atas meja._[2] + Is there any milk?-- + _Susu ada-kah?_ + A little sugar-- + _Gula sadikit._ + Shut the door-- + _Tutup (OR katup) pintu._ + Open the window-- + _Buka jandela[3] (OR tingkap)._ + Light the candle-- + _Pasang[4] dian[5] (OR lilin)._ + Put out the lamp-- + _Padam palita._[6] + I am very hungry-- + _Sahaya lapar sangat._ + Have you eaten rice?-- + _Sudah makan nasi?_ + What will you drink, sir?-- + _Tuan apa handak minum?_ + Go quickly-- + _Pergi lakas._ + Don’t be long-- + _Jangan lambat._ + Call him here-- + _Panggil din ka-mari._ + Tell him to come here-- + _Ajak dia kamari._ + Tell him I want to speak to him-- + _Khabar-kan dia sahaya handak chakap sadikit._ + Don’t make a noise-- + _Jangan engar-engar._ + Go to the right-- + _Pergi ka-kanan._ + Go towards the right-- + _Pergi sa-bĕlah kanan._ + Turn to the left-- + _Pusing sa-bĕlah kiri._ + Come-- + _Mari._ _Mari-lah._ + Come here-- + _Mari sini._ _Mari di-sini._ _Mari-lah ka-mari._ + Come near-- + _Mari dĕkat._ + Come quite near-- + _Mari dĕkat-dĕkat._ + + [Footnote 1: Lit. eatables. Sometimes the Hindustani word _hazri_ + is used for breakfast.] + + [Footnote 2: _Meza_ or _meja_, table, is borrowed from the + Persian.] + + [Footnote 3: _Jandela_ is from the Portuguese _janella_, and is + applied to the windows of the houses of Europeans. _Tingkap_ is + the window or window-shutter of a native house.] + + [Footnote 4: _Pasang_ signifies to give action to, to apply.] + + [Footnote 5: _Dian_ is the better word. _Lilin_ is literally wax.] + + [Footnote 6: _Palita_, in Hindustani (corrupted from the Persian + _patilah_), signifies the match of a gun, a candle, a wick used in + sorcery.] + + +EXERCISE. + +Bring some bread. Where are you going? Light the lamp quickly. Bring +tea, sugar, and milk. Put two candles on the table. Is there any coffee? +When you reach the cross-roads turn to the right. Eat first and then go. +Don’t tell any one. Who is making a noise outside? He told him to come +quite near. Light the lamp and then shut all the windows. + + + + +LESSON XIV. + + + I want a servant (lit. a hired man)-- + _Sahaya handak chahari orang gaji sa’orang._ + Where did you work before?-- + _Di-mana kerja dahulu?_ + What wages do you want per month?-- + _Bĕr-apa mahu gaji pada sa-bulan?_ + I will give seven dollars a month-- + _Sahaya handak kasih tujoh ringgit sa-bulan._ + Take care-- + _Jaga baik-baik._ + Hold it quite straight-- + _Pegang-lah betul-betul._ + Steady now; don’t let it slant-- + _Baik-baik-lah jangan singet._ + Don’t forget-- + _Jangan lupa._ + Call the syce-- + _Panggil sais._[7] + Have you cleaned the horse?-- + _Kuda sudah gosok-kah?_ + Just as you please-- + _Mana suka tuan._ + Just as you may order-- + _Mana hukum tuan._ + What o’clock is it (lit. Has struck how many times)?-- + _Sudah pukul bĕr-apa?_ + It has struck twelve-- + _Sudah pukul dua-bĕlas._ + It is half-past ten-- + _Sudah pukul sa-puloh sa-tengah._ + It wants a quarter to one-- + _Pukul satu korang suku._ + Take away those shoes-- + _Bawa pergi kasut[8] itu._ + Take away all the things-- + _Angkat-lah perkakas-an sumua._ + Get the carriage ready-- + _Siap-kan kreta_,[9] or _sedia-kan-lah kreta._ + Have you ordered the carriage?-- + _Kreta sudah suroh pasang-kah?_ + Put the horse to-- + _Kĕna-kan kuda._ + A pair of horses-- + _Kuda sa-pasang._ + Saddle the black horse-- + _Bubok zin[10] diatas kuda hitam._ + Bring the riding-horse-- + _Bawa kuda tunggang._ + + [Footnote 7: _Sa’is_ (Hindustani, derived from Arabic), groom, + horsekeeper.] + + [Footnote 8: _Kasut_ is the native word, but _sapatu_ (Portuguese + _sapato_) is also extensively used to signify boots and shoes of + European pattern.] + + [Footnote 9: _Kreta_, Portuguese _carreta_.] + + [Footnote 10: _Zin_, Hindustani and Persian. _Palana_ (Hindustani + and Persian _patan_, a pack-saddle) and _sela_ (Portuguese + _sella_) are also used.] + + +EXERCISE. + +Get dinner ready. How much do you give your syce a month? At two o’clock +or half-past two, just as you like. I intend to dine at seven o’clock; +don’t forget. Hold it carefully, and don’t let it fall. Where are all +the servants? Have you ordered the syce to saddle the horse? Take care; +this horse is rather vicious. At what time shall I get the carriage +ready? I shall return at five o’clock. Call some one to hold the horse. +I have brought one pair of shoes. + + + + +LESSON XV. + + + Is the cook there?-- + _Tukang[11] masak ada-kah?_ + I keep one grass-cutter for every two horses-- + _Pada dua-dua ekor kuda sahaya upah tukang-rumput sa’orang._ + The gardener does not work on Friday-- + _Hari juma‘at tukang-kabun tiada kerja._ + Be good enough to order two pairs of shoes at the shoemaker’s-- + _Tulong-lah păsan pada tukang-kasut dua pasang kasut._ + What I want are shoes that lace up-- + _Yang sahaya handak itu, kasut yang ber-tali._ + Where does the goldsmith live?-- + _Di-mana tinggal tukang-mas?_ + Look out for some good carpenter-- + _Chăhari-lah tukang-kayu mana-mana satu yang pandei sadikit._ + How much must I pay the blacksmith?-- + _Bĕrapa handak baiar kapada tukang bĕsi?_ + The painter says it will be finished in two days-- + _Kata tukang-chat lagi dua hari habis-lah._ + It must be here at two o’clock without fail-- + _Mahu ada di-sini jam pukul dua, ta’ bulih tidak._ + I am sorry that so-and-so has not come-- + _Sayang-lah si-anu ta’ datang._ + What a pity!-- + _Kasih-an!_ + Poor old man!-- + _Kasihan-lah orang tuah!_ + On what day will the washerman come?-- + _Hari mana dobi[12] handak datang?_ + I will not give it-- + _Sahaya ta’ mahu kasih._ + He asks too much-- + _Dia minta ter-lampau baniak._ + He asks too long a price-- + _Dia minta mahal sangat._ + Speak slowly-- + _Chakap perlahan-perlahan._ + Has he brought anything?-- + _Sudah dia bawa apa-apa?_ + + [Footnote 11: _Tukang._ This word in Malay corresponds to our + “_fellow_,” the Hindustani _wala_ and the Tamul _karen_. When + used, as in the examples above given, as part of a compound, it + signifies agent, doer, keeper.] + + [Footnote 12: _Dhobi_ is Hindustani; _binara_, washerman, is the + most idiomatic term, but _tukang-basoh_ is often heard, also, in + Batavia, _tukang menatu_.] + + +EXERCISE. + +What has the cook brought? Tell the washerman to come in three days. How +much does he ask? Why is the gardener not working? The shoemaker was not +at his house. Have you called the blacksmith? When will you give it to +me? If you speak slowly I can understand. I do not want the carriage +to-day. Be good enough to call the grass-cutter. Poor little child! The +black horse is dead. I am sorry about that horse. Did he demand +anything? + + + + +LESSON XVI. + + Pour out the tea-- + _Tuang ayer teh._ + This water is not hot enough-- + _Ayer ini ta’ panas bĕtul._ + When it is boiling bring it-- + _Apa-bila ayer men-didih baharu-lah bawa._ + Boil two eggs-- + _Masak tĕlor dua biji._ + Kill a fowl-- + _Potong (OR sembilik[13]) hayam sa’ ekor._ + Don’t scald it; pluck the feathers out-- + _Jangan chelor, bulu-nia chabut satu-satu._ + Make an omelette-- + _Buat dadar telor._ + Count these knives-- + _Choba bilang pisau ini bĕrapa._ + A person has brought bread for sale-- + _Ada orang handak jual roti._ + Take two loaves-- + _Ambil-lah dua kĕtul._ + What kind of meat do you wish me to get?-- + _Daging apa macham tuan handak suroh chăhari?_ + I am not particularly fond of beef-- + _Daging lumbu sahaya ta’ bĕrapa gamar._ + See if you can get any mutton-- + _Choba preḳsa daging kambing barang-kali dapat kĕlak._[14] + Is the meat to be roasted or boiled?-- + _Daging handak panggang-kah handak rebus-kah?_ + Mince it up fine-- + _Chinchang lumat-lumat._ + Don’t be troublesome-- + _Jangan bising._ + This is the fruit-season-- + _Ini-lah musim buah kayu._ + What kind of fruit is there for sale now?-- + _Apa macham buah orang jual sakarang?_ + Mangoes, mangostins, and oranges-- + _Buah mampelam, buah manggis dan limau manis._ + Are there any shaddocks?-- + _Limau kadangsa ada-kah?_ + Buy about a dozen limes-- + _Bĕli limau asam barang dua-bĕlas biji._ + The basket is full-- + _Bakul sudah pĕnoh._ + Bring a basket to put these things into-- + _Bawa-lah raga handak isi-kan barang-barang ini._ + This durian is unripe-- + _Buah durian ini muda lagi._ + No, sir; its pulp is delicious-- + _Tidak tuan, elok sakali isi-nia._ + These durians are not to be surpassed-- + _Ta’ lawan-lah buah durian ini._ + + [Footnote 13: _Sembilik_ is used only of the killing of an animal + by a Muhammadan for consumption by Muhammadans. It is a corruption + of the Arabic phrase Bi-smi-llāhi, which is pronounced as the + animal’s throat is cut.] + + [Footnote 14: _Kĕlak_ implies a doubt, “perchance,” “may be.”] + + +EXERCISE. + +I am not very fond of poultry. Why does not the cook bring a basket? Are +not these mangoes unripe? How many mangostins are there in the basket? +Can you make an omelette? Boil the mutton and roast the beef. When the +water is boiling put the egg in. Count the limes which the cook has +brought. How many loaves of bread do you take each day? He is not very +clever at cooking. + + + + +LESSON XVII. + + + Call a hack-carriage-- + _Panggil kreta sewa._ + I want to hire this carriage to go to church-- + _Sahaya mahu sewa kareta ini handak pergi ka-greja._[15] + What fare shall I have to pay?-- + _Bĕrapa nanti kĕna bayar penyewa-nia?_ + Can you get there in half-an-hour?-- + _Tengah jam buleh sampei-kah?_ + Has the gun fired (lit. sounded)?-- + _Mariam[16] sudah ber-bunyi-kah?_ + The cannon has gone off-- + _Mariam sudah me-letup._ + He fired a musket-- + _Dia me-letup-kan snapang._[17] + Let go. Leave hold-- + _Lepas tangan._ + Who is there?-- + _Siapa ada?_ + Bring a light-- + _Bawa api._ + Where are the matches?-- + _Di-mana goris api?_ + Say that again-- + _Choba kata lagi sakali._ + I did not quite hear-- + _Sahaya ta’ bĕrapa dengar._ + They are great liars-- + _Dia orang kuat mem-bohong._ + I dare not tell you a lie-- + _Sahaya ta’ bĕrani mem-bohong kapada tuan._ + I am very sorry to hear it-- + _Sahaya baniak susah hati men-dengar._ + Move to the right-- + _Kĕsak ka-kanan._ + This is a very large pine-apple-- + _Ter-lalu besar sa-biji nanas ini._ + Plantains are of various kinds-- + _Macham-macham-lah pisang._ + I cannot come to-morrow-- + _Besok sahaya ta’ buleh kamari._ + Cut this stick in two-- + _Kayu ini kĕrat dua._ + Bring some wine and water-- + _Bawa anggor sama ayer._ + Has the rain stopped?-- + _Sudah tedoh-kah hujan?_ + It has moderated-- + _Ada sidang sadikit._ + The rain is very heavy-- + _Hujan lebat sakali._ + It has stopped-- + _Sudah ber-hinti._ + + [Footnote 15: _Greja_, from the Portuguese _iglesia_.] + + [Footnote 16: _Mariam_, taken evidently, though unconsciously, from + the Portuguese name of the Holy Virgin. --_Crawfurd._] + + [Footnote 17: _Snapang_, from the Dutch _snaphaan_.] + + +EXERCISE. + +Tell him to go slowly. Ask the syce for matches. Tell him to light the +lamps. He dare not go home alone. I told him to let go. Have you heard +the gun fire? One cannot get there in an hour. He will hire out (lit. +give to hire) his carriage. When the rain has stopped I will go there. +He does not drink wine. Fire off the gun again. I do not quite like it. +He demands much too high a fare. + + + + +LESSON XVIII. + + + Is dinner ready?-- + _Makan-an sudah sedia-kah?_ + I have invited five gentlemen to dine here this evening-- + _Sudah sahaya per-sila-kan tuan-tuan lima orang me-makan di-sini + malam ini._ + You must cool the wine well-- + _-Mahu-lah sejuk-kan anggor baik-baik._ + If there is not enough saltpetre get more-- + _Kalau korang sendawa ambil-lah lagi._ + There is plenty of ice-- + _Ayer băku[18] ada baniak._ + What is the price of Bengal potatoes by the catty?-- + _Ubi Benggala bĕrapa harga sa-kati?_ + Wipe the spoons and forks with a cloth-- + _Senduk garfu sumua-nia sapu-lah sama kain._ + There is a hole in this tablecloth-- + _Kain meja ini ber-lobang._ + It caught on a nail and was torn-- + _Sudah ter-sangkut di-hujong paku langsong koyah-lah._ + Some gravy was spilt on it-- + _Kuah di-tumpah di-atas-nia._ + Let the vegetables be perfectly hot-- + _Sayur-sayur biar hangat sakali._ + It is difficult to get fish at this hour-- + _Ikan payah di-chahari bagini hari._ + The pomfret is better than the sole-- + _Baik ikan bawal deri-pada ikan lidah._ + He is washing the plates-- + _Dia mem-basoh piring._ + That lad is very handy-- + _Chĕpat sakali budak itu._ + Pull out the cork-- + _Chabut penyumbat._[19] + Put in the cork-- + _Bubok-lah penyumbat._ + Do you want this bottle for any purpose?-- + _Tuan handak ber-guna-kan balang[20] ini?_ + Bring finger-glasses (lit. water to wash the hands)-- + _Bawa ayer basoh tangan._ + + [Footnote 18: Lit. “congealed water;” _ayer batu_, “stone water” is + also used, but less correctly.] + + [Footnote 19: _Penyumbat_, a stopper, from _sumbat_, to stop up, + close.] + + [Footnote 20: _Balang_ is the native word for a flask or bottle, + but is seldom heard in the British settlements, where the English + word “bottle” is generally understood.] + + +EXERCISE. + +Wipe this table. Don’t give the washerman the tablecloths which have +holes. It is difficult to get ice here. Bengal potatoes are better than +those from China. Wash your hands first. I am very fond of ice. Put two +spoons and two forks on the table. Let the water be very cold. Perhaps I +shall want it some day. I came here having been invited[21] by Mr. ----. + + [Footnote 21: _Di-per-sila-kan uleh._] + + + + +LESSON XIX. + + + Look at this for a moment-- + _Choba tengoh ini sa-buntar._ + Let me see it-- + _Biar sahaya me-lihat._ + Do you see that man who is looking in front of him?-- + _Kamu nampa-kah orang itu yang pandang ka-hadap?_ + I did not pay particular attention-- + _Sahaya ta’ bĕrapa per-hati-kan._ + I don’t quite know (lit. I have insufficiently inquired)-- + _Sahaya korang preḳsa._ + Pick out those that are torn-- + _Pilih yang ter-koyah._ + How many pairs of white trousers are there?-- + _Saluar puteh ada bĕr apa hălei?_ + Give me a shirt-- + _Kasih kameja[22] sa’lei._[23] + Thick material (_e.g._, blanket, rug, flannel)-- + _Kain panas._ + Any cloth or garment for wrapping round the body (_e.g._, sheet, + coverlet)-- + _Sălimut._ + Fold up this handkerchief-- + _Lipat sapu-tangan ini._ + He was lying wrapped up with a blanket-- + _Dia tidor-lah ber-sălimut kain panas._ + They wrapped him round with a sarong-- + _Di-sălimut-kan-nia kain sarong._ + There is one pair of socks too few-- + _Sarong kaki ada korang sa-pasang._ + My waist-belt has disappeared-- + _Tali pinggang sudah ta’ nampa lagi._ + Bolt the door-- + _Kanching-kan-lah pintu._ + Knock at the door before coming in-- + _Kĕtok pintu dahulu baharu-lah masok._ + I am going to bathe now-- + _Sahaya handak mandi sakarang._ + Is there any water for bathing?-- + _Ayer mandi ada-kah?_ + The tub is full-- + _Tong sudah pĕnoh._ + + [Footnote 22: _Kameja_, Portuguese _camiza_.] + + [Footnote 23: See _supra_, p. 70.] + [[Numeral coefficients, no. 5]] + + +EXERCISE. + +Just look at this shirt; it is torn. Bring me a pair of thick trousers. +Is the door bolted? Have you seen my waist-belt anywhere? Let me see +that handkerchief for a moment. He knocked at the door, but you did not +hear him. I am going down to bathe. Pick out about five good ones. I +look ahead of me, not behind me. He said that he had not inquired. Fold +up these sheets. + + + + +LESSON XX. + + + Have you fed the dogs?-- + _Anjing sudah kasih makan-kah?_ + Did you deliver that letter?-- + _Surat itu sudah sĕrah-kah?_ + Is there any answer?-- + _Ada jawab[24]-nia apa-apa?_ + The master sends his compliments-- + _Tuan kirim tabek baniak-baniak._ + There are a great many mosquitoes here-- + _Nyamok ter-lampau baniak di-sini._ + I don’t much like living here-- + _Sahaya ta’ bĕr-apa suka duduk[25] di-sini._ + I was disgusted at hearing him speak like that-- + _Sahaya binchi men-dengar per-kata-an-nia yang bagitu._ + Are you on good terms with so-and-so?-- + _Kamu sama si-anu ada baik-kah?_ + Mr. ---- was very angry with him-- + _Marah sa-kali Tuan ---- kapada-nia._ + I do not venture to interfere-- + _Sahaya ta’ bĕrani champor._ + Don’t interrupt-- + _Jangan masok-kan mulut._ + Mix both together-- + _Champor-lah dua-dua._ + I must have onions, pepper, salt, and chillies-- + _Mahu-lah bawang lada garam sama chabei._ + Don’t use cocoa-nut oil-- + _Jangan pakei minyak kalapa._ + She sits weeping day and night-- + _Dia duduk menangis siyang malam._ + This will do as a pattern-- + _Ini-lah jadi chonto._ + He made a model of a house-- + _Di-buat-kan-nia achu-an rumah._ + Where is the bullet-mould?-- + _Achu-an peluru[26] dimana?_ + My mind is made up-- + _Tĕtap-lah hati sahaya._ + I very much wish (lit. the vow of my heart is) to have a garden-- + _Niat hati sahaya handak ber-kabun._ + + [Footnote 24: _Jawab_ (a word of Arabic derivation) has been + borrowed by the Malays from Hindustani.] + + [Footnote 25: _Duduk_, to sit, means also (in some districts) to + live, inhabit.] + + [Footnote 26: _Pe-luru_, a missile, “that which goes direct,” a + substantive formed by the particle _pe-_ and the word _lurus_, + direct, straight.] + + +EXERCISE. + +I did not dare to go near. Put some pepper and salt into it and then mix +it well. They have delivered up all the muskets. He is not on very good +terms with his wife. I like to look at it. He said he would send an +answer. Don’t be angry with the boys. If you give the carpenter a model +he can make anything. I would ask for a little bit of this cloth as a +pattern. Give my compliments to your master. + + + + +LESSON XXI. + + + Can you sew?-- + _Kamu tahu-kah menjahit?_ + The tailor has come-- + _Tukang jahit sudah datang._ + This does not fit me-- + _Ta’ bĕtul ini dengan badan[27] sahaya._ + Measure the length of this-- + _Hukur-lah panjang-nia._ + Just hold this for a moment-- + _Tulong pegang ini sa‘at._[28] + Wait a moment-- + _Nanti sa‘at._ + He has a bad foot-- + _Kaki-nia sakit._ + He was wounded between the ankle and the heel-- + _Dia kĕna luka antara mata kaki dan tumit._ + Her neck was swollen-- + _Bongkok-lah batang leher-nia._ + From the nape of the neck down to the feet-- + _Deri tangkuk hingga kaki._ + He put his arm under his head (lit. he made a pillow of his forearm)-- + _Dia mem-bantal-kan lengan._ + His knee-pan was broken-- + _Patah-lah tempurong[29] lutut-nia._ + A skull was found in the river-- + _Di-jumpa tengkurak di-dalam sungei._ + As big as one’s finger-- + _Besar jari._ + The thumb-- + _Ibu jari_ or _ibu tangan._ + The forefinger-- + _Jari telunjuk._ + The middle finger-- + _Jari tengah_, _jari mati_, or _jari hantu._ + The fourth finger-- + _Jari manis._ + The little finger-- + _Jari kelingking._ + His right arm was dislocated-- + _Tangan kanan-nia sudah salah urat._ + He has a beard-- + _Dia ber-janggut._ + One seldom sees a Chinese with a moustache-- + _Jarang ber-jumpa orang China ber-misei._ + + [Footnote 27: _Badan_, Arabic, adopted in Hindustani also; _tuboh_ + is the native word; _salira_ (Sansk.) is also found.] + + [Footnote 28: More correctly _sa-sa‘at_, one moment. _Sa‘at_ + (Arabic) is found in Hindustani also.] + + [Footnote 29: The primary meaning of _tempurong_ is “cocoa-nut + shell.”] + + +EXERCISE. + +Show the tailor a pair of white trousers. My little finger is swollen. +Hold this stick for a moment. He was stabbed in the leg near the knee. +Both his arms were broken. Be good enough to sew this. I was much +concerned at seeing him; he is suffering greatly. A stick as thick as my +forearm. He was struck on the back of the neck. She wore a ring[30] on +her fourth finger. + + [Footnote 30: _Chinchin._] + + + + +LESSON XXII. + + + Bring my hat and riding-whip-- + _Bawa topi[31] dengan rotan._[32] + What is this candle made of?-- + _Dian ini di-buat dengan apa?_ + Give me pen and ink-- + _Kasih kalam[33] sama dawat._[34] + That man is deaf and dumb-- + _Orang itu bisu._ + His hair is very long-- + _Panjang sakali rambut-nia._ + What is your occupation?-- + _Apa pen-chahari-an angkau?_ + He cultivates padi for a livelihood-- + _Dia buat bendang[35] men-chahari makan._ + Is so-and-so alive still, or is he dead?-- + _Si-anu ada-kah lagi hidop atau mati-kah?_ + This cloth is very dirty-- + _Kotor sakali kain ini._ + His house was entered by robbers last night-- + _Rumah dia di-masok peny-amun sa-malam._ + They made off with a good many things-- + _Baniak juga barang-barang dia orang angkat bawa pergi._ + All were fast asleep, not one was awake-- + _Sumua orang tidor lena sa-orang pun tiada jaga._ + I keep my box under my bed-- + _Peti sahaya simpan di-bawah tampat tidor._ + I sleep on an iron bedstead-- + _Sahaya tidor di-atas katil[36] besi._ + My two children sleep in the loft-- + _Anak-anak sahaya dua orang tidor di para._ + There was a policeman watching in the street-- + _Ada mata-mata sa’orang men-jaga di jalan._ + He ran very fast and could not be caught-- + _Dia lari ter-lalu dĕras ta’ sămpat orang menangkap._ + The policeman chased him down to the river-bank-- + _Mata-mata kejar juga sampei ka-tepi sungei._ + Sometimes he comes in the morning, sometimes in the middle of the + day-- + _Kadang-kadang dia datang pagi-pagi, kadang-kadang tengah hari._ + + [Footnote 31: _Topi_, Hindustani, signifies the hat of an + European.] + + [Footnote 32: _Rotan_, rattan, more correctly _raut-an_, the thing + peeled, from _raut_, to peel.] + + [Footnote 33: _Kalam_ (found in Hindustani also) is derived from + the Arabic. Cf. Sanskrit _kalama_, a kind of rice; Greek κάλαμος.] + + [Footnote 34: _Dawat_ in Hindustani (derived from Arabic) means + inkstand, ink-bottle, pen-case; in Malay it also signifies ink. + _Tinta_ (Portuguese) is also used by the Malays for _ink_.] + + [Footnote 35: _Buat bendang_, lit. “works the fields;” _bendang_ = + wet rice-fields, as opposed to _huma_, dry fields on high ground.] + + [Footnote 36: _Kaṭṭil_, Tamul, a cot.] + + +EXERCISE.[37] + +Ada sa-orang binara memelehra-kan sa-ekor kaldei maka ‘adat-nia pada +tiap-tiap hari apabila sudah iya mem-basoh kain maka di-muat-kan-nia +ka-atas kaldei itu di-bawa-nia-lah ka negri di-pulang-kan-nia kemdian +pula di-ambil-nia kain-kain chumar di-muat-kan-nia ka-atas-nia +di-bawa-nia pulang ka rumah-nia sa-telah malam hari di-ambil-nia suatu +kulit harimau di-salimut-kan-nia ka-atas kaldei itu lalu +di-lepas-kan-nia dalam ladang orang damikian-lah hal-nia binara itu pada +tiap-tiap hari maka apabila dinahari pulang-lah kaldei itu ka rumah +tuan-nia itu maka be-ber-apa kali ber-tĕmu kapada yang ampunya ladang +itu ka-takut-an lah iya di-sangka-kan harimau lari-lah iya pulang. + + [Footnote 37: This and the following fables are taken from a Malay + translation of the Hindi version of the Pancha-tantra, by + Abdu-llah Munshi.] + + + + +LESSON XXIII. + + + People are making a clearing on the hill-- + _Orang ber-ladang di-atas bukit._ + What are they planting?-- + _Apa di-tanam-nia?_ + Plantains, gourds, maize, and cucumbers-- + _Pisang, labu, jagong, dan timun._ + What news of the seeds which I sowed the day before yesterday?-- + _Apa khabar biji itu yang di-tabur kalmarin dahulu?_ + They are sprouting beautifully-- + _Sangat-lah elok tunas-nia naik itu._ + Goodness knows if they will live-- + _Wallahu ‘alam akan hidop-nia._ + We shall know in a few days-- + _Lepas sadikit hari tahu-lah kita._ + He complained to the master about that matter also-- + _Di-adu juga pada tuan hal itu._ + I have never heard it-- + _Ta’ pernah hamba tuan men-dengar._ + There is a great quantity of fruit on that tree-- + _Lebat sakali buah-buah di-atas pokok itu._ + Pick three or four ripe ones-- + _Choba petik barang tiga ampat biji yang masak._ + You cannot reach them with your hand; bring a hook-- + _Tangan ta’ sampei bawa penggait._ + He put up a hut in the middle of his plantation-- + _Di-buat-nia dangau di tengah ladang._ + The walls are wood and the thatch _bertam_ leaves-- + _Dinding-nia kayu atap-nia bertam._ + He tied it with rattan-- + _Di-ikat-nia sama rotan._ + Chop that stick with a bill-hook-- + _Tetak kayu itu dengan parang._ + He made a notch in the log-- + _Di-takuk-nia batang kayu itu._ + The tax is 10 cents for every log-- + _Hasil-nia sapuloh duit pada sa-batang._ + The timber is the property of the owner of the land-- + _Kayu-kayu pulang kapada yang ampunya tanah._ + + +EXERCISE. + +Maka apabila ter-dengar khabar itu kapada kapala kawal heiran iya serta +ber-kata “Ada-kah pernah harimau me-makan padi antah ‘alamat akhir +zaman-lah sudah,” lalu di-ambil-nia sa-batang lembing lalu pergi-lah iya +sebab handak me-lihat hal itu, maka ber-temu-lah iya dengan kaldei itu +maka apabila di-lihat kaldei manusia datang itu lalu ber-triak-lah iya +serta di-dengar uleh kapala kawal itu suara kaldei maka +di-hampir-i-nia-lah akan dia lalu di-tikam-nia dengan lembing-nia lalu +mati-lah kaldei itu damikian-lah ada-nia per-mula-an per-satru-an itu +datang-nia deripada mulut juga asal-nia. + + + + +LESSON XXIV. + + + His whip dropped on the road-- + _Chabuk[38]-nia jatoh di jalan._ + He drives exceedingly well-- + _Dia pandei sakali pegang ras._[39] + Drive out that dog-- + _Halau-kan anjing itu._ + I am going out for a drive-- + _Sahaya handak naik kreta ber-angin-angin._ + He knows how to write Malay-- + _Dia tahu menyurat Jawi._ + The letters are the same, but the pronunciation is different-- + _Huruf-nia sama tetapi bunyi-nia lain._ + I want to stop a moment at the warehouse-- + _Sahaya mahu singga sa-kejap di gedong._ + When will you come and see me?-- + _Bila handak mari men-dapat-kan sahaya?_ + This skin has been destroyed by insects-- + _Kulit ini habis-lah di-makan ulat._ + He has no fixed occupation-- + _Ta’ tuntu pe-karja-an-nia._ + He has no settled residence-- + _Ta’ tetap tampat ka-duduk-an-nia._ + Who is the headman of the river?-- + _Siapa kapala sungei?_ + The headman of the village received him-- + _Di-sambut-kan-nia kapala kampong._ + Five men stood on guard at the door-- + _Lima orang ber-kawal di-pintu._ + Whom do you wish to see?-- + _Kamu handak ber-jumpa dengan siapa-kah?_ + I felt as if I wanted to cry-- + _Saperti handak ber-triak rasa-nia di-dalam hati sahaya._ + I have been here for several months without meeting you-- + _Bĕr-apa bulan sahaya di-sini tiada juga ber-tĕmu dengan tuan._ + It was heard across the river-- + _Ka-dengar-an sampei sabĕrang sungei._ + By the mouth the body comes to harm-- + _Sebab mulut badan binasa._ + + [Footnote 38: _Chabuk_, Hindi, whip.] + + [Footnote 39: _Pegang ras_, lit. holds the reins; _rassi_, + Hindustani, reins.] + + +EXERCISE. + +Ada kapada suatu hutan tampat gajah maka dalam gajah yang baniak itu ada +sa-orang raja-nia maka be-bĕr-apa lama-nia iya diam pada hutan itu maka +kapada suatu katika datang-lah musim kamarau maka ka-kĕring-an-lah +sagala ayer maka di-suroh uleh raja gajah akan sa-ekor gajah pergi +men-chahari ayer maka pergi-lah iya maka sampei-lah iya kapada sa-buah +gunong maka di-bawah gunong itu ada-lah sa-buah kulam penoh ayer-nia +maka apabila di-lihat-nia itu maka segra-lah iya kambali membĕri tahu +raja-nia maka ber-angkat-lah raja itu serta sagala ra‘iyat-nia handak +pergi me-minum ayer. + + + + +LESSON XXV. + + What is the price of this?-- + _Ini bĕr-apa harga?_ + At first he demanded two dollars-- + _Mula-mula dia minta dua ringgit._ + I offered one dollar, but he would not accept it-- + _Sahaya tawar sa-ringgit tiada mahu di-tărima-nia._ + He said that the fixed price was two dollars-- + _Kata-nia harga mati dua ringgit._ + Give me whichever you please-- + _Yang mana angkau suka handak bahagi, bahagi-lah._ + Any one will do-- + _Mana-mana satu pun jadi-lah._ + This quantity will do-- + _Jadi-lah sa-baniak ini._ + Is this boat your own?-- + _Prahu ini sendiri punya-kah?_ + Are you married?-- + _Sudah ber-bini-kah?_ + Is he a married man?-- + _Ada-kah rumah tangga-nia?_[40] + He has three children-- + _Dia sudah dapat anak tiga orang._ + How many children have you?-- + _Sudah dapat anak bĕr-apa orang?_ + His wife has lately had a child-- + _Bini dia baharu ber-anak._ + He has got a son by his elder wife-- + _Dia sudah dapat anak laki-laki sa-orang dengan istri-nia yang + tuah._ + Are these children twins?-- + _Kambar-kah budak ini?_ + I have known him from his childhood-- + _Deri kechil lagi sahaya kenal._ + His child is quite an infant, still at the breast-- + _Kechil juga anak dia, menyusu lagi._ + She suckled her child-- + _Dia menetek-kan (OR menyusu-kan) anak-nia._ + He is cutting his teeth-- + _Baharu tumboh gigi-nia._ + You must have it vaccinated-- + _Mahu di-chungkil tanam ka-tumboh-an._ + It did not take the first time-- + _Mula-mula ta’ kĕna._ + + [Footnote 40: Lit. Has he a house with a ladder? _i.e._, has he an + establishment of his own?] + + +EXERCISE. + +Maka ada-lah pada tepi kulam itu sa-ekor raja pelanduk serta dengan +ra‘iyat-nia ber-buat tampat diam di-situ maka serta ka-dengar-an-lah +bunyi sagala gajah itu datang saperti ribut maka ber-kata-lah pelanduk +itu sama sendiri-nia jikalau datang gajah itu kambali naschaya tiada-lah +buleh kita diam di tampat ini maka uleh raja pelanduk itu di-panggil-nia +mantri-nia seraya ber-sabda “Apa-kah bichara-nia jikalau datang gajah +itu kamari naschaya tiada-lah buleh kita diam lagi di-sini,” maka jawab +mantri pelan duk itu “Jikalau dengan titah tuanku akan patek maka +patek-lah pergi meng-halau-kan gajah itu dengan barang daya upaya +patek,” maka di-bĕri-lah uleh raja părentah akan mantri itu. + + +LESSON XXVI. + + Go and complain at the police-station-- + _Pergi-lah mengadu di-balei (OR rumah pasong_). + He has been arrested-- + _Dia sudah kĕna tangkap._ + He has been locked up-- + _Dia sudah kĕna tutop._ + What is his offence?-- + _Apa ka-salah-an-nia?_ + What do they charge him with?-- + _Apa di-tudoh-kan di-atas-nia?_ + For how many days has he been detained?-- + _Sudah bĕr-apa, hari dia kĕna tahan?_ + This is not his first offence-- + _Bukan sa-kali ini sahaja yang dia buat jahat._ + Do you know him?-- + _Tuan kenal-kah dia?_ + No, I see him now for the first time-- + _Tidak, baharu sa-kali ini sahaya me-lihat._ + People say that he is a great opium-smoker-- + _Kata orang dia kuat makan chandu._ + He broke into the house of a Chinese in the middle of the night-- + _Dia pechah masok rumah orang China tengah malam._ + He was not alone; there were several others with him-- + _Bukan dia sa’orang ada juga dua tiga ampat orang kawan-nia._ + They were all Malays-- + _Melayu belaka[41] ka-sumua-nia._ + He was not the principal, but an accomplice-- + _Bukan dia kapala tetapi dia menyerta-i sama._ + Their intention was to steal the gold ornaments-- + _Kahandak hati-nia mahu churi barang-barang mas._ + He used abusive and improper language-- + _Dia ber-maki-maki dengan yang ta’patut._ + What is the name of the defendant?-- + _Siapa nama yang kĕna adu itu?_ + What the prosecutor says is quite right-- + _Benar juga saperti kata adu-an._ + + [Footnote 41: _Belaka_ (entirely, completely, altogether) is often + used parenthetically in a sentence, corresponding in some degree + to such expressions as, “it must be said,” “I should say,” “let me + add,” “you must know.” + + _Ka-sumua-nia_, the whole of them, a collective substantive formed + from _sumua_, all. Numerals are dealt with in the same way, as, + _ka-dua-nia_, both of them.] + + +EXERCISE. + +Maka mantri pelanduḳ itu-pun ber-lari-lah pergi men-dapat-kan raja gajah +itu seraya ber-pikir di-dalam hati-nia, “handak meng-halau-kan gajah ini +ter-lalu susah-kah? ada-pun saperti sagala raja-raja itu jikalau handak +mem-bunoh orang itu saperti laku orang ter-tawa bahwa damikian-lah raja +ini-pun dengan sa-buntar ini juga aku halau-kan jikalau damikian +baik-lah aku naik ka-atas gunong ini,” maka ka-lihat-an-lah raja gajah +itu serta dengan sagala tantra-nia maka ber-sĕru-sĕru-lah pelanduḳ itu +dengan niaring suara-nia kata-nia “ada-kah tuanku serta tantra tuanku +sakalian baik?” maka menulih-lah raja gajah itu serta dengan marah-nia +kata-nia “Hei benatang yang kechil lagi hina apa sebab-nia angkau +menyĕru aku di tengah jalan dengan ka-laku-an be-adab[42] ini siapa-kah +angkau ini?” + + [Footnote 42: _Be-adab_, “unmannerly,” a compound adjective + (Hindustani) formed by prefixing the privative particle _be-_ to + the noun _adab_. Malays also borrow from the same source the word + _be-hosh_, “stupified,” generally mispronounced by them _bi-us_.] + + + + +LESSON XXVII. + + + On what day will the case be commenced?-- + _Pada hari mana handak buka bichara?_ + So-and-so got up and gave evidence.-- + _Ber-diri si-anu jadi saḳsi._ + Bail was refused-- + _Tiada di-bĕri jamin._[43] + Have you any one who will go bail for you?-- + _Ada-kah orang yang mahu tanggong?_ + This is the surety-- + _Ini-lah aku-an._ + I will give bail for any amount-- + _Bĕr-apa bĕrat sakali-pun hamba tuan bĕrani tanggong._ + Is this a man of property?-- + _Orang ber-harta-kah ini?_ + One surety is not enough; there must be two at least-- + _Sa’orang aku ta’jadi sa-korang-korang mahu-lah dua orang._ + Sign at this place-- + _Di-sini-lah turun tanda tangan._ + Do you know how to write?-- + _Tahu-kah menyurat?_ + If you cannot write, make a mark-- + _Jikalau ta’tahu menyurat buat-lah goris tanda tangan._ + That will do; you can go now-- + _Suda-lah, pulang-lah dahulu._ + What do you call this in Malay?-- + _Bahasa Malayu apa kata ini?_ + He has done it in the English fashion-- + _Dia sudah buat chara Inggris._ + Speak loud, and let people hear you-- + _Chakap kuat-kuat sapaya buleh orang men-dengar._ + He was very much afraid (and looked) as if he were about to fall + down-- + _Takut-lah sakali dia saperti handak rĕbah ka-bawah._ + His face grew very pale-- + _Puchat sakali muka-nia._ + His statement is incoherent-- + _Ta’tuntu per-kata-an-nia._ + He fell at his master’s feet and asked for pardon-- + _Dia menyămbah kaki tuan-nia lalu me-minta ampun._ + His master, being very kind-hearted, forgave him-- + _Sebab ter-lalu morah hati tuan-nia langsong di-bĕri-nia ma‘af._ + + [Footnote 43: _Jamin_, “bail,” a word frequently heard in the + Straits Settlements, is a corruption of the Hindustani _zamin_.] + + +EXERCISE. + +Maka jawab pelanduk “Dengar-lah tuanku akan per-kata-an patek ini, +ada-pun tuan yang menĕrang-kan sagala ‘alam dunia ini serta laut dan +darat iya-itu bulan maka patek ini sa-orang hamba-nia yang +di-perchaya-nia maka di-suroh-nia patek datang kapada tuanku minta +khabar-kan” maka jawab raja gajah itu “apa-kah khabar-nia? Kata-kan-lah +uleh-mu” maka pelanduk itu-pun sambil memandang ka-langit pura-pura iya +menyămbah bulan seraya kata-nia “adapun tuanku itu-lah bulan yang +ampunya gunong dan kulam itu-pun iya-lah yang mem-buat-nia akan tampat +mandi maka apabila iya pulang petang ka-langit maka di-suroh-nia jaga +kulam itu dengan be-bĕr-apa singa yang garang-garang maka sebab itu-lah +apa-bila di-lihat-nia tuanku ber-angkat datang kamari di-suroh-nia akan +hamba mem-bĕri tahu maka apabila tuanku datang di-kulam naschaya +di-bunoh-lah uleh sagala singa itu maka dosa-nia itu di-atas-nia maka +sebab itu-lah iya menyuroh-kan hamba datang ini membĕri tahu tuanku +sakalian menyuroh-kan balik sigra”----. + + + + +LESSON XXVIII. + + + In which direction had we better go?-- + _Sa-bĕlah mana baik kita pergi?_ + There are numbers of snipe in the padi-fields-- + _Di-bendang baniak juga burong berkik._ + He has a double-barrelled gun-- + _Dia punya snapang dua laras._ + Both barrels are loaded-- + _Sudah ber-isi ka-dua-nia._ + You use very small shot-- + _Tuan pakei pengabur yang halus sakali._ + He is a very good shot-- + _Dia pandei sakali menembak burong._ + He killed two birds at one shot-- + _Sakali me-letup mati-lah dua ekor burong._ + Before we could get close the green pigeons all flew away-- + _Belam sămpat dĕkat lagi habis lari-lah burong punei sumua._ + Perhaps we shall get some on the other side of that thicket-- + _Balik sana belukar itu barang-kali dapat kĕlak._ + One of its wings is broken.-- + _Patah-lah sayap sa-bĕlah._ + It is not hit-- + _Ta’kĕna._ + It is wounded slightly-- + _Kĕna juga sadikit._ + It has settled on the ground-- + _Sudah hinggap di tanah._ + It has perched on a cocoanut tree-- + _Sudah hinggap di pokok nior._ + Don’t speak: how can you expect to get near a wild animal if you make + a noise?-- + _Jangan ber-mulut, benatang liyar bukan-kah, jikalau engar-engar + macham mana handak dĕkat._ + The elephant received a ball in his head, and immediately dropped-- + _Kĕna peluru sa-biji di kapala gajah itu, lalu tumbang._ + Have you ever shot a tiger?-- + _Ada-kah tuan dapat menembak harimau?_ + How many birds have you got?-- + _Tuan sudah buleh bĕr-apa ekor burong?_ + + +EXERCISE. + +“Maka ter-lalu-lah baniak marah-nia akan tuanku tetapi tiada mengapa +segra-lah tuanku baliḳ sapaya buleh hamba pergi mem-bujuḳ raja bulan dan +mem-baiḳ-ki hati-nia itu dan lagi pikir-lah tuan-tuan sakalian bahawa +sakian lama sudah kamarau sagala kulam habis-kah ka-kĕring-an apa +sebab-nia kulam[44] ini baniaḳ ayer-nia? maka sakalian ini-pun sebab +kasihan hati hamba akan jiwa tuan-tuan sapaya jangan anyaya masi.” +Sa-ber-mula sa-telah di-dengar uleh raja gajah akan sagala per-kata-an +pĕlanduḳ itu maka ka-takut-an-lah iya sambil menyămbah ara ka-langit +maka sigra-lah iya ber-balik dengan dahaga-nia. Damikian handaḳ-nia +orang yang handak menjadi raja apabila di-dengar orang nama-nia menjadi +ka-takut-an ada-nia. + + [Footnote 44: _Kulam_, Tamil, a tank.] + + + + +LESSON XXIX. + + + Is the tide making or ebbing?-- + _Ayer pasang-kah surut-kah?_ + Is the boat ready?-- + _Prahu ada siap-kah?_ + How many people will this boat carry?-- + _Bĕr-apa orang buleh muat di prahu ini?_ + Ten persons, including two rowers-- + _Buleh muat sa-puloh orang masok anak dayong dua orang._ + There is a head-wind; we cannot sail-- + _Angin muka ta’buleh ber-laiar._ + Row hard-- + _Dayong-lah kuat-kuat._ + When we reach the mouth of the river, you can stop for a moment and + rest-- + _Tiba di kuala sakarang buleh berhinti sa-kejap biar hilang penat._ + Who is steering?-- + _Siapa pegang kamudi?_ + If one is going down-stream paddles are used; for going up-stream + poles are required-- + _Kalau kilir pakei pengayu kalau mudik mahu-lah ber-galah._ + What kind of wood is the best for boat-building?-- + _Kayu mana yang ter-lebeh baik handak mem-buat prahu?_ + The Chinese _sampan_ is called _sampan kotak_ in Singapore-- + _Sampan China itu kata orang di Singgapura “Sampan kotak.”_ + Of what wood is this dug-out canoe made?-- + _Prahu sagor ini di-buat dengan kayu apa?_ + Steer straight for that point-- + _Tuju betul ka tanjong itu._ + I shall go on shore at the landing-place-- + _Sahaya handak naik di darat di pengkalan._ + Give me the line and let us fish a little-- + _Bahagi-lah tali kail biar kita mengail sakejap._ + Have you got any bait?-- + _Umpan ada-kah?_ + If we have any luck we may catch some big fish-- + _Kalau ada untong kita barang-kali dapat juga ikan besar-besar._ + The spines of that fish are very poisonous-- + _Duri ikan itu bisa sakali._ + + +EXERCISE. + +Ada kapada suatu hari sa’orang pem-buru masok ka hutan lalu mem-buru iya +ber-keliling hutan itu maka lalu ber-temu-lah iya dengan sa’ekor kijang +maka di-kejar-nia akan kijang itu serta di-panah-nia sa-telah mati maka +di-angkat-nia handak di-bawa-nia pulang sa-telah sampei ka tengah jalan +maka ber-temu-lah iya pula dengan sa’ekor babi hutan maka kijang itu-pun +di-letak-kan-nia lalu di-kejar-nia akan babi hutan itu lalu di-panah-nia +tiada-lah kena maka handak di-panah-nia sakali lagi maka di-terkam-lah +uleh babi itu akan dia serta di-gigit-nia maka mati-lah iya +ber-sama-sama dengan babi itu akan tetapi anak panah itu ada juga +ter-kena kapada busar-nia yang di-tangan pem-buru itu. + + + + +LESSON XXX. + + + He is not yet dressed-- + _Dia bĕlum pakei kain lagi._ + He is dressed like a Malay-- + _Dia pakei chara Malayu._ + Wake me to-morrow morning at six o’clock-- + _Gĕrak-kan sahaya pukul anam pagi._ + I want to get up early-- + _Sahaya handak bangun siyang-siyang._ + He did not do it on purpose-- + _Bukan-nia dia buat sangaja._ + I was only in play-- + _Sahaya lawak-lawak sahaja._ + I was very sorry that I could not accompany you-- + _Ter-buku hati sahaya sangat ta‘buleh ber-sama-sama._ + What are the contents of that letter?-- + _Apa bunyi-nia surat itu?_ + Do you understand the pith of it?-- + _Tuan dapat-kah buku-nia?_ + Has any one been here to look for me?-- + _Ada-kah siapa-siapa datang men-chahari sahaya?_ + Ask that woman where the well is-- + _Choba tanya pada perampuan itu di-mana-kah talaga._ + Is this good water?-- + _Baik-kah ayer ini?_ + It is excellent water, both clear and cool-- + _Elok sakali ayer ini, jerneh lagi sejuk._ + Can we get a green cocoanut here?-- + _Nior muda dapat-kah di-sini?_ + There is no one who can climb (the tree)-- + _T’ada orang yang tahu panjat._ + Let me climb it-- + _Biar aku memanjat._ + Have you brought cooking-utensils?-- + _Priuk bĕlanga sudah bawa-kah?_ + These sticks are damp and will not burn-- + _Basah kayu ini ta’mahu menyala._ + Grind the spices-- + _Giling rampah-rampah._ + Will you smoke?-- + _Tuan mahu minum rokok?_ + I am sleepy, and shall go to bed-- + _Sudah mengantuk, sahaya handak masok tidor._ + Did you call me?-- + _Tuan panggil-kah?_ + + +EXERCISE. + +Maka sagala hal itu ada-lah di-lihat uleh sa’ekor srigala maka ber-lari +iya datang serta ber-kata “bahwa sapuloh hari lama-nia tiada-lah aku +men-chahari makan-an lagi” serta datang-lah iya meng-hampir-i pem-buru +itu maka di-gigit-nia tali busar itu maka tiba-tiba anak panah itu-pun +datang-lah menikam srigala itu maka iya-pun mati-lah maka jikalau kita +terlalu tema‘a dan handak ber-lebeh-lebeh naschaya ada-lah hal kita +saperti hakayat pem-buru dengan srigala itu ada-nia. + + + + +PART IV. + + +To the more advanced lessons and exercises which are contained in this +section, it may be well to prefix a few notes on colloquial Malay, which +are suggested by a consciousness of some of the common errors into which +European students of Malay are apt to fall. + +First, Try to observe and imitate the impersonal and elliptical +construction of Malay sentences. Notice how much more is left to the +imagination than in English, and get rid of the notion that it is +necessary to express invariably by nouns or pronouns the agents or +objects of the actions spoken of. Ideas are conveyed in Malay in a much +less concrete form than in the civilised languages of Europe, and what +is lost in accuracy and distinctness is partially compensated for by +brevity. + +Why say _kasih sama sahaya_ (lit. “give to me”), in imitation of the +English _give me_, or the French _donnez-moi_, or the German _geben sie +mir_, in all of which the pronoun is expressed, when a Malay would +simply say _bahagi-lah_, give, or _bawa_, bring? It is easy enough to +leave tone or gesture to supply any deficiency in meaning. The constant +use of this phrase, _sama sahaya_, or _sama kita_, is a bad habit, which +arises from a natural desire to give the word “me” its due value in +Malay. This, as has been shown, is not necessary. + + +EXAMPLES. + + Tell me; don’t be afraid-- + _Bilang-lah, jangan takut_; not, _bilang sama sahaya_, &c. + What are you going to give us?-- + _Apa mahu bahagi?_ not, _apa mahu bahagi sama kita?_ + How much must I pay you?-- + _Bĕr-apa nanti kĕna bayar?_ not, _bĕr-apa sahaya mahu bayar sama + angkau?_ + I want him to make me a jacket-- + _Sahaya handak suroh dia buat baju_; not, _sahaya handak suroh dia + buat baja sama sahaya._ + Can you make me a table?-- + _Buleh-kah buat meja?_ not, _buleh-kah buat meja sama sahaya._ + Afterwards come and tell me-- + _Lepas itu mari-lah khabar-kan_; not, _mari bilang sama sahaya._ + +In direct narration the personal pronoun “I” should often be left +untranslated, and the sentence put in an impersonal form. We are +accustomed to commence sentences frequently with “I think,” “I hear,” “I +hope,” “I wish,” and there is a temptation therefore to overload Malay +sentences with “_Sahaya fikir_,” “_Sahaya dengar khabar_,” &c. These, +though not ungrammatical, should be used sparingly. _Rasa-nia_, the +feeling is, _agak-nia_, the guess is, _rupa-nia_, the appearance is (it +seems), _khabar-nia_, the report is, and similar phrases, should often +take their place. + + +EXAMPLES. + + INSTEAD OF-- I am told, or people tell me, _Orang bilang sama sahaya_; + SAY, People say, _Kata orang_. + INSTEAD OF-- I hear that he is coming here, _Sahaya dengar khabar dia + handak mari sini_; + SAY, He is coming here, the report goes, _Dia handak kamari + khabar-nia_. + INSTEAD OF-- I think there are five quarts, _Sahaya fikir ada lima + chupah_; + SAY, There are five quarts, the estimate is, _Ada lima chupah + agak-nia_. + INSTEAD OF-- I think it is going to rain, _Sahaya fikir hari handak + hujan_; + SAY, It is going to rain, it seems, _Hari handak hujan rupa-nia_. + INSTEAD OF-- I like driving better than walking, _Sahaya lagi suka + naik kreta deri-pada jalan kaki_; + SAY, It is better to drive than to walk, _Baik ber-kreta deri-pada + ber-jalan_. + +Note the impersonal way of putting the statement in the following +sentences:-- + + I was very glad to hear it-- + _Sangat-lah suka hati sahaya akan men-dengar._ + I very much wish to go to Meccah-- + _Niat hati sahaya handak pergi ka-Makah._ + I should be doing wrong to receive it, and I am ashamed to return it-- + _Handak tĕrima salah, handak pulang-kan malu._ + I was disappointed-- + _Putus-lah harap sahaya._ + I hope sincerely that the case will soon be decided-- + _Besar-lah harap sahaya bichara itu akan di-putus-kan dengan sigra._ + I have made up my mind that, however great the oppression may be, + I will hold out-- + _Tetap-lah hati sahaya bageimana bĕrat sakali-pun handak tahan + juga._ + +Second, Avoid word-for-word translations of English sentences in which +the word “you” occurs. So much has been said on this subject already +(_supra_, _pp._ 49, 75) that it is only necessary here to give a few +additional illustrations of the mode in which Malays dispense with the +pronoun. In most English and Malay phrase-books the use of _angkau_ is +far too frequent. + + As you like-- + _Mana suka-lah._ + As you may think best-- + _Mana elok kapada hati sendiri._ + You can go-- + _Buleh pulang._ + I have nothing more to ask you-- + _T’ada apa lagi handak tanya._ + Where have you been?-- + _Pergi ka-mana tadi?_ + If you do so another time you will certainly be punished-- + _Kalau buat lagi sakali bageimana yang sudah ini tuntu-lah kena + hukum._ + Do you want employment?-- + _Handak minta karja-kah?_ + Can you wait at table?-- + _Tahu-kah jaga meja?_ + What are you doing?-- + _Apa buat?_ + You must take great care of it, and see that it is not injured-- + _Mahu-lah jaga baik-baik, jangan di-rosak-kan-nia._ + +Even in reprimanding or scolding another, it is common in Malay to adopt +an impersonal and not a direct mode of address. Instead of saying, “You +are a lazy, good-for-nothing boy, and deserve a good thrashing,” the +Malay says, “What manner of boy is this? If one were to beat him soundly +it would be well.” + + +EXAMPLES. + + Are you deaf? Can’t you hear what I say to you?-- + _Tuli-kah budak ini? Orang kata t’ada dengar-kah?_ (_Lit._ Is the + boy deaf? does he not hear what one is saying?) + How slow you are! or, what a time you are taking!-- + _Ai budak ini! bukan lambat-nia!_ (_Lit._ Oh, this boy! Isn’t he + slow?) + How slowly you are rowing! Can’t you pull faster when you are told? + Give way, will you!-- + _Ai, bukan lengah dayong budak ini, bukan-kah orang suroh dĕras. + Dĕras-lah sadikit._ (_Lit._ Oh, are not these boys rowing slowly! + Has not one told them to make haste? Quick! now, a little!) + You are behaving exceedingly badly, and it would serve you right if + you got a caning-- + _Jahat sakali orang ini, kalau bahagi rasa sadikit dengan rotan + baharu dia ingat_. (_Lit._ This person is exceedingly bad; if + one were to make him feel with a rattan he would remember.) + What an idiot you are! I tell you to bring water, and you bring oil-- + _Budak bedebah ini! Orang suroh bawa ayer di-bawa-nia minyak._ + +Third, Do not be satisfied with one general Malay verb to describe a +whole class of actions for which separate specific words exist. It may +be possible to make oneself intelligible by using _pukul_, to strike, +for every kind of blow, but it is preferable to employ the appropriate +term for the particular mode of striking. + +The following lists will illustrate this caution:-- + + 1. _Pukul_, to strike, beat. + _Gasak_, to beat, flog, punish. + _Hentam_, to strike, attack, throw. + _Balun_, to beat, thrash, drub. + _Palu_, to beat, hammer, knock. + _Kĕtok_, to knock, tap, rap. + _Godam_, to thrash, hammer. + _Lantak_, to nail, to drive in. + _Tinju-kan_, to box, strike with the fist. + _Tumbuk_, to pound, strike with the fist. + _Bĕdal_, to switch. + _Sakal_, and _sakai_, to strike. + _Tampar_, and _tampiling_, to slap. + _Tepuk_, to pat. + + 2. _Chuchuk_, to thrust, poke. + _Merusuk_, to thrust, poke, pierce. + _Radak_ or _rodok_, to pierce with a spear. + _Juluk_, to thrust upwards. + _Tikam_, to thrust, pierce, stab. + _Sigi_, to poke with the finger. + _Merunjang_, to lower a spear at the charge. + + 3. _Angkat_, to lift, carry off, remove. + _Pikul_, to carry on the back, to carry a load. + _Kandar_, to carry on a stick over the shoulder. + _Bibit_, to carry with the fingers. + _Junjong_, to carry on the head. + _Tanggong_, to bear, carry, support. + _Gendong_, to carry slung in a bundle. + _Usong_, to carry in a litter. + _Julang_, to hold aloft, to hoist, to carry with the arm uplifted. + _Bawa_, to carry, convey, bring. + _Dukong_, to carry on the back or hip. + _Kepit_, to carry under the arm. + _Jinjing_, to carry in the arms or hands. + _Galas_, to carry slung over the back or shoulder. + _Kilik_, to carry under the arm. + _Bebat_, to carry in the girdle. + _Tatang_, to carry on the palms of the hands. + _Kandong_, to carry at the waist. + + 4. _Jatoh_, to fall, drop. + _Gugur_, to drop off, fall, miscarry. + _Tumbang_, to fall, tumble down. + _Reban_, to fall in, give way, tumble down. + _Runtoh_, to come down, to fall. + _Luroh_, to drop off, fall (as fruit). + _Titek_, to drop, distil (as water). + _Rĕbah_,[1] to tumble, fall. + _Timpa_, to fall against. + _Chichir_, to drop, to spill. + _Tumpah_, to spill. + + [Footnote 1: Also _ribah_ and _rubuh_.] + + 5. _Buang_, to throw away. + _Lotar_ or _lontar_, to hurl, fling. + _Lempar_, to throw, fling. + _Humban_, to throw down, cast away. + _Champak_, to throw down, cast away. + _Baling_, to throw, fling. + _Lanting_, to throw, cast, propel. + + 6. _Lihat_, to see. + _Pandang_, to look, to look at. + _Kelih_, to see. + _Nampa_, to see, perceive. + _Intei_, to peep, spy, observe. + _Petiak_, to notice, observe. + _Tulih_, to look, glance. + _Tengok_, to see. + _Jingok_, to peep, look out. + _Tengadah_, to look up. + _Tampak_, to see, perceive. + _Per-hati-kan_, to perceive, notice, take notice of. + _Tentang_, to regard. + + 7. _Chakap_, to speak. + _Bilang_, to tell. + _Khabar-kan_, to tell, inform. + _Ber-mulut_, to speak, utter. + _Sabda_, to say, command. + _Cheritra-kan_, to relate. + _Meripit_, to chatter, gabble. + _Mengomong_, to chat, gossip. + _Kata_, to say, speak, talk. + _Tutur_, to talk, tell, converse. + _Sĕbut_, to tell, mention. + _Uchap_, to utter, express. + _Titah_, to say, command (as a raja). + _Merongut_, to mutter. + _Ber-bual_, to chat. + _Ber-sungut_, to grumble, to murmur. + +Fourth, Learn to employ the passive form of the verb which takes the +prefix _di-_. Easy examples of this have been given occasionally in the +preceding lessons, and the exercises on pages 107 and 108 contain +abundant illustrations of it. It is a mistake to suppose that the Malay +passive is confined to the written language; it is of common use +colloquially among Malays, but, probably because it offers certain +difficulties of construction, it is little understood and seldom +employed by Europeans in the Straits of Malacca. + +“He did not, or would not, accept it,” would be vulgarly rendered _dia +ta’ mahu tĕrima_; but it may be more elegantly translated _tiada-lah +di-tĕrima-nia_, “It was not accepted by him.” Here the affix _-nia_ has +the force of “by him,” and, as it denotes the agent, immediately follows +the verb in accordance with the rule stated on p. 61. + + +EXAMPLES. + + He ordered (it was ordered by him)-- + _Di-suroh-nia._ + He seized the robber (the robber was seized by him)-- + _Di-tangkap-nia penchuri._ + They cut away (were cut away by them) the huts and prevented the fire + from spreading far-- + _Di-potong-nia rumah-rumah tiada di-bĕri me-larat panjang api itu._ + The rats ate up three candles-- + _Dian tiga batang habis di-makan tikus._ + They have not yet erected the house; they are getting the timber + ready-- + _Rumah belum di-diri-kan lagi, tengah di buat kayu-kayu-nia._ + The boat was leaky and the water got in-- + _Bochor prahu itu di-masok ayer dalam-nia._ + He only allowed him to use it; he did not give it to him out and out-- + _Di-bĕri pakei sahaja bukan di-bĕri-nia langsong._ + He said that it was too late to send an answer-- + _Handak di-balas pun kata-nia sudah ter-lepas waktu-nia._ + He asked for information about the house that is being built-- + _Di-tanya-nia deri-pada hal rumah yang di-per-buat itu._ + When the country becomes populous it will be right to raise the + assessment-- + _Apabila negri sudah ramei bahru-lah patut di-per-naik-kan + hasil-nia._ + God, ever to be praised and most high, gave his aid, and on that very + day there descended the heaviest shower of rain possible-- + _Di-tulong Allah subhana wa ta‘ala pada waktu hari itu di-turun + hujan sa-habis-habis lebat._ + The people of the village feasted abundantly-- + _Jenoh-lah di-makan orang kampong itu._ + +Fifth, Bear in mind the distinction between the force given to a verb by +the particle _ber-_ (_be-_, _bel-_), and that which is caused by +prefixing _me-_ (_mem-_, _meng-_, _men-_, and _meny-_); see _supra_, p. +55. + +When the former is employed, the verb describes _a state or condition_, +and is intransitive. The latter generally denotes a verb expressing _an +action_. Apparent departures from this rule are found sometimes, but +these often arise from a difficulty in classifying a particular verb. +Such a verb, for instance, as “to weep,” may be viewed in two +ways--either as descriptive of the condition of the person who weeps or +of the act of weeping; the former is expressed in Malay by _ber-tangis_ +and the latter by _menangis_, but practically the distinction is not +great. So _memakei_ (_pakei_), to wear, _merajuk_, to sulk, _menanti_, +to wait, and others, seem to describe states or conditions, +notwithstanding that they have the particle _me-_; but this is explained +by showing that in their primary meanings they really convey an idea of +action, _memakei_ meaning to put on, _merajuk_, to show temper, and +_menanti_, to await somebody or something. + +The following derivative verbs will illustrate the rule laid down +above:-- + + Primitive. + Derivative with _ber-_. + Derivative with _me-_. + + _angkat_, to lift. + _ber-angkat_, to arise. + _meng-angkat_, to lift. + _alih_, to change. + _ber-alih_, to undergo change. + _meng-alih_, to change. + _balik_, behind, back. + _ber-balik_, to turn (_intrans_.) + _mem-balik_, to turn, return (_trans_.) + _diri_, self, being. + _ber-diri_, to stand up. + _men-diri-kan_, to cause to stand, to establish. + _ganti_, instead of. + _ber-ganti_, to take the place of. + _meng-ganti_, to put in the place of. + _habis_, finished. + _ber-habis_, to be finished. + _meng-habis_, to finish, to complete. + _igau_, delirium. + _ber-igau_, to be delirious. + _meng-igau_, to rave. + _ikat_, tie, bond. + _ber-ikat_, to be fastened. + _meng-ikat_, to tie, fasten. + _ingat_, memory, to remember. + _ber-ingat_, to be sensible of. + _meng-ingat_, to call to mind, remember. + _jaga_, to watch, guard. + _ber-jaga_, to be on watch. + _menjaga_, to watch, to guard. + _keliling_, around. + _ber-keliling_, to border, surround. + _mengeliling_, to hem in, to go round. + _karja_, work. + _ber-karja_, to be a workman. + _mengarja-kan_, to work, effect, accomplish. + _lepas_, loosed. + _ber-lepas_, to be free. + _melepas_, to set free. + _lambat_, slow. + _ber-lambat_, to be slow. + _me-lambat_, to retard. + _labuh_, to lower, drop. + _ber-labuh_, to be at anchor. + _me-labuh_, to let fall, to anchor. + _naung_, shade. + _ber-naung_, to be sheltered. + _me-naung-i_, to shelter, to shade, protect. + _pegang_, to hold. + _ber-pegang_, to hold. + _memegang_, to take hold of, to seize. + _rugi_, loss. + _be-rugi_, to suffer loss. + _me-rugi-kan_, to cause loss. + _sembunyi_, to hide. + _ber-sembunyi_, to be concealed. + _menyembunyi_, to hide, conceal. + _takut_, afraid, fear. + _ber-takut_, to be afraid. + _menyakut-kan_, to frighten. + _ubah_, change, to change. + _ber-ubah_, to undergo change. + _meng-ubah_, to change, to alter. + +Sixth, Notice must be taken of the common native habit (not one to be +imitated by Europeans learning the language) of inserting in a sentence +words which have no meaning to fill a temporary hiatus while the speaker +is thinking of his next word. These prop-words or pillow-words, to +borrow a Hindustani phrase,[2] are numerous in Malay and vary in +different localities. _Anu_, _bahasa-nia_, _misal[3]-nia_, and +_kata-kan_ are some of those commonly used. + + [Footnote 2: The Hindustani term is _sukhan-takya_, from _sukhan_, + a word, and _takya_ a pillow.] + + [Footnote 3: Corresponding with the Hindustani _maslan_, which is + used in a similar way.] + +Seventh, The following abbreviations are commonly employed:-- + +_Na’_ for _handak_; _sikit_ for _sadikit_; _auat_ for _apa-buat?_ why?; +_ta’_ and _t’ada_ for _tiada_; _pi_ and _pĕgi_ (in Patani _gi_) for +_pergi_. + + + + +LESSON XXXI. + + +PHRASES OF POLITENESS. + + Be pleased to ----.-- + _Sila_, _sila-lah_, or _sila-kan-lah._ + Please come into the house-- + _Sila-kan naik atas rumah._ + Be pleased to sit down on a chair-- + _Sila-kan duduk di-atas krusi._ + My house is not what it should be-- + _Rumah sahaya tiada dengan sapertinia._ + Treat it as your own house; don’t stand upon ceremony-- + _Buat-lah saperti rumah sendiri, jangan malu._ + I must beg leave to depart (lit. to rise)-- + _Sahaya handak minta diri-lah dahulu._ + Pray do as you wish; take care as you go-- + _Sila-kan-lah. Jalan baik-baik._ + I crave permission to retire, as I wish to go home-- + _Hamba tuan handak mohun-lah dahulu handak balik._ + Very well (it does not matter)-- + _Ta’ apa-lah._ + I must ask to be pardoned for going (style of the Court)-- + _Patek handak meng-ampun-lah dahulu._ + Very well-- + _Baik-lah._ + Pray come and see me often; don’t hesitate-- + _Mari-lah kĕrap-kĕrap rumah sahaya, jangan-lah segan-segan._ + I am exceedingly pleased to have seen you at my house-- + _Sangat sudi sahaya tuan-tuan datang ber-landang rumah sahaya._ + May your journey be safe-- + _Salamat jalan._ + May you remain in peace-- + _Salamat tinggal._ + There is something that I want; it is to invite you to a trifling + entertainment-- + _Ada hajat sadikit handak jamu makan sadikit ayer-ayer sejuk._ + I thank you exceedingly (lit. I accept a great favour from you)-- + _Sahaya baniak tĕrima kasih_, or, simply, _tĕrima kasih._ + Are you well?-- + _Tuan ada baik?_ + How is so-and-so, who was ill the other day?-- + _Apa khabar si-polan[4] yang sakit kalmarin itu?_ + He has quite recovered his former health-- + _Sudah sihat balik saperti sedia lama._ + Thanks to the favouring influence of your good fortune, we are free + from all misfortune and sickness-- + _Dengan berkat tuah tuah tulong tiada-lah satu apa-apa mara-bahaya + deri-pada sakit demam._ + + [Footnote 4: _Polan_, or _fulan_, such a one, probably from the + Hindustani _fulana_, a word of Arab derivation.] + + +EXERCISE. + +It is a long time since I saw you last. I did not know that you had +arrived here. How did you come, by the river, or by the road? How long +do you intend to stay? Don’t be in a hurry to return; stay for a while, +and recover from the fatigue of your journey. It is a pity that I did +not know beforehand that you were coming. He is a most excellent old +man, and it would be hard to find many like him. If nothing occurs to +prevent it, I shall come and see you on Monday next. There is no +necessity for writing a letter; if you let my clerk know, that will be +sufficient. + + + + +LESSON XXXII. + + +READING AND WRITING. + + Malay is a language of which it is very easy to learn to speak a + little. It is, however, very difficult to acquire the idioms of + the natives.-- + _Bahasa Malayu itu mudah sakali di-dapat chahap sadikit-sadikit, + tetapi kalau handak ikut saperti per-kata-an orang Malayu sendiri + payah sakali._ + It is written from right to left, whereas English is written from + left to right-- + _Tulis-an Jawi itu deri kanan bawa ka-kiri tulis-an Inggris deri + kiri bawa ka kanan._ + The letters employed are the Arabic letters-- + _Huruf-nia yang di-pakei itu huruf ‘Arab._ + What do you call that in Malay?-- + _Orang Malayu apa kata ini?_ + What is the name of this object in Malay?-- + _Apa nama barang ini bahasa Malayu?_ + The pronunciation of Malay differs in different states-- + _Chakap orang Malayu itu lain sakali bunyi-nia di-dalam lain-lain + tampat._ + His pronunciation is not good-- + _Chakap-nia ta’ terus_, or _dia chakap pelet_, or _télor._ + The Malays of that district have a flat pronunciation; they say _apé_ + for _apa_-- + _Orang Malayu negri itu leper chakap, handak kata APA di-kata-nia + APÉ_. + How do you spell that word?-- + _Per-kata-an ini apa eja-nia?_ + This word is not correctly spelt-- + _Per-kata-an ini ta’ betul eja-nia._ + You should read for at least two hours a day, and thus you will soon + be able to read fluently-- + _Patut-lah tuan membacha surat Jawi sa-korang-korang dua jam lama + nia pada tiap-tiap hari, lama-lama tuntu-lah buleh dapat bacha + lanchar._ + Why do you undertake a thing and give it up when half finished?-- + _Perkara itu apa sebab tuan ta’ mahu bahagi habis, buat sa’ + kĕrat-kĕrat sahaja?_ + My son has learned to write Malay, and is now learning the Koran-- + _Anak sahaya sudah dapat tulis Jawi sakarang tengah meng-aji Koran._ + When he has read it through, he will commence to learn (Arabic) + grammar-- + _Tatkala sudah khatam dia handak mengaji nahu._ + He chants the Koran very well-- + _Pandei juga dia mem-bacha Koran._ + + +EXERCISE. + +I am not skilled in composition. He ordered the two writings to be +compared. If he is diligent, he will soon get instruction. He has been +attending school for ever so long, but he knows nothing. After reading +the letter he put it away in a box. The raja ordered the letter to be +read aloud in the assembly. How were these lines ruled? Just look over +this letter and see if it will do. If you will permit me, I will take +away this book to read it. His handwriting is exceedingly good. + + + + +LESSON XXXIII. + + +HOUSEKEEPING. + + There will be no one dining here to-day except the master and myself-- + _T’ ada orang lain makan di rumah hari ini, sahaya ber-dua dengan + tuan sahaja._ + Tell the cook that last night’s dinner was not at all good-- + _Choba bilang kapada tukang-masak makan-an sa-malam ta’ baik sakali + masak-nia._ + What he put into the soup I don’t know, but it had a nasty taste-- + _Apa-apa di-bubok-nia di-dalam tim itu ta’ tahu-lah sahaya, + rasa-nia maung sahaja._ + The rice, too, was burned, and no one could eat it-- + _Nasi pun hangus ta’ lalu (OR buleh) orang makan._ + What is the price of fowls at the market?-- + _Hayam bĕr-apa harga di pasar?_ + Full-grown hens as much as fifty cents each, half-grown fowls about + twenty cents each, and capons so much a catty according to + weight-- + _Kalau ibu hayam sampei lima kupang pun ada, hayam sedang agak-nia, + dua kupang sa’ ekor, hayam kambiri (OR kasi) ikut timbang-an + kati._ + The milk-man has not come yet-- + _Bĕlum orang bawa susu lagi._ + Choose fish which is quite fresh. What we had yesterday was spoilt + before it could be cooked-- + _Pilih ikan yang baharu. Ikan kalmarin belum sămpat di-masak lagi + sudah busŭk._ + Wait a moment. You must have breakfast ready every day at nine o’clock + punctually, there must be no delay-- + _Nanti-lah dahulu. Sa-hari-hari mahu-lah sedia-kan hazri waktu + pukul sambilan ta’ buleh lambat lagi._ + Pour this oil into a jar-- + _Minyak ini tuang-lah di-dalam tempayan._ + Take care not to spill it-- + _Baik-baik jangan tumpah._ + Are the kitchen utensils complete, pots and pans, cocoanut scraper, + stone for grinding spices, &c.?-- + _Chukup-kah per-kakas-an dapor, priuk, bĕlanga, kuali, kukur-an, + batu giling rampah-rampah, dan lain-lain-nia?_ + The only things wanting are basket-work frames for the cooking-pots, + and a coffee-mill-- + _Yang ada korang sadikit lekar sahaja dengan kisar-an kahwa._ + I am tired of poultry-- + _Sahaya sudah jĕmu makan daging hayam itek._ + + +EXERCISE. + +Is the water boiling? Boil two eggs, but take care that they are not +hard. What do you call this vegetable in Malay? Tell some one to pull +the punkah. This plate is dirty; take it away and bring another. Put the +dish down upon that tray. Weigh the meat when it is brought every day. I +have weighed the beef; there is half a catty too little. How many months +did you work for that gentleman? On what account did you leave? + + + + +LESSON XXXIV. + + +PREPARATIONS FOR DEPARTURE. + + I am going away to ---- on Friday next-- + _Sahaya handak ka-luar ka-kampong anu pada hari juma‘at yang datang + ini._ + Pack up enough clothes for a few days-- + _Kemas-kan kain-kain mana chukup sampei dua tiga ampat hari + lama-nia._ + You need not take so many; I am not going for good-- + _Ta’payah bagitu baniak, ta’kan orang handak pergi langsong._ + Put all these clothes into a box-- + _Isi-kan kain-kain ini sumua dalam peti._ + Will this go in?-- + _Chelus-kah ini._ + No; it is too big-- + _Ta’chelus, besar sangat._ + Three or four handkerchiefs and two pairs of socks-- + _Saputangan barang tiga ampat ’lei, sarong kaki dua pasang._ + Not this spotted neck-tie, but the striped one-- + _Bukan tali leher yang ber-rintik ini, ada lain yang ber-choring._ + Unfasten this cord-- + _Rangkei tali ini._ + Roll up that rug-- + _Gulong kain panas itu._ + Have everything taken down to the boat-- + _Bawa-lah turun ka-prahu barang-barang ini sumua._ + Put them into the bullock-cart-- + _Muat-kan di-atas kreta lumbu_. + Call the coolies, and tell them to take the things away-- + _Panggil kuli-kuli suroh angkat._ + We will stop to-night at Kampong--which is the usual halting-place-- + _Hari ini kita ber-malam di Kampong--itu-lah tampat per-hinti-an + deri salama-lama._ + Wrap a waterproof sheet round that bedding, so that it may not get + wet-- + _Balut tikar bantal itu dengan kain-gĕtah jangan di-kena basah._ + Set that box down here; I want to take something out of it-- + _Letak-kan peti itu di-sini, sahaya mahu ambil apa-apa + di-dalam-nia._ + Put everything away again-- + _Simpan kambali sumua._ + What else is there (to detain us)?-- + _Apa lagi kita?_ + + +EXERCISE. + +Count all those clothes, and then put them away. At least one hundred +people were waiting at the river-side. After waiting for several hours, +no one came, so they were all disappointed. About midnight there was a +great storm, with thunder and lightning. His shoulder was quite swollen, +for he had never been in the habit of carrying a load on a stick. What +have those two people been quarrelling about? There is a great +difference between these two things. + + + + +LESSON XXXV. + + +ORDINARY NARRATIVE STYLE. + + On the 5th inst., at three o’clock on Thursday morning-- + _Pada lima tarikh pukul tiga malam[5] Khamis._ + On Tuesday last about mid-day-- + _Pada hari Salasa yang sudah waktu tengah hari._ + I had just finished my breakfast, and was about to smoke a cigar-- + _Sahaya pun baharu lepas makan nasi tengah handak minum rokok._ + So-and-so came and called me, saying that my uncle was very ill-- + _Datang-lah si-anu me-manggil kata-nia bapa penakan sahaya sakit + sangat._ + I said, “Let me lock the door of the house first, and then I will go + with you”-- + _Kata sahaya biar-lah aku kunchi-kan pintu rumah dahulu baharu-lah + buleh pergi sama-sama._ + There is a single woman who lives in the house of her brother-in-law-- + _Ada-lah sa’orang perampuan yang duduk di rumah ipar-nia._ + All her property was carried off in the middle of the night by thieves + without the knowledge of the inmates of the house-- + _Barang-barang dia habis di-angkat penchuri tengah malam tiada + orang rumah sedar._ + Search was made everywhere without success-- + _Di-chahari rata t’ada juga di-dapat-nia._ + While we were searching about we found a box thrown aside in the + jungle-- + _Tengah chahari itu jumpa sa’ biji peti ter-champak di-dalam hutan._ + After that we got into the carriage again and returned home without + stopping anywhere-- + _Lepas itu naik kreta pula pulang ka rumah t’ada singgah + di-mana-mana._ + After that we watched for ever so long at the edge of the jungle-- + _Sudah-lah bagitu bĕr-apa lama pula kita meng-endap di-tepi hutan._ + At length, as no one appeared, and it was getting very late, we went + home to bed-- + _Kemdian sa’ orang pun t’ada kaluar hari pun sudah jahu malam jadi + kita pun pulang-lah tidor._ + It is as well that I should tell you so, that you may not be ignorant + of it-- + _Baik sahaya khabar-kan jangan-lah tuan ta’ tahu._ + + [Footnote 5: Among Muhammadans the day commences at sunset and the + night is classed with the day which _follows_ it. Thursday night, + therefore, with them, includes our Wednesday night and part of + Thursday morning.] + + +EXERCISE. + +On Wednesday night at 9.30 p.m. He drove to the landing-place, took a +boat and went on board the steamer. They were not permitted to land. I +was just getting ready to return when your messenger arrived. We left +before daylight in the morning and did not return until after dark. Can +we go there and back in a day? All the men who were with me were very +tired. I said, “Very well, come to my house to-morrow morning at six +o’clock.” He seemed to be very weak, and walked with difficulty. + + + + +LESSON XXXVI. + + +BUYING AND SELLING. + + How much did you give for this?-- + _Bĕr-apa tuan bĕli ini?_ + What is the balance remaining?-- + _Tinggal baḳi-nia bĕr-apa?_ + Don’t ask too much; say exactly what you want-- + _Jangan-lah mahal sangat, kata-lah betul-betul._ + I can’t take that; it would not even cover my outlay-- + _Ta’ buleh-lah tuan, ta’ pulang modal sahaya._ + He paid an exorbitant price for it-- + _Dia bĕli dengan harga mahal ter-lampau._ + What is it worth?-- + _Bĕr-apa patut di-bayar harga-nia?_ + Whatever you may pay for it, I will repay to you-- + _Bĕr-apa-apa harga yang angkau bĕli itu nanti sahaya bayar-kan._ + Have you no curiosities in your shop?-- + _T’ada-kah benda apa-apa yang pelik-pelik di-dalam kedei ini?_ + I bought this article at auction-- + _Benda ini sudah sahaya tangkap dalam ’lelong._ + I did not venture to bid more-- + _Ta’ bĕrani sahaya tawar lebeh._ + I have always sold them for a dollar a-piece-- + _Yang sudah-sudah ini sahaya jual sa-ringgit satu._ + You must pay ready-money; he will not give credit-- + _Mahu-lah mem-bayar tunei, ta’ mahu dia mem-bĕri hutang._ + He was offered one hundred dollars for it, but would not part with + it-- + _Sudah orang minta dengan harga sa-ratus rial ta’ mahu juga dia + lepas-kan._ + As long as it is a good article, I don’t mind about the price-- + _Asal-kan barang yang baik sahaya ta’ sayang pasal harga-nia._ + Examine it well lest there should be any defect in it-- + _Păreḳsa-lah baik-baik takut ada chachat-nia apa-apa._ + Gutta-percha sells very well just now-- + _Gĕtah baniak laku sakarang._ + This coin is not current here-- + _Wang ini ta’ laku di-sini._ + Write down all the items and let me know what the total is-- + _Tulis-lah perkara-perkara satu-satu khabar-kan bĕr-apa jĕmlah-nia._ + There are ten dollars for you-- + _Nah! sa-puloh ringgit._ + This material is not to be surpassed either in excellence of quality + or beauty of colour-- + _Ta’ lawan-lah kain ini deri-pada baik sifat-nia dan dok warna-nia._ + It is both strong and thick-- + _Kukuh lagi tebal._ + This colour does not fade-- + _Ta’ turun warna ini._ + + +EXERCISE. + +How much are these plantains a bunch? It is not worth a cent. I have +searched all the shops without finding what I want. I offered him two +dollars and a half, and after a time he agreed. He said he would +guarantee the goods, and that you might return the whole if they are not +in good order. There is a quantity of chaff in this rice. I have no +copper money, be good enough to get me change for a dollar. This is not +according to sample. Weigh it first and then put it away. Don’t be +uneasy; you can trust this man. + + + + +LESSON XXXVII. + + +BUILDING. + + When will your new house be finished?-- + _Rumah tuan yang baharu itu bila akan sudah?_ + Not for a long time yet; I am just getting the materials together-- + _Lama juga lagi, tengah kumpul ramu-ramu-an._ + The floor and walls will be of plank-- + _Lantei papan dinding pun papan._ + There will be four windows on each side opening down to the floor-- + _Sa-bĕlah ampat jandela panjang ter-buka sampei di bendul._ + The front door has steps (in front of it)-- + _Pintu di hadap-an ber-tangga._ + The length of the house is thirty-five feet and the breadth forty + feet, including the verandah-- + _Panjang-nia rumah itu tiga-puloh lima kaki, buka-nia dengan + sarambi ampat puloh kaki._ + The servants’ houses have _atap_ walls covered with _samir_ or + _kajang_ matting-- + _Rumah orang gaji itu dinding-nia ikat atap apit samir atau kajang._ + This timber will not last long; it will rot very quickly-- + _Kayu ini ta tahan lama, lakas nanti rĕput._ + These wooden posts will be planed as smooth as possible-- + _Tiang kayu ini nanti tukang tara buat lichin sakali._ + Make out a list of all the different timber you will require, such as + posts, beams, joists, rafters, &c.-- + _Buat-lah kira-kira kayu-kayu yang handak itu deri-pada jerjak, + rasuk, gĕlĕgar, kasau, dan lain-lain-nia._ + Measure the height from the floor to the top of the wall-plate-- + _Hukur-lah tinggi-nia deri lantei sampei ka-atas kapala-tiang._ + Those door-posts are not straight-- + _Ta’ betul jinang paha pintu itu._ + I shall fix lattice-work here for climbing plants to grow over-- + _Sahaya handak pukul papan jala-jala di-sini biar me-lata pokok + bunga di-atas-nia._ + In how many days will you thatch it?-- + _Bĕr-apa hari lagi mahu bubok atap?_ + Three thousand _ataps_ will not be enough-- + _Ta’ chukup-lah tiga ribu atap._ + + +EXERCISE. + +In former days the Raja of Kedah sent messengers to the Rajah of Perak +with a letter. When the letter was opened and read in the assembly, in +the presence of the Raja and the chiefs, its purport was found to be +this single question only:-- “Which is the higher, Gunong Jerei or +Gunong Bubu?” Now Gunong Jerei is a mountain in Kedah, and Gunong Bubu +is a mountain in Perak. When the letter had been read, there was much +excitement among the Perak people, for many thought that the message +betokened war. For three days the Raja and the chiefs consulted together +as to the nature of the answer which should be given to the Raja of +Kedah. On the third day a letter was written in reply to this effect:-- +“Gunong Jerei is the higher of the two, but Gunong Bubu is the greater.” + + + + +LESSON XXXVIII. + + +SEWING. + + I want two or three jackets made-- + _Sahaya handak suroh buat baju dua tiga ’lei._ + I don’t mind your taking some time about it, as long as the work is + well done-- + _Biar lambat sadikit karja ta’apa, asal-kan elok jahit-an-nia._ + If it is not well done I will not take it-- + _Jikalau ta’elok sahaya ta’mahu tĕrima._ + Join these two pieces and sew them-- + _Dua ’lei ini kampuh-lah jahit._ + Tack it first and then sew it-- + _Jelujur-lah jarang dahulu, lepas itu sakali jahit._ + Fell the seams close-- + _Kĕlim tulang halus-halus._ + Don’t let them ravel-- + _Jangan bahagi ka-luar benang._ + When you fell, fold the stuff wide and turn the edge well in, so that + when it is washed the threads will not ravel-- + _Kalau kĕlim lipat kain baniak, masok-kan tepi ka-dalam, nanti + waktu basoh bulu-nia tidak-lah ka-luar._ + Stitch the wristband-- + _Ber-kiya hujong tangan-nia._ + Hem the border-- + _Tepi itu lipat jahit._ + To make the seam strong, don’t run it, but sew it over-- + _Tulang it mahu buat kukuh jangan-lah jelujur, lilit ubi sahaja._ + Take those torn stockings and darn them-- + _Ambil sarong-kaki yang koyak itu jerumat-lah sadikit._ + That is very much torn and cannot be darned; you must patch it-- + _Sudah baniak koyak kain itu radup ta’buleh kĕna tampong-lah._ + To gather (lit. pull the thread and make it pucker)-- + _Tarik benang bahagi kerudut._ + Why do you take such long stitches? I take three stitches where you + take one. Cannot you sew closer?-- + _Ken’apa jahit ini jarang sahaja, tiga penyuchuk kita satu + penyuchuk dia, ta tahu-kah buat kĕrap-kĕrap?_ + Needles, Berlin wool, scissors, thimble, and a reel of white cotton-- + _Jerum, benang bulu kambing, gunting, sarong-jari dan benang puteh + sa’kotak._ + + +EXERCISE. + +It happened once that two men had a dispute about a woman. One of them +was a learned man and the other was a peasant who earned his living by +cultivating his fields. Each asserted that the woman was his wife, and +they went before the Kazi and stated their claims. The case was rendered +all the more difficult by the refusal of the woman to say anything one +way or the other. After hearing all the witnesses on both sides, the +Kazi directed the woman to remain at his house and all the rest to +return next day. All then saluted him and retired. On the following day, +when the parties assembled, the Kazi delivered the woman to the learned +man and sentenced the peasant to fifty stripes of a rattan. When +questioned afterwards as to his reason for this decision, the Kazi said, +“This morning, in my house, I ordered this woman to fill my inkstand; +this she at once did most expertly, like one accustomed to the task. +Then I knew she must be the wife of the learned man, for what should the +wife of a peasant know of inkstands?” All praised the Kazi for his +wisdom, and his fame as a judge was spread far and wide. + + + + +LESSON XXXIX. + + +SICKNESS. + + I am not at all well-- + _Ta’ sedap badan sahaya._ + For five or six days he has been unable to eat-- + _Sudah lima anam hari dia ta’buleh makan nasi._ + What is the matter with him?-- + _Apa sakit-nia?_ + His father has taken him into the country for treatment-- + _Bapa-nia sudah bawa naik ka-darat ber-ubat._ + He is a little better-- + _Ada-lah korang sadikit sakit-nia._ + When he was very ill the other day, many people thought that he would + not recover-- + _Tatkala dia tengah sakit sangat dahulu itu baniak orang fikir + tiada buleh baik._ + I saw that he was very thin and his voice was very weak-- + _Sahaya lihat tuboh-nia sangat kurus, dia ber-chakap pun suara-nia + perlahan sahaja._ + Where do you feel pain? I am very weak and cannot get up-- + _Sa-bĕlah mana rasa sakit? Sahaya leteh sakali ta’lalu bangket._ + Open your mouth and put out your tongue-- + _Nganga hulur lidak._ + You had better take a purgative-- + _Baik makan penchahar._ + Let me feel his pulse-- + _Biar sahaya pegang nadi dia._ + He is suffering from fever-- + _Dia sakit demam panas._ + He is suffering from rheumatism and has pains in his joints-- + _Dia sakit angin, rasa-nia sakit di sendi-sendi sumua._ + I will give you some oil of a certain kind which you must rub on his + body every day till he is well-- + _Nanti sahaya bahagi minyuk satu macham mahu di-urut tiap-tiap hari + sampei hilang sakit itu._ + Mix this white powder with a little water, stir it and then drink it-- + _Serbuk puteh ini champor-lah dengan ayer sadikit kachau lalu + minum._ + If the small-pox spreads the natives will all certainly leave their + homes-- + _Kalau me-larat penyakit chachar itu ter-tuntu lah lari habis + ra‘iyat sumua._ + The fever called _kapialu_ is very dangerous and often ends fatally-- + _Demam kapialu itu jahat sangat kĕrap juga bawa niawa._ + Cholera is the disease which is most dreaded-- + _Ta‘un itu yang orang takut ter-lebeh sakali._ + + +EXERCISE. + +Di-kata-kan pada suatu hari Nabi Suleiman ‘aleyhi-assalam duduk di-atas +takhta ka-raja-an dan angin pun mem-bawa dia ka-atas di-udara dan sagala +manusia dan jin yang tiada ter-bilang baniak-nia itu ber-jalan serta-nia +maka ‘ajaib Nabi Suleiman deri-pada ka-besar-an ka-raja-an itu maka +laku-lah dalam hati-nia suatu nafsu pada katika itu dan karana itu +mahkota jadi bengkok maka Nabi Suleiman sigra handak mem-betul-kan +mahkota itu jadi makin bengkok dan jikalau sa-hingga tiga kali pun sudah +handak di-betul-kan Nabi Suleiman mahkota-nia itu tiada jadi betul +sa-telah itu maka ber-kata-lah Nabi Suleiman, “Hei, mahkota, karana apa +angkau tiada jadi betul?” Maka mahkota itu dengan firman Allah ta‘ala +menyahut. “Hei, Suleiman, betul-kan hati-mu dahulu sapaya aku-pun jadi +betul.”[6] + + [Footnote 6: This and the following exercise are extracts from the + _Taj-assalatin_.] + + + + +LESSON XL. + +TO ILLUSTRATE THE USE OF NUMERAL CO-EFFICIENTS.[7] + + + In that gentleman’s house one piece of matting covers a whole room-- + _Rumah tuan itu sa’BIDANG tikar sahaja chukup satu bilek._ + They found in the hut five spears, one long _kris_, and nine muskets-- + _Di-jumpa di bangsal itu lembing lima BATANG, kris panjang sa-BILAH + dengan snapang sembilan PUCHUK._ + See if you can get twenty-five fish-roes. How much are they a-piece?-- + _Chahari-lah telor tĕrubuk dua puloh lima KAMPUH. Bĕr-apa harga-nia + sa-KAMPUH?_ + She ordered a curtain to be hung before the doorway-- + _Di-suroh-nia gantong tirei sa-LABUH di muka pintu._ + That bunch of plantains contains about ten rows-- + _Di-dalam sa-TANDAN pisang itu agak-agak sapuloh sikat._ + I said I wanted to buy ten cakes of wax-- + _Kata sahaya, sahaya mahu bĕli lilin sa-puloh TAMPANG._ + The child was wearing a coral necklace round her neck-- + _Budak itu ada pakei sa-LABUH merjan di leher-nia._ + How many yards of cloth are there in a piece?-- + _Sa-KAYU kain itu jadi ber-apa ela?_[8] + How many _ataps_ can one person make in a day?-- + _Satu orang bĕr-apa MENGKAWAN buleh semat atap pada sa’hari?_ + The buffalo destroyed six sugar-cane plants and a quantity of + lemon-grass plants-- + _Sudah di-makan kerbau tĕbu anam RUMPUN dengan serei ta’tuntu + baniak RUMPUN-nia._ + He planted seven or eight young trees in front of the house-- + _Di-tanam-nia di-hadap-an rumah anak pokok kayu tujoh delapan + PERDU._ + It was a pretty thick book, containing about two hundred sheets-- + _Tebal juga kitab itu ada lebeh korang dua ratus KAJANG kartas._ + I have bought a casting-net to take home with me-- + _Sahaya sudah bĕli jala sa’UTAS (OR sa’RAWAN) handak bawa pulang + ka tampat sahaya._ + He tied three threads round his stomach-- + _Di-ikat-nia tiga URAT benang di pĕrut-nia._ + Pick two or three jasmine blossoms, and about ten sprays of that red + flower-- + _Petik-lah bunga melor dua tiga KUTUM dengan bunga merah itu barang + sa-puloh TANGKEI._ + + [Footnote 7: See _supra_, p. 70.] + + [Footnote 8: _Ela_, yard, from the Dutch _el_.] + + +EXERCISE. + +Di cheritra-kan deri-pada Sultan Iskandar bahwa sa-hari duduk dengan +chinta-nia dan tiada kaluar deri-pada astana-nia maka Jalinus Hakim +masok mengadap Sultan Iskandar lalu lihat dia duduk ber-chinta maka +iya-pun ber-tanya deri-pada-nia “apa chinta Sultan itu bahwa Sultan +tiada kaluar deri-dalam astana?” maka Sultan Iskandar ber-sabda +“chinta-ku deri-pada itu-lah yang dunia ini tiada baniak dan karana +suatu ka-raja-an dunia ini yang tiada ber-apa ada-nia aku menyusah-kan +diri-ku dan sagala orang yang lain maka deri-pada pekarja-an yang +sia-sia ini-lah aku jua ber-chinta” maka sembah Hakim itu “Benar-lah +bichara Sultan itu karana apa garangan dunia dan ber-apa dunia ini bahwa +Sultan menyusah-kan diri-nia karana ka-raja-an itu yang sia-sia tetapi +ka-raja-an dunia ini ada suatu tanda deri-pada maha besar ka-raja-an +akhirat itu yang tiada ber-ka-sudah-an ada-nia dan yang Sultan dapat +ber-uleh deri-pada pe-karja-an ka-raja-an dunia ini dengan +sa-sunggoh-nia sapaya Sultan men-dapat ka-raja-an akhirat itu yang +sagala yang tiada buleh di-kira-kira-i ka-besar-an-nia itu” maka +suka-lah Sultan Iskandar deri-pada kata-nia dan bichara-nia yang baik +itu. + + + + +APPENDIX TO PART IV. + + +MUHAMMADAN MONTHS. + + 1. _Muharram._ + 2. _Safar._ + 3. _Rabia-el-awal._ + 4. _Rabia-el-akhir._ + 5. _Jumad-el-awal._ + 6. _Jumad-el-akhir._ + 7. _Rejab._ + 8. _Sha‘aban._ + 9. _Ramazan._ + 10. _Shawal._ + 11. _Zu’l-ka‘adah._ + 12. _Zu’l-hajah._ + +DAYS OF THE WEEK. + + Sunday, _Ahad_, lit. “the first.” + Monday, _Isnein_ or _Senein_, lit. “the second.” + Tuesday, _Salasa_, lit. “the third.” + Wednesday, _Arba‘ah_ or _Rabu_, lit. “the fourth.” + Thursday, _Khamis_, lit. “the fifth.” + Friday, _Juma‘at_, lit. “the congregation.” + Saturday, _Sabtu_, lit. “Sabbath.” + +PERIODS OF PRAYER. + + 1. _Maghrib_, a few minutes after sunset. + 2. _‘Isha_, evening, after dark. + 3. _Subh_, daybreak. + 4. _Lohor_, or _Dluḥr_, between noon and 1 P.M. + 5. _Asr_, afternoon, midway between noon and nightfall. + +MALAY PHRASES FOR DIVISIONS OF TIME. + + 1. _Belum terbang lalat_, “Before the flies are astir,” just before + daybreak. + 2. _Pechah panas_, “When the heat commences,” sun-up. + 3. _Kĕring ambun_, “When the dew dries,” about 8 A.M. + 4. _Tengah naik_, “When the sun is half-way,” 9 A.M. + 5. _Tulih tenggala_, “When the plough is idle.”[1] + 6. _Tengah hari tĕpat_, “Mid-day exactly,” noon. + 7. _Rambang_, “Right in the middle” (_i.e._ the sun in the sky), noon. + 8. _Buntar membayang_, “When the shadows are round” (_i.e._, when your + shadow is round your feet), noon. + 9. _Ber-alis hari_, “When the day changes,” afternoon. + 10. _Lepas ba‘adah_, and _lepas ba‘adah salah_, “After (Friday’s) + prayers (in the mosque),” about 1.30 P.M. + 11. _Turun kerbau be-rendam_, “When the buffaloes go down to the + water,” about 5 P.M. + 12. _Jindĕra budak_, “When the children have gone to sleep,” about + 10 P.M. + + [Footnote 1: _Tulih tinggala muda_ is about 9 A.M., and _tulih + tinggala tuah_ about 11 A.M.] + + +MALAY PROPER NAMES. + +The proper names common to the whole Muhammadan world, many of which are +Hebrew also, are in use among the Malays. It is common, however, to +abbreviate them in a manner peculiarly Malay. For example, “Muhammad” is +shortened to “Mat,” “Ibrahim” becomes “Brahim” and “Him,” and for +“Isahak,” “Sahak” and “Ak” are often heard. + +Certain names are also in use, which, either used by themselves or +prefixed to other proper names, show the relative seniority of a person +in his or her family. In Kedah, Penang, &c., three of these are commonly +used, “_Long_,” “_Ngah_,” and “_Busuk_:”-- + + _Long_ is equivalent to _Sulong_, “eldest,” + _Ngah_ is equivalent to _Tengah_, “middle,” + _Busuk_ is equivalent to _Bongsu_, “youngest.” + +In Perak seven of these names are in use:-- + + 1. _Long._ + 2. _Ngah._ + 3. _Alang._ + 4. _Panjang._ + 5. _Pandah._ + 6. _Uda._ + 7. _Utih._ + + +WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. + + 16 _tahil_, 1 _kati_.[2] + 100 _kati_, 1 _pikul_. + 3 _pikul_, 1 _bahara_. + 40 _pikul_, 1 _koyan_. + + [Footnote 2: 1 _kati_ = 1 lb. 6 oz. 13 drs.] + +GOLDSMITH’S WEIGHT. + + 12 _saga_, 1 _mayam_. + 16 _mayam_, 1 _bungkal_.[3] + 12 _bungkal_, 1 _kati_. + + [Footnote 3: 1 _bungkal_ = the weight of two Spanish dollars = 832 + grains.] + +CAPACITY. + + 4 _chupak_, 1 _gantang_.[4] + 10 _gantang_, 1 _parah_. + 16 _gantang_, 1 _nalih_. + 160 _gantang_, 1 _kunchah_. + 5 _kunchah_ or 800 _gantang_ 1 _koyan_. + + [Footnote 4: 1 _gantang_ contains 271.65 cubic inches, or 1¼ + gallons nearly. The standard varies according to locality.] + +LINEAR. + + 2 _jingkal_ (span), 1 _hasta_ (cubit). + 2 _hasta_, 1 _ela_ (yard). + 4 _hasta_, 1 _dĕpa_ (fathom). + 2 _dĕpa_, 1 _jumba_. + 20 _jumba_, 1 _orlong_ (80 yards). + +SQUARE MEASURE. + + 400 _jumba_, 1 _orlong_. + +The _jumba_ is equal to 144 square feet; the _orlong_ is equal to 6400 +square feet, or about 1⅓ acre (1 acre, 1 rood, 12 perches). + + +MONEY. + +The currency in the Straits of Malacca is the Spanish dollar (_ringgit_ +or _real_) divided into cents. A quarter of a dollar (25 cents) is +called _suku_ (quarter). Local terms are also used to denote fractions +of the dollar, as in Penang, _kupang_ (= 10 cents), and in Malacca, +_wang baharu_ (= 2½ cents). + +In the native states on the west coast of the peninsula, the currency of +the British settlements has almost entirely displaced that which was in +use before. In Perak lumps of tin were formerly current as coin; in +addition to these Dutch and Spanish silver coins were also employed. + +The following are some of the old modes of reckoning:-- + +TIN COINAGE. + + 2 _boya_, 1 _tampang_ (value the 10th part of a dollar).[5] + 5 _boya_, 1 _bidor_ (value the 4th part of a dollar). + + [Footnote 5: The weight of the _tampang_ (in Perak) was one + _kati_. It was a small cubical lump of tin, with a pattern stamped + on it. The _bidor_ weighed 2½ _kati_, or the 40th part of a + _pikul_.] + +SILVER COINS USED IN WEIGHING GOLD. + + 2 _penjuru_, 1 _piah_, weight 1 _mayam_. + 4 _piah_, 1 _jampal_, weight 4 _mayam_. + 2 _jampal_, 1 _real_, weight 8 _mayam_. + +COINS FORMERLY IN USE. + + 36 _duit hayam_ (copper), 1 _wang_ (silver). + 7 _wang_, 1 _suku_. + + + + +PART V. + + +VOCABULARY. + + + A. + + Abandon, to, _meninggal-kan_. + Abase, to, _me-rendah-kan_, _meng-hina-kan_. + Able, _larat_, _sămpat_, _buleh_, _lalu_. + Abscess, _barah_. + Abuse, to, _maki_, _me-maki_. + Accept, to, _tĕrima_, _menĕrima_. + Accompany, to, _ber-serta_, _ber-sama_, _ber-kawan_, _ber-tĕman_, + _menyerta_. + Accomplish, to, _habis-kan_, _meng-habis-kan_, _menyampei-kan_, + _sudah-kan_, _menyudah-kan_, _sampei hajat_. + Accost, to, _tegor_, _siapa-kan_, _meny-apa-kan_. + Accounts, _kira-kira_, _hitong-an_, _ bilang-an_. + Accuse, to, _tudoh_. + Accustomed, _biasa_. + Ache, _sakit_, _sakit-an_, _senak_. + Acknowledge, to, _aku_, _mengaku_. + Acquire, to, _ber-uleh_, _dapat_, _men-dapat_. + Act, _buat-an_, _karja_, _pe-karja-an_. + Active, _chĕpat_. + Add, to, _tambah_, _menambah_; + (to cast up), _jumlah-kan_. + Adjourn, to, _tangguh_. + Admirable, _endah_. + Admire, _chengang_. + Adopt, to, _angkat_. + Adrift, _ter-hanyut_. + Adultery, _zinah_. + Advantage, _faidah_, _laba_. + Adversity, _chelaka_, _bala_, _ka-susahan_. + Advice, _peng-ajar-an_. + Affair, _perkara_. + Affection, _kasih_, _kasih-an_. + Afraid, _takut_. + Aft, _di burit-an_. + After, _lĕpas_, _bĕlakang_. + Afterwards, _kemdian_, _ba‘ad_. + After-birth, _uri_, _tembuni_. + Again, _lagi-sakali_, _pula_, _kambali_. + Age, _‘umur_. + Agent, _wakil_. + Ago, _sudah_. + Agree, _janji_, _mufakat_, _sa-tuju_; + (suit), _rasi_, _sarasi_. + Ague, _demam-kura_. + Ahead, _di-hadap-an_, _di-muka_, _di-halu-an_. + Aid, _tulong_, _menulong_, _bantu_, _mem-bantu_. + Aim, to, _tembak_, _menembak_, _tuju_, _menuju_. + Air, _hawa_. + Alarmed, _ter-kĕjut_. + Alight, _hinggap_. + All, _sumua_, _sagala_, _sakali-an_. + Allow, _biar_, _bĕri_, _kasih_. + Allure, _bujuk_, _mem-bujuk_. + Almighty, _maha-kuasa_. + Almost, _hampir_, _dĕkat_, _niaris_. + Almond, _badam_. + Alms, _darma_, _sădăkah_. + Aloes-wood, _gaharu_, _kayu-gaharu_. + Alone, _sa-orang_, _bujang_, _tunggal_. + Also, _juga_. + Alter, to, _ubah_, _meng-ubah_, _tukar_, _menukar_. + Alum, _tawas_. + Always, _sa-lalu_, _sa-nantiasa_, _sa-lama-lama-nia_. + Ambassador, _utusan_, _pĕsuroh_. + Amid, _di-dalam_, _di-tengah_. + Amuse oneself, to, _main_, _main-main_, _ber-main_. + Ancestors, _nenek-moyang_. + Anchor, an, _sauh_; + (anchor, to), _ber-labuh_. + Angel, _malaikat_. + Anger, _marah_, _ka-marah-an_, _murka_. + Angry, _marah_, _murka_, _gĕram_, _hangat-hati_. + Animal, _benatang_, _satwa_, _morga_. + Ankle, _mata-kaki_, _peng-gĕlang-kaki_. + Anklet, _gĕlang-kaki_. + Annoy, to, _usik_, _meng-usik_, _bising_. + Another, _lain_. + Answer, to, _sahut_, _menyahut_, _jawab_, _balas jawab_. + Ant, _sĕmut_; + (large red), _kĕrangga_; + (white), _anei-anei_. + Anthill, _pongsu_, _busut_. + Antidote, _pĕnawar_. + Anvil, _landas_, _landas-an_. + Anxiety, _per-chinta-an_. + Anxious, _rindu_, _dendam_, _bimbang_, _risau_. + Any, _barang_. + Apart, _asing_; + (with an opening between), _renggang_. + Appear, to, _terbit_, _timbul_. + Appearance, _rupa_, _sifat_. + Apply, to, _pasang_, _kĕna-kan_; + (ask), _minta_. + Appraise, to, _nilai_. + Approach, to, _hampir_, _menghampir_. + Arabia, _benua ‘arab_. + Arm, _tangan_; + (fore-arm), _lengan_. + Arm, weapon, _senjata_. + Armpit, _katiak_. + Army, _balatantra_, _lashkar_. + Arrive, to, _sampei_, _tiba_. + Arrow, _anak-panah_. + Arsenic, _warangan_. + Art, _hikmat_, _‘ilmu_. + As, _bagei_, _saperti_, _laḳsana_, _macham_. + Ascend, to, _naik_, _panjat_; + (a river), _mudik_. + Ashamed, _malu_, _bermalu_. + Ashes, _habu_. + Ask, to, _minta_, _pinta_, _pohun_, _me-mohun_; + (a question), _tanya_. + Asleep, _ber-tidor_, _ber-lena_, _ber-adu_. + Ass, _kaldei_. + Assault, to, _langgar_, _terkam_, _pukul_, _memukul_. + Assay, _uji_. + Assemble, to, _impun_, _kumpul_, _kĕrumun_. + Assist, to, _tulong_, _bantu_. + Astonished, _ter-chengang_. + Astray, _sesat_. + At, _di_, _pada_. + Athwart, _lentang_. + Attack, to, _langgar_, _sĕrang_, _men-yĕrang_. + Attempt, to, _choba_, _men-choba_. + Attire, _pakei-an_. + Auction, _lelong_. + Audience-hall, _balei_, _balei-ruang_. + Auger, _gurdi_. + Aunt, _mah_, _mah-sudara_, _mah-pena-kan_. + Authority, _kuasa_, _pĕrentah_. + Await, to, _me-nanti_. + Awake, to, _jaga_, _ber-jaga_; + (to arouse), _gĕrak-kan_, _mem-bangket-kan_, _mem-bangun-kan_. + Awl, _peng-gorek_, _jara_. + Axe, _kapak_. + + + B. + + Babe, _anak kechil_. + Bachelor, _bujang_, _taruna_. + Back, _bĕlakang_; + (to go --), _pulang_; + (to send --), _pulang-kan_. + Backward, _segan_, _malas_. + Bad, _jahat_. + Bag, _karong_, _pundi-pundi_. + Bail, _aku-an_, _tanggong-an_. + Bait (for fish), _umpan_. + Bake, to, _panggang_. + Balance (scales), _naracha_; + (to weigh), _timbang_; + (surplus), _baḳi_. + Bald, _botak_. + Bale, to, _timba_, _menimba_. + Banana, _pisang_. + Bank, of a river, _tĕbing_, _baroh_; + (shoal), _bĕting_. + Bar, _kanching_. + Barber, _pen-chukor_, _tukang-chukor_. + Bargain, to, _tawar_; + (to conclude a bargain), _angkat jual-bĕli_. + Bark, of a tree, _kulit-kayu_; + (of a dog), _salak_, _menyalak_. + Barrel, _pipa_, _tong_; + (of a gun), _laras_. + Base, _hina_. + Basket, _bakul_, _raga_, _kĕranjang_. + Bastard, _anak-haram_, _haram-zada_. + Bat, _lalawa_, _kalawar_; + (flying fox), _kaluang_. + Bathe, to, _mandi_, _me-mandi_. + Battle, _pĕrang_, _pe-pĕrang-an_. + Bawl, to, _tĕriak_, _ber-tĕriak_. + Bay, _telok_. + Beach, _pantei_, _pasisir_. + Beads, _mani-mani_. + Beak, of a bird, _paroh_. + Beam, of light, _sinar_. + Bear, to, (carry), _pikul_, _memikul_; + (endure), _tahan_; + (ursus), _bĕruang_. + Beard, _janggut_. + Beast, _benatang_, _satwa_, _morga_. + Beat, to, _pukul_, _palu_; + (to throb), _dabar_, _ber-dabar_. + Beautiful, _bagus_, _elok_, _chantek_, _molek_. + Because, _sebab_, _karana_. + Beckon, to, _gamit_, _lambei_. + Become, to, _jadi_, _menjadi_. + Bed, _tampat-tidor_; + (bedstead), _katil_, _gĕrai_, _geta_, _pentas_; + (bridal), _palamin_. + Bee, _lĕbah_. + Beef, _daging lumbu_. + Beetle, _kumbang_. + Before, _mengadap_, _ka-hadap-an_; + (in time past), _dahulu_; + (ere), _sa belum_. + Beg, to, _minta_, _minta sădăkah_. + Beginning, _per-mula-an_, _ahwal_, _pangkal_, _asal_. + Behaviour, _ka-laku-an_, _pakerti_, _per-angei_. + Belch, to, _serdawa_. + Believe, to, _perchaya_. + Bell, _ganta_, _loching_. + Beloved, _kakasih_. + Below, _bawah_, _di-bawah_, _ka-bawah_; + (under the lee of), _di-olak_. + Belt, _tali-pinggang_, _tali-pinding_. + Bench, _bangko_. + Bend, to, _me-lengkong-kan_; + (to incline), _chondong_. + Bent, _lengkong_, _bengkok_, _lengkok_. + Benevolence, _morah-hati_. + Benzoin, _kaminian_. + Besprinkle, to, _perchik_, _memerchik_. + Bet, to, _ber-taroh_. + Betel-nut, _pinang_; + (leaf), _sirih_; + (stand), _tampat-sirih_, _bujam-sirih_. + Betrothed, one that is, _tunang_, _tunang-an_. + Better, _lebeh baik_. + Between, _antara_, _di-tengah_, _kĕlang-kĕlang_. + Beyond, _balik_, _balik-sana_. + Bible (the Gospels), _Injil_. + Bid, to, _tawar_. + Bier, _jănazat_. + Big, _besar_. + Bind, to, _ikat_. + Bird, _burong_. + Bird’s-nest, _sarong-burong_. + Birth, _per-anak-an_, _ka-jadi-an_. + Bite, to, _gigit_; + (as a snake), _pagut_. + Bitter, _pahit_. + Black, _hitam_. + Blacksmith, _tukang-bĕsi_. + Blade (of a weapon), _mata_. + Blame, to, _per-salah-kan_. + Blanket, _kamal_, _kamli_, _kain panas_. + Blemish, _chachat_. + Blessing, _barkat_. + Blind, _buta_. + Block, pulley, _kapi_. + Blood, _darah_. + Blossom, _bunga_, _kembang_. + Blow, to, (with wind), _hambus_, _tiup_; + (through a tube), _sumpit_, _men-yumpit_; + (as a flower), _ber-kembang_. + Blue, _biru_. + Blunderbuss, _pamuras_. + Blunt, _tumpul_. + Boar, _babi-jantan_. + Board, _papan_. + Boat, _prahu_, _sampan_. + Body, _tuboh_, _salira_, _badan_. + Boil, to, _rĕbus_; + (rice), _tanak_, _menanak_. + Boiling, to be, _mendidik_. + Bold, _bĕrani_. + Bolt, _kanching_, _penganching_. + Bond, _surat per-janji-an, surat piu-tang_. + Bone, _tulang_. + Book, _surat_; + (religious --), _kitab_. + Booth, _teratak_, _jambar_, _lengkok_. + Bore, to, _korek_, _gorek_, _mengorek_. + Borrow, to, _pinjam_, _meminjam_. + Bother, _bising_. + Bottle, _balang_. + Bough, _dahan_, _ranting_. + Bound, to, _lompat_, _me-lompat_. + Boundary, _per-hingga-an,[1] tumpu-tumpu-an_. + + [Footnote 1: Pronounced _prĕnggan_.] + + Bow, to, (reverence), _tunduk_, _men-unduk_. + Bow (weapon), _busar_, _gandiwa_. + Bow (of a ship), _halu-an_. + Bowels, _pĕrut_, _isi-pĕrut_. + Box, _peti_; + (small ornamental), _chumbul_, _chelapa_. + Box, to, (fight), _tinju_. + Brains, _otak_. + Branch, _dahan_, _ranting_, _chabang_; + (of a river or road), _sempang_, _chabang_. + Brass, _tambaga_. + Brave, _bĕrani_. + Brazen-faced, _muka-papan_. + Bread, _roti_. + Bread-fruit, _sukun_. + Break, to, _pechah_, _patah_, _putus_. + Breast, _dada_. + Breasts, _susu_, _tetek_. + Breath, _nafas_. + Breeches, _saluar_, _sarual_. + Breed, family, _bangsa_, _asal_. + Breeding, manners, _bahasa_, _budi-bahasa_. + Breeze, _angin_; + (land), _angin-darat_; + (sea), _angin-laut_. + Bribe, _suap_. + Brick, _bata_, _batu-bata_. + Bride, _pengantin_. + Bridegroom, _mempelei_. + Bridge, _titi_, _jambatan_, _gerta_; + (of the nose), _batang-hidong_. + Bridle, _kang_, _kakang_, _lagam_ (Hindustani). + Bright, _tĕrang_, _chaya_. + Bring, to, _bawa_; + (out), _kaluar-kan_. + Broad, _lebar_, _luas_. + Broad-cloth, _sahalat_. + Broil, to, _panggang_. + Broken, _ter-pechah_, _ter-patah_, _ter-putus_. + Brooch, _krosang_. + Broom, _penyapu_. + Brother, _sudara_; + (elder), _abang_; + (younger), _adek_. + Brother-in-law, _ipar_. + Brow, _dahi_; + (eye --), _kening_. + Bruise, _lebam_. + Brush, to, _sikat-kan_, _menyapu_. + Brushwood, _semak_. + Bucket, _timba_, _tong_. + Buckle, _kanching_, _pinding_. + Bud, of a flower, _kutum_, _kuntum_; + (of a leaf), _tunas_. + Buffalo, _kerbau_. + Bug, _pijat-pijat_. + Build, to, _men-diri-kan_, _bangun-kan_, _buat_, _mem-buat_. + Bull, _lumbu jantan_. + Bullet, _peluru_. + Bunch (of fruit), _tandan_. + Bundle, _bungkus_, _baban_. + Burial-place, _kuburan_, _kandang_, _kĕramat_. + Burn, to, _bakar_, _hangus_. + Bury, to, _tanam_, _menanam_, _kubur-kan_, _simpan mayat_. + Bush, _pokok_, _semak_. + Business, _karja_, _pe-karja-an_. + But, _tetapi_. + Butt, target, _sasar_, _sasar-an_. + Butter, _mantega_. + Butterfly, _kupu-kupu_, _rama-rama_. + Button, _kanching_. + Buy, to, _bĕli_. + By and by, _sa-buntar lagi_. + + + C. + + Cabbage, _kobis_. + Cable, _tali-sauh_. + Cage, _sangkar_, _sangkar-an_, _kurong-an_. + Cake, _penganan_, _kueh_. + Calculate, to, _kira_, _hitong_, _bilang_. + Calf, _anak lumbu_; + (of the leg), _jantong-betis_. + Calico, _kain kalamkari_. + Call, to, _panggil_. + Calm, _tenang_, _tedoh_. + Calumny, _fitnah_. + Camel, _unta_. + Camphor, _kapur-barus_. + Can, _buleh_, _sampat_, _lalu_. + Canal, _salur-an_, _parit_. + Cancel, to, _hapus_, _baṭal-kan_. + Candle, _dian_, _lilin_. + Candlestick, _kaki-dian_. + Cane, walking-stick, _rotan_, _tongkat_. + Cannon, _mariam_. + Canoe, _jalor_, _sagor_, _sampan golek_. + Canopy, _langit-langit_. + Canvas, _kain laiar_. + Cap, _kopiah_. + Cape, _tanjong_. + Capon, _hayam kambiri_. + Capsicum, _chabei_, _lada-merah_, _lada-china_. + Captain of a ship, _juragan_, _nakhoda_. + Captive, _tawan_. + Carcass, _bangkei_. + Cards, playing, _daun chiki_, _daun pakau_. + Cardamum, _kapulaga_. + Care, to take, _ingat_, _jaga_; + (anxiety), _per-chinta-an_, _susah hati_. + Careless, _lalei_. + Cargo, _muat-an_. + Carpenter, _tukang kayu_. + Carpet, _permadani_. + Carriage, _kreta_. + Carry, to, _bawa_, _membawa_; + (a load), _pikul_, _memikul_; + (under the arm), _kepit_; + (on the back or hip), _du-kong_; + (on the open hand), _tatang_; + (with the fingers), _bibit_; + (on the head), _junjong_; + (on the shoulder), _kilik_; + (in the girdle), _gendong_; + (on a stretcher), _usong_. + Cart, _pedati_, _kreta_. + Carve, to, _ukir_. + Cascade, _ayer terjun_, _ayer lata_. + Cash, _wang tunei_. + Cashew-apple, _jangsus_, _gajus_. + Cask, _pipa_, _tong_. + Cast, to, (fling), _lempar_, _lotar_; + (shed), _tanggal-kan_. + Casting-net, _jala_. + Castor-oil, _minyak jarak_. + Cat, _kuching_. + Catch, to, _tangkap_, _menangkap_. + Caterpillar, _ulat_. + Cause, _sabab_, _karana_. + Cave, _goah_. + Cede, to, _sĕrah_, _menyĕrah_. + Celebrated, _megah_, _mashur_. + Censer, _perasap_. + Census, _banchi_. + Centipede, _lipan_, _alipan_. + Centre, _per-tengah-an_, _pusat_. + Certain, _tuntu_. + Certainly, _naschaya_, _tuntu_, _sunggoh-sunggoh_. + Certify, to, _menuntu-kan_, _menyata-kan_. + Chafe, to (shampoo), _urut_. + Chaff, _sekam_. + Chain, _rantei_. + Chair, _krusi_. + Chalk, _kapur_. + Challenge, to (as a sentry), _tegor_, _menyapa-kan_. + Chamber, _bilek_. + Chance, _untong_, _nasib_. + Change, to, _tukar_, _menukar_, _ubah_, _ber-ubah_; + (clothes), _salin-kan_; + (turns), _gilir_, _men-gilir_. + Chapter, _perkara_, _fasal_. + Character, _pakerti_. + Charcoal, _arang_. + Charge, to (accuse), _tudoh_. + Charity, _sădăkah_. + Charm, spell, _mantra_, _jampi_; + (to wear), _‘azimat_, _tangkal_. + Chase, to, _hambat_, _kejar_; + (hunt), _buru_. + Chat, to, _ber-buwei_. + Cheap, _morah_. + Cheat, to, _tipu_, _kechek_. + Cheek, _pipi_. + Cheese, _panir_ (Hind.), _keju_ (Dutch). + Chess, _chatur_. + Chest, box, _peti_, _saharah_; + (thorax), _dada_. + Chew, to, _mamak_. + Chicken, _anak hayam_. + Chief, headman, _orang besar_, _datoh_, _peng-hulu_. + Child, _anak_. + Chin, _dagu_. + Chintz, _kain chit_. + Chisel, _pahat_. + Choke, to, _lemas_; + (throttle), _chĕkek_. + Choose, to, _pileh_. + Chop, to, _chinchang_. + Christ, _Nabi Isa_. + Christian, _Nasarani_, _Sarani_. + Chronicle, _charitra_, _hakayat_. + Church, _greja_. + Cinder, _bara_. + Cinnamon, _kayu-manis_. + Circumcise, to, _sunat-kan_. + Circumcision, _sunat_, _khatan_. + Citron, _limau_, _jeruk_. + City, _negri_. + Civil, _ber-budi_. + Civility, _adab_, _supan_. + Civet-cat, _musang jebat_. + Clasp, to, _peluk_, _memeluk_, _dakap_. + Claw, _kuku_; + (talon), _chakar_. + Clay, _tanah-liat_. + Clean, _bersih_, _suchi_. + Clear, _tĕrang_, _hening_, _jerneh_. + Cleave, to, (split), _bĕlah_. + Clerk, _juru-tulis_, _kĕrani_. + Clever, _pandei_. + Climb, to, _panjat_, _daki_; + (as a plant), _me-lata_. + Clock, _jam_. + Close, to, _tutup_, _rapat-kan_, _menutup-kan_. + Cloth, _kain_. + Clothes, _pakei-an_. + Cloud, _awan_, _pokok_. + Cloudy, _redup_. + Clove, _bunga-chingkei_, _bunga-lawang_. + Coal, _batu-arang_; + (live), _bara_. + Coarse, _kasar_. + Coast, _pantei_, _pasisir_. + Coat, _baju_. + Coax, to, _bujuk_, _mem-bujuk_. + Cobweb, _sarang lawa-lawa_. + Cock, _hayam-jantan_, _hayam-kukuh_. + Cock’s-comb, _balong_. + Cockfight, _sabong_, _menyabong_. + Cockpit, _galanggang_. + Cockroach, _lipas_. + Cocoanut, _nior_, _kalapa_; + (shell), _tempurong_; + (husk), _sabut_; + (emulsion), _santan_; + (oil), _miniak kalapa_. + Coffee, _kahwah_. + Coffin, _karanda_, _lang_. + Coil, to, _lilit_. + Cold, _sejuk_; + (in the head), _sardi_ (Hind.), _selesimah_. + Collar, _leher_. + Collect, to, _impun_, _kumpul_. + Colour, _warna_. + Comb, _sisir_, _sikat_; + (to comb the hair), _kirai_. + Combine, to, _pakat_, _mufakat_. + Come, to, _mari_, _datang_; + (in), _masok_. + Comet, _bintang-ber-ekor_. + Comfort, _hibor_. + Command, to, _suroh_, _titah_. + Commission, to, _pasan_. + Common, _ka-baniak-an_. + Compact, _per-janji-an_. + Companion, _teman_, _kawan_, _taulan_. + Compare, to, _banding-kan_. + Compass, mariner’s, _pandoman_. + Compasses, _jangka_. + Compassion, _kasihan_, _bĕlas_, _rahamat_. + Compensate, to, _balas_, _mem-balas_. + Complain, to, _adu_, _meng-adu_. + Complaint, _peng-adu-an_. + Complete, to, _semporna-kan_. + Complexion, _sri-muka_, _ayer-muka_. + Compliments, _tabek_. + Compose, to, _karang_, _mengarang_. + Concern, _karja_, _perkara_. + Concubine, _gundik_. + Condemn, to, _hukum-kan_. + Condiment, _lauk_, _sambal_, _hulam_. + Conduct, _ka-laku-an_. + Conduct, to (lead by the hand), _pimpin_. + Confess, to, _meng-aku_. + Confiscate, to, _rampas_. + Confront, to, _sa-muka-kan_. + Confused, _ter-kachau_. + Confusion, _haru-hara_. + Congregation, _juma‘a_. + Conjure, to, _sulap_. + Conjuror, _penyulap_. + Conquer, to, _menang_, _alah-kan_. + Consent, to, _turut_. + Consider, to, _kenang_. + Constable, _mata-mata_. + Contagious, _ber-jangkit_. + Contend, to, _lawan_. + Content, _puas_, _puas-hati_. + Contents, _isi_. + Contraband, _larang-an_. + Contract, _per-janji-an_. + Contradict, to, _lawan chakap_, _ber-tingkar_. + Convalescent, _semboh_, _betah_. + Convenient, _patut_, _senang_. + Convert, _martad_. + Convulsions, _sawan_. + Cook, to, _masak_, _memasak_; + (boil rice), _tanak_, _menanak_. + Cool, _sejuk_. + Copper, _tambaga_. + Copy, _salin_, _tiru_; + (model), _teladan_. + Coral (rock), _karang_; + (precious), _marjan_. + Cord, _tali_. + Cork (stopper), _sumbat_, _penyum-bat_. + Coriander, _katumbar_. + Corner, _chĕroh_, _buchuk_, _penjuru_. + Corpse, _mayat_. + Cost, _harga_. + Cot, _katil_. + Cotton, _kapas_, _kabu-kabu_. + Cough, _batok_. + Council, _majlis_. + Count, _hitong_, _bilang_, _kira_. + Counterfeit, _lanchong_, _pura-pura_. + Country, _benua_, _negri_. + Couple, _sa-pasang_, _sa-jodo_. + Course (direction), _arah_, _tuju_. + Court, _balei-bichara_. + Cousin, _sa-pupu_. + Cover, to, _tudong_. + Covetous, _kikir_, _loba_, _haloba_. + Covey, _kawan_. + Cow, _lumbu-betina_. + Coward, _penyakut_. + Crab, _ketam_, _kapiting_. + Crack, _retak_. + Cradle, _buayan_. + Cramp, _semut-semut-an_; + (in the stomach), _senak_. + Crawl, to, _merangkah_. + Cream, _kapala-susu_. + Create, to, _men-jadi-kan_. + Creation, _ka-jadi-an_. + Creep, to, _lata_, _me-lata_. + Crevice, _chĕlah_. + Crew, _anak prahu_. + Cricket, _chingkrek_, _riyang_. + Crocodile, _buaya_. + Crop, to (cut off), _kĕrat-kan_, _me-rampong_. + Crooked, _bengkok_, _lengkok_; + (winding), _ber-kelo-kelo_. + Cross (sulky), _merajuk_, _muka-masam_. + Cross, to (water), _menyabĕrang_. + Crossed (lying across), _ter-lentang_; + (having lines crossing), _ber-silang-silang_. + Cross-road, _sempang_. + Crow, _gagak_; + (crow, to), _ber-kuku_. + Crown, _makuta_; + (of the head), _ubun-ubun_. + Cruel, _bingis_. + Crush, to, _hanchur_. + Cry, to, _menangis_, _ber-tĕriak_. + Cucumber, _timun_. + Cultivate, to, _tanam_, _buat_. + Cultivation, _tanam-tanam-an_. + Cunning, _cherdek_. + Cup, _mangkok_. + Curd, _dadeh_. + Cure (remedy), _ubat_, _penawar_; + (cure, to), _semboh-kan_. + Curious, _endah_, _pĕlik_. + Curly, as hair, _kerenting_. + Current, _harus_. + Curry, _gulei_, _lauk_. + Curse, a, _per-sumpah-an_; + (curse, to), _sumpah-kan_. + Curtain, _tirei_, _tabir_; + (mosquito), _kalambu_. + Curved, _bengkok_, _lengkok_. + Cushion, _bantal_, _chiau_. + Custard-apple, _sri-kaya_. + Custom, _‘adat_; + (excise), _chukei_. + Cut, to, _potong_, _kĕrat_, _tetas_; + (fell trees), _tebang_; + (underwood), _tebas_; + (a wound), _luka_, _liang_. + Cymbals, _cherachap_. + Cypher, _angka_. + + + D. + + Dagger, _kris_. + Daily, _sa-hari-hari_. + Damaged, _rosak_. + Damask (on a weapon), _pamur_. + Damp, _basah_, _lembab_. + Dance, to, _tari_, _menari_. + Dancer (public), _joget_. + Dandriff, _daki_. + Danger, _bahaya_. + Dare, to, _bĕrani_. + Dark, _gĕlap_, _kĕlam_. + Darn, to, _sutam_, _menyulam_. + Dash against, to, _banting_. + Date, _tarikh_; + (fruit), _kurma_. + Daughter, _anak perampuan_; + (in law), _menantu perampuan_. + Dawn, _cherah_, _dina-hari_. + Day, _hari_; + (daylight), _siang_; + (day and night), _siang malam_; + (daybreak), _fajr_, _dina-hari_; + (day of judgment), _hari ḳiamat_. + Dead, _mati_, _mampus_; + (of a royal personage), _mangkat_. + Deaf, _tuli_, _pekak_. + Dear, _kakasih_; + (costly), _mahal_. + Death, _ka-mati-an_, _maut_. + Debt, _hutang_, _piutang_. + Debtor, _orang ber-hutang_. + Decayed, _reput_, _busuk_. + Deceive, to, _tipu_, _menipu_. + Declare, to, _menyatakan_. + Decree, _ḥukum_. + Deed, _buat-an_, _per-karja-an_. + Deep, _dalam_. + Deer, _rusa_; + (mouse-deer), _pelan-duk_. + Defeat, to, _alah-kan_. + Defile, to, _kotor-kan_, _chamar-kan_. + Degree, _pangkat_, _martabat_. + Deity, _tuhan_, _Allah_; + (Hindu), _dewa_, _dewata_. + Delay, _lambat_. + Delegate, to, _wakil-kan_. + Delirious, to be, _ber-igau-igau_, _meng-igau_. + Deliver up, to, _sĕrah_, _menyĕrah_. + Deluge, _bah_, _ayer bah._. + Demand, to, (claim), _tuntut_, _menuntut_. + Demon, _hantu_, _bota_, _jin_. + Dented, _sumbing_. + Deny, to, _sangkal_, _menyangkal_, _mungkir_. + Depart, to, _pergi_, _ber-angkat_. + Dependency, _jajahan_, _ta‘aluk_. + Deposit, to, _taroh_, _kirim_. + Depth, _dalam_. + Descend, to, _turun_, _menurun_. + Descent, _turun-an_, _ka-turun-an_. + Desert, _gurun_, _hutan_; + (merit), _pa-hala_. + Design, desire, _kahandak_. + Despair, _putus harap_. + Despise, to, _meng-hina-kan_. + Destroy, to, _binasa_. + Devil, _sheitan_, _iblis_. + Devour, to, _makan_, _makan habis_; + (swallow), _telan_. + Dew, _ambun_. + Dial-bird, _morai_. + Diagonal, _lentang-bujor_. + Dialect, _bahasa_, _chara_. + Diamond, _intan_. + Diarrhœa, _chirit_. + Die, to, _mati_, _mampus_; + (of a Mussulman), _pulang ka rahmat Allah_, lit. returned to the + mercy of God. + Differ, to, _ber-lain_, _ber-beda_. + Difference, _per-lain-an_, _beda_, _per-beda-an_, _pewat_. + Different, _lain_. + Difficult, _payah_, _susah_. + Dig, to, _gali_, _korek_. + Dim, _kĕlam_, _kabur_. + Dip, to, (in a condiment for eating), _chichah_; + (to dye), _chelup_. + Direct, straight, _betul_, _lurus_. + Dirt, _chamar_, _sampah_. + Disappear, to, _liniap_, _hilang_, _ghraib_. + Discard, to, _tolak-kan_. + Discharge, to, _me-lepas-kan_. + Disciple, _murid_. + Discover, to, _dapat_, _men-dapat_. + Disease, _penyakit_. + Disembark, to, _naik darat_. + Disgraceful, _keji_. + Disguise, _samar_. + Dish (china-ware), _piring_, _pinggan_; + (native, of metal), _cheper_, _hidan-gan_. + Disloyal, _derhaka_. + Dismiss, to, _buang_, _me-lepas-kan_, _kaluar-kan_. + Disorder, _haru-hara_. + Dispersed, _pechah-bĕlah_. + Dissolve, to, _luluh_, _hanchur_. + Distant, _jauh_. + Distil, to, _kukus_. + Distinct, _tĕrang_. + Distress, _ka-susah-an_. + District, _mukim_, _dairah_. + Ditch, _parit_. + Dive, to, _selam_, _menyelam_. + Divide, to, _membahagi_. + Divine, to, _teleh_, _meneleh_, _tenung_. + Divorce, _cherei_; + (to divorce), _cherei-kan_; + (to be divorced), _ber-cherei_. + Dizzy, _pening_. + Do, to, _buat_, _mem-buat_. + Doctor, _bomor_, _tukang ubat_. + Dog, _anjing_. + Dollar, _ringgit_. + Done, finished, _sudah_. + Door, _pintu_. + Doubt, _shak_, _khuatir_. + Doubtful, _tiada tuntu_. + Dove, _tekukur_, _balam_. + Draft, of a document, _ranchana_. + Drag, to, _hela_, _herut_, _seret_. + Dragon, _naga_. + Dragon’s blood, _jernang_. + Dragon-fly, _bari-bari_. + Drain, _parit_, _saluran_. + Draw, to, (pull), _tarik_, _hela_. + Dream, _mimpi_. + Dress, _pakei-an_. + Drift, to, _hanyut_. + Drill, _baris_. + Drink, to, _minum_. + Drive, to, (a carriage), _lari-kan kreta_; + (away), _halau_, _halau-kan_. + Drop, _titek_. + Drop, to, (as a fluid), _menitek_; + (to fall prematurely), _gugur_; + (as ripe fruit), _luroh_; + (to let fall), _labuh-kan_. + Drought, _kamarau_. + Drown, to, _lemas_. + Drum, _gendang_, _rabana_. + Drunk, _mabuk_. + Dry, _kĕring_. + Dry, to, _jemur_. + Duck, _itek_. + Due, proper, _patut_. + Due, tribute, _chukei_. + Dumb, _bisa_, _kelu_. + Dung (manure), _baja_. + Dust, _habu_. + Duty, import, _chukei_, _hasil_. + Dwarf, _chabul_. + Dwell, to, _diam_, _tinggal_. + Dye, to, _chelup_. + Dysentery, _chirit-darah_. + + + E. + + Each, _masing-masing_. + Ear, _telinga_. + Ear-ring, _kĕrabu_, _anting-anting_; + (worn by unmarried girls), _subang_. + Early, _siang_. + Earnest-money, _panjar_, _chinkĕram_. + Earth, _tanah_, _bumi_. + Earthenware, _tembikar_. + Earthquake, _gumpa_. + Earth-oil, _miniak tanah_. + Earthworm, _chaching_. + East, _mata-hari naik_, _timur_. + Easy, _mudah_. + Eat, to, _makan_; + (of a royal personage), _santap_. + Ebb, _surut_. + Ebony, _kayu-arang_. + Eclipse, _grahana_. + Economical, _jimat_. + Edge, _tepi_; + (sharp), _mata_. + Educate, to, _pelehra_, _ajar_. + Eel, _bĕlut_. + Egg, _tĕlor_. + Egg-plant, _tĕrong_. + Elbow, _siku_. + Elder brother, _abang_. + Elder sister, _kakak_. + Eldest child, _sulong_. + Elephant, _gajah_; + (howdah), _kop_; + (goad), _kuasa_; + (driver), _gambala gajah_; + (paniers), _rengka_; + (hobbles), _sengkăla_; + (tusk), _gading_; + (trunk), _belalei_. + Elephantiasis, _untut_. + Embankment, _batas_. + Embark, to, _naik kapal_. + Embrace, to, _peluk_, _dakap_. + Embroider, to, _soji_. + Emerald, _zamrud_. + Emissary, _penyuroh_. + Empty, _kosong_, _hampa_. + Employment, _per-karja-an_. + Enclosed, _ber-keliling_. + End, _ka-sudah-an_. + Endeavour, to, _choba_. + Endure, to, _tahan_. + Enemy, _musoh_, _satru_. + Enmity, _binchi-an_. + Enough, _sudah_, _chukup_. + Enigma, _tekak-teki_. + Enquire, to, _tanya_, _păreksa_. + Entangled, _ter-sangkut_. + Enter, to, _masok_. + Entertain, to (offer hospitality), _men-jamu_. + Entertainment (feast), _jamu-an_, _kanduri_. + Entrails, _isi-pĕrut_. + Envelop, to, _balut_. + Envy, _dingki_. + Epilepsy, _sawan-babi_. + Equal, _sama_, _sa-tara_. + Equally, _sama-rata_. + Equip, to, _langkap_. + Erase, to, _kikis_, _parang_. + Erect, to, _mem-bangket-kan_. + Escape, to, _lari_; + (flee from danger), _melari-kan niawa_, _membawa diri_. + Escort to, _antar-kan_. + Establish, to, _me-letak-kan_, _men-diri-kan_, _tegoh-kan_. + Esteem, to (prize), _endah-kan_. + Estimate, _nilai_. + Estuary, _kuala_. + Eternity, _kakal_, _baḳa_. + Even (of numbers), _ganap_; + (level), _rata_. + Even, likewise, _juga_, _pun_. + Evening, _pĕtang_. + Ever, _pernah_. + Evidence, _ka-niata-an_. + Evil, _jahat_, _nakal_. + Evil, calamity, _mara-bahaya_, _bala_, _chelaka_. + Ewe, _kambing-betina_. + Exalt, to, _per-tinggi-kan_, _mem-besar-kan_. + Examine, to, _păreksa_. + Example, _teladan_. + Exceed, to, _lampau_, _lalu-i_. + Except, _hania_, _me-lain-kan_. + Excess, surplus, _ka-lebeh-an_. + Exchange, to, _tukar-kan_. + Expect, to, _me-nanti-kan_. + Expensive, _mahal_. + Extend, to, _panjang-kan_, _lanjut-kan_. + Extensive, _lapang_, _luas_. + Extinguish, to, _padam-kan_. + Eye, _mata_; + (ball), _biji-mata_; + (brow), _kĕning_; + (lid), _kĕlopak-mata_. + + + F. + + Fable, _cheritra_, _hakayat_. + Face, _muka_. + Fade, to _layu_, _ber-layu_. + Fail, to (in business), _jatoh_. + Faint, weak, _leteh_; + (swoon), _pengsan_. + Fair, just, _betul_. + Faith, _iman_. + Fall, to, _jatoh_; + (to cause to fall), _jatoh-kan_; + (to drop spontaneously), _luroh_, _gugur_; + (to tumble down), _rĕbah_, _tumbang_. + False, _bohong_, _dusta_. + Famed, _megah_, _mashur_. + Family, _isi-rumah_; + (stock, lineage), _bangsa_, _kaum_. + Famine, _ka-lapar-an_. + Fan, _kipas_; to fan, _kirap_. + Far, _jauh_. + Farewell, _salamat tinggal_. + Farm (of public revenues), _pajak_. + Fast (quickly), _lakas_; + (swift), _laju_; + (abstinence), _puasa_. + Fasten, to, _ikat_, _tambat_. + Fat (plump), _gumok_, _tumbun_; + (grease), _lemak_. + Fate, _nasib_, _ajal_. + Father, _bapa_, _ayah_; + (step), _bapa-tiri_; + (in-law), _mentuah_. + Fathom, _depa_. + Fatigued, _panat_, _lelah_. + Fault, _salah_, _ka-salah-an_. + Favour, _kasih-an_; + (royal), _karunia_, _anugrah_. + Fear, _takut_. + Feast, _kanduri_, _per-jamu-an._ + Feather, _bulu_. + Features, _paras_. + Fee, _upah_, _faidah_. + Feeble, _lemah_, _leteh_. + Feed, to, _bĕri makan_, _suap-kan_. + Feel, to (touch), _raba_, _jamah_, _jabat_. + Feint, _pura-pura_. + Fell, to, _tĕbang_. + Female, _perampuan_, _betina_. + Fence, _pagar_. + Fern, _paku_. + Ferry, _tambang_. + Ferryboat, _prahu tambang_. + Festival, _hari-besar_, _hari-raya_. + Fetch, to, _ambil_, _bawa_, _jemput_. + Fever, _demam_. + Field, _padang_; + (wet rice), _sawah_, _bendang_. + Fierce, _garang_. + Fig, _buah ara_. + Fight, to, _ber-kalahi_; + (of animals), _ber-laga_; + (of cocks), _sabong_. + File, _kikir_. + Fill, to, _penoh-kan_, _isi-kan_. + Filter, to, _tapis_. + Fin, _sirip_. + Find, to, _dapat_. + Fine (elegant), _bagus_, _elok_; + (not coarse), _halus_. + Fine (amercement), _denda_. + Finger, _jari_. + Finish, to, _habis-kan_, _menyudah-kan_. + Finished, _habis_, _sudah_. + Fire, _api_. + Fire-fly, _kĕlip-kĕlip_. + Firewood, _kayu-api_. + Firm, _kukuh_. + First, _mula-mula_, _pertama_. + Fish, _ikan_; (fish, to), _panching_, _memanching_, _mengail_; + (with artificial bait), _kachor_. + Fish-hook, _kail_; + (line), _tali-kail_. + Fist, _tinju_. + Fit, _patut_, _harus_, _wajib_; + (seizure), _pitam_. + Flag, _bandera_; + (staff), _tiang-bandera_. + Flame, _niala_. + Flannel, _kain-panas_. + Flash, _kilat_. + Flat, _cheper_; + (level), _rata_. + Flay, to, _kupas_, _kelupas_. + Flea, _kutu anjing_. + Fleece, _bulu-kambing_. + Fleet, _angkat-an_. + Flesh, _daging_, _isi_. + Fling, to, _baling_, _lempar_, _lotar_; + (down), _champak_. + Flint, _batu api_. + Float, to, _timbul_, _hanyut_. + Flock, _kawan_. + Flog, to, _pukul_, _gasak_. + Floor, _lantei_. + Flour, _tepong_. + Flow, to, _leleh_, _meleleh_; + (as a river), _alir_, _mengalir_; + (of the tide), _pasang_. + Flower, _bunga_. + Fly, _lalat_; + (horse-), _pikat_; + (eye-), _kakoroh_; + (fly, to), _terbang_. + Foam, _buih_. + Fog, _kabut_. + Fold (a pen), _kandang_; + (fold, to), _lipat_. + Follow, to, _ikut_, _turut_. + Food, _makan-an_. + Foolish, _bodoh_, _gila_. + Foot, _kaki_; + (sole of the), _tapak kaki_. + Football, _sepak raga_. + For, _akan_, _pada_; + (because), _karana_. + For fear, lest, _takut_. + Forbid, to, _larang_. + Force, _kuasa_, _kuat_; + (to use --), _kuat-kan_, _kĕras-i_. + Ford, to (wade), _merandau_. + Fordable, shallow, _changkat_, _tohor_. + Foreigner, _orang dagang_, _anak dagang_. + Forehead, _dahi_. + Foreskin, _kulup_. + Forest, _rimba_. + Forfeited, _luchut_. + Forget, to, _lupa_, _lupa-kan_. + Forgive, to, _ampun-kan_, _ma‘af-kan_. + Forgiveness, _ampun_, _ma‘af_. + Fork, _garfu_, _penyuchuk_. + Form, _rupa_. + Former times, _dahulu kala_. + Fornication, _ber-kendak_. + Forsake, to, _tinggal-kan_. + Fort, _kota_. + Fortunate, _mujur_, _tuah_. + Fortune, _untong_, _nasib_. + Foundation, _kaki tembok_, _alas rumah_. + Founder, to, _karam_. + Fountain, spring, _mata ayer_. + Fowl, _hayam_. + Fragment, _sa-patah_, _sa-kĕrat_. + Frankincense, _kaminiau_. + Free, _bebas_. + Freed, _mardahika_. + Freeze, to, _băku_. + Frequent, _kĕrap_. + Fresh, new, _baharu_; + (of water), _tawar_. + Friend, _sahabat_. + Fright, _ka-takut-an_. + Frighten, _menyakut-kan_. + Fringe, _jala-jala_, _daun budi_. + Frog, _katak_, _kodok_. + From, _deri_, _deri-pada_. + Front, _hadap-an_. + Froth, _buih_. + Fruit, _buah_. + Fry, to, _goreng_, _rendang_. + Fulfil, to, _sampei-kan_, _semporna-kan_. + Full, _pĕnuh_. + Full-moon, _pernama bulan_. + Fun, _lawak-lawak_, _ber-suka-suka-an_. + Fund, capital, _modal_. + Funnel, _chorot_. + Furnace, _dapur_, _ralau_. + + + G. + + Gain, _laba_, _faidah_. + Gale, _ribut_. + Gall, _ampadu_. + Gamble, to, _judi_, _men-judi_. + Game, _per-main-an_. + Game-cock, _hayam sabong_. + Gaol, _panjara_. + Gape, to, _nganga_. + Garden, _kabun_; + (flower), _taman_. + Garlic, _bawang puteh_. + Gasp, to, _menguap_. + Gate, _pintu_, _kerbang_. + Gate-keeper, _penunggu-pintu_. + Gather, to (pluck), _kutib_, _petik_; + (pick up), _pungut_; + (assemble), _ber-kumpul_, _ber-impun_. + Gaze, to, _renong_. + Gem, _permata_. + Generous, _morah-hati_. + Gentle, _lembut_, _manis_. + Get, to, _dapat_, _men-dapat-kan_. + Get up, to, _bangket_, _bangun_. + Ghost, _hantu_. + Giddy, _pening_. + Gift, _hadia_, _pem-bĕri-an_. + Gild, to, _chelop_, _sador_. + Gills, of a fish, _isang_. + Gimlet, _gurdi_. + Ginger, _halia_. + Girdle, _tali-pinggang_. + Girl, _budak_. + Girth, _tali-pĕrut_. + Give, to, _bĕri_, _kasih_; + (back), _pulang-kan_, _membalik-kan_. + Gizzard, _ampedal_. + Glad, _suka_, _suka-chita_. + Glass, _kacha_. + Glean, to, _pungut_. + Glitter, to, _kilau_, _mengilau_. + Glorious, _mulia_. + Glory, _ka-mulia-an_. + Glove, _sarong tangan_. + Glue, _perĕkat_. + Glutton, _gelujuh_. + Gnat, _agas_. + Go, to, _pergi_; + (in), _masuk_; + (out), _terbit_, _kaluar_. + Goat, _kambing_. + Goblin, _bota_. + God, _Allah_. + Gold, _mas_, _amas_; + (leaf), _mas kartas_; + (dust), _mas urei_. + Goldsmith, _tukang mas_. + Gong, _tawa-tawa_. + Good, _baik_. + Goods, _barang-barang_, _benda_, _harta_, _dagang-an_. + Goose, _angsa_. + Gore, to, _tandok_, _menandok_. + Gospel, _injil_. + Gourd, _labu_. + Govern, to, _memerentah_. + Government, _perentah_. + Gown, _kabaya_. + Grace, _karunia_, _anugrah_. + Grain, _biji_, _butir_. + Grammar, _nahu_. + Grandchild, _chuchu_; + (great), _chichit_. + Grandparent, _datoh_, _nenek_; + (great), _moyang_. + Granite, _batu bukit_. + Grapes, _buah anggur_. + Grasshopper, _belalang_. + Grasp, to, _genggam_. + Grass, _rumput_. + Grate, to (rasp), _kukur_. + Grave, a, _ḳubur_. + Gravel, _batu-lada_, _batu-kĕlikir_. + Gravy, _kuah_. + Grease, _lemah_. + Great, _besar_. + Greedy, _gelujuh_. + Green, _hijau_. + Green-pigeon, _punei_. + Grief, _duka-chita_, _ka-susah-an_. + Grieved, _susah-hati_. + Grind, to, _kisar_; + (on a flat surface), _giling_; + (to sharpen), _asah_, _chanei_. + Grinder, molar tooth, _gerham_. + Grinding-stone, _batu-giling_. + Gripes, colic, _mulas_, _senak pĕrut_. + Groan, to, _mengĕrang_. + Grope, to (feel in the dark), _raba_. + Gross, coarse, _kasar_. + Ground, soil, _tanah_. + Grow, to, _tumboh_. + Growl, to, _men-dĕring_, _men-dĕram_. + Grudge, _sakit-hati_, _kechil-hati_. + Gruel, _kanji_. + Grumble, to, _sungut_, _ber-sungut_. + Guard, to, _tunggu_, _kawal_. + Guava, _jambu-biji_. + Guide, _pandu_, _pertulus_. + Guilt, _ka-salah-an_. + Guilty, _salah_. + Gulf, _teluk_. + Gum, _getah_. + Gums, the, _gusi_. + Gun, _bedil_, _snapang_; + (cannon), _mariam_; + (swivel), _lela_, _rantaka_. + Gunpowder, _ubat-bedil_. + Gunwale, _rubing_. + Gutter, _saluran-ayr_. + + + H. + + Habit, custom, _‘adat_; + (in the habit of), _biasa_. + Hair, _rambut_, _bulu_. + Hair-pin, _chuchuk-sanggul_. + Half, _tengah_, _sa-tengah_, _sa-paroh_. + Halt, crippled, _tempang_; + (to stop on a journey), _singgah_. + Halve, to, _bahagi dua_. + Hammer, _pemukul_, _pengĕtok_, _martel_. + Hammer, to, _kĕtok_. + Hamper, a, _kĕranjang_, _raga_. + Hand, _tangan_. + Handful, _sa-genggam_. + Handkerchief, _sapu-tangan_. + Handle, of a weapon, _hulu_; + (of a jar), _telinga_. + Handsome, _bagus_, _elok_, _hebat_. + Handwriting, _tapak-tangan_, _khat_. + Hang, to, (suspend), _gantong_, _meng-gantong-kan_; + (to be suspended), _ber-gantong_. + Happen, to, _jadi_. + Happy, _senang_, _salamat_. + Hard, _kĕras_, _tegar_. + Hardship, _ka-sukar-an_. + Harlot, _sundal_, _jalang_. + Harpoon, _sarampang_. + Harrow, _sikat_, _garu_. + Hasp, _kuku_. + Haste, _gopoh_. + Hat, _topi_; + (conical leaf hat), _terendah_. + Hatch, to, _meng-gĕram_. + Hatchet, _bĕliong_, _kapak_. + Hate, to, _binchi_. + Haul, to, _tarik_, _hela_. + Have, to, _ada_, _ber-uleh_, _menaroh_. + Haze, _kabut_. + Head, _kapala_, _hulu_. + Headache, _sakit-kapala_. + Health, _sihat niaman_. + Heap, _kumpul-an_, _tambun_. + Hear, to, _dengar_. + Heart, _hati_, _jantong_; + (of timber), _tĕras_; + (to have the heart to), _sampei hati_, _dapat hati_. + Heat, _hangat_. + Heave, to, _bongkar_. + Heaven, _surga_; + (Muhammadan), _janat-al-naim_. + Heavy, _bĕrat_. + Hedge, _pagar_. + Heel, _tumit_. + Heel, to (incline), _singet_. + Heir, _waris_. + Hell, _naraka_, _patala_, (Muhammadan), _jahanam_. + Helm, _kamudi_. + Help, to, _tulong_, _menulong_, _bantu_, _mem-bantu_. + Hem, _kelim_. + Hen, _ibu-hayam_, _hayam-betina_. + Here, _sini_, _di-sini_, _kamari_. + Heritage, _pusaka_. + Hiccup, _sedu_. + Hide, to, _sembunyi_. + Hide, skin, _belulang_, _kulit_. + High, _tinggi_. + Hill, _bukit_, _changkat_. + Hillock, _busut_. + Hilt, _hulu_. + Hinder, to, _tegah_, _larang_, _sangkut_, _tahan_. + Hire, to (engage), _upah_, _meng-upah-kan_; + (rent), _penyewa_; + (to rent), _sewa_, _menyewa_. + History, _cheritra_, _hakayat_. + Hiss, to, _ber-siul_. + Hit, to, _kĕna_. + Hoarse, _garok_. + Hoe, _changkol_. + Hoist, to, _angkat_. + Hold, to, _pegang_. + Hold, of a ship, _peta_. + Hole, _lobang_, _liang_. + Holiday, _hari-raya_. + Hollow, _lekok_, _geronggong_. + Homicide, murder, _pem-bunoh-an_. + Hone, _batu-asah_. + Honest, _betul_. + Honesty, _puteh-hati_. + Honey, _madu_, _manis-an lebah_. + Honour, _ka-mulia-an_. + Hoof, _kuku_. + Hook, _penggait_; + (elephant-goad), _kuasa_; + (fish-), _mata-kail_. + Hoop, _simpei_. + Hope, _harap_, _asa_. + Hopeless, _putus-harap_. + Horizon, _kaki-langit_. + Horn, _tandok_; + (of the rhinoceros), _sumboh_; + (feeler), _sungut_. + Hornet, _tabu-an_, _naning_. + Horrible, _ngĕri_, _hebat_. + Horse, _kuda_. + Horse-mango, _bachang_, _machang_. + Horse-race, _ber-lomba kuda_. + Hot, _panas_, _hangat_; + (acrid), _pedas_, _pedis_. + Hour, _jam_. + House, _rumah_. + Household, _isi-rumah_. + Hovel, _pondok_, _teratak_. + How, _bagei-mana_. + Howdah, _kop_; + (panniers), _rengkah_. + However, _tetapi_, _akan-tetapi_. + How much? how many? _bĕr-apa_, _bĕr-apa baniak_. + How long? _bĕr-apa lama_. + Hug, to, _peluk_, _dakap_. + Hum, to, _sering_, _menyering_. + Humane, _morah-hati_. + Humble, _rendah_; + (to humble oneself), _me-rendah-kan diri_. + Humpback, _bongkok_. + Hungry, _lapar_. + Hunt, to, _buru_, _mem-buru_. + Hurricane, _ribut_, _tufan_. + Hurry, _gopoh_. + Hurt, to, _sakit-kan_, _menyakit-kan_. + Husband, _laki_, _swami_, _rumah-tangga_. + Husk, _kulit_; + (of cocoanut), _sabut_; + (of rice), _sekam_. + Hut, _pondok_, _teratak_, _jambar_, _lengkok_. + + + I. + + Ice, _ayar băku_, _ayer batu_. + Idea, _‘aḳal_. + Idiot, _bodoh_, _gila_, _korang-‘aḳal_. + Idle, _malas_, _segan_. + Idol, _berhala_. + If, _kalau_, _jikalau_. + Ignite, to, _chuchuk_, _pasang_. + Ignorant, _babal_, _bodoh_. + Ill, _sakit_; + (of a royal personage), _gĕring_. + Ill-bred, _korang-adab_, _be-adab_. + Ill-humoured, _masam-muka_, _peny-ĕbal_. + Illicit, _larang_, _churi_. + Illustrious, _mulia_. + Image, _rupa_, _gambar_, _bangun_. + Imagine, to, _sangka_, _agak_. + Imitate, to, _tiru_, _turut_. + Immediately, _sakarang ini_. + Immortal, _kakal_, _baḳa_. + Impatient, _korang-sabar_. + Impertinent, _kasar_, _sombong_. + Important, _besar_, _bĕrat_, _matan_. + Impossible, _tiada akan_, _ta’kan_, _mustahil_. + Impound, to, _kandang-kan_. + Imprison, to, _kurong-kan_. + Improve, to, _baik-i_, _mem-baik-i_. + Impudent, _muka-tebal_, _muka-papan_. + Incense, _kaminian_, _istanggi_, _dupa_. + Incest, _sumbang_. + Incline, to (bend), _chondong_. + Increase, to, _ber-tambah_; + (to add), _tambah-kan_, _me-lebeh-kan_; + (subs.), _tambah-an_, _ka-lebeh-an_. + Indebted, _ber-hutang_. + India-rubber, _gĕtah_. + Indian-corn, _jagong_. + Indigo (plant), _tarum_; + (dye), _nila_. + Indignant, _hangat-hati_. + Indulge, to, _kasih_, _pandang_. + Industrious, _rajin_. + Infectious, _jangkit_, _ber-jangkit-an_. + Infidel, _kafir_. + Infirm, _lemah_, _leteh_. + Inform, to, _bĕri-tahu_, _me-ma‘alum-kan_. + Informer, _penudoh_. + Inhabit, to, _duduk_, _diam_. + Inhabitants, _isi-negri_. + Inheritance, _pusaka_. + Inhuman, _bingis_. + Injure, to, _rosak-kan_, _binasa-kan_. + Ink, _dawat_, _tinta_. + Inkstand, _tampat-dawat_. + Inland, _hulu_, _darat_. + Inquire, to, _tanya_, _păreksa_. + Insect, _benatang_. + Insert, to, _masok-kan_, _sĕlip_. + Insignia, regalia, _perkakas-ka-raja-an_. + Insipid, _tawar_, _maung_. + Instant, _sa’at_, _sa-kejap_, _sa-buntar_. + Instead, _ganti_, _alih-alih_. + Instruct, to, _ajar_, _meng-ajar-kan_, _meng-aji-kan_. + Instructor, _guru_, _pengajar_. + Instrument, _alat_, _perkakas-an_. + Intend, to, _mahu_, _handak_, _niat-hati_. + Intercept, to (cut off), _kĕpong_. + Interest, _bunga_. + Interior, _dalam_; + (of a country), _hulu_, _darat_. + Interfere, to, _masok-mulut_. + Interpret, to, _salin-kan_, _turun-kan bahasa lain_; + (into Malay), _jawi-kan_, _men-jawi-kan_. + Interpreter, _juru-bahasa_. + Interval, _selang_. + Intestines, _isi-pĕrut_. + Intoxicated, _mabuk_. + Inundation, _ayer bah_. + Invade, to, _langgar_, _me-langgar_. + Invent, to, _meng-ada-kan_. + Invention, _hikmat_. + Invisible, _baṭin_. + Invite, to, _panggil_, _sila-kan_. + Invulnerable, _kebal_, _pĕlias_. + Iron, _besi_. + Irony, _sindir_. + Island, _pulau_. + Issue, to, _terbit_. + Itch (the), _kudis_; + (to), _gatal_. + Ivory, _gading_. + + + J. + + Jack-fruit, _nangka_. + Jackal, _sri-gala_. + Jacket, _baju_. + Jar, _tempayan_, _buyong_. + Jargon, _bahasa kachau-kan_. + Jasmine, _malati_, _melur_. + Jealous, _chemburu_. + Jealousy, _chemburu-an_. + Jetty, _jambatan_, _pelantar_. + Jew, _Yahudi_. + Jewel, _permata_. + Join, to, _hubong_, _meng-hubong-kan_. + Joint, _buku_, _ruas_, _sendi_. + Joke, _lawah_, _gurau_, _saluroh_, _gonja_. + Journey, _per-jalan-an_; + (by sea), _pelaiar-an_; + (provisions for a), _bakal_, _bekas_. + Joy, _ka-suka-an_, _suka-hati_, _ber-suka-suka-an_. + Judge, _hakim_. + Judgment, _sangka_, _rasa_; + (to deliver), _putus hukum_; + (day of), _hari-kiamat_. + Jug, a, _buyong_. + Juggle, to, _sulap_, _balik-mata_. + Juggler, _penyulap_. + Juice, _ayer_; + (of plants), _getah_. + Jump, to, _lompat_, _ber-lompat_; + (down), _terjun_. + Junk, _jong_, _wangkang_, _top_. + Just, _‘adil_. + Just now, _tadi_, _baharu-ini_, _baharu-tadi_. + Justice, _ka-‘adil-an_. + + + K. + + Keel, _lunas_. + Keep, to, _simpan_, _menyimpan_. + Keepsake, _tanda hayat_. + Kernel, _isi_. + Kettle, _cherek_. + Key, _anak kunchi_. + Kick, to, _sepak_, _tendang_. + Kid, _anak kambing_. + Kidneys, _buah pinggang_. + Kill, to, _bunoh_, _membunoh_. + Kiln, _tenur_. + Kind, affectionate, _ber-kasih_. + Kind, sort, _bangsa_, _jenis_. + Kindle, to, _chuchuk_, _pasang-api_, _ pĕlakat-api_. + Kindred _kaum_, _kulawarga_. + King, _raja_. + Kiss, to, (smell), _chium_. + Kitchen, _dapor_. + Kite, (bird), _halang_, _lang_; + (paper), _wau_, _layang-layang_. + Kitten, _anak kuching_. + Knee, _lutut_. + Kneel, to, _berdiri-lutut_; + (as an elephant), _tĕrum_. + Knee-pan, _tempurong-lutut_. + Knife, _pisau_. + Knitting, _aniam_, _rajut_. + Knock, to, _kĕtok_, _pukul_. + Knot, _simpul_. + Know, to, _tahu_, _kenal_. + Knuckle, _buku-jari_. + + + L. + + Labour, _karja_, _usaha_. + Labourer, _kuli_, _orang-gaji_. + Lad, _budak_. + Ladder, _tangga_. + Ladle, _sendok_, _gayong_; + (to ladle out), _chedok_. + Lady, _tuan_, _siti_, _inche_. + Lace, gold or silver, _renda_. + Lake, _tasek_, _danau_. + Lamb, _anak-biri_. + Lame, _tempang_, _chapik_. + Lament, to, _ratap_, _meratap_, _menangis_; + (regret), _menyesal_. + Lamp, _palita_. + Lance, _lembing_, _tombak_. + Land, _tanah_, _darat_; + (padi-land), _sawah_, _tanah bendang_; + (garden-land), _tanah kampong_. + Lancet, _taji_. + Lane, _lurong_. + Language, _bahasa_, _chara_. + Lantern, _tanglong_. + Lap, _pangku_, _riba_. + Larboard, _kiri_. + Large, _besar_. + Last, to, _tahan_, _menahan_. + Last, hindmost, _yang belakang_, _sa-kali_, _akhir_; + (last night), _sa-malam_. + Late, _akhir_; + (at night), _jauh malam_. + Lath, _kasau_, _lantei_. + Lattice-work, _gisi-gisi_. + Laugh, to, _tertawa_, _gelak_. + Laugh at, to, (deride), _menggonja-kan_. + Law, _hukum_, _undang-undang_. + Lawn, _halaman_. + Lawful, _halal_, _harus_. + Lawyer, _wakil_. + Lay, to, (set down), _bubok_, _letak_, _me-letak-kan_; + (wager), _ber-taroh_; + (an egg), _ber-telor_. + Lazy, _malas_, _segan_. + Lead (the metal), _timak hitam_. + Lead, to (by the hand), _pimpin_; + (guide), _tunjuk-kan_, _pandu-kan_, _hantar-kan_. + Leaf, _daun_; + (of paper), _halei_, _lei_, _kajang_. + Leaky, _bochor_, _tiris_. + Lean, thin, _kurus_. + Lean, to (rest against), _sandar_, _menyandar_. + Leap, to, _lompat_, _me-lompat_; + (down), _terjun_. + Learn, to, _belajar_; + (religion), _mengaji_. + Learned, _pandei_, _‘alim_. + Leather, _kulit_, _belulang_. + Leave, permission, _izin_. + Leave (to quit), _tinggal-kan_. + Leech, _lintah_; + (forest), _pachat_. + Leeward, _di-bawah angin_. + Left, _kiri_. + Left (remaining), _sisa_. + Leg, _kaki_; + (thigh), _paha_; + (from knee to ankle), _betis_; + (calf), _jantong-betis_. + Lend, to, _bĕri-pinjam_. + Length, _panjang_, _lanjut_. + Lengthways, _bujur_. + Leprosy, _kusta_. + Less, _korang_. + Let (to allow), _biar_; + (hire), _bĕri-sewa_. + Let off, to (fire-arms), _pasang_, _chuchuh_, _me-letup-kan_; + (forgive, discharge), _ampun-kan_, _me-lepas-kan_. + Letter, _surat kirim-an_. + Level, _rata_. + Liar, _pem-bohong_. + Liberal, _morah-hati_. + Liberate, to, _lepas-kan_, _mardahika-kan_. + Lick, to, _jilat_. + Lid, _tudong_; + (eye-), _kelopak-mata_. + Lie, falsehood, _bohong_. + Lie down, to, _baring_, _tidor_. + Life, _niawa_, _jiwa_, _hayat_. + Lift, to, _angkat_, _meng-angkat_. + Light, bright, _chahya_, _tĕrang_; + (not heavy), _ringan_. + Light (to kindle), _chuchuh_, _pasang_; + (to guide with a torch), _suloh_, _menyuloh_. + Lighter, _tongkang_. + Lightning, _kilat_. + Like, _bagei_, _saperti_, _laksana_, _sa-umpama_. + Like, to, _suka_, _gamar_, _ber-kenan_. + Likeness, _rupa_, _gambar_. + Limb, _angguta_. + Lime, _kapur_; + (quicklime), _tohor_; + (birdlime), _getah_. + Lime, lemon, _limau-asam_. + Line, (string), _tali_; + (row), _baris_, _nirei_. + Lineage, _ka-turun-an_. + Linen, _kain-rami_. + Lining, _alas_, _lapis_. + Lion, _singa_. + Lip, _bibir_. + Liquid, _chayer_. + Listen, to, _men-dengar_. + Litter, _usong-an_. + Little, _kechil_. + Little finger, _kelingking_. + Liver, _limpah_. + Livelihood, _ka-hidop-an_, _pen-cha-hari-an_. + Lizard, _chichak_. + Load, _baban_, _pikul-an_; + (cargo), _muat-an_, _sarat-an_. + Loaf, _ketul_. + Lobster, _hudang-galah_. + Lock, _kunchi_. + Locust, _bilalang_. + Lodge, to, _tumpang_, _menumpang_; + (for a night), _ber-malam_. + Loft, _para_, _loteng_. + Log, _batang_, _puntong_. + Lonely, _sunyi_. + Long, _lama_. + Long, to, _dendam_, _rindu_. + Look, to, _pandang_, _tengok_, _lihat_; + (look up), _tengadah_. + Looking-glass, _chermin_. + Loom, _perkakas-tenun_. + Loose, _longgar_, _kendor_. + Lord, _tuan_; + (deity), _tuhan_. + Lose, to, _hilang_; + (to suffer defeat), _alah_. + Lotos, _teratei_. + Loud, _riyuh_, _kuat_. + Love, _kasih-an_; + (love, to), _kasih_, _ber-kasih_, _berahi_. + Low, _rendah_. + Low-water, _ayer-surut_, _ayer mati_. + Loyal, _setia_. + Luck, _untong_. + Luckily, _sa-baik-baik-nia_. + Lucky, _mujur_. + Lullaby, _lagu pengulik_. + Lump, _ketul_. + Lunatic, _orang-gila_. + Lungs, _paru-paru_. + Lust, _hawa_, _nafsu_. + Lute, _kechapi_. + + + M. + + Mace, _bunga-pala_. + Machine, _pesawat_. + Mad, _gila_. + Maggot, _hulat_. + Magic, _‘ilmu_. + Magistrate, _hakim_, _tuan polis_. + Magnet, _besi-bĕrani_. + Maimed, _kudong_. + Mainmast, _tiang-agong_. + Maintain, to, _pelehra_. + Maize, _jagong_. + Majesty, _baginda_. + Make, to, _buat_, _membuat_. + Male (man), _laki-laki_; + (animal), _jantan_. + Malice, _dingki_, _kechil-hati_. + Malignant, _ber-dingki_. + Man, _orang_, _laki-laki_. + Man-of-war, _kapal pĕrang_. + Manage, to, _perentah_, _memerentah_. + Mane, _gambong_, _jambul_. + Mange, _kudis_. + Mango, _mampelam_, _mangga_; + (horse-), _machang_, _bachang_. + Mangostin, _manggis_. + Manifest, to, _menyata-kan_, _mene-rang-kan_. + Mankind, _manusia_. + Manner, _bagei_, _macham_. + Manure, _baja_. + Many, _baniak_. + Map, _peta_. + Marble, _pualam_. + Mare, _kuda-betina_. + Margin, _tepi_. + Mark, _tanda_, _‘alamat_; + (to shoot at), _tuju-an_, _sasar_. + Market, _pasar_. + Marriage, _kawin_, _nikah_; + (to demand in), _pinang_, _meminang_; + (to give in), _nikah-kan_. + Married, _ber-kawin_; + (having a wife), _ber-bini_; + (having a husband), _ber-laki_. + Marrow, _otak-tulang_. + Marsh, _paya_, _redang_. + Mash, to, _pipis_. + Mason, _tukang-batu_. + Mast, _tiang_. + Master, _tuan_; + (of a ship), _juragan_, _nakhoda_. + Mat, _tikar_. + Match, _goris-api_; + (to suit), _padan_. + Matchlock, _satinggar_. + Mate, of a ship, _malim_. + Matter (affair), _perkara_; + (pus), _nanah_. + Mattress, _tilam_. + May, _buleh_. + Meal (repast), _makan-an_; + (flour), _tepong_. + Mean, _hina_; + (to understand), _harti_, _meng-harti_. + Meaning (sense), _ma‘ana_, _harti_. + Meanwhile, _dalam antara itu_. + Means (by all), _hubaya_. + Measure, to, _hukur_, _sukat_. + Measurement, _hukur-an_, _sukat-an_. + Meat, _daging_. + Medicine, _ubat_. + Meek, _manis_, _lemah-lumbut_. + Meet, to, _jumpa_, _ber-jumpa_, _temu_, _ber-temu_. + Melon (water), _temikei_. + Melt, to, _lebor_, _hanchur-kan_. + Member, _angguta_. + Memory, _ingat-an_. + Mend, to, _baik-i_, _mem-baik-i_. + Mendicant, _faḳir_. + Mention, to, _sebut_. + Merchandise, _dagang-an_. + Mercury, _rasa_. + Mercy, _rahamat_. + Meridian (noon), _rambang_. + Merit, _pahala_. + Mesh (of a net), _mata_. + Message, _pasan-an_. + Messenger, _penyuroh_, _pesuroh_. + Method (arrangement), _atur-an_. + Middle, _tengah_, _per-tengah-an_; + (middle finger), _jari-hantu_. + Middling, _sedang_. + Midwife, _bidan_, _dukun_. + Might, _gagah_, _kuasa_, _ḳoderat_. + Mighty, _ḳuat_, _ber-kuasa_. + Mild, _manis_, _lumbut_. + Mildew, _lapuk_, _kulat_. + Milk, _susu_. + Mill, _kisar-an_, _giling-an._ + Million, _juta_. + Mimic, to, _ajuk_. + Mince, to, _chachah_, _chinchang_. + Mind (sense), _‘aḳal_, _budi_; + (inclination), _ka-handak_; + (never mind), _tiada apa_, _ta’ apa_, _ta’ usah_. + Mine, _gali-an_, _lombong_, _tebok_. + Miner, _kuli tebok_, _tukang gali_. + Minister, _mantri_. + Minute (small), _halus_, _seni_; + (moment), _sa‘at_. + Mire, _lumpur_, _lechah_. + Mirror, _chermin_. + Miscarriage, _gugur-an_; + (of an elephant), _sanglong_. + Mischief, _benchana_. + Miserly, _kikir_, _kikil_, _chikil_. + Misery, _hal ka-sukar-an_. + Mist, _kabut_. + Mistake, _salah_, _silap_. + Mistress, _tuan_. + Misunderstand, to, _salah-mengarti_, _salah-dengar_. + Mix, to, _champur_, _kachau_. + Mock, _olok_, _pupuh_; + (to deride), _sindir_. + Mode, _pri_, _chara_. + Model, _teladan_, _achu-an_. + Modest, _ber-malu_, _sopan_. + Moment, _sa-buntar_, _sa-kejap_, _sa‘at_. + Money, _wang_, _duit_; + (ready-money), _wang tunei_. + Monkey, _monyet_, _kĕra_. + Monsoon, _musim_. + Month, _bulan_. + Moon, _bulan_. + Morass, _paya_, _redang_. + More, _lebeh_, _lagi_. + Morning, _pagi_, _dina-hari_. + Morrow, _esok_, _besok_, _ka-esok-an_. + Morsel, _sa-suap_, _sa-mulut_. + Mortal, _fana_. + Mortar, _lesong_. + Mortgage, to, _gadei_, _chagar_, _sandar_. + Mosque, _masjid_. + Mosquito, _niamok_. + Moss, _lumut_. + Most, _ter-lebeh_. + Mother, _mak_, _ibu_, _bonda_; + (adoptive), _ma-angkat_; + (step-mother), _ma-tiri_; + (mother-in-law), _mentuah_. + Mould, earth, _tanah_; + (mildew), _lapuk_; + (matrix), _achu-an_. + Mouldy, _basi_. + Mount, to, _naik_. + Mountain, _gunong_. + Mourn, to, _tangis-kan_, _menangis-kan_, _ratap_, _meratap_. + Mouse, _tikus_. + Mouse-deer, _pelanduk_. + Moustache, _misei_. + Mouth, _mulut_; + (of a river), _kuala_. + Mouthful, _sa-suap_, _sa-mulut_. + Move, to, (intrans.), _ber-ubah_, _ber-gĕrak_, _kesak_; + (trans.), _gĕrak-kan_, _meng-gĕrak-kan_, _alih-kan_, + _meng-alih-kan_, _meng-ubah-kan_. + Much, _baniak_. + Mud, _lumpur_, _sulut_, _lechah_. + Muddy, turbid, _kĕrok_. + Mug, _kindi_. + Multiply, to, _per-baniak-kan_. + Murder, to, _bunoh_, _mem-bunoh_. + Murmur, to, _sungut_. + Muscle, _urat_. + Mushroom, _chendawan_. + Music, _bunyi-bunyi-an_, _lagu_. + Musk, _kasturi_. + Musk-rat, _chenchurut_. + Musket, _snapang_, _bedil_. + Muslin, _kain khasa_. + Must, _handak_, _harus_, _dapat-tiada_. + Mustard, _sesawi_. + Muster (to summon), _kĕrah_. + Mutiny, _belut_. + Mystery, _rahusia_. + + + N. + + Nail, _paku_; + (of the fingers or toe), _kuku_; + (finger-nail worn purposely long), _changei_. + Naked, _telanjang_. + Name, _nama_; + (title), _gĕlar-an_; + (to name), _gelar-kan_, _nama-kan_. + Nape of the neck, _tangkok_. + Napkin, _kain basah_. + Narrate, to, _cheritra-kan_. + Narrow, _sumpit_, _simpit_, _sesak_, _ginting_. + Nation, _bangsa_. + Nature, _tabi‘at_. + Navel, _pusat_. + Navigate, to, _me-layar-kan_. + Navigation (science of), _‘ilmu-pe-layar-an_. + Neap-tide, _ayer surut_, _ayer mati_. + Near, _dekat_, _hampir_. + Neat, _chantek_, _chermat_. + Necessary, _wajib_. + Necessity, desire, _hajat_. + Neck, _batang leher_; + (throat), _leher_. + Needle, _jarum_. + Neglect, _lalei_. + Neighbour, _orang rumah sa-bĕlah_. + Nephew, _anak-penakan_, _anak su dara_. + Nerve, _urat_. + Nest, _sarang_, _sarang-burong_. + Net (casting), _jala_; + (seine), _pukat_; + (landing), _sauh-sauh_; + (snare), _jaring_. + Net, to, _serat_, _menyerat_. + Net-work, _serat-an_, _jala-jala_. + Never, _ta’pernah_; + (never mind), _ta’apa_, _ta’usah_. + New, _baharu_. + New-moon, _sa-hari bulan_. + News, _khabar_. + Next (in time), _lepas itu_, _kemdian_; + (in place), _sa-bĕlah_. + Nice (pleasant), _sedap_. + Niece, _anak-penakan_, _anak-sudara_. + Night, _malam_; + (to pass the), _ber malam_. + Night-jar, _tetegok_, _punggok_. + Nimble, _chepat_, _pantas_. + Nip (to pinch), _pichit_, _chubit_, _ketam_, _sepit_. + Nippers (pincers), _penyepit_. + Nitre, _sendawa_. + Noble, _bangsawan_. + Nod, to, _meng-antok_. + Noise, _gadoh_, _gempar_, _bising_, _riau_. + None, _satu pun tidak_. + Nonsense, _sia-sia_, _ta’ka-tahu-an_. + Noon, _rambang_, _tengah-hari_. + Noose, _jerat_. + North, _utara_. + Nose, _hidong_; + (bridge of the), _batang_, _hidong_. + Nosegay, _karangan-bunga_. + Nostril, _liang hidong_. + Notch, _takuk_; + (gap, dent), _sumbing_. + Nothing, _apa pun tidak_. + Notice, to, _per-hati-kan_. + Notwithstanding, _tetapi_, _lamun-kan_. + Nourish, to, _pelehra-kan_. + Now, _sakarang_; + (now and then), _kadang kadang_, _ter-kadang_. + Number (quantity), _baniak_; + (a numeral), _angka_. + Nurse, a, _inang_, _pengasoh_. + Nurse (to rear, cherish), _pelehra_; + (give suck), _menetek-kan_, _menyusu-kan_; + (a sick person), _dukun_. + Nut, _kachang_. + Nutmeg, _buah pala_. + Nymph, _bidyadari_. + + + O. + + Oakum, _pakul_. + Oar, _dayong_, _pengayuk_. + Oath, _sumpah_. + Obey, to, _turut_. + Obscene, _charut_; + (to use obscene language), _men-charut_. + Obscure, _kĕlam_, _gĕlap_. + Observe (watch), _intei_; + (notice), _per-hati-kan_. + Obstinate, _degil_, _bantak_, _kras ka-pala_. + Obstruct, to, _sekat-kan_. + Occasion, _paksa_. + Occupied (busy), _‘aral_. + Occur, to, _jadi_, _jatoh_, _tiba_. + Ocean, _laut-an_. + Odd (of numbers), _gasal_, _ganjil_. + Odds and ends, _rinchik-rinchik_. + Offer, to, _unjuk_, _tawar_. + Office, (employment), _pegang-an_; + (place of business), _gedong_. + Offspring, _anak-pinak_. + Often, _kĕrap-kĕrap_. + Oil, _minyak_. + Old, _tuah_, _lama_; + (decayed), _burok_. + Olden time, _dahulu-kala_, _zaman dahulu_. + Omen, evil, _pemali_. + Once, _sa-kali_. + Only, _sahaja_, _hania_. + Onion, _bawang_. + Open, _ter-buka_; + (extensive), _lapang_, _luas_; + (to open), _buka_, _mem-buka_. + Opening (chink), _chelah_. + Opinion, _rasa_, _pe-rasa-an_, _sangka_, _kira_, _pikir-an_. + Opium, _apiun_, _madat_, _chandu_. + Opportunity, _paksa_, _dan_, _sampat_. + Oppose, to, _lawan_. + Oppression, _anyaya_. + Oppressive, _zalim_. + Orange, _limau-manis_. + Order (arrangement), _atur-an_, _per-atur-an_; + (class), _pangkat_; + (to command), _suroh_, _menyuroh_; + (of a royal personage), _titak_. + Orifice, _liang_. + Origin, _asal_, _pangkal_. + Ornament, _per-hias-an_. + Orphan, _piatu_. + Other, _lain_. + Otter, _anjing-laut_. + Ottoman, _petarana_. + Ought, _patut_, _harus_, _handak-lah_, _mahu-lah_. + Out, _luar_. + Outcast, _bangsat_, _ter-buang_. + Outcry, _gempar_, _engar_. + Outhouse, _bangsal_. + Outward, visible, _zahir_. + Oval, _bulat-bujur_. + Oven, _dapor_, _tenur_. + Over (upon), _atas_; + (ended), _sudah_. + Overcast (darkened), _ber-tedoh_. + Overflow, to, _limpah_, _me-limpah_. + Overladen, _sarat_. + Overlook, to, _jaga_, _men-jaga_, _tunggu_, _menunggu_. + Overseer, _tandil_, _mandor_. + Overturn, to, _balik_, _mem-balik-kan_. + Overturned, to be, _ber-balik_, _ter-balik_. + Owe, to, _ber-hutang_. + Owl, _burong-hantu_. + Owner, _tuan_, _yang ampunya_. + Ox, _lumbu_, _sapi_; + (wild), _si-ladang_. + Oyster, _teram_, _siput_. + + + P. + + Pace (step), _jangka_. + Pack, to, _kemas_, _bungkus-kan_. + Paddle, a, _kayuh_, _pengayuh_; + (to row with), _mengayuh_. + Pain, _sakit_, _sakit-an_, _ka-sakit-an_; + (anxiety), _per-chinta-an_, _susah-hati_. + Paint, _chat_; + (to paint), _sapu-chat_; + (a painter), _tukang-chat_. + Pair, _jodo_, _pasang_. + Palace, _astana_, _meligei_. + Pale, _puchat_. + Paling, _pagar_, _gisi-gisi_. + Palm of the hand, _tapak-tangan_, _telapak_. + Palpitation, _dabar_. + Palsy, _tepok_, _basal_. + Pan (earthen), _pasu_; + (iron), _kuali_. + Pant, to, _mangah_, _menguap_. + Paper, _ḳarṭas_. + Parable, _per-upama-an_. + Parasol, _payong_. + Parcel, _bungkus_, _bungkus-an_. + Pardon, _ampun_, _ma‘af_; + (to pardon), _ampun-kan_, _ma‘af-kan_. + Pare, to, _raut_, _me-raut_, _hiris_, _meng-hiris_. + Parents, _ibu-bapa_. + Parrot, _nuri_, _bayan_; + (small green parroquet), _serindit_. + Parry, to, _tangkis_. + Part, _bahagi-an_, _sa-kĕrat_, _sa-paroh_. + Particle, _butir_. + Partner, _kawan_, _kongsi_. + Partnership, in, _sa-modal_. + Pass, to, _lalu_; + (miss), _selisih_; + (as coin), _laku_. + Passion (anger), _marah_, _hangat_. + Passionate, _hati panas_, _lakas marah_. + Past, _sudah_, _yang telah sudah_, _yang telah lalu_. + Paste, _pe-rĕkat_, _bubur_. + Pastry, _penganan_. + Pat, to, _tepuk_. + Patch, _tampal_. + Patience, _sabar_. + Pattern, _teladan_, _chonto_. + Pawn, to, _gadei_, _meng-gadei_; + (a pledge), _sandar-an_. + Pay, to, _bayar_, _mem-bayar_; + (by instalments), _ansur_. + Payment, _bayar-an_, _pem-bayar-an_. + Pea, _kachang_. + Peace, _sajehtra_, _santosa_, _ka-senang-an_; + (to make peace), _ber-damei_. + Peacock, _mĕrak_. + Peak, _puchuk_, _kamunchak_. + Pearl, _mutiara_. + Peck, to, _patok_, _pagut_. + Pedlar, _orang ber-jajah_, _orang kelon-tong_. + Peel, to, _kupas_, _kelupas_. + Peep, to, _intei_, _meng-intei_. + Pelican, _undan_. + Pelt, to, _lotar_, _me-lontar_. + Pellucid, _hening_, _jerneh_. + Pen, _ḳalam_. + Pen (enclosure), _kandang_. + Penalty, _denda_, _siḳsa_. + Penetrate, to, _lut_, _melut_. + Penitence, _taubat_. + Penknife, _pisau-lipat_. + People, _orang_. + Pepper, _lada_; + (black), _lada-hitam_; + (Chili), _lada-merah_, _lada-china_, _chabei_. + Perceive, to, _rasa_, _per-hati-kan_. + Perch, to, _hinggap_, _tengger_. + Percolate, to, _tiris_, _meniris_. + Perfect, _semporna_. + Perfectly, _betul_, _benar_, _sakali_. + Perfume, _bau-bau-an_. + Perfumed, _harum_, _wangi_. + Perhaps, _antah_, _barangkali_, _mudah-mudah-an_. + Peril, _bahaya_, _mara-bahaya_. + Perjury, _dusta_. + Permanent, _kekal_, _kukuh_, _tetap_. + Permission, _izin_. + Permit, to, _bĕri_, _kasih_, _biar_. + Perpetual, _sanantiasa_, _yang tiada ber-ka-putus-an_. + Persecute, to, _anyaya-kan_. + Persevere, to, _ber-usaha_. + Person, _orang_, _marika_. + Perspiration, _peluh_. + Perverse, _bantah_, _angkara_. + Pestle, _alu_, _antan_. + Petition, _per-minta-an_. + Pheasant, _pegar_; + (argus pheasant), _kuang_, _kuwau_. + Phlegm, _dahak_, _hingus_. + Pick (to gather), _kutib_, _petik_; + (pick up), _pungut_. + Pickles, _achar_; + (pickled fish or meat), _pe-kasam_. + Piebald, pied, _bĕlang_. + Piece, _sa-patah_, _su-kĕrat_, _sa-patong_. + Pier, _jambatan_, _pangkalan_. + Pierce, to, _chuchuk_. + Piety, _‘ibadat_. + Pig, _babi_. + Pigeon, _merpati_. + Pile (stake), _panchang_; + (to heap up), _susun-kan_. + Pillage, to, _samun_, _rampas_. + Pillar, _tiang_. + Pillow, _bantal_. + Pillow-case, _sarong-bantal_. + Pimple, _bisul-lada_. + Pin, _piniti_, _jarum-penyĕmat_. + Pincers, _sepit_, _penyepit_. + Pinch (a small quantity), _sa-jumput_; + (to pinch), _chubit_, _pichit_. + Pinchbeck, _suasa_. + Pineapple, _nanas_. + Pink, _kasumbah_. + Pipe (conduit), _panchur-an_. + Pipeclay, _tanah-mala_. + Pirate, _perompak_. + Pit, _lobang_. + Pitch, _gala-gala_; + (to pitch as a ship), _anggu_, _meng-anggu_. + Pitcher, _buyung_. + Pith, _ampulur_. + Pity, _kasih-an_, _bĕlas_. + Place, _tampat_; + (to place), _bubok_, _taroh_, _letak_, _me-letak-kan_. + Plague (pestilence), _hawar_. + Plain, _padang_, _medan_. + Plait, to, _aniam_, _pintal_. + Plane, _kĕtam_. + Plank, _papan_. + Plant, _pokok_, _tanam-an_, _tumboh-tumboh-an_. + Plantain, _pisang_. + Plantation, _kabun_, _ladang_. + Plate (earthenware), _piring_, _pinggan_; + (metal), _cheper_. + Play, to, _main_. + Pleasant, _sedap_, _lezat_. + Pleased, _suka_. + Pledge, _chagar_, _sandar-an_. + Plenty, _baniak_. + Plough, _tanggala_. + Plover, _kedidi_, _chicheoh_. + Pluck (to gather), _petik_; + (pluck out), _chabut_. + Plump, _tumbun_, _pejal_. + Plunge, to, _terjun_, _sĕlam_, _menyĕlam_. + Plunder, to, _samun_, _rampas_. + Pocket, _saku_. + Point, _hujong_; + (to point), _tunjok_, _menunjok_. + Poison, _rachun_. + Poisonous, _bisa_. + Poke (to thrust), _chuchuk_, _jolok_, _chungkil_. + Pole, _batang_; + (for propelling a boat), _galah_. + Polecat, _musang_. + Polite, _adab_, _bastari_. + Pollute, to, _chamar-kan_, _kotor-kan_. + Pomegranate, _buah-dalima_. + Pond, _kulam_. + Ponder, to, _kenang_, _pikir_. + Pool, _lubok_. + Poop, _burit-an_. + Poor, _miskin_. + Porcelain, _tembikar_. + Porcupine, _landak_. + Pork, _daging-babi_. + Porpoise, _lomba-lomba_. + Portion, _bahagi-an_. + Position (situation), _ka-duduk-an_. + Possess, to, _milik_, _taroh_. + Possible, _buleh_. + Post, _panchang_, _tiang_. + Pot (earthenware), _priuk_, _bĕlanga_; + (iron), _kuali_; + (water), _buyung_; + (flower), _pasu_. + Potato, _ubi benggala_, _ubi china_. + Pouch, _pundi-pundi_. + Pound (pen), _kandang_. + Pound, to, _tumbok_. + Pour, to, _tuang_, _tumpah_; + (water over a person bathing), _jurus_. + Powder, _serbuk_; + (dust), _lumat_; + (gunpowder), _ubat bedil_. + Power, _kuasa_. + Praise, _puji_, _puji-an_; + (to praise), _memuji_. + Prawn, _hudang_. + Pray, to, _sembahyang_, _do‘a_. + Precious, _endah_. + Predestination, _ajal_, _taḳdir_. + Predict, to, foretell, _tenung_. + Pregnant, _bunting_, _mengandong_, _ḥamil_. + Prepare, to, _sedia-kan_, _langkap-kan_. + Present (to be), _ada_, _hazir_, _berhadap_. + Present (gift), _hadia_, _pem-bĕri-an_, _tanda-hayat_ (lit. “token + of life”). + Presently, _sa-buntar lagi_. + Press, to, _apit-kan_; + (press down), _tekan_; + (squeeze out), _pĕrah_. + Presumption, _angkara_. + Pretend, to, _achu_. + Pretence, _pura-pura_, _buat-buat_. + Pretty, _bagus_, _chantek_, _molek_. + Prevent, to, _tegah_, _larang_. + Price, _harga_; + (of a slave), _penebus_. + Prick, to, _chuchuk_, _tikam_. + Prickle, _duri_; + prickly, _ber-duri_. + Priest. (Muhammadan), _imam_; + (Christian), _padri_. + Prince, _putra_. + Princess, _putri_. + Principal, _pokok_, _modal_. + Print, to, _chap_. + Prison, _panjara_. + Private (secluded), _sunyi_; + (parts), _ka-malu-an_. + Privy, _jamban_. + Prize (booty), _rampas-an_; + (to value highly), _endah-kan_. + Procession, _arak_. + Proclaim, to, _menyata-kan_, _mashur-kan_. + Prodigal, _pemburus_. + Profit, _laba_, _untong_, _faidah_. + Prohibit, to, _larang-kan_, _tegah-kan_. + Prohibited, _larang-an_, _haram_. + Prolong, to, _lanjut-kan_. + Prominent (projecting), _jungur_. + Promise, a, _per-janji-an_; + (to promise), _janji_. + Prone (lying face downwards), _tiharap_. + Pronounce, to, _sebut_, _menyebut_. + Proof, _ka-nyata-an_, _saksi-an_. + Proper, _patut_, _harus_. + Property, _harta_, _benda_, _had_. + Prophet, _nabi_. + Prosecute, to, _dawa_, _men-dawa_. + Prostitute, _sundal_. + Prostrate, _menyiharap_, _pelanting_. + Protect, to, _lindong-kan_, _pelehra-kan_. + Proud, _sombong_. + Prove, to, _nyata-kan_, _me-nyata-kan_. + Proverb, _‘ibarat_, _tamsil_, _bidal_, _per upama-an_. + Provisions, _băkal_, _băkas_, _pelabur_. + Provoke, to, _usik_, _mengusik_. + Prudence, _ka-bija-an_. + Prudent, _cherdek_, _bijak_, _chermat_. + Prune, to, _ranchong_, _me-ranchong_. + Psalm, _zabur_. + Pull, to, _tarik_, _menarik_; + (drag), _hela_; + (pull up), _chabut_. + Pulley, _kapi_. + Pulse, _nadi_. + Pump, _bomba_. + Pumpkin, _labu_. + Pungent, _pedas_. + Punish, to, _siksa-kan_, _sakit-kan_. + Punishment, _siksa_, _ka-sakit-an_. + Pupil (of the eye), _biji mata_; + (scholar), _murid_. + Puppy, _anak-anjing_. + Pure (clear), _jerneh_, _hening_. + Purgative, _pen-chahar_. + Purple, _ungu_. + Purpose, _ka-handak_; + (on purpose), _sangaja_. + Purse, _unchang_, _pundi-pundi_. + Pursue, to, _hambat_, _kejar_; + (wild animals), _buru_, _mem-buru_. + Pus, _nanah_. + Push, to, _tolak_, _sorong_. + Put, to, _taroh_, _bubok_, _letak_; + (put on), _pakei_, _kĕna-kan_; + (put off, postpone), _tangguh_; + (put out fire), _padam_. + Putrid, _busuk_. + Puzzle (enigma), _tekak-teki_. + + + Q. + + Quail, _puyuh_, _pikau_. + Quake, to, _kĕtar_, _mengĕtar_. + Quality, _sifat_. + Quantity, _baniak_. + Quarrel, _per-bantah-an_; + (to quarrel), _ber-kalahi_, _ber-tingkar_. + Quarter (fourth part), _suku_; + (of a slaughtered animal), _paha_. + Queen, _permeisuri_. + Quench, to, _padam-kan_. + Question, _sual_; + (to question), _pareksa_, _sual-kan_, _tanya_. + Quick, _lakas_, _chepat_, _bangat_, _lantas_, _pantas_. + Quicksilver, _rasa_. + Quid (of betel), _sepah_. + Quiet, _diam_, _sunyi_; + (silent), _sengap_. + Quit (to forsake), _tinggal-kan_. + Quite, _sakali_, _sa-mata-mata_. + + + R. + + Race (lineage), _bangsa_, _asal_. + Races (contest), _lomba_, _ber-lomba_. + Radish, _lobak_. + Raft, _rakit_, _lantin_. + Rafter, _kasau_. + Rag, _perchah_. + Ragged, _koyak-rabak_, _chompang-champing_. + Railing, _pagar_, _kilik-kilik-an_. + Rain, _hujan_; + (to rain, rainy), _ber-hujan_; + (drizzle), _rinteh_. + Rainbow, _palangi_. + Raise, to, _angkat_, _bangun-kan_; + (with a lever), _tuwas_. + Raisins, _kismis_, _buah-anggor_. + Rake, _peng-garu_, _sikat_. + Range (to dispose in order), _meng atur-kan_. + Rank (row, line), _baris_, _saf_; + (station in life), _pangkat_, _martabat_. + Rank (rancid), _hanyir_, _basi_. + Ransom, to, _tebus_, _menebus_. + Rape, _rugul_. + Rapid, _dĕras_, _laju_. + Rapids (in a river), _jeram_, _chigar_, _riyam_. + Rare, _jarang_. + Rat, _tikus_; + (musk-rat), _chenchurut_. + Rattan, _rautan_. + Rave, to (in delirium), _meng-igau_, _ber-igau-igau_. + Raw, _mantah_. + Ray (of light), _sinar_; + (a fish, the skate), _pari_. + Razor, _pisau-chukur_. + Reach, to (with the hand), _chapei_, _men-chapei_; + (attain), _sampei_. + Read, to, _bacha_. + Ready, _sedia_, _siap_. + Really, _sunggoh_, _sa-sunggoh-nia_. + Reap, to, _ketam_, _tuwei_, _menuwei_. + Rear (to bring up), _pelehra_, _me-melehra-kan_. + Reason (cause), _karana_, _sebab_; + (understanding), _budi_, _‘aḳal_. + Rebellious, _derhaka_, _belut_. + Rebuke, to, _ajar_, _tegor_, _tengking_. + Receive, to, _terima_, _menerima_; + (take), _sambut_. + Reckon, to, _hitong_, _bilang_. + Recline, to, _baring_, _sandar_. + Recollect, to, _ingat_, _sedar_. + Recover (to get well), _ber-semboh_. + Red, _merah_. + Redeem, to, _tebus_, _menebus_. + Red-lead, _sadalinggam_. + Reduce, to, _korang-kan_. + Reed, _buluh_. + Reef, _karang_. + Reflect, to, _kenang_. + Refuse, to, _sangkal_, _anggan_. + Refuse (rubbish), _hampas_, _sampah_. + Regalia, _perkakaska-raja-an_. + Regard (to gaze at), _intei_, _renong_. + Region, _benua_. + Regret, to, _sesal_, _menyesal_. + Reign, _ka-raja-an_. + Rein (bridle), _tali-kang_. + Reject, to, _tolak-kan_, _buang_, _champak_. + Rejoice (to be glad), _ber-suka_; + (gladden), _menyuka-kan_. + Relapse, _balik-sakit_. + Relate, to, _cheritra-kan_. + Relations (kindred), _sudara_, _ibu-bapa_, _puwah_, _ḳaum_. + Release, to, _lepas-kan_, _me-lepas-kan_. + Relieve guard, to, _gilir_. + Religion, _agama_. + Reluctant, _segan_. + Remain, to, _diam_, _tinggal_, _ber-hinti_. + Remainder, _baḳi_; + (leavings), _sisa_. + Remedy, _penawar_, _ubat_. + Remember, to, _ingat_, _meng-ingat_, _kenang_. + Remove, to, (intrans.), _pindah_; + (trans.), _men-jauh-kan_, _ubah-kan_. + Rent (hire), _sewa_, _penyewa_. + Repair, to, _baik-i_, _mem-per-baik-kan_. + Repeat, to, _ulang_. + Repent, to, _taubat_, _sesal_, _menyesal_. + Replace, to, _ganti_. + Reply, to, _sahut_, _menyahut_, _men-jawab_, _balas jawab_. + Report, to, _khabar-kan_, _bĕri tahu_. + Report (rumour), _khabar_, _bunyi_. + Reprimand, to, _mengajar_. + Reprobate, _bangsat_. + Repudiate, to, _cherei-kan_. + Request, to, _minta_, _pinta_. + Resembling, _akan-akan_, _sa-rupa_. + Reside, to, _tinggal_, _diam_, _duduk_. + Resign, to, _serah-kan_, _pulang-kan_. + Resin, _damar_, _getah_. + Resist, to, _lawan_, _me-lawan_. + Respect, _hormat_. + Responsible for, to be, _sanggup_, _tanggong_. + Rest, _per hinti-an_, _ka-senang-an_. + Rest (remainder), _baḳi_. + Restore (to give back), _pulang-kan_. + Restrain, to, _tahan_, _menahan_. + Result, _ka-sudah-an_. + Retire (to retreat), _undur_, _ber-undur_. + Retired (secluded), _sunyi_. + Retribution, _pem-balas-an_. + Return, to, _pulang_, _balik_, _kambali_; + (retaliate), _balas_. + Revenge, _balas_, _damdam_. + Revenue, _hasil_. + Reverence, _sembah_. + Reverse, to, _mem-balik-kan_. + Revile, to, _hujat-kan_, _me-maki_. + Revive, to, _sedar_. + Reward, _upah_, _pahala_. + Rheumatism, _sakit tulang_, _sakit-angin_, _sengal_. + Rhinoceros, _badak_; + (rhinoceros-bird), _enggang_. + Rib, _rusuk_. + Ribbon, _fitah_. + Rice, _bĕras_; + (boiled), _nasi_; + (in the husk), _padi_; + (parched), _bertih_. + Rice-field, _sawah_, _bendang_; + (upland), _umah_, _ladang_. + Rich, _kaya_. + Riches, _ka-kaya-an_, _harta_, _benda_. + Riddle, _tekak-teki_. + Ride, to, _naik_, _tunggang_. + Ridge (rising ground), _permatang_; + (of a roof), _bumbong-an_. + Ridicule, to, _sindir_, _gonja_. + Right (proper), _betul_, _benar_, _patut_. + Right-hand, _kanan_. + Rightly, _sa-betul-nia_, _sa-patut-nia_. + Rigid (stiff), _tegar_, _kinchang_. + Rim, _tepi_. + Rind, _kulit_. + Ring (to sound), _derang_, _ber-derang_. + Ring, _chinchin_; + (ornamental hoop on weapons, &c.), _simpei_. + Ripe, _masak_. + Rise, to, _bangun_, _bangkit_; + (spring up), _timbul_, _tumboh_. + River, _sungei_, _ayer_, _batang-hari_; + (river-brink), _baroh_. + Rivulet, _anak-sungei_, _anak-ayer_. + Road, _jalan_; + (path), _lurong_. + Roadstead, _labuh-an_. + Roam, to, _jajah_, _hanyut_, _ulang-pergi-datang_. + Roar, to, _menganguh_. + Roast, to, _panggang_. + Rob, to, _rompak_, _rampas_, _samun_, _rebut_, _churi_. + Robe (gown), _kabaya_. + Rock, _batu_, _karang_. + Rock, to (intrans.), _ayun_, _ber-ayun_, _goyang_, _ber-goyang_; + (trans.), _ayun-kan_, _meng-ayun-kan_, _goyang-kan_, + _meng-goyang-kan_. + Roe (of fish), _telor-ikan_, _telor-tĕru-buk_. + Roll up, to, _gulong_, _meng-gulong_. + Rolling, _guling_, _goleh_. + Roof, _bumbong_; + (of the mouth), _lalangit_. + Room, _bilek_; + (space), _legah_. + Roost, to, _hinggap_, _tenggir_. + Root, _akar_. + Rope, _tali_. + Rose, _mawar_; + (rose-water), _ayer-mawar_. + Rot, to, _reput_. + Rotten, _burok_, _busuk_, _reput_. + Rough, _kesap_, _kesat_, _kĕrutu_. + Round, _bulat_, _buntar_. + Roundabout, _keliling_. + Rouse, to, _bangun-kan_, _gĕrak-kan_. + Row, to, _dayong_, _ber-dayong_; + (with paddles), _kayuh_, _ber-kayuh_. + Rub, to, _gosok_, _sapu_, _urut_, _genyek_, _gesek_. + Rubbish, _sampah_. + Ruby, _dalima_. + Rudder, _kamudi_. + Rude, _kasar_. + Ruin, to, _binasa_, _mem-binasa-kan_, _rosak_. + Rule, to, _pĕrentah_, _memerentah_. + Ruling-line, _benang-arang_. + Rump, _punggong_, _pangkal-paha_. + Run, to, _lari_; + (as water), _me-leleh_, _meng-alir_. + Run against (collide), _himpit_, _timpah_. + Rupee, _rupiyah_. + Rush at, to, _terkam_, _menerkam_. + Rust, _karat_. + + + S. + + Sack, _karong_, _goni_. + Sacrifice, to, _mem-pĕlas_. + Sad, _susah-hati_, _duka-chita_. + Saddle, _zin_, _palana_, _sela_. + Safe, _salamat_, _sajehtra_. + Saffron, _kuniet_, _kumkuma_. + Sagacious, _cherdek_, _bijak_. + Sago, _sagu_. + Sail (of a vessel), _layar_; + (to sail), _ber-layar_. + Sailor, _matros_, _khalasi_. + Saint, _wali_, _oulia_. + Salary, _gaji_, _upah_. + Sale, _jual-bĕli_. + Saliva, _ayer liyor_. + Salt, _garam_; + (in taste), _masin_, _asin_. + Saltpetre, _sendawa_. + Salutation, _tabek_, _salam_. + Salute, to, _bĕri salam_, _minta tabek_. + Same, _sama_, _sarupa_. + Sand, _pasir_. + Sandbank, _beting_. + Sandalwood, _chandana_. + Sap, _getah_, _aris_. + Sash, _salendang_, _tali-pinggang_. + Satisfied, _puas_, _kiniang_. + Sauce, _kuah_. + Saucer, _piring_. + Savage, _liyar_, _buas_. + Save, to, _simpan_, _mengimpan_; + (be sparing), _jimat_. + Savoury, _sedap_. + Saw, _gergaji_. + Say, to, _kata_, _mengata-kan_. + Scald, to, _chelor_. + Scale (of a fish), _sisik_. + Scales, _daching_, _naracha_. + Scar, _parut_. + Scarce, _jarang_. + Scarf, _salendang_, _salimpei_. + Scarlet, _merah-tuah_. + Scatter, to, _tabur_, _menabur-kan_. + Scent, _bau_, _bau-bau-an_. + Scheme, _jalan_, _hikmat_. + Scholar (pupil), _murid_. + School, _tampat-belajar_. + Science, _‘ilmu_. + Scissors, _gunting_. + Scold, to, _maki_, _ber-tingkar_. + Score, _kodi_. + Scorpion, _kala-jengking_. + Scrape, to, _kikis_, _parang_. + Scraper, _kukur-an_. + Scratch, to, _garu_, _chakar_. + Scream, to, _tampik_, _ber-tĕriak_. + Screen, _tirei_, _bidei_. + Screen (to protect), _me-lindong-kan_. + Screw, _paku pulas_. + Scull, _tengkorak_. + Scum, _buih_. + Scurf, _kedal_, _kurap_. + Sea, _laut_, _laut-an_. + Seal (signet), _chap_, _matrei_. + Sealing-wax, _lak_. + Seam, _jahit-an_. + Sea-shore, _pantei_, _tepi-laut_. + Sea-sick, _mabuk-ombak_. + Season, _musim_. + Search, to, _chahari_, _bongkar_, _men-chahari_, _siasat_, + _salongkar_. + Seat, _ka-duduk-an_. + Sea-weed, _bunga-karang_. + Secret, _rahusia_. + Secrete, to, _sembunyi-kan_. + Secretly, _churi-churi_. + Security, bail, _aku-an_, _tanggong-an_. + See, to, _tengok_, _lihat_, _pandang_. + Seed, _biji_, _bĕnih_. + Seed-plot, nursery, _semai_. + Seek, to, _chahari_. + Seize, to, _pegang_, _tangkap_. + Seldom, _jarang_. + Select, to, _pilih_, _memilih_. + Self, _diri_, _sendiri_, _kendiri_. + Sell, to, _jual_, _men-jual_. + Send, to, _kirim_, _hantar_. + Sense, _‘aḳal_; + (meaning), _ma‘ana_. + Senses (the five), _pancha-indra_. + Sentence, to, _hukum-kan_, _putus-kan hukum_. + Sentry, _penungguh_. + Separate, to, _asing-kan_, _cherei-kan_; + (distinguish), _per-lain-kan_. + Sepoy, _sipahi_. + Serious, _bĕrat_. + Serpent, _ular_. + Servant, _budak_, _orang-gaji_, _pen-jawat_. + Serve (to wait on), _me-layan_. + Service (employment), _pegang-an_, _tanggong-an_. + Serviceable, _ber-guna_. + Set (to place, put), _letak_, _buboh_, _taroh_; + (to set out, depart), _berangkat_. + Settle, to, _sĕlăsi_; + (to fix, decide), _tetap-kan_. + Several, _baniak juga_. + Severe, _kĕras_. + Sew, to, _jahit_, _menjahit_, _jaib_, _men-jaib_. + Shade, _tĕdoh_, _naung_, _per-naung-an_. + Shadow, _bayang_, _bayang-bayang_. + Shady, _ber-tedoh_, _ber-lindong_. + Shaft (of a weapon), _hulu_. + Shake, to, _goyang_, _gonchang_; + (hands), _jabat tangan_. + Shallow, _chetek_, _tohor_; + (of a plate or vessel), _cheper_. + Sham, _pura-pura_. + Shame, _malu_. + Shape, _rupa_, _sifat_. + Share, _habu-an_, _bahagi-an_. + Shark, _hiyu_, _ikan hiyu_. + Sharp, _tajam_. + Sharpen, to, _asah_, _chanai_, _tajam-kan_; + (by paring or cutting), _ranchong_. + Shatter, to, _rĕmok_, _rĕdam_. + Shave, to, _chukor_. + Sheath, _sarong_. + Shed, _bangsal_, _pondok_, _teratak_, _jambar_. + Sheep, _kambing biri-biri_. + Sheet, _kain selimut_. + Shell, _siput_; + (rind or covering), _kulit_; + (cocoanut), _tempurong_; + (missile), _priuk-api_. + Shepherd, _gambala_. + Shew, to, _tunjok_, _unjok_. + Shield, _pĕrisai_. + Shift (to change), _alih_, _mengalih_. + Shin, _tulang-kĕring_. + Shine, to, _ber-sinar_, _ber-kilat_. + Ship, _kapal_, _prahu_. + Shipwrecked, _karam_. + Shirt, _kameja_. + Shiver, to, _gatar_, _mengatar_. + Shoal, _beting_. + Shock (start), _kĕjut_. + Shoe, _kasut_, _sapatu_; + (-horn), _pengijah-kasut_. + Shoot, to, _tembak_, _menembak membedil_; + (an arrow), _panah_, _memanah_; + (sprout), _tumboh_. + Shop, _kedei_; + (to keep a), _ber-kedei_. + Shore (beach), _pantei_; + (to go on shore), _naik di darat_; + (prop), _sokong_. + Short, _pendek_, _pandak_; + (in quantity), _korang_. + Shot, small, _kachang-kachang_, _pengabur_. + Shoulder, _bahu_. + Shout, _sorak_, _sĕru_, _tampik_. + Shove, to, _tolak_, _sorong_. + Shower, _hujan_. + Shred, to, _hiris_. + Shriek, to, _mekik_, _pekik_, _men-jerit_. + Shrill, _nyaring_, _ranang_. + Shrimp, _hudang_. + Shrink, to, shrivel, _kechut_, _kerukut_. + Shroud, _kapan_. + Shut, to, _tutop_, _katop_; + (the eyes), _pejam_, _kejam_. + Shy, _liyar_. + Sick (ill), _sakit_, _gĕring_; + (sea-sick), _mabuk-ombak_; + (to vomit), _muntah_. + Sickle, _sabit_, _pengetam_. + Side, _rusuk_; + (one--), _sa-bĕlah_. + Sieve, _nyiru_. + Sift, to, _ayak_, _ayak-kan_. + Sigh, to, _keluh_, _mengeluh_. + Sight, _peng-lihat-an_, _pandang-an_. + Sign (token), _‘alamat_, _tanda_. + Sign, to, _turun tanda tangan_. + Signature, _tanda tangan_, _khat_. + Signet, _chap_, _matrei_. + Signification, _ma‘ana_. + Silent, _diam_, _sengap_. + Silk, _sutra_. + Silly, _bodoh_, _bingong_. + Silver, _perak_. + Similar, _sama_. + Simply, _sahaja_, _chuma_. + Sin, _dosa_. + Since, _sa-peninggal_. + Sincere, _suchi hati_, _ekhlas_. + Sinew, _urat_. + Sing, to, _nyanyi_, _me-nyanyi_. + Single, solitary, _tunggal_; + (alone), _sa’orang_. + Sink, to, _tinggalam_, _karam_. + Sinuous (winding), _kelo-kelo_. + Sip, to, _hisap_, _hirup_. + Sister, _sudara perampuan_; + (elder), _kakah_; + (younger), _adek_; + (in-law), _ipar_. + Sit, to, _duduk_; + (with the legs crossed), _ber-sila_; + (with the feet hanging down), _ber-juntei_; + (resting on the left arm with the left leg under the right), + _ber-tempuh_; + (to squat), _ber-jongkok_, _ber-tenggong_, _menyeranggong_. + Site, _tampat_. + Size, _besar_. + Skein, _tukal_. + Skate, _ikan-pari_. + Skewer, _penyuchuk_. + Skill, _ka-pandei-an_. + Skin, _kulit_; + (hide), _belulang_. + Skin (to flay), _kupas_, _kelupas_. + Skip, to, _me-lompat_. + Skirt (of a garment), _puncha_. + Sky, _langit_. + Slab (of tin), _keping_; + (small), _jung-kong_. + Slack, _kundor_. + Slander, _fitnah_. + Slanting, _miring_, _chondong_, _singet_. + Slap, _tampar_, _tempiling_. + Slave, _hamba_, _sahaya_. + Sleep, to, _tidor_, _lena_, _ber-adu_. + Sleeve, _tangan-baju_. + Slender, _nipis_; + (in the waist), _ramping_. + Slice, to, _hiris_, _meng-hiris_. + Slice, a, _sa’potong_. + Slip, to, _tĕgălichik_, _kalichik_, _gelinchir_, _kelinchir_. + Slippery, _lichin_, _linchin_. + Slit, to, _bĕlah_, _mem-bĕlah_. + Slow, _lambat_, _perlahan_. + Small, _kĕchil_, _halus_. + Small-pox, _chachar_, _ka-tumboh_. + Smart, to, _pedih_. + Smear, to, _lumur_, _lumas_, _chalit_. + Smell, _bau_; + (to smell), _chium_. + Smelt, to, _lĕbur_. + Smile, to, _sinnyum_. + Smith, _tukang_. + Smoke, _asap_. + Smooth, _lichin_; + (level), _rata_. + Smother, _lemas-kan_. + Snail, _unam_, _kelambui_. + Snake, _ular_. + Snare, _rachik_. + Snarl, to, _kerennyut_, _kerising_, _gerennying_. + Snatch, to, _rebut_, _me-rebut_, _sentak_, _rampas_. + Sneer, to, _sindir_. + Sneeze, to, _bersin_. + Snipe, _tetiru_, _berkik_. + Snivel, _ingus_. + Snore, to, _mengĕrok_, _dengkor_, _melengkor_. + So, _bagini_, _bagitu_, _damikian_. + Soak, to, _rendam_. + Soap, _sabun_. + Soar (to fly), _melayang_. + Sob, to, _isak_; + (sobbing), _ter-isak-isak-an_. + Society (community), _jumaha_. + Soft, _lemak_, _lumbut_. + Solder, _patĕri_, (to solder), _patĕri-kan_. + Soldier, _sipahi_, _soldado_. + Sole (of the foot), _tapak-kaki_; + (fish), _ikan lidah_. + Sometimes, _kadang-kadang_. + Son, _anak laki-laki_, _anak-jantan_. + Song, _nyanyi_, _lagu_, _gurindam_. + Soon, _sa-buntar-lagi_. + Soot, _arang-para_. + Sop, to, _chichah_. + Sore (ulcer), _puru_; + (wound), _luka_; + (painful), _sakit_, _pedih_. + Sorrow, _ka-duka-an_, _duka-chita_, _ka-susah-an_, _susah-hati_. + Sorry, _susah-hati_. + Sort, _bagei_, _macham_, _rupa_, _jenis_. + Soul, _nyawa_, _jiwa_, _ruḥ_. + Sound (noise), _bunyi_. + Sour, _asam_, _masam_. + South, _selatan_; + (south-east), _tang-gara_; + (south-west), _barat-daya_. + Sow, to, _tabur_, _menabur_. + Space, _lapang_. + Spade, _peng-gali_. + Span, _jingkal_. + Sparing (parsimonious), _kikir_. + Spark, _bunga-api_. + Sparrow, _burong-pipit_. + Speak, to, _ber-chakap_, _ber-kata_, _ber-tutur_; + (to speak to, address), _tegor_, _siapa-kan_. + Spear, _lembing_, _tombak_. + Speck, _titik_. + Speckled, _rintik_, _be-rintik_. + Spectacles, _chermin-mata_. + Spell (incantation), _mantra_. + Spell, to, _eja_. + Spend, to, _bĕlanja_. + Spices, _rampak-rampak_. + Spider, _laba-laba_, _lawa-lawa_. + Spill, to, _tumpah_, _menumpah_. + Spin, to, _pintal_. + Spinach, _bayam_. + Spinster, _bujang_. + Spirit (soul), _nyawa_, _ruh_, _samangat_. + Spirits (ardent), _arak_. + Spit (skewer), _penyuchuk_. + Spit, to, _ludah_. + Spite, _sakit-hati_, _kechil-hati_, _dingki_. + Splash, to, _perchik_, _memerchik_. + Spleen, _limpa-kechil_. + Splinter, _serupih_, _tatal_. + Split, to, _bĕlah_, _mem-bĕlah_. + Spoil, to, _rosak_, _binasa_. + Spoon, _sendok_, _suduk_. + Sponge, _bunga-karang_. + Spotted, _ber-rintik_. + Spout, _panchur_. + Sprain, _salah-urat_. + Spray (driving rain), _tempias_. + Spread, to (a mat, cloth, &c.), _hampar_, _bentang_; + (as fire or infection), _jangkit_, _ber-jangkit_, _melarat_. + Spring (of water), _mata-ayer_. + Spring (to germinate), _tumboh_; + (issue forth), _timbul_, _terbit_. + Sprinkle, to, _perchik_, _memerchik_; + (to water), _seram_. + Sprout, _tunas_. + Spur, _taji_. + Spy, _solo_; + (to spy), _intei_; + (spy-glass), _tĕropong_. + Squander, to, _mem-boros-kan_. + Square, _ampat-pesagi_. + Squat down, to, _ber-jungkok_. + Squeeze, to, _apit_, _tindih_; + (wring, squeeze out), _pĕrah_. + Squint, _juling_. + Squirrel, _tupei_. + Stab, to, _tikam_, _menikam_. + Stable (firm), _kukuh_, _tĕtap_; + (for horses), _bangsal-kuda_. + Stagger, to, _chondong-ruyong_, _layah-siak_, _me-ruyong_. + Stagnant, _tenang_. + Stairs, _tangga_. + Stake, post, _panchang_. + Stake (to wager), _ber-taroh_. + Stale (musty), _basi_. + Stalk, _tangkei_. + Stammer, to, _gagap_. + Stamp (to trample), _injak_, _jijak_, _pijak_, _terajang_; + (impress), _chap-kan_. + Stand, to, _ber-diri_. + Star, _bintang_. + Stare, to, _renong_. + Startled, _ter-kejut_. + Starve, to, _mati-lapar_. + Station (rank), _pangkat_. + Stay (to dwell), _tinggal_, _diam_; + (wait), _nanti_, _tangguh_. + Steady, _tetap_, _tegoh_, _kukuh_. + Steal, to, _churi_. + Steam, _hawap_; + (to cook by), _kukus_. + Steel, _baja_. + Steep, _tega_, _terjal_. + Steep (to dip), _chelop_. + Steer, to, _pegang kamudi_. + Steersman, _juru-mudi_. + Step (stride), _langkah_. + Stepfather, _bapa tiri_. + Stern (of a vessel), _burit-an_. + Stew, to, _tumis_. + Stick (walking), _tongkat_. + Stick (to adhere), _lekat_; + (to be obstructed), _sangkut_. + Stiff, _kaku_. + Sting, to, _singat_. + Stingy, _kikir_, _chikil_, _bakhil_. + Stink, _bau-busuk_. + Stir, to, _gĕrak_. + Stitch, _jerumat_. + Stockade, _kubu_. + Stocking, _sarong-kaki_. + Stocks, _pasong_. + Stomach, _pĕrut_. + Stone, _batu_. + Stool, _bangko_. + Stoop, to, _tundok_. + Stop (to cease), _ber-hinti_; + (hinder), _tahan_, _tegah_; + (intercept), _ampang_, _adang_; + (stop up, plug), _sumbat_. + Stopper, _penyumbat_. + Store, warehouse, _gĕdong_. + Stork, _bangau_. + Storm, _ribut_. + Story, _cheritra_; + (of a house), _tingkat_. + Straight, _betul_, _lurus_. + Strain (to filter), _tapis_. + Strait (of the sea), _selat_. + Strange (curious), _pelik_; + (wonderful), _‘ajaib_. + Stranger, _orang-dagang_. + Strangle, to, _pujut_. + Stray (wandering), _jalang_; + (to lose the way), _sesat_. + Stream (river), _sungei_; + (current), _harus_. + Street, _jalan_, _lorong_. + Strength, _kuasa_, _ḳuat_. + Strengthen, to, _menegoh-kan_. + Stretch (to spread out), _bentang_; + (the limbs), _melunjur_; + (in yawning), _mengelisah_. + Strew, to, _hambur-kan_. + Strict, _kĕras_. + Stride, _langkah_. + Strike, to, _pukul_, _gasak_, _palu_. + String, _tali_, _utas_. + Strip, to, _tanggal-kan_. + Striped, _bĕlang_, _ber-choring_. + Stripped (naked), _telanjang_. + Stroke, _sa’kali pukul_, _sa’kali takuk_.[2] + + [Footnote 2: There is no word in Malay which corresponds with our + word “stroke” or “blow,” the idea of distinguishing the blow + struck from the act of striking not having suggested itself to the + native mind. “So many blows” must be translated, “struck so many + times.” He was sentenced to twenty stripes with a rattan, _Kĕna + hukum di-atas-nia gasak dengan rotan dua-puloh kali_. So-and-so + can cut down a _nibong_ tree in three strokes, _Kalau si-anu + tebang pokok nibong takuk tiga kali tumbang_.] + + Stroke, to, _raba_, _urut_. + Strong, _ḳuat_, _gagah_; + (violent), _kĕras_, _dĕras_. + Struggle, to, _lawan_, _ber-gumul_. + Stubborn, _kapala-kĕras_, _degil_. + Studious (diligent), _rajin_. + Study (learning), _pelajar-an_, _pengan-an_; + (to study), _bel-ajar_, _meng-aji_. + Stumble (to trip, knock against something), _antuk ter-antuk_, + _sen-tuk_. + Stump (of a tree), _tunggul_. + Stupid, _bodoh_, _bingong_, _babal_. + Stupefied, _bius_. (See _note_, p. 112.) + Subject (subordinate to), _ta‘aluk_; + (matter, purport), _fasal_, _buku_, _bunyi_; + (citizen), _ra‘iyat_. + Submit, to, _tunduk_; + (refer for decision), _sĕmbah-kan_, _menyĕmbah-kan_. + Substitute, _ganti_. + Subtract, to, _tolak_, _chabut_. + Succeed (to take the place of), _meng-ganti_; + (to answer), _jadi_. + Succession (inheritance), _pusaka_. + Such, _bagini_, _bagitu_, _yang dami-kian_. + Suck, to, _hisap_, _hirup_; + (the breast), _mam susu_. + Suddenly, _sa-kunyong-kunyong_. + Suet, _lemak_. + Suffer (to endure), _tahan_, _tanggong_. + Sufficient, _chukup_. + Sugar, _gula_, _shakar_; + (moist), _gula-pasir_; + (sugar-candy), _gula-batu_; + (sugar-cane), _tebu_. + Suicide, _bunoh-diri_. + Suit (cause), _bichara_, _da‘wa_. + Suitable, _padan_, _patut_, _harus_. + Sulky, _muka-masam_, _merajuk_. + Sulphur, _bălirang_. + Sumatra, _pulau-percha_. + Summit, _merchu_, _puchuk_, _kamunchak_. + Summon (to call out the peasantry), _kĕrah_, _mengĕrah_; + (to cite), _panggil_. + Sun, _mata-hari_. + Sunrise, _mata-hari naik_, _terbit-mata-hari_. + Sunset, _mata-hari turun_, _masok mata-hari_. + Sundry, _ber-bagei-bagei_. + Supercargo, _tukang peta_. + Superintend, to, _pĕrentah_, _memĕ-rentah_. + Supine (lying face upwards), _telentang_. + Supple, _lemah_. + Supplies, _bakal_, _pelabur_. + Support, to, _tahan_, _tanggong_; + (prop), _sokong_. + Sure, _tuntu_, _tetap_. + Surety (security), _aku-an_. + Surfeited, _jemu_. + Surpass, to, _lalu_, _lampau_. + Surplus, _ka-lebeh-an_. + Surprised, _heiran_, _ter-chengang_. + Surrender, to, _sĕrah-kan_. + Surround, to, _kepong_, _mengeliling kan_. + Suspect, to, _menaroh shak_. + Suspicion, _shak hati_. + Swaddle, to, _bĕdong_. + Swallow (a bird), _layang-layang_; + (to swallow), _tĕlan_. + Swamp, _paya_, _redang_. + Swear, to, _sumpah_, _ber-sumpah_. + Sweat, _pĕluh_. + Sweep, to, _sapu_, _menyapu_. + Sweet, _manis_; + (fragrant), _harum_, _wangi_. + Sweetheart, _kakasih_. + Sweetmeats, _manis-an_, _halwa_. + Sweet potatoes, _keledek_. + Swell, to, _bengkak_. + Swift, _laju_, _lantas_, _dĕras_. + Swim, to, _berĕnang_. + Swindle, to, _tipu_, _kechek_. + Swing, a, _buayan_, _indul_; + (to swing), _melenggang_, _ayun_. + Swoon, to, _pengsan_. + Swoop, to, _sambar_, _menyambar_. + Sword, _pedang_. + Sympathise, _ber-serta_. + + + T. + + Table, _meja_. + Tablecloth, _kain-meja_. + Tack (to sew), _jahit_, _jaib_; + (nautical term), _beluk_. + Tail, _ekor_. + Tailor, _tukang-jaib_. + Take, to, _ambil_; + (away), _angkat_, _bawa-pergi_. + Tale, _cheritra_. + Talk, to, _ber-chakap_, _ber-kata-kata_. + Talkative, _mulut-panjang_. + Tall, _tinggi_. + Tamarind, _asam-jawa_. + Tame, _jinak_. + Tangled, _kusut_, _ter-kusut_. + Tap, to, _tepuk_, _ketok_. + Tap-root, _umbi_, _akar-susu_. + Target, _sasar_, _sasar-an_. + Taste, _rasa_. + Tasteless, _tawar_. + Tax, _chukei_. + Tea, _teh_, _cha_, _daun-teh_, _daun-cha_, _ayer-teh_, _ayer-cha_. + Teapot, _teh-kwan_. + Teach, to, _ajar_, _meng-ajar_. + Teak, _kayu jati_. + Teal, _bĕlibis_. + Tear, to, _koyak_, _charik_, _rabit_. + Tears, _ayer-mata_. + Tease, to, _usik_, _sakat_, _menyakat_. + Teeth, _gigi_. + Telescope, _tĕropong_. + Tell, to, _khabar-kan_, _bilang_, _bĕri-tahu_. + Temper, _pĕrangei_. + Tempest, _ribut_. + Temples, the, _pĕlipis_. + Tend, to, _tunggu_, _jaga_. + Tender (to offer), _unjuk-kan_. + Tendon, _urat_. + Tenor (purport), _bunyi_, _harti_. + Terrible, _ngĕri_. + Test, to, _choba_; + (metals), _uji_. + Tether to, _tambat_. + Thatch, _atap_. + Then, _waktu itu_, _tatkala itu_, _pada masa itu_. + There, _sana_, _situ_, _di-sana_, _di-situ_. + Therefore, _karana itu_, _sebab itu_. + Thick, _tĕbal_; + (in consistency), _kental_; + (turbid), _kĕroh_; + (close together), _kĕrap_, _lebat_. + Thief, _penchuri_. + Thigh, _paha_. + Thimble, _sarong-jari_, _didal_. + Thin, _nipis_, _halus_; + (lean), _kurus_. + Thing, _barang_, _bĕnda_, _mata-bĕnda_. + Think, to, _fikir_, _pikir_, _kira_, _sangka_. + Thirst, thirsty, _haus_, _dahaga_. + Thorn, _duri_. + Though, _wolo_, _lamun-kan_, _masa-kan_. + Thought, _pikir-an_, _pe-rasa-an_. + Thrash, to, _balun_, _godam_, _gasak_. + Thread, _bĕnang_. + Threaten, to, _ugut_. + Thrifty, _jimat_. + Throat (outside), _leher_; + (inside), _rungkong_. + Throb, to, _dĕbar_, _ber-dĕbar_. + Throne, _takhta_, _singgahsana_. + Through, _tĕrus_. + Throw, to, _lempar_, _baling_; + (away), _champak_, _buang_. + Thumb, _ibu-jari_. + Thunder, _guntur_, _guroh_. + Thunderbolt, _panah-halilintar_. + Tickle, to, _gĕli_. + Tide (flood), _ayer-pasang_; + (ebb), _ayer-surut_; + (current), _harus_. + Tie, to, _ikat_, _tambat_. + Tier (row), _baris_, _pangkat_, _saf_. + Tiger, _harimau_, _rimau_. + Tight, _tĕgang_, _ketat_, _chekang_. + Tiles (roofing), _ginting_. + Timber, _kayu_; + (balk), _balak_; + (tree), _pokok-kayu_. + Time, _waktu_, _katika_, _masa_; + (opportunity), _sampat_, _dan_. + Timid, _takut_. + Tin, _timah_, _timah-puteh_. + Tinder, _rabok_. + Tinsel, _pĕrada_. + Tipsy, _mabuk_. + Tired, _pĕnat_, _lĕlah_. + Title, _gĕlar-an_. + Toad, _kangkong_. + Toast, to, _panggang_. + Tobacco, _tembakau_. + To-day, _hari-ini_. + Toddy, _tuak_. + Toe, _jari-kaki_. + Together, _sama_, _sama-sama_, _serta_. + Token, _‘alamat_, _tanda_. + Toll, _chukei_. + Tomb, _ḳubur_; + (place of visitation), _kăramat_.[3] + [Footnote 3: _Kăramat_, a tomb, place, person, or thing of reputed + sanctity; a corruption of the words _ka rahmat_, “to the mercy,” + which occur in the phrase, _Sudah pulang ka rahmat Allah_, “Has + returned to the mercy of God,” _i.e._, has died.] + To-morrow, _esok_, _besok_; + (morning), _besok-pagi_. + Tone, _bunyi_. + Tongs, _penyĕpit_. + Tongue, _lidah_. + Tools, _pekakas_. + Tooth, _gigi_; + (-pick), _pen-chunkil-gigi_. + Top, _kapala_; + (summit), _puchuk_, _kamunchak_. + Torch, _damar_, _suluh_. + Torment, _sangsara_. + Torrent, _ayer-dĕras_; + (of tears), _sebak_. + Tortoise, _kora-kora_, _labi-labi_; + (-shell), _sisik-pennyu_. + Torture, _tuwas_. + Toss, to, _me-lanting_. + Total, _jumlah_, _kumpul-an_. + Touch, to, _chekoh_, _jabat_, _suntoh_. + Touchstone, _batu-uji_. + Tow, to, _tunda_. + Towards, _ara ka-_, _hala ka-_, _tuju ka-_. + Towel, _sapu-tangan_. + Town, _negri_, _bandar_. + Toy, _per-main-an_. + Trace, _băkas_; + (foot-mark), _băkas-kaki_. + Trade, _per-nyaga-an_; + (to carry on), _ber-nyaga_, _menyaga_. + Trader, _sudagar_. + Tradition, _cheritra orang tuah-tuah_. + Trample, to, _pijak_, _jijak_, _terajang_. + Transcribe, to, _salin-kan_, _turun-kan_. + Translate, to, _salin_, _tarjamah_, _turun-kan_, _pindah-kan_. + Transplant, to, _alih_, _pindah-kan_. + Transparent, _jerneh_, _hening_. + Transverse, _lentang_. + Trap, _perangkap_; + (bird-), _rachik_; + (set with a spear or sharp stake for larger animals), _belantik_. + Trappings, _per-hias-an_. + Tray, _dulang_; + (round), _talam_. + Tread, to, _pijak_, _jijak_, _injak_. + Treasury, _khazanah_. + Treaty, _per-janji-an_. + Tree, _pokok_, _pohun_; + (a dead tree), _punggor_; + (a fallen tree), _rĕbah_. + Tremble, to, _kĕtar_, _mengĕtar_. + Trench, _parit_. + Tribe, _suku_. + Trick (to cheat), _kichau_, _kechek_. + Trickle, _titik_, _menitik_. + Trim (to arrange), _andam_, _meng-andam_; + (balance), _timbang_. + Troop (company, flock), _kawan_. + Trouble, _ka-susah-an_; + (misfortune, calamity), _bala_, _malang_, _mara-bahaya_; + (difficulty), _ka-sukar-an_. + Trough, _palong_. + Trousers, _saluar_, _sarual_, _chalana_. + True, _bĕnar_, _sungguh_, _bĕtul_. + Trunk (of a tree), _batang_; + (of an elephant), _belalei_. + Trust (to confide), _harap_, _perchaya_. + Try, to, _choba_; + (judicially), _păreḳsa_. + Tub, _tong_. + Tumble, to, _jatoh_, _rebah_. + Tune, _lagu_, _ragam_. + Turban, _sarban_, _dastar_, _tangkolo_. + Turn (to go round), _ber-pusing_, _ber-paling_; + (to cause to move round), _mem-pusing_; + (over), _balik-kan_. + Turtle, _pennyu_. + Tusk, _siong_, _taring_; + (of an elephant), _gading_. + Twig, _dahan_, _ranting_. + Twinkle, to, _kĕjap_, _kĕlip_. + Twilight (morning), _dina-hari_; + (evening), _senja-kala_. + Twin, _kambar_. + Twine (cord), _tali-rami_. + Twist, to, _pulas_, _pintal_. + Tyrannical, _zalim_. + + + U. + + Ugly, _uduh_, _buruk_. + Ulcer, _puru_. + Umbrella, _payong_. + Uncertain, _ta’ tuntu_. + Uncle, _bapa-sudara_, _pa-penakan_. + Uncover, _buka_, _mem-buka_. + Under, _bawah_, _di-bawah_. + Understand, _mengarti_. + Underwood, _bĕlukar_. + Undress, to, _tanggal kain baju_, _buka pakei-an_. + Unfortunate, _chelaka_, _nasib ta’ baik_. + Unhappy, _susah-hati_. + Unite, to, _hubong_, _rapat-kan_. + Universe, _‘alam_. + Unless, _hania_, _melain-kan_. + Unload, to, _bongkar_, _punggah_. + Unlucky, _chelaka_, _malang_. + Unmannerly, _kasar_, _be-adab_. + Unmarried, _bujang_. + Untie, to, _rungkei_, _luchut-kan_. + Until, _sampei_, _hingga_. + Untrue, _bohong_, _dusta_. + Up, _atas_, _di-atas_, _ka-atas_; + (up to, as high as), _arah_, _ḥad_. + Upside down, _ter-balik_. + Urine, _ayer-kinching_. + Usage, _‘adat_. + Use, _guna_; + (to use), _pakei_, _per-guna-kan_. + Useful, _ber-guna_. + Utter, to, _sebut_, _meng-uchap_. + + + V. + + Vacant, _kosong_. + Vagabond, _bangsat_. + Vain, conceited, _kachak_, _bisi_, _sombong_; + (fruitless), _sia-sia_, _chuma_. + Valiant, _gagah_, _bĕrani_, _perkasa_. + Valley, _lembah_, _lurah_. + Valuable, _endah_, _ber-harga_. + Value (to appraise), _nilai_. + Vanish, to, _linyap_, _ghraib_. + Vanquish, to, _alah-kan_; + (vanquished), _alah_. + Vapour, _hawap_. + Variegated, _pancha-warna_; + (striped), _ber-choring_. + Various, _ber-bagei-bagei_, _ber-jenis-jenis_. + Vary (to alter), _ubah_; + (differ), _ber-lain_, _ber-beda_. + Vast, _luas_. + Vegetables, _sayur_. + Veil, _kain-selubong_. + Veiled, _ber-selubong_. + Vein, _urat-darah_. + Velvet, _beludu_; + (of a deer’s antlers), _saput_. + Vengeance, _balas_; + (animosity, desire of vengeance), _damdam_. + Venom, _bisa_. + Verandah, _serambi_. + Verily, _sa-sunggoh-nia_. + Vermin (insect), _tuma_. + Verse, _sloka_; + (text), _ayat_. + Vex, to, _usik_, _menyusah-kan_. + Victory, _jaya_. + Village, _kampong_, _dusun_. + Vinegar, _chuka_. + Violate, to, _rugul_, _me-rugul_. + Virgin, _anak-dara_. + Visit, to, _ber-tandang_. + Vizier, _wazir_. + Voice, _suara_. + Volcano, _gunong ber-api_. + Volume, _jilit_. + Vomit, to, _muntah_. + Voracious, _gĕlujuh_. + Vow, _niat_; + (to fulfill a vow), _bayar niat_, _lepas niat_. + Vowel-points, _baris_. + Voyage, _pe-layar-an_. + Vulgar, _hina_. + Vulture, _hering_. + + + W. + + Wade, to, _meng-arung_, _me-randai_. + Wages, _gaji_, _upah_. + Wail, to, _ratap_. + Waist, _pinggang_; + (waist-belt), _tali-pinggang_, _tali-pending_. + Waist-buckle, _pending_. + Wait, to, _nanti_, _tangguh_. + Wake, to, _jaga_, _ber-jaga_. + Waken, to, _men-jaga-kan_, _bangun-kan_, _gĕrak-kan_. + Walk, to, _jalan_, _ber-jalan_; + (on all fours), _me-rangkak_. + Walking-stick, _tongkat_. + Wall, _dinding_, _tembok_. + Wallow, to, _meng-gĕlumang_. + Wander, to, _ber-hanyut_. + Want (necessity), _ka-korang-an_; + (to want), _handak_, _mahu_, _ber-ka-handak_. + Wanton, _gatal_. + War, _pĕrang_. + Ward off, to, _tangkis_. + Warehouse, _gĕdong_. + Warm, _panas_, _hangat_; + (to warm oneself at a fire), _ber-diang_. + Wash, to, _basoh_. + Wasp, _tabuan_, _peningat_. + Waste (to squander), _burus_. + Watch, _jam_, _harloji_, _urulis_; + (to watch), _jaga_, _tunggu_, _kawal_; + (expectantly), _me-langut_. + Water, _ayer_. + Waterfall, _ayer-terjun_, _ayer-lata_. + Water-melon, _temikei_. + Waterpot, _buyong_, _kindi_. + Wave, _ombak_, _gelumbang_; + (to wave), _kirap_, _kĕlebat_. + Wax, _lilin_; + (sealing wax), _lak_. + Weak, _lĕmah_, _leteh_. + Wealth, _ka-kaya-an_. + Weapon, _senjata_. + Wear, to, _pakei_. + Weary, _leteh_, _lesu_, _pĕnat_. + Weather (climate), _angin_. + Weave, to, _tĕnun_. + Web (spider’s), _sarang-laba-laba_. + Wedge, _baji_. + Week, _juma‘at_, _minggu_. + Weep, to, _tangis_, _menangis_. + Weigh, to, _timbang_; + (anchor), _bongkar-sauh_. + Weighty, _bĕrat_. + Welcome, to, _tegor_, _meng-elu_. + Well, _tĕlaga_, _pĕrigi_; + (-born), _bang-sawan_; + (-bred), _bastari_, _ber-budi_. + West, _barat_, _mata-hari-jatoh_, _maghrib_. + Wet, _basah_. + Whale, _paus_. + Wheat, _gandum_. + Wheel, _roda_. + Whet, to, _asak_, _chanai_. + Whetstone, _batu-asah_. + While, _sĕdang_, _salagi_, _sambil_. + Whip, _chabuk_, _chamti_. + Whiskers, _misei_. + Whisper, to, _bisek_, _ber-bisek_. + Whistle, to, _siul_. + White, _puteh_. + Whole, _sumua_, _chukup_. + Wick, _sumbu_. + Wicked, _jahat_. + Wide, _lebar_, _luas_; + (not closed), _renggang_. + Widow, _janda_, _balu_. + Widower, _balu laki-laki_. + Wife, _bini_, _istri_, _perampuan_. + Wild, _liar_. + Will, _ka-handak_, _harap_, _harap-hati_, _ka-handak-hati_; + (testament), _wasiyat_. + Willing, _sudi_, _suka_, _mahu_. + Win, to, _mĕnang_. + Wind, _angin_; + (to wind), _balut_, _lilit_, _putar_, _pusing_. + Window, _jandela_, _tingkap_. + Windpipe, _rungkong_. + Wine, _anggur_. + Wing, _sayap_, _kepak_. + Wink, to, _kejap_, _kelip_. + Winnow, to, _tampik_. + Wipe, to, _sapu_, _menyapu_. + Wire, _kawat_, _dawei_. + Wisdom, _ka-pandei-an_, _bijaksana_. + Wise, _pandei_, _bijak_, _cherdek_. + Wish, to, _handak_, _mahu_, _harap_, _niat-hati_, _ber-ka-handak_. + Withdraw, to, _undur_. + Wither, to, _layu_. + Withhold, to, _tahan_, _tahan-kan_. + Witness, _saḳsi_. + Woe, _duka_. + Woman, _perampuan_, _betina_. + Womb, _pĕrut_. + Wonder, to, _ber-chengang_, _heiran_. + Wonderful, _‘ajaib_. + Wood, _kayu_; + (a wood), _hutan_, _bĕlukar_. + Woodpecker, _belatok_. + Wood-pigeon, _tekukur_. + Wool, _bulu_. + Word, _sa’patah chakap_, _per-kata-an_. + Work, _karja_; + (to work), _buat karja_, _karja-kan_, _mengarja-kan_. + Workman, _tukang_. + World, _dunia_. + Worm, _chaching_, _hulat_. + Worship, to, _sembahyang_, _puja_. + Worth, _harga_, _laku_. + Worthy, _mustehik_. + Wound, _luka_; + (open), _liang_. + Wrap, to, _balut_, _bungkus-an_. + Wrecked, _karam_. + Wrench open, to, _umpil_, _sungkit_. + Wrestle, to, _ber-gumul_. + Write, to, _tulis_, _menulis_, _menyurat_. + Wrinkle, wrinkled, _kĕrut_, _kerukut_, _keretut_. + Wrist, _peng-gĕlang-an_. + Writer, _juru-tulis_. + Wrong, _salah_, _silap_. + + + Y. + + Yam, _ubi_. + Yard, _ela_. + Yawn, to, _meng-uwap_. + Year, _tahun_. + Yearly, _sa-tahun-tahun_. + Yearn, to, _rindu_, _dendam_. + Yeast, _ragi_. + Yellow, _kuning_. + Yesterday, _kalmarin_; + (the day before --), _kalmarin dahulu_. + Yet, _lagi_. + Yoke, _koh_. + Yolk (of an egg), _kuning-telor_. + Young, _muda_. + Youth, a, _budak_. + + Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO. + Edinburgh & London + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + +ERRATA (noted by transcriber) + +Minor errors in punctuation, such as missing periods (full stops) at the +end of a sentence, were silently corrected. In the tables of Sanskrit +derivations, all citations from Sir William Jones were missing the +closing parenthesis. The spellings “Tamil” and “Tamul” are used +interchangeably. + +Hyphenization is as in the original. Note that in modern written +Malay, hyphens are generally not used except in duplications such as +“siapa-siapa”. + +In the Vocabulary list, a few commas after parentheses were silently +supplied. + + _Tong-kat_ a walking-stick, &c. + [_text unchanged: other words in this list use spelling “Tang-_”] + _Ap_ ... a{lap} [_text unchanged: error for “al{ap}” with + non-italic “l”?_] + _Sejarah Malayu_ [_later spelled “Sâjarah”_] + the difference between _cold_ and _a cold_ + [_text has “differ-/rence” at line break_] + _ka-puji-an_, praise [_second hyphen missing or invisible_] + Pronouns: _Tĕman_ (lit. companion). [Tĕan] + _Maka uleh baginda pun di-sambut dengan seperti ‘adat_, + [_text has ἁ (Greek alpha with rough breathing) for ‘a_] + PART I: XI. PARTICLES. [X.] + Lesson IV. ... to play, _main_. [maln] + Printed ... Edinburgh & London [_text from 8th edn.; 10th edn. + changes to “at Paul’s Work, Edinburgh”] + +Montaigne quotation + + Je n’en refuis aulcune de phrases qui s’usent ... + [_Passage is formally “aulcune de celles [des phrases] qui” ..._] + +Sanskrit + + Continually ... sâda (perishing) + [_text unchanged: error for “sadâ” (always)?_] + Makara + [_May be an error: Sanskrit makara is crocodile or Capricorn_] + King ... râj [_text unchanged: should probably be “râjan”_] + Lakshmaṇa [lakhshmaṇa] + District ... diçâ [dicâ] + Varuṇa (the deity of the waters) [Varuna] + _pertama_ (Sansk. _prathama_ ), first [pratama] + +Question Marks in Lessons + + printed . for ? + Lesson V. ... _Pokoh mana handak tebang?_ + Lesson XXI. ... _Kamu tahu-kah menjahit?_ + Lesson XXX. ... _Ada-kah siapa-siapa datang men-chahari sahaya?_ + Lesson XXXIX. ... _Apa sakit-nia?_ + + printed ? for . + Lesson XXVI. ... _Bukan sa-kali ini sahaja yang dia buat jahat._ + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Manual of the Malay language, by +William Edward Maxwell + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE *** + +***** This file should be named 25604-0.txt or 25604-0.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/5/6/0/25604/ + +Produced by Louise Hope, Miranda van de Heijning and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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