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+Project Gutenberg's A Manual of the Malay language, by William Edward Maxwell
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Manual of the Malay language
+       With an Introductory Sketch of the Sanskrit Element in Malay
+
+Author: William Edward Maxwell
+
+Release Date: May 26, 2008 [EBook #25604]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Louise Hope, Miranda van de Heijning and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Transcriber’s Note:
+
+This e-text includes characters that will only display in UTF-8
+(Unicode) text readers:
+
+  ḳ, ḥ, ṭ, ḍ, ṇ, ṃ, ṛ (letters with dot under: except ḳ and ḥ, these
+    are used only in Sanskrit words)
+  ṅ (n with dot over, in Sanskrit words)
+  ă, ĕ, ŭ (vowel with breve or “short” sign: only ĕ is common)
+  ā (a with macron or “long” sign)
+
+If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular,
+if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the
+apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage,
+make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set
+to Unicode (UTF-8). You may also need to change the default font. As a
+last resort, use the Latin-1 version of the text.
+
+In the section on Sanskrit origins, anusvara was printed as m̃ (m with
+tilde). It has been changed in this e-text to ṃ (m with dot under) for
+more reliable display. Note also that ś is written as ç, ṣ as sh, and
+ṛ as ṛi.
+
+Footnote 53 of the Introduction refers to “the peculiar vowel sound
+represented in Arabic by the letter _ain_ ... denoted by the Greek rough
+breathing”. The reference is to the glottal stop. It is represented in
+this e-text with a single opening quote ‘ because this will display more
+reliably than the printed text’s ‛ or ῾ (“Greek rough breathing”,
+equivalent to a “reversed high-nine” single quote).
+
+In some sections, parts of words are italicized. These italics are shown
+in {braces}; elsewhere, italics are shown conventionally with _lines_.
+
+Errors are listed at the end of the e-text.]
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+           *       *       *       *
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A
+
+MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
+
+
+
+
+NEW WORKS ON
+
+MALAY LANGUAGE
+
+HANDBOOK OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE, for the Use of Tourists and Residents.
+  By KELLY and WALSH. Second Edition. 98 pages, 12mo, cloth. 1903.
+  3s. 6d. net. Printed in Roman characters only. It contains an
+  elementary grammar and an English-Malay vocabulary.
+
+SPREEKT GIJ MALEISCH? Words and phrases in Dutch, Malay, French, German,
+  and English. By JZN. RIJNENBERG. Fourth Edition. 163 pages, oblong
+  8vo. 1901. 3s. 6d. net.
+
+PRACTICAL MALAY GRAMMAR, with Reading and Translation Exercises. By
+  W. G. SHELLABEAR. 83 pages, 8vo, bound. 1899. 5s. net. All Malay words
+  are printed in Roman characters only.
+
+MALAY-ENGLISH VOCABULARY, containing 6500 Malay words and phrases. By
+  W. G. SHELLABEAR. 141 pages, 8vo, cloth. 1902. 6s. net. Printed in
+  Roman characters only.
+
+MALAY-ENGLISH DICTIONARY. By R. J. WILKINSON. 4to. 1901-3. Unbound,
+  £2, 10s.; bound, £3, 3s. The Malay words are printed in Arabic and
+  in Roman characters.
+
+ENGLISH-MALAY VOCABULARY. By F. A. SWETTENHAM. Fifth Edition. 245 and
+  xxxii pages, 8vo, cloth. 1905. 8s. 6d. net.
+
+MALAY-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. By F. A. SWETTENHAM. New edition in
+  preparation. ⁂ Malay words printed both in Arabic and Roman
+  characters.
+
+TRAVELLER’S MALAY PRONOUNCING HANDBOOK, for the Use of Travellers and
+  Newcomers to Singapore. Seventh Edition. 317 and xxvi pages, 12mo,
+  cloth. 1904. 5s.
+
+    _Printed in Roman characters only._
+
+
+  LONDON: KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER, & CO. LTD.
+  Dryden House, Gerrard Street, W.
+
+
+
+
+  A MANUAL
+
+  of the
+
+  MALAY LANGUAGE.
+
+  with
+
+  +An Introductory Sketch of the
+  Sanskrit Element in Malay.+
+
+  by
+
+  WILLIAM EDWARD MAXWELL,
+  of the Inner Temple, Barrister-At-Law;
+  Assistant Resident, Perak, Malay Peninsula.
+
+
+  EIGHTH EDITION.
+
+
+  LONDON:
+  KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER, & CO. Ltd.
+  Dryden House, Gerrard Street, W.
+
+  1907
+
+
+
+
+Je n’en refuis aulcune de phrases qui s’usent emmy les rues;
+ceux qui veulent combattre l’usage par la grammaire se mocquent.
+
+  MONTAIGNE.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+The language which I have endeavoured to illustrate in the following
+pages is the Malay of the British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca,
+some knowledge of which I have had the opportunity of acquiring during
+sixteen years’ service in Penang, Province Wellesley, Malacca,
+Singapore, and Perak.
+
+Dialectical peculiarities are so abundant in Malay that it is impossible
+to teach the colloquial language of the people without imparting to the
+lesson the distinct marks of a particular locality. In parts of India it
+is said proverbially that in every twelve _kos_ there is a variation in
+the language,[1] and very much the same might be said of the Malay
+Peninsula and adjacent islands. The construction of the language and the
+general body of words remain, of course, the same, but in every state or
+subdivision of a state there are peculiar words and expressions and
+variations of accent and pronunciation which belong distinctively to it.
+Words common in one district sound strangely in another, or, it may be,
+they convey different meanings in the two places. Even words of such
+constant occurrence as the personal pronouns “I” and “you” vary
+according to locality. The Kedah accent is easily distinguished from
+that of Patani, and that again from the speech of Trengganu and Pahang.
+Certain expressions common in Penang are almost unintelligible in
+Malacca and Singapore, and _vice versâ_. In Perak it is not difficult to
+say whether a man comes from the upper or lower reaches of the river, by
+merely noting particular words in his conversation. Even individual
+villages and districts have their peculiar twang or their tricks of
+expression not found elsewhere. In Java, Sumatra, and other islands
+eastward in which Malay is spoken, the pronunciation and character of
+the language are much influenced by the other languages current there.
+Malay is only spoken in perfection in places where the natives speak no
+other tongue.
+
+    [Footnote 1: Beames, Comparative Grammar of the Aryan Languages,
+    p. 101.]
+
+Native pedantry has endeavoured to classify various styles of speaking,
+as the court style (_bahasa dalam_), the well-bred style (_bahasa
+bangsawan_), the trader’s language (_bahasa dagang_), and the mixed
+language (_bahasa kachau-kan_), but all that can be correctly said is,
+that a limited number of words are used exclusively in intercourse with
+royal personages; that persons of good birth and education, in the
+Eastern Archipelago, as elsewhere, select their expressions more
+carefully than the lower classes; and that the vocabulary of commerce
+does not trouble itself with the graces of style and the copious use of
+Arabic words which commend themselves to native writers.
+
+The written language is more stilted and less terse and idiomatic than
+the colloquial dialect; and even where pure Malay is employed, the
+influence of Arabic compositions is very marked. Whole sentences,
+sometimes, though clothed in excellent Malay, are unacknowledged
+translations of Arabic phrases. This may be verified by any one well
+acquainted with Malay literary compositions who will look into a really
+good translation of an Arabic work; for instance, Lane’s translation of
+the “Thousand and One Nights.” The Malay speaks much better than he
+writes, and has at his command quantities of words which never find
+their way into his literature, and, therefore, but rarely into
+dictionaries compiled by Europeans.
+
+The spelling of Malay words in the native character is hardly yet fixed,
+though the Perso-Arabic alphabet has been in use since the thirteenth
+century; and those follow but a vain shadow who seek to prescribe exact
+modes of spelling words regarding which even native authorities are not
+agreed, and of which the pronunciation may vary according to locality.
+The experience of Crawfurd sufficiently proves this; there are words in
+his dictionary which are transliterated in as many as four different
+ways.
+
+Two classes of works in his own language have hitherto been at the
+service of the English student of Malay--grammars, more or less
+scientifically arranged, and vocabularies and books of dialogues, which
+presuppose some knowledge of grammatical construction.
+
+The Malay Grammar of Marsden is an admirable work, of unquestionable
+utility to the advanced student; but it contains more than the beginner
+wants to know. Crawfurd’s Malay Grammar, too, is hardly a work to put
+into the hands of a beginner.
+
+Mere vocabularies, on the other hand, teach nothing but words and
+sentences, and throw no light upon forms of construction.
+
+It has been my aim to supply a work which will be at once an elementary
+grammar and a compendium of words and sentences, which will teach the
+colloquial dialect and yet explain grammatical rules; and for this I
+have taken as my model the Hindustani Manual of the late Professor
+Forbes.
+
+The language is not ennobled by having been the speech of men who have
+made their mark in the world’s history. The islands of Indonesia have
+never startled the Eastern world with an Akbar, or charmed it with a
+Hafiz or a Chand. Receptivity, not originality, is the characteristic of
+the Malay races. But the importance of Malay, when the traveller heads
+eastward from the Bay of Bengal, has been recognised by Europeans since
+the sixteenth century, when Magellan’s Malay interpreter was found to be
+understood from one end of the Archipelago to the other. It is the
+strong and growing language of an interesting people, and (in the words
+of a recent writer on Eastern languages) “for Malay, as for Hindustani,
+a magnificent future may be anticipated among the great speech-media of
+Asia and of the world. They manifest that capacity for the absorption
+and assimilation of foreign elements which we recognise as making
+English the greatest vernacular that the world has ever seen.”[2]
+
+    [Footnote 2: Cust, Modern Languages of the East Indies, 150.]
+
+  W. E. M.
+
+  THE RESIDENCY, LARUT, PERAK,
+  _July_ 1, 1881
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+The interest of Englishmen in the Malay language began with the early
+ventures of the East India Company in the Far East, in the first years
+of the seventeenth century. It was the language of commerce everywhere
+east of the Bay of Bengal, and our earliest adventurers found it spoken
+at the trading ports which they visited. The Portuguese had preceded
+them by a century, and the Dutch had been a little earlier in the same
+field. Our countrymen seem to have been indebted to the latter for their
+first Malay vocabulary. The minutes of the East India Company record
+how, on the 22d January 1614, “a book of dialogues, heretofore
+translated into Latin by the Hollanders, and printed with the Malacca
+tongue, Mr. Hakluyt having now turned the Latin into English, and
+supposed very fit for the factors to learn, was ordered to be printed
+before the departure of the ships.”[1]
+
+    [Footnote 1: Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, East
+    Indies, p. 272.]
+
+At present the use of Malay, as far as Englishmen are concerned, is
+chiefly confined to the officers of the Colonial Government in the
+British possessions in the Straits of Malacca and in the native states
+adjoining them, and to other residents in those parts, and in the Dutch
+settlements in the East. To these may be added the English communities
+of Labuan and Sarawak, and merchants, traders, and seamen all over the
+Eastern Archipelago. The limited extent of our Malay possessions, when
+they are compared with the magnificent islands which make up Netherlands
+India, excuse us, no doubt, for the secondary place which we occupy in
+all researches connected with the language and literature of the Malays.
+To the Dutch their colonies in the Eastern seas are what our Indian
+Empire is to us; and with them the study of Malay, Javanese, Kawi, &c.,
+takes the place of Persian, Hindustani, Tamil, Sanskrit, &c., which
+occupy our civilians in India. The extent and value of Dutch works on
+Malay subjects is, however, but little known to Englishmen in the East,
+owing to their general ignorance of the Dutch language. It is not too
+much to say that any one aiming at a thorough knowledge of the language,
+literature, and history of the Malay people should commence his task by
+learning Dutch.
+
+Malay is the language not of a nation, but of tribes and communities
+widely scattered in the East, and is probably spoken with greatest
+purity in the states of Kedah and Perak, on the west coast of the Malay
+Peninsula. It is spoken in all the states of the Peninsula, in Sumatra,
+Sunda, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Flores, Timor, and Timor Laut, the
+Moluccas, and the Philippines. Traces of it are found among the numerous
+Polynesian dialects, and in the language of the islanders of Formosa.
+Siam proper has a large Malay population, descendants mainly of captives
+taken in war, and the language is therefore in use there in places; it
+is found also here and there on the coasts and rivers of Anam and
+Cochin-China. No other language of the Eastern Archipelago is understood
+over such an extensive area, and it is the common means of communication
+between the numerous tribes and races of the Malay family whose
+languages and dialects differ.
+
+Logan supposes that the earliest inhabitants of the Archipelago were
+tribes of Africo-Indian origin, who peopled the Eastern islands as well
+as the more accessible portions of the Continent, descendants of whom he
+recognises in the negro and quasi-negro tribes that are still preserved
+in some of the mountains of the Malay Peninsula, Siam, and Anam. To
+these succeeded immigrant tribes from Mid-Asia, by way of the Irawadi,
+whom Logan designates by the term of the Tibeto-Anam family, all the
+races and languages from Tibet to Anam being included under it. “By a
+long-continued influx this family spread itself over the Peninsula,
+Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Celebes; but its farther progress over the
+many islands to the north and east appears to have been checked by the
+older races. It was probably only by slow steps and by settling at many
+points that it gained a firm footing even in the western islands, and a
+long period must have elapsed before its tribes became so populous and
+spread so far into the interior as to enable them to absorb and destroy
+the earlier occupants.”[2] The variety which exists among the languages
+and dialects in the region affected by these movements is thus accounted
+for by Logan:-- “The languages imported by the Tibeto-Anamese settlers
+differed as did those of the natives, and the combinations formed in
+different places from the contact of the two families varied in the
+proportions of each which entered into them. But the structures of the
+native tongues had strong affinities amongst themselves, and
+predominated in all these new combinations.”[3]
+
+    [Footnote 2: Journ. Ind. Arch., iv. 311.]
+
+    [Footnote 3: Idem, p. 315.]
+
+The idea presented by this sketch of the origin of the aboriginal Malay
+language is that of a mixed dialect, borrowing something from the
+Tibeto-Anam languages (the influence of which would be more apparent in
+the western settlements), and gradually approaching the Africo-Indian
+forms farther east.[4] “Lastly,” Logan supposes, “a later Indian
+influence, belonging to a far more advanced civilisation, flowed in a
+great stream into the Western Archipelago, and cut off that of the
+Irawadi, before its linguistic operation had made much progress.”[5] It
+is to this epoch that we must ascribe the introduction of the Sanskrit
+element into the Malay language.
+
+    [Footnote 4: Journ. Ind. Arch., v. p. 569.]
+
+    [Footnote 5: Idem.]
+
+Malay is mainly dissyllabic, but there are not wanting evidences of a
+former monosyllabic tendency. The syllable _bu_, _bun_, or _bung_, for
+instance, occurs in a considerable number of words conveying an idea of
+roundness:--
+
+  _Bu-lan_      the moon.
+  _Bu-lat_      round.
+  _Bu-ah_       fruit.
+  _Bu-yong_     a jar.
+  _Bu-tir_      a grain, globule.
+  _Bu-sar_      an arch.
+  _Bu-kit_      a hill.
+  _Bu-sut_      an anthill.
+  _Bun-tar_     round.
+  _Bun-ting_    pregnant.
+  _Bun-chit_    pot-bellied.
+  _Bun-tut._    the buttocks.
+  _Bun-toh_     a numeral affix implying rotundity
+                     (cf. _lún_, Burmese), used with such
+                     words as _chin-chin_, a ring; and _kail_,
+                     a fishhook.
+  _Bung-kok_    hump-backed.
+  _Bung-kus_    a bundle.
+
+Many others might be cited.[6]
+
+    [Footnote 6: These remarks do not, of course, affect foreign
+    words, such as _bumi_ and _bujang_ derived from the Sanskrit
+    _bhumi_ and _bhujangga_.]
+
+Another characteristic list of words might be made, compounded with the
+monosyllable _tang_ (which in Sakai and Semang means “_hand_”), and
+conveying an idea of seizing or holding.
+
+  _Tang-an _     the hand.
+  _Tang-kap_     to seize.
+  _Tang-kei_     a stalk.
+  _Tang-gong_    to support.
+  _Tang-gal_     to drop off (having left hold).
+  _Tong-kat_     a walking-stick, &c.
+
+The history of the Malay people is to be discovered in the language
+itself, for no authentic records of pre-Muhammadan times exist. Just as
+an insight into the early history of our own nation may be obtained by
+analysing the component parts of the English tongue, and assigning to
+each of the languages which have contributed to make it what it is their
+due proportion of influence, so, by resolving the Malay language into
+its separate elements, of which native, Sanskrit, and Arabic are the
+chief, and by examining the words contributed by each, it is possible to
+follow with some approach to historical accuracy the successive advances
+which the Malay people have made on the path of civilisation.
+
+The aboriginal dialect, prior to the admixture of Sanskrit, must have
+been but the poor vocabulary of men hardly raised above savage life. The
+purely native element in Malay furnishes all the necessary terms to
+express the physical objects surrounding men leading a primitive life in
+the forest, and all that has to do with their food, dwellings,
+agriculture, fishing, hunting, and domestic affairs.
+
+The use of a Sanskrit word for “plough” seems to record a revolution in
+agriculture. The primitive cultivation of the Malays was carried on by
+clearing and burning the hill-sides (a system still largely adopted in
+native states where land is plentiful and timber valueless), and the
+cultivation of the wet ricefields of the plains, which necessitates the
+use of the plough, would thus seem to have been resorted to only after
+the arrival of the Hindus.
+
+As soon as the analysis reaches moral ideas, or objects requiring some
+advance in civilisation, it is found that they are expressed by words of
+foreign origin. These are, for the most part, Sanskrit or Arabic. The
+latter require no notice here, for they are of comparatively recent
+introduction. For the most part, they consist of terms incidental to the
+ethical and religious teaching of the Muhammadans. The Arabic element in
+Malay is not accurately determinable, for new expressions are constantly
+being introduced.
+
+A sketch of the Sanskrit element in Malay is all that there is space for
+here.
+
+A careful classification of the principal Sanskrit words which are found
+in Malay helps to indicate what must have been the condition of society
+when the Aryan came into contact with the islanders of Sumatra. It
+shows, independently of other proof, that Hindu colonisation must have
+gradually introduced the Malay races to institutions, ideas, pursuits,
+and wants to which they had hitherto been strangers. Many of the
+incidents of commerce, most of the metals and precious stones, the pomp
+and ceremony of royalty, and the use of the elephant, are shown, by the
+Sanskrit nomenclature employed in describing them, to be of Hindu
+importation. From this it is not difficult to infer the primitive
+condition of a people to whom all these things were unknown. So, the
+Sanskrit names of many weapons indicate a period when the rude weapons
+of savage Malay tribes--blowpipes, spears, &c.--were supplemented by
+arms of a more formidable character, for which they were indebted to
+India. Other groups of words show, independently of other proof, that
+the Hindu religion was successfully planted among the Malays and
+flourished for a time, and that the monarchical form of government was
+introduced in Malay countries by Hindu settlers and rulers.
+
+The word “rulers” is used advisedly, for the theory of Marsden as to the
+manner of the introduction of Hinduism seems to possess greater claims
+to general acceptance than that advocated by certain other writers,
+notably Leyden and Crawfurd. Crawfurd asserted that the Sanskrit words
+adopted in Malay came originally through the Hindu priesthood, and that
+the priests through whom this was effected belonged to the Telugu race,
+this, in his opinion, being the people who, commencing by trading with
+the Malays, proceeded to partial settlement in their country, and ended
+by converting them to Hinduism and introducing the language and
+literature of the Hindus. He entirely discountenances the idea that
+Sanskrit could have been introduced by a people of whom it was the
+vernacular language.[7] He admits, however, that in Southern India
+Sanskrit was itself a foreign tongue; that Sanskrit has found its way
+into Javanese and Malay in a state of comparative purity, and not
+intermixed with Telugu; and that there is no trace whatever of any
+extensive settlement of the Telugus in the Malay Archipelago.
+
+    [Footnote 7: Crawfurd, Malay Grammar, Dissertation xxxix., xliii.]
+
+Marsden’s contention, on the other hand, points to Gujarat as the
+quarter from which Hindu civilisation penetrated to the far East, and to
+conquest as the mode in which the way was cleared for its
+introduction.[8]
+
+    [Footnote 8: “Innovations of such magnitude, we shall venture to
+    say, could not have been produced otherwise than by the entire
+    domination and possession of these islands by some ancient Hindu
+    power, and by the continuance of its sway during several ages. Of
+    the period when this state of things existed we at present know
+    nothing, and judging of their principles of action by what we
+    witness in these days, we are at a loss to conceive under what
+    circumstances they could have exerted an influence in distant
+    countries of the nature here described. The spirit of foreign
+    conquest does not appear to have distinguished their character and
+    zeal, for the conversion of others to their own religious faith
+    seems to be incompatible with their tenets. We may, however, be
+    deceived by forming our opinion from the contemplation of modern
+    India, and should recollect that, previously to the Mohametan
+    irruptions into the upper provinces, which first took place about
+    the year 1000, and until the progressive subjugation of the
+    country by Persians and Moghuls, there existed several powerful
+    and opulent Hindu states of whose maritime relations we are
+    entirely ignorant at present, and can only cherish the hope of
+    future discoveries from the laudable spirit of research that
+    pervades and does so much honour to our Indian establishments.”
+    --_Marsden, Malay Grammar_, xxxii.]
+
+Before proceeding to classify some of the Sanskrit words which are found
+in Malay, and to deduce any theories from their presence, it is
+necessary, in order to avoid misconception, to notice several
+difficulties which cannot be overlooked.
+
+In the first place, it is not meant to be asserted that the Malays have
+obtained all the words enumerated further on direct from the people of
+India. All theories founded upon the presence of Sanskrit words in Malay
+must apply with equal force to Javanese, which contains a larger
+proportion of Sanskrit words than Malay. “Sanskrit words are found in
+greatest purity in the Javanese, and next to it in the Malay, their
+corruption increasing as we recede from Java and Sumatra.”[9] It may be
+assumed, therefore, that in addition to the influence which Hinduism
+exerted among the Malays of Sumatra by means of direct intercourse with
+India, there was also a second source from which the Malays derived a
+great portion of their Hindu nomenclature, namely, the ancient Hindu
+kingdoms of Java.[10]
+
+    [Footnote 9: Crawfurd. See also Marsden, Malay Grammar, xxxiii.]
+
+    [Footnote 10: “The Hindu religion and Sanskrit language were, in
+    all probability, earliest introduced in the western part of
+    Sumatra, the nearest part of the Archipelago to the continent of
+    India. Java, however, became eventually the favourite abode of
+    Hinduism, and its language the chief recipient of Sanskrit.
+    Through the Javanese and Malays Sanskrit appears to have been
+    disseminated over the rest of the Archipelago, and even to the
+    Philippine Islands. This is to be inferred from the greater number
+    of Sanskrit words in Javanese and Malay--especially in the first
+    of these--than in the other cultivated languages, from their
+    existing in greater purity in the Javanese and Malay, and from the
+    errors of these two languages, both as to sense and orthography,
+    having been copied by all the other tongues. An approximation to
+    the proportions of Sanskrit existing in some of the principal
+    languages will show that the amount constantly diminishes as we
+    recede from Java and Sumatra, until all vestiges of it disappear
+    in the dialects of Polynesia. In the ordinary written language of
+    Java the proportion is about 110 in 1000; in Malay, 50; in the
+    Sunda of Java, 40; in the Bugis, the principal language of
+    Celebes, 17; and in the Tagala, one of the principal languages of
+    the Philippines, about one and a half.” --_Crawfurd, Malay
+    Grammar, Dissertation_ xlvii. _Sed quære_ as to the total absence
+    of Sanskrit in the Polynesian dialects. Ellis’ “Polynesian
+    Researches,” i. 116.]
+
+These remarks may be illustrated by reference to the fourth column of
+the lists of words which follow.
+
+Again, some of the Sanskrit words in the following lists are synonyms
+merely, there being native or Arabic words, or both, in common use to
+express the same object.
+
+In some instances, too, the words quoted are not often heard in the
+colloquial dialect, but occur in books to which in many cases they have
+been transplanted from Javanese romances.
+
+All these circumstances seriously modify the possibility of drawing
+general conclusions from an analysis of the body of Sanskrit vocables
+found in Malay. The questions to be decided seem to be (1) whether it is
+possible that such a mass of terms for common objects (for they are by
+no means confined to words incident to the Hindu religion) could have
+been imported into Malay by any means except by oral communication with
+a Sanskrit-speaking people; (2) supposing that this could have been
+effected through some later Indian dialect, itself largely tinged with
+Sanskrit (as the Latin words in English came to us with the Norman
+speech), what dialect was this? Telugu, as Crawfurd thinks, Gujarati, to
+which Marsden inclines, or what?
+
+It is in order to contribute to the settlement of such questions as
+these that a classification of some of the Sanskrit terms in Malay has
+been attempted in this Introduction.[11] It is hoped that the subject
+may attract the attention of those more competent to deal with it, and
+that the researches of Sanskrit scholars may facilitate a decision which
+there is no pretension to pronounce here.
+
+    [Footnote 11: A selection of words only is given. There are
+    numbers of Sanskrit words in Malay which have no place in these
+    lists.]
+
+The centre of Hindu influence in Malay states would seem to have been
+the court. From the governing classes the use of Sanskrit expressions
+would gradually spread among the people. To this day there are certain
+Sanskrit words which are applied to royalty alone, there being native
+equivalents when the non-privileged classes are intended. The words
+_putra_ and _putrî_ afford an instance in point. Meaning simply “son”
+and “daughter” in Sanskrit, they have, from the fact of Sanskrit
+nomenclature having been affected at Malay courts, come to mean
+“_prince_” and “_princess_,” and are applied only to the sons and
+daughters of rajas.
+
+At the chief seats of Hindu government, there must have been Brahmans
+conversant with the sacred writings, whose teaching would gradually be
+the means of introducing a taste for Hindu learning and literature.
+_Bacha_, to read (from _bach_, to speak), is Sanskrit, but _tulis_, to
+write, is a native word,[12] and _surat_, a writing, is Arabic.
+Language, therefore, in this instance does not throw much light on the
+progress made by the Malays in the art of writing in the pre-Muhammadan
+stage of their history. Rock-inscriptions found in Province Wellesley
+and Singapore prove, however, that at some remote period an ancient
+Indian character was known on the Peninsula,[13] though it was probably
+confined to religious purposes.
+
+    [Footnote 12: Unless the Sansk. root _likh_, to write, may be
+    detected in the second syllable.]
+
+    [Footnote 13: Journal Royal As. Soc., Bengal, vi. 680; xvii. part
+    i. 154 and 232; Idem, part ii. 62, 66.]
+
+Crawfurd, writing in 1852, stated that Malay can be written or spoken
+without the least difficulty, without a word of Sanskrit or Arabic, and
+described the foreign elements in Malay as “extrinsic and
+unessential.”[14] But several words of the first necessity are Sanskrit.
+It would be difficult to speak Malay intelligibly, while avoiding the
+use of the relative pronouns _yang_ (Sansk. _yas_, _ya_, _yat_, who,
+which) and _mana_ (Sansk. _mâna_, measure), or of the common auxiliary
+_sudah_ (Sansk. _çuddha_,[15] pure, acquitted), which denotes the past
+tense. A long list might be made of common words not included in any of
+the following groups, which are almost pure Sanskrit, such as _bawa_, to
+bring (_vaha_, bearing, carrying); _kata_, to say (_kath_, to tell,
+talk); _biasa_, accustomed (_abhyâsa_, reflection); _langkah_, to step,
+stride (_langh_, to stride over); _kelahi_, to fight (_kalaha_,
+quarrel); and _niala_, to blaze, to burn (_jval_). Nor is the influence
+of Sanskrit in Malay confined to words which have been adopted in
+comparative purity. An extension of the sphere of research reveals whole
+groups of Malay words which seem to be formed from some Sanskrit root,
+and to retain to some extent its signification. Thus the Sanskrit root
+_ju_ (to push on, impel) may perhaps be detected in such words as
+_juwang_, to rush against; _jungur_, prominent, a beak; _jungang_,
+prominent (of teeth); _juring_, sharp, pointed; _jurus_, to pull,
+course, direction; _juluk_, to thrust upwards; _julir_, a kind of
+harpoon; _julur_, to wag, to wriggle; &c.
+
+    [Footnote 14: Malay Grammar, Dissertation vi.]
+
+    [Footnote 15: This is the derivation given in Favre’s Dictionary.
+    Another from _soḍha_, (borne, undergone) might perhaps be
+    suggested with equal probability.]
+
+_Ap_ is a common termination of Malay words, e.g., _tangkap_, to seize;
+_chakap_, to speak; _silap_, to mistake, &c. The presence of the
+Sanskrit root _âp_ (to attain, obtain) is not indeed to be assumed in
+every case, but it is difficult to resist the conviction that it does
+form a part of many Malay derivations. D{ap}at, to obtain; r{ap}at, to
+approach; as{ap}, smoke (cf. vy{âp}ta); aw{ap}, steam; tangk{ap}, to
+seize, grasp; a{lap}(Jav.), to take; are instances which, among others,
+might be cited.
+
+_Gal_ (Sansk., to drop, to distil, percolate, to fall) is another root
+which seems to enter into the composition of Malay words, _e.g._,
+tang{gal}, to fall off, to drop out; ting{gal}, to leave, forsake;
+tung{gal}, solitary; pang{gal}, to chop off, a portion chopped off.
+Compare also _gali_, to dig; teng{gal}am, to sink; tu{gal}, to sow rice
+by putting seeds into holes made with a sharp stick; {gal}ah, a pole;
+{gal}a-{gal}a, pitch.
+
+If it be correct to assign a Sanskrit origin to all or any of these
+words, they belong to a much earlier epoch than the comparatively pure
+Sanskrit words, the importation of which into Malay is the subject now
+under discussion.
+
+The presence of Sanskrit words in the Malay language was first remarked
+by Sir William Jones,[16] and the subject received more attention at the
+hands of Marsden, who gives a short list of fifteen words, “taken, with
+little pains in the selection, from a Malayan dictionary.”[17] Many of
+the Sanskrit words are, as Marsden observes, “such as the progress of
+civilisation must soon have rendered necessary, being frequently
+expressive of the feelings of the mind, or denoting those ordinary modes
+of thought which result from the social habits of mankind, or from the
+evils that tend to interrupt them.” This assertion might have been put
+in more forcible terms had it occurred to the author to include not only
+words expressive of thought and feelings, but even some signifying
+natural objects, though doubtless most of these are expressed by
+aboriginal words. _Hari_, day, is clearly identical with the Sanskrit
+_hari_, “the sun,” which is also used as a name of Vishnu or Krishna.
+_Mata-hari_, the sun (Malay), is thus “the eye of Hari,” and is a
+compound formed of the native word _mata_ and the Sanskrit _hari_.
+_Halilintar_, a thunderbolt, seems to be compounded similarly of _hari_
+and _lontar_ (to hurl), “hurled by Hari.” Here the _r_ has been softened
+into _l_. The Sanskrit _kapala_ has almost entirely superseded the use
+of the old native word _ulu_ or _hulu_, the head; the latter, however,
+is found in composition with a Sanskrit word in the substantive
+_hulubalang_, a war-chief, from _hulu_, head, and _bala_, an army.
+
+    [Footnote 16: Asiatic Researches, iii. 11, 12.]
+
+    [Footnote 17: On the Traces of the Hindu Language and Literature
+    extant among the Malays, As. Res. iv. See also, On the Languages
+    and Literature of the Indo-Chinese Nations, Leyden, As. Res. x.]
+
+The extent to which the Malays are indebted to Sanskrit for words to
+express the human body and members is shown in the following list:--
+
+  |English.
+  |  |Malay.
+  |  |  |Sanskrit.
+  |  |  |  |Other Languages[18]
+  |The body
+  |  |salîra
+  |  |  |çarîra
+  |  |  |  |J. _sarira_; Bat. _sorira_.
+  |Limb, member, body
+  |  |anggûta
+  |  |  |angga
+  |  |  |  |J. _ongga_.
+  |Form, appearance
+  |  |rûpa
+  |  |  |rûpa
+  |  |  |  |J., S., Bat., Mak., and Bu. _rupa_.
+  |Joint
+  |  |sendi
+  |  |  |saṃdhi
+  |  |  |  |S. _sandi_; D. _sandik_, bound; Tag. and Bis. _sandig_,
+  |  |  |  |unite.
+  |Head
+  |  |kapâla
+  |  |  |kapâla (the skull)
+  |  |  |  |J., S., D., Mak. _kapala_, chief; Bat. _kapala_, thick.
+  |Tongue
+  |  |lîdah
+  |  |  |lih (to lick), lîdha (licked)
+  |  |  |  |J. _lidah_; Bat. _dila_; Mak. and Bu. _lila_; D. _jela_;
+  |  |  |  |Tag. and Bis. _dila_.
+  |Pulse
+  |  |nâdî
+  |  |  |nâḍî (artery, vein, intestine)
+  |Shoulder
+  |  |bâhû
+  |  |  |bâhu (the arm)
+  |  |  |  |J. _bahu_; S. and D. _baha_.
+  |Hair of the body
+  |  |rôma
+  |  |  |roman
+  |Foot
+  |  |pâda
+  |  |  |pâda
+  |  |  |  |Kw. _pada_.
+
+    [Footnote 18: The words in this column have been taken from the
+    Malay and French Dictionary of the Abbé Favre. J. signifies
+    Javanese, S. Sundanese, Bat. Battak, Mak. Makassar, Bu. Bugis, D.
+    Dayak, Bis. Bisaya, Tag. Tagala, and Malg. Malagasi.]
+
+Time and its division and measurement have supplied a number of Sanskrit
+terms to the Malay language, most of which are so necessary in everyday
+life that it is difficult to conceive the poverty of a dialect which
+contained no words to express them. The following list contains the
+greater number of them:--
+
+  |English.
+  |  |Malay.
+  |  |  |Sanskrit.
+  |  |  |  |Other Languages.
+  |Time
+  |  |kâla, kâli
+  |  |  |kâla
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _kala_.
+  |When
+  |  |tatkâla
+  |  |  |tad (this) kâla
+  |Time, period
+  |  |katika
+  |  |  |ghatikâ (a division of time)
+  |  |  |  |Bat. _katika_; D. _katika_.
+  |Time, period, hour
+  |  |dewâsa
+  |  |  |divasa (a day)
+  |  |  |  |J. _diwasa_, adult; Mak. _rewusa_.
+  |Just now
+  |  |tâdî
+  |  |  |tad (this, that)
+  |  |  |  |S. _tadi_.
+  |Day
+  |  |hârî
+  |  |  |hari (the sun)
+  |  |  |  |J. and B. _hari_.
+  |Day
+  |  |dîna
+  |  |  |dina
+  |  |  |  |J. _dina_.
+  |Dawn
+  |  |dînahârî
+  |  |  |from dina and hari
+  |Evening, sunset
+  |  |senja, or senja- kala
+  |  |  |saṃdhyâ (twilight)
+  |  |  |  |Bat. _sonja_; J. _chandik-kala_, evg. twilight.
+  |Always
+  |  |santîasa
+  |  |  |nityaças
+  |  |  |  |J. _nityasa_.
+  |Old, former
+  |  |sadîa
+  |Former time
+  |  |sadîa-kâla
+  |  |  |sâdhya (from sâdh, to finish, accomplish)
+  |Continually
+  |  |sada-kâla
+  |  |  |sâda (perishing)
+  |Time (when)
+  |  |bîla
+  |  |  |velâ
+  |Time, season, period
+  |  |mâsa
+  |  |  |mâsa (month)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _mangsa_; Tag. _masa_.
+
+Another group of Sanskrit words found in Malay is that comprising
+articles of commerce, weights and measures, &c. Their presence suffices
+without other evidence to show that for their knowledge of the
+commercial value of many products the East Indian islanders were
+indebted to traders from Hindustan, who, indeed, probably introduced not
+only the names of, but the use of, their weights and measures. _Buah
+pala_, the Malay phrase for the “nutmeg,” is in strictness a pleonasm,
+for _phala_ signifies “fruit” in Sanskrit, as _buah_ does in Malay.
+
+TERMS OF COMMERCE.
+
+  |English.
+  |  |Malay.
+  |  |  |Sanskrit.
+  |  |  |  |Other Languages.
+  |Nutmeg
+  |  |pâla
+  |  |  |phala (fruit)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _pala_.
+  |Clove
+  |  |lawang
+  |  |  |lavaṃga
+  |Eagle-wood
+  |  |găhârû
+  |  |  |aguru
+  |  |  |  |J., S., and Mak. _garu_; D. _garo_, perfume.
+  |Camphor
+  |  |kâpur, kâpur bârus
+  |  |  |karpûra
+  |  |  |  |J., S., and D. _kapur-barus_; Mak. _kaporo barusu_
+  |Sandalwood
+  |  |chandâna
+  |  |  |chandana
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _chendana_; Tag. and Bis. _sandana_
+  |Musk
+  |  |kastûrî
+  |  |  |kastûrî
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _kasturi_; Mak. _kasaturi_; Tag, and Bis.
+  |  |  |  |_kastoli_.
+  |Charcoal
+  |  |ârang
+  |  |  |aṅgâra
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _areng_; S. _arang_; Bat. _agong_; D. _aring_;
+  |  |  |  |Tag. and Bis. _oling_.
+  |Sugar
+  |  |gûla
+  |  |  |guḍa (molasses)
+  |  |  |  |J., S., and D. _gula_; Mak. _golla_.
+  |Saltpetre
+  |  |sandâwa
+  |  |  |saindhava (rocksalt)
+  |  |  |  |J. _sendawa_; S. _chindawa_.
+  |Silk
+  |  |sûtra
+  |  |  |sûtra (thread, fibre)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _sutra_; Bat. _suntora_; Mak; and Bu. _sutara_;
+  |  |  |  |Tag. _sutla_.
+  |Cotton
+  |  |kâpas
+  |  |  |karpâsa
+  |  |  |  |J., S., and D. _kapas_ Bat. _hapas_; Mak. _kapasa_;
+  |  |  |  |Bis. _gapas_.
+  |Gunny-bag
+  |  |gônî
+  |  |  |goṇi
+  |  |  |  |S. _goné_
+  |Price
+  |  |harga
+  |  |  |argha
+  |  |  |  |S. and Bat. _harga_; J. and D. _rega_; Mak. _angga_;
+  |  |  |  |Tag. and Bis. _halaga_.
+  |Profit
+  |  |lâba
+  |  |  |lâbha
+  |  |  |  |Kw., Bat., Mak., and D. _laba_; Tag. and Bis. _laba_,
+  |  |  |  |increase, usury.
+  |Scales for weighing
+  |  |narâcha
+  |  |  |nârâchî (a gold smith’s scales)
+  |  |  |  |Kw. _naracha_; J. and S. _traju_
+  |A bhar (native weight = 3 pikuls)
+  |  |băhâra
+  |  |  |bhâra (a load, a weight)
+  |  |  |  |Kw. and Mak. _bara_ 100 millions: Bis. _bala_, to load
+  |  |  |  |on the back.
+  |A cubit
+  |  |hasta
+  |  |  |hasta
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _asta_.
+  |A number, figure
+  |  |ângka
+  |  |  |aṅka (a mark, a cipher)
+  |  |  |  |J. _ongka_; S., Mak., Bu., and D. _angka_.
+  |Ten thousand
+  |  |laksa
+  |  |  |laksha (100,000)
+  |  |  |  |J. _leksa_; S., D., Tag. and Bis. _laksa_; Bat. _loksa_;
+  |  |  |  |Mak., _lassa_.
+  |A million
+  |  |jûta
+  |  |  |ayuta (10,000)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _yuta_.
+
+
+Many of the metals and most of the precious stones are known to the
+Malays by their Sanskrit names, even those which are found in Malay
+countries.
+
+  |English.
+  |  |Malay.
+  |  |  |Sanskrit.
+  |  |  |  |Other Languages.
+  |Gold
+  |  |âmas, mas
+  |  |  |mas (to mete, to measure)
+  |  |  |  |J. _emas_; S. _mas_; Bat. _omas_; D. _amas_; Tag. and Bis.
+  |  |  |  |_amas_, gold, weight.
+  |Gold
+  |  |kanchâna
+  |  |  |kânchana
+  |  |  |  |Kw. and S. _kanchana_.
+  |Copper
+  |  |tambâga
+  |  |  |tâmra
+  |  |  |  |J. _tembaga_; S. _tambaga_; Bat. _tombaga_;
+  |  |  |  |Mak. _tambaga_; Tag. and Bis. _tumbaga_.
+  |Tin
+  |  |tîmah
+  |  |  |tîvra
+  |  |  |  |J., S., and D. _timah_; Bat. _simbora_; Mak. _timbera_;
+  |  |  |  |Tag. and Bis. _tingga_.
+  |Quicksilver
+  |  |râsa
+  |  |  |rasa
+  |  |  |  |J., S., Mak., and D. _rasa_.
+  |Pinchbeck
+  |  |suwâsa
+  |  |  |suvarchasa (brilliant)
+  |  |  |  |J., S., Bat., and Mak. _suwasa._
+  |Glass
+  |  |kâcha
+  |  |  |kâcha
+  |  |  |  |J., S., Mak., and Bu. _kacha_; D. _kacha_; and _kasa_;
+  |  |  |  |Tag. _kasa_, blue and green stone.
+  |Mica
+  |  |âbrak[19]
+  |  |  |abhra (amber, talc)
+  |Crystal
+  |  |golega
+  |  |  |golaka (globule)
+  |Jewel, precious stone
+  |  |mânî
+  |  |  |maṇi
+  |  |  |  |J. _mani_.
+  |  |mânikam
+  |  |  |maṇika
+  |  |  |  |Kw. and S. _manikem_; Mak. _manikang_.
+  |  |kamâla
+  |  |  |kamala (lotus)
+  |  |  |  |Kw. _kuma‘a_; Bat. _humala_, snake-stone.
+  |Sapphire
+  |  |nîlam (nîla, blue)
+  |  |  |nîla (blue)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _nila_; Mak. _nyila_, blue.
+  |Opal
+  |  |bidûri
+  |  |  |vidûra (a mountain which produces lapis lazuli)
+  |Ruby
+  |  |dalîma
+  |  |  |dâlima (pomegranate)
+  |Jewel, brilliant
+  |  |mustîka
+  |  |  |mushtika (goldsmith)
+  |Topaze
+  |  |pusparâgam
+  |  |  |pushparâga
+  |Pearl
+  |  |mutia, mutiara
+  |  |  |muktâ
+  |Jewel, precious stone
+  |  |permâta
+  |  |  |paramata (excellence)
+  |  |  |  |Kw. _pramati_, a very beautiful object.
+  |Jewels of five kinds
+  |  |panchalôgam
+  |  |  |panchaloha (five metals)
+
+    [Footnote 19: Favre derives _abrak_ from the Arabic.]
+
+The implements, utensils, instruments, &c., the names of which, if not
+the things themselves, the Malay races have borrowed from their Indian
+conquerors and rulers, are as follows:--
+
+  |English.
+  |  |Malay.
+  |  |  |Sanskrit.
+  |  |  |  |Other Languages.
+  |A lock
+  |  |kunchî
+  |  |  |kunchikâ (a key)
+  |  |  |  |J., S., and D. _kunchi_; Bat. _hunsi_; Mak. _konchi._
+  |A bell
+  |  |ganta
+  |  |  |ghaṇṭâ
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _genta_; Bat. _gonta_; D. _ganta_;
+  |  |  |  |Mak. _garaganta_.
+  |A water vessel
+  |  |kindî
+  |  |  |kuṇḍî
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _kendi_.
+  |A net
+  |  |jâla
+  |  |  |jâla
+  |  |  |  |J., S., Bat., Mak., and D. _jala_.
+  |A box
+  |  |petî
+  |  |  |peṭî (basket, bag)
+  |  |  |  |S. _peti_; Mak. _patti_; D. _pati_.
+  |Name of a sword
+  |  |chora
+  |  |  |kshura (a razor)
+  |A plough
+  |  |tanggâla
+  |  |  |hala
+  |  |  |  |Bat. _tinggala_; Mak. _nangkala_.
+  |Chess
+  |  |châtur
+  |  |  |chatur (four)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _chatur_.
+  |Dice
+  |  |jûdî
+  |  |  |dyûta (game at dice)
+  |  |  |  |J. _judi_; Bat. _juji_.
+  |A saw
+  |  |gargâjî
+  |  |  |krakacha
+  |  |  |  |J. _graji_; S. _gergaji_; Bat. and Mak. _garagaji_.
+  |An awl
+  |  |jâra
+  |  |  |ârâ
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _jara_.
+  |A coffin
+  |  |karanda
+  |  |  |karanda (basket)
+  |  |  |  |Bat. _hurondo_.
+  |Royal umbrella
+  |  |chatrâ
+  |  |  |chhattra
+  |Salver with a pedestal
+  |  |charâna
+  |  |  |charaṇa (a foot)
+  |  |  |  |S. _charana_; Bat. _sarano_; D. _sarana_.
+  |A wheel
+  |  |jantrâ
+  |  |  |yantra (an engine or machine)
+  |  |  |  |J. _jontra_; S. _jantra_.
+  |Chariot
+  |  |râta
+  |  |  |ratha
+  |  |  |  |J. _rata_.
+  |Lyre, lute
+  |  |kechâpî
+  |  |  |kachchhapi
+  |  |  |  |S. _kachapi_; Bat. _husapi_; D. _kasapi_.
+  |Flute
+  |  |bangsî
+  |  |  |vançî
+  |Pipe, flute
+  |  |mûri
+  |  |  |muralî
+
+The terms of adulation common in India in the mouths of inferiors
+addressing superiors have no equivalents in Malay. It is noticeable,
+however, that some of the most ordinary Malay phrases of politeness are
+Sanskrit. _Tâbek_ (J. and S. _tabé_; Bat. _santabi_; Mak. _tabeya_; D.
+_tabi_; Tag. and Bis. _tabi_; Tag. _santabi_, to show respect), which
+corresponds to the Indian _salaam_ in communications between Europeans
+and Malays, means properly “pardon,” and is derived from the Sanskrit
+_kshantavya_, excusable; _sîla_, to sit cross-legged[20] (the respectful
+attitude indoors), is the Sanskrit _çîl_, to meditate, to worship; and
+_sîla_, a Malay term of politeness, which in some respects answers to
+our “if you please,” but which also means “to invite,” has its origin in
+the Sanskrit word _çîla_, good conduct, moral practice. The same
+language, too, supplies a considerable number of words denoting family
+and relationship:--
+
+  |English.
+  |  |Malay.
+  |  |  |Sanskrit.
+  |  |  |  |Other Languages.
+  |Father
+  |  |âyah
+  |  |  |vayas (prime of life)
+  |  |  |  |J. _ayah_, grandson; S. _aya_; Mak. _aya_, mother.
+  |Brother
+  |  |sûdâra
+  |  |  |sodarya
+  |  |  |  |J. _saudara_.
+  |Husband
+  |  |swâmî
+  |  |  |svâmin
+  |Wife
+  |  |istrî
+  |  |  |strî (a woman)
+  |  |  |  |J. _estri_; S. _istri_.
+  |Virgin
+  |  |ânak dâra
+  |  |  |dâra (wife), adâra (unmarried)
+  |  |  |  |Kw. _dara_; J. _lara_; Bat. _dara_; Mak. _rara_;
+  |  |  |  |S. _dara_, a young woman who has just got her first child.
+  |Relationship
+  |  |pangkat
+  |  |  |paṅkti (a line, row)
+  |Race
+  |  |bangsa
+  |  |  |vaṃça
+  |  |  |  |J. _wongsa_; S., Bat., and D. _bangsa_; Mak. _bansa_.
+  |Family
+  |  |kulawarga
+  |  |  |kula (family), varga (class)
+  |  |  |  |J. _kulawarga_.
+  |Do.
+  |  |kulawangsa
+  |  |  |vaṃça
+
+    [Footnote 20: J., S., and Tag. _sila_; S. _silah_, to invite; Bat.
+    _sila_, a gift of welcome.]
+
+The few astronomical terms known to the Malays have been borrowed either
+from Sanskrit or Arabic, the former supplying the following:--
+
+  |English.
+  |  |Malay.
+  |  |  |Sanskrit.
+  |  |  |  |Other Languages.
+  |Eclipse
+  |  |grahana
+  |  |  |grahaṇa
+  |  |  |  |J. _grahana_.
+  |Firmament
+  |  |udara
+  |  |  |adhara (lower)
+  |Celestial sphere
+  |  |chakrawâla
+  |  |  |chakra-vâla (horizon; a range of mountains supposed to
+  |  |  |  |encircle the earth and to be the limit of light and
+  |  |  |  |darkness)
+  |Atmosphere
+  |  |bumantâra
+  |  |  |_cf._ dyumantara (brilliancy)
+  |  |  |  |Kw. _bomantara_; J. _jumantara_.
+  |The heavens, æther
+  |  |angkasa
+  |  |  |âkâça
+  |  |  |  |Kw. and S. _akasa_.
+  |The milky-way
+  |  |bîmasaktî
+  |  |  |bhîma (terrible), çakti (strength, power)
+  |  |  |  |S. _bimasakti_; J. _bimasakti_, the name of a star
+  |Pleiades
+  |  |kertîka
+  |  |  |kṛittikâ (the third of the lunar mansions)
+  |The sign Cancer in the Zodiac
+  |  |mangkâra
+  |  |  |makara
+  |  |  |  |J. _mangkara_, crab.
+  |Astrology
+  |  |panchalîma
+  |  |  |panchan (five)
+
+To these may be added _Râhû_ (Sansk. _Râhu_, a deity to whom eclipses
+are ascribed) and _Kedû_ (Sansk. _Ketu_, the mythological name of the
+descending node, represented as a headless demon), monsters who are
+supposed by the Malays to cause eclipses by swallowing the moon. To
+denote the points of the compass the Malays have native, Sanskrit, and
+Arabic terms. Utâra (_uttara_),[21] the north, and daḳsina (_dakshiṇa_),
+the south, are Sanskrit words; and _paḳsina_, the north, has evidently
+been coined by Malays in imitation of _daḳsina_.
+
+    [Footnote 21: J., S., and D. _utara_; Bat. _otara_; Bis. _otala_,
+    east wind.]
+
+The elephant is most generally known all over the Archipelago by its
+Sanskrit name _gajah_. Sanskrit terms are also used to signify the
+driver of an elephant and several articles used in connection with this
+animal. From these circumstances we may probably conclude, with
+Crawfurd, that the art of training and domesticating elephants was
+first learned by the Malays from natives of India.[22]
+
+    [Footnote 22: Crawfurd’s Malay Grammar, Dissertation clxxxiii.]
+
+  |English.
+  |  |Malay.
+  |  |  |Sanskrit.
+  |  |  |  |Other Languages.
+  |Elephant
+  |  |gâjah
+  |  |  |gaja
+  |  |  |  |J., S., and D. _gajah_; Bat. and Mak. _gaja_;
+  |  |  |  |Tag. _gadia_; Bis. _gadya_.
+  |Elephant-driver
+  |  |gambâla-gâjah
+  |  |  |gopâla (herdsman)
+  |Goad
+  |  |ângkus, kwâsa
+  |  |  |aṅkuça
+  |Foot-chain
+  |  |ândûwân
+  |  |  |andu (chain)
+  |Front part of the head
+  |  |gomba, kumba
+  |  |  |kumbha
+  |Unbroken, vicious (of an elephant); the condition called _musth_
+  |  |meta
+  |  |  |mada (elephant in rut)
+  |  |  |  |Kw. _meta_, wild elephant.
+  |Hobbles for securing the feet
+  |  |sengkăla
+  |  |  |çṛiṅkhala (a chain)
+
+The words of command used by elephant-drivers in the Malay peninsula
+appear, however, to be adapted mainly from the Siamese, and it is from
+this people that the Malays of the continent have acquired much of their
+modern knowledge of the art of capturing, subduing, and training the
+elephant. The names of animals, birds, &c., indicate, as might be
+expected, that while most of the varieties known to the Malays are
+indigenous, there are some species which have been imported, or which,
+belonging to other countries, are known by name only in the Archipelago.
+The word _morga_, (mṛiga) and _satwâ_ (sattva),[23] both meaning “an
+animal,” are Sanskrit, and if the commoner word _benâtang_ is derived,
+as seems possible, from the Sanskrit _vana_, forest, there is no purely
+native generic term to signify a beast or animal. While, therefore, the
+early Malay tribes had names for all the animals domesticated by them,
+as well as those which they encountered in their forests, it was not
+until the period of their intercourse with more civilised races from
+India that they learned to generalise and to comprehend the brute
+creation under one term. The following Sanskrit words for animals, &c.,
+occur in Malay:--
+
+
+  |English.
+  |  |Malay.
+  |  |  |Sanskrit.
+  |  |  |  |Other Languages.
+  |Lion
+  |  |sînga
+  |  |  |siṃha
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _singa_ and _singha_; Mak. and D. _singa_.
+  |Jackal
+  |  |srîgâla
+  |  |  |cṛigâla
+  |  |  |  |Bat. _sorigala_; J. _segawon_, a dog.
+  |Camel
+  |  |onta
+  |  |  |ushṭra (a camel)
+  |  |  |  |J. and Mak. _unta_; S. _onta_.
+  |Wild bull
+  |  |ândâka
+  |  |  |dhâka
+  |  |  |  |Kw. _daka_ and _andaka_.
+  |Ichneumon
+  |  |charpalei
+  |  |  |sarpâri (sarpa, a snake)
+  |A small yellow snake, about a span long
+  |  |chintâ-mani
+  |  |  |chintâ-maṇi (a fabulous gem, the possessor of which gets
+  |  |  |all he wishes for)
+  |Scorpion
+  |  |kâla
+  |  |  |kâla (black)
+  |  |  |  |J., S., D., and Malg. _kala_; Bat. _kala_;
+  |  |  |  |Mak. _pati-kala_.
+  |Crow
+  |  |gâgak
+  |  |  |kâka
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _gayak_; Bat. _gak_; Mak. _kala_; D. _kak_.
+  |Peacock
+  |  |mĕraḳ
+  |  |  |barha, varha
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _merak_; Mak. _muraka_; D. _marak_.
+  |Goose[24]
+  |  |angsa, hangsa, gangsa
+  |  |  |haṃsa
+  |  |  |  |J. _ongsa_; S. _gangsa_.
+  |Pigeon
+  |  |mĕr-ăpâti, perapâti
+  |  |  |pârâpatî
+  |  |  |  |S. _japati_; Bat. _darapati_; Tag. _palapati_;
+  |  |  |  |Bis. _salapati_.
+  |Eagle-falcon
+  |  |râjawâlî
+  |  |  |rajjuvâla (a species of bird)
+  |Indian cuckoo (_Gracula religiosa_)
+  |  |kokila
+  |  |  |kokila
+  |  |  |  |J. _kokila_.
+
+    [Footnote 23: J. _mergu_; J. _sato_; S. _satoa_; D. _satua_; Bat.
+    _santuwa_, a mouse.]
+
+    [Footnote 24: Crawfurd has noticed the fact that the names of the
+    domesticated animals are native, one exception being the goose,
+    which, he thinks, may therefore be supposed to have been of
+    foreign introduction (Crawfurd’s Grammar, Dissertation clxxxiii.).
+    It must be remembered, however, that among the Hindus the goose is
+    worshipped at the festivals of Brahma, and that, being thus in a
+    manner sacred, its Sanskrit name would naturally be in use
+    wherever the Hindu religion spread. Brahma is represented as
+    riding on a white _haṃsa_.]
+
+Perhaps the Malay word _harîmau_ (Kw. _rimong_; Bat. _arimo_, tiger-cat;
+D. _harimaung_, panther), a tiger, may have been formed from _Hari_
+(Krishna or Vishnu) and _mṛiga_ (an animal). Words similarly compounded
+with _mṛiga_ (Malay _morga_) are not uncommon in Sanskrit, _e.g._,
+_Kṛishṇa-mṛiga_ (the black antelope), _mahâ-mṛiga_ (an elephant).[25]
+The terms in use for “horse” and “sheep” seem to indicate that those
+animals were first brought to Malay countries from India. _Kûda_, horse
+(Kw. and S. _kuda_), is derived by Crawfurd from _ghora_ (Hindi), by
+others from _kudra_ (Tamul). _Bîri-bîri_ (sheep) is said to be borrowed
+from the Hindi _bher_, which is itself derived from the Sanskrit
+_bheḍa_, a ram, or from _bhîru_ (Sansk.), a goat. Certain fabulous birds
+and reptiles which belong to the domain of Hindu mythology have their
+places also in Malay folk-lore; such as _garuḍa_,[26] the eagle of
+Vishnu, and _Jaṭâyu_ (Malay _jintâyu_), a fabulous vulture;
+_chandrawâsi_, a name given by Malays to a fabulous bird which is heard
+but never seen, is also evidently of Sanskrit origin. To these _nâga_, a
+dragon, may be added (J., S., Bat., Mak., Bu., and D. _naga_).
+
+    [Footnote 25: Perhaps a more plausible derivation is from the
+    Tamul _ari-mâ_, a male lion.]
+
+    [Footnote 26: J. and S. _garuda_; Mak. _guruda_.]
+
+The vegetable kingdom supplies a long list of trees, plants, and flowers
+which are known to the Malays by Sanskrit names. Some of these are
+closely connected with another group of words to be noticed presently,
+namely, those which belong to the department of religion. The use of
+sweet-smelling flowers is a noticeable feature in the religious worship
+of the Hindus, and the fact that many flowers held by them to be sacred
+to the worship of particular gods are called by Malays by the same names
+which they bear in the temples of India, is a remarkable example of an
+historical lesson latent in words. It points to the fact, abundantly
+proved by other evidence, that Brahmanism once held sway where it has
+long been superseded by the faith of Islam, and that words which have no
+special significance for the modern Muhammadan Malay were fraught with
+mystic solemnity for his distant ancestors.
+
+In many cases, indeed, the Sanskrit names have been applied by the
+Malays to different plants from those designated by the same expressions
+in India. In other cases, names unknown in classical Sanskrit, but
+obviously compounded of Sanskrit words, have been given by the Malays or
+Javanese. The common native Malay term for “flower” is _bûnga_; _sâri_
+(Javanese _sari_, Sansk. _kesara_) and _puspa_ (Sansk. _pushpa_) have
+been borrowed from India.
+
+  |English or Latin.
+  |  |Malay.
+  |  |  |Sanskrit.
+  |  |  |  |Other Languages.
+  |Michelia champaka
+  |  |champaka
+  |  |  |champaka (dedicated by the Hindus to Krishna; one of
+  |  |  |Kamadeva’s arrows is tipped with it)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _champaka_; Mak. _champaga_.
+  |Jonesia asoka
+  |  |ângsôka
+  |  |  |açoka (sacred to Mahadeva, and held in the highest veneration
+  |  |  |by the Hindus)
+  |  |  |  |J. _angsoka_ and _soka_.
+  |Mesua ferrea
+  |  |nâgasârî (Rigg supposes the Malay plant to be _Acacia
+  |  |pedunculata_; Marsden, _Acacia aurea_).
+  |  |  |nâgakesara (“The delicious odour of its blossoms justly
+  |  |  |gives them a place in the quiver of Kamadeva.” --_Sir William
+  |  |  |Jones_)
+  |Jasminum sambac (jasmine)
+  |  |malâtî
+  |  |  |mâlatî (_Jasminum grandiflorum_[27])
+  |  |  |  |J. _malati_; S. _melati_.
+  |Arabian jasmine (_Nyctanthes_?)
+  |  |melor
+  |  |  |mâdhura (cf. _malura_, Cratæva religiosa)
+  |  |  |  |J. _menur_; Kw. _menur_, silver.
+  |Ocymum basilicum (holy basil)
+  |  |sulasi
+  |  |  |tulasî (sacred to Krishna)
+  |  |  |  |J. _selasih_ and _telasih_; S. _selasi_; Mak. _tolasi_;
+  |  |  |  |Tag. _solasi_.
+  |Uvaria odorata (or cananga)
+  |  |kenânga
+  |  |  |kânana[28] (a forest)
+  |  |  |  |J. _kenonga_; Mak. and Bu. _kananga_.
+  |Santalum album, sandal-wood
+  |  |chandâna
+  |  |  |chandana (“Perpetually mentioned in the most ancient books
+  |  |  |of the Hindus as flourishing on the mountains of Malaya”
+  |  |  |--_Sir Wm. Jones_)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _chendana_; Tag. and Bis. _sandana_.
+  |Plumieria acutifolia
+  |  |kambôja
+  |  |  |kâmboja (a kind of _mimosa_)
+  |  |  |  |S. _kamboja_.
+  |Nelumbium speciosum, lotus.
+  |  |saroja
+  |  |  |saroja
+  |  |  |  |J. _saroja_.
+  |Vitex trifoliata
+  |  |lagundi [29]
+  |  |  |nirgandhi (“Which Bontius calls _lagondi_.” --_Sir Wm.
+  |  |  |Jones_) _-Gandhi_ is used in the latter part of a compound
+  |  |  |word with same meaning that _gandha_ has: “smell,” “odour”
+  |  |  |  |J. _legundi_; Bat. _gundi_.
+  |Alpinia galanga, or Curcuma reclinata
+  |  |gâdamâla
+  |  |  |_gandha_, smell; _mâlâ_, a garland
+  |Justicia gandarusa
+  |  |gandarusa
+  |  |  |_gandha_, smell; _rusa_ (Malay), a deer(?)
+  |  |  |  |S. _gandarusa_
+  |Hibiscus abelmoschus
+  |  |gandapûra
+  |  |  |_gandha_, smell; _pura_, calix of a flower
+  |  |  |  |Mak. _gandapura_
+  |Hedichium coronarium
+  |  |gandasûlî
+  |  |  |_gandha_, smell
+  |  |  |  |S. _gandasoli_.
+  |Liquidambar altingiana
+  |  |rasamala
+  |  |  |_surasa_, sweet, elegant; _mâlâ_, a garland
+  |Carthamus tinctorius, safflower
+  |  |kasumba
+  |  |  |kusumbha
+  |  |  |  |J., S., Mak., and D. _kasumba_; Tag. _kasubha_;
+  |  |  |  |Bis. _kasobha_.
+  |Crocus sativus, saffron
+  |  |kumkumâ
+  |  |  |kuṃkuma
+  |  |  |  |J. _kamkuma_; Mak. _kuma_.
+  |Alyxia stellata; an odoriferous root used in medicine
+  |  |pûlasâri
+  |  |  |phul (_Hind_.), flower; _sari_ (Javanese), from _kesara_
+  |  |  |(Sansk.), a flower
+  |Tectonia grandis, teak
+  |  |jâtî
+  |  |  |jâti (synonymous with _malati_), Jasminum grandiflorum
+  |  |  |  |J., S., Bat., Mak., Bu., and D. _jati_.
+  |Pterocarpus indicus
+  |  |ângsâna
+  |  |  |asana (Terminalia alata tomentosa)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _angsana_.
+  |Borassus flabelliformis
+  |  |lontar
+  |  |  |tâla
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _lontar_; Bat. _otal_; Mak. _tala_; Bu. _ta_;
+  |  |  |  |Tag. _tual_.
+  |Eugenia jambu, roseapple
+  |  |jambû
+  |  |  |jambu
+  |  |  |  |J., S., Mak., and D. _jambu_; Bu. _jampu_; Tag. _dambo_;
+  |  |  |  |Bat. _jambu-jambu_, fringe; Bu. _jambo-jambo_, fringe,
+  |  |  |  |plume.
+  |Mangifera indica, mango
+  |  |mampelam
+  |  |  |from Telugu, _mampalam_; Sansk. _mahâphala_, “great fruit”
+  |  |  |  |J. _pelem_; S. _ampelem_.
+  |Spondias myrobolan (or mangifera)
+  |  |âmra
+  |  |  |âmra (the mango, _Mangifera indica_); âmrâta (_Spondias
+  |  |  |mangifera_)
+  |Punica granatum, pomegranate
+  |  |dalîma
+  |  |  |dâḍima and dâlima
+  |Zizyphus jujuba
+  |  |bidâra
+  |  |  |vidara
+  |  |  |  |J. _widara_; S. _bidara_.
+  |Cucurbita lagenaria, gourd, pumpkin
+  |  |lâbû
+  |  |  |alâbu
+  |  |  |  |S. _labu_; Bat. _tabu-tabu_; Malg. _tawu_.
+  |Tricosanthes laciniosa
+  |  |patôla
+  |  |  |paṭola
+  |Cassia fistula
+  |  |biraksa
+  |  |  |vṛiksha (a tree)
+  |Emblica officinalis
+  |  |malâka
+  |  |  |âmalaka (Emblic myrobalan)
+  |  |  |  |S. _malaka_; Bat. _malakah_.
+
+
+    [Footnote 27: “Commeline had been informed that the Javans give
+    the name of _Malati_ to the _Zambak_ (_Jasminum sambac_), which in
+    Sanskrit is called _Navamalika_, and which, according to Rheede,
+    is used by the Hindus in their sacrifices; but they make offerings
+    of most odoriferous flowers, and particularly of the various
+    _Jasmins_ and _Zambaks_.” --_Sir William Jones_, _As. Res._ iv.]
+
+    [Footnote 28: Ainslie’s Materia Medica, Madras, 1813. _Kanana_
+    occurs in the names of several flowers, _e.g._, _kanana karavira_,
+    Plumieria alba.]
+
+    [Footnote 29: Perhaps a corruption of _nila-gandhi_. Ainslie gives
+    the Sanskrit name as _jela-nirghoondi_.]
+
+_Pâlas_, _palâsa_, and _palâsang_ are Malay names for trees of different
+kinds, not one of which corresponds botanically with the Sanskrit
+_palâça_ (_Butea frondosa_, a tree which is held by Hindus to be
+peculiarly venerable and holy). The preceding list affords several
+illustrations of a similar misuse of terms. To it might be added several
+words borrowed from other Indian languages, such as _nânas_, pine-apple
+(Hind. _ananas_), _bilimbing_ (Tamul _bilimbi_), &c., &c.[30]
+
+    [Footnote 30: J. _nanas_; S. _kanas_; Bat. _honas_; D. _kanas_; J.
+    and S. _balimbing_; Bat. _balingbing_.]
+
+Marsden has remarked on the number of Sanskrit words expressive of the
+feelings and emotions of the human mind which occur in Malay, and Arabic
+also furnishes several. Either their synonymous native terms have been
+lost, or the Malays, at the period of Indian influence, had not reached
+that stage of civilisation when man commences to analyse and name the
+emotions he experiences and sees experienced by others. Good and bad
+qualities, in the same way and for the same reason, seem often to bear
+Sanskrit appellations. The following list does not profess to be
+complete:--
+
+  |English.
+  |  |Malay.
+  |  |  |Sanskrit.
+  |  |  |  |Other Languages.
+  |Pleasure, to be pleased
+  |  |sûka
+  |  |  |sukha
+  |  |  |  |J., S., and D. _suka_
+  |Joy, rejoiced
+  |  |suka-chita
+  |  |  |sukha-chit (chit = thought, the heart)
+  |Sorrow, grief
+  |  |dûka
+  |  |  |duhkha (pain)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _duka_.
+  |  |duka-chita
+  |  |  |duhkha-chit
+  |Care, anxiety, concern
+  |  |chinta
+  |  |  |chintâ (thought)
+  |  |  |  |J. _chipta_; S. _chinta_; Mak. _chita_; D. and Tag.
+  |  |  |  |_sinta_.
+  |Passionately in love
+  |  |berâhî
+  |  |  |virahin (suffering separation)
+  |  |  |  |J. _birahi_.
+  |Angry
+  |  |murka
+  |  |  |mûrkha (stupidity)
+  |  |  |  |J. _murka_, greedy, dissatisfied.
+  |Hope
+  |  |âsa
+  |  |  |âçâ
+  |  |  |  |Tag. _asa_.
+  |Love
+  |  |âsmâra
+  |  |  |smara
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _asmara_.
+  |Avarice, covetousness
+  |  |lôba
+  |  |  |lobha
+  |  |  |  |Kw. _loba_, voluptuous, luxurious; S. _loba_, abundant.
+  |Wisdom, understanding
+  |  |bûdî
+  |  |  |buddhi
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _budi_.
+  |Stupid, foolish
+  |  |bôdoh
+  |  |  |abodha
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _bodo_.
+  |Wise, learned
+  |  |pandei
+  |  |  |paṇḍita
+  |  |  |  |J., S., and Bat. _pandé_.
+  |Lazy
+  |  |malas
+  |  |  |alasa
+  |Charity, benevolence
+  |  |dermâ
+  |  |  |dharma
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _derma_; Bat. _dorma_, means of gaining
+  |  |  |  |affection.
+  |Generous
+  |  |dermâwan
+  |  |  |dharmavant
+  |Fidelity
+  |  |setîa
+  |  |  |satya
+  |  |  |  |J. _satya_ and _secha_; S. _sacha_.
+  |Faithful, loyal
+  |  |setîâwan
+  |  |  |satyavant
+  |Thought, to think
+  |  |sangka
+  |  |  |çaṅka
+  |To suspect, conjecture
+  |  |tarka
+  |  |  |tarka (doubt, reason)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _tarka_ and _terka_.
+  |Blame
+  |  |chelâ
+  |  |  |chhala (fraud)
+  |  |  |  |J. _chela_; Mak. _challa_.
+  |Misfortune, vile, base
+  |  |chelâka
+  |  |  |chhalaka (deceiving, a deceiver)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _chelaka_; Mak. _chilaka_; D. _chalaka_.
+  |Sin, crime
+  |  |dôsa
+  |  |  |dush (to sin)
+  |  |  |  |J., S., Bat., Mak., and D. _dosa_.
+  |False, untrue
+  |  |dusta
+  |  |  |dushta
+  |Merit meritorious actions
+  |  |pahâla
+  |  |  |phala (fruit, produce, result)
+  |  |  |  |Kw. _pahala_, fruit, merit.
+  |Happiness, good fortune
+  |  |bahagîa
+  |  |  |bhâgya (lot, fate)
+  |  |  |  |J. _bagya_; S. _bagia_; Bat. _badiya_.
+  |Use, value, quality
+  |  |guna
+  |  |  |guṇa (quality)
+  |  |  |  |J., S., Bat., Mak., and D. _guna_.
+
+Inter-tribal warfare is usually characteristic of savage tribes, and an
+ample vocabulary of words connected with fighting and the art of war may
+be looked for in a language like Malay. But though the native terms are
+numerous, many have also been furnished by Sanskrit, among which may be
+instanced the following:--
+
+  |English.
+  |  |Malay.
+  |  |  |Sanskrit.
+  |  |  |  |Other Languages.
+  |Army
+  |  |bâla, bâlatantrâ
+  |  |  |bala (an army), tantra (series, offspring)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _bala_.
+  |Fort
+  |  |kôta
+  |  |  |kûṭa
+  |  |  |  |J. _kuta_; Bat. _kuta_; S., Mak., D., Tag., and Bis.
+  |  |  |  |_kota_.
+  |Bastion, redoubt
+  |  |mâlawâti [31]
+  |  |  |balavatî (strong, powerful)?
+  |Weapon, arm
+  |  |senjâta
+  |  |  |sajjâ (armour), sajjatâ, readiness
+  |  |  |  |Kw. and Mak. _sanjata_; Bat. _sonjata_; D. _sandata_.
+  |Bow
+  |  |pânah
+  |  |  |vâṇa (an arrow)
+  |  |  |  |J., S., and D. _panah_; Mak. _pana_; Tag. and Bis.
+  |  |  |  |_pana_, arrow.
+  |Dagger
+  |  |kris
+  |  |  |kṛit (to cut, to kill)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _keris_ and _kris_; Bat. _horis_; Mak. _kurisi_;
+  |  |  |  |Tag. and Bis. _kalis_.
+  |Discus
+  |  |chakra
+  |  |  |chakra
+  |Club
+  |  |gada
+  |  |  |gadâ
+  |  |  |  |J. _gada_.
+  |Cross-bow
+  |  |gandî
+  |  |  |gâṇḍiva
+  |  |  |  |J. _gandewa_.
+  |Pike
+  |  |sanggamâra
+  |  |  |saṃgrâma (war, battle)
+  |Knife
+  |  |churîka
+  |  |  |chhurikâ
+  |  |  |  |Kw. _churika_, a kris.
+  |Enemy
+  |  |satrû
+  |  |  |çatru
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _satru_.
+  |Battlefield
+  |  |râna
+  |  |  |raṇa (battle)
+  |  |  |  |Kw. and S. _rana_.
+  |Victory
+  |  |jaya
+  |  |  |jaya
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _jaya_.
+
+
+    [Footnote 31: Crawfurd, very likely correctly, derives this from
+    the Portuguese _baluârte_, a bulwark.]
+
+Among the Malays the titles of royalty and nobility, and many of the
+terms in use for the paraphernalia of the court, are Sanskrit. Logan
+supposes the native Malayan institutions to have been of a “mixed
+patriarchal and oligarchical” form.[32] Crawfurd was not satisfied that
+the terms alluded to proved that Hinduism had exercised much influence
+on Malayan government;[33] but when to these is added a long catalogue
+of words connected with law, justice, and administration, it will
+probably be apparent that Indian influence has played an important part
+in moulding the institutions of the Malays. The following are some of
+the principal titles, &c., in use about the court of a Malay Raja:--
+
+  |English.
+  |  |Malay.
+  |  |  |Sanskrit.
+  |  |  |  |Other Languages.
+  |King
+  |  |râja
+  |  |  |râj
+  |  |  |  |J., S., and Bat. _raja_.
+  |Maharaja (a title not confined to royalty, but used also by Malay
+  |chiefs)
+  |  |mahârâja
+  |  |  |mahârâja (a king, sovereign)
+  |_Adiraja_ (a title)
+  |  |âdirâja
+  |  |  |âdhirâja (the first or primeval king, epithet of Manu and
+  |  |  |of a son of Kuru)
+  |King (reigning monarch)
+  |  |baginda
+  |  |  |bhâgya (merit, happiness)
+  |  |  |  |J. _bagenda_; S. _baginda_.
+  |_Paduka_ (a title of respect used in addressing persons of rank)
+  |  |paduka[34]
+  |  |  |pâduka (a shoe)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _paduka_.
+  |_Duli_ (a title used in addressing royalty)
+  |  |dûli[34]
+  |  |  |dhuli (dust)
+  |  |  |  |J. _duli_; Bat. _daholi_.
+  |Queen
+  |  |permeisûrî
+  |  |  |parameçvarî (a title of Durga, wife of Çiva)
+  |  |  |  |J. _prameswari_; S. _permasuri_.
+  |Prince
+  |  |putrâ
+  |  |  |putra (a son)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _putra_.
+  |Princess
+  |  |putrî
+  |  |  |putrî (a daughter)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _putri_.
+  |Minister
+  |  |mantrî
+  |  |  |mantrin (councillor)
+  |  |  |  |J. _mantri_; Mak. _mantari_; S. _mantri_, a minor
+  |  |  |  |official.
+  |Chief minister
+  |  |pardana-mantri
+  |  |  |pradhâna
+  |Councillor
+  |  |paramantri
+  |  |  |para (highest)
+  |Officer of the household
+  |  |sîda-sîda
+  |  |  |siddha (priest, learned man)
+  |Warrior, royal escort
+  |  |hulubâlang
+  |  |  |bala (army)
+  |  |  |  |J. and Bat. _hulubalang_.
+  |Sage, royal adviser
+  |  |pandîta
+  |  |  |paṇḍita
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _pandita_.
+  |Laksamana (one of the officers of state)
+  |  |laksamâna
+  |  |  |lakshmaṇa (the son of Daçaratha by Sumitrâ)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _laksmana_.
+  |Treasurer
+  |  |bandahâra
+  |  |  |bhâṇḍâgâra (treasure)
+  |  |  |  |Mak. _bandara_; J. _bendara_, master; S. _bandaran_;
+  |  |  |  |custom-house.
+  |Throne
+  |  |singgahasana
+  |  |  |siṃhâsana
+  |  |  |  |Kw. and S. _singasana_.
+  |Palace
+  |  |astana
+  |  |  |sthâna (place, whence the Persian _astana_, a threshold,
+  |  |  |a fakir’s residence)
+  |Crown
+  |  |makôta
+  |  |  |mukuṭa
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _makuta_; Mak. _makota_.
+  |Royal insignia
+  |  |upachara
+  |  |  |upachâra (service)
+  |  |  |  |J. _upachara_.
+  |Title of a chief who is of noble blood on one side only
+  |  |magat
+  |  |  |mâgadha (the son of a Vaiçya by a Kshatriya woman)
+  |Officer (hero)
+  |  |punggâwa
+  |  |  |puṅgava (a bull; as latter part of compound words,
+  |  |  |“excellent,” _e.g._, _nara-puṅgava_, an excellent warrior)
+  |  |  |  |J., S., and Mak. _punggawa_.
+
+    [Footnote 32: Journ. Ind. Arch., v. 572.]
+
+    [Footnote 33: Crawfurd, Malay Grammar, Dissertation ccii.]
+
+    [Footnote 34: These two words must have been originally used by
+    Malays in the sense which they bear in Sanskrit. “Unto the shoes
+    of my lord’s feet,” or “beneath the dust of your majesty’s feet,”
+    are phrases in which _paduka_ and _duli_ would immediately precede
+    the name or title of the person addressed. Being thus used always
+    in connection with the titles of royal or distinguished persons,
+    the two words have been taken for honorific titles, and are so
+    used by Malays, unaware of the humble origin of what are to them
+    high-sounding words.]
+
+The incidents of Asiatic government have caused the introduction into
+the Malay language of such terms as the following, among others:--
+
+  |English.
+  |  |Malay.
+  |  |  |Sanskrit.
+  |  |  |  |Other Languages.
+  |Country
+  |  |negrî
+  |  |  |nagara and nagarî
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _nagara_.
+  |District
+  |  |dêsa
+  |  |  |diçâ
+  |  |  |  |J., and S., Bat., and D. _desa_; Mak. _dessa_.
+  |Tax
+  |  |ûpatî
+  |  |  |utpatti
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _upeti_.
+  |Hall, court
+  |  |bâlei
+  |  |  |valaya (an enclosure)
+  |  |  |  |S. _balé_; D. _balai_, open building; J. _balé_, bench;
+  |  |  |  |Bat. _balé_, hut on a king’s tomb.
+  |Examine, inquire
+  |  |preḳsa
+  |  |  |parîkshâ
+  |  |  |  |J. _priksa_; Mak. _paressa_; D. _pariksa_ and _riksa_.
+  |Cause, suit
+  |  |bichara
+  |  |  |vichâra (consideration, discussion)
+  |  |  |  |Mak. and D. _bichara_; J. _wichara_; S. _pichara_.
+  |Witness
+  |  |saḳsi
+  |  |  |sâkshin
+  |  |  |  |J., S., D., Tag., and Bis. _saksi_.
+  |Crime
+  |  |dosa
+  |  |  |dush (to sin)
+  |  |  |  |J., S., Bat., Mak., and D. _dosa_.
+  |Insult, trespass
+  |  |ângkâra
+  |  |  |ahaṃkâra (pride)
+  |  |  |  |Kw. _angkara_.
+  |Injustice, oppression
+  |  |ânyâya
+  |  |  |anyâya
+  |  |  |  |J. _aniaya_.
+  |Inheritance
+  |  |pusâka
+  |  |  |push (to possess)
+  |  |  |  |J., S., and Mak. _pusaka_.
+  |Action, negotiation
+  |  |sanggêta
+  |  |  |saṃketa (appointment, convention)
+  |Proof
+  |  |biti
+  |  |  |vitti (probability)
+  |Cause, matter in dispute
+  |  |âchâra
+  |  |  |âchara (conduct)
+  |Punishment
+  |  |siḳsa
+  |  |  |çikshâ (learning)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _siksa_; Mak. _sessa_.
+  |Fine
+  |  |denda
+  |  |  |daṇḍa
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _denda_; Bat. _dangdang_; D. _danda_.
+  |Prison
+  |  |panjâra
+  |  |  |panjara (a cage)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _kunjara_; Mak. _panjara_; Bat. _binjara_,
+  |  |  |  |a trap; D. _jara_ and _panjara_, punished.
+  |Punishment (of a disgraceful kind inflicted on women)
+  |  |druma
+  |  |  |druh (to hurt)
+  |Slave
+  |  |sahâya
+  |  |  |sahâya (companion)
+  |Free, liberated
+  |  |mardahîka
+  |  |  |mṛidh (to pardon?)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _mardika_; Bat. _mardaekoh_; Mak., Bu., and D.
+  |  |  |  |_maradeka_; Tag. _mahadlika_
+  |Executioner
+  |  |palabâya
+  |  |  |para (exceeding) bhaya (fear)
+
+The groups of words remaining to be noticed are those connected with the
+Hindu religion, and with the demon-worship or spirit-worship, which was
+the earliest form which the religious sentiment took among the Malay
+tribes.[35] After the conversion of the Malays to the faith of Muhammad,
+the traditions of Hinduism were gradually confused with the aboriginal
+superstitions, and neither have been entirely obliterated by the cult
+which superseded them. The belief in the power of malignant spirits to
+cause misfortune, sickness, and death is still strong among the Malays,
+whose _pawangs_ or medicine-men claim to be able to propitiate demons by
+spells, prayers, and offerings. These men frequently invoke benevolent
+spirits by the names of Rama, Vishnu, and other Hindu deities, in
+complete ignorance that they are Hindu,[36] to counteract the evil
+influences of malevolent demons. Practices of this sort prevail most
+generally in places remote from Arab influence.
+
+    [Footnote 35: “The Javanese have peopled the air, the woods and
+    rivers with various classes of spirits, their belief in which
+    probably constituted their sole religion before the arrival of the
+    Bramins.” --_Crawfurd’s Grammar_, _Dissertation_ cxcix.]
+
+    [Footnote 36: “The Javanese consider all the Hindu gods of their
+    former belief not as imaginary beings, but as real demons”
+    (_Ibid._), just as the early Christians regarded the classic gods,
+    and attributed oracles to diabolical agency.]
+
+The Malays did not altogether discard the theological terms of Hinduism
+when they adopted a new religion. For instance, _puâsa_,[37] abstinence,
+fasting (Sansk. _upavâsa_), is used to express the annual fast of the
+Muhammadans during the month Ramzan. Heaven and hell also retain their
+Sanskrit names.
+
+    [Footnote 37: J., S., Mak., D., and Bis. _puasa_; Bat. _puaso_.]
+
+The following are some of the principal theological terms which have
+passed from Sanskrit into Malay:--
+
+  |English.
+  |  |Malay.
+  |  |  |Sanskrit.
+  |  |  |  |Other Languages.
+  |Religion
+  |  |âgâma
+  |  |  |âgama (sacred science)[38]
+  |  |  |  |J., S. Mak., Bu., and D. _agama_.
+  |Spiritual guide
+  |  |gûrû
+  |  |  |guru
+  |  |  |  |J., S. Mak., Bu., and D. _guru_.
+  |Praise, adoration
+  |  |puji, puja
+  |  |  |pûj (to honour)
+  |  |  |pûjâ (worshipping)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _puji_, _puja_; Bat. and Mak. _puji_;
+  |  |  |  |D. _mampuji_; to invoke.
+  |Religious penance
+  |  |tâpa
+  |  |  |tapas
+  |  |  |  |J., S., Mak., D., and Bu. _tapa_.
+  |Heaven
+  |  |sûrga
+  |  |  |svarga
+  |  |  |  |J. _suwarga_; S. _surga_.
+  |Hell
+  |  |nâraka, patâla
+  |  |  |naraka, pâtâla
+  |  |  |  |J., S., Mak., and D. _naraka_; S. _patala_.
+  |Fast, abstinence
+  |  |puâsa
+  |  |  |upavâsa
+  |  |  |  |J., S., Mak., D., and Bis. _puasa_; Bat. _puaso_.
+  |Supernatural power
+  |  |saḳtî
+  |  |  |çakti (strength, power)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _sakti_.
+  |Meritorious service, merit
+  |  |baḳtî
+  |  |  |bhakti (worship, devotion)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _bakti_.
+  |Sacred formula, charm, spell
+  |  |mantrâ
+  |  |  |mantra
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _mantra_.
+  |Incense
+  |  |dûpa
+  |  |  |dhûpa
+  |  |  |  |J., S., Mak., Bu., and D. _dupa_; Bat. _daupa_;
+  |  |  |  |Tag. _dupa-an_, censer.
+  |Incense (made of eight ingredients)
+  |  |istanggi
+  |  |  |ashṭaka (a collection of eight things)
+  |  |  |  |S. _istanggi_; Mak. _satanggi_.
+  |Censer (a bamboo split at one end, and opened out so as to form
+  |a receptacle)
+  |  |sangka
+  |  |  |çaṅkha (conchshell used for libations)
+  |Trumpet
+  |  |sangkakala
+  |  |  |çaṅkha (conchshell used for blowing as a horn), kala (time)
+  |Protection, blessing, or invocation to secure protection
+  |  |sempana
+  |  |  |sampanna
+  |_Sati_, self-sacrifice on the tomb of a lord or husband
+  |  |bela
+  |  |  |velâ (sudden death?)
+  |  |  |  |J. and Bat. _bela_.
+  |Recluse, devotee
+  |  |biku
+  |  |  |bhikshu (a religious mendicant)
+  |  |  |  |Kw. _wiku_; Siam. _phiku_, a devotee, beggar.
+  |Mystic words prefixed to prayers and invocations
+  |  |Om, hong[39]
+  |  |  |om (a mystic word prefacing all prayers); hum (a mystic
+  |  |  |syllable used in incantations)
+  |  |  |  |J. _hong_.
+  |Sacrifice, burnt-offering
+  |  |hûmum
+  |  |  |homa (sacrifice)
+
+DEITIES, &c.
+
+  |A god
+  |  |batâra
+  |  |  |avatâra (descent)
+  |  |  |  |J., S., Bat., and Mak. _batara_; Bis. _batala_, idol.
+  |Minor deity
+  |  |dêwa, dêwâta
+  |  |  |deva, devatâ
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _dewa_, _dewata_; Mak. _dewa_, _rewata_;
+  |  |  |  |D. _dewa_; Bis. _dia_, idol; Bat. _debata_; Bu. _dewata_.
+  |Do. (female)
+  |  |dêwî
+  |  |  |devî
+  |  |  |  |J., S., and Mak. _dewi_.
+  |Names supposed by Malays to belong to powerful spirits or demons
+  |  |Brahma
+  |  |  |Brahma (one of the three principal Hindu deities)
+  |  |Bisnû
+  |  |  |Vishnu (one of the three principal Hindu deities)
+  |  |Srî Râma
+  |  |  |Râma (the hero of the Râmâyana)
+  |  |Ranjûna
+  |  |  |Arjuna (the third son of Pandu)
+  |  |Barûna
+  |  |  |Varuṇa (the deity of the waters)
+  |  |  |  |S. _Baruna_.
+  |  |Mahêswâra
+  |  |  |Maheçvara
+  |  |Handûman
+  |  |  |Hanumant (the monkey chief in the Râmâyana)
+  |  |Mahareshî
+  |  |  |Maharshi (a sage of a pre-eminent class)
+  |Supernatural beings
+  |  |Indrâ
+  |  |  |Indra (king of heaven)
+  |  |  |  |Kw. _Endra_; S. _Indra_.
+  |  |Chandrâ
+  |  |  |Chandra (the moon)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _Chandra_.
+  |Nymph, goddess
+  |  |Bidyâdârî
+  |  |  |Vidyâdharî (a female demi-god)
+  |  |  |  |J. _Widadari_; Mak. _Bidadari_.
+
+DEMONS, &c.
+
+  |Demon
+  |  |jana, janu
+  |  |  |jana (creature, demon)
+  |Malignant spirit
+  |  |bôta
+  |  |  |bhûta
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _buta_; Mak. _bota_.
+  |Name of a particular demon
+  |  |pancha-maha-bôta
+  |  |  |panchan (five); bhûta (element); the five elements according
+  |  |  |to the Hindus are earth, fire, water, air, and æther
+  |A kind of demon
+  |  |bôga
+  |  |  |bhoga (a snake)
+  |Name of a particular demon
+  |  |bûjangga
+  |  |  |bhujaṃga (a snake)
+  |  |  |  |J. _bujongga_; S. _bujangga_.
+  |An evil spirit
+  |  |rakshâsa
+  |  |  |râkshasa
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _raksasa_.
+  |Ghost, goblin
+  |  |hantû
+  |  |  |hantu (death)
+  |  |  |  |J. _antu_; Bat. and S. _hantu_; D. _hantu_, corpse.
+  |Spectre (which haunts the scene of a murder or sudden death)
+  |  |bâdei
+  |  |  |vadha (killing, murder)
+  |A female who chants incantations
+  |  |bîdû, bidûan
+  |  |  |vidhavâ (a widow)
+  |  |  |  |Bat. _biduwan_.
+  |Spell to cause death
+  |  |permâya
+  |  |  |pramaya (death)
+  |  |  |  |Bat. _parangmayo_.
+  |A demon
+  |  |danâwa
+  |  |  |dânava
+  |  |  |  |J. _danawa_.
+  |A daitya or demon
+  |  |ditya
+  |  |  |daitya
+  |  |  |  |Kw. _ditya_.
+  |A supernatural monster
+  |  |gargâsi
+  |  |  |karkaça (cruel), or perhaps, from _ugra_, very strong,
+  |  |  |terrible, cruel
+  |  |  |  | J. _gargasi_, a large bird
+  |Magic
+  |  |sastarâ
+  |  |  |çâstra (science, learning)
+  |Magician, sorcerer
+  |  |sastarâwan
+  |  |  |çâstravant (skilled in the holy writings)
+
+    [Footnote 38: “_Agama_ in Sanskrit is ‘authority for religious
+    doctrine:’ in Malay and Javanese it is religion itself, and is at
+    present applied both to the Mohammedan and the Christian
+    religions.” --_Crawfurd_, _Malay Grammar_, _Dissertation_
+    cxcviii.]
+
+    [Footnote 39: I have found both these words used separately and
+    distinctly by Pawangs in the state of Perak. Raffles and Logan
+    confused them. Journ. Ind. Arch., i. 309; History of Java, ii.
+    369. De Backer mentions _ong_ only. L’Archipel. Indien, p. 287]
+
+A remarkable instance of the extent to which the Malay language has been
+enriched by Aryan terms is to be found in their national or racial name.
+The origin of the word _Malayu_ (the native word from which we obtain
+our “Malay”) has been made the subject of some discussion by several
+authors. Some are disposed to trace it to the Sanskrit word _malaya_,
+while others prefer to regard it as a purely native word. These views
+are summarised in the following extract from the introduction to the
+Malay Grammar of the Abbé Favre:--
+
+“Some authors, and particularly Dr. Leyden, whose authority in this
+matter is of great weight, derive the word _malayu_ from the Tamil
+_malé_, which means ‘mountain,’ whence _malaya_, ‘chain of mountains,’ a
+word applied in Sanskrit to the Western Ghauts.
+
+“Marsden asserts that this opinion, being founded upon a mere
+resemblance of sound between the Sanskrit word _malaya_ and the name of
+the Malay people, is not sufficient to justify this derivation.[40]
+
+“Nevertheless the opinion of Dr. Leyden has continued to command belief,
+and has been regarded as not altogether unfounded by M. Louis de Backer,
+who has recently published a work on the Indian Archipelago.[41]
+
+“Another theory, which has the support of Werndly,[42] is so far simple
+and rational that it seeks the etymology of this word in the traditions
+of the Malays and in books written by themselves. Thus, in a work which
+has the greatest authority among them, and which is entitled
+_Sulālates-salātin_, or _Sejārat malāyu_, the following passage
+occurs:--
+
+“‘There is in the island of Sumatra an ancient kingdom called Palembang,
+opposite to the island of Banka; a river flows there which is still
+called Tatang, into the upper portion of which another river falls,
+after having watered the spurs of the mountain Maha Meru (which Malay
+princes claim as the cradle of their origin); the tributary is called
+_Melayu_, or _Malayu_.’ The meaning of this word is ‘to flow quickly’ or
+‘rapidly,’ from _layu_, which in Javanese as well as in the dialect of
+Palembang signifies ‘swift, rapid;’ it has become _laju_, _melaju_, in
+Malay by the conversion of ي into ج, a change which is by no means rare
+in Malay, as it may be seen in يهوري and جهوري,[43] from the Sanskrit
+_ayuta_ and _yodi_, and in جوري _jehudi_, from the Arabic جوت _yehudi_,
+&c.
+
+“Now the Malays, an essentially nautical people, are in the habit of
+settling along the banks of rivers and streams, whence it comes that a
+great number of their towns have taken the names of the rivers on or
+near which they are situated, such as Johor, Pahang, &c. In this way
+‘the country situated near the river of which the current is rapid,’
+_Sungei Malayu_, would take the name of _Tanah Malayu_, and the
+inhabitants of this country (governed in those times by a chief named
+Demang Lebar Daun) that of _Orang Malayu_, just as the inhabitants of
+Johor and Pahang are called _Orang Johor_, _Orang Pahang_; and their
+language is called _Bahasa Orang Malayu_ or _Bahasa Malayu_.
+
+“The name of _Malayu_ thus applied to the people and to the language
+spread with the descendants of Demang Lebar Daun, whose son-in-law, Sang
+Sapurba, became king of Menangkabau or Pagar Ruwang, a powerful empire
+in the interior of Sumatra. A grandson of Demang Lebar Daun, named Sang
+Mutiaga, became king of Tanjong Pura. A second, Sang Nila Utama, married
+the daughter of the queen of Bentan, and immediately founded the kingdom
+of Singapore, a place previously known as Tamassak. It was a descendant
+of his, Iskander Shah, who founded the empire of Malacca, which extended
+over a great part of the peninsula; and, after the capture of Malacca by
+the Portuguese, became the empire of Johor. It is thus that a portion of
+the Indian Archipelago has taken the name of _Tanah Malayu_, ‘Malay
+country.’
+
+“One of the granddaughters of Demang Lebar Daun was married to the
+Batara or king of Majapahit, a kingdom which extended over the island of
+Java and beyond it; and another was married to the Emperor of China, a
+circumstance which contributed not a little to render the name of
+_Malayu_ or Malay known in distant parts.”[44]
+
+    [Footnote 40: Malay Grammar, Introduction.]
+
+    [Footnote 41: L’Archipel Indien, p. 53.]
+
+    [Footnote 42: Maleische Spraakkunst, door G. H. Werndly p. xix.]
+
+    [Footnote 43: The derivation of _judi_, gaming, from _dyuta_ (game
+    at dice), seems to be preferable to that adopted by M. Favre
+    (following Van der Tuuk), who refers it to _yodi_, a warrior.]
+
+    [Footnote 44: Favre, Grammaire de la Langue Malaise, Introduction,
+    viii.]
+
+This theory requires that we should suppose that a word of wide
+application, which is known wherever Malays have established themselves,
+is, in fact, a Malay word disguised in a form found only in Javanese and
+the dialect of Palembang. If the arguments adduced in support of it are
+to apply, we must first of all admit the very doubtful historical
+accuracy of the _Sejarah Malayu_, from which they are drawn.
+
+There is a Malay word, _layu_, which means “faded,” “withered,” and it
+is only the exigency of finding a word applicable to a river that makes
+it necessary to look for a derivation in _laju_, swift. In this or some
+kindred sense the word _laju_ is found in Javanese, Sundanese, and
+Dayak; but why it should give its name, in the form of _layu_, to a
+river in Sumatra, and thence to the whole Malay race, is not very
+obvious. A river named in consequence of its swift current would be
+called by Malays _Sungei Laju_, not _Sungei Malaju_. Even if the
+derivation of Malayu from _melaju_ had the support of the Malays
+themselves, Malay etymologies are not often safe guides. Not much, for
+instance, can be said in favour of the fanciful derivation of Sumatra
+from _semut raya_, “large ant,” which is given by the author of the
+_Sâjarah Malayu_.[45]
+
+    [Footnote 45: Leyden’s Malay Annals, 65.]
+
+It is impossible to treat the story of Sang Sapurba, the first Malay
+raja, as historical. The name, “Maha-Meru,” sufficiently shows that we
+are upon mythological ground. The story is as follows:-- Three young men
+descend from the heavens of Indra (_ka indra-an_) upon the mountain
+Maha-Meru, on the slopes of which they meet two women who support
+themselves by planting hill-padi. Supernatural incidents mark the advent
+of the strangers. The very corn in the ground puts forth ears of gold,
+while its leaves become silver and its stalks copper. One of the
+new-comers rides on a white bull, and carries a sword called _Chora_
+(Sansk. _kshura_, a razor) _samandang-kini_. They are received by the
+natives of the district (Palembang) and made rajas. He who rides the
+bull becomes king of Menangkabau, and the other two receive minor
+kingdoms.
+
+It is not difficult to recognise here certain attributes of the god
+Çiva, with which, by a not unnatural confusion of ideas, Muhammadan
+Malays, the recipients of the old traditions, have clothed their first
+raja.
+
+Maha-Meru, or Sumeru, on which are the abodes of the gods, is placed by
+Hindu geographers in the centre of the earth. _Malaya_ is mentioned in
+the _Puranas_ as a mountain in which the Godavari and other rivers take
+their rise. The white bull of Sang Sapurba is evidently the _vahan_ of
+Çiva, and the name of the sword bears a close resemblance to
+_manda-kini_, the name given in heaven to the sacred Ganges, which
+springs from the head of Çiva. Most of the incidents in the story,
+therefore, are of purely Hindu origin, and this gives great probability
+to the conjecture which assigns a Sanskrit source to the word _Malayu_.
+The Straits of Malacca abound with places with Sanskrit names. Not to
+speak of Singha-pura, there are the islands of Langka-wi and Lingga and
+the towns of Indragiri and Indrapura, &c. Sumeru (in Java), Madura,
+Ayuthia (in Siam), and many other names, show how great Indian
+influences have been in past times in the far East. May it not be,
+therefore, that _Malaya_ or _Malayu_[46] was the name by which the
+earliest Sanskrit-speaking adventurers from India denominated the rude
+tribes of Sumatra and the peninsula with whom they came in contact, just
+as _Jawi_ is the name given to Malays by the Arabs, the term in either
+case being adopted by the people from those to whom they looked up with
+reverence as their conquerors or teachers? According to this view, the
+introduction of a river, _Malayu_, into the story of Sang Sapurba is an
+_ex post facto_ way of explaining the name, inserted with this object by
+the native author of the _Sâjarah Malayu_.
+
+    [Footnote 46: Besides signifying a range of mountains, _Malaya_
+    has the secondary meaning of “a garden.” If the term was applied
+    originally in reference to the agricultural pursuits of the
+    primitive tribes, it receives additional illustration from the
+    name given to one of the women whom Sang Sapurba meets on Mount
+    Maha-Meru, “_Malini_,” a gardener’s wife (Sansk.).]
+
+If it be granted that the story of Sang Sapurba is mythological, it
+becomes unnecessary to follow any attempt to show that the name of
+_Malayu_ received additional celebrity from the marriages of
+granddaughters of Demang Lebar Daun with the Batara of Majapahit and the
+Emperor of China! The contemptuous style in which Malay, Javanese, and
+other barbarian rajas are spoken of by ancient Chinese historians leaves
+but slender probability to the legend that an Emperor of China once took
+a Malay princess as his wife.[47]
+
+    [Footnote 47: See Grœneveldt’s Notes on the Malay Archipelago,
+    compiled from Chinese sources. Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch
+    Genootschap, xxxix.]
+
+From this subject it is natural to proceed to another disputed
+etymology, namely, the origin of the word _Jawi_, which is often used by
+the Malays for the word _Malayu_ in speaking of their language and
+written character, _bahasa jawi_ meaning Malay language, and _surat
+jawi_ a document written in Malay. It is not necessary to go into all
+the various conjectures on the subject, which will be found in the works
+of Marsden, Crawfurd, Favre, and others.
+
+_Jawi_ is a word of Arab origin, and is formed in accordance with the
+rules of Arabic grammar from the noun _Jawa_, Java. Just as from
+_Makah_, Meccah, is derived the word _Makk-i_, of or belonging to
+Meccah, so from _Jawa_, Java, we get _Jawi_, of or belonging to Java.
+When this name was first applied to Malays, the Arabs had not an
+accurate knowledge of the ethnography of the Eastern Archipelago.
+Without very strict regard to ethnical divergencies, they described all
+the brown races of the eastern islands under the comprehensive and
+convenient term _Jawi_, and the Malays, who alone among those races
+adopted the Arabic alphabet, adopted also the term in speaking of their
+language and writing.[48]
+
+    [Footnote 48: “_Sawa_, _Jawa_, _Saba_, _Jaba_, _Zaba_, &c., has
+    evidently in all times been the capital local name in Indonesia.
+    The whole Archipelago was compressed into an island of that name
+    by the Hindus and Romans. Even in the time of Marco Polo we have
+    only a _Java Major_ and a _Java Minor_. The Bugis apply the name
+    of Jawa, _Jawaka_ (comp. the Polynesian _Sawaiki_, Ceramese
+    _Sawai_) to the Moluccas. One of the principal divisions of
+    Battaland in Sumatra is called _Tanah Jawa_. Ptolemy has both Jaba
+    and Saba.” --_Logan_, _Journ. Ind. Arch._, iv. 338.]
+
+As in Malay there are no inflexions to denote change of number, gender,
+or person, the connection of _Jawi_ with _Jawa_ is quite unknown to the
+Malays, just as the second part of the word _senamaki_ (_sena-maki_,
+senna of Meccah[49]) is not suspected by them to have any reference to
+the sacred city. There is a considerable Malay and Javanese colony in
+Meccah,[50] where all are known to the Meccans indiscriminately as
+_Jawi_.
+
+    [Footnote 49: _Senna_ (_Cassia senna_), as a medicine, enjoys a
+    high reputation in India and all over the East. In Favre’s
+    Malay-French Dictionary _daun sena-maki_ is translated _feuilles
+    de séné_, no notice being taken of the last word; but Shakespear’s
+    Hindustani Dictionary has _sena makk-i_, “senna of Mecca.”]
+
+    [Footnote 50: Burton’s Pilgrimage to Medinah and Meccah, p. 175.]
+
+Marsden devotes several pages of the introduction to his Malay Grammar
+to a discussion as to the origin and use of the expression _orang
+di-bawah angin_, people below the wind, applied by Malays to themselves,
+in contradistinction to _orang di-atas angin_, people above the wind, or
+foreigners from the West. He quotes from De Barros and Valentyn, and
+from several native documents, instances of the use of these
+expressions, but confesses his inability to explain their origin.
+Crawfurd quotes these terms, which he considers to be “native,” and
+remarks that they are used by the Malays alone of all the tribes in the
+Archipelago. A much more recent writer characterises these terms as
+“_Noms dont on ignore encore la vraie signification_.”[51]
+
+    [Footnote 51: De Backer, L’Archipel Indien, li. (Paris, 1874).]
+
+The expression is not of Malay origin, but is a translation into that
+language of an Arabic phrase. Instances of its use occur in the “MOHIT”
+(the ocean), a Turkish work on navigation in the Indian seas, written by
+Sidi al Chelebi, captain of the fleet of Sultan Suleiman the Legislator,
+in the Red Sea. The original was finished at Ahmedabad, the capital of
+Gujarat, in the last days of Muharram, A.H. 962 (A.D. 1554). It
+enumerates, among others, “the monsoons below the wind, that is, of the
+parts of India situated below the wind,” among which are “Malacca,
+Shomotora, Tanassari, Martaban, and Faiku (Pegu).”[52]
+
+    [Footnote 52: Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, iii. 545.]
+
+
+TRANSLITERATION OF MALAY IN THE ROMAN CHARACTER.
+
+Malay is written in a character which has been borrowed from a foreign
+literature in comparatively modern times, and which but imperfectly
+suits its sounds. With the introduction of the Muhammadan religion, the
+Malays adopted the Arabic alphabet, modified to suit the peculiarities
+of their language.
+
+In Malay literary compositions there is great diversity in the manner of
+spelling many words. The accentuation of the spoken dialect differs so
+much from Arabic, that it is difficult, even for native writers, to
+decide when to write the long vowels and when to leave them out. This is
+the point in which diversity is most common.
+
+Every European author who writes Malay in the Roman character has to
+decide on what system he intends to render the native language by means
+of our alphabet. The Malay alphabet has thirty-four letters, so it is
+obvious that ours will not accurately correspond with it. It is open to
+him, if he wishes to obtain a symbol to correspond with every letter of
+the Malay alphabet, to employ various means to denote those letters for
+which we have no equivalents; or he may dismiss the native alphabet from
+his mind altogether, and determine to write the language phonetically.
+In a language, however, which abounds in Sanskrit and Arabic words, he
+should, of course, avoid the adoption of any system of spelling which
+would disguise the true origin of words of foreign derivation.
+
+Muhammadans from India or Persia introduced their own method of writing
+among the Malays. They wrote Malay in their own character (to the
+gradual supersession of any native alphabet that may have previously
+existed), and this became the alphabet of the Malays.
+
+It is now our turn to write Malay in our character. Is it sufficient to
+do this in our own way, as those did who introduced the Perso-Arabic
+alphabet, or must we also have regard to the mode of spelling adopted by
+the latter?
+
+In an elementary work like the present, it does not seem to be necessary
+to burden the student with a system of transliteration. The native
+character is not employed in this manual, and there is, therefore, all
+the less occasion for using special means for denoting peculiar native
+letters. It will be found that the mode of spelling Malay words adopted
+by Marsden has been followed in the main.[53] In this Introduction the
+long vowels (that is, the vowels which are written in full in the native
+character) are marked with a circumflex accent, but it has not been
+thought necessary to adopt this system in the body of the work.
+
+    [Footnote 53: In certain foreign words the hard _k_ will be found
+    to be denoted by a dot under the letter, thus, ḳ; and the peculiar
+    vowel sound represented in Arabic by the letter _ain_ is denoted
+    by the Greek rough breathing ‘.]
+
+Sometimes vowels will be found marked with the short sign, ˘. This is
+only for the purpose of assisting the student in pronunciation, and does
+not represent any peculiarity in the native character.
+
+The vowels are to be sounded in general as in the languages of the
+Continent of Europe. Final _k_ is mute.
+
+The correct pronunciation of Arabic words is aimed at by Malays of
+education, and the European student should get the right sounds of the
+vowel _ain_ and of the more peculiar Arabic consonants explained to him.
+
+
+
+
+MALAY MANUAL.
+
+
+
+
+_PART I._
+
+
+The object of this work is to facilitate the acquisition of an
+elementary knowledge of the Malay language. It is believed also that
+some of the hints and suggestions which it contains will be of use to
+those who already have a colloquial knowledge of Malay, especially if
+this has been acquired from Indian or Chinese settlers in the Straits of
+Malacca, not from Malays themselves.
+
+The Roman character is used throughout, but a knowledge of the native
+character can hardly be dispensed with by those who aim at a thorough
+acquaintance with the language. As it abounds in idiomatic expressions,
+the study of native compositions is most important, and these are
+generally to be found only in the Malay character. Little attempt is
+made at scientific arrangement. In dealing with the various parts of
+speech, technical terms are as far as possible avoided, and reliance is
+placed rather on illustrations than abstract rules. The student should
+divest himself of the expectation that sentences may be formed in Malay
+on principles of construction which govern composition in European
+languages. An elementary knowledge of Malay is so easily acquired that a
+learner soon begins to construct sentences, and the tendency, of course,
+is to reproduce the phrases of his own language with words of the new
+one. He may thus succeed in making himself intelligible, but it need
+hardly be said that he does not speak the language of the natives.
+Correctness of expression cannot be entirely learnt from grammars. In
+this manual cautions and hints will be given, and, where possible,
+absolute rules will be laid down, but these must not be regarded as
+complete. Instruction derived from books must be supplemented by
+constant practice in speaking _with Malays_--not with Malay-speaking
+Asiatics of other nationalities--before idioms can be mastered. Until
+some facility in framing sentences according to native idioms has been
+attained, and it has been perceived how shades of meaning may be
+conveyed by emphasis, or by the position of a word in the sentence, the
+European will find it difficult to convey his ideas in Malay, even with
+a considerable vocabulary of words at his disposal. A Dutch author
+justly remarks:-- “Malay is called a poor language, and so it is, but
+not so much so as is often imagined, certainly not as far as its
+vocabulary is concerned. That it is often unable to furnish us with
+words for abstract ideas is a deficiency which it has in common with all
+languages of the Indian Archipelago, or rather with all races who have
+not yet risen to the height of our civilisation and development. Its
+richness or poverty, however, must not be judged by the existing
+dictionaries, or by the contents of those manuscripts which are known to
+us. When Malays are seated together talking about various topics of
+everyday life, they are not in want of words, and such conversations
+would, if noted down, provide our present dictionaries with a good many
+supplements, additions, corrections, and appendices.”[1]
+
+    [Footnote 1: Klinkert, Eenige ophelderingen omtrent de Maleische
+    Spreekwoorden en spreekwijzen.]
+
+
+I. THE ARTICLE.
+
+There is no article in Malay, that is, there is no word which
+corresponds exactly with our definite article _the_, or indefinite
+article _a_, _an_. _Kuda_, horse, and _orang_, man, signify equally
+“_the_ horse” and “_the_ man.” When it is desired to specify particular
+objects, the pronouns _ini_, this, _itu_, that, and _yang_, this which,
+or that which, are used. _Si_ sometimes supplies the place of the
+definite article when a person is spoken of; as _si-laki-laki_, the man;
+_si-perampuan_, the woman; _si-mati_, the deceased; _si-bongkok_, the
+cripple.
+
+The numeral _satu_, one, is often used as the indefinite article; as
+_ada sa’ orang di negri Kedah_, there was a man in the state of Kedah;
+_ini satu kuda chantek_, this is a beautiful horse.
+
+
+II. SUBSTANTIVES.
+
+A difficulty which attends the classification of Malay words into
+various parts of speech, according to the system applied to European
+languages, consists in the number of words which, while yet unmodified
+by particles, are either verb or substantive, substantive or adjective,
+adjective or adverb, according to the context. _Baniak_, as an adverb,
+means much, as an adjective, many; _jalan_ is either a road or to walk;
+_panjang_ either long, tall, or length, height. The same thing occurs in
+English in a minor degree; but with us the difference between _cold_ and
+_a cold_, or between _to brush_ and _a brush_, is rendered distinct by
+the use of the article _a_ and the particle _to_. Many Malay words must
+thus be treated as now substantive, now adjective, now verb, according
+to the position they occupy in the sentence.
+
+The noun undergoes no change to denote number, gender, or case.
+
+
+NUMBER.
+
+The plural, if not sufficiently made plain from the context, is often
+indicated by the use of such words as _baniak_, many, _sumua_,
+_sa-kali-an_, and _sagala_, all.
+
+It is also expressed sometimes by repeating the noun; as _raja_, a king,
+_raja-raja_, kings; _tuan_, master, _tuan-tuan_, masters. _All_ nouns
+are not capable of this duplication. As a general rule, it may be said
+to be mainly confined to nouns expressing persons or animate objects.
+
+When there is nothing to show whether singular or plural is meant, the
+number remains indefinite, but may generally be assumed to be plural. In
+such phrases as _menembak burong_, to shoot birds, _membĕli hayam_, to
+buy fowls, the substantives are clearly plural, though nothing marks
+them as such. To restrict the number, and show that _one bird_ or _one
+fowl_ is meant, it would be necessary to use the word _satu_, one, with
+the idiomatic term _ekor_ (lit. _tail_), which is always used in
+enumerating the lower animals; as _menembak sa’ekor burong_, to shoot a
+bird; _membĕli sa’ekor hayam_, to buy a fowl.
+
+
+GENDER.
+
+Inflexion is unknown in Malay, and gender has no place in the grammar of
+the language. Most nouns which signify animate things are of both
+genders, and the sexes are distinguished by the addition, in the case of
+persons, of the words _laki-laki_, male, and _perampuan_, female, and in
+other cases of the words _jantan_, male, and _betina_, female. _Jantan_
+and _betina_ are also applied vulgarly to persons. If an apparent
+exception is found in such words as _putra_, a prince, and _putri_, a
+princess, derivation from a foreign language may be suspected. The
+inflexion in the word just cited is due to the rules of Sanskrit
+grammar.
+
+
+DECLENSION.
+
+There is nothing in the Malay language which corresponds with the
+_cases_ of a Latin, Greek, or Sanskrit noun, which are formed by changes
+of termination, or of a Hindustani noun, which are formed by
+postpositions. In Malay the cases are expressed, as in English, by
+prepositions:--
+
+  To, _ka_, _kepada_, _sama_.
+  For, _akan_.
+  With, _dengan_, _sama_.
+  From, _deri_, _deri-pada_.
+  By, _uleh_.
+
+The genitive or possessive case is expressed either by the use of the
+word _punya_ after the noun, or by placing the noun which signifies the
+possessor immediately after the thing possessed; as _sahaya_, I; _sahaya
+punya_, of me, mine; _rumah_, house; _rumah punya_, of the house;
+_sahaya punya rumah_, or _rumah sahaya_, my house.
+
+The employment of the genitive with _punya_ is to be avoided. It is more
+idiomatic to say _rumah sahaya_ than _sahaya punya rumah_.
+
+Substantives are of five classes:--
+
+1. Those which in their primitive form are substantives; as _orang_,
+person; _rumah_, house; _kuda_, horse; _bapa_, father.
+
+2. Those which are formed from verbs by prefixing the inseparable
+particle _pe_; as _pe-lari_, a runaway; _peng-asuh_, a nurse;
+_pem-buru_, a hunter; _pen-churi_, a thief; _penyapu_, a broom.
+
+3. Those which are formed by affixing the termination _-an_ to verbs,
+adjectives, prepositions, and to other substantives; as _makan-an_,
+food; _manis-an_, sweetness; _hampir-an_, proximity; _trus-an_, a
+channel; _buah-an_, fruit in general; _laut-an_, the ocean.
+
+4. Those which are formed by prefixing the particle _pe_ and adding the
+termination _-an_; as _pe-layar-an_, a voyage; _peng-ajar-an_,
+instruction; _pem-bunoh-an_, slaying, execution; _pen-dapat-an_,
+acquisition; _pel-ajar-an_, lesson; _per-uleh-an_, possession;
+_per-main-an_, amusement.
+
+5. Those which are formed by prefixing the particle _ka-_ and adding the
+termination _-an_; as _ka-jadi-an_, creation, origin; _ka-baniak-an_,
+generality; _ka-puji-an_, praise; _ka-salah-an_, guilt, offence;
+_ka-korang-an_, want, deficiency.
+
+
+III. ADJECTIVES.
+
+Adjectives, like nouns, are indeclinable. They are always placed _after_
+their substantives; as _kuda baik_, a good horse; _orang jahat_, a bad
+man; not _baik kuda_, _jahat orang_.
+
+
+IV. PRONOUNS.
+
+The proper use of the personal pronouns and of the nouns which are used
+for them presents some difficulty.
+
+The following words may be used to express the first person singular,
+_I_:--
+
+  1. _Aku_, I.
+  2. _Sahaya_ (lit. companion, slave; Sansk. _sahâya_).
+  3. _Hamba_ (lit. slave), or _hamba tuan_ (lit. master’s slave).
+  4. _Perhamba_ (lit. lowest slave).
+  5. _Beta_ (lit. slave).
+  6. _Patek_ (lit. slave).
+  7. _Tĕman_ (lit. companion).
+
+The appropriate use of these pronouns is dependent upon the relative
+positions of the persons between whom communication takes place.
+
+_Aku_ is generally used by natives among themselves. Its use implies
+familiarity and equality. It should not be used by Europeans addressing
+natives, or by natives addressing Europeans.
+
+_Sahaya_ is the ordinary polite form used by Europeans in conversation
+with natives of all classes, and by natives of the upper class in
+addressing Europeans.
+
+_Ha ba_, _ha ba tuan_, and _perhamba_ are used by persons of inferior
+rank when addressing superiors. _Hamba_, if used by a chief or native of
+high rank, implies a certain affectation of modesty.
+
+The use of _beta_ is confined to literary composition, and it is
+incorrect to employ the word colloquially. It may be used by Europeans
+and natives.
+
+_Patek_ is used only by natives, and by them only when addressing a
+person of royal blood.
+
+_Tĕman_ is used only in intercourse between natives of the upper class
+and of approximately equal rank.
+
+The first person plural is _kita_ or _kami_, we. _Kita_ is used when the
+person addressed is intended to be included. _Kami_, on the contrary,
+like the royal “we” in English, excludes the person addressed.
+
+Sometimes the word _orang_ is added without changing the signification;
+as _kita orang_, we.
+
+Other forms are also in use, but they are generally provincialisms
+confined to particular states or districts. _Sahaya apa_, _kita apa_,
+and _hamba tuan apa_ are used in Kedah, and _sahaya-ma_ in Perak, for
+_kita orang_.
+
+Colloquially the personal pronouns are often omitted to avoid
+repetition. This is done especially in narration or description; as, for
+example, in the following sentence: _Lepas itu jalan pula ka-kampong
+singgah di rumah Haji Ismail hari pun sudah pĕtang langsong pulang
+ka-rumah maka nasi_-- Afterwards (I started) again (and) walked to the
+_kampong_, (and) stopped at the house of Haji Ismail, (and then), as it
+was evening, (I) went straight home (and) had my dinner.
+
+Here the personal pronoun _I_ is understood throughout.
+
+The second person singular is _angkau_, you. Each syllable of this word
+may be used separately for the whole. _Ang_ or _hang_ is much employed
+in Kedah and Perak, and _kau_ in other parts of the peninsula and in
+Borneo. In Perak _mika_, in Malacca _awah_, in Borneo _kita_, and in
+Batavia _kweh_, are also used. The preceding words are used by a
+superior addressing an inferior, or by the common people in ordinary
+(not in polite) conversation.
+
+In polite conversation the use of _angkau_, or of most of the words
+given above, must be avoided, as it is considered by Malays to be vulgar
+or harsh. In addressing servants or followers, the name of the
+individual addressed is often inserted in the sentence instead of the
+pronoun _you_; as, in addressing Ismail: When you were at the bazaar
+just now who was with you?-- _Apabila Ismail di pekan tadi siapa sama?_
+In the same way _tuan_, sir, master, is employed in addressing a haji or
+sayyid; _tuan-ku_ or _tunku_, my lord, in addressing a raja; _datoh_,
+grandfather, in addressing a chief or _penghulu_.
+
+Other words similarly employed are--
+
+  _Abang_ (elder brother) or _wah_ (uncle), to a man older than the
+    speaker.
+  _Kakak_ (elder sister), to a woman older than the speaker.
+  _Adek_ (younger brother).
+  _Inche_ (sir or madam), to respectable persons of either sex.
+
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+  When did you arrive? (to a haji)--
+    _Bila-mana tuan sudah tiba?_
+  I must ask one thing of you (to a raja)--
+    _Sahaya handak minta satu kapada tunku._
+  If you give the order (to a chief)--
+    _Jikalau datoh suroh._
+  Do not be angry (to an elderly man)--
+    _Jangan abang marah._
+  Please help yourselves to water (to guests of various ranks)--
+    _Datoh-datoh, tuan-tuan, inche-inche sakalian, sila berayer._
+
+The use of the word _lu_, a form of the second person singular, derived
+from the Chinese, and generally used by Europeans, is offensive to
+Malays of all classes, and is altogether to be avoided.
+
+In the plural _kamu_, ye, corresponds to _angkau_, you, in the singular;
+that is to say, it is used by a superior addressing inferiors. It is
+found in its contracted form _mu_ in literary composition, but seldom
+colloquially; as _ka-tahu-i uleh-mu_, be it known unto ye.
+
+_Kamu_ is sometimes used in the singular also.
+
+
+THIRD PERSON SINGULAR.
+
+_Dia_ or _iya_, he, she, it.
+
+_Dia_ and _iya_ are used indifferently, but perhaps _dia_ is more common
+in conversation and _iya_ in literature.
+
+The plural is _dia orang_ (and sometimes, though less commonly, _iya
+orang_), they.
+
+Another form of the third person plural is _marika-itu_, they, these, or
+those persons; but it is found in literary compositions only, and is not
+used in conversation.
+
+A pronoun of the third person only used in conjunction with other words
+is _-nia_, a contraction of _inia_, he, she, it.
+
+The indefinite form “one” (the French “on” and German “man”) is
+expressed in Malay by _orang_; as _orang tiada bĕrani pergi sana_, one
+dare not go there; _kalau orang handak kawin_, if one is about to marry.
+
+
+POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
+
+The possessive pronouns, _my_, _thy_, _his_, _our_, _your_, _their_, are
+usually denoted by placing the personal pronoun after the word
+expressing the object possessed; as _rumah sahaya_, my house; _pada
+pikir-an hamba_, in my opinion; _apa pen-chari-an angkau?_ what is your
+occupation? _apa nama dia?_ what is his name?
+
+Possessive pronouns are also formed by the word _punya_ or _ampunya_
+(lit. owning, owned) placed after the personal pronoun; as _aku punya_,
+my or mine; _tuan punya suka_, as you please (your pleasure); _yang
+ampunya tanah_, (he) whose land it is.
+
+  _Singular._                   |  _Plural._
+  My, mine, _sahaya punya_.     |  Ours, _kita punya_.
+  Thy, thine, _angkau punya_.   |  Yours, _kamu punya_.
+  His, hers, its, _dia punya_.  |  Theirs, _dia-orang punya_.
+
+Frequently where the word “your” would be used in English Malays leave
+out the pronoun altogether. “Bring your gun with you,” would be
+correctly rendered in Malay, _bawa snapang sama_ (lit. bring gun
+together), not _bawa angkau punya snapang sama angkau_.
+
+In literary composition _ku_ and _mu_ (abbreviated forms of _aku_ and
+_kamu_) are affixed to the noun denoting the thing possessed; as
+_rumah-ku_, my house; _bapa-mu_, your father.
+
+The affix _-nia_ is used in the sense of _his_, _hers_, or _its_, as
+well as the other forms of the possessive pronoun; as _patah kaki-nia_,
+his leg was broken; _bauh-nia terlalu wangi_, its smell is very sweet.
+
+
+DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
+
+  _Ini_, this, these.    _Itu_, that, those.
+
+The demonstrative pronouns, like adjectives, follow the word to which
+they belong; as _rumah ini_, this house; _hari ini_, this day, to-day;
+_aku ini_, I myself; _sakarang ini_, this moment; _orang itu_, that man
+or those men; _waktu itu_, that time; _iya itu_, that is to say. It is
+not unusual to hear _ini_ and _itu_ placed before the noun, but this is
+not idiomatic.
+
+
+The INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS are
+
+  _Siapa_, who?    _Apa_, what?    _Mana_, who? what?
+
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+  _Apa mahu?_-- What do you want?
+  _Rumah ini siapa?_-- Whose house is this?
+  _Siapa panggil?_-- Who called?
+  _Gajah mana ini?_-- What elephant is this?
+  _Siapa akan tahu?_-- Who knows?
+
+
+The RELATIVE PRONOUN is
+
+_Yang_, who, which.
+
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+  _Burong yang liyar_, a bird that is wild.
+  _Raja yang adil_, a king who is just.
+  _Ada yang tuah, ada yang muda_, some are old and some are young
+    (lit. there are who are old, &c.).
+
+The Menangkabau word is _nen_. This is often found in composition, but
+is seldom used in the dialect spoken in the Straits of Malacca. Example:
+_Patek nen fakir_-- I who am but a beggar.
+
+
+REFLECTIVE PRONOUNS.
+
+_Diri_, _sendiri_, or _kendiri_, self, are used with or without the
+personal pronouns to signify myself, yourself, himself, ourselves, &c.
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+  _Bunoh diri_, to kill oneself.
+  _Meng-ajar diri_, to take oneself to task.
+  _Hamba sendiri handak pergi_, I shall go myself.
+  _Baik tuan sendiri suroh_, you had better order it yourself.
+  _Kemdian turun-lah raja sendiri_, afterwards the king himself
+    descended.
+  _Dia lari masok hutan membawa diri-nia_, she escaped to the jungle
+    with her life (lit. taking herself with her).
+  _Biar-lah hamba sa-orang diri me-lawan dia_, let me fight him myself
+    alone.
+
+
+V. VERBS.
+
+Verbs are either primitive or derivative; the former are those which in
+their original signification are verbs; the latter are formed from
+primitive verbs, or from substantives, adjectives, or adverbs, by the
+application of particles.
+
+Examples of primitive verbs are _pukul_, to strike; _makan_, to eat;
+_lari_, to run; of derivative verbs, _ber-kaki_, to have feet, from
+_kaki_, a foot; _panjang-kan_, to lengthen or make long, from _panjang_,
+long.
+
+The primitive verb, which is generally a dissyllable, is either
+transitive, as _tangkap_, to seize, or intransitive, as _tidor_, to
+sleep; but a transitive sense may be given to an intransitive verb by
+the addition of the particle _-kan_, as _lari_, _me-lari_, to run;
+_me-lari-kan_, to carry off.
+
+Though the examples of primitive verbs given above are translated for
+the sake of convenience by our infinitive, their signification is not
+necessarily rendered by that mood. Favre translates them by the past
+participle (as _ambil_, taken, _buang_, thrown[2]), but this is rather
+fanciful than accurate. The fact is, that the meaning of the radical or
+primitive is indefinite, and depends for its precise signification on
+its position (with respect to other words) in the sentence, or on the
+particles which may be added before or after it. Thus _lari_ means
+simply run, though syntax will show that it may mean to run, I run, he
+runs, run thou, &c., according to its position in the sentence.
+
+    [Footnote 2: Grammaire de la Langue Malaise, 56.]
+
+Marsden distinguishes the following moods--the imperative, the
+indicative or assertive, the conditional, and the infinitive or
+indefinite--“which admit, for the most part, of being expressed in the
+present, the past, and the future tenses or times.”
+
+It is not proposed, in an elementary work like the present, to go deeply
+into a scientific arrangement, which, however well suited to the Latin
+and Greek languages, is adapted with less propriety to uncultivated
+languages like Malay. It is believed that an explanation of the use of
+auxiliaries and particles, and a paradigm showing the most common
+changes of which the verb is susceptible, will be sufficient, and that
+the student may be left to gain further knowledge as to the mode of
+expressing variations of mood and tense as he advances in the study of
+the language.[3]
+
+    [Footnote 3: “It is difficult to eradicate the belief that the
+    forms in which we think are identical with the thought itself; and
+    it is only linguistic science that enables us to see that many of
+    the forms of grammar which we imagine necessary and universal are,
+    after all, but accidental and restricted in use. The cases of
+    Latin and Greek do not exist in the majority of languages; the
+    Polynesian dialects have no true verbs; and the Esquimaux gets on
+    well enough without ‘the parts of speech’ that figure so largely
+    in our own grammars.” --_Sayce, Introduction to the Science of
+    Language_, ii. 328.]
+
+
+USE OF PARTICLES.
+
+The inseparable affix _-kan_ always denotes a verb used in a
+_transitive_ sense; as _men-jalan-kan_, to cause to walk. It is an
+abbreviation of the preposition _akan_. Thus _buat-kan_ (to do) means to
+do something _to_ (_akan_) something or somebody.
+
+The inseparable affix _-i_ also denotes the transitive sense; as
+_kras-i_, to oppress (from _kras_, hard); _halus-i_, to treat carefully
+(from _halus_, fine, close).
+
+The inseparable prefix _ber-_ (_bel-_, _be-_) is the mark of a verb
+which expresses a state or condition of being; as _ber-jalan_, to walk,
+or to be in the act of walking; _ber-wang_, to have money; _ber-misei_,
+to wear moustaches; _ber-pukul_, to strike, _i.e._, to be in the act or
+condition of striking (not to strike another, _transitive_, which would
+be expressed by _pukul-_ or _me-mukul-kan_).
+
+The inseparable prefix _me-_ (in all its various forms, _mem_, _meng_,
+_men_, and _meny_) is the mark of a verb which expresses an action; as
+_men-jalan-kan_, to cause to walk, _mem-buat_, to make; _menyakit-kan_,
+to afflict (from _sakit_); _meng-ambil_, to take.
+
+According as the primitive verb has a transitive or intransitive sense,
+the derivative verbs formed from it will take _ber-_ or _me-_ as the
+case may be. Thus from _adu_, to sleep, is formed _ber-adu_, not
+_meng-adu_; while from _adu_, to complain, is formed _meng-adu_, not
+_ber-adu_.
+
+Often both particles may be used, and both transitive and intransitive
+derivative verbs may be formed from the same primitive. Thus from
+_taroh_, to put, are formed _menaroh_, to put (the act of a person who
+puts), and _ber-taroh_, to bet (the condition of a person who stakes).
+From _tidor_, to sleep, are formed _menidor-kan_, to put to sleep, and
+_ber-tidor_, to be sleeping or lying down; and from _ajar_, instruct,
+_meng-ajar_, to teach (impart instruction), and _bel-ajar_, to learn
+(get instruction).
+
+_Mem-bawa_, to bring, _mem-bunoh_, to kill, and _me-makan_, to eat, are
+formed from _bawa_, _bunoh_, and _makan_ respectively, which, as they
+express actions, not states, do not take the prefix _ber-_.
+_Ber-gantong_ is to hang (intransitive), that is, to be in a state or
+condition of hanging; _meng-gantong-kan_ is to hang (transitive), that
+is, to perform the action of hanging something.
+
+The particle _per-_ (Sansk. _pra_), a prefix used with transitive verbs,
+does not seem always to effect a change in the sense. It is used more
+generally in literature than in the colloquial dialects, and seems to be
+introduced frequently for the sake of euphony only. The difference, for
+instance, between _meng-himpun-kan_, to assemble, to collect persons
+together, and _mem-per-himpun-kan_, to cause persons to collect
+together, is not very marked. No general rule applicable to all
+transitive verbs can be laid down for the use of this form with
+_mem-per-_; practice and experience must form the only guide.
+
+
+AUXILIARIES.
+
+The auxiliary verbs and adverbs are--
+
+  _Ada_, is, was, are, were.
+  _Sudah_, was, did, has been.
+  _Tĕlah_, was, did, has been.
+  _Mahu_, will, shall, would, must.
+  _Handak_, will, shall, would, must, is, was, or were about to.
+  _Jadi_, is, was, become, became.
+
+
+PARADIGMS.
+
+_Tidor_, sleep.
+
+  _Sahaya tidor_, I sleep, or I was sleeping.
+  _Tidor-lah dia_, he was sleeping or slept.
+  _Ber-tidor_, asleep, sleeping.
+  _Sahaya sudah tidor_, I have slept.
+  _Dia telah tidor_, he had slept.
+  _Sahaya maku tidor_, I will sleep, or I want to sleep.
+  _Sahaya handak tidor_, I shall sleep, or I am about to sleep.
+  _Dia akan tidor_, he will sleep or is going to sleep.
+  _Tidor-lah_, sleep thou.
+  _Mahu-lak angkau tidor_, you must sleep.
+  _Biar iya tidor_, let him sleep.
+  _Handak-lah di-tidor-nia_, it must be slept by him, _i.e._, he
+      intends to sleep.
+  _Menidor-kan_ or _menidor-i_, to lay down (transitive).
+  _Mem-per-tidor-kan_ or _mem-per-tidor-i_, to cause to sleep.
+  _Penidor_, a soporific; that which causes to sleep.
+  _Penidor-an_, act of causing to sleep.
+  _Per-tidor-an_, that which belongs to sleep; a bed.
+  _Ka-tidor-an_, the act of sleeping; there was sleeping on the part
+      of ----.
+  _Sa-ka-tidor-an_, the act of sleeping with another; there was
+      sleeping with ----.
+  _Si-tidor_, the sleeper.
+  _Ter-tidor_, gone to sleep.
+
+
+_Lari_, run.
+
+  _Sahaya lari_, I run, or I was running.
+  _Lari-lah dia_, he ran, or was running.
+  _Ber-lari_, run, running.
+  _Ber-lari-lari_, running about incessantly.
+  _Sahaya sudah lari_, I have or had run.
+  _Dia telah lari_, he had run.
+  _Sahaya mahu lari_, I will run, or I want to run.
+  _Sahaya handak lari_, I will run, or I am about to run.
+  _Dia akan lari_, he will run.
+  _Lari-lah_, run thou.
+  _Mahu lah angkau lari_, you must run.
+  _Biar iya lari_, let him run.
+  _Handak-lah di lari-nia_, it must be run by him, _i.e._, he intends
+    to run.
+  _Me-lari-kan_, to carry off (transitive).
+  _Lari-an_, a running, a course.
+  _Ber-lari-an_, the act of running; there was running on the part
+    of ----.
+  _Ber-lari-lari-an_, incessant running; running to and fro; there was
+    incessant running on the part of ----.
+  _Ka-lari-an_, flight; act of running.
+  _Pe-lari_, a runaway, a fugitive.
+  _Pe-lari-an_, flight.
+  _Di-lari-kan_ (passive), is, are, was, were, have, has, or had been
+    run away with.
+  _Di-lari-kan-nia_, is, are, was, were, have, has, or had been run
+    away with by him, her, or them.
+  _Ter-lari_, run, run away (past).
+  _Bawa lari_, to carry off, run off with. (Here _lari_ is the past
+    participle after _bawa_, to take, bring, and may be used with that
+    verb in all its forms.)
+
+
+_Ada_, be.
+
+  _Sahaya ada_, I am or was.
+  _Ber-ada_, have (possess.), has or had.
+  _Meng-ada_, to cause to be, to make, invent.
+  _Sudah ada_, have got, have been.
+  _Telah ada_, was, have been.
+  _Mahu ada_, must be.
+  _Meng-ada-ngada_, to make or invent repeatedly.
+  _Meng-ada kan_, to create, to cause to exist.
+  _Ber-ada-kan_, possess, own.
+  _Mem-per-ada-kan_, to produce, to cause to exist.
+  _Ter-ada-kan_, produced, created.
+  _Ada-an_, being, existence.
+  _Ka-ada-an_, state, existence.
+
+
+_Bawa_, bring.
+
+  _Sahaya bawa_, I bring or was bringing.
+  _Mem-bawa_, bring, to bring.
+  _Sudah bawa_, has brought.
+  _Telah bawa_, had brought.
+  _Mahu bawa_, will or must bring.
+  _Aku handak bawa_, I will bring, or am about to bring.
+  _Bawa-lah_, bring thou.
+  _Biar iya bawa_, let him bring.
+  _Mem-bawa-kan_ or _mem-bawa-i_, to cause to be brought or taken.
+  _Pem-bawa_, a bringer.
+  _Bawa-an_, that which is brought; a burden.
+  _Pem-bawa-an_, act of bringing, transport.
+  _Di-bawa_ and _di-bawa-kan_, brought, passive.
+  _Di-bawa-nia_ and _di-bawa-kan-nia_, is, are, was, were, have, has,
+    or had been brought by him, her, or them.
+  _Ter-bawa_, brought.
+
+
+_Ambil_, take.
+
+  _Sahaya ambil_, I take.
+  _Meng ambil_, take, to take.
+  _Sudah ambil_, has or had taken.
+  _Telah ambil_, had taken.
+  _Mahu ambil_, will or must take.
+  _Handak ambil_, shall take or about to take.
+  _Ambil-lah_, take thou.
+  _Mahu-lah angkau ambil_, you must take.
+  _Biar iya ambil_, let him take.
+  _Handak-lah di ambil-nia_, he must take or intends to take.
+  _Meng-ambil-kan_, to take or cause to take.
+  _Ambil-an_, a thing taken.
+  _Peng-ambil-an_, the act of taking.
+  _Di-ambil_ or _di-ambil-kan_, is or was, &c., taken (passive).
+  _Di-ambil-nia_ or _di-ambil-kan-nia_, is or was. &c., taken by him,
+    her, or them.
+  _Ter-ambil_, taken, having been taken.
+
+
+_Suroh_, order.
+
+  _Sehaya suroh_, I order.
+  _Menyuroh_, order, to order.
+  _Sudah suroh_, has ordered.
+  _Telah suroh_, had ordered.
+  _Mahu suroh_, will or must order.
+  _Handak suroh_, shall order or about to order.
+  _Suroh-lah_, order thou.
+  _Mahu-lah angkau suroh_, you must order.
+  _Biar iya suroh_, let him order.
+  _Handak-lah di suroh-nia_, he must order or intends to order.
+  _Menyuroh-kan_, to issue orders, to commission.
+  _Pe-suroh_ and _penyuroh_, one who is commissioned; a messenger.
+  _Penyuroh-an_, an order, command; the act of commanding.
+  _Suroh-suroh-an_, people who are at the orders or command of another.
+  _Suroh-menyuroh_, to issue orders incessantly.
+  _Di-suroh_ or _di-suroh-kan_, is or was, &c., ordered.
+  _Di-suroh-nia_ or _di-suroh-kan-nia_, is, or was, &c., ordered by
+    him, her, or them.
+  _Ter-suroh_, ordered, having been ordered.
+
+
+The facts to be derived from a careful study of the foregoing examples
+may be summarised as follows:--
+
+1st. The tense of the verb standing alone is indefinite. It may be
+present, imperfect, present or past, &c., according to the context; as
+_dia ada_, he is; _tatkala sahaya ada di sana_, when I was there; _kalau
+sahaya ada dĕkat_, if I am, should be, were, or had been near. This
+applies equally to the forms created by prefixing _ber-_ and _me-_,
+_mem-_, _men-_, _meng-_, _meny-_ to the radical. Examples: _kita
+ber-jalan_, we _are_ or _were_ walking; _nanti sampei sahaya ber-balik_,
+wait till I _shall have_ returned; _mati-mati ber-minyak_, if you
+_should_ use oil; _raja meng-angkat kalmarin dahulu_, the raja _set_ out
+the day before yesterday.
+
+2d. The Imperfect may sometimes be expressed by making the verb,
+followed by the particle _-lah_, precede the pronoun; as _diam-lah dia
+orang_, they were silent; _maka pergi-lah raja kapada tuan putri_, and
+the king went to the princess.
+
+3d. _Past._-- Though the past may be expressed by the primitive verb, as
+shown above, if the context shows that the act spoken of is past, it is,
+nevertheless, more emphatically marked by the use of the auxiliaries
+_sudah_ and _tĕlah_, has or had; as _dia sudah tidor_, he has gone to
+sleep; _telah lari-lah pe-rompah sumua_, the pirates have (or had) all
+run away.
+
+4th. _Future._-- The verb standing alone may express the future when
+there is something in the sentence which indicates that a future tense
+is meant, such as the word “to-morrow” or “hereafter;” as _esok hari
+kita ber-pĕrang pula_, to-morrow we shall be fighting again.
+
+The future is also expressed by the auxiliaries _mahu_ and _handak_; as
+_dia mahu jual_, he will sell it; _tiada mahu dia datang_, he would not
+come; _kapal handak masok sungei_, a ship is about to enter the river;
+_di-panggil-nia orang-besar-besar mushawarat handak di-buat meligei_, he
+summoned the chiefs to consult about building a palace.
+
+Another mode of forming the future is by the word _nanti_ (lit. wait),
+placed, like the French verb _aller_, before the verb; as _sahaya nanti
+chahari_, _je vais chercher_, I am going to seek, or _j’irai chercher_,
+I shall go to seek.
+
+The preposition _akan_, in order to, in order that, is sometimes used to
+convey the sense of the future; as _penyakit itu tiada akan semboh_,
+that disease is not to be cured; _siapa akan tahu?_ who shall know?
+(= who can tell?); _jikalau raja yang anyaya naraka akan tampat-nia_, if
+a king is unjust hell will be his place hereafter.
+
+5th. _Imperative._-- To convey an order or command the radical is used
+either by itself or with the affix _-lah_; _kamu_, thou, being either
+expressed or understood. The particle adds additional emphasis to the
+command. Examples: _pergi_, go; _pergi-lah_, be off, get away; _ka-luar_
+or _ka-luar-lah_, go out; _ka-luar-kan-lah_, take (it) out, or turn
+(him) out.
+
+_Mahu_ and _handak_ with the affix _-lah_ signify must; as _mahu-lah
+kamu turut_, ye must obey; _handak-lah ayam yang puteh_, there must be a
+fowl that is white, or, the fowl must be a white one; _handak-lah segala
+pegawei raja itu duduk dengan adab dan diam_, the king’s officers must
+sit with reverence and in silence.
+
+The third person of the imperative mood, which we express by “let him,”
+may be rendered in Malay by the use of the word _biar_ or _biar-lah_,
+with the verb in the manner shown by the following examples:-- _Biar-lah
+dia masok_, let him come in; _biar-lah aku mati_, let me die.
+
+6th. From many verbs are formed verbal nouns by prefixing the particle
+_pe-_ (_peng_, _pem_, _pen_, _peny_) to the radical. This prefix
+operates like the syllable _-er_ in such words as robber, purchaser,
+teacher; as _churi_, to steal; _pen-churi_, a robber; _bĕli_, to buy;
+_pem-bĕli_, a purchaser; _ajar_, to teach; _peng-ajar_, a teacher.
+Substantives of this kind and others formed from the verb with the
+particles _ka-_ and _-an_ have already been noticed under the head of
+the Substantive. But the form arrived at by prefixing to the simple verb
+the particle _ka-_ and annexing the particle _-an_ is not merely a noun,
+but, as Marsden says, “a gerund in form as well as in sense, being in
+fact a verbal noun infinitively applied in construction;” as,
+_ka-dengar-an sampei Sayong_, it was to be heard as far as Sayong;
+_tiada ka-tahu-an_, not to be understood; _mata-hari tiada ka-lihat-an
+sebab ka-lindong-an-lah sayap-nia_, the sun was not to be seen by reason
+of the shadowing of its wings.
+
+7th. _Passive._-- In Malay the passive voice is denoted by the particle
+_di-_ prefixed to the verb. The place of the nouns which express the
+agent and subject respectively will be understood from the following
+examples:--
+
+  _Hamba di-pukul orang_, I was beaten by men.
+  _Orang di-pukul hamba_, the men were beaten by me.
+  _Rumah di-makan api_, the house was consumed by fire.
+  _Api di-padam-kan orang_, the fire was extinguished by men.
+
+Here the personal pronoun or other agent follows the verb and the
+subject precedes it.
+
+Sometimes the preposition “by” finds an equivalent in Malay, the word
+_uleh_ being expressed instead of being understood (as in the preceding
+sentences). Examples:--
+
+  _Maka uleh baginda pun di-sambut dengan seperti ‘adat_, they were
+    received by the king with the customary ceremony.
+  _Di-titah-kan-lah uleh baginda_, it was commanded by the king.
+
+The passive participle is formed by prefixing to the verb the
+inseparable particle _ter-_; as _ter-pukul_, struck; _ter-tulis_,
+written. When _ter-_ precedes _per-_, one of the particles drops its
+final letter; as _te-per-sayang_, compassionated; _ter-pe-lanting_, sent
+flying.
+
+_Other forms of the Verb._-- In the preceding paradigms generally those
+changes have been inserted which result from the application of
+inseparable particles. But there are moods and tenses of the English
+verb which are translatable in Malay, though they are not included above
+because they involve the use of other words, which, though united to the
+verb in construction, do not form part of it.
+
+_Conditional or Potential._-- In expressing a conditional or potential
+sense the verb undergoes no change, though following such conjunctions
+as “if,” “provided that,” “in order that;” as _jika tuan datang_, if you
+come; _kalau raja me-larang_, if the king should forbid; _dapat kami
+ber-untong_, provided we are successful; _sapaya jangan hamba kĕna
+rugi_, in order that I may not incur a loss; _agar sapaya anak-nia
+menjadi ‘alim_, in order that his children may become learned.
+
+_Optative._-- An optative sense is generally indicated by such words as
+_apa-lah_, _apa-lah kira-nia_, prithee, expressions of entreaty, or
+_garangan_, forsooth, conveying the notion of a doubt or query; as
+_barang di-sampei-kan Allah apa-lah kira-nia_, may God in his goodness
+cause it to arrive. But sometimes these are understood; as _di-bri Allah
+kamarau sadikit_, may God grant a little fair weather.
+
+_Participle Present._-- Continuity or existing duration of action is
+often expressed by the use of such words as _lagi_, still more,
+_sambil_, _seraya_, and _serla_, whilst at the same time the verb
+remains unaltered in form; as _lagi datang_, coming; _lagi tidor_,
+sleeping or still asleep; _ber-jalan sambil ber-sinnyum_, walked on
+smiling; _meniambah serta meniapu ayer mata-nia_, made obeisance, at the
+same time wiping away her tears.
+
+_Tengah_, half, middle, is often used with the verb in a similar way; as
+_dia tengah makan nasi_, he was in the act of eating his dinner.
+
+
+VI. ADVERBS.
+
+Adverbs in Malay are not distinguished by any prevailing termination
+corresponding to the English _-ly_ or the French _-ment_. Many
+adjectives and some prepositions are used adverbially.
+
+The following are some of the most useful adverbs:--
+
+
+ADVERBS OF TIME.
+
+  _sakarang_, now.
+  _tadi_, just now.
+  _dahulu_, before, formerly.
+  _sa’buntar_, presently.
+  _bĕlum_, not yet.
+  _pagi-pagi_, early.
+  _esok_, _besok_, to-morrow.
+  _kalmarin_,[4] yesterday.
+  _tatkala_, _sa-katika_, when (_relative_).
+  _kemdian_, afterwards.
+  _pernah_, ever.
+  _ta’pernah_, never.
+  _sĕdang_, while.
+  _kadang_, sometimes.
+  _apa-bila_, _apa-kala_, _bila-mana_,  _bila_, when? (_interrogative_).
+  _kalmarin dahulu_, the day before yesterday.
+  _lusa_, the day after to-morrow.
+  _tulat_, the third day from this.
+
+    [Footnote 4: In Perak _kalmarin_ means “formerly.” _Pĕtang_ is
+    “yesterday.”]
+
+
+ADVERBS OF PLACE.
+
+  _sini_, _ka-mari_, here.
+  _situ_, _sana_, _nun_, there.
+  _mana_, where, wherever (_rel._).
+  _di-mana_, where? (_inter._).
+  _hampir_, near, nearly.
+  _luar_, outside.
+  _dalam_, inside.
+  _sabĕrang_, across.
+  _jauh_, far.
+  _atas_, above.
+  _bawah_, below.
+  _sabĕlah_, beside.
+  _balik_, behind.
+  _dĕkat_, near.
+
+
+MISCELLANEOUS.
+
+  _bagini_, like this.
+  _bagitu_, like that.
+  _bageimana_, how?
+  _ya_, yes.
+  _bukan_, no, not.
+  _sahaja_, only.
+  _makin_, so much the more.
+  _naschaya_, certainly.
+  _tidak_, no.
+  _tentu_, certainly.
+
+Adverbs expressing intensity will be found enumerated in Lesson 4.
+
+Among the examples above given several are also prepositions, and will
+be found under that heading.
+
+
+VII. PREPOSITIONS.
+
+The principal prepositions of place and motion are _di_, at, in, on;
+_ka_, to, towards; _deri_, from. A great many so-called prepositions are
+formed from these three compounded with certain other words, such as:--
+
+  _di-atas_, on the top of.
+  _ka-atas_, to the top of.
+  _deri-atas_, from the top of.
+  _di-dalam_, in the interior of.
+  _ka-dalam_, to the interior of.
+  _deri-dalam_, from the interior of.
+  _di-bĕlakang_, at the back of.
+  _ka-bĕlakang_, to the back of.
+  _deri-bĕlakang_, from the back of.
+  _di-sabĕrang_, on the farther side of.
+  _ka-sabĕrang_, to the farther side of.
+  _deri-sabĕrang_, from the farther side of.
+  _di-bawah_, at the bottom of.
+  _ka-bawah_, to the bottom of.
+  _deri-bawah_, from the bottom of.
+  _di-hadap-an_, in front of.
+  _ka-hadap-an_, to the front of.
+  _deri-hadap-an_, from the front of.
+  _di-luar_, at the outside of.
+  _ka-luar_, to the outside of.
+  _deri-luar_, from the outside of.
+
+These twenty-one words are used like prepositions, and are often
+classified as such, but the true prepositions are the three initial
+words.
+
+_Atas_, _bawah_, _dalam_, _hadap-an_, _bĕlakang_, _luar_, and _sabĕrang_
+here are really substantives governed by the prepositions _di_, _ka_,
+and _deri_. Some of these words aptly illustrate the difficulty of
+classifying Malay words according to the parts of speech usually
+recognised by grammarians. _Dalam_, for instance, has already been
+classified in the preceding section as an adverb. It is also
+substantive, adjective, and preposition.
+
+  _Dalam_ (subs.), interior, depth; as _penghulu dalam_, the guardian
+    of the interior (inner apartments); _dalam-nia tiga depa_, its
+    depth is three fathoms.
+  _Dalam_ (adj.), deep; as _ter-lalu dalam sungei ini_, this river is
+    very deep.
+  _Dalam_ (adv.), inside; as _ada orang dalam_, there are people inside.
+  _Dalam_ (prep.), in; as _kain yang dalam gĕdong itu_, cloth in that
+    warehouse.
+
+In Malay a substantive in the possessive case immediately follows the
+substantive denoting the possessor (_supra_, p. 47). In the sentences
+_bĕlakang gunong_, the back of the mountain; _hadap-an raja_, the
+presence of the king; _sabĕrang sungei_, the farther side of the river,
+all the words are substantives, _gunong_, _raja_, and _sungei_ being in
+the possessive case.
+
+Now let the prepositions _di_, _ka_, and _deri_ be added to these
+sentences.
+
+_Di-bĕlakang gunong_, at the back of the mountain, may be more shortly
+translated _behind_ the mountain; so _ka-hadap-an raja_ may be rendered
+_before_ the king, and _deri-sabĕrang sungei_ _from beyond_ the river.
+
+Here, though the purport of the Malay phrases _di-bĕlakang_,
+_ka-hadap-an_, and _deri-sabĕrang_ are correctly rendered by English
+prepositions, only the first portion of each phrase is a Malay
+preposition.
+
+Of the remaining prepositions the following are the chief:--
+
+  _pada_, _kapada_, at, to, on, towards.
+  _deri-pada_, from, than.
+  _akan_, to, for, as to, as for.
+  _uleh_, by.
+  _atas_, on, upon.
+  _datang_, }
+  _sampei_, } until, as far as.
+  _hingga_, }
+  _antara_, between.
+  _samantara_, until.
+  _ganti_, instead of.
+  _balik_, behind.
+  _serta_, with.
+  _sama_, with, to.
+  _dengan_, with.
+  _dalam_, in, into.
+  _lĕpas_, after.
+  _karana_, }
+  _krana_,  } on account of.
+  _sebab_,  }
+  _sa-kadar_, according to.
+  _demei_, by.
+  _dĕkat_, near.
+  _tentang_, concerning, opposite.
+  _bagi_, to.
+  _trus_, through.
+
+
+VIII. CONJUNCTIONS.
+
+The following list includes the most useful of the conjunctions in
+Malay:--
+
+  _dan_, and.
+  _kalau_,   }
+  _jika_,    } if.
+  _jikalau_, }
+  _antah_, } perhaps.
+  _kunun_, }
+  _sapaya_, in order that.
+  _pula_, also, again.
+  _sambil_, } whilst.
+  _selang_, }
+  _seraya_, at the same time.
+  _tambah-an_, furthermore.
+  _karana_,   } because.
+  _sĕbab_, }
+  _serta_, and, also.
+  _asal-kan_, provided that.
+  _atau_, or.
+  _tĕtapi_, but.
+  _me-lain-kan_, except.
+  _hania_, but, except.
+  _yang_, that.
+  _kĕlak_, forsooth.
+  _juga_, _jua_, also.
+  _sahaja_, only.
+  _lagi_, again, even.
+  _lagi pula_, again, too.
+  _lagi pun_, besides, also.
+  _saperti_, as, like.
+  _laksana_, } like.
+  _bagei_,   }
+  _iya-itu_, that is to say.
+  _lamun-kan_, although.
+
+There are also a number of conjunctions which are met with almost
+exclusively in the written language, and which it would be pedantic to
+use in conversation. Of such are:--
+
+  _maka_, _bahwa_, _ḥata_, _shahadan_, seldom necessary to the sense,
+    and not always requiring translation. They answer in some degree
+    to such words as “now,” “next,” “but,” “then,” “again,” “so.”
+  _sa-ber-mula_, first, now.
+  _sa-bagei-lagi_, further, again.
+  _arkian_, now, then.
+  _agar_, in order that.
+  _y‘ani_, that is to say.
+  _wab‘adahu_,[5] and then, afterwards.
+  _walakin_ (Arab. _wa_, and _lakin_, but), but, though, nevertheless.
+
+    [Footnote 5: Arabic _wa_, and, _b‘adahu_, afterwards--often used
+    by a pleonasm with _kemdian_, afterwards; _wab‘adahu kemdian
+    deri-pada itu_, and after that.]
+
+
+IX. INTERJECTIONS.
+
+The interjections in most common use are:--
+
+  _hei!_ O! _ya!_ O! (Arabic).
+  _aho!_ O! (Sansk.).
+  _aduh!_ _aduhi!_ oh! alas! (pain, lamentation).
+  _niah!_ _niah-lah!_ be off! begone!
+  _ai!_ _wah!_ oh! alas! (astonishment or affliction).
+  _ayo!_ _ayohi!_ ah! (affection).
+  _cheh!_ fie!
+  _wayi!_ alas!
+  _demei Allah!_ by God!
+  _nah!_ there! take it!
+  _jum!_[6] forwards!
+
+    [Footnote 6: This is a Kedah word. _Mah!_ is used in the same
+    sense in Perak.]
+
+Many other words are used like interjections; such as _kasi-han_ (lit.
+affection), what a pity! _sayang_ (lit. concern), ’tis pity! alas!
+_karam_ (lit. wrecked), woe to thee! _me-rachun_ (may I be poisoned),
+no! (emphatic denial), &c., &c.
+
+A number of Arabic expressions common to all Muhammadans in all parts of
+the world are used by Malays, such as _In sháa-lláh_, if it be the will
+of God; _Alláhu a‘alam_, God is all-knowing; _Astaghfir alláh_, I beg
+forgiveness of God; _Wa-llahi_ and _Wa-llah_, by God! _Yá rabb_, O Lord!
+_Bi-smi-llah_, in the name of God! _El-ḥamdu li-llah_, praise be to God!
+_Alláhu akbar_, God is most great.
+
+
+X. NUMERALS.
+
+The numerals in Malay are exceedingly simple. The first ten are:--
+
+  1. _sa_, _satu_, _suatu_, one.
+  2. _dua_, two.
+  3. _tiga_, three.
+  4. _ampat_, four.
+  5. _lima_, five.
+  6. _anam_, six.
+  7. _tujoh_, seven.
+  8. _dĕlapan_, eight.
+  9. _sambilan_, nine.
+  10. _sapuloh_, ten.
+
+From eleven to nineteen inclusive the numerals are formed from the
+digits with the termination _bĕlas_:--
+
+  11. _sa-bĕlas_, eleven.
+  12. _dua-bĕlas_, twelve.
+  13. _tiga-bĕlas_, thirteen.
+  14. _ampat-bĕlas_, fourteen.
+  15. _lima-bĕlas_, fifteen.
+  16. _anam-bĕlas_, sixteen.
+  17. _tujoh-bĕlas_, seventeen.
+  18. _dĕlapan-bĕlas_, eighteen.
+  19. _sambilan-bĕlas_, nineteen.
+  20. _dua-puloh_, twenty.
+
+Multiples of ten up to ninety inclusive have the termination _puloh_,
+ten:--
+
+  20. _dua-puloh_, twenty.
+  30. _tiga-puloh_, thirty.
+  40. _ampat-puloh_, forty.
+  50. _lima-puloh_, fifty.
+  60. _anam-puloh_, sixty.
+  70. _tujoh-puloh_, seventy.
+  80. _dĕlapan-puloh_, eighty.
+  90. _sambilan-puloh_, ninety.
+
+The intermediate numbers are formed simply by adding the units; as--
+
+  21. _dua-puloh-satu_, twenty-one.
+  32. _tiga-puloh-dua_, thirty-two.
+  43. _ampat-puloh-tiga_, forty-three.
+  54. _lima-puloh-ampat_, fifty-four.
+  65. _anam-puloh-lima_, sixty-five.
+  76. _tujoh-puloh-anam_, seventy-six.
+  87. _dĕlapan-puloh-tujoh_, eighty-seven.
+  98. _sambilan-puloh-dĕlapan_, ninety-eight.
+
+Above a hundred the numbers proceed with equal regularity:--
+
+  100. _sa-ratus_, one hundred.
+  200. _dua-ratus_, two hundred.
+  300. _tiga-ratus_, three hundred.
+  400. _ampat-ratus_, four hundred.
+  1000. _sa-ribu_, one thousand.
+  2000. _dua-ribu_, two thousand.
+  3000. _tiga-ribu_, three thousand.
+  4000. _ampat-ribu_, four thousand.
+
+Any sum, however great, may be expressed by the numerals in
+juxtaposition without the insertion of a conjunction; as,
+_sa-ribu-dĕlapan-ratus-tujoh-puloh-sambilan_, one thousand eight hundred
+(and) seventy nine, 1879.
+
+Certain terms for high numbers have been borrowed from the Sanskrit
+language and misapplied in adoption, namely, _laḳsa_ (Sansk. _laksha_,
+100,000), _keti_ (Sansk. _koṭi_, 10,000,000), and _juta_ (Sansk.
+_ayuta_, 10,000).
+
+The numbers represented by these words in Malay are _sa-laḳsa_, ten
+thousand; _sa-keti_, one hundred thousand; _sa-juta_, one million.
+
+In reckoning the numbers from 20 to 30, _lekor_, a score, is sometimes
+used instead of _dua-puloh_ (especially in mentioning dates), but in
+that case the unit precedes instead of following the decimal; as
+_sa-lekor_, twenty-one; _dua-lekor_, twenty-two; _tiga-lekor_,
+twenty-three, &c.
+
+To express a quantity which approaches what we call a round number, it
+is sometimes convenient to state the latter qualified by the figure in
+which it is deficient, as is done in the old-fashioned phrase “forty
+stripes save one.” Thus, instead of _sambilan-puloh-dĕlapan_,
+ninety-eight, the phrase _korang dua sa-ratus_, one hundred save two,
+may be used.
+
+The use of the word _tengah_, half, before a numeral serves in the same
+way to reduce it by half of one. Thus, _tengah dua_ signifies “one and a
+half,” or “two, less half a one,” as if the full phrase were _korang
+sa-tengah dua_; so _tengah tiga-puloh_, twenty-five (lit. “three tens
+save half”); _tengah lima ratus_, four hundred and fifty (lit. “five
+hundreds save half”).
+
+
+ORDINAL NUMBERS.
+
+  _pertama_ (Sansk. _prathama_), first.
+  _ka-dua_, second.
+  _ka-tiga_, third.
+  _ka-sa-bĕlas_, eleventh.
+  _ka-dua-puloh_, twentieth.
+  _ka-sa-ratus_, hundredth.
+
+The word _yang_ placed before ordinals corresponds to the definite
+article in English; as _yang pertama_, the first; _yang ka-dua_, the
+second; _yang ka-sa-ribu_, the thousandth.
+
+
+FRACTIONAL NUMBERS.
+
+_Tengah_, _sa-tengah_, half; _suku_, _sa-suku_, quarter; _sa-per-dua_,
+one-half; _sa-per-tiga_, one-third; _dua-per-tiga_, two-thirds;
+_tiga-per-ampat_, three-fourths. Similar fractions may be formed with
+other numbers by placing the particle _per_ between the dividend and the
+divisor.
+
+
+COLLECTIVE NUMBERS.
+
+Phrases like “a score,” “a dozen,” “a couple,” are formed in Malay by
+the use of the particle _ber_ with the numeral; as--
+
+  _ber-dua_, the two, or the pair.
+  _ber-tiga_, the three.
+  _ber-puloh-puloh_, by tens.
+  _be-ratus-ratus_, by hundreds.
+  _be-ribu-ribu_, by thousands.
+
+The word _ganda_, which in Hindustani is a collective numeral meaning “a
+four,” is used in Malay in conjunction with numerals in a sense
+corresponding to the English word “times;” as _dua-ganda_, double,
+twice; _tiga-ganda_, triple, three times.
+
+
+NUMERAL CO-EFFICIENTS.
+
+In Malay, as in Burmese, Siamese, and Chinese, “there exists a set of
+specific and technical terms, called by the grammarians _numeral
+affixes_, some one or other of which is always used as a co-efficient to
+the numeral, the term being selected according to the class under which
+the object falls.”[7] The use of these terms will be best understood by
+comparing it with the analogous use in English of such phrases as so
+many _head_ of cattle; so many _file_ of soldiers; so many _sail_ of
+ships; so many _stand_ of rifles.
+
+    [Footnote 7: Col. Yule, Journ. Anthropol. Inst. Feb. 1880. This
+    peculiarity in the Indo-Chinese languages has attracted much
+    attention among ethnologists. See Peschel, Races of Man, 117;
+    Tylor, Early History of Mankind, 208; Bunsen’s Universal History,
+    i. 409.]
+
+1. _Orang_ (person or persons) is introduced in the enumeration of
+mankind; as _China tiga orang, Malayu sa’orang_, three Chinese and a
+Malay; _budak dua orang_, two children.
+
+2. _Ekor_ (tail) is employed in speaking of animals; as _sa-ekor
+kuching_, a cat; _kuda bĕlang dua ekor_, two piebald horses; _ikan
+kechil-kechil barang lima anam ekor_, about five or six small fish.
+
+3. _Buah_ (fruit) is applied to fruit, houses, ships, places, &c.; as
+_sa-buah rumah_, a house; _sa-buah nĕgri_, a town or kingdom; _lima buah
+kapal_, five ships.
+
+4. _Biji_ (seed) is applied to small objects more or less round; as
+_buah manggis lima-puloh biji_, fifty mangostins; _ampat biji telor_,
+four eggs; _nior muda sa-biji_, one green cocoa-nut.
+
+5. _Halei_ or _lei_, to tenuous objects, such as hair, feathers, leaves,
+wearing apparel, &c.; as _bulu sa-lei_, a feather; _kain Palembang
+sa-puloh halei_, ten Palembang sarongs.
+
+6. _Batang_ (stem), to long objects; as _lembing dua batang_, two
+spears; _tiang ampat batang_, four posts.
+
+7. _Puchuk_ (young shoot), to letters, muskets, cannon, elephants’
+tusks, &c.; as _tiga puchuk surat_, three letters; _sa-puchuk gading_,
+one tusk: _snapang lima puchuk_, five muskets.
+
+8. _Keping_ (piece, slice), to pieces of wood, metal, &c.; as _papan
+sa-keping_, a plank; _timah tiga-puloh keping_, thirty slabs of tin.
+
+9. _Tangga_ (ladder) and _pintu_ (door), to houses; as _rumah dua
+tangga_, two houses; _rumah batu anam pintu_, six brick houses.
+
+10. _Lapis_ (fold), to clothing; as _kapan sa-lapis_, a shroud.
+
+11. _Rawan_, to nets and cordage; as _pukut sa-rawan_, a seine net;
+_jala dua rawan_, two casting nets.
+
+12. _Bilah_, to cutting weapons; as _kris sa-bilah_, one kris; _pĕdang
+lima bilah_, five swords.
+
+13. _Buntoh_, to rings, fish-hooks, &c.; as _kail sa-buntoh_, a
+fish-hook; _chinchin tiga buntoh_, three rings.
+
+14. _Bidang_, to things spread out; as _destar sa-bidang_, one
+head-cloth.
+
+15. _Butir_, to fruit, seeds, and other small round objects; as _nior
+sa-butir_, a cocoa-nut; _mutiara sa-butir_, a pearl.
+
+There are many other similar idiomatic terms, examples of which will be
+given in the more advanced lessons farther on.
+
+
+XI. PARTICLES.
+
+Most of the particles have been noticed in speaking of the verb, but
+there are three or four which require special mention.
+
+_Lah_ is affixed to words of all kinds, sometimes merely for the sake of
+euphony, but more frequently as a particle of intensity.
+
+In the sentence _ada-lah kapada suatu hari_, it happened on a certain
+day, _lah_ is simply expletive; but in the sentence _dia-lah yang buat_,
+it was _he_ who did it, the particle serves to emphasise the word _dia_.
+The latter use of the particle _lah_ is exemplified by its frequent
+employment to emphasise a command; as _mari-lah_, come; _pergi-lah_, go.
+
+_Kah_ is the interrogative particle. When affixed to words it is the
+sign of a question or a doubt; as _itu-kah atau lain-kah?_ is it that or
+another? _Antah sunggoh-kah atau tidak_, it is doubtful whether it be
+true or not.
+
+_Tah_ is also an interrogative particle, but of less general use than
+_kah_. _Apa-tah?_ what else? is a common phrase indicating assent.
+
+_Pun_ is annexed to all kinds of words, sometimes merely to give
+roundness to a phrase, sometimes with the sense of “too,” or “also”
+(where the sentence is affirmative), or “nor,” “neither” (where it is
+negative); as _maka iya-pun datang_, then he came; _aku pun mahu_, I too
+want it; _siyang pun tidak malam pun tidak_, it was neither day nor
+night.
+
+
+
+
+PART II.
+
+COMPOSITION OF SENTENCES.
+
+
+Owing to the absence of inflexion, the composition of simple sentences
+in Malay offers few difficulties. The phrases and exercises which will
+be given in this Part are simple and elementary, serving thus as a
+preparation for others of progressive difficulty to be reached at a
+later stage.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON I.
+
+
+SUBSTANTIVES.
+
+  person (man, woman, or child), _orang_.
+  man, _laki-laki_.
+  woman, _per-ampu-an_.
+  child, _anak_.
+  house, _rumah_.
+  water, _ayer_.
+  fire, _api_.
+  wind, _angin_.
+  wood, _kayu_.
+  carriage, _kreta_.
+  horse, _kuda_.
+  ship, _kapal_.
+  steamer, _kapal-api_.
+  boat, _sampan_.
+  cow, ox, _lumbu_.
+  dog, _anjing_.
+  bird, _burong_.
+  snake, _ular_.
+  fish, _ikan_.
+  sun, _mata-hari_.
+  moon, _bulan_.
+  star, _bintang_.
+  sea, _laut_.
+  river, _sungei_.
+  cloth, _kain_.
+
+
+ADJECTIVES.
+
+  good, _baik_.
+  new, _băharu_.
+  naughty, wicked, _jahat_.
+  beautiful, _bagus_.
+  pretty, _chantek_.
+  wise, _pandei_.
+  stupid, _bodoh_.
+  large, _bĕsar_.
+  small, _kĕchil_.
+  deep, _dalam_.
+  swift, _laju_.
+  high, _tinggi_.
+  round, _bulat_.
+  old, _tuah_.
+  young, _muda_.
+  cold, _sĕjuk_.
+  hot, _panas_.
+  far, _jauh_.
+  near, _dĕkat_.
+  coarse, _kasar_.
+  fine, _halus_.
+
+
+ADVERBS.
+
+  very, _baniak_.
+  exceedingly, _sangat_.
+
+Before showing how sentences may be constructed with these words by
+means of the verb _ada_, and with the aid of the personal pronouns, two
+of the hints already given are here repeated:--
+
+1. Adjectives follow their substantives.
+
+2. The verb _ada_ is frequently omitted and left to be understood.
+
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+  A bad man--
+    _Orang jahat._
+  A pretty woman--
+    _Perampuan chantek._
+  A high house--
+    _Rumah tinggi._
+  A high wind--
+    _Angin bĕsar._
+  Cold water--
+    _Ayer sĕjuk._
+  This is my child--
+    _Ini anak sahaya_ (not, _Ini ada sahaya punya anak_).
+  That bullock-cart is mine--
+    _Kreta lumbu itu sahaya punya._
+  That pony-carriage is swift--
+    _Kreta kuda itu ada laju._
+  That person has a dog--
+    _Orang itu ada sa’ekor anjing._
+  That woman’s cloth is very fine--
+    _Kain perampuan itu halus sangat._
+  This man has one son and two daughters--
+    _Orang ini ada anak laki-laki sa’orang dan anak perampuan dua
+      orang._
+  The steamer is near--
+    _Kapal-api ada dĕkat._
+  His child is very naughty--
+    _Anak dia baniak jahat._
+  They have a boat--
+    _Dia orang ada sa’buah sampan._
+  There are men and women--
+    _Ada orang laki-laki dan perampuan._
+  The old man has a piece of coarse cloth--
+    _Orang tuah itu ada kain kasar sa’lei._
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+I am a good man. His child is very wise. The moon is round. They have a
+beautiful horse. My boat is very large. The sea is very deep. The sun
+and stars are very far off. This person has a vicious dog. That man’s
+daughter is beautiful. This river is very swift. A small snake. This ox
+is very old. That person’s boat is small. There are fish. There is a
+bird. The water of the river is warm. There are stupid people and there
+are wise people. His ship is very far off.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON II.
+
+
+ON THE SECOND PERSON.
+
+The use of the word _angkau_ and similar pronouns is to be avoided as
+much as possible. When the pronoun of the second person cannot be
+understood but must be expressed, _angkau_, or the local or provincial
+word used in substitution for it (according to the part of the
+Archipelago in which the speaker finds himself), may be employed. In
+addressing natives of rank or of superior position, the appropriate
+forms should be used. The word _lu_ should never be used to a Malay; it
+is, however, in common use among those Chinese who use Malay as a medium
+of communication with other nationalities. On the subject of the second
+person see _supra_, p. 49.
+
+
+SUBSTANTIVES.
+
+  animal, _bĕnatang_.
+  father (common form), _bapa_.
+  father (polite form), _ayah_, _ayahnda_.
+  mother (common form), _mak_, _ibu_.
+  mother (polite form), _bonda_.
+  elder brother, _abang_.
+  elder sister, _kakak_.
+  younger brother or sister, _adek_.
+  boy or girl, _budak_.
+  brother or sister, _sudara_.
+  husband, _laki_.
+  wife, _bini_.
+  forest, _hutan_.
+  tree, _pokok_.
+  plain, _padang_.
+  shop, _kĕdei_.
+  fruit, _buah_.
+  sky, _langit_.
+  ground, _tanah_.
+  dollar, _ringgit_.
+  road, _jalan_.
+  age, _‘umur_.
+
+
+ADJECTIVES.
+
+  long, _panjang_.
+  short, _pendek_, _pandah_.
+  sweet, _manis_.
+  wet, _basah_.
+  dry, _kĕring_.
+  many, _baniak_.
+  rich, _kaya_.
+  poor, _miskin_.
+  strong, _kuat_.
+  hard, _kĕras_.
+  soft, _lumbut_.
+  few, _sadikit_.
+
+
+VERBS.
+
+  to say, _kata_.
+  to go, _pergi_.
+  to run, _lari_.
+  to talk, _chakap_.
+  to tell, _bilang_.
+  to arrive, _sampei_.
+  to sit, _duduk_.
+  to dwell, _tinggal_.
+  to send, _kirim_.
+  to bring, _bawa_.
+
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+_To a Raja._
+
+  Your house is very large--
+    _Rumah tunku baniak besar._
+  Your father is very old--
+    _Ayahnda tunku tuah sangat._
+  This is your horse--
+    _Ini tunku punya kuda._
+
+_To a respectable Chinese._
+
+  There is a quantity of cloth in your shop--
+    _Ada baniak kain-kain didalam baba punya kĕdei._
+  When did you arrive?--
+    _Towkay bila sampei?_
+  Your elder brother is very rich--
+    _Towkay punya abang baniak kaya._
+  Your carriage and mine are alike--
+    _Kreta baba dengan kreta sahaya ada sama._
+
+_To a Malay Headman._
+
+  There are a number of people in your house--
+    _Ada baniak orang di-dalam rumah datoh._
+  Your son is very strong--
+    _Anak datoh, baniak kuat._
+  Where do you live?--
+    _Datoh di-mana tinggal?_
+
+_To a Malay of superior rank._
+
+  What do you say to it?--
+    _Apa kata inche?_
+  Who told it to you?--
+    _Siapa bilang kapada inche?_
+  Your elder sister has a great many fruit-trees--
+    _Inche punya kakak ada baniak pokok buah._
+
+_To a Sayyid or Haji._
+
+  Where are you going to?--
+    _Tuan handak pergi ka-mana?_
+  What is your age?--
+    _Bĕr-apa ‘umur tuan?_
+  I wish to talk a little with you--
+    _Sahaya handak chakap sadikit dengan tuan._
+
+_To Persons of inferior rank._
+
+  Who are you?--
+    _Siapa kamu?_
+  Is this yours?--
+    _Angkau punya-kah ini?_
+  Where is your house?--
+    _Di-mana rumah angkau?_
+  Bring your hat--
+    _Bawa topi sĕndiri._
+  Where do you live?--
+    _Di-mana tinggal?_
+  Have you got a light?--
+    _Ada api?_
+  Why are you so late?--
+    _Apa buat lambat ini?_
+  When you were at the shop just now, who was there?--
+    _Apabila angkau di kĕdei tadi siapa ada di-situ?_
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+Where is your shop? Is this your mother? You and your brother were
+running. You are very stupid. Have you told your elder sister? Your son
+has arrived. Was it you who sent fruit? What did you say to him? When
+will you go? You will bring a boat. You went to the jungle.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON III.
+
+
+SUBSTANTIVES.
+
+  news, _khabar_.
+  workman, _tukang_.
+  cat, _kuching_.
+  rat, _tikus_.
+  sugar, _gula_.
+  needle, _jarum_.
+  form, _rupa_.
+  elephant, _gajah_.
+
+
+ADJECTIVES.
+
+  excellent, _endah_.
+  careful, _jimat_.
+  worthless, _burok_.
+  difficult, _susah_.
+
+
+VERBS.
+
+  To do, make, _buat_.
+  To seek, _chăhari_.
+  To conceal, _sembunyi_.
+  To find, obtain, _dapat_.
+
+
+ON THE DEGREES OF COMPARISON.
+
+One form of the comparative degree is similar in construction to the
+Hindustani comparative, that is to say, the object with which the
+comparison is made is put in the ablative case (by the use of the
+preposition _deri_ or _deri-pada_), while the adjective remains
+unmodified by adverb or particle. Thus the phrase “This house is larger
+than that,” may be rendered _Besar rumah ini deri rumah itu_ (_Yih ghar
+us ghar se baṛā hai_).
+
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+  The rumour is better than the reality--
+    _Endah khabar deri rupa._
+  The Chinese workman is more skilful than the Kling--
+    _Pandei tukang China deri tukang Kling._
+  The cat is larger than the mouse--
+    _Besar kuching deri tikus._
+  This is better than that--
+    _Baik ini deri-pada itu._
+  (_Note that the adjective always precedes the objects compared._)
+
+The comparative degree is also formed by the use of the adverb _lebeh_
+or _ter-lebeh_, more, prefixed to the adjective, which is followed by
+the preposition _deri_ or _deri-pada_.
+
+  Hotter than before--
+    _Lebeh panas deri dahulu._
+  Sweeter than honey--
+    _Lebeh manis deri gula._
+  It is better to go than to remain--
+    _Ter-lebeh baik pergi deri-pada tinggal._
+
+The adverb _lagi_, more, is sometimes used instead of _lebeh_.
+
+  You must make it larger--
+    _Mahu buat besar lagi._
+  This is better--
+    _Ini lagi baik._
+
+Another form of comparison is constructed with the adverb _korang_,
+less, prefixed to the adjective; as _korang baik_, not very good;
+_korang biasa_, inexperienced (lit. less accustomed).
+
+The superlative degree is formed in several ways: First, by making a
+comparison of universal application; as--
+
+  This is the best (lit. this is better than all)--
+    _Baik ini deri sumua._
+  The finest needle of all--
+    _Jarum yang lebeh halus deri-pada sumua-nia._
+  The hardest of all to obtain--
+    _Yang ter-lebeh susah men-dapat deri-pada sumua-nia._
+
+Secondly, by the use of the adverb _sakali_, very, exceedingly, after
+the adjective when the latter is preceded by the relative pronoun
+_yang_; as--
+
+  The best--
+    _Yang baik sakali._
+  The worst--
+    _Yang burok sakali._
+  Such-a-one was the handsomest--
+    _Yang elok sakali si-anu._
+
+Thirdly, by duplication of the adjective, which then takes the particle
+_sa_ before it; as--
+
+  The quickest pace of an elephant is the slowest walk of a man--
+    _Sa-chepat-chepat jalan-an gajah, sa-lambat-lambat jalan an orang._
+  The very least--
+    _Sa-korang-korang._
+  Utterly and completely guilty--
+    _Sa-penoh-penoh salah._
+  The most just king--
+    _Sa-adil-adil raja._
+  With the greatest care--
+    _Dengan sa-habis-habis jimat._
+  You must look out for the very best article--
+    _Handak chăhari yang sa-baik-baik-nia._
+  He hides it with the greatest pains--
+    _Di-sembunyi-kan-nia dengan sa-buleh-buleh-nia._
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+My horse is better than your horse. These people are more stupid than
+those. The form of the horse is handsomer than that of the elephant. The
+men are more wicked than the women. The pace of the horse is swifter
+than that of the elephant. That woman is the handsomest, but this one is
+the wisest. His house is the worst of all. Bring the slowest elephant of
+all. The father is wiser than the child. It is better to bring the ox
+than the horse.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON IV.
+
+ON INTENSIVES.
+
+
+SUBSTANTIVES.
+
+  reception-hall, _balei_.
+  room, _bilek_.
+  stairs, _tangga_.
+  a play, _per-main-an_.
+  conduct, _ka-laku-an_.
+  body, _tuboh_.
+  head, _kapala_.
+  year, _tahun_.
+  month, _bulan_.
+  price, _harga_.
+  country, _nĕgri_.
+  queen, _permeisuri_.
+  king, _raja_.
+  minister, _mantri_.
+  patience, _sabar_.
+
+
+ADJECTIVES.
+
+  ill, painful, _sakit_.
+  cheap, _morah_.
+  dear, _mahal_.
+  wide, _luas_.
+  astonished, _heiran_.
+  thin, _kurus_.
+  fat, _gumok_.
+  illustrious, _mulia_.
+  narrow, _simpit_.
+  glad, _suka_.
+
+
+VERBS.
+
+  to see, _lihat_.
+  to demand, _minta_.
+  to be able, _buleh_.
+  to hear, _dengar_.
+  to play, _main_.
+  to look, _tengok_.
+  to enter, _masok_
+  to order, _suroh_.
+
+
+_On Intensives._-- To express an intensive degree the particle _ter_ is
+prefixed to adjectives and adverbs; as _ter-bĕsar_, very large;
+_ter-kuasa_, very powerful; _ter-lebeh_, most; _ter-lalu_, excessively;
+_ter-lampau_, surpassing; _ter-amat_, most exceedingly.
+
+The adjective may also be intensified by duplication; as _ikan yang
+besar-besar_, great big fish; _burong kechil-kechil_, very small birds;
+_nĕgri jauh-jauh_, far-distant lands; _dia harti baik-baik_, he
+understands very well.
+
+The following adverbs are of frequent use in heightening the sense of
+words:--
+
+  _baniak_, very.
+  _amat_, exceedingly.
+  _sangat_, very.
+  _sakali_, quite, most.
+  _ter-lebeh_, most.
+  _ter-lalu_, excessively.
+  _ter-langsong_, } surpassingly.
+  _ter-lampau_,   }
+  _ter-amat_, most exceedingly.
+
+All of these precede the positive except _sakali_, which invariably
+follows it. _Amat_ and _sangat_ are also sometimes placed after the
+adjective which they qualify.
+
+It is common to use more than one of these words with the same
+adjective, just as we say “the very most.”
+
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+  There were a very great number of people in the reception-hall--
+    _Di balei itu ter-amat-lah baniak orang._
+  His body was very thin--
+    _Tuboh-nia sangat kurus._
+  The performance was exceedingly pretty--
+    _Sangat-lah chantek itu per-main-an._
+  He was immensely astonished at seeing it--
+    _Dia ter-lalu heiran me-lihat-kan._
+  This year all fruit is very plentiful and cheap--
+    _Tahun ini sagala buah-buah sangat-lah baniak dan morah harga-nia._
+  You must be exceedingly patient--
+    _Handak-lah dengan sabar sangat._
+  Very stupid in appearance--
+    _Ter-lalu bodoh rupa-nia._
+  The road is very bad--
+    _Jalan itu burok sakali._
+  Most exceedingly painful--
+    _Yang ter-lebeh sangat sakit._
+  It was a very large country--
+    _Ter-lalu amat besar negri itu._
+  His conduct was too bad--
+    _Ter-lampau jahat ka-laku-an-nia._
+
+The adjective _maha_, great, is similarly used; as _maha besar_, very
+great; _maha mulia_, most illustrious; _maha kuasa_, all-powerful.
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+He demanded a very high price. He is very ill. Your father was
+exceedingly wise. It is a very large river. I am very frightened. The
+water is very deep. Those Chinese are very wicked. The most illustrious
+and most mighty queen. The old man’s cow is very thin. I was much
+surprised at hearing it. He brought some very big horses. Some very
+large ships have arrived. This month fish is very cheap. The room is
+very wide. The river was much too narrow, the ship could not enter. I
+have a very bad headache.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON V.
+
+
+INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES.
+
+In asking a question, the tone of the voice sometimes marks the
+interrogation sufficiently.
+
+Sometimes the interrogation is marked by the use of the particle _-kah_
+affixed to the emphatic word of the sentence.
+
+Sometimes the interrogative form of a sentence is shown by the use of
+such words as--
+
+  _apa_, what?
+  _siapa_, who?
+  _ka-mana_, where?
+  _bĕr-apa_, how many?
+  _mana_, who, which, how?
+  _bagei-mana_, how?
+  _apa sebab_, or }
+  _apa buat_, or  } why?
+  _mengapa_       }
+
+SUBSTANTIVES.
+
+  time, _kali_.
+  rain, _hujan_.
+  market, _pasar_.
+  stone, _batu_.
+  use, _guna_.
+  iron, _besi_.
+  steel, _baja_.
+  tin, _timah_.
+  lead, _timah hitam_.
+  copper, _tambaga_.
+  box, _pĕti_.
+  kind, sort, _macham_.
+  tobacco, _tambakau_.
+  coffee, _kahwah_.
+  tea, _teh_, _cha_.
+  tea (dry), _daun teh_.
+  tea (liquid), _ayer teh_.
+  money, _wang_.
+  jacket, _baju_.
+  trousers, _saluar_.
+
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+  What is the matter?--
+    _Apa korang?_
+  What is to be done? (_i.e._, there is nothing to be done)--
+    _Apa bulik buat?_
+  What is the use?--
+    _Apa guna?_
+  Whence do you come?--
+    _Deri-mana datang kamu?_
+  Where are you going?--
+    _Handak pergi ka-mana?_
+  Why did you not tell me sooner?--
+    _Apa buat ta’bilang dahulu?_
+  What do you say?--
+    _Apa kata kamu?_
+  Why do ye run?--
+    _Mengapa kumu orang lari?_
+  Where did you get that?--
+    _Di-mana-kah angkau dapat itu?_
+  Which tree shall I cut down?--
+    _Pokoh mana handak tebang?_
+  How many days ago?--
+    _Bĕrapa hari sudah?_
+  When was he at the market?--
+    _Bila-mana dia di pasar?_
+  Whose house is this?--
+    _Rumah ini siapa punya?_
+  Are there many Chinese in Patani?--
+    _Baniak-kah orang China di Patani?_
+  Was it truly he who did it?--
+    _Sunggoh-kah dia yang buat?_
+  Is it this one or another?--
+    _Ini-kah atau lain-kah?_
+  Is it going to rain?--
+    _Handak hujan-kah?_
+  What is the price of this?--
+    _Bĕrapa harga ini?_
+  What is the news? (How goes it?)--
+    _Apa khabar?_
+  How could I dare to do it ?--
+    _Macham mana sahaya bĕrani buat?_
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+Where is my jacket? What did he say? Why do you come here? Are there any
+dollars in the box? How many times has it rained this month? Whose tin
+is this? Who brought this tobacco? Did you demand the money from his
+father? Whence did you obtain this news? Did you order him to bring the
+coffee? How many miles (lit. _stones_) is it to the market? Shall I cut
+down this tree? Have you seen that play? Who was that who brought the
+fish? What kind of animal is that? When were you at the house? Why do
+they not enter?
+
+
+Sometimes the word _apa_ at the commencement of a sentence gives it an
+interrogative sense;[1] as _apa, tuan ta’ makan daging karbau?_ do you
+not eat buffalo meat? _apa tiada-kah sukar leher bangau itu?_ what!
+would not the stork’s neck be inconveniently long? _apa tiada-kah
+tuan-hamba kenal akan bangau itu?_ does not my lord recognise that
+stork?[2]
+
+    [Footnote 1: Like the Hindustani _kya_ or the Latin _an_, _num_.
+    Forbes’ Hindustani Manual.]
+
+    [Footnote 2: Sri Rama. Favre’s Grammar, p. 92.]
+
+
+
+
+LESSON VI.
+
+
+FORMATION OF NEGATIVE SENTENCES.
+
+  _Tidak_, no.
+  _Tiada_, is not (are, was, were, do, did not, &c.).
+  _Bukan_, no, not.
+  _Jangan_, don’t, let not.
+  _Antah_, I know not; who knows? there is no saying.
+  _Jangan-kan_, not only, not, so far from.
+
+_Bukan_ is a more emphatic denial than _tidak_. It is also used, either
+alone or with the affix _-kah_, to signify _is it not?_ _is it not so?_
+
+_Tiada_ is generally abbreviated colloquially to _t’ada_ and _t’a’_ (in
+Java _trada_ and _tra_).
+
+_Antah_ is an expression of doubt.
+
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+  Yes or no?--
+    _Ya atau tidak._
+  That which is he causes not to be; that which is not he causes to be--
+    _Yang ada dia tidak-kan, yang tidak dia ada-kan._
+  It is nothing = never mind--
+    _Tidak apa._
+  He got no small quantity of fish--
+    _Dia men-dapat ikan bukan sadikit._
+  Her beauty was of no ordinary kind--
+    _Molek-nia bukan alang-kapalang._
+  Is this his house or not?--
+    _Ini-kah rumah dia atau bukan?_
+  Indescribable, wonderful--
+    _Bukan buat-an lagi_ (lit. _it was no longer doing_).
+  You said just now that you went home first, did you not?--
+    _Kata kamu tadi sudah pulang ka rumah dahulu, bukan-kah?_
+  He is not my child--
+    _Bukan-lah iya anak hamba._
+  He will not come--
+    _Dia ta’ mahu datang._
+  I asked him a great many times, but he would not--
+    _Sahaya minta bĕrapa kali tiada dia mahu._
+  There are no fish in the market--
+    _T’ada ikan di pasar._
+  I do not know where he has gone--
+    _Antah ka-mana pergi-nia._
+  There is no saying how many of them died--
+    _Antah ber-apa baniak-nia yang mati._
+  It cannot be otherwise--
+    _Ta’ dapat tiada._
+  He cannot enter--
+    _Dia ta’bulih masok._
+  Do not go--
+    _Jangan pergi._
+  Do not believe what people say--
+    _Jangan perchaya akan perkata-an orang._
+  Shall I enter the house or not?--
+    _Masok-kah aku dalam rumah atau jangan-kah?_
+  So far from obtaining it, we did not even see it--
+    _Jangan-kan dapat, me-lihat-pun tidak._
+  Not to speak of _you_, of _me_, even, they are afraid--
+    _Jangan-kan tuan, hamba-tuan pun dia orang takut._
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+He said no. That conduct is not proper. He cannot write. The children
+are not in the house. So far from getting a pony-carriage, we cannot
+even get a bullock-cart. Not to speak of the night, by day even people
+are afraid to go there. There is no saying how it happened. Do not go
+near. Shall I give the fruit to the woman or not? There are not many
+horses here. Do you not know that? The Chinaman will not say yes or no.
+Do not be afraid. If the seed is good it cannot but be that the fruit is
+good also. The wind was of no ordinary force (_kuat_).
+
+
+_New words in this Lesson to be learned by heart._
+
+Beautiful, beauty, _molek_; dead, to die, _mati_; to believe,
+_perchaya_; saying, speech, _per-kata-an_ (from _kata_, to say); to
+fear, _takut_; to write, _tulis_; night, _malam_; daylight, _siyang_;
+seed, _biji_; doing, making, fabrication, manufacture, _buat-an_ (from
+_buat_, to do, to make); to go away, go home, _pulang_.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON VII.
+
+
+ON THE USE OF PREPOSITIONS.
+
+For a list of the most useful prepositions see _supra_, p. 63.
+
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+  We are going _up_ the mountain--
+    _Kita handak naik ka-atas gunong._
+  _For_ every _orlong_ (land-measure) ten cents--
+    _Pada satu orlong sa-puloh duit._[3]
+  The clerks who are _under_ him--
+    _Krani-krani yang di-bawah-nia._
+  Many people have settled _at_ that place--
+    _Baniak orang sudah masok di tampat itu._
+  He saw it _from_ outside--
+    _Deri luar iya me-lihat-kan._
+  People have remarked upon the subject _before_ me (in my presence)--
+    _Ada juga orang ter-kenang-kan hal itu di hadap-an sahaya._
+  The Raja gave a present _to_ him--
+    _Raja membĕri hadia kapada-nia._
+  Che Ismail has made preparations for marrying his daughter
+      _to (with)_ Haji Daud--
+    _Che Ismail sudah siap handak me-nikaḥ-kan anak-nia dengan Haji
+      Daud._
+  They were sentenced _by_ the judge--
+    _Di-ḥukum-kan uleh ḥakim._
+  _Among_ the four men three were wounded and one ran away--
+    _Di-dalam ampat orang itu tiga luka satu lari._
+  I want to know _about_ that affair--
+    _Sahaya handak tahu deri-pada hal itu._
+  The case was begun _on_ the first day of the month--
+    _Kapada satu hari bulan di-mula-i bichara-nia._
+  _With_ great haste--
+    _Dengan sangat gopoh._
+  He has gone _towards_ the kitchen--
+    _Sudah dia jalan sa-bĕlah dapor._
+  _On_ both sides of the road--
+    _Antara ka-dua bĕlah jalan._
+  _Regarding_ the subject of that document--
+    _Akan hal surat itu._
+  _After_ a few days--
+    _Lepas sadikit hari._
+  He was buried _near_ his father--
+    _Di-ḳubur-kan dĕkat ayah-nia._
+  _According to_ their circumstances--
+    _Atas ḳadar-nia._
+  _According to_ his strength--
+    _Sa-kadar kuasa-nia._
+  Go _to_ your master--
+    _Pergi sama tuan kamu._
+  He inquired _about_ a murder--
+    _Dia preḳsa fasal bunoh._
+  Another version _behind_ your back--
+    _Balik bĕlakang lain bichara._
+  _Between_ earth and sky--
+    _Antara bumi dan langit._
+  To walk _through_ the water--
+    _Ber-jalan trus ayer._
+  _For the sake of_ God--
+    _Karana Allah._
+  _As far as_ the cross-roads--
+    _Hingga sempang jalan._
+  _Until_ now--
+    _Sampei sakarang._
+
+    [Footnote 3: In Penang 1 _duit_ = 1 cent.; in Singapore and
+    Malacca ¼ cent.]
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+He lives upon the hill. On the tenth day of the month. They came before
+the raja. His master gave a dollar to him. He was buried by his
+brothers. After that all went away. Among those ten persons six are men
+and four are women. As regards the subject of that case, inquiry is now
+being made. Each man received according to his circumstances. In which
+direction has he gone, towards the right or towards the left? Between
+the house and the river. How much will you receive for every pikul of
+tin? The dogs are under the house. They sat upon the ground. He arrived
+at that place with fifteen men. They remained until night.
+
+The following words used in this lesson should be committed to memory:--
+
+Clerk, _krani_; place, _tampat_; affair, subject, _hal_; gift, present,
+_hadia_; judge, _ḥakim_; order, sentence, _ḥukum_; case, negotiation,
+_bichara_; hurried, haste, _gopoh_; kitchen, _dapor_; a grave, _ḳubur_;
+to bury, _ḳubur-kan_; rate, condition, circumstances, _ḳadar_; strength,
+power, _kuasa_; the back, _bĕlakang_; the earth, _bumi_; God, _Allah_;
+fork (of a road), _sempang_; side, _bĕlah_.
+
+To ascend, _naik_; to reflect, consider, _kenang_; wounded, to wound,
+_luka_; to marry, _nikaḥ_; to give in marriage, _nikaḥ-kan_; to examine,
+inquire into, _preḳsa_; to kill, _bunoh_; to receive, _tĕrima_.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON VIII.
+
+
+ON THE WORDS _SUDAH_ AND _HABIS_.
+
+SUBSTANTIVES.
+
+  a lock, _kunchi_.
+  a key, _anak kunchi_.
+  accounts, _kira-kira_.
+  skill, _ka-pandei-an_.
+  anger, _ka-marah-an_.
+  small-pox, _ka-tumboh-an_.
+  loss, _rugi_.
+  disease, _penyakit_.
+  an egg, _tĕlor_.
+  an axe, _kapak_.
+  the foot, _kaki_.
+  cold (in the head), _sardi_.
+  dagger, kris, _kris_.
+  rocks, reef, _karang_.
+  a fine, _denda_.
+  blemish, _chachat_.
+
+
+VERBS.
+
+  to lock, _kunchi-kan_.
+  to try, attempt, _choba_.
+  to expend, _bĕlanja_.
+  to be silent, _diam_.
+  to break, _pechah_.
+  to stab, _tikam_.
+  to beat, _pukul_.
+  to be destroyed, _binasa_.
+  to burn, _bakar_; burnt, _ter-bakar_.
+  to be angry, _marah_.
+  to loose, _lepas_; loosed _ter-lepas_.
+  to disobey, _bantah_.
+  to cheat, _tipu_.
+  to be damaged, _rosak_.
+  to rob, _samun_.
+  to bite (as a snake), _pagut_.
+
+
+ADJECTIVES.
+
+  guilty, _salah_.
+  black, _hitam_.
+  slow, _lambat_.
+  rotten, _busuk_.
+  severe, _tĕrok_.
+  fit, suitable, probable, _harus_.
+
+
+ADVERBS.
+
+  quickly, _lăkas_.
+  slowly, _perlahan_.
+
+_Sudah_ is classed as an adverb, but its most common use is to serve as
+a kind of auxiliary verb in forming the past tenses. It is
+translateable, according to the context, by the words and phrases, has,
+had; has, have, and had been, or become; done, finished, completed, &c.
+
+_Habis_ signifies done, finished, exhausted, expended; utterly,
+completely. The use of these words with verbs will be seen from the
+following examples:--
+
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+  Have you locked the door?--
+    _Sudah kunchi-kan pintu-kah?_
+  I have--
+    _Sudah._
+  When I reached the house he was already there (lit. had become
+      present before)--
+    _Tatkala sahaya sampei di rumah dia sudah ada dahulu._
+  It is not yet finished--
+    _Belum sudah._
+  It is half finished (just being finished)--
+    _Tengah handak sudah._
+  Nearly finished--
+    _Dekat mahu sudah._
+  Long ago--
+    _Lama sudah._
+  A month ago, more or less--
+    _Lebih korang sa’bulan sudah._
+  That is enough--
+    _Sudah-lah._
+  It has gone bad--
+    _Sudah busuk._
+  It is over--
+    _Sudah habis._
+  His father is an old man (has become old)--
+    _Bapa-nia sudah tuah._
+  Try to complete this--
+    _Choba-lah bagi sudah._
+  He understands (has arrived at understanding) accounts very well--
+    _Pasal kira-kira sudah iya harti baik-baik._
+  Now it is (has become) near--
+    _Sakarang sudah dĕkat._
+  They are all dead and gone--
+    _Sumua-nia mati habis._
+  Entirely destroyed--
+    _Habis binasa._
+  It is all spent--
+    _Sudah bĕlanja habis._
+  When he had finished speaking--
+    _Apabila sudah habis chakap._
+  All were quite silent--
+    _Habis-lah diam sumua._
+  The utmost of his skill--
+    _Sa-habis ka-pandei-an dia._
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+He is dead. He died long ago. He had made preparations for going away.
+Are they all ready? The workman says that the box is not yet finished.
+He has gone to Malacca. I have seen this before. The tea is finished.
+All the eggs are broken. The house was entirely burnt. He spent all his
+father’s money. Finish that quickly. They have gone back to their own
+country. That house is nearly finished. I arrived here a year ago. When
+you have finished writing that letter go home. It is now at a distance.
+I am just finishing this letter.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON IX.
+
+
+ON THE VERB _KĔNA_.
+
+_Kĕna_, in the sense of “to incur,” is frequently used with other words
+to express the passive mood. Thus, instead of “he was fined,” Malays
+will say “he incurred a fine;” instead of “he was blamed,” “he incurred
+anger.” _Kĕna_ also means to touch, strike, hit, affect. _Kĕna apa?_
+“affected by what?” is frequently pronounced as a single word, _kenapa_,
+meaning “why?”
+
+  He was prosecuted--
+    _Dia kĕna bichara._
+  They were sentenced to five years each--
+    _Kĕna hukum atas sa’orang lima tahun._
+  He incurred the displeasure of his father--
+    _Dia kĕna ka-marah-an deri-pada bapa-nia._
+  The axe slipped in his hand and took effect on the back of his leg--
+    _Ter lepas di tangan kapak itu, kĕna di bĕlakang kaki-nia._
+  Those who have not yet had small-pox--
+    _Orang yang belum kĕna ka-tumboh-an._[4]
+  If any one disobeys he will be fined five dollars--
+    _Kalau ada siapa ban tah nanti kĕna denda lima ringgit._
+  I have been cheated--
+    _Sahaya sudah kĕna tipu._
+  He has been found guilty--
+    _Dia sudah kĕna salah._
+  He died of a snake-bite--
+    _Dia mati kĕna pagut ular._
+  That won’t do (does not hit it)--
+    _Ta’ kĕna bagitu._
+  Don’t go there, you may be injured--
+    _Jangan pergi sana, barangkali kĕna satu apa-apa._
+  I am always catching cold--
+    _Salalu sahaya kĕna sardi._[5]
+  If the medicine does not take effect it is likely that the disease
+      will take a long time to be cured (_i.e._, the patient will
+      probably die)--
+    _Kalau tiada kĕna ubat-nia harus juga lambat baik penyakit itu._
+
+    [Footnote 4: The Malay word for small-pox differs in various
+    localities. In Penang the common word is _ka-tumboh-an_ (lit.
+    _eruption_); in Malacca and Singapore, _chachar_; in Perak,
+    _si-tawar_ and _sakit orang baik_ (lit. “disease of the good
+    people,” a euphuism); in some parts of Borneo, _puru nasi_.]
+
+    [Footnote 5: _Sardi_ (Persian and Hindustani) is the word used by
+    the Malays of Penang. _Selesima_ and _selimat_ generally mean more
+    than a mere cold in the head.]
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+He died of a stab with a _kris_. He was put to great expense. The ship
+was damaged by striking on the rocks. They were fined twenty dollars
+each. It did not receive a single blemish. Those who disobey will be
+prosecuted. He was very severely beaten. What has happened to the dog
+that he limps like that? He has been robbed on the road. He suffered no
+small loss. That place won’t do. This letter has been blackened by fire.
+Yesterday he incurred his master’s anger.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON X.
+
+
+ON THE VERBS _BULEH_, _BAHAGI_, &C.
+
+The verbs _buleh_, can, or to be able; _bahagi_, to give (lit. to
+divide); _kasih_ and _bĕri_, to give, grant; and _biar_, to permit, to
+suffer, are frequently used to govern other verbs, which they invariably
+precede.
+
+_Buleh_ is a contraction of _ber-uleh_, a verb formed from the
+preposition _uleh_, by, by means of. The primary meaning of _ber-uleh_
+or _buleh_ is to obtain, effect, and hence it has come to mean “to be
+able.” The original sense of the word may be seen in such sentences as
+_ber-uleh per-minta-an_, to obtain (compliance with) a request;
+_sudah-kah buleh anak?_ have you had a child?
+
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+  How can one know?--
+    _Mana buleh tahu?_
+  Can you read English?--
+    _Kamu buleh-kah mem-bacha surat Inggris?_
+  It is not to be calculated--
+    _Tiada-lah buleh handak di-kira-kira lagi._
+  Every month I remind (give to remember) him--
+    _Tiap-tiap bulan ada hamba-tuan bĕri ingat._
+  To feed (lit. give to eat)--
+    _Bĕri makan._
+  Just read that and let me hear it--
+    _Choba bacha itu biar sahaya dengar._
+  I wished to speak to him, but they would not let me--
+    _Sahaya handak chakap dengan dia orang ta’ bahagi._
+  He informed (gave to know) the Penghulu--
+    _Dia bĕri tahu kapada Penghulu._
+  Send those people away--
+    _Kasih pulang orang-orang itu._
+  Let it fall--
+    _Biar jatoh._
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+I cannot open the door. He tried to stab him, but could not touch him.
+Let him strike. Let the axe drop. His brother cannot understand the
+accounts. Let that child go back to the house. I wanted to give him a
+little tea, but they would not permit it. The raja sent (gave to go)
+messengers. He brought (gave to come) his wife and children. Can I live
+here? I have searched, but I cannot find it. He lets them come into the
+house. When can you come?
+
+
+Request, _per-minta-an_, from _minta_, to ask; messenger, _lit._ one
+ordered, _penyuroh_, from _suroh_, to order; to remember, _ingat_; to
+read, _bacha_; to fall, _jatoh_; every, _tiap-tiap_.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XI.
+
+ON THE VERBS _LANGSONG_, _LALU_, &C.
+
+
+In describing a proceeding which involves motion to a place or
+continuous action on the part of some person or thing, it is common to
+use the words _langsong_, _lanjar_ or _lanchar_, and _lalu_, to proceed,
+go, direct one’s course. Their signification in a sentence is not easily
+translateable in English, but it is perhaps best rendered by the English
+idiom, to _go and_ do a thing. Sometimes the effect is that of the
+adverbs “immediately,” “at last,” “incontinently,” “forthwith,”
+“altogether.” _Langsong_ is generally used in Penang, but in Perak the
+Malays generally use _lanjar_ in the same sense.
+
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+  Intending to cook (food), to go and burn it--
+    _Handak masak langsong hangus._
+  He went to Meccah and never returned--
+    _Dia pergi ka-Makah lanjar ta’ balik._
+  The pony fell down and immediately died--
+    _Rĕbah kuda itu langsong mati._
+  He journeyed to Singapore and thence on to Johor--
+    _Ber-laiar-lah dia ka-Singgapura lalu ka-Johor._
+  He spat it out and then went and licked it up again--
+    _Sudah ludah lalu di-jilat_ (a proverb).
+  He took a knife and forthwith stabbed him--
+    _Dia ambil pisau langsong tikam._
+  He visited the districts down the river and thence went on to Kampar--
+    _Dia pergi ka-daira rantau hilir, lanjar ka-Kampar._
+  He has gone altogether--
+    _Dia sudah pergi langsong._
+
+_Lalu_ is often used in the sense of “can,” “able,” instead of _buleh_.
+
+  I cannot do it--
+    _Sahaya ta’ lalu buat._
+  For a day or two past she has been unable to eat--
+    _Sudah satu dua hari dia ta’ lalu makan nasi._[6]
+  Will fish swallow a bare hook?--
+    _Ada-kah ikan lalu me-makan mata kail sahaja?_
+
+    [Footnote 6: _Makan nasi_, eat rice. Malays do not, like us, say
+    simply eat, read, write. It is more idiomatic to say, eat rice,
+    read book, write letter.]
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+He got up and forthwith went away. He was very angry, and at once
+ordered him to go out. The ship struck on a rock and immediately sunk.
+He ate rice and then went to sleep. He stabbed him twice and immediately
+ran away. He came out of the house and at once fell down. He returned to
+his country and died there. Do you intend to go direct to Johor?
+
+
+To cook, _masak_; to burn, _hangus_; to fall down, _rĕbah_; to return,
+_balik_; to spit, _ludah_; to lick, _jilat_; to take, _ambil_; to eat,
+_makan_; to go out, _kaluar_; to sink, _tinggalam_; a sail, _laiar_; to
+sail; _ber-laiar_; a knife, _pisau_; a district, _daira_; rice, _bĕras_;
+boiled rice, _nasi_; fish-hook, _mata kail_; reach of a river, _rantau_;
+down-stream, _hilir_; up-stream, _hulu_.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XII.
+
+
+ON THE WORDS _SAMPAT_ AND _DAN_.
+
+_Sampat_, to be able, competent to, opportunity, fit time; and _dan_,
+occasion, opportunity, fit time, are two useful words which are employed
+with verbs in much the same manner as _buleh_, _lalu_, &c.
+
+In some parts of the peninsula (Perak, for example), _sampang_ is used
+instead of _sampat_.
+
+These words are used more generally to state a negative proposition than
+an affirmative one.
+
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+  They are not able to stand--
+    _Tiada-lah sampat iya ber-diri._
+  There was not time (for the fire) to spread to the inner part of the
+      house, but (it was confined) to the cook-room--
+    _Tiada sampang di-makan sampei ka-dalam rumah hania sa-bĕlah dapor
+      sahaja._
+  There was no time to render assistance--
+    _Tiada dan di-tulong._
+  He is not in a position to resist--
+    _Tiada sampat iya me-lawan._
+  I was not in time to see him; he had already started--
+    _Ta’dan ber-jumpa, sudah dia jalan dahulu._
+  Such of them as could not gain the shore--
+    _Barang yang tiada sampat naik ka-darat._
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+He ran away before I was able to seize him. They were unable to run
+away, for people seized them. He went away quickly, so I had no time to
+see him. That place is very far off; there is not time to reach it in
+one day. He fell down and died before one could render assistance.
+Yesterday I was in a great hurry and had not time to finish what I was
+saying. There is not time to finish it in two days. Before I could stand
+up he struck me.
+
+
+To stand, _ber-diri_; except, but, _hania_; to help, _tulong_; to
+resist, oppose, _lawan_; to meet, _jumpa_; land, _darat_; any, some,
+each, every, _barang_.
+
+
+
+
+PART III.
+
+
+The preceding lessons, it is hoped, will have explained and illustrated
+in some degree the construction of sentences in Malay. It is now
+proposed to give a series of useful words and phrases applicable for the
+most part to common domestic incidents, so that the student may at once
+have at command the phrases most likely to be required in speaking to
+native servants. Unfortunately for the purity of the dialect spoken at
+the British settlements in the Straits of Malacca, the majority of the
+domestic servants there are foreigners (natives of India, Chinese,
+Javanese, &c.), who seldom speak Malay well, either as regards style or
+pronunciation. It is assumed that the student aims at something more
+than clothing foreign idioms with Malay words, and he should be on his
+guard therefore against the errors of people of this class. Facility of
+expression and the accurate use of idioms can only be acquired by much
+practice in speaking with Malays, and by attentive study of Malay
+authors.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XIII.
+
+
+        { breakfast, }
+  Bring { dinner,    }
+        { luncheon,  }
+    _Bawa makan-an_.[1]
+  Put bread on the table--
+    _Taroh roti di-atas meja._[2]
+  Is there any milk?--
+    _Susu ada-kah?_
+  A little sugar--
+    _Gula sadikit._
+  Shut the door--
+    _Tutup (OR katup) pintu._
+  Open the window--
+    _Buka jandela[3] (OR tingkap)._
+  Light the candle--
+    _Pasang[4] dian[5] (OR lilin)._
+  Put out the lamp--
+    _Padam palita._[6]
+  I am very hungry--
+    _Sahaya lapar sangat._
+  Have you eaten rice?--
+    _Sudah makan nasi?_
+  What will you drink, sir?--
+    _Tuan apa handak minum?_
+  Go quickly--
+    _Pergi lakas._
+  Don’t be long--
+    _Jangan lambat._
+  Call him here--
+    _Panggil din ka-mari._
+  Tell him to come here--
+    _Ajak dia kamari._
+  Tell him I want to speak to him--
+    _Khabar-kan dia sahaya handak chakap sadikit._
+  Don’t make a noise--
+    _Jangan engar-engar._
+  Go to the right--
+    _Pergi ka-kanan._
+  Go towards the right--
+    _Pergi sa-bĕlah kanan._
+  Turn to the left--
+    _Pusing sa-bĕlah kiri._
+  Come--
+    _Mari._ _Mari-lah._
+  Come here--
+    _Mari sini._ _Mari di-sini._ _Mari-lah ka-mari._
+  Come near--
+    _Mari dĕkat._
+  Come quite near--
+    _Mari dĕkat-dĕkat._
+
+    [Footnote 1: Lit. eatables. Sometimes the Hindustani word _hazri_
+    is used for breakfast.]
+
+    [Footnote 2: _Meza_ or _meja_, table, is borrowed from the
+    Persian.]
+
+    [Footnote 3: _Jandela_ is from the Portuguese _janella_, and is
+    applied to the windows of the houses of Europeans. _Tingkap_ is
+    the window or window-shutter of a native house.]
+
+    [Footnote 4: _Pasang_ signifies to give action to, to apply.]
+
+    [Footnote 5: _Dian_ is the better word. _Lilin_ is literally wax.]
+
+    [Footnote 6: _Palita_, in Hindustani (corrupted from the Persian
+    _patilah_), signifies the match of a gun, a candle, a wick used in
+    sorcery.]
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+Bring some bread. Where are you going? Light the lamp quickly. Bring
+tea, sugar, and milk. Put two candles on the table. Is there any coffee?
+When you reach the cross-roads turn to the right. Eat first and then go.
+Don’t tell any one. Who is making a noise outside? He told him to come
+quite near. Light the lamp and then shut all the windows.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XIV.
+
+
+  I want a servant (lit. a hired man)--
+    _Sahaya handak chahari orang gaji sa’orang._
+  Where did you work before?--
+    _Di-mana kerja dahulu?_
+  What wages do you want per month?--
+    _Bĕr-apa mahu gaji pada sa-bulan?_
+  I will give seven dollars a month--
+    _Sahaya handak kasih tujoh ringgit sa-bulan._
+  Take care--
+    _Jaga baik-baik._
+  Hold it quite straight--
+    _Pegang-lah betul-betul._
+  Steady now; don’t let it slant--
+    _Baik-baik-lah jangan singet._
+  Don’t forget--
+    _Jangan lupa._
+  Call the syce--
+    _Panggil sais._[7]
+  Have you cleaned the horse?--
+    _Kuda sudah gosok-kah?_
+  Just as you please--
+    _Mana suka tuan._
+  Just as you may order--
+    _Mana hukum tuan._
+  What o’clock is it (lit. Has struck how many times)?--
+    _Sudah pukul bĕr-apa?_
+  It has struck twelve--
+    _Sudah pukul dua-bĕlas._
+  It is half-past ten--
+    _Sudah pukul sa-puloh sa-tengah._
+  It wants a quarter to one--
+    _Pukul satu korang suku._
+  Take away those shoes--
+    _Bawa pergi kasut[8] itu._
+  Take away all the things--
+    _Angkat-lah perkakas-an sumua._
+  Get the carriage ready--
+    _Siap-kan kreta_,[9] or _sedia-kan-lah kreta._
+  Have you ordered the carriage?--
+    _Kreta sudah suroh pasang-kah?_
+  Put the horse to--
+    _Kĕna-kan kuda._
+  A pair of horses--
+    _Kuda sa-pasang._
+  Saddle the black horse--
+    _Bubok zin[10] diatas kuda hitam._
+  Bring the riding-horse--
+    _Bawa kuda tunggang._
+
+    [Footnote 7: _Sa’is_ (Hindustani, derived from Arabic), groom,
+    horsekeeper.]
+
+    [Footnote 8: _Kasut_ is the native word, but _sapatu_ (Portuguese
+    _sapato_) is also extensively used to signify boots and shoes of
+    European pattern.]
+
+    [Footnote 9: _Kreta_, Portuguese _carreta_.]
+
+    [Footnote 10: _Zin_, Hindustani and Persian. _Palana_ (Hindustani
+    and Persian _patan_, a pack-saddle) and _sela_ (Portuguese
+    _sella_) are also used.]
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+Get dinner ready. How much do you give your syce a month? At two o’clock
+or half-past two, just as you like. I intend to dine at seven o’clock;
+don’t forget. Hold it carefully, and don’t let it fall. Where are all
+the servants? Have you ordered the syce to saddle the horse? Take care;
+this horse is rather vicious. At what time shall I get the carriage
+ready? I shall return at five o’clock. Call some one to hold the horse.
+I have brought one pair of shoes.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XV.
+
+
+  Is the cook there?--
+    _Tukang[11] masak ada-kah?_
+  I keep one grass-cutter for every two horses--
+    _Pada dua-dua ekor kuda sahaya upah tukang-rumput sa’orang._
+  The gardener does not work on Friday--
+    _Hari juma‘at tukang-kabun tiada kerja._
+  Be good enough to order two pairs of shoes at the shoemaker’s--
+    _Tulong-lah păsan pada tukang-kasut dua pasang kasut._
+  What I want are shoes that lace up--
+    _Yang sahaya handak itu, kasut yang ber-tali._
+  Where does the goldsmith live?--
+    _Di-mana tinggal tukang-mas?_
+  Look out for some good carpenter--
+    _Chăhari-lah tukang-kayu mana-mana satu yang pandei sadikit._
+  How much must I pay the blacksmith?--
+    _Bĕrapa handak baiar kapada tukang bĕsi?_
+  The painter says it will be finished in two days--
+    _Kata tukang-chat lagi dua hari habis-lah._
+  It must be here at two o’clock without fail--
+    _Mahu ada di-sini jam pukul dua, ta’ bulih tidak._
+  I am sorry that so-and-so has not come--
+    _Sayang-lah si-anu ta’ datang._
+  What a pity!--
+    _Kasih-an!_
+  Poor old man!--
+    _Kasihan-lah orang tuah!_
+  On what day will the washerman come?--
+    _Hari mana dobi[12] handak datang?_
+  I will not give it--
+    _Sahaya ta’ mahu kasih._
+  He asks too much--
+    _Dia minta ter-lampau baniak._
+  He asks too long a price--
+    _Dia minta mahal sangat._
+  Speak slowly--
+    _Chakap perlahan-perlahan._
+  Has he brought anything?--
+    _Sudah dia bawa apa-apa?_
+
+    [Footnote 11: _Tukang._ This word in Malay corresponds to our
+    “_fellow_,” the Hindustani _wala_ and the Tamul _karen_. When
+    used, as in the examples above given, as part of a compound, it
+    signifies agent, doer, keeper.]
+
+    [Footnote 12: _Dhobi_ is Hindustani; _binara_, washerman, is the
+    most idiomatic term, but _tukang-basoh_ is often heard, also, in
+    Batavia, _tukang menatu_.]
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+What has the cook brought? Tell the washerman to come in three days. How
+much does he ask? Why is the gardener not working? The shoemaker was not
+at his house. Have you called the blacksmith? When will you give it to
+me? If you speak slowly I can understand. I do not want the carriage
+to-day. Be good enough to call the grass-cutter. Poor little child! The
+black horse is dead. I am sorry about that horse. Did he demand
+anything?
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XVI.
+
+  Pour out the tea--
+    _Tuang ayer teh._
+  This water is not hot enough--
+    _Ayer ini ta’ panas bĕtul._
+  When it is boiling bring it--
+    _Apa-bila ayer men-didih baharu-lah bawa._
+  Boil two eggs--
+    _Masak tĕlor dua biji._
+  Kill a fowl--
+    _Potong (OR sembilik[13]) hayam sa’ ekor._
+  Don’t scald it; pluck the feathers out--
+    _Jangan chelor, bulu-nia chabut satu-satu._
+  Make an omelette--
+    _Buat dadar telor._
+  Count these knives--
+    _Choba bilang pisau ini bĕrapa._
+  A person has brought bread for sale--
+    _Ada orang handak jual roti._
+  Take two loaves--
+    _Ambil-lah dua kĕtul._
+  What kind of meat do you wish me to get?--
+    _Daging apa macham tuan handak suroh chăhari?_
+  I am not particularly fond of beef--
+    _Daging lumbu sahaya ta’ bĕrapa gamar._
+  See if you can get any mutton--
+    _Choba preḳsa daging kambing barang-kali dapat kĕlak._[14]
+  Is the meat to be roasted or boiled?--
+    _Daging handak panggang-kah handak rebus-kah?_
+  Mince it up fine--
+    _Chinchang lumat-lumat._
+  Don’t be troublesome--
+    _Jangan bising._
+  This is the fruit-season--
+    _Ini-lah musim buah kayu._
+  What kind of fruit is there for sale now?--
+    _Apa macham buah orang jual sakarang?_
+  Mangoes, mangostins, and oranges--
+    _Buah mampelam, buah manggis dan limau manis._
+  Are there any shaddocks?--
+    _Limau kadangsa ada-kah?_
+  Buy about a dozen limes--
+    _Bĕli limau asam barang dua-bĕlas biji._
+  The basket is full--
+    _Bakul sudah pĕnoh._
+  Bring a basket to put these things into--
+    _Bawa-lah raga handak isi-kan barang-barang ini._
+  This durian is unripe--
+    _Buah durian ini muda lagi._
+  No, sir; its pulp is delicious--
+    _Tidak tuan, elok sakali isi-nia._
+  These durians are not to be surpassed--
+    _Ta’ lawan-lah buah durian ini._
+
+    [Footnote 13: _Sembilik_ is used only of the killing of an animal
+    by a Muhammadan for consumption by Muhammadans. It is a corruption
+    of the Arabic phrase Bi-smi-llāhi, which is pronounced as the
+    animal’s throat is cut.]
+
+    [Footnote 14: _Kĕlak_ implies a doubt, “perchance,” “may be.”]
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+I am not very fond of poultry. Why does not the cook bring a basket? Are
+not these mangoes unripe? How many mangostins are there in the basket?
+Can you make an omelette? Boil the mutton and roast the beef. When the
+water is boiling put the egg in. Count the limes which the cook has
+brought. How many loaves of bread do you take each day? He is not very
+clever at cooking.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XVII.
+
+
+  Call a hack-carriage--
+    _Panggil kreta sewa._
+  I want to hire this carriage to go to church--
+    _Sahaya mahu sewa kareta ini handak pergi ka-greja._[15]
+  What fare shall I have to pay?--
+    _Bĕrapa nanti kĕna bayar penyewa-nia?_
+  Can you get there in half-an-hour?--
+    _Tengah jam buleh sampei-kah?_
+  Has the gun fired (lit. sounded)?--
+    _Mariam[16] sudah ber-bunyi-kah?_
+  The cannon has gone off--
+    _Mariam sudah me-letup._
+  He fired a musket--
+    _Dia me-letup-kan snapang._[17]
+  Let go. Leave hold--
+    _Lepas tangan._
+  Who is there?--
+    _Siapa ada?_
+  Bring a light--
+    _Bawa api._
+  Where are the matches?--
+    _Di-mana goris api?_
+  Say that again--
+    _Choba kata lagi sakali._
+  I did not quite hear--
+    _Sahaya ta’ bĕrapa dengar._
+  They are great liars--
+    _Dia orang kuat mem-bohong._
+  I dare not tell you a lie--
+    _Sahaya ta’ bĕrani mem-bohong kapada tuan._
+  I am very sorry to hear it--
+    _Sahaya baniak susah hati men-dengar._
+  Move to the right--
+    _Kĕsak ka-kanan._
+  This is a very large pine-apple--
+    _Ter-lalu besar sa-biji nanas ini._
+  Plantains are of various kinds--
+    _Macham-macham-lah pisang._
+  I cannot come to-morrow--
+    _Besok sahaya ta’ buleh kamari._
+  Cut this stick in two--
+    _Kayu ini kĕrat dua._
+  Bring some wine and water--
+    _Bawa anggor sama ayer._
+  Has the rain stopped?--
+    _Sudah tedoh-kah hujan?_
+  It has moderated--
+    _Ada sidang sadikit._
+  The rain is very heavy--
+    _Hujan lebat sakali._
+  It has stopped--
+    _Sudah ber-hinti._
+
+    [Footnote 15: _Greja_, from the Portuguese _iglesia_.]
+
+    [Footnote 16: _Mariam_, taken evidently, though unconsciously, from
+    the Portuguese name of the Holy Virgin. --_Crawfurd._]
+
+    [Footnote 17: _Snapang_, from the Dutch _snaphaan_.]
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+Tell him to go slowly. Ask the syce for matches. Tell him to light the
+lamps. He dare not go home alone. I told him to let go. Have you heard
+the gun fire? One cannot get there in an hour. He will hire out (lit.
+give to hire) his carriage. When the rain has stopped I will go there.
+He does not drink wine. Fire off the gun again. I do not quite like it.
+He demands much too high a fare.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XVIII.
+
+
+  Is dinner ready?--
+    _Makan-an sudah sedia-kah?_
+  I have invited five gentlemen to dine here this evening--
+    _Sudah sahaya per-sila-kan tuan-tuan lima orang me-makan di-sini
+      malam ini._
+  You must cool the wine well--
+    _-Mahu-lah sejuk-kan anggor baik-baik._
+  If there is not enough saltpetre get more--
+    _Kalau korang sendawa ambil-lah lagi._
+  There is plenty of ice--
+    _Ayer băku[18] ada baniak._
+  What is the price of Bengal potatoes by the catty?--
+    _Ubi Benggala bĕrapa harga sa-kati?_
+  Wipe the spoons and forks with a cloth--
+    _Senduk garfu sumua-nia sapu-lah sama kain._
+  There is a hole in this tablecloth--
+    _Kain meja ini ber-lobang._
+  It caught on a nail and was torn--
+    _Sudah ter-sangkut di-hujong paku langsong koyah-lah._
+  Some gravy was spilt on it--
+    _Kuah di-tumpah di-atas-nia._
+  Let the vegetables be perfectly hot--
+    _Sayur-sayur biar hangat sakali._
+  It is difficult to get fish at this hour--
+    _Ikan payah di-chahari bagini hari._
+  The pomfret is better than the sole--
+    _Baik ikan bawal deri-pada ikan lidah._
+  He is washing the plates--
+    _Dia mem-basoh piring._
+  That lad is very handy--
+    _Chĕpat sakali budak itu._
+  Pull out the cork--
+    _Chabut penyumbat._[19]
+  Put in the cork--
+    _Bubok-lah penyumbat._
+  Do you want this bottle for any purpose?--
+    _Tuan handak ber-guna-kan balang[20] ini?_
+  Bring finger-glasses (lit. water to wash the hands)--
+    _Bawa ayer basoh tangan._
+
+    [Footnote 18: Lit. “congealed water;” _ayer batu_, “stone water” is
+    also used, but less correctly.]
+
+    [Footnote 19: _Penyumbat_, a stopper, from _sumbat_, to stop up,
+    close.]
+
+    [Footnote 20: _Balang_ is the native word for a flask or bottle,
+    but is seldom heard in the British settlements, where the English
+    word “bottle” is generally understood.]
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+Wipe this table. Don’t give the washerman the tablecloths which have
+holes. It is difficult to get ice here. Bengal potatoes are better than
+those from China. Wash your hands first. I am very fond of ice. Put two
+spoons and two forks on the table. Let the water be very cold. Perhaps I
+shall want it some day. I came here having been invited[21] by Mr. ----.
+
+    [Footnote 21: _Di-per-sila-kan uleh._]
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XIX.
+
+
+  Look at this for a moment--
+    _Choba tengoh ini sa-buntar._
+  Let me see it--
+    _Biar sahaya me-lihat._
+  Do you see that man who is looking in front of him?--
+    _Kamu nampa-kah orang itu yang pandang ka-hadap?_
+  I did not pay particular attention--
+    _Sahaya ta’ bĕrapa per-hati-kan._
+  I don’t quite know (lit. I have insufficiently inquired)--
+    _Sahaya korang preḳsa._
+  Pick out those that are torn--
+    _Pilih yang ter-koyah._
+  How many pairs of white trousers are there?--
+    _Saluar puteh ada bĕr apa hălei?_
+  Give me a shirt--
+    _Kasih kameja[22] sa’lei._[23]
+  Thick material (_e.g._, blanket, rug, flannel)--
+    _Kain panas._
+  Any cloth or garment for wrapping round the body (_e.g._, sheet,
+      coverlet)--
+    _Sălimut._
+  Fold up this handkerchief--
+    _Lipat sapu-tangan ini._
+  He was lying wrapped up with a blanket--
+    _Dia tidor-lah ber-sălimut kain panas._
+  They wrapped him round with a sarong--
+    _Di-sălimut-kan-nia kain sarong._
+  There is one pair of socks too few--
+    _Sarong kaki ada korang sa-pasang._
+  My waist-belt has disappeared--
+    _Tali pinggang sudah ta’ nampa lagi._
+  Bolt the door--
+    _Kanching-kan-lah pintu._
+  Knock at the door before coming in--
+    _Kĕtok pintu dahulu baharu-lah masok._
+  I am going to bathe now--
+    _Sahaya handak mandi sakarang._
+  Is there any water for bathing?--
+    _Ayer mandi ada-kah?_
+  The tub is full--
+    _Tong sudah pĕnoh._
+
+    [Footnote 22: _Kameja_, Portuguese _camiza_.]
+
+    [Footnote 23: See _supra_, p. 70.]
+      [[Numeral coefficients, no. 5]]
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+Just look at this shirt; it is torn. Bring me a pair of thick trousers.
+Is the door bolted? Have you seen my waist-belt anywhere? Let me see
+that handkerchief for a moment. He knocked at the door, but you did not
+hear him. I am going down to bathe. Pick out about five good ones. I
+look ahead of me, not behind me. He said that he had not inquired. Fold
+up these sheets.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XX.
+
+
+  Have you fed the dogs?--
+    _Anjing sudah kasih makan-kah?_
+  Did you deliver that letter?--
+    _Surat itu sudah sĕrah-kah?_
+  Is there any answer?--
+    _Ada jawab[24]-nia apa-apa?_
+  The master sends his compliments--
+    _Tuan kirim tabek baniak-baniak._
+  There are a great many mosquitoes here--
+    _Nyamok ter-lampau baniak di-sini._
+  I don’t much like living here--
+    _Sahaya ta’ bĕr-apa suka duduk[25] di-sini._
+  I was disgusted at hearing him speak like that--
+    _Sahaya binchi men-dengar per-kata-an-nia yang bagitu._
+  Are you on good terms with so-and-so?--
+    _Kamu sama si-anu ada baik-kah?_
+  Mr. ---- was very angry with him--
+    _Marah sa-kali Tuan ---- kapada-nia._
+  I do not venture to interfere--
+    _Sahaya ta’ bĕrani champor._
+  Don’t interrupt--
+    _Jangan masok-kan mulut._
+  Mix both together--
+    _Champor-lah dua-dua._
+  I must have onions, pepper, salt, and chillies--
+    _Mahu-lah bawang lada garam sama chabei._
+  Don’t use cocoa-nut oil--
+    _Jangan pakei minyak kalapa._
+  She sits weeping day and night--
+    _Dia duduk menangis siyang malam._
+  This will do as a pattern--
+    _Ini-lah jadi chonto._
+  He made a model of a house--
+    _Di-buat-kan-nia achu-an rumah._
+  Where is the bullet-mould?--
+    _Achu-an peluru[26] dimana?_
+  My mind is made up--
+    _Tĕtap-lah hati sahaya._
+  I very much wish (lit. the vow of my heart is) to have a garden--
+    _Niat hati sahaya handak ber-kabun._
+
+    [Footnote 24: _Jawab_ (a word of Arabic derivation) has been
+    borrowed by the Malays from Hindustani.]
+
+    [Footnote 25: _Duduk_, to sit, means also (in some districts) to
+    live, inhabit.]
+
+    [Footnote 26: _Pe-luru_, a missile, “that which goes direct,” a
+    substantive formed by the particle _pe-_ and the word _lurus_,
+    direct, straight.]
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+I did not dare to go near. Put some pepper and salt into it and then mix
+it well. They have delivered up all the muskets. He is not on very good
+terms with his wife. I like to look at it. He said he would send an
+answer. Don’t be angry with the boys. If you give the carpenter a model
+he can make anything. I would ask for a little bit of this cloth as a
+pattern. Give my compliments to your master.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XXI.
+
+
+  Can you sew?--
+    _Kamu tahu-kah menjahit?_
+  The tailor has come--
+    _Tukang jahit sudah datang._
+  This does not fit me--
+    _Ta’ bĕtul ini dengan badan[27] sahaya._
+  Measure the length of this--
+    _Hukur-lah panjang-nia._
+  Just hold this for a moment--
+    _Tulong pegang ini sa‘at._[28]
+  Wait a moment--
+    _Nanti sa‘at._
+  He has a bad foot--
+    _Kaki-nia sakit._
+  He was wounded between the ankle and the heel--
+    _Dia kĕna luka antara mata kaki dan tumit._
+  Her neck was swollen--
+    _Bongkok-lah batang leher-nia._
+  From the nape of the neck down to the feet--
+    _Deri tangkuk hingga kaki._
+  He put his arm under his head (lit. he made a pillow of his forearm)--
+    _Dia mem-bantal-kan lengan._
+  His knee-pan was broken--
+    _Patah-lah tempurong[29] lutut-nia._
+  A skull was found in the river--
+    _Di-jumpa tengkurak di-dalam sungei._
+  As big as one’s finger--
+    _Besar jari._
+  The thumb--
+    _Ibu jari_ or _ibu tangan._
+  The forefinger--
+    _Jari telunjuk._
+  The middle finger--
+    _Jari tengah_, _jari mati_, or _jari hantu._
+  The fourth finger--
+    _Jari manis._
+  The little finger--
+    _Jari kelingking._
+  His right arm was dislocated--
+    _Tangan kanan-nia sudah salah urat._
+  He has a beard--
+    _Dia ber-janggut._
+  One seldom sees a Chinese with a moustache--
+    _Jarang ber-jumpa orang China ber-misei._
+
+    [Footnote 27: _Badan_, Arabic, adopted in Hindustani also; _tuboh_
+    is the native word; _salira_ (Sansk.) is also found.]
+
+    [Footnote 28: More correctly _sa-sa‘at_, one moment. _Sa‘at_
+    (Arabic) is found in Hindustani also.]
+
+    [Footnote 29: The primary meaning of _tempurong_ is “cocoa-nut
+    shell.”]
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+Show the tailor a pair of white trousers. My little finger is swollen.
+Hold this stick for a moment. He was stabbed in the leg near the knee.
+Both his arms were broken. Be good enough to sew this. I was much
+concerned at seeing him; he is suffering greatly. A stick as thick as my
+forearm. He was struck on the back of the neck. She wore a ring[30] on
+her fourth finger.
+
+    [Footnote 30: _Chinchin._]
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XXII.
+
+
+  Bring my hat and riding-whip--
+    _Bawa topi[31] dengan rotan._[32]
+  What is this candle made of?--
+    _Dian ini di-buat dengan apa?_
+  Give me pen and ink--
+    _Kasih kalam[33] sama dawat._[34]
+  That man is deaf and dumb--
+    _Orang itu bisu._
+  His hair is very long--
+    _Panjang sakali rambut-nia._
+  What is your occupation?--
+    _Apa pen-chahari-an angkau?_
+  He cultivates padi for a livelihood--
+    _Dia buat bendang[35] men-chahari makan._
+  Is so-and-so alive still, or is he dead?--
+    _Si-anu ada-kah lagi hidop atau mati-kah?_
+  This cloth is very dirty--
+    _Kotor sakali kain ini._
+  His house was entered by robbers last night--
+    _Rumah dia di-masok peny-amun sa-malam._
+  They made off with a good many things--
+    _Baniak juga barang-barang dia orang angkat bawa pergi._
+  All were fast asleep, not one was awake--
+    _Sumua orang tidor lena sa-orang pun tiada jaga._
+  I keep my box under my bed--
+    _Peti sahaya simpan di-bawah tampat tidor._
+  I sleep on an iron bedstead--
+    _Sahaya tidor di-atas katil[36] besi._
+  My two children sleep in the loft--
+    _Anak-anak sahaya dua orang tidor di para._
+  There was a policeman watching in the street--
+    _Ada mata-mata sa’orang men-jaga di jalan._
+  He ran very fast and could not be caught--
+    _Dia lari ter-lalu dĕras ta’ sămpat orang menangkap._
+  The policeman chased him down to the river-bank--
+    _Mata-mata kejar juga sampei ka-tepi sungei._
+  Sometimes he comes in the morning, sometimes in the middle of the
+      day--
+    _Kadang-kadang dia datang pagi-pagi, kadang-kadang tengah hari._
+
+    [Footnote 31: _Topi_, Hindustani, signifies the hat of an
+    European.]
+
+    [Footnote 32: _Rotan_, rattan, more correctly _raut-an_, the thing
+    peeled, from _raut_, to peel.]
+
+    [Footnote 33: _Kalam_ (found in Hindustani also) is derived from
+    the Arabic. Cf. Sanskrit _kalama_, a kind of rice; Greek κάλαμος.]
+
+    [Footnote 34: _Dawat_ in Hindustani (derived from Arabic) means
+    inkstand, ink-bottle, pen-case; in Malay it also signifies ink.
+    _Tinta_ (Portuguese) is also used by the Malays for _ink_.]
+
+    [Footnote 35: _Buat bendang_, lit. “works the fields;” _bendang_ =
+    wet rice-fields, as opposed to _huma_, dry fields on high ground.]
+
+    [Footnote 36: _Kaṭṭil_, Tamul, a cot.]
+
+
+EXERCISE.[37]
+
+Ada sa-orang binara memelehra-kan sa-ekor kaldei maka ‘adat-nia pada
+tiap-tiap hari apabila sudah iya mem-basoh kain maka di-muat-kan-nia
+ka-atas kaldei itu di-bawa-nia-lah ka negri di-pulang-kan-nia kemdian
+pula di-ambil-nia kain-kain chumar di-muat-kan-nia ka-atas-nia
+di-bawa-nia pulang ka rumah-nia sa-telah malam hari di-ambil-nia suatu
+kulit harimau di-salimut-kan-nia ka-atas kaldei itu lalu
+di-lepas-kan-nia dalam ladang orang damikian-lah hal-nia binara itu pada
+tiap-tiap hari maka apabila dinahari pulang-lah kaldei itu ka rumah
+tuan-nia itu maka be-ber-apa kali ber-tĕmu kapada yang ampunya ladang
+itu ka-takut-an lah iya di-sangka-kan harimau lari-lah iya pulang.
+
+    [Footnote 37: This and the following fables are taken from a Malay
+    translation of the Hindi version of the Pancha-tantra, by
+    Abdu-llah Munshi.]
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XXIII.
+
+
+  People are making a clearing on the hill--
+    _Orang ber-ladang di-atas bukit._
+  What are they planting?--
+    _Apa di-tanam-nia?_
+  Plantains, gourds, maize, and cucumbers--
+    _Pisang, labu, jagong, dan timun._
+  What news of the seeds which I sowed the day before yesterday?--
+    _Apa khabar biji itu yang di-tabur kalmarin dahulu?_
+  They are sprouting beautifully--
+    _Sangat-lah elok tunas-nia naik itu._
+  Goodness knows if they will live--
+    _Wallahu ‘alam akan hidop-nia._
+  We shall know in a few days--
+    _Lepas sadikit hari tahu-lah kita._
+  He complained to the master about that matter also--
+    _Di-adu juga pada tuan hal itu._
+  I have never heard it--
+    _Ta’ pernah hamba tuan men-dengar._
+  There is a great quantity of fruit on that tree--
+    _Lebat sakali buah-buah di-atas pokok itu._
+  Pick three or four ripe ones--
+    _Choba petik barang tiga ampat biji yang masak._
+  You cannot reach them with your hand; bring a hook--
+    _Tangan ta’ sampei bawa penggait._
+  He put up a hut in the middle of his plantation--
+    _Di-buat-nia dangau di tengah ladang._
+  The walls are wood and the thatch _bertam_ leaves--
+    _Dinding-nia kayu atap-nia bertam._
+  He tied it with rattan--
+    _Di-ikat-nia sama rotan._
+  Chop that stick with a bill-hook--
+    _Tetak kayu itu dengan parang._
+  He made a notch in the log--
+    _Di-takuk-nia batang kayu itu._
+  The tax is 10 cents for every log--
+    _Hasil-nia sapuloh duit pada sa-batang._
+  The timber is the property of the owner of the land--
+    _Kayu-kayu pulang kapada yang ampunya tanah._
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+Maka apabila ter-dengar khabar itu kapada kapala kawal heiran iya serta
+ber-kata “Ada-kah pernah harimau me-makan padi antah ‘alamat akhir
+zaman-lah sudah,” lalu di-ambil-nia sa-batang lembing lalu pergi-lah iya
+sebab handak me-lihat hal itu, maka ber-temu-lah iya dengan kaldei itu
+maka apabila di-lihat kaldei manusia datang itu lalu ber-triak-lah iya
+serta di-dengar uleh kapala kawal itu suara kaldei maka
+di-hampir-i-nia-lah akan dia lalu di-tikam-nia dengan lembing-nia lalu
+mati-lah kaldei itu damikian-lah ada-nia per-mula-an per-satru-an itu
+datang-nia deripada mulut juga asal-nia.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XXIV.
+
+
+  His whip dropped on the road--
+    _Chabuk[38]-nia jatoh di jalan._
+  He drives exceedingly well--
+    _Dia pandei sakali pegang ras._[39]
+  Drive out that dog--
+    _Halau-kan anjing itu._
+  I am going out for a drive--
+    _Sahaya handak naik kreta ber-angin-angin._
+  He knows how to write Malay--
+    _Dia tahu menyurat Jawi._
+  The letters are the same, but the pronunciation is different--
+    _Huruf-nia sama tetapi bunyi-nia lain._
+  I want to stop a moment at the warehouse--
+    _Sahaya mahu singga sa-kejap di gedong._
+  When will you come and see me?--
+    _Bila handak mari men-dapat-kan sahaya?_
+  This skin has been destroyed by insects--
+    _Kulit ini habis-lah di-makan ulat._
+  He has no fixed occupation--
+    _Ta’ tuntu pe-karja-an-nia._
+  He has no settled residence--
+    _Ta’ tetap tampat ka-duduk-an-nia._
+  Who is the headman of the river?--
+    _Siapa kapala sungei?_
+  The headman of the village received him--
+    _Di-sambut-kan-nia kapala kampong._
+  Five men stood on guard at the door--
+    _Lima orang ber-kawal di-pintu._
+  Whom do you wish to see?--
+    _Kamu handak ber-jumpa dengan siapa-kah?_
+  I felt as if I wanted to cry--
+    _Saperti handak ber-triak rasa-nia di-dalam hati sahaya._
+  I have been here for several months without meeting you--
+    _Bĕr-apa bulan sahaya di-sini tiada juga ber-tĕmu dengan tuan._
+  It was heard across the river--
+    _Ka-dengar-an sampei sabĕrang sungei._
+  By the mouth the body comes to harm--
+    _Sebab mulut badan binasa._
+
+    [Footnote 38: _Chabuk_, Hindi, whip.]
+
+    [Footnote 39: _Pegang ras_, lit. holds the reins; _rassi_,
+    Hindustani, reins.]
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+Ada kapada suatu hutan tampat gajah maka dalam gajah yang baniak itu ada
+sa-orang raja-nia maka be-bĕr-apa lama-nia iya diam pada hutan itu maka
+kapada suatu katika datang-lah musim kamarau maka ka-kĕring-an-lah
+sagala ayer maka di-suroh uleh raja gajah akan sa-ekor gajah pergi
+men-chahari ayer maka pergi-lah iya maka sampei-lah iya kapada sa-buah
+gunong maka di-bawah gunong itu ada-lah sa-buah kulam penoh ayer-nia
+maka apabila di-lihat-nia itu maka segra-lah iya kambali membĕri tahu
+raja-nia maka ber-angkat-lah raja itu serta sagala ra‘iyat-nia handak
+pergi me-minum ayer.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XXV.
+
+  What is the price of this?--
+    _Ini bĕr-apa harga?_
+  At first he demanded two dollars--
+    _Mula-mula dia minta dua ringgit._
+  I offered one dollar, but he would not accept it--
+    _Sahaya tawar sa-ringgit tiada mahu di-tărima-nia._
+  He said that the fixed price was two dollars--
+    _Kata-nia harga mati dua ringgit._
+  Give me whichever you please--
+    _Yang mana angkau suka handak bahagi, bahagi-lah._
+  Any one will do--
+    _Mana-mana satu pun jadi-lah._
+  This quantity will do--
+    _Jadi-lah sa-baniak ini._
+  Is this boat your own?--
+    _Prahu ini sendiri punya-kah?_
+  Are you married?--
+    _Sudah ber-bini-kah?_
+  Is he a married man?--
+    _Ada-kah rumah tangga-nia?_[40]
+  He has three children--
+    _Dia sudah dapat anak tiga orang._
+  How many children have you?--
+    _Sudah dapat anak bĕr-apa orang?_
+  His wife has lately had a child--
+    _Bini dia baharu ber-anak._
+  He has got a son by his elder wife--
+    _Dia sudah dapat anak laki-laki sa-orang dengan istri-nia yang
+      tuah._
+  Are these children twins?--
+    _Kambar-kah budak ini?_
+  I have known him from his childhood--
+    _Deri kechil lagi sahaya kenal._
+  His child is quite an infant, still at the breast--
+    _Kechil juga anak dia, menyusu lagi._
+  She suckled her child--
+    _Dia menetek-kan (OR menyusu-kan) anak-nia._
+  He is cutting his teeth--
+    _Baharu tumboh gigi-nia._
+  You must have it vaccinated--
+    _Mahu di-chungkil tanam ka-tumboh-an._
+  It did not take the first time--
+    _Mula-mula ta’ kĕna._
+
+    [Footnote 40: Lit. Has he a house with a ladder? _i.e._, has he an
+    establishment of his own?]
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+Maka ada-lah pada tepi kulam itu sa-ekor raja pelanduk serta dengan
+ra‘iyat-nia ber-buat tampat diam di-situ maka serta ka-dengar-an-lah
+bunyi sagala gajah itu datang saperti ribut maka ber-kata-lah pelanduk
+itu sama sendiri-nia jikalau datang gajah itu kambali naschaya tiada-lah
+buleh kita diam di tampat ini maka uleh raja pelanduk itu di-panggil-nia
+mantri-nia seraya ber-sabda “Apa-kah bichara-nia jikalau datang gajah
+itu kamari naschaya tiada-lah buleh kita diam lagi di-sini,” maka jawab
+mantri pelan duk itu “Jikalau dengan titah tuanku akan patek maka
+patek-lah pergi meng-halau-kan gajah itu dengan barang daya upaya
+patek,” maka di-bĕri-lah uleh raja părentah akan mantri itu.
+
+
+LESSON XXVI.
+
+  Go and complain at the police-station--
+    _Pergi-lah mengadu di-balei (OR rumah pasong_).
+  He has been arrested--
+    _Dia sudah kĕna tangkap._
+  He has been locked up--
+    _Dia sudah kĕna tutop._
+  What is his offence?--
+    _Apa ka-salah-an-nia?_
+  What do they charge him with?--
+    _Apa di-tudoh-kan di-atas-nia?_
+  For how many days has he been detained?--
+    _Sudah bĕr-apa, hari dia kĕna tahan?_
+  This is not his first offence--
+    _Bukan sa-kali ini sahaja yang dia buat jahat._
+  Do you know him?--
+    _Tuan kenal-kah dia?_
+  No, I see him now for the first time--
+    _Tidak, baharu sa-kali ini sahaya me-lihat._
+  People say that he is a great opium-smoker--
+    _Kata orang dia kuat makan chandu._
+  He broke into the house of a Chinese in the middle of the night--
+    _Dia pechah masok rumah orang China tengah malam._
+  He was not alone; there were several others with him--
+    _Bukan dia sa’orang ada juga dua tiga ampat orang kawan-nia._
+  They were all Malays--
+    _Melayu belaka[41] ka-sumua-nia._
+  He was not the principal, but an accomplice--
+    _Bukan dia kapala tetapi dia menyerta-i sama._
+  Their intention was to steal the gold ornaments--
+    _Kahandak hati-nia mahu churi barang-barang mas._
+  He used abusive and improper language--
+    _Dia ber-maki-maki dengan yang ta’patut._
+  What is the name of the defendant?--
+    _Siapa nama yang kĕna adu itu?_
+  What the prosecutor says is quite right--
+    _Benar juga saperti kata adu-an._
+
+    [Footnote 41: _Belaka_ (entirely, completely, altogether) is often
+    used parenthetically in a sentence, corresponding in some degree
+    to such expressions as, “it must be said,” “I should say,” “let me
+    add,” “you must know.”
+
+    _Ka-sumua-nia_, the whole of them, a collective substantive formed
+    from _sumua_, all. Numerals are dealt with in the same way, as,
+    _ka-dua-nia_, both of them.]
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+Maka mantri pelanduḳ itu-pun ber-lari-lah pergi men-dapat-kan raja gajah
+itu seraya ber-pikir di-dalam hati-nia, “handak meng-halau-kan gajah ini
+ter-lalu susah-kah? ada-pun saperti sagala raja-raja itu jikalau handak
+mem-bunoh orang itu saperti laku orang ter-tawa bahwa damikian-lah raja
+ini-pun dengan sa-buntar ini juga aku halau-kan jikalau damikian
+baik-lah aku naik ka-atas gunong ini,” maka ka-lihat-an-lah raja gajah
+itu serta dengan sagala tantra-nia maka ber-sĕru-sĕru-lah pelanduḳ itu
+dengan niaring suara-nia kata-nia “ada-kah tuanku serta tantra tuanku
+sakalian baik?” maka menulih-lah raja gajah itu serta dengan marah-nia
+kata-nia “Hei benatang yang kechil lagi hina apa sebab-nia angkau
+menyĕru aku di tengah jalan dengan ka-laku-an be-adab[42] ini siapa-kah
+angkau ini?”
+
+    [Footnote 42: _Be-adab_, “unmannerly,” a compound adjective
+    (Hindustani) formed by prefixing the privative particle _be-_ to
+    the noun _adab_. Malays also borrow from the same source the word
+    _be-hosh_, “stupified,” generally mispronounced by them _bi-us_.]
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XXVII.
+
+
+  On what day will the case be commenced?--
+    _Pada hari mana handak buka bichara?_
+  So-and-so got up and gave evidence.--
+    _Ber-diri si-anu jadi saḳsi._
+  Bail was refused--
+    _Tiada di-bĕri jamin._[43]
+  Have you any one who will go bail for you?--
+    _Ada-kah orang yang mahu tanggong?_
+  This is the surety--
+    _Ini-lah aku-an._
+  I will give bail for any amount--
+    _Bĕr-apa bĕrat sakali-pun hamba tuan bĕrani tanggong._
+  Is this a man of property?--
+    _Orang ber-harta-kah ini?_
+  One surety is not enough; there must be two at least--
+    _Sa’orang aku ta’jadi sa-korang-korang mahu-lah dua orang._
+  Sign at this place--
+    _Di-sini-lah turun tanda tangan._
+  Do you know how to write?--
+    _Tahu-kah menyurat?_
+  If you cannot write, make a mark--
+    _Jikalau ta’tahu menyurat buat-lah goris tanda tangan._
+  That will do; you can go now--
+    _Suda-lah, pulang-lah dahulu._
+  What do you call this in Malay?--
+    _Bahasa Malayu apa kata ini?_
+  He has done it in the English fashion--
+    _Dia sudah buat chara Inggris._
+  Speak loud, and let people hear you--
+    _Chakap kuat-kuat sapaya buleh orang men-dengar._
+  He was very much afraid (and looked) as if he were about to fall
+      down--
+    _Takut-lah sakali dia saperti handak rĕbah ka-bawah._
+  His face grew very pale--
+    _Puchat sakali muka-nia._
+  His statement is incoherent--
+    _Ta’tuntu per-kata-an-nia._
+  He fell at his master’s feet and asked for pardon--
+    _Dia menyămbah kaki tuan-nia lalu me-minta ampun._
+  His master, being very kind-hearted, forgave him--
+    _Sebab ter-lalu morah hati tuan-nia langsong di-bĕri-nia ma‘af._
+
+    [Footnote 43: _Jamin_, “bail,” a word frequently heard in the
+    Straits Settlements, is a corruption of the Hindustani _zamin_.]
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+Maka jawab pelanduk “Dengar-lah tuanku akan per-kata-an patek ini,
+ada-pun tuan yang menĕrang-kan sagala ‘alam dunia ini serta laut dan
+darat iya-itu bulan maka patek ini sa-orang hamba-nia yang
+di-perchaya-nia maka di-suroh-nia patek datang kapada tuanku minta
+khabar-kan” maka jawab raja gajah itu “apa-kah khabar-nia? Kata-kan-lah
+uleh-mu” maka pelanduk itu-pun sambil memandang ka-langit pura-pura iya
+menyămbah bulan seraya kata-nia “adapun tuanku itu-lah bulan yang
+ampunya gunong dan kulam itu-pun iya-lah yang mem-buat-nia akan tampat
+mandi maka apabila iya pulang petang ka-langit maka di-suroh-nia jaga
+kulam itu dengan be-bĕr-apa singa yang garang-garang maka sebab itu-lah
+apa-bila di-lihat-nia tuanku ber-angkat datang kamari di-suroh-nia akan
+hamba mem-bĕri tahu maka apabila tuanku datang di-kulam naschaya
+di-bunoh-lah uleh sagala singa itu maka dosa-nia itu di-atas-nia maka
+sebab itu-lah iya menyuroh-kan hamba datang ini membĕri tahu tuanku
+sakalian menyuroh-kan balik sigra”----.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XXVIII.
+
+
+  In which direction had we better go?--
+    _Sa-bĕlah mana baik kita pergi?_
+  There are numbers of snipe in the padi-fields--
+    _Di-bendang baniak juga burong berkik._
+  He has a double-barrelled gun--
+    _Dia punya snapang dua laras._
+  Both barrels are loaded--
+    _Sudah ber-isi ka-dua-nia._
+  You use very small shot--
+    _Tuan pakei pengabur yang halus sakali._
+  He is a very good shot--
+    _Dia pandei sakali menembak burong._
+  He killed two birds at one shot--
+    _Sakali me-letup mati-lah dua ekor burong._
+  Before we could get close the green pigeons all flew away--
+    _Belam sămpat dĕkat lagi habis lari-lah burong punei sumua._
+  Perhaps we shall get some on the other side of that thicket--
+    _Balik sana belukar itu barang-kali dapat kĕlak._
+  One of its wings is broken.--
+    _Patah-lah sayap sa-bĕlah._
+  It is not hit--
+    _Ta’kĕna._
+  It is wounded slightly--
+    _Kĕna juga sadikit._
+  It has settled on the ground--
+    _Sudah hinggap di tanah._
+  It has perched on a cocoanut tree--
+    _Sudah hinggap di pokok nior._
+  Don’t speak: how can you expect to get near a wild animal if you make
+      a noise?--
+    _Jangan ber-mulut, benatang liyar bukan-kah, jikalau engar-engar
+      macham mana handak dĕkat._
+  The elephant received a ball in his head, and immediately dropped--
+    _Kĕna peluru sa-biji di kapala gajah itu, lalu tumbang._
+  Have you ever shot a tiger?--
+    _Ada-kah tuan dapat menembak harimau?_
+  How many birds have you got?--
+    _Tuan sudah buleh bĕr-apa ekor burong?_
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+“Maka ter-lalu-lah baniak marah-nia akan tuanku tetapi tiada mengapa
+segra-lah tuanku baliḳ sapaya buleh hamba pergi mem-bujuḳ raja bulan dan
+mem-baiḳ-ki hati-nia itu dan lagi pikir-lah tuan-tuan sakalian bahawa
+sakian lama sudah kamarau sagala kulam habis-kah ka-kĕring-an apa
+sebab-nia kulam[44] ini baniaḳ ayer-nia? maka sakalian ini-pun sebab
+kasihan hati hamba akan jiwa tuan-tuan sapaya jangan anyaya masi.”
+Sa-ber-mula sa-telah di-dengar uleh raja gajah akan sagala per-kata-an
+pĕlanduḳ itu maka ka-takut-an-lah iya sambil menyămbah ara ka-langit
+maka sigra-lah iya ber-balik dengan dahaga-nia. Damikian handaḳ-nia
+orang yang handak menjadi raja apabila di-dengar orang nama-nia menjadi
+ka-takut-an ada-nia.
+
+    [Footnote 44: _Kulam_, Tamil, a tank.]
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XXIX.
+
+
+  Is the tide making or ebbing?--
+    _Ayer pasang-kah surut-kah?_
+  Is the boat ready?--
+    _Prahu ada siap-kah?_
+  How many people will this boat carry?--
+    _Bĕr-apa orang buleh muat di prahu ini?_
+  Ten persons, including two rowers--
+    _Buleh muat sa-puloh orang masok anak dayong dua orang._
+  There is a head-wind; we cannot sail--
+    _Angin muka ta’buleh ber-laiar._
+  Row hard--
+    _Dayong-lah kuat-kuat._
+  When we reach the mouth of the river, you can stop for a moment and
+      rest--
+    _Tiba di kuala sakarang buleh berhinti sa-kejap biar hilang penat._
+  Who is steering?--
+    _Siapa pegang kamudi?_
+  If one is going down-stream paddles are used; for going up-stream
+      poles are required--
+    _Kalau kilir pakei pengayu kalau mudik mahu-lah ber-galah._
+  What kind of wood is the best for boat-building?--
+    _Kayu mana yang ter-lebeh baik handak mem-buat prahu?_
+  The Chinese _sampan_ is called _sampan kotak_ in Singapore--
+    _Sampan China itu kata orang di Singgapura “Sampan kotak.”_
+  Of what wood is this dug-out canoe made?--
+    _Prahu sagor ini di-buat dengan kayu apa?_
+  Steer straight for that point--
+    _Tuju betul ka tanjong itu._
+  I shall go on shore at the landing-place--
+    _Sahaya handak naik di darat di pengkalan._
+  Give me the line and let us fish a little--
+    _Bahagi-lah tali kail biar kita mengail sakejap._
+  Have you got any bait?--
+    _Umpan ada-kah?_
+  If we have any luck we may catch some big fish--
+    _Kalau ada untong kita barang-kali dapat juga ikan besar-besar._
+  The spines of that fish are very poisonous--
+    _Duri ikan itu bisa sakali._
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+Ada kapada suatu hari sa’orang pem-buru masok ka hutan lalu mem-buru iya
+ber-keliling hutan itu maka lalu ber-temu-lah iya dengan sa’ekor kijang
+maka di-kejar-nia akan kijang itu serta di-panah-nia sa-telah mati maka
+di-angkat-nia handak di-bawa-nia pulang sa-telah sampei ka tengah jalan
+maka ber-temu-lah iya pula dengan sa’ekor babi hutan maka kijang itu-pun
+di-letak-kan-nia lalu di-kejar-nia akan babi hutan itu lalu di-panah-nia
+tiada-lah kena maka handak di-panah-nia sakali lagi maka di-terkam-lah
+uleh babi itu akan dia serta di-gigit-nia maka mati-lah iya
+ber-sama-sama dengan babi itu akan tetapi anak panah itu ada juga
+ter-kena kapada busar-nia yang di-tangan pem-buru itu.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XXX.
+
+
+  He is not yet dressed--
+    _Dia bĕlum pakei kain lagi._
+  He is dressed like a Malay--
+    _Dia pakei chara Malayu._
+  Wake me to-morrow morning at six o’clock--
+    _Gĕrak-kan sahaya pukul anam pagi._
+  I want to get up early--
+    _Sahaya handak bangun siyang-siyang._
+  He did not do it on purpose--
+    _Bukan-nia dia buat sangaja._
+  I was only in play--
+    _Sahaya lawak-lawak sahaja._
+  I was very sorry that I could not accompany you--
+    _Ter-buku hati sahaya sangat ta‘buleh ber-sama-sama._
+  What are the contents of that letter?--
+    _Apa bunyi-nia surat itu?_
+  Do you understand the pith of it?--
+    _Tuan dapat-kah buku-nia?_
+  Has any one been here to look for me?--
+    _Ada-kah siapa-siapa datang men-chahari sahaya?_
+  Ask that woman where the well is--
+    _Choba tanya pada perampuan itu di-mana-kah talaga._
+  Is this good water?--
+    _Baik-kah ayer ini?_
+  It is excellent water, both clear and cool--
+    _Elok sakali ayer ini, jerneh lagi sejuk._
+  Can we get a green cocoanut here?--
+    _Nior muda dapat-kah di-sini?_
+  There is no one who can climb (the tree)--
+    _T’ada orang yang tahu panjat._
+  Let me climb it--
+    _Biar aku memanjat._
+  Have you brought cooking-utensils?--
+    _Priuk bĕlanga sudah bawa-kah?_
+  These sticks are damp and will not burn--
+    _Basah kayu ini ta’mahu menyala._
+  Grind the spices--
+    _Giling rampah-rampah._
+  Will you smoke?--
+    _Tuan mahu minum rokok?_
+  I am sleepy, and shall go to bed--
+    _Sudah mengantuk, sahaya handak masok tidor._
+  Did you call me?--
+    _Tuan panggil-kah?_
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+Maka sagala hal itu ada-lah di-lihat uleh sa’ekor srigala maka ber-lari
+iya datang serta ber-kata “bahwa sapuloh hari lama-nia tiada-lah aku
+men-chahari makan-an lagi” serta datang-lah iya meng-hampir-i pem-buru
+itu maka di-gigit-nia tali busar itu maka tiba-tiba anak panah itu-pun
+datang-lah menikam srigala itu maka iya-pun mati-lah maka jikalau kita
+terlalu tema‘a dan handak ber-lebeh-lebeh naschaya ada-lah hal kita
+saperti hakayat pem-buru dengan srigala itu ada-nia.
+
+
+
+
+PART IV.
+
+
+To the more advanced lessons and exercises which are contained in this
+section, it may be well to prefix a few notes on colloquial Malay, which
+are suggested by a consciousness of some of the common errors into which
+European students of Malay are apt to fall.
+
+First, Try to observe and imitate the impersonal and elliptical
+construction of Malay sentences. Notice how much more is left to the
+imagination than in English, and get rid of the notion that it is
+necessary to express invariably by nouns or pronouns the agents or
+objects of the actions spoken of. Ideas are conveyed in Malay in a much
+less concrete form than in the civilised languages of Europe, and what
+is lost in accuracy and distinctness is partially compensated for by
+brevity.
+
+Why say _kasih sama sahaya_ (lit. “give to me”), in imitation of the
+English _give me_, or the French _donnez-moi_, or the German _geben sie
+mir_, in all of which the pronoun is expressed, when a Malay would
+simply say _bahagi-lah_, give, or _bawa_, bring? It is easy enough to
+leave tone or gesture to supply any deficiency in meaning. The constant
+use of this phrase, _sama sahaya_, or _sama kita_, is a bad habit, which
+arises from a natural desire to give the word “me” its due value in
+Malay. This, as has been shown, is not necessary.
+
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+  Tell me; don’t be afraid--
+    _Bilang-lah, jangan takut_; not, _bilang sama sahaya_, &c.
+  What are you going to give us?--
+    _Apa mahu bahagi?_ not, _apa mahu bahagi sama kita?_
+  How much must I pay you?--
+    _Bĕr-apa nanti kĕna bayar?_ not, _bĕr-apa sahaya mahu bayar sama
+      angkau?_
+  I want him to make me a jacket--
+    _Sahaya handak suroh dia buat baju_; not, _sahaya handak suroh dia
+      buat baja sama sahaya._
+  Can you make me a table?--
+    _Buleh-kah buat meja?_ not, _buleh-kah buat meja sama sahaya._
+  Afterwards come and tell me--
+    _Lepas itu mari-lah khabar-kan_; not, _mari bilang sama sahaya._
+
+In direct narration the personal pronoun “I” should often be left
+untranslated, and the sentence put in an impersonal form. We are
+accustomed to commence sentences frequently with “I think,” “I hear,” “I
+hope,” “I wish,” and there is a temptation therefore to overload Malay
+sentences with “_Sahaya fikir_,” “_Sahaya dengar khabar_,” &c. These,
+though not ungrammatical, should be used sparingly. _Rasa-nia_, the
+feeling is, _agak-nia_, the guess is, _rupa-nia_, the appearance is (it
+seems), _khabar-nia_, the report is, and similar phrases, should often
+take their place.
+
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+  INSTEAD OF-- I am told, or people tell me, _Orang bilang sama sahaya_;
+    SAY, People say, _Kata orang_.
+  INSTEAD OF-- I hear that he is coming here, _Sahaya dengar khabar dia
+      handak mari sini_;
+    SAY, He is coming here, the report goes, _Dia handak kamari
+      khabar-nia_.
+  INSTEAD OF-- I think there are five quarts, _Sahaya fikir ada lima
+      chupah_;
+    SAY, There are five quarts, the estimate is, _Ada lima chupah
+      agak-nia_.
+  INSTEAD OF-- I think it is going to rain, _Sahaya fikir hari handak
+      hujan_;
+    SAY, It is going to rain, it seems, _Hari handak hujan rupa-nia_.
+  INSTEAD OF-- I like driving better than walking, _Sahaya lagi suka
+      naik kreta deri-pada jalan kaki_;
+    SAY, It is better to drive than to walk, _Baik ber-kreta deri-pada
+      ber-jalan_.
+
+Note the impersonal way of putting the statement in the following
+sentences:--
+
+  I was very glad to hear it--
+    _Sangat-lah suka hati sahaya akan men-dengar._
+  I very much wish to go to Meccah--
+    _Niat hati sahaya handak pergi ka-Makah._
+  I should be doing wrong to receive it, and I am ashamed to return it--
+    _Handak tĕrima salah, handak pulang-kan malu._
+  I was disappointed--
+    _Putus-lah harap sahaya._
+  I hope sincerely that the case will soon be decided--
+    _Besar-lah harap sahaya bichara itu akan di-putus-kan dengan sigra._
+  I have made up my mind that, however great the oppression may be,
+      I will hold out--
+    _Tetap-lah hati sahaya bageimana bĕrat sakali-pun handak tahan
+      juga._
+
+Second, Avoid word-for-word translations of English sentences in which
+the word “you” occurs. So much has been said on this subject already
+(_supra_, _pp._ 49, 75) that it is only necessary here to give a few
+additional illustrations of the mode in which Malays dispense with the
+pronoun. In most English and Malay phrase-books the use of _angkau_ is
+far too frequent.
+
+  As you like--
+    _Mana suka-lah._
+  As you may think best--
+    _Mana elok kapada hati sendiri._
+  You can go--
+    _Buleh pulang._
+  I have nothing more to ask you--
+    _T’ada apa lagi handak tanya._
+  Where have you been?--
+    _Pergi ka-mana tadi?_
+  If you do so another time you will certainly be punished--
+    _Kalau buat lagi sakali bageimana yang sudah ini tuntu-lah kena
+      hukum._
+  Do you want employment?--
+    _Handak minta karja-kah?_
+  Can you wait at table?--
+    _Tahu-kah jaga meja?_
+  What are you doing?--
+    _Apa buat?_
+  You must take great care of it, and see that it is not injured--
+    _Mahu-lah jaga baik-baik, jangan di-rosak-kan-nia._
+
+Even in reprimanding or scolding another, it is common in Malay to adopt
+an impersonal and not a direct mode of address. Instead of saying, “You
+are a lazy, good-for-nothing boy, and deserve a good thrashing,” the
+Malay says, “What manner of boy is this? If one were to beat him soundly
+it would be well.”
+
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+  Are you deaf? Can’t you hear what I say to you?--
+    _Tuli-kah budak ini? Orang kata t’ada dengar-kah?_ (_Lit._ Is the
+      boy deaf? does he not hear what one is saying?)
+  How slow you are! or, what a time you are taking!--
+    _Ai budak ini! bukan lambat-nia!_ (_Lit._ Oh, this boy! Isn’t he
+      slow?)
+  How slowly you are rowing! Can’t you pull faster when you are told?
+      Give way, will you!--
+    _Ai, bukan lengah dayong budak ini, bukan-kah orang suroh dĕras.
+      Dĕras-lah sadikit._ (_Lit._ Oh, are not these boys rowing slowly!
+      Has not one told them to make haste? Quick! now, a little!)
+  You are behaving exceedingly badly, and it would serve you right if
+      you got a caning--
+    _Jahat sakali orang ini, kalau bahagi rasa sadikit dengan rotan
+      baharu dia ingat_. (_Lit._ This person is exceedingly bad; if
+      one were to make him feel with a rattan he would remember.)
+  What an idiot you are! I tell you to bring water, and you bring oil--
+    _Budak bedebah ini! Orang suroh bawa ayer di-bawa-nia minyak._
+
+Third, Do not be satisfied with one general Malay verb to describe a
+whole class of actions for which separate specific words exist. It may
+be possible to make oneself intelligible by using _pukul_, to strike,
+for every kind of blow, but it is preferable to employ the appropriate
+term for the particular mode of striking.
+
+The following lists will illustrate this caution:--
+
+ 1. _Pukul_, to strike, beat.
+    _Gasak_, to beat, flog, punish.
+    _Hentam_, to strike, attack, throw.
+    _Balun_, to beat, thrash, drub.
+    _Palu_, to beat, hammer, knock.
+    _Kĕtok_, to knock, tap, rap.
+    _Godam_, to thrash, hammer.
+    _Lantak_, to nail, to drive in.
+    _Tinju-kan_, to box, strike with the fist.
+    _Tumbuk_, to pound, strike with the fist.
+    _Bĕdal_, to switch.
+    _Sakal_, and _sakai_, to strike.
+    _Tampar_, and _tampiling_, to slap.
+    _Tepuk_, to pat.
+
+ 2. _Chuchuk_, to thrust, poke.
+    _Merusuk_, to thrust, poke, pierce.
+    _Radak_ or _rodok_, to pierce with a spear.
+    _Juluk_, to thrust upwards.
+    _Tikam_, to thrust, pierce, stab.
+    _Sigi_, to poke with the finger.
+    _Merunjang_, to lower a spear at the charge.
+
+ 3. _Angkat_, to lift, carry off, remove.
+    _Pikul_, to carry on the back, to carry a load.
+    _Kandar_, to carry on a stick over the shoulder.
+    _Bibit_, to carry with the fingers.
+    _Junjong_, to carry on the head.
+    _Tanggong_, to bear, carry, support.
+    _Gendong_, to carry slung in a bundle.
+    _Usong_, to carry in a litter.
+    _Julang_, to hold aloft, to hoist, to carry with the arm uplifted.
+    _Bawa_, to carry, convey, bring.
+    _Dukong_, to carry on the back or hip.
+    _Kepit_, to carry under the arm.
+    _Jinjing_, to carry in the arms or hands.
+    _Galas_, to carry slung over the back or shoulder.
+    _Kilik_, to carry under the arm.
+    _Bebat_, to carry in the girdle.
+    _Tatang_, to carry on the palms of the hands.
+    _Kandong_, to carry at the waist.
+
+ 4. _Jatoh_, to fall, drop.
+    _Gugur_, to drop off, fall, miscarry.
+    _Tumbang_, to fall, tumble down.
+    _Reban_, to fall in, give way, tumble down.
+    _Runtoh_, to come down, to fall.
+    _Luroh_, to drop off, fall (as fruit).
+    _Titek_, to drop, distil (as water).
+    _Rĕbah_,[1] to tumble, fall.
+    _Timpa_, to fall against.
+    _Chichir_, to drop, to spill.
+    _Tumpah_, to spill.
+
+    [Footnote 1: Also _ribah_ and _rubuh_.]
+
+ 5. _Buang_, to throw away.
+    _Lotar_ or _lontar_, to hurl, fling.
+    _Lempar_, to throw, fling.
+    _Humban_, to throw down, cast away.
+    _Champak_, to throw down, cast away.
+    _Baling_, to throw, fling.
+    _Lanting_, to throw, cast, propel.
+
+ 6. _Lihat_, to see.
+    _Pandang_, to look, to look at.
+    _Kelih_, to see.
+    _Nampa_, to see, perceive.
+    _Intei_, to peep, spy, observe.
+    _Petiak_, to notice, observe.
+    _Tulih_, to look, glance.
+    _Tengok_, to see.
+    _Jingok_, to peep, look out.
+    _Tengadah_, to look up.
+    _Tampak_, to see, perceive.
+    _Per-hati-kan_, to perceive, notice, take notice of.
+    _Tentang_, to regard.
+
+ 7. _Chakap_, to speak.
+    _Bilang_, to tell.
+    _Khabar-kan_, to tell, inform.
+    _Ber-mulut_, to speak, utter.
+    _Sabda_, to say, command.
+    _Cheritra-kan_, to relate.
+    _Meripit_, to chatter, gabble.
+    _Mengomong_, to chat, gossip.
+    _Kata_, to say, speak, talk.
+    _Tutur_, to talk, tell, converse.
+    _Sĕbut_, to tell, mention.
+    _Uchap_, to utter, express.
+    _Titah_, to say, command (as a raja).
+    _Merongut_, to mutter.
+    _Ber-bual_, to chat.
+    _Ber-sungut_, to grumble, to murmur.
+
+Fourth, Learn to employ the passive form of the verb which takes the
+prefix _di-_. Easy examples of this have been given occasionally in the
+preceding lessons, and the exercises on pages 107 and 108 contain
+abundant illustrations of it. It is a mistake to suppose that the Malay
+passive is confined to the written language; it is of common use
+colloquially among Malays, but, probably because it offers certain
+difficulties of construction, it is little understood and seldom
+employed by Europeans in the Straits of Malacca.
+
+“He did not, or would not, accept it,” would be vulgarly rendered _dia
+ta’ mahu tĕrima_; but it may be more elegantly translated _tiada-lah
+di-tĕrima-nia_, “It was not accepted by him.” Here the affix _-nia_ has
+the force of “by him,” and, as it denotes the agent, immediately follows
+the verb in accordance with the rule stated on p. 61.
+
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+  He ordered (it was ordered by him)--
+    _Di-suroh-nia._
+  He seized the robber (the robber was seized by him)--
+    _Di-tangkap-nia penchuri._
+  They cut away (were cut away by them) the huts and prevented the fire
+      from spreading far--
+    _Di-potong-nia rumah-rumah tiada di-bĕri me-larat panjang api itu._
+  The rats ate up three candles--
+    _Dian tiga batang habis di-makan tikus._
+  They have not yet erected the house; they are getting the timber
+      ready--
+    _Rumah belum di-diri-kan lagi, tengah di buat kayu-kayu-nia._
+  The boat was leaky and the water got in--
+    _Bochor prahu itu di-masok ayer dalam-nia._
+  He only allowed him to use it; he did not give it to him out and out--
+    _Di-bĕri pakei sahaja bukan di-bĕri-nia langsong._
+  He said that it was too late to send an answer--
+    _Handak di-balas pun kata-nia sudah ter-lepas waktu-nia._
+  He asked for information about the house that is being built--
+    _Di-tanya-nia deri-pada hal rumah yang di-per-buat itu._
+  When the country becomes populous it will be right to raise the
+      assessment--
+    _Apabila negri sudah ramei bahru-lah patut di-per-naik-kan
+      hasil-nia._
+  God, ever to be praised and most high, gave his aid, and on that very
+      day there descended the heaviest shower of rain possible--
+    _Di-tulong Allah subhana wa ta‘ala pada waktu hari itu di-turun
+      hujan sa-habis-habis lebat._
+  The people of the village feasted abundantly--
+    _Jenoh-lah di-makan orang kampong itu._
+
+Fifth, Bear in mind the distinction between the force given to a verb by
+the particle _ber-_ (_be-_, _bel-_), and that which is caused by
+prefixing _me-_ (_mem-_, _meng-_, _men-_, and _meny-_); see _supra_, p.
+55.
+
+When the former is employed, the verb describes _a state or condition_,
+and is intransitive. The latter generally denotes a verb expressing _an
+action_. Apparent departures from this rule are found sometimes, but
+these often arise from a difficulty in classifying a particular verb.
+Such a verb, for instance, as “to weep,” may be viewed in two
+ways--either as descriptive of the condition of the person who weeps or
+of the act of weeping; the former is expressed in Malay by _ber-tangis_
+and the latter by _menangis_, but practically the distinction is not
+great. So _memakei_ (_pakei_), to wear, _merajuk_, to sulk, _menanti_,
+to wait, and others, seem to describe states or conditions,
+notwithstanding that they have the particle _me-_; but this is explained
+by showing that in their primary meanings they really convey an idea of
+action, _memakei_ meaning to put on, _merajuk_, to show temper, and
+_menanti_, to await somebody or something.
+
+The following derivative verbs will illustrate the rule laid down
+above:--
+
+  Primitive.
+    Derivative with _ber-_.
+      Derivative with _me-_.
+
+  _angkat_, to lift.
+    _ber-angkat_, to arise.
+      _meng-angkat_, to lift.
+  _alih_, to change.
+    _ber-alih_, to undergo change.
+      _meng-alih_, to change.
+  _balik_, behind, back.
+    _ber-balik_, to turn (_intrans_.)
+      _mem-balik_, to turn, return (_trans_.)
+  _diri_, self, being.
+    _ber-diri_, to stand up.
+      _men-diri-kan_, to cause to stand, to establish.
+  _ganti_, instead of.
+    _ber-ganti_, to take the place of.
+      _meng-ganti_, to put in the place of.
+  _habis_, finished.
+    _ber-habis_, to be finished.
+      _meng-habis_, to finish, to complete.
+  _igau_, delirium.
+    _ber-igau_, to be delirious.
+      _meng-igau_, to rave.
+  _ikat_, tie, bond.
+    _ber-ikat_, to be fastened.
+      _meng-ikat_, to tie, fasten.
+  _ingat_, memory, to remember.
+    _ber-ingat_, to be sensible of.
+      _meng-ingat_, to call to mind, remember.
+  _jaga_, to watch, guard.
+    _ber-jaga_, to be on watch.
+      _menjaga_, to watch, to guard.
+  _keliling_, around.
+    _ber-keliling_, to border, surround.
+      _mengeliling_, to hem in, to go round.
+  _karja_, work.
+    _ber-karja_, to be a workman.
+      _mengarja-kan_, to work, effect, accomplish.
+  _lepas_, loosed.
+    _ber-lepas_, to be free.
+      _melepas_, to set free.
+  _lambat_, slow.
+    _ber-lambat_, to be slow.
+      _me-lambat_, to retard.
+  _labuh_, to lower, drop.
+    _ber-labuh_, to be at anchor.
+      _me-labuh_, to let fall, to anchor.
+  _naung_, shade.
+    _ber-naung_, to be sheltered.
+      _me-naung-i_, to shelter, to shade, protect.
+  _pegang_, to hold.
+    _ber-pegang_, to hold.
+      _memegang_, to take hold of, to seize.
+  _rugi_, loss.
+    _be-rugi_, to suffer loss.
+      _me-rugi-kan_, to cause loss.
+  _sembunyi_, to hide.
+    _ber-sembunyi_, to be concealed.
+      _menyembunyi_, to hide, conceal.
+  _takut_, afraid, fear.
+    _ber-takut_, to be afraid.
+      _menyakut-kan_, to frighten.
+  _ubah_, change, to change.
+    _ber-ubah_, to undergo change.
+      _meng-ubah_, to change, to alter.
+
+Sixth, Notice must be taken of the common native habit (not one to be
+imitated by Europeans learning the language) of inserting in a sentence
+words which have no meaning to fill a temporary hiatus while the speaker
+is thinking of his next word. These prop-words or pillow-words, to
+borrow a Hindustani phrase,[2] are numerous in Malay and vary in
+different localities. _Anu_, _bahasa-nia_, _misal[3]-nia_, and
+_kata-kan_ are some of those commonly used.
+
+    [Footnote 2: The Hindustani term is _sukhan-takya_, from _sukhan_,
+    a word, and _takya_ a pillow.]
+
+    [Footnote 3: Corresponding with the Hindustani _maslan_, which is
+    used in a similar way.]
+
+Seventh, The following abbreviations are commonly employed:--
+
+_Na’_ for _handak_; _sikit_ for _sadikit_; _auat_ for _apa-buat?_ why?;
+_ta’_ and _t’ada_ for _tiada_; _pi_ and _pĕgi_ (in Patani _gi_) for
+_pergi_.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XXXI.
+
+
+PHRASES OF POLITENESS.
+
+  Be pleased to ----.--
+    _Sila_, _sila-lah_, or _sila-kan-lah._
+  Please come into the house--
+    _Sila-kan naik atas rumah._
+  Be pleased to sit down on a chair--
+    _Sila-kan duduk di-atas krusi._
+  My house is not what it should be--
+    _Rumah sahaya tiada dengan sapertinia._
+  Treat it as your own house; don’t stand upon ceremony--
+    _Buat-lah saperti rumah sendiri, jangan malu._
+  I must beg leave to depart (lit. to rise)--
+    _Sahaya handak minta diri-lah dahulu._
+  Pray do as you wish; take care as you go--
+    _Sila-kan-lah. Jalan baik-baik._
+  I crave permission to retire, as I wish to go home--
+    _Hamba tuan handak mohun-lah dahulu handak balik._
+  Very well (it does not matter)--
+    _Ta’ apa-lah._
+  I must ask to be pardoned for going (style of the Court)--
+    _Patek handak meng-ampun-lah dahulu._
+  Very well--
+    _Baik-lah._
+  Pray come and see me often; don’t hesitate--
+    _Mari-lah kĕrap-kĕrap rumah sahaya, jangan-lah segan-segan._
+  I am exceedingly pleased to have seen you at my house--
+    _Sangat sudi sahaya tuan-tuan datang ber-landang rumah sahaya._
+  May your journey be safe--
+    _Salamat jalan._
+  May you remain in peace--
+    _Salamat tinggal._
+  There is something that I want; it is to invite you to a trifling
+      entertainment--
+    _Ada hajat sadikit handak jamu makan sadikit ayer-ayer sejuk._
+  I thank you exceedingly (lit. I accept a great favour from you)--
+    _Sahaya baniak tĕrima kasih_, or, simply, _tĕrima kasih._
+  Are you well?--
+    _Tuan ada baik?_
+  How is so-and-so, who was ill the other day?--
+    _Apa khabar si-polan[4] yang sakit kalmarin itu?_
+  He has quite recovered his former health--
+    _Sudah sihat balik saperti sedia lama._
+  Thanks to the favouring influence of your good fortune, we are free
+      from all misfortune and sickness--
+    _Dengan berkat tuah tuah tulong tiada-lah satu apa-apa mara-bahaya
+      deri-pada sakit demam._
+
+    [Footnote 4: _Polan_, or _fulan_, such a one, probably from the
+    Hindustani _fulana_, a word of Arab derivation.]
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+It is a long time since I saw you last. I did not know that you had
+arrived here. How did you come, by the river, or by the road? How long
+do you intend to stay? Don’t be in a hurry to return; stay for a while,
+and recover from the fatigue of your journey. It is a pity that I did
+not know beforehand that you were coming. He is a most excellent old
+man, and it would be hard to find many like him. If nothing occurs to
+prevent it, I shall come and see you on Monday next. There is no
+necessity for writing a letter; if you let my clerk know, that will be
+sufficient.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XXXII.
+
+
+READING AND WRITING.
+
+  Malay is a language of which it is very easy to learn to speak a
+      little. It is, however, very difficult to acquire the idioms of
+      the natives.--
+    _Bahasa Malayu itu mudah sakali di-dapat chahap sadikit-sadikit,
+      tetapi kalau handak ikut saperti per-kata-an orang Malayu sendiri
+      payah sakali._
+  It is written from right to left, whereas English is written from
+      left to right--
+    _Tulis-an Jawi itu deri kanan bawa ka-kiri tulis-an Inggris deri
+      kiri bawa ka kanan._
+  The letters employed are the Arabic letters--
+    _Huruf-nia yang di-pakei itu huruf ‘Arab._
+  What do you call that in Malay?--
+    _Orang Malayu apa kata ini?_
+  What is the name of this object in Malay?--
+    _Apa nama barang ini bahasa Malayu?_
+  The pronunciation of Malay differs in different states--
+    _Chakap orang Malayu itu lain sakali bunyi-nia di-dalam lain-lain
+      tampat._
+  His pronunciation is not good--
+    _Chakap-nia ta’ terus_, or _dia chakap pelet_, or _télor._
+  The Malays of that district have a flat pronunciation; they say _apé_
+      for _apa_--
+    _Orang Malayu negri itu leper chakap, handak kata APA di-kata-nia
+      APÉ_.
+  How do you spell that word?--
+    _Per-kata-an ini apa eja-nia?_
+  This word is not correctly spelt--
+    _Per-kata-an ini ta’ betul eja-nia._
+  You should read for at least two hours a day, and thus you will soon
+      be able to read fluently--
+    _Patut-lah tuan membacha surat Jawi sa-korang-korang dua jam lama
+      nia pada tiap-tiap hari, lama-lama tuntu-lah buleh dapat bacha
+      lanchar._
+  Why do you undertake a thing and give it up when half finished?--
+    _Perkara itu apa sebab tuan ta’ mahu bahagi habis, buat sa’
+      kĕrat-kĕrat sahaja?_
+  My son has learned to write Malay, and is now learning the Koran--
+    _Anak sahaya sudah dapat tulis Jawi sakarang tengah meng-aji Koran._
+  When he has read it through, he will commence to learn (Arabic)
+      grammar--
+    _Tatkala sudah khatam dia handak mengaji nahu._
+  He chants the Koran very well--
+    _Pandei juga dia mem-bacha Koran._
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+I am not skilled in composition. He ordered the two writings to be
+compared. If he is diligent, he will soon get instruction. He has been
+attending school for ever so long, but he knows nothing. After reading
+the letter he put it away in a box. The raja ordered the letter to be
+read aloud in the assembly. How were these lines ruled? Just look over
+this letter and see if it will do. If you will permit me, I will take
+away this book to read it. His handwriting is exceedingly good.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XXXIII.
+
+
+HOUSEKEEPING.
+
+  There will be no one dining here to-day except the master and myself--
+    _T’ ada orang lain makan di rumah hari ini, sahaya ber-dua dengan
+      tuan sahaja._
+  Tell the cook that last night’s dinner was not at all good--
+    _Choba bilang kapada tukang-masak makan-an sa-malam ta’ baik sakali
+      masak-nia._
+  What he put into the soup I don’t know, but it had a nasty taste--
+    _Apa-apa di-bubok-nia di-dalam tim itu ta’ tahu-lah sahaya,
+      rasa-nia maung sahaja._
+  The rice, too, was burned, and no one could eat it--
+    _Nasi pun hangus ta’ lalu (OR buleh) orang makan._
+  What is the price of fowls at the market?--
+    _Hayam bĕr-apa harga di pasar?_
+  Full-grown hens as much as fifty cents each, half-grown fowls about
+      twenty cents each, and capons so much a catty according to
+      weight--
+    _Kalau ibu hayam sampei lima kupang pun ada, hayam sedang agak-nia,
+      dua kupang sa’ ekor, hayam kambiri (OR kasi) ikut timbang-an
+      kati._
+  The milk-man has not come yet--
+    _Bĕlum orang bawa susu lagi._
+  Choose fish which is quite fresh. What we had yesterday was spoilt
+      before it could be cooked--
+    _Pilih ikan yang baharu. Ikan kalmarin belum sămpat di-masak lagi
+      sudah busŭk._
+  Wait a moment. You must have breakfast ready every day at nine o’clock
+      punctually, there must be no delay--
+    _Nanti-lah dahulu. Sa-hari-hari mahu-lah sedia-kan hazri waktu
+      pukul sambilan ta’ buleh lambat lagi._
+  Pour this oil into a jar--
+    _Minyak ini tuang-lah di-dalam tempayan._
+  Take care not to spill it--
+    _Baik-baik jangan tumpah._
+  Are the kitchen utensils complete, pots and pans, cocoanut scraper,
+      stone for grinding spices, &c.?--
+    _Chukup-kah per-kakas-an dapor, priuk, bĕlanga, kuali, kukur-an,
+      batu giling rampah-rampah, dan lain-lain-nia?_
+  The only things wanting are basket-work frames for the cooking-pots,
+      and a coffee-mill--
+    _Yang ada korang sadikit lekar sahaja dengan kisar-an kahwa._
+  I am tired of poultry--
+    _Sahaya sudah jĕmu makan daging hayam itek._
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+Is the water boiling? Boil two eggs, but take care that they are not
+hard. What do you call this vegetable in Malay? Tell some one to pull
+the punkah. This plate is dirty; take it away and bring another. Put the
+dish down upon that tray. Weigh the meat when it is brought every day. I
+have weighed the beef; there is half a catty too little. How many months
+did you work for that gentleman? On what account did you leave?
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XXXIV.
+
+
+PREPARATIONS FOR DEPARTURE.
+
+  I am going away to ---- on Friday next--
+    _Sahaya handak ka-luar ka-kampong anu pada hari juma‘at yang datang
+      ini._
+  Pack up enough clothes for a few days--
+    _Kemas-kan kain-kain mana chukup sampei dua tiga ampat hari
+      lama-nia._
+  You need not take so many; I am not going for good--
+    _Ta’payah bagitu baniak, ta’kan orang handak pergi langsong._
+  Put all these clothes into a box--
+    _Isi-kan kain-kain ini sumua dalam peti._
+  Will this go in?--
+    _Chelus-kah ini._
+  No; it is too big--
+    _Ta’chelus, besar sangat._
+  Three or four handkerchiefs and two pairs of socks--
+    _Saputangan barang tiga ampat ’lei, sarong kaki dua pasang._
+  Not this spotted neck-tie, but the striped one--
+    _Bukan tali leher yang ber-rintik ini, ada lain yang ber-choring._
+  Unfasten this cord--
+    _Rangkei tali ini._
+  Roll up that rug--
+    _Gulong kain panas itu._
+  Have everything taken down to the boat--
+    _Bawa-lah turun ka-prahu barang-barang ini sumua._
+  Put them into the bullock-cart--
+    _Muat-kan di-atas kreta lumbu_.
+  Call the coolies, and tell them to take the things away--
+    _Panggil kuli-kuli suroh angkat._
+  We will stop to-night at Kampong--which is the usual halting-place--
+    _Hari ini kita ber-malam di Kampong--itu-lah tampat per-hinti-an
+      deri salama-lama._
+  Wrap a waterproof sheet round that bedding, so that it may not get
+      wet--
+    _Balut tikar bantal itu dengan kain-gĕtah jangan di-kena basah._
+  Set that box down here; I want to take something out of it--
+    _Letak-kan peti itu di-sini, sahaya mahu ambil apa-apa
+      di-dalam-nia._
+  Put everything away again--
+    _Simpan kambali sumua._
+  What else is there (to detain us)?--
+    _Apa lagi kita?_
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+Count all those clothes, and then put them away. At least one hundred
+people were waiting at the river-side. After waiting for several hours,
+no one came, so they were all disappointed. About midnight there was a
+great storm, with thunder and lightning. His shoulder was quite swollen,
+for he had never been in the habit of carrying a load on a stick. What
+have those two people been quarrelling about? There is a great
+difference between these two things.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XXXV.
+
+
+ORDINARY NARRATIVE STYLE.
+
+  On the 5th inst., at three o’clock on Thursday morning--
+    _Pada lima tarikh pukul tiga malam[5] Khamis._
+  On Tuesday last about mid-day--
+    _Pada hari Salasa yang sudah waktu tengah hari._
+  I had just finished my breakfast, and was about to smoke a cigar--
+    _Sahaya pun baharu lepas makan nasi tengah handak minum rokok._
+  So-and-so came and called me, saying that my uncle was very ill--
+    _Datang-lah si-anu me-manggil kata-nia bapa penakan sahaya sakit
+      sangat._
+  I said, “Let me lock the door of the house first, and then I will go
+      with you”--
+    _Kata sahaya biar-lah aku kunchi-kan pintu rumah dahulu baharu-lah
+      buleh pergi sama-sama._
+  There is a single woman who lives in the house of her brother-in-law--
+    _Ada-lah sa’orang perampuan yang duduk di rumah ipar-nia._
+  All her property was carried off in the middle of the night by thieves
+      without the knowledge of the inmates of the house--
+    _Barang-barang dia habis di-angkat penchuri tengah malam tiada
+      orang rumah sedar._
+  Search was made everywhere without success--
+    _Di-chahari rata t’ada juga di-dapat-nia._
+  While we were searching about we found a box thrown aside in the
+      jungle--
+    _Tengah chahari itu jumpa sa’ biji peti ter-champak di-dalam hutan._
+  After that we got into the carriage again and returned home without
+      stopping anywhere--
+    _Lepas itu naik kreta pula pulang ka rumah t’ada singgah
+      di-mana-mana._
+  After that we watched for ever so long at the edge of the jungle--
+    _Sudah-lah bagitu bĕr-apa lama pula kita meng-endap di-tepi hutan._
+  At length, as no one appeared, and it was getting very late, we went
+      home to bed--
+    _Kemdian sa’ orang pun t’ada kaluar hari pun sudah jahu malam jadi
+      kita pun pulang-lah tidor._
+  It is as well that I should tell you so, that you may not be ignorant
+      of it--
+    _Baik sahaya khabar-kan jangan-lah tuan ta’ tahu._
+
+    [Footnote 5: Among Muhammadans the day commences at sunset and the
+    night is classed with the day which _follows_ it. Thursday night,
+    therefore, with them, includes our Wednesday night and part of
+    Thursday morning.]
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+On Wednesday night at 9.30 p.m. He drove to the landing-place, took a
+boat and went on board the steamer. They were not permitted to land. I
+was just getting ready to return when your messenger arrived. We left
+before daylight in the morning and did not return until after dark. Can
+we go there and back in a day? All the men who were with me were very
+tired. I said, “Very well, come to my house to-morrow morning at six
+o’clock.” He seemed to be very weak, and walked with difficulty.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XXXVI.
+
+
+BUYING AND SELLING.
+
+  How much did you give for this?--
+    _Bĕr-apa tuan bĕli ini?_
+  What is the balance remaining?--
+    _Tinggal baḳi-nia bĕr-apa?_
+  Don’t ask too much; say exactly what you want--
+    _Jangan-lah mahal sangat, kata-lah betul-betul._
+  I can’t take that; it would not even cover my outlay--
+    _Ta’ buleh-lah tuan, ta’ pulang modal sahaya._
+  He paid an exorbitant price for it--
+    _Dia bĕli dengan harga mahal ter-lampau._
+  What is it worth?--
+    _Bĕr-apa patut di-bayar harga-nia?_
+  Whatever you may pay for it, I will repay to you--
+    _Bĕr-apa-apa harga yang angkau bĕli itu nanti sahaya bayar-kan._
+  Have you no curiosities in your shop?--
+    _T’ada-kah benda apa-apa yang pelik-pelik di-dalam kedei ini?_
+  I bought this article at auction--
+    _Benda ini sudah sahaya tangkap dalam ’lelong._
+  I did not venture to bid more--
+    _Ta’ bĕrani sahaya tawar lebeh._
+  I have always sold them for a dollar a-piece--
+    _Yang sudah-sudah ini sahaya jual sa-ringgit satu._
+  You must pay ready-money; he will not give credit--
+    _Mahu-lah mem-bayar tunei, ta’ mahu dia mem-bĕri hutang._
+  He was offered one hundred dollars for it, but would not part with
+      it--
+    _Sudah orang minta dengan harga sa-ratus rial ta’ mahu juga dia
+      lepas-kan._
+  As long as it is a good article, I don’t mind about the price--
+    _Asal-kan barang yang baik sahaya ta’ sayang pasal harga-nia._
+  Examine it well lest there should be any defect in it--
+    _Păreḳsa-lah baik-baik takut ada chachat-nia apa-apa._
+  Gutta-percha sells very well just now--
+    _Gĕtah baniak laku sakarang._
+  This coin is not current here--
+    _Wang ini ta’ laku di-sini._
+  Write down all the items and let me know what the total is--
+    _Tulis-lah perkara-perkara satu-satu khabar-kan bĕr-apa jĕmlah-nia._
+  There are ten dollars for you--
+    _Nah! sa-puloh ringgit._
+  This material is not to be surpassed either in excellence of quality
+      or beauty of colour--
+    _Ta’ lawan-lah kain ini deri-pada baik sifat-nia dan dok warna-nia._
+  It is both strong and thick--
+    _Kukuh lagi tebal._
+  This colour does not fade--
+    _Ta’ turun warna ini._
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+How much are these plantains a bunch? It is not worth a cent. I have
+searched all the shops without finding what I want. I offered him two
+dollars and a half, and after a time he agreed. He said he would
+guarantee the goods, and that you might return the whole if they are not
+in good order. There is a quantity of chaff in this rice. I have no
+copper money, be good enough to get me change for a dollar. This is not
+according to sample. Weigh it first and then put it away. Don’t be
+uneasy; you can trust this man.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XXXVII.
+
+
+BUILDING.
+
+  When will your new house be finished?--
+    _Rumah tuan yang baharu itu bila akan sudah?_
+  Not for a long time yet; I am just getting the materials together--
+    _Lama juga lagi, tengah kumpul ramu-ramu-an._
+  The floor and walls will be of plank--
+    _Lantei papan dinding pun papan._
+  There will be four windows on each side opening down to the floor--
+    _Sa-bĕlah ampat jandela panjang ter-buka sampei di bendul._
+  The front door has steps (in front of it)--
+    _Pintu di hadap-an ber-tangga._
+  The length of the house is thirty-five feet and the breadth forty
+      feet, including the verandah--
+    _Panjang-nia rumah itu tiga-puloh lima kaki, buka-nia dengan
+      sarambi ampat puloh kaki._
+  The servants’ houses have _atap_ walls covered with _samir_ or
+      _kajang_ matting--
+    _Rumah orang gaji itu dinding-nia ikat atap apit samir atau kajang._
+  This timber will not last long; it will rot very quickly--
+    _Kayu ini ta tahan lama, lakas nanti rĕput._
+  These wooden posts will be planed as smooth as possible--
+    _Tiang kayu ini nanti tukang tara buat lichin sakali._
+  Make out a list of all the different timber you will require, such as
+      posts, beams, joists, rafters, &c.--
+    _Buat-lah kira-kira kayu-kayu yang handak itu deri-pada jerjak,
+      rasuk, gĕlĕgar, kasau, dan lain-lain-nia._
+  Measure the height from the floor to the top of the wall-plate--
+    _Hukur-lah tinggi-nia deri lantei sampei ka-atas kapala-tiang._
+  Those door-posts are not straight--
+    _Ta’ betul jinang paha pintu itu._
+  I shall fix lattice-work here for climbing plants to grow over--
+    _Sahaya handak pukul papan jala-jala di-sini biar me-lata pokok
+      bunga di-atas-nia._
+  In how many days will you thatch it?--
+    _Bĕr-apa hari lagi mahu bubok atap?_
+  Three thousand _ataps_ will not be enough--
+    _Ta’ chukup-lah tiga ribu atap._
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+In former days the Raja of Kedah sent messengers to the Rajah of Perak
+with a letter. When the letter was opened and read in the assembly, in
+the presence of the Raja and the chiefs, its purport was found to be
+this single question only:-- “Which is the higher, Gunong Jerei or
+Gunong Bubu?” Now Gunong Jerei is a mountain in Kedah, and Gunong Bubu
+is a mountain in Perak. When the letter had been read, there was much
+excitement among the Perak people, for many thought that the message
+betokened war. For three days the Raja and the chiefs consulted together
+as to the nature of the answer which should be given to the Raja of
+Kedah. On the third day a letter was written in reply to this effect:--
+“Gunong Jerei is the higher of the two, but Gunong Bubu is the greater.”
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XXXVIII.
+
+
+SEWING.
+
+  I want two or three jackets made--
+    _Sahaya handak suroh buat baju dua tiga ’lei._
+  I don’t mind your taking some time about it, as long as the work is
+      well done--
+    _Biar lambat sadikit karja ta’apa, asal-kan elok jahit-an-nia._
+  If it is not well done I will not take it--
+    _Jikalau ta’elok sahaya ta’mahu tĕrima._
+  Join these two pieces and sew them--
+    _Dua ’lei ini kampuh-lah jahit._
+  Tack it first and then sew it--
+    _Jelujur-lah jarang dahulu, lepas itu sakali jahit._
+  Fell the seams close--
+    _Kĕlim tulang halus-halus._
+  Don’t let them ravel--
+    _Jangan bahagi ka-luar benang._
+  When you fell, fold the stuff wide and turn the edge well in, so that
+      when it is washed the threads will not ravel--
+    _Kalau kĕlim lipat kain baniak, masok-kan tepi ka-dalam, nanti
+      waktu basoh bulu-nia tidak-lah ka-luar._
+  Stitch the wristband--
+    _Ber-kiya hujong tangan-nia._
+  Hem the border--
+    _Tepi itu lipat jahit._
+  To make the seam strong, don’t run it, but sew it over--
+    _Tulang it mahu buat kukuh jangan-lah jelujur, lilit ubi sahaja._
+  Take those torn stockings and darn them--
+    _Ambil sarong-kaki yang koyak itu jerumat-lah sadikit._
+  That is very much torn and cannot be darned; you must patch it--
+    _Sudah baniak koyak kain itu radup ta’buleh kĕna tampong-lah._
+  To gather (lit. pull the thread and make it pucker)--
+    _Tarik benang bahagi kerudut._
+  Why do you take such long stitches? I take three stitches where you
+      take one. Cannot you sew closer?--
+    _Ken’apa jahit ini jarang sahaja, tiga penyuchuk kita satu
+      penyuchuk dia, ta tahu-kah buat kĕrap-kĕrap?_
+  Needles, Berlin wool, scissors, thimble, and a reel of white cotton--
+    _Jerum, benang bulu kambing, gunting, sarong-jari dan benang puteh
+      sa’kotak._
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+It happened once that two men had a dispute about a woman. One of them
+was a learned man and the other was a peasant who earned his living by
+cultivating his fields. Each asserted that the woman was his wife, and
+they went before the Kazi and stated their claims. The case was rendered
+all the more difficult by the refusal of the woman to say anything one
+way or the other. After hearing all the witnesses on both sides, the
+Kazi directed the woman to remain at his house and all the rest to
+return next day. All then saluted him and retired. On the following day,
+when the parties assembled, the Kazi delivered the woman to the learned
+man and sentenced the peasant to fifty stripes of a rattan. When
+questioned afterwards as to his reason for this decision, the Kazi said,
+“This morning, in my house, I ordered this woman to fill my inkstand;
+this she at once did most expertly, like one accustomed to the task.
+Then I knew she must be the wife of the learned man, for what should the
+wife of a peasant know of inkstands?” All praised the Kazi for his
+wisdom, and his fame as a judge was spread far and wide.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XXXIX.
+
+
+SICKNESS.
+
+  I am not at all well--
+    _Ta’ sedap badan sahaya._
+  For five or six days he has been unable to eat--
+    _Sudah lima anam hari dia ta’buleh makan nasi._
+  What is the matter with him?--
+    _Apa sakit-nia?_
+  His father has taken him into the country for treatment--
+    _Bapa-nia sudah bawa naik ka-darat ber-ubat._
+  He is a little better--
+    _Ada-lah korang sadikit sakit-nia._
+  When he was very ill the other day, many people thought that he would
+      not recover--
+    _Tatkala dia tengah sakit sangat dahulu itu baniak orang fikir
+      tiada buleh baik._
+  I saw that he was very thin and his voice was very weak--
+    _Sahaya lihat tuboh-nia sangat kurus, dia ber-chakap pun suara-nia
+      perlahan sahaja._
+  Where do you feel pain? I am very weak and cannot get up--
+    _Sa-bĕlah mana rasa sakit? Sahaya leteh sakali ta’lalu bangket._
+  Open your mouth and put out your tongue--
+    _Nganga hulur lidak._
+  You had better take a purgative--
+    _Baik makan penchahar._
+  Let me feel his pulse--
+    _Biar sahaya pegang nadi dia._
+  He is suffering from fever--
+    _Dia sakit demam panas._
+  He is suffering from rheumatism and has pains in his joints--
+    _Dia sakit angin, rasa-nia sakit di sendi-sendi sumua._
+  I will give you some oil of a certain kind which you must rub on his
+      body every day till he is well--
+    _Nanti sahaya bahagi minyuk satu macham mahu di-urut tiap-tiap hari
+      sampei hilang sakit itu._
+  Mix this white powder with a little water, stir it and then drink it--
+    _Serbuk puteh ini champor-lah dengan ayer sadikit kachau lalu
+      minum._
+  If the small-pox spreads the natives will all certainly leave their
+      homes--
+    _Kalau me-larat penyakit chachar itu ter-tuntu lah lari habis
+      ra‘iyat sumua._
+  The fever called _kapialu_ is very dangerous and often ends fatally--
+    _Demam kapialu itu jahat sangat kĕrap juga bawa niawa._
+  Cholera is the disease which is most dreaded--
+    _Ta‘un itu yang orang takut ter-lebeh sakali._
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+Di-kata-kan pada suatu hari Nabi Suleiman ‘aleyhi-assalam duduk di-atas
+takhta ka-raja-an dan angin pun mem-bawa dia ka-atas di-udara dan sagala
+manusia dan jin yang tiada ter-bilang baniak-nia itu ber-jalan serta-nia
+maka ‘ajaib Nabi Suleiman deri-pada ka-besar-an ka-raja-an itu maka
+laku-lah dalam hati-nia suatu nafsu pada katika itu dan karana itu
+mahkota jadi bengkok maka Nabi Suleiman sigra handak mem-betul-kan
+mahkota itu jadi makin bengkok dan jikalau sa-hingga tiga kali pun sudah
+handak di-betul-kan Nabi Suleiman mahkota-nia itu tiada jadi betul
+sa-telah itu maka ber-kata-lah Nabi Suleiman, “Hei, mahkota, karana apa
+angkau tiada jadi betul?” Maka mahkota itu dengan firman Allah ta‘ala
+menyahut. “Hei, Suleiman, betul-kan hati-mu dahulu sapaya aku-pun jadi
+betul.”[6]
+
+    [Footnote 6: This and the following exercise are extracts from the
+    _Taj-assalatin_.]
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XL.
+
+TO ILLUSTRATE THE USE OF NUMERAL CO-EFFICIENTS.[7]
+
+
+  In that gentleman’s house one piece of matting covers a whole room--
+    _Rumah tuan itu sa’BIDANG tikar sahaja chukup satu bilek._
+  They found in the hut five spears, one long _kris_, and nine muskets--
+    _Di-jumpa di bangsal itu lembing lima BATANG, kris panjang sa-BILAH
+      dengan snapang sembilan PUCHUK._
+  See if you can get twenty-five fish-roes. How much are they a-piece?--
+    _Chahari-lah telor tĕrubuk dua puloh lima KAMPUH. Bĕr-apa harga-nia
+      sa-KAMPUH?_
+  She ordered a curtain to be hung before the doorway--
+    _Di-suroh-nia gantong tirei sa-LABUH di muka pintu._
+  That bunch of plantains contains about ten rows--
+    _Di-dalam sa-TANDAN pisang itu agak-agak sapuloh sikat._
+  I said I wanted to buy ten cakes of wax--
+    _Kata sahaya, sahaya mahu bĕli lilin sa-puloh TAMPANG._
+  The child was wearing a coral necklace round her neck--
+    _Budak itu ada pakei sa-LABUH merjan di leher-nia._
+  How many yards of cloth are there in a piece?--
+    _Sa-KAYU kain itu jadi ber-apa ela?_[8]
+  How many _ataps_ can one person make in a day?--
+    _Satu orang bĕr-apa MENGKAWAN buleh semat atap pada sa’hari?_
+  The buffalo destroyed six sugar-cane plants and a quantity of
+      lemon-grass plants--
+    _Sudah di-makan kerbau tĕbu anam RUMPUN dengan serei ta’tuntu
+      baniak RUMPUN-nia._
+  He planted seven or eight young trees in front of the house--
+    _Di-tanam-nia di-hadap-an rumah anak pokok kayu tujoh delapan
+      PERDU._
+  It was a pretty thick book, containing about two hundred sheets--
+    _Tebal juga kitab itu ada lebeh korang dua ratus KAJANG kartas._
+  I have bought a casting-net to take home with me--
+    _Sahaya sudah bĕli jala sa’UTAS (OR sa’RAWAN) handak bawa pulang
+      ka tampat sahaya._
+  He tied three threads round his stomach--
+    _Di-ikat-nia tiga URAT benang di pĕrut-nia._
+  Pick two or three jasmine blossoms, and about ten sprays of that red
+      flower--
+    _Petik-lah bunga melor dua tiga KUTUM dengan bunga merah itu barang
+      sa-puloh TANGKEI._
+
+    [Footnote 7: See _supra_, p. 70.]
+
+    [Footnote 8: _Ela_, yard, from the Dutch _el_.]
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+Di cheritra-kan deri-pada Sultan Iskandar bahwa sa-hari duduk dengan
+chinta-nia dan tiada kaluar deri-pada astana-nia maka Jalinus Hakim
+masok mengadap Sultan Iskandar lalu lihat dia duduk ber-chinta maka
+iya-pun ber-tanya deri-pada-nia “apa chinta Sultan itu bahwa Sultan
+tiada kaluar deri-dalam astana?” maka Sultan Iskandar ber-sabda
+“chinta-ku deri-pada itu-lah yang dunia ini tiada baniak dan karana
+suatu ka-raja-an dunia ini yang tiada ber-apa ada-nia aku menyusah-kan
+diri-ku dan sagala orang yang lain maka deri-pada pekarja-an yang
+sia-sia ini-lah aku jua ber-chinta” maka sembah Hakim itu “Benar-lah
+bichara Sultan itu karana apa garangan dunia dan ber-apa dunia ini bahwa
+Sultan menyusah-kan diri-nia karana ka-raja-an itu yang sia-sia tetapi
+ka-raja-an dunia ini ada suatu tanda deri-pada maha besar ka-raja-an
+akhirat itu yang tiada ber-ka-sudah-an ada-nia dan yang Sultan dapat
+ber-uleh deri-pada pe-karja-an ka-raja-an dunia ini dengan
+sa-sunggoh-nia sapaya Sultan men-dapat ka-raja-an akhirat itu yang
+sagala yang tiada buleh di-kira-kira-i ka-besar-an-nia itu” maka
+suka-lah Sultan Iskandar deri-pada kata-nia dan bichara-nia yang baik
+itu.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX TO PART IV.
+
+
+MUHAMMADAN MONTHS.
+
+  1. _Muharram._
+  2. _Safar._
+  3. _Rabia-el-awal._
+  4. _Rabia-el-akhir._
+  5. _Jumad-el-awal._
+  6. _Jumad-el-akhir._
+  7. _Rejab._
+  8. _Sha‘aban._
+  9. _Ramazan._
+  10. _Shawal._
+  11. _Zu’l-ka‘adah._
+  12. _Zu’l-hajah._
+
+DAYS OF THE WEEK.
+
+  Sunday, _Ahad_, lit. “the first.”
+  Monday, _Isnein_ or _Senein_, lit. “the second.”
+  Tuesday, _Salasa_, lit. “the third.”
+  Wednesday, _Arba‘ah_ or _Rabu_, lit. “the fourth.”
+  Thursday, _Khamis_, lit. “the fifth.”
+  Friday, _Juma‘at_, lit. “the congregation.”
+  Saturday, _Sabtu_, lit. “Sabbath.”
+
+PERIODS OF PRAYER.
+
+  1. _Maghrib_, a few minutes after sunset.
+  2. _‘Isha_, evening, after dark.
+  3. _Subh_, daybreak.
+  4. _Lohor_, or _Dluḥr_, between noon and 1 P.M.
+  5. _Asr_, afternoon, midway between noon and nightfall.
+
+MALAY PHRASES FOR DIVISIONS OF TIME.
+
+  1. _Belum terbang lalat_, “Before the flies are astir,” just before
+      daybreak.
+  2. _Pechah panas_, “When the heat commences,” sun-up.
+  3. _Kĕring ambun_, “When the dew dries,” about 8 A.M.
+  4. _Tengah naik_, “When the sun is half-way,” 9 A.M.
+  5. _Tulih tenggala_, “When the plough is idle.”[1]
+  6. _Tengah hari tĕpat_, “Mid-day exactly,” noon.
+  7. _Rambang_, “Right in the middle” (_i.e._ the sun in the sky), noon.
+  8. _Buntar membayang_, “When the shadows are round” (_i.e._, when your
+      shadow is round your feet), noon.
+  9. _Ber-alis hari_, “When the day changes,” afternoon.
+  10. _Lepas ba‘adah_, and _lepas ba‘adah salah_, “After (Friday’s)
+      prayers (in the mosque),” about 1.30 P.M.
+  11. _Turun kerbau be-rendam_, “When the buffaloes go down to the
+      water,” about 5 P.M.
+  12. _Jindĕra budak_, “When the children have gone to sleep,” about
+      10 P.M.
+
+    [Footnote 1: _Tulih tinggala muda_ is about 9 A.M., and _tulih
+    tinggala tuah_ about 11 A.M.]
+
+
+MALAY PROPER NAMES.
+
+The proper names common to the whole Muhammadan world, many of which are
+Hebrew also, are in use among the Malays. It is common, however, to
+abbreviate them in a manner peculiarly Malay. For example, “Muhammad” is
+shortened to “Mat,” “Ibrahim” becomes “Brahim” and “Him,” and for
+“Isahak,” “Sahak” and “Ak” are often heard.
+
+Certain names are also in use, which, either used by themselves or
+prefixed to other proper names, show the relative seniority of a person
+in his or her family. In Kedah, Penang, &c., three of these are commonly
+used, “_Long_,” “_Ngah_,” and “_Busuk_:”--
+
+  _Long_ is equivalent to _Sulong_, “eldest,”
+  _Ngah_ is equivalent to _Tengah_, “middle,”
+  _Busuk_ is equivalent to _Bongsu_, “youngest.”
+
+In Perak seven of these names are in use:--
+
+  1. _Long._
+  2. _Ngah._
+  3. _Alang._
+  4. _Panjang._
+  5. _Pandah._
+  6. _Uda._
+  7. _Utih._
+
+
+WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
+
+   16 _tahil_,                      1 _kati_.[2]
+  100 _kati_,                       1 _pikul_.
+    3 _pikul_,                      1 _bahara_.
+   40 _pikul_,                      1 _koyan_.
+
+    [Footnote 2: 1 _kati_ = 1 lb. 6 oz. 13 drs.]
+
+GOLDSMITH’S WEIGHT.
+
+  12 _saga_,                        1 _mayam_.
+  16 _mayam_,                       1 _bungkal_.[3]
+  12 _bungkal_,                     1 _kati_.
+
+    [Footnote 3: 1 _bungkal_ = the weight of two Spanish dollars = 832
+    grains.]
+
+CAPACITY.
+
+    4 _chupak_,                     1 _gantang_.[4]
+   10 _gantang_,                    1 _parah_.
+   16 _gantang_,                    1 _nalih_.
+  160 _gantang_,                    1 _kunchah_.
+    5 _kunchah_ or 800 _gantang_    1 _koyan_.
+
+    [Footnote 4: 1 _gantang_ contains 271.65 cubic inches, or 1¼
+    gallons nearly. The standard varies according to locality.]
+
+LINEAR.
+
+   2 _jingkal_ (span),              1 _hasta_ (cubit).
+   2 _hasta_,                       1 _ela_ (yard).
+   4 _hasta_,                       1 _dĕpa_ (fathom).
+   2 _dĕpa_,                        1 _jumba_.
+  20 _jumba_,                       1 _orlong_ (80 yards).
+
+SQUARE MEASURE.
+
+  400 _jumba_,                      1 _orlong_.
+
+The _jumba_ is equal to 144 square feet; the _orlong_ is equal to 6400
+square feet, or about 1⅓ acre (1 acre, 1 rood, 12 perches).
+
+
+MONEY.
+
+The currency in the Straits of Malacca is the Spanish dollar (_ringgit_
+or _real_) divided into cents. A quarter of a dollar (25 cents) is
+called _suku_ (quarter). Local terms are also used to denote fractions
+of the dollar, as in Penang, _kupang_ (= 10 cents), and in Malacca,
+_wang baharu_ (= 2½ cents).
+
+In the native states on the west coast of the peninsula, the currency of
+the British settlements has almost entirely displaced that which was in
+use before. In Perak lumps of tin were formerly current as coin; in
+addition to these Dutch and Spanish silver coins were also employed.
+
+The following are some of the old modes of reckoning:--
+
+TIN COINAGE.
+
+  2 _boya_,     1 _tampang_ (value the 10th part of a dollar).[5]
+  5 _boya_,     1 _bidor_ (value the 4th part of a dollar).
+
+    [Footnote 5: The weight of the _tampang_ (in Perak) was one
+    _kati_. It was a small cubical lump of tin, with a pattern stamped
+    on it. The _bidor_ weighed 2½ _kati_, or the 40th part of a
+    _pikul_.]
+
+SILVER COINS USED IN WEIGHING GOLD.
+
+  2 _penjuru_,  1 _piah_,     weight 1 _mayam_.
+  4 _piah_,     1 _jampal_,   weight 4 _mayam_.
+  2 _jampal_,   1 _real_,     weight 8 _mayam_.
+
+COINS FORMERLY IN USE.
+
+  36 _duit hayam_ (copper),   1 _wang_ (silver).
+   7 _wang_,                  1 _suku_.
+
+
+
+
+PART V.
+
+
+VOCABULARY.
+
+
+  A.
+
+  Abandon, to, _meninggal-kan_.
+  Abase, to, _me-rendah-kan_, _meng-hina-kan_.
+  Able, _larat_, _sămpat_, _buleh_, _lalu_.
+  Abscess, _barah_.
+  Abuse, to, _maki_, _me-maki_.
+  Accept, to, _tĕrima_, _menĕrima_.
+  Accompany, to, _ber-serta_, _ber-sama_, _ber-kawan_, _ber-tĕman_,
+      _menyerta_.
+  Accomplish, to, _habis-kan_, _meng-habis-kan_, _menyampei-kan_,
+      _sudah-kan_, _menyudah-kan_, _sampei hajat_.
+  Accost, to, _tegor_, _siapa-kan_, _meny-apa-kan_.
+  Accounts, _kira-kira_, _hitong-an_, _ bilang-an_.
+  Accuse, to, _tudoh_.
+  Accustomed, _biasa_.
+  Ache, _sakit_, _sakit-an_, _senak_.
+  Acknowledge, to, _aku_, _mengaku_.
+  Acquire, to, _ber-uleh_, _dapat_, _men-dapat_.
+  Act, _buat-an_, _karja_, _pe-karja-an_.
+  Active, _chĕpat_.
+  Add, to, _tambah_, _menambah_;
+    (to cast up), _jumlah-kan_.
+  Adjourn, to, _tangguh_.
+  Admirable, _endah_.
+  Admire, _chengang_.
+  Adopt, to, _angkat_.
+  Adrift, _ter-hanyut_.
+  Adultery, _zinah_.
+  Advantage, _faidah_, _laba_.
+  Adversity, _chelaka_, _bala_, _ka-susahan_.
+  Advice, _peng-ajar-an_.
+  Affair, _perkara_.
+  Affection, _kasih_, _kasih-an_.
+  Afraid, _takut_.
+  Aft, _di burit-an_.
+  After, _lĕpas_, _bĕlakang_.
+  Afterwards, _kemdian_, _ba‘ad_.
+  After-birth, _uri_, _tembuni_.
+  Again, _lagi-sakali_, _pula_, _kambali_.
+  Age, _‘umur_.
+  Agent, _wakil_.
+  Ago, _sudah_.
+  Agree, _janji_, _mufakat_, _sa-tuju_;
+    (suit), _rasi_, _sarasi_.
+  Ague, _demam-kura_.
+  Ahead, _di-hadap-an_, _di-muka_, _di-halu-an_.
+  Aid, _tulong_, _menulong_, _bantu_, _mem-bantu_.
+  Aim, to, _tembak_, _menembak_, _tuju_, _menuju_.
+  Air, _hawa_.
+  Alarmed, _ter-kĕjut_.
+  Alight, _hinggap_.
+  All, _sumua_, _sagala_, _sakali-an_.
+  Allow, _biar_, _bĕri_, _kasih_.
+  Allure, _bujuk_, _mem-bujuk_.
+  Almighty, _maha-kuasa_.
+  Almost, _hampir_, _dĕkat_, _niaris_.
+  Almond, _badam_.
+  Alms, _darma_, _sădăkah_.
+  Aloes-wood, _gaharu_, _kayu-gaharu_.
+  Alone, _sa-orang_, _bujang_, _tunggal_.
+  Also, _juga_.
+  Alter, to, _ubah_, _meng-ubah_, _tukar_, _menukar_.
+  Alum, _tawas_.
+  Always, _sa-lalu_, _sa-nantiasa_, _sa-lama-lama-nia_.
+  Ambassador, _utusan_, _pĕsuroh_.
+  Amid, _di-dalam_, _di-tengah_.
+  Amuse oneself, to, _main_, _main-main_, _ber-main_.
+  Ancestors, _nenek-moyang_.
+  Anchor, an, _sauh_;
+    (anchor, to), _ber-labuh_.
+  Angel, _malaikat_.
+  Anger, _marah_, _ka-marah-an_, _murka_.
+  Angry, _marah_, _murka_, _gĕram_, _hangat-hati_.
+  Animal, _benatang_, _satwa_, _morga_.
+  Ankle, _mata-kaki_, _peng-gĕlang-kaki_.
+  Anklet, _gĕlang-kaki_.
+  Annoy, to, _usik_, _meng-usik_, _bising_.
+  Another, _lain_.
+  Answer, to, _sahut_, _menyahut_, _jawab_, _balas jawab_.
+  Ant, _sĕmut_;
+    (large red), _kĕrangga_;
+    (white), _anei-anei_.
+  Anthill, _pongsu_, _busut_.
+  Antidote, _pĕnawar_.
+  Anvil, _landas_, _landas-an_.
+  Anxiety, _per-chinta-an_.
+  Anxious, _rindu_, _dendam_, _bimbang_, _risau_.
+  Any, _barang_.
+  Apart, _asing_;
+    (with an opening between), _renggang_.
+  Appear, to, _terbit_, _timbul_.
+  Appearance, _rupa_, _sifat_.
+  Apply, to, _pasang_, _kĕna-kan_;
+    (ask), _minta_.
+  Appraise, to, _nilai_.
+  Approach, to, _hampir_, _menghampir_.
+  Arabia, _benua ‘arab_.
+  Arm, _tangan_;
+    (fore-arm), _lengan_.
+  Arm, weapon, _senjata_.
+  Armpit, _katiak_.
+  Army, _balatantra_, _lashkar_.
+  Arrive, to, _sampei_, _tiba_.
+  Arrow, _anak-panah_.
+  Arsenic, _warangan_.
+  Art, _hikmat_, _‘ilmu_.
+  As, _bagei_, _saperti_, _laḳsana_, _macham_.
+  Ascend, to, _naik_, _panjat_;
+    (a river), _mudik_.
+  Ashamed, _malu_, _bermalu_.
+  Ashes, _habu_.
+  Ask, to, _minta_, _pinta_, _pohun_, _me-mohun_;
+    (a question), _tanya_.
+  Asleep, _ber-tidor_, _ber-lena_, _ber-adu_.
+  Ass, _kaldei_.
+  Assault, to, _langgar_, _terkam_, _pukul_, _memukul_.
+  Assay, _uji_.
+  Assemble, to, _impun_, _kumpul_, _kĕrumun_.
+  Assist, to, _tulong_, _bantu_.
+  Astonished, _ter-chengang_.
+  Astray, _sesat_.
+  At, _di_, _pada_.
+  Athwart, _lentang_.
+  Attack, to, _langgar_, _sĕrang_, _men-yĕrang_.
+  Attempt, to, _choba_, _men-choba_.
+  Attire, _pakei-an_.
+  Auction, _lelong_.
+  Audience-hall, _balei_, _balei-ruang_.
+  Auger, _gurdi_.
+  Aunt, _mah_, _mah-sudara_, _mah-pena-kan_.
+  Authority, _kuasa_, _pĕrentah_.
+  Await, to, _me-nanti_.
+  Awake, to, _jaga_, _ber-jaga_;
+    (to arouse), _gĕrak-kan_, _mem-bangket-kan_, _mem-bangun-kan_.
+  Awl, _peng-gorek_, _jara_.
+  Axe, _kapak_.
+
+
+  B.
+
+  Babe, _anak kechil_.
+  Bachelor, _bujang_, _taruna_.
+  Back, _bĕlakang_;
+    (to go --), _pulang_;
+    (to send --), _pulang-kan_.
+  Backward, _segan_, _malas_.
+  Bad, _jahat_.
+  Bag, _karong_, _pundi-pundi_.
+  Bail, _aku-an_, _tanggong-an_.
+  Bait (for fish), _umpan_.
+  Bake, to, _panggang_.
+  Balance (scales), _naracha_;
+    (to weigh), _timbang_;
+    (surplus), _baḳi_.
+  Bald, _botak_.
+  Bale, to, _timba_, _menimba_.
+  Banana, _pisang_.
+  Bank, of a river, _tĕbing_, _baroh_;
+    (shoal), _bĕting_.
+  Bar, _kanching_.
+  Barber, _pen-chukor_, _tukang-chukor_.
+  Bargain, to, _tawar_;
+    (to conclude a bargain), _angkat jual-bĕli_.
+  Bark, of a tree, _kulit-kayu_;
+    (of a dog), _salak_, _menyalak_.
+  Barrel, _pipa_, _tong_;
+    (of a gun), _laras_.
+  Base, _hina_.
+  Basket, _bakul_, _raga_, _kĕranjang_.
+  Bastard, _anak-haram_, _haram-zada_.
+  Bat, _lalawa_, _kalawar_;
+    (flying fox), _kaluang_.
+  Bathe, to, _mandi_, _me-mandi_.
+  Battle, _pĕrang_, _pe-pĕrang-an_.
+  Bawl, to, _tĕriak_, _ber-tĕriak_.
+  Bay, _telok_.
+  Beach, _pantei_, _pasisir_.
+  Beads, _mani-mani_.
+  Beak, of a bird, _paroh_.
+  Beam, of light, _sinar_.
+  Bear, to, (carry), _pikul_, _memikul_;
+    (endure), _tahan_;
+    (ursus), _bĕruang_.
+  Beard, _janggut_.
+  Beast, _benatang_, _satwa_, _morga_.
+  Beat, to, _pukul_, _palu_;
+    (to throb), _dabar_, _ber-dabar_.
+  Beautiful, _bagus_, _elok_, _chantek_, _molek_.
+  Because, _sebab_, _karana_.
+  Beckon, to, _gamit_, _lambei_.
+  Become, to, _jadi_, _menjadi_.
+  Bed, _tampat-tidor_;
+    (bedstead), _katil_, _gĕrai_, _geta_, _pentas_;
+    (bridal), _palamin_.
+  Bee, _lĕbah_.
+  Beef, _daging lumbu_.
+  Beetle, _kumbang_.
+  Before, _mengadap_, _ka-hadap-an_;
+    (in time past), _dahulu_;
+    (ere), _sa belum_.
+  Beg, to, _minta_, _minta sădăkah_.
+  Beginning, _per-mula-an_, _ahwal_, _pangkal_, _asal_.
+  Behaviour, _ka-laku-an_, _pakerti_, _per-angei_.
+  Belch, to, _serdawa_.
+  Believe, to, _perchaya_.
+  Bell, _ganta_, _loching_.
+  Beloved, _kakasih_.
+  Below, _bawah_, _di-bawah_, _ka-bawah_;
+    (under the lee of), _di-olak_.
+  Belt, _tali-pinggang_, _tali-pinding_.
+  Bench, _bangko_.
+  Bend, to, _me-lengkong-kan_;
+    (to incline), _chondong_.
+  Bent, _lengkong_, _bengkok_, _lengkok_.
+  Benevolence, _morah-hati_.
+  Benzoin, _kaminian_.
+  Besprinkle, to, _perchik_, _memerchik_.
+  Bet, to, _ber-taroh_.
+  Betel-nut, _pinang_;
+    (leaf), _sirih_;
+    (stand), _tampat-sirih_, _bujam-sirih_.
+  Betrothed, one that is, _tunang_, _tunang-an_.
+  Better, _lebeh baik_.
+  Between, _antara_, _di-tengah_, _kĕlang-kĕlang_.
+  Beyond, _balik_, _balik-sana_.
+  Bible (the Gospels), _Injil_.
+  Bid, to, _tawar_.
+  Bier, _jănazat_.
+  Big, _besar_.
+  Bind, to, _ikat_.
+  Bird, _burong_.
+  Bird’s-nest, _sarong-burong_.
+  Birth, _per-anak-an_, _ka-jadi-an_.
+  Bite, to, _gigit_;
+    (as a snake), _pagut_.
+  Bitter, _pahit_.
+  Black, _hitam_.
+  Blacksmith, _tukang-bĕsi_.
+  Blade (of a weapon), _mata_.
+  Blame, to, _per-salah-kan_.
+  Blanket, _kamal_, _kamli_, _kain panas_.
+  Blemish, _chachat_.
+  Blessing, _barkat_.
+  Blind, _buta_.
+  Block, pulley, _kapi_.
+  Blood, _darah_.
+  Blossom, _bunga_, _kembang_.
+  Blow, to, (with wind), _hambus_, _tiup_;
+    (through a tube), _sumpit_, _men-yumpit_;
+    (as a flower), _ber-kembang_.
+  Blue, _biru_.
+  Blunderbuss, _pamuras_.
+  Blunt, _tumpul_.
+  Boar, _babi-jantan_.
+  Board, _papan_.
+  Boat, _prahu_, _sampan_.
+  Body, _tuboh_, _salira_, _badan_.
+  Boil, to, _rĕbus_;
+    (rice), _tanak_, _menanak_.
+  Boiling, to be, _mendidik_.
+  Bold, _bĕrani_.
+  Bolt, _kanching_, _penganching_.
+  Bond, _surat per-janji-an, surat piu-tang_.
+  Bone, _tulang_.
+  Book, _surat_;
+    (religious --), _kitab_.
+  Booth, _teratak_, _jambar_, _lengkok_.
+  Bore, to, _korek_, _gorek_, _mengorek_.
+  Borrow, to, _pinjam_, _meminjam_.
+  Bother, _bising_.
+  Bottle, _balang_.
+  Bough, _dahan_, _ranting_.
+  Bound, to, _lompat_, _me-lompat_.
+  Boundary, _per-hingga-an,[1] tumpu-tumpu-an_.
+
+      [Footnote 1: Pronounced _prĕnggan_.]
+
+  Bow, to, (reverence), _tunduk_, _men-unduk_.
+  Bow (weapon), _busar_, _gandiwa_.
+  Bow (of a ship), _halu-an_.
+  Bowels, _pĕrut_, _isi-pĕrut_.
+  Box, _peti_;
+    (small ornamental), _chumbul_, _chelapa_.
+  Box, to, (fight), _tinju_.
+  Brains, _otak_.
+  Branch, _dahan_, _ranting_, _chabang_;
+    (of a river or road), _sempang_, _chabang_.
+  Brass, _tambaga_.
+  Brave, _bĕrani_.
+  Brazen-faced, _muka-papan_.
+  Bread, _roti_.
+  Bread-fruit, _sukun_.
+  Break, to, _pechah_, _patah_, _putus_.
+  Breast, _dada_.
+  Breasts, _susu_, _tetek_.
+  Breath, _nafas_.
+  Breeches, _saluar_, _sarual_.
+  Breed, family, _bangsa_, _asal_.
+  Breeding, manners, _bahasa_, _budi-bahasa_.
+  Breeze, _angin_;
+    (land), _angin-darat_;
+    (sea), _angin-laut_.
+  Bribe, _suap_.
+  Brick, _bata_, _batu-bata_.
+  Bride, _pengantin_.
+  Bridegroom, _mempelei_.
+  Bridge, _titi_, _jambatan_, _gerta_;
+    (of the nose), _batang-hidong_.
+  Bridle, _kang_, _kakang_, _lagam_ (Hindustani).
+  Bright, _tĕrang_, _chaya_.
+  Bring, to, _bawa_;
+    (out), _kaluar-kan_.
+  Broad, _lebar_, _luas_.
+  Broad-cloth, _sahalat_.
+  Broil, to, _panggang_.
+  Broken, _ter-pechah_, _ter-patah_, _ter-putus_.
+  Brooch, _krosang_.
+  Broom, _penyapu_.
+  Brother, _sudara_;
+    (elder), _abang_;
+    (younger), _adek_.
+  Brother-in-law, _ipar_.
+  Brow, _dahi_;
+    (eye --), _kening_.
+  Bruise, _lebam_.
+  Brush, to, _sikat-kan_, _menyapu_.
+  Brushwood, _semak_.
+  Bucket, _timba_, _tong_.
+  Buckle, _kanching_, _pinding_.
+  Bud, of a flower, _kutum_, _kuntum_;
+    (of a leaf), _tunas_.
+  Buffalo, _kerbau_.
+  Bug, _pijat-pijat_.
+  Build, to, _men-diri-kan_, _bangun-kan_, _buat_, _mem-buat_.
+  Bull, _lumbu jantan_.
+  Bullet, _peluru_.
+  Bunch (of fruit), _tandan_.
+  Bundle, _bungkus_, _baban_.
+  Burial-place, _kuburan_, _kandang_, _kĕramat_.
+  Burn, to, _bakar_, _hangus_.
+  Bury, to, _tanam_, _menanam_, _kubur-kan_, _simpan mayat_.
+  Bush, _pokok_, _semak_.
+  Business, _karja_, _pe-karja-an_.
+  But, _tetapi_.
+  Butt, target, _sasar_, _sasar-an_.
+  Butter, _mantega_.
+  Butterfly, _kupu-kupu_, _rama-rama_.
+  Button, _kanching_.
+  Buy, to, _bĕli_.
+  By and by, _sa-buntar lagi_.
+
+
+  C.
+
+  Cabbage, _kobis_.
+  Cable, _tali-sauh_.
+  Cage, _sangkar_, _sangkar-an_, _kurong-an_.
+  Cake, _penganan_, _kueh_.
+  Calculate, to, _kira_, _hitong_, _bilang_.
+  Calf, _anak lumbu_;
+    (of the leg), _jantong-betis_.
+  Calico, _kain kalamkari_.
+  Call, to, _panggil_.
+  Calm, _tenang_, _tedoh_.
+  Calumny, _fitnah_.
+  Camel, _unta_.
+  Camphor, _kapur-barus_.
+  Can, _buleh_, _sampat_, _lalu_.
+  Canal, _salur-an_, _parit_.
+  Cancel, to, _hapus_, _baṭal-kan_.
+  Candle, _dian_, _lilin_.
+  Candlestick, _kaki-dian_.
+  Cane, walking-stick, _rotan_, _tongkat_.
+  Cannon, _mariam_.
+  Canoe, _jalor_, _sagor_, _sampan golek_.
+  Canopy, _langit-langit_.
+  Canvas, _kain laiar_.
+  Cap, _kopiah_.
+  Cape, _tanjong_.
+  Capon, _hayam kambiri_.
+  Capsicum, _chabei_, _lada-merah_, _lada-china_.
+  Captain of a ship, _juragan_, _nakhoda_.
+  Captive, _tawan_.
+  Carcass, _bangkei_.
+  Cards, playing, _daun chiki_, _daun pakau_.
+  Cardamum, _kapulaga_.
+  Care, to take, _ingat_, _jaga_;
+    (anxiety), _per-chinta-an_, _susah hati_.
+  Careless, _lalei_.
+  Cargo, _muat-an_.
+  Carpenter, _tukang kayu_.
+  Carpet, _permadani_.
+  Carriage, _kreta_.
+  Carry, to, _bawa_, _membawa_;
+    (a load), _pikul_, _memikul_;
+    (under the arm), _kepit_;
+    (on the back or hip), _du-kong_;
+    (on the open hand), _tatang_;
+    (with the fingers), _bibit_;
+    (on the head), _junjong_;
+    (on the shoulder), _kilik_;
+    (in the girdle), _gendong_;
+    (on a stretcher), _usong_.
+  Cart, _pedati_, _kreta_.
+  Carve, to, _ukir_.
+  Cascade, _ayer terjun_, _ayer lata_.
+  Cash, _wang tunei_.
+  Cashew-apple, _jangsus_, _gajus_.
+  Cask, _pipa_, _tong_.
+  Cast, to, (fling), _lempar_, _lotar_;
+    (shed), _tanggal-kan_.
+  Casting-net, _jala_.
+  Castor-oil, _minyak jarak_.
+  Cat, _kuching_.
+  Catch, to, _tangkap_, _menangkap_.
+  Caterpillar, _ulat_.
+  Cause, _sabab_, _karana_.
+  Cave, _goah_.
+  Cede, to, _sĕrah_, _menyĕrah_.
+  Celebrated, _megah_, _mashur_.
+  Censer, _perasap_.
+  Census, _banchi_.
+  Centipede, _lipan_, _alipan_.
+  Centre, _per-tengah-an_, _pusat_.
+  Certain, _tuntu_.
+  Certainly, _naschaya_, _tuntu_, _sunggoh-sunggoh_.
+  Certify, to, _menuntu-kan_, _menyata-kan_.
+  Chafe, to (shampoo), _urut_.
+  Chaff, _sekam_.
+  Chain, _rantei_.
+  Chair, _krusi_.
+  Chalk, _kapur_.
+  Challenge, to (as a sentry), _tegor_, _menyapa-kan_.
+  Chamber, _bilek_.
+  Chance, _untong_, _nasib_.
+  Change, to, _tukar_, _menukar_, _ubah_, _ber-ubah_;
+    (clothes), _salin-kan_;
+    (turns), _gilir_, _men-gilir_.
+  Chapter, _perkara_, _fasal_.
+  Character, _pakerti_.
+  Charcoal, _arang_.
+  Charge, to (accuse), _tudoh_.
+  Charity, _sădăkah_.
+  Charm, spell, _mantra_, _jampi_;
+    (to wear), _‘azimat_, _tangkal_.
+  Chase, to, _hambat_, _kejar_;
+    (hunt), _buru_.
+  Chat, to, _ber-buwei_.
+  Cheap, _morah_.
+  Cheat, to, _tipu_, _kechek_.
+  Cheek, _pipi_.
+  Cheese, _panir_ (Hind.), _keju_ (Dutch).
+  Chess, _chatur_.
+  Chest, box, _peti_, _saharah_;
+    (thorax), _dada_.
+  Chew, to, _mamak_.
+  Chicken, _anak hayam_.
+  Chief, headman, _orang besar_, _datoh_, _peng-hulu_.
+  Child, _anak_.
+  Chin, _dagu_.
+  Chintz, _kain chit_.
+  Chisel, _pahat_.
+  Choke, to, _lemas_;
+    (throttle), _chĕkek_.
+  Choose, to, _pileh_.
+  Chop, to, _chinchang_.
+  Christ, _Nabi Isa_.
+  Christian, _Nasarani_, _Sarani_.
+  Chronicle, _charitra_, _hakayat_.
+  Church, _greja_.
+  Cinder, _bara_.
+  Cinnamon, _kayu-manis_.
+  Circumcise, to, _sunat-kan_.
+  Circumcision, _sunat_, _khatan_.
+  Citron, _limau_, _jeruk_.
+  City, _negri_.
+  Civil, _ber-budi_.
+  Civility, _adab_, _supan_.
+  Civet-cat, _musang jebat_.
+  Clasp, to, _peluk_, _memeluk_, _dakap_.
+  Claw, _kuku_;
+    (talon), _chakar_.
+  Clay, _tanah-liat_.
+  Clean, _bersih_, _suchi_.
+  Clear, _tĕrang_, _hening_, _jerneh_.
+  Cleave, to, (split), _bĕlah_.
+  Clerk, _juru-tulis_, _kĕrani_.
+  Clever, _pandei_.
+  Climb, to, _panjat_, _daki_;
+    (as a plant), _me-lata_.
+  Clock, _jam_.
+  Close, to, _tutup_, _rapat-kan_, _menutup-kan_.
+  Cloth, _kain_.
+  Clothes, _pakei-an_.
+  Cloud, _awan_, _pokok_.
+  Cloudy, _redup_.
+  Clove, _bunga-chingkei_, _bunga-lawang_.
+  Coal, _batu-arang_;
+    (live), _bara_.
+  Coarse, _kasar_.
+  Coast, _pantei_, _pasisir_.
+  Coat, _baju_.
+  Coax, to, _bujuk_, _mem-bujuk_.
+  Cobweb, _sarang lawa-lawa_.
+  Cock, _hayam-jantan_, _hayam-kukuh_.
+  Cock’s-comb, _balong_.
+  Cockfight, _sabong_, _menyabong_.
+  Cockpit, _galanggang_.
+  Cockroach, _lipas_.
+  Cocoanut, _nior_, _kalapa_;
+    (shell), _tempurong_;
+    (husk), _sabut_;
+    (emulsion), _santan_;
+    (oil), _miniak kalapa_.
+  Coffee, _kahwah_.
+  Coffin, _karanda_, _lang_.
+  Coil, to, _lilit_.
+  Cold, _sejuk_;
+    (in the head), _sardi_ (Hind.), _selesimah_.
+  Collar, _leher_.
+  Collect, to, _impun_, _kumpul_.
+  Colour, _warna_.
+  Comb, _sisir_, _sikat_;
+    (to comb the hair), _kirai_.
+  Combine, to, _pakat_, _mufakat_.
+  Come, to, _mari_, _datang_;
+    (in), _masok_.
+  Comet, _bintang-ber-ekor_.
+  Comfort, _hibor_.
+  Command, to, _suroh_, _titah_.
+  Commission, to, _pasan_.
+  Common, _ka-baniak-an_.
+  Compact, _per-janji-an_.
+  Companion, _teman_, _kawan_, _taulan_.
+  Compare, to, _banding-kan_.
+  Compass, mariner’s, _pandoman_.
+  Compasses, _jangka_.
+  Compassion, _kasihan_, _bĕlas_, _rahamat_.
+  Compensate, to, _balas_, _mem-balas_.
+  Complain, to, _adu_, _meng-adu_.
+  Complaint, _peng-adu-an_.
+  Complete, to, _semporna-kan_.
+  Complexion, _sri-muka_, _ayer-muka_.
+  Compliments, _tabek_.
+  Compose, to, _karang_, _mengarang_.
+  Concern, _karja_, _perkara_.
+  Concubine, _gundik_.
+  Condemn, to, _hukum-kan_.
+  Condiment, _lauk_, _sambal_, _hulam_.
+  Conduct, _ka-laku-an_.
+  Conduct, to (lead by the hand), _pimpin_.
+  Confess, to, _meng-aku_.
+  Confiscate, to, _rampas_.
+  Confront, to, _sa-muka-kan_.
+  Confused, _ter-kachau_.
+  Confusion, _haru-hara_.
+  Congregation, _juma‘a_.
+  Conjure, to, _sulap_.
+  Conjuror, _penyulap_.
+  Conquer, to, _menang_, _alah-kan_.
+  Consent, to, _turut_.
+  Consider, to, _kenang_.
+  Constable, _mata-mata_.
+  Contagious, _ber-jangkit_.
+  Contend, to, _lawan_.
+  Content, _puas_, _puas-hati_.
+  Contents, _isi_.
+  Contraband, _larang-an_.
+  Contract, _per-janji-an_.
+  Contradict, to, _lawan chakap_, _ber-tingkar_.
+  Convalescent, _semboh_, _betah_.
+  Convenient, _patut_, _senang_.
+  Convert, _martad_.
+  Convulsions, _sawan_.
+  Cook, to, _masak_, _memasak_;
+    (boil rice), _tanak_, _menanak_.
+  Cool, _sejuk_.
+  Copper, _tambaga_.
+  Copy, _salin_, _tiru_;
+    (model), _teladan_.
+  Coral (rock), _karang_;
+    (precious), _marjan_.
+  Cord, _tali_.
+  Cork (stopper), _sumbat_, _penyum-bat_.
+  Coriander, _katumbar_.
+  Corner, _chĕroh_, _buchuk_, _penjuru_.
+  Corpse, _mayat_.
+  Cost, _harga_.
+  Cot, _katil_.
+  Cotton, _kapas_, _kabu-kabu_.
+  Cough, _batok_.
+  Council, _majlis_.
+  Count, _hitong_, _bilang_, _kira_.
+  Counterfeit, _lanchong_, _pura-pura_.
+  Country, _benua_, _negri_.
+  Couple, _sa-pasang_, _sa-jodo_.
+  Course (direction), _arah_, _tuju_.
+  Court, _balei-bichara_.
+  Cousin, _sa-pupu_.
+  Cover, to, _tudong_.
+  Covetous, _kikir_, _loba_, _haloba_.
+  Covey, _kawan_.
+  Cow, _lumbu-betina_.
+  Coward, _penyakut_.
+  Crab, _ketam_, _kapiting_.
+  Crack, _retak_.
+  Cradle, _buayan_.
+  Cramp, _semut-semut-an_;
+    (in the stomach), _senak_.
+  Crawl, to, _merangkah_.
+  Cream, _kapala-susu_.
+  Create, to, _men-jadi-kan_.
+  Creation, _ka-jadi-an_.
+  Creep, to, _lata_, _me-lata_.
+  Crevice, _chĕlah_.
+  Crew, _anak prahu_.
+  Cricket, _chingkrek_, _riyang_.
+  Crocodile, _buaya_.
+  Crop, to (cut off), _kĕrat-kan_, _me-rampong_.
+  Crooked, _bengkok_, _lengkok_;
+    (winding), _ber-kelo-kelo_.
+  Cross (sulky), _merajuk_, _muka-masam_.
+  Cross, to (water), _menyabĕrang_.
+  Crossed (lying across), _ter-lentang_;
+    (having lines crossing), _ber-silang-silang_.
+  Cross-road, _sempang_.
+  Crow, _gagak_;
+    (crow, to), _ber-kuku_.
+  Crown, _makuta_;
+    (of the head), _ubun-ubun_.
+  Cruel, _bingis_.
+  Crush, to, _hanchur_.
+  Cry, to, _menangis_, _ber-tĕriak_.
+  Cucumber, _timun_.
+  Cultivate, to, _tanam_, _buat_.
+  Cultivation, _tanam-tanam-an_.
+  Cunning, _cherdek_.
+  Cup, _mangkok_.
+  Curd, _dadeh_.
+  Cure (remedy), _ubat_, _penawar_;
+    (cure, to), _semboh-kan_.
+  Curious, _endah_, _pĕlik_.
+  Curly, as hair, _kerenting_.
+  Current, _harus_.
+  Curry, _gulei_, _lauk_.
+  Curse, a, _per-sumpah-an_;
+    (curse, to), _sumpah-kan_.
+  Curtain, _tirei_, _tabir_;
+    (mosquito), _kalambu_.
+  Curved, _bengkok_, _lengkok_.
+  Cushion, _bantal_, _chiau_.
+  Custard-apple, _sri-kaya_.
+  Custom, _‘adat_;
+    (excise), _chukei_.
+  Cut, to, _potong_, _kĕrat_, _tetas_;
+    (fell trees), _tebang_;
+    (underwood), _tebas_;
+    (a wound), _luka_, _liang_.
+  Cymbals, _cherachap_.
+  Cypher, _angka_.
+
+
+  D.
+
+  Dagger, _kris_.
+  Daily, _sa-hari-hari_.
+  Damaged, _rosak_.
+  Damask (on a weapon), _pamur_.
+  Damp, _basah_, _lembab_.
+  Dance, to, _tari_, _menari_.
+  Dancer (public), _joget_.
+  Dandriff, _daki_.
+  Danger, _bahaya_.
+  Dare, to, _bĕrani_.
+  Dark, _gĕlap_, _kĕlam_.
+  Darn, to, _sutam_, _menyulam_.
+  Dash against, to, _banting_.
+  Date, _tarikh_;
+    (fruit), _kurma_.
+  Daughter, _anak perampuan_;
+    (in law), _menantu perampuan_.
+  Dawn, _cherah_, _dina-hari_.
+  Day, _hari_;
+    (daylight), _siang_;
+    (day and night), _siang malam_;
+    (daybreak), _fajr_, _dina-hari_;
+    (day of judgment), _hari ḳiamat_.
+  Dead, _mati_, _mampus_;
+    (of a royal personage), _mangkat_.
+  Deaf, _tuli_, _pekak_.
+  Dear, _kakasih_;
+    (costly), _mahal_.
+  Death, _ka-mati-an_, _maut_.
+  Debt, _hutang_, _piutang_.
+  Debtor, _orang ber-hutang_.
+  Decayed, _reput_, _busuk_.
+  Deceive, to, _tipu_, _menipu_.
+  Declare, to, _menyatakan_.
+  Decree, _ḥukum_.
+  Deed, _buat-an_, _per-karja-an_.
+  Deep, _dalam_.
+  Deer, _rusa_;
+    (mouse-deer), _pelan-duk_.
+  Defeat, to, _alah-kan_.
+  Defile, to, _kotor-kan_, _chamar-kan_.
+  Degree, _pangkat_, _martabat_.
+  Deity, _tuhan_, _Allah_;
+    (Hindu), _dewa_, _dewata_.
+  Delay, _lambat_.
+  Delegate, to, _wakil-kan_.
+  Delirious, to be, _ber-igau-igau_, _meng-igau_.
+  Deliver up, to, _sĕrah_, _menyĕrah_.
+  Deluge, _bah_, _ayer bah._.
+  Demand, to, (claim), _tuntut_, _menuntut_.
+  Demon, _hantu_, _bota_, _jin_.
+  Dented, _sumbing_.
+  Deny, to, _sangkal_, _menyangkal_, _mungkir_.
+  Depart, to, _pergi_, _ber-angkat_.
+  Dependency, _jajahan_, _ta‘aluk_.
+  Deposit, to, _taroh_, _kirim_.
+  Depth, _dalam_.
+  Descend, to, _turun_, _menurun_.
+  Descent, _turun-an_, _ka-turun-an_.
+  Desert, _gurun_, _hutan_;
+    (merit), _pa-hala_.
+  Design, desire, _kahandak_.
+  Despair, _putus harap_.
+  Despise, to, _meng-hina-kan_.
+  Destroy, to, _binasa_.
+  Devil, _sheitan_, _iblis_.
+  Devour, to, _makan_, _makan habis_;
+    (swallow), _telan_.
+  Dew, _ambun_.
+  Dial-bird, _morai_.
+  Diagonal, _lentang-bujor_.
+  Dialect, _bahasa_, _chara_.
+  Diamond, _intan_.
+  Diarrhœa, _chirit_.
+  Die, to, _mati_, _mampus_;
+    (of a Mussulman), _pulang ka rahmat Allah_, lit. returned to the
+      mercy of God.
+  Differ, to, _ber-lain_, _ber-beda_.
+  Difference, _per-lain-an_, _beda_, _per-beda-an_, _pewat_.
+  Different, _lain_.
+  Difficult, _payah_, _susah_.
+  Dig, to, _gali_, _korek_.
+  Dim, _kĕlam_, _kabur_.
+  Dip, to, (in a condiment for eating), _chichah_;
+    (to dye), _chelup_.
+  Direct, straight, _betul_, _lurus_.
+  Dirt, _chamar_, _sampah_.
+  Disappear, to, _liniap_, _hilang_, _ghraib_.
+  Discard, to, _tolak-kan_.
+  Discharge, to, _me-lepas-kan_.
+  Disciple, _murid_.
+  Discover, to, _dapat_, _men-dapat_.
+  Disease, _penyakit_.
+  Disembark, to, _naik darat_.
+  Disgraceful, _keji_.
+  Disguise, _samar_.
+  Dish (china-ware), _piring_, _pinggan_;
+    (native, of metal), _cheper_, _hidan-gan_.
+  Disloyal, _derhaka_.
+  Dismiss, to, _buang_, _me-lepas-kan_, _kaluar-kan_.
+  Disorder, _haru-hara_.
+  Dispersed, _pechah-bĕlah_.
+  Dissolve, to, _luluh_, _hanchur_.
+  Distant, _jauh_.
+  Distil, to, _kukus_.
+  Distinct, _tĕrang_.
+  Distress, _ka-susah-an_.
+  District, _mukim_, _dairah_.
+  Ditch, _parit_.
+  Dive, to, _selam_, _menyelam_.
+  Divide, to, _membahagi_.
+  Divine, to, _teleh_, _meneleh_, _tenung_.
+  Divorce, _cherei_;
+    (to divorce), _cherei-kan_;
+    (to be divorced), _ber-cherei_.
+  Dizzy, _pening_.
+  Do, to, _buat_, _mem-buat_.
+  Doctor, _bomor_, _tukang ubat_.
+  Dog, _anjing_.
+  Dollar, _ringgit_.
+  Done, finished, _sudah_.
+  Door, _pintu_.
+  Doubt, _shak_, _khuatir_.
+  Doubtful, _tiada tuntu_.
+  Dove, _tekukur_, _balam_.
+  Draft, of a document, _ranchana_.
+  Drag, to, _hela_, _herut_, _seret_.
+  Dragon, _naga_.
+  Dragon’s blood, _jernang_.
+  Dragon-fly, _bari-bari_.
+  Drain, _parit_, _saluran_.
+  Draw, to, (pull), _tarik_, _hela_.
+  Dream, _mimpi_.
+  Dress, _pakei-an_.
+  Drift, to, _hanyut_.
+  Drill, _baris_.
+  Drink, to, _minum_.
+  Drive, to, (a carriage), _lari-kan kreta_;
+    (away), _halau_, _halau-kan_.
+  Drop, _titek_.
+  Drop, to, (as a fluid), _menitek_;
+    (to fall prematurely), _gugur_;
+    (as ripe fruit), _luroh_;
+    (to let fall), _labuh-kan_.
+  Drought, _kamarau_.
+  Drown, to, _lemas_.
+  Drum, _gendang_, _rabana_.
+  Drunk, _mabuk_.
+  Dry, _kĕring_.
+  Dry, to, _jemur_.
+  Duck, _itek_.
+  Due, proper, _patut_.
+  Due, tribute, _chukei_.
+  Dumb, _bisa_, _kelu_.
+  Dung (manure), _baja_.
+  Dust, _habu_.
+  Duty, import, _chukei_, _hasil_.
+  Dwarf, _chabul_.
+  Dwell, to, _diam_, _tinggal_.
+  Dye, to, _chelup_.
+  Dysentery, _chirit-darah_.
+
+
+  E.
+
+  Each, _masing-masing_.
+  Ear, _telinga_.
+  Ear-ring, _kĕrabu_, _anting-anting_;
+    (worn by unmarried girls), _subang_.
+  Early, _siang_.
+  Earnest-money, _panjar_, _chinkĕram_.
+  Earth, _tanah_, _bumi_.
+  Earthenware, _tembikar_.
+  Earthquake, _gumpa_.
+  Earth-oil, _miniak tanah_.
+  Earthworm, _chaching_.
+  East, _mata-hari naik_, _timur_.
+  Easy, _mudah_.
+  Eat, to, _makan_;
+    (of a royal personage), _santap_.
+  Ebb, _surut_.
+  Ebony, _kayu-arang_.
+  Eclipse, _grahana_.
+  Economical, _jimat_.
+  Edge, _tepi_;
+    (sharp), _mata_.
+  Educate, to, _pelehra_, _ajar_.
+  Eel, _bĕlut_.
+  Egg, _tĕlor_.
+  Egg-plant, _tĕrong_.
+  Elbow, _siku_.
+  Elder brother, _abang_.
+  Elder sister, _kakak_.
+  Eldest child, _sulong_.
+  Elephant, _gajah_;
+    (howdah), _kop_;
+    (goad), _kuasa_;
+    (driver), _gambala gajah_;
+    (paniers), _rengka_;
+    (hobbles), _sengkăla_;
+    (tusk), _gading_;
+    (trunk), _belalei_.
+  Elephantiasis, _untut_.
+  Embankment, _batas_.
+  Embark, to, _naik kapal_.
+  Embrace, to, _peluk_, _dakap_.
+  Embroider, to, _soji_.
+  Emerald, _zamrud_.
+  Emissary, _penyuroh_.
+  Empty, _kosong_, _hampa_.
+  Employment, _per-karja-an_.
+  Enclosed, _ber-keliling_.
+  End, _ka-sudah-an_.
+  Endeavour, to, _choba_.
+  Endure, to, _tahan_.
+  Enemy, _musoh_, _satru_.
+  Enmity, _binchi-an_.
+  Enough, _sudah_, _chukup_.
+  Enigma, _tekak-teki_.
+  Enquire, to, _tanya_, _păreksa_.
+  Entangled, _ter-sangkut_.
+  Enter, to, _masok_.
+  Entertain, to (offer hospitality), _men-jamu_.
+  Entertainment (feast), _jamu-an_, _kanduri_.
+  Entrails, _isi-pĕrut_.
+  Envelop, to, _balut_.
+  Envy, _dingki_.
+  Epilepsy, _sawan-babi_.
+  Equal, _sama_, _sa-tara_.
+  Equally, _sama-rata_.
+  Equip, to, _langkap_.
+  Erase, to, _kikis_, _parang_.
+  Erect, to, _mem-bangket-kan_.
+  Escape, to, _lari_;
+    (flee from danger), _melari-kan niawa_, _membawa diri_.
+  Escort to, _antar-kan_.
+  Establish, to, _me-letak-kan_, _men-diri-kan_, _tegoh-kan_.
+  Esteem, to (prize), _endah-kan_.
+  Estimate, _nilai_.
+  Estuary, _kuala_.
+  Eternity, _kakal_, _baḳa_.
+  Even (of numbers), _ganap_;
+    (level), _rata_.
+  Even, likewise, _juga_, _pun_.
+  Evening, _pĕtang_.
+  Ever, _pernah_.
+  Evidence, _ka-niata-an_.
+  Evil, _jahat_, _nakal_.
+  Evil, calamity, _mara-bahaya_, _bala_, _chelaka_.
+  Ewe, _kambing-betina_.
+  Exalt, to, _per-tinggi-kan_, _mem-besar-kan_.
+  Examine, to, _păreksa_.
+  Example, _teladan_.
+  Exceed, to, _lampau_, _lalu-i_.
+  Except, _hania_, _me-lain-kan_.
+  Excess, surplus, _ka-lebeh-an_.
+  Exchange, to, _tukar-kan_.
+  Expect, to, _me-nanti-kan_.
+  Expensive, _mahal_.
+  Extend, to, _panjang-kan_, _lanjut-kan_.
+  Extensive, _lapang_, _luas_.
+  Extinguish, to, _padam-kan_.
+  Eye, _mata_;
+    (ball), _biji-mata_;
+    (brow), _kĕning_;
+    (lid), _kĕlopak-mata_.
+
+
+  F.
+
+  Fable, _cheritra_, _hakayat_.
+  Face, _muka_.
+  Fade, to _layu_, _ber-layu_.
+  Fail, to (in business), _jatoh_.
+  Faint, weak, _leteh_;
+    (swoon), _pengsan_.
+  Fair, just, _betul_.
+  Faith, _iman_.
+  Fall, to, _jatoh_;
+    (to cause to fall), _jatoh-kan_;
+    (to drop spontaneously), _luroh_, _gugur_;
+    (to tumble down), _rĕbah_, _tumbang_.
+  False, _bohong_, _dusta_.
+  Famed, _megah_, _mashur_.
+  Family, _isi-rumah_;
+    (stock, lineage), _bangsa_, _kaum_.
+  Famine, _ka-lapar-an_.
+  Fan, _kipas_; to fan, _kirap_.
+  Far, _jauh_.
+  Farewell, _salamat tinggal_.
+  Farm (of public revenues), _pajak_.
+  Fast (quickly), _lakas_;
+    (swift), _laju_;
+    (abstinence), _puasa_.
+  Fasten, to, _ikat_, _tambat_.
+  Fat (plump), _gumok_, _tumbun_;
+    (grease), _lemak_.
+  Fate, _nasib_, _ajal_.
+  Father, _bapa_, _ayah_;
+    (step), _bapa-tiri_;
+    (in-law), _mentuah_.
+  Fathom, _depa_.
+  Fatigued, _panat_, _lelah_.
+  Fault, _salah_, _ka-salah-an_.
+  Favour, _kasih-an_;
+    (royal), _karunia_, _anugrah_.
+  Fear, _takut_.
+  Feast, _kanduri_, _per-jamu-an._
+  Feather, _bulu_.
+  Features, _paras_.
+  Fee, _upah_, _faidah_.
+  Feeble, _lemah_, _leteh_.
+  Feed, to, _bĕri makan_, _suap-kan_.
+  Feel, to (touch), _raba_, _jamah_, _jabat_.
+  Feint, _pura-pura_.
+  Fell, to, _tĕbang_.
+  Female, _perampuan_, _betina_.
+  Fence, _pagar_.
+  Fern, _paku_.
+  Ferry, _tambang_.
+  Ferryboat, _prahu tambang_.
+  Festival, _hari-besar_, _hari-raya_.
+  Fetch, to, _ambil_, _bawa_, _jemput_.
+  Fever, _demam_.
+  Field, _padang_;
+    (wet rice), _sawah_, _bendang_.
+  Fierce, _garang_.
+  Fig, _buah ara_.
+  Fight, to, _ber-kalahi_;
+    (of animals), _ber-laga_;
+    (of cocks), _sabong_.
+  File, _kikir_.
+  Fill, to, _penoh-kan_, _isi-kan_.
+  Filter, to, _tapis_.
+  Fin, _sirip_.
+  Find, to, _dapat_.
+  Fine (elegant), _bagus_, _elok_;
+    (not coarse), _halus_.
+  Fine (amercement), _denda_.
+  Finger, _jari_.
+  Finish, to, _habis-kan_, _menyudah-kan_.
+  Finished, _habis_, _sudah_.
+  Fire, _api_.
+  Fire-fly, _kĕlip-kĕlip_.
+  Firewood, _kayu-api_.
+  Firm, _kukuh_.
+  First, _mula-mula_, _pertama_.
+  Fish, _ikan_; (fish, to), _panching_, _memanching_, _mengail_;
+    (with artificial bait), _kachor_.
+  Fish-hook, _kail_;
+    (line), _tali-kail_.
+  Fist, _tinju_.
+  Fit, _patut_, _harus_, _wajib_;
+    (seizure), _pitam_.
+  Flag, _bandera_;
+    (staff), _tiang-bandera_.
+  Flame, _niala_.
+  Flannel, _kain-panas_.
+  Flash, _kilat_.
+  Flat, _cheper_;
+    (level), _rata_.
+  Flay, to, _kupas_, _kelupas_.
+  Flea, _kutu anjing_.
+  Fleece, _bulu-kambing_.
+  Fleet, _angkat-an_.
+  Flesh, _daging_, _isi_.
+  Fling, to, _baling_, _lempar_, _lotar_;
+    (down), _champak_.
+  Flint, _batu api_.
+  Float, to, _timbul_, _hanyut_.
+  Flock, _kawan_.
+  Flog, to, _pukul_, _gasak_.
+  Floor, _lantei_.
+  Flour, _tepong_.
+  Flow, to, _leleh_, _meleleh_;
+    (as a river), _alir_, _mengalir_;
+    (of the tide), _pasang_.
+  Flower, _bunga_.
+  Fly, _lalat_;
+    (horse-), _pikat_;
+    (eye-), _kakoroh_;
+    (fly, to), _terbang_.
+  Foam, _buih_.
+  Fog, _kabut_.
+  Fold (a pen), _kandang_;
+    (fold, to), _lipat_.
+  Follow, to, _ikut_, _turut_.
+  Food, _makan-an_.
+  Foolish, _bodoh_, _gila_.
+  Foot, _kaki_;
+    (sole of the), _tapak kaki_.
+  Football, _sepak raga_.
+  For, _akan_, _pada_;
+    (because), _karana_.
+  For fear, lest, _takut_.
+  Forbid, to, _larang_.
+  Force, _kuasa_, _kuat_;
+    (to use --), _kuat-kan_, _kĕras-i_.
+  Ford, to (wade), _merandau_.
+  Fordable, shallow, _changkat_, _tohor_.
+  Foreigner, _orang dagang_, _anak dagang_.
+  Forehead, _dahi_.
+  Foreskin, _kulup_.
+  Forest, _rimba_.
+  Forfeited, _luchut_.
+  Forget, to, _lupa_, _lupa-kan_.
+  Forgive, to, _ampun-kan_, _ma‘af-kan_.
+  Forgiveness, _ampun_, _ma‘af_.
+  Fork, _garfu_, _penyuchuk_.
+  Form, _rupa_.
+  Former times, _dahulu kala_.
+  Fornication, _ber-kendak_.
+  Forsake, to, _tinggal-kan_.
+  Fort, _kota_.
+  Fortunate, _mujur_, _tuah_.
+  Fortune, _untong_, _nasib_.
+  Foundation, _kaki tembok_, _alas rumah_.
+  Founder, to, _karam_.
+  Fountain, spring, _mata ayer_.
+  Fowl, _hayam_.
+  Fragment, _sa-patah_, _sa-kĕrat_.
+  Frankincense, _kaminiau_.
+  Free, _bebas_.
+  Freed, _mardahika_.
+  Freeze, to, _băku_.
+  Frequent, _kĕrap_.
+  Fresh, new, _baharu_;
+    (of water), _tawar_.
+  Friend, _sahabat_.
+  Fright, _ka-takut-an_.
+  Frighten, _menyakut-kan_.
+  Fringe, _jala-jala_, _daun budi_.
+  Frog, _katak_, _kodok_.
+  From, _deri_, _deri-pada_.
+  Front, _hadap-an_.
+  Froth, _buih_.
+  Fruit, _buah_.
+  Fry, to, _goreng_, _rendang_.
+  Fulfil, to, _sampei-kan_, _semporna-kan_.
+  Full, _pĕnuh_.
+  Full-moon, _pernama bulan_.
+  Fun, _lawak-lawak_, _ber-suka-suka-an_.
+  Fund, capital, _modal_.
+  Funnel, _chorot_.
+  Furnace, _dapur_, _ralau_.
+
+
+  G.
+
+  Gain, _laba_, _faidah_.
+  Gale, _ribut_.
+  Gall, _ampadu_.
+  Gamble, to, _judi_, _men-judi_.
+  Game, _per-main-an_.
+  Game-cock, _hayam sabong_.
+  Gaol, _panjara_.
+  Gape, to, _nganga_.
+  Garden, _kabun_;
+    (flower), _taman_.
+  Garlic, _bawang puteh_.
+  Gasp, to, _menguap_.
+  Gate, _pintu_, _kerbang_.
+  Gate-keeper, _penunggu-pintu_.
+  Gather, to (pluck), _kutib_, _petik_;
+    (pick up), _pungut_;
+    (assemble), _ber-kumpul_, _ber-impun_.
+  Gaze, to, _renong_.
+  Gem, _permata_.
+  Generous, _morah-hati_.
+  Gentle, _lembut_, _manis_.
+  Get, to, _dapat_, _men-dapat-kan_.
+  Get up, to, _bangket_, _bangun_.
+  Ghost, _hantu_.
+  Giddy, _pening_.
+  Gift, _hadia_, _pem-bĕri-an_.
+  Gild, to, _chelop_, _sador_.
+  Gills, of a fish, _isang_.
+  Gimlet, _gurdi_.
+  Ginger, _halia_.
+  Girdle, _tali-pinggang_.
+  Girl, _budak_.
+  Girth, _tali-pĕrut_.
+  Give, to, _bĕri_, _kasih_;
+    (back), _pulang-kan_, _membalik-kan_.
+  Gizzard, _ampedal_.
+  Glad, _suka_, _suka-chita_.
+  Glass, _kacha_.
+  Glean, to, _pungut_.
+  Glitter, to, _kilau_, _mengilau_.
+  Glorious, _mulia_.
+  Glory, _ka-mulia-an_.
+  Glove, _sarong tangan_.
+  Glue, _perĕkat_.
+  Glutton, _gelujuh_.
+  Gnat, _agas_.
+  Go, to, _pergi_;
+    (in), _masuk_;
+    (out), _terbit_, _kaluar_.
+  Goat, _kambing_.
+  Goblin, _bota_.
+  God, _Allah_.
+  Gold, _mas_, _amas_;
+    (leaf), _mas kartas_;
+    (dust), _mas urei_.
+  Goldsmith, _tukang mas_.
+  Gong, _tawa-tawa_.
+  Good, _baik_.
+  Goods, _barang-barang_, _benda_, _harta_, _dagang-an_.
+  Goose, _angsa_.
+  Gore, to, _tandok_, _menandok_.
+  Gospel, _injil_.
+  Gourd, _labu_.
+  Govern, to, _memerentah_.
+  Government, _perentah_.
+  Gown, _kabaya_.
+  Grace, _karunia_, _anugrah_.
+  Grain, _biji_, _butir_.
+  Grammar, _nahu_.
+  Grandchild, _chuchu_;
+    (great), _chichit_.
+  Grandparent, _datoh_, _nenek_;
+    (great), _moyang_.
+  Granite, _batu bukit_.
+  Grapes, _buah anggur_.
+  Grasshopper, _belalang_.
+  Grasp, to, _genggam_.
+  Grass, _rumput_.
+  Grate, to (rasp), _kukur_.
+  Grave, a, _ḳubur_.
+  Gravel, _batu-lada_, _batu-kĕlikir_.
+  Gravy, _kuah_.
+  Grease, _lemah_.
+  Great, _besar_.
+  Greedy, _gelujuh_.
+  Green, _hijau_.
+  Green-pigeon, _punei_.
+  Grief, _duka-chita_, _ka-susah-an_.
+  Grieved, _susah-hati_.
+  Grind, to, _kisar_;
+    (on a flat surface), _giling_;
+    (to sharpen), _asah_, _chanei_.
+  Grinder, molar tooth, _gerham_.
+  Grinding-stone, _batu-giling_.
+  Gripes, colic, _mulas_, _senak pĕrut_.
+  Groan, to, _mengĕrang_.
+  Grope, to (feel in the dark), _raba_.
+  Gross, coarse, _kasar_.
+  Ground, soil, _tanah_.
+  Grow, to, _tumboh_.
+  Growl, to, _men-dĕring_, _men-dĕram_.
+  Grudge, _sakit-hati_, _kechil-hati_.
+  Gruel, _kanji_.
+  Grumble, to, _sungut_, _ber-sungut_.
+  Guard, to, _tunggu_, _kawal_.
+  Guava, _jambu-biji_.
+  Guide, _pandu_, _pertulus_.
+  Guilt, _ka-salah-an_.
+  Guilty, _salah_.
+  Gulf, _teluk_.
+  Gum, _getah_.
+  Gums, the, _gusi_.
+  Gun, _bedil_, _snapang_;
+    (cannon), _mariam_;
+    (swivel), _lela_, _rantaka_.
+  Gunpowder, _ubat-bedil_.
+  Gunwale, _rubing_.
+  Gutter, _saluran-ayr_.
+
+
+  H.
+
+  Habit, custom, _‘adat_;
+    (in the habit of), _biasa_.
+  Hair, _rambut_, _bulu_.
+  Hair-pin, _chuchuk-sanggul_.
+  Half, _tengah_, _sa-tengah_, _sa-paroh_.
+  Halt, crippled, _tempang_;
+    (to stop on a journey), _singgah_.
+  Halve, to, _bahagi dua_.
+  Hammer, _pemukul_, _pengĕtok_, _martel_.
+  Hammer, to, _kĕtok_.
+  Hamper, a, _kĕranjang_, _raga_.
+  Hand, _tangan_.
+  Handful, _sa-genggam_.
+  Handkerchief, _sapu-tangan_.
+  Handle, of a weapon, _hulu_;
+    (of a jar), _telinga_.
+  Handsome, _bagus_, _elok_, _hebat_.
+  Handwriting, _tapak-tangan_, _khat_.
+  Hang, to, (suspend), _gantong_, _meng-gantong-kan_;
+    (to be suspended), _ber-gantong_.
+  Happen, to, _jadi_.
+  Happy, _senang_, _salamat_.
+  Hard, _kĕras_, _tegar_.
+  Hardship, _ka-sukar-an_.
+  Harlot, _sundal_, _jalang_.
+  Harpoon, _sarampang_.
+  Harrow, _sikat_, _garu_.
+  Hasp, _kuku_.
+  Haste, _gopoh_.
+  Hat, _topi_;
+    (conical leaf hat), _terendah_.
+  Hatch, to, _meng-gĕram_.
+  Hatchet, _bĕliong_, _kapak_.
+  Hate, to, _binchi_.
+  Haul, to, _tarik_, _hela_.
+  Have, to, _ada_, _ber-uleh_, _menaroh_.
+  Haze, _kabut_.
+  Head, _kapala_, _hulu_.
+  Headache, _sakit-kapala_.
+  Health, _sihat niaman_.
+  Heap, _kumpul-an_, _tambun_.
+  Hear, to, _dengar_.
+  Heart, _hati_, _jantong_;
+    (of timber), _tĕras_;
+    (to have the heart to), _sampei hati_, _dapat hati_.
+  Heat, _hangat_.
+  Heave, to, _bongkar_.
+  Heaven, _surga_;
+    (Muhammadan), _janat-al-naim_.
+  Heavy, _bĕrat_.
+  Hedge, _pagar_.
+  Heel, _tumit_.
+  Heel, to (incline), _singet_.
+  Heir, _waris_.
+  Hell, _naraka_, _patala_, (Muhammadan), _jahanam_.
+  Helm, _kamudi_.
+  Help, to, _tulong_, _menulong_, _bantu_, _mem-bantu_.
+  Hem, _kelim_.
+  Hen, _ibu-hayam_, _hayam-betina_.
+  Here, _sini_, _di-sini_, _kamari_.
+  Heritage, _pusaka_.
+  Hiccup, _sedu_.
+  Hide, to, _sembunyi_.
+  Hide, skin, _belulang_, _kulit_.
+  High, _tinggi_.
+  Hill, _bukit_, _changkat_.
+  Hillock, _busut_.
+  Hilt, _hulu_.
+  Hinder, to, _tegah_, _larang_, _sangkut_, _tahan_.
+  Hire, to (engage), _upah_, _meng-upah-kan_;
+    (rent), _penyewa_;
+    (to rent), _sewa_, _menyewa_.
+  History, _cheritra_, _hakayat_.
+  Hiss, to, _ber-siul_.
+  Hit, to, _kĕna_.
+  Hoarse, _garok_.
+  Hoe, _changkol_.
+  Hoist, to, _angkat_.
+  Hold, to, _pegang_.
+  Hold, of a ship, _peta_.
+  Hole, _lobang_, _liang_.
+  Holiday, _hari-raya_.
+  Hollow, _lekok_, _geronggong_.
+  Homicide, murder, _pem-bunoh-an_.
+  Hone, _batu-asah_.
+  Honest, _betul_.
+  Honesty, _puteh-hati_.
+  Honey, _madu_, _manis-an lebah_.
+  Honour, _ka-mulia-an_.
+  Hoof, _kuku_.
+  Hook, _penggait_;
+    (elephant-goad), _kuasa_;
+    (fish-), _mata-kail_.
+  Hoop, _simpei_.
+  Hope, _harap_, _asa_.
+  Hopeless, _putus-harap_.
+  Horizon, _kaki-langit_.
+  Horn, _tandok_;
+    (of the rhinoceros), _sumboh_;
+    (feeler), _sungut_.
+  Hornet, _tabu-an_, _naning_.
+  Horrible, _ngĕri_, _hebat_.
+  Horse, _kuda_.
+  Horse-mango, _bachang_, _machang_.
+  Horse-race, _ber-lomba kuda_.
+  Hot, _panas_, _hangat_;
+    (acrid), _pedas_, _pedis_.
+  Hour, _jam_.
+  House, _rumah_.
+  Household, _isi-rumah_.
+  Hovel, _pondok_, _teratak_.
+  How, _bagei-mana_.
+  Howdah, _kop_;
+    (panniers), _rengkah_.
+  However, _tetapi_, _akan-tetapi_.
+  How much? how many? _bĕr-apa_, _bĕr-apa baniak_.
+  How long? _bĕr-apa lama_.
+  Hug, to, _peluk_, _dakap_.
+  Hum, to, _sering_, _menyering_.
+  Humane, _morah-hati_.
+  Humble, _rendah_;
+    (to humble oneself), _me-rendah-kan diri_.
+  Humpback, _bongkok_.
+  Hungry, _lapar_.
+  Hunt, to, _buru_, _mem-buru_.
+  Hurricane, _ribut_, _tufan_.
+  Hurry, _gopoh_.
+  Hurt, to, _sakit-kan_, _menyakit-kan_.
+  Husband, _laki_, _swami_, _rumah-tangga_.
+  Husk, _kulit_;
+    (of cocoanut), _sabut_;
+    (of rice), _sekam_.
+  Hut, _pondok_, _teratak_, _jambar_, _lengkok_.
+
+
+  I.
+
+  Ice, _ayar băku_, _ayer batu_.
+  Idea, _‘aḳal_.
+  Idiot, _bodoh_, _gila_, _korang-‘aḳal_.
+  Idle, _malas_, _segan_.
+  Idol, _berhala_.
+  If, _kalau_, _jikalau_.
+  Ignite, to, _chuchuk_, _pasang_.
+  Ignorant, _babal_, _bodoh_.
+  Ill, _sakit_;
+    (of a royal personage), _gĕring_.
+  Ill-bred, _korang-adab_, _be-adab_.
+  Ill-humoured, _masam-muka_, _peny-ĕbal_.
+  Illicit, _larang_, _churi_.
+  Illustrious, _mulia_.
+  Image, _rupa_, _gambar_, _bangun_.
+  Imagine, to, _sangka_, _agak_.
+  Imitate, to, _tiru_, _turut_.
+  Immediately, _sakarang ini_.
+  Immortal, _kakal_, _baḳa_.
+  Impatient, _korang-sabar_.
+  Impertinent, _kasar_, _sombong_.
+  Important, _besar_, _bĕrat_, _matan_.
+  Impossible, _tiada akan_, _ta’kan_, _mustahil_.
+  Impound, to, _kandang-kan_.
+  Imprison, to, _kurong-kan_.
+  Improve, to, _baik-i_, _mem-baik-i_.
+  Impudent, _muka-tebal_, _muka-papan_.
+  Incense, _kaminian_, _istanggi_, _dupa_.
+  Incest, _sumbang_.
+  Incline, to (bend), _chondong_.
+  Increase, to, _ber-tambah_;
+    (to add), _tambah-kan_, _me-lebeh-kan_;
+    (subs.), _tambah-an_, _ka-lebeh-an_.
+  Indebted, _ber-hutang_.
+  India-rubber, _gĕtah_.
+  Indian-corn, _jagong_.
+  Indigo (plant), _tarum_;
+    (dye), _nila_.
+  Indignant, _hangat-hati_.
+  Indulge, to, _kasih_, _pandang_.
+  Industrious, _rajin_.
+  Infectious, _jangkit_, _ber-jangkit-an_.
+  Infidel, _kafir_.
+  Infirm, _lemah_, _leteh_.
+  Inform, to, _bĕri-tahu_, _me-ma‘alum-kan_.
+  Informer, _penudoh_.
+  Inhabit, to, _duduk_, _diam_.
+  Inhabitants, _isi-negri_.
+  Inheritance, _pusaka_.
+  Inhuman, _bingis_.
+  Injure, to, _rosak-kan_, _binasa-kan_.
+  Ink, _dawat_, _tinta_.
+  Inkstand, _tampat-dawat_.
+  Inland, _hulu_, _darat_.
+  Inquire, to, _tanya_, _păreksa_.
+  Insect, _benatang_.
+  Insert, to, _masok-kan_, _sĕlip_.
+  Insignia, regalia, _perkakas-ka-raja-an_.
+  Insipid, _tawar_, _maung_.
+  Instant, _sa’at_, _sa-kejap_, _sa-buntar_.
+  Instead, _ganti_, _alih-alih_.
+  Instruct, to, _ajar_, _meng-ajar-kan_, _meng-aji-kan_.
+  Instructor, _guru_, _pengajar_.
+  Instrument, _alat_, _perkakas-an_.
+  Intend, to, _mahu_, _handak_, _niat-hati_.
+  Intercept, to (cut off), _kĕpong_.
+  Interest, _bunga_.
+  Interior, _dalam_;
+    (of a country), _hulu_, _darat_.
+  Interfere, to, _masok-mulut_.
+  Interpret, to, _salin-kan_, _turun-kan bahasa lain_;
+    (into Malay), _jawi-kan_, _men-jawi-kan_.
+  Interpreter, _juru-bahasa_.
+  Interval, _selang_.
+  Intestines, _isi-pĕrut_.
+  Intoxicated, _mabuk_.
+  Inundation, _ayer bah_.
+  Invade, to, _langgar_, _me-langgar_.
+  Invent, to, _meng-ada-kan_.
+  Invention, _hikmat_.
+  Invisible, _baṭin_.
+  Invite, to, _panggil_, _sila-kan_.
+  Invulnerable, _kebal_, _pĕlias_.
+  Iron, _besi_.
+  Irony, _sindir_.
+  Island, _pulau_.
+  Issue, to, _terbit_.
+  Itch (the), _kudis_;
+    (to), _gatal_.
+  Ivory, _gading_.
+
+
+  J.
+
+  Jack-fruit, _nangka_.
+  Jackal, _sri-gala_.
+  Jacket, _baju_.
+  Jar, _tempayan_, _buyong_.
+  Jargon, _bahasa kachau-kan_.
+  Jasmine, _malati_, _melur_.
+  Jealous, _chemburu_.
+  Jealousy, _chemburu-an_.
+  Jetty, _jambatan_, _pelantar_.
+  Jew, _Yahudi_.
+  Jewel, _permata_.
+  Join, to, _hubong_, _meng-hubong-kan_.
+  Joint, _buku_, _ruas_, _sendi_.
+  Joke, _lawah_, _gurau_, _saluroh_, _gonja_.
+  Journey, _per-jalan-an_;
+    (by sea), _pelaiar-an_;
+    (provisions for a), _bakal_, _bekas_.
+  Joy, _ka-suka-an_, _suka-hati_, _ber-suka-suka-an_.
+  Judge, _hakim_.
+  Judgment, _sangka_, _rasa_;
+    (to deliver), _putus hukum_;
+    (day of), _hari-kiamat_.
+  Jug, a, _buyong_.
+  Juggle, to, _sulap_, _balik-mata_.
+  Juggler, _penyulap_.
+  Juice, _ayer_;
+    (of plants), _getah_.
+  Jump, to, _lompat_, _ber-lompat_;
+    (down), _terjun_.
+  Junk, _jong_, _wangkang_, _top_.
+  Just, _‘adil_.
+  Just now, _tadi_, _baharu-ini_, _baharu-tadi_.
+  Justice, _ka-‘adil-an_.
+
+
+  K.
+
+  Keel, _lunas_.
+  Keep, to, _simpan_, _menyimpan_.
+  Keepsake, _tanda hayat_.
+  Kernel, _isi_.
+  Kettle, _cherek_.
+  Key, _anak kunchi_.
+  Kick, to, _sepak_, _tendang_.
+  Kid, _anak kambing_.
+  Kidneys, _buah pinggang_.
+  Kill, to, _bunoh_, _membunoh_.
+  Kiln, _tenur_.
+  Kind, affectionate, _ber-kasih_.
+  Kind, sort, _bangsa_, _jenis_.
+  Kindle, to, _chuchuk_, _pasang-api_, _ pĕlakat-api_.
+  Kindred _kaum_, _kulawarga_.
+  King, _raja_.
+  Kiss, to, (smell), _chium_.
+  Kitchen, _dapor_.
+  Kite, (bird), _halang_, _lang_;
+    (paper), _wau_, _layang-layang_.
+  Kitten, _anak kuching_.
+  Knee, _lutut_.
+  Kneel, to, _berdiri-lutut_;
+    (as an elephant), _tĕrum_.
+  Knee-pan, _tempurong-lutut_.
+  Knife, _pisau_.
+  Knitting, _aniam_, _rajut_.
+  Knock, to, _kĕtok_, _pukul_.
+  Knot, _simpul_.
+  Know, to, _tahu_, _kenal_.
+  Knuckle, _buku-jari_.
+
+
+  L.
+
+  Labour, _karja_, _usaha_.
+  Labourer, _kuli_, _orang-gaji_.
+  Lad, _budak_.
+  Ladder, _tangga_.
+  Ladle, _sendok_, _gayong_;
+    (to ladle out), _chedok_.
+  Lady, _tuan_, _siti_, _inche_.
+  Lace, gold or silver, _renda_.
+  Lake, _tasek_, _danau_.
+  Lamb, _anak-biri_.
+  Lame, _tempang_, _chapik_.
+  Lament, to, _ratap_, _meratap_, _menangis_;
+    (regret), _menyesal_.
+  Lamp, _palita_.
+  Lance, _lembing_, _tombak_.
+  Land, _tanah_, _darat_;
+    (padi-land), _sawah_, _tanah bendang_;
+    (garden-land), _tanah kampong_.
+  Lancet, _taji_.
+  Lane, _lurong_.
+  Language, _bahasa_, _chara_.
+  Lantern, _tanglong_.
+  Lap, _pangku_, _riba_.
+  Larboard, _kiri_.
+  Large, _besar_.
+  Last, to, _tahan_, _menahan_.
+  Last, hindmost, _yang belakang_, _sa-kali_, _akhir_;
+    (last night), _sa-malam_.
+  Late, _akhir_;
+    (at night), _jauh malam_.
+  Lath, _kasau_, _lantei_.
+  Lattice-work, _gisi-gisi_.
+  Laugh, to, _tertawa_, _gelak_.
+  Laugh at, to, (deride), _menggonja-kan_.
+  Law, _hukum_, _undang-undang_.
+  Lawn, _halaman_.
+  Lawful, _halal_, _harus_.
+  Lawyer, _wakil_.
+  Lay, to, (set down), _bubok_, _letak_, _me-letak-kan_;
+    (wager), _ber-taroh_;
+    (an egg), _ber-telor_.
+  Lazy, _malas_, _segan_.
+  Lead (the metal), _timak hitam_.
+  Lead, to (by the hand), _pimpin_;
+    (guide), _tunjuk-kan_, _pandu-kan_, _hantar-kan_.
+  Leaf, _daun_;
+    (of paper), _halei_, _lei_, _kajang_.
+  Leaky, _bochor_, _tiris_.
+  Lean, thin, _kurus_.
+  Lean, to (rest against), _sandar_, _menyandar_.
+  Leap, to, _lompat_, _me-lompat_;
+    (down), _terjun_.
+  Learn, to, _belajar_;
+    (religion), _mengaji_.
+  Learned, _pandei_, _‘alim_.
+  Leather, _kulit_, _belulang_.
+  Leave, permission, _izin_.
+  Leave (to quit), _tinggal-kan_.
+  Leech, _lintah_;
+    (forest), _pachat_.
+  Leeward, _di-bawah angin_.
+  Left, _kiri_.
+  Left (remaining), _sisa_.
+  Leg, _kaki_;
+    (thigh), _paha_;
+    (from knee to ankle), _betis_;
+    (calf), _jantong-betis_.
+  Lend, to, _bĕri-pinjam_.
+  Length, _panjang_, _lanjut_.
+  Lengthways, _bujur_.
+  Leprosy, _kusta_.
+  Less, _korang_.
+  Let (to allow), _biar_;
+    (hire), _bĕri-sewa_.
+  Let off, to (fire-arms), _pasang_, _chuchuh_, _me-letup-kan_;
+    (forgive, discharge), _ampun-kan_, _me-lepas-kan_.
+  Letter, _surat kirim-an_.
+  Level, _rata_.
+  Liar, _pem-bohong_.
+  Liberal, _morah-hati_.
+  Liberate, to, _lepas-kan_, _mardahika-kan_.
+  Lick, to, _jilat_.
+  Lid, _tudong_;
+    (eye-), _kelopak-mata_.
+  Lie, falsehood, _bohong_.
+  Lie down, to, _baring_, _tidor_.
+  Life, _niawa_, _jiwa_, _hayat_.
+  Lift, to, _angkat_, _meng-angkat_.
+  Light, bright, _chahya_, _tĕrang_;
+    (not heavy), _ringan_.
+  Light (to kindle), _chuchuh_, _pasang_;
+    (to guide with a torch), _suloh_, _menyuloh_.
+  Lighter, _tongkang_.
+  Lightning, _kilat_.
+  Like, _bagei_, _saperti_, _laksana_, _sa-umpama_.
+  Like, to, _suka_, _gamar_, _ber-kenan_.
+  Likeness, _rupa_, _gambar_.
+  Limb, _angguta_.
+  Lime, _kapur_;
+    (quicklime), _tohor_;
+    (birdlime), _getah_.
+  Lime, lemon, _limau-asam_.
+  Line, (string), _tali_;
+    (row), _baris_, _nirei_.
+  Lineage, _ka-turun-an_.
+  Linen, _kain-rami_.
+  Lining, _alas_, _lapis_.
+  Lion, _singa_.
+  Lip, _bibir_.
+  Liquid, _chayer_.
+  Listen, to, _men-dengar_.
+  Litter, _usong-an_.
+  Little, _kechil_.
+  Little finger, _kelingking_.
+  Liver, _limpah_.
+  Livelihood, _ka-hidop-an_, _pen-cha-hari-an_.
+  Lizard, _chichak_.
+  Load, _baban_, _pikul-an_;
+    (cargo), _muat-an_, _sarat-an_.
+  Loaf, _ketul_.
+  Lobster, _hudang-galah_.
+  Lock, _kunchi_.
+  Locust, _bilalang_.
+  Lodge, to, _tumpang_, _menumpang_;
+    (for a night), _ber-malam_.
+  Loft, _para_, _loteng_.
+  Log, _batang_, _puntong_.
+  Lonely, _sunyi_.
+  Long, _lama_.
+  Long, to, _dendam_, _rindu_.
+  Look, to, _pandang_, _tengok_, _lihat_;
+    (look up), _tengadah_.
+  Looking-glass, _chermin_.
+  Loom, _perkakas-tenun_.
+  Loose, _longgar_, _kendor_.
+  Lord, _tuan_;
+    (deity), _tuhan_.
+  Lose, to, _hilang_;
+    (to suffer defeat), _alah_.
+  Lotos, _teratei_.
+  Loud, _riyuh_, _kuat_.
+  Love, _kasih-an_;
+    (love, to), _kasih_, _ber-kasih_, _berahi_.
+  Low, _rendah_.
+  Low-water, _ayer-surut_, _ayer mati_.
+  Loyal, _setia_.
+  Luck, _untong_.
+  Luckily, _sa-baik-baik-nia_.
+  Lucky, _mujur_.
+  Lullaby, _lagu pengulik_.
+  Lump, _ketul_.
+  Lunatic, _orang-gila_.
+  Lungs, _paru-paru_.
+  Lust, _hawa_, _nafsu_.
+  Lute, _kechapi_.
+
+
+  M.
+
+  Mace, _bunga-pala_.
+  Machine, _pesawat_.
+  Mad, _gila_.
+  Maggot, _hulat_.
+  Magic, _‘ilmu_.
+  Magistrate, _hakim_, _tuan polis_.
+  Magnet, _besi-bĕrani_.
+  Maimed, _kudong_.
+  Mainmast, _tiang-agong_.
+  Maintain, to, _pelehra_.
+  Maize, _jagong_.
+  Majesty, _baginda_.
+  Make, to, _buat_, _membuat_.
+  Male (man), _laki-laki_;
+    (animal), _jantan_.
+  Malice, _dingki_, _kechil-hati_.
+  Malignant, _ber-dingki_.
+  Man, _orang_, _laki-laki_.
+  Man-of-war, _kapal pĕrang_.
+  Manage, to, _perentah_, _memerentah_.
+  Mane, _gambong_, _jambul_.
+  Mange, _kudis_.
+  Mango, _mampelam_, _mangga_;
+    (horse-), _machang_, _bachang_.
+  Mangostin, _manggis_.
+  Manifest, to, _menyata-kan_, _mene-rang-kan_.
+  Mankind, _manusia_.
+  Manner, _bagei_, _macham_.
+  Manure, _baja_.
+  Many, _baniak_.
+  Map, _peta_.
+  Marble, _pualam_.
+  Mare, _kuda-betina_.
+  Margin, _tepi_.
+  Mark, _tanda_, _‘alamat_;
+    (to shoot at), _tuju-an_, _sasar_.
+  Market, _pasar_.
+  Marriage, _kawin_, _nikah_;
+    (to demand in), _pinang_, _meminang_;
+    (to give in), _nikah-kan_.
+  Married, _ber-kawin_;
+    (having a wife), _ber-bini_;
+    (having a husband), _ber-laki_.
+  Marrow, _otak-tulang_.
+  Marsh, _paya_, _redang_.
+  Mash, to, _pipis_.
+  Mason, _tukang-batu_.
+  Mast, _tiang_.
+  Master, _tuan_;
+    (of a ship), _juragan_, _nakhoda_.
+  Mat, _tikar_.
+  Match, _goris-api_;
+    (to suit), _padan_.
+  Matchlock, _satinggar_.
+  Mate, of a ship, _malim_.
+  Matter (affair), _perkara_;
+    (pus), _nanah_.
+  Mattress, _tilam_.
+  May, _buleh_.
+  Meal (repast), _makan-an_;
+    (flour), _tepong_.
+  Mean, _hina_;
+    (to understand), _harti_, _meng-harti_.
+  Meaning (sense), _ma‘ana_, _harti_.
+  Meanwhile, _dalam antara itu_.
+  Means (by all), _hubaya_.
+  Measure, to, _hukur_, _sukat_.
+  Measurement, _hukur-an_, _sukat-an_.
+  Meat, _daging_.
+  Medicine, _ubat_.
+  Meek, _manis_, _lemah-lumbut_.
+  Meet, to, _jumpa_, _ber-jumpa_, _temu_, _ber-temu_.
+  Melon (water), _temikei_.
+  Melt, to, _lebor_, _hanchur-kan_.
+  Member, _angguta_.
+  Memory, _ingat-an_.
+  Mend, to, _baik-i_, _mem-baik-i_.
+  Mendicant, _faḳir_.
+  Mention, to, _sebut_.
+  Merchandise, _dagang-an_.
+  Mercury, _rasa_.
+  Mercy, _rahamat_.
+  Meridian (noon), _rambang_.
+  Merit, _pahala_.
+  Mesh (of a net), _mata_.
+  Message, _pasan-an_.
+  Messenger, _penyuroh_, _pesuroh_.
+  Method (arrangement), _atur-an_.
+  Middle, _tengah_, _per-tengah-an_;
+    (middle finger), _jari-hantu_.
+  Middling, _sedang_.
+  Midwife, _bidan_, _dukun_.
+  Might, _gagah_, _kuasa_, _ḳoderat_.
+  Mighty, _ḳuat_, _ber-kuasa_.
+  Mild, _manis_, _lumbut_.
+  Mildew, _lapuk_, _kulat_.
+  Milk, _susu_.
+  Mill, _kisar-an_, _giling-an._
+  Million, _juta_.
+  Mimic, to, _ajuk_.
+  Mince, to, _chachah_, _chinchang_.
+  Mind (sense), _‘aḳal_, _budi_;
+    (inclination), _ka-handak_;
+    (never mind), _tiada apa_, _ta’ apa_, _ta’ usah_.
+  Mine, _gali-an_, _lombong_, _tebok_.
+  Miner, _kuli tebok_, _tukang gali_.
+  Minister, _mantri_.
+  Minute (small), _halus_, _seni_;
+    (moment), _sa‘at_.
+  Mire, _lumpur_, _lechah_.
+  Mirror, _chermin_.
+  Miscarriage, _gugur-an_;
+    (of an elephant), _sanglong_.
+  Mischief, _benchana_.
+  Miserly, _kikir_, _kikil_, _chikil_.
+  Misery, _hal ka-sukar-an_.
+  Mist, _kabut_.
+  Mistake, _salah_, _silap_.
+  Mistress, _tuan_.
+  Misunderstand, to, _salah-mengarti_, _salah-dengar_.
+  Mix, to, _champur_, _kachau_.
+  Mock, _olok_, _pupuh_;
+    (to deride), _sindir_.
+  Mode, _pri_, _chara_.
+  Model, _teladan_, _achu-an_.
+  Modest, _ber-malu_, _sopan_.
+  Moment, _sa-buntar_, _sa-kejap_, _sa‘at_.
+  Money, _wang_, _duit_;
+    (ready-money), _wang tunei_.
+  Monkey, _monyet_, _kĕra_.
+  Monsoon, _musim_.
+  Month, _bulan_.
+  Moon, _bulan_.
+  Morass, _paya_, _redang_.
+  More, _lebeh_, _lagi_.
+  Morning, _pagi_, _dina-hari_.
+  Morrow, _esok_, _besok_, _ka-esok-an_.
+  Morsel, _sa-suap_, _sa-mulut_.
+  Mortal, _fana_.
+  Mortar, _lesong_.
+  Mortgage, to, _gadei_, _chagar_, _sandar_.
+  Mosque, _masjid_.
+  Mosquito, _niamok_.
+  Moss, _lumut_.
+  Most, _ter-lebeh_.
+  Mother, _mak_, _ibu_, _bonda_;
+    (adoptive), _ma-angkat_;
+    (step-mother), _ma-tiri_;
+    (mother-in-law), _mentuah_.
+  Mould, earth, _tanah_;
+    (mildew), _lapuk_;
+    (matrix), _achu-an_.
+  Mouldy, _basi_.
+  Mount, to, _naik_.
+  Mountain, _gunong_.
+  Mourn, to, _tangis-kan_, _menangis-kan_, _ratap_, _meratap_.
+  Mouse, _tikus_.
+  Mouse-deer, _pelanduk_.
+  Moustache, _misei_.
+  Mouth, _mulut_;
+    (of a river), _kuala_.
+  Mouthful, _sa-suap_, _sa-mulut_.
+  Move, to, (intrans.), _ber-ubah_, _ber-gĕrak_, _kesak_;
+    (trans.), _gĕrak-kan_, _meng-gĕrak-kan_, _alih-kan_,
+      _meng-alih-kan_, _meng-ubah-kan_.
+  Much, _baniak_.
+  Mud, _lumpur_, _sulut_, _lechah_.
+  Muddy, turbid, _kĕrok_.
+  Mug, _kindi_.
+  Multiply, to, _per-baniak-kan_.
+  Murder, to, _bunoh_, _mem-bunoh_.
+  Murmur, to, _sungut_.
+  Muscle, _urat_.
+  Mushroom, _chendawan_.
+  Music, _bunyi-bunyi-an_, _lagu_.
+  Musk, _kasturi_.
+  Musk-rat, _chenchurut_.
+  Musket, _snapang_, _bedil_.
+  Muslin, _kain khasa_.
+  Must, _handak_, _harus_, _dapat-tiada_.
+  Mustard, _sesawi_.
+  Muster (to summon), _kĕrah_.
+  Mutiny, _belut_.
+  Mystery, _rahusia_.
+
+
+  N.
+
+  Nail, _paku_;
+    (of the fingers or toe), _kuku_;
+    (finger-nail worn purposely long), _changei_.
+  Naked, _telanjang_.
+  Name, _nama_;
+    (title), _gĕlar-an_;
+    (to name), _gelar-kan_, _nama-kan_.
+  Nape of the neck, _tangkok_.
+  Napkin, _kain basah_.
+  Narrate, to, _cheritra-kan_.
+  Narrow, _sumpit_, _simpit_, _sesak_, _ginting_.
+  Nation, _bangsa_.
+  Nature, _tabi‘at_.
+  Navel, _pusat_.
+  Navigate, to, _me-layar-kan_.
+  Navigation (science of), _‘ilmu-pe-layar-an_.
+  Neap-tide, _ayer surut_, _ayer mati_.
+  Near, _dekat_, _hampir_.
+  Neat, _chantek_, _chermat_.
+  Necessary, _wajib_.
+  Necessity, desire, _hajat_.
+  Neck, _batang leher_;
+    (throat), _leher_.
+  Needle, _jarum_.
+  Neglect, _lalei_.
+  Neighbour, _orang rumah sa-bĕlah_.
+  Nephew, _anak-penakan_, _anak su dara_.
+  Nerve, _urat_.
+  Nest, _sarang_, _sarang-burong_.
+  Net (casting), _jala_;
+    (seine), _pukat_;
+    (landing), _sauh-sauh_;
+    (snare), _jaring_.
+  Net, to, _serat_, _menyerat_.
+  Net-work, _serat-an_, _jala-jala_.
+  Never, _ta’pernah_;
+    (never mind), _ta’apa_, _ta’usah_.
+  New, _baharu_.
+  New-moon, _sa-hari bulan_.
+  News, _khabar_.
+  Next (in time), _lepas itu_, _kemdian_;
+    (in place), _sa-bĕlah_.
+  Nice (pleasant), _sedap_.
+  Niece, _anak-penakan_, _anak-sudara_.
+  Night, _malam_;
+    (to pass the), _ber malam_.
+  Night-jar, _tetegok_, _punggok_.
+  Nimble, _chepat_, _pantas_.
+  Nip (to pinch), _pichit_, _chubit_, _ketam_, _sepit_.
+  Nippers (pincers), _penyepit_.
+  Nitre, _sendawa_.
+  Noble, _bangsawan_.
+  Nod, to, _meng-antok_.
+  Noise, _gadoh_, _gempar_, _bising_, _riau_.
+  None, _satu pun tidak_.
+  Nonsense, _sia-sia_, _ta’ka-tahu-an_.
+  Noon, _rambang_, _tengah-hari_.
+  Noose, _jerat_.
+  North, _utara_.
+  Nose, _hidong_;
+    (bridge of the), _batang_, _hidong_.
+  Nosegay, _karangan-bunga_.
+  Nostril, _liang hidong_.
+  Notch, _takuk_;
+    (gap, dent), _sumbing_.
+  Nothing, _apa pun tidak_.
+  Notice, to, _per-hati-kan_.
+  Notwithstanding, _tetapi_, _lamun-kan_.
+  Nourish, to, _pelehra-kan_.
+  Now, _sakarang_;
+    (now and then), _kadang kadang_, _ter-kadang_.
+  Number (quantity), _baniak_;
+    (a numeral), _angka_.
+  Nurse, a, _inang_, _pengasoh_.
+  Nurse (to rear, cherish), _pelehra_;
+    (give suck), _menetek-kan_, _menyusu-kan_;
+    (a sick person), _dukun_.
+  Nut, _kachang_.
+  Nutmeg, _buah pala_.
+  Nymph, _bidyadari_.
+
+
+  O.
+
+  Oakum, _pakul_.
+  Oar, _dayong_, _pengayuk_.
+  Oath, _sumpah_.
+  Obey, to, _turut_.
+  Obscene, _charut_;
+    (to use obscene language), _men-charut_.
+  Obscure, _kĕlam_, _gĕlap_.
+  Observe (watch), _intei_;
+    (notice), _per-hati-kan_.
+  Obstinate, _degil_, _bantak_, _kras ka-pala_.
+  Obstruct, to, _sekat-kan_.
+  Occasion, _paksa_.
+  Occupied (busy), _‘aral_.
+  Occur, to, _jadi_, _jatoh_, _tiba_.
+  Ocean, _laut-an_.
+  Odd (of numbers), _gasal_, _ganjil_.
+  Odds and ends, _rinchik-rinchik_.
+  Offer, to, _unjuk_, _tawar_.
+  Office, (employment), _pegang-an_;
+    (place of business), _gedong_.
+  Offspring, _anak-pinak_.
+  Often, _kĕrap-kĕrap_.
+  Oil, _minyak_.
+  Old, _tuah_, _lama_;
+    (decayed), _burok_.
+  Olden time, _dahulu-kala_, _zaman dahulu_.
+  Omen, evil, _pemali_.
+  Once, _sa-kali_.
+  Only, _sahaja_, _hania_.
+  Onion, _bawang_.
+  Open, _ter-buka_;
+    (extensive), _lapang_, _luas_;
+    (to open), _buka_, _mem-buka_.
+  Opening (chink), _chelah_.
+  Opinion, _rasa_, _pe-rasa-an_, _sangka_, _kira_, _pikir-an_.
+  Opium, _apiun_, _madat_, _chandu_.
+  Opportunity, _paksa_, _dan_, _sampat_.
+  Oppose, to, _lawan_.
+  Oppression, _anyaya_.
+  Oppressive, _zalim_.
+  Orange, _limau-manis_.
+  Order (arrangement), _atur-an_, _per-atur-an_;
+    (class), _pangkat_;
+    (to command), _suroh_, _menyuroh_;
+    (of a royal personage), _titak_.
+  Orifice, _liang_.
+  Origin, _asal_, _pangkal_.
+  Ornament, _per-hias-an_.
+  Orphan, _piatu_.
+  Other, _lain_.
+  Otter, _anjing-laut_.
+  Ottoman, _petarana_.
+  Ought, _patut_, _harus_, _handak-lah_, _mahu-lah_.
+  Out, _luar_.
+  Outcast, _bangsat_, _ter-buang_.
+  Outcry, _gempar_, _engar_.
+  Outhouse, _bangsal_.
+  Outward, visible, _zahir_.
+  Oval, _bulat-bujur_.
+  Oven, _dapor_, _tenur_.
+  Over (upon), _atas_;
+    (ended), _sudah_.
+  Overcast (darkened), _ber-tedoh_.
+  Overflow, to, _limpah_, _me-limpah_.
+  Overladen, _sarat_.
+  Overlook, to, _jaga_, _men-jaga_, _tunggu_, _menunggu_.
+  Overseer, _tandil_, _mandor_.
+  Overturn, to, _balik_, _mem-balik-kan_.
+  Overturned, to be, _ber-balik_, _ter-balik_.
+  Owe, to, _ber-hutang_.
+  Owl, _burong-hantu_.
+  Owner, _tuan_, _yang ampunya_.
+  Ox, _lumbu_, _sapi_;
+    (wild), _si-ladang_.
+  Oyster, _teram_, _siput_.
+
+
+  P.
+
+  Pace (step), _jangka_.
+  Pack, to, _kemas_, _bungkus-kan_.
+  Paddle, a, _kayuh_, _pengayuh_;
+    (to row with), _mengayuh_.
+  Pain, _sakit_, _sakit-an_, _ka-sakit-an_;
+    (anxiety), _per-chinta-an_, _susah-hati_.
+  Paint, _chat_;
+    (to paint), _sapu-chat_;
+    (a painter), _tukang-chat_.
+  Pair, _jodo_, _pasang_.
+  Palace, _astana_, _meligei_.
+  Pale, _puchat_.
+  Paling, _pagar_, _gisi-gisi_.
+  Palm of the hand, _tapak-tangan_, _telapak_.
+  Palpitation, _dabar_.
+  Palsy, _tepok_, _basal_.
+  Pan (earthen), _pasu_;
+    (iron), _kuali_.
+  Pant, to, _mangah_, _menguap_.
+  Paper, _ḳarṭas_.
+  Parable, _per-upama-an_.
+  Parasol, _payong_.
+  Parcel, _bungkus_, _bungkus-an_.
+  Pardon, _ampun_, _ma‘af_;
+    (to pardon), _ampun-kan_, _ma‘af-kan_.
+  Pare, to, _raut_, _me-raut_, _hiris_, _meng-hiris_.
+  Parents, _ibu-bapa_.
+  Parrot, _nuri_, _bayan_;
+    (small green parroquet), _serindit_.
+  Parry, to, _tangkis_.
+  Part, _bahagi-an_, _sa-kĕrat_, _sa-paroh_.
+  Particle, _butir_.
+  Partner, _kawan_, _kongsi_.
+  Partnership, in, _sa-modal_.
+  Pass, to, _lalu_;
+    (miss), _selisih_;
+    (as coin), _laku_.
+  Passion (anger), _marah_, _hangat_.
+  Passionate, _hati panas_, _lakas marah_.
+  Past, _sudah_, _yang telah sudah_, _yang telah lalu_.
+  Paste, _pe-rĕkat_, _bubur_.
+  Pastry, _penganan_.
+  Pat, to, _tepuk_.
+  Patch, _tampal_.
+  Patience, _sabar_.
+  Pattern, _teladan_, _chonto_.
+  Pawn, to, _gadei_, _meng-gadei_;
+    (a pledge), _sandar-an_.
+  Pay, to, _bayar_, _mem-bayar_;
+    (by instalments), _ansur_.
+  Payment, _bayar-an_, _pem-bayar-an_.
+  Pea, _kachang_.
+  Peace, _sajehtra_, _santosa_, _ka-senang-an_;
+    (to make peace), _ber-damei_.
+  Peacock, _mĕrak_.
+  Peak, _puchuk_, _kamunchak_.
+  Pearl, _mutiara_.
+  Peck, to, _patok_, _pagut_.
+  Pedlar, _orang ber-jajah_, _orang kelon-tong_.
+  Peel, to, _kupas_, _kelupas_.
+  Peep, to, _intei_, _meng-intei_.
+  Pelican, _undan_.
+  Pelt, to, _lotar_, _me-lontar_.
+  Pellucid, _hening_, _jerneh_.
+  Pen, _ḳalam_.
+  Pen (enclosure), _kandang_.
+  Penalty, _denda_, _siḳsa_.
+  Penetrate, to, _lut_, _melut_.
+  Penitence, _taubat_.
+  Penknife, _pisau-lipat_.
+  People, _orang_.
+  Pepper, _lada_;
+    (black), _lada-hitam_;
+    (Chili), _lada-merah_, _lada-china_, _chabei_.
+  Perceive, to, _rasa_, _per-hati-kan_.
+  Perch, to, _hinggap_, _tengger_.
+  Percolate, to, _tiris_, _meniris_.
+  Perfect, _semporna_.
+  Perfectly, _betul_, _benar_, _sakali_.
+  Perfume, _bau-bau-an_.
+  Perfumed, _harum_, _wangi_.
+  Perhaps, _antah_, _barangkali_, _mudah-mudah-an_.
+  Peril, _bahaya_, _mara-bahaya_.
+  Perjury, _dusta_.
+  Permanent, _kekal_, _kukuh_, _tetap_.
+  Permission, _izin_.
+  Permit, to, _bĕri_, _kasih_, _biar_.
+  Perpetual, _sanantiasa_, _yang tiada ber-ka-putus-an_.
+  Persecute, to, _anyaya-kan_.
+  Persevere, to, _ber-usaha_.
+  Person, _orang_, _marika_.
+  Perspiration, _peluh_.
+  Perverse, _bantah_, _angkara_.
+  Pestle, _alu_, _antan_.
+  Petition, _per-minta-an_.
+  Pheasant, _pegar_;
+    (argus pheasant), _kuang_, _kuwau_.
+  Phlegm, _dahak_, _hingus_.
+  Pick (to gather), _kutib_, _petik_;
+    (pick up), _pungut_.
+  Pickles, _achar_;
+    (pickled fish or meat), _pe-kasam_.
+  Piebald, pied, _bĕlang_.
+  Piece, _sa-patah_, _su-kĕrat_, _sa-patong_.
+  Pier, _jambatan_, _pangkalan_.
+  Pierce, to, _chuchuk_.
+  Piety, _‘ibadat_.
+  Pig, _babi_.
+  Pigeon, _merpati_.
+  Pile (stake), _panchang_;
+    (to heap up), _susun-kan_.
+  Pillage, to, _samun_, _rampas_.
+  Pillar, _tiang_.
+  Pillow, _bantal_.
+  Pillow-case, _sarong-bantal_.
+  Pimple, _bisul-lada_.
+  Pin, _piniti_, _jarum-penyĕmat_.
+  Pincers, _sepit_, _penyepit_.
+  Pinch (a small quantity), _sa-jumput_;
+    (to pinch), _chubit_, _pichit_.
+  Pinchbeck, _suasa_.
+  Pineapple, _nanas_.
+  Pink, _kasumbah_.
+  Pipe (conduit), _panchur-an_.
+  Pipeclay, _tanah-mala_.
+  Pirate, _perompak_.
+  Pit, _lobang_.
+  Pitch, _gala-gala_;
+    (to pitch as a ship), _anggu_, _meng-anggu_.
+  Pitcher, _buyung_.
+  Pith, _ampulur_.
+  Pity, _kasih-an_, _bĕlas_.
+  Place, _tampat_;
+    (to place), _bubok_, _taroh_, _letak_, _me-letak-kan_.
+  Plague (pestilence), _hawar_.
+  Plain, _padang_, _medan_.
+  Plait, to, _aniam_, _pintal_.
+  Plane, _kĕtam_.
+  Plank, _papan_.
+  Plant, _pokok_, _tanam-an_, _tumboh-tumboh-an_.
+  Plantain, _pisang_.
+  Plantation, _kabun_, _ladang_.
+  Plate (earthenware), _piring_, _pinggan_;
+    (metal), _cheper_.
+  Play, to, _main_.
+  Pleasant, _sedap_, _lezat_.
+  Pleased, _suka_.
+  Pledge, _chagar_, _sandar-an_.
+  Plenty, _baniak_.
+  Plough, _tanggala_.
+  Plover, _kedidi_, _chicheoh_.
+  Pluck (to gather), _petik_;
+    (pluck out), _chabut_.
+  Plump, _tumbun_, _pejal_.
+  Plunge, to, _terjun_, _sĕlam_, _menyĕlam_.
+  Plunder, to, _samun_, _rampas_.
+  Pocket, _saku_.
+  Point, _hujong_;
+    (to point), _tunjok_, _menunjok_.
+  Poison, _rachun_.
+  Poisonous, _bisa_.
+  Poke (to thrust), _chuchuk_, _jolok_, _chungkil_.
+  Pole, _batang_;
+    (for propelling a boat), _galah_.
+  Polecat, _musang_.
+  Polite, _adab_, _bastari_.
+  Pollute, to, _chamar-kan_, _kotor-kan_.
+  Pomegranate, _buah-dalima_.
+  Pond, _kulam_.
+  Ponder, to, _kenang_, _pikir_.
+  Pool, _lubok_.
+  Poop, _burit-an_.
+  Poor, _miskin_.
+  Porcelain, _tembikar_.
+  Porcupine, _landak_.
+  Pork, _daging-babi_.
+  Porpoise, _lomba-lomba_.
+  Portion, _bahagi-an_.
+  Position (situation), _ka-duduk-an_.
+  Possess, to, _milik_, _taroh_.
+  Possible, _buleh_.
+  Post, _panchang_, _tiang_.
+  Pot (earthenware), _priuk_, _bĕlanga_;
+    (iron), _kuali_;
+    (water), _buyung_;
+    (flower), _pasu_.
+  Potato, _ubi benggala_, _ubi china_.
+  Pouch, _pundi-pundi_.
+  Pound (pen), _kandang_.
+  Pound, to, _tumbok_.
+  Pour, to, _tuang_, _tumpah_;
+    (water over a person bathing), _jurus_.
+  Powder, _serbuk_;
+    (dust), _lumat_;
+    (gunpowder), _ubat bedil_.
+  Power, _kuasa_.
+  Praise, _puji_, _puji-an_;
+    (to praise), _memuji_.
+  Prawn, _hudang_.
+  Pray, to, _sembahyang_, _do‘a_.
+  Precious, _endah_.
+  Predestination, _ajal_, _taḳdir_.
+  Predict, to, foretell, _tenung_.
+  Pregnant, _bunting_, _mengandong_, _ḥamil_.
+  Prepare, to, _sedia-kan_, _langkap-kan_.
+  Present (to be), _ada_, _hazir_, _berhadap_.
+  Present (gift), _hadia_, _pem-bĕri-an_, _tanda-hayat_ (lit. “token
+      of life”).
+  Presently, _sa-buntar lagi_.
+  Press, to, _apit-kan_;
+    (press down), _tekan_;
+    (squeeze out), _pĕrah_.
+  Presumption, _angkara_.
+  Pretend, to, _achu_.
+  Pretence, _pura-pura_, _buat-buat_.
+  Pretty, _bagus_, _chantek_, _molek_.
+  Prevent, to, _tegah_, _larang_.
+  Price, _harga_;
+    (of a slave), _penebus_.
+  Prick, to, _chuchuk_, _tikam_.
+  Prickle, _duri_;
+    prickly, _ber-duri_.
+  Priest. (Muhammadan), _imam_;
+    (Christian), _padri_.
+  Prince, _putra_.
+  Princess, _putri_.
+  Principal, _pokok_, _modal_.
+  Print, to, _chap_.
+  Prison, _panjara_.
+  Private (secluded), _sunyi_;
+    (parts), _ka-malu-an_.
+  Privy, _jamban_.
+  Prize (booty), _rampas-an_;
+    (to value highly), _endah-kan_.
+  Procession, _arak_.
+  Proclaim, to, _menyata-kan_, _mashur-kan_.
+  Prodigal, _pemburus_.
+  Profit, _laba_, _untong_, _faidah_.
+  Prohibit, to, _larang-kan_, _tegah-kan_.
+  Prohibited, _larang-an_, _haram_.
+  Prolong, to, _lanjut-kan_.
+  Prominent (projecting), _jungur_.
+  Promise, a, _per-janji-an_;
+    (to promise), _janji_.
+  Prone (lying face downwards), _tiharap_.
+  Pronounce, to, _sebut_, _menyebut_.
+  Proof, _ka-nyata-an_, _saksi-an_.
+  Proper, _patut_, _harus_.
+  Property, _harta_, _benda_, _had_.
+  Prophet, _nabi_.
+  Prosecute, to, _dawa_, _men-dawa_.
+  Prostitute, _sundal_.
+  Prostrate, _menyiharap_, _pelanting_.
+  Protect, to, _lindong-kan_, _pelehra-kan_.
+  Proud, _sombong_.
+  Prove, to, _nyata-kan_, _me-nyata-kan_.
+  Proverb, _‘ibarat_, _tamsil_, _bidal_, _per upama-an_.
+  Provisions, _băkal_, _băkas_, _pelabur_.
+  Provoke, to, _usik_, _mengusik_.
+  Prudence, _ka-bija-an_.
+  Prudent, _cherdek_, _bijak_, _chermat_.
+  Prune, to, _ranchong_, _me-ranchong_.
+  Psalm, _zabur_.
+  Pull, to, _tarik_, _menarik_;
+    (drag), _hela_;
+    (pull up), _chabut_.
+  Pulley, _kapi_.
+  Pulse, _nadi_.
+  Pump, _bomba_.
+  Pumpkin, _labu_.
+  Pungent, _pedas_.
+  Punish, to, _siksa-kan_, _sakit-kan_.
+  Punishment, _siksa_, _ka-sakit-an_.
+  Pupil (of the eye), _biji mata_;
+    (scholar), _murid_.
+  Puppy, _anak-anjing_.
+  Pure (clear), _jerneh_, _hening_.
+  Purgative, _pen-chahar_.
+  Purple, _ungu_.
+  Purpose, _ka-handak_;
+    (on purpose), _sangaja_.
+  Purse, _unchang_, _pundi-pundi_.
+  Pursue, to, _hambat_, _kejar_;
+    (wild animals), _buru_, _mem-buru_.
+  Pus, _nanah_.
+  Push, to, _tolak_, _sorong_.
+  Put, to, _taroh_, _bubok_, _letak_;
+    (put on), _pakei_, _kĕna-kan_;
+    (put off, postpone), _tangguh_;
+    (put out fire), _padam_.
+  Putrid, _busuk_.
+  Puzzle (enigma), _tekak-teki_.
+
+
+  Q.
+
+  Quail, _puyuh_, _pikau_.
+  Quake, to, _kĕtar_, _mengĕtar_.
+  Quality, _sifat_.
+  Quantity, _baniak_.
+  Quarrel, _per-bantah-an_;
+    (to quarrel), _ber-kalahi_, _ber-tingkar_.
+  Quarter (fourth part), _suku_;
+    (of a slaughtered animal), _paha_.
+  Queen, _permeisuri_.
+  Quench, to, _padam-kan_.
+  Question, _sual_;
+    (to question), _pareksa_, _sual-kan_, _tanya_.
+  Quick, _lakas_, _chepat_, _bangat_, _lantas_, _pantas_.
+  Quicksilver, _rasa_.
+  Quid (of betel), _sepah_.
+  Quiet, _diam_, _sunyi_;
+    (silent), _sengap_.
+  Quit (to forsake), _tinggal-kan_.
+  Quite, _sakali_, _sa-mata-mata_.
+
+
+  R.
+
+  Race (lineage), _bangsa_, _asal_.
+  Races (contest), _lomba_, _ber-lomba_.
+  Radish, _lobak_.
+  Raft, _rakit_, _lantin_.
+  Rafter, _kasau_.
+  Rag, _perchah_.
+  Ragged, _koyak-rabak_, _chompang-champing_.
+  Railing, _pagar_, _kilik-kilik-an_.
+  Rain, _hujan_;
+    (to rain, rainy), _ber-hujan_;
+    (drizzle), _rinteh_.
+  Rainbow, _palangi_.
+  Raise, to, _angkat_, _bangun-kan_;
+    (with a lever), _tuwas_.
+  Raisins, _kismis_, _buah-anggor_.
+  Rake, _peng-garu_, _sikat_.
+  Range (to dispose in order), _meng atur-kan_.
+  Rank (row, line), _baris_, _saf_;
+    (station in life), _pangkat_, _martabat_.
+  Rank (rancid), _hanyir_, _basi_.
+  Ransom, to, _tebus_, _menebus_.
+  Rape, _rugul_.
+  Rapid, _dĕras_, _laju_.
+  Rapids (in a river), _jeram_, _chigar_, _riyam_.
+  Rare, _jarang_.
+  Rat, _tikus_;
+    (musk-rat), _chenchurut_.
+  Rattan, _rautan_.
+  Rave, to (in delirium), _meng-igau_, _ber-igau-igau_.
+  Raw, _mantah_.
+  Ray (of light), _sinar_;
+    (a fish, the skate), _pari_.
+  Razor, _pisau-chukur_.
+  Reach, to (with the hand), _chapei_, _men-chapei_;
+    (attain), _sampei_.
+  Read, to, _bacha_.
+  Ready, _sedia_, _siap_.
+  Really, _sunggoh_, _sa-sunggoh-nia_.
+  Reap, to, _ketam_, _tuwei_, _menuwei_.
+  Rear (to bring up), _pelehra_, _me-melehra-kan_.
+  Reason (cause), _karana_, _sebab_;
+    (understanding), _budi_, _‘aḳal_.
+  Rebellious, _derhaka_, _belut_.
+  Rebuke, to, _ajar_, _tegor_, _tengking_.
+  Receive, to, _terima_, _menerima_;
+    (take), _sambut_.
+  Reckon, to, _hitong_, _bilang_.
+  Recline, to, _baring_, _sandar_.
+  Recollect, to, _ingat_, _sedar_.
+  Recover (to get well), _ber-semboh_.
+  Red, _merah_.
+  Redeem, to, _tebus_, _menebus_.
+  Red-lead, _sadalinggam_.
+  Reduce, to, _korang-kan_.
+  Reed, _buluh_.
+  Reef, _karang_.
+  Reflect, to, _kenang_.
+  Refuse, to, _sangkal_, _anggan_.
+  Refuse (rubbish), _hampas_, _sampah_.
+  Regalia, _perkakaska-raja-an_.
+  Regard (to gaze at), _intei_, _renong_.
+  Region, _benua_.
+  Regret, to, _sesal_, _menyesal_.
+  Reign, _ka-raja-an_.
+  Rein (bridle), _tali-kang_.
+  Reject, to, _tolak-kan_, _buang_, _champak_.
+  Rejoice (to be glad), _ber-suka_;
+    (gladden), _menyuka-kan_.
+  Relapse, _balik-sakit_.
+  Relate, to, _cheritra-kan_.
+  Relations (kindred), _sudara_, _ibu-bapa_, _puwah_, _ḳaum_.
+  Release, to, _lepas-kan_, _me-lepas-kan_.
+  Relieve guard, to, _gilir_.
+  Religion, _agama_.
+  Reluctant, _segan_.
+  Remain, to, _diam_, _tinggal_, _ber-hinti_.
+  Remainder, _baḳi_;
+    (leavings), _sisa_.
+  Remedy, _penawar_, _ubat_.
+  Remember, to, _ingat_, _meng-ingat_, _kenang_.
+  Remove, to, (intrans.), _pindah_;
+    (trans.), _men-jauh-kan_, _ubah-kan_.
+  Rent (hire), _sewa_, _penyewa_.
+  Repair, to, _baik-i_, _mem-per-baik-kan_.
+  Repeat, to, _ulang_.
+  Repent, to, _taubat_, _sesal_, _menyesal_.
+  Replace, to, _ganti_.
+  Reply, to, _sahut_, _menyahut_, _men-jawab_, _balas jawab_.
+  Report, to, _khabar-kan_, _bĕri tahu_.
+  Report (rumour), _khabar_, _bunyi_.
+  Reprimand, to, _mengajar_.
+  Reprobate, _bangsat_.
+  Repudiate, to, _cherei-kan_.
+  Request, to, _minta_, _pinta_.
+  Resembling, _akan-akan_, _sa-rupa_.
+  Reside, to, _tinggal_, _diam_, _duduk_.
+  Resign, to, _serah-kan_, _pulang-kan_.
+  Resin, _damar_, _getah_.
+  Resist, to, _lawan_, _me-lawan_.
+  Respect, _hormat_.
+  Responsible for, to be, _sanggup_, _tanggong_.
+  Rest, _per hinti-an_, _ka-senang-an_.
+  Rest (remainder), _baḳi_.
+  Restore (to give back), _pulang-kan_.
+  Restrain, to, _tahan_, _menahan_.
+  Result, _ka-sudah-an_.
+  Retire (to retreat), _undur_, _ber-undur_.
+  Retired (secluded), _sunyi_.
+  Retribution, _pem-balas-an_.
+  Return, to, _pulang_, _balik_, _kambali_;
+    (retaliate), _balas_.
+  Revenge, _balas_, _damdam_.
+  Revenue, _hasil_.
+  Reverence, _sembah_.
+  Reverse, to, _mem-balik-kan_.
+  Revile, to, _hujat-kan_, _me-maki_.
+  Revive, to, _sedar_.
+  Reward, _upah_, _pahala_.
+  Rheumatism, _sakit tulang_, _sakit-angin_, _sengal_.
+  Rhinoceros, _badak_;
+    (rhinoceros-bird), _enggang_.
+  Rib, _rusuk_.
+  Ribbon, _fitah_.
+  Rice, _bĕras_;
+    (boiled), _nasi_;
+    (in the husk), _padi_;
+    (parched), _bertih_.
+  Rice-field, _sawah_, _bendang_;
+    (upland), _umah_, _ladang_.
+  Rich, _kaya_.
+  Riches, _ka-kaya-an_, _harta_, _benda_.
+  Riddle, _tekak-teki_.
+  Ride, to, _naik_, _tunggang_.
+  Ridge (rising ground), _permatang_;
+    (of a roof), _bumbong-an_.
+  Ridicule, to, _sindir_, _gonja_.
+  Right (proper), _betul_, _benar_, _patut_.
+  Right-hand, _kanan_.
+  Rightly, _sa-betul-nia_, _sa-patut-nia_.
+  Rigid (stiff), _tegar_, _kinchang_.
+  Rim, _tepi_.
+  Rind, _kulit_.
+  Ring (to sound), _derang_, _ber-derang_.
+  Ring, _chinchin_;
+    (ornamental hoop on weapons, &c.), _simpei_.
+  Ripe, _masak_.
+  Rise, to, _bangun_, _bangkit_;
+    (spring up), _timbul_, _tumboh_.
+  River, _sungei_, _ayer_, _batang-hari_;
+    (river-brink), _baroh_.
+  Rivulet, _anak-sungei_, _anak-ayer_.
+  Road, _jalan_;
+    (path), _lurong_.
+  Roadstead, _labuh-an_.
+  Roam, to, _jajah_, _hanyut_, _ulang-pergi-datang_.
+  Roar, to, _menganguh_.
+  Roast, to, _panggang_.
+  Rob, to, _rompak_, _rampas_, _samun_, _rebut_, _churi_.
+  Robe (gown), _kabaya_.
+  Rock, _batu_, _karang_.
+  Rock, to (intrans.), _ayun_, _ber-ayun_, _goyang_, _ber-goyang_;
+    (trans.), _ayun-kan_, _meng-ayun-kan_, _goyang-kan_,
+      _meng-goyang-kan_.
+  Roe (of fish), _telor-ikan_, _telor-tĕru-buk_.
+  Roll up, to, _gulong_, _meng-gulong_.
+  Rolling, _guling_, _goleh_.
+  Roof, _bumbong_;
+    (of the mouth), _lalangit_.
+  Room, _bilek_;
+    (space), _legah_.
+  Roost, to, _hinggap_, _tenggir_.
+  Root, _akar_.
+  Rope, _tali_.
+  Rose, _mawar_;
+    (rose-water), _ayer-mawar_.
+  Rot, to, _reput_.
+  Rotten, _burok_, _busuk_, _reput_.
+  Rough, _kesap_, _kesat_, _kĕrutu_.
+  Round, _bulat_, _buntar_.
+  Roundabout, _keliling_.
+  Rouse, to, _bangun-kan_, _gĕrak-kan_.
+  Row, to, _dayong_, _ber-dayong_;
+    (with paddles), _kayuh_, _ber-kayuh_.
+  Rub, to, _gosok_, _sapu_, _urut_, _genyek_, _gesek_.
+  Rubbish, _sampah_.
+  Ruby, _dalima_.
+  Rudder, _kamudi_.
+  Rude, _kasar_.
+  Ruin, to, _binasa_, _mem-binasa-kan_, _rosak_.
+  Rule, to, _pĕrentah_, _memerentah_.
+  Ruling-line, _benang-arang_.
+  Rump, _punggong_, _pangkal-paha_.
+  Run, to, _lari_;
+    (as water), _me-leleh_, _meng-alir_.
+  Run against (collide), _himpit_, _timpah_.
+  Rupee, _rupiyah_.
+  Rush at, to, _terkam_, _menerkam_.
+  Rust, _karat_.
+
+
+  S.
+
+  Sack, _karong_, _goni_.
+  Sacrifice, to, _mem-pĕlas_.
+  Sad, _susah-hati_, _duka-chita_.
+  Saddle, _zin_, _palana_, _sela_.
+  Safe, _salamat_, _sajehtra_.
+  Saffron, _kuniet_, _kumkuma_.
+  Sagacious, _cherdek_, _bijak_.
+  Sago, _sagu_.
+  Sail (of a vessel), _layar_;
+    (to sail), _ber-layar_.
+  Sailor, _matros_, _khalasi_.
+  Saint, _wali_, _oulia_.
+  Salary, _gaji_, _upah_.
+  Sale, _jual-bĕli_.
+  Saliva, _ayer liyor_.
+  Salt, _garam_;
+    (in taste), _masin_, _asin_.
+  Saltpetre, _sendawa_.
+  Salutation, _tabek_, _salam_.
+  Salute, to, _bĕri salam_, _minta tabek_.
+  Same, _sama_, _sarupa_.
+  Sand, _pasir_.
+  Sandbank, _beting_.
+  Sandalwood, _chandana_.
+  Sap, _getah_, _aris_.
+  Sash, _salendang_, _tali-pinggang_.
+  Satisfied, _puas_, _kiniang_.
+  Sauce, _kuah_.
+  Saucer, _piring_.
+  Savage, _liyar_, _buas_.
+  Save, to, _simpan_, _mengimpan_;
+    (be sparing), _jimat_.
+  Savoury, _sedap_.
+  Saw, _gergaji_.
+  Say, to, _kata_, _mengata-kan_.
+  Scald, to, _chelor_.
+  Scale (of a fish), _sisik_.
+  Scales, _daching_, _naracha_.
+  Scar, _parut_.
+  Scarce, _jarang_.
+  Scarf, _salendang_, _salimpei_.
+  Scarlet, _merah-tuah_.
+  Scatter, to, _tabur_, _menabur-kan_.
+  Scent, _bau_, _bau-bau-an_.
+  Scheme, _jalan_, _hikmat_.
+  Scholar (pupil), _murid_.
+  School, _tampat-belajar_.
+  Science, _‘ilmu_.
+  Scissors, _gunting_.
+  Scold, to, _maki_, _ber-tingkar_.
+  Score, _kodi_.
+  Scorpion, _kala-jengking_.
+  Scrape, to, _kikis_, _parang_.
+  Scraper, _kukur-an_.
+  Scratch, to, _garu_, _chakar_.
+  Scream, to, _tampik_, _ber-tĕriak_.
+  Screen, _tirei_, _bidei_.
+  Screen (to protect), _me-lindong-kan_.
+  Screw, _paku pulas_.
+  Scull, _tengkorak_.
+  Scum, _buih_.
+  Scurf, _kedal_, _kurap_.
+  Sea, _laut_, _laut-an_.
+  Seal (signet), _chap_, _matrei_.
+  Sealing-wax, _lak_.
+  Seam, _jahit-an_.
+  Sea-shore, _pantei_, _tepi-laut_.
+  Sea-sick, _mabuk-ombak_.
+  Season, _musim_.
+  Search, to, _chahari_, _bongkar_, _men-chahari_, _siasat_,
+      _salongkar_.
+  Seat, _ka-duduk-an_.
+  Sea-weed, _bunga-karang_.
+  Secret, _rahusia_.
+  Secrete, to, _sembunyi-kan_.
+  Secretly, _churi-churi_.
+  Security, bail, _aku-an_, _tanggong-an_.
+  See, to, _tengok_, _lihat_, _pandang_.
+  Seed, _biji_, _bĕnih_.
+  Seed-plot, nursery, _semai_.
+  Seek, to, _chahari_.
+  Seize, to, _pegang_, _tangkap_.
+  Seldom, _jarang_.
+  Select, to, _pilih_, _memilih_.
+  Self, _diri_, _sendiri_, _kendiri_.
+  Sell, to, _jual_, _men-jual_.
+  Send, to, _kirim_, _hantar_.
+  Sense, _‘aḳal_;
+    (meaning), _ma‘ana_.
+  Senses (the five), _pancha-indra_.
+  Sentence, to, _hukum-kan_, _putus-kan hukum_.
+  Sentry, _penungguh_.
+  Separate, to, _asing-kan_, _cherei-kan_;
+    (distinguish), _per-lain-kan_.
+  Sepoy, _sipahi_.
+  Serious, _bĕrat_.
+  Serpent, _ular_.
+  Servant, _budak_, _orang-gaji_, _pen-jawat_.
+  Serve (to wait on), _me-layan_.
+  Service (employment), _pegang-an_, _tanggong-an_.
+  Serviceable, _ber-guna_.
+  Set (to place, put), _letak_, _buboh_, _taroh_;
+    (to set out, depart), _berangkat_.
+  Settle, to, _sĕlăsi_;
+    (to fix, decide), _tetap-kan_.
+  Several, _baniak juga_.
+  Severe, _kĕras_.
+  Sew, to, _jahit_, _menjahit_, _jaib_, _men-jaib_.
+  Shade, _tĕdoh_, _naung_, _per-naung-an_.
+  Shadow, _bayang_, _bayang-bayang_.
+  Shady, _ber-tedoh_, _ber-lindong_.
+  Shaft (of a weapon), _hulu_.
+  Shake, to, _goyang_, _gonchang_;
+    (hands), _jabat tangan_.
+  Shallow, _chetek_, _tohor_;
+    (of a plate or vessel), _cheper_.
+  Sham, _pura-pura_.
+  Shame, _malu_.
+  Shape, _rupa_, _sifat_.
+  Share, _habu-an_, _bahagi-an_.
+  Shark, _hiyu_, _ikan hiyu_.
+  Sharp, _tajam_.
+  Sharpen, to, _asah_, _chanai_, _tajam-kan_;
+    (by paring or cutting), _ranchong_.
+  Shatter, to, _rĕmok_, _rĕdam_.
+  Shave, to, _chukor_.
+  Sheath, _sarong_.
+  Shed, _bangsal_, _pondok_, _teratak_, _jambar_.
+  Sheep, _kambing biri-biri_.
+  Sheet, _kain selimut_.
+  Shell, _siput_;
+    (rind or covering), _kulit_;
+    (cocoanut), _tempurong_;
+    (missile), _priuk-api_.
+  Shepherd, _gambala_.
+  Shew, to, _tunjok_, _unjok_.
+  Shield, _pĕrisai_.
+  Shift (to change), _alih_, _mengalih_.
+  Shin, _tulang-kĕring_.
+  Shine, to, _ber-sinar_, _ber-kilat_.
+  Ship, _kapal_, _prahu_.
+  Shipwrecked, _karam_.
+  Shirt, _kameja_.
+  Shiver, to, _gatar_, _mengatar_.
+  Shoal, _beting_.
+  Shock (start), _kĕjut_.
+  Shoe, _kasut_, _sapatu_;
+    (-horn), _pengijah-kasut_.
+  Shoot, to, _tembak_, _menembak membedil_;
+    (an arrow), _panah_, _memanah_;
+    (sprout), _tumboh_.
+  Shop, _kedei_;
+    (to keep a), _ber-kedei_.
+  Shore (beach), _pantei_;
+    (to go on shore), _naik di darat_;
+    (prop), _sokong_.
+  Short, _pendek_, _pandak_;
+    (in quantity), _korang_.
+  Shot, small, _kachang-kachang_, _pengabur_.
+  Shoulder, _bahu_.
+  Shout, _sorak_, _sĕru_, _tampik_.
+  Shove, to, _tolak_, _sorong_.
+  Shower, _hujan_.
+  Shred, to, _hiris_.
+  Shriek, to, _mekik_, _pekik_, _men-jerit_.
+  Shrill, _nyaring_, _ranang_.
+  Shrimp, _hudang_.
+  Shrink, to, shrivel, _kechut_, _kerukut_.
+  Shroud, _kapan_.
+  Shut, to, _tutop_, _katop_;
+    (the eyes), _pejam_, _kejam_.
+  Shy, _liyar_.
+  Sick (ill), _sakit_, _gĕring_;
+    (sea-sick), _mabuk-ombak_;
+    (to vomit), _muntah_.
+  Sickle, _sabit_, _pengetam_.
+  Side, _rusuk_;
+    (one--), _sa-bĕlah_.
+  Sieve, _nyiru_.
+  Sift, to, _ayak_, _ayak-kan_.
+  Sigh, to, _keluh_, _mengeluh_.
+  Sight, _peng-lihat-an_, _pandang-an_.
+  Sign (token), _‘alamat_, _tanda_.
+  Sign, to, _turun tanda tangan_.
+  Signature, _tanda tangan_, _khat_.
+  Signet, _chap_, _matrei_.
+  Signification, _ma‘ana_.
+  Silent, _diam_, _sengap_.
+  Silk, _sutra_.
+  Silly, _bodoh_, _bingong_.
+  Silver, _perak_.
+  Similar, _sama_.
+  Simply, _sahaja_, _chuma_.
+  Sin, _dosa_.
+  Since, _sa-peninggal_.
+  Sincere, _suchi hati_, _ekhlas_.
+  Sinew, _urat_.
+  Sing, to, _nyanyi_, _me-nyanyi_.
+  Single, solitary, _tunggal_;
+    (alone), _sa’orang_.
+  Sink, to, _tinggalam_, _karam_.
+  Sinuous (winding), _kelo-kelo_.
+  Sip, to, _hisap_, _hirup_.
+  Sister, _sudara perampuan_;
+    (elder), _kakah_;
+    (younger), _adek_;
+    (in-law), _ipar_.
+  Sit, to, _duduk_;
+    (with the legs crossed), _ber-sila_;
+    (with the feet hanging down), _ber-juntei_;
+    (resting on the left arm with the left leg under the right),
+      _ber-tempuh_;
+    (to squat), _ber-jongkok_, _ber-tenggong_, _menyeranggong_.
+  Site, _tampat_.
+  Size, _besar_.
+  Skein, _tukal_.
+  Skate, _ikan-pari_.
+  Skewer, _penyuchuk_.
+  Skill, _ka-pandei-an_.
+  Skin, _kulit_;
+    (hide), _belulang_.
+  Skin (to flay), _kupas_, _kelupas_.
+  Skip, to, _me-lompat_.
+  Skirt (of a garment), _puncha_.
+  Sky, _langit_.
+  Slab (of tin), _keping_;
+    (small), _jung-kong_.
+  Slack, _kundor_.
+  Slander, _fitnah_.
+  Slanting, _miring_, _chondong_, _singet_.
+  Slap, _tampar_, _tempiling_.
+  Slave, _hamba_, _sahaya_.
+  Sleep, to, _tidor_, _lena_, _ber-adu_.
+  Sleeve, _tangan-baju_.
+  Slender, _nipis_;
+    (in the waist), _ramping_.
+  Slice, to, _hiris_, _meng-hiris_.
+  Slice, a, _sa’potong_.
+  Slip, to, _tĕgălichik_, _kalichik_, _gelinchir_, _kelinchir_.
+  Slippery, _lichin_, _linchin_.
+  Slit, to, _bĕlah_, _mem-bĕlah_.
+  Slow, _lambat_, _perlahan_.
+  Small, _kĕchil_, _halus_.
+  Small-pox, _chachar_, _ka-tumboh_.
+  Smart, to, _pedih_.
+  Smear, to, _lumur_, _lumas_, _chalit_.
+  Smell, _bau_;
+    (to smell), _chium_.
+  Smelt, to, _lĕbur_.
+  Smile, to, _sinnyum_.
+  Smith, _tukang_.
+  Smoke, _asap_.
+  Smooth, _lichin_;
+    (level), _rata_.
+  Smother, _lemas-kan_.
+  Snail, _unam_, _kelambui_.
+  Snake, _ular_.
+  Snare, _rachik_.
+  Snarl, to, _kerennyut_, _kerising_, _gerennying_.
+  Snatch, to, _rebut_, _me-rebut_, _sentak_, _rampas_.
+  Sneer, to, _sindir_.
+  Sneeze, to, _bersin_.
+  Snipe, _tetiru_, _berkik_.
+  Snivel, _ingus_.
+  Snore, to, _mengĕrok_, _dengkor_, _melengkor_.
+  So, _bagini_, _bagitu_, _damikian_.
+  Soak, to, _rendam_.
+  Soap, _sabun_.
+  Soar (to fly), _melayang_.
+  Sob, to, _isak_;
+    (sobbing), _ter-isak-isak-an_.
+  Society (community), _jumaha_.
+  Soft, _lemak_, _lumbut_.
+  Solder, _patĕri_, (to solder), _patĕri-kan_.
+  Soldier, _sipahi_, _soldado_.
+  Sole (of the foot), _tapak-kaki_;
+    (fish), _ikan lidah_.
+  Sometimes, _kadang-kadang_.
+  Son, _anak laki-laki_, _anak-jantan_.
+  Song, _nyanyi_, _lagu_, _gurindam_.
+  Soon, _sa-buntar-lagi_.
+  Soot, _arang-para_.
+  Sop, to, _chichah_.
+  Sore (ulcer), _puru_;
+    (wound), _luka_;
+    (painful), _sakit_, _pedih_.
+  Sorrow, _ka-duka-an_, _duka-chita_, _ka-susah-an_, _susah-hati_.
+  Sorry, _susah-hati_.
+  Sort, _bagei_, _macham_, _rupa_, _jenis_.
+  Soul, _nyawa_, _jiwa_, _ruḥ_.
+  Sound (noise), _bunyi_.
+  Sour, _asam_, _masam_.
+  South, _selatan_;
+    (south-east), _tang-gara_;
+    (south-west), _barat-daya_.
+  Sow, to, _tabur_, _menabur_.
+  Space, _lapang_.
+  Spade, _peng-gali_.
+  Span, _jingkal_.
+  Sparing (parsimonious), _kikir_.
+  Spark, _bunga-api_.
+  Sparrow, _burong-pipit_.
+  Speak, to, _ber-chakap_, _ber-kata_, _ber-tutur_;
+    (to speak to, address), _tegor_, _siapa-kan_.
+  Spear, _lembing_, _tombak_.
+  Speck, _titik_.
+  Speckled, _rintik_, _be-rintik_.
+  Spectacles, _chermin-mata_.
+  Spell (incantation), _mantra_.
+  Spell, to, _eja_.
+  Spend, to, _bĕlanja_.
+  Spices, _rampak-rampak_.
+  Spider, _laba-laba_, _lawa-lawa_.
+  Spill, to, _tumpah_, _menumpah_.
+  Spin, to, _pintal_.
+  Spinach, _bayam_.
+  Spinster, _bujang_.
+  Spirit (soul), _nyawa_, _ruh_, _samangat_.
+  Spirits (ardent), _arak_.
+  Spit (skewer), _penyuchuk_.
+  Spit, to, _ludah_.
+  Spite, _sakit-hati_, _kechil-hati_, _dingki_.
+  Splash, to, _perchik_, _memerchik_.
+  Spleen, _limpa-kechil_.
+  Splinter, _serupih_, _tatal_.
+  Split, to, _bĕlah_, _mem-bĕlah_.
+  Spoil, to, _rosak_, _binasa_.
+  Spoon, _sendok_, _suduk_.
+  Sponge, _bunga-karang_.
+  Spotted, _ber-rintik_.
+  Spout, _panchur_.
+  Sprain, _salah-urat_.
+  Spray (driving rain), _tempias_.
+  Spread, to (a mat, cloth, &c.), _hampar_, _bentang_;
+    (as fire or infection), _jangkit_, _ber-jangkit_, _melarat_.
+  Spring (of water), _mata-ayer_.
+  Spring (to germinate), _tumboh_;
+    (issue forth), _timbul_, _terbit_.
+  Sprinkle, to, _perchik_, _memerchik_;
+    (to water), _seram_.
+  Sprout, _tunas_.
+  Spur, _taji_.
+  Spy, _solo_;
+    (to spy), _intei_;
+    (spy-glass), _tĕropong_.
+  Squander, to, _mem-boros-kan_.
+  Square, _ampat-pesagi_.
+  Squat down, to, _ber-jungkok_.
+  Squeeze, to, _apit_, _tindih_;
+    (wring, squeeze out), _pĕrah_.
+  Squint, _juling_.
+  Squirrel, _tupei_.
+  Stab, to, _tikam_, _menikam_.
+  Stable (firm), _kukuh_, _tĕtap_;
+    (for horses), _bangsal-kuda_.
+  Stagger, to, _chondong-ruyong_, _layah-siak_, _me-ruyong_.
+  Stagnant, _tenang_.
+  Stairs, _tangga_.
+  Stake, post, _panchang_.
+  Stake (to wager), _ber-taroh_.
+  Stale (musty), _basi_.
+  Stalk, _tangkei_.
+  Stammer, to, _gagap_.
+  Stamp (to trample), _injak_, _jijak_, _pijak_, _terajang_;
+    (impress), _chap-kan_.
+  Stand, to, _ber-diri_.
+  Star, _bintang_.
+  Stare, to, _renong_.
+  Startled, _ter-kejut_.
+  Starve, to, _mati-lapar_.
+  Station (rank), _pangkat_.
+  Stay (to dwell), _tinggal_, _diam_;
+    (wait), _nanti_, _tangguh_.
+  Steady, _tetap_, _tegoh_, _kukuh_.
+  Steal, to, _churi_.
+  Steam, _hawap_;
+    (to cook by), _kukus_.
+  Steel, _baja_.
+  Steep, _tega_, _terjal_.
+  Steep (to dip), _chelop_.
+  Steer, to, _pegang kamudi_.
+  Steersman, _juru-mudi_.
+  Step (stride), _langkah_.
+  Stepfather, _bapa tiri_.
+  Stern (of a vessel), _burit-an_.
+  Stew, to, _tumis_.
+  Stick (walking), _tongkat_.
+  Stick (to adhere), _lekat_;
+    (to be obstructed), _sangkut_.
+  Stiff, _kaku_.
+  Sting, to, _singat_.
+  Stingy, _kikir_, _chikil_, _bakhil_.
+  Stink, _bau-busuk_.
+  Stir, to, _gĕrak_.
+  Stitch, _jerumat_.
+  Stockade, _kubu_.
+  Stocking, _sarong-kaki_.
+  Stocks, _pasong_.
+  Stomach, _pĕrut_.
+  Stone, _batu_.
+  Stool, _bangko_.
+  Stoop, to, _tundok_.
+  Stop (to cease), _ber-hinti_;
+    (hinder), _tahan_, _tegah_;
+    (intercept), _ampang_, _adang_;
+    (stop up, plug), _sumbat_.
+  Stopper, _penyumbat_.
+  Store, warehouse, _gĕdong_.
+  Stork, _bangau_.
+  Storm, _ribut_.
+  Story, _cheritra_;
+    (of a house), _tingkat_.
+  Straight, _betul_, _lurus_.
+  Strain (to filter), _tapis_.
+  Strait (of the sea), _selat_.
+  Strange (curious), _pelik_;
+    (wonderful), _‘ajaib_.
+  Stranger, _orang-dagang_.
+  Strangle, to, _pujut_.
+  Stray (wandering), _jalang_;
+    (to lose the way), _sesat_.
+  Stream (river), _sungei_;
+    (current), _harus_.
+  Street, _jalan_, _lorong_.
+  Strength, _kuasa_, _ḳuat_.
+  Strengthen, to, _menegoh-kan_.
+  Stretch (to spread out), _bentang_;
+    (the limbs), _melunjur_;
+    (in yawning), _mengelisah_.
+  Strew, to, _hambur-kan_.
+  Strict, _kĕras_.
+  Stride, _langkah_.
+  Strike, to, _pukul_, _gasak_, _palu_.
+  String, _tali_, _utas_.
+  Strip, to, _tanggal-kan_.
+  Striped, _bĕlang_, _ber-choring_.
+  Stripped (naked), _telanjang_.
+  Stroke, _sa’kali pukul_, _sa’kali takuk_.[2]
+
+      [Footnote 2: There is no word in Malay which corresponds with our
+      word “stroke” or “blow,” the idea of distinguishing the blow
+      struck from the act of striking not having suggested itself to the
+      native mind. “So many blows” must be translated, “struck so many
+      times.” He was sentenced to twenty stripes with a rattan, _Kĕna
+      hukum di-atas-nia gasak dengan rotan dua-puloh kali_. So-and-so
+      can cut down a _nibong_ tree in three strokes, _Kalau si-anu
+      tebang pokok nibong takuk tiga kali tumbang_.]
+
+  Stroke, to, _raba_, _urut_.
+  Strong, _ḳuat_, _gagah_;
+    (violent), _kĕras_, _dĕras_.
+  Struggle, to, _lawan_, _ber-gumul_.
+  Stubborn, _kapala-kĕras_, _degil_.
+  Studious (diligent), _rajin_.
+  Study (learning), _pelajar-an_, _pengan-an_;
+    (to study), _bel-ajar_, _meng-aji_.
+  Stumble (to trip, knock against something), _antuk ter-antuk_,
+      _sen-tuk_.
+  Stump (of a tree), _tunggul_.
+  Stupid, _bodoh_, _bingong_, _babal_.
+  Stupefied, _bius_. (See _note_, p. 112.)
+  Subject (subordinate to), _ta‘aluk_;
+    (matter, purport), _fasal_, _buku_, _bunyi_;
+    (citizen), _ra‘iyat_.
+  Submit, to, _tunduk_;
+    (refer for decision), _sĕmbah-kan_, _menyĕmbah-kan_.
+  Substitute, _ganti_.
+  Subtract, to, _tolak_, _chabut_.
+  Succeed (to take the place of), _meng-ganti_;
+    (to answer), _jadi_.
+  Succession (inheritance), _pusaka_.
+  Such, _bagini_, _bagitu_, _yang dami-kian_.
+  Suck, to, _hisap_, _hirup_;
+    (the breast), _mam susu_.
+  Suddenly, _sa-kunyong-kunyong_.
+  Suet, _lemak_.
+  Suffer (to endure), _tahan_, _tanggong_.
+  Sufficient, _chukup_.
+  Sugar, _gula_, _shakar_;
+    (moist), _gula-pasir_;
+    (sugar-candy), _gula-batu_;
+    (sugar-cane), _tebu_.
+  Suicide, _bunoh-diri_.
+  Suit (cause), _bichara_, _da‘wa_.
+  Suitable, _padan_, _patut_, _harus_.
+  Sulky, _muka-masam_, _merajuk_.
+  Sulphur, _bălirang_.
+  Sumatra, _pulau-percha_.
+  Summit, _merchu_, _puchuk_, _kamunchak_.
+  Summon (to call out the peasantry), _kĕrah_, _mengĕrah_;
+    (to cite), _panggil_.
+  Sun, _mata-hari_.
+  Sunrise, _mata-hari naik_, _terbit-mata-hari_.
+  Sunset, _mata-hari turun_, _masok mata-hari_.
+  Sundry, _ber-bagei-bagei_.
+  Supercargo, _tukang peta_.
+  Superintend, to, _pĕrentah_, _memĕ-rentah_.
+  Supine (lying face upwards), _telentang_.
+  Supple, _lemah_.
+  Supplies, _bakal_, _pelabur_.
+  Support, to, _tahan_, _tanggong_;
+    (prop), _sokong_.
+  Sure, _tuntu_, _tetap_.
+  Surety (security), _aku-an_.
+  Surfeited, _jemu_.
+  Surpass, to, _lalu_, _lampau_.
+  Surplus, _ka-lebeh-an_.
+  Surprised, _heiran_, _ter-chengang_.
+  Surrender, to, _sĕrah-kan_.
+  Surround, to, _kepong_, _mengeliling kan_.
+  Suspect, to, _menaroh shak_.
+  Suspicion, _shak hati_.
+  Swaddle, to, _bĕdong_.
+  Swallow (a bird), _layang-layang_;
+    (to swallow), _tĕlan_.
+  Swamp, _paya_, _redang_.
+  Swear, to, _sumpah_, _ber-sumpah_.
+  Sweat, _pĕluh_.
+  Sweep, to, _sapu_, _menyapu_.
+  Sweet, _manis_;
+    (fragrant), _harum_, _wangi_.
+  Sweetheart, _kakasih_.
+  Sweetmeats, _manis-an_, _halwa_.
+  Sweet potatoes, _keledek_.
+  Swell, to, _bengkak_.
+  Swift, _laju_, _lantas_, _dĕras_.
+  Swim, to, _berĕnang_.
+  Swindle, to, _tipu_, _kechek_.
+  Swing, a, _buayan_, _indul_;
+    (to swing), _melenggang_, _ayun_.
+  Swoon, to, _pengsan_.
+  Swoop, to, _sambar_, _menyambar_.
+  Sword, _pedang_.
+  Sympathise, _ber-serta_.
+
+
+  T.
+
+  Table, _meja_.
+  Tablecloth, _kain-meja_.
+  Tack (to sew), _jahit_, _jaib_;
+    (nautical term), _beluk_.
+  Tail, _ekor_.
+  Tailor, _tukang-jaib_.
+  Take, to, _ambil_;
+    (away), _angkat_, _bawa-pergi_.
+  Tale, _cheritra_.
+  Talk, to, _ber-chakap_, _ber-kata-kata_.
+  Talkative, _mulut-panjang_.
+  Tall, _tinggi_.
+  Tamarind, _asam-jawa_.
+  Tame, _jinak_.
+  Tangled, _kusut_, _ter-kusut_.
+  Tap, to, _tepuk_, _ketok_.
+  Tap-root, _umbi_, _akar-susu_.
+  Target, _sasar_, _sasar-an_.
+  Taste, _rasa_.
+  Tasteless, _tawar_.
+  Tax, _chukei_.
+  Tea, _teh_, _cha_, _daun-teh_, _daun-cha_, _ayer-teh_, _ayer-cha_.
+  Teapot, _teh-kwan_.
+  Teach, to, _ajar_, _meng-ajar_.
+  Teak, _kayu jati_.
+  Teal, _bĕlibis_.
+  Tear, to, _koyak_, _charik_, _rabit_.
+  Tears, _ayer-mata_.
+  Tease, to, _usik_, _sakat_, _menyakat_.
+  Teeth, _gigi_.
+  Telescope, _tĕropong_.
+  Tell, to, _khabar-kan_, _bilang_, _bĕri-tahu_.
+  Temper, _pĕrangei_.
+  Tempest, _ribut_.
+  Temples, the, _pĕlipis_.
+  Tend, to, _tunggu_, _jaga_.
+  Tender (to offer), _unjuk-kan_.
+  Tendon, _urat_.
+  Tenor (purport), _bunyi_, _harti_.
+  Terrible, _ngĕri_.
+  Test, to, _choba_;
+    (metals), _uji_.
+  Tether to, _tambat_.
+  Thatch, _atap_.
+  Then, _waktu itu_, _tatkala itu_, _pada masa itu_.
+  There, _sana_, _situ_, _di-sana_, _di-situ_.
+  Therefore, _karana itu_, _sebab itu_.
+  Thick, _tĕbal_;
+    (in consistency), _kental_;
+    (turbid), _kĕroh_;
+    (close together), _kĕrap_, _lebat_.
+  Thief, _penchuri_.
+  Thigh, _paha_.
+  Thimble, _sarong-jari_, _didal_.
+  Thin, _nipis_, _halus_;
+    (lean), _kurus_.
+  Thing, _barang_, _bĕnda_, _mata-bĕnda_.
+  Think, to, _fikir_, _pikir_, _kira_, _sangka_.
+  Thirst, thirsty, _haus_, _dahaga_.
+  Thorn, _duri_.
+  Though, _wolo_, _lamun-kan_, _masa-kan_.
+  Thought, _pikir-an_, _pe-rasa-an_.
+  Thrash, to, _balun_, _godam_, _gasak_.
+  Thread, _bĕnang_.
+  Threaten, to, _ugut_.
+  Thrifty, _jimat_.
+  Throat (outside), _leher_;
+    (inside), _rungkong_.
+  Throb, to, _dĕbar_, _ber-dĕbar_.
+  Throne, _takhta_, _singgahsana_.
+  Through, _tĕrus_.
+  Throw, to, _lempar_, _baling_;
+    (away), _champak_, _buang_.
+  Thumb, _ibu-jari_.
+  Thunder, _guntur_, _guroh_.
+  Thunderbolt, _panah-halilintar_.
+  Tickle, to, _gĕli_.
+  Tide (flood), _ayer-pasang_;
+    (ebb), _ayer-surut_;
+    (current), _harus_.
+  Tie, to, _ikat_, _tambat_.
+  Tier (row), _baris_, _pangkat_, _saf_.
+  Tiger, _harimau_, _rimau_.
+  Tight, _tĕgang_, _ketat_, _chekang_.
+  Tiles (roofing), _ginting_.
+  Timber, _kayu_;
+    (balk), _balak_;
+    (tree), _pokok-kayu_.
+  Time, _waktu_, _katika_, _masa_;
+    (opportunity), _sampat_, _dan_.
+  Timid, _takut_.
+  Tin, _timah_, _timah-puteh_.
+  Tinder, _rabok_.
+  Tinsel, _pĕrada_.
+  Tipsy, _mabuk_.
+  Tired, _pĕnat_, _lĕlah_.
+  Title, _gĕlar-an_.
+  Toad, _kangkong_.
+  Toast, to, _panggang_.
+  Tobacco, _tembakau_.
+  To-day, _hari-ini_.
+  Toddy, _tuak_.
+  Toe, _jari-kaki_.
+  Together, _sama_, _sama-sama_, _serta_.
+  Token, _‘alamat_, _tanda_.
+  Toll, _chukei_.
+  Tomb, _ḳubur_;
+    (place of visitation), _kăramat_.[3]
+      [Footnote 3: _Kăramat_, a tomb, place, person, or thing of reputed
+      sanctity; a corruption of the words _ka rahmat_, “to the mercy,”
+      which occur in the phrase, _Sudah pulang ka rahmat Allah_, “Has
+      returned to the mercy of God,” _i.e._, has died.]
+  To-morrow, _esok_, _besok_;
+    (morning), _besok-pagi_.
+  Tone, _bunyi_.
+  Tongs, _penyĕpit_.
+  Tongue, _lidah_.
+  Tools, _pekakas_.
+  Tooth, _gigi_;
+    (-pick), _pen-chunkil-gigi_.
+  Top, _kapala_;
+    (summit), _puchuk_, _kamunchak_.
+  Torch, _damar_, _suluh_.
+  Torment, _sangsara_.
+  Torrent, _ayer-dĕras_;
+    (of tears), _sebak_.
+  Tortoise, _kora-kora_, _labi-labi_;
+    (-shell), _sisik-pennyu_.
+  Torture, _tuwas_.
+  Toss, to, _me-lanting_.
+  Total, _jumlah_, _kumpul-an_.
+  Touch, to, _chekoh_, _jabat_, _suntoh_.
+  Touchstone, _batu-uji_.
+  Tow, to, _tunda_.
+  Towards, _ara ka-_, _hala ka-_, _tuju ka-_.
+  Towel, _sapu-tangan_.
+  Town, _negri_, _bandar_.
+  Toy, _per-main-an_.
+  Trace, _băkas_;
+    (foot-mark), _băkas-kaki_.
+  Trade, _per-nyaga-an_;
+    (to carry on), _ber-nyaga_, _menyaga_.
+  Trader, _sudagar_.
+  Tradition, _cheritra orang tuah-tuah_.
+  Trample, to, _pijak_, _jijak_, _terajang_.
+  Transcribe, to, _salin-kan_, _turun-kan_.
+  Translate, to, _salin_, _tarjamah_, _turun-kan_, _pindah-kan_.
+  Transplant, to, _alih_, _pindah-kan_.
+  Transparent, _jerneh_, _hening_.
+  Transverse, _lentang_.
+  Trap, _perangkap_;
+    (bird-), _rachik_;
+    (set with a spear or sharp stake for larger animals), _belantik_.
+  Trappings, _per-hias-an_.
+  Tray, _dulang_;
+    (round), _talam_.
+  Tread, to, _pijak_, _jijak_, _injak_.
+  Treasury, _khazanah_.
+  Treaty, _per-janji-an_.
+  Tree, _pokok_, _pohun_;
+    (a dead tree), _punggor_;
+    (a fallen tree), _rĕbah_.
+  Tremble, to, _kĕtar_, _mengĕtar_.
+  Trench, _parit_.
+  Tribe, _suku_.
+  Trick (to cheat), _kichau_, _kechek_.
+  Trickle, _titik_, _menitik_.
+  Trim (to arrange), _andam_, _meng-andam_;
+    (balance), _timbang_.
+  Troop (company, flock), _kawan_.
+  Trouble, _ka-susah-an_;
+    (misfortune, calamity), _bala_, _malang_, _mara-bahaya_;
+    (difficulty), _ka-sukar-an_.
+  Trough, _palong_.
+  Trousers, _saluar_, _sarual_, _chalana_.
+  True, _bĕnar_, _sungguh_, _bĕtul_.
+  Trunk (of a tree), _batang_;
+    (of an elephant), _belalei_.
+  Trust (to confide), _harap_, _perchaya_.
+  Try, to, _choba_;
+    (judicially), _păreḳsa_.
+  Tub, _tong_.
+  Tumble, to, _jatoh_, _rebah_.
+  Tune, _lagu_, _ragam_.
+  Turban, _sarban_, _dastar_, _tangkolo_.
+  Turn (to go round), _ber-pusing_, _ber-paling_;
+    (to cause to move round), _mem-pusing_;
+    (over), _balik-kan_.
+  Turtle, _pennyu_.
+  Tusk, _siong_, _taring_;
+    (of an elephant), _gading_.
+  Twig, _dahan_, _ranting_.
+  Twinkle, to, _kĕjap_, _kĕlip_.
+  Twilight (morning), _dina-hari_;
+    (evening), _senja-kala_.
+  Twin, _kambar_.
+  Twine (cord), _tali-rami_.
+  Twist, to, _pulas_, _pintal_.
+  Tyrannical, _zalim_.
+
+
+  U.
+
+  Ugly, _uduh_, _buruk_.
+  Ulcer, _puru_.
+  Umbrella, _payong_.
+  Uncertain, _ta’ tuntu_.
+  Uncle, _bapa-sudara_, _pa-penakan_.
+  Uncover, _buka_, _mem-buka_.
+  Under, _bawah_, _di-bawah_.
+  Understand, _mengarti_.
+  Underwood, _bĕlukar_.
+  Undress, to, _tanggal kain baju_, _buka pakei-an_.
+  Unfortunate, _chelaka_, _nasib ta’ baik_.
+  Unhappy, _susah-hati_.
+  Unite, to, _hubong_, _rapat-kan_.
+  Universe, _‘alam_.
+  Unless, _hania_, _melain-kan_.
+  Unload, to, _bongkar_, _punggah_.
+  Unlucky, _chelaka_, _malang_.
+  Unmannerly, _kasar_, _be-adab_.
+  Unmarried, _bujang_.
+  Untie, to, _rungkei_, _luchut-kan_.
+  Until, _sampei_, _hingga_.
+  Untrue, _bohong_, _dusta_.
+  Up, _atas_, _di-atas_, _ka-atas_;
+    (up to, as high as), _arah_, _ḥad_.
+  Upside down, _ter-balik_.
+  Urine, _ayer-kinching_.
+  Usage, _‘adat_.
+  Use, _guna_;
+    (to use), _pakei_, _per-guna-kan_.
+  Useful, _ber-guna_.
+  Utter, to, _sebut_, _meng-uchap_.
+
+
+  V.
+
+  Vacant, _kosong_.
+  Vagabond, _bangsat_.
+  Vain, conceited, _kachak_, _bisi_, _sombong_;
+    (fruitless), _sia-sia_, _chuma_.
+  Valiant, _gagah_, _bĕrani_, _perkasa_.
+  Valley, _lembah_, _lurah_.
+  Valuable, _endah_, _ber-harga_.
+  Value (to appraise), _nilai_.
+  Vanish, to, _linyap_, _ghraib_.
+  Vanquish, to, _alah-kan_;
+    (vanquished), _alah_.
+  Vapour, _hawap_.
+  Variegated, _pancha-warna_;
+    (striped), _ber-choring_.
+  Various, _ber-bagei-bagei_, _ber-jenis-jenis_.
+  Vary (to alter), _ubah_;
+    (differ), _ber-lain_, _ber-beda_.
+  Vast, _luas_.
+  Vegetables, _sayur_.
+  Veil, _kain-selubong_.
+  Veiled, _ber-selubong_.
+  Vein, _urat-darah_.
+  Velvet, _beludu_;
+    (of a deer’s antlers), _saput_.
+  Vengeance, _balas_;
+    (animosity, desire of vengeance), _damdam_.
+  Venom, _bisa_.
+  Verandah, _serambi_.
+  Verily, _sa-sunggoh-nia_.
+  Vermin (insect), _tuma_.
+  Verse, _sloka_;
+    (text), _ayat_.
+  Vex, to, _usik_, _menyusah-kan_.
+  Victory, _jaya_.
+  Village, _kampong_, _dusun_.
+  Vinegar, _chuka_.
+  Violate, to, _rugul_, _me-rugul_.
+  Virgin, _anak-dara_.
+  Visit, to, _ber-tandang_.
+  Vizier, _wazir_.
+  Voice, _suara_.
+  Volcano, _gunong ber-api_.
+  Volume, _jilit_.
+  Vomit, to, _muntah_.
+  Voracious, _gĕlujuh_.
+  Vow, _niat_;
+    (to fulfill a vow), _bayar niat_, _lepas niat_.
+  Vowel-points, _baris_.
+  Voyage, _pe-layar-an_.
+  Vulgar, _hina_.
+  Vulture, _hering_.
+
+
+  W.
+
+  Wade, to, _meng-arung_, _me-randai_.
+  Wages, _gaji_, _upah_.
+  Wail, to, _ratap_.
+  Waist, _pinggang_;
+    (waist-belt), _tali-pinggang_, _tali-pending_.
+  Waist-buckle, _pending_.
+  Wait, to, _nanti_, _tangguh_.
+  Wake, to, _jaga_, _ber-jaga_.
+  Waken, to, _men-jaga-kan_, _bangun-kan_, _gĕrak-kan_.
+  Walk, to, _jalan_, _ber-jalan_;
+    (on all fours), _me-rangkak_.
+  Walking-stick, _tongkat_.
+  Wall, _dinding_, _tembok_.
+  Wallow, to, _meng-gĕlumang_.
+  Wander, to, _ber-hanyut_.
+  Want (necessity), _ka-korang-an_;
+    (to want), _handak_, _mahu_, _ber-ka-handak_.
+  Wanton, _gatal_.
+  War, _pĕrang_.
+  Ward off, to, _tangkis_.
+  Warehouse, _gĕdong_.
+  Warm, _panas_, _hangat_;
+    (to warm oneself at a fire), _ber-diang_.
+  Wash, to, _basoh_.
+  Wasp, _tabuan_, _peningat_.
+  Waste (to squander), _burus_.
+  Watch, _jam_, _harloji_, _urulis_;
+    (to watch), _jaga_, _tunggu_, _kawal_;
+    (expectantly), _me-langut_.
+  Water, _ayer_.
+  Waterfall, _ayer-terjun_, _ayer-lata_.
+  Water-melon, _temikei_.
+  Waterpot, _buyong_, _kindi_.
+  Wave, _ombak_, _gelumbang_;
+    (to wave), _kirap_, _kĕlebat_.
+  Wax, _lilin_;
+    (sealing wax), _lak_.
+  Weak, _lĕmah_, _leteh_.
+  Wealth, _ka-kaya-an_.
+  Weapon, _senjata_.
+  Wear, to, _pakei_.
+  Weary, _leteh_, _lesu_, _pĕnat_.
+  Weather (climate), _angin_.
+  Weave, to, _tĕnun_.
+  Web (spider’s), _sarang-laba-laba_.
+  Wedge, _baji_.
+  Week, _juma‘at_, _minggu_.
+  Weep, to, _tangis_, _menangis_.
+  Weigh, to, _timbang_;
+    (anchor), _bongkar-sauh_.
+  Weighty, _bĕrat_.
+  Welcome, to, _tegor_, _meng-elu_.
+  Well, _tĕlaga_, _pĕrigi_;
+    (-born), _bang-sawan_;
+    (-bred), _bastari_, _ber-budi_.
+  West, _barat_, _mata-hari-jatoh_, _maghrib_.
+  Wet, _basah_.
+  Whale, _paus_.
+  Wheat, _gandum_.
+  Wheel, _roda_.
+  Whet, to, _asak_, _chanai_.
+  Whetstone, _batu-asah_.
+  While, _sĕdang_, _salagi_, _sambil_.
+  Whip, _chabuk_, _chamti_.
+  Whiskers, _misei_.
+  Whisper, to, _bisek_, _ber-bisek_.
+  Whistle, to, _siul_.
+  White, _puteh_.
+  Whole, _sumua_, _chukup_.
+  Wick, _sumbu_.
+  Wicked, _jahat_.
+  Wide, _lebar_, _luas_;
+    (not closed), _renggang_.
+  Widow, _janda_, _balu_.
+  Widower, _balu laki-laki_.
+  Wife, _bini_, _istri_, _perampuan_.
+  Wild, _liar_.
+  Will, _ka-handak_, _harap_, _harap-hati_, _ka-handak-hati_;
+    (testament), _wasiyat_.
+  Willing, _sudi_, _suka_, _mahu_.
+  Win, to, _mĕnang_.
+  Wind, _angin_;
+    (to wind), _balut_, _lilit_, _putar_, _pusing_.
+  Window, _jandela_, _tingkap_.
+  Windpipe, _rungkong_.
+  Wine, _anggur_.
+  Wing, _sayap_, _kepak_.
+  Wink, to, _kejap_, _kelip_.
+  Winnow, to, _tampik_.
+  Wipe, to, _sapu_, _menyapu_.
+  Wire, _kawat_, _dawei_.
+  Wisdom, _ka-pandei-an_, _bijaksana_.
+  Wise, _pandei_, _bijak_, _cherdek_.
+  Wish, to, _handak_, _mahu_, _harap_, _niat-hati_, _ber-ka-handak_.
+  Withdraw, to, _undur_.
+  Wither, to, _layu_.
+  Withhold, to, _tahan_, _tahan-kan_.
+  Witness, _saḳsi_.
+  Woe, _duka_.
+  Woman, _perampuan_, _betina_.
+  Womb, _pĕrut_.
+  Wonder, to, _ber-chengang_, _heiran_.
+  Wonderful, _‘ajaib_.
+  Wood, _kayu_;
+    (a wood), _hutan_, _bĕlukar_.
+  Woodpecker, _belatok_.
+  Wood-pigeon, _tekukur_.
+  Wool, _bulu_.
+  Word, _sa’patah chakap_, _per-kata-an_.
+  Work, _karja_;
+    (to work), _buat karja_, _karja-kan_, _mengarja-kan_.
+  Workman, _tukang_.
+  World, _dunia_.
+  Worm, _chaching_, _hulat_.
+  Worship, to, _sembahyang_, _puja_.
+  Worth, _harga_, _laku_.
+  Worthy, _mustehik_.
+  Wound, _luka_;
+    (open), _liang_.
+  Wrap, to, _balut_, _bungkus-an_.
+  Wrecked, _karam_.
+  Wrench open, to, _umpil_, _sungkit_.
+  Wrestle, to, _ber-gumul_.
+  Write, to, _tulis_, _menulis_, _menyurat_.
+  Wrinkle, wrinkled, _kĕrut_, _kerukut_, _keretut_.
+  Wrist, _peng-gĕlang-an_.
+  Writer, _juru-tulis_.
+  Wrong, _salah_, _silap_.
+
+
+  Y.
+
+  Yam, _ubi_.
+  Yard, _ela_.
+  Yawn, to, _meng-uwap_.
+  Year, _tahun_.
+  Yearly, _sa-tahun-tahun_.
+  Yearn, to, _rindu_, _dendam_.
+  Yeast, _ragi_.
+  Yellow, _kuning_.
+  Yesterday, _kalmarin_;
+    (the day before --), _kalmarin dahulu_.
+  Yet, _lagi_.
+  Yoke, _koh_.
+  Yolk (of an egg), _kuning-telor_.
+  Young, _muda_.
+  Youth, a, _budak_.
+
+  Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO.
+  Edinburgh & London
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+           *       *       *       *
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ERRATA (noted by transcriber)
+
+Minor errors in punctuation, such as missing periods (full stops) at the
+end of a sentence, were silently corrected. In the tables of Sanskrit
+derivations, all citations from Sir William Jones were missing the
+closing parenthesis. The spellings “Tamil” and “Tamul” are used
+interchangeably.
+
+Hyphenization is as in the original. Note that in modern written
+Malay, hyphens are generally not used except in duplications such as
+“siapa-siapa”.
+
+In the Vocabulary list, a few commas after parentheses were silently
+supplied.
+
+  _Tong-kat_ a walking-stick, &c.
+    [_text unchanged: other words in this list use spelling “Tang-_”]
+  _Ap_ ... a{lap}  [_text unchanged: error for “al{ap}” with
+      non-italic “l”?_]
+  _Sejarah Malayu_  [_later spelled “Sâjarah”_]
+  the difference between _cold_ and _a cold_
+    [_text has “differ-/rence” at line break_]
+  _ka-puji-an_, praise  [_second hyphen missing or invisible_]
+  Pronouns: _Tĕman_ (lit. companion).  [Tĕan]
+  _Maka uleh baginda pun di-sambut dengan seperti ‘adat_,
+    [_text has ἁ (Greek alpha with rough breathing) for ‘a_]
+  PART I: XI. PARTICLES.  [X.]
+  Lesson IV. ... to play, _main_.  [maln]
+  Printed ... Edinburgh & London  [_text from 8th edn.; 10th edn.
+      changes to “at Paul’s Work, Edinburgh”]
+
+Montaigne quotation
+
+  Je n’en refuis aulcune de phrases qui s’usent ...
+    [_Passage is formally “aulcune de celles [des phrases] qui” ..._]
+
+Sanskrit
+
+  Continually ... sâda (perishing)
+    [_text unchanged: error for “sadâ” (always)?_]
+  Makara
+    [_May be an error: Sanskrit makara is crocodile or Capricorn_]
+  King ... râj  [_text unchanged: should probably be “râjan”_]
+  Lakshmaṇa  [lakhshmaṇa]
+  District ... diçâ  [dicâ]
+  Varuṇa (the deity of the waters)  [Varuna]
+  _pertama_ (Sansk. _prathama_ ), first  [pratama]
+
+Question Marks in Lessons
+
+  printed . for ?
+    Lesson V. ... _Pokoh mana handak tebang?_
+    Lesson XXI. ... _Kamu tahu-kah menjahit?_
+    Lesson XXX. ... _Ada-kah siapa-siapa datang men-chahari sahaya?_
+    Lesson XXXIX. ... _Apa sakit-nia?_
+
+  printed ? for .
+    Lesson XXVI. ... _Bukan sa-kali ini sahaja yang dia buat jahat._
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Manual of the Malay language, by 
+William Edward Maxwell
+
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+Project Gutenberg's A Manual of the Malay language, by William Edward Maxwell
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Manual of the Malay language
+       With an Introductory Sketch of the Sanskrit Element in Malay
+
+Author: William Edward Maxwell
+
+Release Date: May 26, 2008 [EBook #25604]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Louise Hope, Miranda van de Heijning and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Transcriber's Note:
+
+This text is intended for users whose text readers cannot use the "real"
+(unicode/utf-8) version of the file. Characters that could not be fully
+displayed have been "unpacked" and shown between braces:
+
+  [k.], [h.], [t.], [d.], [n.], [m.], [r.] (letters with dot under:
+    except [k.] and [h.], these are used only in Sanskrit words)
+  [.n] (n with dot over, in Sanskrit words)
+  [)a], [)e], [)u] (vowel with breve or "short" sign)
+  [-a] (a with macron or "long" sign)
+
+In the section on Sanskrit origins, anusvara was printed as m with
+tilde. It has been changed in this e-text to [m.] (m with dot under).
+Note also that [�s] is written as �, [s.] as sh, and [r.] as [r.]i.
+
+Footnote 53 of the Introduction refers to "the peculiar vowel sound
+represented in Arabic by the letter _ain_ ... denoted by the Greek rough
+breathing". The reference is to the glottal stop. It is represented in
+this Latin-1 e-text as the grave accent `.
+
+In some sections, parts of words are italicized. These italics are shown
+in {braces}; elsewhere, italics are shown conventionally with _lines_.
+
+Errors are listed at the end of the e-text.]
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+           *       *       *       *
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A
+
+MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
+
+
+
+
+NEW WORKS ON
+
+MALAY LANGUAGE
+
+HANDBOOK OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE, for the Use of Tourists and Residents.
+  By KELLY and WALSH. Second Edition. 98 pages, 12mo, cloth. 1903.
+  3s. 6d. net. Printed in Roman characters only. It contains an
+  elementary grammar and an English-Malay vocabulary.
+
+SPREEKT GIJ MALEISCH? Words and phrases in Dutch, Malay, French, German,
+  and English. By JZN. RIJNENBERG. Fourth Edition. 163 pages, oblong
+  8vo. 1901. 3s. 6d. net.
+
+PRACTICAL MALAY GRAMMAR, with Reading and Translation Exercises. By
+  W.�G. SHELLABEAR. 83 pages, 8vo, bound. 1899. 5s. net. All Malay words
+  are printed in Roman characters only.
+
+MALAY-ENGLISH VOCABULARY, containing 6500 Malay words and phrases. By
+  W.�G. SHELLABEAR. 141 pages, 8vo, cloth. 1902. 6s. net. Printed in
+  Roman characters only.
+
+MALAY-ENGLISH DICTIONARY. By R. J. WILKINSON. 4to. 1901-3. Unbound,
+  �2, 10s.; bound, �3, 3s. The Malay words are printed in Arabic and
+  in Roman characters.
+
+ENGLISH-MALAY VOCABULARY. By F. A. SWETTENHAM. Fifth Edition. 245 and
+  xxxii pages, 8vo, cloth. 1905. 8s. 6d. net.
+
+MALAY-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. By F. A. SWETTENHAM. New edition in
+  preparation. *** Malay words printed both in Arabic and Roman
+  characters.
+
+TRAVELLER'S MALAY PRONOUNCING HANDBOOK, for the Use of Travellers and
+  Newcomers to Singapore. Seventh Edition. 317 and xxvi pages, 12mo,
+  cloth. 1904. 5s.
+
+    _Printed in Roman characters only._
+
+
+  LONDON: KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TR�BNER, & CO. LTD.
+  Dryden House, Gerrard Street, W.
+
+
+
+
+  A MANUAL
+
+  of the
+
+  MALAY LANGUAGE.
+
+  with
+
+  +An Introductory Sketch of the
+  Sanskrit Element in Malay.+
+
+  by
+
+  WILLIAM EDWARD MAXWELL,
+  of the Inner Temple, Barrister-At-Law;
+  Assistant Resident, Perak, Malay Peninsula.
+
+
+  EIGHTH EDITION.
+
+
+  LONDON:
+  KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TR�BNER, & CO. Ltd.
+  Dryden House, Gerrard Street, W.
+
+  1907
+
+
+
+
+Je n'en refuis aulcune de phrases qui s'usent emmy les rues;
+ceux qui veulent combattre l'usage par la grammaire se mocquent.
+
+  MONTAIGNE.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+The language which I have endeavoured to illustrate in the following
+pages is the Malay of the British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca,
+some knowledge of which I have had the opportunity of acquiring during
+sixteen years' service in Penang, Province Wellesley, Malacca,
+Singapore, and Perak.
+
+Dialectical peculiarities are so abundant in Malay that it is impossible
+to teach the colloquial language of the people without imparting to the
+lesson the distinct marks of a particular locality. In parts of India it
+is said proverbially that in every twelve _kos_ there is a variation in
+the language,[1] and very much the same might be said of the Malay
+Peninsula and adjacent islands. The construction of the language and the
+general body of words remain, of course, the same, but in every state or
+subdivision of a state there are peculiar words and expressions and
+variations of accent and pronunciation which belong distinctively to it.
+Words common in one district sound strangely in another, or, it may be,
+they convey different meanings in the two places. Even words of such
+constant occurrence as the personal pronouns "I" and "you" vary
+according to locality. The Kedah accent is easily distinguished from
+that of Patani, and that again from the speech of Trengganu and Pahang.
+Certain expressions common in Penang are almost unintelligible in
+Malacca and Singapore, and _vice vers�_. In Perak it is not difficult to
+say whether a man comes from the upper or lower reaches of the river, by
+merely noting particular words in his conversation. Even individual
+villages and districts have their peculiar twang or their tricks of
+expression not found elsewhere. In Java, Sumatra, and other islands
+eastward in which Malay is spoken, the pronunciation and character of
+the language are much influenced by the other languages current there.
+Malay is only spoken in perfection in places where the natives speak no
+other tongue.
+
+    [Footnote 1: Beames, Comparative Grammar of the Aryan Languages,
+    p. 101.]
+
+Native pedantry has endeavoured to classify various styles of speaking,
+as the court style (_bahasa dalam_), the well-bred style (_bahasa
+bangsawan_), the trader's language (_bahasa dagang_), and the mixed
+language (_bahasa kachau-kan_), but all that can be correctly said is,
+that a limited number of words are used exclusively in intercourse with
+royal personages; that persons of good birth and education, in the
+Eastern Archipelago, as elsewhere, select their expressions more
+carefully than the lower classes; and that the vocabulary of commerce
+does not trouble itself with the graces of style and the copious use of
+Arabic words which commend themselves to native writers.
+
+The written language is more stilted and less terse and idiomatic than
+the colloquial dialect; and even where pure Malay is employed, the
+influence of Arabic compositions is very marked. Whole sentences,
+sometimes, though clothed in excellent Malay, are unacknowledged
+translations of Arabic phrases. This may be verified by any one well
+acquainted with Malay literary compositions who will look into a really
+good translation of an Arabic work; for instance, Lane's translation of
+the "Thousand and One Nights." The Malay speaks much better than he
+writes, and has at his command quantities of words which never find
+their way into his literature, and, therefore, but rarely into
+dictionaries compiled by Europeans.
+
+The spelling of Malay words in the native character is hardly yet fixed,
+though the Perso-Arabic alphabet has been in use since the thirteenth
+century; and those follow but a vain shadow who seek to prescribe exact
+modes of spelling words regarding which even native authorities are not
+agreed, and of which the pronunciation may vary according to locality.
+The experience of Crawfurd sufficiently proves this; there are words in
+his dictionary which are transliterated in as many as four different
+ways.
+
+Two classes of works in his own language have hitherto been at the
+service of the English student of Malay--grammars, more or less
+scientifically arranged, and vocabularies and books of dialogues, which
+presuppose some knowledge of grammatical construction.
+
+The Malay Grammar of Marsden is an admirable work, of unquestionable
+utility to the advanced student; but it contains more than the beginner
+wants to know. Crawfurd's Malay Grammar, too, is hardly a work to put
+into the hands of a beginner.
+
+Mere vocabularies, on the other hand, teach nothing but words and
+sentences, and throw no light upon forms of construction.
+
+It has been my aim to supply a work which will be at once an elementary
+grammar and a compendium of words and sentences, which will teach the
+colloquial dialect and yet explain grammatical rules; and for this I
+have taken as my model the Hindustani Manual of the late Professor
+Forbes.
+
+The language is not ennobled by having been the speech of men who have
+made their mark in the world's history. The islands of Indonesia have
+never startled the Eastern world with an Akbar, or charmed it with a
+Hafiz or a Chand. Receptivity, not originality, is the characteristic of
+the Malay races. But the importance of Malay, when the traveller heads
+eastward from the Bay of Bengal, has been recognised by Europeans since
+the sixteenth century, when Magellan's Malay interpreter was found to be
+understood from one end of the Archipelago to the other. It is the
+strong and growing language of an interesting people, and (in the words
+of a recent writer on Eastern languages) "for Malay, as for Hindustani,
+a magnificent future may be anticipated among the great speech-media of
+Asia and of the world. They manifest that capacity for the absorption
+and assimilation of foreign elements which we recognise as making
+English the greatest vernacular that the world has ever seen."[2]
+
+    [Footnote 2: Cust, Modern Languages of the East Indies, 150.]
+
+  W. E. M.
+
+  THE RESIDENCY, LARUT, PERAK,
+  _July_ 1, 1881
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+The interest of Englishmen in the Malay language began with the early
+ventures of the East India Company in the Far East, in the first years
+of the seventeenth century. It was the language of commerce everywhere
+east of the Bay of Bengal, and our earliest adventurers found it spoken
+at the trading ports which they visited. The Portuguese had preceded
+them by a century, and the Dutch had been a little earlier in the same
+field. Our countrymen seem to have been indebted to the latter for their
+first Malay vocabulary. The minutes of the East India Company record
+how, on the 22d January 1614, "a book of dialogues, heretofore
+translated into Latin by the Hollanders, and printed with the Malacca
+tongue, Mr. Hakluyt having now turned the Latin into English, and
+supposed very fit for the factors to learn, was ordered to be printed
+before the departure of the ships."[1]
+
+    [Footnote 1: Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, East
+    Indies, p. 272.]
+
+At present the use of Malay, as far as Englishmen are concerned, is
+chiefly confined to the officers of the Colonial Government in the
+British possessions in the Straits of Malacca and in the native states
+adjoining them, and to other residents in those parts, and in the Dutch
+settlements in the East. To these may be added the English communities
+of Labuan and Sarawak, and merchants, traders, and seamen all over the
+Eastern Archipelago. The limited extent of our Malay possessions, when
+they are compared with the magnificent islands which make up Netherlands
+India, excuse us, no doubt, for the secondary place which we occupy in
+all researches connected with the language and literature of the Malays.
+To the Dutch their colonies in the Eastern seas are what our Indian
+Empire is to us; and with them the study of Malay, Javanese, Kawi, &c.,
+takes the place of Persian, Hindustani, Tamil, Sanskrit, &c., which
+occupy our civilians in India. The extent and value of Dutch works on
+Malay subjects is, however, but little known to Englishmen in the East,
+owing to their general ignorance of the Dutch language. It is not too
+much to say that any one aiming at a thorough knowledge of the language,
+literature, and history of the Malay people should commence his task by
+learning Dutch.
+
+Malay is the language not of a nation, but of tribes and communities
+widely scattered in the East, and is probably spoken with greatest
+purity in the states of Kedah and Perak, on the west coast of the Malay
+Peninsula. It is spoken in all the states of the Peninsula, in Sumatra,
+Sunda, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Flores, Timor, and Timor Laut, the
+Moluccas, and the Philippines. Traces of it are found among the numerous
+Polynesian dialects, and in the language of the islanders of Formosa.
+Siam proper has a large Malay population, descendants mainly of captives
+taken in war, and the language is therefore in use there in places; it
+is found also here and there on the coasts and rivers of Anam and
+Cochin-China. No other language of the Eastern Archipelago is understood
+over such an extensive area, and it is the common means of communication
+between the numerous tribes and races of the Malay family whose
+languages and dialects differ.
+
+Logan supposes that the earliest inhabitants of the Archipelago were
+tribes of Africo-Indian origin, who peopled the Eastern islands as well
+as the more accessible portions of the Continent, descendants of whom he
+recognises in the negro and quasi-negro tribes that are still preserved
+in some of the mountains of the Malay Peninsula, Siam, and Anam. To
+these succeeded immigrant tribes from Mid-Asia, by way of the Irawadi,
+whom Logan designates by the term of the Tibeto-Anam family, all the
+races and languages from Tibet to Anam being included under it. "By a
+long-continued influx this family spread itself over the Peninsula,
+Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Celebes; but its farther progress over the
+many islands to the north and east appears to have been checked by the
+older races. It was probably only by slow steps and by settling at many
+points that it gained a firm footing even in the western islands, and a
+long period must have elapsed before its tribes became so populous and
+spread so far into the interior as to enable them to absorb and destroy
+the earlier occupants."[2] The variety which exists among the languages
+and dialects in the region affected by these movements is thus accounted
+for by Logan:-- "The languages imported by the Tibeto-Anamese settlers
+differed as did those of the natives, and the combinations formed in
+different places from the contact of the two families varied in the
+proportions of each which entered into them. But the structures of the
+native tongues had strong affinities amongst themselves, and
+predominated in all these new combinations."[3]
+
+    [Footnote 2: Journ. Ind. Arch., iv. 311.]
+
+    [Footnote 3: Idem, p. 315.]
+
+The idea presented by this sketch of the origin of the aboriginal Malay
+language is that of a mixed dialect, borrowing something from the
+Tibeto-Anam languages (the influence of which would be more apparent in
+the western settlements), and gradually approaching the Africo-Indian
+forms farther east.[4] "Lastly," Logan supposes, "a later Indian
+influence, belonging to a far more advanced civilisation, flowed in a
+great stream into the Western Archipelago, and cut off that of the
+Irawadi, before its linguistic operation had made much progress."[5] It
+is to this epoch that we must ascribe the introduction of the Sanskrit
+element into the Malay language.
+
+    [Footnote 4: Journ. Ind. Arch., v. p. 569.]
+
+    [Footnote 5: Idem.]
+
+Malay is mainly dissyllabic, but there are not wanting evidences of a
+former monosyllabic tendency. The syllable _bu_, _bun_, or _bung_, for
+instance, occurs in a considerable number of words conveying an idea of
+roundness:--
+
+  _Bu-lan_      the moon.
+  _Bu-lat_      round.
+  _Bu-ah_       fruit.
+  _Bu-yong_     a jar.
+  _Bu-tir_      a grain, globule.
+  _Bu-sar_      an arch.
+  _Bu-kit_      a hill.
+  _Bu-sut_      an anthill.
+  _Bun-tar_     round.
+  _Bun-ting_    pregnant.
+  _Bun-chit_    pot-bellied.
+  _Bun-tut._    the buttocks.
+  _Bun-toh_     a numeral affix implying rotundity
+                     (cf. _l�n_, Burmese), used with such
+                     words as _chin-chin_, a ring; and _kail_,
+                     a fishhook.
+  _Bung-kok_    hump-backed.
+  _Bung-kus_    a bundle.
+
+Many others might be cited.[6]
+
+    [Footnote 6: These remarks do not, of course, affect foreign
+    words, such as _bumi_ and _bujang_ derived from the Sanskrit
+    _bhumi_ and _bhujangga_.]
+
+Another characteristic list of words might be made, compounded with the
+monosyllable _tang_ (which in Sakai and Semang means "_hand_"), and
+conveying an idea of seizing or holding.
+
+  _Tang-an _     the hand.
+  _Tang-kap_     to seize.
+  _Tang-kei_     a stalk.
+  _Tang-gong_    to support.
+  _Tang-gal_     to drop off (having left hold).
+  _Tong-kat_     a walking-stick, &c.
+
+The history of the Malay people is to be discovered in the language
+itself, for no authentic records of pre-Muhammadan times exist. Just as
+an insight into the early history of our own nation may be obtained by
+analysing the component parts of the English tongue, and assigning to
+each of the languages which have contributed to make it what it is their
+due proportion of influence, so, by resolving the Malay language into
+its separate elements, of which native, Sanskrit, and Arabic are the
+chief, and by examining the words contributed by each, it is possible to
+follow with some approach to historical accuracy the successive advances
+which the Malay people have made on the path of civilisation.
+
+The aboriginal dialect, prior to the admixture of Sanskrit, must have
+been but the poor vocabulary of men hardly raised above savage life. The
+purely native element in Malay furnishes all the necessary terms to
+express the physical objects surrounding men leading a primitive life in
+the forest, and all that has to do with their food, dwellings,
+agriculture, fishing, hunting, and domestic affairs.
+
+The use of a Sanskrit word for "plough" seems to record a revolution in
+agriculture. The primitive cultivation of the Malays was carried on by
+clearing and burning the hill-sides (a system still largely adopted in
+native states where land is plentiful and timber valueless), and the
+cultivation of the wet ricefields of the plains, which necessitates the
+use of the plough, would thus seem to have been resorted to only after
+the arrival of the Hindus.
+
+As soon as the analysis reaches moral ideas, or objects requiring some
+advance in civilisation, it is found that they are expressed by words of
+foreign origin. These are, for the most part, Sanskrit or Arabic. The
+latter require no notice here, for they are of comparatively recent
+introduction. For the most part, they consist of terms incidental to the
+ethical and religious teaching of the Muhammadans. The Arabic element in
+Malay is not accurately determinable, for new expressions are constantly
+being introduced.
+
+A sketch of the Sanskrit element in Malay is all that there is space for
+here.
+
+A careful classification of the principal Sanskrit words which are found
+in Malay helps to indicate what must have been the condition of society
+when the Aryan came into contact with the islanders of Sumatra. It
+shows, independently of other proof, that Hindu colonisation must have
+gradually introduced the Malay races to institutions, ideas, pursuits,
+and wants to which they had hitherto been strangers. Many of the
+incidents of commerce, most of the metals and precious stones, the pomp
+and ceremony of royalty, and the use of the elephant, are shown, by the
+Sanskrit nomenclature employed in describing them, to be of Hindu
+importation. From this it is not difficult to infer the primitive
+condition of a people to whom all these things were unknown. So, the
+Sanskrit names of many weapons indicate a period when the rude weapons
+of savage Malay tribes--blowpipes, spears, &c.--were supplemented by
+arms of a more formidable character, for which they were indebted to
+India. Other groups of words show, independently of other proof, that
+the Hindu religion was successfully planted among the Malays and
+flourished for a time, and that the monarchical form of government was
+introduced in Malay countries by Hindu settlers and rulers.
+
+The word "rulers" is used advisedly, for the theory of Marsden as to the
+manner of the introduction of Hinduism seems to possess greater claims
+to general acceptance than that advocated by certain other writers,
+notably Leyden and Crawfurd. Crawfurd asserted that the Sanskrit words
+adopted in Malay came originally through the Hindu priesthood, and that
+the priests through whom this was effected belonged to the Telugu race,
+this, in his opinion, being the people who, commencing by trading with
+the Malays, proceeded to partial settlement in their country, and ended
+by converting them to Hinduism and introducing the language and
+literature of the Hindus. He entirely discountenances the idea that
+Sanskrit could have been introduced by a people of whom it was the
+vernacular language.[7] He admits, however, that in Southern India
+Sanskrit was itself a foreign tongue; that Sanskrit has found its way
+into Javanese and Malay in a state of comparative purity, and not
+intermixed with Telugu; and that there is no trace whatever of any
+extensive settlement of the Telugus in the Malay Archipelago.
+
+    [Footnote 7: Crawfurd, Malay Grammar, Dissertation xxxix., xliii.]
+
+Marsden's contention, on the other hand, points to Gujarat as the
+quarter from which Hindu civilisation penetrated to the far East, and to
+conquest as the mode in which the way was cleared for its
+introduction.[8]
+
+    [Footnote 8: "Innovations of such magnitude, we shall venture to
+    say, could not have been produced otherwise than by the entire
+    domination and possession of these islands by some ancient Hindu
+    power, and by the continuance of its sway during several ages. Of
+    the period when this state of things existed we at present know
+    nothing, and judging of their principles of action by what we
+    witness in these days, we are at a loss to conceive under what
+    circumstances they could have exerted an influence in distant
+    countries of the nature here described. The spirit of foreign
+    conquest does not appear to have distinguished their character and
+    zeal, for the conversion of others to their own religious faith
+    seems to be incompatible with their tenets. We may, however, be
+    deceived by forming our opinion from the contemplation of modern
+    India, and should recollect that, previously to the Mohametan
+    irruptions into the upper provinces, which first took place about
+    the year 1000, and until the progressive subjugation of the
+    country by Persians and Moghuls, there existed several powerful
+    and opulent Hindu states of whose maritime relations we are
+    entirely ignorant at present, and can only cherish the hope of
+    future discoveries from the laudable spirit of research that
+    pervades and does so much honour to our Indian establishments."
+    --_Marsden, Malay Grammar_, xxxii.]
+
+Before proceeding to classify some of the Sanskrit words which are found
+in Malay, and to deduce any theories from their presence, it is
+necessary, in order to avoid misconception, to notice several
+difficulties which cannot be overlooked.
+
+In the first place, it is not meant to be asserted that the Malays have
+obtained all the words enumerated further on direct from the people of
+India. All theories founded upon the presence of Sanskrit words in Malay
+must apply with equal force to Javanese, which contains a larger
+proportion of Sanskrit words than Malay. "Sanskrit words are found in
+greatest purity in the Javanese, and next to it in the Malay, their
+corruption increasing as we recede from Java and Sumatra."[9] It may be
+assumed, therefore, that in addition to the influence which Hinduism
+exerted among the Malays of Sumatra by means of direct intercourse with
+India, there was also a second source from which the Malays derived a
+great portion of their Hindu nomenclature, namely, the ancient Hindu
+kingdoms of Java.[10]
+
+    [Footnote 9: Crawfurd. See also Marsden, Malay Grammar, xxxiii.]
+
+    [Footnote 10: "The Hindu religion and Sanskrit language were, in
+    all probability, earliest introduced in the western part of
+    Sumatra, the nearest part of the Archipelago to the continent of
+    India. Java, however, became eventually the favourite abode of
+    Hinduism, and its language the chief recipient of Sanskrit.
+    Through the Javanese and Malays Sanskrit appears to have been
+    disseminated over the rest of the Archipelago, and even to the
+    Philippine Islands. This is to be inferred from the greater number
+    of Sanskrit words in Javanese and Malay--especially in the first
+    of these--than in the other cultivated languages, from their
+    existing in greater purity in the Javanese and Malay, and from the
+    errors of these two languages, both as to sense and orthography,
+    having been copied by all the other tongues. An approximation to
+    the proportions of Sanskrit existing in some of the principal
+    languages will show that the amount constantly diminishes as we
+    recede from Java and Sumatra, until all vestiges of it disappear
+    in the dialects of Polynesia. In the ordinary written language of
+    Java the proportion is about 110 in 1000; in Malay, 50; in the
+    Sunda of Java, 40; in the Bugis, the principal language of
+    Celebes, 17; and in the Tagala, one of the principal languages of
+    the Philippines, about one and a half." --_Crawfurd, Malay
+    Grammar, Dissertation_ xlvii. _Sed qu�re_ as to the total absence
+    of Sanskrit in the Polynesian dialects. Ellis' "Polynesian
+    Researches," i. 116.]
+
+These remarks may be illustrated by reference to the fourth column of
+the lists of words which follow.
+
+Again, some of the Sanskrit words in the following lists are synonyms
+merely, there being native or Arabic words, or both, in common use to
+express the same object.
+
+In some instances, too, the words quoted are not often heard in the
+colloquial dialect, but occur in books to which in many cases they have
+been transplanted from Javanese romances.
+
+All these circumstances seriously modify the possibility of drawing
+general conclusions from an analysis of the body of Sanskrit vocables
+found in Malay. The questions to be decided seem to be (1) whether it is
+possible that such a mass of terms for common objects (for they are by
+no means confined to words incident to the Hindu religion) could have
+been imported into Malay by any means except by oral communication with
+a Sanskrit-speaking people; (2) supposing that this could have been
+effected through some later Indian dialect, itself largely tinged with
+Sanskrit (as the Latin words in English came to us with the Norman
+speech), what dialect was this? Telugu, as Crawfurd thinks, Gujarati, to
+which Marsden inclines, or what?
+
+It is in order to contribute to the settlement of such questions as
+these that a classification of some of the Sanskrit terms in Malay has
+been attempted in this Introduction.[11] It is hoped that the subject
+may attract the attention of those more competent to deal with it, and
+that the researches of Sanskrit scholars may facilitate a decision which
+there is no pretension to pronounce here.
+
+    [Footnote 11: A selection of words only is given. There are
+    numbers of Sanskrit words in Malay which have no place in these
+    lists.]
+
+The centre of Hindu influence in Malay states would seem to have been
+the court. From the governing classes the use of Sanskrit expressions
+would gradually spread among the people. To this day there are certain
+Sanskrit words which are applied to royalty alone, there being native
+equivalents when the non-privileged classes are intended. The words
+_putra_ and _putr�_ afford an instance in point. Meaning simply "son"
+and "daughter" in Sanskrit, they have, from the fact of Sanskrit
+nomenclature having been affected at Malay courts, come to mean
+"_prince_" and "_princess_," and are applied only to the sons and
+daughters of rajas.
+
+At the chief seats of Hindu government, there must have been Brahmans
+conversant with the sacred writings, whose teaching would gradually be
+the means of introducing a taste for Hindu learning and literature.
+_Bacha_, to read (from _bach_, to speak), is Sanskrit, but _tulis_, to
+write, is a native word,[12] and _surat_, a writing, is Arabic.
+Language, therefore, in this instance does not throw much light on the
+progress made by the Malays in the art of writing in the pre-Muhammadan
+stage of their history. Rock-inscriptions found in Province Wellesley
+and Singapore prove, however, that at some remote period an ancient
+Indian character was known on the Peninsula,[13] though it was probably
+confined to religious purposes.
+
+    [Footnote 12: Unless the Sansk. root _likh_, to write, may be
+    detected in the second syllable.]
+
+    [Footnote 13: Journal Royal As. Soc., Bengal, vi. 680; xvii. part
+    i. 154 and 232; Idem, part ii. 62, 66.]
+
+Crawfurd, writing in 1852, stated that Malay can be written or spoken
+without the least difficulty, without a word of Sanskrit or Arabic, and
+described the foreign elements in Malay as "extrinsic and
+unessential."[14] But several words of the first necessity are Sanskrit.
+It would be difficult to speak Malay intelligibly, while avoiding the
+use of the relative pronouns _yang_ (Sansk. _yas_, _ya_, _yat_, who,
+which) and _mana_ (Sansk. _m�na_, measure), or of the common auxiliary
+_sudah_ (Sansk. _�uddha_,[15] pure, acquitted), which denotes the past
+tense. A long list might be made of common words not included in any of
+the following groups, which are almost pure Sanskrit, such as _bawa_, to
+bring (_vaha_, bearing, carrying); _kata_, to say (_kath_, to tell,
+talk); _biasa_, accustomed (_abhy�sa_, reflection); _langkah_, to step,
+stride (_langh_, to stride over); _kelahi_, to fight (_kalaha_,
+quarrel); and _niala_, to blaze, to burn (_jval_). Nor is the influence
+of Sanskrit in Malay confined to words which have been adopted in
+comparative purity. An extension of the sphere of research reveals whole
+groups of Malay words which seem to be formed from some Sanskrit root,
+and to retain to some extent its signification. Thus the Sanskrit root
+_ju_ (to push on, impel) may perhaps be detected in such words as
+_juwang_, to rush against; _jungur_, prominent, a beak; _jungang_,
+prominent (of teeth); _juring_, sharp, pointed; _jurus_, to pull,
+course, direction; _juluk_, to thrust upwards; _julir_, a kind of
+harpoon; _julur_, to wag, to wriggle; &c.
+
+    [Footnote 14: Malay Grammar, Dissertation vi.]
+
+    [Footnote 15: This is the derivation given in Favre's Dictionary.
+    Another from _so[d.]ha_, (borne, undergone) might perhaps be
+    suggested with equal probability.]
+
+_Ap_ is a common termination of Malay words, e.g., _tangkap_, to seize;
+_chakap_, to speak; _silap_, to mistake, &c. The presence of the
+Sanskrit root _�p_ (to attain, obtain) is not indeed to be assumed in
+every case, but it is difficult to resist the conviction that it does
+form a part of many Malay derivations. D{ap}at, to obtain; r{ap}at, to
+approach; as{ap}, smoke (cf. vy{�p}ta); aw{ap}, steam; tangk{ap}, to
+seize, grasp; a{lap}(Jav.), to take; are instances which, among others,
+might be cited.
+
+_Gal_ (Sansk., to drop, to distil, percolate, to fall) is another root
+which seems to enter into the composition of Malay words, _e.g._,
+tang{gal}, to fall off, to drop out; ting{gal}, to leave, forsake;
+tung{gal}, solitary; pang{gal}, to chop off, a portion chopped off.
+Compare also _gali_, to dig; teng{gal}am, to sink; tu{gal}, to sow rice
+by putting seeds into holes made with a sharp stick; {gal}ah, a pole;
+{gal}a-{gal}a, pitch.
+
+If it be correct to assign a Sanskrit origin to all or any of these
+words, they belong to a much earlier epoch than the comparatively pure
+Sanskrit words, the importation of which into Malay is the subject now
+under discussion.
+
+The presence of Sanskrit words in the Malay language was first remarked
+by Sir William Jones,[16] and the subject received more attention at the
+hands of Marsden, who gives a short list of fifteen words, "taken, with
+little pains in the selection, from a Malayan dictionary."[17] Many of
+the Sanskrit words are, as Marsden observes, "such as the progress of
+civilisation must soon have rendered necessary, being frequently
+expressive of the feelings of the mind, or denoting those ordinary modes
+of thought which result from the social habits of mankind, or from the
+evils that tend to interrupt them." This assertion might have been put
+in more forcible terms had it occurred to the author to include not only
+words expressive of thought and feelings, but even some signifying
+natural objects, though doubtless most of these are expressed by
+aboriginal words. _Hari_, day, is clearly identical with the Sanskrit
+_hari_, "the sun," which is also used as a name of Vishnu or Krishna.
+_Mata-hari_, the sun (Malay), is thus "the eye of Hari," and is a
+compound formed of the native word _mata_ and the Sanskrit _hari_.
+_Halilintar_, a thunderbolt, seems to be compounded similarly of _hari_
+and _lontar_ (to hurl), "hurled by Hari." Here the _r_ has been softened
+into _l_. The Sanskrit _kapala_ has almost entirely superseded the use
+of the old native word _ulu_ or _hulu_, the head; the latter, however,
+is found in composition with a Sanskrit word in the substantive
+_hulubalang_, a war-chief, from _hulu_, head, and _bala_, an army.
+
+    [Footnote 16: Asiatic Researches, iii. 11, 12.]
+
+    [Footnote 17: On the Traces of the Hindu Language and Literature
+    extant among the Malays, As. Res. iv. See also, On the Languages
+    and Literature of the Indo-Chinese Nations, Leyden, As. Res. x.]
+
+The extent to which the Malays are indebted to Sanskrit for words to
+express the human body and members is shown in the following list:--
+
+  |English.
+  |  |Malay.
+  |  |  |Sanskrit.
+  |  |  |  |Other Languages[18]
+  |The body
+  |  |sal�ra
+  |  |  |�ar�ra
+  |  |  |  |J. _sarira_; Bat. _sorira_.
+  |Limb, member, body
+  |  |angg�ta
+  |  |  |angga
+  |  |  |  |J. _ongga_.
+  |Form, appearance
+  |  |r�pa
+  |  |  |r�pa
+  |  |  |  |J., S., Bat., Mak., and Bu. _rupa_.
+  |Joint
+  |  |sendi
+  |  |  |sa[m.]dhi
+  |  |  |  |S. _sandi_; D. _sandik_, bound; Tag. and Bis. _sandig_,
+  |  |  |  |unite.
+  |Head
+  |  |kap�la
+  |  |  |kap�la (the skull)
+  |  |  |  |J., S., D., Mak. _kapala_, chief; Bat. _kapala_, thick.
+  |Tongue
+  |  |l�dah
+  |  |  |lih (to lick), l�dha (licked)
+  |  |  |  |J. _lidah_; Bat. _dila_; Mak. and Bu. _lila_; D. _jela_;
+  |  |  |  |Tag. and Bis. _dila_.
+  |Pulse
+  |  |n�d�
+  |  |  |n�[d.]� (artery, vein, intestine)
+  |Shoulder
+  |  |b�h�
+  |  |  |b�hu (the arm)
+  |  |  |  |J. _bahu_; S. and D. _baha_.
+  |Hair of the body
+  |  |r�ma
+  |  |  |roman
+  |Foot
+  |  |p�da
+  |  |  |p�da
+  |  |  |  |Kw. _pada_.
+
+    [Footnote 18: The words in this column have been taken from the
+    Malay and French Dictionary of the Abb� Favre. J. signifies
+    Javanese, S. Sundanese, Bat. Battak, Mak. Makassar, Bu. Bugis, D.
+    Dayak, Bis. Bisaya, Tag. Tagala, and Malg. Malagasi.]
+
+Time and its division and measurement have supplied a number of Sanskrit
+terms to the Malay language, most of which are so necessary in everyday
+life that it is difficult to conceive the poverty of a dialect which
+contained no words to express them. The following list contains the
+greater number of them:--
+
+  |English.
+  |  |Malay.
+  |  |  |Sanskrit.
+  |  |  |  |Other Languages.
+  |Time
+  |  |k�la, k�li
+  |  |  |k�la
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _kala_.
+  |When
+  |  |tatk�la
+  |  |  |tad (this) k�la
+  |Time, period
+  |  |katika
+  |  |  |ghatik� (a division of time)
+  |  |  |  |Bat. _katika_; D. _katika_.
+  |Time, period, hour
+  |  |dew�sa
+  |  |  |divasa (a day)
+  |  |  |  |J. _diwasa_, adult; Mak. _rewusa_.
+  |Just now
+  |  |t�d�
+  |  |  |tad (this, that)
+  |  |  |  |S. _tadi_.
+  |Day
+  |  |h�r�
+  |  |  |hari (the sun)
+  |  |  |  |J. and B. _hari_.
+  |Day
+  |  |d�na
+  |  |  |dina
+  |  |  |  |J. _dina_.
+  |Dawn
+  |  |d�nah�r�
+  |  |  |from dina and hari
+  |Evening, sunset
+  |  |senja, or senja- kala
+  |  |  |sa[m.]dhy� (twilight)
+  |  |  |  |Bat. _sonja_; J. _chandik-kala_, evg. twilight.
+  |Always
+  |  |sant�asa
+  |  |  |nitya�as
+  |  |  |  |J. _nityasa_.
+  |Old, former
+  |  |sad�a
+  |Former time
+  |  |sad�a-k�la
+  |  |  |s�dhya (from s�dh, to finish, accomplish)
+  |Continually
+  |  |sada-k�la
+  |  |  |s�da (perishing)
+  |Time (when)
+  |  |b�la
+  |  |  |vel�
+  |Time, season, period
+  |  |m�sa
+  |  |  |m�sa (month)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _mangsa_; Tag. _masa_.
+
+Another group of Sanskrit words found in Malay is that comprising
+articles of commerce, weights and measures, &c. Their presence suffices
+without other evidence to show that for their knowledge of the
+commercial value of many products the East Indian islanders were
+indebted to traders from Hindustan, who, indeed, probably introduced not
+only the names of, but the use of, their weights and measures. _Buah
+pala_, the Malay phrase for the "nutmeg," is in strictness a pleonasm,
+for _phala_ signifies "fruit" in Sanskrit, as _buah_ does in Malay.
+
+TERMS OF COMMERCE.
+
+  |English.
+  |  |Malay.
+  |  |  |Sanskrit.
+  |  |  |  |Other Languages.
+  |Nutmeg
+  |  |p�la
+  |  |  |phala (fruit)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _pala_.
+  |Clove
+  |  |lawang
+  |  |  |lava[m.]ga
+  |Eagle-wood
+  |  |g[)a]h�r�
+  |  |  |aguru
+  |  |  |  |J., S., and Mak. _garu_; D. _garo_, perfume.
+  |Camphor
+  |  |k�pur, k�pur b�rus
+  |  |  |karp�ra
+  |  |  |  |J., S., and D. _kapur-barus_; Mak. _kaporo barusu_
+  |Sandalwood
+  |  |chand�na
+  |  |  |chandana
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _chendana_; Tag. and Bis. _sandana_
+  |Musk
+  |  |kast�r�
+  |  |  |kast�r�
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _kasturi_; Mak. _kasaturi_; Tag, and Bis.
+  |  |  |  |_kastoli_.
+  |Charcoal
+  |  |�rang
+  |  |  |a[.n]g�ra
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _areng_; S. _arang_; Bat. _agong_; D. _aring_;
+  |  |  |  |Tag. and Bis. _oling_.
+  |Sugar
+  |  |g�la
+  |  |  |gu[d.]a (molasses)
+  |  |  |  |J., S., and D. _gula_; Mak. _golla_.
+  |Saltpetre
+  |  |sand�wa
+  |  |  |saindhava (rocksalt)
+  |  |  |  |J. _sendawa_; S. _chindawa_.
+  |Silk
+  |  |s�tra
+  |  |  |s�tra (thread, fibre)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _sutra_; Bat. _suntora_; Mak; and Bu. _sutara_;
+  |  |  |  |Tag. _sutla_.
+  |Cotton
+  |  |k�pas
+  |  |  |karp�sa
+  |  |  |  |J., S., and D. _kapas_ Bat. _hapas_; Mak. _kapasa_;
+  |  |  |  |Bis. _gapas_.
+  |Gunny-bag
+  |  |g�n�
+  |  |  |go[n.]i
+  |  |  |  |S. _gon�_
+  |Price
+  |  |harga
+  |  |  |argha
+  |  |  |  |S. and Bat. _harga_; J. and D. _rega_; Mak. _angga_;
+  |  |  |  |Tag. and Bis. _halaga_.
+  |Profit
+  |  |l�ba
+  |  |  |l�bha
+  |  |  |  |Kw., Bat., Mak., and D. _laba_; Tag. and Bis. _laba_,
+  |  |  |  |increase, usury.
+  |Scales for weighing
+  |  |nar�cha
+  |  |  |n�r�ch� (a gold smith's scales)
+  |  |  |  |Kw. _naracha_; J. and S. _traju_
+  |A bhar (native weight = 3 pikuls)
+  |  |b[)a]h�ra
+  |  |  |bh�ra (a load, a weight)
+  |  |  |  |Kw. and Mak. _bara_ 100 millions: Bis. _bala_, to load
+  |  |  |  |on the back.
+  |A cubit
+  |  |hasta
+  |  |  |hasta
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _asta_.
+  |A number, figure
+  |  |�ngka
+  |  |  |a[.n]ka (a mark, a cipher)
+  |  |  |  |J. _ongka_; S., Mak., Bu., and D. _angka_.
+  |Ten thousand
+  |  |laksa
+  |  |  |laksha (100,000)
+  |  |  |  |J. _leksa_; S., D., Tag. and Bis. _laksa_; Bat. _loksa_;
+  |  |  |  |Mak., _lassa_.
+  |A million
+  |  |j�ta
+  |  |  |ayuta (10,000)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _yuta_.
+
+
+Many of the metals and most of the precious stones are known to the
+Malays by their Sanskrit names, even those which are found in Malay
+countries.
+
+  |English.
+  |  |Malay.
+  |  |  |Sanskrit.
+  |  |  |  |Other Languages.
+  |Gold
+  |  |�mas, mas
+  |  |  |mas (to mete, to measure)
+  |  |  |  |J. _emas_; S. _mas_; Bat. _omas_; D. _amas_; Tag. and Bis.
+  |  |  |  |_amas_, gold, weight.
+  |Gold
+  |  |kanch�na
+  |  |  |k�nchana
+  |  |  |  |Kw. and S. _kanchana_.
+  |Copper
+  |  |tamb�ga
+  |  |  |t�mra
+  |  |  |  |J. _tembaga_; S. _tambaga_; Bat. _tombaga_;
+  |  |  |  |Mak. _tambaga_; Tag. and Bis. _tumbaga_.
+  |Tin
+  |  |t�mah
+  |  |  |t�vra
+  |  |  |  |J., S., and D. _timah_; Bat. _simbora_; Mak. _timbera_;
+  |  |  |  |Tag. and Bis. _tingga_.
+  |Quicksilver
+  |  |r�sa
+  |  |  |rasa
+  |  |  |  |J., S., Mak., and D. _rasa_.
+  |Pinchbeck
+  |  |suw�sa
+  |  |  |suvarchasa (brilliant)
+  |  |  |  |J., S., Bat., and Mak. _suwasa._
+  |Glass
+  |  |k�cha
+  |  |  |k�cha
+  |  |  |  |J., S., Mak., and Bu. _kacha_; D. _kacha_; and _kasa_;
+  |  |  |  |Tag. _kasa_, blue and green stone.
+  |Mica
+  |  |�brak[19]
+  |  |  |abhra (amber, talc)
+  |Crystal
+  |  |golega
+  |  |  |golaka (globule)
+  |Jewel, precious stone
+  |  |m�n�
+  |  |  |ma[n.]i
+  |  |  |  |J. _mani_.
+  |  |m�nikam
+  |  |  |ma[n.]ika
+  |  |  |  |Kw. and S. _manikem_; Mak. _manikang_.
+  |  |kam�la
+  |  |  |kamala (lotus)
+  |  |  |  |Kw. _kuma`a_; Bat. _humala_, snake-stone.
+  |Sapphire
+  |  |n�lam (n�la, blue)
+  |  |  |n�la (blue)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _nila_; Mak. _nyila_, blue.
+  |Opal
+  |  |bid�ri
+  |  |  |vid�ra (a mountain which produces lapis lazuli)
+  |Ruby
+  |  |dal�ma
+  |  |  |d�lima (pomegranate)
+  |Jewel, brilliant
+  |  |must�ka
+  |  |  |mushtika (goldsmith)
+  |Topaze
+  |  |puspar�gam
+  |  |  |pushpar�ga
+  |Pearl
+  |  |mutia, mutiara
+  |  |  |mukt�
+  |Jewel, precious stone
+  |  |perm�ta
+  |  |  |paramata (excellence)
+  |  |  |  |Kw. _pramati_, a very beautiful object.
+  |Jewels of five kinds
+  |  |panchal�gam
+  |  |  |panchaloha (five metals)
+
+    [Footnote 19: Favre derives _abrak_ from the Arabic.]
+
+The implements, utensils, instruments, &c., the names of which, if not
+the things themselves, the Malay races have borrowed from their Indian
+conquerors and rulers, are as follows:--
+
+  |English.
+  |  |Malay.
+  |  |  |Sanskrit.
+  |  |  |  |Other Languages.
+  |A lock
+  |  |kunch�
+  |  |  |kunchik� (a key)
+  |  |  |  |J., S., and D. _kunchi_; Bat. _hunsi_; Mak. _konchi._
+  |A bell
+  |  |ganta
+  |  |  |gha[n.][t.]�
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _genta_; Bat. _gonta_; D. _ganta_;
+  |  |  |  |Mak. _garaganta_.
+  |A water vessel
+  |  |kind�
+  |  |  |ku[n.][d.]�
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _kendi_.
+  |A net
+  |  |j�la
+  |  |  |j�la
+  |  |  |  |J., S., Bat., Mak., and D. _jala_.
+  |A box
+  |  |pet�
+  |  |  |pe[t.]� (basket, bag)
+  |  |  |  |S. _peti_; Mak. _patti_; D. _pati_.
+  |Name of a sword
+  |  |chora
+  |  |  |kshura (a razor)
+  |A plough
+  |  |tangg�la
+  |  |  |hala
+  |  |  |  |Bat. _tinggala_; Mak. _nangkala_.
+  |Chess
+  |  |ch�tur
+  |  |  |chatur (four)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _chatur_.
+  |Dice
+  |  |j�d�
+  |  |  |dy�ta (game at dice)
+  |  |  |  |J. _judi_; Bat. _juji_.
+  |A saw
+  |  |garg�j�
+  |  |  |krakacha
+  |  |  |  |J. _graji_; S. _gergaji_; Bat. and Mak. _garagaji_.
+  |An awl
+  |  |j�ra
+  |  |  |�r�
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _jara_.
+  |A coffin
+  |  |karanda
+  |  |  |karanda (basket)
+  |  |  |  |Bat. _hurondo_.
+  |Royal umbrella
+  |  |chatr�
+  |  |  |chhattra
+  |Salver with a pedestal
+  |  |char�na
+  |  |  |chara[n.]a (a foot)
+  |  |  |  |S. _charana_; Bat. _sarano_; D. _sarana_.
+  |A wheel
+  |  |jantr�
+  |  |  |yantra (an engine or machine)
+  |  |  |  |J. _jontra_; S. _jantra_.
+  |Chariot
+  |  |r�ta
+  |  |  |ratha
+  |  |  |  |J. _rata_.
+  |Lyre, lute
+  |  |kech�p�
+  |  |  |kachchhapi
+  |  |  |  |S. _kachapi_; Bat. _husapi_; D. _kasapi_.
+  |Flute
+  |  |bangs�
+  |  |  |van��
+  |Pipe, flute
+  |  |m�ri
+  |  |  |mural�
+
+The terms of adulation common in India in the mouths of inferiors
+addressing superiors have no equivalents in Malay. It is noticeable,
+however, that some of the most ordinary Malay phrases of politeness are
+Sanskrit. _T�bek_ (J.�and S. _tab�_; Bat. _santabi_; Mak. _tabeya_; D.
+_tabi_; Tag. and Bis. _tabi_; Tag. _santabi_, to show respect), which
+corresponds to the Indian _salaam_ in communications between Europeans
+and Malays, means properly "pardon," and is derived from the Sanskrit
+_kshantavya_, excusable; _s�la_, to sit cross-legged[20] (the respectful
+attitude indoors), is the Sanskrit _��l_, to meditate, to worship; and
+_s�la_, a Malay term of politeness, which in some respects answers to
+our "if you please," but which also means "to invite," has its origin in
+the Sanskrit word _��la_, good conduct, moral practice. The same
+language, too, supplies a considerable number of words denoting family
+and relationship:--
+
+  |English.
+  |  |Malay.
+  |  |  |Sanskrit.
+  |  |  |  |Other Languages.
+  |Father
+  |  |�yah
+  |  |  |vayas (prime of life)
+  |  |  |  |J. _ayah_, grandson; S. _aya_; Mak. _aya_, mother.
+  |Brother
+  |  |s�d�ra
+  |  |  |sodarya
+  |  |  |  |J. _saudara_.
+  |Husband
+  |  |sw�m�
+  |  |  |sv�min
+  |Wife
+  |  |istr�
+  |  |  |str� (a woman)
+  |  |  |  |J. _estri_; S. _istri_.
+  |Virgin
+  |  |�nak d�ra
+  |  |  |d�ra (wife), ad�ra (unmarried)
+  |  |  |  |Kw. _dara_; J. _lara_; Bat. _dara_; Mak. _rara_;
+  |  |  |  |S. _dara_, a young woman who has just got her first child.
+  |Relationship
+  |  |pangkat
+  |  |  |pa[.n]kti (a line, row)
+  |Race
+  |  |bangsa
+  |  |  |va[m.]�a
+  |  |  |  |J. _wongsa_; S., Bat., and D. _bangsa_; Mak. _bansa_.
+  |Family
+  |  |kulawarga
+  |  |  |kula (family), varga (class)
+  |  |  |  |J. _kulawarga_.
+  |Do.
+  |  |kulawangsa
+  |  |  |va[m.]�a
+
+    [Footnote 20: J., S., and Tag. _sila_; S. _silah_, to invite; Bat.
+    _sila_, a gift of welcome.]
+
+The few astronomical terms known to the Malays have been borrowed either
+from Sanskrit or Arabic, the former supplying the following:--
+
+  |English.
+  |  |Malay.
+  |  |  |Sanskrit.
+  |  |  |  |Other Languages.
+  |Eclipse
+  |  |grahana
+  |  |  |graha[n.]a
+  |  |  |  |J. _grahana_.
+  |Firmament
+  |  |udara
+  |  |  |adhara (lower)
+  |Celestial sphere
+  |  |chakraw�la
+  |  |  |chakra-v�la (horizon; a range of mountains supposed to
+  |  |  |  |encircle the earth and to be the limit of light and
+  |  |  |  |darkness)
+  |Atmosphere
+  |  |bumant�ra
+  |  |  |_cf._ dyumantara (brilliancy)
+  |  |  |  |Kw. _bomantara_; J. _jumantara_.
+  |The heavens, �ther
+  |  |angkasa
+  |  |  |�k��a
+  |  |  |  |Kw. and S. _akasa_.
+  |The milky-way
+  |  |b�masakt�
+  |  |  |bh�ma (terrible), �akti (strength, power)
+  |  |  |  |S. _bimasakti_; J. _bimasakti_, the name of a star
+  |Pleiades
+  |  |kert�ka
+  |  |  |k[r.]ittik� (the third of the lunar mansions)
+  |The sign Cancer in the Zodiac
+  |  |mangk�ra
+  |  |  |makara
+  |  |  |  |J. _mangkara_, crab.
+  |Astrology
+  |  |panchal�ma
+  |  |  |panchan (five)
+
+To these may be added _R�h�_ (Sansk. _R�hu_, a deity to whom eclipses
+are ascribed) and _Ked�_ (Sansk. _Ketu_, the mythological name of the
+descending node, represented as a headless demon), monsters who are
+supposed by the Malays to cause eclipses by swallowing the moon. To
+denote the points of the compass the Malays have native, Sanskrit,
+and Arabic terms. Ut�ra (_uttara_),[21] the north, and da[k.]sina
+(_dakshi[n.]a_), the south, are Sanskrit words; and _pa[k.]sina_,
+the north, has evidently been coined by Malays in imitation of
+_da[k.]sina_.
+
+    [Footnote 21: J., S., and D. _utara_; Bat. _otara_; Bis. _otala_,
+    east wind.]
+
+The elephant is most generally known all over the Archipelago by its
+Sanskrit name _gajah_. Sanskrit terms are also used to signify the
+driver of an elephant and several articles used in connection with this
+animal. From these circumstances we may probably conclude, with
+Crawfurd, that the art of training and domesticating elephants was
+first learned by the Malays from natives of India.[22]
+
+    [Footnote 22: Crawfurd's Malay Grammar, Dissertation clxxxiii.]
+
+  |English.
+  |  |Malay.
+  |  |  |Sanskrit.
+  |  |  |  |Other Languages.
+  |Elephant
+  |  |g�jah
+  |  |  |gaja
+  |  |  |  |J., S., and D. _gajah_; Bat. and Mak. _gaja_;
+  |  |  |  |Tag. _gadia_; Bis. _gadya_.
+  |Elephant-driver
+  |  |gamb�la-g�jah
+  |  |  |gop�la (herdsman)
+  |Goad
+  |  |�ngkus, kw�sa
+  |  |  |a[.n]ku�a
+  |Foot-chain
+  |  |�nd�w�n
+  |  |  |andu (chain)
+  |Front part of the head
+  |  |gomba, kumba
+  |  |  |kumbha
+  |Unbroken, vicious (of an elephant); the condition called _musth_
+  |  |meta
+  |  |  |mada (elephant in rut)
+  |  |  |  |Kw. _meta_, wild elephant.
+  |Hobbles for securing the feet
+  |  |sengk[)a]la
+  |  |  |�[r.]i[.n]khala (a chain)
+
+The words of command used by elephant-drivers in the Malay peninsula
+appear, however, to be adapted mainly from the Siamese, and it is from
+this people that the Malays of the continent have acquired much of their
+modern knowledge of the art of capturing, subduing, and training the
+elephant. The names of animals, birds, &c., indicate, as might be
+expected, that while most of the varieties known to the Malays are
+indigenous, there are some species which have been imported, or which,
+belonging to other countries, are known by name only in the Archipelago.
+The word _morga_, (m[r.]iga) and _satw�_ (sattva),[23] both meaning "an
+animal," are Sanskrit, and if the commoner word _ben�tang_ is derived,
+as seems possible, from the Sanskrit _vana_, forest, there is no purely
+native generic term to signify a beast or animal. While, therefore, the
+early Malay tribes had names for all the animals domesticated by them,
+as well as those which they encountered in their forests, it was not
+until the period of their intercourse with more civilised races from
+India that they learned to generalise and to comprehend the brute
+creation under one term. The following Sanskrit words for animals, &c.,
+occur in Malay:--
+
+
+  |English.
+  |  |Malay.
+  |  |  |Sanskrit.
+  |  |  |  |Other Languages.
+  |Lion
+  |  |s�nga
+  |  |  |si[m.]ha
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _singa_ and _singha_; Mak. and D. _singa_.
+  |Jackal
+  |  |sr�g�la
+  |  |  |c[r.]ig�la
+  |  |  |  |Bat. _sorigala_; J. _segawon_, a dog.
+  |Camel
+  |  |onta
+  |  |  |ush[t.]ra (a camel)
+  |  |  |  |J. and Mak. _unta_; S. _onta_.
+  |Wild bull
+  |  |�nd�ka
+  |  |  |dh�ka
+  |  |  |  |Kw. _daka_ and _andaka_.
+  |Ichneumon
+  |  |charpalei
+  |  |  |sarp�ri (sarpa, a snake)
+  |A small yellow snake, about a span long
+  |  |chint�-mani
+  |  |  |chint�-ma[n.]i (a fabulous gem, the possessor of which gets
+  |  |  |all he wishes for)
+  |Scorpion
+  |  |k�la
+  |  |  |k�la (black)
+  |  |  |  |J., S., D., and Malg. _kala_; Bat. _kala_;
+  |  |  |  |Mak. _pati-kala_.
+  |Crow
+  |  |g�gak
+  |  |  |k�ka
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _gayak_; Bat. _gak_; Mak. _kala_; D. _kak_.
+  |Peacock
+  |  |m[)e]ra[k.]
+  |  |  |barha, varha
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _merak_; Mak. _muraka_; D. _marak_.
+  |Goose[24]
+  |  |angsa, hangsa, gangsa
+  |  |  |ha[m.]sa
+  |  |  |  |J. _ongsa_; S. _gangsa_.
+  |Pigeon
+  |  |m[)e]r-[)a]p�ti, perap�ti
+  |  |  |p�r�pat�
+  |  |  |  |S. _japati_; Bat. _darapati_; Tag. _palapati_;
+  |  |  |  |Bis. _salapati_.
+  |Eagle-falcon
+  |  |r�jaw�l�
+  |  |  |rajjuv�la (a species of bird)
+  |Indian cuckoo (_Gracula religiosa_)
+  |  |kokila
+  |  |  |kokila
+  |  |  |  |J. _kokila_.
+
+    [Footnote 23: J. _mergu_; J. _sato_; S. _satoa_; D. _satua_; Bat.
+    _santuwa_, a mouse.]
+
+    [Footnote 24: Crawfurd has noticed the fact that the names of the
+    domesticated animals are native, one exception being the goose,
+    which, he thinks, may therefore be supposed to have been of
+    foreign introduction (Crawfurd's Grammar, Dissertation clxxxiii.).
+    It must be remembered, however, that among the Hindus the goose is
+    worshipped at the festivals of Brahma, and that, being thus in a
+    manner sacred, its Sanskrit name would naturally be in use
+    wherever the Hindu religion spread. Brahma is represented as
+    riding on a white _ha[m.]sa_.]
+
+Perhaps the Malay word _har�mau_ (Kw. _rimong_; Bat. _arimo_, tiger-cat;
+D. _harimaung_, panther), a tiger, may have been formed from _Hari_
+(Krishna or Vishnu) and _m[r.]iga_ (an animal). Words similarly
+compounded with _m[r.]iga_ (Malay _morga_) are not uncommon in Sanskrit,
+_e.g._, _K[r.]ish[n.]a-m[r.]iga_ (the black antelope), _mah�-m[r.]iga_
+(an elephant).[25] The terms in use for "horse" and "sheep" seem to
+indicate that those animals were first brought to Malay countries from
+India. _K�da_, horse (Kw. and S. _kuda_), is derived by Crawfurd from
+_ghora_ (Hindi), by others from _kudra_ (Tamul). _B�ri-b�ri_ (sheep) is
+said to be borrowed from the Hindi _bher_, which is itself derived from
+the Sanskrit _bhe[d.]a_, a ram, or from _bh�ru_ (Sansk.), a goat.
+Certain fabulous birds and reptiles which belong to the domain of Hindu
+mythology have their places also in Malay folk-lore; such as
+_garu[d.]a_,[26] the eagle of Vishnu, and _Ja[t.]�yu_ (Malay _jint�yu_),
+a fabulous vulture; _chandraw�si_, a�name given by Malays to a fabulous
+bird which is heard but never seen, is also evidently of Sanskrit
+origin. To these _n�ga_, a dragon, may be added (J.,�S., Bat., Mak.,
+Bu., and D. _naga_).
+
+    [Footnote 25: Perhaps a more plausible derivation is from the
+    Tamul _ari-m�_, a male lion.]
+
+    [Footnote 26: J. and S. _garuda_; Mak. _guruda_.]
+
+The vegetable kingdom supplies a long list of trees, plants, and flowers
+which are known to the Malays by Sanskrit names. Some of these are
+closely connected with another group of words to be noticed presently,
+namely, those which belong to the department of religion. The use of
+sweet-smelling flowers is a noticeable feature in the religious worship
+of the Hindus, and the fact that many flowers held by them to be sacred
+to the worship of particular gods are called by Malays by the same names
+which they bear in the temples of India, is a remarkable example of an
+historical lesson latent in words. It points to the fact, abundantly
+proved by other evidence, that Brahmanism once held sway where it has
+long been superseded by the faith of Islam, and that words which have no
+special significance for the modern Muhammadan Malay were fraught with
+mystic solemnity for his distant ancestors.
+
+In many cases, indeed, the Sanskrit names have been applied by the
+Malays to different plants from those designated by the same expressions
+in India. In other cases, names unknown in classical Sanskrit, but
+obviously compounded of Sanskrit words, have been given by the Malays or
+Javanese. The common native Malay term for "flower" is _b�nga_; _s�ri_
+(Javanese _sari_, Sansk. _kesara_) and _puspa_ (Sansk. _pushpa_) have
+been borrowed from India.
+
+  |English or Latin.
+  |  |Malay.
+  |  |  |Sanskrit.
+  |  |  |  |Other Languages.
+  |Michelia champaka
+  |  |champaka
+  |  |  |champaka (dedicated by the Hindus to Krishna; one of
+  |  |  |Kamadeva's arrows is tipped with it)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _champaka_; Mak. _champaga_.
+  |Jonesia asoka
+  |  |�ngs�ka
+  |  |  |a�oka (sacred to Mahadeva, and held in the highest veneration
+  |  |  |by the Hindus)
+  |  |  |  |J. _angsoka_ and _soka_.
+  |Mesua ferrea
+  |  |n�gas�r� (Rigg supposes the Malay plant to be _Acacia
+  |  |pedunculata_; Marsden, _Acacia aurea_).
+  |  |  |n�gakesara ("The delicious odour of its blossoms justly
+  |  |  |gives them a place in the quiver of Kamadeva." --_Sir William
+  |  |  |Jones_)
+  |Jasminum sambac (jasmine)
+  |  |mal�t�
+  |  |  |m�lat� (_Jasminum grandiflorum_[27])
+  |  |  |  |J. _malati_; S. _melati_.
+  |Arabian jasmine (_Nyctanthes_?)
+  |  |melor
+  |  |  |m�dhura (cf. _malura_, Crat�va religiosa)
+  |  |  |  |J. _menur_; Kw. _menur_, silver.
+  |Ocymum basilicum (holy basil)
+  |  |sulasi
+  |  |  |tulas� (sacred to Krishna)
+  |  |  |  |J. _selasih_ and _telasih_; S. _selasi_; Mak. _tolasi_;
+  |  |  |  |Tag. _solasi_.
+  |Uvaria odorata (or cananga)
+  |  |ken�nga
+  |  |  |k�nana[28] (a forest)
+  |  |  |  |J. _kenonga_; Mak. and Bu. _kananga_.
+  |Santalum album, sandal-wood
+  |  |chand�na
+  |  |  |chandana ("Perpetually mentioned in the most ancient books
+  |  |  |of the Hindus as flourishing on the mountains of Malaya"
+  |  |  |--_Sir Wm. Jones_)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _chendana_; Tag. and Bis. _sandana_.
+  |Plumieria acutifolia
+  |  |kamb�ja
+  |  |  |k�mboja (a kind of _mimosa_)
+  |  |  |  |S. _kamboja_.
+  |Nelumbium speciosum, lotus.
+  |  |saroja
+  |  |  |saroja
+  |  |  |  |J. _saroja_.
+  |Vitex trifoliata
+  |  |lagundi [29]
+  |  |  |nirgandhi ("Which Bontius calls _lagondi_." --_Sir Wm.
+  |  |  |Jones_) _-Gandhi_ is used in the latter part of a compound
+  |  |  |word with same meaning that _gandha_ has: "smell," "odour"
+  |  |  |  |J. _legundi_; Bat. _gundi_.
+  |Alpinia galanga, or Curcuma reclinata
+  |  |g�dam�la
+  |  |  |_gandha_, smell; _m�l�_, a garland
+  |Justicia gandarusa
+  |  |gandarusa
+  |  |  |_gandha_, smell; _rusa_ (Malay), a deer(?)
+  |  |  |  |S. _gandarusa_
+  |Hibiscus abelmoschus
+  |  |gandap�ra
+  |  |  |_gandha_, smell; _pura_, calix of a flower
+  |  |  |  |Mak. _gandapura_
+  |Hedichium coronarium
+  |  |gandas�l�
+  |  |  |_gandha_, smell
+  |  |  |  |S. _gandasoli_.
+  |Liquidambar altingiana
+  |  |rasamala
+  |  |  |_surasa_, sweet, elegant; _m�l�_, a garland
+  |Carthamus tinctorius, safflower
+  |  |kasumba
+  |  |  |kusumbha
+  |  |  |  |J., S., Mak., and D. _kasumba_; Tag. _kasubha_;
+  |  |  |  |Bis. _kasobha_.
+  |Crocus sativus, saffron
+  |  |kumkum�
+  |  |  |ku[m.]kuma
+  |  |  |  |J. _kamkuma_; Mak. _kuma_.
+  |Alyxia stellata; an odoriferous root used in medicine
+  |  |p�las�ri
+  |  |  |phul (_Hind_.), flower; _sari_ (Javanese), from _kesara_
+  |  |  |(Sansk.), a flower
+  |Tectonia grandis, teak
+  |  |j�t�
+  |  |  |j�ti (synonymous with _malati_), Jasminum grandiflorum
+  |  |  |  |J., S., Bat., Mak., Bu., and D. _jati_.
+  |Pterocarpus indicus
+  |  |�ngs�na
+  |  |  |asana (Terminalia alata tomentosa)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _angsana_.
+  |Borassus flabelliformis
+  |  |lontar
+  |  |  |t�la
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _lontar_; Bat. _otal_; Mak. _tala_; Bu. _ta_;
+  |  |  |  |Tag. _tual_.
+  |Eugenia jambu, roseapple
+  |  |jamb�
+  |  |  |jambu
+  |  |  |  |J., S., Mak., and D. _jambu_; Bu. _jampu_; Tag. _dambo_;
+  |  |  |  |Bat. _jambu-jambu_, fringe; Bu. _jambo-jambo_, fringe,
+  |  |  |  |plume.
+  |Mangifera indica, mango
+  |  |mampelam
+  |  |  |from Telugu, _mampalam_; Sansk. _mah�phala_, "great fruit"
+  |  |  |  |J. _pelem_; S. _ampelem_.
+  |Spondias myrobolan (or mangifera)
+  |  |�mra
+  |  |  |�mra (the mango, _Mangifera indica_); �mr�ta (_Spondias
+  |  |  |mangifera_)
+  |Punica granatum, pomegranate
+  |  |dal�ma
+  |  |  |d�[d.]ima and d�lima
+  |Zizyphus jujuba
+  |  |bid�ra
+  |  |  |vidara
+  |  |  |  |J. _widara_; S. _bidara_.
+  |Cucurbita lagenaria, gourd, pumpkin
+  |  |l�b�
+  |  |  |al�bu
+  |  |  |  |S. _labu_; Bat. _tabu-tabu_; Malg. _tawu_.
+  |Tricosanthes laciniosa
+  |  |pat�la
+  |  |  |pa[t.]ola
+  |Cassia fistula
+  |  |biraksa
+  |  |  |v[r.]iksha (a tree)
+  |Emblica officinalis
+  |  |mal�ka
+  |  |  |�malaka (Emblic myrobalan)
+  |  |  |  |S. _malaka_; Bat. _malakah_.
+
+
+    [Footnote 27: "Commeline had been informed that the Javans give
+    the name of _Malati_ to the _Zambak_ (_Jasminum sambac_), which in
+    Sanskrit is called _Navamalika_, and which, according to Rheede,
+    is used by the Hindus in their sacrifices; but they make offerings
+    of most odoriferous flowers, and particularly of the various
+    _Jasmins_ and _Zambaks_." --_Sir William Jones_, _As. Res._ iv.]
+
+    [Footnote 28: Ainslie's Materia Medica, Madras, 1813. _Kanana_
+    occurs in the names of several flowers, _e.g._, _kanana karavira_,
+    Plumieria alba.]
+
+    [Footnote 29: Perhaps a corruption of _nila-gandhi_. Ainslie gives
+    the Sanskrit name as _jela-nirghoondi_.]
+
+_P�las_, _pal�sa_, and _pal�sang_ are Malay names for trees of different
+kinds, not one of which corresponds botanically with the Sanskrit
+_pal��a_ (_Butea frondosa_, a tree which is held by Hindus to be
+peculiarly venerable and holy). The preceding list affords several
+illustrations of a similar misuse of terms. To it might be added several
+words borrowed from other Indian languages, such as _n�nas_, pine-apple
+(Hind. _ananas_), _bilimbing_ (Tamul _bilimbi_), &c., &c.[30]
+
+    [Footnote 30: J. _nanas_; S. _kanas_; Bat. _honas_; D. _kanas_; J.
+    and S. _balimbing_; Bat. _balingbing_.]
+
+Marsden has remarked on the number of Sanskrit words expressive of the
+feelings and emotions of the human mind which occur in Malay, and Arabic
+also furnishes several. Either their synonymous native terms have been
+lost, or the Malays, at the period of Indian influence, had not reached
+that stage of civilisation when man commences to analyse and name the
+emotions he experiences and sees experienced by others. Good and bad
+qualities, in the same way and for the same reason, seem often to bear
+Sanskrit appellations. The following list does not profess to be
+complete:--
+
+  |English.
+  |  |Malay.
+  |  |  |Sanskrit.
+  |  |  |  |Other Languages.
+  |Pleasure, to be pleased
+  |  |s�ka
+  |  |  |sukha
+  |  |  |  |J., S., and D. _suka_
+  |Joy, rejoiced
+  |  |suka-chita
+  |  |  |sukha-chit (chit = thought, the heart)
+  |Sorrow, grief
+  |  |d�ka
+  |  |  |duhkha (pain)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _duka_.
+  |  |duka-chita
+  |  |  |duhkha-chit
+  |Care, anxiety, concern
+  |  |chinta
+  |  |  |chint� (thought)
+  |  |  |  |J. _chipta_; S. _chinta_; Mak. _chita_; D. and Tag.
+  |  |  |  |_sinta_.
+  |Passionately in love
+  |  |ber�h�
+  |  |  |virahin (suffering separation)
+  |  |  |  |J. _birahi_.
+  |Angry
+  |  |murka
+  |  |  |m�rkha (stupidity)
+  |  |  |  |J. _murka_, greedy, dissatisfied.
+  |Hope
+  |  |�sa
+  |  |  |���
+  |  |  |  |Tag. _asa_.
+  |Love
+  |  |�sm�ra
+  |  |  |smara
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _asmara_.
+  |Avarice, covetousness
+  |  |l�ba
+  |  |  |lobha
+  |  |  |  |Kw. _loba_, voluptuous, luxurious; S. _loba_, abundant.
+  |Wisdom, understanding
+  |  |b�d�
+  |  |  |buddhi
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _budi_.
+  |Stupid, foolish
+  |  |b�doh
+  |  |  |abodha
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _bodo_.
+  |Wise, learned
+  |  |pandei
+  |  |  |pa[n.][d.]ita
+  |  |  |  |J., S., and Bat. _pand�_.
+  |Lazy
+  |  |malas
+  |  |  |alasa
+  |Charity, benevolence
+  |  |derm�
+  |  |  |dharma
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _derma_; Bat. _dorma_, means of gaining
+  |  |  |  |affection.
+  |Generous
+  |  |derm�wan
+  |  |  |dharmavant
+  |Fidelity
+  |  |set�a
+  |  |  |satya
+  |  |  |  |J. _satya_ and _secha_; S. _sacha_.
+  |Faithful, loyal
+  |  |set��wan
+  |  |  |satyavant
+  |Thought, to think
+  |  |sangka
+  |  |  |�a[.n]ka
+  |To suspect, conjecture
+  |  |tarka
+  |  |  |tarka (doubt, reason)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _tarka_ and _terka_.
+  |Blame
+  |  |chel�
+  |  |  |chhala (fraud)
+  |  |  |  |J. _chela_; Mak. _challa_.
+  |Misfortune, vile, base
+  |  |chel�ka
+  |  |  |chhalaka (deceiving, a deceiver)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _chelaka_; Mak. _chilaka_; D. _chalaka_.
+  |Sin, crime
+  |  |d�sa
+  |  |  |dush (to sin)
+  |  |  |  |J., S., Bat., Mak., and D. _dosa_.
+  |False, untrue
+  |  |dusta
+  |  |  |dushta
+  |Merit meritorious actions
+  |  |pah�la
+  |  |  |phala (fruit, produce, result)
+  |  |  |  |Kw. _pahala_, fruit, merit.
+  |Happiness, good fortune
+  |  |bahag�a
+  |  |  |bh�gya (lot, fate)
+  |  |  |  |J. _bagya_; S. _bagia_; Bat. _badiya_.
+  |Use, value, quality
+  |  |guna
+  |  |  |gu[n.]a (quality)
+  |  |  |  |J., S., Bat., Mak., and D. _guna_.
+
+Inter-tribal warfare is usually characteristic of savage tribes, and an
+ample vocabulary of words connected with fighting and the art of war may
+be looked for in a language like Malay. But though the native terms are
+numerous, many have also been furnished by Sanskrit, among which may be
+instanced the following:--
+
+  |English.
+  |  |Malay.
+  |  |  |Sanskrit.
+  |  |  |  |Other Languages.
+  |Army
+  |  |b�la, b�latantr�
+  |  |  |bala (an army), tantra (series, offspring)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _bala_.
+  |Fort
+  |  |k�ta
+  |  |  |k�[t.]a
+  |  |  |  |J. _kuta_; Bat. _kuta_; S., Mak., D., Tag., and Bis.
+  |  |  |  |_kota_.
+  |Bastion, redoubt
+  |  |m�law�ti [31]
+  |  |  |balavat� (strong, powerful)?
+  |Weapon, arm
+  |  |senj�ta
+  |  |  |sajj� (armour), sajjat�, readiness
+  |  |  |  |Kw. and Mak. _sanjata_; Bat. _sonjata_; D. _sandata_.
+  |Bow
+  |  |p�nah
+  |  |  |v�[n.]a (an arrow)
+  |  |  |  |J., S., and D. _panah_; Mak. _pana_; Tag. and Bis.
+  |  |  |  |_pana_, arrow.
+  |Dagger
+  |  |kris
+  |  |  |k[r.]it (to cut, to kill)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _keris_ and _kris_; Bat. _horis_; Mak. _kurisi_;
+  |  |  |  |Tag. and Bis. _kalis_.
+  |Discus
+  |  |chakra
+  |  |  |chakra
+  |Club
+  |  |gada
+  |  |  |gad�
+  |  |  |  |J. _gada_.
+  |Cross-bow
+  |  |gand�
+  |  |  |g�[n.][d.]iva
+  |  |  |  |J. _gandewa_.
+  |Pike
+  |  |sanggam�ra
+  |  |  |sa[m.]gr�ma (war, battle)
+  |Knife
+  |  |chur�ka
+  |  |  |chhurik�
+  |  |  |  |Kw. _churika_, a kris.
+  |Enemy
+  |  |satr�
+  |  |  |�atru
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _satru_.
+  |Battlefield
+  |  |r�na
+  |  |  |ra[n.]a (battle)
+  |  |  |  |Kw. and S. _rana_.
+  |Victory
+  |  |jaya
+  |  |  |jaya
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _jaya_.
+
+
+    [Footnote 31: Crawfurd, very likely correctly, derives this from
+    the Portuguese _balu�rte_, a bulwark.]
+
+Among the Malays the titles of royalty and nobility, and many of the
+terms in use for the paraphernalia of the court, are Sanskrit. Logan
+supposes the native Malayan institutions to have been of a "mixed
+patriarchal and oligarchical" form.[32] Crawfurd was not satisfied that
+the terms alluded to proved that Hinduism had exercised much influence
+on Malayan government;[33] but when to these is added a long catalogue
+of words connected with law, justice, and administration, it will
+probably be apparent that Indian influence has played an important part
+in moulding the institutions of the Malays. The following are some of
+the principal titles, &c., in use about the court of a Malay Raja:--
+
+  |English.
+  |  |Malay.
+  |  |  |Sanskrit.
+  |  |  |  |Other Languages.
+  |King
+  |  |r�ja
+  |  |  |r�j
+  |  |  |  |J., S., and Bat. _raja_.
+  |Maharaja (a title not confined to royalty, but used also by Malay
+  |chiefs)
+  |  |mah�r�ja
+  |  |  |mah�r�ja (a king, sovereign)
+  |_Adiraja_ (a title)
+  |  |�dir�ja
+  |  |  |�dhir�ja (the first or primeval king, epithet of Manu and
+  |  |  |of a son of Kuru)
+  |King (reigning monarch)
+  |  |baginda
+  |  |  |bh�gya (merit, happiness)
+  |  |  |  |J. _bagenda_; S. _baginda_.
+  |_Paduka_ (a title of respect used in addressing persons of rank)
+  |  |paduka[34]
+  |  |  |p�duka (a shoe)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _paduka_.
+  |_Duli_ (a title used in addressing royalty)
+  |  |d�li[34]
+  |  |  |dhuli (dust)
+  |  |  |  |J. _duli_; Bat. _daholi_.
+  |Queen
+  |  |permeis�r�
+  |  |  |parame�var� (a title of Durga, wife of �iva)
+  |  |  |  |J. _prameswari_; S. _permasuri_.
+  |Prince
+  |  |putr�
+  |  |  |putra (a son)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _putra_.
+  |Princess
+  |  |putr�
+  |  |  |putr� (a daughter)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _putri_.
+  |Minister
+  |  |mantr�
+  |  |  |mantrin (councillor)
+  |  |  |  |J. _mantri_; Mak. _mantari_; S. _mantri_, a minor
+  |  |  |  |official.
+  |Chief minister
+  |  |pardana-mantri
+  |  |  |pradh�na
+  |Councillor
+  |  |paramantri
+  |  |  |para (highest)
+  |Officer of the household
+  |  |s�da-s�da
+  |  |  |siddha (priest, learned man)
+  |Warrior, royal escort
+  |  |hulub�lang
+  |  |  |bala (army)
+  |  |  |  |J. and Bat. _hulubalang_.
+  |Sage, royal adviser
+  |  |pand�ta
+  |  |  |pa[n.][d.]ita
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _pandita_.
+  |Laksamana (one of the officers of state)
+  |  |laksam�na
+  |  |  |lakshma[n.]a (the son of Da�aratha by Sumitr�)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _laksmana_.
+  |Treasurer
+  |  |bandah�ra
+  |  |  |bh�[n.][d.]�g�ra (treasure)
+  |  |  |  |Mak. _bandara_; J. _bendara_, master; S. _bandaran_;
+  |  |  |  |custom-house.
+  |Throne
+  |  |singgahasana
+  |  |  |si[m.]h�sana
+  |  |  |  |Kw. and S. _singasana_.
+  |Palace
+  |  |astana
+  |  |  |sth�na (place, whence the Persian _astana_, a threshold,
+  |  |  |a fakir's residence)
+  |Crown
+  |  |mak�ta
+  |  |  |muku[t.]a
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _makuta_; Mak. _makota_.
+  |Royal insignia
+  |  |upachara
+  |  |  |upach�ra (service)
+  |  |  |  |J. _upachara_.
+  |Title of a chief who is of noble blood on one side only
+  |  |magat
+  |  |  |m�gadha (the son of a Vai�ya by a Kshatriya woman)
+  |Officer (hero)
+  |  |pungg�wa
+  |  |  |pu[.n]gava (a bull; as latter part of compound words,
+  |  |  |"excellent," _e.g._, _nara-pu[.n]gava_, an excellent warrior)
+  |  |  |  |J., S., and Mak. _punggawa_.
+
+    [Footnote 32: Journ. Ind. Arch., v. 572.]
+
+    [Footnote 33: Crawfurd, Malay Grammar, Dissertation ccii.]
+
+    [Footnote 34: These two words must have been originally used by
+    Malays in the sense which they bear in Sanskrit. "Unto the shoes
+    of my lord's feet," or "beneath the dust of your majesty's feet,"
+    are phrases in which _paduka_ and _duli_ would immediately precede
+    the name or title of the person addressed. Being thus used always
+    in connection with the titles of royal or distinguished persons,
+    the two words have been taken for honorific titles, and are so
+    used by Malays, unaware of the humble origin of what are to them
+    high-sounding words.]
+
+The incidents of Asiatic government have caused the introduction into
+the Malay language of such terms as the following, among others:--
+
+  |English.
+  |  |Malay.
+  |  |  |Sanskrit.
+  |  |  |  |Other Languages.
+  |Country
+  |  |negr�
+  |  |  |nagara and nagar�
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _nagara_.
+  |District
+  |  |d�sa
+  |  |  |di��
+  |  |  |  |J., and S., Bat., and D. _desa_; Mak. _dessa_.
+  |Tax
+  |  |�pat�
+  |  |  |utpatti
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _upeti_.
+  |Hall, court
+  |  |b�lei
+  |  |  |valaya (an enclosure)
+  |  |  |  |S. _bal�_; D. _balai_, open building; J. _bal�_, bench;
+  |  |  |  |Bat. _bal�_, hut on a king's tomb.
+  |Examine, inquire
+  |  |pre[k.]sa
+  |  |  |par�ksh�
+  |  |  |  |J. _priksa_; Mak. _paressa_; D. _pariksa_ and _riksa_.
+  |Cause, suit
+  |  |bichara
+  |  |  |vich�ra (consideration, discussion)
+  |  |  |  |Mak. and D. _bichara_; J. _wichara_; S. _pichara_.
+  |Witness
+  |  |sa[k.]si
+  |  |  |s�kshin
+  |  |  |  |J., S., D., Tag., and Bis. _saksi_.
+  |Crime
+  |  |dosa
+  |  |  |dush (to sin)
+  |  |  |  |J., S., Bat., Mak., and D. _dosa_.
+  |Insult, trespass
+  |  |�ngk�ra
+  |  |  |aha[m.]k�ra (pride)
+  |  |  |  |Kw. _angkara_.
+  |Injustice, oppression
+  |  |�ny�ya
+  |  |  |any�ya
+  |  |  |  |J. _aniaya_.
+  |Inheritance
+  |  |pus�ka
+  |  |  |push (to possess)
+  |  |  |  |J., S., and Mak. _pusaka_.
+  |Action, negotiation
+  |  |sangg�ta
+  |  |  |sa[m.]keta (appointment, convention)
+  |Proof
+  |  |biti
+  |  |  |vitti (probability)
+  |Cause, matter in dispute
+  |  |�ch�ra
+  |  |  |�chara (conduct)
+  |Punishment
+  |  |si[k.]sa
+  |  |  |�iksh� (learning)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _siksa_; Mak. _sessa_.
+  |Fine
+  |  |denda
+  |  |  |da[n.][d.]a
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _denda_; Bat. _dangdang_; D. _danda_.
+  |Prison
+  |  |panj�ra
+  |  |  |panjara (a cage)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _kunjara_; Mak. _panjara_; Bat. _binjara_,
+  |  |  |  |a trap; D. _jara_ and _panjara_, punished.
+  |Punishment (of a disgraceful kind inflicted on women)
+  |  |druma
+  |  |  |druh (to hurt)
+  |Slave
+  |  |sah�ya
+  |  |  |sah�ya (companion)
+  |Free, liberated
+  |  |mardah�ka
+  |  |  |m[r.]idh (to pardon?)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _mardika_; Bat. _mardaekoh_; Mak., Bu., and D.
+  |  |  |  |_maradeka_; Tag. _mahadlika_
+  |Executioner
+  |  |palab�ya
+  |  |  |para (exceeding) bhaya (fear)
+
+The groups of words remaining to be noticed are those connected with the
+Hindu religion, and with the demon-worship or spirit-worship, which was
+the earliest form which the religious sentiment took among the Malay
+tribes.[35] After the conversion of the Malays to the faith of Muhammad,
+the traditions of Hinduism were gradually confused with the aboriginal
+superstitions, and neither have been entirely obliterated by the cult
+which superseded them. The belief in the power of malignant spirits to
+cause misfortune, sickness, and death is still strong among the Malays,
+whose _pawangs_ or medicine-men claim to be able to propitiate demons by
+spells, prayers, and offerings. These men frequently invoke benevolent
+spirits by the names of Rama, Vishnu, and other Hindu deities, in
+complete ignorance that they are Hindu,[36] to counteract the evil
+influences of malevolent demons. Practices of this sort prevail most
+generally in places remote from Arab influence.
+
+    [Footnote 35: "The Javanese have peopled the air, the woods and
+    rivers with various classes of spirits, their belief in which
+    probably constituted their sole religion before the arrival of the
+    Bramins." --_Crawfurd's Grammar_, _Dissertation_ cxcix.]
+
+    [Footnote 36: "The Javanese consider all the Hindu gods of their
+    former belief not as imaginary beings, but as real demons"
+    (_Ibid._), just as the early Christians regarded the classic gods,
+    and attributed oracles to diabolical agency.]
+
+The Malays did not altogether discard the theological terms of Hinduism
+when they adopted a new religion. For instance, _pu�sa_,[37] abstinence,
+fasting (Sansk. _upav�sa_), is used to express the annual fast of the
+Muhammadans during the month Ramzan. Heaven and hell also retain their
+Sanskrit names.
+
+    [Footnote 37: J., S., Mak., D., and Bis. _puasa_; Bat. _puaso_.]
+
+The following are some of the principal theological terms which have
+passed from Sanskrit into Malay:--
+
+  |English.
+  |  |Malay.
+  |  |  |Sanskrit.
+  |  |  |  |Other Languages.
+  |Religion
+  |  |�g�ma
+  |  |  |�gama (sacred science)[38]
+  |  |  |  |J., S. Mak., Bu., and D. _agama_.
+  |Spiritual guide
+  |  |g�r�
+  |  |  |guru
+  |  |  |  |J., S. Mak., Bu., and D. _guru_.
+  |Praise, adoration
+  |  |puji, puja
+  |  |  |p�j (to honour)
+  |  |  |p�j� (worshipping)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _puji_, _puja_; Bat. and Mak. _puji_;
+  |  |  |  |D. _mampuji_; to invoke.
+  |Religious penance
+  |  |t�pa
+  |  |  |tapas
+  |  |  |  |J., S., Mak., D., and Bu. _tapa_.
+  |Heaven
+  |  |s�rga
+  |  |  |svarga
+  |  |  |  |J. _suwarga_; S. _surga_.
+  |Hell
+  |  |n�raka, pat�la
+  |  |  |naraka, p�t�la
+  |  |  |  |J., S., Mak., and D. _naraka_; S. _patala_.
+  |Fast, abstinence
+  |  |pu�sa
+  |  |  |upav�sa
+  |  |  |  |J., S., Mak., D., and Bis. _puasa_; Bat. _puaso_.
+  |Supernatural power
+  |  |sa[k.]t�
+  |  |  |�akti (strength, power)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _sakti_.
+  |Meritorious service, merit
+  |  |ba[k.]t�
+  |  |  |bhakti (worship, devotion)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _bakti_.
+  |Sacred formula, charm, spell
+  |  |mantr�
+  |  |  |mantra
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _mantra_.
+  |Incense
+  |  |d�pa
+  |  |  |dh�pa
+  |  |  |  |J., S., Mak., Bu., and D. _dupa_; Bat. _daupa_;
+  |  |  |  |Tag. _dupa-an_, censer.
+  |Incense (made of eight ingredients)
+  |  |istanggi
+  |  |  |ash[t.]aka (a collection of eight things)
+  |  |  |  |S. _istanggi_; Mak. _satanggi_.
+  |Censer (a bamboo split at one end, and opened out so as to form
+  |a receptacle)
+  |  |sangka
+  |  |  |�a[.n]kha (conchshell used for libations)
+  |Trumpet
+  |  |sangkakala
+  |  |  |�a[.n]kha (conchshell used for blowing as a horn), kala (time)
+  |Protection, blessing, or invocation to secure protection
+  |  |sempana
+  |  |  |sampanna
+  |_Sati_, self-sacrifice on the tomb of a lord or husband
+  |  |bela
+  |  |  |vel� (sudden death?)
+  |  |  |  |J. and Bat. _bela_.
+  |Recluse, devotee
+  |  |biku
+  |  |  |bhikshu (a religious mendicant)
+  |  |  |  |Kw. _wiku_; Siam. _phiku_, a devotee, beggar.
+  |Mystic words prefixed to prayers and invocations
+  |  |Om, hong[39]
+  |  |  |om (a mystic word prefacing all prayers); hum (a mystic
+  |  |  |syllable used in incantations)
+  |  |  |  |J. _hong_.
+  |Sacrifice, burnt-offering
+  |  |h�mum
+  |  |  |homa (sacrifice)
+
+DEITIES, &c.
+
+  |A god
+  |  |bat�ra
+  |  |  |avat�ra (descent)
+  |  |  |  |J., S., Bat., and Mak. _batara_; Bis. _batala_, idol.
+  |Minor deity
+  |  |d�wa, d�w�ta
+  |  |  |deva, devat�
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _dewa_, _dewata_; Mak. _dewa_, _rewata_;
+  |  |  |  |D. _dewa_; Bis. _dia_, idol; Bat. _debata_; Bu. _dewata_.
+  |Do. (female)
+  |  |d�w�
+  |  |  |dev�
+  |  |  |  |J., S., and Mak. _dewi_.
+  |Names supposed by Malays to belong to powerful spirits or demons
+  |  |Brahma
+  |  |  |Brahma (one of the three principal Hindu deities)
+  |  |Bisn�
+  |  |  |Vishnu (one of the three principal Hindu deities)
+  |  |Sr� R�ma
+  |  |  |R�ma (the hero of the R�m�yana)
+  |  |Ranj�na
+  |  |  |Arjuna (the third son of Pandu)
+  |  |Bar�na
+  |  |  |Varu[n.]a (the deity of the waters)
+  |  |  |  |S. _Baruna_.
+  |  |Mah�sw�ra
+  |  |  |Mahe�vara
+  |  |Hand�man
+  |  |  |Hanumant (the monkey chief in the R�m�yana)
+  |  |Maharesh�
+  |  |  |Maharshi (a sage of a pre-eminent class)
+  |Supernatural beings
+  |  |Indr�
+  |  |  |Indra (king of heaven)
+  |  |  |  |Kw. _Endra_; S. _Indra_.
+  |  |Chandr�
+  |  |  |Chandra (the moon)
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _Chandra_.
+  |Nymph, goddess
+  |  |Bidy�d�r�
+  |  |  |Vidy�dhar� (a female demi-god)
+  |  |  |  |J. _Widadari_; Mak. _Bidadari_.
+
+DEMONS, &c.
+
+  |Demon
+  |  |jana, janu
+  |  |  |jana (creature, demon)
+  |Malignant spirit
+  |  |b�ta
+  |  |  |bh�ta
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _buta_; Mak. _bota_.
+  |Name of a particular demon
+  |  |pancha-maha-b�ta
+  |  |  |panchan (five); bh�ta (element); the five elements according
+  |  |  |to the Hindus are earth, fire, water, air, and �ther
+  |A kind of demon
+  |  |b�ga
+  |  |  |bhoga (a snake)
+  |Name of a particular demon
+  |  |b�jangga
+  |  |  |bhuja[m.]ga (a snake)
+  |  |  |  |J. _bujongga_; S. _bujangga_.
+  |An evil spirit
+  |  |raksh�sa
+  |  |  |r�kshasa
+  |  |  |  |J. and S. _raksasa_.
+  |Ghost, goblin
+  |  |hant�
+  |  |  |hantu (death)
+  |  |  |  |J. _antu_; Bat. and S. _hantu_; D. _hantu_, corpse.
+  |Spectre (which haunts the scene of a murder or sudden death)
+  |  |b�dei
+  |  |  |vadha (killing, murder)
+  |A female who chants incantations
+  |  |b�d�, bid�an
+  |  |  |vidhav� (a widow)
+  |  |  |  |Bat. _biduwan_.
+  |Spell to cause death
+  |  |perm�ya
+  |  |  |pramaya (death)
+  |  |  |  |Bat. _parangmayo_.
+  |A demon
+  |  |dan�wa
+  |  |  |d�nava
+  |  |  |  |J. _danawa_.
+  |A daitya or demon
+  |  |ditya
+  |  |  |daitya
+  |  |  |  |Kw. _ditya_.
+  |A supernatural monster
+  |  |garg�si
+  |  |  |karka�a (cruel), or perhaps, from _ugra_, very strong,
+  |  |  |terrible, cruel
+  |  |  |  | J. _gargasi_, a large bird
+  |Magic
+  |  |sastar�
+  |  |  |��stra (science, learning)
+  |Magician, sorcerer
+  |  |sastar�wan
+  |  |  |��stravant (skilled in the holy writings)
+
+    [Footnote 38: "_Agama_ in Sanskrit is 'authority for religious
+    doctrine:' in Malay and Javanese it is religion itself, and is at
+    present applied both to the Mohammedan and the Christian
+    religions." --_Crawfurd_, _Malay Grammar_, _Dissertation_
+    cxcviii.]
+
+    [Footnote 39: I have found both these words used separately and
+    distinctly by Pawangs in the state of Perak. Raffles and Logan
+    confused them. Journ. Ind. Arch., i. 309; History of Java, ii.
+    369. De Backer mentions _ong_ only. L'Archipel. Indien, p. 287]
+
+A remarkable instance of the extent to which the Malay language has been
+enriched by Aryan terms is to be found in their national or racial name.
+The origin of the word _Malayu_ (the native word from which we obtain
+our "Malay") has been made the subject of some discussion by several
+authors. Some are disposed to trace it to the Sanskrit word _malaya_,
+while others prefer to regard it as a purely native word. These views
+are summarised in the following extract from the introduction to the
+Malay Grammar of the Abb� Favre:--
+
+"Some authors, and particularly Dr. Leyden, whose authority in this
+matter is of great weight, derive the word _malayu_ from the Tamil
+_mal�_, which means 'mountain,' whence _malaya_, 'chain of mountains,' a
+word applied in Sanskrit to the Western Ghauts.
+
+"Marsden asserts that this opinion, being founded upon a mere
+resemblance of sound between the Sanskrit word _malaya_ and the name of
+the Malay people, is not sufficient to justify this derivation.[40]
+
+"Nevertheless the opinion of Dr. Leyden has continued to command belief,
+and has been regarded as not altogether unfounded by M. Louis de Backer,
+who has recently published a work on the Indian Archipelago.[41]
+
+"Another theory, which has the support of Werndly,[42] is so far simple
+and rational that it seeks the etymology of this word in the traditions
+of the Malays and in books written by themselves. Thus, in a work
+which has the greatest authority among them, and which is entitled
+_Sul[-a]lates-sal[-a]tin_, or _Sej[-a]rat mal[-a]yu_, the following
+passage occurs:--
+
+  [Transcriber's Note:
+  In the following paragraph, transliterations from Arabic are shown
+  between #marks#. The words "jehudi" and "yehudi" were transliterated
+  in the original text, so the Arabic has not been repeated.]
+
+"'There is in the island of Sumatra an ancient kingdom called Palembang,
+opposite to the island of Banka; a river flows there which is still
+called Tatang, into the upper portion of which another river falls,
+after having watered the spurs of the mountain Maha Meru (which Malay
+princes claim as the cradle of their origin); the tributary is called
+_Melayu_, or _Malayu_.' The meaning of this word is 'to flow quickly' or
+'rapidly,' from _layu_, which in Javanese as well as in the dialect of
+Palembang signifies 'swift, rapid;' it has become _laju_, _melaju_, in
+Malay by the conversion of #y# into #j#, a change which is by no means
+rare in Malay, as it may be seen in #jut# and #judi#,[43] from the
+Sanskrit _ayuta_ and _yodi_, and in _jehudi_, from the Arabic _yehudi_,
+&c.
+
+"Now the Malays, an essentially nautical people, are in the habit of
+settling along the banks of rivers and streams, whence it comes that a
+great number of their towns have taken the names of the rivers on or
+near which they are situated, such as Johor, Pahang, &c. In this way
+'the country situated near the river of which the current is rapid,'
+_Sungei Malayu_, would take the name of _Tanah Malayu_, and the
+inhabitants of this country (governed in those times by a chief named
+Demang Lebar Daun) that of _Orang Malayu_, just as the inhabitants of
+Johor and Pahang are called _Orang Johor_, _Orang Pahang_; and their
+language is called _Bahasa Orang Malayu_ or _Bahasa Malayu_.
+
+"The name of _Malayu_ thus applied to the people and to the language
+spread with the descendants of Demang Lebar Daun, whose son-in-law, Sang
+Sapurba, became king of Menangkabau or Pagar Ruwang, a powerful empire
+in the interior of Sumatra. A grandson of Demang Lebar Daun, named Sang
+Mutiaga, became king of Tanjong Pura. A second, Sang Nila Utama, married
+the daughter of the queen of Bentan, and immediately founded the kingdom
+of Singapore, a place previously known as Tamassak. It was a descendant
+of his, Iskander Shah, who founded the empire of Malacca, which extended
+over a great part of the peninsula; and, after the capture of Malacca by
+the Portuguese, became the empire of Johor. It is thus that a portion of
+the Indian Archipelago has taken the name of _Tanah Malayu_, 'Malay
+country.'
+
+"One of the granddaughters of Demang Lebar Daun was married to the
+Batara or king of Majapahit, a kingdom which extended over the island of
+Java and beyond it; and another was married to the Emperor of China, a
+circumstance which contributed not a little to render the name of
+_Malayu_ or Malay known in distant parts."[44]
+
+    [Footnote 40: Malay Grammar, Introduction.]
+
+    [Footnote 41: L'Archipel Indien, p. 53.]
+
+    [Footnote 42: Maleische Spraakkunst, door G. H. Werndly p. xix.]
+
+    [Footnote 43: The derivation of _judi_, gaming, from _dyuta_ (game
+    at dice), seems to be preferable to that adopted by M. Favre
+    (following Van der Tuuk), who refers it to _yodi_, a warrior.]
+
+    [Footnote 44: Favre, Grammaire de la Langue Malaise, Introduction,
+    viii.]
+
+This theory requires that we should suppose that a word of wide
+application, which is known wherever Malays have established themselves,
+is, in fact, a Malay word disguised in a form found only in Javanese and
+the dialect of Palembang. If the arguments adduced in support of it are
+to apply, we must first of all admit the very doubtful historical
+accuracy of the _Sejarah Malayu_, from which they are drawn.
+
+There is a Malay word, _layu_, which means "faded," "withered," and it
+is only the exigency of finding a word applicable to a river that makes
+it necessary to look for a derivation in _laju_, swift. In this or some
+kindred sense the word _laju_ is found in Javanese, Sundanese, and
+Dayak; but why it should give its name, in the form of _layu_, to a
+river in Sumatra, and thence to the whole Malay race, is not very
+obvious. A river named in consequence of its swift current would be
+called by Malays _Sungei Laju_, not _Sungei Malaju_. Even if the
+derivation of Malayu from _melaju_ had the support of the Malays
+themselves, Malay etymologies are not often safe guides. Not much, for
+instance, can be said in favour of the fanciful derivation of Sumatra
+from _semut raya_, "large ant," which is given by the author of the
+_S�jarah Malayu_.[45]
+
+    [Footnote 45: Leyden's Malay Annals, 65.]
+
+It is impossible to treat the story of Sang Sapurba, the first Malay
+raja, as historical. The name, "Maha-Meru," sufficiently shows that we
+are upon mythological ground. The story is as follows:-- Three young men
+descend from the heavens of Indra (_ka indra-an_) upon the mountain
+Maha-Meru, on the slopes of which they meet two women who support
+themselves by planting hill-padi. Supernatural incidents mark the advent
+of the strangers. The very corn in the ground puts forth ears of gold,
+while its leaves become silver and its stalks copper. One of the
+new-comers rides on a white bull, and carries a sword called _Chora_
+(Sansk. _kshura_, a razor) _samandang-kini_. They are received by the
+natives of the district (Palembang) and made rajas. He who rides the
+bull becomes king of Menangkabau, and the other two receive minor
+kingdoms.
+
+It is not difficult to recognise here certain attributes of the god
+�iva, with which, by a not unnatural confusion of ideas, Muhammadan
+Malays, the recipients of the old traditions, have clothed their first
+raja.
+
+Maha-Meru, or Sumeru, on which are the abodes of the gods, is placed by
+Hindu geographers in the centre of the earth. _Malaya_ is mentioned in
+the _Puranas_ as a mountain in which the Godavari and other rivers take
+their rise. The white bull of Sang Sapurba is evidently the _vahan_ of
+�iva, and the name of the sword bears a close resemblance to
+_manda-kini_, the name given in heaven to the sacred Ganges, which
+springs from the head of �iva. Most of the incidents in the story,
+therefore, are of purely Hindu origin, and this gives great probability
+to the conjecture which assigns a Sanskrit source to the word _Malayu_.
+The Straits of Malacca abound with places with Sanskrit names. Not to
+speak of Singha-pura, there are the islands of Langka-wi and Lingga and
+the towns of Indragiri and Indrapura, &c. Sumeru (in Java), Madura,
+Ayuthia (in Siam), and many other names, show how great Indian
+influences have been in past times in the far East. May it not be,
+therefore, that _Malaya_ or _Malayu_[46] was the name by which the
+earliest Sanskrit-speaking adventurers from India denominated the rude
+tribes of Sumatra and the peninsula with whom they came in contact, just
+as _Jawi_ is the name given to Malays by the Arabs, the term in either
+case being adopted by the people from those to whom they looked up with
+reverence as their conquerors or teachers? According to this view, the
+introduction of a river, _Malayu_, into the story of Sang Sapurba is an
+_ex post facto_ way of explaining the name, inserted with this object by
+the native author of the _S�jarah Malayu_.
+
+    [Footnote 46: Besides signifying a range of mountains, _Malaya_
+    has the secondary meaning of "a garden." If the term was applied
+    originally in reference to the agricultural pursuits of the
+    primitive tribes, it receives additional illustration from the
+    name given to one of the women whom Sang Sapurba meets on Mount
+    Maha-Meru, "_Malini_," a gardener's wife (Sansk.).]
+
+If it be granted that the story of Sang Sapurba is mythological, it
+becomes unnecessary to follow any attempt to show that the name of
+_Malayu_ received additional celebrity from the marriages of
+granddaughters of Demang Lebar Daun with the Batara of Majapahit and the
+Emperor of China! The contemptuous style in which Malay, Javanese, and
+other barbarian rajas are spoken of by ancient Chinese historians leaves
+but slender probability to the legend that an Emperor of China once took
+a Malay princess as his wife.[47]
+
+    [Footnote 47: See Groeneveldt's Notes on the Malay Archipelago,
+    compiled from Chinese sources. Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch
+    Genootschap, xxxix.]
+
+From this subject it is natural to proceed to another disputed
+etymology, namely, the origin of the word _Jawi_, which is often used by
+the Malays for the word _Malayu_ in speaking of their language and
+written character, _bahasa jawi_ meaning Malay language, and _surat
+jawi_ a document written in Malay. It is not necessary to go into all
+the various conjectures on the subject, which will be found in the works
+of Marsden, Crawfurd, Favre, and others.
+
+_Jawi_ is a word of Arab origin, and is formed in accordance with the
+rules of Arabic grammar from the noun _Jawa_, Java. Just as from
+_Makah_, Meccah, is derived the word _Makk-i_, of or belonging to
+Meccah, so from _Jawa_, Java, we get _Jawi_, of or belonging to Java.
+When this name was first applied to Malays, the Arabs had not an
+accurate knowledge of the ethnography of the Eastern Archipelago.
+Without very strict regard to ethnical divergencies, they described all
+the brown races of the eastern islands under the comprehensive and
+convenient term _Jawi_, and the Malays, who alone among those races
+adopted the Arabic alphabet, adopted also the term in speaking of their
+language and writing.[48]
+
+    [Footnote 48: "_Sawa_, _Jawa_, _Saba_, _Jaba_, _Zaba_, &c., has
+    evidently in all times been the capital local name in Indonesia.
+    The whole Archipelago was compressed into an island of that name
+    by the Hindus and Romans. Even in the time of Marco Polo we have
+    only a _Java Major_ and a _Java Minor_. The Bugis apply the name
+    of Jawa, _Jawaka_ (comp. the Polynesian _Sawaiki_, Ceramese
+    _Sawai_) to the Moluccas. One of the principal divisions of
+    Battaland in Sumatra is called _Tanah Jawa_. Ptolemy has both Jaba
+    and Saba." --_Logan_, _Journ. Ind. Arch._, iv. 338.]
+
+As in Malay there are no inflexions to denote change of number, gender,
+or person, the connection of _Jawi_ with _Jawa_ is quite unknown to the
+Malays, just as the second part of the word _senamaki_ (_sena-maki_,
+senna of Meccah[49]) is not suspected by them to have any reference to
+the sacred city. There is a considerable Malay and Javanese colony in
+Meccah,[50] where all are known to the Meccans indiscriminately as
+_Jawi_.
+
+    [Footnote 49: _Senna_ (_Cassia senna_), as a medicine, enjoys a
+    high reputation in India and all over the East. In Favre's
+    Malay-French Dictionary _daun sena-maki_ is translated _feuilles
+    de s�n�_, no notice being taken of the last word; but Shakespear's
+    Hindustani Dictionary has _sena makk-i_, "senna of Mecca."]
+
+    [Footnote 50: Burton's Pilgrimage to Medinah and Meccah, p. 175.]
+
+Marsden devotes several pages of the introduction to his Malay Grammar
+to a discussion as to the origin and use of the expression _orang
+di-bawah angin_, people below the wind, applied by Malays to themselves,
+in contradistinction to _orang di-atas angin_, people above the wind, or
+foreigners from the West. He quotes from De Barros and Valentyn, and
+from several native documents, instances of the use of these
+expressions, but confesses his inability to explain their origin.
+Crawfurd quotes these terms, which he considers to be "native," and
+remarks that they are used by the Malays alone of all the tribes in the
+Archipelago. A much more recent writer characterises these terms as
+"_Noms dont on ignore encore la vraie signification_."[51]
+
+    [Footnote 51: De Backer, L'Archipel Indien, li. (Paris, 1874).]
+
+The expression is not of Malay origin, but is a translation into that
+language of an Arabic phrase. Instances of its use occur in the "MOHIT"
+(the ocean), a Turkish work on navigation in the Indian seas, written by
+Sidi al Chelebi, captain of the fleet of Sultan Suleiman the Legislator,
+in the Red Sea. The original was finished at Ahmedabad, the capital of
+Gujarat, in the last days of Muharram, A.H. 962 (A.D. 1554). It
+enumerates, among others, "the monsoons below the wind, that is, of the
+parts of India situated below the wind," among which are "Malacca,
+Shomotora, Tanassari, Martaban, and Faiku (Pegu)."[52]
+
+    [Footnote 52: Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, iii. 545.]
+
+
+TRANSLITERATION OF MALAY IN THE ROMAN CHARACTER.
+
+Malay is written in a character which has been borrowed from a foreign
+literature in comparatively modern times, and which but imperfectly
+suits its sounds. With the introduction of the Muhammadan religion, the
+Malays adopted the Arabic alphabet, modified to suit the peculiarities
+of their language.
+
+In Malay literary compositions there is great diversity in the manner of
+spelling many words. The accentuation of the spoken dialect differs so
+much from Arabic, that it is difficult, even for native writers, to
+decide when to write the long vowels and when to leave them out. This is
+the point in which diversity is most common.
+
+Every European author who writes Malay in the Roman character has to
+decide on what system he intends to render the native language by means
+of our alphabet. The Malay alphabet has thirty-four letters, so it is
+obvious that ours will not accurately correspond with it. It is open to
+him, if he wishes to obtain a symbol to correspond with every letter of
+the Malay alphabet, to employ various means to denote those letters for
+which we have no equivalents; or he may dismiss the native alphabet from
+his mind altogether, and determine to write the language phonetically.
+In a language, however, which abounds in Sanskrit and Arabic words, he
+should, of course, avoid the adoption of any system of spelling which
+would disguise the true origin of words of foreign derivation.
+
+Muhammadans from India or Persia introduced their own method of writing
+among the Malays. They wrote Malay in their own character (to the
+gradual supersession of any native alphabet that may have previously
+existed), and this became the alphabet of the Malays.
+
+It is now our turn to write Malay in our character. Is it sufficient to
+do this in our own way, as those did who introduced the Perso-Arabic
+alphabet, or must we also have regard to the mode of spelling adopted by
+the latter?
+
+In an elementary work like the present, it does not seem to be necessary
+to burden the student with a system of transliteration. The native
+character is not employed in this manual, and there is, therefore, all
+the less occasion for using special means for denoting peculiar native
+letters. It will be found that the mode of spelling Malay words adopted
+by Marsden has been followed in the main.[53] In this Introduction the
+long vowels (that is, the vowels which are written in full in the native
+character) are marked with a circumflex accent, but it has not been
+thought necessary to adopt this system in the body of the work.
+
+    [Footnote 53: In certain foreign words the hard _k_ will be found
+    to be denoted by a dot under the letter, thus, [k.]; and the
+    peculiar vowel sound represented in Arabic by the letter _ain_ is
+    denoted by the Greek rough breathing `.]
+
+Sometimes vowels will be found marked with the short sign, [)]. This is
+only for the purpose of assisting the student in pronunciation, and does
+not represent any peculiarity in the native character.
+
+The vowels are to be sounded in general as in the languages of the
+Continent of Europe. Final _k_ is mute.
+
+The correct pronunciation of Arabic words is aimed at by Malays of
+education, and the European student should get the right sounds of the
+vowel _ain_ and of the more peculiar Arabic consonants explained to him.
+
+
+
+
+MALAY MANUAL.
+
+
+
+
+_PART I._
+
+
+The object of this work is to facilitate the acquisition of an
+elementary knowledge of the Malay language. It is believed also that
+some of the hints and suggestions which it contains will be of use to
+those who already have a colloquial knowledge of Malay, especially if
+this has been acquired from Indian or Chinese settlers in the Straits of
+Malacca, not from Malays themselves.
+
+The Roman character is used throughout, but a knowledge of the native
+character can hardly be dispensed with by those who aim at a thorough
+acquaintance with the language. As it abounds in idiomatic expressions,
+the study of native compositions is most important, and these are
+generally to be found only in the Malay character. Little attempt is
+made at scientific arrangement. In dealing with the various parts of
+speech, technical terms are as far as possible avoided, and reliance is
+placed rather on illustrations than abstract rules. The student should
+divest himself of the expectation that sentences may be formed in Malay
+on principles of construction which govern composition in European
+languages. An elementary knowledge of Malay is so easily acquired that a
+learner soon begins to construct sentences, and the tendency, of course,
+is to reproduce the phrases of his own language with words of the new
+one. He may thus succeed in making himself intelligible, but it need
+hardly be said that he does not speak the language of the natives.
+Correctness of expression cannot be entirely learnt from grammars. In
+this manual cautions and hints will be given, and, where possible,
+absolute rules will be laid down, but these must not be regarded as
+complete. Instruction derived from books must be supplemented by
+constant practice in speaking _with Malays_--not with Malay-speaking
+Asiatics of other nationalities--before idioms can be mastered. Until
+some facility in framing sentences according to native idioms has been
+attained, and it has been perceived how shades of meaning may be
+conveyed by emphasis, or by the position of a word in the sentence, the
+European will find it difficult to convey his ideas in Malay, even with
+a considerable vocabulary of words at his disposal. A Dutch author
+justly remarks:-- "Malay is called a poor language, and so it is, but
+not so much so as is often imagined, certainly not as far as its
+vocabulary is concerned. That it is often unable to furnish us with
+words for abstract ideas is a deficiency which it has in common with all
+languages of the Indian Archipelago, or rather with all races who have
+not yet risen to the height of our civilisation and development. Its
+richness or poverty, however, must not be judged by the existing
+dictionaries, or by the contents of those manuscripts which are known to
+us. When Malays are seated together talking about various topics of
+everyday life, they are not in want of words, and such conversations
+would, if noted down, provide our present dictionaries with a good many
+supplements, additions, corrections, and appendices."[1]
+
+    [Footnote 1: Klinkert, Eenige ophelderingen omtrent de Maleische
+    Spreekwoorden en spreekwijzen.]
+
+
+I. THE ARTICLE.
+
+There is no article in Malay, that is, there is no word which
+corresponds exactly with our definite article _the_, or indefinite
+article _a_, _an_. _Kuda_, horse, and _orang_, man, signify equally
+"_the_ horse" and "_the_ man." When it is desired to specify particular
+objects, the pronouns _ini_, this, _itu_, that, and _yang_, this which,
+or that which, are used. _Si_ sometimes supplies the place of the
+definite article when a person is spoken of; as _si-laki-laki_, the man;
+_si-perampuan_, the woman; _si-mati_, the deceased; _si-bongkok_, the
+cripple.
+
+The numeral _satu_, one, is often used as the indefinite article; as
+_ada sa' orang di negri Kedah_, there was a man in the state of Kedah;
+_ini satu kuda chantek_, this is a beautiful horse.
+
+
+II. SUBSTANTIVES.
+
+A difficulty which attends the classification of Malay words into
+various parts of speech, according to the system applied to European
+languages, consists in the number of words which, while yet unmodified
+by particles, are either verb or substantive, substantive or adjective,
+adjective or adverb, according to the context. _Baniak_, as an adverb,
+means much, as an adjective, many; _jalan_ is either a road or to walk;
+_panjang_ either long, tall, or length, height. The same thing occurs in
+English in a minor degree; but with us the difference between _cold_ and
+_a cold_, or between _to brush_ and _a brush_, is rendered distinct by
+the use of the article _a_ and the particle _to_. Many Malay words must
+thus be treated as now substantive, now adjective, now verb, according
+to the position they occupy in the sentence.
+
+The noun undergoes no change to denote number, gender, or case.
+
+
+NUMBER.
+
+The plural, if not sufficiently made plain from the context, is often
+indicated by the use of such words as _baniak_, many, _sumua_,
+_sa-kali-an_, and _sagala_, all.
+
+It is also expressed sometimes by repeating the noun; as _raja_, a king,
+_raja-raja_, kings; _tuan_, master, _tuan-tuan_, masters. _All_ nouns
+are not capable of this duplication. As a general rule, it may be said
+to be mainly confined to nouns expressing persons or animate objects.
+
+When there is nothing to show whether singular or plural is meant, the
+number remains indefinite, but may generally be assumed to be plural. In
+such phrases as _menembak burong_, to shoot birds, _memb[)e]li hayam_,
+to buy fowls, the substantives are clearly plural, though nothing marks
+them as such. To restrict the number, and show that _one bird_ or _one
+fowl_ is meant, it would be necessary to use the word _satu_, one, with
+the idiomatic term _ekor_ (lit. _tail_), which is always used in
+enumerating the lower animals; as _menembak sa'ekor burong_, to shoot a
+bird; _memb[)e]li sa'ekor hayam_, to buy a fowl.
+
+
+GENDER.
+
+Inflexion is unknown in Malay, and gender has no place in the grammar of
+the language. Most nouns which signify animate things are of both
+genders, and the sexes are distinguished by the addition, in the case of
+persons, of the words _laki-laki_, male, and _perampuan_, female, and in
+other cases of the words _jantan_, male, and _betina_, female. _Jantan_
+and _betina_ are also applied vulgarly to persons. If an apparent
+exception is found in such words as _putra_, a prince, and _putri_, a
+princess, derivation from a foreign language may be suspected. The
+inflexion in the word just cited is due to the rules of Sanskrit
+grammar.
+
+
+DECLENSION.
+
+There is nothing in the Malay language which corresponds with the
+_cases_ of a Latin, Greek, or Sanskrit noun, which are formed by changes
+of termination, or of a Hindustani noun, which are formed by
+postpositions. In Malay the cases are expressed, as in English, by
+prepositions:--
+
+  To, _ka_, _kepada_, _sama_.
+  For, _akan_.
+  With, _dengan_, _sama_.
+  From, _deri_, _deri-pada_.
+  By, _uleh_.
+
+The genitive or possessive case is expressed either by the use of the
+word _punya_ after the noun, or by placing the noun which signifies the
+possessor immediately after the thing possessed; as _sahaya_, I; _sahaya
+punya_, of me, mine; _rumah_, house; _rumah punya_, of the house;
+_sahaya punya rumah_, or _rumah sahaya_, my house.
+
+The employment of the genitive with _punya_ is to be avoided. It is more
+idiomatic to say _rumah sahaya_ than _sahaya punya rumah_.
+
+Substantives are of five classes:--
+
+1. Those which in their primitive form are substantives; as _orang_,
+person; _rumah_, house; _kuda_, horse; _bapa_, father.
+
+2. Those which are formed from verbs by prefixing the inseparable
+particle _pe_; as _pe-lari_, a runaway; _peng-asuh_, a nurse;
+_pem-buru_, a hunter; _pen-churi_, a thief; _penyapu_, a broom.
+
+3. Those which are formed by affixing the termination _-an_ to verbs,
+adjectives, prepositions, and to other substantives; as _makan-an_,
+food; _manis-an_, sweetness; _hampir-an_, proximity; _trus-an_, a
+channel; _buah-an_, fruit in general; _laut-an_, the ocean.
+
+4. Those which are formed by prefixing the particle _pe_ and adding the
+termination _-an_; as _pe-layar-an_, a voyage; _peng-ajar-an_,
+instruction; _pem-bunoh-an_, slaying, execution; _pen-dapat-an_,
+acquisition; _pel-ajar-an_, lesson; _per-uleh-an_, possession;
+_per-main-an_, amusement.
+
+5. Those which are formed by prefixing the particle _ka-_ and adding the
+termination _-an_; as _ka-jadi-an_, creation, origin; _ka-baniak-an_,
+generality; _ka-puji-an_, praise; _ka-salah-an_, guilt, offence;
+_ka-korang-an_, want, deficiency.
+
+
+III. ADJECTIVES.
+
+Adjectives, like nouns, are indeclinable. They are always placed _after_
+their substantives; as _kuda baik_, a good horse; _orang jahat_, a bad
+man; not _baik kuda_, _jahat orang_.
+
+
+IV. PRONOUNS.
+
+The proper use of the personal pronouns and of the nouns which are used
+for them presents some difficulty.
+
+The following words may be used to express the first person singular,
+_I_:--
+
+  1. _Aku_, I.
+  2. _Sahaya_ (lit. companion, slave; Sansk. _sah�ya_).
+  3. _Hamba_ (lit. slave), or _hamba tuan_ (lit. master's slave).
+  4. _Perhamba_ (lit. lowest slave).
+  5. _Beta_ (lit. slave).
+  6. _Patek_ (lit. slave).
+  7. _T[)e]man_ (lit. companion).
+
+The appropriate use of these pronouns is dependent upon the relative
+positions of the persons between whom communication takes place.
+
+_Aku_ is generally used by natives among themselves. Its use implies
+familiarity and equality. It should not be used by Europeans addressing
+natives, or by natives addressing Europeans.
+
+_Sahaya_ is the ordinary polite form used by Europeans in conversation
+with natives of all classes, and by natives of the upper class in
+addressing Europeans.
+
+_Ha�ba_, _ha�ba tuan_, and _perhamba_ are used by persons of inferior
+rank when addressing superiors. _Hamba_, if used by a chief or native of
+high rank, implies a certain affectation of modesty.
+
+The use of _beta_ is confined to literary composition, and it is
+incorrect to employ the word colloquially. It may be used by Europeans
+and natives.
+
+_Patek_ is used only by natives, and by them only when addressing a
+person of royal blood.
+
+_T[)e]man_ is used only in intercourse between natives of the upper
+class and of approximately equal rank.
+
+The first person plural is _kita_ or _kami_, we. _Kita_ is used when the
+person addressed is intended to be included. _Kami_, on the contrary,
+like the royal "we" in English, excludes the person addressed.
+
+Sometimes the word _orang_ is added without changing the signification;
+as _kita orang_, we.
+
+Other forms are also in use, but they are generally provincialisms
+confined to particular states or districts. _Sahaya apa_, _kita apa_,
+and _hamba tuan apa_ are used in Kedah, and _sahaya-ma_ in Perak, for
+_kita orang_.
+
+Colloquially the personal pronouns are often omitted to avoid
+repetition. This is done especially in narration or description; as, for
+example, in the following sentence: _Lepas itu jalan pula ka-kampong
+singgah di rumah Haji Ismail hari pun sudah p[)e]tang langsong pulang
+ka-rumah maka nasi_-- Afterwards (I started) again (and) walked to the
+_kampong_, (and) stopped at the house of Haji Ismail, (and then), as it
+was evening, (I) went straight home (and) had my dinner.
+
+Here the personal pronoun _I_ is understood throughout.
+
+The second person singular is _angkau_, you. Each syllable of this word
+may be used separately for the whole. _Ang_ or _hang_ is much employed
+in Kedah and Perak, and _kau_ in other parts of the peninsula and in
+Borneo. In Perak _mika_, in Malacca _awah_, in Borneo _kita_, and in
+Batavia _kweh_, are also used. The preceding words are used by a
+superior addressing an inferior, or by the common people in ordinary
+(not in polite) conversation.
+
+In polite conversation the use of _angkau_, or of most of the words
+given above, must be avoided, as it is considered by Malays to be vulgar
+or harsh. In addressing servants or followers, the name of the
+individual addressed is often inserted in the sentence instead of the
+pronoun _you_; as, in addressing Ismail: When you were at the bazaar
+just now who was with you?-- _Apabila Ismail di pekan tadi siapa sama?_
+In the same way _tuan_, sir, master, is employed in addressing a haji or
+sayyid; _tuan-ku_ or _tunku_, my lord, in addressing a raja; _datoh_,
+grandfather, in addressing a chief or _penghulu_.
+
+Other words similarly employed are--
+
+  _Abang_ (elder brother) or _wah_ (uncle), to a man older than the
+    speaker.
+  _Kakak_ (elder sister), to a woman older than the speaker.
+  _Adek_ (younger brother).
+  _Inche_ (sir or madam), to respectable persons of either sex.
+
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+  When did you arrive? (to a haji)--
+    _Bila-mana tuan sudah tiba?_
+  I must ask one thing of you (to a raja)--
+    _Sahaya handak minta satu kapada tunku._
+  If you give the order (to a chief)--
+    _Jikalau datoh suroh._
+  Do not be angry (to an elderly man)--
+    _Jangan abang marah._
+  Please help yourselves to water (to guests of various ranks)--
+    _Datoh-datoh, tuan-tuan, inche-inche sakalian, sila berayer._
+
+The use of the word _lu_, a form of the second person singular, derived
+from the Chinese, and generally used by Europeans, is offensive to
+Malays of all classes, and is altogether to be avoided.
+
+In the plural _kamu_, ye, corresponds to _angkau_, you, in the singular;
+that is to say, it is used by a superior addressing inferiors. It is
+found in its contracted form _mu_ in literary composition, but seldom
+colloquially; as _ka-tahu-i uleh-mu_, be it known unto ye.
+
+_Kamu_ is sometimes used in the singular also.
+
+
+THIRD PERSON SINGULAR.
+
+_Dia_ or _iya_, he, she, it.
+
+_Dia_ and _iya_ are used indifferently, but perhaps _dia_ is more common
+in conversation and _iya_ in literature.
+
+The plural is _dia orang_ (and sometimes, though less commonly, _iya
+orang_), they.
+
+Another form of the third person plural is _marika-itu_, they, these, or
+those persons; but it is found in literary compositions only, and is not
+used in conversation.
+
+A pronoun of the third person only used in conjunction with other words
+is _-nia_, a contraction of _inia_, he, she, it.
+
+The indefinite form "one" (the French "on" and German "man") is
+expressed in Malay by _orang_; as _orang tiada b[)e]rani pergi sana_,
+one dare not go there; _kalau orang handak kawin_, if one is about to
+marry.
+
+
+POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
+
+The possessive pronouns, _my_, _thy_, _his_, _our_, _your_, _their_, are
+usually denoted by placing the personal pronoun after the word
+expressing the object possessed; as _rumah sahaya_, my house; _pada
+pikir-an hamba_, in my opinion; _apa pen-chari-an angkau?_ what is your
+occupation? _apa nama dia?_ what is his name?
+
+Possessive pronouns are also formed by the word _punya_ or _ampunya_
+(lit. owning, owned) placed after the personal pronoun; as _aku punya_,
+my or mine; _tuan punya suka_, as you please (your pleasure); _yang
+ampunya tanah_, (he) whose land it is.
+
+  _Singular._                   |  _Plural._
+  My, mine, _sahaya punya_.     |  Ours, _kita punya_.
+  Thy, thine, _angkau punya_.   |  Yours, _kamu punya_.
+  His, hers, its, _dia punya_.  |  Theirs, _dia-orang punya_.
+
+Frequently where the word "your" would be used in English Malays leave
+out the pronoun altogether. "Bring your gun with you," would be
+correctly rendered in Malay, _bawa snapang sama_ (lit. bring gun
+together), not _bawa angkau punya snapang sama angkau_.
+
+In literary composition _ku_ and _mu_ (abbreviated forms of _aku_ and
+_kamu_) are affixed to the noun denoting the thing possessed; as
+_rumah-ku_, my house; _bapa-mu_, your father.
+
+The affix _-nia_ is used in the sense of _his_, _hers_, or _its_, as
+well as the other forms of the possessive pronoun; as _patah kaki-nia_,
+his leg was broken; _bauh-nia terlalu wangi_, its smell is very sweet.
+
+
+DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
+
+  _Ini_, this, these.    _Itu_, that, those.
+
+The demonstrative pronouns, like adjectives, follow the word to which
+they belong; as _rumah ini_, this house; _hari ini_, this day, to-day;
+_aku ini_, I myself; _sakarang ini_, this moment; _orang itu_, that man
+or those men; _waktu itu_, that time; _iya itu_, that is to say. It is
+not unusual to hear _ini_ and _itu_ placed before the noun, but this is
+not idiomatic.
+
+
+The INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS are
+
+  _Siapa_, who?    _Apa_, what?    _Mana_, who? what?
+
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+  _Apa mahu?_-- What do you want?
+  _Rumah ini siapa?_-- Whose house is this?
+  _Siapa panggil?_-- Who called?
+  _Gajah mana ini?_-- What elephant is this?
+  _Siapa akan tahu?_-- Who knows?
+
+
+The RELATIVE PRONOUN is
+
+_Yang_, who, which.
+
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+  _Burong yang liyar_, a bird that is wild.
+  _Raja yang adil_, a king who is just.
+  _Ada yang tuah, ada yang muda_, some are old and some are young
+    (lit. there are who are old, &c.).
+
+The Menangkabau word is _nen_. This is often found in composition, but
+is seldom used in the dialect spoken in the Straits of Malacca. Example:
+_Patek nen fakir_-- I who am but a beggar.
+
+
+REFLECTIVE PRONOUNS.
+
+_Diri_, _sendiri_, or _kendiri_, self, are used with or without the
+personal pronouns to signify myself, yourself, himself, ourselves, &c.
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+  _Bunoh diri_, to kill oneself.
+  _Meng-ajar diri_, to take oneself to task.
+  _Hamba sendiri handak pergi_, I shall go myself.
+  _Baik tuan sendiri suroh_, you had better order it yourself.
+  _Kemdian turun-lah raja sendiri_, afterwards the king himself
+    descended.
+  _Dia lari masok hutan membawa diri-nia_, she escaped to the jungle
+    with her life (lit. taking herself with her).
+  _Biar-lah hamba sa-orang diri me-lawan dia_, let me fight him myself
+    alone.
+
+
+V. VERBS.
+
+Verbs are either primitive or derivative; the former are those which in
+their original signification are verbs; the latter are formed from
+primitive verbs, or from substantives, adjectives, or adverbs, by the
+application of particles.
+
+Examples of primitive verbs are _pukul_, to strike; _makan_, to eat;
+_lari_, to run; of derivative verbs, _ber-kaki_, to have feet, from
+_kaki_, a foot; _panjang-kan_, to lengthen or make long, from _panjang_,
+long.
+
+The primitive verb, which is generally a dissyllable, is either
+transitive, as _tangkap_, to seize, or intransitive, as _tidor_, to
+sleep; but a transitive sense may be given to an intransitive verb by
+the addition of the particle _-kan_, as _lari_, _me-lari_, to run;
+_me-lari-kan_, to carry off.
+
+Though the examples of primitive verbs given above are translated for
+the sake of convenience by our infinitive, their signification is not
+necessarily rendered by that mood. Favre translates them by the past
+participle (as _ambil_, taken, _buang_, thrown[2]), but this is rather
+fanciful than accurate. The fact is, that the meaning of the radical or
+primitive is indefinite, and depends for its precise signification on
+its position (with respect to other words) in the sentence, or on the
+particles which may be added before or after it. Thus _lari_ means
+simply run, though syntax will show that it may mean to run, I run, he
+runs, run thou, &c., according to its position in the sentence.
+
+    [Footnote 2: Grammaire de la Langue Malaise, 56.]
+
+Marsden distinguishes the following moods--the imperative, the
+indicative or assertive, the conditional, and the infinitive or
+indefinite--"which admit, for the most part, of being expressed in the
+present, the past, and the future tenses or times."
+
+It is not proposed, in an elementary work like the present, to go deeply
+into a scientific arrangement, which, however well suited to the Latin
+and Greek languages, is adapted with less propriety to uncultivated
+languages like Malay. It is believed that an explanation of the use of
+auxiliaries and particles, and a paradigm showing the most common
+changes of which the verb is susceptible, will be sufficient, and that
+the student may be left to gain further knowledge as to the mode of
+expressing variations of mood and tense as he advances in the study of
+the language.[3]
+
+    [Footnote 3: "It is difficult to eradicate the belief that the
+    forms in which we think are identical with the thought itself; and
+    it is only linguistic science that enables us to see that many of
+    the forms of grammar which we imagine necessary and universal are,
+    after all, but accidental and restricted in use. The cases of
+    Latin and Greek do not exist in the majority of languages; the
+    Polynesian dialects have no true verbs; and the Esquimaux gets on
+    well enough without 'the parts of speech' that figure so largely
+    in our own grammars." --_Sayce, Introduction to the Science of
+    Language_, ii. 328.]
+
+
+USE OF PARTICLES.
+
+The inseparable affix _-kan_ always denotes a verb used in a
+_transitive_ sense; as _men-jalan-kan_, to cause to walk. It is an
+abbreviation of the preposition _akan_. Thus _buat-kan_ (to do) means to
+do something _to_ (_akan_) something or somebody.
+
+The inseparable affix _-i_ also denotes the transitive sense; as
+_kras-i_, to oppress (from _kras_, hard); _halus-i_, to treat carefully
+(from _halus_, fine, close).
+
+The inseparable prefix _ber-_ (_bel-_, _be-_) is the mark of a verb
+which expresses a state or condition of being; as _ber-jalan_, to walk,
+or to be in the act of walking; _ber-wang_, to have money; _ber-misei_,
+to wear moustaches; _ber-pukul_, to strike, _i.e._, to be in the act or
+condition of striking (not to strike another, _transitive_, which would
+be expressed by _pukul-_ or _me-mukul-kan_).
+
+The inseparable prefix _me-_ (in all its various forms, _mem_, _meng_,
+_men_, and _meny_) is the mark of a verb which expresses an action; as
+_men-jalan-kan_, to cause to walk, _mem-buat_, to make; _menyakit-kan_,
+to afflict (from _sakit_); _meng-ambil_, to take.
+
+According as the primitive verb has a transitive or intransitive sense,
+the derivative verbs formed from it will take _ber-_ or _me-_ as the
+case may be. Thus from _adu_, to sleep, is formed _ber-adu_, not
+_meng-adu_; while from _adu_, to complain, is formed _meng-adu_, not
+_ber-adu_.
+
+Often both particles may be used, and both transitive and intransitive
+derivative verbs may be formed from the same primitive. Thus from
+_taroh_, to put, are formed _menaroh_, to put (the act of a person who
+puts), and _ber-taroh_, to bet (the condition of a person who stakes).
+From _tidor_, to sleep, are formed _menidor-kan_, to put to sleep, and
+_ber-tidor_, to be sleeping or lying down; and from _ajar_, instruct,
+_meng-ajar_, to teach (impart instruction), and _bel-ajar_, to learn
+(get instruction).
+
+_Mem-bawa_, to bring, _mem-bunoh_, to kill, and _me-makan_, to eat, are
+formed from _bawa_, _bunoh_, and _makan_ respectively, which, as they
+express actions, not states, do not take the prefix _ber-_.
+_Ber-gantong_ is to hang (intransitive), that is, to be in a state or
+condition of hanging; _meng-gantong-kan_ is to hang (transitive), that
+is, to perform the action of hanging something.
+
+The particle _per-_ (Sansk. _pra_), a prefix used with transitive verbs,
+does not seem always to effect a change in the sense. It is used more
+generally in literature than in the colloquial dialects, and seems to be
+introduced frequently for the sake of euphony only. The difference, for
+instance, between _meng-himpun-kan_, to assemble, to collect persons
+together, and _mem-per-himpun-kan_, to cause persons to collect
+together, is not very marked. No general rule applicable to all
+transitive verbs can be laid down for the use of this form with
+_mem-per-_; practice and experience must form the only guide.
+
+
+AUXILIARIES.
+
+The auxiliary verbs and adverbs are--
+
+  _Ada_, is, was, are, were.
+  _Sudah_, was, did, has been.
+  _T[)e]lah_, was, did, has been.
+  _Mahu_, will, shall, would, must.
+  _Handak_, will, shall, would, must, is, was, or were about to.
+  _Jadi_, is, was, become, became.
+
+
+PARADIGMS.
+
+_Tidor_, sleep.
+
+  _Sahaya tidor_, I sleep, or I was sleeping.
+  _Tidor-lah dia_, he was sleeping or slept.
+  _Ber-tidor_, asleep, sleeping.
+  _Sahaya sudah tidor_, I have slept.
+  _Dia telah tidor_, he had slept.
+  _Sahaya maku tidor_, I will sleep, or I want to sleep.
+  _Sahaya handak tidor_, I shall sleep, or I am about to sleep.
+  _Dia akan tidor_, he will sleep or is going to sleep.
+  _Tidor-lah_, sleep thou.
+  _Mahu-lak angkau tidor_, you must sleep.
+  _Biar iya tidor_, let him sleep.
+  _Handak-lah di-tidor-nia_, it must be slept by him, _i.e._, he
+      intends to sleep.
+  _Menidor-kan_ or _menidor-i_, to lay down (transitive).
+  _Mem-per-tidor-kan_ or _mem-per-tidor-i_, to cause to sleep.
+  _Penidor_, a soporific; that which causes to sleep.
+  _Penidor-an_, act of causing to sleep.
+  _Per-tidor-an_, that which belongs to sleep; a bed.
+  _Ka-tidor-an_, the act of sleeping; there was sleeping on the part
+      of ----.
+  _Sa-ka-tidor-an_, the act of sleeping with another; there was
+      sleeping with ----.
+  _Si-tidor_, the sleeper.
+  _Ter-tidor_, gone to sleep.
+
+
+_Lari_, run.
+
+  _Sahaya lari_, I run, or I was running.
+  _Lari-lah dia_, he ran, or was running.
+  _Ber-lari_, run, running.
+  _Ber-lari-lari_, running about incessantly.
+  _Sahaya sudah lari_, I have or had run.
+  _Dia telah lari_, he had run.
+  _Sahaya mahu lari_, I will run, or I want to run.
+  _Sahaya handak lari_, I will run, or I am about to run.
+  _Dia akan lari_, he will run.
+  _Lari-lah_, run thou.
+  _Mahu lah angkau lari_, you must run.
+  _Biar iya lari_, let him run.
+  _Handak-lah di lari-nia_, it must be run by him, _i.e._, he intends
+    to run.
+  _Me-lari-kan_, to carry off (transitive).
+  _Lari-an_, a running, a course.
+  _Ber-lari-an_, the act of running; there was running on the part
+    of ----.
+  _Ber-lari-lari-an_, incessant running; running to and fro; there was
+    incessant running on the part of ----.
+  _Ka-lari-an_, flight; act of running.
+  _Pe-lari_, a runaway, a fugitive.
+  _Pe-lari-an_, flight.
+  _Di-lari-kan_ (passive), is, are, was, were, have, has, or had been
+    run away with.
+  _Di-lari-kan-nia_, is, are, was, were, have, has, or had been run
+    away with by him, her, or them.
+  _Ter-lari_, run, run away (past).
+  _Bawa lari_, to carry off, run off with. (Here _lari_ is the past
+    participle after _bawa_, to take, bring, and may be used with that
+    verb in all its forms.)
+
+
+_Ada_, be.
+
+  _Sahaya ada_, I am or was.
+  _Ber-ada_, have (possess.), has or had.
+  _Meng-ada_, to cause to be, to make, invent.
+  _Sudah ada_, have got, have been.
+  _Telah ada_, was, have been.
+  _Mahu ada_, must be.
+  _Meng-ada-ngada_, to make or invent repeatedly.
+  _Meng-ada kan_, to create, to cause to exist.
+  _Ber-ada-kan_, possess, own.
+  _Mem-per-ada-kan_, to produce, to cause to exist.
+  _Ter-ada-kan_, produced, created.
+  _Ada-an_, being, existence.
+  _Ka-ada-an_, state, existence.
+
+
+_Bawa_, bring.
+
+  _Sahaya bawa_, I bring or was bringing.
+  _Mem-bawa_, bring, to bring.
+  _Sudah bawa_, has brought.
+  _Telah bawa_, had brought.
+  _Mahu bawa_, will or must bring.
+  _Aku handak bawa_, I will bring, or am about to bring.
+  _Bawa-lah_, bring thou.
+  _Biar iya bawa_, let him bring.
+  _Mem-bawa-kan_ or _mem-bawa-i_, to cause to be brought or taken.
+  _Pem-bawa_, a bringer.
+  _Bawa-an_, that which is brought; a burden.
+  _Pem-bawa-an_, act of bringing, transport.
+  _Di-bawa_ and _di-bawa-kan_, brought, passive.
+  _Di-bawa-nia_ and _di-bawa-kan-nia_, is, are, was, were, have, has,
+    or had been brought by him, her, or them.
+  _Ter-bawa_, brought.
+
+
+_Ambil_, take.
+
+  _Sahaya ambil_, I take.
+  _Meng ambil_, take, to take.
+  _Sudah ambil_, has or had taken.
+  _Telah ambil_, had taken.
+  _Mahu ambil_, will or must take.
+  _Handak ambil_, shall take or about to take.
+  _Ambil-lah_, take thou.
+  _Mahu-lah angkau ambil_, you must take.
+  _Biar iya ambil_, let him take.
+  _Handak-lah di ambil-nia_, he must take or intends to take.
+  _Meng-ambil-kan_, to take or cause to take.
+  _Ambil-an_, a thing taken.
+  _Peng-ambil-an_, the act of taking.
+  _Di-ambil_ or _di-ambil-kan_, is or was, &c., taken (passive).
+  _Di-ambil-nia_ or _di-ambil-kan-nia_, is or was. &c., taken by him,
+    her, or them.
+  _Ter-ambil_, taken, having been taken.
+
+
+_Suroh_, order.
+
+  _Sehaya suroh_, I order.
+  _Menyuroh_, order, to order.
+  _Sudah suroh_, has ordered.
+  _Telah suroh_, had ordered.
+  _Mahu suroh_, will or must order.
+  _Handak suroh_, shall order or about to order.
+  _Suroh-lah_, order thou.
+  _Mahu-lah angkau suroh_, you must order.
+  _Biar iya suroh_, let him order.
+  _Handak-lah di suroh-nia_, he must order or intends to order.
+  _Menyuroh-kan_, to issue orders, to commission.
+  _Pe-suroh_ and _penyuroh_, one who is commissioned; a messenger.
+  _Penyuroh-an_, an order, command; the act of commanding.
+  _Suroh-suroh-an_, people who are at the orders or command of another.
+  _Suroh-menyuroh_, to issue orders incessantly.
+  _Di-suroh_ or _di-suroh-kan_, is or was, &c., ordered.
+  _Di-suroh-nia_ or _di-suroh-kan-nia_, is, or was, &c., ordered by
+    him, her, or them.
+  _Ter-suroh_, ordered, having been ordered.
+
+
+The facts to be derived from a careful study of the foregoing examples
+may be summarised as follows:--
+
+1st. The tense of the verb standing alone is indefinite. It may be
+present, imperfect, present or past, &c., according to the context; as
+_dia ada_, he is; _tatkala sahaya ada di sana_, when I was there; _kalau
+sahaya ada d[)e]kat_, if I am, should be, were, or had been near. This
+applies equally to the forms created by prefixing _ber-_ and _me-_,
+_mem-_, _men-_, _meng-_, _meny-_ to the radical. Examples: _kita
+ber-jalan_, we _are_ or _were_ walking; _nanti sampei sahaya ber-balik_,
+wait till I _shall have_ returned; _mati-mati ber-minyak_, if you
+_should_ use oil; _raja meng-angkat kalmarin dahulu_, the raja _set_ out
+the day before yesterday.
+
+2d. The Imperfect may sometimes be expressed by making the verb,
+followed by the particle _-lah_, precede the pronoun; as _diam-lah dia
+orang_, they were silent; _maka pergi-lah raja kapada tuan putri_, and
+the king went to the princess.
+
+3d. _Past._-- Though the past may be expressed by the primitive verb, as
+shown above, if the context shows that the act spoken of is past, it is,
+nevertheless, more emphatically marked by the use of the auxiliaries
+_sudah_ and _t[)e]lah_, has or had; as _dia sudah tidor_, he has gone to
+sleep; _telah lari-lah pe-rompah sumua_, the pirates have (or had) all
+run away.
+
+4th. _Future._-- The verb standing alone may express the future when
+there is something in the sentence which indicates that a future tense
+is meant, such as the word "to-morrow" or "hereafter;" as _esok hari
+kita ber-p[)e]rang pula_, to-morrow we shall be fighting again.
+
+The future is also expressed by the auxiliaries _mahu_ and _handak_; as
+_dia mahu jual_, he will sell it; _tiada mahu dia datang_, he would not
+come; _kapal handak masok sungei_, a ship is about to enter the river;
+_di-panggil-nia orang-besar-besar mushawarat handak di-buat meligei_, he
+summoned the chiefs to consult about building a palace.
+
+Another mode of forming the future is by the word _nanti_ (lit. wait),
+placed, like the French verb _aller_, before the verb; as _sahaya nanti
+chahari_, _je vais chercher_, I am going to seek, or _j'irai chercher_,
+I shall go to seek.
+
+The preposition _akan_, in order to, in order that, is sometimes used to
+convey the sense of the future; as _penyakit itu tiada akan semboh_,
+that disease is not to be cured; _siapa akan tahu?_ who shall know?
+(=�who can tell?); _jikalau raja yang anyaya naraka akan tampat-nia_, if
+a king is unjust hell will be his place hereafter.
+
+5th. _Imperative._-- To convey an order or command the radical is used
+either by itself or with the affix _-lah_; _kamu_, thou, being either
+expressed or understood. The particle adds additional emphasis to the
+command. Examples: _pergi_, go; _pergi-lah_, be off, get away; _ka-luar_
+or _ka-luar-lah_, go out; _ka-luar-kan-lah_, take (it) out, or turn
+(him) out.
+
+_Mahu_ and _handak_ with the affix _-lah_ signify must; as _mahu-lah
+kamu turut_, ye must obey; _handak-lah ayam yang puteh_, there must be a
+fowl that is white, or, the fowl must be a white one; _handak-lah segala
+pegawei raja itu duduk dengan adab dan diam_, the king's officers must
+sit with reverence and in silence.
+
+The third person of the imperative mood, which we express by "let him,"
+may be rendered in Malay by the use of the word _biar_ or _biar-lah_,
+with the verb in the manner shown by the following examples:-- _Biar-lah
+dia masok_, let him come in; _biar-lah aku mati_, let me die.
+
+6th. From many verbs are formed verbal nouns by prefixing the particle
+_pe-_ (_peng_, _pem_, _pen_, _peny_) to the radical. This prefix
+operates like the syllable _-er_ in such words as robber, purchaser,
+teacher; as _churi_, to steal; _pen-churi_, a robber; _b[)e]li_, to buy;
+_pem-b[)e]li_, a purchaser; _ajar_, to teach; _peng-ajar_, a teacher.
+Substantives of this kind and others formed from the verb with the
+particles _ka-_ and _-an_ have already been noticed under the head of
+the Substantive. But the form arrived at by prefixing to the simple verb
+the particle _ka-_ and annexing the particle _-an_ is not merely a noun,
+but, as Marsden says, "a gerund in form as well as in sense, being in
+fact a verbal noun infinitively applied in construction;" as,
+_ka-dengar-an sampei Sayong_, it was to be heard as far as Sayong;
+_tiada ka-tahu-an_, not to be understood; _mata-hari tiada ka-lihat-an
+sebab ka-lindong-an-lah sayap-nia_, the sun was not to be seen by reason
+of the shadowing of its wings.
+
+7th. _Passive._-- In Malay the passive voice is denoted by the particle
+_di-_ prefixed to the verb. The place of the nouns which express the
+agent and subject respectively will be understood from the following
+examples:--
+
+  _Hamba di-pukul orang_, I was beaten by men.
+  _Orang di-pukul hamba_, the men were beaten by me.
+  _Rumah di-makan api_, the house was consumed by fire.
+  _Api di-padam-kan orang_, the fire was extinguished by men.
+
+Here the personal pronoun or other agent follows the verb and the
+subject precedes it.
+
+Sometimes the preposition "by" finds an equivalent in Malay, the word
+_uleh_ being expressed instead of being understood (as in the preceding
+sentences). Examples:--
+
+  _Maka uleh baginda pun di-sambut dengan seperti `adat_, they were
+    received by the king with the customary ceremony.
+  _Di-titah-kan-lah uleh baginda_, it was commanded by the king.
+
+The passive participle is formed by prefixing to the verb the
+inseparable particle _ter-_; as _ter-pukul_, struck; _ter-tulis_,
+written. When _ter-_ precedes _per-_, one of the particles drops its
+final letter; as _te-per-sayang_, compassionated; _ter-pe-lanting_, sent
+flying.
+
+_Other forms of the Verb._-- In the preceding paradigms generally those
+changes have been inserted which result from the application of
+inseparable particles. But there are moods and tenses of the English
+verb which are translatable in Malay, though they are not included above
+because they involve the use of other words, which, though united to the
+verb in construction, do not form part of it.
+
+_Conditional or Potential._-- In expressing a conditional or potential
+sense the verb undergoes no change, though following such conjunctions
+as "if," "provided that," "in order that;" as _jika tuan datang_, if you
+come; _kalau raja me-larang_, if the king should forbid; _dapat kami
+ber-untong_, provided we are successful; _sapaya jangan hamba k[)e]na
+rugi_, in order that I may not incur a loss; _agar sapaya anak-nia
+menjadi `alim_, in order that his children may become learned.
+
+_Optative._-- An optative sense is generally indicated by such words as
+_apa-lah_, _apa-lah kira-nia_, prithee, expressions of entreaty, or
+_garangan_, forsooth, conveying the notion of a doubt or query; as
+_barang di-sampei-kan Allah apa-lah kira-nia_, may God in his goodness
+cause it to arrive. But sometimes these are understood; as _di-bri Allah
+kamarau sadikit_, may God grant a little fair weather.
+
+_Participle Present._-- Continuity or existing duration of action is
+often expressed by the use of such words as _lagi_, still more,
+_sambil_, _seraya_, and _serla_, whilst at the same time the verb
+remains unaltered in form; as _lagi datang_, coming; _lagi tidor_,
+sleeping or still asleep; _ber-jalan sambil ber-sinnyum_, walked on
+smiling; _meniambah serta meniapu ayer mata-nia_, made obeisance, at the
+same time wiping away her tears.
+
+_Tengah_, half, middle, is often used with the verb in a similar way; as
+_dia tengah makan nasi_, he was in the act of eating his dinner.
+
+
+VI. ADVERBS.
+
+Adverbs in Malay are not distinguished by any prevailing termination
+corresponding to the English _-ly_ or the French _-ment_. Many
+adjectives and some prepositions are used adverbially.
+
+The following are some of the most useful adverbs:--
+
+
+ADVERBS OF TIME.
+
+  _sakarang_, now.
+  _tadi_, just now.
+  _dahulu_, before, formerly.
+  _sa'buntar_, presently.
+  _b[)e]lum_, not yet.
+  _pagi-pagi_, early.
+  _esok_, _besok_, to-morrow.
+  _kalmarin_,[4] yesterday.
+  _tatkala_, _sa-katika_, when (_relative_).
+  _kemdian_, afterwards.
+  _pernah_, ever.
+  _ta'pernah_, never.
+  _s[)e]dang_, while.
+  _kadang_, sometimes.
+  _apa-bila_, _apa-kala_, _bila-mana_,  _bila_, when? (_interrogative_).
+  _kalmarin dahulu_, the day before yesterday.
+  _lusa_, the day after to-morrow.
+  _tulat_, the third day from this.
+
+    [Footnote 4: In Perak _kalmarin_ means "formerly." _P[)e]tang_ is
+    "yesterday."]
+
+
+ADVERBS OF PLACE.
+
+  _sini_, _ka-mari_, here.
+  _situ_, _sana_, _nun_, there.
+  _mana_, where, wherever (_rel._).
+  _di-mana_, where? (_inter._).
+  _hampir_, near, nearly.
+  _luar_, outside.
+  _dalam_, inside.
+  _sab[)e]rang_, across.
+  _jauh_, far.
+  _atas_, above.
+  _bawah_, below.
+  _sab[)e]lah_, beside.
+  _balik_, behind.
+  _d[)e]kat_, near.
+
+
+MISCELLANEOUS.
+
+  _bagini_, like this.
+  _bagitu_, like that.
+  _bageimana_, how?
+  _ya_, yes.
+  _bukan_, no, not.
+  _sahaja_, only.
+  _makin_, so much the more.
+  _naschaya_, certainly.
+  _tidak_, no.
+  _tentu_, certainly.
+
+Adverbs expressing intensity will be found enumerated in Lesson 4.
+
+Among the examples above given several are also prepositions, and will
+be found under that heading.
+
+
+VII. PREPOSITIONS.
+
+The principal prepositions of place and motion are _di_, at, in, on;
+_ka_, to, towards; _deri_, from. A great many so-called prepositions are
+formed from these three compounded with certain other words, such as:--
+
+  _di-atas_, on the top of.
+  _ka-atas_, to the top of.
+  _deri-atas_, from the top of.
+  _di-dalam_, in the interior of.
+  _ka-dalam_, to the interior of.
+  _deri-dalam_, from the interior of.
+  _di-b[)e]lakang_, at the back of.
+  _ka-b[)e]lakang_, to the back of.
+  _deri-b[)e]lakang_, from the back of.
+  _di-sab[)e]rang_, on the farther side of.
+  _ka-sab[)e]rang_, to the farther side of.
+  _deri-sab[)e]rang_, from the farther side of.
+  _di-bawah_, at the bottom of.
+  _ka-bawah_, to the bottom of.
+  _deri-bawah_, from the bottom of.
+  _di-hadap-an_, in front of.
+  _ka-hadap-an_, to the front of.
+  _deri-hadap-an_, from the front of.
+  _di-luar_, at the outside of.
+  _ka-luar_, to the outside of.
+  _deri-luar_, from the outside of.
+
+These twenty-one words are used like prepositions, and are often
+classified as such, but the true prepositions are the three initial
+words.
+
+_Atas_, _bawah_, _dalam_, _hadap-an_, _b[)e]lakang_, _luar_, and
+_sab[)e]rang_ here are really substantives governed by the prepositions
+_di_, _ka_, and _deri_. Some of these words aptly illustrate the
+difficulty of classifying Malay words according to the parts of speech
+usually recognised by grammarians. _Dalam_, for instance, has already
+been classified in the preceding section as an adverb. It is also
+substantive, adjective, and preposition.
+
+  _Dalam_ (subs.), interior, depth; as _penghulu dalam_, the guardian
+    of the interior (inner apartments); _dalam-nia tiga depa_, its
+    depth is three fathoms.
+  _Dalam_ (adj.), deep; as _ter-lalu dalam sungei ini_, this river is
+    very deep.
+  _Dalam_ (adv.), inside; as _ada orang dalam_, there are people inside.
+  _Dalam_ (prep.), in; as _kain yang dalam g[)e]dong itu_, cloth in that
+    warehouse.
+
+In Malay a substantive in the possessive case immediately follows the
+substantive denoting the possessor (_supra_, p. 47). In the sentences
+_b[)e]lakang gunong_, the back of the mountain; _hadap-an raja_, the
+presence of the king; _sab[)e]rang sungei_, the farther side of the
+river, all the words are substantives, _gunong_, _raja_, and _sungei_
+being in the possessive case.
+
+Now let the prepositions _di_, _ka_, and _deri_ be added to these
+sentences.
+
+_Di-b[)e]lakang gunong_, at the back of the mountain, may be more
+shortly translated _behind_ the mountain; so _ka-hadap-an raja_ may be
+rendered _before_ the king, and _deri-sab[)e]rang sungei_ _from beyond_
+the river.
+
+Here, though the purport of the Malay phrases _di-b[)e]lakang_,
+_ka-hadap-an_, and _deri-sab[)e]rang_ are correctly rendered by English
+prepositions, only the first portion of each phrase is a Malay
+preposition.
+
+Of the remaining prepositions the following are the chief:--
+
+  _pada_, _kapada_, at, to, on, towards.
+  _deri-pada_, from, than.
+  _akan_, to, for, as to, as for.
+  _uleh_, by.
+  _atas_, on, upon.
+  _datang_, }
+  _sampei_, } until, as far as.
+  _hingga_, }
+  _antara_, between.
+  _samantara_, until.
+  _ganti_, instead of.
+  _balik_, behind.
+  _serta_, with.
+  _sama_, with, to.
+  _dengan_, with.
+  _dalam_, in, into.
+  _l[)e]pas_, after.
+  _karana_, }
+  _krana_,  } on account of.
+  _sebab_,  }
+  _sa-kadar_, according to.
+  _demei_, by.
+  _d[)e]kat_, near.
+  _tentang_, concerning, opposite.
+  _bagi_, to.
+  _trus_, through.
+
+
+VIII. CONJUNCTIONS.
+
+The following list includes the most useful of the conjunctions in
+Malay:--
+
+  _dan_, and.
+  _kalau_,   }
+  _jika_,    } if.
+  _jikalau_, }
+  _antah_, } perhaps.
+  _kunun_, }
+  _sapaya_, in order that.
+  _pula_, also, again.
+  _sambil_, } whilst.
+  _selang_, }
+  _seraya_, at the same time.
+  _tambah-an_, furthermore.
+  _karana_,   } because.
+  _s[)e]bab_, }
+  _serta_, and, also.
+  _asal-kan_, provided that.
+  _atau_, or.
+  _t[)e]tapi_, but.
+  _me-lain-kan_, except.
+  _hania_, but, except.
+  _yang_, that.
+  _k[)e]lak_, forsooth.
+  _juga_, _jua_, also.
+  _sahaja_, only.
+  _lagi_, again, even.
+  _lagi pula_, again, too.
+  _lagi pun_, besides, also.
+  _saperti_, as, like.
+  _laksana_, } like.
+  _bagei_,   }
+  _iya-itu_, that is to say.
+  _lamun-kan_, although.
+
+There are also a number of conjunctions which are met with almost
+exclusively in the written language, and which it would be pedantic to
+use in conversation. Of such are:--
+
+  _maka_, _bahwa_, _[h.]ata_, _shahadan_, seldom necessary to the sense,
+    and not always requiring translation. They answer in some degree
+    to such words as "now," "next," "but," "then," "again," "so."
+  _sa-ber-mula_, first, now.
+  _sa-bagei-lagi_, further, again.
+  _arkian_, now, then.
+  _agar_, in order that.
+  _y`ani_, that is to say.
+  _wab`adahu_,[5] and then, afterwards.
+  _walakin_ (Arab. _wa_, and _lakin_, but), but, though, nevertheless.
+
+    [Footnote 5: Arabic _wa_, and, _b`adahu_, afterwards--often used
+    by a pleonasm with _kemdian_, afterwards; _wab`adahu kemdian
+    deri-pada itu_, and after that.]
+
+
+IX. INTERJECTIONS.
+
+The interjections in most common use are:--
+
+  _hei!_ O! _ya!_ O! (Arabic).
+  _aho!_ O! (Sansk.).
+  _aduh!_ _aduhi!_ oh! alas! (pain, lamentation).
+  _niah!_ _niah-lah!_ be off! begone!
+  _ai!_ _wah!_ oh! alas! (astonishment or affliction).
+  _ayo!_ _ayohi!_ ah! (affection).
+  _cheh!_ fie!
+  _wayi!_ alas!
+  _demei Allah!_ by God!
+  _nah!_ there! take it!
+  _jum!_[6] forwards!
+
+    [Footnote 6: This is a Kedah word. _Mah!_ is used in the same
+    sense in Perak.]
+
+Many other words are used like interjections; such as _kasi-han_ (lit.
+affection), what a pity! _sayang_ (lit. concern), 'tis pity! alas!
+_karam_ (lit. wrecked), woe to thee! _me-rachun_ (may I be poisoned),
+no! (emphatic denial), &c., &c.
+
+A number of Arabic expressions common to all Muhammadans in all parts of
+the world are used by Malays, such as _In sh�a-ll�h_, if it be the will
+of God; _All�hu a`alam_, God is all-knowing; _Astaghfir all�h_, I beg
+forgiveness of God; _Wa-llahi_ and _Wa-llah_, by God! _Y� rabb_, O Lord!
+_Bi-smi-llah_, in the name of God! _El-[h.]amdu li-llah_, praise be to
+God! _All�hu akbar_, God is most great.
+
+
+X. NUMERALS.
+
+The numerals in Malay are exceedingly simple. The first ten are:--
+
+  1. _sa_, _satu_, _suatu_, one.
+  2. _dua_, two.
+  3. _tiga_, three.
+  4. _ampat_, four.
+  5. _lima_, five.
+  6. _anam_, six.
+  7. _tujoh_, seven.
+  8. _d[)e]lapan_, eight.
+  9. _sambilan_, nine.
+  10. _sapuloh_, ten.
+
+From eleven to nineteen inclusive the numerals are formed from the
+digits with the termination _b[)e]las_:--
+
+  11. _sa-b[)e]las_, eleven.
+  12. _dua-b[)e]las_, twelve.
+  13. _tiga-b[)e]las_, thirteen.
+  14. _ampat-b[)e]las_, fourteen.
+  15. _lima-b[)e]las_, fifteen.
+  16. _anam-b[)e]las_, sixteen.
+  17. _tujoh-b[)e]las_, seventeen.
+  18. _d[)e]lapan-b[)e]las_, eighteen.
+  19. _sambilan-b[)e]las_, nineteen.
+  20. _dua-puloh_, twenty.
+
+Multiples of ten up to ninety inclusive have the termination _puloh_,
+ten:--
+
+  20. _dua-puloh_, twenty.
+  30. _tiga-puloh_, thirty.
+  40. _ampat-puloh_, forty.
+  50. _lima-puloh_, fifty.
+  60. _anam-puloh_, sixty.
+  70. _tujoh-puloh_, seventy.
+  80. _d[)e]lapan-puloh_, eighty.
+  90. _sambilan-puloh_, ninety.
+
+The intermediate numbers are formed simply by adding the units; as--
+
+  21. _dua-puloh-satu_, twenty-one.
+  32. _tiga-puloh-dua_, thirty-two.
+  43. _ampat-puloh-tiga_, forty-three.
+  54. _lima-puloh-ampat_, fifty-four.
+  65. _anam-puloh-lima_, sixty-five.
+  76. _tujoh-puloh-anam_, seventy-six.
+  87. _d[)e]lapan-puloh-tujoh_, eighty-seven.
+  98. _sambilan-puloh-d[)e]lapan_, ninety-eight.
+
+Above a hundred the numbers proceed with equal regularity:--
+
+  100. _sa-ratus_, one hundred.
+  200. _dua-ratus_, two hundred.
+  300. _tiga-ratus_, three hundred.
+  400. _ampat-ratus_, four hundred.
+  1000. _sa-ribu_, one thousand.
+  2000. _dua-ribu_, two thousand.
+  3000. _tiga-ribu_, three thousand.
+  4000. _ampat-ribu_, four thousand.
+
+Any sum, however great, may be expressed by the numerals in
+juxtaposition without the insertion of a conjunction; as,
+_sa-ribu-d[)e]lapan-ratus-tujoh-puloh-sambilan_, one thousand eight
+hundred (and) seventy nine, 1879.
+
+Certain terms for high numbers have been borrowed from the Sanskrit
+language and misapplied in adoption, namely, _la[k.]sa_ (Sansk.
+_laksha_, 100,000), _keti_ (Sansk. _ko[t.]i_, 10,000,000), and _juta_
+(Sansk. _ayuta_, 10,000).
+
+The numbers represented by these words in Malay are _sa-la[k.]sa_, ten
+thousand; _sa-keti_, one hundred thousand; _sa-juta_, one million.
+
+In reckoning the numbers from 20 to 30, _lekor_, a score, is sometimes
+used instead of _dua-puloh_ (especially in mentioning dates), but in
+that case the unit precedes instead of following the decimal; as
+_sa-lekor_, twenty-one; _dua-lekor_, twenty-two; _tiga-lekor_,
+twenty-three, &c.
+
+To express a quantity which approaches what we call a round number, it
+is sometimes convenient to state the latter qualified by the figure in
+which it is deficient, as is done in the old-fashioned phrase "forty
+stripes save one." Thus, instead of _sambilan-puloh-d[)e]lapan_,
+ninety-eight, the phrase _korang dua sa-ratus_, one hundred save two,
+may be used.
+
+The use of the word _tengah_, half, before a numeral serves in the same
+way to reduce it by half of one. Thus, _tengah dua_ signifies "one and a
+half," or "two, less half a one," as if the full phrase were _korang
+sa-tengah dua_; so _tengah tiga-puloh_, twenty-five (lit. "three tens
+save half"); _tengah lima ratus_, four hundred and fifty (lit. "five
+hundreds save half").
+
+
+ORDINAL NUMBERS.
+
+  _pertama_ (Sansk. _prathama_), first.
+  _ka-dua_, second.
+  _ka-tiga_, third.
+  _ka-sa-b[)e]las_, eleventh.
+  _ka-dua-puloh_, twentieth.
+  _ka-sa-ratus_, hundredth.
+
+The word _yang_ placed before ordinals corresponds to the definite
+article in English; as _yang pertama_, the first; _yang ka-dua_, the
+second; _yang ka-sa-ribu_, the thousandth.
+
+
+FRACTIONAL NUMBERS.
+
+_Tengah_, _sa-tengah_, half; _suku_, _sa-suku_, quarter; _sa-per-dua_,
+one-half; _sa-per-tiga_, one-third; _dua-per-tiga_, two-thirds;
+_tiga-per-ampat_, three-fourths. Similar fractions may be formed with
+other numbers by placing the particle _per_ between the dividend and the
+divisor.
+
+
+COLLECTIVE NUMBERS.
+
+Phrases like "a score," "a dozen," "a couple," are formed in Malay by
+the use of the particle _ber_ with the numeral; as--
+
+  _ber-dua_, the two, or the pair.
+  _ber-tiga_, the three.
+  _ber-puloh-puloh_, by tens.
+  _be-ratus-ratus_, by hundreds.
+  _be-ribu-ribu_, by thousands.
+
+The word _ganda_, which in Hindustani is a collective numeral meaning "a
+four," is used in Malay in conjunction with numerals in a sense
+corresponding to the English word "times;" as _dua-ganda_, double,
+twice; _tiga-ganda_, triple, three times.
+
+
+NUMERAL CO-EFFICIENTS.
+
+In Malay, as in Burmese, Siamese, and Chinese, "there exists a set of
+specific and technical terms, called by the grammarians _numeral
+affixes_, some one or other of which is always used as a co-efficient to
+the numeral, the term being selected according to the class under which
+the object falls."[7] The use of these terms will be best understood by
+comparing it with the analogous use in English of such phrases as so
+many _head_ of cattle; so many _file_ of soldiers; so many _sail_ of
+ships; so many _stand_ of rifles.
+
+    [Footnote 7: Col. Yule, Journ. Anthropol. Inst. Feb. 1880. This
+    peculiarity in the Indo-Chinese languages has attracted much
+    attention among ethnologists. See Peschel, Races of Man, 117;
+    Tylor, Early History of Mankind, 208; Bunsen's Universal History,
+    i. 409.]
+
+1. _Orang_ (person or persons) is introduced in the enumeration of
+mankind; as _China tiga orang, Malayu sa'orang_, three Chinese and a
+Malay; _budak dua orang_, two children.
+
+2. _Ekor_ (tail) is employed in speaking of animals; as _sa-ekor
+kuching_, a cat; _kuda b[)e]lang dua ekor_, two piebald horses; _ikan
+kechil-kechil barang lima anam ekor_, about five or six small fish.
+
+3. _Buah_ (fruit) is applied to fruit, houses, ships, places, &c.; as
+_sa-buah rumah_, a house; _sa-buah n[)e]gri_, a town or kingdom; _lima
+buah kapal_, five ships.
+
+4. _Biji_ (seed) is applied to small objects more or less round; as
+_buah manggis lima-puloh biji_, fifty mangostins; _ampat biji telor_,
+four eggs; _nior muda sa-biji_, one green cocoa-nut.
+
+5. _Halei_ or _lei_, to tenuous objects, such as hair, feathers, leaves,
+wearing apparel, &c.; as _bulu sa-lei_, a feather; _kain Palembang
+sa-puloh halei_, ten Palembang sarongs.
+
+6. _Batang_ (stem), to long objects; as _lembing dua batang_, two
+spears; _tiang ampat batang_, four posts.
+
+7. _Puchuk_ (young shoot), to letters, muskets, cannon, elephants'
+tusks, &c.; as _tiga puchuk surat_, three letters; _sa-puchuk gading_,
+one tusk: _snapang lima puchuk_, five muskets.
+
+8. _Keping_ (piece, slice), to pieces of wood, metal, &c.; as _papan
+sa-keping_, a plank; _timah tiga-puloh keping_, thirty slabs of tin.
+
+9. _Tangga_ (ladder) and _pintu_ (door), to houses; as _rumah dua
+tangga_, two houses; _rumah batu anam pintu_, six brick houses.
+
+10. _Lapis_ (fold), to clothing; as _kapan sa-lapis_, a shroud.
+
+11. _Rawan_, to nets and cordage; as _pukut sa-rawan_, a seine net;
+_jala dua rawan_, two casting nets.
+
+12. _Bilah_, to cutting weapons; as _kris sa-bilah_, one kris;
+_p[)e]dang lima bilah_, five swords.
+
+13. _Buntoh_, to rings, fish-hooks, &c.; as _kail sa-buntoh_, a
+fish-hook; _chinchin tiga buntoh_, three rings.
+
+14. _Bidang_, to things spread out; as _destar sa-bidang_, one
+head-cloth.
+
+15. _Butir_, to fruit, seeds, and other small round objects; as _nior
+sa-butir_, a cocoa-nut; _mutiara sa-butir_, a pearl.
+
+There are many other similar idiomatic terms, examples of which will be
+given in the more advanced lessons farther on.
+
+
+XI. PARTICLES.
+
+Most of the particles have been noticed in speaking of the verb, but
+there are three or four which require special mention.
+
+_Lah_ is affixed to words of all kinds, sometimes merely for the sake of
+euphony, but more frequently as a particle of intensity.
+
+In the sentence _ada-lah kapada suatu hari_, it happened on a certain
+day, _lah_ is simply expletive; but in the sentence _dia-lah yang buat_,
+it was _he_ who did it, the particle serves to emphasise the word _dia_.
+The latter use of the particle _lah_ is exemplified by its frequent
+employment to emphasise a command; as _mari-lah_, come; _pergi-lah_, go.
+
+_Kah_ is the interrogative particle. When affixed to words it is the
+sign of a question or a doubt; as _itu-kah atau lain-kah?_ is it that or
+another? _Antah sunggoh-kah atau tidak_, it is doubtful whether it be
+true or not.
+
+_Tah_ is also an interrogative particle, but of less general use than
+_kah_. _Apa-tah?_ what else? is a common phrase indicating assent.
+
+_Pun_ is annexed to all kinds of words, sometimes merely to give
+roundness to a phrase, sometimes with the sense of "too," or "also"
+(where the sentence is affirmative), or "nor," "neither" (where it is
+negative); as _maka iya-pun datang_, then he came; _aku pun mahu_, I�too
+want it; _siyang pun tidak malam pun tidak_, it was neither day nor
+night.
+
+
+
+
+PART II.
+
+COMPOSITION OF SENTENCES.
+
+
+Owing to the absence of inflexion, the composition of simple sentences
+in Malay offers few difficulties. The phrases and exercises which will
+be given in this Part are simple and elementary, serving thus as a
+preparation for others of progressive difficulty to be reached at a
+later stage.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON I.
+
+
+SUBSTANTIVES.
+
+  person (man, woman, or child), _orang_.
+  man, _laki-laki_.
+  woman, _per-ampu-an_.
+  child, _anak_.
+  house, _rumah_.
+  water, _ayer_.
+  fire, _api_.
+  wind, _angin_.
+  wood, _kayu_.
+  carriage, _kreta_.
+  horse, _kuda_.
+  ship, _kapal_.
+  steamer, _kapal-api_.
+  boat, _sampan_.
+  cow, ox, _lumbu_.
+  dog, _anjing_.
+  bird, _burong_.
+  snake, _ular_.
+  fish, _ikan_.
+  sun, _mata-hari_.
+  moon, _bulan_.
+  star, _bintang_.
+  sea, _laut_.
+  river, _sungei_.
+  cloth, _kain_.
+
+
+ADJECTIVES.
+
+  good, _baik_.
+  new, _b[)a]haru_.
+  naughty, wicked, _jahat_.
+  beautiful, _bagus_.
+  pretty, _chantek_.
+  wise, _pandei_.
+  stupid, _bodoh_.
+  large, _b[)e]sar_.
+  small, _k[)e]chil_.
+  deep, _dalam_.
+  swift, _laju_.
+  high, _tinggi_.
+  round, _bulat_.
+  old, _tuah_.
+  young, _muda_.
+  cold, _s[)e]juk_.
+  hot, _panas_.
+  far, _jauh_.
+  near, _d[)e]kat_.
+  coarse, _kasar_.
+  fine, _halus_.
+
+
+ADVERBS.
+
+  very, _baniak_.
+  exceedingly, _sangat_.
+
+Before showing how sentences may be constructed with these words by
+means of the verb _ada_, and with the aid of the personal pronouns, two
+of the hints already given are here repeated:--
+
+1. Adjectives follow their substantives.
+
+2. The verb _ada_ is frequently omitted and left to be understood.
+
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+  A bad man--
+    _Orang jahat._
+  A pretty woman--
+    _Perampuan chantek._
+  A high house--
+    _Rumah tinggi._
+  A high wind--
+    _Angin b[)e]sar._
+  Cold water--
+    _Ayer s[)e]juk._
+  This is my child--
+    _Ini anak sahaya_ (not, _Ini ada sahaya punya anak_).
+  That bullock-cart is mine--
+    _Kreta lumbu itu sahaya punya._
+  That pony-carriage is swift--
+    _Kreta kuda itu ada laju._
+  That person has a dog--
+    _Orang itu ada sa'ekor anjing._
+  That woman's cloth is very fine--
+    _Kain perampuan itu halus sangat._
+  This man has one son and two daughters--
+    _Orang ini ada anak laki-laki sa'orang dan anak perampuan dua
+      orang._
+  The steamer is near--
+    _Kapal-api ada d[)e]kat._
+  His child is very naughty--
+    _Anak dia baniak jahat._
+  They have a boat--
+    _Dia orang ada sa'buah sampan._
+  There are men and women--
+    _Ada orang laki-laki dan perampuan._
+  The old man has a piece of coarse cloth--
+    _Orang tuah itu ada kain kasar sa'lei._
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+I am a good man. His child is very wise. The moon is round. They have a
+beautiful horse. My boat is very large. The sea is very deep. The sun
+and stars are very far off. This person has a vicious dog. That man's
+daughter is beautiful. This river is very swift. A small snake. This ox
+is very old. That person's boat is small. There are fish. There is a
+bird. The water of the river is warm. There are stupid people and there
+are wise people. His ship is very far off.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON II.
+
+
+ON THE SECOND PERSON.
+
+The use of the word _angkau_ and similar pronouns is to be avoided as
+much as possible. When the pronoun of the second person cannot be
+understood but must be expressed, _angkau_, or the local or provincial
+word used in substitution for it (according to the part of the
+Archipelago in which the speaker finds himself), may be employed. In
+addressing natives of rank or of superior position, the appropriate
+forms should be used. The word _lu_ should never be used to a Malay; it
+is, however, in common use among those Chinese who use Malay as a medium
+of communication with other nationalities. On the subject of the second
+person see _supra_, p.�49.
+
+
+SUBSTANTIVES.
+
+  animal, _b[)e]natang_.
+  father (common form), _bapa_.
+  father (polite form), _ayah_, _ayahnda_.
+  mother (common form), _mak_, _ibu_.
+  mother (polite form), _bonda_.
+  elder brother, _abang_.
+  elder sister, _kakak_.
+  younger brother or sister, _adek_.
+  boy or girl, _budak_.
+  brother or sister, _sudara_.
+  husband, _laki_.
+  wife, _bini_.
+  forest, _hutan_.
+  tree, _pokok_.
+  plain, _padang_.
+  shop, _k[)e]dei_.
+  fruit, _buah_.
+  sky, _langit_.
+  ground, _tanah_.
+  dollar, _ringgit_.
+  road, _jalan_.
+  age, _`umur_.
+
+
+ADJECTIVES.
+
+  long, _panjang_.
+  short, _pendek_, _pandah_.
+  sweet, _manis_.
+  wet, _basah_.
+  dry, _k[)e]ring_.
+  many, _baniak_.
+  rich, _kaya_.
+  poor, _miskin_.
+  strong, _kuat_.
+  hard, _k[)e]ras_.
+  soft, _lumbut_.
+  few, _sadikit_.
+
+
+VERBS.
+
+  to say, _kata_.
+  to go, _pergi_.
+  to run, _lari_.
+  to talk, _chakap_.
+  to tell, _bilang_.
+  to arrive, _sampei_.
+  to sit, _duduk_.
+  to dwell, _tinggal_.
+  to send, _kirim_.
+  to bring, _bawa_.
+
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+_To a Raja._
+
+  Your house is very large--
+    _Rumah tunku baniak besar._
+  Your father is very old--
+    _Ayahnda tunku tuah sangat._
+  This is your horse--
+    _Ini tunku punya kuda._
+
+_To a respectable Chinese._
+
+  There is a quantity of cloth in your shop--
+    _Ada baniak kain-kain didalam baba punya k[)e]dei._
+  When did you arrive?--
+    _Towkay bila sampei?_
+  Your elder brother is very rich--
+    _Towkay punya abang baniak kaya._
+  Your carriage and mine are alike--
+    _Kreta baba dengan kreta sahaya ada sama._
+
+_To a Malay Headman._
+
+  There are a number of people in your house--
+    _Ada baniak orang di-dalam rumah datoh._
+  Your son is very strong--
+    _Anak datoh, baniak kuat._
+  Where do you live?--
+    _Datoh di-mana tinggal?_
+
+_To a Malay of superior rank._
+
+  What do you say to it?--
+    _Apa kata inche?_
+  Who told it to you?--
+    _Siapa bilang kapada inche?_
+  Your elder sister has a great many fruit-trees--
+    _Inche punya kakak ada baniak pokok buah._
+
+_To a Sayyid or Haji._
+
+  Where are you going to?--
+    _Tuan handak pergi ka-mana?_
+  What is your age?--
+    _B[)e]r-apa `umur tuan?_
+  I wish to talk a little with you--
+    _Sahaya handak chakap sadikit dengan tuan._
+
+_To Persons of inferior rank._
+
+  Who are you?--
+    _Siapa kamu?_
+  Is this yours?--
+    _Angkau punya-kah ini?_
+  Where is your house?--
+    _Di-mana rumah angkau?_
+  Bring your hat--
+    _Bawa topi s[)e]ndiri._
+  Where do you live?--
+    _Di-mana tinggal?_
+  Have you got a light?--
+    _Ada api?_
+  Why are you so late?--
+    _Apa buat lambat ini?_
+  When you were at the shop just now, who was there?--
+    _Apabila angkau di k[)e]dei tadi siapa ada di-situ?_
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+Where is your shop? Is this your mother? You and your brother were
+running. You are very stupid. Have you told your elder sister? Your son
+has arrived. Was it you who sent fruit? What did you say to him? When
+will you go? You will bring a boat. You went to the jungle.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON III.
+
+
+SUBSTANTIVES.
+
+  news, _khabar_.
+  workman, _tukang_.
+  cat, _kuching_.
+  rat, _tikus_.
+  sugar, _gula_.
+  needle, _jarum_.
+  form, _rupa_.
+  elephant, _gajah_.
+
+
+ADJECTIVES.
+
+  excellent, _endah_.
+  careful, _jimat_.
+  worthless, _burok_.
+  difficult, _susah_.
+
+
+VERBS.
+
+  To do, make, _buat_.
+  To seek, _ch[)a]hari_.
+  To conceal, _sembunyi_.
+  To find, obtain, _dapat_.
+
+
+ON THE DEGREES OF COMPARISON.
+
+One form of the comparative degree is similar in construction to the
+Hindustani comparative, that is to say, the object with which the
+comparison is made is put in the ablative case (by the use of the
+preposition _deri_ or _deri-pada_), while the adjective remains
+unmodified by adverb or particle. Thus the phrase "This house is larger
+than that," may be rendered _Besar rumah ini deri rumah itu_ (_Yih ghar
+us ghar se ba[r.][-a] hai_).
+
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+  The rumour is better than the reality--
+    _Endah khabar deri rupa._
+  The Chinese workman is more skilful than the Kling--
+    _Pandei tukang China deri tukang Kling._
+  The cat is larger than the mouse--
+    _Besar kuching deri tikus._
+  This is better than that--
+    _Baik ini deri-pada itu._
+  (_Note that the adjective always precedes the objects compared._)
+
+The comparative degree is also formed by the use of the adverb _lebeh_
+or _ter-lebeh_, more, prefixed to the adjective, which is followed by
+the preposition _deri_ or _deri-pada_.
+
+  Hotter than before--
+    _Lebeh panas deri dahulu._
+  Sweeter than honey--
+    _Lebeh manis deri gula._
+  It is better to go than to remain--
+    _Ter-lebeh baik pergi deri-pada tinggal._
+
+The adverb _lagi_, more, is sometimes used instead of _lebeh_.
+
+  You must make it larger--
+    _Mahu buat besar lagi._
+  This is better--
+    _Ini lagi baik._
+
+Another form of comparison is constructed with the adverb _korang_,
+less, prefixed to the adjective; as _korang baik_, not very good;
+_korang biasa_, inexperienced (lit. less accustomed).
+
+The superlative degree is formed in several ways: First, by making a
+comparison of universal application; as--
+
+  This is the best (lit. this is better than all)--
+    _Baik ini deri sumua._
+  The finest needle of all--
+    _Jarum yang lebeh halus deri-pada sumua-nia._
+  The hardest of all to obtain--
+    _Yang ter-lebeh susah men-dapat deri-pada sumua-nia._
+
+Secondly, by the use of the adverb _sakali_, very, exceedingly, after
+the adjective when the latter is preceded by the relative pronoun
+_yang_; as--
+
+  The best--
+    _Yang baik sakali._
+  The worst--
+    _Yang burok sakali._
+  Such-a-one was the handsomest--
+    _Yang elok sakali si-anu._
+
+Thirdly, by duplication of the adjective, which then takes the particle
+_sa_ before it; as--
+
+  The quickest pace of an elephant is the slowest walk of a man--
+    _Sa-chepat-chepat jalan-an gajah, sa-lambat-lambat jalan an orang._
+  The very least--
+    _Sa-korang-korang._
+  Utterly and completely guilty--
+    _Sa-penoh-penoh salah._
+  The most just king--
+    _Sa-adil-adil raja._
+  With the greatest care--
+    _Dengan sa-habis-habis jimat._
+  You must look out for the very best article--
+    _Handak ch[)a]hari yang sa-baik-baik-nia._
+  He hides it with the greatest pains--
+    _Di-sembunyi-kan-nia dengan sa-buleh-buleh-nia._
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+My horse is better than your horse. These people are more stupid than
+those. The form of the horse is handsomer than that of the elephant. The
+men are more wicked than the women. The pace of the horse is swifter
+than that of the elephant. That woman is the handsomest, but this one is
+the wisest. His house is the worst of all. Bring the slowest elephant of
+all. The father is wiser than the child. It is better to bring the ox
+than the horse.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON IV.
+
+ON INTENSIVES.
+
+
+SUBSTANTIVES.
+
+  reception-hall, _balei_.
+  room, _bilek_.
+  stairs, _tangga_.
+  a play, _per-main-an_.
+  conduct, _ka-laku-an_.
+  body, _tuboh_.
+  head, _kapala_.
+  year, _tahun_.
+  month, _bulan_.
+  price, _harga_.
+  country, _n[)e]gri_.
+  queen, _permeisuri_.
+  king, _raja_.
+  minister, _mantri_.
+  patience, _sabar_.
+
+
+ADJECTIVES.
+
+  ill, painful, _sakit_.
+  cheap, _morah_.
+  dear, _mahal_.
+  wide, _luas_.
+  astonished, _heiran_.
+  thin, _kurus_.
+  fat, _gumok_.
+  illustrious, _mulia_.
+  narrow, _simpit_.
+  glad, _suka_.
+
+
+VERBS.
+
+  to see, _lihat_.
+  to demand, _minta_.
+  to be able, _buleh_.
+  to hear, _dengar_.
+  to play, _main_.
+  to look, _tengok_.
+  to enter, _masok_
+  to order, _suroh_.
+
+
+_On Intensives._-- To express an intensive degree the particle _ter_ is
+prefixed to adjectives and adverbs; as _ter-b[)e]sar_, very large;
+_ter-kuasa_, very powerful; _ter-lebeh_, most; _ter-lalu_, excessively;
+_ter-lampau_, surpassing; _ter-amat_, most exceedingly.
+
+The adjective may also be intensified by duplication; as _ikan yang
+besar-besar_, great big fish; _burong kechil-kechil_, very small birds;
+_n[)e]gri jauh-jauh_, far-distant lands; _dia harti baik-baik_, he
+understands very well.
+
+The following adverbs are of frequent use in heightening the sense of
+words:--
+
+  _baniak_, very.
+  _amat_, exceedingly.
+  _sangat_, very.
+  _sakali_, quite, most.
+  _ter-lebeh_, most.
+  _ter-lalu_, excessively.
+  _ter-langsong_, } surpassingly.
+  _ter-lampau_,   }
+  _ter-amat_, most exceedingly.
+
+All of these precede the positive except _sakali_, which invariably
+follows it. _Amat_ and _sangat_ are also sometimes placed after the
+adjective which they qualify.
+
+It is common to use more than one of these words with the same
+adjective, just as we say "the very most."
+
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+  There were a very great number of people in the reception-hall--
+    _Di balei itu ter-amat-lah baniak orang._
+  His body was very thin--
+    _Tuboh-nia sangat kurus._
+  The performance was exceedingly pretty--
+    _Sangat-lah chantek itu per-main-an._
+  He was immensely astonished at seeing it--
+    _Dia ter-lalu heiran me-lihat-kan._
+  This year all fruit is very plentiful and cheap--
+    _Tahun ini sagala buah-buah sangat-lah baniak dan morah harga-nia._
+  You must be exceedingly patient--
+    _Handak-lah dengan sabar sangat._
+  Very stupid in appearance--
+    _Ter-lalu bodoh rupa-nia._
+  The road is very bad--
+    _Jalan itu burok sakali._
+  Most exceedingly painful--
+    _Yang ter-lebeh sangat sakit._
+  It was a very large country--
+    _Ter-lalu amat besar negri itu._
+  His conduct was too bad--
+    _Ter-lampau jahat ka-laku-an-nia._
+
+The adjective _maha_, great, is similarly used; as _maha besar_, very
+great; _maha mulia_, most illustrious; _maha kuasa_, all-powerful.
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+He demanded a very high price. He is very ill. Your father was
+exceedingly wise. It is a very large river. I am very frightened. The
+water is very deep. Those Chinese are very wicked. The most illustrious
+and most mighty queen. The old man's cow is very thin. I was much
+surprised at hearing it. He brought some very big horses. Some very
+large ships have arrived. This month fish is very cheap. The room is
+very wide. The river was much too narrow, the ship could not enter. I
+have a very bad headache.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON V.
+
+
+INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES.
+
+In asking a question, the tone of the voice sometimes marks the
+interrogation sufficiently.
+
+Sometimes the interrogation is marked by the use of the particle _-kah_
+affixed to the emphatic word of the sentence.
+
+Sometimes the interrogative form of a sentence is shown by the use of
+such words as--
+
+  _apa_, what?
+  _siapa_, who?
+  _ka-mana_, where?
+  _b[)e]r-apa_, how many?
+  _mana_, who, which, how?
+  _bagei-mana_, how?
+  _apa sebab_, or }
+  _apa buat_, or  } why?
+  _mengapa_       }
+
+SUBSTANTIVES.
+
+  time, _kali_.
+  rain, _hujan_.
+  market, _pasar_.
+  stone, _batu_.
+  use, _guna_.
+  iron, _besi_.
+  steel, _baja_.
+  tin, _timah_.
+  lead, _timah hitam_.
+  copper, _tambaga_.
+  box, _p[)e]ti_.
+  kind, sort, _macham_.
+  tobacco, _tambakau_.
+  coffee, _kahwah_.
+  tea, _teh_, _cha_.
+  tea (dry), _daun teh_.
+  tea (liquid), _ayer teh_.
+  money, _wang_.
+  jacket, _baju_.
+  trousers, _saluar_.
+
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+  What is the matter?--
+    _Apa korang?_
+  What is to be done? (_i.e._, there is nothing to be done)--
+    _Apa bulik buat?_
+  What is the use?--
+    _Apa guna?_
+  Whence do you come?--
+    _Deri-mana datang kamu?_
+  Where are you going?--
+    _Handak pergi ka-mana?_
+  Why did you not tell me sooner?--
+    _Apa buat ta'bilang dahulu?_
+  What do you say?--
+    _Apa kata kamu?_
+  Why do ye run?--
+    _Mengapa kumu orang lari?_
+  Where did you get that?--
+    _Di-mana-kah angkau dapat itu?_
+  Which tree shall I cut down?--
+    _Pokoh mana handak tebang?_
+  How many days ago?--
+    _B[)e]rapa hari sudah?_
+  When was he at the market?--
+    _Bila-mana dia di pasar?_
+  Whose house is this?--
+    _Rumah ini siapa punya?_
+  Are there many Chinese in Patani?--
+    _Baniak-kah orang China di Patani?_
+  Was it truly he who did it?--
+    _Sunggoh-kah dia yang buat?_
+  Is it this one or another?--
+    _Ini-kah atau lain-kah?_
+  Is it going to rain?--
+    _Handak hujan-kah?_
+  What is the price of this?--
+    _B[)e]rapa harga ini?_
+  What is the news? (How goes it?)--
+    _Apa khabar?_
+  How could I dare to do it ?--
+    _Macham mana sahaya b[)e]rani buat?_
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+Where is my jacket? What did he say? Why do you come here? Are there any
+dollars in the box? How many times has it rained this month? Whose tin
+is this? Who brought this tobacco? Did you demand the money from his
+father? Whence did you obtain this news? Did you order him to bring the
+coffee? How many miles (lit. _stones_) is it to the market? Shall I cut
+down this tree? Have you seen that play? Who was that who brought the
+fish? What kind of animal is that? When were you at the house? Why do
+they not enter?
+
+
+Sometimes the word _apa_ at the commencement of a sentence gives it an
+interrogative sense;[1] as _apa, tuan ta' makan daging karbau?_ do you
+not eat buffalo meat? _apa tiada-kah sukar leher bangau itu?_ what!
+would not the stork's neck be inconveniently long? _apa tiada-kah
+tuan-hamba kenal akan bangau itu?_ does not my lord recognise that
+stork?[2]
+
+    [Footnote 1: Like the Hindustani _kya_ or the Latin _an_, _num_.
+    Forbes' Hindustani Manual.]
+
+    [Footnote 2: Sri Rama. Favre's Grammar, p. 92.]
+
+
+
+
+LESSON VI.
+
+
+FORMATION OF NEGATIVE SENTENCES.
+
+  _Tidak_, no.
+  _Tiada_, is not (are, was, were, do, did not, &c.).
+  _Bukan_, no, not.
+  _Jangan_, don't, let not.
+  _Antah_, I know not; who knows? there is no saying.
+  _Jangan-kan_, not only, not, so far from.
+
+_Bukan_ is a more emphatic denial than _tidak_. It is also used, either
+alone or with the affix _-kah_, to signify _is it not?_ _is it not so?_
+
+_Tiada_ is generally abbreviated colloquially to _t'ada_ and _t'a'_ (in
+Java _trada_ and _tra_).
+
+_Antah_ is an expression of doubt.
+
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+  Yes or no?--
+    _Ya atau tidak._
+  That which is he causes not to be; that which is not he causes to be--
+    _Yang ada dia tidak-kan, yang tidak dia ada-kan._
+  It is nothing = never mind--
+    _Tidak apa._
+  He got no small quantity of fish--
+    _Dia men-dapat ikan bukan sadikit._
+  Her beauty was of no ordinary kind--
+    _Molek-nia bukan alang-kapalang._
+  Is this his house or not?--
+    _Ini-kah rumah dia atau bukan?_
+  Indescribable, wonderful--
+    _Bukan buat-an lagi_ (lit. _it was no longer doing_).
+  You said just now that you went home first, did you not?--
+    _Kata kamu tadi sudah pulang ka rumah dahulu, bukan-kah?_
+  He is not my child--
+    _Bukan-lah iya anak hamba._
+  He will not come--
+    _Dia ta' mahu datang._
+  I asked him a great many times, but he would not--
+    _Sahaya minta b[)e]rapa kali tiada dia mahu._
+  There are no fish in the market--
+    _T'ada ikan di pasar._
+  I do not know where he has gone--
+    _Antah ka-mana pergi-nia._
+  There is no saying how many of them died--
+    _Antah ber-apa baniak-nia yang mati._
+  It cannot be otherwise--
+    _Ta' dapat tiada._
+  He cannot enter--
+    _Dia ta'bulih masok._
+  Do not go--
+    _Jangan pergi._
+  Do not believe what people say--
+    _Jangan perchaya akan perkata-an orang._
+  Shall I enter the house or not?--
+    _Masok-kah aku dalam rumah atau jangan-kah?_
+  So far from obtaining it, we did not even see it--
+    _Jangan-kan dapat, me-lihat-pun tidak._
+  Not to speak of _you_, of _me_, even, they are afraid--
+    _Jangan-kan tuan, hamba-tuan pun dia orang takut._
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+He said no. That conduct is not proper. He cannot write. The children
+are not in the house. So far from getting a pony-carriage, we cannot
+even get a bullock-cart. Not to speak of the night, by day even people
+are afraid to go there. There is no saying how it happened. Do not go
+near. Shall I give the fruit to the woman or not? There are not many
+horses here. Do you not know that? The Chinaman will not say yes or no.
+Do not be afraid. If the seed is good it cannot but be that the fruit is
+good also. The wind was of no ordinary force (_kuat_).
+
+
+_New words in this Lesson to be learned by heart._
+
+Beautiful, beauty, _molek_; dead, to die, _mati_; to believe,
+_perchaya_; saying, speech, _per-kata-an_ (from _kata_, to say); to
+fear, _takut_; to write, _tulis_; night, _malam_; daylight, _siyang_;
+seed, _biji_; doing, making, fabrication, manufacture, _buat-an_ (from
+_buat_, to do, to make); to go away, go home, _pulang_.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON VII.
+
+
+ON THE USE OF PREPOSITIONS.
+
+For a list of the most useful prepositions see _supra_, p. 63.
+
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+  We are going _up_ the mountain--
+    _Kita handak naik ka-atas gunong._
+  _For_ every _orlong_ (land-measure) ten cents--
+    _Pada satu orlong sa-puloh duit._[3]
+  The clerks who are _under_ him--
+    _Krani-krani yang di-bawah-nia._
+  Many people have settled _at_ that place--
+    _Baniak orang sudah masok di tampat itu._
+  He saw it _from_ outside--
+    _Deri luar iya me-lihat-kan._
+  People have remarked upon the subject _before_ me (in my presence)--
+    _Ada juga orang ter-kenang-kan hal itu di hadap-an sahaya._
+  The Raja gave a present _to_ him--
+    _Raja memb[)e]ri hadia kapada-nia._
+  Che Ismail has made preparations for marrying his daughter
+      _to (with)_ Haji Daud--
+    _Che Ismail sudah siap handak me-nika[h.]-kan anak-nia dengan Haji
+      Daud._
+  They were sentenced _by_ the judge--
+    _Di-[h.]ukum-kan uleh [h.]akim._
+  _Among_ the four men three were wounded and one ran away--
+    _Di-dalam ampat orang itu tiga luka satu lari._
+  I want to know _about_ that affair--
+    _Sahaya handak tahu deri-pada hal itu._
+  The case was begun _on_ the first day of the month--
+    _Kapada satu hari bulan di-mula-i bichara-nia._
+  _With_ great haste--
+    _Dengan sangat gopoh._
+  He has gone _towards_ the kitchen--
+    _Sudah dia jalan sa-b[)e]lah dapor._
+  _On_ both sides of the road--
+    _Antara ka-dua b[)e]lah jalan._
+  _Regarding_ the subject of that document--
+    _Akan hal surat itu._
+  _After_ a few days--
+    _Lepas sadikit hari._
+  He was buried _near_ his father--
+    _Di-[k.]ubur-kan d[)e]kat ayah-nia._
+  _According to_ their circumstances--
+    _Atas [k.]adar-nia._
+  _According to_ his strength--
+    _Sa-kadar kuasa-nia._
+  Go _to_ your master--
+    _Pergi sama tuan kamu._
+  He inquired _about_ a murder--
+    _Dia pre[k.]sa fasal bunoh._
+  Another version _behind_ your back--
+    _Balik b[)e]lakang lain bichara._
+  _Between_ earth and sky--
+    _Antara bumi dan langit._
+  To walk _through_ the water--
+    _Ber-jalan trus ayer._
+  _For the sake of_ God--
+    _Karana Allah._
+  _As far as_ the cross-roads--
+    _Hingga sempang jalan._
+  _Until_ now--
+    _Sampei sakarang._
+
+    [Footnote 3: In Penang 1 _duit_ = 1 cent.; in Singapore and
+    Malacca � cent.]
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+He lives upon the hill. On the tenth day of the month. They came before
+the raja. His master gave a dollar to him. He was buried by his
+brothers. After that all went away. Among those ten persons six are men
+and four are women. As regards the subject of that case, inquiry is now
+being made. Each man received according to his circumstances. In which
+direction has he gone, towards the right or towards the left? Between
+the house and the river. How much will you receive for every pikul of
+tin? The dogs are under the house. They sat upon the ground. He arrived
+at that place with fifteen men. They remained until night.
+
+The following words used in this lesson should be committed to memory:--
+
+Clerk, _krani_; place, _tampat_; affair, subject, _hal_; gift, present,
+_hadia_; judge, _[h.]akim_; order, sentence, _[h.]ukum_; case,
+negotiation, _bichara_; hurried, haste, _gopoh_; kitchen, _dapor_; a
+grave, _[k.]ubur_; to bury, _[k.]ubur-kan_; rate, condition,
+circumstances, _[k.]adar_; strength, power, _kuasa_; the back,
+_b[)e]lakang_; the earth, _bumi_; God, _Allah_; fork (of a road),
+_sempang_; side, _b[)e]lah_.
+
+To ascend, _naik_; to reflect, consider, _kenang_; wounded, to wound,
+_luka_; to marry, _nika[h.]_; to give in marriage, _nika[h.]-kan_; to
+examine, inquire into, _pre[k.]sa_; to kill, _bunoh_; to receive,
+_t[)e]rima_.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON VIII.
+
+
+ON THE WORDS _SUDAH_ AND _HABIS_.
+
+SUBSTANTIVES.
+
+  a lock, _kunchi_.
+  a key, _anak kunchi_.
+  accounts, _kira-kira_.
+  skill, _ka-pandei-an_.
+  anger, _ka-marah-an_.
+  small-pox, _ka-tumboh-an_.
+  loss, _rugi_.
+  disease, _penyakit_.
+  an egg, _t[)e]lor_.
+  an axe, _kapak_.
+  the foot, _kaki_.
+  cold (in the head), _sardi_.
+  dagger, kris, _kris_.
+  rocks, reef, _karang_.
+  a fine, _denda_.
+  blemish, _chachat_.
+
+
+VERBS.
+
+  to lock, _kunchi-kan_.
+  to try, attempt, _choba_.
+  to expend, _b[)e]lanja_.
+  to be silent, _diam_.
+  to break, _pechah_.
+  to stab, _tikam_.
+  to beat, _pukul_.
+  to be destroyed, _binasa_.
+  to burn, _bakar_; burnt, _ter-bakar_.
+  to be angry, _marah_.
+  to loose, _lepas_; loosed _ter-lepas_.
+  to disobey, _bantah_.
+  to cheat, _tipu_.
+  to be damaged, _rosak_.
+  to rob, _samun_.
+  to bite (as a snake), _pagut_.
+
+
+ADJECTIVES.
+
+  guilty, _salah_.
+  black, _hitam_.
+  slow, _lambat_.
+  rotten, _busuk_.
+  severe, _t[)e]rok_.
+  fit, suitable, probable, _harus_.
+
+
+ADVERBS.
+
+  quickly, _l[)a]kas_.
+  slowly, _perlahan_.
+
+_Sudah_ is classed as an adverb, but its most common use is to serve as
+a kind of auxiliary verb in forming the past tenses. It is
+translateable, according to the context, by the words and phrases, has,
+had; has, have, and had been, or become; done, finished, completed, &c.
+
+_Habis_ signifies done, finished, exhausted, expended; utterly,
+completely. The use of these words with verbs will be seen from the
+following examples:--
+
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+  Have you locked the door?--
+    _Sudah kunchi-kan pintu-kah?_
+  I have--
+    _Sudah._
+  When I reached the house he was already there (lit. had become
+      present before)--
+    _Tatkala sahaya sampei di rumah dia sudah ada dahulu._
+  It is not yet finished--
+    _Belum sudah._
+  It is half finished (just being finished)--
+    _Tengah handak sudah._
+  Nearly finished--
+    _Dekat mahu sudah._
+  Long ago--
+    _Lama sudah._
+  A month ago, more or less--
+    _Lebih korang sa'bulan sudah._
+  That is enough--
+    _Sudah-lah._
+  It has gone bad--
+    _Sudah busuk._
+  It is over--
+    _Sudah habis._
+  His father is an old man (has become old)--
+    _Bapa-nia sudah tuah._
+  Try to complete this--
+    _Choba-lah bagi sudah._
+  He understands (has arrived at understanding) accounts very well--
+    _Pasal kira-kira sudah iya harti baik-baik._
+  Now it is (has become) near--
+    _Sakarang sudah d[)e]kat._
+  They are all dead and gone--
+    _Sumua-nia mati habis._
+  Entirely destroyed--
+    _Habis binasa._
+  It is all spent--
+    _Sudah b[)e]lanja habis._
+  When he had finished speaking--
+    _Apabila sudah habis chakap._
+  All were quite silent--
+    _Habis-lah diam sumua._
+  The utmost of his skill--
+    _Sa-habis ka-pandei-an dia._
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+He is dead. He died long ago. He had made preparations for going away.
+Are they all ready? The workman says that the box is not yet finished.
+He has gone to Malacca. I have seen this before. The tea is finished.
+All the eggs are broken. The house was entirely burnt. He spent all his
+father's money. Finish that quickly. They have gone back to their own
+country. That house is nearly finished. I arrived here a year ago. When
+you have finished writing that letter go home. It is now at a distance.
+I am just finishing this letter.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON IX.
+
+
+ON THE VERB _K[)E]NA_.
+
+_K[)e]na_, in the sense of "to incur," is frequently used with other
+words to express the passive mood. Thus, instead of "he was fined,"
+Malays will say "he incurred a fine;" instead of "he was blamed," "he
+incurred anger." _K[)e]na_ also means to touch, strike, hit, affect.
+_K[)e]na apa?_ "affected by what?" is frequently pronounced as a single
+word, _kenapa_, meaning "why?"
+
+  He was prosecuted--
+    _Dia k[)e]na bichara._
+  They were sentenced to five years each--
+    _K[)e]na hukum atas sa'orang lima tahun._
+  He incurred the displeasure of his father--
+    _Dia k[)e]na ka-marah-an deri-pada bapa-nia._
+  The axe slipped in his hand and took effect on the back of his leg--
+    _Ter lepas di tangan kapak itu, k[)e]na di b[)e]lakang kaki-nia._
+  Those who have not yet had small-pox--
+    _Orang yang belum k[)e]na ka-tumboh-an._[4]
+  If any one disobeys he will be fined five dollars--
+    _Kalau ada siapa ban tah nanti k[)e]na denda lima ringgit._
+  I have been cheated--
+    _Sahaya sudah k[)e]na tipu._
+  He has been found guilty--
+    _Dia sudah k[)e]na salah._
+  He died of a snake-bite--
+    _Dia mati k[)e]na pagut ular._
+  That won't do (does not hit it)--
+    _Ta' k[)e]na bagitu._
+  Don't go there, you may be injured--
+    _Jangan pergi sana, barangkali k[)e]na satu apa-apa._
+  I am always catching cold--
+    _Salalu sahaya k[)e]na sardi._[5]
+  If the medicine does not take effect it is likely that the disease
+      will take a long time to be cured (_i.e._, the patient will
+      probably die)--
+    _Kalau tiada k[)e]na ubat-nia harus juga lambat baik penyakit itu._
+
+    [Footnote 4: The Malay word for small-pox differs in various
+    localities. In Penang the common word is _ka-tumboh-an_ (lit.
+    _eruption_); in Malacca and Singapore, _chachar_; in Perak,
+    _si-tawar_ and _sakit orang baik_ (lit. "disease of the good
+    people," a euphuism); in some parts of Borneo, _puru nasi_.]
+
+    [Footnote 5: _Sardi_ (Persian and Hindustani) is the word used by
+    the Malays of Penang. _Selesima_ and _selimat_ generally mean more
+    than a mere cold in the head.]
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+He died of a stab with a _kris_. He was put to great expense. The ship
+was damaged by striking on the rocks. They were fined twenty dollars
+each. It did not receive a single blemish. Those who disobey will be
+prosecuted. He was very severely beaten. What has happened to the dog
+that he limps like that? He has been robbed on the road. He suffered no
+small loss. That place won't do. This letter has been blackened by fire.
+Yesterday he incurred his master's anger.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON X.
+
+
+ON THE VERBS _BULEH_, _BAHAGI_, &C.
+
+The verbs _buleh_, can, or to be able; _bahagi_, to give (lit. to
+divide); _kasih_ and _b[)e]ri_, to give, grant; and _biar_, to permit,
+to suffer, are frequently used to govern other verbs, which they
+invariably precede.
+
+_Buleh_ is a contraction of _ber-uleh_, a verb formed from the
+preposition _uleh_, by, by means of. The primary meaning of _ber-uleh_
+or _buleh_ is to obtain, effect, and hence it has come to mean "to be
+able." The original sense of the word may be seen in such sentences as
+_ber-uleh per-minta-an_, to obtain (compliance with) a request;
+_sudah-kah buleh anak?_ have you had a child?
+
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+  How can one know?--
+    _Mana buleh tahu?_
+  Can you read English?--
+    _Kamu buleh-kah mem-bacha surat Inggris?_
+  It is not to be calculated--
+    _Tiada-lah buleh handak di-kira-kira lagi._
+  Every month I remind (give to remember) him--
+    _Tiap-tiap bulan ada hamba-tuan b[)e]ri ingat._
+  To feed (lit. give to eat)--
+    _B[)e]ri makan._
+  Just read that and let me hear it--
+    _Choba bacha itu biar sahaya dengar._
+  I wished to speak to him, but they would not let me--
+    _Sahaya handak chakap dengan dia orang ta' bahagi._
+  He informed (gave to know) the Penghulu--
+    _Dia b[)e]ri tahu kapada Penghulu._
+  Send those people away--
+    _Kasih pulang orang-orang itu._
+  Let it fall--
+    _Biar jatoh._
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+I cannot open the door. He tried to stab him, but could not touch him.
+Let him strike. Let the axe drop. His brother cannot understand the
+accounts. Let that child go back to the house. I wanted to give him a
+little tea, but they would not permit it. The raja sent (gave to go)
+messengers. He brought (gave to come) his wife and children. Can I live
+here? I have searched, but I cannot find it. He lets them come into the
+house. When can you come?
+
+
+Request, _per-minta-an_, from _minta_, to ask; messenger, _lit._ one
+ordered, _penyuroh_, from _suroh_, to order; to remember, _ingat_; to
+read, _bacha_; to fall, _jatoh_; every, _tiap-tiap_.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XI.
+
+ON THE VERBS _LANGSONG_, _LALU_, &C.
+
+
+In describing a proceeding which involves motion to a place or
+continuous action on the part of some person or thing, it is common to
+use the words _langsong_, _lanjar_ or _lanchar_, and _lalu_, to proceed,
+go, direct one's course. Their signification in a sentence is not easily
+translateable in English, but it is perhaps best rendered by the English
+idiom, to _go and_ do a thing. Sometimes the effect is that of the
+adverbs "immediately," "at last," "incontinently," "forthwith,"
+"altogether." _Langsong_ is generally used in Penang, but in Perak the
+Malays generally use _lanjar_ in the same sense.
+
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+  Intending to cook (food), to go and burn it--
+    _Handak masak langsong hangus._
+  He went to Meccah and never returned--
+    _Dia pergi ka-Makah lanjar ta' balik._
+  The pony fell down and immediately died--
+    _R[)e]bah kuda itu langsong mati._
+  He journeyed to Singapore and thence on to Johor--
+    _Ber-laiar-lah dia ka-Singgapura lalu ka-Johor._
+  He spat it out and then went and licked it up again--
+    _Sudah ludah lalu di-jilat_ (a proverb).
+  He took a knife and forthwith stabbed him--
+    _Dia ambil pisau langsong tikam._
+  He visited the districts down the river and thence went on to Kampar--
+    _Dia pergi ka-daira rantau hilir, lanjar ka-Kampar._
+  He has gone altogether--
+    _Dia sudah pergi langsong._
+
+_Lalu_ is often used in the sense of "can," "able," instead of _buleh_.
+
+  I cannot do it--
+    _Sahaya ta' lalu buat._
+  For a day or two past she has been unable to eat--
+    _Sudah satu dua hari dia ta' lalu makan nasi._[6]
+  Will fish swallow a bare hook?--
+    _Ada-kah ikan lalu me-makan mata kail sahaja?_
+
+    [Footnote 6: _Makan nasi_, eat rice. Malays do not, like us, say
+    simply eat, read, write. It is more idiomatic to say, eat rice,
+    read book, write letter.]
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+He got up and forthwith went away. He was very angry, and at once
+ordered him to go out. The ship struck on a rock and immediately sunk.
+He ate rice and then went to sleep. He stabbed him twice and immediately
+ran away. He came out of the house and at once fell down. He returned to
+his country and died there. Do you intend to go direct to Johor?
+
+
+To cook, _masak_; to burn, _hangus_; to fall down, _r[)e]bah_; to
+return, _balik_; to spit, _ludah_; to lick, _jilat_; to take, _ambil_;
+to eat, _makan_; to go out, _kaluar_; to sink, _tinggalam_; a sail,
+_laiar_; to sail; _ber-laiar_; a knife, _pisau_; a district, _daira_;
+rice, _b[)e]ras_; boiled rice, _nasi_; fish-hook, _mata kail_; reach of
+a river, _rantau_; down-stream, _hilir_; up-stream, _hulu_.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XII.
+
+
+ON THE WORDS _SAMPAT_ AND _DAN_.
+
+_Sampat_, to be able, competent to, opportunity, fit time; and _dan_,
+occasion, opportunity, fit time, are two useful words which are employed
+with verbs in much the same manner as _buleh_, _lalu_, &c.
+
+In some parts of the peninsula (Perak, for example), _sampang_ is used
+instead of _sampat_.
+
+These words are used more generally to state a negative proposition than
+an affirmative one.
+
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+  They are not able to stand--
+    _Tiada-lah sampat iya ber-diri._
+  There was not time (for the fire) to spread to the inner part of the
+      house, but (it was confined) to the cook-room--
+    _Tiada sampang di-makan sampei ka-dalam rumah hania sa-b[)e]lah
+      dapor sahaja._
+  There was no time to render assistance--
+    _Tiada dan di-tulong._
+  He is not in a position to resist--
+    _Tiada sampat iya me-lawan._
+  I was not in time to see him; he had already started--
+    _Ta'dan ber-jumpa, sudah dia jalan dahulu._
+  Such of them as could not gain the shore--
+    _Barang yang tiada sampat naik ka-darat._
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+He ran away before I was able to seize him. They were unable to run
+away, for people seized them. He went away quickly, so I had no time to
+see him. That place is very far off; there is not time to reach it in
+one day. He fell down and died before one could render assistance.
+Yesterday I was in a great hurry and had not time to finish what I was
+saying. There is not time to finish it in two days. Before I could stand
+up he struck me.
+
+
+To stand, _ber-diri_; except, but, _hania_; to help, _tulong_; to
+resist, oppose, _lawan_; to meet, _jumpa_; land, _darat_; any, some,
+each, every, _barang_.
+
+
+
+
+PART III.
+
+
+The preceding lessons, it is hoped, will have explained and illustrated
+in some degree the construction of sentences in Malay. It is now
+proposed to give a series of useful words and phrases applicable for the
+most part to common domestic incidents, so that the student may at once
+have at command the phrases most likely to be required in speaking to
+native servants. Unfortunately for the purity of the dialect spoken at
+the British settlements in the Straits of Malacca, the majority of the
+domestic servants there are foreigners (natives of India, Chinese,
+Javanese, &c.), who seldom speak Malay well, either as regards style or
+pronunciation. It is assumed that the student aims at something more
+than clothing foreign idioms with Malay words, and he should be on his
+guard therefore against the errors of people of this class. Facility of
+expression and the accurate use of idioms can only be acquired by much
+practice in speaking with Malays, and by attentive study of Malay
+authors.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XIII.
+
+
+        { breakfast, }
+  Bring { dinner,    }
+        { luncheon,  }
+    _Bawa makan-an_.[1]
+  Put bread on the table--
+    _Taroh roti di-atas meja._[2]
+  Is there any milk?--
+    _Susu ada-kah?_
+  A little sugar--
+    _Gula sadikit._
+  Shut the door--
+    _Tutup (OR katup) pintu._
+  Open the window--
+    _Buka jandela[3] (OR tingkap)._
+  Light the candle--
+    _Pasang[4] dian[5] (OR lilin)._
+  Put out the lamp--
+    _Padam palita._[6]
+  I am very hungry--
+    _Sahaya lapar sangat._
+  Have you eaten rice?--
+    _Sudah makan nasi?_
+  What will you drink, sir?--
+    _Tuan apa handak minum?_
+  Go quickly--
+    _Pergi lakas._
+  Don't be long--
+    _Jangan lambat._
+  Call him here--
+    _Panggil din ka-mari._
+  Tell him to come here--
+    _Ajak dia kamari._
+  Tell him I want to speak to him--
+    _Khabar-kan dia sahaya handak chakap sadikit._
+  Don't make a noise--
+    _Jangan engar-engar._
+  Go to the right--
+    _Pergi ka-kanan._
+  Go towards the right--
+    _Pergi sa-b[)e]lah kanan._
+  Turn to the left--
+    _Pusing sa-b[)e]lah kiri._
+  Come--
+    _Mari._ _Mari-lah._
+  Come here--
+    _Mari sini._ _Mari di-sini._ _Mari-lah ka-mari._
+  Come near--
+    _Mari d[)e]kat._
+  Come quite near--
+    _Mari d[)e]kat-d[)e]kat._
+
+    [Footnote 1: Lit. eatables. Sometimes the Hindustani word _hazri_
+    is used for breakfast.]
+
+    [Footnote 2: _Meza_ or _meja_, table, is borrowed from the
+    Persian.]
+
+    [Footnote 3: _Jandela_ is from the Portuguese _janella_, and is
+    applied to the windows of the houses of Europeans. _Tingkap_ is
+    the window or window-shutter of a native house.]
+
+    [Footnote 4: _Pasang_ signifies to give action to, to apply.]
+
+    [Footnote 5: _Dian_ is the better word. _Lilin_ is literally wax.]
+
+    [Footnote 6: _Palita_, in Hindustani (corrupted from the Persian
+    _patilah_), signifies the match of a gun, a candle, a wick used in
+    sorcery.]
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+Bring some bread. Where are you going? Light the lamp quickly. Bring
+tea, sugar, and milk. Put two candles on the table. Is there any coffee?
+When you reach the cross-roads turn to the right. Eat first and then go.
+Don't tell any one. Who is making a noise outside? He told him to come
+quite near. Light the lamp and then shut all the windows.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XIV.
+
+
+  I want a servant (lit. a hired man)--
+    _Sahaya handak chahari orang gaji sa'orang._
+  Where did you work before?--
+    _Di-mana kerja dahulu?_
+  What wages do you want per month?--
+    _B[)e]r-apa mahu gaji pada sa-bulan?_
+  I will give seven dollars a month--
+    _Sahaya handak kasih tujoh ringgit sa-bulan._
+  Take care--
+    _Jaga baik-baik._
+  Hold it quite straight--
+    _Pegang-lah betul-betul._
+  Steady now; don't let it slant--
+    _Baik-baik-lah jangan singet._
+  Don't forget--
+    _Jangan lupa._
+  Call the syce--
+    _Panggil sais._[7]
+  Have you cleaned the horse?--
+    _Kuda sudah gosok-kah?_
+  Just as you please--
+    _Mana suka tuan._
+  Just as you may order--
+    _Mana hukum tuan._
+  What o'clock is it (lit. Has struck how many times)?--
+    _Sudah pukul b[)e]r-apa?_
+  It has struck twelve--
+    _Sudah pukul dua-b[)e]las._
+  It is half-past ten--
+    _Sudah pukul sa-puloh sa-tengah._
+  It wants a quarter to one--
+    _Pukul satu korang suku._
+  Take away those shoes--
+    _Bawa pergi kasut[8] itu._
+  Take away all the things--
+    _Angkat-lah perkakas-an sumua._
+  Get the carriage ready--
+    _Siap-kan kreta_,[9] or _sedia-kan-lah kreta._
+  Have you ordered the carriage?--
+    _Kreta sudah suroh pasang-kah?_
+  Put the horse to--
+    _K[)e]na-kan kuda._
+  A pair of horses--
+    _Kuda sa-pasang._
+  Saddle the black horse--
+    _Bubok zin[10] diatas kuda hitam._
+  Bring the riding-horse--
+    _Bawa kuda tunggang._
+
+    [Footnote 7: _Sa'is_ (Hindustani, derived from Arabic), groom,
+    horsekeeper.]
+
+    [Footnote 8: _Kasut_ is the native word, but _sapatu_ (Portuguese
+    _sapato_) is also extensively used to signify boots and shoes of
+    European pattern.]
+
+    [Footnote 9: _Kreta_, Portuguese _carreta_.]
+
+    [Footnote 10: _Zin_, Hindustani and Persian. _Palana_ (Hindustani
+    and Persian _patan_, a pack-saddle) and _sela_ (Portuguese
+    _sella_) are also used.]
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+Get dinner ready. How much do you give your syce a month? At two o'clock
+or half-past two, just as you like. I intend to dine at seven o'clock;
+don't forget. Hold it carefully, and don't let it fall. Where are all
+the servants? Have you ordered the syce to saddle the horse? Take care;
+this horse is rather vicious. At what time shall I get the carriage
+ready? I shall return at five o'clock. Call some one to hold the horse.
+I have brought one pair of shoes.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XV.
+
+
+  Is the cook there?--
+    _Tukang[11] masak ada-kah?_
+  I keep one grass-cutter for every two horses--
+    _Pada dua-dua ekor kuda sahaya upah tukang-rumput sa'orang._
+  The gardener does not work on Friday--
+    _Hari juma`at tukang-kabun tiada kerja._
+  Be good enough to order two pairs of shoes at the shoemaker's--
+    _Tulong-lah p[)a]san pada tukang-kasut dua pasang kasut._
+  What I want are shoes that lace up--
+    _Yang sahaya handak itu, kasut yang ber-tali._
+  Where does the goldsmith live?--
+    _Di-mana tinggal tukang-mas?_
+  Look out for some good carpenter--
+    _Ch[)a]hari-lah tukang-kayu mana-mana satu yang pandei sadikit._
+  How much must I pay the blacksmith?--
+    _B[)e]rapa handak baiar kapada tukang b[)e]si?_
+  The painter says it will be finished in two days--
+    _Kata tukang-chat lagi dua hari habis-lah._
+  It must be here at two o'clock without fail--
+    _Mahu ada di-sini jam pukul dua, ta' bulih tidak._
+  I am sorry that so-and-so has not come--
+    _Sayang-lah si-anu ta' datang._
+  What a pity!--
+    _Kasih-an!_
+  Poor old man!--
+    _Kasihan-lah orang tuah!_
+  On what day will the washerman come?--
+    _Hari mana dobi[12] handak datang?_
+  I will not give it--
+    _Sahaya ta' mahu kasih._
+  He asks too much--
+    _Dia minta ter-lampau baniak._
+  He asks too long a price--
+    _Dia minta mahal sangat._
+  Speak slowly--
+    _Chakap perlahan-perlahan._
+  Has he brought anything?--
+    _Sudah dia bawa apa-apa?_
+
+    [Footnote 11: _Tukang._ This word in Malay corresponds to our
+    "_fellow_," the Hindustani _wala_ and the Tamul _karen_. When
+    used, as in the examples above given, as part of a compound, it
+    signifies agent, doer, keeper.]
+
+    [Footnote 12: _Dhobi_ is Hindustani; _binara_, washerman, is the
+    most idiomatic term, but _tukang-basoh_ is often heard, also, in
+    Batavia, _tukang menatu_.]
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+What has the cook brought? Tell the washerman to come in three days. How
+much does he ask? Why is the gardener not working? The shoemaker was not
+at his house. Have you called the blacksmith? When will you give it to
+me? If you speak slowly I can understand. I do not want the carriage
+to-day. Be good enough to call the grass-cutter. Poor little child! The
+black horse is dead. I am sorry about that horse. Did he demand
+anything?
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XVI.
+
+  Pour out the tea--
+    _Tuang ayer teh._
+  This water is not hot enough--
+    _Ayer ini ta' panas b[)e]tul._
+  When it is boiling bring it--
+    _Apa-bila ayer men-didih baharu-lah bawa._
+  Boil two eggs--
+    _Masak t[)e]lor dua biji._
+  Kill a fowl--
+    _Potong (OR sembilik[13]) hayam sa' ekor._
+  Don't scald it; pluck the feathers out--
+    _Jangan chelor, bulu-nia chabut satu-satu._
+  Make an omelette--
+    _Buat dadar telor._
+  Count these knives--
+    _Choba bilang pisau ini b[)e]rapa._
+  A person has brought bread for sale--
+    _Ada orang handak jual roti._
+  Take two loaves--
+    _Ambil-lah dua k[)e]tul._
+  What kind of meat do you wish me to get?--
+    _Daging apa macham tuan handak suroh ch[)a]hari?_
+  I am not particularly fond of beef--
+    _Daging lumbu sahaya ta' b[)e]rapa gamar._
+  See if you can get any mutton--
+    _Choba pre[k.]sa daging kambing barang-kali dapat k[)e]lak._[14]
+  Is the meat to be roasted or boiled?--
+    _Daging handak panggang-kah handak rebus-kah?_
+  Mince it up fine--
+    _Chinchang lumat-lumat._
+  Don't be troublesome--
+    _Jangan bising._
+  This is the fruit-season--
+    _Ini-lah musim buah kayu._
+  What kind of fruit is there for sale now?--
+    _Apa macham buah orang jual sakarang?_
+  Mangoes, mangostins, and oranges--
+    _Buah mampelam, buah manggis dan limau manis._
+  Are there any shaddocks?--
+    _Limau kadangsa ada-kah?_
+  Buy about a dozen limes--
+    _B[)e]li limau asam barang dua-b[)e]las biji._
+  The basket is full--
+    _Bakul sudah p[)e]noh._
+  Bring a basket to put these things into--
+    _Bawa-lah raga handak isi-kan barang-barang ini._
+  This durian is unripe--
+    _Buah durian ini muda lagi._
+  No, sir; its pulp is delicious--
+    _Tidak tuan, elok sakali isi-nia._
+  These durians are not to be surpassed--
+    _Ta' lawan-lah buah durian ini._
+
+    [Footnote 13: _Sembilik_ is used only of the killing of an animal
+    by a Muhammadan for consumption by Muhammadans. It is a corruption
+    of the Arabic phrase Bi-smi-ll[-a]hi, which is pronounced as the
+    animal's throat is cut.]
+
+    [Footnote 14: _K[)e]lak_ implies a doubt, "perchance," "may be."]
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+I am not very fond of poultry. Why does not the cook bring a basket? Are
+not these mangoes unripe? How many mangostins are there in the basket?
+Can you make an omelette? Boil the mutton and roast the beef. When the
+water is boiling put the egg in. Count the limes which the cook has
+brought. How many loaves of bread do you take each day? He is not very
+clever at cooking.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XVII.
+
+
+  Call a hack-carriage--
+    _Panggil kreta sewa._
+  I want to hire this carriage to go to church--
+    _Sahaya mahu sewa kareta ini handak pergi ka-greja._[15]
+  What fare shall I have to pay?--
+    _B[)e]rapa nanti k[)e]na bayar penyewa-nia?_
+  Can you get there in half-an-hour?--
+    _Tengah jam buleh sampei-kah?_
+  Has the gun fired (lit. sounded)?--
+    _Mariam[16] sudah ber-bunyi-kah?_
+  The cannon has gone off--
+    _Mariam sudah me-letup._
+  He fired a musket--
+    _Dia me-letup-kan snapang._[17]
+  Let go. Leave hold--
+    _Lepas tangan._
+  Who is there?--
+    _Siapa ada?_
+  Bring a light--
+    _Bawa api._
+  Where are the matches?--
+    _Di-mana goris api?_
+  Say that again--
+    _Choba kata lagi sakali._
+  I did not quite hear--
+    _Sahaya ta' b[)e]rapa dengar._
+  They are great liars--
+    _Dia orang kuat mem-bohong._
+  I dare not tell you a lie--
+    _Sahaya ta' b[)e]rani mem-bohong kapada tuan._
+  I am very sorry to hear it--
+    _Sahaya baniak susah hati men-dengar._
+  Move to the right--
+    _K[)e]sak ka-kanan._
+  This is a very large pine-apple--
+    _Ter-lalu besar sa-biji nanas ini._
+  Plantains are of various kinds--
+    _Macham-macham-lah pisang._
+  I cannot come to-morrow--
+    _Besok sahaya ta' buleh kamari._
+  Cut this stick in two--
+    _Kayu ini k[)e]rat dua._
+  Bring some wine and water--
+    _Bawa anggor sama ayer._
+  Has the rain stopped?--
+    _Sudah tedoh-kah hujan?_
+  It has moderated--
+    _Ada sidang sadikit._
+  The rain is very heavy--
+    _Hujan lebat sakali._
+  It has stopped--
+    _Sudah ber-hinti._
+
+    [Footnote 15: _Greja_, from the Portuguese _iglesia_.]
+
+    [Footnote 16: _Mariam_, taken evidently, though unconsciously, from
+    the Portuguese name of the Holy Virgin. --_Crawfurd._]
+
+    [Footnote 17: _Snapang_, from the Dutch _snaphaan_.]
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+Tell him to go slowly. Ask the syce for matches. Tell him to light the
+lamps. He dare not go home alone. I told him to let go. Have you heard
+the gun fire? One cannot get there in an hour. He will hire out (lit.
+give to hire) his carriage. When the rain has stopped I will go there.
+He does not drink wine. Fire off the gun again. I do not quite like it.
+He demands much too high a fare.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XVIII.
+
+
+  Is dinner ready?--
+    _Makan-an sudah sedia-kah?_
+  I have invited five gentlemen to dine here this evening--
+    _Sudah sahaya per-sila-kan tuan-tuan lima orang me-makan di-sini
+      malam ini._
+  You must cool the wine well--
+    _-Mahu-lah sejuk-kan anggor baik-baik._
+  If there is not enough saltpetre get more--
+    _Kalau korang sendawa ambil-lah lagi._
+  There is plenty of ice--
+    _Ayer b[)a]ku[18] ada baniak._
+  What is the price of Bengal potatoes by the catty?--
+    _Ubi Benggala b[)e]rapa harga sa-kati?_
+  Wipe the spoons and forks with a cloth--
+    _Senduk garfu sumua-nia sapu-lah sama kain._
+  There is a hole in this tablecloth--
+    _Kain meja ini ber-lobang._
+  It caught on a nail and was torn--
+    _Sudah ter-sangkut di-hujong paku langsong koyah-lah._
+  Some gravy was spilt on it--
+    _Kuah di-tumpah di-atas-nia._
+  Let the vegetables be perfectly hot--
+    _Sayur-sayur biar hangat sakali._
+  It is difficult to get fish at this hour--
+    _Ikan payah di-chahari bagini hari._
+  The pomfret is better than the sole--
+    _Baik ikan bawal deri-pada ikan lidah._
+  He is washing the plates--
+    _Dia mem-basoh piring._
+  That lad is very handy--
+    _Ch[)e]pat sakali budak itu._
+  Pull out the cork--
+    _Chabut penyumbat._[19]
+  Put in the cork--
+    _Bubok-lah penyumbat._
+  Do you want this bottle for any purpose?--
+    _Tuan handak ber-guna-kan balang[20] ini?_
+  Bring finger-glasses (lit. water to wash the hands)--
+    _Bawa ayer basoh tangan._
+
+    [Footnote 18: Lit. "congealed water;" _ayer batu_, "stone water" is
+    also used, but less correctly.]
+
+    [Footnote 19: _Penyumbat_, a stopper, from _sumbat_, to stop up,
+    close.]
+
+    [Footnote 20: _Balang_ is the native word for a flask or bottle,
+    but is seldom heard in the British settlements, where the English
+    word "bottle" is generally understood.]
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+Wipe this table. Don't give the washerman the tablecloths which have
+holes. It is difficult to get ice here. Bengal potatoes are better than
+those from China. Wash your hands first. I am very fond of ice. Put two
+spoons and two forks on the table. Let the water be very cold. Perhaps I
+shall want it some day. I came here having been invited[21] by Mr. ----.
+
+    [Footnote 21: _Di-per-sila-kan uleh._]
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XIX.
+
+
+  Look at this for a moment--
+    _Choba tengoh ini sa-buntar._
+  Let me see it--
+    _Biar sahaya me-lihat._
+  Do you see that man who is looking in front of him?--
+    _Kamu nampa-kah orang itu yang pandang ka-hadap?_
+  I did not pay particular attention--
+    _Sahaya ta' b[)e]rapa per-hati-kan._
+  I don't quite know (lit. I have insufficiently inquired)--
+    _Sahaya korang pre[k.]sa._
+  Pick out those that are torn--
+    _Pilih yang ter-koyah._
+  How many pairs of white trousers are there?--
+    _Saluar puteh ada b[)e]r apa h[)a]lei?_
+  Give me a shirt--
+    _Kasih kameja[22] sa'lei._[23]
+  Thick material (_e.g._, blanket, rug, flannel)--
+    _Kain panas._
+  Any cloth or garment for wrapping round the body (_e.g._, sheet,
+      coverlet)--
+    _S[)a]limut._
+  Fold up this handkerchief--
+    _Lipat sapu-tangan ini._
+  He was lying wrapped up with a blanket--
+    _Dia tidor-lah ber-s[)a]limut kain panas._
+  They wrapped him round with a sarong--
+    _Di-s[)a]limut-kan-nia kain sarong._
+  There is one pair of socks too few--
+    _Sarong kaki ada korang sa-pasang._
+  My waist-belt has disappeared--
+    _Tali pinggang sudah ta' nampa lagi._
+  Bolt the door--
+    _Kanching-kan-lah pintu._
+  Knock at the door before coming in--
+    _K[)e]tok pintu dahulu baharu-lah masok._
+  I am going to bathe now--
+    _Sahaya handak mandi sakarang._
+  Is there any water for bathing?--
+    _Ayer mandi ada-kah?_
+  The tub is full--
+    _Tong sudah p[)e]noh._
+
+    [Footnote 22: _Kameja_, Portuguese _camiza_.]
+
+    [Footnote 23: See _supra_, p. 70.]
+      [[Numeral coefficients, no. 5]]
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+Just look at this shirt; it is torn. Bring me a pair of thick trousers.
+Is the door bolted? Have you seen my waist-belt anywhere? Let me see
+that handkerchief for a moment. He knocked at the door, but you did not
+hear him. I am going down to bathe. Pick out about five good ones. I
+look ahead of me, not behind me. He said that he had not inquired. Fold
+up these sheets.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XX.
+
+
+  Have you fed the dogs?--
+    _Anjing sudah kasih makan-kah?_
+  Did you deliver that letter?--
+    _Surat itu sudah s[)e]rah-kah?_
+  Is there any answer?--
+    _Ada jawab[24]-nia apa-apa?_
+  The master sends his compliments--
+    _Tuan kirim tabek baniak-baniak._
+  There are a great many mosquitoes here--
+    _Nyamok ter-lampau baniak di-sini._
+  I don't much like living here--
+    _Sahaya ta' b[)e]r-apa suka duduk[25] di-sini._
+  I was disgusted at hearing him speak like that--
+    _Sahaya binchi men-dengar per-kata-an-nia yang bagitu._
+  Are you on good terms with so-and-so?--
+    _Kamu sama si-anu ada baik-kah?_
+  Mr. ---- was very angry with him--
+    _Marah sa-kali Tuan ---- kapada-nia._
+  I do not venture to interfere--
+    _Sahaya ta' b[)e]rani champor._
+  Don't interrupt--
+    _Jangan masok-kan mulut._
+  Mix both together--
+    _Champor-lah dua-dua._
+  I must have onions, pepper, salt, and chillies--
+    _Mahu-lah bawang lada garam sama chabei._
+  Don't use cocoa-nut oil--
+    _Jangan pakei minyak kalapa._
+  She sits weeping day and night--
+    _Dia duduk menangis siyang malam._
+  This will do as a pattern--
+    _Ini-lah jadi chonto._
+  He made a model of a house--
+    _Di-buat-kan-nia achu-an rumah._
+  Where is the bullet-mould?--
+    _Achu-an peluru[26] dimana?_
+  My mind is made up--
+    _T[)e]tap-lah hati sahaya._
+  I very much wish (lit. the vow of my heart is) to have a garden--
+    _Niat hati sahaya handak ber-kabun._
+
+    [Footnote 24: _Jawab_ (a word of Arabic derivation) has been
+    borrowed by the Malays from Hindustani.]
+
+    [Footnote 25: _Duduk_, to sit, means also (in some districts) to
+    live, inhabit.]
+
+    [Footnote 26: _Pe-luru_, a missile, "that which goes direct," a
+    substantive formed by the particle _pe-_ and the word _lurus_,
+    direct, straight.]
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+I did not dare to go near. Put some pepper and salt into it and then mix
+it well. They have delivered up all the muskets. He is not on very good
+terms with his wife. I like to look at it. He said he would send an
+answer. Don't be angry with the boys. If you give the carpenter a model
+he can make anything. I would ask for a little bit of this cloth as a
+pattern. Give my compliments to your master.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XXI.
+
+
+  Can you sew?--
+    _Kamu tahu-kah menjahit?_
+  The tailor has come--
+    _Tukang jahit sudah datang._
+  This does not fit me--
+    _Ta' b[)e]tul ini dengan badan[27] sahaya._
+  Measure the length of this--
+    _Hukur-lah panjang-nia._
+  Just hold this for a moment--
+    _Tulong pegang ini sa`at._[28]
+  Wait a moment--
+    _Nanti sa`at._
+  He has a bad foot--
+    _Kaki-nia sakit._
+  He was wounded between the ankle and the heel--
+    _Dia k[)e]na luka antara mata kaki dan tumit._
+  Her neck was swollen--
+    _Bongkok-lah batang leher-nia._
+  From the nape of the neck down to the feet--
+    _Deri tangkuk hingga kaki._
+  He put his arm under his head (lit. he made a pillow of his forearm)--
+    _Dia mem-bantal-kan lengan._
+  His knee-pan was broken--
+    _Patah-lah tempurong[29] lutut-nia._
+  A skull was found in the river--
+    _Di-jumpa tengkurak di-dalam sungei._
+  As big as one's finger--
+    _Besar jari._
+  The thumb--
+    _Ibu jari_ or _ibu tangan._
+  The forefinger--
+    _Jari telunjuk._
+  The middle finger--
+    _Jari tengah_, _jari mati_, or _jari hantu._
+  The fourth finger--
+    _Jari manis._
+  The little finger--
+    _Jari kelingking._
+  His right arm was dislocated--
+    _Tangan kanan-nia sudah salah urat._
+  He has a beard--
+    _Dia ber-janggut._
+  One seldom sees a Chinese with a moustache--
+    _Jarang ber-jumpa orang China ber-misei._
+
+    [Footnote 27: _Badan_, Arabic, adopted in Hindustani also; _tuboh_
+    is the native word; _salira_ (Sansk.) is also found.]
+
+    [Footnote 28: More correctly _sa-sa`at_, one moment. _Sa`at_
+    (Arabic) is found in Hindustani also.]
+
+    [Footnote 29: The primary meaning of _tempurong_ is "cocoa-nut
+    shell."]
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+Show the tailor a pair of white trousers. My little finger is swollen.
+Hold this stick for a moment. He was stabbed in the leg near the knee.
+Both his arms were broken. Be good enough to sew this. I was much
+concerned at seeing him; he is suffering greatly. A stick as thick as my
+forearm. He was struck on the back of the neck. She wore a ring[30] on
+her fourth finger.
+
+    [Footnote 30: _Chinchin._]
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XXII.
+
+
+  Bring my hat and riding-whip--
+    _Bawa topi[31] dengan rotan._[32]
+  What is this candle made of?--
+    _Dian ini di-buat dengan apa?_
+  Give me pen and ink--
+    _Kasih kalam[33] sama dawat._[34]
+  That man is deaf and dumb--
+    _Orang itu bisu._
+  His hair is very long--
+    _Panjang sakali rambut-nia._
+  What is your occupation?--
+    _Apa pen-chahari-an angkau?_
+  He cultivates padi for a livelihood--
+    _Dia buat bendang[35] men-chahari makan._
+  Is so-and-so alive still, or is he dead?--
+    _Si-anu ada-kah lagi hidop atau mati-kah?_
+  This cloth is very dirty--
+    _Kotor sakali kain ini._
+  His house was entered by robbers last night--
+    _Rumah dia di-masok peny-amun sa-malam._
+  They made off with a good many things--
+    _Baniak juga barang-barang dia orang angkat bawa pergi._
+  All were fast asleep, not one was awake--
+    _Sumua orang tidor lena sa-orang pun tiada jaga._
+  I keep my box under my bed--
+    _Peti sahaya simpan di-bawah tampat tidor._
+  I sleep on an iron bedstead--
+    _Sahaya tidor di-atas katil[36] besi._
+  My two children sleep in the loft--
+    _Anak-anak sahaya dua orang tidor di para._
+  There was a policeman watching in the street--
+    _Ada mata-mata sa'orang men-jaga di jalan._
+  He ran very fast and could not be caught--
+    _Dia lari ter-lalu d[)e]ras ta' s[)a]mpat orang menangkap._
+  The policeman chased him down to the river-bank--
+    _Mata-mata kejar juga sampei ka-tepi sungei._
+  Sometimes he comes in the morning, sometimes in the middle of the
+      day--
+    _Kadang-kadang dia datang pagi-pagi, kadang-kadang tengah hari._
+
+    [Footnote 31: _Topi_, Hindustani, signifies the hat of an
+    European.]
+
+    [Footnote 32: _Rotan_, rattan, more correctly _raut-an_, the thing
+    peeled, from _raut_, to peel.]
+
+    [Footnote 33: _Kalam_ (found in Hindustani also) is derived from
+    the Arabic. Cf. Sanskrit _kalama_, a kind of rice; Greek +kalamos+.]
+
+    [Footnote 34: _Dawat_ in Hindustani (derived from Arabic) means
+    inkstand, ink-bottle, pen-case; in Malay it also signifies ink.
+    _Tinta_ (Portuguese) is also used by the Malays for _ink_.]
+
+    [Footnote 35: _Buat bendang_, lit. "works the fields;" _bendang_ =
+    wet rice-fields, as opposed to _huma_, dry fields on high ground.]
+
+    [Footnote 36: _Ka[t.][t.]il_, Tamul, a cot.]
+
+
+EXERCISE.[37]
+
+Ada sa-orang binara memelehra-kan sa-ekor kaldei maka `adat-nia pada
+tiap-tiap hari apabila sudah iya mem-basoh kain maka di-muat-kan-nia
+ka-atas kaldei itu di-bawa-nia-lah ka negri di-pulang-kan-nia kemdian
+pula di-ambil-nia kain-kain chumar di-muat-kan-nia ka-atas-nia
+di-bawa-nia pulang ka rumah-nia sa-telah malam hari di-ambil-nia suatu
+kulit harimau di-salimut-kan-nia ka-atas kaldei itu lalu
+di-lepas-kan-nia dalam ladang orang damikian-lah hal-nia binara itu pada
+tiap-tiap hari maka apabila dinahari pulang-lah kaldei itu ka rumah
+tuan-nia itu maka be-ber-apa kali ber-t[)e]mu kapada yang ampunya ladang
+itu ka-takut-an lah iya di-sangka-kan harimau lari-lah iya pulang.
+
+    [Footnote 37: This and the following fables are taken from a Malay
+    translation of the Hindi version of the Pancha-tantra, by
+    Abdu-llah Munshi.]
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XXIII.
+
+
+  People are making a clearing on the hill--
+    _Orang ber-ladang di-atas bukit._
+  What are they planting?--
+    _Apa di-tanam-nia?_
+  Plantains, gourds, maize, and cucumbers--
+    _Pisang, labu, jagong, dan timun._
+  What news of the seeds which I sowed the day before yesterday?--
+    _Apa khabar biji itu yang di-tabur kalmarin dahulu?_
+  They are sprouting beautifully--
+    _Sangat-lah elok tunas-nia naik itu._
+  Goodness knows if they will live--
+    _Wallahu `alam akan hidop-nia._
+  We shall know in a few days--
+    _Lepas sadikit hari tahu-lah kita._
+  He complained to the master about that matter also--
+    _Di-adu juga pada tuan hal itu._
+  I have never heard it--
+    _Ta' pernah hamba tuan men-dengar._
+  There is a great quantity of fruit on that tree--
+    _Lebat sakali buah-buah di-atas pokok itu._
+  Pick three or four ripe ones--
+    _Choba petik barang tiga ampat biji yang masak._
+  You cannot reach them with your hand; bring a hook--
+    _Tangan ta' sampei bawa penggait._
+  He put up a hut in the middle of his plantation--
+    _Di-buat-nia dangau di tengah ladang._
+  The walls are wood and the thatch _bertam_ leaves--
+    _Dinding-nia kayu atap-nia bertam._
+  He tied it with rattan--
+    _Di-ikat-nia sama rotan._
+  Chop that stick with a bill-hook--
+    _Tetak kayu itu dengan parang._
+  He made a notch in the log--
+    _Di-takuk-nia batang kayu itu._
+  The tax is 10 cents for every log--
+    _Hasil-nia sapuloh duit pada sa-batang._
+  The timber is the property of the owner of the land--
+    _Kayu-kayu pulang kapada yang ampunya tanah._
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+Maka apabila ter-dengar khabar itu kapada kapala kawal heiran iya serta
+ber-kata "Ada-kah pernah harimau me-makan padi antah `alamat akhir
+zaman-lah sudah," lalu di-ambil-nia sa-batang lembing lalu pergi-lah iya
+sebab handak me-lihat hal itu, maka ber-temu-lah iya dengan kaldei itu
+maka apabila di-lihat kaldei manusia datang itu lalu ber-triak-lah iya
+serta di-dengar uleh kapala kawal itu suara kaldei maka
+di-hampir-i-nia-lah akan dia lalu di-tikam-nia dengan lembing-nia lalu
+mati-lah kaldei itu damikian-lah ada-nia per-mula-an per-satru-an itu
+datang-nia deripada mulut juga asal-nia.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XXIV.
+
+
+  His whip dropped on the road--
+    _Chabuk[38]-nia jatoh di jalan._
+  He drives exceedingly well--
+    _Dia pandei sakali pegang ras._[39]
+  Drive out that dog--
+    _Halau-kan anjing itu._
+  I am going out for a drive--
+    _Sahaya handak naik kreta ber-angin-angin._
+  He knows how to write Malay--
+    _Dia tahu menyurat Jawi._
+  The letters are the same, but the pronunciation is different--
+    _Huruf-nia sama tetapi bunyi-nia lain._
+  I want to stop a moment at the warehouse--
+    _Sahaya mahu singga sa-kejap di gedong._
+  When will you come and see me?--
+    _Bila handak mari men-dapat-kan sahaya?_
+  This skin has been destroyed by insects--
+    _Kulit ini habis-lah di-makan ulat._
+  He has no fixed occupation--
+    _Ta' tuntu pe-karja-an-nia._
+  He has no settled residence--
+    _Ta' tetap tampat ka-duduk-an-nia._
+  Who is the headman of the river?--
+    _Siapa kapala sungei?_
+  The headman of the village received him--
+    _Di-sambut-kan-nia kapala kampong._
+  Five men stood on guard at the door--
+    _Lima orang ber-kawal di-pintu._
+  Whom do you wish to see?--
+    _Kamu handak ber-jumpa dengan siapa-kah?_
+  I felt as if I wanted to cry--
+    _Saperti handak ber-triak rasa-nia di-dalam hati sahaya._
+  I have been here for several months without meeting you--
+    _B[)e]r-apa bulan sahaya di-sini tiada juga ber-t[)e]mu dengan
+      tuan._
+  It was heard across the river--
+    _Ka-dengar-an sampei sab[)e]rang sungei._
+  By the mouth the body comes to harm--
+    _Sebab mulut badan binasa._
+
+    [Footnote 38: _Chabuk_, Hindi, whip.]
+
+    [Footnote 39: _Pegang ras_, lit. holds the reins; _rassi_,
+    Hindustani, reins.]
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+Ada kapada suatu hutan tampat gajah maka dalam gajah yang baniak itu
+ada sa-orang raja-nia maka be-b[)e]r-apa lama-nia iya diam pada hutan
+itu maka kapada suatu katika datang-lah musim kamarau maka
+ka-k[)e]ring-an-lah sagala ayer maka di-suroh uleh raja gajah akan
+sa-ekor gajah pergi men-chahari ayer maka pergi-lah iya maka sampei-lah
+iya kapada sa-buah gunong maka di-bawah gunong itu ada-lah sa-buah kulam
+penoh ayer-nia maka apabila di-lihat-nia itu maka segra-lah iya kambali
+memb[)e]ri tahu raja-nia maka ber-angkat-lah raja itu serta sagala
+ra`iyat-nia handak pergi me-minum ayer.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XXV.
+
+  What is the price of this?--
+    _Ini b[)e]r-apa harga?_
+  At first he demanded two dollars--
+    _Mula-mula dia minta dua ringgit._
+  I offered one dollar, but he would not accept it--
+    _Sahaya tawar sa-ringgit tiada mahu di-t[)a]rima-nia._
+  He said that the fixed price was two dollars--
+    _Kata-nia harga mati dua ringgit._
+  Give me whichever you please--
+    _Yang mana angkau suka handak bahagi, bahagi-lah._
+  Any one will do--
+    _Mana-mana satu pun jadi-lah._
+  This quantity will do--
+    _Jadi-lah sa-baniak ini._
+  Is this boat your own?--
+    _Prahu ini sendiri punya-kah?_
+  Are you married?--
+    _Sudah ber-bini-kah?_
+  Is he a married man?--
+    _Ada-kah rumah tangga-nia?_[40]
+  He has three children--
+    _Dia sudah dapat anak tiga orang._
+  How many children have you?--
+    _Sudah dapat anak b[)e]r-apa orang?_
+  His wife has lately had a child--
+    _Bini dia baharu ber-anak._
+  He has got a son by his elder wife--
+    _Dia sudah dapat anak laki-laki sa-orang dengan istri-nia yang
+      tuah._
+  Are these children twins?--
+    _Kambar-kah budak ini?_
+  I have known him from his childhood--
+    _Deri kechil lagi sahaya kenal._
+  His child is quite an infant, still at the breast--
+    _Kechil juga anak dia, menyusu lagi._
+  She suckled her child--
+    _Dia menetek-kan (OR menyusu-kan) anak-nia._
+  He is cutting his teeth--
+    _Baharu tumboh gigi-nia._
+  You must have it vaccinated--
+    _Mahu di-chungkil tanam ka-tumboh-an._
+  It did not take the first time--
+    _Mula-mula ta' k[)e]na._
+
+    [Footnote 40: Lit. Has he a house with a ladder? _i.e._, has he an
+    establishment of his own?]
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+Maka ada-lah pada tepi kulam itu sa-ekor raja pelanduk serta dengan
+ra`iyat-nia ber-buat tampat diam di-situ maka serta ka-dengar-an-lah
+bunyi sagala gajah itu datang saperti ribut maka ber-kata-lah pelanduk
+itu sama sendiri-nia jikalau datang gajah itu kambali naschaya tiada-lah
+buleh kita diam di tampat ini maka uleh raja pelanduk itu di-panggil-nia
+mantri-nia seraya ber-sabda "Apa-kah bichara-nia jikalau datang gajah
+itu kamari naschaya tiada-lah buleh kita diam lagi di-sini," maka jawab
+mantri pelan duk itu "Jikalau dengan titah tuanku akan patek maka
+patek-lah pergi meng-halau-kan gajah itu dengan barang daya upaya
+patek," maka di-b[)e]ri-lah uleh raja p[)a]rentah akan mantri itu.
+
+
+LESSON XXVI.
+
+  Go and complain at the police-station--
+    _Pergi-lah mengadu di-balei (OR rumah pasong_).
+  He has been arrested--
+    _Dia sudah k[)e]na tangkap._
+  He has been locked up--
+    _Dia sudah k[)e]na tutop._
+  What is his offence?--
+    _Apa ka-salah-an-nia?_
+  What do they charge him with?--
+    _Apa di-tudoh-kan di-atas-nia?_
+  For how many days has he been detained?--
+    _Sudah b[)e]r-apa, hari dia k[)e]na tahan?_
+  This is not his first offence--
+    _Bukan sa-kali ini sahaja yang dia buat jahat._
+  Do you know him?--
+    _Tuan kenal-kah dia?_
+  No, I see him now for the first time--
+    _Tidak, baharu sa-kali ini sahaya me-lihat._
+  People say that he is a great opium-smoker--
+    _Kata orang dia kuat makan chandu._
+  He broke into the house of a Chinese in the middle of the night--
+    _Dia pechah masok rumah orang China tengah malam._
+  He was not alone; there were several others with him--
+    _Bukan dia sa'orang ada juga dua tiga ampat orang kawan-nia._
+  They were all Malays--
+    _Melayu belaka[41] ka-sumua-nia._
+  He was not the principal, but an accomplice--
+    _Bukan dia kapala tetapi dia menyerta-i sama._
+  Their intention was to steal the gold ornaments--
+    _Kahandak hati-nia mahu churi barang-barang mas._
+  He used abusive and improper language--
+    _Dia ber-maki-maki dengan yang ta'patut._
+  What is the name of the defendant?--
+    _Siapa nama yang k[)e]na adu itu?_
+  What the prosecutor says is quite right--
+    _Benar juga saperti kata adu-an._
+
+    [Footnote 41: _Belaka_ (entirely, completely, altogether) is often
+    used parenthetically in a sentence, corresponding in some degree
+    to such expressions as, "it must be said," "I should say," "let me
+    add," "you must know."
+
+    _Ka-sumua-nia_, the whole of them, a collective substantive formed
+    from _sumua_, all. Numerals are dealt with in the same way, as,
+    _ka-dua-nia_, both of them.]
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+Maka mantri pelandu[k.] itu-pun ber-lari-lah pergi men-dapat-kan raja
+gajah itu seraya ber-pikir di-dalam hati-nia, "handak meng-halau-kan
+gajah ini ter-lalu susah-kah? ada-pun saperti sagala raja-raja itu
+jikalau handak mem-bunoh orang itu saperti laku orang ter-tawa bahwa
+damikian-lah raja ini-pun dengan sa-buntar ini juga aku halau-kan
+jikalau damikian baik-lah aku naik ka-atas gunong ini," maka
+ka-lihat-an-lah raja gajah itu serta dengan sagala tantra-nia maka
+ber-s[)e]ru-s[)e]ru-lah pelandu[k.] itu dengan niaring suara-nia
+kata-nia "ada-kah tuanku serta tantra tuanku sakalian baik?" maka
+menulih-lah raja gajah itu serta dengan marah-nia kata-nia "Hei benatang
+yang kechil lagi hina apa sebab-nia angkau meny[)e]ru aku di tengah
+jalan dengan ka-laku-an be-adab[42] ini siapa-kah angkau ini?"
+
+    [Footnote 42: _Be-adab_, "unmannerly," a compound adjective
+    (Hindustani) formed by prefixing the privative particle _be-_ to
+    the noun _adab_. Malays also borrow from the same source the word
+    _be-hosh_, "stupified," generally mispronounced by them _bi-us_.]
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XXVII.
+
+
+  On what day will the case be commenced?--
+    _Pada hari mana handak buka bichara?_
+  So-and-so got up and gave evidence.--
+    _Ber-diri si-anu jadi sa[k.]si._
+  Bail was refused--
+    _Tiada di-b[)e]ri jamin._[43]
+  Have you any one who will go bail for you?--
+    _Ada-kah orang yang mahu tanggong?_
+  This is the surety--
+    _Ini-lah aku-an._
+  I will give bail for any amount--
+    _B[)e]r-apa b[)e]rat sakali-pun hamba tuan b[)e]rani tanggong._
+  Is this a man of property?--
+    _Orang ber-harta-kah ini?_
+  One surety is not enough; there must be two at least--
+    _Sa'orang aku ta'jadi sa-korang-korang mahu-lah dua orang._
+  Sign at this place--
+    _Di-sini-lah turun tanda tangan._
+  Do you know how to write?--
+    _Tahu-kah menyurat?_
+  If you cannot write, make a mark--
+    _Jikalau ta'tahu menyurat buat-lah goris tanda tangan._
+  That will do; you can go now--
+    _Suda-lah, pulang-lah dahulu._
+  What do you call this in Malay?--
+    _Bahasa Malayu apa kata ini?_
+  He has done it in the English fashion--
+    _Dia sudah buat chara Inggris._
+  Speak loud, and let people hear you--
+    _Chakap kuat-kuat sapaya buleh orang men-dengar._
+  He was very much afraid (and looked) as if he were about to fall
+      down--
+    _Takut-lah sakali dia saperti handak r[)e]bah ka-bawah._
+  His face grew very pale--
+    _Puchat sakali muka-nia._
+  His statement is incoherent--
+    _Ta'tuntu per-kata-an-nia._
+  He fell at his master's feet and asked for pardon--
+    _Dia meny[)a]mbah kaki tuan-nia lalu me-minta ampun._
+  His master, being very kind-hearted, forgave him--
+    _Sebab ter-lalu morah hati tuan-nia langsong di-b[)e]ri-nia ma`af._
+
+    [Footnote 43: _Jamin_, "bail," a word frequently heard in the
+    Straits Settlements, is a corruption of the Hindustani _zamin_.]
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+Maka jawab pelanduk "Dengar-lah tuanku akan per-kata-an patek ini,
+ada-pun tuan yang men[)e]rang-kan sagala `alam dunia ini serta laut dan
+darat iya-itu bulan maka patek ini sa-orang hamba-nia yang
+di-perchaya-nia maka di-suroh-nia patek datang kapada tuanku minta
+khabar-kan" maka jawab raja gajah itu "apa-kah khabar-nia? Kata-kan-lah
+uleh-mu" maka pelanduk itu-pun sambil memandang ka-langit pura-pura iya
+meny[)a]mbah bulan seraya kata-nia "adapun tuanku itu-lah bulan yang
+ampunya gunong dan kulam itu-pun iya-lah yang mem-buat-nia akan tampat
+mandi maka apabila iya pulang petang ka-langit maka di-suroh-nia jaga
+kulam itu dengan be-b[)e]r-apa singa yang garang-garang maka sebab
+itu-lah apa-bila di-lihat-nia tuanku ber-angkat datang kamari
+di-suroh-nia akan hamba mem-b[)e]ri tahu maka apabila tuanku datang
+di-kulam naschaya di-bunoh-lah uleh sagala singa itu maka dosa-nia itu
+di-atas-nia maka sebab itu-lah iya menyuroh-kan hamba datang ini
+memb[)e]ri tahu tuanku sakalian menyuroh-kan balik sigra"----.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XXVIII.
+
+
+  In which direction had we better go?--
+    _Sa-b[)e]lah mana baik kita pergi?_
+  There are numbers of snipe in the padi-fields--
+    _Di-bendang baniak juga burong berkik._
+  He has a double-barrelled gun--
+    _Dia punya snapang dua laras._
+  Both barrels are loaded--
+    _Sudah ber-isi ka-dua-nia._
+  You use very small shot--
+    _Tuan pakei pengabur yang halus sakali._
+  He is a very good shot--
+    _Dia pandei sakali menembak burong._
+  He killed two birds at one shot--
+    _Sakali me-letup mati-lah dua ekor burong._
+  Before we could get close the green pigeons all flew away--
+    _Belam s[)a]mpat d[)e]kat lagi habis lari-lah burong punei sumua._
+  Perhaps we shall get some on the other side of that thicket--
+    _Balik sana belukar itu barang-kali dapat k[)e]lak._
+  One of its wings is broken.--
+    _Patah-lah sayap sa-b[)e]lah._
+  It is not hit--
+    _Ta'k[)e]na._
+  It is wounded slightly--
+    _K[)e]na juga sadikit._
+  It has settled on the ground--
+    _Sudah hinggap di tanah._
+  It has perched on a cocoanut tree--
+    _Sudah hinggap di pokok nior._
+  Don't speak: how can you expect to get near a wild animal if you make
+      a noise?--
+    _Jangan ber-mulut, benatang liyar bukan-kah, jikalau engar-engar
+      macham mana handak d[)e]kat._
+  The elephant received a ball in his head, and immediately dropped--
+    _K[)e]na peluru sa-biji di kapala gajah itu, lalu tumbang._
+  Have you ever shot a tiger?--
+    _Ada-kah tuan dapat menembak harimau?_
+  How many birds have you got?--
+    _Tuan sudah buleh b[)e]r-apa ekor burong?_
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+"Maka ter-lalu-lah baniak marah-nia akan tuanku tetapi tiada mengapa
+segra-lah tuanku bali[k.] sapaya buleh hamba pergi mem-buju[k.] raja
+bulan dan mem-bai[k.]-ki hati-nia itu dan lagi pikir-lah tuan-tuan
+sakalian bahawa sakian lama sudah kamarau sagala kulam habis-kah
+ka-k[)e]ring-an apa sebab-nia kulam[44] ini bania[k.] ayer-nia? maka
+sakalian ini-pun sebab kasihan hati hamba akan jiwa tuan-tuan sapaya
+jangan anyaya masi." Sa-ber-mula sa-telah di-dengar uleh raja gajah akan
+sagala per-kata-an p[)e]landu[k.] itu maka ka-takut-an-lah iya sambil
+meny[)a]mbah ara ka-langit maka sigra-lah iya ber-balik dengan
+dahaga-nia. Damikian handa[k.]-nia orang yang handak menjadi raja
+apabila di-dengar orang nama-nia menjadi ka-takut-an ada-nia.
+
+    [Footnote 44: _Kulam_, Tamil, a tank.]
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XXIX.
+
+
+  Is the tide making or ebbing?--
+    _Ayer pasang-kah surut-kah?_
+  Is the boat ready?--
+    _Prahu ada siap-kah?_
+  How many people will this boat carry?--
+    _B[)e]r-apa orang buleh muat di prahu ini?_
+  Ten persons, including two rowers--
+    _Buleh muat sa-puloh orang masok anak dayong dua orang._
+  There is a head-wind; we cannot sail--
+    _Angin muka ta'buleh ber-laiar._
+  Row hard--
+    _Dayong-lah kuat-kuat._
+  When we reach the mouth of the river, you can stop for a moment and
+      rest--
+    _Tiba di kuala sakarang buleh berhinti sa-kejap biar hilang penat._
+  Who is steering?--
+    _Siapa pegang kamudi?_
+  If one is going down-stream paddles are used; for going up-stream
+      poles are required--
+    _Kalau kilir pakei pengayu kalau mudik mahu-lah ber-galah._
+  What kind of wood is the best for boat-building?--
+    _Kayu mana yang ter-lebeh baik handak mem-buat prahu?_
+  The Chinese _sampan_ is called _sampan kotak_ in Singapore--
+    _Sampan China itu kata orang di Singgapura "Sampan kotak."_
+  Of what wood is this dug-out canoe made?--
+    _Prahu sagor ini di-buat dengan kayu apa?_
+  Steer straight for that point--
+    _Tuju betul ka tanjong itu._
+  I shall go on shore at the landing-place--
+    _Sahaya handak naik di darat di pengkalan._
+  Give me the line and let us fish a little--
+    _Bahagi-lah tali kail biar kita mengail sakejap._
+  Have you got any bait?--
+    _Umpan ada-kah?_
+  If we have any luck we may catch some big fish--
+    _Kalau ada untong kita barang-kali dapat juga ikan besar-besar._
+  The spines of that fish are very poisonous--
+    _Duri ikan itu bisa sakali._
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+Ada kapada suatu hari sa'orang pem-buru masok ka hutan lalu mem-buru iya
+ber-keliling hutan itu maka lalu ber-temu-lah iya dengan sa'ekor kijang
+maka di-kejar-nia akan kijang itu serta di-panah-nia sa-telah mati maka
+di-angkat-nia handak di-bawa-nia pulang sa-telah sampei ka tengah jalan
+maka ber-temu-lah iya pula dengan sa'ekor babi hutan maka kijang itu-pun
+di-letak-kan-nia lalu di-kejar-nia akan babi hutan itu lalu di-panah-nia
+tiada-lah kena maka handak di-panah-nia sakali lagi maka di-terkam-lah
+uleh babi itu akan dia serta di-gigit-nia maka mati-lah iya
+ber-sama-sama dengan babi itu akan tetapi anak panah itu ada juga
+ter-kena kapada busar-nia yang di-tangan pem-buru itu.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XXX.
+
+
+  He is not yet dressed--
+    _Dia b[)e]lum pakei kain lagi._
+  He is dressed like a Malay--
+    _Dia pakei chara Malayu._
+  Wake me to-morrow morning at six o'clock--
+    _G[)e]rak-kan sahaya pukul anam pagi._
+  I want to get up early--
+    _Sahaya handak bangun siyang-siyang._
+  He did not do it on purpose--
+    _Bukan-nia dia buat sangaja._
+  I was only in play--
+    _Sahaya lawak-lawak sahaja._
+  I was very sorry that I could not accompany you--
+    _Ter-buku hati sahaya sangat ta`buleh ber-sama-sama._
+  What are the contents of that letter?--
+    _Apa bunyi-nia surat itu?_
+  Do you understand the pith of it?--
+    _Tuan dapat-kah buku-nia?_
+  Has any one been here to look for me?--
+    _Ada-kah siapa-siapa datang men-chahari sahaya?_
+  Ask that woman where the well is--
+    _Choba tanya pada perampuan itu di-mana-kah talaga._
+  Is this good water?--
+    _Baik-kah ayer ini?_
+  It is excellent water, both clear and cool--
+    _Elok sakali ayer ini, jerneh lagi sejuk._
+  Can we get a green cocoanut here?--
+    _Nior muda dapat-kah di-sini?_
+  There is no one who can climb (the tree)--
+    _T'ada orang yang tahu panjat._
+  Let me climb it--
+    _Biar aku memanjat._
+  Have you brought cooking-utensils?--
+    _Priuk b[)e]langa sudah bawa-kah?_
+  These sticks are damp and will not burn--
+    _Basah kayu ini ta'mahu menyala._
+  Grind the spices--
+    _Giling rampah-rampah._
+  Will you smoke?--
+    _Tuan mahu minum rokok?_
+  I am sleepy, and shall go to bed--
+    _Sudah mengantuk, sahaya handak masok tidor._
+  Did you call me?--
+    _Tuan panggil-kah?_
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+Maka sagala hal itu ada-lah di-lihat uleh sa'ekor srigala maka ber-lari
+iya datang serta ber-kata "bahwa sapuloh hari lama-nia tiada-lah aku
+men-chahari makan-an lagi" serta datang-lah iya meng-hampir-i pem-buru
+itu maka di-gigit-nia tali busar itu maka tiba-tiba anak panah itu-pun
+datang-lah menikam srigala itu maka iya-pun mati-lah maka jikalau kita
+terlalu tema`a dan handak ber-lebeh-lebeh naschaya ada-lah hal kita
+saperti hakayat pem-buru dengan srigala itu ada-nia.
+
+
+
+
+PART IV.
+
+
+To the more advanced lessons and exercises which are contained in this
+section, it may be well to prefix a few notes on colloquial Malay, which
+are suggested by a consciousness of some of the common errors into which
+European students of Malay are apt to fall.
+
+First, Try to observe and imitate the impersonal and elliptical
+construction of Malay sentences. Notice how much more is left to the
+imagination than in English, and get rid of the notion that it is
+necessary to express invariably by nouns or pronouns the agents or
+objects of the actions spoken of. Ideas are conveyed in Malay in a much
+less concrete form than in the civilised languages of Europe, and what
+is lost in accuracy and distinctness is partially compensated for by
+brevity.
+
+Why say _kasih sama sahaya_ (lit. "give to me"), in imitation of the
+English _give me_, or the French _donnez-moi_, or the German _geben sie
+mir_, in all of which the pronoun is expressed, when a Malay would
+simply say _bahagi-lah_, give, or _bawa_, bring? It is easy enough to
+leave tone or gesture to supply any deficiency in meaning. The constant
+use of this phrase, _sama sahaya_, or _sama kita_, is a bad habit, which
+arises from a natural desire to give the word "me" its due value in
+Malay. This, as has been shown, is not necessary.
+
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+  Tell me; don't be afraid--
+    _Bilang-lah, jangan takut_; not, _bilang sama sahaya_, &c.
+  What are you going to give us?--
+    _Apa mahu bahagi?_ not, _apa mahu bahagi sama kita?_
+  How much must I pay you?--
+    _B[)e]r-apa nanti k[)e]na bayar?_ not, _b[)e]r-apa sahaya mahu bayar
+      sama angkau?_
+  I want him to make me a jacket--
+    _Sahaya handak suroh dia buat baju_; not, _sahaya handak suroh dia
+      buat baja sama sahaya._
+  Can you make me a table?--
+    _Buleh-kah buat meja?_ not, _buleh-kah buat meja sama sahaya._
+  Afterwards come and tell me--
+    _Lepas itu mari-lah khabar-kan_; not, _mari bilang sama sahaya._
+
+In direct narration the personal pronoun "I" should often be left
+untranslated, and the sentence put in an impersonal form. We are
+accustomed to commence sentences frequently with "I think," "I hear," "I
+hope," "I wish," and there is a temptation therefore to overload Malay
+sentences with "_Sahaya fikir_," "_Sahaya dengar khabar_," &c. These,
+though not ungrammatical, should be used sparingly. _Rasa-nia_, the
+feeling is, _agak-nia_, the guess is, _rupa-nia_, the appearance is (it
+seems), _khabar-nia_, the report is, and similar phrases, should often
+take their place.
+
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+  INSTEAD OF-- I am told, or people tell me, _Orang bilang sama sahaya_;
+    SAY, People say, _Kata orang_.
+  INSTEAD OF-- I hear that he is coming here, _Sahaya dengar khabar dia
+      handak mari sini_;
+    SAY, He is coming here, the report goes, _Dia handak kamari
+      khabar-nia_.
+  INSTEAD OF-- I think there are five quarts, _Sahaya fikir ada lima
+      chupah_;
+    SAY, There are five quarts, the estimate is, _Ada lima chupah
+      agak-nia_.
+  INSTEAD OF-- I think it is going to rain, _Sahaya fikir hari handak
+      hujan_;
+    SAY, It is going to rain, it seems, _Hari handak hujan rupa-nia_.
+  INSTEAD OF-- I like driving better than walking, _Sahaya lagi suka
+      naik kreta deri-pada jalan kaki_;
+    SAY, It is better to drive than to walk, _Baik ber-kreta deri-pada
+      ber-jalan_.
+
+Note the impersonal way of putting the statement in the following
+sentences:--
+
+  I was very glad to hear it--
+    _Sangat-lah suka hati sahaya akan men-dengar._
+  I very much wish to go to Meccah--
+    _Niat hati sahaya handak pergi ka-Makah._
+  I should be doing wrong to receive it, and I am ashamed to return it--
+    _Handak t[)e]rima salah, handak pulang-kan malu._
+  I was disappointed--
+    _Putus-lah harap sahaya._
+  I hope sincerely that the case will soon be decided--
+    _Besar-lah harap sahaya bichara itu akan di-putus-kan dengan sigra._
+  I have made up my mind that, however great the oppression may be,
+      I will hold out--
+    _Tetap-lah hati sahaya bageimana b[)e]rat sakali-pun handak tahan
+      juga._
+
+Second, Avoid word-for-word translations of English sentences in which
+the word "you" occurs. So much has been said on this subject already
+(_supra_, _pp._ 49, 75) that it is only necessary here to give a few
+additional illustrations of the mode in which Malays dispense with the
+pronoun. In most English and Malay phrase-books the use of _angkau_ is
+far too frequent.
+
+  As you like--
+    _Mana suka-lah._
+  As you may think best--
+    _Mana elok kapada hati sendiri._
+  You can go--
+    _Buleh pulang._
+  I have nothing more to ask you--
+    _T'ada apa lagi handak tanya._
+  Where have you been?--
+    _Pergi ka-mana tadi?_
+  If you do so another time you will certainly be punished--
+    _Kalau buat lagi sakali bageimana yang sudah ini tuntu-lah kena
+      hukum._
+  Do you want employment?--
+    _Handak minta karja-kah?_
+  Can you wait at table?--
+    _Tahu-kah jaga meja?_
+  What are you doing?--
+    _Apa buat?_
+  You must take great care of it, and see that it is not injured--
+    _Mahu-lah jaga baik-baik, jangan di-rosak-kan-nia._
+
+Even in reprimanding or scolding another, it is common in Malay to adopt
+an impersonal and not a direct mode of address. Instead of saying, "You
+are a lazy, good-for-nothing boy, and deserve a good thrashing," the
+Malay says, "What manner of boy is this? If one were to beat him soundly
+it would be well."
+
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+  Are you deaf? Can't you hear what I say to you?--
+    _Tuli-kah budak ini? Orang kata t'ada dengar-kah?_ (_Lit._ Is the
+      boy deaf? does he not hear what one is saying?)
+  How slow you are! or, what a time you are taking!--
+    _Ai budak ini! bukan lambat-nia!_ (_Lit._ Oh, this boy! Isn't he
+      slow?)
+  How slowly you are rowing! Can't you pull faster when you are told?
+      Give way, will you!--
+    _Ai, bukan lengah dayong budak ini, bukan-kah orang suroh d[)e]ras.
+      D[)e]ras-lah sadikit._ (_Lit._ Oh, are not these boys rowing
+      slowly! Has not one told them to make haste? Quick! now,
+      a little!)
+  You are behaving exceedingly badly, and it would serve you right if
+      you got a caning--
+    _Jahat sakali orang ini, kalau bahagi rasa sadikit dengan rotan
+      baharu dia ingat_. (_Lit._ This person is exceedingly bad; if
+      one were to make him feel with a rattan he would remember.)
+  What an idiot you are! I tell you to bring water, and you bring oil--
+    _Budak bedebah ini! Orang suroh bawa ayer di-bawa-nia minyak._
+
+Third, Do not be satisfied with one general Malay verb to describe a
+whole class of actions for which separate specific words exist. It may
+be possible to make oneself intelligible by using _pukul_, to strike,
+for every kind of blow, but it is preferable to employ the appropriate
+term for the particular mode of striking.
+
+The following lists will illustrate this caution:--
+
+ 1. _Pukul_, to strike, beat.
+    _Gasak_, to beat, flog, punish.
+    _Hentam_, to strike, attack, throw.
+    _Balun_, to beat, thrash, drub.
+    _Palu_, to beat, hammer, knock.
+    _K[)e]tok_, to knock, tap, rap.
+    _Godam_, to thrash, hammer.
+    _Lantak_, to nail, to drive in.
+    _Tinju-kan_, to box, strike with the fist.
+    _Tumbuk_, to pound, strike with the fist.
+    _B[)e]dal_, to switch.
+    _Sakal_, and _sakai_, to strike.
+    _Tampar_, and _tampiling_, to slap.
+    _Tepuk_, to pat.
+
+ 2. _Chuchuk_, to thrust, poke.
+    _Merusuk_, to thrust, poke, pierce.
+    _Radak_ or _rodok_, to pierce with a spear.
+    _Juluk_, to thrust upwards.
+    _Tikam_, to thrust, pierce, stab.
+    _Sigi_, to poke with the finger.
+    _Merunjang_, to lower a spear at the charge.
+
+ 3. _Angkat_, to lift, carry off, remove.
+    _Pikul_, to carry on the back, to carry a load.
+    _Kandar_, to carry on a stick over the shoulder.
+    _Bibit_, to carry with the fingers.
+    _Junjong_, to carry on the head.
+    _Tanggong_, to bear, carry, support.
+    _Gendong_, to carry slung in a bundle.
+    _Usong_, to carry in a litter.
+    _Julang_, to hold aloft, to hoist, to carry with the arm uplifted.
+    _Bawa_, to carry, convey, bring.
+    _Dukong_, to carry on the back or hip.
+    _Kepit_, to carry under the arm.
+    _Jinjing_, to carry in the arms or hands.
+    _Galas_, to carry slung over the back or shoulder.
+    _Kilik_, to carry under the arm.
+    _Bebat_, to carry in the girdle.
+    _Tatang_, to carry on the palms of the hands.
+    _Kandong_, to carry at the waist.
+
+ 4. _Jatoh_, to fall, drop.
+    _Gugur_, to drop off, fall, miscarry.
+    _Tumbang_, to fall, tumble down.
+    _Reban_, to fall in, give way, tumble down.
+    _Runtoh_, to come down, to fall.
+    _Luroh_, to drop off, fall (as fruit).
+    _Titek_, to drop, distil (as water).
+    _R[)e]bah_,[1] to tumble, fall.
+    _Timpa_, to fall against.
+    _Chichir_, to drop, to spill.
+    _Tumpah_, to spill.
+
+    [Footnote 1: Also _ribah_ and _rubuh_.]
+
+ 5. _Buang_, to throw away.
+    _Lotar_ or _lontar_, to hurl, fling.
+    _Lempar_, to throw, fling.
+    _Humban_, to throw down, cast away.
+    _Champak_, to throw down, cast away.
+    _Baling_, to throw, fling.
+    _Lanting_, to throw, cast, propel.
+
+ 6. _Lihat_, to see.
+    _Pandang_, to look, to look at.
+    _Kelih_, to see.
+    _Nampa_, to see, perceive.
+    _Intei_, to peep, spy, observe.
+    _Petiak_, to notice, observe.
+    _Tulih_, to look, glance.
+    _Tengok_, to see.
+    _Jingok_, to peep, look out.
+    _Tengadah_, to look up.
+    _Tampak_, to see, perceive.
+    _Per-hati-kan_, to perceive, notice, take notice of.
+    _Tentang_, to regard.
+
+ 7. _Chakap_, to speak.
+    _Bilang_, to tell.
+    _Khabar-kan_, to tell, inform.
+    _Ber-mulut_, to speak, utter.
+    _Sabda_, to say, command.
+    _Cheritra-kan_, to relate.
+    _Meripit_, to chatter, gabble.
+    _Mengomong_, to chat, gossip.
+    _Kata_, to say, speak, talk.
+    _Tutur_, to talk, tell, converse.
+    _S[)e]but_, to tell, mention.
+    _Uchap_, to utter, express.
+    _Titah_, to say, command (as a raja).
+    _Merongut_, to mutter.
+    _Ber-bual_, to chat.
+    _Ber-sungut_, to grumble, to murmur.
+
+Fourth, Learn to employ the passive form of the verb which takes the
+prefix _di-_. Easy examples of this have been given occasionally in the
+preceding lessons, and the exercises on pages 107 and 108 contain
+abundant illustrations of it. It is a mistake to suppose that the Malay
+passive is confined to the written language; it is of common use
+colloquially among Malays, but, probably because it offers certain
+difficulties of construction, it is little understood and seldom
+employed by Europeans in the Straits of Malacca.
+
+"He did not, or would not, accept it," would be vulgarly rendered _dia
+ta' mahu t[)e]rima_; but it may be more elegantly translated _tiada-lah
+di-t[)e]rima-nia_, "It was not accepted by him." Here the affix _-nia_
+has the force of "by him," and, as it denotes the agent, immediately
+follows the verb in accordance with the rule stated on p. 61.
+
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+  He ordered (it was ordered by him)--
+    _Di-suroh-nia._
+  He seized the robber (the robber was seized by him)--
+    _Di-tangkap-nia penchuri._
+  They cut away (were cut away by them) the huts and prevented the fire
+      from spreading far--
+    _Di-potong-nia rumah-rumah tiada di-b[)e]ri me-larat panjang api
+      itu._
+  The rats ate up three candles--
+    _Dian tiga batang habis di-makan tikus._
+  They have not yet erected the house; they are getting the timber
+      ready--
+    _Rumah belum di-diri-kan lagi, tengah di buat kayu-kayu-nia._
+  The boat was leaky and the water got in--
+    _Bochor prahu itu di-masok ayer dalam-nia._
+  He only allowed him to use it; he did not give it to him out and out--
+    _Di-b[)e]ri pakei sahaja bukan di-b[)e]ri-nia langsong._
+  He said that it was too late to send an answer--
+    _Handak di-balas pun kata-nia sudah ter-lepas waktu-nia._
+  He asked for information about the house that is being built--
+    _Di-tanya-nia deri-pada hal rumah yang di-per-buat itu._
+  When the country becomes populous it will be right to raise the
+      assessment--
+    _Apabila negri sudah ramei bahru-lah patut di-per-naik-kan
+      hasil-nia._
+  God, ever to be praised and most high, gave his aid, and on that very
+      day there descended the heaviest shower of rain possible--
+    _Di-tulong Allah subhana wa ta`ala pada waktu hari itu di-turun
+      hujan sa-habis-habis lebat._
+  The people of the village feasted abundantly--
+    _Jenoh-lah di-makan orang kampong itu._
+
+Fifth, Bear in mind the distinction between the force given to a verb by
+the particle _ber-_ (_be-_, _bel-_), and that which is caused by
+prefixing _me-_ (_mem-_, _meng-_, _men-_, and _meny-_); see _supra_, p.
+55.
+
+When the former is employed, the verb describes _a state or condition_,
+and is intransitive. The latter generally denotes a verb expressing _an
+action_. Apparent departures from this rule are found sometimes, but
+these often arise from a difficulty in classifying a particular verb.
+Such a verb, for instance, as "to weep," may be viewed in two
+ways--either as descriptive of the condition of the person who weeps or
+of the act of weeping; the former is expressed in Malay by _ber-tangis_
+and the latter by _menangis_, but practically the distinction is not
+great. So _memakei_ (_pakei_), to wear, _merajuk_, to sulk, _menanti_,
+to wait, and others, seem to describe states or conditions,
+notwithstanding that they have the particle _me-_; but this is explained
+by showing that in their primary meanings they really convey an idea of
+action, _memakei_ meaning to put on, _merajuk_, to show temper, and
+_menanti_, to await somebody or something.
+
+The following derivative verbs will illustrate the rule laid down
+above:--
+
+  Primitive.
+    Derivative with _ber-_.
+      Derivative with _me-_.
+
+  _angkat_, to lift.
+    _ber-angkat_, to arise.
+      _meng-angkat_, to lift.
+  _alih_, to change.
+    _ber-alih_, to undergo change.
+      _meng-alih_, to change.
+  _balik_, behind, back.
+    _ber-balik_, to turn (_intrans_.)
+      _mem-balik_, to turn, return (_trans_.)
+  _diri_, self, being.
+    _ber-diri_, to stand up.
+      _men-diri-kan_, to cause to stand, to establish.
+  _ganti_, instead of.
+    _ber-ganti_, to take the place of.
+      _meng-ganti_, to put in the place of.
+  _habis_, finished.
+    _ber-habis_, to be finished.
+      _meng-habis_, to finish, to complete.
+  _igau_, delirium.
+    _ber-igau_, to be delirious.
+      _meng-igau_, to rave.
+  _ikat_, tie, bond.
+    _ber-ikat_, to be fastened.
+      _meng-ikat_, to tie, fasten.
+  _ingat_, memory, to remember.
+    _ber-ingat_, to be sensible of.
+      _meng-ingat_, to call to mind, remember.
+  _jaga_, to watch, guard.
+    _ber-jaga_, to be on watch.
+      _menjaga_, to watch, to guard.
+  _keliling_, around.
+    _ber-keliling_, to border, surround.
+      _mengeliling_, to hem in, to go round.
+  _karja_, work.
+    _ber-karja_, to be a workman.
+      _mengarja-kan_, to work, effect, accomplish.
+  _lepas_, loosed.
+    _ber-lepas_, to be free.
+      _melepas_, to set free.
+  _lambat_, slow.
+    _ber-lambat_, to be slow.
+      _me-lambat_, to retard.
+  _labuh_, to lower, drop.
+    _ber-labuh_, to be at anchor.
+      _me-labuh_, to let fall, to anchor.
+  _naung_, shade.
+    _ber-naung_, to be sheltered.
+      _me-naung-i_, to shelter, to shade, protect.
+  _pegang_, to hold.
+    _ber-pegang_, to hold.
+      _memegang_, to take hold of, to seize.
+  _rugi_, loss.
+    _be-rugi_, to suffer loss.
+      _me-rugi-kan_, to cause loss.
+  _sembunyi_, to hide.
+    _ber-sembunyi_, to be concealed.
+      _menyembunyi_, to hide, conceal.
+  _takut_, afraid, fear.
+    _ber-takut_, to be afraid.
+      _menyakut-kan_, to frighten.
+  _ubah_, change, to change.
+    _ber-ubah_, to undergo change.
+      _meng-ubah_, to change, to alter.
+
+Sixth, Notice must be taken of the common native habit (not one to be
+imitated by Europeans learning the language) of inserting in a sentence
+words which have no meaning to fill a temporary hiatus while the speaker
+is thinking of his next word. These prop-words or pillow-words, to
+borrow a Hindustani phrase,[2] are numerous in Malay and vary in
+different localities. _Anu_, _bahasa-nia_, _misal[3]-nia_, and
+_kata-kan_ are some of those commonly used.
+
+    [Footnote 2: The Hindustani term is _sukhan-takya_, from _sukhan_,
+    a word, and _takya_ a pillow.]
+
+    [Footnote 3: Corresponding with the Hindustani _maslan_, which is
+    used in a similar way.]
+
+Seventh, The following abbreviations are commonly employed:--
+
+_Na'_ for _handak_; _sikit_ for _sadikit_; _auat_ for _apa-buat?_ why?;
+_ta'_ and _t'ada_ for _tiada_; _pi_ and _p[)e]gi_ (in Patani _gi_) for
+_pergi_.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XXXI.
+
+
+PHRASES OF POLITENESS.
+
+  Be pleased to ----.--
+    _Sila_, _sila-lah_, or _sila-kan-lah._
+  Please come into the house--
+    _Sila-kan naik atas rumah._
+  Be pleased to sit down on a chair--
+    _Sila-kan duduk di-atas krusi._
+  My house is not what it should be--
+    _Rumah sahaya tiada dengan sapertinia._
+  Treat it as your own house; don't stand upon ceremony--
+    _Buat-lah saperti rumah sendiri, jangan malu._
+  I must beg leave to depart (lit. to rise)--
+    _Sahaya handak minta diri-lah dahulu._
+  Pray do as you wish; take care as you go--
+    _Sila-kan-lah. Jalan baik-baik._
+  I crave permission to retire, as I wish to go home--
+    _Hamba tuan handak mohun-lah dahulu handak balik._
+  Very well (it does not matter)--
+    _Ta' apa-lah._
+  I must ask to be pardoned for going (style of the Court)--
+    _Patek handak meng-ampun-lah dahulu._
+  Very well--
+    _Baik-lah._
+  Pray come and see me often; don't hesitate--
+    _Mari-lah k[)e]rap-k[)e]rap rumah sahaya, jangan-lah segan-segan._
+  I am exceedingly pleased to have seen you at my house--
+    _Sangat sudi sahaya tuan-tuan datang ber-landang rumah sahaya._
+  May your journey be safe--
+    _Salamat jalan._
+  May you remain in peace--
+    _Salamat tinggal._
+  There is something that I want; it is to invite you to a trifling
+      entertainment--
+    _Ada hajat sadikit handak jamu makan sadikit ayer-ayer sejuk._
+  I thank you exceedingly (lit. I accept a great favour from you)--
+    _Sahaya baniak t[)e]rima kasih_, or, simply, _t[)e]rima kasih._
+  Are you well?--
+    _Tuan ada baik?_
+  How is so-and-so, who was ill the other day?--
+    _Apa khabar si-polan[4] yang sakit kalmarin itu?_
+  He has quite recovered his former health--
+    _Sudah sihat balik saperti sedia lama._
+  Thanks to the favouring influence of your good fortune, we are free
+      from all misfortune and sickness--
+    _Dengan berkat tuah tuah tulong tiada-lah satu apa-apa mara-bahaya
+      deri-pada sakit demam._
+
+    [Footnote 4: _Polan_, or _fulan_, such a one, probably from the
+    Hindustani _fulana_, a word of Arab derivation.]
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+It is a long time since I saw you last. I did not know that you had
+arrived here. How did you come, by the river, or by the road? How long
+do you intend to stay? Don't be in a hurry to return; stay for a while,
+and recover from the fatigue of your journey. It is a pity that I did
+not know beforehand that you were coming. He is a most excellent old
+man, and it would be hard to find many like him. If nothing occurs to
+prevent it, I shall come and see you on Monday next. There is no
+necessity for writing a letter; if you let my clerk know, that will be
+sufficient.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XXXII.
+
+
+READING AND WRITING.
+
+  Malay is a language of which it is very easy to learn to speak a
+      little. It is, however, very difficult to acquire the idioms of
+      the natives.--
+    _Bahasa Malayu itu mudah sakali di-dapat chahap sadikit-sadikit,
+      tetapi kalau handak ikut saperti per-kata-an orang Malayu sendiri
+      payah sakali._
+  It is written from right to left, whereas English is written from
+      left to right--
+    _Tulis-an Jawi itu deri kanan bawa ka-kiri tulis-an Inggris deri
+      kiri bawa ka kanan._
+  The letters employed are the Arabic letters--
+    _Huruf-nia yang di-pakei itu huruf `Arab._
+  What do you call that in Malay?--
+    _Orang Malayu apa kata ini?_
+  What is the name of this object in Malay?--
+    _Apa nama barang ini bahasa Malayu?_
+  The pronunciation of Malay differs in different states--
+    _Chakap orang Malayu itu lain sakali bunyi-nia di-dalam lain-lain
+      tampat._
+  His pronunciation is not good--
+    _Chakap-nia ta' terus_, or _dia chakap pelet_, or _t�lor._
+  The Malays of that district have a flat pronunciation; they say _ap�_
+      for _apa_--
+    _Orang Malayu negri itu leper chakap, handak kata APA di-kata-nia
+      AP�_.
+  How do you spell that word?--
+    _Per-kata-an ini apa eja-nia?_
+  This word is not correctly spelt--
+    _Per-kata-an ini ta' betul eja-nia._
+  You should read for at least two hours a day, and thus you will soon
+      be able to read fluently--
+    _Patut-lah tuan membacha surat Jawi sa-korang-korang dua jam lama
+      nia pada tiap-tiap hari, lama-lama tuntu-lah buleh dapat bacha
+      lanchar._
+  Why do you undertake a thing and give it up when half finished?--
+    _Perkara itu apa sebab tuan ta' mahu bahagi habis, buat sa'
+      k[)e]rat-k[)e]rat sahaja?_
+  My son has learned to write Malay, and is now learning the Koran--
+    _Anak sahaya sudah dapat tulis Jawi sakarang tengah meng-aji Koran._
+  When he has read it through, he will commence to learn (Arabic)
+      grammar--
+    _Tatkala sudah khatam dia handak mengaji nahu._
+  He chants the Koran very well--
+    _Pandei juga dia mem-bacha Koran._
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+I am not skilled in composition. He ordered the two writings to be
+compared. If he is diligent, he will soon get instruction. He has been
+attending school for ever so long, but he knows nothing. After reading
+the letter he put it away in a box. The raja ordered the letter to be
+read aloud in the assembly. How were these lines ruled? Just look over
+this letter and see if it will do. If you will permit me, I will take
+away this book to read it. His handwriting is exceedingly good.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XXXIII.
+
+
+HOUSEKEEPING.
+
+  There will be no one dining here to-day except the master and myself--
+    _T' ada orang lain makan di rumah hari ini, sahaya ber-dua dengan
+      tuan sahaja._
+  Tell the cook that last night's dinner was not at all good--
+    _Choba bilang kapada tukang-masak makan-an sa-malam ta' baik sakali
+      masak-nia._
+  What he put into the soup I don't know, but it had a nasty taste--
+    _Apa-apa di-bubok-nia di-dalam tim itu ta' tahu-lah sahaya,
+      rasa-nia maung sahaja._
+  The rice, too, was burned, and no one could eat it--
+    _Nasi pun hangus ta' lalu (OR buleh) orang makan._
+  What is the price of fowls at the market?--
+    _Hayam b[)e]r-apa harga di pasar?_
+  Full-grown hens as much as fifty cents each, half-grown fowls about
+      twenty cents each, and capons so much a catty according to
+      weight--
+    _Kalau ibu hayam sampei lima kupang pun ada, hayam sedang agak-nia,
+      dua kupang sa' ekor, hayam kambiri (OR kasi) ikut timbang-an
+      kati._
+  The milk-man has not come yet--
+    _B[)e]lum orang bawa susu lagi._
+  Choose fish which is quite fresh. What we had yesterday was spoilt
+      before it could be cooked--
+    _Pilih ikan yang baharu. Ikan kalmarin belum s[)a]mpat di-masak lagi
+      sudah bus[)u]k._
+  Wait a moment. You must have breakfast ready every day at nine o'clock
+      punctually, there must be no delay--
+    _Nanti-lah dahulu. Sa-hari-hari mahu-lah sedia-kan hazri waktu
+      pukul sambilan ta' buleh lambat lagi._
+  Pour this oil into a jar--
+    _Minyak ini tuang-lah di-dalam tempayan._
+  Take care not to spill it--
+    _Baik-baik jangan tumpah._
+  Are the kitchen utensils complete, pots and pans, cocoanut scraper,
+      stone for grinding spices, &c.?--
+    _Chukup-kah per-kakas-an dapor, priuk, b[)e]langa, kuali, kukur-an,
+      batu giling rampah-rampah, dan lain-lain-nia?_
+  The only things wanting are basket-work frames for the cooking-pots,
+      and a coffee-mill--
+    _Yang ada korang sadikit lekar sahaja dengan kisar-an kahwa._
+  I am tired of poultry--
+    _Sahaya sudah j[)e]mu makan daging hayam itek._
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+Is the water boiling? Boil two eggs, but take care that they are not
+hard. What do you call this vegetable in Malay? Tell some one to pull
+the punkah. This plate is dirty; take it away and bring another. Put the
+dish down upon that tray. Weigh the meat when it is brought every day. I
+have weighed the beef; there is half a catty too little. How many months
+did you work for that gentleman? On what account did you leave?
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XXXIV.
+
+
+PREPARATIONS FOR DEPARTURE.
+
+  I am going away to ---- on Friday next--
+    _Sahaya handak ka-luar ka-kampong anu pada hari juma`at yang datang
+      ini._
+  Pack up enough clothes for a few days--
+    _Kemas-kan kain-kain mana chukup sampei dua tiga ampat hari
+      lama-nia._
+  You need not take so many; I am not going for good--
+    _Ta'payah bagitu baniak, ta'kan orang handak pergi langsong._
+  Put all these clothes into a box--
+    _Isi-kan kain-kain ini sumua dalam peti._
+  Will this go in?--
+    _Chelus-kah ini._
+  No; it is too big--
+    _Ta'chelus, besar sangat._
+  Three or four handkerchiefs and two pairs of socks--
+    _Saputangan barang tiga ampat 'lei, sarong kaki dua pasang._
+  Not this spotted neck-tie, but the striped one--
+    _Bukan tali leher yang ber-rintik ini, ada lain yang ber-choring._
+  Unfasten this cord--
+    _Rangkei tali ini._
+  Roll up that rug--
+    _Gulong kain panas itu._
+  Have everything taken down to the boat--
+    _Bawa-lah turun ka-prahu barang-barang ini sumua._
+  Put them into the bullock-cart--
+    _Muat-kan di-atas kreta lumbu_.
+  Call the coolies, and tell them to take the things away--
+    _Panggil kuli-kuli suroh angkat._
+  We will stop to-night at Kampong--which is the usual halting-place--
+    _Hari ini kita ber-malam di Kampong--itu-lah tampat per-hinti-an
+      deri salama-lama._
+  Wrap a waterproof sheet round that bedding, so that it may not get
+      wet--
+    _Balut tikar bantal itu dengan kain-g[)e]tah jangan di-kena basah._
+  Set that box down here; I want to take something out of it--
+    _Letak-kan peti itu di-sini, sahaya mahu ambil apa-apa
+      di-dalam-nia._
+  Put everything away again--
+    _Simpan kambali sumua._
+  What else is there (to detain us)?--
+    _Apa lagi kita?_
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+Count all those clothes, and then put them away. At least one hundred
+people were waiting at the river-side. After waiting for several hours,
+no one came, so they were all disappointed. About midnight there was a
+great storm, with thunder and lightning. His shoulder was quite swollen,
+for he had never been in the habit of carrying a load on a stick. What
+have those two people been quarrelling about? There is a great
+difference between these two things.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XXXV.
+
+
+ORDINARY NARRATIVE STYLE.
+
+  On the 5th inst., at three o'clock on Thursday morning--
+    _Pada lima tarikh pukul tiga malam[5] Khamis._
+  On Tuesday last about mid-day--
+    _Pada hari Salasa yang sudah waktu tengah hari._
+  I had just finished my breakfast, and was about to smoke a cigar--
+    _Sahaya pun baharu lepas makan nasi tengah handak minum rokok._
+  So-and-so came and called me, saying that my uncle was very ill--
+    _Datang-lah si-anu me-manggil kata-nia bapa penakan sahaya sakit
+      sangat._
+  I said, "Let me lock the door of the house first, and then I will go
+      with you"--
+    _Kata sahaya biar-lah aku kunchi-kan pintu rumah dahulu baharu-lah
+      buleh pergi sama-sama._
+  There is a single woman who lives in the house of her brother-in-law--
+    _Ada-lah sa'orang perampuan yang duduk di rumah ipar-nia._
+  All her property was carried off in the middle of the night by thieves
+      without the knowledge of the inmates of the house--
+    _Barang-barang dia habis di-angkat penchuri tengah malam tiada
+      orang rumah sedar._
+  Search was made everywhere without success--
+    _Di-chahari rata t'ada juga di-dapat-nia._
+  While we were searching about we found a box thrown aside in the
+      jungle--
+    _Tengah chahari itu jumpa sa' biji peti ter-champak di-dalam hutan._
+  After that we got into the carriage again and returned home without
+      stopping anywhere--
+    _Lepas itu naik kreta pula pulang ka rumah t'ada singgah
+      di-mana-mana._
+  After that we watched for ever so long at the edge of the jungle--
+    _Sudah-lah bagitu b[)e]r-apa lama pula kita meng-endap di-tepi
+      hutan._
+  At length, as no one appeared, and it was getting very late, we went
+      home to bed--
+    _Kemdian sa' orang pun t'ada kaluar hari pun sudah jahu malam jadi
+      kita pun pulang-lah tidor._
+  It is as well that I should tell you so, that you may not be ignorant
+      of it--
+    _Baik sahaya khabar-kan jangan-lah tuan ta' tahu._
+
+    [Footnote 5: Among Muhammadans the day commences at sunset and the
+    night is classed with the day which _follows_ it. Thursday night,
+    therefore, with them, includes our Wednesday night and part of
+    Thursday morning.]
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+On Wednesday night at 9.30 p.m. He drove to the landing-place, took a
+boat and went on board the steamer. They were not permitted to land. I
+was just getting ready to return when your messenger arrived. We left
+before daylight in the morning and did not return until after dark. Can
+we go there and back in a day? All the men who were with me were very
+tired. I said, "Very well, come to my house to-morrow morning at six
+o'clock." He seemed to be very weak, and walked with difficulty.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XXXVI.
+
+
+BUYING AND SELLING.
+
+  How much did you give for this?--
+    _B[)e]r-apa tuan b[)e]li ini?_
+  What is the balance remaining?--
+    _Tinggal ba[k.]i-nia b[)e]r-apa?_
+  Don't ask too much; say exactly what you want--
+    _Jangan-lah mahal sangat, kata-lah betul-betul._
+  I can't take that; it would not even cover my outlay--
+    _Ta' buleh-lah tuan, ta' pulang modal sahaya._
+  He paid an exorbitant price for it--
+    _Dia b[)e]li dengan harga mahal ter-lampau._
+  What is it worth?--
+    _B[)e]r-apa patut di-bayar harga-nia?_
+  Whatever you may pay for it, I will repay to you--
+    _B[)e]r-apa-apa harga yang angkau b[)e]li itu nanti sahaya
+      bayar-kan._
+  Have you no curiosities in your shop?--
+    _T'ada-kah benda apa-apa yang pelik-pelik di-dalam kedei ini?_
+  I bought this article at auction--
+    _Benda ini sudah sahaya tangkap dalam 'lelong._
+  I did not venture to bid more--
+    _Ta' b[)e]rani sahaya tawar lebeh._
+  I have always sold them for a dollar a-piece--
+    _Yang sudah-sudah ini sahaya jual sa-ringgit satu._
+  You must pay ready-money; he will not give credit--
+    _Mahu-lah mem-bayar tunei, ta' mahu dia mem-b[)e]ri hutang._
+  He was offered one hundred dollars for it, but would not part with
+      it--
+    _Sudah orang minta dengan harga sa-ratus rial ta' mahu juga dia
+      lepas-kan._
+  As long as it is a good article, I don't mind about the price--
+    _Asal-kan barang yang baik sahaya ta' sayang pasal harga-nia._
+  Examine it well lest there should be any defect in it--
+    _P[)a]re[k.]sa-lah baik-baik takut ada chachat-nia apa-apa._
+  Gutta-percha sells very well just now--
+    _G[)e]tah baniak laku sakarang._
+  This coin is not current here--
+    _Wang ini ta' laku di-sini._
+  Write down all the items and let me know what the total is--
+    _Tulis-lah perkara-perkara satu-satu khabar-kan b[)e]r-apa
+      j[)e]mlah-nia._
+  There are ten dollars for you--
+    _Nah! sa-puloh ringgit._
+  This material is not to be surpassed either in excellence of quality
+      or beauty of colour--
+    _Ta' lawan-lah kain ini deri-pada baik sifat-nia dan dok warna-nia._
+  It is both strong and thick--
+    _Kukuh lagi tebal._
+  This colour does not fade--
+    _Ta' turun warna ini._
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+How much are these plantains a bunch? It is not worth a cent. I have
+searched all the shops without finding what I want. I offered him two
+dollars and a half, and after a time he agreed. He said he would
+guarantee the goods, and that you might return the whole if they are not
+in good order. There is a quantity of chaff in this rice. I have no
+copper money, be good enough to get me change for a dollar. This is not
+according to sample. Weigh it first and then put it away. Don't be
+uneasy; you can trust this man.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XXXVII.
+
+
+BUILDING.
+
+  When will your new house be finished?--
+    _Rumah tuan yang baharu itu bila akan sudah?_
+  Not for a long time yet; I am just getting the materials together--
+    _Lama juga lagi, tengah kumpul ramu-ramu-an._
+  The floor and walls will be of plank--
+    _Lantei papan dinding pun papan._
+  There will be four windows on each side opening down to the floor--
+    _Sa-b[)e]lah ampat jandela panjang ter-buka sampei di bendul._
+  The front door has steps (in front of it)--
+    _Pintu di hadap-an ber-tangga._
+  The length of the house is thirty-five feet and the breadth forty
+      feet, including the verandah--
+    _Panjang-nia rumah itu tiga-puloh lima kaki, buka-nia dengan
+      sarambi ampat puloh kaki._
+  The servants' houses have _atap_ walls covered with _samir_ or
+      _kajang_ matting--
+    _Rumah orang gaji itu dinding-nia ikat atap apit samir atau kajang._
+  This timber will not last long; it will rot very quickly--
+    _Kayu ini ta tahan lama, lakas nanti r[)e]put._
+  These wooden posts will be planed as smooth as possible--
+    _Tiang kayu ini nanti tukang tara buat lichin sakali._
+  Make out a list of all the different timber you will require, such as
+      posts, beams, joists, rafters, &c.--
+    _Buat-lah kira-kira kayu-kayu yang handak itu deri-pada jerjak,
+      rasuk, g[)e]l[)e]gar, kasau, dan lain-lain-nia._
+  Measure the height from the floor to the top of the wall-plate--
+    _Hukur-lah tinggi-nia deri lantei sampei ka-atas kapala-tiang._
+  Those door-posts are not straight--
+    _Ta' betul jinang paha pintu itu._
+  I shall fix lattice-work here for climbing plants to grow over--
+    _Sahaya handak pukul papan jala-jala di-sini biar me-lata pokok
+      bunga di-atas-nia._
+  In how many days will you thatch it?--
+    _B[)e]r-apa hari lagi mahu bubok atap?_
+  Three thousand _ataps_ will not be enough--
+    _Ta' chukup-lah tiga ribu atap._
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+In former days the Raja of Kedah sent messengers to the Rajah of Perak
+with a letter. When the letter was opened and read in the assembly, in
+the presence of the Raja and the chiefs, its purport was found to be
+this single question only:-- "Which is the higher, Gunong Jerei or
+Gunong Bubu?" Now Gunong Jerei is a mountain in Kedah, and Gunong Bubu
+is a mountain in Perak. When the letter had been read, there was much
+excitement among the Perak people, for many thought that the message
+betokened war. For three days the Raja and the chiefs consulted together
+as to the nature of the answer which should be given to the Raja of
+Kedah. On the third day a letter was written in reply to this effect:--
+"Gunong Jerei is the higher of the two, but Gunong Bubu is the greater."
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XXXVIII.
+
+
+SEWING.
+
+  I want two or three jackets made--
+    _Sahaya handak suroh buat baju dua tiga 'lei._
+  I don't mind your taking some time about it, as long as the work is
+      well done--
+    _Biar lambat sadikit karja ta'apa, asal-kan elok jahit-an-nia._
+  If it is not well done I will not take it--
+    _Jikalau ta'elok sahaya ta'mahu t[)e]rima._
+  Join these two pieces and sew them--
+    _Dua 'lei ini kampuh-lah jahit._
+  Tack it first and then sew it--
+    _Jelujur-lah jarang dahulu, lepas itu sakali jahit._
+  Fell the seams close--
+    _K[)e]lim tulang halus-halus._
+  Don't let them ravel--
+    _Jangan bahagi ka-luar benang._
+  When you fell, fold the stuff wide and turn the edge well in, so that
+      when it is washed the threads will not ravel--
+    _Kalau k[)e]lim lipat kain baniak, masok-kan tepi ka-dalam, nanti
+      waktu basoh bulu-nia tidak-lah ka-luar._
+  Stitch the wristband--
+    _Ber-kiya hujong tangan-nia._
+  Hem the border--
+    _Tepi itu lipat jahit._
+  To make the seam strong, don't run it, but sew it over--
+    _Tulang it mahu buat kukuh jangan-lah jelujur, lilit ubi sahaja._
+  Take those torn stockings and darn them--
+    _Ambil sarong-kaki yang koyak itu jerumat-lah sadikit._
+  That is very much torn and cannot be darned; you must patch it--
+    _Sudah baniak koyak kain itu radup ta'buleh k[)e]na tampong-lah._
+  To gather (lit. pull the thread and make it pucker)--
+    _Tarik benang bahagi kerudut._
+  Why do you take such long stitches? I take three stitches where you
+      take one. Cannot you sew closer?--
+    _Ken'apa jahit ini jarang sahaja, tiga penyuchuk kita satu
+      penyuchuk dia, ta tahu-kah buat k[)e]rap-k[)e]rap?_
+  Needles, Berlin wool, scissors, thimble, and a reel of white cotton--
+    _Jerum, benang bulu kambing, gunting, sarong-jari dan benang puteh
+      sa'kotak._
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+It happened once that two men had a dispute about a woman. One of them
+was a learned man and the other was a peasant who earned his living by
+cultivating his fields. Each asserted that the woman was his wife, and
+they went before the Kazi and stated their claims. The case was rendered
+all the more difficult by the refusal of the woman to say anything one
+way or the other. After hearing all the witnesses on both sides, the
+Kazi directed the woman to remain at his house and all the rest to
+return next day. All then saluted him and retired. On the following day,
+when the parties assembled, the Kazi delivered the woman to the learned
+man and sentenced the peasant to fifty stripes of a rattan. When
+questioned afterwards as to his reason for this decision, the Kazi said,
+"This morning, in my house, I ordered this woman to fill my inkstand;
+this she at once did most expertly, like one accustomed to the task.
+Then I knew she must be the wife of the learned man, for what should the
+wife of a peasant know of inkstands?" All praised the Kazi for his
+wisdom, and his fame as a judge was spread far and wide.
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XXXIX.
+
+
+SICKNESS.
+
+  I am not at all well--
+    _Ta' sedap badan sahaya._
+  For five or six days he has been unable to eat--
+    _Sudah lima anam hari dia ta'buleh makan nasi._
+  What is the matter with him?--
+    _Apa sakit-nia?_
+  His father has taken him into the country for treatment--
+    _Bapa-nia sudah bawa naik ka-darat ber-ubat._
+  He is a little better--
+    _Ada-lah korang sadikit sakit-nia._
+  When he was very ill the other day, many people thought that he would
+      not recover--
+    _Tatkala dia tengah sakit sangat dahulu itu baniak orang fikir
+      tiada buleh baik._
+  I saw that he was very thin and his voice was very weak--
+    _Sahaya lihat tuboh-nia sangat kurus, dia ber-chakap pun suara-nia
+      perlahan sahaja._
+  Where do you feel pain? I am very weak and cannot get up--
+    _Sa-b[)e]lah mana rasa sakit? Sahaya leteh sakali ta'lalu bangket._
+  Open your mouth and put out your tongue--
+    _Nganga hulur lidak._
+  You had better take a purgative--
+    _Baik makan penchahar._
+  Let me feel his pulse--
+    _Biar sahaya pegang nadi dia._
+  He is suffering from fever--
+    _Dia sakit demam panas._
+  He is suffering from rheumatism and has pains in his joints--
+    _Dia sakit angin, rasa-nia sakit di sendi-sendi sumua._
+  I will give you some oil of a certain kind which you must rub on his
+      body every day till he is well--
+    _Nanti sahaya bahagi minyuk satu macham mahu di-urut tiap-tiap hari
+      sampei hilang sakit itu._
+  Mix this white powder with a little water, stir it and then drink it--
+    _Serbuk puteh ini champor-lah dengan ayer sadikit kachau lalu
+      minum._
+  If the small-pox spreads the natives will all certainly leave their
+      homes--
+    _Kalau me-larat penyakit chachar itu ter-tuntu lah lari habis
+      ra`iyat sumua._
+  The fever called _kapialu_ is very dangerous and often ends fatally--
+    _Demam kapialu itu jahat sangat k[)e]rap juga bawa niawa._
+  Cholera is the disease which is most dreaded--
+    _Ta`un itu yang orang takut ter-lebeh sakali._
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+Di-kata-kan pada suatu hari Nabi Suleiman `aleyhi-assalam duduk di-atas
+takhta ka-raja-an dan angin pun mem-bawa dia ka-atas di-udara dan sagala
+manusia dan jin yang tiada ter-bilang baniak-nia itu ber-jalan serta-nia
+maka `ajaib Nabi Suleiman deri-pada ka-besar-an ka-raja-an itu maka
+laku-lah dalam hati-nia suatu nafsu pada katika itu dan karana itu
+mahkota jadi bengkok maka Nabi Suleiman sigra handak mem-betul-kan
+mahkota itu jadi makin bengkok dan jikalau sa-hingga tiga kali pun sudah
+handak di-betul-kan Nabi Suleiman mahkota-nia itu tiada jadi betul
+sa-telah itu maka ber-kata-lah Nabi Suleiman, "Hei, mahkota, karana apa
+angkau tiada jadi betul?" Maka mahkota itu dengan firman Allah ta`ala
+menyahut. "Hei, Suleiman, betul-kan hati-mu dahulu sapaya aku-pun jadi
+betul."[6]
+
+    [Footnote 6: This and the following exercise are extracts from the
+    _Taj-assalatin_.]
+
+
+
+
+LESSON XL.
+
+TO ILLUSTRATE THE USE OF NUMERAL CO-EFFICIENTS.[7]
+
+
+  In that gentleman's house one piece of matting covers a whole room--
+    _Rumah tuan itu sa'BIDANG tikar sahaja chukup satu bilek._
+  They found in the hut five spears, one long _kris_, and nine muskets--
+    _Di-jumpa di bangsal itu lembing lima BATANG, kris panjang sa-BILAH
+      dengan snapang sembilan PUCHUK._
+  See if you can get twenty-five fish-roes. How much are they a-piece?--
+    _Chahari-lah telor t[)e]rubuk dua puloh lima KAMPUH. B[)e]r-apa
+      harga-nia sa-KAMPUH?_
+  She ordered a curtain to be hung before the doorway--
+    _Di-suroh-nia gantong tirei sa-LABUH di muka pintu._
+  That bunch of plantains contains about ten rows--
+    _Di-dalam sa-TANDAN pisang itu agak-agak sapuloh sikat._
+  I said I wanted to buy ten cakes of wax--
+    _Kata sahaya, sahaya mahu b[)e]li lilin sa-puloh TAMPANG._
+  The child was wearing a coral necklace round her neck--
+    _Budak itu ada pakei sa-LABUH merjan di leher-nia._
+  How many yards of cloth are there in a piece?--
+    _Sa-KAYU kain itu jadi ber-apa ela?_[8]
+  How many _ataps_ can one person make in a day?--
+    _Satu orang b[)e]r-apa MENGKAWAN buleh semat atap pada sa'hari?_
+  The buffalo destroyed six sugar-cane plants and a quantity of
+      lemon-grass plants--
+    _Sudah di-makan kerbau t[)e]bu anam RUMPUN dengan serei ta'tuntu
+      baniak RUMPUN-nia._
+  He planted seven or eight young trees in front of the house--
+    _Di-tanam-nia di-hadap-an rumah anak pokok kayu tujoh delapan
+      PERDU._
+  It was a pretty thick book, containing about two hundred sheets--
+    _Tebal juga kitab itu ada lebeh korang dua ratus KAJANG kartas._
+  I have bought a casting-net to take home with me--
+    _Sahaya sudah b[)e]li jala sa'UTAS (OR sa'RAWAN) handak bawa pulang
+      ka tampat sahaya._
+  He tied three threads round his stomach--
+    _Di-ikat-nia tiga URAT benang di p[)e]rut-nia._
+  Pick two or three jasmine blossoms, and about ten sprays of that red
+      flower--
+    _Petik-lah bunga melor dua tiga KUTUM dengan bunga merah itu barang
+      sa-puloh TANGKEI._
+
+    [Footnote 7: See _supra_, p. 70.]
+
+    [Footnote 8: _Ela_, yard, from the Dutch _el_.]
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+Di cheritra-kan deri-pada Sultan Iskandar bahwa sa-hari duduk dengan
+chinta-nia dan tiada kaluar deri-pada astana-nia maka Jalinus Hakim
+masok mengadap Sultan Iskandar lalu lihat dia duduk ber-chinta maka
+iya-pun ber-tanya deri-pada-nia "apa chinta Sultan itu bahwa Sultan
+tiada kaluar deri-dalam astana?" maka Sultan Iskandar ber-sabda
+"chinta-ku deri-pada itu-lah yang dunia ini tiada baniak dan karana
+suatu ka-raja-an dunia ini yang tiada ber-apa ada-nia aku menyusah-kan
+diri-ku dan sagala orang yang lain maka deri-pada pekarja-an yang
+sia-sia ini-lah aku jua ber-chinta" maka sembah Hakim itu "Benar-lah
+bichara Sultan itu karana apa garangan dunia dan ber-apa dunia ini bahwa
+Sultan menyusah-kan diri-nia karana ka-raja-an itu yang sia-sia tetapi
+ka-raja-an dunia ini ada suatu tanda deri-pada maha besar ka-raja-an
+akhirat itu yang tiada ber-ka-sudah-an ada-nia dan yang Sultan dapat
+ber-uleh deri-pada pe-karja-an ka-raja-an dunia ini dengan
+sa-sunggoh-nia sapaya Sultan men-dapat ka-raja-an akhirat itu yang
+sagala yang tiada buleh di-kira-kira-i ka-besar-an-nia itu" maka
+suka-lah Sultan Iskandar deri-pada kata-nia dan bichara-nia yang baik
+itu.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX TO PART IV.
+
+
+MUHAMMADAN MONTHS.
+
+  1. _Muharram._
+  2. _Safar._
+  3. _Rabia-el-awal._
+  4. _Rabia-el-akhir._
+  5. _Jumad-el-awal._
+  6. _Jumad-el-akhir._
+  7. _Rejab._
+  8. _Sha`aban._
+  9. _Ramazan._
+  10. _Shawal._
+  11. _Zu'l-ka`adah._
+  12. _Zu'l-hajah._
+
+DAYS OF THE WEEK.
+
+  Sunday, _Ahad_, lit. "the first."
+  Monday, _Isnein_ or _Senein_, lit. "the second."
+  Tuesday, _Salasa_, lit. "the third."
+  Wednesday, _Arba`ah_ or _Rabu_, lit. "the fourth."
+  Thursday, _Khamis_, lit. "the fifth."
+  Friday, _Juma`at_, lit. "the congregation."
+  Saturday, _Sabtu_, lit. "Sabbath."
+
+PERIODS OF PRAYER.
+
+  1. _Maghrib_, a few minutes after sunset.
+  2. _`Isha_, evening, after dark.
+  3. _Subh_, daybreak.
+  4. _Lohor_, or _Dlu[h.]r_, between noon and 1 P.M.
+  5. _Asr_, afternoon, midway between noon and nightfall.
+
+MALAY PHRASES FOR DIVISIONS OF TIME.
+
+  1. _Belum terbang lalat_, "Before the flies are astir," just before
+      daybreak.
+  2. _Pechah panas_, "When the heat commences," sun-up.
+  3. _K[)e]ring ambun_, "When the dew dries," about 8 A.M.
+  4. _Tengah naik_, "When the sun is half-way," 9 A.M.
+  5. _Tulih tenggala_, "When the plough is idle."[1]
+  6. _Tengah hari t[)e]pat_, "Mid-day exactly," noon.
+  7. _Rambang_, "Right in the middle" (_i.e._ the sun in the sky), noon.
+  8. _Buntar membayang_, "When the shadows are round" (_i.e._, when your
+      shadow is round your feet), noon.
+  9. _Ber-alis hari_, "When the day changes," afternoon.
+  10. _Lepas ba`adah_, and _lepas ba`adah salah_, "After (Friday's)
+      prayers (in the mosque)," about 1.30 P.M.
+  11. _Turun kerbau be-rendam_, "When the buffaloes go down to the
+      water," about 5 P.M.
+  12. _Jind[)e]ra budak_, "When the children have gone to sleep," about
+      10 P.M.
+
+    [Footnote 1: _Tulih tinggala muda_ is about 9 A.M., and _tulih
+    tinggala tuah_ about 11 A.M.]
+
+
+MALAY PROPER NAMES.
+
+The proper names common to the whole Muhammadan world, many of which are
+Hebrew also, are in use among the Malays. It is common, however, to
+abbreviate them in a manner peculiarly Malay. For example, "Muhammad" is
+shortened to "Mat," "Ibrahim" becomes "Brahim" and "Him," and for
+"Isahak," "Sahak" and "Ak" are often heard.
+
+Certain names are also in use, which, either used by themselves or
+prefixed to other proper names, show the relative seniority of a person
+in his or her family. In Kedah, Penang, &c., three of these are commonly
+used, "_Long_," "_Ngah_," and "_Busuk_:"--
+
+  _Long_ is equivalent to _Sulong_, "eldest,"
+  _Ngah_ is equivalent to _Tengah_, "middle,"
+  _Busuk_ is equivalent to _Bongsu_, "youngest."
+
+In Perak seven of these names are in use:--
+
+  1. _Long._
+  2. _Ngah._
+  3. _Alang._
+  4. _Panjang._
+  5. _Pandah._
+  6. _Uda._
+  7. _Utih._
+
+
+WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
+
+   16 _tahil_,                      1 _kati_.[2]
+  100 _kati_,                       1 _pikul_.
+    3 _pikul_,                      1 _bahara_.
+   40 _pikul_,                      1 _koyan_.
+
+    [Footnote 2: 1 _kati_ = 1 lb. 6 oz. 13 drs.]
+
+GOLDSMITH'S WEIGHT.
+
+  12 _saga_,                        1 _mayam_.
+  16 _mayam_,                       1 _bungkal_.[3]
+  12 _bungkal_,                     1 _kati_.
+
+    [Footnote 3: 1 _bungkal_ = the weight of two Spanish dollars = 832
+    grains.]
+
+CAPACITY.
+
+    4 _chupak_,                     1 _gantang_.[4]
+   10 _gantang_,                    1 _parah_.
+   16 _gantang_,                    1 _nalih_.
+  160 _gantang_,                    1 _kunchah_.
+    5 _kunchah_ or 800 _gantang_    1 _koyan_.
+
+    [Footnote 4: 1 _gantang_ contains 271.65 cubic inches, or 1�
+    gallons nearly. The standard varies according to locality.]
+
+LINEAR.
+
+   2 _jingkal_ (span),              1 _hasta_ (cubit).
+   2 _hasta_,                       1 _ela_ (yard).
+   4 _hasta_,                       1 _d[)e]pa_ (fathom).
+   2 _d[)e]pa_,                        1 _jumba_.
+  20 _jumba_,                       1 _orlong_ (80 yards).
+
+SQUARE MEASURE.
+
+  400 _jumba_,                      1 _orlong_.
+
+The _jumba_ is equal to 144 square feet; the _orlong_ is equal to 6400
+square feet, or about 1-1/3 acre (1 acre, 1 rood, 12 perches).
+
+
+MONEY.
+
+The currency in the Straits of Malacca is the Spanish dollar (_ringgit_
+or _real_) divided into cents. A quarter of a dollar (25 cents) is
+called _suku_ (quarter). Local terms are also used to denote fractions
+of the dollar, as in Penang, _kupang_ (=�10 cents), and in Malacca,
+_wang baharu_ (=�2� cents).
+
+In the native states on the west coast of the peninsula, the currency of
+the British settlements has almost entirely displaced that which was in
+use before. In Perak lumps of tin were formerly current as coin; in
+addition to these Dutch and Spanish silver coins were also employed.
+
+The following are some of the old modes of reckoning:--
+
+TIN COINAGE.
+
+  2 _boya_,     1 _tampang_ (value the 10th part of a dollar).[5]
+  5 _boya_,     1 _bidor_ (value the 4th part of a dollar).
+
+    [Footnote 5: The weight of the _tampang_ (in Perak) was one
+    _kati_. It was a small cubical lump of tin, with a pattern stamped
+    on it. The _bidor_ weighed 2� _kati_, or the 40th part of a
+    _pikul_.]
+
+SILVER COINS USED IN WEIGHING GOLD.
+
+  2 _penjuru_,  1 _piah_,     weight 1 _mayam_.
+  4 _piah_,     1 _jampal_,   weight 4 _mayam_.
+  2 _jampal_,   1 _real_,     weight 8 _mayam_.
+
+COINS FORMERLY IN USE.
+
+  36 _duit hayam_ (copper),   1 _wang_ (silver).
+   7 _wang_,                  1 _suku_.
+
+
+
+
+PART V.
+
+
+VOCABULARY.
+
+
+  A.
+
+  Abandon, to, _meninggal-kan_.
+  Abase, to, _me-rendah-kan_, _meng-hina-kan_.
+  Able, _larat_, _s[)a]mpat_, _buleh_, _lalu_.
+  Abscess, _barah_.
+  Abuse, to, _maki_, _me-maki_.
+  Accept, to, _t[)e]rima_, _men[)e]rima_.
+  Accompany, to, _ber-serta_, _ber-sama_, _ber-kawan_, _ber-t[)e]man_,
+      _menyerta_.
+  Accomplish, to, _habis-kan_, _meng-habis-kan_, _menyampei-kan_,
+      _sudah-kan_, _menyudah-kan_, _sampei hajat_.
+  Accost, to, _tegor_, _siapa-kan_, _meny-apa-kan_.
+  Accounts, _kira-kira_, _hitong-an_, _ bilang-an_.
+  Accuse, to, _tudoh_.
+  Accustomed, _biasa_.
+  Ache, _sakit_, _sakit-an_, _senak_.
+  Acknowledge, to, _aku_, _mengaku_.
+  Acquire, to, _ber-uleh_, _dapat_, _men-dapat_.
+  Act, _buat-an_, _karja_, _pe-karja-an_.
+  Active, _ch[)e]pat_.
+  Add, to, _tambah_, _menambah_;
+    (to cast up), _jumlah-kan_.
+  Adjourn, to, _tangguh_.
+  Admirable, _endah_.
+  Admire, _chengang_.
+  Adopt, to, _angkat_.
+  Adrift, _ter-hanyut_.
+  Adultery, _zinah_.
+  Advantage, _faidah_, _laba_.
+  Adversity, _chelaka_, _bala_, _ka-susahan_.
+  Advice, _peng-ajar-an_.
+  Affair, _perkara_.
+  Affection, _kasih_, _kasih-an_.
+  Afraid, _takut_.
+  Aft, _di burit-an_.
+  After, _l[)e]pas_, _b[)e]lakang_.
+  Afterwards, _kemdian_, _ba`ad_.
+  After-birth, _uri_, _tembuni_.
+  Again, _lagi-sakali_, _pula_, _kambali_.
+  Age, _`umur_.
+  Agent, _wakil_.
+  Ago, _sudah_.
+  Agree, _janji_, _mufakat_, _sa-tuju_;
+    (suit), _rasi_, _sarasi_.
+  Ague, _demam-kura_.
+  Ahead, _di-hadap-an_, _di-muka_, _di-halu-an_.
+  Aid, _tulong_, _menulong_, _bantu_, _mem-bantu_.
+  Aim, to, _tembak_, _menembak_, _tuju_, _menuju_.
+  Air, _hawa_.
+  Alarmed, _ter-k[)e]jut_.
+  Alight, _hinggap_.
+  All, _sumua_, _sagala_, _sakali-an_.
+  Allow, _biar_, _b[)e]ri_, _kasih_.
+  Allure, _bujuk_, _mem-bujuk_.
+  Almighty, _maha-kuasa_.
+  Almost, _hampir_, _d[)e]kat_, _niaris_.
+  Almond, _badam_.
+  Alms, _darma_, _s[)a]d[)a]kah_.
+  Aloes-wood, _gaharu_, _kayu-gaharu_.
+  Alone, _sa-orang_, _bujang_, _tunggal_.
+  Also, _juga_.
+  Alter, to, _ubah_, _meng-ubah_, _tukar_, _menukar_.
+  Alum, _tawas_.
+  Always, _sa-lalu_, _sa-nantiasa_, _sa-lama-lama-nia_.
+  Ambassador, _utusan_, _p[)e]suroh_.
+  Amid, _di-dalam_, _di-tengah_.
+  Amuse oneself, to, _main_, _main-main_, _ber-main_.
+  Ancestors, _nenek-moyang_.
+  Anchor, an, _sauh_;
+    (anchor, to), _ber-labuh_.
+  Angel, _malaikat_.
+  Anger, _marah_, _ka-marah-an_, _murka_.
+  Angry, _marah_, _murka_, _g[)e]ram_, _hangat-hati_.
+  Animal, _benatang_, _satwa_, _morga_.
+  Ankle, _mata-kaki_, _peng-g[)e]lang-kaki_.
+  Anklet, _g[)e]lang-kaki_.
+  Annoy, to, _usik_, _meng-usik_, _bising_.
+  Another, _lain_.
+  Answer, to, _sahut_, _menyahut_, _jawab_, _balas jawab_.
+  Ant, _s[)e]mut_;
+    (large red), _k[)e]rangga_;
+    (white), _anei-anei_.
+  Anthill, _pongsu_, _busut_.
+  Antidote, _p[)e]nawar_.
+  Anvil, _landas_, _landas-an_.
+  Anxiety, _per-chinta-an_.
+  Anxious, _rindu_, _dendam_, _bimbang_, _risau_.
+  Any, _barang_.
+  Apart, _asing_;
+    (with an opening between), _renggang_.
+  Appear, to, _terbit_, _timbul_.
+  Appearance, _rupa_, _sifat_.
+  Apply, to, _pasang_, _k[)e]na-kan_;
+    (ask), _minta_.
+  Appraise, to, _nilai_.
+  Approach, to, _hampir_, _menghampir_.
+  Arabia, _benua `arab_.
+  Arm, _tangan_;
+    (fore-arm), _lengan_.
+  Arm, weapon, _senjata_.
+  Armpit, _katiak_.
+  Army, _balatantra_, _lashkar_.
+  Arrive, to, _sampei_, _tiba_.
+  Arrow, _anak-panah_.
+  Arsenic, _warangan_.
+  Art, _hikmat_, _`ilmu_.
+  As, _bagei_, _saperti_, _la[k.]sana_, _macham_.
+  Ascend, to, _naik_, _panjat_;
+    (a river), _mudik_.
+  Ashamed, _malu_, _bermalu_.
+  Ashes, _habu_.
+  Ask, to, _minta_, _pinta_, _pohun_, _me-mohun_;
+    (a question), _tanya_.
+  Asleep, _ber-tidor_, _ber-lena_, _ber-adu_.
+  Ass, _kaldei_.
+  Assault, to, _langgar_, _terkam_, _pukul_, _memukul_.
+  Assay, _uji_.
+  Assemble, to, _impun_, _kumpul_, _k[)e]rumun_.
+  Assist, to, _tulong_, _bantu_.
+  Astonished, _ter-chengang_.
+  Astray, _sesat_.
+  At, _di_, _pada_.
+  Athwart, _lentang_.
+  Attack, to, _langgar_, _s[)e]rang_, _men-y[)e]rang_.
+  Attempt, to, _choba_, _men-choba_.
+  Attire, _pakei-an_.
+  Auction, _lelong_.
+  Audience-hall, _balei_, _balei-ruang_.
+  Auger, _gurdi_.
+  Aunt, _mah_, _mah-sudara_, _mah-pena-kan_.
+  Authority, _kuasa_, _p[)e]rentah_.
+  Await, to, _me-nanti_.
+  Awake, to, _jaga_, _ber-jaga_;
+    (to arouse), _g[)e]rak-kan_, _mem-bangket-kan_, _mem-bangun-kan_.
+  Awl, _peng-gorek_, _jara_.
+  Axe, _kapak_.
+
+
+  B.
+
+  Babe, _anak kechil_.
+  Bachelor, _bujang_, _taruna_.
+  Back, _b[)e]lakang_;
+    (to go --), _pulang_;
+    (to send --), _pulang-kan_.
+  Backward, _segan_, _malas_.
+  Bad, _jahat_.
+  Bag, _karong_, _pundi-pundi_.
+  Bail, _aku-an_, _tanggong-an_.
+  Bait (for fish), _umpan_.
+  Bake, to, _panggang_.
+  Balance (scales), _naracha_;
+    (to weigh), _timbang_;
+    (surplus), _ba[k.]i_.
+  Bald, _botak_.
+  Bale, to, _timba_, _menimba_.
+  Banana, _pisang_.
+  Bank, of a river, _t[)e]bing_, _baroh_;
+    (shoal), _b[)e]ting_.
+  Bar, _kanching_.
+  Barber, _pen-chukor_, _tukang-chukor_.
+  Bargain, to, _tawar_;
+    (to conclude a bargain), _angkat jual-b[)e]li_.
+  Bark, of a tree, _kulit-kayu_;
+    (of a dog), _salak_, _menyalak_.
+  Barrel, _pipa_, _tong_;
+    (of a gun), _laras_.
+  Base, _hina_.
+  Basket, _bakul_, _raga_, _k[)e]ranjang_.
+  Bastard, _anak-haram_, _haram-zada_.
+  Bat, _lalawa_, _kalawar_;
+    (flying fox), _kaluang_.
+  Bathe, to, _mandi_, _me-mandi_.
+  Battle, _p[)e]rang_, _pe-p[)e]rang-an_.
+  Bawl, to, _t[)e]riak_, _ber-t[)e]riak_.
+  Bay, _telok_.
+  Beach, _pantei_, _pasisir_.
+  Beads, _mani-mani_.
+  Beak, of a bird, _paroh_.
+  Beam, of light, _sinar_.
+  Bear, to, (carry), _pikul_, _memikul_;
+    (endure), _tahan_;
+    (ursus), _b[)e]ruang_.
+  Beard, _janggut_.
+  Beast, _benatang_, _satwa_, _morga_.
+  Beat, to, _pukul_, _palu_;
+    (to throb), _dabar_, _ber-dabar_.
+  Beautiful, _bagus_, _elok_, _chantek_, _molek_.
+  Because, _sebab_, _karana_.
+  Beckon, to, _gamit_, _lambei_.
+  Become, to, _jadi_, _menjadi_.
+  Bed, _tampat-tidor_;
+    (bedstead), _katil_, _g[)e]rai_, _geta_, _pentas_;
+    (bridal), _palamin_.
+  Bee, _l[)e]bah_.
+  Beef, _daging lumbu_.
+  Beetle, _kumbang_.
+  Before, _mengadap_, _ka-hadap-an_;
+    (in time past), _dahulu_;
+    (ere), _sa belum_.
+  Beg, to, _minta_, _minta s[)a]d[)a]kah_.
+  Beginning, _per-mula-an_, _ahwal_, _pangkal_, _asal_.
+  Behaviour, _ka-laku-an_, _pakerti_, _per-angei_.
+  Belch, to, _serdawa_.
+  Believe, to, _perchaya_.
+  Bell, _ganta_, _loching_.
+  Beloved, _kakasih_.
+  Below, _bawah_, _di-bawah_, _ka-bawah_;
+    (under the lee of), _di-olak_.
+  Belt, _tali-pinggang_, _tali-pinding_.
+  Bench, _bangko_.
+  Bend, to, _me-lengkong-kan_;
+    (to incline), _chondong_.
+  Bent, _lengkong_, _bengkok_, _lengkok_.
+  Benevolence, _morah-hati_.
+  Benzoin, _kaminian_.
+  Besprinkle, to, _perchik_, _memerchik_.
+  Bet, to, _ber-taroh_.
+  Betel-nut, _pinang_;
+    (leaf), _sirih_;
+    (stand), _tampat-sirih_, _bujam-sirih_.
+  Betrothed, one that is, _tunang_, _tunang-an_.
+  Better, _lebeh baik_.
+  Between, _antara_, _di-tengah_, _k[)e]lang-k[)e]lang_.
+  Beyond, _balik_, _balik-sana_.
+  Bible (the Gospels), _Injil_.
+  Bid, to, _tawar_.
+  Bier, _j[)a]nazat_.
+  Big, _besar_.
+  Bind, to, _ikat_.
+  Bird, _burong_.
+  Bird's-nest, _sarong-burong_.
+  Birth, _per-anak-an_, _ka-jadi-an_.
+  Bite, to, _gigit_;
+    (as a snake), _pagut_.
+  Bitter, _pahit_.
+  Black, _hitam_.
+  Blacksmith, _tukang-b[)e]si_.
+  Blade (of a weapon), _mata_.
+  Blame, to, _per-salah-kan_.
+  Blanket, _kamal_, _kamli_, _kain panas_.
+  Blemish, _chachat_.
+  Blessing, _barkat_.
+  Blind, _buta_.
+  Block, pulley, _kapi_.
+  Blood, _darah_.
+  Blossom, _bunga_, _kembang_.
+  Blow, to, (with wind), _hambus_, _tiup_;
+    (through a tube), _sumpit_, _men-yumpit_;
+    (as a flower), _ber-kembang_.
+  Blue, _biru_.
+  Blunderbuss, _pamuras_.
+  Blunt, _tumpul_.
+  Boar, _babi-jantan_.
+  Board, _papan_.
+  Boat, _prahu_, _sampan_.
+  Body, _tuboh_, _salira_, _badan_.
+  Boil, to, _r[)e]bus_;
+    (rice), _tanak_, _menanak_.
+  Boiling, to be, _mendidik_.
+  Bold, _b[)e]rani_.
+  Bolt, _kanching_, _penganching_.
+  Bond, _surat per-janji-an, surat piu-tang_.
+  Bone, _tulang_.
+  Book, _surat_;
+    (religious --), _kitab_.
+  Booth, _teratak_, _jambar_, _lengkok_.
+  Bore, to, _korek_, _gorek_, _mengorek_.
+  Borrow, to, _pinjam_, _meminjam_.
+  Bother, _bising_.
+  Bottle, _balang_.
+  Bough, _dahan_, _ranting_.
+  Bound, to, _lompat_, _me-lompat_.
+  Boundary, _per-hingga-an,[1] tumpu-tumpu-an_.
+
+      [Footnote 1: Pronounced _pr[)e]nggan_.]
+
+  Bow, to, (reverence), _tunduk_, _men-unduk_.
+  Bow (weapon), _busar_, _gandiwa_.
+  Bow (of a ship), _halu-an_.
+  Bowels, _p[)e]rut_, _isi-p[)e]rut_.
+  Box, _peti_;
+    (small ornamental), _chumbul_, _chelapa_.
+  Box, to, (fight), _tinju_.
+  Brains, _otak_.
+  Branch, _dahan_, _ranting_, _chabang_;
+    (of a river or road), _sempang_, _chabang_.
+  Brass, _tambaga_.
+  Brave, _b[)e]rani_.
+  Brazen-faced, _muka-papan_.
+  Bread, _roti_.
+  Bread-fruit, _sukun_.
+  Break, to, _pechah_, _patah_, _putus_.
+  Breast, _dada_.
+  Breasts, _susu_, _tetek_.
+  Breath, _nafas_.
+  Breeches, _saluar_, _sarual_.
+  Breed, family, _bangsa_, _asal_.
+  Breeding, manners, _bahasa_, _budi-bahasa_.
+  Breeze, _angin_;
+    (land), _angin-darat_;
+    (sea), _angin-laut_.
+  Bribe, _suap_.
+  Brick, _bata_, _batu-bata_.
+  Bride, _pengantin_.
+  Bridegroom, _mempelei_.
+  Bridge, _titi_, _jambatan_, _gerta_;
+    (of the nose), _batang-hidong_.
+  Bridle, _kang_, _kakang_, _lagam_ (Hindustani).
+  Bright, _t[)e]rang_, _chaya_.
+  Bring, to, _bawa_;
+    (out), _kaluar-kan_.
+  Broad, _lebar_, _luas_.
+  Broad-cloth, _sahalat_.
+  Broil, to, _panggang_.
+  Broken, _ter-pechah_, _ter-patah_, _ter-putus_.
+  Brooch, _krosang_.
+  Broom, _penyapu_.
+  Brother, _sudara_;
+    (elder), _abang_;
+    (younger), _adek_.
+  Brother-in-law, _ipar_.
+  Brow, _dahi_;
+    (eye --), _kening_.
+  Bruise, _lebam_.
+  Brush, to, _sikat-kan_, _menyapu_.
+  Brushwood, _semak_.
+  Bucket, _timba_, _tong_.
+  Buckle, _kanching_, _pinding_.
+  Bud, of a flower, _kutum_, _kuntum_;
+    (of a leaf), _tunas_.
+  Buffalo, _kerbau_.
+  Bug, _pijat-pijat_.
+  Build, to, _men-diri-kan_, _bangun-kan_, _buat_, _mem-buat_.
+  Bull, _lumbu jantan_.
+  Bullet, _peluru_.
+  Bunch (of fruit), _tandan_.
+  Bundle, _bungkus_, _baban_.
+  Burial-place, _kuburan_, _kandang_, _k[)e]ramat_.
+  Burn, to, _bakar_, _hangus_.
+  Bury, to, _tanam_, _menanam_, _kubur-kan_, _simpan mayat_.
+  Bush, _pokok_, _semak_.
+  Business, _karja_, _pe-karja-an_.
+  But, _tetapi_.
+  Butt, target, _sasar_, _sasar-an_.
+  Butter, _mantega_.
+  Butterfly, _kupu-kupu_, _rama-rama_.
+  Button, _kanching_.
+  Buy, to, _b[)e]li_.
+  By and by, _sa-buntar lagi_.
+
+
+  C.
+
+  Cabbage, _kobis_.
+  Cable, _tali-sauh_.
+  Cage, _sangkar_, _sangkar-an_, _kurong-an_.
+  Cake, _penganan_, _kueh_.
+  Calculate, to, _kira_, _hitong_, _bilang_.
+  Calf, _anak lumbu_;
+    (of the leg), _jantong-betis_.
+  Calico, _kain kalamkari_.
+  Call, to, _panggil_.
+  Calm, _tenang_, _tedoh_.
+  Calumny, _fitnah_.
+  Camel, _unta_.
+  Camphor, _kapur-barus_.
+  Can, _buleh_, _sampat_, _lalu_.
+  Canal, _salur-an_, _parit_.
+  Cancel, to, _hapus_, _ba[t.]al-kan_.
+  Candle, _dian_, _lilin_.
+  Candlestick, _kaki-dian_.
+  Cane, walking-stick, _rotan_, _tongkat_.
+  Cannon, _mariam_.
+  Canoe, _jalor_, _sagor_, _sampan golek_.
+  Canopy, _langit-langit_.
+  Canvas, _kain laiar_.
+  Cap, _kopiah_.
+  Cape, _tanjong_.
+  Capon, _hayam kambiri_.
+  Capsicum, _chabei_, _lada-merah_, _lada-china_.
+  Captain of a ship, _juragan_, _nakhoda_.
+  Captive, _tawan_.
+  Carcass, _bangkei_.
+  Cards, playing, _daun chiki_, _daun pakau_.
+  Cardamum, _kapulaga_.
+  Care, to take, _ingat_, _jaga_;
+    (anxiety), _per-chinta-an_, _susah hati_.
+  Careless, _lalei_.
+  Cargo, _muat-an_.
+  Carpenter, _tukang kayu_.
+  Carpet, _permadani_.
+  Carriage, _kreta_.
+  Carry, to, _bawa_, _membawa_;
+    (a load), _pikul_, _memikul_;
+    (under the arm), _kepit_;
+    (on the back or hip), _du-kong_;
+    (on the open hand), _tatang_;
+    (with the fingers), _bibit_;
+    (on the head), _junjong_;
+    (on the shoulder), _kilik_;
+    (in the girdle), _gendong_;
+    (on a stretcher), _usong_.
+  Cart, _pedati_, _kreta_.
+  Carve, to, _ukir_.
+  Cascade, _ayer terjun_, _ayer lata_.
+  Cash, _wang tunei_.
+  Cashew-apple, _jangsus_, _gajus_.
+  Cask, _pipa_, _tong_.
+  Cast, to, (fling), _lempar_, _lotar_;
+    (shed), _tanggal-kan_.
+  Casting-net, _jala_.
+  Castor-oil, _minyak jarak_.
+  Cat, _kuching_.
+  Catch, to, _tangkap_, _menangkap_.
+  Caterpillar, _ulat_.
+  Cause, _sabab_, _karana_.
+  Cave, _goah_.
+  Cede, to, _s[)e]rah_, _meny[)e]rah_.
+  Celebrated, _megah_, _mashur_.
+  Censer, _perasap_.
+  Census, _banchi_.
+  Centipede, _lipan_, _alipan_.
+  Centre, _per-tengah-an_, _pusat_.
+  Certain, _tuntu_.
+  Certainly, _naschaya_, _tuntu_, _sunggoh-sunggoh_.
+  Certify, to, _menuntu-kan_, _menyata-kan_.
+  Chafe, to (shampoo), _urut_.
+  Chaff, _sekam_.
+  Chain, _rantei_.
+  Chair, _krusi_.
+  Chalk, _kapur_.
+  Challenge, to (as a sentry), _tegor_, _menyapa-kan_.
+  Chamber, _bilek_.
+  Chance, _untong_, _nasib_.
+  Change, to, _tukar_, _menukar_, _ubah_, _ber-ubah_;
+    (clothes), _salin-kan_;
+    (turns), _gilir_, _men-gilir_.
+  Chapter, _perkara_, _fasal_.
+  Character, _pakerti_.
+  Charcoal, _arang_.
+  Charge, to (accuse), _tudoh_.
+  Charity, _s[)a]d[)a]kah_.
+  Charm, spell, _mantra_, _jampi_;
+    (to wear), _`azimat_, _tangkal_.
+  Chase, to, _hambat_, _kejar_;
+    (hunt), _buru_.
+  Chat, to, _ber-buwei_.
+  Cheap, _morah_.
+  Cheat, to, _tipu_, _kechek_.
+  Cheek, _pipi_.
+  Cheese, _panir_ (Hind.), _keju_ (Dutch).
+  Chess, _chatur_.
+  Chest, box, _peti_, _saharah_;
+    (thorax), _dada_.
+  Chew, to, _mamak_.
+  Chicken, _anak hayam_.
+  Chief, headman, _orang besar_, _datoh_, _peng-hulu_.
+  Child, _anak_.
+  Chin, _dagu_.
+  Chintz, _kain chit_.
+  Chisel, _pahat_.
+  Choke, to, _lemas_;
+    (throttle), _ch[)e]kek_.
+  Choose, to, _pileh_.
+  Chop, to, _chinchang_.
+  Christ, _Nabi Isa_.
+  Christian, _Nasarani_, _Sarani_.
+  Chronicle, _charitra_, _hakayat_.
+  Church, _greja_.
+  Cinder, _bara_.
+  Cinnamon, _kayu-manis_.
+  Circumcise, to, _sunat-kan_.
+  Circumcision, _sunat_, _khatan_.
+  Citron, _limau_, _jeruk_.
+  City, _negri_.
+  Civil, _ber-budi_.
+  Civility, _adab_, _supan_.
+  Civet-cat, _musang jebat_.
+  Clasp, to, _peluk_, _memeluk_, _dakap_.
+  Claw, _kuku_;
+    (talon), _chakar_.
+  Clay, _tanah-liat_.
+  Clean, _bersih_, _suchi_.
+  Clear, _t[)e]rang_, _hening_, _jerneh_.
+  Cleave, to, (split), _b[)e]lah_.
+  Clerk, _juru-tulis_, _k[)e]rani_.
+  Clever, _pandei_.
+  Climb, to, _panjat_, _daki_;
+    (as a plant), _me-lata_.
+  Clock, _jam_.
+  Close, to, _tutup_, _rapat-kan_, _menutup-kan_.
+  Cloth, _kain_.
+  Clothes, _pakei-an_.
+  Cloud, _awan_, _pokok_.
+  Cloudy, _redup_.
+  Clove, _bunga-chingkei_, _bunga-lawang_.
+  Coal, _batu-arang_;
+    (live), _bara_.
+  Coarse, _kasar_.
+  Coast, _pantei_, _pasisir_.
+  Coat, _baju_.
+  Coax, to, _bujuk_, _mem-bujuk_.
+  Cobweb, _sarang lawa-lawa_.
+  Cock, _hayam-jantan_, _hayam-kukuh_.
+  Cock's-comb, _balong_.
+  Cockfight, _sabong_, _menyabong_.
+  Cockpit, _galanggang_.
+  Cockroach, _lipas_.
+  Cocoanut, _nior_, _kalapa_;
+    (shell), _tempurong_;
+    (husk), _sabut_;
+    (emulsion), _santan_;
+    (oil), _miniak kalapa_.
+  Coffee, _kahwah_.
+  Coffin, _karanda_, _lang_.
+  Coil, to, _lilit_.
+  Cold, _sejuk_;
+    (in the head), _sardi_ (Hind.), _selesimah_.
+  Collar, _leher_.
+  Collect, to, _impun_, _kumpul_.
+  Colour, _warna_.
+  Comb, _sisir_, _sikat_;
+    (to comb the hair), _kirai_.
+  Combine, to, _pakat_, _mufakat_.
+  Come, to, _mari_, _datang_;
+    (in), _masok_.
+  Comet, _bintang-ber-ekor_.
+  Comfort, _hibor_.
+  Command, to, _suroh_, _titah_.
+  Commission, to, _pasan_.
+  Common, _ka-baniak-an_.
+  Compact, _per-janji-an_.
+  Companion, _teman_, _kawan_, _taulan_.
+  Compare, to, _banding-kan_.
+  Compass, mariner's, _pandoman_.
+  Compasses, _jangka_.
+  Compassion, _kasihan_, _b[)e]las_, _rahamat_.
+  Compensate, to, _balas_, _mem-balas_.
+  Complain, to, _adu_, _meng-adu_.
+  Complaint, _peng-adu-an_.
+  Complete, to, _semporna-kan_.
+  Complexion, _sri-muka_, _ayer-muka_.
+  Compliments, _tabek_.
+  Compose, to, _karang_, _mengarang_.
+  Concern, _karja_, _perkara_.
+  Concubine, _gundik_.
+  Condemn, to, _hukum-kan_.
+  Condiment, _lauk_, _sambal_, _hulam_.
+  Conduct, _ka-laku-an_.
+  Conduct, to (lead by the hand), _pimpin_.
+  Confess, to, _meng-aku_.
+  Confiscate, to, _rampas_.
+  Confront, to, _sa-muka-kan_.
+  Confused, _ter-kachau_.
+  Confusion, _haru-hara_.
+  Congregation, _juma`a_.
+  Conjure, to, _sulap_.
+  Conjuror, _penyulap_.
+  Conquer, to, _menang_, _alah-kan_.
+  Consent, to, _turut_.
+  Consider, to, _kenang_.
+  Constable, _mata-mata_.
+  Contagious, _ber-jangkit_.
+  Contend, to, _lawan_.
+  Content, _puas_, _puas-hati_.
+  Contents, _isi_.
+  Contraband, _larang-an_.
+  Contract, _per-janji-an_.
+  Contradict, to, _lawan chakap_, _ber-tingkar_.
+  Convalescent, _semboh_, _betah_.
+  Convenient, _patut_, _senang_.
+  Convert, _martad_.
+  Convulsions, _sawan_.
+  Cook, to, _masak_, _memasak_;
+    (boil rice), _tanak_, _menanak_.
+  Cool, _sejuk_.
+  Copper, _tambaga_.
+  Copy, _salin_, _tiru_;
+    (model), _teladan_.
+  Coral (rock), _karang_;
+    (precious), _marjan_.
+  Cord, _tali_.
+  Cork (stopper), _sumbat_, _penyum-bat_.
+  Coriander, _katumbar_.
+  Corner, _ch[)e]roh_, _buchuk_, _penjuru_.
+  Corpse, _mayat_.
+  Cost, _harga_.
+  Cot, _katil_.
+  Cotton, _kapas_, _kabu-kabu_.
+  Cough, _batok_.
+  Council, _majlis_.
+  Count, _hitong_, _bilang_, _kira_.
+  Counterfeit, _lanchong_, _pura-pura_.
+  Country, _benua_, _negri_.
+  Couple, _sa-pasang_, _sa-jodo_.
+  Course (direction), _arah_, _tuju_.
+  Court, _balei-bichara_.
+  Cousin, _sa-pupu_.
+  Cover, to, _tudong_.
+  Covetous, _kikir_, _loba_, _haloba_.
+  Covey, _kawan_.
+  Cow, _lumbu-betina_.
+  Coward, _penyakut_.
+  Crab, _ketam_, _kapiting_.
+  Crack, _retak_.
+  Cradle, _buayan_.
+  Cramp, _semut-semut-an_;
+    (in the stomach), _senak_.
+  Crawl, to, _merangkah_.
+  Cream, _kapala-susu_.
+  Create, to, _men-jadi-kan_.
+  Creation, _ka-jadi-an_.
+  Creep, to, _lata_, _me-lata_.
+  Crevice, _ch[)e]lah_.
+  Crew, _anak prahu_.
+  Cricket, _chingkrek_, _riyang_.
+  Crocodile, _buaya_.
+  Crop, to (cut off), _k[)e]rat-kan_, _me-rampong_.
+  Crooked, _bengkok_, _lengkok_;
+    (winding), _ber-kelo-kelo_.
+  Cross (sulky), _merajuk_, _muka-masam_.
+  Cross, to (water), _menyab[)e]rang_.
+  Crossed (lying across), _ter-lentang_;
+    (having lines crossing), _ber-silang-silang_.
+  Cross-road, _sempang_.
+  Crow, _gagak_;
+    (crow, to), _ber-kuku_.
+  Crown, _makuta_;
+    (of the head), _ubun-ubun_.
+  Cruel, _bingis_.
+  Crush, to, _hanchur_.
+  Cry, to, _menangis_, _ber-t[)e]riak_.
+  Cucumber, _timun_.
+  Cultivate, to, _tanam_, _buat_.
+  Cultivation, _tanam-tanam-an_.
+  Cunning, _cherdek_.
+  Cup, _mangkok_.
+  Curd, _dadeh_.
+  Cure (remedy), _ubat_, _penawar_;
+    (cure, to), _semboh-kan_.
+  Curious, _endah_, _p[)e]lik_.
+  Curly, as hair, _kerenting_.
+  Current, _harus_.
+  Curry, _gulei_, _lauk_.
+  Curse, a, _per-sumpah-an_;
+    (curse, to), _sumpah-kan_.
+  Curtain, _tirei_, _tabir_;
+    (mosquito), _kalambu_.
+  Curved, _bengkok_, _lengkok_.
+  Cushion, _bantal_, _chiau_.
+  Custard-apple, _sri-kaya_.
+  Custom, _`adat_;
+    (excise), _chukei_.
+  Cut, to, _potong_, _k[)e]rat_, _tetas_;
+    (fell trees), _tebang_;
+    (underwood), _tebas_;
+    (a wound), _luka_, _liang_.
+  Cymbals, _cherachap_.
+  Cypher, _angka_.
+
+
+  D.
+
+  Dagger, _kris_.
+  Daily, _sa-hari-hari_.
+  Damaged, _rosak_.
+  Damask (on a weapon), _pamur_.
+  Damp, _basah_, _lembab_.
+  Dance, to, _tari_, _menari_.
+  Dancer (public), _joget_.
+  Dandriff, _daki_.
+  Danger, _bahaya_.
+  Dare, to, _b[)e]rani_.
+  Dark, _g[)e]lap_, _k[)e]lam_.
+  Darn, to, _sutam_, _menyulam_.
+  Dash against, to, _banting_.
+  Date, _tarikh_;
+    (fruit), _kurma_.
+  Daughter, _anak perampuan_;
+    (in law), _menantu perampuan_.
+  Dawn, _cherah_, _dina-hari_.
+  Day, _hari_;
+    (daylight), _siang_;
+    (day and night), _siang malam_;
+    (daybreak), _fajr_, _dina-hari_;
+    (day of judgment), _hari [k.]iamat_.
+  Dead, _mati_, _mampus_;
+    (of a royal personage), _mangkat_.
+  Deaf, _tuli_, _pekak_.
+  Dear, _kakasih_;
+    (costly), _mahal_.
+  Death, _ka-mati-an_, _maut_.
+  Debt, _hutang_, _piutang_.
+  Debtor, _orang ber-hutang_.
+  Decayed, _reput_, _busuk_.
+  Deceive, to, _tipu_, _menipu_.
+  Declare, to, _menyatakan_.
+  Decree, _[h.]ukum_.
+  Deed, _buat-an_, _per-karja-an_.
+  Deep, _dalam_.
+  Deer, _rusa_;
+    (mouse-deer), _pelan-duk_.
+  Defeat, to, _alah-kan_.
+  Defile, to, _kotor-kan_, _chamar-kan_.
+  Degree, _pangkat_, _martabat_.
+  Deity, _tuhan_, _Allah_;
+    (Hindu), _dewa_, _dewata_.
+  Delay, _lambat_.
+  Delegate, to, _wakil-kan_.
+  Delirious, to be, _ber-igau-igau_, _meng-igau_.
+  Deliver up, to, _s[)e]rah_, _meny[)e]rah_.
+  Deluge, _bah_, _ayer bah._.
+  Demand, to, (claim), _tuntut_, _menuntut_.
+  Demon, _hantu_, _bota_, _jin_.
+  Dented, _sumbing_.
+  Deny, to, _sangkal_, _menyangkal_, _mungkir_.
+  Depart, to, _pergi_, _ber-angkat_.
+  Dependency, _jajahan_, _ta`aluk_.
+  Deposit, to, _taroh_, _kirim_.
+  Depth, _dalam_.
+  Descend, to, _turun_, _menurun_.
+  Descent, _turun-an_, _ka-turun-an_.
+  Desert, _gurun_, _hutan_;
+    (merit), _pa-hala_.
+  Design, desire, _kahandak_.
+  Despair, _putus harap_.
+  Despise, to, _meng-hina-kan_.
+  Destroy, to, _binasa_.
+  Devil, _sheitan_, _iblis_.
+  Devour, to, _makan_, _makan habis_;
+    (swallow), _telan_.
+  Dew, _ambun_.
+  Dial-bird, _morai_.
+  Diagonal, _lentang-bujor_.
+  Dialect, _bahasa_, _chara_.
+  Diamond, _intan_.
+  Diarrhoea, _chirit_.
+  Die, to, _mati_, _mampus_;
+    (of a Mussulman), _pulang ka rahmat Allah_, lit. returned to the
+      mercy of God.
+  Differ, to, _ber-lain_, _ber-beda_.
+  Difference, _per-lain-an_, _beda_, _per-beda-an_, _pewat_.
+  Different, _lain_.
+  Difficult, _payah_, _susah_.
+  Dig, to, _gali_, _korek_.
+  Dim, _k[)e]lam_, _kabur_.
+  Dip, to, (in a condiment for eating), _chichah_;
+    (to dye), _chelup_.
+  Direct, straight, _betul_, _lurus_.
+  Dirt, _chamar_, _sampah_.
+  Disappear, to, _liniap_, _hilang_, _ghraib_.
+  Discard, to, _tolak-kan_.
+  Discharge, to, _me-lepas-kan_.
+  Disciple, _murid_.
+  Discover, to, _dapat_, _men-dapat_.
+  Disease, _penyakit_.
+  Disembark, to, _naik darat_.
+  Disgraceful, _keji_.
+  Disguise, _samar_.
+  Dish (china-ware), _piring_, _pinggan_;
+    (native, of metal), _cheper_, _hidan-gan_.
+  Disloyal, _derhaka_.
+  Dismiss, to, _buang_, _me-lepas-kan_, _kaluar-kan_.
+  Disorder, _haru-hara_.
+  Dispersed, _pechah-b[)e]lah_.
+  Dissolve, to, _luluh_, _hanchur_.
+  Distant, _jauh_.
+  Distil, to, _kukus_.
+  Distinct, _t[)e]rang_.
+  Distress, _ka-susah-an_.
+  District, _mukim_, _dairah_.
+  Ditch, _parit_.
+  Dive, to, _selam_, _menyelam_.
+  Divide, to, _membahagi_.
+  Divine, to, _teleh_, _meneleh_, _tenung_.
+  Divorce, _cherei_;
+    (to divorce), _cherei-kan_;
+    (to be divorced), _ber-cherei_.
+  Dizzy, _pening_.
+  Do, to, _buat_, _mem-buat_.
+  Doctor, _bomor_, _tukang ubat_.
+  Dog, _anjing_.
+  Dollar, _ringgit_.
+  Done, finished, _sudah_.
+  Door, _pintu_.
+  Doubt, _shak_, _khuatir_.
+  Doubtful, _tiada tuntu_.
+  Dove, _tekukur_, _balam_.
+  Draft, of a document, _ranchana_.
+  Drag, to, _hela_, _herut_, _seret_.
+  Dragon, _naga_.
+  Dragon's blood, _jernang_.
+  Dragon-fly, _bari-bari_.
+  Drain, _parit_, _saluran_.
+  Draw, to, (pull), _tarik_, _hela_.
+  Dream, _mimpi_.
+  Dress, _pakei-an_.
+  Drift, to, _hanyut_.
+  Drill, _baris_.
+  Drink, to, _minum_.
+  Drive, to, (a carriage), _lari-kan kreta_;
+    (away), _halau_, _halau-kan_.
+  Drop, _titek_.
+  Drop, to, (as a fluid), _menitek_;
+    (to fall prematurely), _gugur_;
+    (as ripe fruit), _luroh_;
+    (to let fall), _labuh-kan_.
+  Drought, _kamarau_.
+  Drown, to, _lemas_.
+  Drum, _gendang_, _rabana_.
+  Drunk, _mabuk_.
+  Dry, _k[)e]ring_.
+  Dry, to, _jemur_.
+  Duck, _itek_.
+  Due, proper, _patut_.
+  Due, tribute, _chukei_.
+  Dumb, _bisa_, _kelu_.
+  Dung (manure), _baja_.
+  Dust, _habu_.
+  Duty, import, _chukei_, _hasil_.
+  Dwarf, _chabul_.
+  Dwell, to, _diam_, _tinggal_.
+  Dye, to, _chelup_.
+  Dysentery, _chirit-darah_.
+
+
+  E.
+
+  Each, _masing-masing_.
+  Ear, _telinga_.
+  Ear-ring, _k[)e]rabu_, _anting-anting_;
+    (worn by unmarried girls), _subang_.
+  Early, _siang_.
+  Earnest-money, _panjar_, _chink[)e]ram_.
+  Earth, _tanah_, _bumi_.
+  Earthenware, _tembikar_.
+  Earthquake, _gumpa_.
+  Earth-oil, _miniak tanah_.
+  Earthworm, _chaching_.
+  East, _mata-hari naik_, _timur_.
+  Easy, _mudah_.
+  Eat, to, _makan_;
+    (of a royal personage), _santap_.
+  Ebb, _surut_.
+  Ebony, _kayu-arang_.
+  Eclipse, _grahana_.
+  Economical, _jimat_.
+  Edge, _tepi_;
+    (sharp), _mata_.
+  Educate, to, _pelehra_, _ajar_.
+  Eel, _b[)e]lut_.
+  Egg, _t[)e]lor_.
+  Egg-plant, _t[)e]rong_.
+  Elbow, _siku_.
+  Elder brother, _abang_.
+  Elder sister, _kakak_.
+  Eldest child, _sulong_.
+  Elephant, _gajah_;
+    (howdah), _kop_;
+    (goad), _kuasa_;
+    (driver), _gambala gajah_;
+    (paniers), _rengka_;
+    (hobbles), _sengk[)a]la_;
+    (tusk), _gading_;
+    (trunk), _belalei_.
+  Elephantiasis, _untut_.
+  Embankment, _batas_.
+  Embark, to, _naik kapal_.
+  Embrace, to, _peluk_, _dakap_.
+  Embroider, to, _soji_.
+  Emerald, _zamrud_.
+  Emissary, _penyuroh_.
+  Empty, _kosong_, _hampa_.
+  Employment, _per-karja-an_.
+  Enclosed, _ber-keliling_.
+  End, _ka-sudah-an_.
+  Endeavour, to, _choba_.
+  Endure, to, _tahan_.
+  Enemy, _musoh_, _satru_.
+  Enmity, _binchi-an_.
+  Enough, _sudah_, _chukup_.
+  Enigma, _tekak-teki_.
+  Enquire, to, _tanya_, _p[)a]reksa_.
+  Entangled, _ter-sangkut_.
+  Enter, to, _masok_.
+  Entertain, to (offer hospitality), _men-jamu_.
+  Entertainment (feast), _jamu-an_, _kanduri_.
+  Entrails, _isi-p[)e]rut_.
+  Envelop, to, _balut_.
+  Envy, _dingki_.
+  Epilepsy, _sawan-babi_.
+  Equal, _sama_, _sa-tara_.
+  Equally, _sama-rata_.
+  Equip, to, _langkap_.
+  Erase, to, _kikis_, _parang_.
+  Erect, to, _mem-bangket-kan_.
+  Escape, to, _lari_;
+    (flee from danger), _melari-kan niawa_, _membawa diri_.
+  Escort to, _antar-kan_.
+  Establish, to, _me-letak-kan_, _men-diri-kan_, _tegoh-kan_.
+  Esteem, to (prize), _endah-kan_.
+  Estimate, _nilai_.
+  Estuary, _kuala_.
+  Eternity, _kakal_, _ba[k.]a_.
+  Even (of numbers), _ganap_;
+    (level), _rata_.
+  Even, likewise, _juga_, _pun_.
+  Evening, _p[)e]tang_.
+  Ever, _pernah_.
+  Evidence, _ka-niata-an_.
+  Evil, _jahat_, _nakal_.
+  Evil, calamity, _mara-bahaya_, _bala_, _chelaka_.
+  Ewe, _kambing-betina_.
+  Exalt, to, _per-tinggi-kan_, _mem-besar-kan_.
+  Examine, to, _p[)a]reksa_.
+  Example, _teladan_.
+  Exceed, to, _lampau_, _lalu-i_.
+  Except, _hania_, _me-lain-kan_.
+  Excess, surplus, _ka-lebeh-an_.
+  Exchange, to, _tukar-kan_.
+  Expect, to, _me-nanti-kan_.
+  Expensive, _mahal_.
+  Extend, to, _panjang-kan_, _lanjut-kan_.
+  Extensive, _lapang_, _luas_.
+  Extinguish, to, _padam-kan_.
+  Eye, _mata_;
+    (ball), _biji-mata_;
+    (brow), _k[)e]ning_;
+    (lid), _k[)e]lopak-mata_.
+
+
+  F.
+
+  Fable, _cheritra_, _hakayat_.
+  Face, _muka_.
+  Fade, to _layu_, _ber-layu_.
+  Fail, to (in business), _jatoh_.
+  Faint, weak, _leteh_;
+    (swoon), _pengsan_.
+  Fair, just, _betul_.
+  Faith, _iman_.
+  Fall, to, _jatoh_;
+    (to cause to fall), _jatoh-kan_;
+    (to drop spontaneously), _luroh_, _gugur_;
+    (to tumble down), _r[)e]bah_, _tumbang_.
+  False, _bohong_, _dusta_.
+  Famed, _megah_, _mashur_.
+  Family, _isi-rumah_;
+    (stock, lineage), _bangsa_, _kaum_.
+  Famine, _ka-lapar-an_.
+  Fan, _kipas_; to fan, _kirap_.
+  Far, _jauh_.
+  Farewell, _salamat tinggal_.
+  Farm (of public revenues), _pajak_.
+  Fast (quickly), _lakas_;
+    (swift), _laju_;
+    (abstinence), _puasa_.
+  Fasten, to, _ikat_, _tambat_.
+  Fat (plump), _gumok_, _tumbun_;
+    (grease), _lemak_.
+  Fate, _nasib_, _ajal_.
+  Father, _bapa_, _ayah_;
+    (step), _bapa-tiri_;
+    (in-law), _mentuah_.
+  Fathom, _depa_.
+  Fatigued, _panat_, _lelah_.
+  Fault, _salah_, _ka-salah-an_.
+  Favour, _kasih-an_;
+    (royal), _karunia_, _anugrah_.
+  Fear, _takut_.
+  Feast, _kanduri_, _per-jamu-an._
+  Feather, _bulu_.
+  Features, _paras_.
+  Fee, _upah_, _faidah_.
+  Feeble, _lemah_, _leteh_.
+  Feed, to, _b[)e]ri makan_, _suap-kan_.
+  Feel, to (touch), _raba_, _jamah_, _jabat_.
+  Feint, _pura-pura_.
+  Fell, to, _t[)e]bang_.
+  Female, _perampuan_, _betina_.
+  Fence, _pagar_.
+  Fern, _paku_.
+  Ferry, _tambang_.
+  Ferryboat, _prahu tambang_.
+  Festival, _hari-besar_, _hari-raya_.
+  Fetch, to, _ambil_, _bawa_, _jemput_.
+  Fever, _demam_.
+  Field, _padang_;
+    (wet rice), _sawah_, _bendang_.
+  Fierce, _garang_.
+  Fig, _buah ara_.
+  Fight, to, _ber-kalahi_;
+    (of animals), _ber-laga_;
+    (of cocks), _sabong_.
+  File, _kikir_.
+  Fill, to, _penoh-kan_, _isi-kan_.
+  Filter, to, _tapis_.
+  Fin, _sirip_.
+  Find, to, _dapat_.
+  Fine (elegant), _bagus_, _elok_;
+    (not coarse), _halus_.
+  Fine (amercement), _denda_.
+  Finger, _jari_.
+  Finish, to, _habis-kan_, _menyudah-kan_.
+  Finished, _habis_, _sudah_.
+  Fire, _api_.
+  Fire-fly, _k[)e]lip-k[)e]lip_.
+  Firewood, _kayu-api_.
+  Firm, _kukuh_.
+  First, _mula-mula_, _pertama_.
+  Fish, _ikan_; (fish, to), _panching_, _memanching_, _mengail_;
+    (with artificial bait), _kachor_.
+  Fish-hook, _kail_;
+    (line), _tali-kail_.
+  Fist, _tinju_.
+  Fit, _patut_, _harus_, _wajib_;
+    (seizure), _pitam_.
+  Flag, _bandera_;
+    (staff), _tiang-bandera_.
+  Flame, _niala_.
+  Flannel, _kain-panas_.
+  Flash, _kilat_.
+  Flat, _cheper_;
+    (level), _rata_.
+  Flay, to, _kupas_, _kelupas_.
+  Flea, _kutu anjing_.
+  Fleece, _bulu-kambing_.
+  Fleet, _angkat-an_.
+  Flesh, _daging_, _isi_.
+  Fling, to, _baling_, _lempar_, _lotar_;
+    (down), _champak_.
+  Flint, _batu api_.
+  Float, to, _timbul_, _hanyut_.
+  Flock, _kawan_.
+  Flog, to, _pukul_, _gasak_.
+  Floor, _lantei_.
+  Flour, _tepong_.
+  Flow, to, _leleh_, _meleleh_;
+    (as a river), _alir_, _mengalir_;
+    (of the tide), _pasang_.
+  Flower, _bunga_.
+  Fly, _lalat_;
+    (horse-), _pikat_;
+    (eye-), _kakoroh_;
+    (fly, to), _terbang_.
+  Foam, _buih_.
+  Fog, _kabut_.
+  Fold (a pen), _kandang_;
+    (fold, to), _lipat_.
+  Follow, to, _ikut_, _turut_.
+  Food, _makan-an_.
+  Foolish, _bodoh_, _gila_.
+  Foot, _kaki_;
+    (sole of the), _tapak kaki_.
+  Football, _sepak raga_.
+  For, _akan_, _pada_;
+    (because), _karana_.
+  For fear, lest, _takut_.
+  Forbid, to, _larang_.
+  Force, _kuasa_, _kuat_;
+    (to use --), _kuat-kan_, _k[)e]ras-i_.
+  Ford, to (wade), _merandau_.
+  Fordable, shallow, _changkat_, _tohor_.
+  Foreigner, _orang dagang_, _anak dagang_.
+  Forehead, _dahi_.
+  Foreskin, _kulup_.
+  Forest, _rimba_.
+  Forfeited, _luchut_.
+  Forget, to, _lupa_, _lupa-kan_.
+  Forgive, to, _ampun-kan_, _ma`af-kan_.
+  Forgiveness, _ampun_, _ma`af_.
+  Fork, _garfu_, _penyuchuk_.
+  Form, _rupa_.
+  Former times, _dahulu kala_.
+  Fornication, _ber-kendak_.
+  Forsake, to, _tinggal-kan_.
+  Fort, _kota_.
+  Fortunate, _mujur_, _tuah_.
+  Fortune, _untong_, _nasib_.
+  Foundation, _kaki tembok_, _alas rumah_.
+  Founder, to, _karam_.
+  Fountain, spring, _mata ayer_.
+  Fowl, _hayam_.
+  Fragment, _sa-patah_, _sa-k[)e]rat_.
+  Frankincense, _kaminiau_.
+  Free, _bebas_.
+  Freed, _mardahika_.
+  Freeze, to, _b[)a]ku_.
+  Frequent, _k[)e]rap_.
+  Fresh, new, _baharu_;
+    (of water), _tawar_.
+  Friend, _sahabat_.
+  Fright, _ka-takut-an_.
+  Frighten, _menyakut-kan_.
+  Fringe, _jala-jala_, _daun budi_.
+  Frog, _katak_, _kodok_.
+  From, _deri_, _deri-pada_.
+  Front, _hadap-an_.
+  Froth, _buih_.
+  Fruit, _buah_.
+  Fry, to, _goreng_, _rendang_.
+  Fulfil, to, _sampei-kan_, _semporna-kan_.
+  Full, _p[)e]nuh_.
+  Full-moon, _pernama bulan_.
+  Fun, _lawak-lawak_, _ber-suka-suka-an_.
+  Fund, capital, _modal_.
+  Funnel, _chorot_.
+  Furnace, _dapur_, _ralau_.
+
+
+  G.
+
+  Gain, _laba_, _faidah_.
+  Gale, _ribut_.
+  Gall, _ampadu_.
+  Gamble, to, _judi_, _men-judi_.
+  Game, _per-main-an_.
+  Game-cock, _hayam sabong_.
+  Gaol, _panjara_.
+  Gape, to, _nganga_.
+  Garden, _kabun_;
+    (flower), _taman_.
+  Garlic, _bawang puteh_.
+  Gasp, to, _menguap_.
+  Gate, _pintu_, _kerbang_.
+  Gate-keeper, _penunggu-pintu_.
+  Gather, to (pluck), _kutib_, _petik_;
+    (pick up), _pungut_;
+    (assemble), _ber-kumpul_, _ber-impun_.
+  Gaze, to, _renong_.
+  Gem, _permata_.
+  Generous, _morah-hati_.
+  Gentle, _lembut_, _manis_.
+  Get, to, _dapat_, _men-dapat-kan_.
+  Get up, to, _bangket_, _bangun_.
+  Ghost, _hantu_.
+  Giddy, _pening_.
+  Gift, _hadia_, _pem-b[)e]ri-an_.
+  Gild, to, _chelop_, _sador_.
+  Gills, of a fish, _isang_.
+  Gimlet, _gurdi_.
+  Ginger, _halia_.
+  Girdle, _tali-pinggang_.
+  Girl, _budak_.
+  Girth, _tali-p[)e]rut_.
+  Give, to, _b[)e]ri_, _kasih_;
+    (back), _pulang-kan_, _membalik-kan_.
+  Gizzard, _ampedal_.
+  Glad, _suka_, _suka-chita_.
+  Glass, _kacha_.
+  Glean, to, _pungut_.
+  Glitter, to, _kilau_, _mengilau_.
+  Glorious, _mulia_.
+  Glory, _ka-mulia-an_.
+  Glove, _sarong tangan_.
+  Glue, _per[)e]kat_.
+  Glutton, _gelujuh_.
+  Gnat, _agas_.
+  Go, to, _pergi_;
+    (in), _masuk_;
+    (out), _terbit_, _kaluar_.
+  Goat, _kambing_.
+  Goblin, _bota_.
+  God, _Allah_.
+  Gold, _mas_, _amas_;
+    (leaf), _mas kartas_;
+    (dust), _mas urei_.
+  Goldsmith, _tukang mas_.
+  Gong, _tawa-tawa_.
+  Good, _baik_.
+  Goods, _barang-barang_, _benda_, _harta_, _dagang-an_.
+  Goose, _angsa_.
+  Gore, to, _tandok_, _menandok_.
+  Gospel, _injil_.
+  Gourd, _labu_.
+  Govern, to, _memerentah_.
+  Government, _perentah_.
+  Gown, _kabaya_.
+  Grace, _karunia_, _anugrah_.
+  Grain, _biji_, _butir_.
+  Grammar, _nahu_.
+  Grandchild, _chuchu_;
+    (great), _chichit_.
+  Grandparent, _datoh_, _nenek_;
+    (great), _moyang_.
+  Granite, _batu bukit_.
+  Grapes, _buah anggur_.
+  Grasshopper, _belalang_.
+  Grasp, to, _genggam_.
+  Grass, _rumput_.
+  Grate, to (rasp), _kukur_.
+  Grave, a, _[k.]ubur_.
+  Gravel, _batu-lada_, _batu-k[)e]likir_.
+  Gravy, _kuah_.
+  Grease, _lemah_.
+  Great, _besar_.
+  Greedy, _gelujuh_.
+  Green, _hijau_.
+  Green-pigeon, _punei_.
+  Grief, _duka-chita_, _ka-susah-an_.
+  Grieved, _susah-hati_.
+  Grind, to, _kisar_;
+    (on a flat surface), _giling_;
+    (to sharpen), _asah_, _chanei_.
+  Grinder, molar tooth, _gerham_.
+  Grinding-stone, _batu-giling_.
+  Gripes, colic, _mulas_, _senak p[)e]rut_.
+  Groan, to, _meng[)e]rang_.
+  Grope, to (feel in the dark), _raba_.
+  Gross, coarse, _kasar_.
+  Ground, soil, _tanah_.
+  Grow, to, _tumboh_.
+  Growl, to, _men-d[)e]ring_, _men-d[)e]ram_.
+  Grudge, _sakit-hati_, _kechil-hati_.
+  Gruel, _kanji_.
+  Grumble, to, _sungut_, _ber-sungut_.
+  Guard, to, _tunggu_, _kawal_.
+  Guava, _jambu-biji_.
+  Guide, _pandu_, _pertulus_.
+  Guilt, _ka-salah-an_.
+  Guilty, _salah_.
+  Gulf, _teluk_.
+  Gum, _getah_.
+  Gums, the, _gusi_.
+  Gun, _bedil_, _snapang_;
+    (cannon), _mariam_;
+    (swivel), _lela_, _rantaka_.
+  Gunpowder, _ubat-bedil_.
+  Gunwale, _rubing_.
+  Gutter, _saluran-ayr_.
+
+
+  H.
+
+  Habit, custom, _`adat_;
+    (in the habit of), _biasa_.
+  Hair, _rambut_, _bulu_.
+  Hair-pin, _chuchuk-sanggul_.
+  Half, _tengah_, _sa-tengah_, _sa-paroh_.
+  Halt, crippled, _tempang_;
+    (to stop on a journey), _singgah_.
+  Halve, to, _bahagi dua_.
+  Hammer, _pemukul_, _peng[)e]tok_, _martel_.
+  Hammer, to, _k[)e]tok_.
+  Hamper, a, _k[)e]ranjang_, _raga_.
+  Hand, _tangan_.
+  Handful, _sa-genggam_.
+  Handkerchief, _sapu-tangan_.
+  Handle, of a weapon, _hulu_;
+    (of a jar), _telinga_.
+  Handsome, _bagus_, _elok_, _hebat_.
+  Handwriting, _tapak-tangan_, _khat_.
+  Hang, to, (suspend), _gantong_, _meng-gantong-kan_;
+    (to be suspended), _ber-gantong_.
+  Happen, to, _jadi_.
+  Happy, _senang_, _salamat_.
+  Hard, _k[)e]ras_, _tegar_.
+  Hardship, _ka-sukar-an_.
+  Harlot, _sundal_, _jalang_.
+  Harpoon, _sarampang_.
+  Harrow, _sikat_, _garu_.
+  Hasp, _kuku_.
+  Haste, _gopoh_.
+  Hat, _topi_;
+    (conical leaf hat), _terendah_.
+  Hatch, to, _meng-g[)e]ram_.
+  Hatchet, _b[)e]liong_, _kapak_.
+  Hate, to, _binchi_.
+  Haul, to, _tarik_, _hela_.
+  Have, to, _ada_, _ber-uleh_, _menaroh_.
+  Haze, _kabut_.
+  Head, _kapala_, _hulu_.
+  Headache, _sakit-kapala_.
+  Health, _sihat niaman_.
+  Heap, _kumpul-an_, _tambun_.
+  Hear, to, _dengar_.
+  Heart, _hati_, _jantong_;
+    (of timber), _t[)e]ras_;
+    (to have the heart to), _sampei hati_, _dapat hati_.
+  Heat, _hangat_.
+  Heave, to, _bongkar_.
+  Heaven, _surga_;
+    (Muhammadan), _janat-al-naim_.
+  Heavy, _b[)e]rat_.
+  Hedge, _pagar_.
+  Heel, _tumit_.
+  Heel, to (incline), _singet_.
+  Heir, _waris_.
+  Hell, _naraka_, _patala_, (Muhammadan), _jahanam_.
+  Helm, _kamudi_.
+  Help, to, _tulong_, _menulong_, _bantu_, _mem-bantu_.
+  Hem, _kelim_.
+  Hen, _ibu-hayam_, _hayam-betina_.
+  Here, _sini_, _di-sini_, _kamari_.
+  Heritage, _pusaka_.
+  Hiccup, _sedu_.
+  Hide, to, _sembunyi_.
+  Hide, skin, _belulang_, _kulit_.
+  High, _tinggi_.
+  Hill, _bukit_, _changkat_.
+  Hillock, _busut_.
+  Hilt, _hulu_.
+  Hinder, to, _tegah_, _larang_, _sangkut_, _tahan_.
+  Hire, to (engage), _upah_, _meng-upah-kan_;
+    (rent), _penyewa_;
+    (to rent), _sewa_, _menyewa_.
+  History, _cheritra_, _hakayat_.
+  Hiss, to, _ber-siul_.
+  Hit, to, _k[)e]na_.
+  Hoarse, _garok_.
+  Hoe, _changkol_.
+  Hoist, to, _angkat_.
+  Hold, to, _pegang_.
+  Hold, of a ship, _peta_.
+  Hole, _lobang_, _liang_.
+  Holiday, _hari-raya_.
+  Hollow, _lekok_, _geronggong_.
+  Homicide, murder, _pem-bunoh-an_.
+  Hone, _batu-asah_.
+  Honest, _betul_.
+  Honesty, _puteh-hati_.
+  Honey, _madu_, _manis-an lebah_.
+  Honour, _ka-mulia-an_.
+  Hoof, _kuku_.
+  Hook, _penggait_;
+    (elephant-goad), _kuasa_;
+    (fish-), _mata-kail_.
+  Hoop, _simpei_.
+  Hope, _harap_, _asa_.
+  Hopeless, _putus-harap_.
+  Horizon, _kaki-langit_.
+  Horn, _tandok_;
+    (of the rhinoceros), _sumboh_;
+    (feeler), _sungut_.
+  Hornet, _tabu-an_, _naning_.
+  Horrible, _ng[)e]ri_, _hebat_.
+  Horse, _kuda_.
+  Horse-mango, _bachang_, _machang_.
+  Horse-race, _ber-lomba kuda_.
+  Hot, _panas_, _hangat_;
+    (acrid), _pedas_, _pedis_.
+  Hour, _jam_.
+  House, _rumah_.
+  Household, _isi-rumah_.
+  Hovel, _pondok_, _teratak_.
+  How, _bagei-mana_.
+  Howdah, _kop_;
+    (panniers), _rengkah_.
+  However, _tetapi_, _akan-tetapi_.
+  How much? how many? _b[)e]r-apa_, _b[)e]r-apa baniak_.
+  How long? _b[)e]r-apa lama_.
+  Hug, to, _peluk_, _dakap_.
+  Hum, to, _sering_, _menyering_.
+  Humane, _morah-hati_.
+  Humble, _rendah_;
+    (to humble oneself), _me-rendah-kan diri_.
+  Humpback, _bongkok_.
+  Hungry, _lapar_.
+  Hunt, to, _buru_, _mem-buru_.
+  Hurricane, _ribut_, _tufan_.
+  Hurry, _gopoh_.
+  Hurt, to, _sakit-kan_, _menyakit-kan_.
+  Husband, _laki_, _swami_, _rumah-tangga_.
+  Husk, _kulit_;
+    (of cocoanut), _sabut_;
+    (of rice), _sekam_.
+  Hut, _pondok_, _teratak_, _jambar_, _lengkok_.
+
+
+  I.
+
+  Ice, _ayar b[)a]ku_, _ayer batu_.
+  Idea, _`a[k.]al_.
+  Idiot, _bodoh_, _gila_, _korang-`a[k.]al_.
+  Idle, _malas_, _segan_.
+  Idol, _berhala_.
+  If, _kalau_, _jikalau_.
+  Ignite, to, _chuchuk_, _pasang_.
+  Ignorant, _babal_, _bodoh_.
+  Ill, _sakit_;
+    (of a royal personage), _g[)e]ring_.
+  Ill-bred, _korang-adab_, _be-adab_.
+  Ill-humoured, _masam-muka_, _peny-[)e]bal_.
+  Illicit, _larang_, _churi_.
+  Illustrious, _mulia_.
+  Image, _rupa_, _gambar_, _bangun_.
+  Imagine, to, _sangka_, _agak_.
+  Imitate, to, _tiru_, _turut_.
+  Immediately, _sakarang ini_.
+  Immortal, _kakal_, _ba[k.]a_.
+  Impatient, _korang-sabar_.
+  Impertinent, _kasar_, _sombong_.
+  Important, _besar_, _b[)e]rat_, _matan_.
+  Impossible, _tiada akan_, _ta'kan_, _mustahil_.
+  Impound, to, _kandang-kan_.
+  Imprison, to, _kurong-kan_.
+  Improve, to, _baik-i_, _mem-baik-i_.
+  Impudent, _muka-tebal_, _muka-papan_.
+  Incense, _kaminian_, _istanggi_, _dupa_.
+  Incest, _sumbang_.
+  Incline, to (bend), _chondong_.
+  Increase, to, _ber-tambah_;
+    (to add), _tambah-kan_, _me-lebeh-kan_;
+    (subs.), _tambah-an_, _ka-lebeh-an_.
+  Indebted, _ber-hutang_.
+  India-rubber, _g[)e]tah_.
+  Indian-corn, _jagong_.
+  Indigo (plant), _tarum_;
+    (dye), _nila_.
+  Indignant, _hangat-hati_.
+  Indulge, to, _kasih_, _pandang_.
+  Industrious, _rajin_.
+  Infectious, _jangkit_, _ber-jangkit-an_.
+  Infidel, _kafir_.
+  Infirm, _lemah_, _leteh_.
+  Inform, to, _b[)e]ri-tahu_, _me-ma`alum-kan_.
+  Informer, _penudoh_.
+  Inhabit, to, _duduk_, _diam_.
+  Inhabitants, _isi-negri_.
+  Inheritance, _pusaka_.
+  Inhuman, _bingis_.
+  Injure, to, _rosak-kan_, _binasa-kan_.
+  Ink, _dawat_, _tinta_.
+  Inkstand, _tampat-dawat_.
+  Inland, _hulu_, _darat_.
+  Inquire, to, _tanya_, _p[)a]reksa_.
+  Insect, _benatang_.
+  Insert, to, _masok-kan_, _s[)e]lip_.
+  Insignia, regalia, _perkakas-ka-raja-an_.
+  Insipid, _tawar_, _maung_.
+  Instant, _sa'at_, _sa-kejap_, _sa-buntar_.
+  Instead, _ganti_, _alih-alih_.
+  Instruct, to, _ajar_, _meng-ajar-kan_, _meng-aji-kan_.
+  Instructor, _guru_, _pengajar_.
+  Instrument, _alat_, _perkakas-an_.
+  Intend, to, _mahu_, _handak_, _niat-hati_.
+  Intercept, to (cut off), _k[)e]pong_.
+  Interest, _bunga_.
+  Interior, _dalam_;
+    (of a country), _hulu_, _darat_.
+  Interfere, to, _masok-mulut_.
+  Interpret, to, _salin-kan_, _turun-kan bahasa lain_;
+    (into Malay), _jawi-kan_, _men-jawi-kan_.
+  Interpreter, _juru-bahasa_.
+  Interval, _selang_.
+  Intestines, _isi-p[)e]rut_.
+  Intoxicated, _mabuk_.
+  Inundation, _ayer bah_.
+  Invade, to, _langgar_, _me-langgar_.
+  Invent, to, _meng-ada-kan_.
+  Invention, _hikmat_.
+  Invisible, _ba[t.]in_.
+  Invite, to, _panggil_, _sila-kan_.
+  Invulnerable, _kebal_, _p[)e]lias_.
+  Iron, _besi_.
+  Irony, _sindir_.
+  Island, _pulau_.
+  Issue, to, _terbit_.
+  Itch (the), _kudis_;
+    (to), _gatal_.
+  Ivory, _gading_.
+
+
+  J.
+
+  Jack-fruit, _nangka_.
+  Jackal, _sri-gala_.
+  Jacket, _baju_.
+  Jar, _tempayan_, _buyong_.
+  Jargon, _bahasa kachau-kan_.
+  Jasmine, _malati_, _melur_.
+  Jealous, _chemburu_.
+  Jealousy, _chemburu-an_.
+  Jetty, _jambatan_, _pelantar_.
+  Jew, _Yahudi_.
+  Jewel, _permata_.
+  Join, to, _hubong_, _meng-hubong-kan_.
+  Joint, _buku_, _ruas_, _sendi_.
+  Joke, _lawah_, _gurau_, _saluroh_, _gonja_.
+  Journey, _per-jalan-an_;
+    (by sea), _pelaiar-an_;
+    (provisions for a), _bakal_, _bekas_.
+  Joy, _ka-suka-an_, _suka-hati_, _ber-suka-suka-an_.
+  Judge, _hakim_.
+  Judgment, _sangka_, _rasa_;
+    (to deliver), _putus hukum_;
+    (day of), _hari-kiamat_.
+  Jug, a, _buyong_.
+  Juggle, to, _sulap_, _balik-mata_.
+  Juggler, _penyulap_.
+  Juice, _ayer_;
+    (of plants), _getah_.
+  Jump, to, _lompat_, _ber-lompat_;
+    (down), _terjun_.
+  Junk, _jong_, _wangkang_, _top_.
+  Just, _`adil_.
+  Just now, _tadi_, _baharu-ini_, _baharu-tadi_.
+  Justice, _ka-`adil-an_.
+
+
+  K.
+
+  Keel, _lunas_.
+  Keep, to, _simpan_, _menyimpan_.
+  Keepsake, _tanda hayat_.
+  Kernel, _isi_.
+  Kettle, _cherek_.
+  Key, _anak kunchi_.
+  Kick, to, _sepak_, _tendang_.
+  Kid, _anak kambing_.
+  Kidneys, _buah pinggang_.
+  Kill, to, _bunoh_, _membunoh_.
+  Kiln, _tenur_.
+  Kind, affectionate, _ber-kasih_.
+  Kind, sort, _bangsa_, _jenis_.
+  Kindle, to, _chuchuk_, _pasang-api_, _ p[)e]lakat-api_.
+  Kindred _kaum_, _kulawarga_.
+  King, _raja_.
+  Kiss, to, (smell), _chium_.
+  Kitchen, _dapor_.
+  Kite, (bird), _halang_, _lang_;
+    (paper), _wau_, _layang-layang_.
+  Kitten, _anak kuching_.
+  Knee, _lutut_.
+  Kneel, to, _berdiri-lutut_;
+    (as an elephant), _t[)e]rum_.
+  Knee-pan, _tempurong-lutut_.
+  Knife, _pisau_.
+  Knitting, _aniam_, _rajut_.
+  Knock, to, _k[)e]tok_, _pukul_.
+  Knot, _simpul_.
+  Know, to, _tahu_, _kenal_.
+  Knuckle, _buku-jari_.
+
+
+  L.
+
+  Labour, _karja_, _usaha_.
+  Labourer, _kuli_, _orang-gaji_.
+  Lad, _budak_.
+  Ladder, _tangga_.
+  Ladle, _sendok_, _gayong_;
+    (to ladle out), _chedok_.
+  Lady, _tuan_, _siti_, _inche_.
+  Lace, gold or silver, _renda_.
+  Lake, _tasek_, _danau_.
+  Lamb, _anak-biri_.
+  Lame, _tempang_, _chapik_.
+  Lament, to, _ratap_, _meratap_, _menangis_;
+    (regret), _menyesal_.
+  Lamp, _palita_.
+  Lance, _lembing_, _tombak_.
+  Land, _tanah_, _darat_;
+    (padi-land), _sawah_, _tanah bendang_;
+    (garden-land), _tanah kampong_.
+  Lancet, _taji_.
+  Lane, _lurong_.
+  Language, _bahasa_, _chara_.
+  Lantern, _tanglong_.
+  Lap, _pangku_, _riba_.
+  Larboard, _kiri_.
+  Large, _besar_.
+  Last, to, _tahan_, _menahan_.
+  Last, hindmost, _yang belakang_, _sa-kali_, _akhir_;
+    (last night), _sa-malam_.
+  Late, _akhir_;
+    (at night), _jauh malam_.
+  Lath, _kasau_, _lantei_.
+  Lattice-work, _gisi-gisi_.
+  Laugh, to, _tertawa_, _gelak_.
+  Laugh at, to, (deride), _menggonja-kan_.
+  Law, _hukum_, _undang-undang_.
+  Lawn, _halaman_.
+  Lawful, _halal_, _harus_.
+  Lawyer, _wakil_.
+  Lay, to, (set down), _bubok_, _letak_, _me-letak-kan_;
+    (wager), _ber-taroh_;
+    (an egg), _ber-telor_.
+  Lazy, _malas_, _segan_.
+  Lead (the metal), _timak hitam_.
+  Lead, to (by the hand), _pimpin_;
+    (guide), _tunjuk-kan_, _pandu-kan_, _hantar-kan_.
+  Leaf, _daun_;
+    (of paper), _halei_, _lei_, _kajang_.
+  Leaky, _bochor_, _tiris_.
+  Lean, thin, _kurus_.
+  Lean, to (rest against), _sandar_, _menyandar_.
+  Leap, to, _lompat_, _me-lompat_;
+    (down), _terjun_.
+  Learn, to, _belajar_;
+    (religion), _mengaji_.
+  Learned, _pandei_, _`alim_.
+  Leather, _kulit_, _belulang_.
+  Leave, permission, _izin_.
+  Leave (to quit), _tinggal-kan_.
+  Leech, _lintah_;
+    (forest), _pachat_.
+  Leeward, _di-bawah angin_.
+  Left, _kiri_.
+  Left (remaining), _sisa_.
+  Leg, _kaki_;
+    (thigh), _paha_;
+    (from knee to ankle), _betis_;
+    (calf), _jantong-betis_.
+  Lend, to, _b[)e]ri-pinjam_.
+  Length, _panjang_, _lanjut_.
+  Lengthways, _bujur_.
+  Leprosy, _kusta_.
+  Less, _korang_.
+  Let (to allow), _biar_;
+    (hire), _b[)e]ri-sewa_.
+  Let off, to (fire-arms), _pasang_, _chuchuh_, _me-letup-kan_;
+    (forgive, discharge), _ampun-kan_, _me-lepas-kan_.
+  Letter, _surat kirim-an_.
+  Level, _rata_.
+  Liar, _pem-bohong_.
+  Liberal, _morah-hati_.
+  Liberate, to, _lepas-kan_, _mardahika-kan_.
+  Lick, to, _jilat_.
+  Lid, _tudong_;
+    (eye-), _kelopak-mata_.
+  Lie, falsehood, _bohong_.
+  Lie down, to, _baring_, _tidor_.
+  Life, _niawa_, _jiwa_, _hayat_.
+  Lift, to, _angkat_, _meng-angkat_.
+  Light, bright, _chahya_, _t[)e]rang_;
+    (not heavy), _ringan_.
+  Light (to kindle), _chuchuh_, _pasang_;
+    (to guide with a torch), _suloh_, _menyuloh_.
+  Lighter, _tongkang_.
+  Lightning, _kilat_.
+  Like, _bagei_, _saperti_, _laksana_, _sa-umpama_.
+  Like, to, _suka_, _gamar_, _ber-kenan_.
+  Likeness, _rupa_, _gambar_.
+  Limb, _angguta_.
+  Lime, _kapur_;
+    (quicklime), _tohor_;
+    (birdlime), _getah_.
+  Lime, lemon, _limau-asam_.
+  Line, (string), _tali_;
+    (row), _baris_, _nirei_.
+  Lineage, _ka-turun-an_.
+  Linen, _kain-rami_.
+  Lining, _alas_, _lapis_.
+  Lion, _singa_.
+  Lip, _bibir_.
+  Liquid, _chayer_.
+  Listen, to, _men-dengar_.
+  Litter, _usong-an_.
+  Little, _kechil_.
+  Little finger, _kelingking_.
+  Liver, _limpah_.
+  Livelihood, _ka-hidop-an_, _pen-cha-hari-an_.
+  Lizard, _chichak_.
+  Load, _baban_, _pikul-an_;
+    (cargo), _muat-an_, _sarat-an_.
+  Loaf, _ketul_.
+  Lobster, _hudang-galah_.
+  Lock, _kunchi_.
+  Locust, _bilalang_.
+  Lodge, to, _tumpang_, _menumpang_;
+    (for a night), _ber-malam_.
+  Loft, _para_, _loteng_.
+  Log, _batang_, _puntong_.
+  Lonely, _sunyi_.
+  Long, _lama_.
+  Long, to, _dendam_, _rindu_.
+  Look, to, _pandang_, _tengok_, _lihat_;
+    (look up), _tengadah_.
+  Looking-glass, _chermin_.
+  Loom, _perkakas-tenun_.
+  Loose, _longgar_, _kendor_.
+  Lord, _tuan_;
+    (deity), _tuhan_.
+  Lose, to, _hilang_;
+    (to suffer defeat), _alah_.
+  Lotos, _teratei_.
+  Loud, _riyuh_, _kuat_.
+  Love, _kasih-an_;
+    (love, to), _kasih_, _ber-kasih_, _berahi_.
+  Low, _rendah_.
+  Low-water, _ayer-surut_, _ayer mati_.
+  Loyal, _setia_.
+  Luck, _untong_.
+  Luckily, _sa-baik-baik-nia_.
+  Lucky, _mujur_.
+  Lullaby, _lagu pengulik_.
+  Lump, _ketul_.
+  Lunatic, _orang-gila_.
+  Lungs, _paru-paru_.
+  Lust, _hawa_, _nafsu_.
+  Lute, _kechapi_.
+
+
+  M.
+
+  Mace, _bunga-pala_.
+  Machine, _pesawat_.
+  Mad, _gila_.
+  Maggot, _hulat_.
+  Magic, _`ilmu_.
+  Magistrate, _hakim_, _tuan polis_.
+  Magnet, _besi-b[)e]rani_.
+  Maimed, _kudong_.
+  Mainmast, _tiang-agong_.
+  Maintain, to, _pelehra_.
+  Maize, _jagong_.
+  Majesty, _baginda_.
+  Make, to, _buat_, _membuat_.
+  Male (man), _laki-laki_;
+    (animal), _jantan_.
+  Malice, _dingki_, _kechil-hati_.
+  Malignant, _ber-dingki_.
+  Man, _orang_, _laki-laki_.
+  Man-of-war, _kapal p[)e]rang_.
+  Manage, to, _perentah_, _memerentah_.
+  Mane, _gambong_, _jambul_.
+  Mange, _kudis_.
+  Mango, _mampelam_, _mangga_;
+    (horse-), _machang_, _bachang_.
+  Mangostin, _manggis_.
+  Manifest, to, _menyata-kan_, _mene-rang-kan_.
+  Mankind, _manusia_.
+  Manner, _bagei_, _macham_.
+  Manure, _baja_.
+  Many, _baniak_.
+  Map, _peta_.
+  Marble, _pualam_.
+  Mare, _kuda-betina_.
+  Margin, _tepi_.
+  Mark, _tanda_, _`alamat_;
+    (to shoot at), _tuju-an_, _sasar_.
+  Market, _pasar_.
+  Marriage, _kawin_, _nikah_;
+    (to demand in), _pinang_, _meminang_;
+    (to give in), _nikah-kan_.
+  Married, _ber-kawin_;
+    (having a wife), _ber-bini_;
+    (having a husband), _ber-laki_.
+  Marrow, _otak-tulang_.
+  Marsh, _paya_, _redang_.
+  Mash, to, _pipis_.
+  Mason, _tukang-batu_.
+  Mast, _tiang_.
+  Master, _tuan_;
+    (of a ship), _juragan_, _nakhoda_.
+  Mat, _tikar_.
+  Match, _goris-api_;
+    (to suit), _padan_.
+  Matchlock, _satinggar_.
+  Mate, of a ship, _malim_.
+  Matter (affair), _perkara_;
+    (pus), _nanah_.
+  Mattress, _tilam_.
+  May, _buleh_.
+  Meal (repast), _makan-an_;
+    (flour), _tepong_.
+  Mean, _hina_;
+    (to understand), _harti_, _meng-harti_.
+  Meaning (sense), _ma`ana_, _harti_.
+  Meanwhile, _dalam antara itu_.
+  Means (by all), _hubaya_.
+  Measure, to, _hukur_, _sukat_.
+  Measurement, _hukur-an_, _sukat-an_.
+  Meat, _daging_.
+  Medicine, _ubat_.
+  Meek, _manis_, _lemah-lumbut_.
+  Meet, to, _jumpa_, _ber-jumpa_, _temu_, _ber-temu_.
+  Melon (water), _temikei_.
+  Melt, to, _lebor_, _hanchur-kan_.
+  Member, _angguta_.
+  Memory, _ingat-an_.
+  Mend, to, _baik-i_, _mem-baik-i_.
+  Mendicant, _fa[k.]ir_.
+  Mention, to, _sebut_.
+  Merchandise, _dagang-an_.
+  Mercury, _rasa_.
+  Mercy, _rahamat_.
+  Meridian (noon), _rambang_.
+  Merit, _pahala_.
+  Mesh (of a net), _mata_.
+  Message, _pasan-an_.
+  Messenger, _penyuroh_, _pesuroh_.
+  Method (arrangement), _atur-an_.
+  Middle, _tengah_, _per-tengah-an_;
+    (middle finger), _jari-hantu_.
+  Middling, _sedang_.
+  Midwife, _bidan_, _dukun_.
+  Might, _gagah_, _kuasa_, _[k.]oderat_.
+  Mighty, _[k.]uat_, _ber-kuasa_.
+  Mild, _manis_, _lumbut_.
+  Mildew, _lapuk_, _kulat_.
+  Milk, _susu_.
+  Mill, _kisar-an_, _giling-an._
+  Million, _juta_.
+  Mimic, to, _ajuk_.
+  Mince, to, _chachah_, _chinchang_.
+  Mind (sense), _`a[k.]al_, _budi_;
+    (inclination), _ka-handak_;
+    (never mind), _tiada apa_, _ta' apa_, _ta' usah_.
+  Mine, _gali-an_, _lombong_, _tebok_.
+  Miner, _kuli tebok_, _tukang gali_.
+  Minister, _mantri_.
+  Minute (small), _halus_, _seni_;
+    (moment), _sa`at_.
+  Mire, _lumpur_, _lechah_.
+  Mirror, _chermin_.
+  Miscarriage, _gugur-an_;
+    (of an elephant), _sanglong_.
+  Mischief, _benchana_.
+  Miserly, _kikir_, _kikil_, _chikil_.
+  Misery, _hal ka-sukar-an_.
+  Mist, _kabut_.
+  Mistake, _salah_, _silap_.
+  Mistress, _tuan_.
+  Misunderstand, to, _salah-mengarti_, _salah-dengar_.
+  Mix, to, _champur_, _kachau_.
+  Mock, _olok_, _pupuh_;
+    (to deride), _sindir_.
+  Mode, _pri_, _chara_.
+  Model, _teladan_, _achu-an_.
+  Modest, _ber-malu_, _sopan_.
+  Moment, _sa-buntar_, _sa-kejap_, _sa`at_.
+  Money, _wang_, _duit_;
+    (ready-money), _wang tunei_.
+  Monkey, _monyet_, _k[)e]ra_.
+  Monsoon, _musim_.
+  Month, _bulan_.
+  Moon, _bulan_.
+  Morass, _paya_, _redang_.
+  More, _lebeh_, _lagi_.
+  Morning, _pagi_, _dina-hari_.
+  Morrow, _esok_, _besok_, _ka-esok-an_.
+  Morsel, _sa-suap_, _sa-mulut_.
+  Mortal, _fana_.
+  Mortar, _lesong_.
+  Mortgage, to, _gadei_, _chagar_, _sandar_.
+  Mosque, _masjid_.
+  Mosquito, _niamok_.
+  Moss, _lumut_.
+  Most, _ter-lebeh_.
+  Mother, _mak_, _ibu_, _bonda_;
+    (adoptive), _ma-angkat_;
+    (step-mother), _ma-tiri_;
+    (mother-in-law), _mentuah_.
+  Mould, earth, _tanah_;
+    (mildew), _lapuk_;
+    (matrix), _achu-an_.
+  Mouldy, _basi_.
+  Mount, to, _naik_.
+  Mountain, _gunong_.
+  Mourn, to, _tangis-kan_, _menangis-kan_, _ratap_, _meratap_.
+  Mouse, _tikus_.
+  Mouse-deer, _pelanduk_.
+  Moustache, _misei_.
+  Mouth, _mulut_;
+    (of a river), _kuala_.
+  Mouthful, _sa-suap_, _sa-mulut_.
+  Move, to, (intrans.), _ber-ubah_, _ber-g[)e]rak_, _kesak_;
+    (trans.), _g[)e]rak-kan_, _meng-g[)e]rak-kan_, _alih-kan_,
+      _meng-alih-kan_, _meng-ubah-kan_.
+  Much, _baniak_.
+  Mud, _lumpur_, _sulut_, _lechah_.
+  Muddy, turbid, _k[)e]rok_.
+  Mug, _kindi_.
+  Multiply, to, _per-baniak-kan_.
+  Murder, to, _bunoh_, _mem-bunoh_.
+  Murmur, to, _sungut_.
+  Muscle, _urat_.
+  Mushroom, _chendawan_.
+  Music, _bunyi-bunyi-an_, _lagu_.
+  Musk, _kasturi_.
+  Musk-rat, _chenchurut_.
+  Musket, _snapang_, _bedil_.
+  Muslin, _kain khasa_.
+  Must, _handak_, _harus_, _dapat-tiada_.
+  Mustard, _sesawi_.
+  Muster (to summon), _k[)e]rah_.
+  Mutiny, _belut_.
+  Mystery, _rahusia_.
+
+
+  N.
+
+  Nail, _paku_;
+    (of the fingers or toe), _kuku_;
+    (finger-nail worn purposely long), _changei_.
+  Naked, _telanjang_.
+  Name, _nama_;
+    (title), _g[)e]lar-an_;
+    (to name), _gelar-kan_, _nama-kan_.
+  Nape of the neck, _tangkok_.
+  Napkin, _kain basah_.
+  Narrate, to, _cheritra-kan_.
+  Narrow, _sumpit_, _simpit_, _sesak_, _ginting_.
+  Nation, _bangsa_.
+  Nature, _tabi`at_.
+  Navel, _pusat_.
+  Navigate, to, _me-layar-kan_.
+  Navigation (science of), _`ilmu-pe-layar-an_.
+  Neap-tide, _ayer surut_, _ayer mati_.
+  Near, _dekat_, _hampir_.
+  Neat, _chantek_, _chermat_.
+  Necessary, _wajib_.
+  Necessity, desire, _hajat_.
+  Neck, _batang leher_;
+    (throat), _leher_.
+  Needle, _jarum_.
+  Neglect, _lalei_.
+  Neighbour, _orang rumah sa-b[)e]lah_.
+  Nephew, _anak-penakan_, _anak su dara_.
+  Nerve, _urat_.
+  Nest, _sarang_, _sarang-burong_.
+  Net (casting), _jala_;
+    (seine), _pukat_;
+    (landing), _sauh-sauh_;
+    (snare), _jaring_.
+  Net, to, _serat_, _menyerat_.
+  Net-work, _serat-an_, _jala-jala_.
+  Never, _ta'pernah_;
+    (never mind), _ta'apa_, _ta'usah_.
+  New, _baharu_.
+  New-moon, _sa-hari bulan_.
+  News, _khabar_.
+  Next (in time), _lepas itu_, _kemdian_;
+    (in place), _sa-b[)e]lah_.
+  Nice (pleasant), _sedap_.
+  Niece, _anak-penakan_, _anak-sudara_.
+  Night, _malam_;
+    (to pass the), _ber malam_.
+  Night-jar, _tetegok_, _punggok_.
+  Nimble, _chepat_, _pantas_.
+  Nip (to pinch), _pichit_, _chubit_, _ketam_, _sepit_.
+  Nippers (pincers), _penyepit_.
+  Nitre, _sendawa_.
+  Noble, _bangsawan_.
+  Nod, to, _meng-antok_.
+  Noise, _gadoh_, _gempar_, _bising_, _riau_.
+  None, _satu pun tidak_.
+  Nonsense, _sia-sia_, _ta'ka-tahu-an_.
+  Noon, _rambang_, _tengah-hari_.
+  Noose, _jerat_.
+  North, _utara_.
+  Nose, _hidong_;
+    (bridge of the), _batang_, _hidong_.
+  Nosegay, _karangan-bunga_.
+  Nostril, _liang hidong_.
+  Notch, _takuk_;
+    (gap, dent), _sumbing_.
+  Nothing, _apa pun tidak_.
+  Notice, to, _per-hati-kan_.
+  Notwithstanding, _tetapi_, _lamun-kan_.
+  Nourish, to, _pelehra-kan_.
+  Now, _sakarang_;
+    (now and then), _kadang kadang_, _ter-kadang_.
+  Number (quantity), _baniak_;
+    (a numeral), _angka_.
+  Nurse, a, _inang_, _pengasoh_.
+  Nurse (to rear, cherish), _pelehra_;
+    (give suck), _menetek-kan_, _menyusu-kan_;
+    (a sick person), _dukun_.
+  Nut, _kachang_.
+  Nutmeg, _buah pala_.
+  Nymph, _bidyadari_.
+
+
+  O.
+
+  Oakum, _pakul_.
+  Oar, _dayong_, _pengayuk_.
+  Oath, _sumpah_.
+  Obey, to, _turut_.
+  Obscene, _charut_;
+    (to use obscene language), _men-charut_.
+  Obscure, _k[)e]lam_, _g[)e]lap_.
+  Observe (watch), _intei_;
+    (notice), _per-hati-kan_.
+  Obstinate, _degil_, _bantak_, _kras ka-pala_.
+  Obstruct, to, _sekat-kan_.
+  Occasion, _paksa_.
+  Occupied (busy), _`aral_.
+  Occur, to, _jadi_, _jatoh_, _tiba_.
+  Ocean, _laut-an_.
+  Odd (of numbers), _gasal_, _ganjil_.
+  Odds and ends, _rinchik-rinchik_.
+  Offer, to, _unjuk_, _tawar_.
+  Office, (employment), _pegang-an_;
+    (place of business), _gedong_.
+  Offspring, _anak-pinak_.
+  Often, _k[)e]rap-k[)e]rap_.
+  Oil, _minyak_.
+  Old, _tuah_, _lama_;
+    (decayed), _burok_.
+  Olden time, _dahulu-kala_, _zaman dahulu_.
+  Omen, evil, _pemali_.
+  Once, _sa-kali_.
+  Only, _sahaja_, _hania_.
+  Onion, _bawang_.
+  Open, _ter-buka_;
+    (extensive), _lapang_, _luas_;
+    (to open), _buka_, _mem-buka_.
+  Opening (chink), _chelah_.
+  Opinion, _rasa_, _pe-rasa-an_, _sangka_, _kira_, _pikir-an_.
+  Opium, _apiun_, _madat_, _chandu_.
+  Opportunity, _paksa_, _dan_, _sampat_.
+  Oppose, to, _lawan_.
+  Oppression, _anyaya_.
+  Oppressive, _zalim_.
+  Orange, _limau-manis_.
+  Order (arrangement), _atur-an_, _per-atur-an_;
+    (class), _pangkat_;
+    (to command), _suroh_, _menyuroh_;
+    (of a royal personage), _titak_.
+  Orifice, _liang_.
+  Origin, _asal_, _pangkal_.
+  Ornament, _per-hias-an_.
+  Orphan, _piatu_.
+  Other, _lain_.
+  Otter, _anjing-laut_.
+  Ottoman, _petarana_.
+  Ought, _patut_, _harus_, _handak-lah_, _mahu-lah_.
+  Out, _luar_.
+  Outcast, _bangsat_, _ter-buang_.
+  Outcry, _gempar_, _engar_.
+  Outhouse, _bangsal_.
+  Outward, visible, _zahir_.
+  Oval, _bulat-bujur_.
+  Oven, _dapor_, _tenur_.
+  Over (upon), _atas_;
+    (ended), _sudah_.
+  Overcast (darkened), _ber-tedoh_.
+  Overflow, to, _limpah_, _me-limpah_.
+  Overladen, _sarat_.
+  Overlook, to, _jaga_, _men-jaga_, _tunggu_, _menunggu_.
+  Overseer, _tandil_, _mandor_.
+  Overturn, to, _balik_, _mem-balik-kan_.
+  Overturned, to be, _ber-balik_, _ter-balik_.
+  Owe, to, _ber-hutang_.
+  Owl, _burong-hantu_.
+  Owner, _tuan_, _yang ampunya_.
+  Ox, _lumbu_, _sapi_;
+    (wild), _si-ladang_.
+  Oyster, _teram_, _siput_.
+
+
+  P.
+
+  Pace (step), _jangka_.
+  Pack, to, _kemas_, _bungkus-kan_.
+  Paddle, a, _kayuh_, _pengayuh_;
+    (to row with), _mengayuh_.
+  Pain, _sakit_, _sakit-an_, _ka-sakit-an_;
+    (anxiety), _per-chinta-an_, _susah-hati_.
+  Paint, _chat_;
+    (to paint), _sapu-chat_;
+    (a painter), _tukang-chat_.
+  Pair, _jodo_, _pasang_.
+  Palace, _astana_, _meligei_.
+  Pale, _puchat_.
+  Paling, _pagar_, _gisi-gisi_.
+  Palm of the hand, _tapak-tangan_, _telapak_.
+  Palpitation, _dabar_.
+  Palsy, _tepok_, _basal_.
+  Pan (earthen), _pasu_;
+    (iron), _kuali_.
+  Pant, to, _mangah_, _menguap_.
+  Paper, _[k.]ar[t.]as_.
+  Parable, _per-upama-an_.
+  Parasol, _payong_.
+  Parcel, _bungkus_, _bungkus-an_.
+  Pardon, _ampun_, _ma`af_;
+    (to pardon), _ampun-kan_, _ma`af-kan_.
+  Pare, to, _raut_, _me-raut_, _hiris_, _meng-hiris_.
+  Parents, _ibu-bapa_.
+  Parrot, _nuri_, _bayan_;
+    (small green parroquet), _serindit_.
+  Parry, to, _tangkis_.
+  Part, _bahagi-an_, _sa-k[)e]rat_, _sa-paroh_.
+  Particle, _butir_.
+  Partner, _kawan_, _kongsi_.
+  Partnership, in, _sa-modal_.
+  Pass, to, _lalu_;
+    (miss), _selisih_;
+    (as coin), _laku_.
+  Passion (anger), _marah_, _hangat_.
+  Passionate, _hati panas_, _lakas marah_.
+  Past, _sudah_, _yang telah sudah_, _yang telah lalu_.
+  Paste, _pe-r[)e]kat_, _bubur_.
+  Pastry, _penganan_.
+  Pat, to, _tepuk_.
+  Patch, _tampal_.
+  Patience, _sabar_.
+  Pattern, _teladan_, _chonto_.
+  Pawn, to, _gadei_, _meng-gadei_;
+    (a pledge), _sandar-an_.
+  Pay, to, _bayar_, _mem-bayar_;
+    (by instalments), _ansur_.
+  Payment, _bayar-an_, _pem-bayar-an_.
+  Pea, _kachang_.
+  Peace, _sajehtra_, _santosa_, _ka-senang-an_;
+    (to make peace), _ber-damei_.
+  Peacock, _m[)e]rak_.
+  Peak, _puchuk_, _kamunchak_.
+  Pearl, _mutiara_.
+  Peck, to, _patok_, _pagut_.
+  Pedlar, _orang ber-jajah_, _orang kelon-tong_.
+  Peel, to, _kupas_, _kelupas_.
+  Peep, to, _intei_, _meng-intei_.
+  Pelican, _undan_.
+  Pelt, to, _lotar_, _me-lontar_.
+  Pellucid, _hening_, _jerneh_.
+  Pen, _[k.]alam_.
+  Pen (enclosure), _kandang_.
+  Penalty, _denda_, _si[k.]sa_.
+  Penetrate, to, _lut_, _melut_.
+  Penitence, _taubat_.
+  Penknife, _pisau-lipat_.
+  People, _orang_.
+  Pepper, _lada_;
+    (black), _lada-hitam_;
+    (Chili), _lada-merah_, _lada-china_, _chabei_.
+  Perceive, to, _rasa_, _per-hati-kan_.
+  Perch, to, _hinggap_, _tengger_.
+  Percolate, to, _tiris_, _meniris_.
+  Perfect, _semporna_.
+  Perfectly, _betul_, _benar_, _sakali_.
+  Perfume, _bau-bau-an_.
+  Perfumed, _harum_, _wangi_.
+  Perhaps, _antah_, _barangkali_, _mudah-mudah-an_.
+  Peril, _bahaya_, _mara-bahaya_.
+  Perjury, _dusta_.
+  Permanent, _kekal_, _kukuh_, _tetap_.
+  Permission, _izin_.
+  Permit, to, _b[)e]ri_, _kasih_, _biar_.
+  Perpetual, _sanantiasa_, _yang tiada ber-ka-putus-an_.
+  Persecute, to, _anyaya-kan_.
+  Persevere, to, _ber-usaha_.
+  Person, _orang_, _marika_.
+  Perspiration, _peluh_.
+  Perverse, _bantah_, _angkara_.
+  Pestle, _alu_, _antan_.
+  Petition, _per-minta-an_.
+  Pheasant, _pegar_;
+    (argus pheasant), _kuang_, _kuwau_.
+  Phlegm, _dahak_, _hingus_.
+  Pick (to gather), _kutib_, _petik_;
+    (pick up), _pungut_.
+  Pickles, _achar_;
+    (pickled fish or meat), _pe-kasam_.
+  Piebald, pied, _b[)e]lang_.
+  Piece, _sa-patah_, _su-k[)e]rat_, _sa-patong_.
+  Pier, _jambatan_, _pangkalan_.
+  Pierce, to, _chuchuk_.
+  Piety, _`ibadat_.
+  Pig, _babi_.
+  Pigeon, _merpati_.
+  Pile (stake), _panchang_;
+    (to heap up), _susun-kan_.
+  Pillage, to, _samun_, _rampas_.
+  Pillar, _tiang_.
+  Pillow, _bantal_.
+  Pillow-case, _sarong-bantal_.
+  Pimple, _bisul-lada_.
+  Pin, _piniti_, _jarum-peny[)e]mat_.
+  Pincers, _sepit_, _penyepit_.
+  Pinch (a small quantity), _sa-jumput_;
+    (to pinch), _chubit_, _pichit_.
+  Pinchbeck, _suasa_.
+  Pineapple, _nanas_.
+  Pink, _kasumbah_.
+  Pipe (conduit), _panchur-an_.
+  Pipeclay, _tanah-mala_.
+  Pirate, _perompak_.
+  Pit, _lobang_.
+  Pitch, _gala-gala_;
+    (to pitch as a ship), _anggu_, _meng-anggu_.
+  Pitcher, _buyung_.
+  Pith, _ampulur_.
+  Pity, _kasih-an_, _b[)e]las_.
+  Place, _tampat_;
+    (to place), _bubok_, _taroh_, _letak_, _me-letak-kan_.
+  Plague (pestilence), _hawar_.
+  Plain, _padang_, _medan_.
+  Plait, to, _aniam_, _pintal_.
+  Plane, _k[)e]tam_.
+  Plank, _papan_.
+  Plant, _pokok_, _tanam-an_, _tumboh-tumboh-an_.
+  Plantain, _pisang_.
+  Plantation, _kabun_, _ladang_.
+  Plate (earthenware), _piring_, _pinggan_;
+    (metal), _cheper_.
+  Play, to, _main_.
+  Pleasant, _sedap_, _lezat_.
+  Pleased, _suka_.
+  Pledge, _chagar_, _sandar-an_.
+  Plenty, _baniak_.
+  Plough, _tanggala_.
+  Plover, _kedidi_, _chicheoh_.
+  Pluck (to gather), _petik_;
+    (pluck out), _chabut_.
+  Plump, _tumbun_, _pejal_.
+  Plunge, to, _terjun_, _s[)e]lam_, _meny[)e]lam_.
+  Plunder, to, _samun_, _rampas_.
+  Pocket, _saku_.
+  Point, _hujong_;
+    (to point), _tunjok_, _menunjok_.
+  Poison, _rachun_.
+  Poisonous, _bisa_.
+  Poke (to thrust), _chuchuk_, _jolok_, _chungkil_.
+  Pole, _batang_;
+    (for propelling a boat), _galah_.
+  Polecat, _musang_.
+  Polite, _adab_, _bastari_.
+  Pollute, to, _chamar-kan_, _kotor-kan_.
+  Pomegranate, _buah-dalima_.
+  Pond, _kulam_.
+  Ponder, to, _kenang_, _pikir_.
+  Pool, _lubok_.
+  Poop, _burit-an_.
+  Poor, _miskin_.
+  Porcelain, _tembikar_.
+  Porcupine, _landak_.
+  Pork, _daging-babi_.
+  Porpoise, _lomba-lomba_.
+  Portion, _bahagi-an_.
+  Position (situation), _ka-duduk-an_.
+  Possess, to, _milik_, _taroh_.
+  Possible, _buleh_.
+  Post, _panchang_, _tiang_.
+  Pot (earthenware), _priuk_, _b[)e]langa_;
+    (iron), _kuali_;
+    (water), _buyung_;
+    (flower), _pasu_.
+  Potato, _ubi benggala_, _ubi china_.
+  Pouch, _pundi-pundi_.
+  Pound (pen), _kandang_.
+  Pound, to, _tumbok_.
+  Pour, to, _tuang_, _tumpah_;
+    (water over a person bathing), _jurus_.
+  Powder, _serbuk_;
+    (dust), _lumat_;
+    (gunpowder), _ubat bedil_.
+  Power, _kuasa_.
+  Praise, _puji_, _puji-an_;
+    (to praise), _memuji_.
+  Prawn, _hudang_.
+  Pray, to, _sembahyang_, _do`a_.
+  Precious, _endah_.
+  Predestination, _ajal_, _ta[k.]dir_.
+  Predict, to, foretell, _tenung_.
+  Pregnant, _bunting_, _mengandong_, _[h.]amil_.
+  Prepare, to, _sedia-kan_, _langkap-kan_.
+  Present (to be), _ada_, _hazir_, _berhadap_.
+  Present (gift), _hadia_, _pem-b[)e]ri-an_, _tanda-hayat_ (lit. "token
+      of life").
+  Presently, _sa-buntar lagi_.
+  Press, to, _apit-kan_;
+    (press down), _tekan_;
+    (squeeze out), _p[)e]rah_.
+  Presumption, _angkara_.
+  Pretend, to, _achu_.
+  Pretence, _pura-pura_, _buat-buat_.
+  Pretty, _bagus_, _chantek_, _molek_.
+  Prevent, to, _tegah_, _larang_.
+  Price, _harga_;
+    (of a slave), _penebus_.
+  Prick, to, _chuchuk_, _tikam_.
+  Prickle, _duri_;
+    prickly, _ber-duri_.
+  Priest. (Muhammadan), _imam_;
+    (Christian), _padri_.
+  Prince, _putra_.
+  Princess, _putri_.
+  Principal, _pokok_, _modal_.
+  Print, to, _chap_.
+  Prison, _panjara_.
+  Private (secluded), _sunyi_;
+    (parts), _ka-malu-an_.
+  Privy, _jamban_.
+  Prize (booty), _rampas-an_;
+    (to value highly), _endah-kan_.
+  Procession, _arak_.
+  Proclaim, to, _menyata-kan_, _mashur-kan_.
+  Prodigal, _pemburus_.
+  Profit, _laba_, _untong_, _faidah_.
+  Prohibit, to, _larang-kan_, _tegah-kan_.
+  Prohibited, _larang-an_, _haram_.
+  Prolong, to, _lanjut-kan_.
+  Prominent (projecting), _jungur_.
+  Promise, a, _per-janji-an_;
+    (to promise), _janji_.
+  Prone (lying face downwards), _tiharap_.
+  Pronounce, to, _sebut_, _menyebut_.
+  Proof, _ka-nyata-an_, _saksi-an_.
+  Proper, _patut_, _harus_.
+  Property, _harta_, _benda_, _had_.
+  Prophet, _nabi_.
+  Prosecute, to, _dawa_, _men-dawa_.
+  Prostitute, _sundal_.
+  Prostrate, _menyiharap_, _pelanting_.
+  Protect, to, _lindong-kan_, _pelehra-kan_.
+  Proud, _sombong_.
+  Prove, to, _nyata-kan_, _me-nyata-kan_.
+  Proverb, _`ibarat_, _tamsil_, _bidal_, _per upama-an_.
+  Provisions, _b[)a]kal_, _b[)a]kas_, _pelabur_.
+  Provoke, to, _usik_, _mengusik_.
+  Prudence, _ka-bija-an_.
+  Prudent, _cherdek_, _bijak_, _chermat_.
+  Prune, to, _ranchong_, _me-ranchong_.
+  Psalm, _zabur_.
+  Pull, to, _tarik_, _menarik_;
+    (drag), _hela_;
+    (pull up), _chabut_.
+  Pulley, _kapi_.
+  Pulse, _nadi_.
+  Pump, _bomba_.
+  Pumpkin, _labu_.
+  Pungent, _pedas_.
+  Punish, to, _siksa-kan_, _sakit-kan_.
+  Punishment, _siksa_, _ka-sakit-an_.
+  Pupil (of the eye), _biji mata_;
+    (scholar), _murid_.
+  Puppy, _anak-anjing_.
+  Pure (clear), _jerneh_, _hening_.
+  Purgative, _pen-chahar_.
+  Purple, _ungu_.
+  Purpose, _ka-handak_;
+    (on purpose), _sangaja_.
+  Purse, _unchang_, _pundi-pundi_.
+  Pursue, to, _hambat_, _kejar_;
+    (wild animals), _buru_, _mem-buru_.
+  Pus, _nanah_.
+  Push, to, _tolak_, _sorong_.
+  Put, to, _taroh_, _bubok_, _letak_;
+    (put on), _pakei_, _k[)e]na-kan_;
+    (put off, postpone), _tangguh_;
+    (put out fire), _padam_.
+  Putrid, _busuk_.
+  Puzzle (enigma), _tekak-teki_.
+
+
+  Q.
+
+  Quail, _puyuh_, _pikau_.
+  Quake, to, _k[)e]tar_, _meng[)e]tar_.
+  Quality, _sifat_.
+  Quantity, _baniak_.
+  Quarrel, _per-bantah-an_;
+    (to quarrel), _ber-kalahi_, _ber-tingkar_.
+  Quarter (fourth part), _suku_;
+    (of a slaughtered animal), _paha_.
+  Queen, _permeisuri_.
+  Quench, to, _padam-kan_.
+  Question, _sual_;
+    (to question), _pareksa_, _sual-kan_, _tanya_.
+  Quick, _lakas_, _chepat_, _bangat_, _lantas_, _pantas_.
+  Quicksilver, _rasa_.
+  Quid (of betel), _sepah_.
+  Quiet, _diam_, _sunyi_;
+    (silent), _sengap_.
+  Quit (to forsake), _tinggal-kan_.
+  Quite, _sakali_, _sa-mata-mata_.
+
+
+  R.
+
+  Race (lineage), _bangsa_, _asal_.
+  Races (contest), _lomba_, _ber-lomba_.
+  Radish, _lobak_.
+  Raft, _rakit_, _lantin_.
+  Rafter, _kasau_.
+  Rag, _perchah_.
+  Ragged, _koyak-rabak_, _chompang-champing_.
+  Railing, _pagar_, _kilik-kilik-an_.
+  Rain, _hujan_;
+    (to rain, rainy), _ber-hujan_;
+    (drizzle), _rinteh_.
+  Rainbow, _palangi_.
+  Raise, to, _angkat_, _bangun-kan_;
+    (with a lever), _tuwas_.
+  Raisins, _kismis_, _buah-anggor_.
+  Rake, _peng-garu_, _sikat_.
+  Range (to dispose in order), _meng atur-kan_.
+  Rank (row, line), _baris_, _saf_;
+    (station in life), _pangkat_, _martabat_.
+  Rank (rancid), _hanyir_, _basi_.
+  Ransom, to, _tebus_, _menebus_.
+  Rape, _rugul_.
+  Rapid, _d[)e]ras_, _laju_.
+  Rapids (in a river), _jeram_, _chigar_, _riyam_.
+  Rare, _jarang_.
+  Rat, _tikus_;
+    (musk-rat), _chenchurut_.
+  Rattan, _rautan_.
+  Rave, to (in delirium), _meng-igau_, _ber-igau-igau_.
+  Raw, _mantah_.
+  Ray (of light), _sinar_;
+    (a fish, the skate), _pari_.
+  Razor, _pisau-chukur_.
+  Reach, to (with the hand), _chapei_, _men-chapei_;
+    (attain), _sampei_.
+  Read, to, _bacha_.
+  Ready, _sedia_, _siap_.
+  Really, _sunggoh_, _sa-sunggoh-nia_.
+  Reap, to, _ketam_, _tuwei_, _menuwei_.
+  Rear (to bring up), _pelehra_, _me-melehra-kan_.
+  Reason (cause), _karana_, _sebab_;
+    (understanding), _budi_, _`a[k.]al_.
+  Rebellious, _derhaka_, _belut_.
+  Rebuke, to, _ajar_, _tegor_, _tengking_.
+  Receive, to, _terima_, _menerima_;
+    (take), _sambut_.
+  Reckon, to, _hitong_, _bilang_.
+  Recline, to, _baring_, _sandar_.
+  Recollect, to, _ingat_, _sedar_.
+  Recover (to get well), _ber-semboh_.
+  Red, _merah_.
+  Redeem, to, _tebus_, _menebus_.
+  Red-lead, _sadalinggam_.
+  Reduce, to, _korang-kan_.
+  Reed, _buluh_.
+  Reef, _karang_.
+  Reflect, to, _kenang_.
+  Refuse, to, _sangkal_, _anggan_.
+  Refuse (rubbish), _hampas_, _sampah_.
+  Regalia, _perkakaska-raja-an_.
+  Regard (to gaze at), _intei_, _renong_.
+  Region, _benua_.
+  Regret, to, _sesal_, _menyesal_.
+  Reign, _ka-raja-an_.
+  Rein (bridle), _tali-kang_.
+  Reject, to, _tolak-kan_, _buang_, _champak_.
+  Rejoice (to be glad), _ber-suka_;
+    (gladden), _menyuka-kan_.
+  Relapse, _balik-sakit_.
+  Relate, to, _cheritra-kan_.
+  Relations (kindred), _sudara_, _ibu-bapa_, _puwah_, _[k.]aum_.
+  Release, to, _lepas-kan_, _me-lepas-kan_.
+  Relieve guard, to, _gilir_.
+  Religion, _agama_.
+  Reluctant, _segan_.
+  Remain, to, _diam_, _tinggal_, _ber-hinti_.
+  Remainder, _ba[k.]i_;
+    (leavings), _sisa_.
+  Remedy, _penawar_, _ubat_.
+  Remember, to, _ingat_, _meng-ingat_, _kenang_.
+  Remove, to, (intrans.), _pindah_;
+    (trans.), _men-jauh-kan_, _ubah-kan_.
+  Rent (hire), _sewa_, _penyewa_.
+  Repair, to, _baik-i_, _mem-per-baik-kan_.
+  Repeat, to, _ulang_.
+  Repent, to, _taubat_, _sesal_, _menyesal_.
+  Replace, to, _ganti_.
+  Reply, to, _sahut_, _menyahut_, _men-jawab_, _balas jawab_.
+  Report, to, _khabar-kan_, _b[)e]ri tahu_.
+  Report (rumour), _khabar_, _bunyi_.
+  Reprimand, to, _mengajar_.
+  Reprobate, _bangsat_.
+  Repudiate, to, _cherei-kan_.
+  Request, to, _minta_, _pinta_.
+  Resembling, _akan-akan_, _sa-rupa_.
+  Reside, to, _tinggal_, _diam_, _duduk_.
+  Resign, to, _serah-kan_, _pulang-kan_.
+  Resin, _damar_, _getah_.
+  Resist, to, _lawan_, _me-lawan_.
+  Respect, _hormat_.
+  Responsible for, to be, _sanggup_, _tanggong_.
+  Rest, _per hinti-an_, _ka-senang-an_.
+  Rest (remainder), _ba[k.]i_.
+  Restore (to give back), _pulang-kan_.
+  Restrain, to, _tahan_, _menahan_.
+  Result, _ka-sudah-an_.
+  Retire (to retreat), _undur_, _ber-undur_.
+  Retired (secluded), _sunyi_.
+  Retribution, _pem-balas-an_.
+  Return, to, _pulang_, _balik_, _kambali_;
+    (retaliate), _balas_.
+  Revenge, _balas_, _damdam_.
+  Revenue, _hasil_.
+  Reverence, _sembah_.
+  Reverse, to, _mem-balik-kan_.
+  Revile, to, _hujat-kan_, _me-maki_.
+  Revive, to, _sedar_.
+  Reward, _upah_, _pahala_.
+  Rheumatism, _sakit tulang_, _sakit-angin_, _sengal_.
+  Rhinoceros, _badak_;
+    (rhinoceros-bird), _enggang_.
+  Rib, _rusuk_.
+  Ribbon, _fitah_.
+  Rice, _b[)e]ras_;
+    (boiled), _nasi_;
+    (in the husk), _padi_;
+    (parched), _bertih_.
+  Rice-field, _sawah_, _bendang_;
+    (upland), _umah_, _ladang_.
+  Rich, _kaya_.
+  Riches, _ka-kaya-an_, _harta_, _benda_.
+  Riddle, _tekak-teki_.
+  Ride, to, _naik_, _tunggang_.
+  Ridge (rising ground), _permatang_;
+    (of a roof), _bumbong-an_.
+  Ridicule, to, _sindir_, _gonja_.
+  Right (proper), _betul_, _benar_, _patut_.
+  Right-hand, _kanan_.
+  Rightly, _sa-betul-nia_, _sa-patut-nia_.
+  Rigid (stiff), _tegar_, _kinchang_.
+  Rim, _tepi_.
+  Rind, _kulit_.
+  Ring (to sound), _derang_, _ber-derang_.
+  Ring, _chinchin_;
+    (ornamental hoop on weapons, &c.), _simpei_.
+  Ripe, _masak_.
+  Rise, to, _bangun_, _bangkit_;
+    (spring up), _timbul_, _tumboh_.
+  River, _sungei_, _ayer_, _batang-hari_;
+    (river-brink), _baroh_.
+  Rivulet, _anak-sungei_, _anak-ayer_.
+  Road, _jalan_;
+    (path), _lurong_.
+  Roadstead, _labuh-an_.
+  Roam, to, _jajah_, _hanyut_, _ulang-pergi-datang_.
+  Roar, to, _menganguh_.
+  Roast, to, _panggang_.
+  Rob, to, _rompak_, _rampas_, _samun_, _rebut_, _churi_.
+  Robe (gown), _kabaya_.
+  Rock, _batu_, _karang_.
+  Rock, to (intrans.), _ayun_, _ber-ayun_, _goyang_, _ber-goyang_;
+    (trans.), _ayun-kan_, _meng-ayun-kan_, _goyang-kan_,
+      _meng-goyang-kan_.
+  Roe (of fish), _telor-ikan_, _telor-t[)e]ru-buk_.
+  Roll up, to, _gulong_, _meng-gulong_.
+  Rolling, _guling_, _goleh_.
+  Roof, _bumbong_;
+    (of the mouth), _lalangit_.
+  Room, _bilek_;
+    (space), _legah_.
+  Roost, to, _hinggap_, _tenggir_.
+  Root, _akar_.
+  Rope, _tali_.
+  Rose, _mawar_;
+    (rose-water), _ayer-mawar_.
+  Rot, to, _reput_.
+  Rotten, _burok_, _busuk_, _reput_.
+  Rough, _kesap_, _kesat_, _k[)e]rutu_.
+  Round, _bulat_, _buntar_.
+  Roundabout, _keliling_.
+  Rouse, to, _bangun-kan_, _g[)e]rak-kan_.
+  Row, to, _dayong_, _ber-dayong_;
+    (with paddles), _kayuh_, _ber-kayuh_.
+  Rub, to, _gosok_, _sapu_, _urut_, _genyek_, _gesek_.
+  Rubbish, _sampah_.
+  Ruby, _dalima_.
+  Rudder, _kamudi_.
+  Rude, _kasar_.
+  Ruin, to, _binasa_, _mem-binasa-kan_, _rosak_.
+  Rule, to, _p[)e]rentah_, _memerentah_.
+  Ruling-line, _benang-arang_.
+  Rump, _punggong_, _pangkal-paha_.
+  Run, to, _lari_;
+    (as water), _me-leleh_, _meng-alir_.
+  Run against (collide), _himpit_, _timpah_.
+  Rupee, _rupiyah_.
+  Rush at, to, _terkam_, _menerkam_.
+  Rust, _karat_.
+
+
+  S.
+
+  Sack, _karong_, _goni_.
+  Sacrifice, to, _mem-p[)e]las_.
+  Sad, _susah-hati_, _duka-chita_.
+  Saddle, _zin_, _palana_, _sela_.
+  Safe, _salamat_, _sajehtra_.
+  Saffron, _kuniet_, _kumkuma_.
+  Sagacious, _cherdek_, _bijak_.
+  Sago, _sagu_.
+  Sail (of a vessel), _layar_;
+    (to sail), _ber-layar_.
+  Sailor, _matros_, _khalasi_.
+  Saint, _wali_, _oulia_.
+  Salary, _gaji_, _upah_.
+  Sale, _jual-b[)e]li_.
+  Saliva, _ayer liyor_.
+  Salt, _garam_;
+    (in taste), _masin_, _asin_.
+  Saltpetre, _sendawa_.
+  Salutation, _tabek_, _salam_.
+  Salute, to, _b[)e]ri salam_, _minta tabek_.
+  Same, _sama_, _sarupa_.
+  Sand, _pasir_.
+  Sandbank, _beting_.
+  Sandalwood, _chandana_.
+  Sap, _getah_, _aris_.
+  Sash, _salendang_, _tali-pinggang_.
+  Satisfied, _puas_, _kiniang_.
+  Sauce, _kuah_.
+  Saucer, _piring_.
+  Savage, _liyar_, _buas_.
+  Save, to, _simpan_, _mengimpan_;
+    (be sparing), _jimat_.
+  Savoury, _sedap_.
+  Saw, _gergaji_.
+  Say, to, _kata_, _mengata-kan_.
+  Scald, to, _chelor_.
+  Scale (of a fish), _sisik_.
+  Scales, _daching_, _naracha_.
+  Scar, _parut_.
+  Scarce, _jarang_.
+  Scarf, _salendang_, _salimpei_.
+  Scarlet, _merah-tuah_.
+  Scatter, to, _tabur_, _menabur-kan_.
+  Scent, _bau_, _bau-bau-an_.
+  Scheme, _jalan_, _hikmat_.
+  Scholar (pupil), _murid_.
+  School, _tampat-belajar_.
+  Science, _`ilmu_.
+  Scissors, _gunting_.
+  Scold, to, _maki_, _ber-tingkar_.
+  Score, _kodi_.
+  Scorpion, _kala-jengking_.
+  Scrape, to, _kikis_, _parang_.
+  Scraper, _kukur-an_.
+  Scratch, to, _garu_, _chakar_.
+  Scream, to, _tampik_, _ber-t[)e]riak_.
+  Screen, _tirei_, _bidei_.
+  Screen (to protect), _me-lindong-kan_.
+  Screw, _paku pulas_.
+  Scull, _tengkorak_.
+  Scum, _buih_.
+  Scurf, _kedal_, _kurap_.
+  Sea, _laut_, _laut-an_.
+  Seal (signet), _chap_, _matrei_.
+  Sealing-wax, _lak_.
+  Seam, _jahit-an_.
+  Sea-shore, _pantei_, _tepi-laut_.
+  Sea-sick, _mabuk-ombak_.
+  Season, _musim_.
+  Search, to, _chahari_, _bongkar_, _men-chahari_, _siasat_,
+      _salongkar_.
+  Seat, _ka-duduk-an_.
+  Sea-weed, _bunga-karang_.
+  Secret, _rahusia_.
+  Secrete, to, _sembunyi-kan_.
+  Secretly, _churi-churi_.
+  Security, bail, _aku-an_, _tanggong-an_.
+  See, to, _tengok_, _lihat_, _pandang_.
+  Seed, _biji_, _b[)e]nih_.
+  Seed-plot, nursery, _semai_.
+  Seek, to, _chahari_.
+  Seize, to, _pegang_, _tangkap_.
+  Seldom, _jarang_.
+  Select, to, _pilih_, _memilih_.
+  Self, _diri_, _sendiri_, _kendiri_.
+  Sell, to, _jual_, _men-jual_.
+  Send, to, _kirim_, _hantar_.
+  Sense, _`a[k.]al_;
+    (meaning), _ma`ana_.
+  Senses (the five), _pancha-indra_.
+  Sentence, to, _hukum-kan_, _putus-kan hukum_.
+  Sentry, _penungguh_.
+  Separate, to, _asing-kan_, _cherei-kan_;
+    (distinguish), _per-lain-kan_.
+  Sepoy, _sipahi_.
+  Serious, _b[)e]rat_.
+  Serpent, _ular_.
+  Servant, _budak_, _orang-gaji_, _pen-jawat_.
+  Serve (to wait on), _me-layan_.
+  Service (employment), _pegang-an_, _tanggong-an_.
+  Serviceable, _ber-guna_.
+  Set (to place, put), _letak_, _buboh_, _taroh_;
+    (to set out, depart), _berangkat_.
+  Settle, to, _s[)e]l[)a]si_;
+    (to fix, decide), _tetap-kan_.
+  Several, _baniak juga_.
+  Severe, _k[)e]ras_.
+  Sew, to, _jahit_, _menjahit_, _jaib_, _men-jaib_.
+  Shade, _t[)e]doh_, _naung_, _per-naung-an_.
+  Shadow, _bayang_, _bayang-bayang_.
+  Shady, _ber-tedoh_, _ber-lindong_.
+  Shaft (of a weapon), _hulu_.
+  Shake, to, _goyang_, _gonchang_;
+    (hands), _jabat tangan_.
+  Shallow, _chetek_, _tohor_;
+    (of a plate or vessel), _cheper_.
+  Sham, _pura-pura_.
+  Shame, _malu_.
+  Shape, _rupa_, _sifat_.
+  Share, _habu-an_, _bahagi-an_.
+  Shark, _hiyu_, _ikan hiyu_.
+  Sharp, _tajam_.
+  Sharpen, to, _asah_, _chanai_, _tajam-kan_;
+    (by paring or cutting), _ranchong_.
+  Shatter, to, _r[)e]mok_, _r[)e]dam_.
+  Shave, to, _chukor_.
+  Sheath, _sarong_.
+  Shed, _bangsal_, _pondok_, _teratak_, _jambar_.
+  Sheep, _kambing biri-biri_.
+  Sheet, _kain selimut_.
+  Shell, _siput_;
+    (rind or covering), _kulit_;
+    (cocoanut), _tempurong_;
+    (missile), _priuk-api_.
+  Shepherd, _gambala_.
+  Shew, to, _tunjok_, _unjok_.
+  Shield, _p[)e]risai_.
+  Shift (to change), _alih_, _mengalih_.
+  Shin, _tulang-k[)e]ring_.
+  Shine, to, _ber-sinar_, _ber-kilat_.
+  Ship, _kapal_, _prahu_.
+  Shipwrecked, _karam_.
+  Shirt, _kameja_.
+  Shiver, to, _gatar_, _mengatar_.
+  Shoal, _beting_.
+  Shock (start), _k[)e]jut_.
+  Shoe, _kasut_, _sapatu_;
+    (-horn), _pengijah-kasut_.
+  Shoot, to, _tembak_, _menembak membedil_;
+    (an arrow), _panah_, _memanah_;
+    (sprout), _tumboh_.
+  Shop, _kedei_;
+    (to keep a), _ber-kedei_.
+  Shore (beach), _pantei_;
+    (to go on shore), _naik di darat_;
+    (prop), _sokong_.
+  Short, _pendek_, _pandak_;
+    (in quantity), _korang_.
+  Shot, small, _kachang-kachang_, _pengabur_.
+  Shoulder, _bahu_.
+  Shout, _sorak_, _s[)e]ru_, _tampik_.
+  Shove, to, _tolak_, _sorong_.
+  Shower, _hujan_.
+  Shred, to, _hiris_.
+  Shriek, to, _mekik_, _pekik_, _men-jerit_.
+  Shrill, _nyaring_, _ranang_.
+  Shrimp, _hudang_.
+  Shrink, to, shrivel, _kechut_, _kerukut_.
+  Shroud, _kapan_.
+  Shut, to, _tutop_, _katop_;
+    (the eyes), _pejam_, _kejam_.
+  Shy, _liyar_.
+  Sick (ill), _sakit_, _g[)e]ring_;
+    (sea-sick), _mabuk-ombak_;
+    (to vomit), _muntah_.
+  Sickle, _sabit_, _pengetam_.
+  Side, _rusuk_;
+    (one--), _sa-b[)e]lah_.
+  Sieve, _nyiru_.
+  Sift, to, _ayak_, _ayak-kan_.
+  Sigh, to, _keluh_, _mengeluh_.
+  Sight, _peng-lihat-an_, _pandang-an_.
+  Sign (token), _`alamat_, _tanda_.
+  Sign, to, _turun tanda tangan_.
+  Signature, _tanda tangan_, _khat_.
+  Signet, _chap_, _matrei_.
+  Signification, _ma`ana_.
+  Silent, _diam_, _sengap_.
+  Silk, _sutra_.
+  Silly, _bodoh_, _bingong_.
+  Silver, _perak_.
+  Similar, _sama_.
+  Simply, _sahaja_, _chuma_.
+  Sin, _dosa_.
+  Since, _sa-peninggal_.
+  Sincere, _suchi hati_, _ekhlas_.
+  Sinew, _urat_.
+  Sing, to, _nyanyi_, _me-nyanyi_.
+  Single, solitary, _tunggal_;
+    (alone), _sa'orang_.
+  Sink, to, _tinggalam_, _karam_.
+  Sinuous (winding), _kelo-kelo_.
+  Sip, to, _hisap_, _hirup_.
+  Sister, _sudara perampuan_;
+    (elder), _kakah_;
+    (younger), _adek_;
+    (in-law), _ipar_.
+  Sit, to, _duduk_;
+    (with the legs crossed), _ber-sila_;
+    (with the feet hanging down), _ber-juntei_;
+    (resting on the left arm with the left leg under the right),
+      _ber-tempuh_;
+    (to squat), _ber-jongkok_, _ber-tenggong_, _menyeranggong_.
+  Site, _tampat_.
+  Size, _besar_.
+  Skein, _tukal_.
+  Skate, _ikan-pari_.
+  Skewer, _penyuchuk_.
+  Skill, _ka-pandei-an_.
+  Skin, _kulit_;
+    (hide), _belulang_.
+  Skin (to flay), _kupas_, _kelupas_.
+  Skip, to, _me-lompat_.
+  Skirt (of a garment), _puncha_.
+  Sky, _langit_.
+  Slab (of tin), _keping_;
+    (small), _jung-kong_.
+  Slack, _kundor_.
+  Slander, _fitnah_.
+  Slanting, _miring_, _chondong_, _singet_.
+  Slap, _tampar_, _tempiling_.
+  Slave, _hamba_, _sahaya_.
+  Sleep, to, _tidor_, _lena_, _ber-adu_.
+  Sleeve, _tangan-baju_.
+  Slender, _nipis_;
+    (in the waist), _ramping_.
+  Slice, to, _hiris_, _meng-hiris_.
+  Slice, a, _sa'potong_.
+  Slip, to, _t[)e]g[)a]lichik_, _kalichik_, _gelinchir_, _kelinchir_.
+  Slippery, _lichin_, _linchin_.
+  Slit, to, _b[)e]lah_, _mem-b[)e]lah_.
+  Slow, _lambat_, _perlahan_.
+  Small, _k[)e]chil_, _halus_.
+  Small-pox, _chachar_, _ka-tumboh_.
+  Smart, to, _pedih_.
+  Smear, to, _lumur_, _lumas_, _chalit_.
+  Smell, _bau_;
+    (to smell), _chium_.
+  Smelt, to, _l[)e]bur_.
+  Smile, to, _sinnyum_.
+  Smith, _tukang_.
+  Smoke, _asap_.
+  Smooth, _lichin_;
+    (level), _rata_.
+  Smother, _lemas-kan_.
+  Snail, _unam_, _kelambui_.
+  Snake, _ular_.
+  Snare, _rachik_.
+  Snarl, to, _kerennyut_, _kerising_, _gerennying_.
+  Snatch, to, _rebut_, _me-rebut_, _sentak_, _rampas_.
+  Sneer, to, _sindir_.
+  Sneeze, to, _bersin_.
+  Snipe, _tetiru_, _berkik_.
+  Snivel, _ingus_.
+  Snore, to, _meng[)e]rok_, _dengkor_, _melengkor_.
+  So, _bagini_, _bagitu_, _damikian_.
+  Soak, to, _rendam_.
+  Soap, _sabun_.
+  Soar (to fly), _melayang_.
+  Sob, to, _isak_;
+    (sobbing), _ter-isak-isak-an_.
+  Society (community), _jumaha_.
+  Soft, _lemak_, _lumbut_.
+  Solder, _pat[)e]ri_, (to solder), _pat[)e]ri-kan_.
+  Soldier, _sipahi_, _soldado_.
+  Sole (of the foot), _tapak-kaki_;
+    (fish), _ikan lidah_.
+  Sometimes, _kadang-kadang_.
+  Son, _anak laki-laki_, _anak-jantan_.
+  Song, _nyanyi_, _lagu_, _gurindam_.
+  Soon, _sa-buntar-lagi_.
+  Soot, _arang-para_.
+  Sop, to, _chichah_.
+  Sore (ulcer), _puru_;
+    (wound), _luka_;
+    (painful), _sakit_, _pedih_.
+  Sorrow, _ka-duka-an_, _duka-chita_, _ka-susah-an_, _susah-hati_.
+  Sorry, _susah-hati_.
+  Sort, _bagei_, _macham_, _rupa_, _jenis_.
+  Soul, _nyawa_, _jiwa_, _ru[h.]_.
+  Sound (noise), _bunyi_.
+  Sour, _asam_, _masam_.
+  South, _selatan_;
+    (south-east), _tang-gara_;
+    (south-west), _barat-daya_.
+  Sow, to, _tabur_, _menabur_.
+  Space, _lapang_.
+  Spade, _peng-gali_.
+  Span, _jingkal_.
+  Sparing (parsimonious), _kikir_.
+  Spark, _bunga-api_.
+  Sparrow, _burong-pipit_.
+  Speak, to, _ber-chakap_, _ber-kata_, _ber-tutur_;
+    (to speak to, address), _tegor_, _siapa-kan_.
+  Spear, _lembing_, _tombak_.
+  Speck, _titik_.
+  Speckled, _rintik_, _be-rintik_.
+  Spectacles, _chermin-mata_.
+  Spell (incantation), _mantra_.
+  Spell, to, _eja_.
+  Spend, to, _b[)e]lanja_.
+  Spices, _rampak-rampak_.
+  Spider, _laba-laba_, _lawa-lawa_.
+  Spill, to, _tumpah_, _menumpah_.
+  Spin, to, _pintal_.
+  Spinach, _bayam_.
+  Spinster, _bujang_.
+  Spirit (soul), _nyawa_, _ruh_, _samangat_.
+  Spirits (ardent), _arak_.
+  Spit (skewer), _penyuchuk_.
+  Spit, to, _ludah_.
+  Spite, _sakit-hati_, _kechil-hati_, _dingki_.
+  Splash, to, _perchik_, _memerchik_.
+  Spleen, _limpa-kechil_.
+  Splinter, _serupih_, _tatal_.
+  Split, to, _b[)e]lah_, _mem-b[)e]lah_.
+  Spoil, to, _rosak_, _binasa_.
+  Spoon, _sendok_, _suduk_.
+  Sponge, _bunga-karang_.
+  Spotted, _ber-rintik_.
+  Spout, _panchur_.
+  Sprain, _salah-urat_.
+  Spray (driving rain), _tempias_.
+  Spread, to (a mat, cloth, &c.), _hampar_, _bentang_;
+    (as fire or infection), _jangkit_, _ber-jangkit_, _melarat_.
+  Spring (of water), _mata-ayer_.
+  Spring (to germinate), _tumboh_;
+    (issue forth), _timbul_, _terbit_.
+  Sprinkle, to, _perchik_, _memerchik_;
+    (to water), _seram_.
+  Sprout, _tunas_.
+  Spur, _taji_.
+  Spy, _solo_;
+    (to spy), _intei_;
+    (spy-glass), _t[)e]ropong_.
+  Squander, to, _mem-boros-kan_.
+  Square, _ampat-pesagi_.
+  Squat down, to, _ber-jungkok_.
+  Squeeze, to, _apit_, _tindih_;
+    (wring, squeeze out), _p[)e]rah_.
+  Squint, _juling_.
+  Squirrel, _tupei_.
+  Stab, to, _tikam_, _menikam_.
+  Stable (firm), _kukuh_, _t[)e]tap_;
+    (for horses), _bangsal-kuda_.
+  Stagger, to, _chondong-ruyong_, _layah-siak_, _me-ruyong_.
+  Stagnant, _tenang_.
+  Stairs, _tangga_.
+  Stake, post, _panchang_.
+  Stake (to wager), _ber-taroh_.
+  Stale (musty), _basi_.
+  Stalk, _tangkei_.
+  Stammer, to, _gagap_.
+  Stamp (to trample), _injak_, _jijak_, _pijak_, _terajang_;
+    (impress), _chap-kan_.
+  Stand, to, _ber-diri_.
+  Star, _bintang_.
+  Stare, to, _renong_.
+  Startled, _ter-kejut_.
+  Starve, to, _mati-lapar_.
+  Station (rank), _pangkat_.
+  Stay (to dwell), _tinggal_, _diam_;
+    (wait), _nanti_, _tangguh_.
+  Steady, _tetap_, _tegoh_, _kukuh_.
+  Steal, to, _churi_.
+  Steam, _hawap_;
+    (to cook by), _kukus_.
+  Steel, _baja_.
+  Steep, _tega_, _terjal_.
+  Steep (to dip), _chelop_.
+  Steer, to, _pegang kamudi_.
+  Steersman, _juru-mudi_.
+  Step (stride), _langkah_.
+  Stepfather, _bapa tiri_.
+  Stern (of a vessel), _burit-an_.
+  Stew, to, _tumis_.
+  Stick (walking), _tongkat_.
+  Stick (to adhere), _lekat_;
+    (to be obstructed), _sangkut_.
+  Stiff, _kaku_.
+  Sting, to, _singat_.
+  Stingy, _kikir_, _chikil_, _bakhil_.
+  Stink, _bau-busuk_.
+  Stir, to, _g[)e]rak_.
+  Stitch, _jerumat_.
+  Stockade, _kubu_.
+  Stocking, _sarong-kaki_.
+  Stocks, _pasong_.
+  Stomach, _p[)e]rut_.
+  Stone, _batu_.
+  Stool, _bangko_.
+  Stoop, to, _tundok_.
+  Stop (to cease), _ber-hinti_;
+    (hinder), _tahan_, _tegah_;
+    (intercept), _ampang_, _adang_;
+    (stop up, plug), _sumbat_.
+  Stopper, _penyumbat_.
+  Store, warehouse, _g[)e]dong_.
+  Stork, _bangau_.
+  Storm, _ribut_.
+  Story, _cheritra_;
+    (of a house), _tingkat_.
+  Straight, _betul_, _lurus_.
+  Strain (to filter), _tapis_.
+  Strait (of the sea), _selat_.
+  Strange (curious), _pelik_;
+    (wonderful), _`ajaib_.
+  Stranger, _orang-dagang_.
+  Strangle, to, _pujut_.
+  Stray (wandering), _jalang_;
+    (to lose the way), _sesat_.
+  Stream (river), _sungei_;
+    (current), _harus_.
+  Street, _jalan_, _lorong_.
+  Strength, _kuasa_, _[k.]uat_.
+  Strengthen, to, _menegoh-kan_.
+  Stretch (to spread out), _bentang_;
+    (the limbs), _melunjur_;
+    (in yawning), _mengelisah_.
+  Strew, to, _hambur-kan_.
+  Strict, _k[)e]ras_.
+  Stride, _langkah_.
+  Strike, to, _pukul_, _gasak_, _palu_.
+  String, _tali_, _utas_.
+  Strip, to, _tanggal-kan_.
+  Striped, _b[)e]lang_, _ber-choring_.
+  Stripped (naked), _telanjang_.
+  Stroke, _sa'kali pukul_, _sa'kali takuk_.[2]
+
+      [Footnote 2: There is no word in Malay which corresponds with our
+      word "stroke" or "blow," the idea of distinguishing the blow
+      struck from the act of striking not having suggested itself to the
+      native mind. "So many blows" must be translated, "struck so many
+      times." He was sentenced to twenty stripes with a rattan, _K[)e]na
+      hukum di-atas-nia gasak dengan rotan dua-puloh kali_. So-and-so
+      can cut down a _nibong_ tree in three strokes, _Kalau si-anu
+      tebang pokok nibong takuk tiga kali tumbang_.]
+
+  Stroke, to, _raba_, _urut_.
+  Strong, _[k.]uat_, _gagah_;
+    (violent), _k[)e]ras_, _d[)e]ras_.
+  Struggle, to, _lawan_, _ber-gumul_.
+  Stubborn, _kapala-k[)e]ras_, _degil_.
+  Studious (diligent), _rajin_.
+  Study (learning), _pelajar-an_, _pengan-an_;
+    (to study), _bel-ajar_, _meng-aji_.
+  Stumble (to trip, knock against something), _antuk ter-antuk_,
+      _sen-tuk_.
+  Stump (of a tree), _tunggul_.
+  Stupid, _bodoh_, _bingong_, _babal_.
+  Stupefied, _bius_. (See _note_, p. 112.)
+  Subject (subordinate to), _ta`aluk_;
+    (matter, purport), _fasal_, _buku_, _bunyi_;
+    (citizen), _ra`iyat_.
+  Submit, to, _tunduk_;
+    (refer for decision), _s[)e]mbah-kan_, _meny[)e]mbah-kan_.
+  Substitute, _ganti_.
+  Subtract, to, _tolak_, _chabut_.
+  Succeed (to take the place of), _meng-ganti_;
+    (to answer), _jadi_.
+  Succession (inheritance), _pusaka_.
+  Such, _bagini_, _bagitu_, _yang dami-kian_.
+  Suck, to, _hisap_, _hirup_;
+    (the breast), _mam susu_.
+  Suddenly, _sa-kunyong-kunyong_.
+  Suet, _lemak_.
+  Suffer (to endure), _tahan_, _tanggong_.
+  Sufficient, _chukup_.
+  Sugar, _gula_, _shakar_;
+    (moist), _gula-pasir_;
+    (sugar-candy), _gula-batu_;
+    (sugar-cane), _tebu_.
+  Suicide, _bunoh-diri_.
+  Suit (cause), _bichara_, _da`wa_.
+  Suitable, _padan_, _patut_, _harus_.
+  Sulky, _muka-masam_, _merajuk_.
+  Sulphur, _b[)a]lirang_.
+  Sumatra, _pulau-percha_.
+  Summit, _merchu_, _puchuk_, _kamunchak_.
+  Summon (to call out the peasantry), _k[)e]rah_, _meng[)e]rah_;
+    (to cite), _panggil_.
+  Sun, _mata-hari_.
+  Sunrise, _mata-hari naik_, _terbit-mata-hari_.
+  Sunset, _mata-hari turun_, _masok mata-hari_.
+  Sundry, _ber-bagei-bagei_.
+  Supercargo, _tukang peta_.
+  Superintend, to, _p[)e]rentah_, _mem[)e]-rentah_.
+  Supine (lying face upwards), _telentang_.
+  Supple, _lemah_.
+  Supplies, _bakal_, _pelabur_.
+  Support, to, _tahan_, _tanggong_;
+    (prop), _sokong_.
+  Sure, _tuntu_, _tetap_.
+  Surety (security), _aku-an_.
+  Surfeited, _jemu_.
+  Surpass, to, _lalu_, _lampau_.
+  Surplus, _ka-lebeh-an_.
+  Surprised, _heiran_, _ter-chengang_.
+  Surrender, to, _s[)e]rah-kan_.
+  Surround, to, _kepong_, _mengeliling kan_.
+  Suspect, to, _menaroh shak_.
+  Suspicion, _shak hati_.
+  Swaddle, to, _b[)e]dong_.
+  Swallow (a bird), _layang-layang_;
+    (to swallow), _t[)e]lan_.
+  Swamp, _paya_, _redang_.
+  Swear, to, _sumpah_, _ber-sumpah_.
+  Sweat, _p[)e]luh_.
+  Sweep, to, _sapu_, _menyapu_.
+  Sweet, _manis_;
+    (fragrant), _harum_, _wangi_.
+  Sweetheart, _kakasih_.
+  Sweetmeats, _manis-an_, _halwa_.
+  Sweet potatoes, _keledek_.
+  Swell, to, _bengkak_.
+  Swift, _laju_, _lantas_, _d[)e]ras_.
+  Swim, to, _ber[)e]nang_.
+  Swindle, to, _tipu_, _kechek_.
+  Swing, a, _buayan_, _indul_;
+    (to swing), _melenggang_, _ayun_.
+  Swoon, to, _pengsan_.
+  Swoop, to, _sambar_, _menyambar_.
+  Sword, _pedang_.
+  Sympathise, _ber-serta_.
+
+
+  T.
+
+  Table, _meja_.
+  Tablecloth, _kain-meja_.
+  Tack (to sew), _jahit_, _jaib_;
+    (nautical term), _beluk_.
+  Tail, _ekor_.
+  Tailor, _tukang-jaib_.
+  Take, to, _ambil_;
+    (away), _angkat_, _bawa-pergi_.
+  Tale, _cheritra_.
+  Talk, to, _ber-chakap_, _ber-kata-kata_.
+  Talkative, _mulut-panjang_.
+  Tall, _tinggi_.
+  Tamarind, _asam-jawa_.
+  Tame, _jinak_.
+  Tangled, _kusut_, _ter-kusut_.
+  Tap, to, _tepuk_, _ketok_.
+  Tap-root, _umbi_, _akar-susu_.
+  Target, _sasar_, _sasar-an_.
+  Taste, _rasa_.
+  Tasteless, _tawar_.
+  Tax, _chukei_.
+  Tea, _teh_, _cha_, _daun-teh_, _daun-cha_, _ayer-teh_, _ayer-cha_.
+  Teapot, _teh-kwan_.
+  Teach, to, _ajar_, _meng-ajar_.
+  Teak, _kayu jati_.
+  Teal, _b[)e]libis_.
+  Tear, to, _koyak_, _charik_, _rabit_.
+  Tears, _ayer-mata_.
+  Tease, to, _usik_, _sakat_, _menyakat_.
+  Teeth, _gigi_.
+  Telescope, _t[)e]ropong_.
+  Tell, to, _khabar-kan_, _bilang_, _b[)e]ri-tahu_.
+  Temper, _p[)e]rangei_.
+  Tempest, _ribut_.
+  Temples, the, _p[)e]lipis_.
+  Tend, to, _tunggu_, _jaga_.
+  Tender (to offer), _unjuk-kan_.
+  Tendon, _urat_.
+  Tenor (purport), _bunyi_, _harti_.
+  Terrible, _ng[)e]ri_.
+  Test, to, _choba_;
+    (metals), _uji_.
+  Tether to, _tambat_.
+  Thatch, _atap_.
+  Then, _waktu itu_, _tatkala itu_, _pada masa itu_.
+  There, _sana_, _situ_, _di-sana_, _di-situ_.
+  Therefore, _karana itu_, _sebab itu_.
+  Thick, _t[)e]bal_;
+    (in consistency), _kental_;
+    (turbid), _k[)e]roh_;
+    (close together), _k[)e]rap_, _lebat_.
+  Thief, _penchuri_.
+  Thigh, _paha_.
+  Thimble, _sarong-jari_, _didal_.
+  Thin, _nipis_, _halus_;
+    (lean), _kurus_.
+  Thing, _barang_, _b[)e]nda_, _mata-b[)e]nda_.
+  Think, to, _fikir_, _pikir_, _kira_, _sangka_.
+  Thirst, thirsty, _haus_, _dahaga_.
+  Thorn, _duri_.
+  Though, _wolo_, _lamun-kan_, _masa-kan_.
+  Thought, _pikir-an_, _pe-rasa-an_.
+  Thrash, to, _balun_, _godam_, _gasak_.
+  Thread, _b[)e]nang_.
+  Threaten, to, _ugut_.
+  Thrifty, _jimat_.
+  Throat (outside), _leher_;
+    (inside), _rungkong_.
+  Throb, to, _d[)e]bar_, _ber-d[)e]bar_.
+  Throne, _takhta_, _singgahsana_.
+  Through, _t[)e]rus_.
+  Throw, to, _lempar_, _baling_;
+    (away), _champak_, _buang_.
+  Thumb, _ibu-jari_.
+  Thunder, _guntur_, _guroh_.
+  Thunderbolt, _panah-halilintar_.
+  Tickle, to, _g[)e]li_.
+  Tide (flood), _ayer-pasang_;
+    (ebb), _ayer-surut_;
+    (current), _harus_.
+  Tie, to, _ikat_, _tambat_.
+  Tier (row), _baris_, _pangkat_, _saf_.
+  Tiger, _harimau_, _rimau_.
+  Tight, _t[)e]gang_, _ketat_, _chekang_.
+  Tiles (roofing), _ginting_.
+  Timber, _kayu_;
+    (balk), _balak_;
+    (tree), _pokok-kayu_.
+  Time, _waktu_, _katika_, _masa_;
+    (opportunity), _sampat_, _dan_.
+  Timid, _takut_.
+  Tin, _timah_, _timah-puteh_.
+  Tinder, _rabok_.
+  Tinsel, _p[)e]rada_.
+  Tipsy, _mabuk_.
+  Tired, _p[)e]nat_, _l[)e]lah_.
+  Title, _g[)e]lar-an_.
+  Toad, _kangkong_.
+  Toast, to, _panggang_.
+  Tobacco, _tembakau_.
+  To-day, _hari-ini_.
+  Toddy, _tuak_.
+  Toe, _jari-kaki_.
+  Together, _sama_, _sama-sama_, _serta_.
+  Token, _`alamat_, _tanda_.
+  Toll, _chukei_.
+  Tomb, _[k.]ubur_;
+    (place of visitation), _k[)a]ramat_.[3]
+      [Footnote 3: _K[)a]ramat_, a tomb, place, person, or thing of
+      reputed sanctity; a corruption of the words _ka rahmat_, "to the
+      mercy," which occur in the phrase, _Sudah pulang ka rahmat
+      Allah_, "Has returned to the mercy of God," _i.e._, has died.]
+  To-morrow, _esok_, _besok_;
+    (morning), _besok-pagi_.
+  Tone, _bunyi_.
+  Tongs, _peny[)e]pit_.
+  Tongue, _lidah_.
+  Tools, _pekakas_.
+  Tooth, _gigi_;
+    (-pick), _pen-chunkil-gigi_.
+  Top, _kapala_;
+    (summit), _puchuk_, _kamunchak_.
+  Torch, _damar_, _suluh_.
+  Torment, _sangsara_.
+  Torrent, _ayer-d[)e]ras_;
+    (of tears), _sebak_.
+  Tortoise, _kora-kora_, _labi-labi_;
+    (-shell), _sisik-pennyu_.
+  Torture, _tuwas_.
+  Toss, to, _me-lanting_.
+  Total, _jumlah_, _kumpul-an_.
+  Touch, to, _chekoh_, _jabat_, _suntoh_.
+  Touchstone, _batu-uji_.
+  Tow, to, _tunda_.
+  Towards, _ara ka-_, _hala ka-_, _tuju ka-_.
+  Towel, _sapu-tangan_.
+  Town, _negri_, _bandar_.
+  Toy, _per-main-an_.
+  Trace, _b[)a]kas_;
+    (foot-mark), _b[)a]kas-kaki_.
+  Trade, _per-nyaga-an_;
+    (to carry on), _ber-nyaga_, _menyaga_.
+  Trader, _sudagar_.
+  Tradition, _cheritra orang tuah-tuah_.
+  Trample, to, _pijak_, _jijak_, _terajang_.
+  Transcribe, to, _salin-kan_, _turun-kan_.
+  Translate, to, _salin_, _tarjamah_, _turun-kan_, _pindah-kan_.
+  Transplant, to, _alih_, _pindah-kan_.
+  Transparent, _jerneh_, _hening_.
+  Transverse, _lentang_.
+  Trap, _perangkap_;
+    (bird-), _rachik_;
+    (set with a spear or sharp stake for larger animals), _belantik_.
+  Trappings, _per-hias-an_.
+  Tray, _dulang_;
+    (round), _talam_.
+  Tread, to, _pijak_, _jijak_, _injak_.
+  Treasury, _khazanah_.
+  Treaty, _per-janji-an_.
+  Tree, _pokok_, _pohun_;
+    (a dead tree), _punggor_;
+    (a fallen tree), _r[)e]bah_.
+  Tremble, to, _k[)e]tar_, _meng[)e]tar_.
+  Trench, _parit_.
+  Tribe, _suku_.
+  Trick (to cheat), _kichau_, _kechek_.
+  Trickle, _titik_, _menitik_.
+  Trim (to arrange), _andam_, _meng-andam_;
+    (balance), _timbang_.
+  Troop (company, flock), _kawan_.
+  Trouble, _ka-susah-an_;
+    (misfortune, calamity), _bala_, _malang_, _mara-bahaya_;
+    (difficulty), _ka-sukar-an_.
+  Trough, _palong_.
+  Trousers, _saluar_, _sarual_, _chalana_.
+  True, _b[)e]nar_, _sungguh_, _b[)e]tul_.
+  Trunk (of a tree), _batang_;
+    (of an elephant), _belalei_.
+  Trust (to confide), _harap_, _perchaya_.
+  Try, to, _choba_;
+    (judicially), _p[)a]re[k.]sa_.
+  Tub, _tong_.
+  Tumble, to, _jatoh_, _rebah_.
+  Tune, _lagu_, _ragam_.
+  Turban, _sarban_, _dastar_, _tangkolo_.
+  Turn (to go round), _ber-pusing_, _ber-paling_;
+    (to cause to move round), _mem-pusing_;
+    (over), _balik-kan_.
+  Turtle, _pennyu_.
+  Tusk, _siong_, _taring_;
+    (of an elephant), _gading_.
+  Twig, _dahan_, _ranting_.
+  Twinkle, to, _k[)e]jap_, _k[)e]lip_.
+  Twilight (morning), _dina-hari_;
+    (evening), _senja-kala_.
+  Twin, _kambar_.
+  Twine (cord), _tali-rami_.
+  Twist, to, _pulas_, _pintal_.
+  Tyrannical, _zalim_.
+
+
+  U.
+
+  Ugly, _uduh_, _buruk_.
+  Ulcer, _puru_.
+  Umbrella, _payong_.
+  Uncertain, _ta' tuntu_.
+  Uncle, _bapa-sudara_, _pa-penakan_.
+  Uncover, _buka_, _mem-buka_.
+  Under, _bawah_, _di-bawah_.
+  Understand, _mengarti_.
+  Underwood, _b[)e]lukar_.
+  Undress, to, _tanggal kain baju_, _buka pakei-an_.
+  Unfortunate, _chelaka_, _nasib ta' baik_.
+  Unhappy, _susah-hati_.
+  Unite, to, _hubong_, _rapat-kan_.
+  Universe, _`alam_.
+  Unless, _hania_, _melain-kan_.
+  Unload, to, _bongkar_, _punggah_.
+  Unlucky, _chelaka_, _malang_.
+  Unmannerly, _kasar_, _be-adab_.
+  Unmarried, _bujang_.
+  Untie, to, _rungkei_, _luchut-kan_.
+  Until, _sampei_, _hingga_.
+  Untrue, _bohong_, _dusta_.
+  Up, _atas_, _di-atas_, _ka-atas_;
+    (up to, as high as), _arah_, _[h.]ad_.
+  Upside down, _ter-balik_.
+  Urine, _ayer-kinching_.
+  Usage, _`adat_.
+  Use, _guna_;
+    (to use), _pakei_, _per-guna-kan_.
+  Useful, _ber-guna_.
+  Utter, to, _sebut_, _meng-uchap_.
+
+
+  V.
+
+  Vacant, _kosong_.
+  Vagabond, _bangsat_.
+  Vain, conceited, _kachak_, _bisi_, _sombong_;
+    (fruitless), _sia-sia_, _chuma_.
+  Valiant, _gagah_, _b[)e]rani_, _perkasa_.
+  Valley, _lembah_, _lurah_.
+  Valuable, _endah_, _ber-harga_.
+  Value (to appraise), _nilai_.
+  Vanish, to, _linyap_, _ghraib_.
+  Vanquish, to, _alah-kan_;
+    (vanquished), _alah_.
+  Vapour, _hawap_.
+  Variegated, _pancha-warna_;
+    (striped), _ber-choring_.
+  Various, _ber-bagei-bagei_, _ber-jenis-jenis_.
+  Vary (to alter), _ubah_;
+    (differ), _ber-lain_, _ber-beda_.
+  Vast, _luas_.
+  Vegetables, _sayur_.
+  Veil, _kain-selubong_.
+  Veiled, _ber-selubong_.
+  Vein, _urat-darah_.
+  Velvet, _beludu_;
+    (of a deer's antlers), _saput_.
+  Vengeance, _balas_;
+    (animosity, desire of vengeance), _damdam_.
+  Venom, _bisa_.
+  Verandah, _serambi_.
+  Verily, _sa-sunggoh-nia_.
+  Vermin (insect), _tuma_.
+  Verse, _sloka_;
+    (text), _ayat_.
+  Vex, to, _usik_, _menyusah-kan_.
+  Victory, _jaya_.
+  Village, _kampong_, _dusun_.
+  Vinegar, _chuka_.
+  Violate, to, _rugul_, _me-rugul_.
+  Virgin, _anak-dara_.
+  Visit, to, _ber-tandang_.
+  Vizier, _wazir_.
+  Voice, _suara_.
+  Volcano, _gunong ber-api_.
+  Volume, _jilit_.
+  Vomit, to, _muntah_.
+  Voracious, _g[)e]lujuh_.
+  Vow, _niat_;
+    (to fulfill a vow), _bayar niat_, _lepas niat_.
+  Vowel-points, _baris_.
+  Voyage, _pe-layar-an_.
+  Vulgar, _hina_.
+  Vulture, _hering_.
+
+
+  W.
+
+  Wade, to, _meng-arung_, _me-randai_.
+  Wages, _gaji_, _upah_.
+  Wail, to, _ratap_.
+  Waist, _pinggang_;
+    (waist-belt), _tali-pinggang_, _tali-pending_.
+  Waist-buckle, _pending_.
+  Wait, to, _nanti_, _tangguh_.
+  Wake, to, _jaga_, _ber-jaga_.
+  Waken, to, _men-jaga-kan_, _bangun-kan_, _g[)e]rak-kan_.
+  Walk, to, _jalan_, _ber-jalan_;
+    (on all fours), _me-rangkak_.
+  Walking-stick, _tongkat_.
+  Wall, _dinding_, _tembok_.
+  Wallow, to, _meng-g[)e]lumang_.
+  Wander, to, _ber-hanyut_.
+  Want (necessity), _ka-korang-an_;
+    (to want), _handak_, _mahu_, _ber-ka-handak_.
+  Wanton, _gatal_.
+  War, _p[)e]rang_.
+  Ward off, to, _tangkis_.
+  Warehouse, _g[)e]dong_.
+  Warm, _panas_, _hangat_;
+    (to warm oneself at a fire), _ber-diang_.
+  Wash, to, _basoh_.
+  Wasp, _tabuan_, _peningat_.
+  Waste (to squander), _burus_.
+  Watch, _jam_, _harloji_, _urulis_;
+    (to watch), _jaga_, _tunggu_, _kawal_;
+    (expectantly), _me-langut_.
+  Water, _ayer_.
+  Waterfall, _ayer-terjun_, _ayer-lata_.
+  Water-melon, _temikei_.
+  Waterpot, _buyong_, _kindi_.
+  Wave, _ombak_, _gelumbang_;
+    (to wave), _kirap_, _k[)e]lebat_.
+  Wax, _lilin_;
+    (sealing wax), _lak_.
+  Weak, _l[)e]mah_, _leteh_.
+  Wealth, _ka-kaya-an_.
+  Weapon, _senjata_.
+  Wear, to, _pakei_.
+  Weary, _leteh_, _lesu_, _p[)e]nat_.
+  Weather (climate), _angin_.
+  Weave, to, _t[)e]nun_.
+  Web (spider's), _sarang-laba-laba_.
+  Wedge, _baji_.
+  Week, _juma`at_, _minggu_.
+  Weep, to, _tangis_, _menangis_.
+  Weigh, to, _timbang_;
+    (anchor), _bongkar-sauh_.
+  Weighty, _b[)e]rat_.
+  Welcome, to, _tegor_, _meng-elu_.
+  Well, _t[)e]laga_, _p[)e]rigi_;
+    (-born), _bang-sawan_;
+    (-bred), _bastari_, _ber-budi_.
+  West, _barat_, _mata-hari-jatoh_, _maghrib_.
+  Wet, _basah_.
+  Whale, _paus_.
+  Wheat, _gandum_.
+  Wheel, _roda_.
+  Whet, to, _asak_, _chanai_.
+  Whetstone, _batu-asah_.
+  While, _s[)e]dang_, _salagi_, _sambil_.
+  Whip, _chabuk_, _chamti_.
+  Whiskers, _misei_.
+  Whisper, to, _bisek_, _ber-bisek_.
+  Whistle, to, _siul_.
+  White, _puteh_.
+  Whole, _sumua_, _chukup_.
+  Wick, _sumbu_.
+  Wicked, _jahat_.
+  Wide, _lebar_, _luas_;
+    (not closed), _renggang_.
+  Widow, _janda_, _balu_.
+  Widower, _balu laki-laki_.
+  Wife, _bini_, _istri_, _perampuan_.
+  Wild, _liar_.
+  Will, _ka-handak_, _harap_, _harap-hati_, _ka-handak-hati_;
+    (testament), _wasiyat_.
+  Willing, _sudi_, _suka_, _mahu_.
+  Win, to, _m[)e]nang_.
+  Wind, _angin_;
+    (to wind), _balut_, _lilit_, _putar_, _pusing_.
+  Window, _jandela_, _tingkap_.
+  Windpipe, _rungkong_.
+  Wine, _anggur_.
+  Wing, _sayap_, _kepak_.
+  Wink, to, _kejap_, _kelip_.
+  Winnow, to, _tampik_.
+  Wipe, to, _sapu_, _menyapu_.
+  Wire, _kawat_, _dawei_.
+  Wisdom, _ka-pandei-an_, _bijaksana_.
+  Wise, _pandei_, _bijak_, _cherdek_.
+  Wish, to, _handak_, _mahu_, _harap_, _niat-hati_, _ber-ka-handak_.
+  Withdraw, to, _undur_.
+  Wither, to, _layu_.
+  Withhold, to, _tahan_, _tahan-kan_.
+  Witness, _sa[k.]si_.
+  Woe, _duka_.
+  Woman, _perampuan_, _betina_.
+  Womb, _p[)e]rut_.
+  Wonder, to, _ber-chengang_, _heiran_.
+  Wonderful, _`ajaib_.
+  Wood, _kayu_;
+    (a wood), _hutan_, _b[)e]lukar_.
+  Woodpecker, _belatok_.
+  Wood-pigeon, _tekukur_.
+  Wool, _bulu_.
+  Word, _sa'patah chakap_, _per-kata-an_.
+  Work, _karja_;
+    (to work), _buat karja_, _karja-kan_, _mengarja-kan_.
+  Workman, _tukang_.
+  World, _dunia_.
+  Worm, _chaching_, _hulat_.
+  Worship, to, _sembahyang_, _puja_.
+  Worth, _harga_, _laku_.
+  Worthy, _mustehik_.
+  Wound, _luka_;
+    (open), _liang_.
+  Wrap, to, _balut_, _bungkus-an_.
+  Wrecked, _karam_.
+  Wrench open, to, _umpil_, _sungkit_.
+  Wrestle, to, _ber-gumul_.
+  Write, to, _tulis_, _menulis_, _menyurat_.
+  Wrinkle, wrinkled, _k[)e]rut_, _kerukut_, _keretut_.
+  Wrist, _peng-g[)e]lang-an_.
+  Writer, _juru-tulis_.
+  Wrong, _salah_, _silap_.
+
+
+  Y.
+
+  Yam, _ubi_.
+  Yard, _ela_.
+  Yawn, to, _meng-uwap_.
+  Year, _tahun_.
+  Yearly, _sa-tahun-tahun_.
+  Yearn, to, _rindu_, _dendam_.
+  Yeast, _ragi_.
+  Yellow, _kuning_.
+  Yesterday, _kalmarin_;
+    (the day before --), _kalmarin dahulu_.
+  Yet, _lagi_.
+  Yoke, _koh_.
+  Yolk (of an egg), _kuning-telor_.
+  Young, _muda_.
+  Youth, a, _budak_.
+
+  Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO.
+  Edinburgh & London
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+           *       *       *       *
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ERRATA (noted by transcriber)
+
+Minor errors in punctuation, such as missing periods (full stops) at the
+end of a sentence, were silently corrected. In the tables of Sanskrit
+derivations, all citations from Sir William Jones were missing the
+closing parenthesis. The spellings "Tamil" and "Tamul" are used
+interchangeably.
+
+Hyphenization is as in the original. Note that in modern written
+Malay, hyphens are generally not used except in duplications such as
+"siapa-siapa".
+
+In the Vocabulary list, a few commas after parentheses were silently
+supplied.
+
+  _Tong-kat_ a walking-stick, &c.
+    [_text unchanged: other words in this list use spelling "Tang-_"]
+  _Ap_ ... a{lap}  [_text unchanged: error for "al{ap}" with
+      non-italic "l"?_]
+  _Sejarah Malayu_  [_later spelled "S�jarah"_]
+  the difference between _cold_ and _a cold_
+    [_text has "differ-/rence" at line break_]
+  _ka-puji-an_, praise  [_second hyphen missing or invisible_]
+  Pronouns: _T[)e]man_ (lit. companion).  [T[)e]an]
+  _Maka uleh baginda pun di-sambut dengan seperti `adat_,
+    [_text has Greek alpha with rough breathing for `a_]
+  PART I: XI. PARTICLES.  [X.]
+  Lesson IV. ... to play, _main_.  [maln]
+  Printed ... Edinburgh & London  [_text from 8th edn.; 10th edn.
+      changes to "at Paul's Work, Edinburgh"]
+
+Montaigne quotation
+
+  Je n'en refuis aulcune de phrases qui s'usent ...
+    [_Passage is formally "aulcune de celles [des phrases] qui" ..._]
+
+Sanskrit
+
+  Continually ... s�da (perishing)
+    [_text unchanged: error for "sad�" (always)?_]
+  Makara
+    [_May be an error: Sanskrit makara is crocodile or Capricorn_]
+  King ... r�j  [_text unchanged: should probably be "r�jan"_]
+  Lakshma[n.]a  [lakhshma[n.]a]
+  District ... di��  [dic�]
+  Varu[n.]a (the deity of the waters)  [Varuna]
+  _pertama_ (Sansk. _prathama_ ), first  [pratama]
+
+Question Marks in Lessons
+
+  printed . for ?
+    Lesson V. ... _Pokoh mana handak tebang?_
+    Lesson XXI. ... _Kamu tahu-kah menjahit?_
+    Lesson XXX. ... _Ada-kah siapa-siapa datang men-chahari sahaya?_
+    Lesson XXXIX. ... _Apa sakit-nia?_
+
+  printed ? for .
+    Lesson XXVI. ... _Bukan sa-kali ini sahaja yang dia buat jahat._
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Manual of the Malay language, by 
+William Edward Maxwell
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE ***
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+font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; text-align: right;
+text-indent: 0em;}
+
+/* Transcriber's Note */
+
+div.mynote {background-color: #DDE; color: #000;
+margin: 1em 5%; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 90%;}
+div.mynote {padding: .5em 1em 1em;}
+div.vocab div.mynote p {font-size: 100%; margin-top: .5em;
+margin-left: 0; text-indent: 0;}
+
+div.mynote a {text-decoration: none;}
+
+div.contents {font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 90%;
+text-align: center;}
+div.contents p {margin-left: 1.5em; text-indent: -1.5em;
+line-height: normal;}
+
+</style>
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+Project Gutenberg's A Manual of the Malay language, by William Edward Maxwell
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Manual of the Malay language
+       With an Introductory Sketch of the Sanskrit Element in Malay
+
+Author: William Edward Maxwell
+
+Release Date: May 26, 2008 [EBook #25604]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Louise Hope, Miranda van de Heijning and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div class = "mynote">
+<p>This e-text includes characters that will only display in UTF-8
+(Unicode) file encoding:</p>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>ḳ, ḥ, ṭ, ḍ, ṇ, ṃ, ṛ (letters with dot under: except ḳ and ḥ, these
+are used only in Sanskrit words)</p>
+<p>ṅ (n with dot over, in Sanskrit words)</p>
+<p>ă, ĕ, ŭ (vowel with breve or “short” sign: only ĕ is common)</p>
+<p>ā (a with macron or “long” sign)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>If any of these characters do not display properly&mdash;in
+particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the
+letter&mdash;or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph
+appear as garbage, you may have an incompatible browser or unavailable
+fonts. First, make sure that the browser’s “character set” or “file
+encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8). You may also need to change your
+browser’s default font.</p>
+
+<p>In the section on Sanskrit origins, anusvara was printed as m̃
+(m&nbsp;with tilde). It has been changed in this e-text to ṃ
+(m&nbsp;with dot under) for more reliable display. Note also that ś is
+written as ç, ṣ as sh, and ṛ as&nbsp;ṛi.</p>
+
+<p><a href = "#intro_note53">Footnote 53</a> of the Introduction refers
+to “the peculiar vowel sound represented in Arabic by the letter
+<i>ain</i> ... denoted by the Greek rough breathing”. The reference is
+to the glottal stop. It is represented in this e-text with a single
+opening quote ‘ because this will display more reliably than the printed
+text’s ‛ or ῾ (“Greek rough breathing”, equivalent to a “reversed
+high-nine” single quote).</p>
+
+<p>A few typographical errors have been corrected. They are shown in
+the text with <ins class = "correction" title =
+"like this">mouse-hover popups</ins>. Hyphenization is as in the
+original. Note that in modern written Malay, hyphens are generally not
+used except in duplications such as “siapa-siapa”.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class = "contents">
+<table summary = "table of contents">
+<tr><td>
+<h4><a name = "contents" id = "contents">Contents</a><br>
+<span class = "smaller">(added by transcriber)</span></h4>
+
+<p><a href = "#preface">Preface</a></p>
+<p><a href = "#intro">Introduction</a></p>
+<p><a href = "#partI">Part I</a></p>
+<p><a href = "#partII">Part II</a>: Lessons I-XII</p>
+<p><a href = "#partIII">Part III</a>: Lessons XIII-XXX</p>
+<p><a href = "#partIV">Part IV</a>: Lessons XXXI-XL</p>
+<p><a href = "#appendix">Appendix</a> to Part IV</p>
+<p><a href = "#partV">Part V</a>: Vocabulary</p>
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<div class = "page">
+<h1><span class = "smaller">A</span><br>
+MANUAL OF THE MALAY&nbsp;LANGUAGE.</h1>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class = "center">
+<table class = "publist" summary = "list of publications">
+<tr><td>
+<h5>NEW WORKS ON</h5>
+
+<h3>MALAY LANGUAGE</h3>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+HANDBOOK OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE, for the Use of Tourists and Residents.
+By <span class = "smallcaps">Kelly</span> and <span class =
+"smallcaps">Walsh</span>. Second Edition. 98 pages, 12mo, cloth. 1903.
+3s.&nbsp;6d. net. Printed in Roman characters only. It contains an
+elementary grammar and an English-Malay vocabulary.</p>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+SPREEKT GIJ MALEISCH? Words and phrases in Dutch, Malay, French, German,
+and English. By <span class = "smallcaps">Jzn. Rijnenberg</span>. Fourth
+Edition. 163 pages, oblong 8vo. 1901. 3s.&nbsp;6d. net.</p>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+PRACTICAL MALAY GRAMMAR, with Reading and Translation Exercises. By
+<span class = "smallcaps">W.&nbsp;G. Shellabear</span>. 83 pages, 8vo,
+bound. 1899. 5s. net. All Malay words are printed in Roman characters
+only.</p>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+MALAY-ENGLISH VOCABULARY, containing 6500 Malay words and phrases. By
+<span class = "smallcaps">W.&nbsp;G. Shellabear</span>. 141 pages, 8vo,
+cloth. 1902. 6s. net. Printed in Roman characters only.</p>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+MALAY-ENGLISH DICTIONARY. By <span class = "smallcaps">R. J.
+Wilkinson</span>. 4to. 1901-3. Unbound, £2,&nbsp;10s.; bound,
+£3,&nbsp;3s. The Malay words are printed in Arabic and in Roman
+characters.</p>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+ENGLISH-MALAY VOCABULARY. By <span class = "smallcaps">F. A.
+Swettenham</span>. Fifth Edition. 245 and xxxii pages, 8vo, cloth. 1905.
+8s. 6d. net.</p>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+MALAY-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. By <span class = "smallcaps">F. A.
+Swettenham</span>. New edition in preparation.</p>
+<p>⁂ Malay words printed both in Arabic and Roman characters.</p>
+
+<p class = "hanging">
+TRAVELLER’S MALAY PRONOUNCING HANDBOOK, for the Use of Travellers and
+Newcomers to Singapore. Seventh Edition. 317 and xxvi pages, 12mo,
+cloth. 1904.&nbsp;5s.</p>
+
+<p class = "center">
+<i>Printed in Roman characters only.</i></p>
+
+
+<h4 class = "smallcaps">London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner, &amp; Co.
+Ltd.<br>
+<span class = "smaller">Dryden House, Gerrard Street, W.</span></h4>
+
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2 class = "extended"><a name = "titlepage" id = "titlepage">A
+MANUAL</a></h2>
+
+<h6>OF THE</h6>
+
+<h1 class = "extended">MALAY LANGUAGE.</h1>
+
+<h6>WITH</h6>
+
+<h3><b>An Introductory Sketch of the<br>
+Sanskrit Element in Malay.</b></h3>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h6>BY</h6>
+
+<h4>WILLIAM EDWARD MAXWELL,</h4>
+
+<h6><span class = "smaller">OF THE INNER TEMPLE, BARRISTER-AT-LAW;<br>
+ASSISTANT RESIDENT, PERAK, MALAY PENINSULA.</span></h6>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h5>EIGHTH EDITION.</h5>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h4>LONDON:</h4>
+
+<h4>KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER, &amp; CO.
+L<span class = "smaller"><sup><u>TD</u></sup></span></h4>
+
+<h5>DRYDEN HOUSE, GERRARD STREET, W.</h5>
+
+<h5>1907</h5>
+
+<div class = "page">
+<p>Je n’en refuis aulcune <ins class = "correction"
+title = "exact reading is ‘de celles’ [i.e des phrases]">de phrases</ins>
+qui s’usent emmy les rues;<br>
+ceux qui veulent combattre l’usage par la grammaire se mocquent.</p>
+
+<p class = "right smallcaps">Montaigne.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<div class = "preface">
+
+<span class = "pagenum">v</span>
+<h3><a name = "preface" id = "preface">PREFACE.</a></h3>
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<p><span class = "firstword">The</span> language which I have
+endeavoured to illustrate in the following pages is the Malay of the
+British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca, some knowledge of which I
+have had the opportunity of acquiring during sixteen years’ service in
+Penang, Province Wellesley, Malacca, Singapore, and Perak.</p>
+
+<p>Dialectical peculiarities are so abundant in Malay that it is
+impossible to teach the colloquial language of the people without
+imparting to the lesson the distinct marks of a particular locality. In
+parts of India it is said proverbially that in every twelve <i>kos</i>
+there is a variation in the language,<a class = "tag" name = "tag_pref1"
+id = "tag_pref1" href = "#note_pref1">1</a> and very much the same might
+be said of the Malay Peninsula and adjacent islands. The construction of
+the language and the general body of words remain, of course, the same,
+but in every state or subdivision of a state there are peculiar words
+and expressions and variations of accent and pronunciation which belong
+distinctively to it. Words common in one district sound strangely in
+another, or, it may be, they convey different meanings in the two
+places. Even words of such constant occurrence as the personal pronouns
+“I” and “you” vary according to locality. The Kedah accent is easily
+distinguished from that of Patani, and that again from the speech of
+Trengganu and Pahang. Certain expressions common in Penang are almost
+unintelligible in Malacca and Singapore, and <i>vice versâ</i>. In Perak
+it is not difficult to say
+<span class = "pagenum">vi</span>
+whether a man comes from the upper or lower reaches of the river, by
+merely noting particular words in his conversation. Even individual
+villages and districts have their peculiar twang or their tricks of
+expression not found elsewhere. In Java, Sumatra, and other islands
+eastward in which Malay is spoken, the pronunciation and character of
+the language are much influenced by the other languages current there.
+Malay is only spoken in perfection in places where the natives speak no
+other tongue.</p>
+
+<p>Native pedantry has endeavoured to classify various styles of
+speaking, as the court style (<i>bahasa dalam</i>), the well-bred style
+(<i>bahasa bangsawan</i>), the trader’s language (<i>bahasa dagang</i>),
+and the mixed language (<i>bahasa kachau-kan</i>), but all that can be
+correctly said is, that a limited number of words are used exclusively
+in intercourse with royal personages; that persons of good birth and
+education, in the Eastern Archipelago, as elsewhere, select their
+expressions more carefully than the lower classes; and that the
+vocabulary of commerce does not trouble itself with the graces of style
+and the copious use of Arabic words which commend themselves to native
+writers.</p>
+
+<p>The written language is more stilted and less terse and idiomatic
+than the colloquial dialect; and even where pure Malay is employed, the
+influence of Arabic compositions is very marked. Whole sentences,
+sometimes, though clothed in excellent Malay, are unacknowledged
+translations of Arabic phrases. This may be verified by any one well
+acquainted with Malay literary compositions who will look into a really
+good translation of an Arabic work; for instance, Lane’s translation of
+the “Thousand and One Nights.” The Malay speaks much better than he
+writes, and has at his command quantities of words which never find
+their way into his literature, and, therefore, but rarely into
+dictionaries compiled by Europeans.</p>
+
+<p>The spelling of Malay words in the native character is hardly yet
+fixed, though the Perso-Arabic alphabet has been
+<span class = "pagenum">vii</span>
+in use since the thirteenth century; and those follow but a vain shadow
+who seek to prescribe exact modes of spelling words regarding which even
+native authorities are not agreed, and of which the pronunciation may
+vary according to locality. The experience of Crawfurd sufficiently
+proves this; there are words in his dictionary which are transliterated
+in as many as four different ways.</p>
+
+<p>Two classes of works in his own language have hitherto been at the
+service of the English student of Malay&mdash;grammars, more or less
+scientifically arranged, and vocabularies and books of dialogues, which
+presuppose some knowledge of grammatical construction.</p>
+
+<p>The Malay Grammar of Marsden is an admirable work, of unquestionable
+utility to the advanced student; but it contains more than the beginner
+wants to know. Crawfurd’s Malay Grammar, too, is hardly a work to put
+into the hands of a beginner.</p>
+
+<p>Mere vocabularies, on the other hand, teach nothing but words and
+sentences, and throw no light upon forms of construction.</p>
+
+<p>It has been my aim to supply a work which will be at once an
+elementary grammar and a compendium of words and sentences, which will
+teach the colloquial dialect and yet explain grammatical rules; and for
+this I have taken as my model the Hindustani Manual of the late
+Professor Forbes.</p>
+
+<p>The language is not ennobled by having been the speech of men who
+have made their mark in the world’s history. The islands of Indonesia
+have never startled the Eastern world with an Akbar, or charmed it with
+a Hafiz or a Chand. Receptivity, not originality, is the characteristic
+of the Malay races. But the importance of Malay, when the traveller
+heads eastward from the Bay of Bengal, has been recognised by Europeans
+since the sixteenth century, when Magellan’s Malay interpreter was found
+to be understood from one end of the Archipelago to the other. It is the
+strong and growing
+<span class = "pagenum">viii</span>
+language of an interesting people, and (in the words of a recent writer
+on Eastern languages) “for Malay, as for Hindustani, a magnificent
+future may be anticipated among the great speech-media of Asia and of
+the world. They manifest that capacity for the absorption and
+assimilation of foreign elements which we recognise as making English
+the greatest vernacular that the world has ever seen.”<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag_pref2" id = "tag_pref2" href = "#note_pref2">2</a></p>
+
+<p class = "right">W. E. M.</p>
+
+<p class = "lefthalf center">
+<span class = "smallcaps">The Residency, Larut, Perak,</span><br>
+<i>July</i> 1, 1881</p>
+
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note_pref1" id = "note_pref1" href = "#tag_pref1">1.</a>
+Beames, Comparative Grammar of the Aryan Languages, p. 101.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note_pref2" id = "note_pref2" href = "#tag_pref2">2.</a>
+Cust, Modern Languages of the East Indies, 150.</p>
+</div>
+
+</div> <!-- end div preface -->
+
+<div class = "intro">
+
+<span class = "pagenum">1</span>
+<h3><a name = "intro" id = "intro">INTRODUCTION.</a></h3>
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<p><span class = "firstword">The</span> interest of Englishmen in the
+Malay language began with the early ventures of the East India Company
+in the Far East, in the first years of the seventeenth century. It was
+the language of commerce everywhere east of the Bay of Bengal, and our
+earliest adventurers found it spoken at the trading ports which they
+visited. The Portuguese had preceded them by a century, and the Dutch
+had been a little earlier in the same field. Our countrymen seem to have
+been indebted to the latter for their first Malay vocabulary. The
+minutes of the East India Company record how, on the 22d January 1614,
+“a book of dialogues, heretofore translated into Latin by the
+Hollanders, and printed with the Malacca tongue, Mr. Hakluyt having now
+turned the Latin into English, and supposed very fit for the factors to
+learn, was ordered to be printed before the departure of the ships.”<a
+class = "tag" name = "intro_tag1" id = "intro_tag1" href =
+"#intro_note1">1</a></p>
+
+<p>At present the use of Malay, as far as Englishmen are concerned, is
+chiefly confined to the officers of the Colonial Government in the
+British possessions in the Straits of Malacca and in the native states
+adjoining them, and to other residents in those parts, and in the Dutch
+settlements in the East. To these may be added the English communities
+of Labuan and Sarawak, and merchants, traders, and seamen all over the
+Eastern Archipelago. The limited extent of our Malay possessions, when
+they are compared with the magnificent
+<span class = "pagenum">2</span>
+islands which make up Netherlands India, excuse us, no doubt, for the
+secondary place which we occupy in all researches connected with the
+language and literature of the Malays. To the Dutch their colonies in
+the Eastern seas are what our Indian Empire is to us; and with them the
+study of Malay, Javanese, Kawi, &amp;c., takes the place of Persian,
+Hindustani, Tamil, Sanskrit, &amp;c., which occupy our civilians in
+India. The extent and value of Dutch works on Malay subjects is,
+however, but little known to Englishmen in the East, owing to their
+general ignorance of the Dutch language. It is not too much to say that
+any one aiming at a thorough knowledge of the language, literature, and
+history of the Malay people should commence his task by learning
+Dutch.</p>
+
+<p>Malay is the language not of a nation, but of tribes and communities
+widely scattered in the East, and is probably spoken with greatest
+purity in the states of Kedah and Perak, on the west coast of the Malay
+Peninsula. It is spoken in all the states of the Peninsula, in Sumatra,
+Sunda, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Flores, Timor, and Timor Laut, the
+Moluccas, and the Philippines. Traces of it are found among the numerous
+Polynesian dialects, and in the language of the islanders of Formosa.
+Siam proper has a large Malay population, descendants mainly of captives
+taken in war, and the language is therefore in use there in places; it
+is found also here and there on the coasts and rivers of Anam and
+Cochin-China. No other language of the Eastern Archipelago is understood
+over such an extensive area, and it is the common means of communication
+between the numerous tribes and races of the Malay family whose
+languages and dialects differ.</p>
+
+<p>Logan supposes that the earliest inhabitants of the Archipelago were
+tribes of Africo-Indian origin, who peopled the Eastern islands as well
+as the more accessible portions of the Continent, descendants of whom he
+recognises in the negro and quasi-negro tribes that are still preserved
+in some of the mountains of the Malay Peninsula, Siam, and Anam. To
+these succeeded immigrant tribes from Mid-Asia, by way of
+<span class = "pagenum">3</span>
+the Irawadi, whom Logan designates by the term of the Tibeto-Anam
+family, all the races and languages from Tibet to Anam being included
+under it. “By a long-continued influx this family spread itself over the
+Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Celebes; but its farther progress
+over the many islands to the north and east appears to have been checked
+by the older races. It was probably only by slow steps and by settling
+at many points that it gained a firm footing even in the western
+islands, and a long period must have elapsed before its tribes became so
+populous and spread so far into the interior as to enable them to absorb
+and destroy the earlier occupants.”<a class = "tag" name = "intro_tag2"
+id = "intro_tag2" href = "#intro_note2">2</a> The variety which exists
+among the languages and dialects in the region affected by these
+movements is thus accounted for by Logan:&mdash; “The languages imported
+by the Tibeto-Anamese settlers differed as did those of the natives, and
+the combinations formed in different places from the contact of the two
+families varied in the proportions of each which entered into them. But
+the structures of the native tongues had strong affinities amongst
+themselves, and predominated in all these new combinations.”<a class =
+"tag" name = "intro_tag3" id = "intro_tag3" href =
+"#intro_note3">3</a></p>
+
+<p>The idea presented by this sketch of the origin of the aboriginal
+Malay language is that of a mixed dialect, borrowing something from the
+Tibeto-Anam languages (the influence of which would be more apparent in
+the western settlements), and gradually approaching the Africo-Indian
+forms farther east.<a class = "tag" name = "intro_tag4" id =
+"intro_tag4" href = "#intro_note4">4</a> “Lastly,” Logan supposes, “a
+later Indian influence, belonging to a far more advanced civilisation,
+flowed in a great stream into the Western Archipelago, and cut off that
+of the Irawadi, before its linguistic operation had made much
+progress.”<a class = "tag" name = "intro_tag5" id = "intro_tag5" href =
+"#intro_note5">5</a> It is to this epoch that we must ascribe the
+introduction of the Sanskrit element into the Malay language.</p>
+
+<p>Malay is mainly dissyllabic, but there are not wanting evidences of a
+former monosyllabic tendency. The syllable
+<span class = "pagenum">4</span>
+<i>bu</i>, <i>bun</i>, or <i>bung</i>, for instance, occurs in a
+considerable number of words conveying an idea of roundness:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class = "parallel" summary = "word list">
+<tr>
+<td width = "20%"><i>Bu-lan</i></td>
+<td>the moon.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>Bu-lat</i></td>
+<td>round.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>Bu-ah</i></td>
+<td>fruit.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>Bu-yong</i></td>
+<td>a jar.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>Bu-tir</i></td>
+<td>a grain, globule.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>Bu-sar</i></td>
+<td>an arch.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>Bu-kit</i></td>
+<td>a hill.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>Bu-sut</i></td>
+<td>an anthill.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>Bun-tar</i></td>
+<td>round.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>Bun-ting</i></td>
+<td>pregnant.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>Bun-chit</i></td>
+<td>pot-bellied.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>Bun-tut.</i></td>
+<td>the buttocks.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>Bun-toh</i></td>
+<td><p>a numeral affix implying rotundity (cf. <i>lún</i>, Burmese),
+used with such words as <i>chin-chin</i>, a ring; and <i>kail</i>, a
+fishhook.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>Bung-kok</i></td>
+<td>hump-backed.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>Bung-kus</i></td>
+<td>a bundle.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Many others might be cited.<a class = "tag" name = "intro_tag6" id =
+"intro_tag6" href = "#intro_note6">6</a></p>
+
+<p>Another characteristic list of words might be made, compounded with
+the monosyllable <i>tang</i> (which in Sakai and Semang means
+“<i>hand</i>”), and conveying an idea of seizing or holding.</p>
+
+<table class = "parallel" summary = "word list">
+<tr>
+<td width = "20%"><i>Tang-an </i></td>
+<td>the hand.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>Tang-kap</i></td>
+<td>to seize.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>Tang-kei</i></td>
+<td>a stalk.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>Tang-gong</i></td>
+<td>to support.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>Tang-gal</i></td>
+<td><p>to drop off (having left hold).</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><i><ins class = "correction" title = "spelling unchanged">Tong</ins>-kat</i></p></td>
+<td>a walking-stick, &amp;c.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The history of the Malay people is to be discovered in the language
+itself, for no authentic records of pre-Muhammadan times exist. Just as
+an insight into the early history of our own nation may be obtained by
+analysing the component parts of the English tongue, and assigning to
+each of the languages which have contributed to make it what it is their
+due proportion of influence, so, by resolving the Malay
+<span class = "pagenum">5</span>
+language into its separate elements, of which native, Sanskrit, and
+Arabic are the chief, and by examining the words contributed by each, it
+is possible to follow with some approach to historical accuracy the
+successive advances which the Malay people have made on the path of
+civilisation.</p>
+
+<p>The aboriginal dialect, prior to the admixture of Sanskrit, must have
+been but the poor vocabulary of men hardly raised above savage life. The
+purely native element in Malay furnishes all the necessary terms to
+express the physical objects surrounding men leading a primitive life in
+the forest, and all that has to do with their food, dwellings,
+agriculture, fishing, hunting, and domestic affairs.</p>
+
+<p>The use of a Sanskrit word for “plough” seems to record a revolution
+in agriculture. The primitive cultivation of the Malays was carried on
+by clearing and burning the hill-sides (a system still largely adopted
+in native states where land is plentiful and timber valueless), and the
+cultivation of the wet ricefields of the plains, which necessitates the
+use of the plough, would thus seem to have been resorted to only after
+the arrival of the Hindus.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as the analysis reaches moral ideas, or objects requiring
+some advance in civilisation, it is found that they are expressed by
+words of foreign origin. These are, for the most part, Sanskrit or
+Arabic. The latter require no notice here, for they are of comparatively
+recent introduction. For the most part, they consist of terms incidental
+to the ethical and religious teaching of the Muhammadans. The Arabic
+element in Malay is not accurately determinable, for new expressions are
+constantly being introduced.</p>
+
+<p>A sketch of the Sanskrit element in Malay is all that there is space
+for here.</p>
+
+<p>A careful classification of the principal Sanskrit words which are
+found in Malay helps to indicate what must have been the condition of
+society when the Aryan came into contact with the islanders of Sumatra.
+It shows, independently of other proof, that Hindu colonisation must
+have
+<span class = "pagenum">6</span>
+gradually introduced the Malay races to institutions, ideas, pursuits,
+and wants to which they had hitherto been strangers. Many of the
+incidents of commerce, most of the metals and precious stones, the pomp
+and ceremony of royalty, and the use of the elephant, are shown, by the
+Sanskrit nomenclature employed in describing them, to be of Hindu
+importation. From this it is not difficult to infer the primitive
+condition of a people to whom all these things were unknown. So, the
+Sanskrit names of many weapons indicate a period when the rude weapons
+of savage Malay tribes&mdash;blowpipes, spears, &amp;c.&mdash;were
+supplemented by arms of a more formidable character, for which they were
+indebted to India. Other groups of words show, independently of other
+proof, that the Hindu religion was successfully planted among the Malays
+and flourished for a time, and that the monarchical form of government
+was introduced in Malay countries by Hindu settlers and rulers.</p>
+
+<p>The word “rulers” is used advisedly, for the theory of Marsden as to
+the manner of the introduction of Hinduism seems to possess greater
+claims to general acceptance than that advocated by certain other
+writers, notably Leyden and Crawfurd. Crawfurd asserted that the
+Sanskrit words adopted in Malay came originally through the Hindu
+priesthood, and that the priests through whom this was effected belonged
+to the Telugu race, this, in his opinion, being the people who,
+commencing by trading with the Malays, proceeded to partial settlement
+in their country, and ended by converting them to Hinduism and
+introducing the language and literature of the Hindus. He entirely
+discountenances the idea that Sanskrit could have been introduced by a
+people of whom it was the vernacular language.<a class = "tag" name =
+"intro_tag7" id = "intro_tag7" href = "#intro_note7">7</a> He admits,
+however, that in Southern India Sanskrit was itself a foreign tongue;
+that Sanskrit has found its way into Javanese and Malay in a state of
+comparative purity, and not intermixed with Telugu; and that
+<span class = "pagenum">7</span>
+there is no trace whatever of any extensive settlement of the Telugus in
+the Malay Archipelago.</p>
+
+<p>Marsden’s contention, on the other hand, points to Gujarat as the
+quarter from which Hindu civilisation penetrated to the far East, and to
+conquest as the mode in which the way was cleared for its
+introduction.<a class = "tag" name = "intro_tag8" id = "intro_tag8" href
+= "#intro_note8">8</a></p>
+
+<p>Before proceeding to classify some of the Sanskrit words which are
+found in Malay, and to deduce any theories from their presence, it is
+necessary, in order to avoid misconception, to notice several
+difficulties which cannot be overlooked.</p>
+
+<p>In the first place, it is not meant to be asserted that the Malays
+have obtained all the words enumerated further on direct from the people
+of India. All theories founded upon the presence of Sanskrit words in
+Malay must apply with equal force to Javanese, which contains a larger
+proportion of Sanskrit words than Malay. “Sanskrit words are found in
+greatest purity in the Javanese, and next to it in the Malay, their
+corruption increasing as we recede from Java and Sumatra.”<a class =
+"tag" name = "intro_tag9" id = "intro_tag9" href = "#intro_note9">9</a>
+It may be assumed, therefore, that in addition to the influence which
+Hinduism exerted among the Malays of
+<span class = "pagenum">8</span>
+Sumatra by means of direct intercourse with India, there was also a
+second source from which the Malays derived a great portion of their
+Hindu nomenclature, namely, the ancient Hindu kingdoms of Java.<a class
+= "tag" name = "intro_tag10" id = "intro_tag10" href =
+"#intro_note10">10</a></p>
+
+<p>These remarks may be illustrated by reference to the fourth column of
+the lists of words which follow.</p>
+
+<p>Again, some of the Sanskrit words in the following lists are synonyms
+merely, there being native or Arabic words, or both, in common use to
+express the same object.</p>
+
+<p>In some instances, too, the words quoted are not often heard in the
+colloquial dialect, but occur in books to which in many cases they have
+been transplanted from Javanese romances.</p>
+
+<p>All these circumstances seriously modify the possibility of drawing
+general conclusions from an analysis of the body of Sanskrit vocables
+found in Malay. The questions to be decided seem to be (1)&nbsp;whether
+it is possible that such a mass of terms for common objects (for they
+are by no means confined to words incident to the Hindu religion) could
+have been imported into Malay by any means except by oral communication
+with a Sanskrit-speaking people; (2)&nbsp;supposing
+<span class = "pagenum">9</span>
+that this could have been effected through some later Indian dialect,
+itself largely tinged with Sanskrit (as the Latin words in English came
+to us with the Norman speech), what dialect was this? Telugu, as
+Crawfurd thinks, Gujarati, to which Marsden inclines, or what?</p>
+
+<p>It is in order to contribute to the settlement of such questions as
+these that a classification of some of the Sanskrit terms in Malay has
+been attempted in this Introduction.<a class = "tag" name =
+"intro_tag11" id = "intro_tag11" href = "#intro_note11">11</a> It is
+hoped that the subject may attract the attention of those more competent
+to deal with it, and that the researches of Sanskrit scholars may
+facilitate a decision which there is no pretension to pronounce
+here.</p>
+
+<p>The centre of Hindu influence in Malay states would seem to have been
+the court. From the governing classes the use of Sanskrit expressions
+would gradually spread among the people. To this day there are certain
+Sanskrit words which are applied to royalty alone, there being native
+equivalents when the non-privileged classes are intended. The words
+<i>putra</i> and <i>putrî</i> afford an instance in point. Meaning
+simply “son” and “daughter” in Sanskrit, they have, from the fact of
+Sanskrit nomenclature having been affected at Malay courts, come to mean
+“<i>prince</i>” and “<i>princess</i>,” and are applied only to the sons
+and daughters of rajas.</p>
+
+<p>At the chief seats of Hindu government, there must have been Brahmans
+conversant with the sacred writings, whose teaching would gradually be
+the means of introducing a taste for Hindu learning and literature.
+<i>Bacha</i>, to read (from <i>bach</i>, to speak), is Sanskrit, but
+<i>tulis</i>, to write, is a native word,<a class = "tag" name =
+"intro_tag12" id = "intro_tag12" href = "#intro_note12">12</a> and
+<i>surat</i>, a writing, is Arabic. Language, therefore, in this
+instance does not throw much light on the progress made by the Malays in
+the art of writing in the pre-Muhammadan stage of their history.
+Rock-inscriptions found in Province Wellesley and Singapore prove,
+however, that at
+<span class = "pagenum">10</span>
+some remote period an ancient Indian character was known on the
+Peninsula,<a class = "tag" name = "intro_tag13" id = "intro_tag13" href
+= "#intro_note13">13</a> though it was probably confined to religious
+purposes.</p>
+
+<p>Crawfurd, writing in 1852, stated that Malay can be written or spoken
+without the least difficulty, without a word of Sanskrit or Arabic, and
+described the foreign elements in Malay as “extrinsic and
+unessential.”<a class = "tag" name = "intro_tag14" id = "intro_tag14"
+href = "#intro_note14">14</a> But several words of the first necessity
+are Sanskrit. It would be difficult to speak Malay intelligibly, while
+avoiding the use of the relative pronouns <i>yang</i> (Sansk.
+<i>yas</i>, <i>ya</i>, <i>yat</i>, who, which) and <i>mana</i> (Sansk.
+<i>mâna</i>, measure), or of the common auxiliary <i>sudah</i> (Sansk.
+<i>çuddha</i>,<a class = "tag" name = "intro_tag15" id = "intro_tag15"
+href = "#intro_note15">15</a> pure, acquitted), which denotes the past
+tense. A long list might be made of common words not included in any of
+the following groups, which are almost pure Sanskrit, such as
+<i>bawa</i>, to bring (<i>vaha</i>, bearing, carrying); <i>kata</i>, to
+say (<i>kath</i>, to tell, talk); <i>biasa</i>, accustomed
+(<i>abhyâsa</i>, reflection); <i>langkah</i>, to step, stride
+(<i>langh</i>, to stride over); <i>kelahi</i>, to fight (<i>kalaha</i>,
+quarrel); and <i>niala</i>, to blaze, to burn (<i>jval</i>). Nor is the
+influence of Sanskrit in Malay confined to words which have been adopted
+in comparative purity. An extension of the sphere of research reveals
+whole groups of Malay words which seem to be formed from some Sanskrit
+root, and to retain to some extent its signification. Thus the Sanskrit
+root <i>ju</i> (to push on, impel) may perhaps be detected in such words
+as <i>juwang</i>, to rush against; <i>jungur</i>, prominent, a beak;
+<i>jungang</i>, prominent (of teeth); <i>juring</i>, sharp, pointed;
+<i>jurus</i>, to pull, course, direction; <i>juluk</i>, to thrust
+upwards; <i>julir</i>, a kind of harpoon; <i>julur</i>, to wag, to
+wriggle; &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ap</i> is a common termination of Malay words, e.g.,
+<i>tangkap</i>, to seize; <i>chakap</i>, to speak; <i>silap</i>, to
+mistake, &amp;c. The presence of the Sanskrit root <i>âp</i> (to attain,
+obtain) is not indeed to be assumed in every case, but it is difficult
+to resist the conviction
+<span class = "pagenum">11</span>
+that it does form a part of many Malay derivations. D<i>ap</i>at, to
+obtain; r<i>ap</i>at, to approach; as<i>ap</i>, smoke (cf.
+vy<i>âp</i>ta); aw<i>ap</i>, steam; tangk<i>ap</i>, to seize, grasp;
+<ins class = "correction" title = "error for “al{ap}” with non-italic “l”?">a<i>lap</i></ins>
+(Jav.), to take; are instances which, among others, might be cited.</p>
+
+<p><i>Gal</i> (Sansk., to drop, to distil, percolate, to fall) is
+another root which seems to enter into the composition of Malay words,
+<i>e.g.</i>, tang<i>gal</i>, to fall off, to drop out; ting<i>gal</i>,
+to leave, forsake; tung<i>gal</i>, solitary; pang<i>gal</i>, to chop
+off, a portion chopped off. Compare also <i>gali</i>, to dig;
+teng<i>gal</i>am, to sink; tu<i>gal</i>, to sow rice by putting seeds
+into holes made with a sharp stick; <i>gal</i>ah, a pole;
+<i>gal</i>a-<i>gal</i>a, pitch.</p>
+
+<p>If it be correct to assign a Sanskrit origin to all or any of these
+words, they belong to a much earlier epoch than the comparatively pure
+Sanskrit words, the importation of which into Malay is the subject now
+under discussion.</p>
+
+<p>The presence of Sanskrit words in the Malay language was first
+remarked by Sir William Jones,<a class = "tag" name = "intro_tag16" id =
+"intro_tag16" href = "#intro_note16">16</a> and the subject received
+more attention at the hands of Marsden, who gives a short list of
+fifteen words, “taken, with little pains in the selection, from a
+Malayan dictionary.”<a class = "tag" name = "intro_tag17" id =
+"intro_tag17" href = "#intro_note17">17</a> Many of the Sanskrit words
+are, as Marsden observes, “such as the progress of civilisation must
+soon have rendered necessary, being frequently expressive of the
+feelings of the mind, or denoting those ordinary modes of thought which
+result from the social habits of mankind, or from the evils that tend to
+interrupt them.” This assertion might have been put in more forcible
+terms had it occurred to the author to include not only words expressive
+of thought and feelings, but even some signifying natural objects,
+though doubtless most of these are expressed by aboriginal words.
+<i>Hari</i>, day, is clearly identical with the Sanskrit <i>hari</i>,
+“the sun,” which is also used as a name of Vishnu or Krishna.
+<i>Mata-hari</i>, the sun (Malay), is thus “the
+<span class = "pagenum">12</span>
+eye of Hari,” and is a compound formed of the native word <i>mata</i>
+and the Sanskrit <i>hari</i>. <i>Halilintar</i>, a thunderbolt, seems to
+be compounded similarly of <i>hari</i> and <i>lontar</i> (to hurl),
+“hurled by Hari.” Here the <i>r</i> has been softened into <i>l</i>. The
+Sanskrit <i>kapala</i> has almost entirely superseded the use of the old
+native word <i>ulu</i> or <i>hulu</i>, the head; the latter, however, is
+found in composition with a Sanskrit word in the substantive
+<i>hulubalang</i>, a war-chief, from <i>hulu</i>, head, and <i>bala</i>,
+an army.</p>
+
+<p>The extent to which the Malays are indebted to Sanskrit for words to
+express the human body and members is shown in the following
+list:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class = "sanskrit" summary = "sanskrit derivations">
+<col width = "20%">
+<col width = "20%">
+<col width = "24%">
+<col>
+<tr>
+<th>English.</th>
+<th>Malay.</th>
+<th>Sanskrit.</th>
+<th>Other Languages<a class = "tag" name = "intro_tag18" id =
+"intro_tag18" href = "#intro_note18">18</a></th>
+</tr>
+<tr class = "first">
+<td>The body</td>
+<td>salîra</td>
+<td>çarîra</td>
+<td><p>J. <i>sarira</i>; Bat. <i>sorira</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Limb, member, body</p></td>
+<td>anggûta</td>
+<td>angga</td>
+<td>J. <i>ongga</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Form, appearance</p></td>
+<td>rûpa</td>
+<td>rûpa</td>
+<td><p>J., S., Bat., Mak., and Bu. <i>rupa</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Joint</td>
+<td>sendi</td>
+<td>saṃdhi</td>
+<td><p>S. <i>sandi</i>; D. <i>sandik</i>, bound; Tag. and Bis.
+<i>sandig</i>, unite.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Head</td>
+<td>kapâla</td>
+<td><p>kapâla (the skull)</p></td>
+<td><p>J., S., D., Mak. <i>kapala</i>, chief; Bat. <i>kapala</i>,
+thick.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Tongue</td>
+<td>lîdah</td>
+<td><p>lih (to lick), lîdha (licked)</p></td>
+<td><p>J. <i>lidah</i>; Bat. <i>dila</i>; Mak. and Bu. <i>lila</i>; D.
+<i>jela</i>; Tag. and Bis. <i>dila</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Pulse</td>
+<td>nâdî</td>
+<td><p>nâḍî (artery, vein, intestine)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Shoulder</td>
+<td>bâhû</td>
+<td><p>bâhu (the arm)</p></td>
+<td><p>J. <i>bahu</i>; S. and D. <i>baha</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Hair of the body</p></td>
+<td>rôma</td>
+<td>roman</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class = "last">
+<td>Foot</td>
+<td>pâda</td>
+<td>pâda</td>
+<td>Kw. <i>pada</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Time and its division and measurement have supplied a number of
+Sanskrit terms to the Malay language, most of
+<span class = "pagenum">13</span>
+which are so necessary in everyday life that it is difficult to conceive
+the poverty of a dialect which contained no words to express them. The
+following list contains the greater number of them:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class = "sanskrit" summary = "sanskrit derivations">
+<col width = "20%">
+<col width = "20%">
+<col width = "24%">
+<col>
+<tr>
+<th>English.</th>
+<th>Malay.</th>
+<th>Sanskrit.</th>
+<th>Other Languages.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr class = "first">
+<td>Time</td>
+<td>kâla, kâli</td>
+<td>kâla</td>
+<td>J. and S. <i>kala</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>When</td>
+<td>tatkâla</td>
+<td><p>tad (this) kâla</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Time, period</p></td>
+<td>katika</td>
+<td><p>ghatikâ (a division of time)</p></td>
+<td><p>Bat. <i>katika</i>; D. <i>katika</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Time, period, hour</p></td>
+<td>dewâsa</td>
+<td><p>divasa (a&nbsp;day)</p></td>
+<td><p>J. <i>diwasa</i>, adult; Mak. <i>rewusa</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Just now</td>
+<td>tâdî</td>
+<td><p>tad (this, that)</p></td>
+<td>S. <i>tadi</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Day</td>
+<td>hârî</td>
+<td><p>hari (the sun)</p></td>
+<td><p>J. and B. <i>hari</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Day</td>
+<td>dîna</td>
+<td>dina</td>
+<td>J. <i>dina</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Dawn</td>
+<td>dînahârî</td>
+<td><p>from dina and hari</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Evening, sunset</p></td>
+<td><p>senja, or senja- kala</p></td>
+<td><p>saṃdhyâ (twilight)</p></td>
+<td><p>Bat. <i>sonja</i>; J. <i>chandik-kala</i>, evg.
+twilight.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Always</td>
+<td>santîasa</td>
+<td>nityaças</td>
+<td>J. <i>nityasa</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Old, former</p></td>
+<td>sadîa</td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr><tr>
+<td><p>Former time</p></td>
+<td>sadîa-kâla</td>
+<td><p>sâdhya (from sâdh, to finish, accomplish)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Continually</td>
+<td>sada-kâla</td>
+<td><p><ins class = "correction" title = "error for “sadâ” (always)?">sâda (perishing)</ins></p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Time (when)</p></td>
+<td>bîla</td>
+<td>velâ</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Time, season, period</p></td>
+<td>mâsa</td>
+<td><p>mâsa (month)</p></td>
+<td><p>J. and S. <i>mangsa</i>; Tag. <i>masa</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Another group of Sanskrit words found in Malay is that comprising
+articles of commerce, weights and measures, &amp;c. Their presence
+suffices without other evidence to show that for their knowledge of the
+commercial value of many products the East Indian islanders were
+indebted to traders from Hindustan, who, indeed, probably introduced not
+only the names of, but the use of, their weights and measures. <i>Buah
+pala</i>, the Malay phrase for the “nutmeg,” is in strictness a
+pleonasm, for <i>phala</i> signifies “fruit” in Sanskrit, as <i>buah</i>
+does in Malay.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">14</span>
+
+<p class = "center">TERMS OF COMMERCE.</p>
+
+<table class = "sanskrit" summary = "sanskrit derivations">
+<col width = "20%">
+<col width = "20%">
+<col width = "24%">
+<col>
+<tr>
+<th>English.</th>
+<th>Malay.</th>
+<th>Sanskrit.</th>
+<th>Other Languages.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr class = "first">
+<td>Nutmeg</td>
+<td>pâla</td>
+<td><p>phala (fruit)</p></td>
+<td>J. and S. <i>pala</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Clove</td>
+<td>lawang</td>
+<td>lavaṃga</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Eagle-wood</td>
+<td>găhârû</td>
+<td>aguru</td>
+<td><p>J., S., and Mak. <i>garu</i>; D. <i>garo</i>, perfume.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Camphor</td>
+<td><p>kâpur, kâpur bârus</p></td>
+<td>karpûra</td>
+<td><p>J., S., and D. <i>kapur-barus</i>; Mak. <i>kaporo
+barusu</i></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Sandalwood</td>
+<td>chandâna</td>
+<td>chandana</td>
+<td><p>J. and S. <i>chendana</i>; Tag. and Bis. <i>sandana</i></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Musk</td>
+<td>kastûrî</td>
+<td>kastûrî</td>
+<td><p>J. and S. <i>kasturi</i>; Mak. <i>kasaturi</i>; Tag, and Bis.
+<i>kastoli</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Charcoal</td>
+<td>ârang</td>
+<td>aṅgâra</td>
+<td><p>J. and S. <i>areng</i>; S. <i>arang</i>; Bat. <i>agong</i>; D.
+<i>aring</i>; Tag. and Bis. <i>oling</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Sugar</td>
+<td>gûla</td>
+<td><p>guḍa (molasses)</p></td>
+<td><p>J., S., and D. <i>gula</i>; Mak. <i>golla</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Saltpetre</td>
+<td>sandâwa</td>
+<td><p>saindhava (rocksalt)</p></td>
+<td><p>J. <i>sendawa</i>; S. <i>chindawa</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Silk</td>
+<td>sûtra</td>
+<td><p>sûtra (thread, fibre)</p></td>
+<td><p>J. and S. <i>sutra</i>; Bat. <i>suntora</i>; Mak; and Bu.
+<i>sutara</i>; Tag. <i>sutla</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Cotton</td>
+<td>kâpas</td>
+<td>karpâsa</td>
+<td><p>J., S., and D. <i>kapas</i> Bat. <i>hapas</i>; Mak.
+<i>kapasa</i>; Bis. <i>gapas</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Gunny-bag</td>
+<td>gônî</td>
+<td>goṇi</td>
+<td>S. <i>goné</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Price</td>
+<td>harga</td>
+<td>argha</td>
+<td><p>S. and Bat. <i>harga</i>; J. and D. <i>rega</i>; Mak.
+<i>angga</i>; Tag. and Bis. <i>halaga</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Profit</td>
+<td>lâba</td>
+<td>lâbha</td>
+<td><p>Kw., Bat., Mak., and D. <i>laba</i>; Tag. and Bis. <i>laba</i>,
+increase, usury.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Scales for weighing</p></td>
+<td>narâcha</td>
+<td><p>nârâchî (a gold smith’s scales)</p></td>
+<td><p>Kw. <i>naracha</i>; J. and S. <i>traju</i></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>A bhar (native weight = 3&nbsp;pikuls)</p></td>
+<td>băhâra</td>
+<td><p>bhâra (a load, a weight)</p></td>
+<td><p>Kw. and Mak. <i>bara</i> 100 millions: Bis. <i>bala</i>, to load
+on the back.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>A cubit</td>
+<td>hasta</td>
+<td>hasta</td>
+<td>J. and S. <i>asta</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>A number, figure</p></td>
+<td>ângka</td>
+<td><p>aṅka (a&nbsp;mark, a&nbsp;cipher)</p></td>
+<td><p>J. <i>ongka</i>; S., Mak., Bu., and D. <i>angka</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Ten thousand</p></td>
+<td>laksa</td>
+<td><p>laksha (100,000)</p></td>
+<td><p>J. <i>leksa</i>; S., D., Tag. and Bis. <i>laksa</i>; Bat.
+<i>loksa</i>; Mak., <i>lassa</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>A million</td>
+<td>jûta</td>
+<td><p>ayuta (10,000)</p></td>
+<td>J. and S. <i>yuta</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Many of the metals and most of the precious stones are known to the
+Malays by their Sanskrit names, even those which are found in Malay
+countries.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">15</span>
+<table class = "sanskrit" summary = "sanskrit derivations">
+<col width = "20%">
+<col width = "20%">
+<col width = "24%">
+<col>
+<tr>
+<th>English.</th>
+<th>Malay.</th>
+<th>Sanskrit.</th>
+<th>Other Languages.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr class = "first">
+<td>Gold</td>
+<td><p>âmas, mas</p></td>
+<td><p>mas (to mete, to measure)</p></td>
+<td><p>J. <i>emas</i>; S. <i>mas</i>; Bat. <i>omas</i>; D. <i>amas</i>;
+Tag. and Bis. <i>amas</i>, gold, weight.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Gold</td>
+<td>kanchâna</td>
+<td>kânchana</td>
+<td><p>Kw. and S. <i>kanchana</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Copper</td>
+<td>tambâga</td>
+<td>tâmra</td>
+<td><p>J. <i>tembaga</i>; S. <i>tambaga</i>; Bat. <i>tombaga</i>; Mak.
+<i>tambaga</i>; Tag. and Bis. <i>tumbaga</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Tin</td>
+<td>tîmah</td>
+<td>tîvra</td>
+<td><p>J., S., and D. <i>timah</i>; Bat. <i>simbora</i>; Mak.
+<i>timbera</i>; Tag. and Bis. <i>tingga</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Quicksilver</td>
+<td>râsa</td>
+<td>rasa</td>
+<td><p>J., S., Mak., and D. <i>rasa</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Pinchbeck</td>
+<td>suwâsa</td>
+<td><p>suvarchasa (brilliant)</p></td>
+<td><p>J., S., Bat., and Mak. <i>suwasa.</i></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Glass</td>
+<td>kâcha</td>
+<td>kâcha</td>
+<td><p>J., S., Mak., and Bu. <i>kacha</i>; D. <i>kacha</i>; and
+<i>kasa</i>; Tag. <i>kasa</i>, blue and green stone.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Mica</td>
+<td><p>âbrak<a class = "tag" name = "intro_tag19" id = "intro_tag19"
+href = "#intro_note19">19</a></p></td>
+<td><p>abhra (amber, talc)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Crystal</td>
+<td>golega</td>
+<td><p>golaka (globule)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Jewel, precious stone</p></td>
+<td>mânî</td>
+<td>maṇi</td>
+<td>J. <i>mani</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "center">Do.</td>
+<td>mânikam</td>
+<td>maṇika</td>
+<td><p>Kw. and S. <i>manikem</i>; Mak. <i>manikang</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "center">Do.</td>
+<td>kamâla</td>
+<td><p>kamala (lotus)</p></td>
+<td><p>Kw. <i>kuma‘a</i>; Bat. <i>humala</i>, snake-stone.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Sapphire</td>
+<td><p>nîlam (nîla, blue)</p></td>
+<td><p>nîla (blue)</p></td>
+<td><p>J. and S. <i>nila</i>; Mak. <i>nyila</i>, blue.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Opal</td>
+<td>bidûri</td>
+<td><p>vidûra (a mountain which produces lapis lazuli)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Ruby</td>
+<td>dalîma</td>
+<td><p>dâlima (pomegranate)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Jewel, brilliant</p></td>
+<td>mustîka</td>
+<td><p>mushtika (goldsmith)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Topaze</td>
+<td>pusparâgam</td>
+<td>pushparâga</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Pearl</td>
+<td><p>mutia, mutiara</p></td>
+<td>muktâ</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Jewel, precious stone</p></td>
+<td>permâta</td>
+<td><p>paramata (excellence)</p></td>
+<td><p>Kw. <i>pramati</i>, a very beautiful object.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Jewels of five kinds</p></td>
+<td>panchalôgam</td>
+<td><p>panchaloha (five metals)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The implements, utensils, instruments, &amp;c., the names of which,
+if not the things themselves, the Malay races have
+<span class = "pagenum">16</span>
+borrowed from their Indian conquerors and rulers, are as
+follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class = "sanskrit" summary = "sanskrit derivations">
+<col width = "20%">
+<col width = "20%">
+<col width = "24%">
+<col>
+<tr>
+<th>English.</th>
+<th>Malay.</th>
+<th>Sanskrit.</th>
+<th>Other Languages.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr class = "first">
+<td>A lock</td>
+<td>kunchî</td>
+<td><p>kunchikâ (a&nbsp;key)</p></td>
+<td><p>J., S., and D. <i>kunchi</i>; Bat. <i>hunsi</i>; Mak.
+<i>konchi.</i></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>A bell</td>
+<td>ganta</td>
+<td>ghaṇṭâ</td>
+<td><p>J. and S. <i>genta</i>; Bat. <i>gonta</i>; D. <i>ganta</i>; Mak.
+<i>garaganta</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>A water vessel</td>
+<td>kindî</td>
+<td>kuṇḍî</td>
+<td>J. and S. <i>kendi</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>A net</td>
+<td>jâla</td>
+<td>jâla</td>
+<td><p>J., S., Bat., Mak., and D. <i>jala</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>A box</td>
+<td>petî</td>
+<td><p>peṭî (basket, bag)</p></td>
+<td><p>S. <i>peti</i>; Mak. <i>patti</i>; D. <i>pati</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Name of a sword</p></td>
+<td>chora</td>
+<td><p>kshura (a&nbsp;razor)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>A plough</td>
+<td>tanggâla</td>
+<td>hala</td>
+<td><p>Bat. <i>tinggala</i>; Mak. <i>nangkala</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Chess</td>
+<td>châtur</td>
+<td><p>chatur (four)</p></td>
+<td>J. and S. <i>chatur</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Dice</td>
+<td>jûdî</td>
+<td><p>dyûta (game at dice)</p></td>
+<td><p>J. <i>judi</i>; Bat. <i>juji</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>A saw</td>
+<td>gargâjî</td>
+<td>krakacha</td>
+<td><p>J. <i>graji</i>; S. <i>gergaji</i>; Bat. and Mak.
+<i>garagaji</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>An awl</td>
+<td>jâra</td>
+<td>ârâ</td>
+<td>J. and S. <i>jara</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>A coffin</td>
+<td>karanda</td>
+<td><p>karanda (basket)</p></td>
+<td>Bat. <i>hurondo</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Royal umbrella</p></td>
+<td>chatrâ</td>
+<td>chhattra</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Salver with a pedestal</p></td>
+<td>charâna</td>
+<td><p>charaṇa (a&nbsp;foot)</p></td>
+<td><p>S. <i>charana</i>; Bat. <i>sarano</i>; D. <i>sarana</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>A wheel</td>
+<td>jantrâ</td>
+<td><p>yantra (an engine or machine)</p></td>
+<td>J. <i>jontra</i>; S. <i>jantra</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Chariot</td>
+<td>râta</td>
+<td>ratha</td>
+<td>J. <i>rata</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Lyre, lute</p></td>
+<td>kechâpî</td>
+<td>kachchhapi</td>
+<td><p>S. <i>kachapi</i>; Bat. <i>husapi</i>; D. <i>kasapi</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Flute</td>
+<td>bangsî</td>
+<td>vançî</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Pipe, flute</p></td>
+<td>mûri</td>
+<td>muralî</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The terms of adulation common in India in the mouths of inferiors
+addressing superiors have no equivalents in Malay. It is noticeable,
+however, that some of the most ordinary Malay phrases of politeness are
+Sanskrit. <i>Tâbek</i> (J.&nbsp;and S. <i>tabé</i>; Bat. <i>santabi</i>;
+Mak. <i>tabeya</i>; D. <i>tabi</i>; Tag. and Bis. <i>tabi</i>; Tag.
+<i>santabi</i>, to show respect), which corresponds to the Indian
+<i>salaam</i> in communications between Europeans and Malays,
+<span class = "pagenum">17</span>
+means properly “pardon,” and is derived from the Sanskrit
+<i>kshantavya</i>, excusable; <i>sîla</i>, to sit cross-legged<a class =
+"tag" name = "intro_tag20" id = "intro_tag20" href =
+"#intro_note20">20</a> (the respectful attitude indoors), is the
+Sanskrit <i>çîl</i>, to meditate, to worship; and <i>sîla</i>, a Malay
+term of politeness, which in some respects answers to our “if you
+please,” but which also means “to invite,” has its origin in the
+Sanskrit word <i>çîla</i>, good conduct, moral practice. The same
+language, too, supplies a considerable number of words denoting family
+and relationship:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class = "sanskrit" summary = "sanskrit derivations">
+<col width = "20%">
+<col width = "20%">
+<col width = "24%">
+<col>
+<tr>
+<th>English.</th>
+<th>Malay.</th>
+<th>Sanskrit.</th>
+<th>Other Languages.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr class = "first">
+<td>Father</td>
+<td>âyah</td>
+<td><p>vayas (prime of life)</p></td>
+<td><p>J. <i>ayah</i>, grandson; S. <i>aya</i>; Mak. <i>aya</i>,
+mother.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Brother</td>
+<td>sûdâra</td>
+<td>sodarya</td>
+<td>J. <i>saudara</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Husband</td>
+<td>swâmî</td>
+<td>svâmin</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Wife</td>
+<td>istrî</td>
+<td><p>strî (a&nbsp;woman)</p></td>
+<td>J. <i>estri</i>; S. <i>istri</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Virgin</td>
+<td><p>ânak dâra</p></td>
+<td><p>dâra (wife), adâra (unmarried)</p></td>
+<td><p>Kw. <i>dara</i>; J. <i>lara</i>; Bat. <i>dara</i>; Mak.
+<i>rara</i>; S. <i>dara</i>, a young woman who has just got her first
+child.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Relationship</td>
+<td>pangkat</td>
+<td><p>paṅkti (a&nbsp;line, row)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Race</td>
+<td>bangsa</td>
+<td>vaṃça</td>
+<td><p>J. <i>wongsa</i>; S., Bat., and D. <i>bangsa</i>; Mak.
+<i>bansa</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Family</td>
+<td>kulawarga</td>
+<td><p>kula (family), varga (class)</p></td>
+<td>J. <i>kulawarga</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Do.</td>
+<td>kulawangsa</td>
+<td>vaṃça</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The few astronomical terms known to the Malays have been borrowed
+either from Sanskrit or Arabic, the former supplying the
+following:&mdash;</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">18</span>
+<table class = "sanskrit" summary = "sanskrit derivations">
+<col width = "20%">
+<col width = "20%">
+<col width = "24%">
+<col>
+<tr>
+<th>English.</th>
+<th>Malay.</th>
+<th>Sanskrit.</th>
+<th>Other Languages.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr class = "first">
+<td>Eclipse</td>
+<td>grahana</td>
+<td>grahaṇa</td>
+<td>J. <i>grahana</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Firmament</td>
+<td>udara</td>
+<td><p>adhara (lower)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Celestial sphere</p></td>
+<td>chakrawâla</td>
+<td><p>chakra-vâla (horizon; a range of mountains supposed to encircle
+the earth and to be the limit of light and darkness)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Atmosphere</td>
+<td>bumantâra</td>
+<td><p><i>cf.</i> dyumantara (brilliancy)</p></td>
+<td><p>Kw. <i>bomantara</i>; J. <i>jumantara</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>The heavens, æther</p></td>
+<td>angkasa</td>
+<td>âkâça</td>
+<td><p>Kw. and S. <i>akasa</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>The milky-way</p></td>
+<td>bîmasaktî</td>
+<td><p>bhîma (terrible), çakti (strength, power)</p></td>
+<td><p>S. <i>bimasakti</i>; J. <i>bimasakti</i>, the name of a
+star</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Pleiades</td>
+<td>kertîka</td>
+<td><p>kṛittikâ (the third of the lunar mansions)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>The sign Cancer in the Zodiac</p></td>
+<td>mangkâra</td>
+<td>makara</td>
+<td>J. <i>mangkara</i>, crab.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Astrology</td>
+<td>panchalîma</td>
+<td><p>panchan (five)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>To these may be added <i>Râhû</i> (Sansk. <i>Râhu</i>, a deity to
+whom eclipses are ascribed) and <i>Kedû</i> (Sansk. <i>Ketu</i>, the
+mythological name of the descending node, represented as a headless
+demon), monsters who are supposed by the Malays to cause eclipses by
+swallowing the moon. To denote the points of the compass the Malays have
+native, Sanskrit, and Arabic terms. Utâra (<i>uttara</i>),<a class =
+"tag" name = "intro_tag21" id = "intro_tag21" href =
+"#intro_note21">21</a> the north, and daḳsina (<i>dakshiṇa</i>), the
+south, are Sanskrit words; and <i>paḳsina</i>, the north, has evidently
+been coined by Malays in imitation of <i>daḳsina</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The elephant is most generally known all over the Archipelago by its
+Sanskrit name <i>gajah</i>. Sanskrit terms are also used to signify the
+driver of an elephant and several articles used in connection with this
+animal. From these circumstances we may probably conclude, with
+Crawfurd, that the
+<span class = "pagenum">19</span>
+art of training and domesticating elephants was first learned by the
+Malays from natives of India.<a class = "tag" name = "intro_tag22" id =
+"intro_tag22" href = "#intro_note22">22</a></p>
+
+<table class = "sanskrit" summary = "sanskrit derivations">
+<col width = "20%">
+<col width = "20%">
+<col width = "24%">
+<col>
+<tr>
+<th>English.</th>
+<th>Malay.</th>
+<th>Sanskrit.</th>
+<th>Other Languages.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr class = "first">
+<td>Elephant</td>
+<td>gâjah</td>
+<td>gaja</td>
+<td><p>J., S., and D. <i>gajah</i>; Bat. and Mak. <i>gaja</i>; Tag.
+<i>gadia</i>; Bis. <i>gadya</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Elephant-driver</td>
+<td>gambâla-gâjah</td>
+<td><p>gopâla (herdsman)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Goad</td>
+<td><p>ângkus, kwâsa</p></td>
+<td>aṅkuça</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Foot-chain</td>
+<td>ândûwân</td>
+<td><p>andu (chain)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Front part of the head</p></td>
+<td><p>gomba, kumba</p></td>
+<td>kumbha</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Unbroken, vicious (of an elephant); the condition called
+<i>musth</i></p></td>
+<td>meta</td>
+<td><p>mada (elephant in rut)</p></td>
+<td><p>Kw. <i>meta</i>, wild elephant.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Hobbles for securing the feet</p></td>
+<td>sengkăla</td>
+<td><p>çṛiṅkhala (a chain)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The words of command used by elephant-drivers in the Malay peninsula
+appear, however, to be adapted mainly from the Siamese, and it is from
+this people that the Malays of the continent have acquired much of their
+modern knowledge of the art of capturing, subduing, and training the
+elephant. The names of animals, birds, &amp;c., indicate, as might be
+expected, that while most of the varieties known to the Malays are
+indigenous, there are some species which have been imported, or which,
+belonging to other countries, are known by name only in the Archipelago.
+The word <i>morga</i>, (mṛiga) and <i>satwâ</i> (sattva),<a class =
+"tag" name = "intro_tag23" id = "intro_tag23" href =
+"#intro_note23">23</a> both meaning “an animal,” are Sanskrit, and if
+the commoner word <i>benâtang</i> is derived, as seems possible, from
+the Sanskrit <i>vana</i>, forest, there is no purely native generic term
+to signify a beast or animal. While, therefore,
+<span class = "pagenum">20</span>
+the early Malay tribes had names for all the animals domesticated by
+them, as well as those which they encountered in their forests, it was
+not until the period of their intercourse with more civilised races from
+India that they learned to generalise and to comprehend the brute
+creation under one term. The following Sanskrit words for animals,
+&amp;c., occur in Malay:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<table class = "sanskrit" summary = "sanskrit derivations">
+<col width = "20%">
+<col width = "20%">
+<col width = "24%">
+<col>
+<tr>
+<th>English.</th>
+<th>Malay.</th>
+<th>Sanskrit.</th>
+<th>Other Languages.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr class = "first">
+<td>Lion</td>
+<td>sînga</td>
+<td>siṃha</td>
+<td><p>J. and S. <i>singa</i> and <i>singha</i>; Mak. and D.
+<i>singa</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Jackal</td>
+<td>srîgâla</td>
+<td>cṛigâla</td>
+<td><p>Bat. <i>sorigala</i>; J. <i>segawon</i>, a dog.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Camel</td>
+<td>onta</td>
+<td><p>ushṭra (a&nbsp;camel)</p></td>
+<td><p>J. and Mak. <i>unta</i>; S. <i>onta</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Wild bull</p></td>
+<td>ândâka</td>
+<td>dhâka</td>
+<td><p>Kw. <i>daka</i> and <i>andaka</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Ichneumon</td>
+<td>charpalei</td>
+<td><p>sarpâri (sarpa, a&nbsp;snake)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>A small yellow snake, about a span long</p></td>
+<td>chintâ-mani</td>
+<td><p>chintâ-maṇi (a fabulous gem, the possessor of which gets all he
+wishes for)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Scorpion</td>
+<td>kâla</td>
+<td><p>kâla (black)</p></td>
+<td><p>J., S., D., and Malg. <i>kala</i>; Bat. <i>kala</i>; Mak.
+<i>pati-kala</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Crow</td>
+<td>gâgak</td>
+<td>kâka</td>
+<td><p>J. and S. <i>gayak</i>; Bat. <i>gak</i>; Mak. <i>kala</i>; D.
+<i>kak</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Peacock</td>
+<td>mĕraḳ</td>
+<td><p>barha, varha</p></td>
+<td><p>J. and S. <i>merak</i>; Mak. <i>muraka</i>; D.
+<i>marak</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Goose<a class = "tag" name = "intro_tag24" id = "intro_tag24"
+href = "#intro_note24">24</a></p></td>
+<td><p>angsa, hangsa, gangsa</p></td>
+<td>haṃsa</td>
+<td>J. <i>ongsa</i>; S. <i>gangsa</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Pigeon</td>
+<td><p>mĕr-ăpâti, perapâti</p></td>
+<td>pârâpatî</td>
+<td><p>S. <i>japati</i>; Bat. <i>darapati</i>; Tag. <i>palapati</i>;
+Bis. <i>salapati</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Eagle-falcon</td>
+<td>râjawâlî</td>
+<td><p>rajjuvâla (a&nbsp;species of bird)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Indian cuckoo (<i>Gracula religiosa</i>)</p></td>
+<td>kokila</td>
+<td>kokila</td>
+<td>J. <i>kokila</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">21</span>
+<p>Perhaps the Malay word <i>harîmau</i> (Kw. <i>rimong</i>; Bat.
+<i>arimo</i>, tiger-cat; D. <i>harimaung</i>, panther), a tiger, may
+have been formed from <i>Hari</i> (Krishna or Vishnu) and <i>mṛiga</i>
+(an animal). Words similarly compounded with <i>mṛiga</i> (Malay
+<i>morga</i>) are not uncommon in Sanskrit, <i>e.g.</i>,
+<i>Kṛishṇa-mṛiga</i> (the black antelope), <i>mahâ-mṛiga</i> (an
+elephant).<a class = "tag" name = "intro_tag25" id = "intro_tag25" href
+= "#intro_note25">25</a> The terms in use for “horse” and “sheep” seem
+to indicate that those animals were first brought to Malay countries
+from India. <i>Kûda</i>, horse (Kw. and S. <i>kuda</i>), is derived by
+Crawfurd from <i>ghora</i> (Hindi), by others from <i>kudra</i> (Tamul).
+<i>Bîri-bîri</i> (sheep) is said to be borrowed from the Hindi
+<i>bher</i>, which is itself derived from the Sanskrit <i>bheḍa</i>, a
+ram, or from <i>bhîru</i> (Sansk.), a goat. Certain fabulous birds and
+reptiles which belong to the domain of Hindu mythology have their places
+also in Malay folk-lore; such as <i>garuḍa</i>,<a class = "tag" name =
+"intro_tag26" id = "intro_tag26" href = "#intro_note26">26</a> the eagle
+of Vishnu, and <i>Jaṭâyu</i> (Malay <i>jintâyu</i>), a fabulous vulture;
+<i>chandrawâsi</i>, a&nbsp;name given by Malays to a fabulous bird which
+is heard but never seen, is also evidently of Sanskrit origin. To these
+<i>nâga</i>, a dragon, may be added (J.,&nbsp;S., Bat., Mak., Bu., and
+D. <i>naga</i>).</p>
+
+<p>The vegetable kingdom supplies a long list of trees, plants, and
+flowers which are known to the Malays by Sanskrit names. Some of these
+are closely connected with another group of words to be noticed
+presently, namely, those which belong to the department of religion. The
+use of sweet-smelling flowers is a noticeable feature in the religious
+worship of the Hindus, and the fact that many flowers held by them to be
+sacred to the worship of particular gods are called by Malays by the
+same names which they bear in the temples of India, is a remarkable
+example of an historical lesson latent in words. It points to the fact,
+abundantly proved by other evidence, that Brahmanism once held sway
+where it has long been superseded by the faith of Islam, and that words
+which have no special significance for the modern Muhammadan Malay were
+fraught with mystic solemnity for his distant ancestors.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">22</span>
+<p>In many cases, indeed, the Sanskrit names have been applied by the
+Malays to different plants from those designated by the same expressions
+in India. In other cases, names unknown in classical Sanskrit, but
+obviously compounded of Sanskrit words, have been given by the Malays or
+Javanese. The common native Malay term for “flower” is <i>bûnga</i>;
+<i>sâri</i> (Javanese <i>sari</i>, Sansk. <i>kesara</i>) and
+<i>puspa</i> (Sansk. <i>pushpa</i>) have been borrowed from India.</p>
+
+<table class = "sanskrit" summary = "sanskrit derivations">
+<col width = "20%">
+<col width = "20%">
+<col width = "24%">
+<col>
+<tr>
+<th>English or Latin.</th>
+<th>Malay.</th>
+<th>Sanskrit.</th>
+<th>Other Languages.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr class = "first">
+<td><p>Michelia champaka</p></td>
+<td>champaka</td>
+<td><p>champaka (dedicated by the Hindus to Krishna; one of Kamadeva’s
+arrows is tipped with it)</p></td>
+<td><p>J. and S. <i>champaka</i>; Mak. <i>champaga</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Jonesia asoka</p></td>
+<td>ângsôka</td>
+<td><p>açoka (sacred to Mahadeva, and held in the highest veneration by
+the Hindus)</p></td>
+<td><p>J. <i>angsoka</i> and <i>soka</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Mesua ferrea</p></td>
+<td><p>nâgasârî (Rigg supposes the Malay plant to be <i>Acacia
+pedunculata</i>; Marsden, <i>Acacia aurea</i>).</p></td>
+<td><p>nâgakesara (“The delicious odour of its blossoms justly gives
+them a place in the quiver of Kamadeva.” &mdash;<i>Sir William
+Jones</i><ins class = "correction" title = ") missing">)&nbsp;</ins></p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Jasminum sambac (jasmine)</p></td>
+<td>malâtî</td>
+<td><p>mâlatî (<i>Jasminum grandiflorum</i><a class = "tag" name =
+"intro_tag27" id = "intro_tag27" href = "#intro_note27">27</a>)</p></td>
+<td>J. <i>malati</i>; S. <i>melati</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Arabian jasmine (<i>Nyctanthes</i>?)</p></td>
+<td>melor</td>
+<td><p>mâdhura (cf. <i>malura</i>, Cratæva religiosa)</p></td>
+<td><p>J. <i>menur</i>; Kw. <i>menur</i>, silver.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<span class = "pagenum">23</span>
+<p>Ocymum basilicum (holy basil)</p></td>
+<td>sulasi</td>
+<td><p>tulasî (sacred to Krishna)</p></td>
+<td><p>J. <i>selasih</i> and <i>telasih</i>; S. <i>selasi</i>; Mak.
+<i>tolasi</i>; Tag. <i>solasi</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Uvaria odorata (or cananga)</p></td>
+<td>kenânga</td>
+<td><p>kânana<a class = "tag" name = "intro_tag28" id = "intro_tag28"
+href = "#intro_note28">28</a> (a forest)</p></td>
+<td><p>J. <i>kenonga</i>; Mak. and Bu. <i>kananga</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Santalum album, sandal-wood</p></td>
+<td>chandâna</td>
+<td><p>chandana (“Perpetually mentioned in the most ancient books of the
+Hindus as flourishing on the mountains of Malaya”&mdash; <i>Sir Wm.
+Jones</i><ins class = "correction" title = ") missing">)&nbsp;</ins></p></td>
+<td><p>J. and S. <i>chendana</i>; Tag. and Bis. <i>sandana</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Plumieria acutifolia</p></td>
+<td>kambôja</td>
+<td><p>kâmboja (a kind of <i>mimosa</i>)</p></td>
+<td>S. <i>kamboja</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Nelumbium speciosum, lotus.</p></td>
+<td>saroja</td>
+<td>saroja</td>
+<td>J. <i>saroja</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Vitex trifoliata</p></td>
+<td><p>lagundi <a class = "tag" name = "intro_tag29" id = "intro_tag29"
+href = "#intro_note29">29</a></p></td>
+<td><p>nirgandhi (“Which Bontius calls <i>lagondi</i>.” &mdash;<i>Sir
+Wm. Jones</i><ins class = "correction" title = ") missing">).</ins>
+<i>-Gandhi</i> is used in the latter part of a compound word with same
+meaning that <i>gandha</i> has: “smell,” “odour”</p></td>
+<td><p>J. <i>legundi</i>; Bat. <i>gundi</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Alpinia galanga, or Curcuma reclinata</p></td>
+<td>gâdamâla</td>
+<td><p><i>gandha</i>, smell; <i>mâlâ</i>, a garland</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Justicia gandarusa</p></td>
+<td>gandarusa</td>
+<td><p><i>gandha</i>, smell; <i>rusa</i> (Malay),
+a&nbsp;deer(?)</p></td>
+<td>S. <i>gandarusa</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Hibiscus abelmoschus</p></td>
+<td>gandapûra</td>
+<td><p><i>gandha</i>, smell; <i>pura</i>, calix of a flower</p></td>
+<td>Mak. <i>gandapura</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Hedichium coronarium</p></td>
+<td>gandasûlî</td>
+<td><i>gandha</i>, smell</td>
+<td>S. <i>gandasoli</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<span class = "pagenum">24</span>
+<p>Liquidambar altingiana</p></td>
+<td>rasamala</td>
+<td><p><i>surasa</i>, sweet, elegant; <i>mâlâ</i>, a garland</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Carthamus tinctorius, safflower</p></td>
+<td>kasumba</td>
+<td>kusumbha</td>
+<td><p>J., S., Mak., and D. <i>kasumba</i>; Tag. <i>kasubha</i>; Bis.
+<i>kasobha</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Crocus sativus, saffron</p></td>
+<td>kumkumâ</td>
+<td>kuṃkuma</td>
+<td><p>J. <i>kamkuma</i>; Mak. <i>kuma</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Alyxia stellata; an odoriferous root used in medicine</p></td>
+<td>pûlasâri</td>
+<td><p>phul (<i>Hind</i>.), flower; <i>sari</i> (Javanese), from
+<i>kesara</i> (Sansk.), a flower</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Tectonia grandis, teak</p></td>
+<td>jâtî</td>
+<td><p>jâti (synonymous with <i>malati</i>), Jasminum
+grandiflorum</p></td>
+<td><p>J., S., Bat., Mak., Bu., and D. <i>jati</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Pterocarpus indicus</p></td>
+<td>ângsâna</td>
+<td><p>asana (Terminalia alata tomentosa)</p></td>
+<td>J. and S. <i>angsana</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Borassus flabelliformis</p></td>
+<td>lontar</td>
+<td>tâla</td>
+<td><p>J. and S. <i>lontar</i>; Bat. <i>otal</i>; Mak. <i>tala</i>; Bu.
+<i>ta</i>; Tag. <i>tual</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Eugenia jambu, roseapple</p></td>
+<td>jambû</td>
+<td>jambu</td>
+<td><p>J., S., Mak., and D. <i>jambu</i>; Bu. <i>jampu</i>; Tag.
+<i>dambo</i>; Bat. <i>jambu-jambu</i>, fringe; Bu. <i>jambo-jambo</i>,
+fringe, plume.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Mangifera indica, mango</p></td>
+<td>mampelam</td>
+<td><p>from Telugu, <i>mampalam</i>; Sansk. <i>mahâphala</i>, “great
+fruit”</p></td>
+<td>J. <i>pelem</i>; S. <i>ampelem</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Spondias myrobolan (or mangifera)</p></td>
+<td>âmra</td>
+<td><p>âmra (the mango, <i>Mangifera indica</i>); âmrâta (<i>Spondias
+mangifera</i>)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Punica granatum, pomegranate</p></td>
+<td>dalîma</td>
+<td><p>dâḍima and dâlima</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Zizyphus jujuba</p></td>
+<td>bidâra</td>
+<td>vidara</td>
+<td>J. <i>widara</i>; S. <i>bidara</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Cucurbita lagenaria, gourd, pumpkin</p></td>
+<td>lâbû</td>
+<td>alâbu</td>
+<td>S. <i>labu</i>; Bat. <i>tabu-tabu</i>; Malg. <i>tawu</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Tricosanthes laciniosa</p></td>
+<td>patôla</td>
+<td>paṭola</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Cassia fistula</p></td>
+<td>biraksa</td>
+<td><p>vṛiksha (a&nbsp;tree)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Emblica officinalis</p></td>
+<td>malâka</td>
+<td><p>âmalaka (Emblic myrobalan)</p></td>
+<td><p>S. <i>malaka</i>; Bat. <i>malakah</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">25</span>
+<p><i>Pâlas</i>, <i>palâsa</i>, and <i>palâsang</i> are Malay names for
+trees of different kinds, not one of which corresponds botanically with
+the Sanskrit <i>palâça</i> (<i>Butea frondosa</i>, a tree which is held
+by Hindus to be peculiarly venerable and holy). The preceding list
+affords several illustrations of a similar misuse of terms. To it might
+be added several words borrowed from other Indian languages, such as
+<i>nânas</i>, pine-apple (Hind. <i>ananas</i>), <i>bilimbing</i> (Tamul
+<i>bilimbi</i>), &amp;c., &amp;c.<a class = "tag" name = "intro_tag30"
+id = "intro_tag30" href = "#intro_note30">30</a></p>
+
+<p>Marsden has remarked on the number of Sanskrit words expressive of
+the feelings and emotions of the human mind which occur in Malay, and
+Arabic also furnishes several. Either their synonymous native terms have
+been lost, or the Malays, at the period of Indian influence, had not
+reached that stage of civilisation when man commences to analyse and
+name the emotions he experiences and sees experienced by others. Good
+and bad qualities, in the same way and for the same reason, seem often
+to bear Sanskrit appellations. The following list does not profess to be
+complete:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class = "sanskrit" summary = "sanskrit derivations">
+<col width = "20%">
+<col width = "20%">
+<col width = "24%">
+<col>
+<tr>
+<th>English.</th>
+<th>Malay.</th>
+<th>Sanskrit.</th>
+<th>Other Languages.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr class = "first">
+<td><p>Pleasure, to be pleased</p></td>
+<td>sûka</td>
+<td>sukha</td>
+<td><p>J., S., and D. <i>suka</i></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Joy, rejoiced</p></td>
+<td>suka-chita</td>
+<td><p>sukha-chit (chit = thought, the heart)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Sorrow, grief</p></td>
+<td>dûka</td>
+<td><p>duhkha (pain)</p></td>
+<td>J. and S. <i>duka</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "center">Do.</td>
+<td>duka-chita</td>
+<td>duhkha-chit</td>
+<td>duhkha-chit</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Care, anxiety, concern</p></td>
+<td>chinta</td>
+<td><p>chintâ (thought)</p></td>
+<td><p>J. <i>chipta</i>; S. <i>chinta</i>; Mak. <i>chita</i>; D. and
+Tag. <i>sinta</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Passionately in love</p></td>
+<td>berâhî</td>
+<td><p>virahin (suffering separation)</p></td>
+<td>J. <i>birahi</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Angry</td>
+<td>murka</td>
+<td><p>mûrkha (stupidity)</p></td>
+<td><p>J. <i>murka</i>, greedy, dissatisfied.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Hope</td>
+<td>âsa</td>
+<td>âçâ</td>
+<td>Tag. <i>asa</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Love</td>
+<td>âsmâra</td>
+<td>smara</td>
+<td>J. and S. <i>asmara</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Avarice, covetousness</p></td>
+<td>lôba</td>
+<td>lobha</td>
+<td><p>Kw. <i>loba</i>, voluptuous, luxurious; S. <i>loba</i>,
+abundant.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<span class = "pagenum">26</span>
+<p>Wisdom, understanding</p></td>
+<td>bûdî</td>
+<td>buddhi</td>
+<td>J. and S. <i>budi</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Stupid, foolish</p></td>
+<td>bôdoh</td>
+<td>abodha</td>
+<td>J. and S. <i>bodo</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Wise, learned</p></td>
+<td>pandei</td>
+<td>paṇḍita</td>
+<td><p>J., S., and Bat. <i>pandé</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lazy</td>
+<td>malas</td>
+<td>alasa</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Charity, benevolence</p></td>
+<td>dermâ</td>
+<td>dharma</td>
+<td><p>J. and S. <i>derma</i>; Bat. <i>dorma</i>, means of gaining
+affection.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Generous</td>
+<td>dermâwan</td>
+<td>dharmavant</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Fidelity</td>
+<td>setîa</td>
+<td>satya</td>
+<td><p>J. <i>satya</i> and <i>secha</i>; S. <i>sacha</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Faithful, loyal</p></td>
+<td>setîâwan</td>
+<td>satyavant</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Thought, to think</p></td>
+<td>sangka</td>
+<td>çaṅka</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>To suspect, conjecture</p></td>
+<td>tarka</td>
+<td><p>tarka (doubt, reason)</p></td>
+<td><p>J. and S. <i>tarka</i> and <i>terka</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Blame</td>
+<td>chelâ</td>
+<td><p>chhala (fraud)</p></td>
+<td><p>J. <i>chela</i>; Mak. <i>challa</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Misfortune, vile, base</p></td>
+<td>chelâka</td>
+<td><p>chhalaka (deceiving, a deceiver)</p></td>
+<td><p>J. and S. <i>chelaka</i>; Mak. <i>chilaka</i>; D.
+<i>chalaka</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Sin, crime</p></td>
+<td>dôsa</td>
+<td><p>dush (to sin)</p></td>
+<td><p>J., S., Bat., Mak., and D. <i>dosa</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>False, untrue</p></td>
+<td>dusta</td>
+<td>dushta</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Merit meritorious actions</p></td>
+<td>pahâla</td>
+<td><p>phala (fruit, produce, result)</p></td>
+<td><p>Kw. <i>pahala</i>, fruit, merit.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Happiness, good fortune</p></td>
+<td>bahagîa</td>
+<td><p>bhâgya (lot, fate)</p></td>
+<td><p>J. <i>bagya</i>; S. <i>bagia</i>; Bat. <i>badiya</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Use, value, quality</p></td>
+<td>guna</td>
+<td><p>guṇa (quality)</p></td>
+<td><p>J., S., Bat., Mak., and D. <i>guna</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Inter-tribal warfare is usually characteristic of savage tribes, and
+an ample vocabulary of words connected with fighting and the art of war
+may be looked for in a language like Malay. But though the native terms
+are numerous, many have also been furnished by Sanskrit, among which may
+be instanced the following:&mdash;</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">27</span>
+<table class = "sanskrit" summary = "sanskrit derivations">
+<col width = "20%">
+<col width = "20%">
+<col width = "24%">
+<col>
+<tr>
+<th>English.</th>
+<th>Malay.</th>
+<th>Sanskrit.</th>
+<th>Other Languages.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr class = "first">
+<td>Army</td>
+<td><p>bâla, bâlatantrâ</p></td>
+<td><p>bala (an army), tantra (series, offspring)</p></td>
+<td>J. and S. <i>bala</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Fort</td>
+<td>kôta</td>
+<td>kûṭa</td>
+<td><p>J. <i>kuta</i>; Bat. <i>kuta</i>; S., Mak., D., Tag., and Bis.
+<i>kota</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Bastion, redoubt</p></td>
+<td><p>mâlawâti <a class = "tag" name = "intro_tag31" id = "intro_tag31"
+href = "#intro_note31">31</a></p></td>
+<td><p>balavatî (strong, powerful)?</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Weapon, arm</p></td>
+<td>senjâta</td>
+<td><p>sajjâ (armour), sajjatâ, readiness</p></td>
+<td><p>Kw. and Mak. <i>sanjata</i>; Bat. <i>sonjata</i>; D.
+<i>sandata</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Bow</td>
+<td>pânah</td>
+<td><p>vâṇa (an arrow)</p></td>
+<td><p>J., S., and D. <i>panah</i>; Mak. <i>pana</i>; Tag. and Bis.
+<i>pana</i>, arrow.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Dagger</td>
+<td>kris</td>
+<td><p>kṛit (to cut, to kill)</p></td>
+<td><p>J. and S. <i>keris</i> and <i>kris</i>; Bat. <i>horis</i>; Mak.
+<i>kurisi</i>; Tag. and Bis. <i>kalis</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Discus</td>
+<td>chakra</td>
+<td>chakra</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Club</td>
+<td>gada</td>
+<td>gadâ</td>
+<td>J. <i>gada</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Cross-bow</td>
+<td>gandî</td>
+<td>gâṇḍiva</td>
+<td>J. <i>gandewa</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Pike</td>
+<td>sanggamâra</td>
+<td><p>saṃgrâma (war, battle)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Knife</td>
+<td>churîka</td>
+<td>chhurikâ</td>
+<td><p>Kw. <i>churika</i>, a kris.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Enemy</td>
+<td>satrû</td>
+<td>çatru</td>
+<td>J. and S. <i>satru</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Battlefield</td>
+<td>râna</td>
+<td><p>raṇa (battle)</p></td>
+<td><p>Kw. and S. <i>rana</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Victory</td>
+<td>jaya</td>
+<td>jaya</td>
+<td>J. and S. <i>jaya</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Among the Malays the titles of royalty and nobility, and many of the
+terms in use for the paraphernalia of the court, are Sanskrit. Logan
+supposes the native Malayan institutions to have been of a “mixed
+patriarchal and oligarchical” form.<a class = "tag" name = "intro_tag32"
+id = "intro_tag32" href = "#intro_note32">32</a> Crawfurd was not
+satisfied that the terms alluded to proved that Hinduism had exercised
+much influence on Malayan government;<a class = "tag" name =
+"intro_tag33" id = "intro_tag33" href = "#intro_note33">33</a> but when
+to these is added a long catalogue of words connected with law, justice,
+and administration, it will probably be apparent that Indian influence
+has played an important part in moulding the institutions of the Malays.
+The following are some of the principal titles, &amp;c., in use about
+the court of a Malay Raja:&mdash;</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">28</span>
+<table class = "sanskrit" summary = "sanskrit derivations">
+<col width = "20%">
+<col width = "20%">
+<col width = "24%">
+<col>
+<tr>
+<th>English.</th>
+<th>Malay.</th>
+<th>Sanskrit.</th>
+<th>Other Languages.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr class = "first">
+<td>King</td>
+<td>râja</td>
+<td><ins class = "correction" title = "error for “râjan”?">râj</ins></td>
+<td><p>J., S., and Bat. <i>raja</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Maharaja (a title not confined to royalty, but used also by Malay
+chiefs)</p></td>
+<td>mahârâja</td>
+<td><p>mahârâja (a king, sovereign)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>Adiraja</i> (a title)</td>
+<td>âdirâja</td>
+<td><p>âdhirâja (the first or primeval king, epithet of Manu and of a
+son of Kuru)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>King (reigning monarch)</p></td>
+<td>baginda</td>
+<td><p>bhâgya (merit, happiness)</p></td>
+<td>J. <i>bagenda</i>; S. <i>baginda</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><i>Paduka</i> (a title of respect used in addressing persons of
+rank)</p></td>
+<td><p>paduka<a class = "tag" name = "intro_tag34" id = "intro_tag34"
+href = "#intro_note34">34</a></p></td>
+<td><p>pâduka (a&nbsp;shoe)</p></td>
+<td>J. and S. <i>paduka</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><i>Duli</i> (a title used in addressing royalty)</p></td>
+<td><p>dûli<a class = "tag" href = "#intro_note34">34</a></p></td>
+<td><p>dhuli (dust)</p></td>
+<td><p>J. <i>duli</i>; Bat. <i>daholi</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Queen</td>
+<td>permeisûrî</td>
+<td><p>parameçvarî (a title of Durga, wife of Çiva)</p></td>
+<td>J. <i>prameswari</i>; S. <i>permasuri</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Prince</td>
+<td>putrâ</td>
+<td><p>putra (a&nbsp;son)</p></td>
+<td>J. and S. <i>putra</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Princess</td>
+<td>putrî</td>
+<td><p>putrî (a&nbsp;daughter)</p></td>
+<td>J. and S. <i>putri</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Minister</td>
+<td>mantrî</td>
+<td><p>mantrin (councillor)</p></td>
+<td><p>J. <i>mantri</i>; Mak. <i>mantari</i>; S. <i>mantri</i>, a minor
+official.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Chief minister</p></td>
+<td>pardana-mantri</td>
+<td>pradhâna</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Councillor</td>
+<td>paramantri</td>
+<td><p>para (highest)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Officer of the household</p></td>
+<td>sîda-sîda</td>
+<td><p>siddha (priest, learned man)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Warrior, royal escort</p></td>
+<td>hulubâlang</td>
+<td><p>bala (army)</p></td>
+<td><p>J. and Bat. <i>hulubalang</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<span class = "pagenum">29</span>
+<p>Sage, royal adviser</p></td>
+<td>pandîta</td>
+<td>paṇḍita</td>
+<td>J. and S. <i>pandita</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Laksamana (one of the officers of state)</p></td>
+<td>laksamâna</td>
+<td><p><ins class = "correction" title = "text reads “lakhshmaṇa”">Lakshmaṇa</ins>
+(the son of Daçaratha by Sumitrâ)</p></td>
+<td>J. and S. <i>laksmana</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Treasurer</td>
+<td>bandahâra</td>
+<td><p>bhâṇḍâgâra (treasure)</p></td>
+<td><p>Mak. <i>bandara</i>; J. <i>bendara</i>, master; S.
+<i>bandaran</i>; custom-house.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Throne</td>
+<td>singgahasana</td>
+<td>siṃhâsana</td>
+<td><p>Kw. and S. <i>singasana</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Palace</td>
+<td>astana</td>
+<td><p>sthâna (place, whence the Persian <i>astana</i>, a threshold, a
+fakir’s residence)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Crown</td>
+<td>makôta</td>
+<td>mukuṭa</td>
+<td><p>J. and S. <i>makuta</i>; Mak. <i>makota</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Royal insignia</p></td>
+<td>upachara</td>
+<td><p>upachâra (service)</p></td>
+<td>J. <i>upachara</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Title of a chief who is of noble blood on one side only</p></td>
+<td>magat</td>
+<td><p>mâgadha (the son of a Vaiçya by a Kshatriya woman)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Officer (hero)</p></td>
+<td>punggâwa</td>
+<td><p>puṅgava (a bull; as latter part of compound words, “excellent,”
+<i>e.g.</i>, <i>nara-puṅgava</i>, an excellent warrior)</p></td>
+<td><p>J., S., and Mak. <i>punggawa</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The incidents of Asiatic government have caused the introduction into
+the Malay language of such terms as the following, among
+others:&mdash;</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">30</span>
+<table class = "sanskrit" summary = "sanskrit derivations">
+<col width = "20%">
+<col width = "20%">
+<col width = "24%">
+<col>
+<tr>
+<th>English.</th>
+<th>Malay.</th>
+<th>Sanskrit.</th>
+<th>Other Languages.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr class = "first">
+<td>Country</td>
+<td>negrî</td>
+<td><p>nagara and nagarî</p></td>
+<td>J. and S. <i>nagara</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>District</td>
+<td>dêsa</td>
+<td><ins class = "correction" title = "text reads “dicâ”">diçâ</ins></td>
+<td><p>J., and S., Bat., and D. <i>desa</i>; Mak. <i>dessa</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Tax</td>
+<td>ûpatî</td>
+<td>utpatti</td>
+<td>J. and S. <i>upeti</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Hall, court</p></td>
+<td>bâlei</td>
+<td><p>valaya (an enclosure)</p></td>
+<td><p>S. <i>balé</i>; D. <i>balai</i>, open building; J. <i>balé</i>,
+bench; Bat. <i>balé</i>, hut on a king’s tomb.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Examine, inquire</p></td>
+<td>preḳsa</td>
+<td>parîkshâ</td>
+<td><p>J. <i>priksa</i>; Mak. <i>paressa</i>; D. <i>pariksa</i> and
+<i>riksa</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Cause, suit</p></td>
+<td>bichara</td>
+<td><p>vichâra (consideration, discussion)</p></td>
+<td><p>Mak. and D. <i>bichara</i>; J. <i>wichara</i>; S.
+<i>pichara</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Witness</td>
+<td>saḳsi</td>
+<td>sâkshin</td>
+<td><p>J., S., D., Tag., and Bis. <i>saksi</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Crime</td>
+<td>dosa</td>
+<td><p>dush (to sin)</p></td>
+<td><p>J., S., Bat., Mak., and D. <i>dosa</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Insult, trespass</p></td>
+<td>ângkâra</td>
+<td><p>ahaṃkâra (pride)</p></td>
+<td>Kw. <i>angkara</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Injustice, oppression</p></td>
+<td>ânyâya</td>
+<td>anyâya</td>
+<td>J. <i>aniaya</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Inheritance</td>
+<td>pusâka</td>
+<td><p>push (to possess)</p></td>
+<td><p>J., S., and Mak. <i>pusaka</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Action, negotiation</p></td>
+<td>sanggêta</td>
+<td><p>saṃketa (appointment, convention)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Proof</td>
+<td>biti</td>
+<td><p>vitti (probability)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Cause, matter in dispute</p></td>
+<td>âchâra</td>
+<td><p>âchara (conduct)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Punishment</td>
+<td>siḳsa</td>
+<td><p>çikshâ (learning)</p></td>
+<td><p>J. and S. <i>siksa</i>; Mak. <i>sessa</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Fine</td>
+<td>denda</td>
+<td>daṇḍa</td>
+<td><p>J. and S. <i>denda</i>; Bat. <i>dangdang</i>; D.
+<i>danda</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Prison</td>
+<td>panjâra</td>
+<td><p>panjara (a&nbsp;cage)</p></td>
+<td><p>J. and S. <i>kunjara</i>; Mak. <i>panjara</i>; Bat.
+<i>binjara</i>; a&nbsp;trap; D. <i>jara</i> and <i>panjara</i>,
+punished.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Punishment (of a disgraceful kind inflicted on women)</p></td>
+<td>druma</td>
+<td><p>druh (to hurt)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Slave</td>
+<td>sahâya</td>
+<td><p>sahâya (companion)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Free, liberated</p></td>
+<td>mardahîka</td>
+<td><p>mṛidh (to pardon?)</p></td>
+<td><p>J. and S. <i>mardika</i>; Bat. <i>mardaekoh</i>; Mak., Bu., and
+D. <i>maradeka</i>; Tag. <i>mahadlika</i></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Executioner</td>
+<td>palabâya</td>
+<td><p>para (exceeding) bhaya (fear)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">31</span>
+<p>The groups of words remaining to be noticed are those connected with
+the Hindu religion, and with the demon-worship or spirit-worship, which
+was the earliest form which the religious sentiment took among the Malay
+tribes.<a class = "tag" name = "intro_tag35" id = "intro_tag35" href =
+"#intro_note35">35</a> After the conversion of the Malays to the faith
+of Muhammad, the traditions of Hinduism were gradually confused with the
+aboriginal superstitions, and neither have been entirely obliterated by
+the cult which superseded them. The belief in the power of malignant
+spirits to cause misfortune, sickness, and death is still strong among
+the Malays, whose <i>pawangs</i> or medicine-men claim to be able to
+propitiate demons by spells, prayers, and offerings. These men
+frequently invoke benevolent spirits by the names of Rama, Vishnu, and
+other Hindu deities, in complete ignorance that they are Hindu,<a class
+= "tag" name = "intro_tag36" id = "intro_tag36" href =
+"#intro_note36">36</a> to counteract the evil influences of malevolent
+demons. Practices of this sort prevail most generally in places remote
+from Arab influence.</p>
+
+<p>The Malays did not altogether discard the theological terms of
+Hinduism when they adopted a new religion. For instance, <i>puâsa</i>,<a
+class = "tag" name = "intro_tag37" id = "intro_tag37" href =
+"#intro_note37">37</a> abstinence, fasting (Sansk. <i>upavâsa</i>), is
+used to express the annual fast of the Muhammadans during the month
+Ramzan. Heaven and hell also retain their Sanskrit names.</p>
+
+<p>The following are some of the principal theological terms which have
+passed from Sanskrit into Malay:&mdash;</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">32</span>
+
+<table class = "sanskrit" summary = "sanskrit derivations">
+<col width = "20%">
+<col width = "20%">
+<col width = "24%">
+<col>
+<tr>
+<th>English.</th>
+<th>Malay.</th>
+<th>Sanskrit.</th>
+<th>Other Languages.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr class = "first">
+<td>Religion</td>
+<td>âgâma</td>
+<td><p>âgama (sacred science)<a class = "tag" name = "intro_tag38" id =
+"intro_tag38" href = "#intro_note38">38</a></p></td>
+<td><p>J., S. Mak., Bu., and D. <i>agama</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Spiritual guide</p></td>
+<td>gûrû</td>
+<td>guru</td>
+<td><p>J., S. Mak., Bu., and D. <i>guru</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Praise, adoration</p></td>
+<td><p>puji, puja</p></td>
+<td><p>pûj (to honour)</p>
+<p>pûjâ (worshipping)</p></td>
+<td><p>J. and S. <i>puji</i>, <i>puja</i>; Bat. and Mak. <i>puji</i>; D.
+<i>mampuji</i>; to invoke.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Religious penance</p></td>
+<td>tâpa</td>
+<td>tapas</td>
+<td><p>J., S., Mak., D., and Bu. <i>tapa</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Heaven</td>
+<td>sûrga</td>
+<td>svarga</td>
+<td>J. <i>suwarga</i>; S. <i>surga</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Hell</td>
+<td><p>nâraka, patâla</p></td>
+<td><p>naraka, pâtâla</p></td>
+<td><p>J., S., Mak., and D. <i>naraka</i>; S. <i>patala</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Fast, abstinence</p></td>
+<td>puâsa</td>
+<td>upavâsa</td>
+<td><p>J., S., Mak., D., and Bis. <i>puasa</i>; Bat.
+<i>puaso</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Supernatural power</p></td>
+<td>saḳtî</td>
+<td><p>çakti (strength, power)</p></td>
+<td>J. and S. <i>sakti</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Meritorious service, merit</p></td>
+<td>baḳtî</td>
+<td><p>bhakti (worship, devotion)</p></td>
+<td>J. and S. <i>bakti</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Sacred formula, charm, spell</p></td>
+<td>mantrâ</td>
+<td>mantra</td>
+<td>J. and S. <i>mantra</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Incense</td>
+<td>dûpa</td>
+<td>dhûpa</td>
+<td><p>J., S., Mak., Bu., and D. <i>dupa</i>; Bat. <i>daupa</i>; Tag.
+<i>dupa-an</i>, censer.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Incense (made of eight ingredients)</p></td>
+<td>istanggi</td>
+<td><p>ashṭaka (a collection of eight things)</p></td>
+<td><p>S. <i>istanggi</i>; Mak. <i>satanggi</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Censer (a bamboo split at one end, and opened out so as to form a
+receptacle)</p></td>
+<td>sangka</td>
+<td><p>çaṅkha (conchshell used for libations)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Trumpet</td>
+<td>sangkakala</td>
+<td><p>çaṅkha (conchshell used for blowing as a horn), kala
+(time)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Protection, blessing, or invocation to secure protection</p></td>
+<td>sempana</td>
+<td>sampanna</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<span class = "pagenum">33</span>
+<p><i>Sati</i>, self-sacrifice on the tomb of a lord or husband</p></td>
+<td>bela</td>
+<td><p>velâ (sudden death?)</p></td>
+<td><p>J. and Bat. <i>bela</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Recluse, devotee</p></td>
+<td>biku</td>
+<td><p>bhikshu (a religious mendicant)</p></td>
+<td><p>Kw. <i>wiku</i>; Siam. <i>phiku</i>, a devotee, beggar.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Mystic words prefixed to prayers and invocations</p></td>
+<td><p>Om, hong<a class = "tag" name = "intro_tag39" id = "intro_tag39"
+href = "#intro_note39">39</a></p></td>
+<td><p>om (a mystic word prefacing all prayers); hum (a mystic syllable
+used in incantations)</p></td>
+<td>J. <i>hong</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Sacrifice, burnt-offering</p></td>
+<td>hûmum</td>
+<td><p>homa (sacrifice)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "first last">
+<td colspan = "4">
+<p class = "center">DEITIES, &amp;c.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>A god</td>
+<td>batâra</td>
+<td><p>avatâra (descent)</p></td>
+<td><p>J., S., Bat., and Mak. <i>batara</i>; Bis. <i>batala</i>,
+idol.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Minor deity</p></td>
+<td><p>dêwa, dêwâta</p></td>
+<td><p>deva, devatâ</p></td>
+<td><p>J. and S. <i>dewa</i>, <i>dewata</i>; Mak. <i>dewa</i>,
+<i>rewata</i>; D. <i>dewa</i>; Bis. <i>dia</i>, idol; Bat.
+<i>debata</i>; Bu. <i>dewata</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p class = "center">Do. (female)</p></td>
+<td>dêwî</td>
+<td>devî</td>
+<td><p>J., S., and Mak. <i>dewi</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td rowspan = "8">
+<p>Names supposed by Malays to belong to powerful spirits or
+demons</p></td>
+<td>Brahma</td>
+<td><p>Brahma (one of the three principal Hindu deities)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<!-- <td></td> -->
+<td>Bisnû</td>
+<td><p>Vishnu (one of the three principal Hindu deities)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<!-- <td></td> -->
+<td><p>Srî Râma</p></td>
+<td><p>Râma (the hero of the Râmâyana)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<!-- <td></td> -->
+<td>Ranjûna</td>
+<td><p>Arjuna (the third son of Pandu)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<!-- <td></td> -->
+<td>Barûna</td>
+<td><p><ins class = "correction" title = "text reads “Varuna”">Varuṇa</ins>
+(the deity of the waters)</p></td>
+<td>S. <i>Baruna</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<!-- <td></td> -->
+<td>Mahêswâra</td>
+<td>Maheçvara</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<!-- <td></td> -->
+<td>Handûman</td>
+<td><p>Hanumant (the monkey chief in the Râmâyana)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<!-- <td></td> -->
+<td>Mahareshî</td>
+<td><p>Maharshi (a&nbsp;sage of a pre-eminent class)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td rowspan = "2">
+<span class = "pagenum">34</span>
+<p>Supernatural beings</p></td>
+<td>Indrâ</td>
+<td><p>Indra (king of heaven)</p></td>
+<td><p>Kw. <i>Endra</i>; S. <i>Indra</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<!-- <td></td> -->
+<td>Chandrâ</td>
+<td><p>Chandra (the moon)</p></td>
+<td><p>J. and S. <i>Chandra</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Nymph, goddess</p></td>
+<td>Bidyâdârî</td>
+<td><p>Vidyâdharî (a female demi-god)</p></td>
+<td><p>J. <i>Widadari</i>; Mak. <i>Bidadari</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class = "first last">
+<td colspan = "4">
+<p class = "center">DEMONS, &amp;c.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Demon</td>
+<td><p>jana, janu</p></td>
+<td><p>jana (creature, demon)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Malignant spirit</p></td>
+<td>bôta</td>
+<td>bhûta</td>
+<td><p>J. and S. <i>buta</i>; Mak. <i>bota</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Name of a particular demon</p></td>
+<td><p>pancha-maha-bôta</p></td>
+<td><p>panchan (five); bhûta (element); the five elements according to
+the Hindus are earth, fire, water, air, and æther</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>A&nbsp;kind of demon</p></td>
+<td>bôga</td>
+<td><p>bhoga (a&nbsp;snake)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Name of a particular demon</p></td>
+<td>bûjangga</td>
+<td><p>bhujaṃga (a&nbsp;snake)</p></td>
+<td>J. <i>bujongga</i>; S. <i>bujangga</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>An evil spirit</p></td>
+<td>rakshâsa</td>
+<td>râkshasa</td>
+<td>J. and S. <i>raksasa</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Ghost, goblin</p></td>
+<td>hantû</td>
+<td><p>hantu (death)</p></td>
+<td><p>J. <i>antu</i>; Bat. and S. <i>hantu</i>; D. <i>hantu</i>,
+corpse.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Spectre (which haunts the scene of a murder or sudden
+death)</p></td>
+<td>bâdei</td>
+<td><p>vadha (killing, murder)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>A female who chants incantations</p></td>
+<td><p>bîdû, bidûan</p></td>
+<td><p>vidhavâ (a&nbsp;widow)</p></td>
+<td><p>Bat. <i>biduwan</i>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Spell to cause death</p></td>
+<td>permâya</td>
+<td><p>pramaya (death)</p></td>
+<td>Bat. <i>parangmayo</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>A demon</td>
+<td>danâwa</td>
+<td>dânava</td>
+<td>J. <i>danawa</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>A daitya or demon</p></td>
+<td>ditya</td>
+<td>daitya</td>
+<td>Kw. <i>ditya</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>A&nbsp;supernatural monster<p></td>
+<td>gargâsi</td>
+<td><p>karkaça (cruel), or perhaps, from <i>ugra</i>, very strong,
+terrible, cruel</p></td>
+<td><p> J. <i>gargasi</i>, a large bird</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Magic</td>
+<td>sastarâ</td>
+<td><p>çâstra (science, learning)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class = "last">
+<td><p>Magician, sorcerer</p></td>
+<td>sastarâwan</td>
+<td><p>çâstravant (skilled in the holy writings)</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">35</span>
+<p>A remarkable instance of the extent to which the Malay language has
+been enriched by Aryan terms is to be found in their national or racial
+name. The origin of the word <i>Malayu</i> (the native word from which
+we obtain our “Malay”) has been made the subject of some discussion by
+several authors. Some are disposed to trace it to the Sanskrit word
+<i>malaya</i>, while others prefer to regard it as a purely native word.
+These views are summarised in the following extract from the
+introduction to the Malay Grammar of the Abbé Favre:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“Some authors, and particularly Dr. Leyden, whose authority in this
+matter is of great weight, derive the word <i>malayu</i> from the Tamil
+<i>malé</i>, which means ‘mountain,’ whence <i>malaya</i>, ‘chain of
+mountains,’ a word applied in Sanskrit to the Western Ghauts.</p>
+
+<p>“Marsden asserts that this opinion, being founded upon a mere
+resemblance of sound between the Sanskrit word <i>malaya</i> and the
+name of the Malay people, is not sufficient to justify this
+derivation.<a class = "tag" name = "intro_tag40" id = "intro_tag40" href
+= "#intro_note40">40</a></p>
+
+<p>“Nevertheless the opinion of Dr. Leyden has continued to command
+belief, and has been regarded as not altogether unfounded by M. Louis de
+Backer, who has recently published a work on the Indian Archipelago.<a
+class = "tag" name = "intro_tag41" id = "intro_tag41" href =
+"#intro_note41">41</a></p>
+
+<p>“Another theory, which has the support of Werndly,<a class = "tag"
+name = "intro_tag42" id = "intro_tag42" href = "#intro_note42">42</a> is
+so far simple and rational that it seeks the etymology of this word in
+the traditions of the Malays and in books written by themselves. Thus,
+in a work which has the greatest authority among them, and which is
+entitled <i>Sulālates-salātin</i>, or <i>Sejārat malāyu</i>, the
+following passage occurs:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“‘There is in the island of Sumatra an ancient kingdom called
+Palembang, opposite to the island of Banka; a river flows there which is
+still called Tatang, into the upper portion of which another river
+falls, after having watered the spurs of
+<span class = "pagenum">36</span>
+the mountain Maha Meru (which Malay princes claim as the cradle of their
+origin); the tributary is called <i>Melayu</i>, or <i>Malayu</i>.’ The
+meaning of this word is ‘to flow quickly’ or ‘rapidly,’ from
+<i>layu</i>, which in Javanese as well as in the dialect of Palembang
+signifies ‘swift, rapid;’ it has become <i>laju</i>, <i>melaju</i>, in
+Malay by the conversion of <span class = "arabic" title = "y">ي</span>
+into <span class = "arabic" title = "j">ج</span>, a change which is by
+no means rare in Malay, as it may be seen in <span class = "arabic"
+title = "jut">يهوري</span> and <span class = "arabic" title =
+"judi">جهوري</span>,<a class = "tag" name = "intro_tag43" id =
+"intro_tag43" href = "#intro_note43">43</a> from the Sanskrit
+<i>ayuta</i> and <i>yodi</i>, and in <span class = "arabic" title =
+"(see following)">جوري</span> <i>jehudi</i>, from the Arabic <span class
+= "arabic" title = "(see following)">جوت</span> <i>yehudi</i>,
+&amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>“Now the Malays, an essentially nautical people, are in the habit of
+settling along the banks of rivers and streams, whence it comes that a
+great number of their towns have taken the names of the rivers on or
+near which they are situated, such as Johor, Pahang, &amp;c. In this way
+‘the country situated near the river of which the current is rapid,’
+<i>Sungei Malayu</i>, would take the name of <i>Tanah Malayu</i>, and
+the inhabitants of this country (governed in those times by a chief
+named Demang Lebar Daun) that of <i>Orang Malayu</i>, just as the
+inhabitants of Johor and Pahang are called <i>Orang Johor</i>, <i>Orang
+Pahang</i>; and their language is called <i>Bahasa Orang Malayu</i> or
+<i>Bahasa Malayu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>“The name of <i>Malayu</i> thus applied to the people and to the
+language spread with the descendants of Demang Lebar Daun, whose
+son-in-law, Sang Sapurba, became king of Menangkabau or Pagar Ruwang, a
+powerful empire in the interior of Sumatra. A grandson of Demang Lebar
+Daun, named Sang Mutiaga, became king of Tanjong Pura. A second, Sang
+Nila Utama, married the daughter of the queen of Bentan, and immediately
+founded the kingdom of Singapore, a place previously known as Tamassak.
+It was a descendant of his, Iskander Shah, who founded the empire of
+Malacca, which extended over a great part of the peninsula; and, after
+the capture of Malacca by the Portuguese, became the empire of
+<span class = "pagenum">37</span>
+Johor. It is thus that a portion of the Indian Archipelago has taken the
+name of <i>Tanah Malayu</i>, ‘Malay country.’</p>
+
+<p>“One of the granddaughters of Demang Lebar Daun was married to the
+Batara or king of Majapahit, a kingdom which extended over the island of
+Java and beyond it; and another was married to the Emperor of China, a
+circumstance which contributed not a little to render the name of
+<i>Malayu</i> or Malay known in distant parts.”<a class = "tag" name =
+"intro_tag44" id = "intro_tag44" href = "#intro_note44">44</a></p>
+
+<p>This theory requires that we should suppose that a word of wide
+application, which is known wherever Malays have established themselves,
+is, in fact, a Malay word disguised in a form found only in Javanese and
+the dialect of Palembang. If the arguments adduced in support of it are
+to apply, we must first of all admit the very doubtful historical
+accuracy of the <i><ins class = "correction" title = "later spelled “Sâjarah”">Sejarah</ins>
+Malayu</i>, from which they are drawn.</p>
+
+<p>There is a Malay word, <i>layu</i>, which means “faded,” “withered,”
+and it is only the exigency of finding a word applicable to a river that
+makes it necessary to look for a derivation in <i>laju</i>, swift. In
+this or some kindred sense the word <i>laju</i> is found in Javanese,
+Sundanese, and Dayak; but why it should give its name, in the form of
+<i>layu</i>, to a river in Sumatra, and thence to the whole Malay race,
+is not very obvious. A river named in consequence of its swift current
+would be called by Malays <i>Sungei Laju</i>, not <i>Sungei Malaju</i>.
+Even if the derivation of Malayu from <i>melaju</i> had the support of
+the Malays themselves, Malay etymologies are not often safe guides. Not
+much, for instance, can be said in favour of the fanciful derivation of
+Sumatra from <i>semut raya</i>, “large ant,” which is given by the
+author of the <i>Sâjarah Malayu</i>.<a class = "tag" name =
+"intro_tag45" id = "intro_tag45" href = "#intro_note45">45</a></p>
+
+<p>It is impossible to treat the story of Sang Sapurba, the first Malay
+raja, as historical. The name, “Maha-Meru,” sufficiently shows that we
+are upon mythological ground. The story is as follows:&mdash; Three
+young men descend from the heavens of Indra (<i>ka indra-an</i>) upon
+the mountain Maha-Meru,
+<span class = "pagenum">38</span>
+on the slopes of which they meet two women who support themselves by
+planting hill-padi. Supernatural incidents mark the advent of the
+strangers. The very corn in the ground puts forth ears of gold, while
+its leaves become silver and its stalks copper. One of the new-comers
+rides on a white bull, and carries a sword called <i>Chora</i> (Sansk.
+<i>kshura</i>, a razor) <i>samandang-kini</i>. They are received by the
+natives of the district (Palembang) and made rajas. He who rides the
+bull becomes king of Menangkabau, and the other two receive minor
+kingdoms.</p>
+
+<p>It is not difficult to recognise here certain attributes of the god
+Çiva, with which, by a not unnatural confusion of ideas, Muhammadan
+Malays, the recipients of the old traditions, have clothed their first
+raja.</p>
+
+<p>Maha-Meru, or Sumeru, on which are the abodes of the gods, is placed
+by Hindu geographers in the centre of the earth. <i>Malaya</i> is
+mentioned in the <i>Puranas</i> as a mountain in which the Godavari and
+other rivers take their rise. The white bull of Sang Sapurba is
+evidently the <i>vahan</i> of Çiva, and the name of the sword bears a
+close resemblance to <i>manda-kini</i>, the name given in heaven to the
+sacred Ganges, which springs from the head of Çiva. Most of the
+incidents in the story, therefore, are of purely Hindu origin, and this
+gives great probability to the conjecture which assigns a Sanskrit
+source to the word <i>Malayu</i>. The Straits of Malacca abound with
+places with Sanskrit names. Not to speak of Singha-pura, there are the
+islands of Langka-wi and Lingga and the towns of Indragiri and
+Indrapura, &amp;c. Sumeru (in Java), Madura, Ayuthia (in Siam), and many
+other names, show how great Indian influences have been in past times in
+the far East. May it not be, therefore, that <i>Malaya</i> or
+<i>Malayu</i><a class = "tag" name = "intro_tag46" id = "intro_tag46"
+href = "#intro_note46">46</a> was the name by which the earliest
+Sanskrit-speaking
+<span class = "pagenum">39</span>
+adventurers from India denominated the rude tribes of Sumatra and the
+peninsula with whom they came in contact, just as <i>Jawi</i> is the
+name given to Malays by the Arabs, the term in either case being adopted
+by the people from those to whom they looked up with reverence as their
+conquerors or teachers? According to this view, the introduction of a
+river, <i>Malayu</i>, into the story of Sang Sapurba is an <i>ex post
+facto</i> way of explaining the name, inserted with this object by the
+native author of the <i>Sâjarah Malayu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>If it be granted that the story of Sang Sapurba is mythological, it
+becomes unnecessary to follow any attempt to show that the name of
+<i>Malayu</i> received additional celebrity from the marriages of
+granddaughters of Demang Lebar Daun with the Batara of Majapahit and the
+Emperor of China! The contemptuous style in which Malay, Javanese, and
+other barbarian rajas are spoken of by ancient Chinese historians leaves
+but slender probability to the legend that an Emperor of China once took
+a Malay princess as his wife.<a class = "tag" name = "intro_tag47" id =
+"intro_tag47" href = "#intro_note47">47</a></p>
+
+<p>From this subject it is natural to proceed to another disputed
+etymology, namely, the origin of the word <i>Jawi</i>, which is often
+used by the Malays for the word <i>Malayu</i> in speaking of their
+language and written character, <i>bahasa jawi</i> meaning Malay
+language, and <i>surat jawi</i> a document written in Malay. It is not
+necessary to go into all the various conjectures on the subject, which
+will be found in the works of Marsden, Crawfurd, Favre, and others.</p>
+
+<p><i>Jawi</i> is a word of Arab origin, and is formed in accordance
+with the rules of Arabic grammar from the noun <i>Jawa</i>, Java. Just
+as from <i>Makah</i>, Meccah, is derived the word <i>Makk-i</i>, of or
+belonging to Meccah, so from <i>Jawa</i>, Java, we get <i>Jawi</i>, of
+or belonging to Java. When this name was first applied to Malays, the
+Arabs had not an accurate knowledge of the ethnography of the Eastern
+Archipelago. Without very strict regard to ethnical divergencies, they
+described all the brown
+<span class = "pagenum">40</span>
+races of the eastern islands under the comprehensive and convenient term
+<i>Jawi</i>, and the Malays, who alone among those races adopted the
+Arabic alphabet, adopted also the term in speaking of their language and
+writing.<a class = "tag" name = "intro_tag48" id = "intro_tag48" href =
+"#intro_note48">48</a></p>
+
+<p>As in Malay there are no inflexions to denote change of number,
+gender, or person, the connection of <i>Jawi</i> with <i>Jawa</i> is
+quite unknown to the Malays, <!-- huh what? --> just as the second part
+of the word <i>senamaki</i> (<i>sena-maki</i>, senna of Meccah<a class =
+"tag" name = "intro_tag49" id = "intro_tag49" href =
+"#intro_note49">49</a>) is not suspected by them to have any reference
+to the sacred city. There is a considerable Malay and Javanese colony in
+Meccah,<a class = "tag" name = "intro_tag50" id = "intro_tag50" href =
+"#intro_note50">50</a> where all are known to the Meccans
+indiscriminately as <i>Jawi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Marsden devotes several pages of the introduction to his Malay
+Grammar to a discussion as to the origin and use of the expression
+<i>orang di-bawah angin</i>, people below the wind, applied by Malays to
+themselves, in contradistinction to <i>orang di-atas angin</i>, people
+above the wind, or foreigners from the West. He quotes from De Barros
+and Valentyn, and from several native documents, instances of the use of
+these expressions, but confesses his inability to explain their origin.
+Crawfurd quotes these terms, which he considers to be “native,” and
+remarks that they are used by the Malays alone of all the tribes in the
+Archipelago. A much more recent writer characterises these terms as
+“<i>Noms dont on ignore encore la vraie signification</i>.”<a class =
+"tag" name = "intro_tag51" id = "intro_tag51" href =
+"#intro_note51">51</a></p>
+
+<p>The expression is not of Malay origin, but is a translation
+<span class = "pagenum">41</span>
+into that language of an Arabic phrase. Instances of its use occur in
+the “<span class = "smallcaps">Mohit</span>” (the ocean), a Turkish work
+on navigation in the Indian seas, written by Sidi al Chelebi, captain of
+the fleet of Sultan Suleiman the Legislator, in the Red Sea. The
+original was finished at Ahmedabad, the capital of Gujarat, in the last
+days of Muharram, <span class = "smallcaps">A.H.</span> 962 (<span class
+= "smallcaps">A.D.</span> 1554). It enumerates, among others, “the
+monsoons below the wind, that is, of the parts of India situated below
+the wind,” among which are “Malacca, Shomotora, Tanassari, Martaban, and
+Faiku (Pegu).”<a class = "tag" name = "intro_tag52" id = "intro_tag52"
+href = "#intro_note52">52</a></p>
+
+<hr class = "mid">
+
+<h4>TRANSLITERATION OF MALAY IN THE ROMAN CHARACTER.</h4>
+
+<p>Malay is written in a character which has been borrowed from a
+foreign literature in comparatively modern times, and which but
+imperfectly suits its sounds. With the introduction of the Muhammadan
+religion, the Malays adopted the Arabic alphabet, modified to suit the
+peculiarities of their language.</p>
+
+<p>In Malay literary compositions there is great diversity in the manner
+of spelling many words. The accentuation of the spoken dialect differs
+so much from Arabic, that it is difficult, even for native writers, to
+decide when to write the long vowels and when to leave them out. This is
+the point in which diversity is most common.</p>
+
+<p>Every European author who writes Malay in the Roman character has to
+decide on what system he intends to render the native language by means
+of our alphabet. The Malay alphabet has thirty-four letters, so it is
+obvious that ours will not accurately correspond with it. It is open to
+him, if he wishes to obtain a symbol to correspond with every letter of
+the Malay alphabet, to employ various means to denote those letters for
+which we have no equivalents; or he may dismiss the native alphabet from
+his mind altogether, and determine to write the language phonetically.
+In a language, however,
+<span class = "pagenum">42</span>
+which abounds in Sanskrit and Arabic words, he should, of course, avoid
+the adoption of any system of spelling which would disguise the true
+origin of words of foreign derivation.</p>
+
+<p>Muhammadans from India or Persia introduced their own method of
+writing among the Malays. They wrote Malay in their own character (to
+the gradual supersession of any native alphabet that may have previously
+existed), and this became the alphabet of the Malays.</p>
+
+<p>It is now our turn to write Malay in our character. Is it sufficient
+to do this in our own way, as those did who introduced the Perso-Arabic
+alphabet, or must we also have regard to the mode of spelling adopted by
+the latter?</p>
+
+<p>In an elementary work like the present, it does not seem to be
+necessary to burden the student with a system of transliteration. The
+native character is not employed in this manual, and there is,
+therefore, all the less occasion for using special means for denoting
+peculiar native letters. It will be found that the mode of spelling
+Malay words adopted by Marsden has been followed in the main.<a class =
+"tag" name = "intro_tag53" id = "intro_tag53" href =
+"#intro_note53">53</a> In this Introduction the long vowels (that is,
+the vowels which are written in full in the native character) are marked
+with a circumflex accent, but it has not been thought necessary to adopt
+this system in the body of the work.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes vowels will be found marked with the short sign, ˘. This is
+only for the purpose of assisting the student in pronunciation, and does
+not represent any peculiarity in the native character.</p>
+
+<p>The vowels are to be sounded in general as in the languages of the
+Continent of Europe. Final <i>k</i> is mute. <!-- silent or unvoiced?
+--></p>
+
+<p>The correct pronunciation of Arabic words is aimed at by Malays of
+education, and the European student should get the right sounds of the
+vowel <i>ain</i> and of the more peculiar Arabic consonants explained to
+him.</p>
+
+<hr class = "mid">
+
+<h4>Introduction: Footnotes</h4>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note1" id = "intro_note1" href =
+"#intro_tag1">1.</a>
+Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, East Indies, p. 272.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note2" id = "intro_note2" href =
+"#intro_tag2">2.</a>
+Journ. Ind. Arch., iv. 311.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note3" id = "intro_note3" href =
+"#intro_tag3">3.</a>
+Idem, p. 315.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note4" id = "intro_note4" href =
+"#intro_tag4">4.</a>
+Journ. Ind. Arch., v. p. 569.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note5" id = "intro_note5" href =
+"#intro_tag5">5.</a>
+Idem.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note6" id = "intro_note6" href =
+"#intro_tag6">6.</a>
+These remarks do not, of course, affect foreign words, such as
+<i>bumi</i> and <i>bujang</i> derived from the Sanskrit <i>bhumi</i> and
+<i>bhujangga</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note7" id = "intro_note7" href =
+"#intro_tag7">7.</a>
+Crawfurd, Malay Grammar, Dissertation xxxix., xliii.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note8" id = "intro_note8" href =
+"#intro_tag8">8.</a>
+“Innovations of such magnitude, we shall venture to say, could not have
+been produced otherwise than by the entire domination and possession of
+these islands by some ancient Hindu power, and by the continuance of its
+sway during several ages. Of the period when this state of things
+existed we at present know nothing, and judging of their principles of
+action by what we witness in these days, we are at a loss to conceive
+under what circumstances they could have exerted an influence in distant
+countries of the nature here described. The spirit of foreign conquest
+does not appear to have distinguished their character and zeal, for the
+conversion of others to their own religious faith seems to be
+incompatible with their tenets. We may, however, be deceived by forming
+our opinion from the contemplation of modern India, and should recollect
+that, previously to the Mohametan irruptions into the upper provinces,
+which first took place about the year 1000, and until the progressive
+subjugation of the country by Persians and Moghuls, there existed
+several powerful and opulent Hindu states of whose maritime relations we
+are entirely ignorant at present, and can only cherish the hope of
+future discoveries from the laudable spirit of research that pervades
+and does so much honour to our Indian establishments.”
+&mdash;<i>Marsden, Malay Grammar</i>, xxxii.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note9" id = "intro_note9" href =
+"#intro_tag9">9.</a>
+Crawfurd. See also Marsden, Malay Grammar, xxxiii.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note10" id = "intro_note10" href =
+"#intro_tag10">10.</a>
+“The Hindu religion and Sanskrit language were, in all probability,
+earliest introduced in the western part of Sumatra, the nearest part of
+the Archipelago to the continent of India. Java, however, became
+eventually the favourite abode of Hinduism, and its language the chief
+recipient of Sanskrit. Through the Javanese and Malays Sanskrit appears
+to have been disseminated over the rest of the Archipelago, and even to
+the Philippine Islands. This is to be inferred from the greater number
+of Sanskrit words in Javanese and Malay&mdash;especially in the first of
+these&mdash;than in the other cultivated languages, from their existing
+in greater purity in the Javanese and Malay, and from the errors of
+these two languages, both as to sense and orthography, having been
+copied by all the other tongues. An approximation to the proportions of
+Sanskrit existing in some of the principal languages will show that the
+amount constantly diminishes as we recede from Java and Sumatra, until
+all vestiges of it disappear in the dialects of Polynesia. In the
+ordinary written language of Java the proportion is about 110 in 1000;
+in Malay, 50; in the Sunda of Java, 40; in the Bugis, the principal
+language of Celebes, 17; and in the Tagala, one of the principal
+languages of the Philippines, about one and a half.” &mdash;<i>Crawfurd,
+Malay Grammar, Dissertation</i> xlvii. <i>Sed quære</i> as to the total
+absence of Sanskrit in the Polynesian dialects. Ellis’ “Polynesian
+Researches,” i. 116.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note11" id = "intro_note11" href =
+"#intro_tag11">11.</a>
+A selection of words only is given. There are numbers of Sanskrit words
+in Malay which have no place in these lists.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note12" id = "intro_note12" href =
+"#intro_tag12">12.</a>
+Unless the Sansk. root <i>likh</i>, to write, may be detected in the
+second syllable.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note13" id = "intro_note13" href =
+"#intro_tag13">13.</a>
+Journal Royal As. Soc., Bengal, vi. 680; xvii. part i. 154 and 232;
+Idem, part ii. 62, 66.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note14" id = "intro_note14" href =
+"#intro_tag14">14.</a>
+Malay Grammar, Dissertation vi.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note15" id = "intro_note15" href =
+"#intro_tag15">15.</a>
+This is the derivation given in Favre’s Dictionary. Another from
+<i>soḍha</i>, (borne, undergone) might perhaps be suggested with equal
+probability.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note16" id = "intro_note16" href =
+"#intro_tag16">16.</a>
+Asiatic Researches, iii. 11, 12.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note17" id = "intro_note17" href =
+"#intro_tag17">17.</a>
+On the Traces of the Hindu Language and Literature extant among the
+Malays, As. Res. iv. See also, On the Languages and Literature of the
+Indo-Chinese Nations, Leyden, As. Res. x.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note18" id = "intro_note18" href =
+"#intro_tag18">18.</a>
+The words in this column have been taken from the Malay and French
+Dictionary of the Abbé Favre. J. signifies Javanese, S. Sundanese, Bat.
+Battak, Mak. Makassar, Bu. Bugis, D. Dayak, Bis. Bisaya, Tag. Tagala,
+and Malg. Malagasi.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note19" id = "intro_note19" href =
+"#intro_tag19">19.</a>
+Favre derives <i>abrak</i> from the Arabic.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note20" id = "intro_note20" href =
+"#intro_tag20">20.</a>
+J., S., and Tag. <i>sila</i>; S. <i>silah</i>, to invite; Bat.
+<i>sila</i>, a gift of welcome.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note21" id = "intro_note21" href =
+"#intro_tag21">21.</a>
+J., S., and D. <i>utara</i>; Bat. <i>otara</i>; Bis. <i>otala</i>, east
+wind.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note22" id = "intro_note22" href =
+"#intro_tag22">22.</a>
+Crawfurd’s Malay Grammar, Dissertation clxxxiii.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note23" id = "intro_note23" href =
+"#intro_tag23">23.</a>
+J. <i>mergu</i>; J. <i>sato</i>; S. <i>satoa</i>; D. <i>satua</i>; Bat.
+<i>santuwa</i>, a mouse.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note24" id = "intro_note24" href =
+"#intro_tag24">24.</a>
+Crawfurd has noticed the fact that the names of the domesticated animals
+are native, one exception being the goose, which, he thinks, may
+therefore be supposed to have been of foreign introduction (Crawfurd’s
+Grammar, Dissertation clxxxiii.). It must be remembered, however, that
+among the Hindus the goose is worshipped at the festivals of Brahma, and
+that, being thus in a manner sacred, its Sanskrit name would naturally
+be in use wherever the Hindu religion spread. Brahma is represented as
+riding on a white <i>haṃsa</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note25" id = "intro_note25" href =
+"#intro_tag25">25.</a>
+Perhaps a more plausible derivation is from the Tamul <i>ari-mâ</i>, a
+male lion.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note26" id = "intro_note26" href =
+"#intro_tag26">26.</a>
+J. and S. <i>garuda</i>; Mak. <i>guruda</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note27" id = "intro_note27" href =
+"#intro_tag27">27.</a>
+“Commeline had been informed that the Javans give the name of
+<i>Malati</i> to the <i>Zambak</i> (<i>Jasminum sambac</i>), which in
+Sanskrit is called <i>Navamalika</i>, and which, according to Rheede, is
+used by the Hindus in their sacrifices; but they make offerings of most
+odoriferous flowers, and particularly of the various <i>Jasmins</i> and
+<i>Zambaks</i>.” &mdash;<i>Sir William Jones</i>, <i>As. Res.</i>
+iv.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note28" id = "intro_note28" href =
+"#intro_tag28">28.</a>
+Ainslie’s Materia Medica, Madras, 1813. <i>Kanana</i> occurs in the
+names of several flowers, <i>e.g.</i>, <i>kanana karavira</i>, Plumieria
+alba.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note29" id = "intro_note29" href =
+"#intro_tag29">29.</a>
+Perhaps a corruption of <i>nila-gandhi</i>. Ainslie gives the Sanskrit
+name as <i>jela-nirghoondi</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note30" id = "intro_note30" href =
+"#intro_tag30">30.</a>
+J. <i>nanas</i>; S. <i>kanas</i>; Bat. <i>honas</i>; D. <i>kanas</i>; J.
+and S. <i>balimbing</i>; Bat. <i>balingbing</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note31" id = "intro_note31" href =
+"#intro_tag31">31.</a>
+Crawfurd, very likely correctly, derives this from the Portuguese
+<i>baluârte</i>, a bulwark.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note32" id = "intro_note32" href =
+"#intro_tag32">32.</a>
+Journ. Ind. Arch., v. 572.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note33" id = "intro_note33" href =
+"#intro_tag33">33.</a>
+Crawfurd, Malay Grammar, Dissertation ccii.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note34" id = "intro_note34" href =
+"#intro_tag34">34.</a>
+These two words must have been originally used by Malays in the sense
+which they bear in Sanskrit. “Unto the shoes of my lord’s feet,” or
+“beneath the dust of your majesty’s feet,” are phrases in which
+<i>paduka</i> and <i>duli</i> would immediately precede the name or
+title of the person addressed. Being thus used always in connection with
+the titles of royal or distinguished persons, the two words have been
+taken for honorific titles, and are so used by Malays, unaware of the
+humble origin of what are to them high-sounding words.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note35" id = "intro_note35" href =
+"#intro_tag35">35.</a>
+“The Javanese have peopled the air, the woods and rivers with various
+classes of spirits, their belief in which probably constituted their
+sole religion before the arrival of the Bramins.” &mdash;<i>Crawfurd’s
+Grammar</i>, <i>Dissertation</i> cxcix.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note36" id = "intro_note36" href =
+"#intro_tag36">36.</a>
+“The Javanese consider all the Hindu gods of their former belief not as
+imaginary beings, but as real demons” (<i>Ibid.</i>), just as the early
+Christians regarded the classic gods, and attributed oracles to
+diabolical agency.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note37" id = "intro_note37" href =
+"#intro_tag37">37.</a>
+J., S., Mak., D., and Bis. <i>puasa</i>; Bat. <i>puaso</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note38" id = "intro_note38" href =
+"#intro_tag38">38.</a>
+“<i>Agama</i> in Sanskrit is ‘authority for religious doctrine:’ in
+Malay and Javanese it is religion itself, and is at present applied both
+to the Mohammedan and the Christian religions.” &mdash;<i>Crawfurd</i>,
+<i>Malay Grammar</i>, <i>Dissertation</i> cxcviii.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note39" id = "intro_note39" href =
+"#intro_tag39">39.</a>
+I have found both these words used separately and distinctly by Pawangs
+in the state of Perak. Raffles and Logan confused them. Journ. Ind.
+Arch., i. 309; History of Java, ii. 369. De Backer mentions <i>ong</i>
+only. L’Archipel. Indien, p. 287</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note40" id = "intro_note40" href =
+"#intro_tag40">40.</a>
+Malay Grammar, Introduction.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note41" id = "intro_note41" href =
+"#intro_tag41">41.</a>
+L’Archipel Indien, p. 53.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note42" id = "intro_note42" href =
+"#intro_tag42">42.</a>
+Maleische Spraakkunst, door G. H. Werndly p. xix.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note43" id = "intro_note43" href =
+"#intro_tag43">43.</a>
+The derivation of <i>judi</i>, gaming, from <i>dyuta</i> (game at dice),
+seems to be preferable to that adopted by M. Favre (following Van der
+Tuuk), who refers it to <i>yodi</i>, a warrior.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note44" id = "intro_note44" href =
+"#intro_tag44">44.</a>
+Favre, Grammaire de la Langue Malaise, Introduction, viii.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note45" id = "intro_note45" href =
+"#intro_tag45">45.</a>
+Leyden’s Malay Annals, 65.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note46" id = "intro_note46" href =
+"#intro_tag46">46.</a>
+Besides signifying a range of mountains, <i>Malaya</i> has the secondary
+meaning of “a garden.” If the term was applied originally in reference
+to the agricultural pursuits of the primitive tribes, it receives
+additional illustration from the name given to one of the women whom
+Sang Sapurba meets on Mount Maha-Meru, “<i>Malini</i>,” a gardener’s
+wife (Sansk.).</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note47" id = "intro_note47" href =
+"#intro_tag47">47.</a>
+See Grœneveldt’s Notes on the Malay Archipelago, compiled from Chinese
+sources. Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap, xxxix.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note48" id = "intro_note48" href =
+"#intro_tag48">48.</a>
+“<i>Sawa</i>, <i>Jawa</i>, <i>Saba</i>, <i>Jaba</i>, <i>Zaba</i>,
+&amp;c., has evidently in all times been the capital local name in
+Indonesia. The whole Archipelago was compressed into an island of that
+name by the Hindus and Romans. Even in the time of Marco Polo we have
+only a <i>Java Major</i> and a <i>Java Minor</i>. The Bugis apply the
+name of Jawa, <i>Jawaka</i> (comp. the Polynesian <i>Sawaiki</i>,
+Ceramese <i>Sawai</i>) to the Moluccas. One of the principal divisions
+of Battaland in Sumatra is called <i>Tanah Jawa</i>. Ptolemy has both
+Jaba and Saba.” &mdash;<i>Logan</i>, <i>Journ. Ind. Arch.</i>, iv.
+338.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note49" id = "intro_note49" href =
+"#intro_tag49">49.</a>
+<i>Senna</i> (<i>Cassia senna</i>), as a medicine, enjoys a high
+reputation in India and all over the East. In Favre’s Malay-French
+Dictionary <i>daun sena-maki</i> is translated <i>feuilles de séné</i>,
+no notice being taken of the last word; but Shakespear’s Hindustani
+Dictionary has <i>sena makk-i</i>, “senna of Mecca.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note50" id = "intro_note50" href =
+"#intro_tag50">50.</a>
+Burton’s Pilgrimage to Medinah and Meccah, p. 175.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note51" id = "intro_note51" href =
+"#intro_tag51">51.</a>
+De Backer, L’Archipel Indien, li. (Paris, 1874).</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note52" id = "intro_note52" href =
+"#intro_tag52">52.</a>
+Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, iii. 545.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "intro_note53" id = "intro_note53" href =
+"#intro_tag53">53.</a>
+In certain foreign words the hard <i>k</i> will be found to be denoted
+by a dot under the letter, thus, ḳ; and the peculiar vowel sound
+represented in Arabic by the letter <i>ain</i> is denoted by the Greek
+rough breathing ‘.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div> <!-- end div intro -->
+
+<div class = "maintext">
+
+<div class = "part_one">
+
+<span class = "pagenum">43</span>
+<h2 class = "extended">MALAY MANUAL.</h2>
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h3 class = "extended"><a name = "partI" id = "partI">
+<i>PART I.</i></a></h3>
+
+
+<p><span class = "firstword">The</span> object of this work is to
+facilitate the acquisition of an elementary knowledge of the Malay
+language. It is believed also that some of the hints and suggestions
+which it contains will be of use to those who already have a colloquial
+knowledge of Malay, especially if this has been acquired from Indian or
+Chinese settlers in the Straits of Malacca, not from Malays
+themselves.</p>
+
+<p>The Roman character is used throughout, but a knowledge of the native
+character can hardly be dispensed with by those who aim at a thorough
+acquaintance with the language. As it abounds in idiomatic expressions,
+the study of native compositions is most important, and these are
+generally to be found only in the Malay character. Little attempt is
+made at scientific arrangement. In dealing with the various parts of
+speech, technical terms are as far as possible avoided, and reliance is
+placed rather on illustrations than abstract rules. The student should
+divest himself of the expectation that sentences may be formed in Malay
+on principles of construction which govern composition in European
+languages. An elementary knowledge of Malay is so easily acquired that a
+learner soon begins to construct sentences, and the tendency, of course,
+is to reproduce the phrases of his own language with words of the new
+one. He may thus succeed in making himself intelligible, but it need
+hardly be said that he does not speak the language of the natives.
+Correctness of
+<span class = "pagenum">44</span>
+expression cannot be entirely learnt from grammars. In this manual
+cautions and hints will be given, and, where possible, absolute rules
+will be laid down, but these must not be regarded as complete.
+Instruction derived from books must be supplemented by constant practice
+in speaking <i>with Malays</i>&mdash;not with Malay-speaking Asiatics of
+other nationalities&mdash;before idioms can be mastered. Until some
+facility in framing sentences according to native idioms has been
+attained, and it has been perceived how shades of meaning may be
+conveyed by emphasis, or by the position of a word in the sentence, the
+European will find it difficult to convey his ideas in Malay, even with
+a considerable vocabulary of words at his disposal. A Dutch author
+justly remarks:&mdash; “Malay is called a poor language, and so it is,
+but not so much so as is often imagined, certainly not as far as its
+vocabulary is concerned. That it is often unable to furnish us with
+words for abstract ideas is a deficiency which it has in common with all
+languages of the Indian Archipelago, or rather with all races who have
+not yet risen to the height of our civilisation and development. Its
+richness or poverty, however, must not be judged by the existing
+dictionaries, or by the contents of those manuscripts which are known to
+us. When Malays are seated together talking about various topics of
+everyday life, they are not in want of words, and such conversations
+would, if noted down, provide our present dictionaries with a good many
+supplements, additions, corrections, and appendices.”<a class = "tag"
+name = "partI_tag1" id = "partI_tag1" href = "#partI_note1">1</a></p>
+
+
+<h4>I. THE ARTICLE.</h4>
+
+<p>There is no article in Malay, that is, there is no word which
+corresponds exactly with our definite article <i>the</i>, or indefinite
+article <i>a</i>, <i>an</i>. <i>Kuda</i>, horse, and <i>orang</i>, man,
+signify equally “<i>the</i> horse” and “<i>the</i> man.” When it is
+desired to specify particular objects, the pronouns <i>ini</i>, this,
+<i>itu</i>, that, and <i>yang</i>,
+<span class = "pagenum">45</span>
+this which, or that which, are used. <i>Si</i> sometimes supplies the
+place of the definite article when a person is spoken of; as
+<i>si-laki-laki</i>, the man; <i>si-perampuan</i>, the woman;
+<i>si-mati</i>, the deceased; <i>si-bongkok</i>, the cripple.</p>
+
+<p>The numeral <i>satu</i>, one, is often used as the indefinite
+article; as <i>ada sa’ orang di negri Kedah</i>, there was a man in the
+state of Kedah; <i>ini satu kuda chantek</i>, this is a beautiful
+horse.</p>
+
+
+<h4>II. SUBSTANTIVES.</h4>
+
+<p>A difficulty which attends the classification of Malay words into
+various parts of speech, according to the system applied to European
+languages, consists in the number of words which, while yet unmodified
+by particles, are either verb or substantive, substantive or adjective,
+adjective or adverb, according to the context. <i>Baniak</i>, as an
+adverb, means much, as an adjective, many; <i>jalan</i> is either a road
+or to walk; <i>panjang</i> either long, tall, or length, height. The
+same thing occurs in English in a minor degree; but with us the
+<ins class = "correction" title = "text reads “differ-/rence” at line break">difference</ins>
+between <i>cold</i> and <i>a cold</i>, or between <i>to brush</i> and
+<i>a brush</i>, is rendered distinct by the use of the article <i>a</i>
+and the particle <i>to</i>. Many Malay words must thus be treated as now
+substantive, now adjective, now verb, according to the position they
+occupy in the sentence.</p>
+
+<p>The noun undergoes no change to denote number, gender, or case.</p>
+
+
+<h5>Number.</h5>
+
+<p>The plural, if not sufficiently made plain from the context, is often
+indicated by the use of such words as <i>baniak</i>, many, <i>sumua</i>,
+<i>sa-kali-an</i>, and <i>sagala</i>, all.</p>
+
+<p>It is also expressed sometimes by repeating the noun; as <i>raja</i>,
+a king, <i>raja-raja</i>, kings; <i>tuan</i>, master, <i>tuan-tuan</i>,
+masters. <i>All</i> nouns are not capable of this duplication. As a
+general rule, it may be said to be mainly confined to nouns expressing
+persons or animate objects.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">46</span>
+
+<p>When there is nothing to show whether singular or plural is meant,
+the number remains indefinite, but may generally be assumed to be
+plural. In such phrases as <i>menembak burong</i>, to shoot birds,
+<i>membĕli hayam</i>, to buy fowls, the substantives are clearly plural,
+though nothing marks them as such. To restrict the number, and show that
+<i>one bird</i> or <i>one fowl</i> is meant, it would be necessary to
+use the word <i>satu</i>, one, with the idiomatic term <i>ekor</i> (lit.
+<i>tail</i>), which is always used in enumerating the lower animals; as
+<i>menembak sa’ekor burong</i>, to shoot a bird; <i>membĕli sa’ekor
+hayam</i>, to buy a fowl.</p>
+
+
+<h5>Gender.</h5>
+
+<p>Inflexion is unknown in Malay, and gender has no place in the grammar
+of the language. Most nouns which signify animate things are of both
+genders, and the sexes are distinguished by the addition, in the case of
+persons, of the words <i>laki-laki</i>, male, and <i>perampuan</i>,
+female, and in other cases of the words <i>jantan</i>, male, and
+<i>betina</i>, female. <i>Jantan</i> and <i>betina</i> are also applied
+vulgarly to persons. If an apparent exception is found in such words as
+<i>putra</i>, a prince, and <i>putri</i>, a princess, derivation from a
+foreign language may be suspected. The inflexion in the word just cited
+is due to the rules of Sanskrit grammar.</p>
+
+
+<h5>Declension.</h5>
+
+<p>There is nothing in the Malay language which corresponds with the
+<i>cases</i> of a Latin, Greek, or Sanskrit noun, which are formed by
+changes of termination, or of a Hindustani noun, which are formed by
+postpositions. In Malay the cases are expressed, as in English, by
+prepositions:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class = "inset">
+To, <i>ka</i>, <i>kepada</i>, <i>sama</i>.<br>
+For, <i>akan</i>.<br>
+With, <i>dengan</i>, <i>sama</i>.<br>
+From, <i>deri</i>, <i>deri-pada</i>.<br>
+By, <i>uleh</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">47</span>
+<p>The genitive or possessive case is expressed either by the use of the
+word <i>punya</i> after the noun, or by placing the noun which signifies
+the possessor immediately after the thing possessed; as <i>sahaya</i>,
+I; <i>sahaya punya</i>, of me, mine; <i>rumah</i>, house; <i>rumah
+punya</i>, of the house; <i>sahaya punya rumah</i>, or <i>rumah
+sahaya</i>, my house.</p>
+
+<p>The employment of the genitive with <i>punya</i> is to be avoided. It
+is more idiomatic to say <i>rumah sahaya</i> than <i>sahaya punya
+rumah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Substantives are of five classes:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>1. Those which in their primitive form are substantives; as
+<i>orang</i>, person; <i>rumah</i>, house; <i>kuda</i>, horse;
+<i>bapa</i>, father.</p>
+
+<p>2. Those which are formed from verbs by prefixing the inseparable
+particle <i>pe</i>; as <i>pe-lari</i>, a runaway; <i>peng-asuh</i>, a
+nurse; <i>pem-buru</i>, a hunter; <i>pen-churi</i>, a thief;
+<i>penyapu</i>, a broom.</p>
+
+<p>3. Those which are formed by affixing the termination <i>-an</i> to
+verbs, adjectives, prepositions, and to other substantives; as
+<i>makan-an</i>, food; <i>manis-an</i>, sweetness; <i>hampir-an</i>,
+proximity; <i>trus-an</i>, a channel; <i>buah-an</i>, fruit in general;
+<i>laut-an</i>, the ocean.</p>
+
+<p>4. Those which are formed by prefixing the particle <i>pe</i> and
+adding the termination <i>-an</i>; as <i>pe-layar-an</i>, a voyage;
+<i>peng-ajar-an</i>, instruction; <i>pem-bunoh-an</i>, slaying,
+execution; <i>pen-dapat-an</i>, acquisition; <i>pel-ajar-an</i>, lesson;
+<i>per-uleh-an</i>, possession; <i>per-main-an</i>, amusement.</p>
+
+<p>5. Those which are formed by prefixing the particle <i>ka-</i> and
+adding the termination <i>-an</i>; as <i>ka-jadi-an</i>, creation,
+origin; <i>ka-baniak-an</i>, generality; <ins class = "correction" title
+= "second hyphen missing or invisible"><i>ka-puji-an</i></ins>, praise;
+<i>ka-salah-an</i>, guilt, offence; <i>ka-korang-an</i>, want,
+deficiency.</p>
+
+
+<h4>III. ADJECTIVES.</h4>
+
+<p>Adjectives, like nouns, are indeclinable. They are always placed
+<i>after</i> their substantives; as <i>kuda baik</i>, a good horse;
+<i>orang jahat</i>, a bad man; not <i>baik kuda</i>, <i>jahat
+orang</i>.</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">48</span>
+<h4>IV. PRONOUNS.</h4>
+
+<p>The proper use of the personal pronouns and of the nouns which are
+used for them presents some difficulty.</p>
+
+<p>The following words may be used to express the first person singular,
+<i>I</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class = "inset">
+<p>1. <i>Aku</i>, I.</p>
+<p>2. <i>Sahaya</i> (lit. companion, slave; Sansk. <i>sahâya</i>).</p>
+<p>3. <i>Hamba</i> (lit. slave), or <i>hamba tuan</i> (lit. master’s
+slave).</p>
+<p>4. <i>Perhamba</i> (lit. lowest slave).</p>
+<p>5. <i>Beta</i> (lit. slave).</p>
+<p>6. <i>Patek</i> (lit. slave).</p>
+<p>7. <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads “Tĕan”"><i>Tĕman</i></ins>
+(lit. companion).</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The appropriate use of these pronouns is dependent upon the relative
+positions of the persons between whom communication takes place.</p>
+
+<p><i>Aku</i> is generally used by natives among themselves. Its use
+implies familiarity and equality. It should not be used by Europeans
+addressing natives, or by natives addressing Europeans. <!-- of course
+not, they’re not equals. --></p>
+
+<p><i>Sahaya</i> is the ordinary polite form used by Europeans in
+conversation with natives of all classes, and by natives of the upper
+class in addressing Europeans.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ha&nbsp;ba</i>, <i>ha&nbsp;ba tuan</i>, and <i>perhamba</i> are
+used by persons of inferior rank when addressing superiors.
+<i>Hamba</i>, if used by a chief or native of high rank, implies a
+certain affectation of modesty.</p>
+
+<p>The use of <i>beta</i> is confined to literary composition, and it is
+incorrect to employ the word colloquially. It may be used by Europeans
+and natives.</p>
+
+<p><i>Patek</i> is used only by natives, and by them only when
+addressing a person of royal blood.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tĕman</i> is used only in intercourse between natives of the upper
+class and of approximately equal rank.</p>
+
+<p>The first person plural is <i>kita</i> or <i>kami</i>, we.
+<i>Kita</i> is used
+<span class = "pagenum">49</span>
+when the person addressed is intended to be included. <i>Kami</i>, on
+the contrary, like the royal “we” in English, excludes the person
+addressed.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes the word <i>orang</i> is added without changing the
+signification; as <i>kita orang</i>, we.</p>
+
+<p>Other forms are also in use, but they are generally provincialisms
+confined to particular states or districts. <i>Sahaya apa</i>, <i>kita
+apa</i>, and <i>hamba tuan apa</i> are used in Kedah, and
+<i>sahaya-ma</i> in Perak, for <i>kita orang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Colloquially the personal pronouns are often omitted to avoid
+repetition. This is done especially in narration or description; as, for
+example, in the following sentence: <i>Lepas itu jalan pula ka-kampong
+singgah di rumah Haji Ismail hari pun sudah pĕtang langsong pulang
+ka-rumah maka nasi</i>&mdash; Afterwards (I&nbsp;started) again (and)
+walked to the <i>kampong</i>, (and) stopped at the house of Haji Ismail,
+(and then), as it was evening, (I)&nbsp;went straight home (and) had my
+dinner.</p>
+
+<p>Here the personal pronoun <i>I</i> is understood throughout.</p>
+
+<p>The second person singular is <a name = "angkau" id =
+"angkau"><i>angkau</i></a>, you. Each syllable of this word may be used
+separately for the whole. <i>Ang</i> or <i>hang</i> is much employed in
+Kedah and Perak, and <i>kau</i> in other parts of the peninsula and in
+Borneo. In Perak <i>mika</i>, in Malacca <i>awah</i>, in Borneo
+<i>kita</i>, and in Batavia <i>kweh</i>, are also used. The preceding
+words are used by a superior addressing an inferior, or by the common
+people in ordinary (not in polite) conversation.</p>
+
+<p>In polite conversation the use of <i>angkau</i>, or of most of the
+words given above, must be avoided, as it is considered by Malays to be
+vulgar or harsh. In addressing servants or followers, the name of the
+individual addressed is often inserted in the sentence instead of the
+pronoun <i>you</i>; as, in addressing Ismail: When you were at the
+bazaar just now who was with you?&mdash; <i>Apabila Ismail di pekan tadi
+siapa sama?</i> In the same way <i>tuan</i>, sir, master, is employed in
+addressing a haji or sayyid; <i>tuan-ku</i> or <i>tunku</i>, my lord, in
+addressing a raja; <i>datoh</i>, grandfather, in addressing a chief or
+<i>penghulu</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">50</span>
+<p>Other words similarly employed are&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><i>Abang</i> (elder brother) or <i>wah</i> (uncle), to a man older
+than the speaker.</p>
+
+<p><i>Kakak</i> (elder sister), to a woman older than the speaker.</p>
+
+<p><i>Adek</i> (younger brother).</p>
+
+<p><i>Inche</i> (sir or madam), to respectable persons of either
+sex.</p>
+
+
+<h5>Examples.</h5>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>When did you arrive? (to a haji)&mdash; <i>Bila-mana tuan sudah
+tiba?</i></p>
+<p>I must ask one thing of you (to a raja)&mdash; <i>Sahaya handak minta
+satu kapada tunku.</i></p>
+<p>If you give the order (to a chief)&mdash; <i>Jikalau datoh
+suroh.</i></p>
+<p>Do not be angry (to an elderly man)&mdash; <i>Jangan abang
+marah.</i></p>
+<p>Please help yourselves to water (to guests of various ranks)&mdash;
+<i>Datoh-datoh, tuan-tuan, inche-inche sakalian, sila berayer.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The use of the word <i>lu</i>, a form of the second person singular,
+derived from the Chinese, and generally used by Europeans, is offensive
+to Malays of all classes, and is altogether to be avoided.</p>
+
+<p>In the plural <i>kamu</i>, ye, corresponds to <i>angkau</i>, you, in
+the singular; that is to say, it is used by a superior addressing
+inferiors. It is found in its contracted form <i>mu</i> in literary
+composition, but seldom colloquially; as <i>ka-tahu-i uleh-mu</i>, be it
+known unto ye.</p>
+
+<p><i>Kamu</i> is sometimes used in the singular also.</p>
+
+
+<h5>Third Person Singular.</h5>
+
+<p><i>Dia</i> or <i>iya</i>, he, she, it.</p>
+
+<p><i>Dia</i> and <i>iya</i> are used indifferently, but perhaps
+<i>dia</i> is more common in conversation and <i>iya</i> in
+literature.</p>
+
+<p>The plural is <i>dia orang</i> (and sometimes, though less commonly,
+<i>iya orang</i>), they.</p>
+
+<p>Another form of the third person plural is <i>marika-itu</i>, they,
+these, or those persons; but it is found in literary compositions only,
+and is not used in conversation.</p>
+
+<p>A pronoun of the third person only used in conjunction with other
+words is <i>-nia</i>, a contraction of <i>inia</i>, he, she, it.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">51</span>
+<p>The indefinite form “one” (the French “on” and German “man”) is
+expressed in Malay by <i>orang</i>; as <i>orang tiada bĕrani pergi
+sana</i>, one dare not go there; <i>kalau orang handak kawin</i>, if one
+is about to marry.</p>
+
+
+<h4>POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.</h4>
+
+<p>The possessive pronouns, <i>my</i>, <i>thy</i>, <i>his</i>,
+<i>our</i>, <i>your</i>, <i>their</i>, are usually denoted by placing
+the personal pronoun after the word expressing the object possessed; as
+<i>rumah sahaya</i>, my house; <i>pada pikir-an hamba</i>, in my
+opinion; <i>apa pen-chari-an angkau?</i> what is your occupation? <i>apa
+nama dia?</i> what is his name?</p>
+
+<p>Possessive pronouns are also formed by the word <i>punya</i> or
+<i>ampunya</i> (lit. owning, owned) placed after the personal pronoun;
+as <i>aku punya</i>, my or mine; <i>tuan punya suka</i>, as you please
+(your pleasure); <i>yang ampunya tanah</i>, (he) whose land it is.</p>
+
+<table class = "paradigm" summary = "inflection of word">
+<col>
+<col class = "leftline">
+<tr>
+<th class = "ital">Singular.</th>
+<th class = "ital">Plural.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+My, mine, <i>sahaya punya</i>.<br>
+Thy, thine, <i>angkau punya</i>.<br>
+His, hers, its, <i>dia punya</i>.
+</td>
+<td>
+Ours, <i>kita punya</i>.<br>
+Yours, <i>kamu punya</i>.<br>
+Theirs, <i>dia-orang punya</i>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p>Frequently where the word “your” would be used in English Malays
+leave out the pronoun altogether. “Bring your gun with you,” would be
+correctly rendered in Malay, <i>bawa snapang sama</i> (lit. bring gun
+together), not <i>bawa angkau punya snapang sama angkau</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In literary composition <i>ku</i> and <i>mu</i> (abbreviated forms of
+<i>aku</i> and <i>kamu</i>) are affixed to the noun denoting the thing
+possessed; as <i>rumah-ku</i>, my house; <i>bapa-mu</i>, your
+father.</p>
+
+<p>The affix <i>-nia</i> is used in the sense of <i>his</i>,
+<i>hers</i>, or <i>its</i>, as well as the other forms of the possessive
+pronoun; as <i>patah kaki-nia</i>, his leg was broken; <i>bauh-nia
+terlalu wangi</i>, its smell is very sweet.</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">52</span>
+<h4>DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.</h4>
+
+<p class ="center">
+<i>Ini</i>, this, these. &nbsp; <i>Itu</i>, that, those.</p>
+
+<p>The demonstrative pronouns, like adjectives, follow the word to which
+they belong; as <i>rumah ini</i>, this house; <i>hari ini</i>, this day,
+to-day; <i>aku ini</i>, I myself; <i>sakarang ini</i>, this moment;
+<i>orang itu</i>, that man or those men; <i>waktu itu</i>, that time;
+<i>iya itu</i>, that is to say. It is not unusual to hear <i>ini</i> and
+<i>itu</i> placed before the noun, but this is not idiomatic.</p>
+
+
+<h4>The INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS are</h4>
+
+<p class ="center">
+<i>Siapa</i>, who? &nbsp; <i>Apa</i>, what? &nbsp; <i>Mana</i>, who?
+what?</p>
+
+
+<h5>Examples.</h5>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p><i>Apa mahu?</i>&mdash; What do you want?</p>
+<p><i>Rumah ini siapa?</i>&mdash; Whose house is this?</p>
+<p><i>Siapa panggil?</i>&mdash; Who called?</p>
+<p><i>Gajah mana ini?</i>&mdash; What elephant is this?</p>
+<p><i>Siapa akan tahu?</i>&mdash; Who knows?</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>The RELATIVE PRONOUN is</h4>
+
+<p class ="center">
+<i>Yang</i>, who, which.</p>
+
+
+<h5>Examples.</h5>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p><i>Burong yang liyar</i>, a bird that is wild.</p>
+<p><i>Raja yang adil</i>, a king who is just.</p>
+<p><i>Ada yang tuah, ada yang muda</i>, some are old and some are young
+(lit. there are who are old, &amp;c.).</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Menangkabau word is <i>nen</i>. This is often found in
+composition, but is seldom used in the dialect spoken in the Straits of
+Malacca. Example: <i>Patek nen fakir</i>&mdash; I who am but a
+beggar.</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">53</span>
+<h4>REFLECTIVE PRONOUNS.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Diri</i>, <i>sendiri</i>, or <i>kendiri</i>, self, are used with
+or without the personal pronouns to signify myself, yourself, himself,
+ourselves, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<h5>Examples.</h5>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p><i>Bunoh diri</i>, to kill oneself.</p>
+<p><i>Meng-ajar diri</i>, to take oneself to task.</p>
+<p><i>Hamba sendiri handak pergi</i>, I shall go myself.</p>
+<p><i>Baik tuan sendiri suroh</i>, you had better order it yourself.</p>
+<p><i>Kemdian turun-lah raja sendiri</i>, afterwards the king himself
+descended.</p>
+<p><i>Dia lari masok hutan membawa diri-nia</i>, she escaped to the
+jungle with her life (lit. taking herself with her).</p>
+<p><i>Biar-lah hamba sa-orang diri me-lawan dia</i>, let me fight him
+myself alone.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>V. VERBS.</h4>
+
+<p>Verbs are either primitive or derivative; the former are those which
+in their original signification are verbs; the latter are formed from
+primitive verbs, or from substantives, adjectives, or adverbs, by the
+application of particles.</p>
+
+<p>Examples of primitive verbs are <i>pukul</i>, to strike;
+<i>makan</i>, to eat; <i>lari</i>, to run; of derivative verbs,
+<i>ber-kaki</i>, to have feet, from <i>kaki</i>, a foot;
+<i>panjang-kan</i>, to lengthen or make long, from <i>panjang</i>,
+long.</p>
+
+<p>The primitive verb, which is generally a dissyllable, is either
+transitive, as <i>tangkap</i>, to seize, or intransitive, as
+<i>tidor</i>, to sleep; but a transitive sense may be given to an
+intransitive verb by the addition of the particle <i>-kan</i>, as
+<i>lari</i>, <i>me-lari</i>, to run; <i>me-lari-kan</i>, to carry
+off.</p>
+
+<p>Though the examples of primitive verbs given above are translated for
+the sake of convenience by our infinitive, their signification is not
+necessarily rendered by that mood. Favre translates them by the past
+participle (as <i>ambil</i>, taken, <i>buang</i>, thrown<a class = "tag"
+name = "partI_tag2" id = "partI_tag2" href = "#partI_note2">2</a>), but
+this is rather fanciful than accurate. The fact
+<span class = "pagenum">54</span>
+is, that the meaning of the radical or primitive is indefinite, and
+depends for its precise signification on its position (with respect to
+other words) in the sentence, or on the particles which may be added
+before or after it. Thus <i>lari</i> means simply run, though syntax
+will show that it may mean to run, I run, he runs, run thou, &amp;c.,
+according to its position in the sentence.</p>
+
+<p>Marsden distinguishes the following moods&mdash;the imperative, the
+indicative or assertive, the conditional, and the infinitive or
+indefinite&mdash;“which admit, for the most part, of being expressed in
+the present, the past, and the future tenses or times.”</p>
+
+<p>It is not proposed, in an elementary work like the present, to go
+deeply into a scientific arrangement, which, however well suited to the
+Latin and Greek languages, is adapted with less propriety to
+uncultivated languages like Malay. It is believed that an explanation of
+the use of auxiliaries and particles, and a paradigm showing the most
+common changes of which the verb is susceptible, will be sufficient, and
+that the student may be left to gain further knowledge as to the mode of
+expressing variations of mood and tense as he advances in the study of
+the language.<a class = "tag" name = "partI_tag3" id = "partI_tag3" href
+= "#partI_note3">3</a></p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "verb_particle" id = "verb_particle">Use of
+Particles.</a></h5>
+
+<p>The inseparable affix <i>-kan</i> always denotes a verb used in a
+<i>transitive</i> sense; as <i>men-jalan-kan</i>, to cause to walk. It
+is an abbreviation of the preposition <i>akan</i>. Thus <i>buat-kan</i>
+(to do) means to do something <i>to</i> (<i>akan</i>) something or
+somebody.</p>
+
+<p>The inseparable affix <i>-i</i> also denotes the transitive sense; as
+<span class = "pagenum">55</span>
+<i>kras-i</i>, to oppress (from <i>kras</i>, hard); <i>halus-i</i>, to
+treat carefully (from <i>halus</i>, fine, close).</p>
+
+<p>The inseparable prefix <i>ber-</i> (<i>bel-</i>, <i>be-</i>) is the
+mark of a verb which expresses a state or condition of being; as
+<i>ber-jalan</i>, to walk, or to be in the act of walking;
+<i>ber-wang</i>, to have money; <i>ber-misei</i>, to wear moustaches;
+<i>ber-pukul</i>, to strike, <i>i.e.</i>, to be in the act or condition
+of striking (not to strike another, <i>transitive</i>, which would be
+expressed by <i>pukul-</i> or <i>me-mukul-kan</i>).</p>
+
+<p>The inseparable prefix <i>me-</i> (in all its various forms,
+<i>mem</i>, <i>meng</i>, <i>men</i>, and <i>meny</i>) is the mark of a
+verb which expresses an action; as <i>men-jalan-kan</i>, to cause to
+walk, <i>mem-buat</i>, to make; <i>menyakit-kan</i>, to afflict (from
+<i>sakit</i>); <i>meng-ambil</i>, to take.</p>
+
+<p>According as the primitive verb has a transitive or intransitive
+sense, the derivative verbs formed from it will take <i>ber-</i> or
+<i>me-</i> as the case may be. Thus from <i>adu</i>, to sleep, is formed
+<i>ber-adu</i>, not <i>meng-adu</i>; while from <i>adu</i>, to complain,
+is formed <i>meng-adu</i>, not <i>ber-adu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Often both particles may be used, and both transitive and
+intransitive derivative verbs may be formed from the same primitive.
+Thus from <i>taroh</i>, to put, are formed <i>menaroh</i>, to put (the
+act of a person who puts), and <i>ber-taroh</i>, to bet (the condition
+of a person who stakes). From <i>tidor</i>, to sleep, are formed
+<i>menidor-kan</i>, to put to sleep, and <i>ber-tidor</i>, to be
+sleeping or lying down; and from <i>ajar</i>, instruct,
+<i>meng-ajar</i>, to teach (impart instruction), and <i>bel-ajar</i>, to
+learn (get instruction).</p>
+
+<p><i>Mem-bawa</i>, to bring, <i>mem-bunoh</i>, to kill, and
+<i>me-makan</i>, to eat, are formed from <i>bawa</i>, <i>bunoh</i>, and
+<i>makan</i> respectively, which, as they express actions, not states,
+do not take the prefix <i>ber-</i>. <i>Ber-gantong</i> is to hang
+(intransitive), that is, to be in a state or condition of hanging;
+<i>meng-gantong-kan</i> is to hang (transitive), that is, to perform the
+action of hanging something.</p>
+
+<p>The particle <i>per-</i> (Sansk. <i>pra</i>), a prefix used with
+transitive verbs, does not seem always to effect a change in the sense.
+<span class = "pagenum">56</span>
+It is used more generally in literature than in the colloquial dialects,
+and seems to be introduced frequently for the sake of euphony only. The
+difference, for instance, between <i>meng-himpun-kan</i>, to assemble,
+to collect persons together, and <i>mem-per-himpun-kan</i>, to cause
+persons to collect together, is not very marked. No general rule
+applicable to all transitive verbs can be laid down for the use of this
+form with <i>mem-per-</i>; practice and experience must form the only
+guide.</p>
+
+
+<h5>Auxiliaries.</h5>
+
+<p>The auxiliary verbs and adverbs are&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class = "inset">
+<p><i>Ada</i>, is, was, are, were.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sudah</i>, was, did, has been.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tĕlah</i>, was, did, has been.</p>
+
+<p><i>Mahu</i>, will, shall, would, must.</p>
+
+<p><i>Handak</i>, will, shall, would, must, is, was, or were about
+to.</p>
+
+<p><i>Jadi</i>, is, was, become, became.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>PARADIGMS.</h4>
+
+<p class = "center"><i>Tidor</i>, sleep.</p>
+
+<div class = "inset hanging">
+<p><i>Sahaya tidor</i>, I sleep, or I was sleeping.</p>
+<p><i>Tidor-lah dia</i>, he was sleeping or slept.</p>
+<p><i>Ber-tidor</i>, asleep, sleeping.</p>
+<p><i>Sahaya sudah tidor</i>, I have slept.</p>
+<p><i>Dia telah tidor</i>, he had slept.</p>
+<p><i>Sahaya maku tidor</i>, I will sleep, or I want to sleep.</p>
+<p><i>Sahaya handak tidor</i>, I shall sleep, or I am about to
+sleep.</p>
+<p><i>Dia akan tidor</i>, he will sleep or is going to sleep.</p>
+<p><i>Tidor-lah</i>, sleep thou.</p>
+<p><i>Mahu-lak angkau tidor</i>, you must sleep.</p>
+<p><i>Biar iya tidor</i>, let him sleep.</p>
+<p><i>Handak-lah di-tidor-nia</i>, it must be slept by him, <i>i.e.</i>,
+he intends to sleep.</p>
+<p><i>Menidor-kan</i> or <i>menidor-i</i>, to lay down (transitive).</p>
+<p><i>Mem-per-tidor-kan</i> or <i>mem-per-tidor-i</i>, to cause to
+sleep.</p>
+<p><i>Penidor</i>, a soporific; that which causes to sleep.</p>
+<p><i>Penidor-an</i>, act of causing to sleep.</p>
+<p><i>Per-tidor-an</i>, that which belongs to sleep; a bed.</p>
+<p><i>Ka-tidor-an</i>, the act of sleeping; there was sleeping on the
+part of <span class = "dash">&mdash;&mdash;</span>.</p>
+<p><i>Sa-ka-tidor-an</i>, the act of sleeping with another; there was
+sleeping with <span class = "dash">&mdash;&mdash;</span>.</p>
+<p><i>Si-tidor</i>, the sleeper.</p>
+<p><i>Ter-tidor</i>, gone to sleep.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">57</span>
+<p class = "center"><i>Lari</i>, run.</p>
+
+<div class = "inset hanging">
+<p><i>Sahaya lari</i>, I run, or I was running.</p>
+<p><i>Lari-lah dia</i>, he ran, or was running.</p>
+<p><i>Ber-lari</i>, run, running.</p>
+<p><i>Ber-lari-lari</i>, running about incessantly.</p>
+<p><i>Sahaya sudah lari</i>, I have or had run.</p>
+<p><i>Dia telah lari</i>, he had run.</p>
+<p><i>Sahaya mahu lari</i>, I will run, or I want to run.</p>
+<p><i>Sahaya handak lari</i>, I will run, or I am about to run.</p>
+<p><i>Dia akan lari</i>, he will run.</p>
+<p><i>Lari-lah</i>, run thou.</p>
+<p><i>Mahu lah angkau lari</i>, you must run.</p>
+<p><i>Biar iya lari</i>, let him run.</p>
+<p><i>Handak-lah di lari-nia</i>, it must be run by him, <i>i.e.</i>, he
+intends to run.</p>
+<p><i>Me-lari-kan</i>, to carry off (transitive).</p>
+<p><i>Lari-an</i>, a running, a course.</p>
+<p><i>Ber-lari-an</i>, the act of running; there was running on the part
+of <span class = "dash">&mdash;&mdash;</span>.</p>
+<p><i>Ber-lari-lari-an</i>, incessant running; running to and fro; there
+was incessant running on the part of <span class =
+"dash">&mdash;&mdash;</span>.</p>
+<p><i>Ka-lari-an</i>, flight; act of running.</p>
+<p><i>Pe-lari</i>, a runaway, a fugitive.</p>
+<p><i>Pe-lari-an</i>, flight.</p>
+<p><i>Di-lari-kan</i> (passive), is, are, was, were, have, has, or had
+been run away with.</p>
+<p><i>Di-lari-kan-nia</i>, is, are, was, were, have, has, or had been
+run away with by him, her, or them.</p>
+<p><i>Ter-lari</i>, run, run away (past).</p>
+<p><i>Bawa lari</i>, to carry off, run off with. (Here <i>lari</i> is
+the past participle after <i>bawa</i>, to take, bring, and may be used
+with that verb in all its forms.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class = "center"><i>Ada</i>, be.</p>
+
+<div class = "inset hanging">
+<p><i>Sahaya ada</i>, I am or was.</p>
+<p><i>Ber-ada</i>, have (possess.), has or had.</p>
+<p><i>Meng-ada</i>, to cause to be, to make, invent.</p>
+<p><i>Sudah ada</i>, have got, have been.</p>
+<p><i>Telah ada</i>, was, have been.</p>
+<p><i>Mahu ada</i>, must be.</p>
+<p><i>Meng-ada-ngada</i>, to make or invent repeatedly.</p>
+<p><i>Meng-ada kan</i>, to create, to cause to exist.</p>
+<p><i>Ber-ada-kan</i>, possess, own.</p>
+<p><i>Mem-per-ada-kan</i>, to produce, to cause to exist.</p>
+<p><i>Ter-ada-kan</i>, produced, created.</p>
+<p><i>Ada-an</i>, being, existence.</p>
+<p><i>Ka-ada-an</i>, state, existence.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class = "center"><i>Bawa</i>, bring.</p>
+
+<div class = "inset hanging">
+<p><i>Sahaya bawa</i>, I bring or was bringing.</p>
+<p><i>Mem-bawa</i>, bring, to bring.</p>
+<p><i>Sudah bawa</i>, has brought.</p>
+<p><i>Telah bawa</i>, had brought.</p>
+<p><i>Mahu bawa</i>, will or must bring.</p>
+<p><i>Aku handak bawa</i>, I will bring, or am about to bring.</p>
+<p><i>Bawa-lah</i>, bring thou.</p>
+<p><i>Biar iya bawa</i>, let him bring.</p>
+<p><i>Mem-bawa-kan</i> or <i>mem-bawa-i</i>, to cause to be brought or
+taken.</p>
+<p>
+<span class = "pagenum">58</span>
+<i>Pem-bawa</i>, a bringer.</p>
+<p><i>Bawa-an</i>, that which is brought; a burden.</p>
+<p><i>Pem-bawa-an</i>, act of bringing, transport.</p>
+<p><i>Di-bawa</i> and <i>di-bawa-kan</i>, brought, passive.</p>
+<p><i>Di-bawa-nia</i> and <i>di-bawa-kan-nia</i>, is, are, was, were,
+have, has, or had been brought by him, her, or them.</p>
+<p><i>Ter-bawa</i>, brought.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class = "center">
+<i>Ambil</i>, take.</p>
+
+<div class = "inset hanging">
+<p><i>Sahaya ambil</i>, I take.</p>
+<p><i>Meng ambil</i>, take, to take.</p>
+<p><i>Sudah ambil</i>, has or had taken.</p>
+<p><i>Telah ambil</i>, had taken.</p>
+<p><i>Mahu ambil</i>, will or must take.</p>
+<p><i>Handak ambil</i>, shall take or about to take.</p>
+<p><i>Ambil-lah</i>, take thou.</p>
+<p><i>Mahu-lah angkau ambil</i>, you must take.</p>
+<p><i>Biar iya ambil</i>, let him take.</p>
+<p><i>Handak-lah di ambil-nia</i>, he must take or intends to take.</p>
+<p><i>Meng-ambil-kan</i>, to take or cause to take.</p>
+<p><i>Ambil-an</i>, a thing taken.</p>
+<p><i>Peng-ambil-an</i>, the act of taking.</p>
+<p><i>Di-ambil</i> or <i>di-ambil-kan</i>, is or was, &amp;c., taken
+(passive).</p>
+<p><i>Di-ambil-nia</i> or <i>di-ambil-kan-nia</i>, is or was. &amp;c.,
+taken by him, her, or them.</p>
+<p><i>Ter-ambil</i>, taken, having been taken.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class = "center">
+<i>Suroh</i>, order.</p>
+
+<div class = "inset hanging">
+<p><i>Sehaya suroh</i>, I order.</p>
+<p><i>Menyuroh</i>, order, to order.</p>
+<p><i>Sudah suroh</i>, has ordered.</p>
+<p><i>Telah suroh</i>, had ordered.</p>
+<p><i>Mahu suroh</i>, will or must order.</p>
+<p><i>Handak suroh</i>, shall order or about to order.</p>
+<p><i>Suroh-lah</i>, order thou.</p>
+<p><i>Mahu-lah angkau suroh</i>, you must order.</p>
+<p><i>Biar iya suroh</i>, let him order.</p>
+<p><i>Handak-lah di suroh-nia</i>, he must order or intends to
+order.</p>
+<p><i>Menyuroh-kan</i>, to issue orders, to commission.</p>
+<p><i>Pe-suroh</i> and <i>penyuroh</i>, one who is commissioned; a
+messenger.</p>
+<p><i>Penyuroh-an</i>, an order, command; the act of commanding.</p>
+<p><i>Suroh-suroh-an</i>, people who are at the orders or command of
+another.</p>
+<p><i>Suroh-menyuroh</i>, to issue orders incessantly.</p>
+<p><i>Di-suroh</i> or <i>di-suroh-kan</i>, is or was, &amp;c.,
+ordered.</p>
+<p><i>Di-suroh-nia</i> or <i>di-suroh-kan-nia</i>, is, or was, &amp;c.,
+ordered by him, her, or them.</p>
+<p><i>Ter-suroh</i>, ordered, having been ordered.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The facts to be derived from a careful study of the foregoing
+examples may be summarised as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>1st. The tense of the verb standing alone is indefinite. It may be
+present, imperfect, present or past, &amp;c., according to the context;
+as <i>dia ada</i>, he is; <i>tatkala sahaya ada di sana</i>,
+<span class = "pagenum">59</span>
+when I was there; <i>kalau sahaya ada dĕkat</i>, if I am, should be,
+were, or had been near. This applies equally to the forms created by
+prefixing <i>ber-</i> and <i>me-</i>, <i>mem-</i>, <i>men-</i>,
+<i>meng-</i>, <i>meny-</i> to the radical. Examples: <i>kita
+ber-jalan</i>, we <i>are</i> or <i>were</i> walking; <i>nanti sampei
+sahaya ber-balik</i>, wait till I <i>shall have</i> returned;
+<i>mati-mati ber-minyak</i>, if you <i>should</i> use oil; <i>raja
+meng-angkat kalmarin dahulu</i>, the raja <i>set</i> out the day before
+yesterday.</p>
+
+<p>2d. The Imperfect may sometimes be expressed by making the verb,
+followed by the particle <i>-lah</i>, precede the pronoun; as
+<i>diam-lah dia orang</i>, they were silent; <i>maka pergi-lah raja
+kapada tuan putri</i>, and the king went to the princess.</p>
+
+<p>3d. <i>Past.</i>&mdash; Though the past may be expressed by the
+primitive verb, as shown above, if the context shows that the act spoken
+of is past, it is, nevertheless, more emphatically marked by the use of
+the auxiliaries <i>sudah</i> and <i>tĕlah</i>, has or had; as <i>dia
+sudah tidor</i>, he has gone to sleep; <i>telah lari-lah pe-rompah
+sumua</i>, the pirates have (or had) all run away.</p>
+
+<p>4th. <i>Future.</i>&mdash; The verb standing alone may express the
+future when there is something in the sentence which indicates that a
+future tense is meant, such as the word “to-morrow” or “hereafter;” as
+<i>esok hari kita ber-pĕrang pula</i>, to-morrow we shall be fighting
+again.</p>
+
+<p>The future is also expressed by the auxiliaries <i>mahu</i> and
+<i>handak</i>; as <i>dia mahu jual</i>, he will sell it; <i>tiada mahu
+dia datang</i>, he would not come; <i>kapal handak masok sungei</i>, a
+ship is about to enter the river; <i>di-panggil-nia orang-besar-besar
+mushawarat handak di-buat meligei</i>, he summoned the chiefs to consult
+about building a palace.</p>
+
+<p>Another mode of forming the future is by the word <i>nanti</i> (lit.
+wait), placed, like the French verb <i>aller</i>, before the verb; as
+<i>sahaya nanti chahari</i>, <i>je vais chercher</i>, I am going to
+seek, or <i>j’irai chercher</i>, I shall go to seek.</p>
+
+<p>The preposition <i>akan</i>, in order to, in order that, is sometimes
+used to convey the sense of the future; as <i>penyakit itu tiada akan
+semboh</i>, that disease is not to be cured; <i>siapa akan
+<span class = "pagenum">60</span>
+tahu?</i> who shall know? (=&nbsp;who can tell?); <i>jikalau raja yang
+anyaya naraka akan tampat-nia</i>, if a king is unjust hell will be his
+place hereafter.</p>
+
+<p>5th. <i>Imperative.</i>&mdash; To convey an order or command the
+radical is used either by itself or with the affix <i>-lah</i>;
+<i>kamu</i>, thou, being either expressed or understood. The particle
+adds additional emphasis to the command. Examples: <i>pergi</i>, go;
+<i>pergi-lah</i>, be off, get away; <i>ka-luar</i> or
+<i>ka-luar-lah</i>, go out; <i>ka-luar-kan-lah</i>, take (it) out, or
+turn (him) out.</p>
+
+<p><i>Mahu</i> and <i>handak</i> with the affix <i>-lah</i> signify
+must; as <i>mahu-lah kamu turut</i>, ye must obey; <i>handak-lah ayam
+yang puteh</i>, there must be a fowl that is white, or, the fowl must be
+a white one; <i>handak-lah segala pegawei raja itu duduk dengan adab dan
+diam</i>, the king’s officers must sit with reverence and in
+silence.</p>
+
+<p>The third person of the imperative mood, which we express by “let
+him,” may be rendered in Malay by the use of the word <i>biar</i> or
+<i>biar-lah</i>, with the verb in the manner shown by the following
+examples:&mdash; <i>Biar-lah dia masok</i>, let him come in; <i>biar-lah
+aku mati</i>, let me die.</p>
+
+<p>6th. From many verbs are formed verbal nouns by prefixing the
+particle <i>pe-</i> (<i>peng</i>, <i>pem</i>, <i>pen</i>, <i>peny</i>)
+to the radical. This prefix operates like the syllable <i>-er</i> in
+such words as robber, purchaser, teacher; as <i>churi</i>, to steal;
+<i>pen-churi</i>, a robber; <i>bĕli</i>, to buy; <i>pem-bĕli</i>, a
+purchaser; <i>ajar</i>, to teach; <i>peng-ajar</i>, a teacher.
+Substantives of this kind and others formed from the verb with the
+particles <i>ka-</i> and <i>-an</i> have already been noticed under the
+head of the Substantive. But the form arrived at by prefixing to the
+simple verb the particle <i>ka-</i> and annexing the particle <i>-an</i>
+is not merely a noun, but, as Marsden says, “a gerund in form as well as
+in sense, being in fact a verbal noun infinitively applied in
+construction;” as, <i>ka-dengar-an sampei Sayong</i>, it was to be heard
+as far as Sayong; <i>tiada ka-tahu-an</i>, not to be understood;
+<i>mata-hari tiada ka-lihat-an sebab ka-lindong-an-lah sayap-nia</i>,
+the sun was not to be seen by reason of the shadowing of its wings.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">61</span>
+<p><a name = "verb_passive" id = "verb_passive">7th.
+<i>Passive.</i>&mdash;</a> In Malay the passive voice is denoted by the
+particle <i>di-</i> prefixed to the verb. The place of the nouns which
+express the agent and subject respectively will be understood from the
+following examples:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class = "inset hanging">
+<p><i>Hamba di-pukul orang</i>, I was beaten by men.</p>
+
+<p><i>Orang di-pukul hamba</i>, the men were beaten by me.</p>
+
+<p><i>Rumah di-makan api</i>, the house was consumed by fire.</p>
+
+<p><i>Api di-padam-kan orang</i>, the fire was extinguished by men.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Here the personal pronoun or other agent follows the verb and the
+subject precedes it.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes the preposition “by” finds an equivalent in Malay, the word
+<i>uleh</i> being expressed instead of being understood (as in the
+preceding sentences). Examples:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class = "inset hanging">
+<p><i>Maka uleh baginda pun di-sambut dengan seperti <ins class = "correction"
+title = "text has ἁ (Greek alpha with rough breathing)">‘a</ins>dat</i>,
+they were received by the king with the customary ceremony.</p>
+
+<p><i>Di-titah-kan-lah uleh baginda</i>, it was commanded by the
+king.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The passive participle is formed by prefixing to the verb the
+inseparable particle <i>ter-</i>; as <i>ter-pukul</i>, struck;
+<i>ter-tulis</i>, written. When <i>ter-</i> precedes <i>per-</i>, one of
+the particles drops its final letter; as <i>te-per-sayang</i>,
+compassionated; <i>ter-pe-lanting</i>, sent flying.</p>
+
+<p><i>Other forms of the Verb.</i>&mdash; In the preceding paradigms
+generally those changes have been inserted which result from the
+application of inseparable particles. But there are moods and tenses of
+the English verb which are translatable in Malay, though they are not
+included above because they involve the use of other words, which,
+though united to the verb in construction, do not form part of it.</p>
+
+<p><i>Conditional or Potential.</i>&mdash; In expressing a conditional
+or potential sense the verb undergoes no change, though following such
+conjunctions as “if,” “provided that,” “in order that;” as <i>jika tuan
+datang</i>, if you come; <i>kalau raja me-larang</i>, if the king should
+forbid; <i>dapat kami ber-untong</i>, provided we are successful;
+<i>sapaya jangan hamba kĕna rugi</i>, in order that I may not incur a
+loss; <i>agar sapaya anak-nia menjadi ‘alim</i>, in order that his
+children may become learned.</p>
+
+<p><i>Optative.</i>&mdash; An optative sense is generally indicated by
+such
+<span class = "pagenum">62</span>
+words as <i>apa-lah</i>, <i>apa-lah kira-nia</i>, prithee, expressions
+of entreaty, or <i>garangan</i>, forsooth, conveying the notion of a
+doubt or query; as <i>barang di-sampei-kan Allah apa-lah kira-nia</i>,
+may God in his goodness cause it to arrive. But sometimes these are
+understood; as <i>di-bri Allah kamarau sadikit</i>, may God grant a
+little fair weather.</p>
+
+<p><i>Participle Present.</i>&mdash; Continuity or existing duration of
+action is often expressed by the use of such words as <i>lagi</i>, still
+more, <i>sambil</i>, <i>seraya</i>, and <i>serla</i>, whilst at the same
+time the verb remains unaltered in form; as <i>lagi datang</i>, coming;
+<i>lagi tidor</i>, sleeping or still asleep; <i>ber-jalan sambil
+ber-sinnyum</i>, walked on smiling; <i>meniambah serta meniapu ayer
+mata-nia</i>, made obeisance, at the same time wiping away her
+tears.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tengah</i>, half, middle, is often used with the verb in a similar
+way; as <i>dia tengah makan nasi</i>, he was in the act of eating his
+dinner.</p>
+
+
+<h4>VI. ADVERBS.</h4>
+
+<p>Adverbs in Malay are not distinguished by any prevailing termination
+corresponding to the English <i>-ly</i> or the French <i>-ment</i>. Many
+adjectives and some prepositions are used adverbially.</p>
+
+<p>The following are some of the most useful adverbs:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<h5>Adverbs of Time.</h5>
+
+<table class = "paradigm" summary = "inflection of word">
+<col width = "50%">
+<col class = "leftline">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p><i>sakarang</i>, now.</p>
+<p><i>tadi</i>, just now.</p>
+<p><i>dahulu</i>, before, formerly.</p>
+<p><i>sa’buntar</i>, presently.</p>
+<p><i>bĕlum</i>, not yet.</p>
+<p><i>pagi-pagi</i>, early.</p>
+<p><i>esok</i>, <i>besok</i>, to-morrow.</p>
+<p><i>kalmarin</i>,<a class = "tag" name = "partI_tag4" id =
+"partI_tag4" href = "#partI_note4">4</a> yesterday.</p>
+<p><i>tatkala</i>, <i>sa-katika</i>, when (<i>relative</i>).</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p><i>kemdian</i>, afterwards.</p>
+<p><i>pernah</i>, ever.</p>
+<p><i>ta’pernah</i>, never.</p>
+<p><i>sĕdang</i>, while.</p>
+<p><i>kadang</i>, sometimes.</p>
+<p><i>apa-bila</i>, <i>apa-kala</i>, <i>bila-mana</i>, <i>bila</i>,
+when? (<i>interrogative</i>).</p>
+<p><i>kalmarin dahulu</i>, the day before yesterday.</p>
+<p><i>lusa</i>, the day after to-morrow.</p>
+<p><i>tulat</i>, the third day from this.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">63</span>
+<h5>Adverbs of Place.</h5>
+
+<table class = "paradigm" summary = "inflection of word">
+<col width = "50%">
+<col class = "leftline">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p><i>sini</i>, <i>ka-mari</i>, here.</p>
+<p><i>situ</i>, <i>sana</i>, <i>nun</i>, there.</p>
+<p><i>mana</i>, where, wherever (<i>rel.</i>).</p>
+<p><i>di-mana</i>, where? (<i>inter.</i>).</p>
+<p><i>hampir</i>, near, nearly.</p>
+<p><i>luar</i>, outside.</p>
+<p><i>dalam</i>, inside.</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p><i>sabĕrang</i>, across.</p>
+<p><i>jauh</i>, far.</p>
+<p><i>atas</i>, above.</p>
+<p><i>bawah</i>, below.</p>
+<p><i>sabĕlah</i>, beside.</p>
+<p><i>balik</i>, behind.</p>
+<p><i>dĕkat</i>, near.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<h5>Miscellaneous.</h5>
+
+<table class = "paradigm" summary = "inflection of word">
+<col width = "50%">
+<col class = "leftline">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p><i>bagini</i>, like this.</p>
+<p><i>bagitu</i>, like that.</p>
+<p><i>bageimana</i>, how?</p>
+<p><i>ya</i>, yes.</p>
+<p><i>bukan</i>, no, not.</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p><i>sahaja</i>, only.</p>
+<p><i>makin</i>, so much the more.</p>
+<p><i>naschaya</i>, certainly.</p>
+<p><i>tidak</i>, no.</p>
+<p><i>tentu</i>, certainly.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Adverbs expressing intensity will be found enumerated in Lesson
+4.</p>
+
+<p>Among the examples above given several are also prepositions, and
+will be found under that heading.</p>
+
+
+<h4>VII. PREPOSITIONS.</h4>
+
+<p>The principal prepositions of place and motion are <i>di</i>, at, in,
+on; <i>ka</i>, to, towards; <i>deri</i>, from. A great many so-called
+prepositions are formed from these three compounded with certain other
+words, such as:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class = "paradigm" summary = "inflection of word">
+<col width = "50%">
+<col class = "leftline">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p><i>di-atas</i>, on the top of.</p>
+<p><i>ka-atas</i>, to the top of.</p>
+<p><i>deri-atas</i>, from the top of.</p>
+<p><i>di-dalam</i>, in the interior of.</p>
+<p><i>ka-dalam</i>, to the interior of.</p>
+<p><i>deri-dalam</i>, from the interior of.</p>
+<p><i>di-bĕlakang</i>, at the back of.</p>
+<p><i>ka-bĕlakang</i>, to the back of.</p>
+<p><i>deri-bĕlakang</i>, from the back of.</p>
+<p><i>di-sabĕrang</i>, on the farther side of.</p>
+<p><i>ka-sabĕrang</i>, to the farther side of.</p>
+<p><i>deri-sabĕrang</i>, from the farther side of.</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<span class = "pagenum">64</span>
+<p><i>di-bawah</i>, at the bottom of.</p>
+<p><i>ka-bawah</i>, to the bottom of.</p>
+<p><i>deri-bawah</i>, from the bottom of.</p>
+<p><i>di-hadap-an</i>, in front of.</p>
+<p><i>ka-hadap-an</i>, to the front of.</p>
+<p><i>deri-hadap-an</i>, from the front of.</p>
+<p><i>di-luar</i>, at the outside of.</p>
+<p><i>ka-luar</i>, to the outside of.</p>
+<p><i>deri-luar</i>, from the outside of.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>These twenty-one words are used like prepositions, and are often
+classified as such, but the true prepositions are the three initial
+words.</p>
+
+<p><i>Atas</i>, <i>bawah</i>, <i>dalam</i>, <i>hadap-an</i>,
+<i>bĕlakang</i>, <i>luar</i>, and <i>sabĕrang</i> here are really
+substantives governed by the prepositions <i>di</i>, <i>ka</i>, and
+<i>deri</i>. Some of these words aptly illustrate the difficulty of
+classifying Malay words according to the parts of speech usually
+recognised by grammarians. <i>Dalam</i>, for instance, has already been
+classified in the preceding section as an adverb. It is also
+substantive, adjective, and preposition.</p>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p><i>Dalam</i> (subs.), interior, depth; as <i>penghulu dalam</i>, the
+guardian of the interior (inner apartments); <i>dalam-nia tiga depa</i>,
+its depth is three fathoms.</p>
+<p><i>Dalam</i> (adj.), deep; as <i>ter-lalu dalam sungei ini</i>, this
+river is very deep.</p>
+<p><i>Dalam</i> (adv.), inside; as <i>ada orang dalam</i>, there are
+people inside.</p>
+<p><i>Dalam</i> (prep.), in; as <i>kain yang dalam gĕdong itu</i>, cloth
+in that warehouse.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In Malay a substantive in the possessive case immediately follows the
+substantive denoting the possessor (<i>supra</i>, p. 47). In the
+sentences <i>bĕlakang gunong</i>, the back of the mountain; <i>hadap-an
+raja</i>, the presence of the king; <i>sabĕrang sungei</i>, the farther
+side of the river, all the words are substantives, <i>gunong</i>,
+<i>raja</i>, and <i>sungei</i> being in the possessive case.</p>
+
+<p>Now let the prepositions <i>di</i>, <i>ka</i>, and <i>deri</i> be
+added to these sentences.</p>
+
+<p><i>Di-bĕlakang gunong</i>, at the back of the mountain, may be more
+shortly translated <i>behind</i> the mountain; so <i>ka-hadap-an
+raja</i> may be rendered <i>before</i> the king, and <i>deri-sabĕrang
+sungei</i> <i>from beyond</i> the river.</p>
+
+<p>Here, though the purport of the Malay phrases <i>di-bĕlakang</i>,
+<i>ka-hadap-an</i>, and <i>deri-sabĕrang</i> are correctly rendered by
+English
+<span class = "pagenum">65</span>
+prepositions, only the first portion of each phrase is a Malay
+preposition.</p>
+
+<p>Of the remaining prepositions the following are the chief:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class = "paradigm" summary = "inflection of word">
+<col width = "50%">
+<col class = "leftline">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p><i>pada</i>, <i>kapada</i>, at, to, on, towards.</p>
+<p><i>deri-pada</i>, from, than.</p>
+<p><i>akan</i>, to, for, as to, as for.</p>
+<p><i>uleh</i>, by.</p>
+<p><i>atas</i>, on, upon.</p>
+<table class = "bracket" summary = "bracketed terms">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<i>datang</i>,<br>
+<i>sampei</i>,<br>
+<i>hingga</i>,
+</td>
+<td class = "bracket three">
+<p>until, as far as.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p><i>antara</i>, between.</p>
+<p><i>samantara</i>, until.</p>
+<p><i>ganti</i>, instead of.</p>
+<p><i>balik</i>, behind.</p>
+<p><i>serta</i>, with.</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p><i>sama</i>, with, to.</p>
+<p><i>dengan</i>, with.</p>
+<p><i>dalam</i>, in, into.</p>
+<p><i>lĕpas</i>, after.</p>
+<table class = "bracket" summary = "bracketed terms">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<i>karana</i>,<br>
+<i>krana</i>,<br>
+<i>sebab</i>,
+</td>
+<td class = "bracket three">
+<p>on account of.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p><i>sa-kadar</i>, according to.</p>
+<p><i>demei</i>, by.</p>
+<p><i>dĕkat</i>, near.</p>
+<p><i>tentang</i>, concerning, opposite.</p>
+<p><i>bagi</i>, to.</p>
+<p><i>trus</i>, through.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h4>VIII. CONJUNCTIONS.</h4>
+
+<p>The following list includes the most useful of the conjunctions in
+Malay:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class = "paradigm" summary = "inflection of word">
+<col width = "50%">
+<col class = "leftline">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p><i>dan</i>, and.</p>
+<table class = "bracket" summary = "bracketed terms">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<i>kalau</i>,<br>
+<i>jika</i>,<br>
+<i>jikalau</i>,
+</td>
+<td class = "bracket three">
+if.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<i>antah</i>,<br>
+<i>kunun</i>,
+</td>
+<td class = "bracket two">
+perhaps.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p><i>sapaya</i>, in order that.</p>
+<p><i>pula</i>, also, again.</p>
+<table class = "bracket" summary = "bracketed terms">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<i>sambil</i>,<br>
+<i>selang</i>,
+</td>
+<td class = "bracket two">
+whilst.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p><i>seraya</i>, at the same time.</p>
+<p><i>tambah-an</i>, furthermore.</p>
+<table class = "bracket" summary = "bracketed terms">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<i>karana</i>,<br>
+<i>sĕbab</i>,
+</td>
+<td class = "bracket two">
+because.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p><i>serta</i>, and, also.</p>
+<p><i>asal-kan</i>, provided that.</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p><i>atau</i>, or.</p>
+<p><i>tĕtapi</i>, but.</p>
+<p><i>me-lain-kan</i>, except.</p>
+<p><i>hania</i>, but, except.</p>
+<p><i>yang</i>, that.</p>
+<p><i>kĕlak</i>, forsooth.</p>
+<p><i>juga</i>, <i>jua</i>, also.</p>
+<p><i>sahaja</i>, only.</p>
+<p><i>lagi</i>, again, even.</p>
+<p><i>lagi pula</i>, again, too.</p>
+<p><i>lagi pun</i>, besides, also.</p>
+<p><i>saperti</i>, as, like.</p>
+<table class = "bracket" summary = "bracketed terms">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<i>laksana</i>,<br>
+<i>bagei</i>,
+</td>
+<td class = "bracket two">
+like.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p><i>iya-itu</i>, that is to say.</p>
+<p><i>lamun-kan</i>, although.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">66</span>
+<p>There are also a number of conjunctions which are met with almost
+exclusively in the written language, and which it would be pedantic to
+use in conversation. Of such are:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class = "inset hanging">
+<p><i>maka</i>, <i>bahwa</i>, <i>ḥata</i>, <i>shahadan</i>, seldom
+necessary to the sense, and not always requiring translation. They
+answer in some degree to such words as “now,” “next,” “but,” “then,”
+“again,” “so.”</p>
+<p><i>sa-ber-mula</i>, first, now.</p>
+<p><i>sa-bagei-lagi</i>, further, again.</p>
+<p><i>arkian</i>, now, then.</p>
+<p><i>agar</i>, in order that.</p>
+<p><i>y‘ani</i>, that is to say.</p>
+<p><i>wab‘adahu</i>,<a class = "tag" name = "partI_tag5" id =
+"partI_tag5" href = "#partI_note5">5</a> and then, afterwards.</p>
+<p><i>walakin</i> (Arab. <i>wa</i>, and <i>lakin</i>, but), but, though,
+nevertheless.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>IX. INTERJECTIONS.</h4>
+
+<p>The interjections in most common use are:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class = "paradigm" summary = "inflection of word">
+<col width = "50%">
+<col class = "leftline">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p><i>hei!</i> O! <i>ya!</i> O! (Arabic).</p>
+<p><i>aho!</i> O! (Sansk.).</p>
+<p><i>aduh!</i> <i>aduhi!</i> oh! alas! (pain, lamentation).</p>
+<p><i>niah!</i> <i>niah-lah!</i> be off! begone!</p>
+<p><i>ai!</i> <i>wah!</i> oh! alas! (astonishment or affliction).</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p><i>ayo!</i> <i>ayohi!</i> ah! (affection).</p>
+<p><i>cheh!</i> fie!</p>
+<p><i>wayi!</i> alas!</p>
+<p><i>demei Allah!</i> by God!</p>
+<p><i>nah!</i> there! take it!</p>
+<p><i>jum!</i><a class = "tag" name = "partI_tag6" id = "partI_tag6"
+href = "#partI_note6">6</a> forwards!</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Many other words are used like interjections; such as <i>kasi-han</i>
+(lit. affection), what a pity! <i>sayang</i> (lit. concern), ’tis pity!
+alas! <i>karam</i> (lit. wrecked), woe to thee! <i>me-rachun</i> (may I
+be poisoned), no! (emphatic denial), &amp;c., &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>A number of Arabic expressions common to all Muhammadans in all parts
+of the world are used by Malays, such as <i>In sháa-lláh</i>, if it be
+the will of God; <i>Alláhu a‘alam</i>, God is all-knowing; <i>Astaghfir
+alláh</i>, I beg forgiveness of God; <i>Wa-llahi</i> and <i>Wa-llah</i>,
+by God! <i>Yá rabb</i>, O Lord! <i>Bi-smi-llah</i>, in the name of God!
+<i>El-ḥamdu li-llah</i>, praise be to God! <i>Alláhu akbar</i>, God is
+most great.</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">67</span>
+<h4>X. NUMERALS.</h4>
+
+<p>The numerals in Malay are exceedingly simple. The first ten
+are:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class = "inset hanging">
+<p>&nbsp; 1. <i>sa</i>, <i>satu</i>, <i>suatu</i>, one.</p>
+<p>&nbsp; 2. <i>dua</i>, two.</p>
+<p>&nbsp; 3. <i>tiga</i>, three.</p>
+<p>&nbsp; 4. <i>ampat</i>, four.</p>
+<p>&nbsp; 5. <i>lima</i>, five.</p>
+<p>&nbsp; 6. <i>anam</i>, six.</p>
+<p>&nbsp; 7. <i>tujoh</i>, seven.</p>
+<p>&nbsp; 8. <i>dĕlapan</i>, eight.</p>
+<p>&nbsp; 9. <i>sambilan</i>, nine.</p>
+<p>10. <i>sapuloh</i>, ten.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>From eleven to nineteen inclusive the numerals are formed from the
+digits with the termination <i>bĕlas</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class = "inset hanging">
+<p>11. <i>sa-bĕlas</i>, eleven.</p>
+<p>12. <i>dua-bĕlas</i>, twelve.</p>
+<p>13. <i>tiga-bĕlas</i>, thirteen.</p>
+<p>14. <i>ampat-bĕlas</i>, fourteen.</p>
+<p>15. <i>lima-bĕlas</i>, fifteen.</p>
+<p>16. <i>anam-bĕlas</i>, sixteen.</p>
+<p>17. <i>tujoh-bĕlas</i>, seventeen.</p>
+<p>18. <i>dĕlapan-bĕlas</i>, eighteen.</p>
+<p>19. <i>sambilan-bĕlas</i>, nineteen.</p>
+<p>20. <i>dua-puloh</i>, twenty.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Multiples of ten up to ninety inclusive have the termination
+<i>puloh</i>, ten:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class = "inset hanging">
+<p>20. <i>dua-puloh</i>, twenty.</p>
+<p>30. <i>tiga-puloh</i>, thirty.</p>
+<p>40. <i>ampat-puloh</i>, forty.</p>
+<p>50. <i>lima-puloh</i>, fifty.</p>
+<p>60. <i>anam-puloh</i>, sixty.</p>
+<p>70. <i>tujoh-puloh</i>, seventy.</p>
+<p>80. <i>dĕlapan-puloh</i>, eighty.</p>
+<p>90. <i>sambilan-puloh</i>, ninety.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The intermediate numbers are formed simply by adding the units;
+as&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class = "inset hanging">
+<p>21. <i>dua-puloh-satu</i>, twenty-one.</p>
+<p>32. <i>tiga-puloh-dua</i>, thirty-two.</p>
+<p>43. <i>ampat-puloh-tiga</i>, forty-three.</p>
+<p>54. <i>lima-puloh-ampat</i>, fifty-four.</p>
+<p>65. <i>anam-puloh-lima</i>, sixty-five.</p>
+<p>76. <i>tujoh-puloh-anam</i>, seventy-six.</p>
+<p>87. <i>dĕlapan-puloh-tujoh</i>, eighty-seven.</p>
+<p>98. <i>sambilan-puloh-dĕlapan</i>, ninety-eight.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">68</span>
+<p>Above a hundred the numbers proceed with equal regularity:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class = "inset hanging">
+<p>&nbsp; 100. <i>sa-ratus</i>, one hundred.</p>
+<p>&nbsp; 200. <i>dua-ratus</i>, two hundred.</p>
+<p>&nbsp; 300. <i>tiga-ratus</i>, three hundred.</p>
+<p>&nbsp; 400. <i>ampat-ratus</i>, four hundred.</p>
+<p>1000. <i>sa-ribu</i>, one thousand.</p>
+<p>2000. <i>dua-ribu</i>, two thousand.</p>
+<p>3000. <i>tiga-ribu</i>, three thousand.</p>
+<p>4000. <i>ampat-ribu</i>, four thousand.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Any sum, however great, may be expressed by the numerals in
+juxtaposition without the insertion of a conjunction; as,
+<i>sa-ribu-dĕlapan-ratus-tujoh-puloh-sambilan</i>, one thousand eight
+hundred (and) seventy nine, 1879.</p>
+
+<p>Certain terms for high numbers have been borrowed from the Sanskrit
+language and misapplied in adoption, namely, <i>laḳsa</i> (Sansk.
+<i>laksha</i>, 100,000), <i>keti</i> (Sansk. <i>koṭi</i>, 10,000,000),
+and <i>juta</i> (Sansk. <i>ayuta</i>, 10,000).</p>
+
+<p>The numbers represented by these words in Malay are <i>sa-laḳsa</i>,
+ten thousand; <i>sa-keti</i>, one hundred thousand; <i>sa-juta</i>, one
+million.</p>
+
+<p>In reckoning the numbers from 20 to 30, <i>lekor</i>, a score, is
+sometimes used instead of <i>dua-puloh</i> (especially in mentioning
+dates), but in that case the unit precedes instead of following the
+decimal; as <i>sa-lekor</i>, twenty-one; <i>dua-lekor</i>, twenty-two;
+<i>tiga-lekor</i>, twenty-three, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>To express a quantity which approaches what we call a round number,
+it is sometimes convenient to state the latter qualified by the figure
+in which it is deficient, as is done in the old-fashioned phrase “forty
+stripes save one.” Thus, instead of <i>sambilan-puloh-dĕlapan</i>,
+ninety-eight, the phrase <i>korang dua sa-ratus</i>, one hundred save
+two, may be used.</p>
+
+<p>The use of the word <i>tengah</i>, half, before a numeral serves in
+the same way to reduce it by half of one. Thus, <i>tengah dua</i>
+<span class = "pagenum">69</span>
+signifies “one and a half,” or “two, less half a one,” as if the full
+phrase were <i>korang sa-tengah dua</i>; so <i>tengah tiga-puloh</i>,
+twenty-five (lit. “three tens save half”); <i>tengah lima ratus</i>,
+four hundred and fifty (lit. “five hundreds save half”).</p>
+
+
+<h5>Ordinal Numbers.</h5>
+
+<div class = "inset hanging">
+<p><i>pertama</i> (Sansk. <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘pratama’"><i>prathama</i></ins>), first.</p>
+<p><i>ka-dua</i>, second.</p>
+<p><i>ka-tiga</i>, third.</p>
+<p><i>ka-sa-bĕlas</i>, eleventh.</p>
+<p><i>ka-dua-puloh</i>, twentieth.</p>
+<p><i>ka-sa-ratus</i>, hundredth.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The word <i>yang</i> placed before ordinals corresponds to the
+definite article in English; as <i>yang pertama</i>, the first; <i>yang
+ka-dua</i>, the second; <i>yang ka-sa-ribu</i>, the thousandth.</p>
+
+
+<h5>Fractional Numbers.</h5>
+
+<p><i>Tengah</i>, <i>sa-tengah</i>, half; <i>suku</i>, <i>sa-suku</i>,
+quarter; <i>sa-per-dua</i>, one-half; <i>sa-per-tiga</i>, one-third;
+<i>dua-per-tiga</i>, two-thirds; <i>tiga-per-ampat</i>, three-fourths.
+Similar fractions may be formed with other numbers by placing the
+particle <i>per</i> between the dividend and the divisor.</p>
+
+
+<h5>Collective Numbers.</h5>
+
+<p>Phrases like “a score,” “a dozen,” “a couple,” are formed in Malay by
+the use of the particle <i>ber</i> with the numeral; as&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class = "inset hanging">
+<p><i>ber-dua</i>, the two, or the pair.</p>
+<p><i>ber-tiga</i>, the three.</p>
+<p><i>ber-puloh-puloh</i>, by tens.</p>
+<p><i>be-ratus-ratus</i>, by hundreds.</p>
+<p><i>be-ribu-ribu</i>, by thousands.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The word <i>ganda</i>, which in Hindustani is a collective numeral
+meaning “a four,” is used in Malay in conjunction with numerals in a
+sense corresponding to the English word “times;” as <i>dua-ganda</i>,
+double, twice; <i>tiga-ganda</i>, triple, three times.</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">70</span>
+<h5><a name = "numeral_coeff" id = "numeral_coeff">Numeral
+Co-Efficients.</a></h5>
+
+<p>In Malay, as in Burmese, Siamese, and Chinese, “there exists a set of
+specific and technical terms, called by the grammarians <i>numeral
+affixes</i>, some one or other of which is always used as a co-efficient
+to the numeral, the term being selected according to the class under
+which the object falls.”<a class = "tag" name = "partI_tag7" id =
+"partI_tag7" href = "#partI_note7">7</a> The use of these terms will be
+best understood by comparing it with the analogous use in English of
+such phrases as so many <i>head</i> of cattle; so many <i>file</i> of
+soldiers; so many <i>sail</i> of ships; so many <i>stand</i> of
+rifles.</p>
+
+<p>1. <i>Orang</i> (person or persons) is introduced in the enumeration
+of mankind; as <i>China tiga orang, Malayu sa’orang</i>, three Chinese
+and a Malay; <i>budak dua orang</i>, two children.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>Ekor</i> (tail) is employed in speaking of animals; as
+<i>sa-ekor kuching</i>, a cat; <i>kuda bĕlang dua ekor</i>, two piebald
+horses; <i>ikan kechil-kechil barang lima anam ekor</i>, about five or
+six small fish.</p>
+
+<p>3. <i>Buah</i> (fruit) is applied to fruit, houses, ships, places,
+&amp;c.; as <i>sa-buah rumah</i>, a house; <i>sa-buah nĕgri</i>, a town
+or kingdom; <i>lima buah kapal</i>, five ships.</p>
+
+<p>4. <i>Biji</i> (seed) is applied to small objects more or less round;
+as <i>buah manggis lima-puloh biji</i>, fifty mangostins; <i>ampat biji
+telor</i>, four eggs; <i>nior muda sa-biji</i>, one green cocoa-nut.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "numeral_5" id = "numeral_5">5.</a> <i>Halei</i> or
+<i>lei</i>, to tenuous objects, such as hair, feathers, leaves, wearing
+apparel, &amp;c.; as <i>bulu sa-lei</i>, a feather; <i>kain Palembang
+sa-puloh halei</i>, ten Palembang sarongs.</p>
+
+<p>6. <i>Batang</i> (stem), to long objects; as <i>lembing dua
+batang</i>, two spears; <i>tiang ampat batang</i>, four posts.</p>
+
+<p>7. <i>Puchuk</i> (young shoot), to letters, muskets, cannon,
+elephants’ tusks, &amp;c.; as <i>tiga puchuk surat</i>, three letters;
+<i>sa-puchuk gading</i>, one tusk: <i>snapang lima puchuk</i>, five
+muskets.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">71</span>
+<p>8. <i>Keping</i> (piece, slice), to pieces of wood, metal, &amp;c.;
+as <i>papan sa-keping</i>, a plank; <i>timah tiga-puloh keping</i>,
+thirty slabs of tin.</p>
+
+<p>9. <i>Tangga</i> (ladder) and <i>pintu</i> (door), to houses; as
+<i>rumah dua tangga</i>, two houses; <i>rumah batu anam pintu</i>, six
+brick houses.</p>
+
+<p>10. <i>Lapis</i> (fold), to clothing; as <i>kapan sa-lapis</i>, a
+shroud.</p>
+
+<p>11. <i>Rawan</i>, to nets and cordage; as <i>pukut sa-rawan</i>, a
+seine net; <i>jala dua rawan</i>, two casting nets.</p>
+
+<p>12. <i>Bilah</i>, to cutting weapons; as <i>kris sa-bilah</i>, one
+kris; <i>pĕdang lima bilah</i>, five swords.</p>
+
+<p>13. <i>Buntoh</i>, to rings, fish-hooks, &amp;c.; as <i>kail
+sa-buntoh</i>, a fish-hook; <i>chinchin tiga buntoh</i>, three
+rings.</p>
+
+<p>14. <i>Bidang</i>, to things spread out; as <i>destar sa-bidang</i>,
+one head-cloth.</p>
+
+<p>15. <i>Butir</i>, to fruit, seeds, and other small round objects; as
+<i>nior sa-butir</i>, a cocoa-nut; <i>mutiara sa-butir</i>, a pearl.</p>
+
+<p>There are many other similar idiomatic terms, examples of which will
+be given in the more advanced lessons farther on.</p>
+
+
+<h4><ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘X.’">XI.</ins>
+PARTICLES.</h4>
+
+<p>Most of the particles have been noticed in speaking of the verb, but
+there are three or four which require special mention.</p>
+
+<p><i>Lah</i> is affixed to words of all kinds, sometimes merely for the
+sake of euphony, but more frequently as a particle of intensity.</p>
+
+<p>In the sentence <i>ada-lah kapada suatu hari</i>, it happened on a
+certain day, <i>lah</i> is simply expletive; but in the sentence
+<i>dia-lah yang buat</i>, it was <i>he</i> who did it, the particle
+serves to emphasise the word <i>dia</i>. The latter use of the particle
+<i>lah</i> is exemplified by its frequent employment to emphasise a
+command; as <i>mari-lah</i>, come; <i>pergi-lah</i>, go.</p>
+
+<p><i>Kah</i> is the interrogative particle. When affixed to words it is
+the sign of a question or a doubt; as <i>itu-kah atau lain-kah?</i>
+<span class = "pagenum">72</span>
+is it that or another? <i>Antah sunggoh-kah atau tidak</i>, it is
+doubtful whether it be true or not.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tah</i> is also an interrogative particle, but of less general use
+than <i>kah</i>. <i>Apa-tah?</i> what else? is a common phrase
+indicating assent.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pun</i> is annexed to all kinds of words, sometimes merely to give
+roundness to a phrase, sometimes with the sense of “too,” or “also”
+(where the sentence is affirmative), or “nor,” “neither” (where it is
+negative); as <i>maka iya-pun datang</i>, then he came; <i>aku pun
+mahu</i>, I&nbsp;too want it; <i>siyang pun tidak malam pun tidak</i>,
+it was neither day nor night.</p>
+
+<hr class = "mid">
+
+<h4>Part I: Footnotes</h4>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "partI_note1" id = "partI_note1" href =
+"#partI_tag1">1.</a>
+Klinkert, Eenige ophelderingen omtrent de Maleische Spreekwoorden en
+spreekwijzen.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "partI_note2" id = "partI_note2" href =
+"#partI_tag2">2.</a>
+Grammaire de la Langue Malaise, 56.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "partI_note3" id = "partI_note3" href =
+"#partI_tag3">3.</a>
+“It is difficult to eradicate the belief that the forms in which we
+think are identical with the thought itself; and it is only linguistic
+science that enables us to see that many of the forms of grammar which
+we imagine necessary and universal are, after all, but accidental and
+restricted in use. The cases of Latin and Greek do not exist in the
+majority of languages; the Polynesian dialects have no true verbs; and
+the Esquimaux gets on well enough without ‘the parts of speech’ that
+figure so largely in our own grammars.” &mdash;<i>Sayce, Introduction to
+the Science of Language</i>, ii. 328.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "partI_note4" id = "partI_note4" href =
+"#partI_tag4">4.</a>
+In Perak <i>kalmarin</i> means “formerly.” <i>Pĕtang</i> is
+“yesterday.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "partI_note5" id = "partI_note5" href =
+"#partI_tag5">5.</a>
+Arabic <i>wa</i>, and, <i>b‘adahu</i>, afterwards&mdash;often used by a
+pleonasm with <i>kemdian</i>, afterwards; <i>wab‘adahu kemdian deri-pada
+itu</i>, and after that.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "partI_note6" id = "partI_note6" href =
+"#partI_tag6">6.</a>
+This is a Kedah word. <i>Mah!</i> is used in the same sense in
+Perak.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "partI_note7" id = "partI_note7" href =
+"#partI_tag7">7.</a>
+Col. Yule, Journ. Anthropol. Inst. Feb. 1880. This peculiarity in the
+Indo-Chinese languages has attracted much attention among ethnologists.
+See Peschel, Races of Man, 117; Tylor, Early History of Mankind, 208;
+Bunsen’s Universal History, i. 409.</p>
+</div>
+
+</div> <!-- end div part_one -->
+
+<span class = "pagenum">73</span>
+<h3 class = "extended"><a name = "partII" id = "partII">
+PART II.</a></h3>
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h4><span class = "subhead">COMPOSITION OF SENTENCES.</span></h4>
+
+<p>Owing to the absence of inflexion, the composition of simple
+sentences in Malay offers few difficulties. The phrases and exercises
+which will be given in this Part are simple and elementary, serving thus
+as a preparation for others of progressive difficulty to be reached at a
+later stage.</p>
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+
+<h4><a name = "lessonI" id = "lessonI">LESSON I.</a></h4>
+
+
+<h5>Substantives.</h5>
+
+<table class = "paradigm" summary = "inflection of word">
+<col width = "50%">
+<col class = "leftline">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>person (man, woman, or child), <i>orang</i>.</p>
+<p>man, <i>laki-laki</i>.</p>
+<p>woman, <i>per-ampu-an</i>.</p>
+<p>child, <i>anak</i>.</p>
+<p>house, <i>rumah</i>.</p>
+<p>water, <i>ayer</i>.</p>
+<p>fire, <i>api</i>.</p>
+<p>wind, <i>angin</i>.</p>
+<p>wood, <i>kayu</i>.</p>
+<p>carriage, <i>kreta</i>.</p>
+<p>horse, <i>kuda</i>.</p>
+<p>ship, <i>kapal</i>.</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>steamer, <i>kapal-api</i>.</p>
+<p>boat, <i>sampan</i>.</p>
+<p>cow, ox, <i>lumbu</i>.</p>
+<p>dog, <i>anjing</i>.</p>
+<p>bird, <i>burong</i>.</p>
+<p>snake, <i>ular</i>.</p>
+<p>fish, <i>ikan</i>.</p>
+<p>sun, <i>mata-hari</i>.</p>
+<p>moon, <i>bulan</i>.</p>
+<p>star, <i>bintang</i>.</p>
+<p>sea, <i>laut</i>.</p>
+<p>river, <i>sungei</i>.</p>
+<p>cloth, <i>kain</i>.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">74</span>
+<h5>Adjectives.</h5>
+
+<table class = "paradigm" summary = "inflection of word">
+<col width = "50%">
+<col class = "leftline">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>good, <i>baik</i>.</p>
+<p>new, <i>băharu</i>.</p>
+<p>naughty, wicked, <i>jahat</i>.</p>
+<p>beautiful, <i>bagus</i>.</p>
+<p>pretty, <i>chantek</i>.</p>
+<p>wise, <i>pandei</i>.</p>
+<p>stupid, <i>bodoh</i>.</p>
+<p>large, <i>bĕsar</i>.</p>
+<p>small, <i>kĕchil</i>.</p>
+<p>deep, <i>dalam</i>.</p>
+<p>swift, <i>laju</i>.</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>high, <i>tinggi</i>.</p>
+<p>round, <i>bulat</i>.</p>
+<p>old, <i>tuah</i>.</p>
+<p>young, <i>muda</i>.</p>
+<p>cold, <i>sĕjuk</i>.</p>
+<p>hot, <i>panas</i>.</p>
+<p>far, <i>jauh</i>.</p>
+<p>near, <i>dĕkat</i>.</p>
+<p>coarse, <i>kasar</i>.</p>
+<p>fine, <i>halus</i>.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h5>Adverbs.</h5>
+
+<table class = "paradigm" summary = "inflection of word">
+<col width = "50%">
+<col class = "leftline">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>very, <i>baniak</i><ins class = "correction" title = "text has comma">.&nbsp;</ins></p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>exceedingly, <i>sangat</i>.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Before showing how sentences may be constructed with these words by
+means of the verb <i>ada</i>, and with the aid of the personal pronouns,
+two of the hints already given are here repeated:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>1. Adjectives follow their substantives.</p>
+
+<p>2. The verb <i>ada</i> is frequently omitted and left to be
+understood.</p>
+
+
+<h5>Examples.</h5>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>A bad man&mdash; <i>Orang jahat.</i></p>
+<p>A pretty woman&mdash; <i>Perampuan chantek.</i></p>
+<p>A high house&mdash; <i>Rumah tinggi.</i></p>
+<p>A high wind&mdash; <i>Angin bĕsar.</i></p>
+<p>Cold water&mdash; <i>Ayer sĕjuk.</i></p>
+<p>This is my child&mdash; <i>Ini anak sahaya</i> (not, <i>Ini ada
+sahaya punya anak</i>).</p>
+<p>That bullock-cart is mine&mdash; <i>Kreta lumbu itu sahaya
+punya.</i></p>
+<p>That pony-carriage is swift&mdash; <i>Kreta kuda itu ada
+laju.</i></p>
+<p>That person has a dog&mdash; <i>Orang itu ada sa’ekor anjing.</i></p>
+<p>That woman’s cloth is very fine&mdash; <i>Kain perampuan itu halus
+sangat.</i></p>
+<p>This man has one son and two daughters&mdash; <i>Orang ini ada anak
+laki-laki sa’orang dan anak perampuan dua orang.</i></p>
+<p>The steamer is near&mdash; <i>Kapal-api ada dĕkat.</i></p>
+<span class = "pagenum">75</span>
+<p>His child is very naughty&mdash; <i>Anak dia baniak jahat.</i></p>
+<p>They have a boat&mdash; <i>Dia orang ada sa’buah sampan.</i></p>
+<p>There are men and women&mdash; <i>Ada orang laki-laki dan
+perampuan.</i></p>
+<p>The old man has a piece of coarse cloth&mdash; <i>Orang tuah itu ada
+kain kasar sa’lei.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5>Exercise.</h5>
+
+<p>I am a good man. His child is very wise. The moon is round. They have
+a beautiful horse. My boat is very large. The sea is very deep. The sun
+and stars are very far off. This person has a vicious dog. That man’s
+daughter is beautiful. This river is very swift. A small snake. This ox
+is very old. That person’s boat is small. There are fish. There is a
+bird. The water of the river is warm. There are stupid people and there
+are wise people. His ship is very far off.</p>
+
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h4><a name = "lessonII" id = "lessonII">LESSON II.</a></h4>
+
+
+<h5>On the Second Person.</h5>
+
+<p>The use of the word <i>angkau</i> and similar pronouns is to be
+avoided as much as possible. When the pronoun of the second person
+cannot be understood but must be expressed, <i>angkau</i>, or the local
+or provincial word used in substitution for it (according to the part of
+the Archipelago in which the speaker finds himself), may be employed. In
+addressing natives of rank or of superior position, the appropriate
+forms should be used. The word <i>lu</i> should never be used to a
+Malay; it is, however, in common use among those Chinese who use Malay
+as a medium of communication with other nationalities. On the subject of
+the second person see <i>supra</i>, p.&nbsp;49.</p>
+
+
+<h5>Substantives.</h5>
+
+<table class = "paradigm" summary = "inflection of word">
+<col width = "50%">
+<col class = "leftline">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>animal, <i>bĕnatang</i>.</p>
+<p>father (common form), <i>bapa</i>.</p>
+<p>father (polite form), <i>ayah</i>, <i>ayahnda</i>.</p>
+<p>mother (common form), <i>mak</i>, <i>ibu</i>.</p>
+<p>mother (polite form), <i>bonda</i>.</p>
+<p>elder brother, <i>abang</i>.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">76</span>
+<p>elder sister, <i>kakak</i>.</p>
+<p>younger brother or sister, <i>adek</i>.</p>
+<p>boy or girl, <i>budak</i>.</p>
+<p>brother or sister, <i>sudara</i>.</p>
+<p>husband, <i>laki</i>.</p>
+<p>wife, <i>bini</i>.</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>forest, <i>hutan</i>.</p>
+<p>tree, <i>pokok</i>.</p>
+<p>plain, <i>padang</i>.</p>
+<p>shop, <i>kĕdei</i>.</p>
+<p>fruit, <i>buah</i>.</p>
+<p>sky, <i>langit</i>.</p>
+<p>ground, <i>tanah</i>.</p>
+<p>dollar, <i>ringgit</i>.</p>
+<p>road, <i>jalan</i>.</p>
+<p>age, <i>‘umur</i>.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h5>Adjectives.</h5>
+
+<table class = "paradigm" summary = "inflection of word">
+<col width = "50%">
+<col class = "leftline">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>long, <i>panjang</i>.</p>
+<p>short, <i>pendek</i>, <i>pandah</i>.</p>
+<p>sweet, <i>manis</i>.</p>
+<p>wet, <i>basah</i>.</p>
+<p>dry, <i>kĕring</i>.</p>
+<p>many, <i>baniak</i>.</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>rich, <i>kaya</i>.</p>
+<p>poor, <i>miskin</i>.</p>
+<p>strong, <i>kuat</i>.</p>
+<p>hard, <i>kĕras</i>.</p>
+<p>soft, <i>lumbut</i>.</p>
+<p>few, <i>sadikit</i>.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h5>Verbs.</h5>
+
+<table class = "paradigm" summary = "inflection of word">
+<col width = "50%">
+<col class = "leftline">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>to say, <i>kata</i>.</p>
+<p>to go, <i>pergi</i>.</p>
+<p>to run, <i>lari</i>.</p>
+<p>to talk, <i>chakap</i>.</p>
+<p>to tell, <i>bilang</i>.</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>to arrive, <i>sampei</i>.</p>
+<p>to sit, <i>duduk</i>.</p>
+<p>to dwell, <i>tinggal</i>.</p>
+<p>to send, <i>kirim</i>.</p>
+<p>to bring, <i>bawa</i>.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h5>Examples.</h5>
+
+<div class = "example">
+
+<h6>To a Raja.</h6>
+
+<p>Your house is very large&mdash; <i>Rumah tunku baniak besar.</i></p>
+<p>Your father is very old&mdash; <i>Ayahnda tunku tuah sangat.</i></p>
+<p>This is your horse&mdash; <i>Ini tunku punya kuda.</i></p>
+
+<h6>To a respectable Chinese.</h6>
+
+<p>There is a quantity of cloth in your shop&mdash; <i>Ada baniak
+kain-kain didalam baba punya kĕdei.</i></p>
+<p>When did you arrive?&mdash; <i>Towkay bila sampei?</i></p>
+<p>Your elder brother is very rich&mdash; <i>Towkay punya abang baniak
+kaya.</i></p>
+<p>Your carriage and mine are alike&mdash; <i>Kreta baba dengan kreta
+sahaya ada sama.</i></p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">77</span>
+<h6>To a Malay Headman.</h6>
+
+<p>There are a number of people in your house&mdash; <i>Ada baniak orang
+di-dalam rumah datoh.</i></p>
+<p>Your son is very strong&mdash; <i>Anak datoh, baniak kuat.</i></p>
+<p>Where do you live?&mdash; <i>Datoh di-mana tinggal?</i></p>
+
+<h6>To a Malay of superior rank.</h6>
+
+<p>What do you say to it?&mdash; <i>Apa kata inche?</i></p>
+<p>Who told it to you?&mdash; <i>Siapa bilang kapada inche?</i></p>
+<p>Your elder sister has a great many fruit-trees&mdash; <i>Inche punya
+kakak ada baniak pokok buah.</i></p>
+
+<h6>To a Sayyid or Haji.</h6>
+
+<p>Where are you going to?&mdash; <i>Tuan handak pergi ka-mana?</i></p>
+<p>What is your age?&mdash; <i>Bĕr-apa ‘umur tuan?</i></p>
+<p>I wish to talk a little with you&mdash; <i>Sahaya handak chakap
+sadikit dengan tuan.</i></p>
+
+<h6>To Persons of inferior rank.</h6>
+
+<p>Who are you?&mdash; <i>Siapa kamu?</i></p>
+<p>Is this yours?&mdash; <i>Angkau punya-kah ini?</i></p>
+<p>Where is your house?&mdash; <i>Di-mana rumah angkau?</i></p>
+<p>Bring your hat&mdash; <i>Bawa topi sĕndiri.</i></p>
+<p>Where do you live?&mdash; <i>Di-mana tinggal?</i></p>
+<p>Have you got a light?&mdash; <i>Ada api?</i></p>
+<p>Why are you so late?&mdash; <i>Apa buat lambat ini?</i></p>
+<p>When you were at the shop just now, who was there?&mdash; <i>Apabila
+angkau di kĕdei tadi siapa ada di-situ?</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5>Exercise.</h5>
+
+<p>Where is your shop? Is this your mother? You and your brother were
+running. You are very stupid. Have you told your elder sister? Your son
+has arrived. Was it you who sent fruit? What did you say to him? When
+will you go? You will bring a boat. You went to the jungle.</p>
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">78</span>
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h4><a name = "lessonIII" id = "lessonIII">LESSON III.</a></h4>
+
+
+<h5>Substantives.</h5>
+
+<table class = "paradigm" summary = "inflection of word">
+<col width = "50%">
+<col class = "leftline">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>news, <i>khabar</i>.</p>
+<p>workman, <i>tukang</i>.</p>
+<p>cat, <i>kuching</i>.</p>
+<p>rat, <i>tikus</i>.</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>sugar, <i>gula</i>.</p>
+<p>needle, <i>jarum</i>.</p>
+<p>form, <i>rupa</i>.</p>
+<p>elephant, <i>gajah</i>.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h5>Adjectives.</h5>
+
+<table class = "paradigm" summary = "inflection of word">
+<col width = "50%">
+<col class = "leftline">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>excellent, <i>endah</i>.</p>
+<p>careful, <i>jimat</i>.</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>worthless, <i>burok</i>.</p>
+<p>difficult, <i>susah</i>.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h5>Verbs.</h5>
+
+<table class = "paradigm" summary = "inflection of word">
+<col width = "50%">
+<col class = "leftline">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>To do, make, <i>buat</i>.</p>
+<p>To seek, <i>chăhari</i>.</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>To conceal, <i>sembunyi</i>.</p>
+<p>To find, obtain, <i>dapat</i>.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h5>On the Degrees of Comparison.</h5>
+
+<p>One form of the comparative degree is similar in construction to the
+Hindustani comparative, that is to say, the object with which the
+comparison is made is put in the ablative case (by the use of the
+preposition <i>deri</i> or <i>deri-pada</i>), while the adjective
+remains unmodified by adverb or particle. Thus the phrase “This house is
+larger than that,” may be rendered <i>Besar rumah ini deri rumah itu</i>
+(<i>Yih ghar us ghar se baṛā hai</i>).</p>
+
+
+<h5>Examples.</h5>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>The rumour is better than the reality&mdash; <i>Endah khabar deri
+rupa.</i></p>
+<p>The Chinese workman is more skilful than the Kling&mdash; <i>Pandei
+tukang China deri tukang Kling.</i></p>
+<p>The cat is larger than the mouse&mdash; <i>Besar kuching deri
+tikus.</i></p>
+<p>This is better than that&mdash; <i>Baik ini deri-pada itu.</i></p>
+<p>(<i>Note that the adjective always precedes the objects
+compared.</i>)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The comparative degree is also formed by the use of the
+<span class = "pagenum">79</span>
+adverb <i>lebeh</i> or <i>ter-lebeh</i>, more, prefixed to the
+adjective, which is followed by the preposition <i>deri</i> or
+<i>deri-pada</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>Hotter than before&mdash; <i>Lebeh panas deri dahulu.</i></p>
+<p>Sweeter than honey&mdash; <i>Lebeh manis deri gula.</i></p>
+<p>It is better to go than to remain&mdash; <i>Ter-lebeh baik pergi
+deri-pada tinggal.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The adverb <i>lagi</i>, more, is sometimes used instead of
+<i>lebeh</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>You must make it larger&mdash; <i>Mahu buat besar lagi.</i></p>
+<p>This is better&mdash; <i>Ini lagi baik.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Another form of comparison is constructed with the adverb
+<i>korang</i>, less, prefixed to the adjective; as <i>korang baik</i>,
+not very good; <i>korang biasa</i>, inexperienced (lit. less
+accustomed).</p>
+
+<p>The superlative degree is formed in several ways: First, by making a
+comparison of universal application; as&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>This is the best (lit. this is better than all)&mdash; <i>Baik ini
+deri sumua.</i></p>
+<p>The finest needle of all&mdash; <i>Jarum yang lebeh halus deri-pada
+sumua-nia.</i></p>
+<p>The hardest of all to obtain&mdash; <i>Yang ter-lebeh susah men-dapat
+deri-pada sumua-nia.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Secondly, by the use of the adverb <i>sakali</i>, very, exceedingly,
+after the adjective when the latter is preceded by the relative pronoun
+<i>yang</i>; as&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>The best&mdash; <i>Yang baik sakali.</i></p>
+<p>The worst&mdash; <i>Yang burok sakali.</i></p>
+<p>Such-a-one was the handsomest&mdash; <i>Yang elok sakali
+si-anu.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Thirdly, by duplication of the adjective, which then takes the
+particle <i>sa</i> before it; as&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>The quickest pace of an elephant is the slowest walk of a man&mdash;
+<i>Sa-chepat-chepat jalan-an gajah, sa-lambat-lambat jalan an
+orang.</i></p>
+<p>The very least&mdash; <i>Sa-korang-korang.</i></p>
+<p>Utterly and completely guilty&mdash; <i>Sa-penoh-penoh salah.</i></p>
+<p>The most just king&mdash; <i>Sa-adil-adil raja.</i></p>
+<p>With the greatest care&mdash; <i>Dengan sa-habis-habis jimat.</i></p>
+<p>You must look out for the very best article&mdash; <i>Handak chăhari
+yang sa-baik-baik-nia.</i></p>
+<p>He hides it with the greatest pains&mdash; <i>Di-sembunyi-kan-nia
+dengan sa-buleh-buleh-nia.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">80</span>
+<h5>Exercise.</h5>
+
+<p>My horse is better than your horse. These people are more stupid than
+those. The form of the horse is handsomer than that of the elephant. The
+men are more wicked than the women. The pace of the horse is swifter
+than that of the elephant. That woman is the handsomest, but this one is
+the wisest. His house is the worst of all. Bring the slowest elephant of
+all. The father is wiser than the child. It is better to bring the ox
+than the horse.</p>
+
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h4><a name = "lessonIV" id = "lessonIV">LESSON IV.</a><br>
+<span class = "subhead">ON INTENSIVES.</span></h4>
+
+
+<h5>Substantives.</h5>
+
+<table class = "paradigm" summary = "inflection of word">
+<col width = "50%">
+<col class = "leftline">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>reception-hall, <i>balei</i>.</p>
+<p>room, <i>bilek</i>.</p>
+<p>stairs, <i>tangga</i>.</p>
+<p>a play, <i>per-main-an</i>.</p>
+<p>conduct, <i>ka-laku-an</i>.</p>
+<p>body, <i>tuboh</i>.</p>
+<p>head, <i>kapala</i>.</p>
+<p>year, <i>tahun</i>.</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>month, <i>bulan</i>.</p>
+<p>price, <i>harga</i>.</p>
+<p>country, <i>nĕgri</i>.</p>
+<p>queen, <i>permeisuri</i>.</p>
+<p>king, <i>raja</i>.</p>
+<p>minister, <i>mantri</i>.</p>
+<p>patience, <i>sabar</i>.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h5>Adjectives.</h5>
+
+<table class = "paradigm" summary = "inflection of word">
+<col width = "50%">
+<col class = "leftline">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>ill, painful, <i>sakit</i>.</p>
+<p>cheap, <i>morah</i>.</p>
+<p>dear, <i>mahal</i>.</p>
+<p>wide, <i>luas</i>.</p>
+<p>astonished, <i>heiran</i>.</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>thin, <i>kurus</i>.</p>
+<p>fat, <i>gumok</i>.</p>
+<p>illustrious, <i>mulia</i>.</p>
+<p>narrow, <i>simpit</i>.</p>
+<p>glad, <i>suka</i>.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h5>Verbs.</h5>
+
+<table class = "paradigm" summary = "inflection of word">
+<col width = "50%">
+<col class = "leftline">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>to see, <i>lihat</i>.</p>
+<p>to demand, <i>minta</i>.</p>
+<p>to be able, <i>buleh</i>.</p>
+<p>to hear, <i>dengar</i>.</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>to play, <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘maln’"><i>main</i></ins>.</p>
+<p>to look, <i>tengok</i>.</p>
+<p>to enter, <i>masok</i></p>
+<p>to order, <i>suroh</i>.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">81</span>
+<p><i>On Intensives.</i>&mdash; To express an intensive degree the
+particle <i>ter</i> is prefixed to adjectives and adverbs; as
+<i>ter-bĕsar</i>, very large; <i>ter-kuasa</i>, very powerful;
+<i>ter-lebeh</i>, most; <i>ter-lalu</i>, excessively; <i>ter-lampau</i>,
+surpassing; <i>ter-amat</i>, most exceedingly.</p>
+
+<p>The adjective may also be intensified by duplication; as <i>ikan yang
+besar-besar</i>, great big fish; <i>burong kechil-kechil</i>, very small
+birds; <i>nĕgri jauh-jauh</i>, far-distant lands; <i>dia harti
+baik-baik</i>, he understands very well.</p>
+
+<p>The following adverbs are of frequent use in heightening the sense of
+words:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class = "paradigm" summary = "inflection of word">
+<col width = "50%">
+<col class = "leftline">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p><i>baniak</i>, very.</p>
+<p><i>amat</i>, exceedingly.</p>
+<p><i>sangat</i>, very.</p>
+<p><i>sakali</i>, quite, most.</p>
+<p><i>ter-lebeh</i>, most.</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p><i>ter-lalu</i>, excessively.</p>
+<table class = "bracket" summary = "bracketed terms">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<i>ter-langsong</i>,<br>
+<i>ter-lampau</i>,
+</td>
+<td class = "bracket two">
+surpassingly.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p><i>ter-amat</i>, most exceedingly.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>All of these precede the positive except <i>sakali</i>, which
+invariably follows it. <i>Amat</i> and <i>sangat</i> are also sometimes
+placed after the adjective which they qualify.</p>
+
+<p>It is common to use more than one of these words with the same
+adjective, just as we say “the very most.”</p>
+
+
+<h5>Examples.</h5>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>There were a very great number of people in the reception-hall&mdash;
+<i>Di balei itu ter-amat-lah baniak orang.</i></p>
+<p>His body was very thin&mdash; <i>Tuboh-nia sangat kurus.</i></p>
+<p>The performance was exceedingly pretty&mdash; <i>Sangat-lah chantek
+itu per-main-an.</i></p>
+<p>He was immensely astonished at seeing it&mdash; <i>Dia ter-lalu
+heiran me-lihat-kan.</i></p>
+<p>This year all fruit is very plentiful and cheap&mdash; <i>Tahun ini
+sagala buah-buah sangat-lah baniak dan morah harga-nia.</i></p>
+<p>You must be exceedingly patient&mdash; <i>Handak-lah dengan sabar
+sangat.</i></p>
+<p>Very stupid in appearance&mdash; <i>Ter-lalu bodoh rupa-nia.</i></p>
+<p>The road is very bad&mdash; <i>Jalan itu burok sakali.</i></p>
+<p>Most exceedingly painful&mdash; <i>Yang ter-lebeh sangat
+sakit.</i></p>
+<p>It was a very large country&mdash; <i>Ter-lalu amat besar negri
+itu.</i></p>
+<p>His conduct was too bad&mdash; <i>Ter-lampau jahat
+ka-laku-an-nia.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">82</span>
+<p>The adjective <i>maha</i>, great, is similarly used; as <i>maha
+besar</i>, very great; <i>maha mulia</i>, most illustrious; <i>maha
+kuasa</i>, all-powerful.</p>
+
+
+<h5>Exercise.</h5>
+
+<p>He demanded a very high price. He is very ill. Your father was
+exceedingly wise. It is a very large river. I am very frightened. The
+water is very deep. Those Chinese are very wicked. The most illustrious
+and most mighty queen. The old man’s cow is very thin. I was much
+surprised at hearing it. He brought some very big horses. Some very
+large ships have arrived. This month fish is very cheap. The room is
+very wide. The river was much too narrow, the ship could not enter. I
+have a very bad headache.</p>
+
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h4><a name = "lessonV" id = "lessonV">LESSON V.</a></h4>
+
+
+<h5>Interrogative Sentences.</h5>
+
+<p>In asking a question, the tone of the voice sometimes marks the
+interrogation sufficiently.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes the interrogation is marked by the use of the particle
+<i>-kah</i> affixed to the emphatic word of the sentence.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes the interrogative form of a sentence is shown by the use of
+such words as&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class = "paradigm" summary = "inflection of word">
+<col width = "50%">
+<col class = "leftline">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p><i>apa</i>, what?</p>
+<p><i>siapa</i>, who?</p>
+<p><i>ka-mana</i>, where?</p>
+<p><i>bĕr-apa</i>, how many?</p>
+<p><i>mana</i>, who, which, how?</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p><i>bagei-mana</i>, how?</p>
+<table class = "bracket three" summary = "bracketed terms">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<i>apa sebab</i>, or<br>
+<i>apa buat</i>, or<br>
+<i>mengapa</i>
+</td>
+<td class = "bracket three">
+why?
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<h5>Substantives.</h5>
+
+<table class = "paradigm" summary = "inflection of word">
+<col width = "50%">
+<col class = "leftline">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>time, <i>kali</i>.</p>
+<p>rain, <i>hujan</i>.</p>
+<p>market, <i>pasar</i>.</p>
+<p>stone, <i>batu</i>.</p>
+<p>use, <i>guna</i>.</p>
+<p>iron, <i>besi</i>.</p>
+<p>steel, <i>baja</i>.</p>
+<p>tin, <i>timah</i>.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">83</span>
+<p>lead, <i>timah hitam</i>.</p>
+<p>copper, <i>tambaga</i>.</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>box, <i>pĕti</i>.</p>
+<p>kind, sort, <i>macham</i>.</p>
+<p>tobacco, <i>tambakau</i>.</p>
+<p>coffee, <i>kahwah</i>.</p>
+<p>tea, <i>teh</i>, <i>cha</i>.</p>
+<p>tea (dry), <i>daun teh</i>.</p>
+<p>tea (liquid), <i>ayer teh</i>.</p>
+<p>money, <i>wang</i>.</p>
+<p>jacket, <i>baju</i>.</p>
+<p>trousers, <i>saluar</i>.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h5>Examples.</h5>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>What is the matter?&mdash; <i>Apa korang?</i></p>
+<p>What is to be done? (<i>i.e.</i>, there is nothing to be done)&mdash;
+<i>Apa bulik buat?</i></p>
+<p>What is the use?&mdash; <i>Apa guna?</i></p>
+<p>Whence do you come?&mdash; <i>Deri-mana datang kamu?</i></p>
+<p>Where are you going?&mdash; <i>Handak pergi ka-mana?</i></p>
+<p>Why did you not tell me sooner?&mdash; <i>Apa buat ta’bilang
+dahulu?</i></p>
+<p>What do you say?&mdash; <i>Apa kata kamu?</i></p>
+<p>Why do ye run?&mdash; <i>Mengapa kumu orang lari?</i></p>
+<p>Where did you get that?&mdash; <i>Di-mana-kah angkau dapat
+itu?</i></p>
+<p>Which tree shall I cut down?&mdash; <i>Pokoh mana handak tebang<ins
+class = "correction" title = "? missing">?&nbsp;</ins></i></p>
+<p>How many days ago?&mdash; <i>Bĕrapa hari sudah?</i></p>
+<p>When was he at the market?&mdash; <i>Bila-mana dia di pasar?</i></p>
+<p>Whose house is this?&mdash; <i>Rumah ini siapa punya?</i></p>
+<p>Are there many Chinese in Patani?&mdash; <i>Baniak-kah orang China di
+Patani?</i></p>
+<p>Was it truly he who did it?&mdash; <i>Sunggoh-kah dia yang
+buat?</i></p>
+<p>Is it this one or another?&mdash; <i>Ini-kah atau lain-kah?</i></p>
+<p>Is it going to rain?&mdash; <i>Handak hujan-kah?</i></p>
+<p>What is the price of this?&mdash; <i>Bĕrapa harga ini?</i></p>
+<p>What is the news? (How goes it?)&mdash; <i>Apa khabar?</i></p>
+<p>How could I dare to do it ?&mdash; <i>Macham mana sahaya bĕrani
+buat?</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5>Exercise.</h5>
+
+<p>Where is my jacket? What did he say? Why do you come here? Are there
+any dollars in the box? How many times has it rained this month? Whose
+tin is this? Who brought this tobacco? Did you demand the money from his
+father? Whence did you obtain this news? Did you order him to bring the
+coffee? How many miles (lit. <i>stones</i>) is it to the market? Shall I
+cut down this tree? Have you seen that play? Who
+<span class = "pagenum">84</span>
+was that who brought the fish? What kind of animal is that? When were
+you at the house? Why do they not enter?</p>
+
+<p class = "space">
+Sometimes the word <i>apa</i> at the commencement of a sentence gives it
+an interrogative sense;<a class = "tag" name = "partII_tag1" id =
+"partII_tag1" href = "#partII_note1">1</a> as <i>apa, tuan ta’ makan
+daging karbau?</i> do you not eat buffalo meat? <i>apa tiada-kah sukar
+leher bangau itu?</i> what! would not the stork’s neck be inconveniently
+long? <i>apa tiada-kah tuan-hamba kenal akan bangau itu?</i> does not my
+lord recognise that stork?<a class = "tag" name = "partII_tag2" id =
+"partII_tag2" href = "#partII_note2">2</a></p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "partII_note1" id = "partII_note1" href =
+"#partII_tag1">1.</a>
+Like the Hindustani <i>kya</i> or the Latin <i>an</i>, <i>num</i>.
+Forbes’ Hindustani Manual.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "partII_note2" id = "partII_note2" href =
+"#partII_tag2">2.</a>
+Sri Rama. Favre’s Grammar, p. 92.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h4><a name = "lessonVI" id = "lessonVI">LESSON VI.</a></h4>
+
+
+<h5>Formation of Negative Sentences.</h5>
+
+<div class = "inset hanging">
+<p><i>Tidak</i>, no.</p>
+<p><i>Tiada</i>, is not (are, was, were, do, did not, &amp;c.).</p>
+<p><i>Bukan</i>, no, not.</p>
+<p><i>Jangan</i>, don’t, let not.</p>
+<p><i>Antah</i>, I know not; who knows? there is no saying.</p>
+<p><i>Jangan-kan</i>, not only, not, so far from.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Bukan</i> is a more emphatic denial than <i>tidak</i>. It is also
+used, either alone or with the affix <i>-kah</i>, to signify <i>is it
+not?</i> <i>is it not so?</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Tiada</i> is generally abbreviated colloquially to <i>t’ada</i>
+and <i>t’a’</i> (in Java <i>trada</i> and <i>tra</i>).</p>
+
+<p><i>Antah</i> is an expression of doubt.</p>
+
+
+<h5>Examples.</h5>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>Yes or no?&mdash; <i>Ya atau tidak.</i></p>
+<p>That which is he causes not to be; that which is not he causes to
+be&mdash; <i>Yang ada dia tidak-kan, yang tidak dia ada-kan.</i></p>
+<p>It is nothing = never mind&mdash; <i>Tidak apa.</i></p>
+<p>He got no small quantity of fish&mdash; <i>Dia men-dapat ikan bukan
+sadikit.</i></p>
+<p>Her beauty was of no ordinary kind&mdash; <i>Molek-nia bukan
+alang-kapalang.</i></p>
+<span class = "pagenum">85</span>
+<p>Is this his house or not?&mdash; <i>Ini-kah rumah dia atau
+bukan?</i></p>
+<p>Indescribable, wonderful&mdash; <i>Bukan buat-an lagi</i> (lit. <i>it
+was no longer doing</i>).</p>
+<p>You said just now that you went home first, did you not?&mdash;
+<i>Kata kamu tadi sudah pulang ka rumah dahulu, bukan-kah?</i></p>
+<p>He is not my child&mdash; <i>Bukan-lah iya anak hamba.</i></p>
+<p>He will not come&mdash; <i>Dia ta’ mahu datang.</i></p>
+<p>I asked him a great many times, but he would not&mdash; <i>Sahaya
+minta bĕrapa kali tiada dia mahu.</i></p>
+<p>There are no fish in the market&mdash; <i>T’ada ikan di
+pasar.</i></p>
+<p>I do not know where he has gone&mdash; <i>Antah ka-mana
+pergi-nia.</i></p>
+<p>There is no saying how many of them died&mdash; <i>Antah ber-apa
+baniak-nia yang mati.</i></p>
+<p>It cannot be otherwise&mdash; <i>Ta’ dapat tiada.</i></p>
+<p>He cannot enter&mdash; <i>Dia ta’bulih masok.</i></p>
+<p>Do not go&mdash; <i>Jangan pergi.</i></p>
+<p>Do not believe what people say&mdash; <i>Jangan perchaya akan
+perkata-an orang.</i></p>
+<p>Shall I enter the house or not?&mdash; <i>Masok-kah aku dalam rumah
+atau jangan-kah?</i></p>
+<p>So far from obtaining it, we did not even see it&mdash; <i>Jangan-kan
+dapat, me-lihat-pun tidak.</i></p>
+<p>Not to speak of <i>you</i>, of <i>me</i>, even, they are
+afraid&mdash; <i>Jangan-kan tuan, hamba-tuan pun dia orang
+takut.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5>Exercise.</h5>
+
+<p>He said no. That conduct is not proper. He cannot write. The children
+are not in the house. So far from getting a pony-carriage, we cannot
+even get a bullock-cart. Not to speak of the night, by day even people
+are afraid to go there. There is no saying how it happened. Do not go
+near. Shall I give the fruit to the woman or not? There are not many
+horses here. Do you not know that? The Chinaman will not say yes or no.
+Do not be afraid. If the seed is good it cannot but be that the fruit is
+good also. The wind was of no ordinary force (<i>kuat</i>).</p>
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h6>New words in this Lesson to be learned by heart.</h6>
+
+<p>Beautiful, beauty, <i>molek</i>; dead, to die, <i>mati</i>; to
+believe, <i>perchaya</i>; saying, speech, <i>per-kata-an</i> (from
+<i>kata</i>, to say); to
+<span class = "pagenum">86</span>
+fear, <i>takut</i>; to write, <i>tulis</i>; night, <i>malam</i>;
+daylight, <i>siyang</i>; seed, <i>biji</i>; doing, making, fabrication,
+manufacture, <i>buat-an</i> (from <i>buat</i>, to do, to make); to go
+away, go home, <i>pulang</i>.</p>
+
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h4><a name = "lessonVII" id = "lessonVII">LESSON VII.</a></h4>
+
+<h5>On the Use of Prepositions.</h5>
+
+<p>For a list of the most useful prepositions see <i>supra</i>, p.
+63.</p>
+
+
+<h5>Examples.</h5>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>We are going <i>up</i> the mountain&mdash; <i>Kita handak naik
+ka-atas gunong.</i></p>
+<p><i>For</i> every <i>orlong</i> (land-measure) ten cents&mdash;
+<i>Pada satu orlong sa-puloh duit.</i><a class = "tag" name =
+"partII_tag3" id = "partII_tag3" href = "#partII_note3">3</a></p>
+<p>The clerks who are <i>under</i> him&mdash; <i>Krani-krani yang
+di-bawah-nia.</i></p>
+<p>Many people have settled <i>at</i> that place&mdash; <i>Baniak orang
+sudah masok di tampat itu.</i></p>
+<p>He saw it <i>from</i> outside&mdash; <i>Deri luar iya
+me-lihat-kan.</i></p>
+<p>People have remarked upon the subject <i>before</i> me (in my
+presence)&mdash; <i>Ada juga orang ter-kenang-kan hal itu di hadap-an
+sahaya.</i></p>
+<p>The Raja gave a present <i>to</i> him&mdash; <i>Raja membĕri hadia
+kapada-nia.</i></p>
+<p>Che Ismail has made preparations for marrying his daughter <i>to
+(with)</i> Haji Daud&mdash; <i>Che Ismail sudah siap handak me-nikaḥ-kan
+anak-nia dengan Haji Daud.</i></p>
+<p>They were sentenced <i>by</i> the judge&mdash; <i>Di-ḥukum-kan uleh
+ḥakim.</i></p>
+<p><i>Among</i> the four men three were wounded and one ran away&mdash;
+<i>Di-dalam ampat orang itu tiga luka satu lari.</i></p>
+<p>I want to know <i>about</i> that affair&mdash; <i>Sahaya handak tahu
+deri-pada hal itu.</i></p>
+<p>The case was begun <i>on</i> the first day of the month&mdash;
+<i>Kapada satu hari bulan di-mula-i bichara-nia.</i></p>
+<p><i>With</i> great haste&mdash; <i>Dengan sangat gopoh.</i></p>
+<p>He has gone <i>towards</i> the kitchen&mdash; <i>Sudah dia jalan
+sa-bĕlah dapor.</i></p>
+<p><i>On</i> both sides of the road&mdash; <i>Antara ka-dua bĕlah
+jalan.</i></p>
+<p><i>Regarding</i> the subject of that document&mdash; <i>Akan hal
+surat itu.</i></p>
+<p><i>After</i> a few days&mdash; <i>Lepas sadikit hari.</i></p>
+<p>He was buried <i>near</i> his father&mdash; <i>Di-ḳubur-kan dĕkat
+ayah-nia.</i></p>
+<p><i>According to</i> their circumstances&mdash; <i>Atas
+ḳadar-nia.</i></p>
+<span class = "pagenum">87</span>
+<p><i>According to</i> his strength&mdash; <i>Sa-kadar
+kuasa-nia.</i></p>
+<p>Go <i>to</i> your master&mdash; <i>Pergi sama tuan kamu.</i></p>
+<p>He inquired <i>about</i> a murder&mdash; <i>Dia preḳsa fasal
+bunoh.</i></p>
+<p>Another version <i>behind</i> your back&mdash; <i>Balik bĕlakang lain
+bichara.</i></p>
+<p><i>Between</i> earth and sky&mdash; <i>Antara bumi dan
+langit.</i></p>
+<p>To walk <i>through</i> the water&mdash; <i>Ber-jalan trus
+ayer.</i></p>
+<p><i>For the sake of</i> God&mdash; <i>Karana Allah.</i></p>
+<p><i>As far as</i> the cross-roads&mdash; <i>Hingga sempang
+jalan.</i></p>
+<p><i>Until</i> now&mdash; <i>Sampei sakarang.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5>Exercise.</h5>
+
+<p>He lives upon the hill. On the tenth day of the month. They came
+before the raja. His master gave a dollar to him. He was buried by his
+brothers. After that all went away. Among those ten persons six are men
+and four are women. As regards the subject of that case, inquiry is now
+being made. Each man received according to his circumstances. In which
+direction has he gone, towards the right or towards the left? Between
+the house and the river. How much will you receive for every pikul of
+tin? The dogs are under the house. They sat upon the ground. He arrived
+at that place with fifteen men. They remained until night.</p>
+
+<p>The following words used in this lesson should be committed to
+memory:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Clerk, <i>krani</i>; place, <i>tampat</i>; affair, subject,
+<i>hal</i>; gift, present, <i>hadia</i>; judge, <i>ḥakim</i>; order,
+sentence, <i>ḥukum</i>; case, negotiation, <i>bichara</i>; hurried,
+haste, <i>gopoh</i>; kitchen, <i>dapor</i>; a grave, <i>ḳubur</i>; to
+bury, <i>ḳubur-kan</i>; rate, condition, circumstances, <i>ḳadar</i>;
+strength, power, <i>kuasa</i>; the back, <i>bĕlakang</i>; the earth,
+<i>bumi</i>; God, <i>Allah</i>; fork (of a road), <i>sempang</i>; side,
+<i>bĕlah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>To ascend, <i>naik</i>; to reflect, consider, <i>kenang</i>; wounded,
+to wound, <i>luka</i>; to marry, <i>nikaḥ</i>; to give in marriage,
+<i>nikaḥ-kan</i>; to examine, inquire into, <i>preḳsa</i>; to kill,
+<i>bunoh</i>; to receive, <i>tĕrima</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote">
+<a name = "partII_note3" id = "partII_note3" href =
+"#partII_tag3">3.</a>
+In Penang 1 <i>duit</i> = 1 cent.; in Singapore and Malacca ¼ cent.</p>
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">88</span>
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h4><a name = "lessonVIII" id = "lessonVIII">LESSON VIII.</a></h4>
+
+
+<h5>On the Words <i>Sudah</i> and <i>Habis</i>.</h5>
+
+<h5>Substantives.</h5>
+
+<table class = "paradigm" summary = "inflection of word">
+<col width = "50%">
+<col class = "leftline">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>a lock, <i>kunchi</i>.</p>
+<p>a key, <i>anak kunchi</i>.</p>
+<p>accounts, <i>kira-kira</i>.</p>
+<p>skill, <i>ka-pandei-an</i>.</p>
+<p>anger, <i>ka-marah-an</i>.</p>
+<p>small-pox, <i>ka-tumboh-an</i>.</p>
+<p>loss, <i>rugi</i>.</p>
+<p>disease, <i>penyakit</i>.</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>an egg, <i>tĕlor</i>.</p>
+<p>an axe, <i>kapak</i>.</p>
+<p>the foot, <i>kaki</i>.</p>
+<p>cold (in the head), <i>sardi</i>.</p>
+<p>dagger, kris, <i>kris</i>.</p>
+<p>rocks, reef, <i>karang</i>.</p>
+<p>a fine, <i>denda</i>.</p>
+<p>blemish, <i>chachat</i>.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h5>Verbs.</h5>
+
+<table class = "paradigm" summary = "inflection of word">
+<col width = "50%">
+<col class = "leftline">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>to lock, <i>kunchi-kan</i>.</p>
+<p>to try, attempt, <i>choba</i>.</p>
+<p>to expend, <i>bĕlanja</i>.</p>
+<p>to be silent, <i>diam</i>.</p>
+<p>to break, <i>pechah</i>.</p>
+<p>to stab, <i>tikam</i>.</p>
+<p>to beat, <i>pukul</i>.</p>
+<p>to be destroyed, <i>binasa</i>.</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>to burn, <i>bakar</i>; burnt, <i>ter-bakar</i>.</p>
+<p>to be angry, <i>marah</i>.</p>
+<p>to loose, <i>lepas</i>; loosed <i>ter-lepas</i>.</p>
+<p>to disobey, <i>bantah</i>.</p>
+<p>to cheat, <i>tipu</i>.</p>
+<p>to be damaged, <i>rosak</i>.</p>
+<p>to rob, <i>samun</i>.</p>
+<p>to bite (as a snake), <i>pagut</i>.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h5>Adjectives.</h5>
+
+<table class = "paradigm" summary = "inflection of word">
+<col width = "50%">
+<col class = "leftline">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>guilty, <i>salah</i>.</p>
+<p>black, <i>hitam</i>.</p>
+<p>slow, <i>lambat</i>.</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>rotten, <i>busuk</i>.</p>
+<p>severe, <i>tĕrok</i>.</p>
+<p>fit, suitable, probable, <i>harus</i>.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h5>Adverbs.</h5>
+
+<table class = "paradigm" summary = "inflection of word">
+<col width = "50%">
+<col class = "leftline">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>quickly, <i>lăkas</i>.</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>slowly, <i>perlahan</i>.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><i>Sudah</i> is classed as an adverb, but its most common use is to
+serve as a kind of auxiliary verb in forming the past tenses. It is
+translateable, according to the context, by the words and
+<span class = "pagenum">89</span>
+phrases, has, had; has, have, and had been, or become; done, finished,
+completed, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p><i>Habis</i> signifies done, finished, exhausted, expended; utterly,
+completely. The use of these words with verbs will be seen from the
+following examples:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<h5>Examples.</h5>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>Have you locked the door?&mdash; <i>Sudah kunchi-kan
+pintu-kah?</i></p>
+<p>I have&mdash; <i>Sudah.</i></p>
+<p>When I reached the house he was already there (lit. had become
+present before)&mdash; <i>Tatkala sahaya sampei di rumah dia sudah ada
+dahulu.</i></p>
+<p>It is not yet finished&mdash; <i>Belum sudah.</i></p>
+<p>It is half finished (just being finished)&mdash; <i>Tengah handak
+sudah.</i></p>
+<p>Nearly finished&mdash; <i>Dekat mahu sudah.</i></p>
+<p>Long ago&mdash; <i>Lama sudah.</i></p>
+<p>A month ago, more or less&mdash; <i>Lebih korang sa’bulan
+sudah.</i></p>
+<p>That is enough&mdash; <i>Sudah-lah.</i></p>
+<p>It has gone bad&mdash; <i>Sudah busuk.</i></p>
+<p>It is over&mdash; <i>Sudah habis.</i></p>
+<p>His father is an old man (has become old)&mdash; <i>Bapa-nia sudah
+tuah.</i></p>
+<p>Try to complete this&mdash; <i>Choba-lah bagi sudah.</i></p>
+<p>He understands (has arrived at understanding) accounts very
+well&mdash; <i>Pasal kira-kira sudah iya harti baik-baik.</i></p>
+<p>Now it is (has become) near&mdash; <i>Sakarang sudah dĕkat.</i></p>
+<p>They are all dead and gone&mdash; <i>Sumua-nia mati habis.</i></p>
+<p>Entirely destroyed&mdash; <i>Habis binasa.</i></p>
+<p>It is all spent&mdash; <i>Sudah bĕlanja habis.</i></p>
+<p>When he had finished speaking&mdash; <i>Apabila sudah habis
+chakap.</i></p>
+<p>All were quite silent&mdash; <i>Habis-lah diam sumua.</i></p>
+<p>The utmost of his skill&mdash; <i>Sa-habis ka-pandei-an dia.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5>Exercise.</h5>
+
+<p>He is dead. He died long ago. He had made preparations for going
+away. Are they all ready? The workman says that the box is not yet
+finished. He has gone to Malacca. I have seen this before. The tea is
+finished. All the eggs are broken. The house was entirely burnt. He
+spent all his father’s money. Finish that quickly. They have gone back
+to their own country. That house is nearly finished. I arrived here a
+year ago. When you have finished writing that letter go home. It is now
+at a distance. I am just finishing this letter.</p>
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">90</span>
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h4><a name = "lessonIX" id = "lessonIX">LESSON IX.</a></h4>
+
+
+<h5>On the Verb <i>Kĕna</i>.</h5>
+
+<p><i>Kĕna</i>, in the sense of “to incur,” is frequently used with
+other words to express the passive mood. Thus, instead of “he was
+fined,” Malays will say “he incurred a fine;” instead of “he was
+blamed,” “he incurred anger.” <i>Kĕna</i> also means to touch, strike,
+hit, affect. <i>Kĕna apa?</i> “affected by what?” is frequently
+pronounced as a single word, <i>kenapa</i>, meaning “why?”</p>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>He was prosecuted&mdash; <i>Dia kĕna bichara.</i></p>
+<p>They were sentenced to five years each&mdash; <i>Kĕna hukum atas
+sa’orang lima tahun.</i></p>
+<p>He incurred the displeasure of his father&mdash; <i>Dia kĕna
+ka-marah-an deri-pada bapa-nia.</i></p>
+<p>The axe slipped in his hand and took effect on the back of his
+leg&mdash; <i>Ter lepas di tangan kapak itu, kĕna di bĕlakang
+kaki-nia.</i></p>
+<p>Those who have not yet had small-pox&mdash; <i>Orang yang belum kĕna
+ka-tumboh-an.</i><a class = "tag" name = "partII_tag4" id =
+"partII_tag4" href = "#partII_note4">4</a></p>
+<p>If any one disobeys he will be fined five dollars&mdash; <i>Kalau ada
+siapa ban tah nanti kĕna denda lima ringgit.</i></p>
+<p>I have been cheated&mdash; <i>Sahaya sudah kĕna tipu.</i></p>
+<p>He has been found guilty&mdash; <i>Dia sudah kĕna salah.</i></p>
+<p>He died of a snake-bite&mdash; <i>Dia mati kĕna pagut ular.</i></p>
+<p>That won’t do (does not hit it)&mdash; <i>Ta’ kĕna bagitu.</i></p>
+<p>Don’t go there, you may be injured&mdash; <i>Jangan pergi sana,
+barangkali kĕna satu apa-apa.</i></p>
+<p>I am always catching cold&mdash; <i>Salalu sahaya kĕna sardi.</i><a
+class = "tag" name = "partII_tag5" id = "partII_tag5" href =
+"#partII_note5">5</a></p>
+<p>If the medicine does not take effect it is likely that the disease
+will take a long time to be cured (<i>i.e.</i>, the patient will
+probably die)&mdash; <i>Kalau tiada kĕna ubat-nia harus juga lambat baik
+penyakit itu.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "partII_note4" id = "partII_note4" href =
+"#partII_tag4">4.</a>
+The Malay word for small-pox differs in various localities. In Penang
+the common word is <i>ka-tumboh-an</i> (lit. <i>eruption</i>); in
+Malacca and Singapore, <i>chachar</i>; in Perak, <i>si-tawar</i> and
+<i>sakit orang baik</i> (lit. “disease of the good people,” a euphuism);
+in some parts of Borneo, <i>puru nasi</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "partII_note5" id = "partII_note5" href =
+"#partII_tag5">5.</a>
+<i>Sardi</i> (Persian and Hindustani) is the word used by the Malays of
+Penang. <i>Selesima</i> and <i>selimat</i> generally mean more than a
+mere cold in the head.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5>Exercise.</h5>
+
+<p>He died of a stab with a <i>kris</i>. He was put to great expense.
+The ship was damaged by striking on the rocks. They were
+<span class = "pagenum">91</span>
+fined twenty dollars each. It did not receive a single blemish. Those
+who disobey will be prosecuted. He was very severely beaten. What has
+happened to the dog that he limps like that? He has been robbed on the
+road. He suffered no small loss. That place won’t do. This letter has
+been blackened by fire. Yesterday he incurred his master’s anger.</p>
+
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h4><a name = "lessonX" id = "lessonX">LESSON X.</a></h4>
+
+
+<h5>On the Verbs <i>Buleh</i>, <i>Bahagi</i>, &amp;c.</h5>
+
+<p>The verbs <i>buleh</i>, can, or to be able; <i>bahagi</i>, to give
+(lit. to divide); <i>kasih</i> and <i>bĕri</i>, to give, grant; and
+<i>biar</i>, to permit, to suffer, are frequently used to govern other
+verbs, which they invariably precede.</p>
+
+<p><i>Buleh</i> is a contraction of <i>ber-uleh</i>, a verb formed from
+the preposition <i>uleh</i>, by, by means of. The primary meaning of
+<i>ber-uleh</i> or <i>buleh</i> is to obtain, effect, and hence it has
+come to mean “to be able.” The original sense of the word may be seen in
+such sentences as <i>ber-uleh per-minta-an</i>, to obtain (compliance
+with) a request; <i>sudah-kah buleh anak?</i> have you had a child?</p>
+
+
+<h5>Examples.</h5>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>How can one know?&mdash; <i>Mana buleh tahu?</i></p>
+<p>Can you read English?&mdash; <i>Kamu buleh-kah mem-bacha surat
+Inggris?</i></p>
+<p>It is not to be calculated&mdash; <i>Tiada-lah buleh handak
+di-kira-kira lagi.</i></p>
+<p>Every month I remind (give to remember) him&mdash; <i>Tiap-tiap bulan
+ada hamba-tuan bĕri ingat.</i></p>
+<p>To feed (lit. give to eat)&mdash; <i>Bĕri makan.</i></p>
+<p>Just read that and let me hear it&mdash; <i>Choba bacha itu biar
+sahaya dengar.</i></p>
+<p>I wished to speak to him, but they would not let me&mdash; <i>Sahaya
+handak chakap dengan dia orang ta’ bahagi.</i></p>
+<p>He informed (gave to know) the Penghulu&mdash; <i>Dia bĕri tahu
+kapada Penghulu.</i></p>
+<p>Send those people away&mdash; <i>Kasih pulang orang-orang
+itu.</i></p>
+<p>Let it fall&mdash; <i>Biar jatoh.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5>Exercise.</h5>
+
+<p>I cannot open the door. He tried to stab him, but could not touch
+him. Let him strike. Let the axe drop. His brother
+<span class = "pagenum">92</span>
+cannot understand the accounts. Let that child go back to the house. I
+wanted to give him a little tea, but they would not permit it. The raja
+sent (gave to go) messengers. He brought (gave to come) his wife and
+children. Can I live here? I have searched, but I cannot find it. He
+lets them come into the house. When can you come?</p>
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<p>Request, <i>per-minta-an</i>, from <i>minta</i>, to ask; messenger,
+<i>lit.</i> one ordered, <i>penyuroh</i>, from <i>suroh</i>, to order;
+to remember, <i>ingat</i>; to read, <i>bacha</i>; to fall, <i>jatoh</i>;
+every, <i>tiap-tiap</i>.</p>
+
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h4><a name = "lessonXI" id = "lessonXI">LESSON XI.</a></h4>
+
+<h5>On the Verbs <i>Langsong</i>, <i>Lalu</i>, <i>&amp;c.</i></h5>
+
+
+<p>In describing a proceeding which involves motion to a place or
+continuous action on the part of some person or thing, it is common to
+use the words <i>langsong</i>, <i>lanjar</i> or <i>lanchar</i>, and
+<i>lalu</i>, to proceed, go, direct one’s course. Their signification in
+a sentence is not easily translateable in English, but it is perhaps
+best rendered by the English idiom, to <i>go and</i> do a thing.
+Sometimes the effect is that of the adverbs “immediately,” “at last,”
+“incontinently,” “forthwith,” “altogether.” <i>Langsong</i> is generally
+used in Penang, but in Perak the Malays generally use <i>lanjar</i> in
+the same sense.</p>
+
+
+<h5>Examples.</h5>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>Intending to cook (food), to go and burn it&mdash; <i>Handak masak
+langsong hangus.</i></p>
+<p>He went to Meccah and never returned&mdash; <i>Dia pergi ka-Makah
+lanjar ta’ balik.</i></p>
+<p>The pony fell down and immediately died&mdash; <i>Rĕbah kuda itu
+langsong mati.</i></p>
+<p>He journeyed to Singapore and thence on to Johor&mdash;
+<i>Ber-laiar-lah dia ka-Singgapura lalu ka-Johor.</i></p>
+<p>He spat it out and then went and licked it up again&mdash; <i>Sudah
+ludah lalu di-jilat</i> (a proverb).</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">93</span>
+<p>He took a knife and forthwith stabbed him&mdash; <i>Dia ambil pisau
+langsong tikam.</i></p>
+<p>He visited the districts down the river and thence went on to
+Kampar&mdash; <i>Dia pergi ka-daira rantau hilir, lanjar
+ka-Kampar.</i></p>
+<p>He has gone altogether&mdash; <i>Dia sudah pergi langsong.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Lalu</i> is often used in the sense of “can,” “able,” instead of
+<i>buleh</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>I cannot do it&mdash; <i>Sahaya ta’ lalu buat.</i></p>
+<p>For a day or two past she has been unable to eat&mdash; <i>Sudah satu
+dua hari dia ta’ lalu makan nasi.</i><a class = "tag" name =
+"partII_tag6" id = "partII_tag6" href = "#partII_note6">6</a></p>
+<p>Will fish swallow a bare hook?&mdash; <i>Ada-kah ikan lalu me-makan
+mata kail sahaja?</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5>Exercise.</h5>
+
+<p>He got up and forthwith went away. He was very angry, and at once
+ordered him to go out. The ship struck on a rock and immediately sunk.
+He ate rice and then went to sleep. He stabbed him twice and immediately
+ran away. He came out of the house and at once fell down. He returned to
+his country and died there. Do you intend to go direct to Johor?</p>
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<p>To cook, <i>masak</i>; to burn, <i>hangus</i>; to fall down,
+<i>rĕbah</i>; to return, <i>balik</i>; to spit, <i>ludah</i>; to lick,
+<i>jilat</i>; to take, <i>ambil</i>; to eat, <i>makan</i>; to go out,
+<i>kaluar</i>; to sink, <i>tinggalam</i>; a sail, <i>laiar</i>; to sail;
+<i>ber-laiar</i>; a knife, <i>pisau</i>; a district, <i>daira</i>; rice,
+<i>bĕras</i>; boiled rice, <i>nasi</i>; fish-hook, <i>mata kail</i>;
+reach of a river, <i>rantau</i>; down-stream, <i>hilir</i>; up-stream,
+<i>hulu</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote">
+<a name = "partII_note6" id = "partII_note6" href =
+"#partII_tag6">6.</a>
+<i>Makan nasi</i>, eat rice. Malays do not, like us, say simply eat,
+read, write. It is more idiomatic to say, eat rice, read book, write
+letter.</p>
+
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h4><a name = "lessonXII" id = "lessonXII">LESSON XII.</a></h4>
+
+
+<h5>On the Words <i>Sampat</i> and <i>Dan</i>.</h5>
+
+<p><i>Sampat</i>, to be able, competent to, opportunity, fit time; and
+<i>dan</i>, occasion, opportunity, fit time, are two useful words which
+are employed with verbs in much the same manner as <i>buleh</i>,
+<i>lalu</i>, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">94</span>
+<p>In some parts of the peninsula (Perak, for example), <i>sampang</i>
+is used instead of <i>sampat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>These words are used more generally to state a negative proposition
+than an affirmative one.</p>
+
+
+<h5>Examples.</h5>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>They are not able to stand&mdash; <i>Tiada-lah sampat iya
+ber-diri.</i></p>
+<p>There was not time (for the fire) to spread to the inner part of the
+house, but (it was confined) to the cook-room&mdash; <i>Tiada sampang
+di-makan sampei ka-dalam rumah hania sa-bĕlah dapor sahaja.</i></p>
+<p>There was no time to render assistance&mdash; <i>Tiada dan
+di-tulong.</i></p>
+<p>He is not in a position to resist&mdash; <i>Tiada sampat iya
+me-lawan.</i></p>
+<p>I was not in time to see him; he had already started&mdash; <i>Ta’dan
+ber-jumpa, sudah dia jalan dahulu.</i></p>
+<p>Such of them as could not gain the shore&mdash; <i>Barang yang tiada
+sampat naik ka-darat.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5>Exercise.</h5>
+
+<p>He ran away before I was able to seize him. They were unable to run
+away, for people seized them. He went away quickly, so I had no time to
+see him. That place is very far off; there is not time to reach it in
+one day. He fell down and died before one could render assistance.
+Yesterday I was in a great hurry and had not time to finish what I was
+saying. There is not time to finish it in two days. Before I could stand
+up he struck me.</p>
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<p>To stand, <i>ber-diri</i>; except, but, <i>hania</i>; to help,
+<i>tulong</i>; to resist, oppose, <i>lawan</i>; to meet, <i>jumpa</i>;
+land, <i>darat</i>; any, some, each, every, <i>barang</i>.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">95</span>
+<h3><a name = "partIII" id = "partIII">PART III.</a></h3>
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<p><span class = "firstword">The</span> preceding lessons, it is hoped,
+will have explained and illustrated in some degree the construction of
+sentences in Malay. It is now proposed to give a series of useful words
+and phrases applicable for the most part to common domestic incidents,
+so that the student may at once have at command the phrases most likely
+to be required in speaking to native servants. Unfortunately for the
+purity of the dialect spoken at the British settlements in the Straits
+of Malacca, the majority of the domestic servants there are foreigners
+(natives of India, Chinese, Javanese, &amp;c.), who seldom speak Malay
+well, either as regards style or pronunciation. It is assumed that the
+student aims at something more than clothing foreign idioms with Malay
+words, and he should be on his guard therefore against the errors of
+people of this class. Facility of expression and the accurate use of
+idioms can only be acquired by much practice in speaking with Malays,
+and by attentive study of Malay authors.</p>
+
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h4><a name = "lessonXIII" id = "lessonXIII">LESSON XIII.</a></h4>
+
+
+<div class = "example">
+<table class = "bracket three" summary = "bracketed terms">
+<tr>
+<td class = "rtbracket">
+Bring
+</td>
+<td>
+breakfast,<br>
+dinner,<br>
+luncheon,
+</td>
+<td class = "bracket three">
+<i>Bawa makan-an</i>.<a class = "tag" name = "partIII_tag1" id =
+"partIII_tag1" href = "#partIII_note1">1</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p>Put bread on the table&mdash; <i>Taroh roti di-atas meja.</i><a class
+= "tag" name = "partIII_tag2" id = "partIII_tag2" href =
+"#partIII_note2">2</a></p>
+<p>Is there any milk?&mdash; <i>Susu ada-kah?</i></p>
+<span class = "pagenum">96</span>
+<p>A little sugar&mdash; <i>Gula sadikit.</i></p>
+<p>Shut the door&mdash; <i>Tutup (<em>or</em> katup) pintu.</i></p>
+<p>Open the window&mdash; <i>Buka jandela<a class = "tag" name =
+"partIII_tag3" id = "partIII_tag3" href = "#partIII_note3">3</a>
+(<em>or</em> tingkap).</i></p>
+<p>Light the candle&mdash; <i>Pasang<a class = "tag" name =
+"partIII_tag4" id = "partIII_tag4" href = "#partIII_note4">4</a> dian<a
+class = "tag" name = "partIII_tag5" id = "partIII_tag5" href =
+"#partIII_note5">5</a> (<em>or</em> lilin).</i></p>
+<p>Put out the lamp&mdash; <i>Padam palita.</i><a class = "tag" name =
+"partIII_tag6" id = "partIII_tag6" href = "#partIII_note6">6</a></p>
+<p>I am very hungry&mdash; <i>Sahaya lapar sangat.</i></p>
+<p>Have you eaten rice?&mdash; <i>Sudah makan nasi?</i></p>
+<p>What will you drink, sir?&mdash; <i>Tuan apa handak minum?</i></p>
+<p>Go quickly&mdash; <i>Pergi lakas.</i></p>
+<p>Don’t be long&mdash; <i>Jangan lambat.</i></p>
+<p>Call him here&mdash; <i>Panggil din ka-mari.</i></p>
+<p>Tell him to come here&mdash; <i>Ajak dia kamari.</i></p>
+<p>Tell him I want to speak to him&mdash; <i>Khabar-kan dia sahaya
+handak chakap sadikit.</i></p>
+<p>Don’t make a noise&mdash; <i>Jangan engar-engar.</i></p>
+<p>Go to the right&mdash; <i>Pergi ka-kanan.</i></p>
+<p>Go towards the right&mdash; <i>Pergi sa-bĕlah kanan.</i></p>
+<p>Turn to the left&mdash; <i>Pusing sa-bĕlah kiri.</i></p>
+<p>Come&mdash; <i>Mari.</i> <i>Mari-lah.</i></p>
+<p>Come here&mdash; <i>Mari sini.</i> <i>Mari di-sini.</i> <i>Mari-lah
+ka-mari.</i></p>
+<p>Come near&mdash; <i>Mari dĕkat.</i></p>
+<p>Come quite near&mdash; <i>Mari dĕkat-dĕkat.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5>Exercise.</h5>
+
+<p>Bring some bread. Where are you going? Light the lamp quickly. Bring
+tea, sugar, and milk. Put two candles on the table. Is there any coffee?
+When you reach the cross-roads turn to the right. Eat first and then go.
+Don’t tell any one. Who is making a noise outside? He told him to come
+quite near. Light the lamp and then shut all the windows.</p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "partIII_note1" id = "partIII_note1" href =
+"#partIII_tag1">1.</a>
+Lit. eatables. Sometimes the Hindustani word <i>hazri</i> is used for
+breakfast.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "partIII_note2" id = "partIII_note2" href =
+"#partIII_tag2">2.</a>
+<i>Meza</i> or <i>meja</i>, table, is borrowed from the Persian.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "partIII_note3" id = "partIII_note3" href =
+"#partIII_tag3">3.</a>
+<i>Jandela</i> is from the Portuguese <i>janella</i>, and is applied to
+the windows of the houses of Europeans. <i>Tingkap</i> is the window or
+window-shutter of a native house.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "partIII_note4" id = "partIII_note4" href =
+"#partIII_tag4">4.</a>
+<i>Pasang</i> signifies to give action to, to apply.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "partIII_note5" id = "partIII_note5" href =
+"#partIII_tag5">5.</a>
+<i>Dian</i> is the better word. <i>Lilin</i> is literally wax.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "partIII_note6" id = "partIII_note6" href =
+"#partIII_tag6">6.</a>
+<i>Palita</i>, in Hindustani (corrupted from the Persian
+<i>patilah</i>), signifies the match of a gun, a candle, a wick used in
+sorcery.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">97</span>
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h4><a name = "lessonXIV" id = "lessonXIV">LESSON XIV.</a></h4>
+
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>I want a servant (lit. a hired man)&mdash; <i>Sahaya handak chahari
+orang gaji sa’orang.</i></p>
+<p>Where did you work before?&mdash; <i>Di-mana kerja dahulu?</i></p>
+<p>What wages do you want per month?&mdash; <i>Bĕr-apa mahu gaji pada
+sa-bulan?</i></p>
+<p>I will give seven dollars a month&mdash; <i>Sahaya handak kasih tujoh
+ringgit sa-bulan.</i></p>
+<p>Take care&mdash; <i>Jaga baik-baik.</i></p>
+<p>Hold it quite straight&mdash; <i>Pegang-lah betul-betul.</i></p>
+<p>Steady now; don’t let it slant&mdash; <i>Baik-baik-lah jangan
+singet.</i></p>
+<p>Don’t forget&mdash; <i>Jangan lupa.</i></p>
+<p>Call the syce&mdash; <i>Panggil sais.</i><a class = "tag" name =
+"partIII_tag7" id = "partIII_tag7" href = "#partIII_note7">7</a></p>
+<p>Have you cleaned the horse?&mdash; <i>Kuda sudah gosok-kah?</i></p>
+<p>Just as you please&mdash; <i>Mana suka tuan.</i></p>
+<p>Just as you may order&mdash; <i>Mana hukum tuan.</i></p>
+<p>What o’clock is it (lit. Has struck how many times)?&mdash; <i>Sudah
+pukul bĕr-apa?</i></p>
+<p>It has struck twelve&mdash; <i>Sudah pukul dua-bĕlas.</i></p>
+<p>It is half-past ten&mdash; <i>Sudah pukul sa-puloh sa-tengah.</i></p>
+<p>It wants a quarter to one&mdash; <i>Pukul satu korang suku.</i></p>
+<p>Take away those shoes&mdash; <i>Bawa pergi kasut<a class = "tag" name
+= "partIII_tag8" id = "partIII_tag8" href = "#partIII_note8">8</a>
+itu.</i></p>
+<p>Take away all the things&mdash; <i>Angkat-lah perkakas-an
+sumua.</i></p>
+<p>Get the carriage ready&mdash; <i>Siap-kan kreta</i>,<a class = "tag"
+name = "partIII_tag9" id = "partIII_tag9" href = "#partIII_note9">9</a>
+or <i>sedia-kan-lah kreta.</i></p>
+<p>Have you ordered the carriage?&mdash; <i>Kreta sudah suroh
+pasang-kah?</i></p>
+<p>Put the horse to&mdash; <i>Kĕna-kan kuda.</i></p>
+<p>A pair of horses&mdash; <i>Kuda sa-pasang.</i></p>
+<p>Saddle the black horse&mdash; <i>Bubok zin<a class = "tag" name =
+"partIII_tag10" id = "partIII_tag10" href = "#partIII_note10">10</a>
+diatas kuda hitam.</i></p>
+<p>Bring the riding-horse&mdash; <i>Bawa kuda tunggang.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5>Exercise.</h5>
+
+<p>Get dinner ready. How much do you give your syce a month? At two
+o’clock or half-past two, just as you like. I intend to dine at seven
+o’clock; don’t forget. Hold it carefully, and don’t let it fall. Where
+are all the servants? Have you
+<span class = "pagenum">98</span>
+ordered the syce to saddle the horse? Take care; this horse is rather
+vicious. At what time shall I get the carriage ready? I shall return at
+five o’clock. Call some one to hold the horse. I have brought one pair
+of shoes.</p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "partIII_note7" id = "partIII_note7" href =
+"#partIII_tag7">7.</a>
+<i>Sa’is</i> (Hindustani, derived from Arabic), groom, horsekeeper.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "partIII_note8" id = "partIII_note8" href =
+"#partIII_tag8">8.</a>
+<i>Kasut</i> is the native word, but <i>sapatu</i> (Portuguese
+<i>sapato</i>) is also extensively used to signify boots and shoes of
+European pattern.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "partIII_note9" id = "partIII_note9" href =
+"#partIII_tag9">9.</a>
+<i>Kreta</i>, Portuguese <i>carreta</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "partIII_note10" id = "partIII_note10" href =
+"#partIII_tag10">10.</a>
+<i>Zin</i>, Hindustani and Persian. <i>Palana</i> (Hindustani and
+Persian <i>patan</i>, a pack-saddle) and <i>sela</i> (Portuguese
+<i>sella</i>) are also used.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h4><a name = "lessonXV" id = "lessonXV">LESSON XV.</a></h4>
+
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>Is the cook there?&mdash; <i>Tukang<a class = "tag" name =
+"partIII_tag11" id = "partIII_tag11" href = "#partIII_note11">11</a>
+masak ada-kah?</i></p>
+<p>I keep one grass-cutter for every two horses&mdash; <i>Pada dua-dua
+ekor kuda sahaya upah tukang-rumput sa’orang.</i></p>
+<p>The gardener does not work on Friday&mdash; <i>Hari juma‘at
+tukang-kabun tiada kerja.</i></p>
+<p>Be good enough to order two pairs of shoes at the shoemaker’s&mdash;
+<i>Tulong-lah păsan pada tukang-kasut dua pasang kasut.</i></p>
+<p>What I want are shoes that lace up&mdash; <i>Yang sahaya handak itu,
+kasut yang ber-tali.</i></p>
+<p>Where does the goldsmith live?&mdash; <i>Di-mana tinggal
+tukang-mas?</i></p>
+<p>Look out for some good carpenter&mdash; <i>Chăhari-lah tukang-kayu
+mana-mana satu yang pandei sadikit.</i></p>
+<p>How much must I pay the blacksmith?&mdash; <i>Bĕrapa handak baiar
+kapada tukang bĕsi?</i></p>
+<p>The painter says it will be finished in two days&mdash; <i>Kata
+tukang-chat lagi dua hari habis-lah.</i></p>
+<p>It must be here at two o’clock without fail&mdash; <i>Mahu ada
+di-sini jam pukul dua, ta’ bulih tidak.</i></p>
+<p>I am sorry that so-and-so has not come&mdash; <i>Sayang-lah si-anu
+ta’ datang.</i></p>
+<p>What a pity!&mdash; <i>Kasih-an!</i></p>
+<p>Poor old man!&mdash; <i>Kasihan-lah orang tuah!</i></p>
+<p>On what day will the washerman come?&mdash; <i>Hari mana dobi<a class
+= "tag" name = "partIII_tag12" id = "partIII_tag12" href =
+"#partIII_note12">12</a> handak datang?</i></p>
+<p>I will not give it&mdash; <i>Sahaya ta’ mahu kasih.</i></p>
+<p>He asks too much&mdash; <i>Dia minta ter-lampau baniak.</i></p>
+<p>He asks too long a price&mdash; <i>Dia minta mahal sangat.</i></p>
+<p>Speak slowly&mdash; <i>Chakap perlahan-perlahan.</i></p>
+<p>Has he brought anything?&mdash; <i>Sudah dia bawa apa-apa?</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">99</span>
+<h5>Exercise.</h5>
+
+<p>What has the cook brought? Tell the washerman to come in three days.
+How much does he ask? Why is the gardener not working? The shoemaker was
+not at his house. Have you called the blacksmith? When will you give it
+to me? If you speak slowly I can understand. I do not want the carriage
+to-day. Be good enough to call the grass-cutter. Poor little child! The
+black horse is dead. I am sorry about that horse. Did he demand
+anything?</p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "partIII_note11" id = "partIII_note11" href =
+"#partIII_tag11">11.</a>
+<i>Tukang.</i> This word in Malay corresponds to our “<i>fellow</i>,”
+the Hindustani <i>wala</i> and the Tamul <i>karen</i>. When used, as in
+the examples above given, as part of a compound, it signifies agent,
+doer, keeper.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "partIII_note12" id = "partIII_note12" href =
+"#partIII_tag12">12.</a>
+<i>Dhobi</i> is Hindustani; <i>binara</i>, washerman, is the most
+idiomatic term, but <i>tukang-basoh</i> is often heard, also, in
+Batavia, <i>tukang menatu</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h4><a name = "lessonXVI" id = "lessonXVI">LESSON XVI.</a></h4>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>Pour out the tea&mdash; <i>Tuang ayer teh.</i></p>
+<p>This water is not hot enough&mdash; <i>Ayer ini ta’ panas
+bĕtul.</i></p>
+<p>When it is boiling bring it&mdash; <i>Apa-bila ayer men-didih
+baharu-lah bawa.</i></p>
+<p>Boil two eggs&mdash; <i>Masak tĕlor dua biji.</i></p>
+<p>Kill a fowl&mdash; <i>Potong (<em>or</em> sembilik<a class = "tag"
+name = "partIII_tag13" id = "partIII_tag13" href =
+"#partIII_note13">13</a>) hayam sa’ ekor.</i></p>
+<p>Don’t scald it; pluck the feathers out&mdash; <i>Jangan chelor,
+bulu-nia chabut satu-satu.</i></p>
+<p>Make an omelette&mdash; <i>Buat dadar telor.</i></p>
+<p>Count these knives&mdash; <i>Choba bilang pisau ini bĕrapa.</i></p>
+<p>A person has brought bread for sale&mdash; <i>Ada orang handak jual
+roti.</i></p>
+<p>Take two loaves&mdash; <i>Ambil-lah dua kĕtul.</i></p>
+<p>What kind of meat do you wish me to get?&mdash; <i>Daging apa macham
+tuan handak suroh chăhari?</i></p>
+<p>I am not particularly fond of beef&mdash; <i>Daging lumbu sahaya ta’
+bĕrapa gamar.</i></p>
+<p>See if you can get any mutton&mdash; <i>Choba preḳsa daging kambing
+barang-kali dapat kĕlak.</i><a class = "tag" name = "partIII_tag14" id =
+"partIII_tag14" href = "#partIII_note14">14</a></p>
+<p>Is the meat to be roasted or boiled?&mdash; <i>Daging handak
+panggang-kah handak rebus-kah?</i></p>
+<p>Mince it up fine&mdash; <i>Chinchang lumat-lumat.</i></p>
+<p>Don’t be troublesome&mdash; <i>Jangan bising.</i></p>
+<p>This is the fruit-season&mdash; <i>Ini-lah musim buah kayu.</i></p>
+<span class = "pagenum">100</span>
+<p>What kind of fruit is there for sale now?&mdash; <i>Apa macham buah
+orang jual sakarang?</i></p>
+<p>Mangoes, mangostins, and oranges&mdash; <i>Buah mampelam, buah
+manggis dan limau manis.</i></p>
+<p>Are there any shaddocks?&mdash; <i>Limau kadangsa ada-kah?</i></p>
+<p>Buy about a dozen limes&mdash; <i>Bĕli limau asam barang dua-bĕlas
+biji.</i></p>
+<p>The basket is full&mdash; <i>Bakul sudah pĕnoh.</i></p>
+<p>Bring a basket to put these things into&mdash; <i>Bawa-lah raga
+handak isi-kan barang-barang ini.</i></p>
+<p>This durian is unripe&mdash; <i>Buah durian ini muda lagi.</i></p>
+<p>No, sir; its pulp is delicious&mdash; <i>Tidak tuan, elok sakali
+isi-nia.</i></p>
+<p>These durians are not to be surpassed&mdash; <i>Ta’ lawan-lah buah
+durian ini.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5>Exercise.</h5>
+
+<p>I am not very fond of poultry. Why does not the cook bring a basket?
+Are not these mangoes unripe? How many mangostins are there in the
+basket? Can you make an omelette? Boil the mutton and roast the beef.
+When the water is boiling put the egg in. Count the limes which the cook
+has brought. How many loaves of bread do you take each day? He is not
+very clever at cooking.</p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "partIII_note13" id = "partIII_note13" href =
+"#partIII_tag13">13.</a>
+<i>Sembilik</i> is used only of the killing of an animal by a Muhammadan
+for consumption by Muhammadans. It is a corruption of the Arabic phrase
+Bi-smi-llāhi, which is pronounced as the animal’s throat is cut.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "partIII_note14" id = "partIII_note14" href =
+"#partIII_tag14">14.</a>
+<i>Kĕlak</i> implies a doubt, “perchance,” “may be.”</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h4><a name = "lessonXVII" id = "lessonXVII">LESSON XVII.</a></h4>
+
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>Call a hack-carriage&mdash; <i>Panggil kreta sewa.</i></p>
+<p>I want to hire this carriage to go to church&mdash; <i>Sahaya mahu
+sewa kareta ini handak pergi ka-greja.</i><a class = "tag" name =
+"partIII_tag15" id = "partIII_tag15" href = "#partIII_note15">15</a></p>
+<p>What fare shall I have to pay?&mdash; <i>Bĕrapa nanti kĕna bayar
+penyewa-nia?</i></p>
+<p>Can you get there in half-an-hour?&mdash; <i>Tengah jam buleh
+sampei-kah?</i></p>
+<p>Has the gun fired (lit. sounded)?&mdash; <i>Mariam<a class = "tag"
+name = "partIII_tag16" id = "partIII_tag16" href =
+"#partIII_note16">16</a> sudah ber-bunyi-kah?</i></p>
+<p>The cannon has gone off&mdash; <i>Mariam sudah me-letup.</i></p>
+<p>He fired a musket&mdash; <i>Dia me-letup-kan snapang.</i><a class =
+"tag" name = "partIII_tag17" id = "partIII_tag17" href =
+"#partIII_note17">17</a></p>
+<p>Let go. Leave hold&mdash; <i>Lepas tangan.</i></p>
+<p>Who is there?&mdash; <i>Siapa ada?</i></p>
+<p>Bring a light&mdash; <i>Bawa api.</i></p>
+<p>Where are the matches?&mdash; <i>Di-mana goris api?</i></p>
+<span class = "pagenum">101</span>
+<p>Say that again&mdash; <i>Choba kata lagi sakali.</i></p>
+<p>I did not quite hear&mdash; <i>Sahaya ta’ bĕrapa dengar.</i></p>
+<p>They are great liars&mdash; <i>Dia orang kuat mem-bohong.</i></p>
+<p>I dare not tell you a lie&mdash; <i>Sahaya ta’ bĕrani mem-bohong
+kapada tuan.</i></p>
+<p>I am very sorry to hear it&mdash; <i>Sahaya baniak susah hati
+men-dengar.</i></p>
+<p>Move to the right&mdash; <i>Kĕsak ka-kanan.</i></p>
+<p>This is a very large pine-apple&mdash; <i>Ter-lalu besar sa-biji
+nanas ini.</i></p>
+<p>Plantains are of various kinds&mdash; <i>Macham-macham-lah
+pisang.</i></p>
+<p>I cannot come to-morrow&mdash; <i>Besok sahaya ta’ buleh
+kamari.</i></p>
+<p>Cut this stick in two&mdash; <i>Kayu ini kĕrat dua.</i></p>
+<p>Bring some wine and water&mdash; <i>Bawa anggor sama ayer.</i></p>
+<p>Has the rain stopped?&mdash; <i>Sudah tedoh-kah hujan?</i></p>
+<p>It has moderated&mdash; <i>Ada sidang sadikit.</i></p>
+<p>The rain is very heavy&mdash; <i>Hujan lebat sakali.</i></p>
+<p>It has stopped&mdash; <i>Sudah ber-hinti.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5>Exercise.</h5>
+
+<p>Tell him to go slowly. Ask the syce for matches. Tell him to light
+the lamps. He dare not go home alone. I told him to let go. Have you
+heard the gun fire? One cannot get there in an hour. He will hire out
+(lit. give to hire) his carriage. When the rain has stopped I will go
+there. He does not drink wine. Fire off the gun again. I do not quite
+like it. He demands much too high a fare.</p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "partIII_note15" id = "partIII_note15" href =
+"#partIII_tag15">15.</a>
+<i>Greja</i>, from the Portuguese <i>iglesia</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "partIII_note16" id = "partIII_note16" href =
+"#partIII_tag16">16.</a>
+<i>Mariam</i>, taken evidently, though unconsciously, from the
+Portuguese name of the Holy Virgin. &mdash;<i>Crawfurd.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name = "partIII_note17" id = "partIII_note17" href =
+"#partIII_tag17">17.</a>
+<i>Snapang</i>, from the Dutch <i>snaphaan</i>. <!-- ph here is not an
+f-like sound, but two separate consonants: snap-haan - gun where the
+haan (cock) went off with a snap. Couldn’t resist looking it up :)
+--></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h4><a name = "lessonXVIII" id = "lessonXVIII">LESSON XVIII.</a></h4>
+
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>Is dinner ready?&mdash; <i>Makan-an sudah sedia-kah?</i></p>
+<p>I have invited five gentlemen to dine here this evening&mdash;
+<i>Sudah sahaya per-sila-kan tuan-tuan lima orang me-makan di-sini malam
+ini.</i></p>
+<p>You must cool the wine well&mdash; <i>-Mahu-lah sejuk-kan anggor
+baik-baik.</i></p>
+<p>If there is not enough saltpetre get more&mdash; <i>Kalau korang
+sendawa ambil-lah lagi.</i></p>
+<p>There is plenty of ice&mdash; <i>Ayer băku<a class = "tag" name =
+"partIII_tag18" id = "partIII_tag18" href = "#partIII_note18">18</a> ada
+baniak.</i></p>
+<p>What is the price of Bengal potatoes by the catty?&mdash; <i>Ubi
+Benggala bĕrapa harga sa-kati?</i></p>
+<p>Wipe the spoons and forks with a cloth&mdash; <i>Senduk garfu
+sumua-nia sapu-lah sama kain.</i></p>
+<span class = "pagenum">102</span>
+<p>There is a hole in this tablecloth&mdash; <i>Kain meja ini
+ber-lobang.</i></p>
+<p>It caught on a nail and was torn&mdash; <i>Sudah ter-sangkut
+di-hujong paku langsong koyah-lah.</i></p>
+<p>Some gravy was spilt on it&mdash; <i>Kuah di-tumpah
+di-atas-nia.</i></p>
+<p>Let the vegetables be perfectly hot&mdash; <i>Sayur-sayur biar hangat
+sakali.</i></p>
+<p>It is difficult to get fish at this hour&mdash; <i>Ikan payah
+di-chahari bagini hari.</i></p>
+<p>The pomfret is better than the sole&mdash; <i>Baik ikan bawal
+deri-pada ikan lidah.</i></p>
+<p>He is washing the plates&mdash; <i>Dia mem-basoh piring.</i></p>
+<p>That lad is very handy&mdash; <i>Chĕpat sakali budak itu.</i></p>
+<p>Pull out the cork&mdash; <i>Chabut penyumbat.</i><a class = "tag"
+name = "partIII_tag19" id = "partIII_tag19" href =
+"#partIII_note19">19</a></p>
+<p>Put in the cork&mdash; <i>Bubok-lah penyumbat.</i></p>
+<p>Do you want this bottle for any purpose?&mdash; <i>Tuan handak
+ber-guna-kan balang<a class = "tag" name = "partIII_tag20" id =
+"partIII_tag20" href = "#partIII_note20">20</a> ini?</i></p>
+<p>Bring finger-glasses (lit. water to wash the hands)&mdash; <i>Bawa
+ayer basoh tangan.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5>Exercise.</h5>
+
+<p>Wipe this table. Don’t give the washerman the tablecloths which have
+holes. It is difficult to get ice here. Bengal potatoes are better than
+those from China. Wash your hands first. I am very fond of ice. Put two
+spoons and two forks on the table. Let the water be very cold. Perhaps I
+shall want it some day. I came here having been invited<a class = "tag"
+name = "partIII_tag21" id = "partIII_tag21" href =
+"#partIII_note21">21</a> by Mr. <span class =
+"dash">&mdash;&mdash;</span>.</p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "partIII_note18" id = "partIII_note18" href =
+"#partIII_tag18">18.</a>
+Lit. “congealed water;” <i>ayer batu</i>, “stone water” is also used,
+but less correctly.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "partIII_note19" id = "partIII_note19" href =
+"#partIII_tag19">19.</a>
+<i>Penyumbat</i>, a stopper, from <i>sumbat</i>, to stop up, close.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "partIII_note20" id = "partIII_note20" href =
+"#partIII_tag20">20.</a>
+<i>Balang</i> is the native word for a flask or bottle, but is seldom
+heard in the British settlements, where the English word “bottle” is
+generally understood.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "partIII_note21" id = "partIII_note21" href =
+"#partIII_tag21">21.</a>
+<i>Di-per-sila-kan uleh.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h4><a name = "lessonXIX" id = "lessonXIX">LESSON XIX.</a></h4>
+
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>Look at this for a moment&mdash; <i>Choba tengoh ini
+sa-buntar.</i></p>
+<p>Let me see it&mdash; <i>Biar sahaya me-lihat.</i></p>
+<p>Do you see that man who is looking in front of him?&mdash; <i>Kamu
+nampa-kah orang itu yang pandang ka-hadap?</i></p>
+<p>I did not pay particular attention&mdash; <i>Sahaya ta’ bĕrapa
+per-hati-kan.</i></p>
+<p>I don’t quite know (lit. I have insufficiently inquired)&mdash;
+<i>Sahaya korang preḳsa.</i></p>
+<p>Pick out those that are torn&mdash; <i>Pilih yang ter-koyah.</i></p>
+<span class = "pagenum">103</span>
+<p>How many pairs of white trousers are there?&mdash; <i>Saluar puteh
+ada bĕr apa hălei?</i></p>
+<p>Give me a shirt&mdash; <i>Kasih kameja<a class = "tag" name =
+"partIII_tag22" id = "partIII_tag22" href = "#partIII_note22">22</a>
+sa’lei.</i><a class = "tag" name = "partIII_tag23" id = "partIII_tag23"
+href = "#partIII_note23">23</a></p>
+<p>Thick material (<i>e.g.</i>, blanket, rug, flannel)&mdash; <i>Kain
+panas.</i></p>
+<p>Any cloth or garment for wrapping round the body (<i>e.g.</i>, sheet,
+coverlet)&mdash; <i>Sălimut.</i></p>
+<p>Fold up this handkerchief&mdash; <i>Lipat sapu-tangan ini.</i></p>
+<p>He was lying wrapped up with a blanket&mdash; <i>Dia tidor-lah
+ber-sălimut kain panas.</i></p>
+<p>They wrapped him round with a sarong&mdash; <i>Di-sălimut-kan-nia
+kain sarong.</i></p>
+<p>There is one pair of socks too few&mdash; <i>Sarong kaki ada korang
+sa-pasang.</i></p>
+<p>My waist-belt has disappeared&mdash; <i>Tali pinggang sudah ta’ nampa
+lagi.</i></p>
+<p>Bolt the door&mdash; <i>Kanching-kan-lah pintu.</i></p>
+<p>Knock at the door before coming in&mdash; <i>Kĕtok pintu dahulu
+baharu-lah masok.</i></p>
+<p>I am going to bathe now&mdash; <i>Sahaya handak mandi
+sakarang.</i></p>
+<p>Is there any water for bathing?&mdash; <i>Ayer mandi ada-kah?</i></p>
+<p>The tub is full&mdash; <i>Tong sudah pĕnoh.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "partIII_note22" id = "partIII_note22" href =
+"#partIII_tag22">22.</a>
+<i>Kameja</i>, Portuguese <i>camiza</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "partIII_note23" id = "partIII_note23" href =
+"#partIII_tag23">23.</a>
+See <i>supra</i>, <a href = "#numeral_5">p. 70</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5>Exercise.</h5>
+
+<p>Just look at this shirt; it is torn. Bring me a pair of thick
+trousers. Is the door bolted? Have you seen my waist-belt anywhere? Let
+me see that handkerchief for a moment. He knocked at the door, but you
+did not hear him. I am going down to bathe. Pick out about five good
+ones. I look ahead of me, not behind me. He said that he had not
+inquired. Fold up these sheets.</p>
+
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h4><a name = "lessonXX" id = "lessonXX">LESSON XX.</a></h4>
+
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>Have you fed the dogs?&mdash; <i>Anjing sudah kasih
+makan-kah?</i></p>
+<p>Did you deliver that letter?&mdash; <i>Surat itu sudah
+sĕrah-kah?</i></p>
+<p>Is there any answer?&mdash; <i>Ada jawab<a class = "tag" name =
+"partIII_tag24" id = "partIII_tag24" href = "#partIII_note24">24</a>-nia
+apa-apa?</i></p>
+<p>The master sends his compliments&mdash; <i>Tuan kirim tabek
+baniak-baniak.</i></p>
+<p>There are a great many mosquitoes here&mdash; <i>Nyamok ter-lampau
+baniak di-sini.</i></p>
+<span class = "pagenum">104</span>
+<p>I don’t much like living here&mdash; <i>Sahaya ta’ bĕr-apa suka
+duduk<a class = "tag" name = "partIII_tag25" id = "partIII_tag25" href =
+"#partIII_note25">25</a> di-sini.</i></p>
+<p>I was disgusted at hearing him speak like that&mdash; <i>Sahaya
+binchi men-dengar per-kata-an-nia yang bagitu.</i></p>
+<p>Are you on good terms with so-and-so?&mdash; <i>Kamu sama si-anu ada
+baik-kah?</i></p>
+<p>Mr. <span class = "dash">&mdash;&mdash;</span> was very angry with
+him&mdash; <i>Marah sa-kali Tuan <span class =
+"dash">&mdash;&mdash;</span> kapada-nia.</i></p>
+<p>I do not venture to interfere&mdash; <i>Sahaya ta’ bĕrani
+champor.</i></p>
+<p>Don’t interrupt&mdash; <i>Jangan masok-kan mulut.</i></p>
+<p>Mix both together&mdash; <i>Champor-lah dua-dua.</i></p>
+<p>I must have onions, pepper, salt, and chillies&mdash; <i>Mahu-lah
+bawang lada garam sama chabei.</i></p>
+<p>Don’t use cocoa-nut oil&mdash; <i>Jangan pakei minyak kalapa.</i></p>
+<p>She sits weeping day and night&mdash; <i>Dia duduk menangis siyang
+malam.</i></p>
+<p>This will do as a pattern&mdash; <i>Ini-lah jadi chonto.</i></p>
+<p>He made a model of a house&mdash; <i>Di-buat-kan-nia achu-an
+rumah.</i></p>
+<p>Where is the bullet-mould?&mdash; <i>Achu-an peluru<a class = "tag"
+name = "partIII_tag26" id = "partIII_tag26" href =
+"#partIII_note26">26</a> dimana?</i></p>
+<p>My mind is made up&mdash; <i>Tĕtap-lah hati sahaya.</i></p>
+<p>I very much wish (lit. the vow of my heart is) to have a
+garden&mdash; <i>Niat hati sahaya handak ber-kabun.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5>Exercise.</h5>
+
+<p>I did not dare to go near. Put some pepper and salt into it and then
+mix it well. They have delivered up all the muskets. He is not on very
+good terms with his wife. I like to look at it. He said he would send an
+answer. Don’t be angry with the boys. If you give the carpenter a model
+he can make anything. I would ask for a little bit of this cloth as a
+pattern. Give my compliments to your master.</p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "partIII_note24" id = "partIII_note24" href =
+"#partIII_tag24">24.</a>
+<i>Jawab</i> (a word of Arabic derivation) has been borrowed by the
+Malays from Hindustani.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "partIII_note25" id = "partIII_note25" href =
+"#partIII_tag25">25.</a>
+<i>Duduk</i>, to sit, means also (in some districts) to live,
+inhabit.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "partIII_note26" id = "partIII_note26" href =
+"#partIII_tag26">26.</a>
+<i>Pe-luru</i>, a missile, “that which goes direct,” a substantive
+formed by the particle <i>pe-</i> and the word <i>lurus</i>, direct,
+straight.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h4><a name = "lessonXXI" id = "lessonXXI">LESSON XXI.</a></h4>
+
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>Can you sew?&mdash; <i>Kamu tahu-kah menjahit<ins class =
+"correction" title = "text has .">?&nbsp;</ins></i></p>
+<p>The tailor has come&mdash; <i>Tukang jahit sudah datang.</i></p>
+<p>This does not fit me&mdash; <i>Ta’ bĕtul ini dengan badan<a class =
+"tag" name = "partIII_tag27" id = "partIII_tag27" href =
+"#partIII_note27">27</a> sahaya.</i></p>
+<p>Measure the length of this&mdash; <i>Hukur-lah panjang-nia.</i></p>
+<span class = "pagenum">105</span>
+<p>Just hold this for a moment&mdash; <i>Tulong pegang ini sa‘at.</i><a
+class = "tag" name = "partIII_tag28" id = "partIII_tag28" href =
+"#partIII_note28">28</a></p>
+<p>Wait a moment&mdash; <i>Nanti sa‘at.</i></p>
+<p>He has a bad foot&mdash; <i>Kaki-nia sakit.</i></p>
+<p>He was wounded between the ankle and the heel&mdash; <i>Dia kĕna luka
+antara mata kaki dan tumit.</i></p>
+<p>Her neck was swollen&mdash; <i>Bongkok-lah batang leher-nia.</i></p>
+<p>From the nape of the neck down to the feet&mdash; <i>Deri tangkuk
+hingga kaki.</i></p>
+<p>He put his arm under his head (lit. he made a pillow of his
+forearm)&mdash; <i>Dia mem-bantal-kan lengan.</i></p>
+<p>His knee-pan was broken&mdash; <i>Patah-lah tempurong<a class = "tag"
+name = "partIII_tag29" id = "partIII_tag29" href =
+"#partIII_note29">29</a> lutut-nia.</i></p>
+<p>A skull was found in the river&mdash; <i>Di-jumpa tengkurak di-dalam
+sungei.</i></p>
+<p>As big as one’s finger&mdash; <i>Besar jari.</i></p>
+<p>The thumb&mdash; <i>Ibu jari</i> or <i>ibu tangan.</i></p>
+<p>The forefinger&mdash; <i>Jari telunjuk.</i></p>
+<p>The middle finger&mdash; <i>Jari tengah</i>, <i>jari mati</i>, or
+<i>jari hantu.</i></p>
+<p>The fourth finger&mdash; <i>Jari manis.</i></p>
+<p>The little finger&mdash; <i>Jari kelingking.</i></p>
+<p>His right arm was dislocated&mdash; <i>Tangan kanan-nia sudah salah
+urat.</i></p>
+<p>He has a beard&mdash; <i>Dia ber-janggut.</i></p>
+<p>One seldom sees a Chinese with a moustache&mdash; <i>Jarang ber-jumpa
+orang China ber-misei.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5>Exercise.</h5>
+
+<p>Show the tailor a pair of white trousers. My little finger is
+swollen. Hold this stick for a moment. He was stabbed in the leg near
+the knee. Both his arms were broken. Be good enough to sew this. I was
+much concerned at seeing him; he is suffering greatly. A stick as thick
+as my forearm. He was struck on the back of the neck. She wore a ring<a
+class = "tag" name = "partIII_tag30" id = "partIII_tag30" href =
+"#partIII_note30">30</a> on her fourth finger.</p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "partIII_note27" id = "partIII_note27" href =
+"#partIII_tag27">27.</a>
+<i>Badan</i>, Arabic, adopted in Hindustani also; <i>tuboh</i> is the
+native word; <i>salira</i> (Sansk.) is also found.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "partIII_note28" id = "partIII_note28" href =
+"#partIII_tag28">28.</a>
+More correctly <i>sa-sa‘at</i>, one moment. <i>Sa‘at</i> (Arabic) is
+found in Hindustani also.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "partIII_note29" id = "partIII_note29" href =
+"#partIII_tag29">29.</a>
+The primary meaning of <i>tempurong</i> is “cocoa-nut shell.”</p>
+
+<p><a name = "partIII_note30" id = "partIII_note30" href =
+"#partIII_tag30">30.</a>
+<i>Chinchin.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">106</span>
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h4><a name = "lessonXXII" id = "lessonXXII">LESSON XXII.</a></h4>
+
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>Bring my hat and riding-whip&mdash; <i>Bawa topi<a class = "tag" name
+= "partIII_tag31" id = "partIII_tag31" href = "#partIII_note31">31</a>
+dengan rotan.</i><a class = "tag" name = "partIII_tag32" id =
+"partIII_tag32" href = "#partIII_note32">32</a></p>
+<p>What is this candle made of?&mdash; <i>Dian ini di-buat dengan
+apa?</i></p>
+<p>Give me pen and ink&mdash; <i>Kasih kalam<a class = "tag" name =
+"partIII_tag33" id = "partIII_tag33" href = "#partIII_note33">33</a>
+sama dawat.</i><a class = "tag" name = "partIII_tag34" id =
+"partIII_tag34" href = "#partIII_note34">34</a></p>
+<p>That man is deaf and dumb&mdash; <i>Orang itu bisu.</i></p>
+<p>His hair is very long&mdash; <i>Panjang sakali rambut-nia.</i></p>
+<p>What is your occupation?&mdash; <i>Apa pen-chahari-an angkau?</i></p>
+<p>He cultivates padi for a livelihood&mdash; <i>Dia buat bendang<a
+class = "tag" name = "partIII_tag35" id = "partIII_tag35" href =
+"#partIII_note35">35</a> men-chahari makan.</i></p>
+<p>Is so-and-so alive still, or is he dead?&mdash; <i>Si-anu ada-kah
+lagi hidop atau mati-kah?</i></p>
+<p>This cloth is very dirty&mdash; <i>Kotor sakali kain ini.</i></p>
+<p>His house was entered by robbers last night&mdash; <i>Rumah dia
+di-masok peny-amun sa-malam.</i></p>
+<p>They made off with a good many things&mdash; <i>Baniak juga
+barang-barang dia orang angkat bawa pergi.</i></p>
+<p>All were fast asleep, not one was awake&mdash; <i>Sumua orang tidor
+lena sa-orang pun tiada jaga.</i></p>
+<p>I keep my box under my bed&mdash; <i>Peti sahaya simpan di-bawah
+tampat tidor.</i></p>
+<p>I sleep on an iron bedstead&mdash; <i>Sahaya tidor di-atas katil<a
+class = "tag" name = "partIII_tag36" id = "partIII_tag36" href =
+"#partIII_note36">36</a> besi.</i></p>
+<p>My two children sleep in the loft&mdash; <i>Anak-anak sahaya dua
+orang tidor di para.</i></p>
+<p>There was a policeman watching in the street&mdash; <i>Ada mata-mata
+sa’orang men-jaga di jalan.</i></p>
+<p>He ran very fast and could not be caught&mdash; <i>Dia lari ter-lalu
+dĕras ta’ sămpat orang menangkap.</i></p>
+<p>The policeman chased him down to the river-bank&mdash; <i>Mata-mata
+kejar juga sampei ka-tepi sungei.</i></p>
+<p>Sometimes he comes in the morning, sometimes in the middle of the
+day&mdash; <i>Kadang-kadang dia datang pagi-pagi, kadang-kadang tengah
+hari.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">107</span>
+<h5>Exercise.<a class = "tag" name = "partIII_tag37" id =
+"partIII_tag37" href = "#partIII_note37">37</a></h5>
+
+<p>Ada sa-orang binara memelehra-kan sa-ekor kaldei maka ‘adat-nia pada
+tiap-tiap hari apabila sudah iya mem-basoh kain maka di-muat-kan-nia
+ka-atas kaldei itu di-bawa-nia-lah ka negri di-pulang-kan-nia kemdian
+pula di-ambil-nia kain-kain chumar di-muat-kan-nia ka-atas-nia
+di-bawa-nia pulang ka rumah-nia sa-telah malam hari di-ambil-nia suatu
+kulit harimau di-salimut-kan-nia ka-atas kaldei itu lalu
+di-lepas-kan-nia dalam ladang orang damikian-lah hal-nia binara itu pada
+tiap-tiap hari maka apabila dinahari pulang-lah kaldei itu ka rumah
+tuan-nia itu maka be-ber-apa kali ber-tĕmu kapada yang ampunya ladang
+itu ka-takut-an lah iya di-sangka-kan harimau lari-lah iya pulang.</p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "partIII_note31" id = "partIII_note31" href =
+"#partIII_tag31">31.</a>
+<i>Topi</i>, Hindustani, signifies the hat of an European.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "partIII_note32" id = "partIII_note32" href =
+"#partIII_tag32">32.</a>
+<i>Rotan</i>, rattan, more correctly <i>raut-an</i>, the thing peeled,
+from <i>raut</i>, to peel.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "partIII_note33" id = "partIII_note33" href =
+"#partIII_tag33">33.</a>
+<i>Kalam</i> (found in Hindustani also) is derived from the Arabic. Cf.
+Sanskrit <i>kalama</i>, a kind of rice; Greek κάλαμος.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "partIII_note34" id = "partIII_note34" href =
+"#partIII_tag34">34.</a>
+<i>Dawat</i> in Hindustani (derived from Arabic) means inkstand,
+ink-bottle, pen-case; in Malay it also signifies ink. <i>Tinta</i>
+(Portuguese) is also used by the Malays for <i>ink</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "partIII_note35" id = "partIII_note35" href =
+"#partIII_tag35">35.</a>
+<i>Buat bendang</i>, lit. “works the fields;” <i>bendang</i> = wet
+rice-fields, as opposed to <i>huma</i>, dry fields on high ground.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "partIII_note36" id = "partIII_note36" href =
+"#partIII_tag36">36.</a>
+<i>Kaṭṭil</i>, Tamul, a cot.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "partIII_note37" id = "partIII_note37" href =
+"#partIII_tag37">37.</a>
+This and the following fables are taken from a Malay translation of the
+Hindi version of the Pancha-tantra, by <ins class = "correction" title =
+"hyphen in original">Abdu-llah</ins> Munshi.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h4><a name = "lessonXXIII" id = "lessonXXIII">LESSON XXIII.</a></h4>
+
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>People are making a clearing on the hill&mdash; <i>Orang ber-ladang
+di-atas bukit.</i></p>
+<p>What are they planting?&mdash; <i>Apa di-tanam-nia?</i></p>
+<p>Plantains, gourds, maize, and cucumbers&mdash; <i>Pisang, labu,
+jagong, dan timun.</i></p>
+<p>What news of the seeds which I sowed the day before yesterday?&mdash;
+<i>Apa khabar biji itu yang di-tabur kalmarin dahulu?</i></p>
+<p>They are sprouting beautifully&mdash; <i>Sangat-lah elok tunas-nia
+naik itu.</i></p>
+<p>Goodness knows if they will live&mdash; <i>Wallahu ‘alam akan
+hidop-nia.</i></p>
+<p>We shall know in a few days&mdash; <i>Lepas sadikit hari tahu-lah
+kita.</i></p>
+<p>He complained to the master about that matter also&mdash; <i>Di-adu
+juga pada tuan hal itu.</i></p>
+<p>I have never heard it&mdash; <i>Ta’ pernah hamba tuan
+men-dengar.</i></p>
+<p>There is a great quantity of fruit on that tree&mdash; <i>Lebat
+sakali buah-buah di-atas pokok itu.</i></p>
+<p>Pick three or four ripe ones&mdash; <i>Choba petik barang tiga ampat
+biji yang masak.</i></p>
+<p>You cannot reach them with your hand; bring a hook&mdash; <i>Tangan
+ta’ sampei bawa penggait.</i></p>
+<p>He put up a hut in the middle of his plantation&mdash; <i>Di-buat-nia
+dangau di tengah ladang.</i></p>
+<p>The walls are wood and the thatch <i>bertam</i> leaves&mdash;
+<i>Dinding-nia kayu atap-nia bertam.</i></p>
+<span class = "pagenum">108</span>
+<p>He tied it with rattan&mdash; <i>Di-ikat-nia sama rotan.</i></p>
+<p>Chop that stick with a bill-hook&mdash; <i>Tetak kayu itu dengan
+parang.</i></p>
+<p>He made a notch in the log&mdash; <i>Di-takuk-nia batang kayu
+itu.</i></p>
+<p>The tax is 10 cents for every log&mdash; <i>Hasil-nia sapuloh duit
+pada sa-batang.</i></p>
+<p>The timber is the property of the owner of the land&mdash;
+<i>Kayu-kayu pulang kapada yang ampunya tanah.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5>Exercise.</h5>
+
+<p>Maka apabila ter-dengar khabar itu kapada kapala kawal heiran iya
+serta ber-kata “Ada-kah pernah harimau me-makan padi antah ‘alamat akhir
+zaman-lah sudah,” lalu di-ambil-nia sa-batang lembing lalu pergi-lah iya
+sebab handak me-lihat hal itu, maka ber-temu-lah iya dengan kaldei itu
+maka apabila di-lihat kaldei manusia datang itu lalu ber-triak-lah iya
+serta di-dengar uleh kapala kawal itu suara kaldei maka
+di-hampir-i-nia-lah akan dia lalu di-tikam-nia dengan lembing-nia lalu
+mati-lah kaldei itu damikian-lah ada-nia per-mula-an per-satru-an itu
+datang-nia deripada mulut juga asal-nia.</p>
+
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h4><a name = "lessonXXIV" id = "lessonXXIV">LESSON XXIV.</a></h4>
+
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>His whip dropped on the road&mdash; <i>Chabuk<a class = "tag" name =
+"partIII_tag38" id = "partIII_tag38" href = "#partIII_note38">38</a>-nia
+jatoh di jalan.</i></p>
+<p>He drives exceedingly well&mdash; <i>Dia pandei sakali pegang
+ras.</i><a class = "tag" name = "partIII_tag39" id = "partIII_tag39"
+href = "#partIII_note39">39</a></p>
+<p>Drive out that dog&mdash; <i>Halau-kan anjing itu.</i></p>
+<p>I am going out for a drive&mdash; <i>Sahaya handak naik kreta
+ber-angin-angin.</i></p>
+<p>He knows how to write Malay&mdash; <i>Dia tahu menyurat Jawi.</i></p>
+<p>The letters are the same, but the pronunciation is different&mdash;
+<i>Huruf-nia sama tetapi bunyi-nia lain.</i></p>
+<p>I want to stop a moment at the warehouse&mdash; <i>Sahaya mahu singga
+sa-kejap di gedong.</i></p>
+<p>When will you come and see me?&mdash; <i>Bila handak mari
+men-dapat-kan sahaya?</i></p>
+<p>This skin has been destroyed by insects&mdash; <i>Kulit ini habis-lah
+di-makan ulat.</i></p>
+<p>He has no fixed occupation&mdash; <i>Ta’ tuntu
+pe-karja-an-nia.</i></p>
+<span class = "pagenum">109</span>
+<p>He has no settled residence&mdash; <i>Ta’ tetap tampat
+ka-duduk-an-nia.</i></p>
+<p>Who is the headman of the river?&mdash; <i>Siapa kapala
+sungei?</i></p>
+<p>The headman of the village received him&mdash; <i>Di-sambut-kan-nia
+kapala kampong.</i></p>
+<p>Five men stood on guard at the door&mdash; <i>Lima orang ber-kawal
+di-pintu.</i></p>
+<p>Whom do you wish to see?&mdash; <i>Kamu handak ber-jumpa dengan
+siapa-kah?</i></p>
+<p>I felt as if I wanted to cry&mdash; <i>Saperti handak ber-triak
+rasa-nia di-dalam hati sahaya.</i></p>
+<p>I have been here for several months without meeting you&mdash;
+<i>Bĕr-apa bulan sahaya di-sini tiada juga ber-tĕmu dengan tuan.</i></p>
+<p>It was heard across the river&mdash; <i>Ka-dengar-an sampei sabĕrang
+sungei.</i></p>
+<p>By the mouth the body comes to harm&mdash; <i>Sebab mulut badan
+binasa.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5>Exercise.</h5>
+
+<p>Ada kapada suatu hutan tampat gajah maka dalam gajah yang baniak itu
+ada sa-orang raja-nia maka be-bĕr-apa lama-nia iya diam pada hutan itu
+maka kapada suatu katika datang-lah musim kamarau maka ka-kĕring-an-lah
+sagala ayer maka di-suroh uleh raja gajah akan sa-ekor gajah pergi
+men-chahari ayer maka pergi-lah iya maka sampei-lah iya kapada sa-buah
+gunong maka di-bawah gunong itu ada-lah sa-buah kulam penoh ayer-nia
+maka apabila di-lihat-nia itu maka segra-lah iya kambali membĕri tahu
+raja-nia maka ber-angkat-lah raja itu serta sagala ra‘iyat-nia handak
+pergi me-minum ayer.</p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "partIII_note38" id = "partIII_note38" href =
+"#partIII_tag38">38.</a>
+<i>Chabuk</i>, Hindi, whip.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "partIII_note39" id = "partIII_note39" href =
+"#partIII_tag39">39.</a>
+<i>Pegang ras</i>, lit. holds the reins; <i>rassi</i>, Hindustani,
+reins.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h4><a name = "lessonXXV" id = "lessonXXV">LESSON XXV.</a></h4>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>What is the price of this?&mdash; <i>Ini bĕr-apa harga?</i></p>
+<p>At first he demanded two dollars&mdash; <i>Mula-mula dia minta dua
+ringgit.</i></p>
+<p>I offered one dollar, but he would not accept it&mdash; <i>Sahaya
+tawar sa-ringgit tiada mahu di-tărima-nia.</i></p>
+<p>He said that the fixed price was two dollars&mdash; <i>Kata-nia harga
+mati dua ringgit.</i></p>
+<p>Give me whichever you please&mdash; <i>Yang mana angkau suka handak
+bahagi, bahagi-lah.</i></p>
+<p>Any one will do&mdash; <i>Mana-mana satu pun jadi-lah.</i></p>
+<p>This quantity will do&mdash; <i>Jadi-lah sa-baniak ini.</i></p>
+<p>Is this boat your own?&mdash; <i>Prahu ini sendiri punya-kah?</i></p>
+<p>Are you married?&mdash; <i>Sudah ber-bini-kah?</i></p>
+<span class = "pagenum">110</span>
+<p>Is he a married man?&mdash; <i>Ada-kah rumah tangga-nia?</i><a class
+= "tag" name = "partIII_tag40" id = "partIII_tag40" href =
+"#partIII_note40">40</a></p>
+<p>He has three children&mdash; <i>Dia sudah dapat anak tiga
+orang.</i></p>
+<p>How many children have you?&mdash; <i>Sudah dapat anak bĕr-apa
+orang?</i></p>
+<p>His wife has lately had a child&mdash; <i>Bini dia baharu
+ber-anak.</i></p>
+<p>He has got a son by his elder wife&mdash; <i>Dia sudah dapat anak
+laki-laki sa-orang dengan istri-nia yang tuah.</i></p>
+<p>Are these children twins?&mdash; <i>Kambar-kah budak ini?</i></p>
+<p>I have known him from his childhood&mdash; <i>Deri kechil lagi sahaya
+kenal.</i></p>
+<p>His child is quite an infant, still at the breast&mdash; <i>Kechil
+juga anak dia, menyusu lagi.</i></p>
+<p>She suckled her child&mdash; <i>Dia menetek-kan (<em>or</em>
+menyusu-kan) anak-nia.</i></p>
+<p>He is cutting his teeth&mdash; <i>Baharu tumboh gigi-nia.</i></p>
+<p>You must have it vaccinated&mdash; <i>Mahu di-chungkil tanam
+ka-tumboh-an.</i></p>
+<p>It did not take the first time&mdash; <i>Mula-mula ta’ kĕna.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5>Exercise.</h5>
+
+<p>Maka ada-lah pada tepi kulam itu sa-ekor raja pelanduk serta dengan
+ra‘iyat-nia ber-buat tampat diam di-situ maka serta ka-dengar-an-lah
+bunyi sagala gajah itu datang saperti ribut maka ber-kata-lah pelanduk
+itu sama sendiri-nia jikalau datang gajah itu kambali naschaya tiada-lah
+buleh kita diam di tampat ini maka uleh raja pelanduk itu di-panggil-nia
+mantri-nia seraya ber-sabda “Apa-kah bichara-nia jikalau datang gajah
+itu kamari naschaya tiada-lah buleh kita diam lagi di-sini,” maka jawab
+mantri pelan duk itu “Jikalau dengan titah tuanku akan patek maka
+patek-lah pergi meng-halau-kan gajah itu dengan barang daya upaya
+patek,” maka di-bĕri-lah uleh raja părentah akan mantri itu.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote">
+<a name = "partIII_note40" id = "partIII_note40" href =
+"#partIII_tag40">40.</a>
+Lit. Has he a house with a ladder? <i>i.e.</i>, has he an establishment
+of his own?</p>
+
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h4><a name = "lessonXXVI" id = "lessonXXVI">LESSON XXVI.</a></h4>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>Go and complain at the police-station&mdash; <i>Pergi-lah mengadu
+di-balei (<em>or</em> rumah pasong</i>).</p>
+<p>He has been arrested&mdash; <i>Dia sudah kĕna tangkap.</i></p>
+<p>He has been locked up&mdash; <i>Dia sudah kĕna tutop.</i></p>
+<p>What is his offence?&mdash; <i>Apa ka-salah-an-nia?</i></p>
+<p>What do they charge him with?&mdash; <i>Apa di-tudoh-kan
+di-atas-nia?</i></p>
+<p>For how many days has he been detained?&mdash; <i>Sudah bĕr-apa, hari
+dia kĕna tahan?</i></p>
+<span class = "pagenum">111</span>
+<p>This is not his first offence&mdash; <i>Bukan sa-kali ini sahaja yang
+dia buat jahat<ins class = "correction" title = "text has ?">.&nbsp;</ins></i></p>
+<p>Do you know him?&mdash; <i>Tuan kenal-kah dia?</i></p>
+<p>No, I see him now for the first time&mdash; <i>Tidak, baharu sa-kali
+ini sahaya me-lihat.</i></p>
+<p>People say that he is a great opium-smoker&mdash; <i>Kata orang dia
+kuat makan chandu.</i></p>
+<p>He broke into the house of a Chinese in the middle of the
+night&mdash; <i>Dia pechah masok rumah orang China tengah malam.</i></p>
+<p>He was not alone; there were several others with him&mdash; <i>Bukan
+dia sa’orang ada juga dua tiga ampat orang kawan-nia.</i></p>
+<p>They were all Malays&mdash; <i>Melayu belaka<a class = "tag" name =
+"partIII_tag41" id = "partIII_tag41" href = "#partIII_note41">41</a>
+ka-sumua-nia.</i></p>
+<p>He was not the principal, but an accomplice&mdash; <i>Bukan dia
+kapala tetapi dia menyerta-i sama.</i></p>
+<p>Their intention was to steal the gold ornaments&mdash; <i>Kahandak
+hati-nia mahu churi barang-barang mas.</i></p>
+<p>He used abusive and improper language&mdash; <i>Dia ber-maki-maki
+dengan yang ta’patut.</i></p>
+<p>What is the name of the defendant?&mdash; <i>Siapa nama yang kĕna adu
+itu?</i></p>
+<p>What the prosecutor says is quite right&mdash; <i>Benar juga saperti
+kata adu-an.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<h5>Exercise.</h5>
+
+<p>Maka mantri pelanduḳ itu-pun ber-lari-lah pergi men-dapat-kan raja
+gajah itu seraya ber-pikir di-dalam hati-nia, “handak meng-halau-kan
+gajah ini ter-lalu susah-kah? ada-pun saperti sagala raja-raja itu
+jikalau handak mem-bunoh orang itu saperti laku orang ter-tawa bahwa
+damikian-lah raja ini-pun dengan sa-buntar ini juga aku halau-kan
+jikalau damikian baik-lah aku naik ka-atas gunong ini,” maka
+ka-lihat-an-lah raja gajah itu serta dengan sagala tantra-nia maka
+ber-sĕru-sĕru-lah pelanduḳ itu dengan niaring suara-nia kata-<ins class
+= "correction" title = "text reads ‘nia-’">nia</ins> “ada-kah tuanku
+serta tantra tuanku sakalian baik?” maka menulih-lah raja gajah itu
+serta dengan marah-nia kata-nia “Hei benatang yang kechil lagi hina apa
+sebab-nia angkau
+<span class = "pagenum">112</span>
+menyĕru aku di tengah jalan dengan ka-laku-an be-adab<a class = "tag"
+name = "partIII_tag42" id = "partIII_tag42" href =
+"#partIII_note42">42</a> ini siapa-kah angkau ini?”</p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "partIII_note41" id = "partIII_note41" href =
+"#partIII_tag41">41.</a>
+<i>Belaka</i> (entirely, completely, altogether) is often used
+parenthetically in a sentence, corresponding in some degree to such
+expressions as, “it must be said,” “I should say,” “let me add,” “you
+must know.”</p>
+
+<p><i>Ka-sumua-nia</i>, the whole of them, a collective substantive
+formed from <i>sumua</i>, all. Numerals are dealt with in the same way,
+as, <i>ka-dua-nia</i>, both of them.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "partIII_note42" id = "partIII_note42" href =
+"#partIII_tag42">42.</a>
+<i>Be-adab</i>, “unmannerly,” a compound adjective (Hindustani) formed
+by prefixing the privative particle <i>be-</i> to the noun <i>adab</i>.
+Malays also borrow from the same source the word <i>be-hosh</i>,
+“stupified,” generally mispronounced by them <i>bi-us</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h4><a name = "lessonXXVII" id = "lessonXXVII">LESSON XXVII.</a></h4>
+
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>On what day will the case be commenced?&mdash; <i>Pada hari mana
+handak buka bichara?</i></p>
+<p>So-and-so got up and gave evidence.&mdash; <i>Ber-diri si-anu jadi
+saḳsi.</i></p>
+<p>Bail was refused&mdash; <i>Tiada di-bĕri jamin.</i><a class = "tag"
+name = "partIII_tag43" id = "partIII_tag43" href =
+"#partIII_note43">43</a></p>
+<p>Have you any one who will go bail for you?&mdash; <i>Ada-kah orang
+yang mahu tanggong?</i></p>
+<p>This is the surety&mdash; <i>Ini-lah aku-an.</i></p>
+<p>I will give bail for any amount&mdash; <i>Bĕr-apa bĕrat sakali-pun
+hamba tuan bĕrani tanggong.</i></p>
+<p>Is this a man of property?&mdash; <i>Orang ber-harta-kah ini?</i></p>
+<p>One surety is not enough; there must be two at least&mdash;
+<i>Sa’orang aku ta’jadi sa-korang-korang mahu-lah dua orang.</i></p>
+<p>Sign at this place&mdash; <i>Di-sini-lah turun tanda tangan.</i></p>
+<p>Do you know how to write?&mdash; <i>Tahu-kah menyurat?</i></p>
+<p>If you cannot write, make a mark&mdash; <i>Jikalau ta’tahu menyurat
+buat-lah goris tanda tangan.</i></p>
+<p>That will do; you can go now&mdash; <i>Suda-lah, pulang-lah
+dahulu.</i></p>
+<p>What do you call this in Malay?&mdash; <i>Bahasa Malayu apa kata
+ini?</i></p>
+<p>He has done it in the English fashion&mdash; <i>Dia sudah buat chara
+Inggris.</i></p>
+<p>Speak loud, and let people hear you&mdash; <i>Chakap kuat-kuat sapaya
+buleh orang men-dengar.</i></p>
+<p>He was very much afraid (and looked) as if he were about to fall
+down&mdash; <i>Takut-lah sakali dia saperti handak rĕbah
+ka-bawah.</i></p>
+<p>His face grew very pale&mdash; <i>Puchat sakali muka-nia.</i></p>
+<p>His statement is incoherent&mdash; <i>Ta’tuntu
+per-kata-an-nia.</i></p>
+<p>He fell at his master’s feet and asked for pardon&mdash; <i>Dia
+menyămbah kaki tuan-nia lalu me-minta ampun.</i></p>
+<p>His master, being very kind-hearted, forgave him&mdash; <i>Sebab
+ter-lalu morah hati tuan-nia langsong di-bĕri-nia ma‘af.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">113</span>
+<h5>Exercise.</h5>
+
+<p>Maka jawab pelanduk “Dengar-lah tuanku akan per-kata-an patek ini,
+ada-pun tuan yang menĕrang-kan sagala ‘alam dunia ini serta laut dan
+darat iya-itu bulan maka patek ini sa-orang hamba-nia yang
+di-perchaya-nia maka di-suroh-nia patek datang kapada tuanku minta
+khabar-kan” maka jawab raja gajah itu “apa-kah khabar-nia? Kata-kan-lah
+uleh-mu” maka pelanduk itu-pun sambil memandang ka-langit pura-pura iya
+menyămbah bulan seraya kata-nia “adapun tuanku itu-lah bulan yang
+ampunya gunong dan kulam itu-pun iya-lah yang mem-buat-nia akan tampat
+mandi maka apabila iya pulang petang ka-langit maka di-suroh-nia jaga
+kulam itu dengan be-bĕr-apa singa yang garang-garang maka sebab itu-lah
+apa-bila di-lihat-nia tuanku ber-angkat datang kamari di-suroh-nia akan
+hamba mem-bĕri tahu maka apabila tuanku datang di-kulam naschaya
+di-bunoh-lah uleh sagala singa itu maka dosa-nia itu di-atas-nia maka
+sebab itu-lah iya menyuroh-kan hamba datang ini membĕri tahu tuanku
+sakalian menyuroh-kan balik sigra”<span class =
+"dash">&mdash;&mdash;</span>.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote">
+<a name = "partIII_note43" id = "partIII_note43" href =
+"#partIII_tag43">43.</a>
+<i>Jamin</i>, “bail,” a word frequently heard in the Straits
+Settlements, is a corruption of the Hindustani <i>zamin</i>.</p>
+
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h4><a name = "lessonXXVIII" id = "lessonXXVIII">LESSON XXVIII.</a></h4>
+
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>In which direction had we better go?&mdash; <i>Sa-bĕlah mana baik
+kita pergi?</i></p>
+<p>There are numbers of snipe in the padi-fields&mdash; <i>Di-bendang
+baniak juga burong berkik.</i></p>
+<p>He has a double-barrelled gun&mdash; <i>Dia punya snapang dua
+laras.</i></p>
+<p>Both barrels are loaded&mdash; <i>Sudah ber-isi ka-dua-nia.</i></p>
+<p>You use very small shot&mdash; <i>Tuan pakei pengabur yang halus
+sakali.</i></p>
+<p>He is a very good shot&mdash; <i>Dia pandei sakali menembak
+burong.</i></p>
+<p>He killed two birds at one shot&mdash; <i>Sakali me-letup mati-lah
+dua ekor burong.</i></p>
+<p>Before we could get close the green pigeons all flew away&mdash;
+<i>Belam sămpat dĕkat lagi habis lari-lah burong punei sumua.</i></p>
+<p>Perhaps we shall get some on the other side of that thicket&mdash;
+<i>Balik sana belukar itu barang-kali dapat kĕlak.</i></p>
+<p>One of its wings is broken.&mdash; <i>Patah-lah sayap
+sa-bĕlah.</i></p>
+<p>It is not hit&mdash; <i>Ta’kĕna.</i></p>
+<span class = "pagenum">114</span>
+<p>It is wounded slightly&mdash; <i>Kĕna juga sadikit.</i></p>
+<p>It has settled on the ground&mdash; <i>Sudah hinggap di
+tanah.</i></p>
+<p>It has perched on a cocoanut tree&mdash; <i>Sudah hinggap di pokok
+nior.</i></p>
+<p>Don’t speak: how can you expect to get near a wild animal if you make
+a noise?&mdash; <i>Jangan ber-mulut, benatang liyar bukan-kah, jikalau
+engar-engar macham mana handak dĕkat.</i></p>
+<p>The elephant received a ball in his head, and immediately
+dropped&mdash; <i>Kĕna peluru sa-biji di kapala gajah itu, lalu
+tumbang.</i></p>
+<p>Have you ever shot a tiger?&mdash; <i>Ada-kah tuan dapat menembak
+harimau?</i></p>
+<p>How many birds have you got?&mdash; <i>Tuan sudah buleh bĕr-apa ekor
+burong?</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5>Exercise.</h5>
+
+<p>“Maka ter-lalu-lah baniak marah-nia akan tuanku tetapi tiada mengapa
+segra-lah tuanku baliḳ sapaya buleh hamba pergi mem-bujuḳ raja bulan dan
+mem-baiḳ-ki hati-nia itu dan lagi pikir-lah tuan-tuan sakalian bahawa
+sakian lama sudah kamarau sagala kulam habis-kah ka-kĕring-an apa
+sebab-nia kulam<a class = "tag" name = "partIII_tag44" id =
+"partIII_tag44" href = "#partIII_note44">44</a> ini baniaḳ ayer-nia?
+maka sakalian ini-pun sebab kasihan hati hamba akan jiwa tuan-tuan
+sapaya jangan anyaya masi.” Sa-ber-mula sa-telah di-dengar uleh raja
+gajah akan sagala per-kata-an pĕlanduḳ itu maka ka-takut-an-lah iya
+sambil menyămbah ara ka-langit maka sigra-lah iya ber-balik dengan
+dahaga-nia. Damikian handaḳ-nia orang yang handak menjadi raja apabila
+di-dengar orang nama-nia menjadi ka-takut-an ada-nia.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote">
+<a name = "partIII_note44" id = "partIII_note44" href =
+"#partIII_tag44">44.</a>
+<i>Kulam</i>, Tamil, a tank.</p>
+
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h4><a name = "lessonXXIX" id = "lessonXXIX">LESSON XXIX.</a></h4>
+
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>Is the tide making or ebbing?&mdash; <i>Ayer pasang-kah
+surut-kah?</i></p>
+<p>Is the boat ready?&mdash; <i>Prahu ada siap-kah?</i></p>
+<p>How many people will this boat carry?&mdash; <i>Bĕr-apa orang buleh
+muat di prahu ini?</i></p>
+<p>Ten persons, including two rowers&mdash; <i>Buleh muat sa-puloh orang
+masok anak dayong dua orang.</i></p>
+<p>There is a head-wind; we cannot sail&mdash; <i>Angin muka ta’buleh
+ber-laiar.</i></p>
+<p>Row hard&mdash; <i>Dayong-lah kuat-kuat.</i></p>
+<p>When we reach the mouth of the river, you can stop for a moment and
+rest&mdash; <i>Tiba di kuala sakarang buleh berhinti sa-kejap biar
+hilang penat.</i></p>
+<p>Who is steering?&mdash; <i>Siapa pegang kamudi?</i></p>
+<span class = "pagenum">115</span>
+<p>If one is going down-stream paddles are used; for going up-stream
+poles are required&mdash; <i>Kalau kilir pakei pengayu kalau mudik
+mahu-lah ber-galah.</i></p>
+<p>What kind of wood is the best for boat-building?&mdash; <i>Kayu mana
+yang ter-lebeh baik handak mem-buat prahu?</i></p>
+<p>The Chinese <i>sampan</i> is called <i>sampan kotak</i> in
+Singapore&mdash; <i>Sampan China itu kata orang di Singgapura “Sampan
+kotak.”</i></p>
+<p>Of what wood is this dug-out canoe made?&mdash; <i>Prahu sagor ini
+di-buat dengan kayu apa?</i></p>
+<p>Steer straight for that point&mdash; <i>Tuju betul ka tanjong
+itu.</i></p>
+<p>I shall go on shore at the landing-place&mdash; <i>Sahaya handak naik
+di darat di pengkalan.</i></p>
+<p>Give me the line and let us fish a little&mdash; <i>Bahagi-lah tali
+kail biar kita mengail sakejap.</i></p>
+<p>Have you got any bait?&mdash; <i>Umpan ada-kah?</i></p>
+<p>If we have any luck we may catch some big fish&mdash; <i>Kalau ada
+untong kita barang-kali dapat juga ikan besar-besar.</i></p>
+<p>The spines of that fish are very poisonous&mdash; <i>Duri ikan itu
+bisa sakali.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5>Exercise.</h5>
+
+<p>Ada kapada suatu hari sa’orang pem-buru masok ka hutan lalu mem-buru
+iya ber-keliling hutan itu maka lalu ber-temu-lah iya dengan sa’ekor
+kijang maka di-kejar-nia akan kijang itu serta di-panah-nia sa-telah
+mati maka di-angkat-nia handak di-bawa-nia pulang sa-telah sampei ka
+tengah jalan maka ber-temu-lah iya pula dengan sa’ekor babi hutan maka
+kijang itu-pun di-letak-kan-nia lalu di-kejar-nia akan babi hutan itu
+lalu di-panah-nia tiada-lah kena maka handak di-panah-nia sakali lagi
+maka di-terkam-lah uleh babi itu akan dia serta di-gigit-nia maka
+mati-lah iya ber-sama-sama dengan babi itu akan tetapi anak panah itu
+ada juga ter-kena kapada busar-nia yang di-tangan pem-buru itu.</p>
+
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h4><a name = "lessonXXX" id = "lessonXXX">LESSON XXX.</a></h4>
+
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>He is not yet dressed&mdash; <i>Dia bĕlum pakei kain lagi.</i></p>
+<p>He is dressed like a Malay&mdash; <i>Dia pakei chara Malayu.</i></p>
+<p>Wake me to-morrow morning at six o’clock&mdash; <i>Gĕrak-kan sahaya
+pukul anam pagi.</i></p>
+<p>I want to get up early&mdash; <i>Sahaya handak bangun
+siyang-siyang.</i></p>
+<span class = "pagenum">116</span>
+<p>He did not do it on purpose&mdash; <i>Bukan-nia dia buat
+sangaja.</i></p>
+<p>I was only in play&mdash; <i>Sahaya lawak-lawak sahaja.</i></p>
+<p>I was very sorry that I could not accompany you&mdash; <i>Ter-buku
+hati sahaya sangat ta‘buleh ber-sama-sama.</i></p>
+<p>What are the contents of that letter?&mdash; <i>Apa bunyi-nia surat
+itu?</i></p>
+<p>Do you understand the pith of it?&mdash; <i>Tuan dapat-kah
+buku-nia?</i></p>
+<p>Has any one been here to look for me?&mdash; <i>Ada-kah siapa-siapa
+datang men-chahari sahaya<ins class = "correction" title = "text has .">?&nbsp;</ins></i></p>
+<p>Ask that woman where the well is&mdash; <i>Choba tanya pada perampuan
+itu di-mana-kah talaga.</i></p>
+<p>Is this good water?&mdash; <i>Baik-kah ayer ini?</i></p>
+<p>It is excellent water, both clear and cool&mdash; <i>Elok sakali ayer
+ini, jerneh lagi sejuk.</i></p>
+<p>Can we get a green cocoanut here?&mdash; <i>Nior muda dapat-kah
+di-sini?</i></p>
+<p>There is no one who can climb (the tree)&mdash; <i>T’ada orang yang
+tahu panjat.</i></p>
+<p>Let me climb it&mdash; <i>Biar aku memanjat.</i></p>
+<p>Have you brought cooking-utensils?&mdash; <i>Priuk bĕlanga sudah
+bawa-kah?</i></p>
+<p>These sticks are damp and will not burn&mdash; <i>Basah kayu ini
+ta’mahu menyala.</i></p>
+<p>Grind the spices&mdash; <i>Giling rampah-rampah.</i></p>
+<p>Will you smoke?&mdash; <i>Tuan mahu minum rokok?</i></p>
+<p>I am sleepy, and shall go to bed&mdash; <i>Sudah mengantuk, sahaya
+handak masok tidor.</i></p>
+<p>Did you call me?&mdash; <i>Tuan panggil-kah?</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5>Exercise.</h5>
+
+<p>Maka sagala hal itu ada-lah di-lihat uleh sa’ekor srigala maka
+ber-lari iya datang serta ber-kata “bahwa sapuloh hari lama-nia
+tiada-lah aku men-chahari makan-an lagi” serta datang-lah iya
+meng-hampir-i pem-buru itu maka di-gigit-nia tali busar itu maka
+tiba-tiba anak panah itu-pun datang-lah menikam srigala itu maka iya-pun
+mati-lah maka jikalau kita terlalu tema‘a dan handak ber-lebeh-lebeh
+naschaya ada-lah hal kita saperti hakayat pem-buru dengan srigala itu
+ada-nia.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">117</span>
+<h3><a name = "partIV" id = "partIV">PART IV.</a></h3>
+
+
+<p><span class = "firstword">To</span> the more advanced lessons and
+exercises which are contained in this section, it may be well to prefix
+a few notes on colloquial Malay, which are suggested by a consciousness
+of some of the common errors into which European students of Malay are
+apt to fall.</p>
+
+<p>First, Try to observe and imitate the impersonal and elliptical
+construction of Malay sentences. Notice how much more is left to the
+imagination than in English, and get rid of the notion that it is
+necessary to express invariably by nouns or pronouns the agents or
+objects of the actions spoken of. Ideas are conveyed in Malay in a much
+less concrete form than in the civilised languages of Europe, and what
+is lost in accuracy and distinctness is partially compensated for by
+brevity.</p>
+
+<p>Why say <i>kasih sama sahaya</i> (lit. “give to me”), in imitation of
+the English <i>give me</i>, or the French <i>donnez-moi</i>, or the
+German <i>geben sie mir</i>, in all of which the pronoun is expressed,
+when a Malay would simply say <i>bahagi-lah</i>, give, or <i>bawa</i>,
+bring? It is easy enough to leave tone or gesture to supply any
+deficiency in meaning. The constant use of this phrase, <i>sama
+sahaya</i>, or <i>sama kita</i>, is a bad habit, which arises from a
+natural desire to give the word “me” its due value in Malay. This, as
+has been shown, is not necessary.</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">118</span>
+<h5>Examples.</h5>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>Tell me; don’t be afraid&mdash; <i>Bilang-lah, jangan takut</i>; not,
+<i>bilang sama sahaya</i>, &amp;c.</p>
+<p>What are you going to give us?&mdash; <i>Apa mahu bahagi?</i> not,
+<i>apa mahu bahagi sama kita?</i></p>
+<p>How much must I pay you?&mdash; <i>Bĕr-apa nanti kĕna bayar?</i> not,
+<i>bĕr-apa sahaya mahu bayar sama angkau?</i></p>
+<p>I want him to make me a jacket&mdash; <i>Sahaya handak suroh dia buat
+baju</i>; not, <i>sahaya handak suroh dia buat baja sama sahaya.</i></p>
+<p>Can you make me a table?&mdash; <i>Buleh-kah buat meja?</i> not,
+<i>buleh-kah buat meja sama sahaya.</i></p>
+<p>Afterwards come and tell me&mdash; <i>Lepas itu mari-lah
+khabar-kan</i>; not, <i>mari bilang sama sahaya.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In direct narration the personal pronoun “I” should often be left
+untranslated, and the sentence put in an impersonal form. We are
+accustomed to commence sentences frequently with “I&nbsp;think,”
+“I&nbsp;hear,” “I&nbsp;hope,” “I&nbsp;wish,” and there is a temptation
+therefore to overload Malay sentences with “<i>Sahaya fikir</i>,”
+“<i>Sahaya dengar khabar</i>,” &amp;c. These, though not ungrammatical,
+should be used sparingly. <i>Rasa-nia</i>, the feeling is,
+<i>agak-nia</i>, the guess is, <i>rupa-nia</i>, the appearance is (it
+seems), <i>khabar-nia</i>, the report is, and similar phrases, should
+often take their place.</p>
+
+
+<h5>Examples.</h5>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Instead of</span>&mdash; I am told, or
+people tell me, <i>Orang bilang sama sahaya</i>; <span class =
+"smallcaps">Say</span>, People say, <i>Kata orang</i>.</p>
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Instead of</span>&mdash; I hear that he is
+coming here, <i>Sahaya dengar khabar dia handak mari sini</i>; <span
+class = "smallcaps">Say</span>, He is coming here, the report goes,
+<i>Dia handak kamari khabar-nia</i>.</p>
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Instead of</span>&mdash; I think there are
+five quarts, <i>Sahaya fikir ada lima chupah</i>; <span class =
+"smallcaps">Say</span>, There are five quarts, the estimate is, <i>Ada
+lima chupah agak-nia</i>.</p>
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Instead of</span>&mdash; I think it is
+going to rain, <i>Sahaya fikir hari handak hujan</i>; <span class =
+"smallcaps">Say</span>, It is going to rain, it seems, <i>Hari handak
+hujan rupa-nia</i>.</p>
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Instead of</span>&mdash; I like driving
+better than walking, <i>Sahaya lagi suka naik kreta deri-pada jalan
+kaki</i>; <span class = "smallcaps">Say</span>, It is better to drive
+than to walk, <i>Baik ber-kreta deri-pada ber-jalan</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">119</span>
+<p>Note the impersonal way of putting the statement in the following
+sentences:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>I was very glad to hear it&mdash; <i>Sangat-lah suka hati sahaya akan
+men-dengar.</i></p>
+<p>I very much wish to go to Meccah&mdash; <i>Niat hati sahaya handak
+pergi ka-Makah.</i></p>
+<p>I should be doing wrong to receive it, and I am ashamed to return
+it&mdash; <i>Handak tĕrima salah, handak pulang-kan malu.</i></p>
+<p>I was disappointed&mdash; <i>Putus-lah harap sahaya.</i></p>
+<p>I hope sincerely that the case will soon be decided&mdash;
+<i>Besar-lah harap sahaya bichara itu akan di-putus-kan dengan
+sigra.</i></p>
+<p>I have made up my mind that, however great the oppression may be, I
+will hold out&mdash; <i>Tetap-lah hati sahaya bageimana bĕrat sakali-pun
+handak tahan juga.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Second, Avoid word-for-word translations of English sentences in
+which the word “you” occurs. So much has been said on this subject
+already (<i>supra</i>, <i>pp.</i> <a href = "#angkau">49</a>, <a href =
+"#lessonII">75</a>) that it is only necessary here to give a few
+additional illustrations of the mode in which Malays dispense with the
+pronoun. In most English and Malay phrase-books the use of <i>angkau</i>
+is far too frequent.</p>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>As you like&mdash; <i>Mana suka-lah.</i></p>
+<p>As you may think best&mdash; <i>Mana elok kapada hati
+sendiri.</i></p>
+<p>You can go&mdash; <i>Buleh pulang.</i></p>
+<p>I have nothing more to ask you&mdash; <i>T’ada apa lagi handak
+tanya.</i></p>
+<p>Where have you been?&mdash; <i>Pergi ka-mana tadi?</i></p>
+<p>If you do so another time you will certainly be punished&mdash;
+<i>Kalau buat lagi sakali bageimana yang sudah ini tuntu-lah kena
+hukum.</i></p>
+<p>Do you want employment?&mdash; <i>Handak minta karja-kah?</i></p>
+<p>Can you wait at table?&mdash; <i>Tahu-kah jaga meja?</i></p>
+<p>What are you doing?&mdash; <i>Apa buat?</i></p>
+<p>You must take great care of it, and see that it is not injured&mdash;
+<i>Mahu-lah jaga baik-baik, jangan di-rosak-kan-nia.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Even in reprimanding or scolding another, it is common in Malay to
+adopt an impersonal and not a direct mode of address. Instead of saying,
+“You are a lazy, good-for-nothing boy, and deserve a good thrashing,”
+the Malay says, “What manner of boy is this? If one were to beat him
+soundly it would be well.”</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">120</span>
+<h5>Examples.</h5>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>Are you deaf? Can’t you hear what I say to you?&mdash; <i>Tuli-kah
+budak ini? Orang kata t’ada dengar-kah?</i> (<i>Lit.</i> Is the boy
+deaf? does he not hear what one is saying?)</p>
+<p>How slow you are! or, what a time you are taking!&mdash; <i>Ai budak
+ini! bukan lambat-nia!</i> (<i>Lit.</i> Oh, this boy! Isn’t he
+slow?)</p>
+<p>How slowly you are rowing! Can’t you pull faster when you are told?
+Give way, will you!&mdash; <i>Ai, bukan lengah dayong budak ini,
+bukan-kah orang suroh dĕras. Dĕras-lah sadikit.</i> (<i>Lit.</i> Oh, are
+not these boys rowing slowly! Has not one told them to make haste?
+Quick! now, a little!)</p>
+<p>You are behaving exceedingly badly, and it would serve you right if
+you got a caning&mdash; <i>Jahat sakali orang ini, kalau bahagi rasa
+sadikit dengan rotan baharu dia ingat</i>. (<i>Lit.</i> This person is
+exceedingly bad; if one were to make him feel with a rattan he would
+remember.)</p>
+<p>What an idiot you are! I tell you to bring water, and you bring
+oil&mdash; <i>Budak bedebah ini! Orang suroh bawa ayer di-bawa-nia
+minyak.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Third, Do not be satisfied with one general Malay verb to describe a
+whole class of actions for which separate specific words exist. It may
+be possible to make oneself intelligible by using <i>pukul</i>, to
+strike, for every kind of blow, but it is preferable to employ the
+appropriate term for the particular mode of striking.</p>
+
+<p>The following lists will illustrate this caution:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class = "paradigm" summary = "inflection of word">
+<col>
+<col width = "49%;">
+<col class = "leftline">
+<tr>
+<td class = "number">1.</td>
+<td>
+<p><i>Pukul</i>, to strike, beat.</p>
+<p><i>Gasak</i>, to beat, flog, punish.</p>
+<p><i>Hentam</i>, to strike, attack, throw.</p>
+<p><i>Balun</i>, to beat, thrash, drub.</p>
+<p><i>Palu</i>, to beat, hammer, knock.</p>
+<p><i>Kĕtok</i>, to knock, tap, rap.</p>
+<p><i>Godam</i>, to thrash, hammer.</p>
+<p><i>Lantak</i>, to nail, to drive in.</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p><i>Tinju-kan</i>, to box, strike with the fist.</p>
+<p><i>Tumbuk</i>, to pound, strike with the fist.</p>
+<p><i>Bĕdal</i>, to switch.</p>
+<p><i>Sakal</i>, and <i>sakai</i>, to strike.</p>
+<p><i>Tampar</i>, and <i>tampiling</i>, to slap.</p>
+<p><i>Tepuk</i>, to pat.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class = "paradigm" summary = "inflection of word">
+<col>
+<col width = "49%;">
+<col class = "leftline">
+<tr>
+<td class = "number">2.</td>
+<td>
+<p><i>Chuchuk</i>, to thrust, poke.</p>
+<p><i>Merusuk</i>, to thrust, poke, pierce.</p>
+<p><i>Radak</i> or <i>rodok</i>, to pierce with a spear.</p>
+<p><i>Juluk</i>, to thrust upwards.</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p><i>Tikam</i>, to thrust, pierce, stab.</p>
+<p><i>Sigi</i>, to poke with the finger.</p>
+<p><i>Merunjang</i>, to lower a spear at the charge.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">121</span>
+
+<table class = "paradigm" summary = "inflection of word">
+<col>
+<col width = "49%;">
+<col class = "leftline">
+<tr>
+<td class = "number">3.</td>
+<td>
+<p><i>Angkat</i>, to lift, carry off, remove.</p>
+<p><i>Pikul</i>, to carry on the back, to carry a load.</p>
+<p><i>Kandar</i>, to carry on a stick over the shoulder.</p>
+<p><i>Bibit</i>, to carry with the fingers.</p>
+<p><i>Junjong</i>, to carry on the head.</p>
+<p><i>Tanggong</i>, to bear, carry, support.</p>
+<p><i>Gendong</i>, to carry slung in a bundle.</p>
+<p><i>Usong</i>, to carry in a litter.</p>
+<p><i>Julang</i>, to hold aloft, to hoist, to carry with the arm
+uplifted.</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p><i>Bawa</i>, to carry, convey, bring.</p>
+<p><i>Dukong</i>, to carry on the back or hip.</p>
+<p><i>Kepit</i>, to carry under the arm.</p>
+<p><i>Jinjing</i>, to carry in the arms or hands.</p>
+<p><i>Galas</i>, to carry slung over the back or shoulder.</p>
+<p><i>Kilik</i>, to carry under the arm.</p>
+<p><i>Bebat</i>, to carry in the girdle.</p>
+<p><i>Tatang</i>, to carry on the palms of the hands.</p>
+<p><i>Kandong</i>, to carry at the waist.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class = "paradigm" summary = "inflection of word">
+<col>
+<col width = "49%;">
+<col class = "leftline">
+<tr>
+<td class = "number">4.</td>
+<td>
+<p><i>Jatoh</i>, to fall, drop.</p>
+<p><i>Gugur</i>, to drop off, fall, miscarry.</p>
+<p><i>Tumbang</i>, to fall, tumble down.</p>
+<p><i>Reban</i>, to fall in, give way, tumble down.</p>
+<p><i>Runtoh</i>, to come down, to fall.</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p><i>Luroh</i>, to drop off, fall (as fruit).</p>
+<p><i>Titek</i>, to drop, distil (as water).</p>
+<p><i>Rĕbah</i>,<a class = "tag" name = "partIV_tag1" id = "partIV_tag1"
+href = "#partIV_note1">1</a> to tumble, fall.</p>
+<p><i>Timpa</i>, to fall against.</p>
+<p><i>Chichir</i>, to drop, to spill.</p>
+<p><i>Tumpah</i>, to spill.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class = "paradigm" summary = "inflection of word">
+<col>
+<col width = "49%;">
+<col class = "leftline">
+<tr>
+<td class = "number">5.</td>
+<td>
+<p><i>Buang</i>, to throw away.</p>
+<p><i>Lotar</i> or <i>lontar</i>, to hurl, fling.</p>
+<p><i>Lempar</i>, to throw, fling.</p>
+<p><i>Humban</i>, to throw down, cast away.</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p><i>Champak</i>, to throw down, cast away.</p>
+<p><i>Baling</i>, to throw, fling.</p>
+<p><i>Lanting</i>, to throw, cast, propel.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class = "paradigm" summary = "inflection of word">
+<col>
+<col width = "49%;">
+<col class = "leftline">
+<tr>
+<td class = "number">6.</td>
+<td>
+<p><i>Lihat</i>, to see.</p>
+<p><i>Pandang</i>, to look, to look at.</p>
+<p><i>Kelih</i>, to see.</p>
+<p><i>Nampa</i>, to see, perceive.</p>
+<p><i>Intei</i>, to peep, spy, observe.</p>
+<p><i>Petiak</i>, to notice, observe.</p>
+<p><i>Tulih</i>, to look, glance.</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p><i>Tengok</i>, to see.</p>
+<p><i>Jingok</i>, to peep, look out.</p>
+<p><i>Tengadah</i>, to look up.</p>
+<p><i>Tampak</i>, to see, perceive.</p>
+<p><i>Per-hati-kan</i>, to perceive, notice, take notice of.</p>
+<p><i>Tentang</i>, to regard.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class = "paradigm" summary = "inflection of word">
+<col>
+<col width = "49%;">
+<col class = "leftline">
+<tr>
+<td class = "number">7.</td>
+<td>
+<p><i>Chakap</i>, to speak.</p>
+<p><i>Bilang</i>, to tell.</p>
+<p><i>Khabar-kan</i>, to tell, inform.</p>
+<p><i>Ber-mulut</i>, to speak, utter.</p>
+<p><i>Sabda</i>, to say, command.</p>
+<p><i>Cheritra-kan</i>, to relate.</p>
+<p><i>Meripit</i>, to chatter, gabble.</p>
+<p><i>Mengomong</i>, to chat, gossip.</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p><i>Kata</i>, to say, speak, talk.</p>
+<p><i>Tutur</i>, to talk, tell, converse.</p>
+<p><i>Sĕbut</i>, to tell, mention.</p>
+<p><i>Uchap</i>, to utter, express.</p>
+<p><i>Titah</i>, to say, command (as a raja).</p>
+<p><i>Merongut</i>, to mutter.</p>
+<p><i>Ber-bual</i>, to chat.</p>
+<p><i>Ber-sungut</i>, to grumble, to murmur.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Fourth, Learn to employ the passive form of the verb which takes the
+prefix <i>di-</i>. Easy examples of this have been given
+<span class = "pagenum">122</span>
+occasionally in the preceding lessons, and the exercises on pages
+<a href = "#lessonXXII">107</a> and <a href = "#lessonXXIII">108</a>
+contain abundant illustrations of it. It is a mistake to suppose that
+the Malay passive is confined to the written language; it is of common
+use colloquially among Malays, but, probably because it offers certain
+difficulties of construction, it is little understood and seldom
+employed by Europeans in the Straits of Malacca.</p>
+
+<p>“He did not, or would not, accept it,” would be vulgarly rendered
+<i>dia ta’ mahu tĕrima</i>; but it may be more elegantly translated
+<i>tiada-lah di-tĕrima-nia</i>, “It was not accepted by him.” Here the
+affix <i>-nia</i> has the force of “by him,” and, as it denotes the
+agent, immediately follows the verb in accordance with the rule stated
+on <a href = "#verb_passive">p.&nbsp;61</a>.</p>
+
+
+<h5>Examples.</h5>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>He ordered (it was ordered by him)&mdash; <i>Di-suroh-nia.</i></p>
+<p>He seized the robber (the robber was seized by him)&mdash;
+<i>Di-tangkap-nia penchuri.</i></p>
+<p>They cut away (were cut away by them) the huts and prevented the fire
+from spreading far&mdash; <i>Di-potong-nia rumah-rumah tiada di-bĕri
+me-larat panjang api itu.</i></p>
+<p>The rats ate up three candles&mdash; <i>Dian tiga batang habis
+di-makan tikus.</i></p>
+<p>They have not yet erected the house; they are getting the timber
+ready&mdash; <i>Rumah belum di-diri-kan lagi, tengah di buat
+kayu-kayu-nia.</i></p>
+<p>The boat was leaky and the water got in&mdash; <i>Bochor prahu itu
+di-masok ayer dalam-nia.</i></p>
+<p>He only allowed him to use it; he did not give it to him out and
+out&mdash; <i>Di-bĕri pakei sahaja bukan di-bĕri-nia langsong.</i></p>
+<p>He said that it was too late to send an answer&mdash; <i>Handak
+di-balas pun kata-nia sudah ter-lepas waktu-nia.</i></p>
+<p>He asked for information about the house that is being built&mdash;
+<i>Di-tanya-nia deri-pada hal rumah yang di-per-buat itu.</i></p>
+<p>When the country becomes populous it will be right to raise the
+assessment&mdash; <i>Apabila negri sudah ramei bahru-lah patut
+di-per-naik-kan hasil-nia.</i></p>
+<p>God, ever to be praised and most high, gave his aid, and on that very
+day there descended the heaviest shower of rain possible&mdash;
+<i>Di-tulong Allah subhana wa ta‘ala pada waktu hari itu di-turun hujan
+sa-habis-habis lebat.</i></p>
+<p>The people of the village feasted abundantly&mdash; <i>Jenoh-lah
+di-makan orang kampong itu.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">123</span>
+<p>Fifth, Bear in mind the distinction between the force given to a verb
+by the particle <i>ber-</i> (<i>be-</i>, <i>bel-</i>), and that which is
+caused by prefixing <i>me-</i> (<i>mem-</i>, <i>meng-</i>, <i>men-</i>,
+and <i>meny-</i>); see <i>supra</i>, <a href =
+"#verb_particle">p.&nbsp;55</a>.</p>
+
+<p>When the former is employed, the verb describes <i>a state or
+condition</i>, and is intransitive. The latter generally denotes a verb
+expressing <i>an action</i>. Apparent departures from this rule are
+found sometimes, but these often arise from a difficulty in classifying
+a particular verb. Such a verb, for instance, as “to weep,” may be
+viewed in two ways&mdash;either as descriptive of the condition of the
+person who weeps or of the act of weeping; the former is expressed in
+Malay by <i>ber-tangis</i> and the latter by <i>menangis</i>, but
+practically the distinction is not great. So <i>memakei</i>
+(<i>pakei</i>), to wear, <i>merajuk</i>, to sulk, <i>menanti</i>, to
+wait, and others, seem to describe states or conditions, notwithstanding
+that they have the particle <i>me-</i>; but this is explained by showing
+that in their primary meanings they really convey an idea of action,
+<i>memakei</i> meaning to put on, <i>merajuk</i>, to show temper, and
+<i>menanti</i>, to await somebody or something.</p>
+
+<p>The following derivative verbs will illustrate the rule laid down
+above:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class = "paradigm" summary = "inflection of word">
+<tr>
+<th>Primitive.<br>
+<hr class = "tiny"></th>
+<th>Derivative with <i>ber-</i>.<br>
+<hr class = "tiny"></th>
+<th>Derivative with <i>me-</i>.<br>
+<hr class = "tiny"></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><i>angkat</i>, to lift.</p></td>
+<td><p><i>ber-angkat</i>, to arise.</p></td>
+<td><p><i>meng-angkat</i>, to lift.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><i>alih</i>, to change.</p></td>
+<td><p><i>ber-alih</i>, to undergo change.</p></td>
+<td><p><i>meng-alih</i>, to change.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><i>balik</i>, behind, back.</p></td>
+<td><p><i>ber-balik</i>, to turn (<i>intrans</i>.)</p></td>
+<td><p><i>mem-balik</i>, to turn, return (<i>trans</i>.)</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><i>diri</i>, self, being.</p></td>
+<td><p><i>ber-diri</i>, to stand up.</p></td>
+<td><p><i>men-diri-kan</i>, to cause to stand, to establish.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><i>ganti</i>, instead of.</p></td>
+<td><p><i>ber-ganti</i>, to take the place of.</p></td>
+<td><p><i>meng-ganti</i>, to put in the place of.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><i>habis</i>, finished.</p></td>
+<td><p><i>ber-habis</i>, to be finished.</p></td>
+<td><p><i>meng-habis</i>, to finish, to complete.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><i>igau</i>, delirium.</p></td>
+<td><p><i>ber-igau</i>, to be delirious.</p></td>
+<td><p><i>meng-igau</i>, to rave.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><i>ikat</i>, tie, bond.</p></td>
+<td><p><i>ber-ikat</i>, to be fastened.</p></td>
+<td><p><i>meng-ikat</i>, to tie, fasten.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<span class = "pagenum">124</span>
+<p><i>ingat</i>, memory, to remember.</p></td>
+<td><p><i>ber-ingat</i>, to be sensible of.</p></td>
+<td><p><i>meng-ingat</i>, to call to mind, remember.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><i>jaga</i>, to watch, guard.</p></td>
+<td><p><i>ber-jaga</i>, to be on watch.</p></td>
+<td><p><i>menjaga</i>, to watch, to guard.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><i>keliling</i>, around.</p></td>
+<td><p><i>ber-keliling</i>, to border, surround.</p></td>
+<td><p><i>mengeliling</i>, to hem in, to go round.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><i>karja</i>, work.</p></td>
+<td><p><i>ber-karja</i>, to be a workman.</p></td>
+<td><p><i>mengarja-kan</i>, to work, effect, accomplish.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><i>lepas</i>, loosed.</p></td>
+<td><p><i>ber-lepas</i>, to be free.</p></td>
+<td><p><i>melepas</i>, to set free.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><i>lambat</i>, slow.</p></td>
+<td><p><i>ber-lambat</i>, to be slow.</p></td>
+<td><p><i>me-lambat</i>, to retard.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><i>labuh</i>, to lower, drop.</p></td>
+<td><p><i>ber-labuh</i>, to be at anchor.</p></td>
+<td><p><i>me-labuh</i>, to let fall, to anchor.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><i>naung</i>, shade.</p></td>
+<td><p><i>ber-naung</i>, to be sheltered.</p></td>
+<td><p><i>me-naung-i</i>, to shelter, to shade, protect.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><i>pegang</i>, to hold.</p></td>
+<td><p><i>ber-pegang</i>, to hold.</p></td>
+<td><p><i>memegang</i>, to take hold of, to seize.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><i>rugi</i>, loss.</p></td>
+<td><p><i>be-rugi</i>, to suffer loss.</p></td>
+<td><p><i>me-rugi-kan</i>, to cause loss.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><i>sembunyi</i>, to hide.</p></td>
+<td><p><i>ber-sembunyi</i>, to be concealed.</p></td>
+<td><p><i>menyembunyi</i>, to hide, conceal.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><i>takut</i>, afraid, fear.</p></td>
+<td><p><i>ber-takut</i>, to be afraid.</p></td>
+<td><p><i>menyakut-kan</i>, to frighten.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><i>ubah</i>, change, to change.</p></td>
+<td><p><i>ber-ubah</i>, to undergo change.</p></td>
+<td><p><i>meng-ubah</i>, to change, to alter.</p></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Sixth, Notice must be taken of the common native habit (not one to be
+imitated by Europeans learning the language) of inserting in a sentence
+words which have no meaning to fill a temporary hiatus while the speaker
+is thinking of his next word. These prop-words or pillow-words, to
+borrow a Hindustani phrase,<a class = "tag" name = "partIV_tag2" id =
+"partIV_tag2" href = "#partIV_note2">2</a> are numerous in Malay and
+vary in different localities. <i>Anu</i>, <i>bahasa-nia</i>, <i>misal<a
+class = "tag" name = "partIV_tag3" id = "partIV_tag3" href =
+"#partIV_note3">3</a>-nia</i>, and <i>kata-kan</i> are some of those
+commonly used.</p>
+
+<p>Seventh, The following abbreviations are commonly
+employed:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><i>Na’</i> for <i>handak</i>; <i>sikit</i> for <i>sadikit</i>;
+<i>auat</i> for <i>apa-buat?</i> why?; <i>ta’</i> and <i>t’ada</i> for
+<i>tiada</i>; <i>pi</i> and <i>pĕgi</i> (in Patani <i>gi</i>) for
+<i>pergi</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "partIV_note1" id = "partIV_note1" href =
+"#partIV_tag1">1.</a>
+Also <i>ribah</i> and <i>rubuh</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "partIV_note2" id = "partIV_note2" href =
+"#partIV_tag2">2.</a>
+The Hindustani term is <i>sukhan-takya</i>, from <i>sukhan</i>, a word,
+and <i>takya</i> a pillow.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "partIV_note3" id = "partIV_note3" href =
+"#partIV_tag3">3.</a>
+Corresponding with the Hindustani <i>maslan</i>, which is used in a
+similar way.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">125</span>
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h4><a name = "lessonXXXI" id = "lessonXXXI">LESSON XXXI.</a></h4>
+
+
+<h5>Phrases of Politeness.</h5>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>Be pleased to <span class = "dash">&mdash;&mdash;</span>.
+&mdash;<i>Sila</i>, <i>sila-lah</i>, or <i>sila-kan-lah.</i></p>
+<p>Please come into the house&mdash; <i>Sila-kan naik atas
+rumah.</i></p>
+<p>Be pleased to sit down on a chair&mdash; <i>Sila-kan duduk di-atas
+krusi.</i></p>
+<p>My house is not what it should be&mdash; <i>Rumah sahaya tiada dengan
+sapertinia.</i></p>
+<p>Treat it as your own house; don’t stand upon ceremony&mdash;
+<i>Buat-lah saperti rumah sendiri, jangan malu.</i></p>
+<p>I must beg leave to depart (lit. to rise)&mdash; <i>Sahaya handak
+minta diri-lah dahulu.</i></p>
+<p>Pray do as you wish; take care as you go&mdash; <i>Sila-kan-lah.
+Jalan baik-baik.</i></p>
+<p>I crave permission to retire, as I wish to go home&mdash; <i>Hamba
+tuan handak mohun-lah dahulu handak balik.</i></p>
+<p>Very well (it does not matter)&mdash; <i>Ta’ apa-lah.</i></p>
+<p>I must ask to be pardoned for going (style of the Court)&mdash;
+<i>Patek handak meng-ampun-lah dahulu.</i></p>
+<p>Very well&mdash; <i>Baik-lah.</i></p>
+<p>Pray come and see me often; don’t hesitate&mdash; <i>Mari-lah
+kĕrap-kĕrap rumah sahaya, jangan-lah segan-segan.</i></p>
+<p>I am exceedingly pleased to have seen you at my house&mdash;
+<i>Sangat sudi sahaya tuan-tuan datang ber-landang rumah sahaya.</i></p>
+<p>May your journey be safe&mdash; <i>Salamat jalan.</i></p>
+<p>May you remain in peace&mdash; <i>Salamat tinggal.</i></p>
+<p>There is something that I want; it is to invite you to a trifling
+entertainment&mdash; <i>Ada hajat sadikit handak jamu makan sadikit
+ayer-ayer sejuk.</i></p>
+<p>I thank you exceedingly (lit. I accept a great favour from
+you)&mdash; <i>Sahaya baniak tĕrima kasih</i>, or, simply, <i>tĕrima
+kasih.</i></p>
+<p>Are you well?&mdash; <i>Tuan ada baik?</i></p>
+<p>How is so-and-so, who was ill the other day?&mdash; <i>Apa khabar
+si-polan<a class = "tag" name = "partIV_tag4" id = "partIV_tag4" href =
+"#partIV_note4">4</a> yang sakit kalmarin itu?</i></p>
+<p>He has quite recovered his former health&mdash; <i>Sudah sihat balik
+saperti sedia lama.</i></p>
+<p>Thanks to the favouring influence of your good fortune, we are free
+from all misfortune and sickness&mdash; <i>Dengan berkat tuah tuah
+tulong tiada-lah satu apa-apa mara-bahaya deri-pada sakit demam.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">126</span>
+<h5>Exercise.</h5>
+
+<p>It is a long time since I saw you last. I did not know that you had
+arrived here. How did you come, by the river, or by the road? How long
+do you intend to stay? Don’t be in a hurry to return; stay for a while,
+and recover from the fatigue of your journey. It is a pity that I did
+not know beforehand that you were coming. He is a most excellent old
+man, and it would be hard to find many like him. If nothing occurs to
+prevent it, I shall come and see you on Monday next. There is no
+necessity for writing a letter; if you let my clerk know, that will be
+sufficient.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote">
+<a name = "partIV_note4" id = "partIV_note4" href =
+"#partIV_tag4">4.</a>
+<i>Polan</i>, or <i>fulan</i>, such a one, probably from the Hindustani
+<i>fulana</i>, a word of Arab derivation.</p>
+
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h4><a name = "lessonXXXII" id = "lessonXXXII">LESSON XXXII.</a></h4>
+
+
+<h5>Reading and Writing.</h5>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>Malay is a language of which it is very easy to learn to speak a
+little. It is, however, very difficult to acquire the idioms of the
+natives.&mdash; <i>Bahasa Malayu itu mudah sakali di-dapat chahap
+sadikit-sadikit, tetapi kalau handak ikut saperti per-kata-an orang
+Malayu sendiri payah sakali.</i></p>
+<p>It is written from right to left, whereas English is written from
+left to right&mdash; <i>Tulis-an Jawi itu deri kanan bawa ka-kiri
+tulis-an Inggris deri kiri bawa ka kanan.</i></p>
+<p>The letters employed are the Arabic letters&mdash; <i>Huruf-nia yang
+di-pakei itu huruf ‘Arab.</i></p>
+<p>What do you call that in Malay?&mdash; <i>Orang Malayu apa kata
+ini?</i></p>
+<p>What is the name of this object in Malay?&mdash; <i>Apa nama barang
+ini bahasa Malayu?</i></p>
+<p>The pronunciation of Malay differs in different states&mdash;
+<i>Chakap orang Malayu itu lain sakali bunyi-nia di-dalam lain-lain
+tampat.</i></p>
+<p>His pronunciation is not good&mdash; <i>Chakap-nia ta’ terus</i>, or
+<i>dia chakap pelet</i>, or <i>télor.</i></p>
+<p>The Malays of that district have a flat pronunciation; they say
+<i>apé</i> for <i>apa</i>&mdash; <i>Orang Malayu negri itu leper chakap,
+handak kata <em>apa</em> di-kata-nia <em>apé</em></i>.</p>
+<p>How do you spell that word?&mdash; <i>Per-kata-an ini apa
+eja-nia?</i></p>
+<p>This word is not correctly spelt&mdash; <i>Per-kata-an ini ta’ betul
+eja-nia.</i></p>
+</div>
+<p>You should read for at least two hours a day, and thus you will soon
+be</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">127</span>
+able to read fluently&mdash; <i>Patut-lah tuan membacha surat Jawi
+sa-korang-korang dua jam lama nia pada tiap-tiap hari, lama-lama
+tuntu-lah buleh dapat bacha lanchar.</i>
+<div class = "example">
+<p>Why do you undertake a thing and give it up when half
+finished?&mdash; <i>Perkara itu apa sebab tuan ta’ mahu bahagi habis,
+buat sa’ kĕrat-kĕrat sahaja?</i></p>
+<p>My son has learned to write Malay, and is now learning the
+Koran&mdash; <i>Anak sahaya sudah dapat tulis Jawi sakarang tengah
+meng-aji Koran.</i></p>
+<p>When he has read it through, he will commence to learn (Arabic)
+grammar&mdash; <i>Tatkala sudah khatam dia handak mengaji nahu.</i></p>
+<p>He chants the Koran very well&mdash; <i>Pandei juga dia mem-bacha
+Koran.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5>Exercise.</h5>
+
+<p>I am not skilled in composition. He ordered the two writings to be
+compared. If he is diligent, he will soon get instruction. He has been
+attending school for ever so long, but he knows nothing. After reading
+the letter he put it away in a box. The raja ordered the letter to be
+read aloud in the assembly. How were these lines ruled? Just look over
+this letter and see if it will do. If you will permit me, I will take
+away this book to read it. His handwriting is exceedingly good.</p>
+
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h4><a name = "lessonXXXIII" id = "lessonXXXIII">LESSON XXXIII.</a></h4>
+
+
+<h5>Housekeeping.</h5>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>There will be no one dining here to-day except the master and
+myself&mdash; <i>T’ ada orang lain makan di rumah hari ini, sahaya
+ber-dua dengan tuan sahaja.</i></p>
+<p>Tell the cook that last night’s dinner was not at all good&mdash;
+<i>Choba bilang kapada tukang-masak makan-an sa-malam ta’ baik sakali
+masak-nia.</i></p>
+<p>What he put into the soup I don’t know, but it had a nasty
+taste&mdash; <i>Apa-apa di-bubok-nia di-dalam tim itu ta’ tahu-lah
+sahaya, rasa-nia maung sahaja.</i></p>
+<p>The rice, too, was burned, and no one could eat it&mdash; <i>Nasi pun
+hangus ta’ lalu (<em>or</em> buleh) orang makan.</i></p>
+<p>What is the price of fowls at the market?&mdash; <i>Hayam bĕr-apa
+harga di pasar?</i></p>
+<span class = "pagenum">128</span>
+<p>Full-grown hens as much as fifty cents each, half-grown fowls about
+twenty cents each, and capons so much a catty according to weight&mdash;
+<i>Kalau ibu hayam sampei lima kupang pun ada, hayam sedang agak-nia,
+dua kupang sa’ ekor, hayam kambiri (<em>or</em> kasi) ikut timbang-an
+kati.</i></p>
+<p>The milk-man has not come yet&mdash; <i>Bĕlum orang bawa susu
+lagi.</i></p>
+<p>Choose fish which is quite fresh. What we had yesterday was spoilt
+before it could be cooked&mdash; <i>Pilih ikan yang baharu. Ikan
+kalmarin belum sămpat di-masak lagi sudah busŭk.</i></p>
+<p>Wait a moment. You must have breakfast ready every day at nine
+o’clock punctually, there must be no delay&mdash; <i>Nanti-lah dahulu.
+Sa-hari-hari mahu-lah sedia-kan hazri waktu pukul sambilan ta’ buleh
+lambat lagi.</i></p>
+<p>Pour this oil into a jar&mdash; <i>Minyak ini tuang-lah di-dalam
+tempayan.</i></p>
+<p>Take care not to spill it&mdash; <i>Baik-baik jangan tumpah.</i></p>
+<p>Are the kitchen utensils complete, pots and pans, cocoanut scraper,
+stone for grinding spices, &amp;c.?&mdash; <i>Chukup-kah per-kakas-an
+dapor, priuk, bĕlanga, kuali, kukur-an, batu giling rampah-rampah, dan
+lain-lain-nia?</i></p>
+<p>The only things wanting are basket-work frames for the cooking-pots,
+and a coffee-mill&mdash; <i>Yang ada korang sadikit lekar sahaja dengan
+kisar-an kahwa.</i></p>
+<p>I am tired of poultry&mdash; <i>Sahaya sudah jĕmu makan daging hayam
+itek.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5>Exercise.</h5>
+
+<p>Is the water boiling? Boil two eggs, but take care that they are not
+hard. What do you call this vegetable in Malay? Tell some one to pull
+the punkah. This plate is dirty; take it away and bring another. Put the
+dish down upon that tray. Weigh the meat when it is brought every day. I
+have weighed the beef; there is half a catty too little. How many months
+did you work for that gentleman? On what account did you leave?</p>
+
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h4><a name = "lessonXXXIV" id = "lessonXXXIV">LESSON XXXIV.</a></h4>
+
+
+<h5>Preparations for Departure.</h5>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>I am going away to <span class = "dash">&mdash;&mdash;</span> on
+Friday next&mdash; <i>Sahaya handak ka-luar ka-kampong anu pada hari
+juma‘at yang datang ini.</i></p>
+<p>Pack up enough clothes for a few days&mdash; <i>Kemas-kan kain-kain
+mana chukup sampei dua tiga ampat hari lama-nia.</i></p>
+<span class = "pagenum">129</span>
+<p>You need not take so many; I am not going for good&mdash; <i>Ta’payah
+bagitu baniak, ta’kan orang handak pergi langsong.</i></p>
+<p>Put all these clothes into a box&mdash; <i>Isi-kan kain-kain ini
+sumua dalam peti.</i></p>
+<p>Will this go in?&mdash; <i>Chelus-kah ini.</i></p>
+<p>No; it is too big&mdash; <i>Ta’chelus, besar sangat.</i></p>
+<p>Three or four handkerchiefs and two pairs of socks&mdash;
+<i>Saputangan barang tiga ampat ’lei, sarong kaki dua pasang.</i></p>
+<p>Not this spotted neck-tie, but the striped one&mdash; <i>Bukan tali
+leher yang ber-rintik ini, ada lain yang ber-choring.</i></p>
+<p>Unfasten this cord&mdash; <i>Rangkei tali ini.</i></p>
+<p>Roll up that rug&mdash; <i>Gulong kain panas itu.</i></p>
+<p>Have everything taken down to the boat&mdash; <i>Bawa-lah turun
+ka-prahu barang-barang ini sumua.</i></p>
+<p>Put them into the bullock-cart&mdash; <i>Muat-kan di-atas kreta
+lumbu</i>.</p>
+<p>Call the coolies, and tell them to take the things away&mdash;
+<i>Panggil kuli-kuli suroh angkat.</i></p>
+<p>We will stop to-night at Kampong&mdash;which is the usual
+halting-place&mdash; <i>Hari ini kita ber-malam di Kampong&mdash;itu-lah
+tampat per-hinti-an deri salama-lama.</i></p>
+<p>Wrap a waterproof sheet round that bedding, so that it may not get
+wet&mdash; <i>Balut tikar bantal itu dengan kain-gĕtah jangan di-kena
+basah.</i></p>
+<p>Set that box down here; I want to take something out of it&mdash;
+<i>Letak-kan peti itu di-sini, sahaya mahu ambil apa-apa
+di-dalam-nia.</i></p>
+<p>Put everything away again&mdash; <i>Simpan kambali sumua.</i></p>
+<p>What else is there (to detain us)?&mdash;<i>Apa lagi kita?</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5>Exercise.</h5>
+
+<p>Count all those clothes, and then put them away. At least one hundred
+people were waiting at the river-side. After waiting for several hours,
+no one came, so they were all disappointed. About midnight there was a
+great storm, with thunder and lightning. His shoulder was quite swollen,
+for he had never been in the habit of carrying a load on a stick. What
+have those two people been quarrelling about? There is a great
+difference between these two things.</p>
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">130</span>
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h4><a name = "lessonXXXV" id = "lessonXXXV">LESSON XXXV.</a></h4>
+
+
+<h5>Ordinary Narrative Style.</h5>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>On the 5th inst., at three o’clock on Thursday morning&mdash; <i>Pada
+lima tarikh pukul tiga malam<a class = "tag" name = "partIV_tag5" id =
+"partIV_tag5" href = "#partIV_note5">5</a> Khamis.</i></p>
+<p>On Tuesday last about mid-day&mdash; <i>Pada hari Salasa yang sudah
+waktu tengah hari.</i></p>
+<p>I had just finished my breakfast, and was about to smoke a
+cigar&mdash; <i>Sahaya pun baharu lepas makan nasi tengah handak minum
+rokok.</i></p>
+<p>So-and-so came and called me, saying that my uncle was very
+ill&mdash; <i>Datang-lah si-anu me-manggil kata-nia bapa penakan sahaya
+sakit sangat.</i></p>
+<p>I said, “Let me lock the door of the house first, and then I will go
+with you”&mdash; <i>Kata sahaya biar-lah aku kunchi-kan pintu rumah
+dahulu baharu-lah buleh pergi sama-sama.</i></p>
+<p>There is a single woman who lives in the house of her
+brother-in-law&mdash; <i>Ada-lah sa’orang perampuan yang duduk di rumah
+ipar-nia.</i></p>
+<p>All her property was carried off in the middle of the night by
+thieves without the knowledge of the inmates of the house&mdash;
+<i>Barang-barang dia habis di-angkat penchuri tengah malam tiada orang
+rumah sedar.</i></p>
+<p>Search was made everywhere without success&mdash; <i>Di-chahari rata
+t’ada juga di-dapat-nia.</i></p>
+<p>While we were searching about we found a box thrown aside in the
+jungle&mdash; <i>Tengah chahari itu jumpa sa’ biji peti ter-champak
+di-dalam hutan.</i></p>
+<p>After that we got into the carriage again and returned home without
+stopping anywhere&mdash; <i>Lepas itu naik kreta pula pulang ka rumah
+t’ada singgah di-mana-mana.</i></p>
+<p>After that we watched for ever so long at the edge of the
+jungle&mdash; <i>Sudah-lah bagitu bĕr-apa lama pula kita meng-endap
+di-tepi hutan.</i></p>
+<p>At length, as no one appeared, and it was getting very late, we went
+home to bed&mdash; <i>Kemdian sa’ orang pun t’ada kaluar hari pun sudah
+jahu malam jadi kita pun pulang-lah tidor.</i></p>
+<p>It is as well that I should tell you so, that you may not be ignorant
+of it&mdash; <i>Baik sahaya khabar-kan jangan-lah tuan ta’ tahu.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5>Exercise.</h5>
+
+<p>On Wednesday night at 9.30 p.m. He drove to the landing-place, took a
+boat and went on board the steamer. They
+<span class = "pagenum">131</span>
+were not permitted to land. I was just getting ready to return when your
+messenger arrived. We left before daylight in the morning and did not
+return until after dark. Can we go there and back in a day? All the men
+who were with me were very tired. I said, “Very well, come to my house
+to-morrow morning at six o’clock.” He seemed to be very weak, and walked
+with difficulty.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote">
+<a name = "partIV_note5" id = "partIV_note5" href =
+"#partIV_tag5">5.</a>
+Among Muhammadans the day commences at sunset and the night is classed
+with the day which <i>follows</i> it. Thursday night, therefore, with
+them, includes our Wednesday night and part of Thursday morning.</p>
+
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h4><a name = "lessonXXXVI" id = "lessonXXXVI">LESSON XXXVI.</a></h4>
+
+
+<h5>Buying and Selling.</h5>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>How much did you give for this?&mdash; <i>Bĕr-apa tuan bĕli
+ini?</i></p>
+<p>What is the balance remaining?&mdash; <i>Tinggal baḳi-nia
+bĕr-apa?</i></p>
+<p>Don’t ask too much; say exactly what you want&mdash; <i>Jangan-lah
+mahal sangat, kata-lah betul-betul.</i></p>
+<p>I can’t take that; it would not even cover my outlay&mdash; <i>Ta’
+buleh-lah tuan, ta’ pulang modal sahaya.</i></p>
+<p>He paid an exorbitant price for it&mdash; <i>Dia bĕli dengan harga
+mahal ter-lampau.</i></p>
+<p>What is it worth?&mdash; <i>Bĕr-apa patut di-bayar harga-nia?</i></p>
+<p>Whatever you may pay for it, I will repay to you&mdash;
+<i>Bĕr-apa-apa harga yang angkau bĕli itu nanti sahaya
+bayar-kan.</i></p>
+<p>Have you no curiosities in your shop?&mdash; <i>T’ada-kah benda
+apa-apa yang pelik-pelik di-dalam kedei ini?</i></p>
+<p>I bought this article at auction&mdash; <i>Benda ini sudah sahaya
+tangkap dalam ’lelong.</i></p>
+<p>I did not venture to bid more&mdash; <i>Ta’ bĕrani sahaya tawar
+lebeh.</i></p>
+<p>I have always sold them for a dollar a-piece&mdash; <i>Yang
+sudah-sudah ini sahaya jual sa-ringgit satu.</i></p>
+<p>You must pay ready-money; he will not give credit&mdash; <i>Mahu-lah
+mem-bayar tunei, ta’ mahu dia mem-bĕri hutang.</i></p>
+<p>He was offered one hundred dollars for it, but would not part with
+it&mdash; <i>Sudah orang minta dengan harga sa-ratus rial ta’ mahu juga
+dia lepas-kan.</i></p>
+<p>As long as it is a good article, I don’t mind about the price&mdash;
+<i>Asal-kan barang yang baik sahaya ta’ sayang pasal harga-nia.</i></p>
+<p>Examine it well lest there should be any defect in it&mdash;
+<i>Păreḳsa-lah baik-baik takut ada chachat-nia apa-apa.</i></p>
+<p>Gutta-percha sells very well just now&mdash; <i>Gĕtah baniak laku
+sakarang.</i></p>
+<p>This coin is not current here&mdash; <i>Wang ini ta’ laku
+di-sini.</i></p>
+<span class = "pagenum">132</span>
+<p>Write down all the items and let me know what the total is&mdash;
+<i>Tulis-lah perkara-perkara satu-satu khabar-kan bĕr-apa
+jĕmlah-nia.</i></p>
+<p>There are ten dollars for you&mdash; <i>Nah! sa-puloh
+ringgit.</i></p>
+<p>This material is not to be surpassed either in excellence of quality
+or beauty of colour&mdash; <i>Ta’ lawan-lah kain ini deri-pada baik
+sifat-nia dan dok warna-nia.</i></p>
+<p>It is both strong and thick&mdash; <i>Kukuh lagi tebal.</i></p>
+<p>This colour does not fade&mdash; <i>Ta’ turun warna ini.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5>Exercise.</h5>
+
+<p>How much are these plantains a bunch? It is not worth a cent. I have
+searched all the shops without finding what I want. I offered him two
+dollars and a half, and after a time he agreed. He said he would
+guarantee the goods, and that you might return the whole if they are not
+in good order. There is a quantity of chaff in this rice. I have no
+copper money, be good enough to get me change for a dollar. This is not
+according to sample. Weigh it first and then put it away. Don’t be
+uneasy; you can trust this man.</p>
+
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h4><a name = "lessonXXXVII" id = "lessonXXXVII">LESSON XXXVII.</a></h4>
+
+
+<h5>Building.</h5>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>When will your new house be finished?&mdash; <i>Rumah tuan yang
+baharu itu bila akan sudah?</i></p>
+<p>Not for a long time yet; I am just getting the materials
+together&mdash; <i>Lama juga lagi, tengah kumpul ramu-ramu-an.</i></p>
+<p>The floor and walls will be of plank&mdash; <i>Lantei papan dinding
+pun papan.</i></p>
+<p>There will be four windows on each side opening down to the
+floor&mdash; <i>Sa-bĕlah ampat jandela panjang ter-buka sampei di
+bendul.</i></p>
+<p>The front door has steps (in front of it)&mdash; <i>Pintu di hadap-an
+ber-tangga.</i></p>
+<p>The length of the house is thirty-five feet and the breadth forty
+feet, including the verandah&mdash; <i>Panjang-nia rumah itu tiga-puloh
+lima kaki, buka-nia dengan sarambi ampat puloh kaki.</i></p>
+<p>The servants’ houses have <i>atap</i> walls covered with <i>samir</i>
+or <i>kajang</i> matting&mdash; <i>Rumah orang gaji itu dinding-nia ikat
+atap apit samir atau kajang.</i></p>
+<span class = "pagenum">133</span>
+<p>This timber will not last long; it will rot very quickly&mdash;
+<i>Kayu ini ta tahan lama, lakas nanti rĕput.</i></p>
+<p>These wooden posts will be planed as smooth as possible&mdash;
+<i>Tiang kayu ini nanti tukang tara buat lichin sakali.</i></p>
+<p>Make out a list of all the different timber you will require, such as
+posts, beams, joists, rafters, &amp;c.&mdash; <i>Buat-lah kira-kira
+kayu-kayu yang handak itu deri-pada jerjak, rasuk, gĕlĕgar, kasau, dan
+lain-lain-nia.</i></p>
+<p>Measure the height from the floor to the top of the wall-plate&mdash;
+<i>Hukur-lah tinggi-nia deri lantei sampei ka-atas kapala-tiang.</i></p>
+<p>Those door-posts are not straight&mdash; <i>Ta’ betul jinang paha
+pintu itu.</i></p>
+<p>I shall fix lattice-work here for climbing plants to grow over&mdash;
+<i>Sahaya handak pukul papan jala-jala di-sini biar me-lata pokok bunga
+di-atas-nia.</i></p>
+<p>In how many days will you thatch it?&mdash; <i>Bĕr-apa hari lagi mahu
+bubok atap?</i></p>
+<p>Three thousand <i>ataps</i> will not be enough&mdash; <i>Ta’
+chukup-lah tiga ribu atap.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5>Exercise.</h5>
+
+<p>In former days the Raja of Kedah sent messengers to the Rajah of
+Perak with a letter. When the letter was opened and read in the
+assembly, in the presence of the Raja and the chiefs, its purport was
+found to be this single question only:&mdash; “Which is the higher,
+Gunong Jerei or Gunong Bubu?” Now Gunong Jerei is a mountain in Kedah,
+and Gunong Bubu is a mountain in Perak. When the letter had been read,
+there was much excitement among the Perak people, for many thought that
+the message betokened war. For three days the Raja and the chiefs
+consulted together as to the nature of the answer which should be given
+to the Raja of Kedah. On the third day a letter was written in reply to
+this effect:&mdash; “Gunong Jerei is the higher of the two, but Gunong
+Bubu is the greater.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h4><a name = "lessonXXXVIII" id = "lessonXXXVIII">LESSON
+XXXVIII.</a></h4>
+
+
+<h5>Sewing.</h5>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>I want two or three jackets made&mdash; <i>Sahaya handak suroh buat
+baju dua tiga ’lei.</i></p>
+<p>I don’t mind your taking some time about it, as long as the work is
+well done&mdash; <i>Biar lambat sadikit karja ta’apa, asal-kan elok
+jahit-an-nia.</i></p>
+<span class = "pagenum">134</span>
+<p>If it is not well done I will not take it&mdash; <i>Jikalau ta’elok
+sahaya ta’mahu tĕrima.</i></p>
+<p>Join these two pieces and sew them&mdash; <i>Dua ’lei ini kampuh-lah
+jahit.</i></p>
+<p>Tack it first and then sew it&mdash; <i>Jelujur-lah jarang dahulu,
+lepas itu sakali jahit.</i></p>
+<p>Fell the seams close&mdash; <i>Kĕlim tulang halus-halus.</i></p>
+<p>Don’t let them ravel&mdash; <i>Jangan bahagi ka-luar benang.</i></p>
+<p>When you fell, fold the stuff wide and turn the edge well in, so that
+when it is washed the threads will not ravel&mdash; <i>Kalau kĕlim lipat
+kain baniak, masok-kan tepi ka-dalam, nanti waktu basoh bulu-nia
+tidak-lah ka-luar.</i></p>
+<p>Stitch the wristband&mdash; <i>Ber-kiya hujong tangan-nia.</i></p>
+<p>Hem the border&mdash; <i>Tepi itu lipat jahit.</i></p>
+<p>To make the seam strong, don’t run it, but sew it over&mdash;
+<i>Tulang it mahu buat kukuh jangan-lah jelujur, lilit ubi
+sahaja.</i></p>
+<p>Take those torn stockings and darn them&mdash; <i>Ambil sarong-kaki
+yang koyak itu jerumat-lah sadikit.</i></p>
+<p>That is very much torn and cannot be darned; you must patch it&mdash;
+<i>Sudah baniak koyak kain itu radup ta’buleh kĕna tampong-lah.</i></p>
+<p>To gather (lit. pull the thread and make it pucker)&mdash; <i>Tarik
+benang bahagi kerudut.</i></p>
+<p>Why do you take such long stitches? I take three stitches where you
+take one. Cannot you sew closer?&mdash; <i>Ken’apa jahit ini jarang
+sahaja, tiga penyuchuk kita satu penyuchuk dia, ta tahu-kah buat
+kĕrap-kĕrap?</i></p>
+<p>Needles, Berlin wool, scissors, thimble, and a reel of white
+cotton&mdash; <i>Jerum, benang bulu kambing, gunting, sarong-jari dan
+benang puteh sa’kotak.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5>Exercise.</h5>
+
+<p>It happened once that two men had a dispute about a woman. One of
+them was a learned man and the other was a peasant who earned his living
+by cultivating his fields. Each asserted that the woman was his wife,
+and they went before the Kazi and stated their claims. The case was
+rendered all the more difficult by the refusal of the woman to say
+anything one way or the other. After hearing all the witnesses on both
+sides, the Kazi directed the woman to remain at his house and all the
+rest to return next day. All then saluted him and retired. On the
+following day, when the parties assembled, the Kazi delivered the woman
+to the learned man and sentenced the peasant to fifty stripes of a
+<span class = "pagenum">135</span>
+rattan. When questioned afterwards as to his reason for this decision,
+the Kazi said, “This morning, in my house, I ordered this woman to fill
+my inkstand; this she at once did most expertly, like one accustomed to
+the task. Then I knew she must be the wife of the learned man, for what
+should the wife of a peasant know of inkstands?” All praised the Kazi
+for his wisdom, and his fame as a judge was spread far and wide.</p>
+
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h4><a name = "lessonXXXIX" id = "lessonXXXIX">LESSON XXXIX.</a></h4>
+
+
+<h5>Sickness.</h5>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>I am not at all well&mdash; <i>Ta’ sedap badan sahaya.</i></p>
+<p>For five or six days he has been unable to eat&mdash; <i>Sudah lima
+anam hari dia ta’buleh makan nasi.</i></p>
+<p>What is the matter with him?&mdash; <i>Apa sakit-nia<ins class =
+"correction" title = "text has .">?&nbsp;</ins></i></p>
+<p>His father has taken him into the country for treatment&mdash;
+<i>Bapa-nia sudah bawa naik ka-darat ber-ubat.</i></p>
+<p>He is a little better&mdash; <i>Ada-lah korang sadikit
+sakit-nia.</i></p>
+<p>When he was very ill the other day, many people thought that he would
+not recover&mdash; <i>Tatkala dia tengah sakit sangat dahulu itu baniak
+orang fikir tiada buleh baik.</i></p>
+<p>I saw that he was very thin and his voice was very weak&mdash;
+<i>Sahaya lihat tuboh-nia sangat kurus, dia ber-chakap pun suara-nia
+perlahan sahaja.</i></p>
+<p>Where do you feel pain? I am very weak and cannot get up&mdash;
+<i>Sa-bĕlah mana rasa sakit? Sahaya leteh sakali ta’lalu
+bangket.</i></p>
+<p>Open your mouth and put out your tongue&mdash; <i>Nganga hulur
+lidak.</i></p>
+<p>You had better take a purgative&mdash; <i>Baik makan
+penchahar.</i></p>
+<p>Let me feel his pulse&mdash; <i>Biar sahaya pegang nadi dia.</i></p>
+<p>He is suffering from fever&mdash; <i>Dia sakit demam panas.</i></p>
+<p>He is suffering from rheumatism and has pains in his joints&mdash;
+<i>Dia sakit angin, rasa-nia sakit di sendi-sendi sumua.</i></p>
+<p>I will give you some oil of a certain kind which you must rub on his
+body every day till he is well&mdash; <i>Nanti sahaya bahagi minyuk satu
+macham mahu di-urut tiap-tiap hari sampei hilang sakit itu.</i></p>
+<p>Mix this white powder with a little water, stir it and then drink
+it&mdash; <i>Serbuk puteh ini champor-lah dengan ayer sadikit kachau
+lalu minum.</i></p>
+<p>If the small-pox spreads the natives will all certainly leave their
+homes&mdash; <i>Kalau me-larat penyakit chachar itu ter-tuntu lah lari
+habis ra‘iyat sumua.</i></p>
+<span class = "pagenum">136</span>
+<p>The fever called <i>kapialu</i> is very dangerous and often ends
+fatally&mdash; <i>Demam kapialu itu jahat sangat kĕrap juga bawa
+niawa.</i></p>
+<p>Cholera is the disease which is most dreaded&mdash; <i>Ta‘un itu yang
+orang takut ter-lebeh sakali.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5>Exercise.</h5>
+
+<p>Di-kata-kan pada suatu hari Nabi Suleiman ‘aleyhi-assalam duduk
+di-atas takhta ka-raja-an dan angin pun mem-bawa dia ka-atas di-udara
+dan sagala manusia dan jin yang tiada ter-bilang baniak-nia itu
+ber-jalan serta-nia maka ‘ajaib Nabi Suleiman deri-pada ka-besar-an
+ka-raja-an itu maka laku-lah dalam hati-nia suatu nafsu pada katika itu
+dan karana itu mahkota jadi bengkok maka Nabi Suleiman sigra handak
+mem-betul-kan mahkota itu jadi makin bengkok dan jikalau sa-hingga tiga
+kali pun sudah handak di-betul-kan Nabi Suleiman mahkota-nia itu tiada
+jadi betul sa-telah itu maka ber-kata-lah Nabi Suleiman, “Hei, mahkota,
+karana apa angkau tiada jadi betul?” Maka mahkota itu dengan firman
+Allah ta‘ala menyahut. “Hei, Suleiman, betul-kan hati-mu dahulu sapaya
+aku-pun jadi betul.”<a class = "tag" name = "partIV_tag6" id =
+"partIV_tag6" href = "#partIV_note6">6</a></p>
+
+<p class = "footnote">
+<a name = "partIV_note6" id = "partIV_note6" href =
+"#partIV_tag6">6.</a>
+This and the following exercise are extracts from the
+<i>Taj-assalatin</i>.</p>
+
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h4><a name = "lessonXL" id = "lessonXL">LESSON XL.</a></h4>
+
+<h5>To Illustrate the Use of Numeral Co-Efficients.<a class = "tag" name
+= "partIV_tag7" id = "partIV_tag7" href = "#partIV_note7">7</a></h5>
+
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>In that gentleman’s house one piece of matting covers a whole
+room&mdash; <i>Rumah tuan itu sa’<em>bidang</em> tikar sahaja chukup
+satu bilek.</i></p>
+<p>They found in the hut five spears, one long <i>kris</i>, and nine
+muskets&mdash; <i>Di-jumpa di bangsal itu lembing lima <em>batang</em>,
+kris panjang sa-<em>bilah</em> dengan snapang sembilan
+<em>puchuk</em>.</i></p>
+<p>See if you can get twenty-five fish-roes. How much are they
+a-piece?&mdash; <i>Chahari-lah telor tĕrubuk dua puloh lima
+<em>kampuh</em>. Bĕr-apa harga-nia sa-<em>kampuh</em>?</i></p>
+<p>She ordered a curtain to be hung before the doorway&mdash;
+<i>Di-suroh-nia gantong tirei sa-<em>labuh</em> di muka pintu.</i></p>
+<span class = "pagenum">137</span>
+<p>That bunch of plantains contains about ten rows&mdash; <i>Di-dalam
+sa-<em>tandan</em> pisang itu agak-agak sapuloh sikat.</i></p>
+<p>I said I wanted to buy ten cakes of wax&mdash; <i>Kata sahaya, sahaya
+mahu bĕli lilin sa-puloh <em>tampang</em>.</i></p>
+<p>The child was wearing a coral necklace round her neck&mdash; <i>Budak
+itu ada pakei sa-<em>labuh</em> merjan di leher-nia.</i></p>
+<p>How many yards of cloth are there in a piece?&mdash;
+<i>Sa-<em>kayu</em> kain itu jadi ber-apa ela?</i><a class = "tag" name
+= "partIV_tag8" id = "partIV_tag8" href = "#partIV_note8">8</a></p>
+<p>How many <i>ataps</i> can one person make in a day?&mdash; <i>Satu
+orang bĕr-apa <em>mengkawan</em> buleh semat atap pada sa’hari?</i></p>
+<p>The buffalo destroyed six sugar-cane plants and a quantity of
+lemon-grass plants&mdash; <i>Sudah di-makan kerbau tĕbu anam
+<em>rumpun</em> dengan serei ta’tuntu baniak
+<em>rumpun</em>-nia.</i></p>
+<p>He planted seven or eight young trees in front of the house&mdash;
+<i>Di-tanam-nia di-hadap-an rumah anak pokok kayu tujoh delapan
+<em>perdu</em>.</i></p>
+<p>It was a pretty thick book, containing about two hundred
+sheets&mdash; <i>Tebal juga kitab itu ada lebeh korang dua ratus
+<em>kajang</em> kartas.</i></p>
+<p>I have bought a casting-net to take home with me&mdash; <i>Sahaya
+sudah bĕli jala sa’<em>utas</em> (<em>or</em> sa’<em>rawan</em>) handak
+bawa pulang ka tampat sahaya.</i></p>
+<p>He tied three threads round his stomach&mdash; <i>Di-ikat-nia tiga
+<em>urat</em> benang di pĕrut-nia.</i></p>
+<p>Pick two or three jasmine blossoms, and about ten sprays of that red
+flower&mdash; <i>Petik-lah bunga melor dua tiga <em>kutum</em> dengan
+bunga merah itu barang sa-puloh <em>tangkei</em>.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5>Exercise.</h5>
+
+<p>Di cheritra-kan deri-pada Sultan Iskandar bahwa sa-hari duduk dengan
+chinta-nia dan tiada kaluar deri-pada astana-nia maka Jalinus Hakim
+masok mengadap Sultan Iskandar lalu lihat dia duduk ber-chinta maka
+iya-pun ber-tanya deri-pada-nia “apa chinta Sultan itu bahwa Sultan
+tiada kaluar deri-dalam astana?” maka Sultan Iskandar ber-sabda
+“chinta-ku deri-pada itu-lah yang dunia ini tiada baniak dan karana
+suatu ka-raja-an dunia ini yang tiada ber-apa ada-nia aku menyusah-kan
+diri-ku dan sagala orang yang lain maka deri-pada pekarja-an yang
+sia-sia ini-lah aku jua ber-chinta” maka sembah Hakim itu “Benar-lah
+bichara Sultan itu karana apa garangan dunia dan ber-apa dunia ini bahwa
+Sultan menyusah-kan diri-nia karana ka-raja-an itu yang sia-sia tetapi
+ka-raja-an dunia ini
+<span class = "pagenum">138</span>
+ada suatu tanda deri-pada maha besar ka-raja-an akhirat itu yang tiada
+ber-ka-sudah-an ada-nia dan yang Sultan dapat ber-uleh deri-pada
+pe-karja-an ka-raja-an dunia ini dengan sa-sunggoh-nia sapaya Sultan
+men-dapat ka-raja-an akhirat itu yang sagala yang tiada buleh
+di-kira-kira-i ka-besar-an-nia itu” maka suka-lah Sultan Iskandar
+deri-pada kata-nia dan bichara-nia yang baik itu.</p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "partIV_note7" id = "partIV_note7" href =
+"#partIV_tag7">7.</a>
+See <i>supra</i>, <a href = "#numeral_coeff">p. 70</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "partIV_note8" id = "partIV_note8" href =
+"#partIV_tag8">8.</a>
+<i>Ela</i>, yard, from the Dutch <i>el</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class = "appendix">
+
+<span class = "pagenum">139</span>
+<h3><a name = "appendix" id = "appendix">APPENDIX TO PART IV.</a></h3>
+
+
+<h5>Muhammadan Months.</h5>
+
+<table class = "paradigm" summary = "inflection of word">
+<col width = "50%">
+<col class = "leftline">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>1. <i>Muharram.</i></p>
+<p>2. <i>Safar.</i></p>
+<p>3. <i>Rabia-el-awal.</i></p>
+<p>4. <i>Rabia-el-akhir.</i></p>
+<p>5. <i>Jumad-el-awal.</i></p>
+<p>6. <i>Jumad-el-akhir.</i></p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>7. <i>Rejab.</i></p>
+<p>8. <i>Sha‘aban.</i></p>
+<p>9. <i>Ramazan.</i></p>
+<p>10. <i>Shawal.</i></p>
+<p>11. <i>Zu’l-ka‘adah.</i></p>
+<p>12. <i>Zu’l-hajah.</i></p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h5>Days of the Week.</h5>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>Sunday, <i>Ahad</i>, lit. “the first.”</p>
+<p>Monday, <i>Isnein</i> or <i>Senein</i>, lit. “the second.”</p>
+<p>Tuesday, <i>Salasa</i>, lit. “the third.”</p>
+<p>Wednesday, <i>Arba‘ah</i> or <i>Rabu</i>, lit. “the fourth.”</p>
+<p>Thursday, <i>Khamis</i>, lit. “the fifth.”</p>
+<p>Friday, <i>Juma‘at</i>, lit. “the congregation.”</p>
+<p>Saturday, <i>Sabtu</i>, lit. “Sabbath.”</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5>Periods of Prayer.</h5>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>1. <i>Maghrib</i>, a few minutes after sunset.</p>
+<p>2. <i>‘Isha</i>, evening, after dark.</p>
+<p>3. <i>Subh</i>, daybreak.</p>
+<p>4. <i>Lohor</i>, or <i>Dluḥr</i>, between noon and 1 <span class =
+"smallcaps">P.M.</span></p>
+<p>5. <i>Asr</i>, afternoon, midway between noon and nightfall.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5>Malay Phrases for Divisions of Time.</h5>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>1. <i>Belum terbang lalat</i>, “Before the flies are astir,” just
+before daybreak.</p>
+<p>2. <i>Pechah panas</i>, “When the heat commences,” sun-up.</p>
+<p>3. <i>Kĕring ambun</i>, “When the dew dries,” about 8 <span class =
+"smallcaps">A.M.</span></p>
+<span class = "pagenum">140</span>
+<p>4. <i>Tengah naik</i>, “When the sun is half-way,” 9 <span class =
+"smallcaps">A.M.</span></p>
+<p>5. <i>Tulih tenggala</i>, “When the plough is idle.”<a class = "tag"
+name = "app_tag1" id = "app_tag1" href = "#app_note1">1</a></p>
+<p>6. <i>Tengah hari tĕpat</i>, “Mid-day exactly,” noon.</p>
+<p>7. <i>Rambang</i>, “Right in the middle” (<i>i.e.</i> the sun in the
+sky), noon.</p>
+<p>8. <i>Buntar membayang</i>, “When the shadows are round”
+(<i>i.e.</i>, when your shadow is round your feet), noon.</p>
+<p>9. <i>Ber-alis hari</i>, “When the day changes,” afternoon.</p>
+<p>10. <i>Lepas ba‘adah</i>, and <i>lepas ba‘adah salah</i>, “After
+(Friday’s) prayers (in the mosque),” about 1.30 <span class =
+"smallcaps">P.M.</span></p>
+<p>11. <i>Turun kerbau be-rendam</i>, “When the buffaloes go down to the
+water,” about 5 <span class = "smallcaps">P.M.</span></p>
+<p>12. <i>Jindĕra budak</i>, “When the children have gone to sleep,”
+about 10 <span class = "smallcaps">P.M.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<h5>Malay Proper Names.</h5>
+
+<p>The proper names common to the whole Muhammadan world, many of which
+are Hebrew also, are in use among the Malays. It is common, however, to
+abbreviate them in a manner peculiarly Malay. For example, “Muhammad” is
+shortened to “Mat,” “Ibrahim” becomes “Brahim” and “Him,” and for
+“Isahak,” “Sahak” and “Ak” are often heard.</p>
+
+<p>Certain names are also in use, which, either used by themselves or
+prefixed to other proper names, show the relative seniority of a person
+in his or her family. In Kedah, Penang, &amp;c., three of these are
+commonly used, “<i>Long</i>,” “<i>Ngah</i>,” and
+“<i>Busuk</i>:”&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p><i>Long</i> is equivalent to <i>Sulong</i>, “eldest,”</p>
+<p><i>Ngah</i> is equivalent to <i>Tengah</i>, “middle,”</p>
+<p><i>Busuk</i> is equivalent to <i>Bongsu</i>, “youngest.”</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In Perak seven of these names are in use:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class = "example">
+<p>1. <i>Long.</i></p>
+<p>2. <i>Ngah.</i></p>
+<p>3. <i>Alang.</i></p>
+<p>4. <i>Panjang.</i></p>
+<p>5. <i>Pandah.</i></p>
+<p>6. <i>Uda.</i></p>
+<p>7. <i>Utih.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">141</span>
+
+<h5>Weights and Measures.</h5>
+
+<table class = "appendix" summary = "list of equivalents">
+<tr>
+<td class = "number">16</td>
+<td><i>tahil</i>,</td>
+<td class = "spacer">&nbsp;</td>
+<td>1 <i>kati</i>.<a class = "tag" name = "app_tag2" id = "app_tag2"
+href = "#app_note2">2</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "number">100</td>
+<td><i>kati</i>,</td>
+<td class = "spacer">&nbsp;</td>
+<td>1 <i>pikul</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "number">3</td>
+<td><i>pikul</i>,</td>
+<td class = "spacer">&nbsp;</td>
+<td>1&nbsp;<i>bahara</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "number">40</td>
+<td><i>pikul</i>,</td>
+<td class = "spacer">&nbsp;</td>
+<td>1 <i>koyan</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<h6>Goldsmith’s Weight.</h6>
+
+<table class = "appendix" summary = "list of equivalents">
+<tr>
+<td>12 <i>saga</i>,</td>
+<td class = "spacer">&nbsp;</td>
+<td>1 <i>mayam</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>16 <i>mayam</i>,</td>
+<td class = "spacer">&nbsp;</td>
+<td>1&nbsp;<i>bungkal</i>.<a class = "tag" name = "app_tag3" id =
+"app_tag3" href = "#app_note3">3</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>12&nbsp;<i>bungkal</i>,</td>
+<td class = "spacer">&nbsp;</td>
+<td>1 <i>kati</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<h6>Capacity.</h6>
+
+<table class = "appendix" summary = "list of equivalents">
+<tr>
+<td class = "number">4</td>
+<td><i>chupak</i>,</td>
+<td class = "spacer" colspan = "2">&nbsp;</td>
+<td>1&nbsp;<i>gantang</i>.<a class = "tag" name = "app_tag4" id =
+"app_tag4" href = "#app_note4">4</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "number">10</td>
+<td><i>gantang</i>,</td>
+<td class = "spacer" colspan = "2">&nbsp;</td>
+<td>1 <i>parah</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "number">16</td>
+<td><i>gantang</i>,</td>
+<td class = "spacer" colspan = "2">&nbsp;</td>
+<td>1 <i>nalih</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "number">160</td>
+<td><i>gantang</i>,</td>
+<td class = "spacer" colspan = "2">&nbsp;</td>
+<td>1 <i>kunchah</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "number">5</td>
+<td><p><i>kunchah</i></td>
+<td class = "nowrap">or 800 <i>gantang</i></td>
+<td class = "spacer">&nbsp;</td>
+<td>1 <i>koyan</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h6>Linear.</h6>
+
+<table class = "appendix" summary = "list of equivalents">
+<col>
+<col>
+<col>
+<col class = "spacer">
+<col>
+<tr>
+<td class = "number">2</td>
+<td><i>jingkal</i></td>
+<td>(span),</td>
+<td class = "spacer">&nbsp;</td>
+<td>1 <i>hasta</i> (cubit).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "number">2</td>
+<td><i>hasta</i>,</td>
+<td class = "spacer" colspan = "2">&nbsp;</td>
+<td>1 <i>ela</i> (yard).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "number">4</td>
+<td><i>hasta</i>,</td>
+<td class = "spacer" colspan = "2">&nbsp;</td>
+<td>1 <i>dĕpa</i> (fathom).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "number">2</td>
+<td><i>dĕpa</i>,</td>
+<td class = "spacer" colspan = "2">&nbsp;</td>
+<td>1 <i>jumba</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "number">20</td>
+<td><i>jumba</i>,</td>
+<td class = "spacer" colspan = "2">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class = "nowrap">1 <i>orlong</i> (80 yards).</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<h6>Square Measure.</h6>
+
+<table class = "appendix" summary = "list of equivalents">
+<col>
+<col class = "spacer">
+<col>
+<tr>
+<td>400&nbsp;<i>jumba</i>,</td>
+<td class = "spacer">&nbsp;</td>
+<td>1&nbsp;<i>orlong</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The <i>jumba</i> is equal to 144 square feet; the <i>orlong</i> is
+equal to 6400 square feet, or about 1⅓ acre (1 acre, 1 rood, 12
+perches).</p>
+
+
+<h5>Money.</h5>
+
+<p>The currency in the Straits of Malacca is the Spanish dollar
+(<i>ringgit</i> or <i>real</i>) divided into cents. A quarter of a
+dollar (25 cents) is called <i>suku</i> (quarter). Local terms are also
+used to denote fractions of the dollar, as in Penang,
+<span class = "pagenum">142</span>
+<i>kupang</i> (=&nbsp;10 cents), and in Malacca, <i>wang baharu</i>
+(=&nbsp;2½ cents).</p>
+
+<p>In the native states on the west coast of the peninsula, the currency
+of the British settlements has almost entirely displaced that which was
+in use before. In Perak lumps of tin were formerly current as coin; in
+addition to these Dutch and Spanish silver coins were also employed.</p>
+
+<p>The following are some of the old modes of reckoning:&mdash;</p>
+
+<h6>Tin Coinage.</h6>
+
+<table class = "appendix" summary = "list of equivalents">
+<tr>
+<td>2&nbsp;<i>boya</i>,</td>
+<td class = "spacer small">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class = "nowrap">1 <i>tampang</i> (value the 10th part of a
+dollar).<a class = "tag" name = "app_tag5" id = "app_tag5" href =
+"#app_note5">5</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>5 <i>boya</i>,</td>
+<td class = "spacer small">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class = "nowrap">1 <i>bidor</i> (value the 4th part of a
+dollar).</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<h6>Silver Coins used in Weighing Gold.</h6>
+
+<table class = "appendix" summary = "list of equivalents">
+<tr>
+<td>2&nbsp;<i>penjuru</i>,</td>
+<td class = "spacer small">&nbsp;</td>
+<td>1 <i>piah</i>,</td>
+<td class = "spacer small">&nbsp;</td>
+<td>weight 1 <i>mayam</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>4 <i>piah</i>,</td>
+<td class = "spacer small">&nbsp;</td>
+<td>1&nbsp;<i>jampal</i>,</td>
+<td class = "spacer small">&nbsp;</td>
+<td>weight 4 <i>mayam</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>2 <i>jampal</i>,</td>
+<td class = "spacer small">&nbsp;</td>
+<td>1 <i>real</i>,</td>
+<td class = "spacer small">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class = "nowrap">weight 8 <i>mayam</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<h6>Coins Formerly in Use.</h6>
+
+<table class = "appendix" summary = "list of equivalents">
+<tr>
+<td class = "number">36</td>
+<td class = "nowrap"><i>duit hayam</i></td>
+<td>(copper),</td>
+<td class = "spacer">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class = "nowrap">1 <i>wang</i> (silver).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "number">7</td>
+<td><i>wang</i>,</td>
+<td class = "spacer" colspan = "2">&nbsp;</td>
+<td>1 <i>suku</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "app_note1" id = "app_note1" href = "#app_tag1">1.</a>
+<i>Tulih tinggala muda</i> is about 9 A.M., and <i>tulih tinggala
+tuah</i> about 11&nbsp;<span class = "smallcaps">A.M.</span></p>
+
+<p><a name = "app_note2" id = "app_note2" href = "#app_tag2">2.</a>
+1 <i>kati</i> = 1 lb. 6 oz. 13 drs.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "app_note3" id = "app_note3" href = "#app_tag3">3.</a>
+1 <i>bungkal</i> = the weight of two Spanish dollars = 832 grains.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "app_note4" id = "app_note4" href = "#app_tag4">4.</a>
+1 <i>gantang</i> contains 271.65 cubic inches, or 1¼ gallons nearly. The
+standard varies according to locality.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "app_note5" id = "app_note5" href = "#app_tag5">5.</a>
+The weight of the <i>tampang</i> (in Perak) was one <i>kati</i>. It was
+a small cubical lump of tin, with a pattern stamped on it. The
+<i>bidor</i> weighed 2½ <i>kati</i>, or the 40th part of a
+<i>pikul</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+</div> <!-- end div appendix -->
+
+</div> <!-- end div maintext -->
+
+<div class = "vocab">
+
+<span class = "pagenum">143</span>
+<h3><a name = "partV" id = "partV">PART V.</a></h3>
+
+<hr class = "micro">
+
+<h4>VOCABULARY.</h4>
+
+<div class = "mynote">
+
+<p>In this section, a few missing commas after parentheses were silently
+supplied.</p>
+
+<p class = "center">
+<a href = "#vocabA">&nbsp;A&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocabB">&nbsp;B&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocabC">&nbsp;C&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocabD">&nbsp;D&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocabE">&nbsp;E&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocabF">&nbsp;F&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocabG">&nbsp;G&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocabH">&nbsp;H&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocabI">&nbsp;I&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocabJ">&nbsp;J&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocabK">&nbsp;K&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocabL">&nbsp;L&nbsp;</a><br>
+<a href = "#vocabM">&nbsp;M&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocabN">&nbsp;N&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocabO">&nbsp;O&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocabP">&nbsp;P&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocabQ">&nbsp;Q&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocabR">&nbsp;R&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocabS">&nbsp;S&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocabT">&nbsp;T&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocabU">&nbsp;U&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocabV">&nbsp;V&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocabW">&nbsp;W&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#vocabY">&nbsp;Y&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<h5><a name = "vocabA" id = "vocabA">A.</a></h5>
+
+<p>Abandon, to, <i>meninggal-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Abase, to, <i>me-rendah-kan</i>, <i>meng-hina-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Able, <i>larat</i>, <i>sămpat</i>, <i>buleh</i>, <i>lalu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Abscess, <i>barah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Abuse, to, <i>maki</i>, <i>me-maki</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Accept, to, <i>tĕrima</i>, <i>menĕrima</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Accompany, to, <i>ber-serta</i>, <i>ber-sama</i>, <i>ber-kawan</i>,
+<i>ber-tĕman</i>, <i>menyerta</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Accomplish, to, <i>habis-kan</i>, <i>meng-habis-kan</i>,
+<i>menyampei-kan</i>, <i>sudah-kan</i>, <i>menyudah-kan</i>, <i>sampei
+hajat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Accost, to, <i>tegor</i>, <i>siapa-kan</i>, <i>meny-apa-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Accounts, <i>kira-kira</i>, <i>hitong-an</i>, <i> bilang-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Accuse, to, <i>tudoh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Accustomed, <i>biasa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ache, <i>sakit</i>, <i>sakit-an</i>, <i>senak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Acknowledge, to, <i>aku</i>, <i>mengaku</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Acquire, to, <i>ber-uleh</i>, <i>dapat</i>, <i>men-dapat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Act, <i>buat-an</i>, <i>karja</i>, <i>pe-karja-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Active, <i>chĕpat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Add, to, <i>tambah</i>, <i>menambah</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to cast up), <i>jumlah-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Adjourn, to, <i>tangguh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Admirable, <i>endah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Admire, <i>chengang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Adopt, to, <i>angkat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Adrift, <i>ter-hanyut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Adultery, <i>zinah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Advantage, <i>faidah</i>, <i>laba</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Adversity, <i>chelaka</i>, <i>bala</i>, <i>ka-susahan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Advice, <i>peng-ajar-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Affair, <i>perkara</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Affection, <i>kasih</i>, <i>kasih-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Afraid, <i>takut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Aft, <i>di burit-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>After, <i>lĕpas</i>, <i>bĕlakang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Afterwards, <i>kemdian</i>, <i>ba‘ad</i>.</p>
+
+<p>After-birth, <i>uri</i>, <i>tembuni</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Again, <i>lagi-sakali</i>, <i>pula</i>, <i>kambali</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Age, <i>‘umur</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Agent, <i>wakil</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ago, <i>sudah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Agree, <i>janji</i>, <i>mufakat</i>, <i>sa-tuju</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(suit), <i>rasi</i>, <i>sarasi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ague, <i>demam-kura</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ahead, <i>di-hadap-an</i>, <i>di-muka</i>, <i>di-halu-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Aid, <i>tulong</i>, <i>menulong</i>, <i>bantu</i>,
+<i>mem-bantu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Aim, to, <i>tembak</i>, <i>menembak</i>, <i>tuju</i>,
+<i>menuju</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Air, <i>hawa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Alarmed, <i>ter-kĕjut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Alight, <i>hinggap</i>.</p>
+
+<p>All, <i>sumua</i>, <i>sagala</i>, <i>sakali-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Allow, <i>biar</i>, <i>bĕri</i>, <i>kasih</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Allure, <i>bujuk</i>, <i>mem-bujuk</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Almighty, <i>maha-kuasa</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">144</span>
+
+<p>Almost, <i>hampir</i>, <i>dĕkat</i>, <i>niaris</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Almond, <i>badam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Alms, <i>darma</i>, <i>sădăkah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Aloes-wood, <i>gaharu</i>, <i>kayu-gaharu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Alone, <i>sa-orang</i>, <i>bujang</i>, <i>tunggal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Also, <i>juga</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Alter, to, <i>ubah</i>, <i>meng-ubah</i>, <i>tukar</i>,
+<i>menukar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Alum, <i>tawas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Always, <i>sa-lalu</i>, <i>sa-nantiasa</i>,
+<i>sa-lama-lama-nia</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ambassador, <i>utusan</i>, <i>pĕsuroh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Amid, <i>di-dalam</i>, <i>di-tengah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Amuse oneself, to, <i>main</i>, <i>main-main</i>,
+<i>ber-main</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ancestors, <i>nenek-moyang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Anchor, an, <i>sauh</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(anchor, to), <i>ber-labuh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Angel, <i>malaikat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Anger, <i>marah</i>, <i>ka-marah-an</i>, <i>murka</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Angry, <i>marah</i>, <i>murka</i>, <i>gĕram</i>,
+<i>hangat-hati</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Animal, <i>benatang</i>, <i>satwa</i>, <i>morga</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ankle, <i>mata-kaki</i>, <i>peng-gĕlang-kaki</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Anklet, <i>gĕlang-kaki</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Annoy, to, <i>usik</i>, <i>meng-usik</i>, <i>bising</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Another, <i>lain</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Answer, to, <i>sahut</i>, <i>menyahut</i>, <i>jawab</i>, <i>balas
+jawab</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ant, <i>sĕmut</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(large red), <i>kĕrangga</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(white), <i>anei-anei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Anthill, <i>pongsu</i>, <i>busut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Antidote, <i>pĕnawar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Anvil, <i>landas</i>, <i>landas-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Anxiety, <i>per-chinta-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Anxious, <i>rindu</i>, <i>dendam</i>, <i>bimbang</i>,
+<i>risau</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Any, <i>barang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Apart, <i>asing</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(with an opening between), <i>renggang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Appear, to, <i>terbit</i>, <i>timbul</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Appearance, <i>rupa</i>, <i>sifat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Apply, to, <i>pasang</i>, <i>kĕna-kan</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(ask), <i>minta</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Appraise, to, <i>nilai</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Approach, to, <i>hampir</i>, <i>menghampir</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Arabia, <i>benua ‘arab</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Arm, <i>tangan</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(fore-arm), <i>lengan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Arm, weapon, <i>senjata</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Armpit, <i>katiak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Army, <i>balatantra</i>, <i>lashkar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Arrive, to, <i>sampei</i>, <i>tiba</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Arrow, <i>anak-panah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Arsenic, <i>warangan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Art, <i>hikmat</i>, <i>‘ilmu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>As, <i>bagei</i>, <i>saperti</i>, <i>laḳsana</i>, <i>macham</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ascend, to, <i>naik</i>, <i>panjat</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(a river), <i>mudik</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ashamed, <i>malu</i>, <i>bermalu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ashes, <i>habu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ask, to, <i>minta</i>, <i>pinta</i>, <i>pohun</i>,
+<i>me-mohun</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(a question), <i>tanya</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Asleep, <i>ber-tidor</i>, <i>ber-lena</i>, <i>ber-adu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ass, <i>kaldei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Assault, to, <i>langgar</i>, <i>terkam</i>, <i>pukul</i>,
+<i>memukul</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Assay, <i>uji</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Assemble, to, <i>impun</i>, <i>kumpul</i>, <i>kĕrumun</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Assist, to, <i>tulong</i>, <i>bantu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Astonished, <i>ter-chengang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Astray, <i>sesat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>At, <i>di</i>, <i>pada</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Athwart, <i>lentang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Attack, to, <i>langgar</i>, <i>sĕrang</i>, <i>men-yĕrang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Attempt, to, <i>choba</i>, <i>men-choba</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Attire, <i>pakei-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Auction, <i>lelong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Audience-hall, <i>balei</i>, <i>balei-ruang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Auger, <i>gurdi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Aunt, <i>mah</i>, <i>mah-sudara</i>, <i>mah-pena-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Authority, <i>kuasa</i>, <i>pĕrentah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Await, to, <i>me-nanti</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Awake, to, <i>jaga</i>, <i>ber-jaga</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to arouse), <i>gĕrak-kan</i>, <i>mem-bangket-kan</i>,
+<i>mem-bangun-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Awl, <i>peng-gorek</i>, <i>jara</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Axe, <i>kapak</i>.</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">145</span>
+<h5><a name = "vocabB" id = "vocabB">B.</a></h5>
+
+<p>Babe, <i>anak kechil</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bachelor, <i>bujang</i>, <i>taruna</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Back, <i>bĕlakang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to go &mdash;), <i>pulang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to send &mdash;), <i>pulang-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Backward, <i>segan</i>, <i>malas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bad, <i>jahat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bag, <i>karong</i>, <i>pundi-pundi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bail, <i>aku-an</i>, <i>tanggong-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bait (for fish), <i>umpan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bake, to, <i>panggang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Balance (scales), <i>naracha</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to weigh), <i>timbang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(surplus), <i>baḳi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bald, <i>botak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bale, to, <i>timba</i>, <i>menimba</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Banana, <i>pisang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bank, of a river, <i>tĕbing</i>, <i>baroh</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(shoal), <i>bĕting</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bar, <i>kanching</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Barber, <i>pen-chukor</i>, <i>tukang-chukor</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bargain, to, <i>tawar</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to conclude a bargain), <i>angkat jual-bĕli</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bark, of a tree, <i>kulit-kayu</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(of a dog), <i>salak</i>, <i>menyalak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Barrel, <i>pipa</i>, <i>tong</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(of a gun), <i>laras</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Base, <i>hina</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Basket, <i>bakul</i>, <i>raga</i>, <i>kĕranjang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bastard, <i>anak-haram</i>, <i>haram-zada</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bat, <i>lalawa</i>, <i>kalawar</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(flying fox), <i>kaluang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bathe, to, <i>mandi</i>, <i>me-mandi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Battle, <i>pĕrang</i>, <i>pe-pĕrang-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bawl, to, <i>tĕriak</i>, <i>ber-tĕriak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bay, <i>telok</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Beach, <i>pantei</i>, <i>pasisir</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Beads, <i>mani-mani</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Beak, of a bird, <i>paroh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Beam, of light, <i>sinar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bear, to, (carry), <i>pikul</i>, <i>memikul</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(endure), <i>tahan</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(ursus), <i>bĕruang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Beard, <i>janggut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Beast, <i>benatang</i>, <i>satwa</i>, <i>morga</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Beat, to, <i>pukul</i>, <i>palu</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to throb), <i>dabar</i>, <i>ber-dabar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Beautiful, <i>bagus</i>, <i>elok</i>, <i>chantek</i>,
+<i>molek</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Because, <i>sebab</i>, <i>karana</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Beckon, to, <i>gamit</i>, <i>lambei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Become, to, <i>jadi</i>, <i>menjadi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bed, <i>tampat-tidor</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(bedstead), <i>katil</i>, <i>gĕrai</i>, <i>geta</i>, <i>pentas</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(bridal), <i>palamin</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bee, <i>lĕbah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Beef, <i>daging lumbu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Beetle, <i>kumbang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Before, <i>mengadap</i>, <i>ka-hadap-an</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(in time past), <i>dahulu</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(ere), <i>sa belum</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Beg, to, <i>minta</i>, <i>minta sădăkah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Beginning, <i>per-mula-an</i>, <i>ahwal</i>, <i>pangkal</i>,
+<i>asal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Behaviour, <i>ka-laku-an</i>, <i>pakerti</i>, <i>per-angei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Belch, to, <i>serdawa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Believe, to, <i>perchaya</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bell, <i>ganta</i>, <i>loching</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Beloved, <i>kakasih</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Below, <i>bawah</i>, <i>di-bawah</i>, <i>ka-bawah</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(under the lee of), <i>di-olak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Belt, <i>tali-pinggang</i>, <i>tali-pinding</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bench, <i>bangko</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bend, to, <i>me-lengkong-kan</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to incline), <i>chondong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bent, <i>lengkong</i>, <i>bengkok</i>, <i>lengkok</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Benevolence, <i>morah-hati</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Benzoin, <i>kaminian</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Besprinkle, to, <i>perchik</i>, <i>memerchik</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bet, to, <i>ber-taroh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Betel-nut, <i>pinang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(leaf), <i>sirih</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(stand), <i>tampat-sirih</i>, <i>bujam-sirih</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Betrothed, one that is, <i>tunang</i>, <i>tunang-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Better, <i>lebeh baik</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Between, <i>antara</i>, <i>di-tengah</i>, <i>kĕlang-kĕlang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Beyond, <i>balik</i>, <i>balik-sana</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bible (the Gospels), <i>Injil</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bid, to, <i>tawar</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">146</span>
+<p>Bier, <i>jănazat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Big, <i>besar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bind, to, <i>ikat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bird, <i>burong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bird’s-nest, <i>sarong-burong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Birth, <i>per-anak-an</i>, <i>ka-jadi-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bite, to, <i>gigit</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(as a snake), <i>pagut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bitter, <i>pahit</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Black, <i>hitam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Blacksmith, <i>tukang-bĕsi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Blade (of a weapon), <i>mata</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Blame, to, <i>per-salah-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Blanket, <i>kamal</i>, <i>kamli</i>, <i>kain panas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Blemish, <i>chachat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Blessing, <i>barkat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Blind, <i>buta</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Block, pulley, <i>kapi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Blood, <i>darah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Blossom, <i>bunga</i>, <i>kembang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Blow, to, (with wind), <i>hambus</i>, <i>tiup</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(through a tube), <i>sumpit</i>, <i>men-yumpit</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(as a flower), <i>ber-kembang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Blue, <i>biru</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Blunderbuss, <i>pamuras</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Blunt, <i>tumpul</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Boar, <i>babi-jantan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Board, <i>papan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Boat, <i>prahu</i>, <i>sampan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Body, <i>tuboh</i>, <i>salira</i>, <i>badan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Boil, to, <i>rĕbus</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(rice), <i>tanak</i>, <i>menanak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Boiling, to be, <i>mendidik</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bold, <i>bĕrani</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bolt, <i>kanching</i>, <i>penganching</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bond, <i>surat per-janji-an, surat piu-tang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bone, <i>tulang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Book, <i>surat</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(religious &mdash;), <i>kitab</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Booth, <i>teratak</i>, <i>jambar</i>, <i>lengkok</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bore, to, <i>korek</i>, <i>gorek</i>, <i>mengorek</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Borrow, to, <i>pinjam</i>, <i>meminjam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bother, <i>bising</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bottle, <i>balang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bough, <i>dahan</i>, <i>ranting</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bound, to, <i>lompat</i>, <i>me-lompat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Boundary, <i>per-hingga-an,<a class = "tag" name = "vocab_tag1" id =
+"vocab_tag1" href = "#vocab_note1">1</a> tumpu-tumpu-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bow, to, (reverence), <i>tunduk</i>, <i>men-unduk</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bow (weapon), <i>busar</i>, <i>gandiwa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bow (of a ship), <i>halu-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bowels, <i>pĕrut</i>, <i>isi-pĕrut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Box, <i>peti</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(small ornamental), <i>chumbul</i>, <i>chelapa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Box, to, (fight), <i>tinju</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Brains, <i>otak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Branch, <i>dahan</i>, <i>ranting</i>, <i>chabang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(of a river or road), <i>sempang</i>, <i>chabang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Brass, <i>tambaga</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Brave, <i>bĕrani</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Brazen-faced, <i>muka-papan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bread, <i>roti</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bread-fruit, <i>sukun</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Break, to, <i>pechah</i>, <i>patah</i>, <i>putus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Breast, <i>dada</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Breasts, <i>susu</i>, <i>tetek</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Breath, <i>nafas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Breeches, <i>saluar</i>, <i>sarual</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Breed, family, <i>bangsa</i>, <i>asal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Breeding, manners, <i>bahasa</i>, <i>budi-bahasa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Breeze, <i>angin</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(land), <i>angin-darat</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(sea), <i>angin-laut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bribe, <i>suap</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Brick, <i>bata</i>, <i>batu-bata</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bride, <i>pengantin</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bridegroom, <i>mempelei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bridge, <i>titi</i>, <i>jambatan</i>, <i>gerta</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(of the nose), <i>batang-hidong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bridle, <i>kang</i>, <i>kakang</i>, <i>lagam</i> (Hindustani).</p>
+
+<p>Bright, <i>tĕrang</i>, <i>chaya</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bring, to, <i>bawa</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(out), <i>kaluar-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Broad, <i>lebar</i>, <i>luas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Broad-cloth, <i>sahalat</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">147</span>
+<p>Broil, to, <i>panggang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Broken, <i>ter-pechah</i>, <i>ter-patah</i>, <i>ter-putus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Brooch, <i>krosang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Broom, <i>penyapu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Brother, <i>sudara</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(elder), <i>abang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(younger), <i>adek</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Brother-in-law, <i>ipar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Brow, <i>dahi</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(eye &mdash;), <i>kening</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bruise, <i>lebam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Brush, to, <i>sikat-kan</i>, <i>menyapu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Brushwood, <i>semak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bucket, <i>timba</i>, <i>tong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Buckle, <i>kanching</i>, <i>pinding</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bud, of a flower, <i>kutum</i>, <i>kuntum</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(of a leaf), <i>tunas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Buffalo, <i>kerbau</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bug, <i>pijat-pijat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Build, to, <i>men-diri-kan</i>, <i>bangun-kan</i>, <i>buat</i>,
+<i>mem-buat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bull, <i>lumbu jantan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bullet, <i>peluru</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bunch (of fruit), <i>tandan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bundle, <i>bungkus</i>, <i>baban</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Burial-place, <i>kuburan</i>, <i>kandang</i>, <i>kĕramat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Burn, to, <i>bakar</i>, <i>hangus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bury, to, <i>tanam</i>, <i>menanam</i>, <i>kubur-kan</i>, <i>simpan
+mayat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bush, <i>pokok</i>, <i>semak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Business, <i>karja</i>, <i>pe-karja-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>But, <i>tetapi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Butt, target, <i>sasar</i>, <i>sasar-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Butter, <i>mantega</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Butterfly, <i>kupu-kupu</i>, <i>rama-rama</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Button, <i>kanching</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Buy, to, <i>bĕli</i>.</p>
+
+<p>By and by, <i>sa-buntar lagi</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "vocabC" id = "vocabC">C.</a></h5>
+
+<p>Cabbage, <i>kobis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cable, <i>tali-sauh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cage, <i>sangkar</i>, <i>sangkar-an</i>, <i>kurong-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cake, <i>penganan</i>, <i>kueh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Calculate, to, <i>kira</i>, <i>hitong</i>, <i>bilang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Calf, <i>anak lumbu</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(of the leg), <i>jantong-betis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Calico, <i>kain kalamkari</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Call, to, <i>panggil</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Calm, <i>tenang</i>, <i>tedoh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Calumny, <i>fitnah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Camel, <i>unta</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Camphor, <i>kapur-barus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Can, <i>buleh</i>, <i>sampat</i>, <i>lalu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Canal, <i>salur-an</i>, <i>parit</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cancel, to, <i>hapus</i>, <i>baṭal-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Candle, <i>dian</i>, <i>lilin</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Candlestick, <i>kaki-dian</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cane, walking-stick, <i>rotan</i>, <i>tongkat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cannon, <i>mariam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Canoe, <i>jalor</i>, <i>sagor</i>, <i>sampan golek</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Canopy, <i>langit-langit</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Canvas, <i>kain laiar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cap, <i>kopiah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cape, <i>tanjong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Capon, <i>hayam kambiri</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Capsicum, <i>chabei</i>, <i>lada-merah</i>, <i>lada-china</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Captain of a ship, <i>juragan</i>, <i>nakhoda</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Captive, <i>tawan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Carcass, <i>bangkei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cards, playing, <i>daun chiki</i>, <i>daun pakau</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cardamum, <i>kapulaga</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Care, to take, <i>ingat</i>, <i>jaga</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(anxiety), <i>per-chinta-an</i>, <i>susah hati</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Careless, <i>lalei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cargo, <i>muat-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Carpenter, <i>tukang kayu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Carpet, <i>permadani</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Carriage, <i>kreta</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Carry, to, <i>bawa</i>, <i>membawa</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(a load), <i>pikul</i>, <i>memikul</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(under the arm), <i>kepit</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(on the back or hip), <i>du-kong</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(on the open hand), <i>tatang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(with the fingers), <i>bibit</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(on the head), <i>junjong</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(on the shoulder), <i>kilik</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(in the girdle), <i>gendong</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(on a stretcher), <i>usong</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">148</span>
+<p>Cart, <i>pedati</i>, <i>kreta</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Carve, to, <i>ukir</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cascade, <i>ayer terjun</i>, <i>ayer lata</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cash, <i>wang tunei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cashew-apple, <i>jangsus</i>, <i>gajus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cask, <i>pipa</i>, <i>tong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cast, to, (fling), <i>lempar</i>, <i>lotar</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(shed), <i>tanggal-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Casting-net, <i>jala</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Castor-oil, <i>minyak jarak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cat, <i>kuching</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Catch, to, <i>tangkap</i>, <i>menangkap</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Caterpillar, <i>ulat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cause, <i>sabab</i>, <i>karana</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cave, <i>goah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cede, to, <i>sĕrah</i>, <i>menyĕrah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Celebrated, <i>megah</i>, <i>mashur</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Censer, <i>perasap</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Census, <i>banchi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Centipede, <i>lipan</i>, <i>alipan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Centre, <i>per-tengah-an</i>, <i>pusat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Certain, <i>tuntu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Certainly, <i>naschaya</i>, <i>tuntu</i>, <i>sunggoh-sunggoh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Certify, to, <i>menuntu-kan</i>, <i>menyata-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Chafe, to (shampoo), <i>urut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Chaff, <i>sekam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Chain, <i>rantei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Chair, <i>krusi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Chalk, <i>kapur</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Challenge, to (as a sentry), <i>tegor</i>, <i>menyapa-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Chamber, <i>bilek</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Chance, <i>untong</i>, <i>nasib</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Change, to, <i>tukar</i>, <i>menukar</i>, <i>ubah</i>,
+<i>ber-ubah</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(clothes), <i>salin-kan</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(turns), <i>gilir</i>, <i>men-gilir</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Chapter, <i>perkara</i>, <i>fasal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Character, <i>pakerti</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Charcoal, <i>arang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Charge, to (accuse), <i>tudoh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Charity, <i>sădăkah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Charm, spell, <i>mantra</i>, <i>jampi</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to wear), <i>‘azimat</i>, <i>tangkal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Chase, to, <i>hambat</i>, <i>kejar</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(hunt), <i>buru</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Chat, to, <i>ber-buwei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cheap, <i>morah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cheat, to, <i>tipu</i>, <i>kechek</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cheek, <i>pipi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cheese, <i>panir</i> (Hind.), <i>keju</i> (Dutch).</p>
+
+<p>Chess, <i>chatur</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Chest, box, <i>peti</i>, <i>saharah</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(thorax), <i>dada</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Chew, to, <i>mamak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Chicken, <i>anak hayam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Chief, headman, <i>orang besar</i>, <i>datoh</i>,
+<i>peng-hulu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Child, <i>anak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Chin, <i>dagu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Chintz, <i>kain chit</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Chisel, <i>pahat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Choke, to, <i>lemas</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(throttle), <i>chĕkek</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Choose, to, <i>pileh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Chop, to, <i>chinchang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Christ, <i>Nabi Isa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Christian, <i>Nasarani</i>, <i>Sarani</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Chronicle, <i>charitra</i>, <i>hakayat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Church, <i>greja</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cinder, <i>bara</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cinnamon, <i>kayu-manis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Circumcise, to, <i>sunat-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Circumcision, <i>sunat</i>, <i>khatan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Citron, <i>limau</i>, <i>jeruk</i>.</p>
+
+<p>City, <i>negri</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Civil, <i>ber-budi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Civility, <i>adab</i>, <i>supan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Civet-cat, <i>musang jebat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Clasp, to, <i>peluk</i>, <i>memeluk</i>, <i>dakap</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Claw, <i>kuku</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(talon), <i>chakar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Clay, <i>tanah-liat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Clean, <i>bersih</i>, <i>suchi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Clear, <i>tĕrang</i>, <i>hening</i>, <i>jerneh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cleave, to, (split), <i>bĕlah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Clerk, <i>juru-tulis</i>, <i>kĕrani</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Clever, <i>pandei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Climb, to, <i>panjat</i>, <i>daki</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(as a plant), <i>me-lata</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Clock, <i>jam</i>.</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">149</span>
+<p>Close, to, <i>tutup</i>, <i>rapat-kan</i>, <i>menutup-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cloth, <i>kain</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Clothes, <i>pakei-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cloud, <i>awan</i>, <i>pokok</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cloudy, <i>redup</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Clove, <i>bunga-chingkei</i>, <i>bunga-lawang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Coal, <i>batu-arang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(live), <i>bara</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Coarse, <i>kasar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Coast, <i>pantei</i>, <i>pasisir</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Coat, <i>baju</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Coax, to, <i>bujuk</i>, <i>mem-bujuk</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cobweb, <i>sarang lawa-lawa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cock, <i>hayam-jantan</i>, <i>hayam-kukuh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cock’s-comb, <i>balong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cockfight, <i>sabong</i>, <i>menyabong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cockpit, <i>galanggang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cockroach, <i>lipas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cocoanut, <i>nior</i>, <i>kalapa</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(shell), <i>tempurong</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(husk), <i>sabut</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(emulsion), <i>santan</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(oil), <i>miniak kalapa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Coffee, <i>kahwah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Coffin, <i>karanda</i>, <i>lang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Coil, to, <i>lilit</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cold, <i>sejuk</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(in the head), <i>sardi</i> (Hind.), <i>selesimah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Collar, <i>leher</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Collect, to, <i>impun</i>, <i>kumpul</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Colour, <i>warna</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Comb, <i>sisir</i>, <i>sikat</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to comb the hair), <i>kirai</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Combine, to, <i>pakat</i>, <i>mufakat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Come, to, <i>mari</i>, <i>datang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(in), <i>masok</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Comet, <i>bintang-ber-ekor</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Comfort, <i>hibor</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Command, to, <i>suroh</i>, <i>titah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Commission, to, <i>pasan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Common, <i>ka-baniak-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Compact, <i>per-janji-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Companion, <i>teman</i>, <i>kawan</i>, <i>taulan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Compare, to, <i>banding-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Compass, mariner’s, <i>pandoman</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Compasses, <i>jangka</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Compassion, <i>kasihan</i>, <i>bĕlas</i>, <i>rahamat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Compensate, to, <i>balas</i>, <i>mem-balas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Complain, to, <i>adu</i>, <i>meng-adu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Complaint, <i>peng-adu-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Complete, to, <i>semporna-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Complexion, <i>sri-muka</i>, <i>ayer-muka</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Compliments, <i>tabek</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Compose, to, <i>karang</i>, <i>mengarang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Concern, <i>karja</i>, <i>perkara</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Concubine, <i>gundik</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Condemn, to, <i>hukum-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Condiment, <i>lauk</i>, <i>sambal</i>, <i>hulam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Conduct, <i>ka-laku-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Conduct, to (lead by the hand), <i>pimpin</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Confess, to, <i>meng-aku</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Confiscate, to, <i>rampas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Confront, to, <i>sa-muka-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Confused, <i>ter-kachau</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Confusion, <i>haru-hara</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Congregation, <i>juma‘a</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Conjure, to, <i>sulap</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Conjuror, <i>penyulap</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Conquer, to, <i>menang</i>, <i>alah-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Consent, to, <i>turut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Consider, to, <i>kenang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Constable, <i>mata-mata</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Contagious, <i>ber-jangkit</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Contend, to, <i>lawan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Content, <i>puas</i>, <i>puas-hati</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Contents, <i>isi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Contraband, <i>larang-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Contract, <i>per-janji-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Contradict, to, <i>lawan chakap</i>, <i>ber-tingkar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Convalescent, <i>semboh</i>, <i>betah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Convenient, <i>patut</i>, <i>senang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Convert, <i>martad</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Convulsions, <i>sawan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cook, to, <i>masak</i>, <i>memasak</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(boil rice), <i>tanak</i>, <i>menanak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cool, <i>sejuk</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Copper, <i>tambaga</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Copy, <i>salin</i>, <i>tiru</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(model), <i>teladan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Coral (rock), <i>karang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(precious), <i>marjan</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">150</span>
+<p>Cord, <i>tali</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cork (stopper), <i>sumbat</i>, <i>penyum-bat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Coriander, <i>katumbar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Corner, <i>chĕroh</i>, <i>buchuk</i>, <i>penjuru</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Corpse, <i>mayat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cost, <i>harga</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cot, <i>katil</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cotton, <i>kapas</i>, <i>kabu-kabu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cough, <i>batok</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Council, <i>majlis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Count, <i>hitong</i>, <i>bilang</i>, <i>kira</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Counterfeit, <i>lanchong</i>, <i>pura-pura</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Country, <i>benua</i>, <i>negri</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Couple, <i>sa-pasang</i>, <i>sa-jodo</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Course (direction), <i>arah</i>, <i>tuju</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Court, <i>balei-bichara</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cousin, <i>sa-pupu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cover, to, <i>tudong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Covetous, <i>kikir</i>, <i>loba</i>, <i>haloba</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Covey, <i>kawan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cow, <i>lumbu-betina</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Coward, <i>penyakut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Crab, <i>ketam</i>, <i>kapiting</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Crack, <i>retak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cradle, <i>buayan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cramp, <i>semut-semut-an</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(in the stomach), <i>senak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Crawl, to, <i>merangkah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cream, <i>kapala-susu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Create, to, <i>men-jadi-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Creation, <i>ka-jadi-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Creep, to, <i>lata</i>, <i>me-lata</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Crevice, <i>chĕlah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Crew, <i>anak prahu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cricket, <i>chingkrek</i>, <i>riyang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Crocodile, <i>buaya</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Crop, to (cut off), <i>kĕrat-kan</i>, <i>me-rampong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Crooked, <i>bengkok</i>, <i>lengkok</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(winding), <i>ber-kelo-kelo</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cross (sulky), <i>merajuk</i>, <i>muka-masam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cross, to (water), <i>menyabĕrang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Crossed (lying across), <i>ter-lentang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(having lines crossing), <i>ber-silang-silang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cross-road, <i>sempang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Crow, <i>gagak</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(crow, to), <i>ber-kuku</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Crown, <i>makuta</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(of the head), <i>ubun-ubun</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cruel, <i>bingis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Crush, to, <i>hanchur</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cry, to, <i>menangis</i>, <i>ber-tĕriak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cucumber, <i>timun</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cultivate, to, <i>tanam</i>, <i>buat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cultivation, <i>tanam-tanam-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cunning, <i>cherdek</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cup, <i>mangkok</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Curd, <i>dadeh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cure (remedy), <i>ubat</i>, <i>penawar</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(cure, to), <i>semboh-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Curious, <i>endah</i>, <i>pĕlik</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Curly, as hair, <i>kerenting</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Current, <i>harus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Curry, <i>gulei</i>, <i>lauk</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Curse, a, <i>per-sumpah-an</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(curse, to), <i>sumpah-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Curtain, <i>tirei</i>, <i>tabir</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(mosquito), <i>kalambu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Curved, <i>bengkok</i>, <i>lengkok</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cushion, <i>bantal</i>, <i>chiau</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Custard-apple, <i>sri-kaya</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Custom, <i>‘adat</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(excise), <i>chukei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cut, to, <i>potong</i>, <i>kĕrat</i>, <i>tetas</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(fell trees), <i>tebang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(underwood), <i>tebas</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(a wound), <i>luka</i>, <i>liang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cymbals, <i>cherachap</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cypher, <i>angka</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "vocabD" id = "vocabD">D.</a></h5>
+
+<p>Dagger, <i>kris</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Daily, <i>sa-hari-hari</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Damaged, <i>rosak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Damask (on a weapon), <i>pamur</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Damp, <i>basah</i>, <i>lembab</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dance, to, <i>tari</i>, <i>menari</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dancer (public), <i>joget</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dandriff, <i>daki</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Danger, <i>bahaya</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">151</span>
+<p>Dare, to, <i>bĕrani</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dark, <i>gĕlap</i>, <i>kĕlam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Darn, to, <i>sutam</i>, <i>menyulam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dash against, to, <i>banting</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Date, <i>tarikh</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(fruit), <i>kurma</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Daughter, <i>anak perampuan</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(in law), <i>menantu perampuan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dawn, <i>cherah</i>, <i>dina-hari</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Day, <i>hari</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(daylight), <i>siang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(day and night), <i>siang malam</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(daybreak), <i>fajr</i>, <i>dina-hari</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(day of judgment), <i>hari ḳiamat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dead, <i>mati</i>, <i>mampus</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(of a royal personage), <i>mangkat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Deaf, <i>tuli</i>, <i>pekak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dear, <i>kakasih</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(costly), <i>mahal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Death, <i>ka-mati-an</i>, <i>maut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Debt, <i>hutang</i>, <i>piutang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Debtor, <i>orang ber-hutang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Decayed, <i>reput</i>, <i>busuk</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Deceive, to, <i>tipu</i>, <i>menipu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Declare, to, <i>menyatakan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Decree, <i>ḥukum</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Deed, <i>buat-an</i>, <i>per-karja-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Deep, <i>dalam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Deer, <i>rusa</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(mouse-deer), <i>pelan-duk</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Defeat, to, <i>alah-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Defile, to, <i>kotor-kan</i>, <i>chamar-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Degree, <i>pangkat</i>, <i>martabat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Deity, <i>tuhan</i>, <i>Allah</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(Hindu), <i>dewa</i>, <i>dewata</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Delay, <i>lambat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Delegate, to, <i>wakil-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Delirious, to be, <i>ber-igau-igau</i>, <i>meng-igau</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Deliver up, to, <i>sĕrah</i>, <i>menyĕrah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Deluge, <i>bah</i>, <i>ayer bah.</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Demand, to, (claim), <i>tuntut</i>, <i>menuntut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Demon, <i>hantu</i>, <i>bota</i>, <i>jin</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dented, <i>sumbing</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Deny, to, <i>sangkal</i>, <i>menyangkal</i>, <i>mungkir</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Depart, to, <i>pergi</i>, <i>ber-angkat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dependency, <i>jajahan</i>, <i>ta‘aluk</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Deposit, to, <i>taroh</i>, <i>kirim</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Depth, <i>dalam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Descend, to, <i>turun</i>, <i>menurun</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Descent, <i>turun-an</i>, <i>ka-turun-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Desert, <i>gurun</i>, <i>hutan</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(merit), <i>pa-hala</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Design, desire, <i>kahandak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Despair, <i>putus harap</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Despise, to, <i>meng-hina-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Destroy, to, <i>binasa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Devil, <i>sheitan</i>, <i>iblis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Devour, to, <i>makan</i>, <i>makan habis</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(swallow), <i>telan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dew, <i>ambun</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dial-bird, <i>morai</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Diagonal, <i>lentang-bujor</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dialect, <i>bahasa</i>, <i>chara</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Diamond, <i>intan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Diarrhœa, <i>chirit</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Die, to, <i>mati</i>, <i>mampus</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(of a Mussulman), <i>pulang ka rahmat Allah</i>, lit. returned to the
+mercy of God.</p>
+
+<p>Differ, to, <i>ber-lain</i>, <i>ber-beda</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Difference, <i>per-lain-an</i>, <i>beda</i>, <i>per-beda-an</i>,
+<i>pewat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Different, <i>lain</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Difficult, <i>payah</i>, <i>susah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dig, to, <i>gali</i>, <i>korek</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dim, <i>kĕlam</i>, <i>kabur</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dip, to, (in a condiment for eating), <i>chichah</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to dye), <i>chelup</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Direct, straight, <i>betul</i>, <i>lurus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dirt, <i>chamar</i>, <i>sampah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Disappear, to, <i>liniap</i>, <i>hilang</i>, <i>ghraib</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Discard, to, <i>tolak-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Discharge, to, <i>me-lepas-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Disciple, <i>murid</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Discover, to, <i>dapat</i>, <i>men-dapat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Disease, <i>penyakit</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Disembark, to, <i>naik darat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Disgraceful, <i>keji</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Disguise, <i>samar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dish (china-ware), <i>piring</i>, <i>pinggan</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(native, of metal), <i>cheper</i>, <i>hidan-gan</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">152</span>
+<p>Disloyal, <i>derhaka</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dismiss, to, <i>buang</i>, <i>me-lepas-kan</i>,
+<i>kaluar-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Disorder, <i>haru-hara</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dispersed, <i>pechah-bĕlah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dissolve, to, <i>luluh</i>, <i>hanchur</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Distant, <i>jauh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Distil, to, <i>kukus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Distinct, <i>tĕrang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Distress, <i>ka-susah-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>District, <i>mukim</i>, <i>dairah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ditch, <i>parit</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dive, to, <i>selam</i>, <i>menyelam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Divide, to, <i>membahagi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Divine, to, <i>teleh</i>, <i>meneleh</i>, <i>tenung</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Divorce, <i>cherei</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to divorce), <i>cherei-kan</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to be divorced), <i>ber-cherei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dizzy, <i>pening</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Do, to, <i>buat</i>, <i>mem-buat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Doctor, <i>bomor</i>, <i>tukang ubat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dog, <i>anjing</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dollar, <i>ringgit</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Done, finished, <i>sudah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Door, <i>pintu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Doubt, <i>shak</i>, <i>khuatir</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Doubtful, <i>tiada tuntu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dove, <i>tekukur</i>, <i>balam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Draft, of a document, <i>ranchana</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Drag, to, <i>hela</i>, <i>herut</i>, <i>seret</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dragon, <i>naga</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dragon’s blood, <i>jernang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dragon-fly, <i>bari-bari</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Drain, <i>parit</i>, <i>saluran</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Draw, to, (pull), <i>tarik</i>, <i>hela</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dream, <i>mimpi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dress, <i>pakei-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Drift, to, <i>hanyut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Drill, <i>baris</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Drink, to, <i>minum</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Drive, to, (a carriage), <i>lari-kan kreta</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(away), <i>halau</i>, <i>halau-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Drop, <i>titek</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Drop, to, (as a fluid), <i>menitek</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to fall prematurely), <i>gugur</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(as ripe fruit), <i>luroh</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to let fall), <i>labuh-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Drought, <i>kamarau</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Drown, to, <i>lemas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Drum, <i>gendang</i>, <i>rabana</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Drunk, <i>mabuk</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dry, <i>kĕring</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dry, to, <i>jemur</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Duck, <i>itek</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Due, proper, <i>patut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Due, tribute, <i>chukei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dumb, <i>bisa</i>, <i>kelu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dung (manure), <i>baja</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dust, <i>habu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Duty, import, <i>chukei</i>, <i>hasil</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dwarf, <i>chabul</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dwell, to, <i>diam</i>, <i>tinggal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dye, to, <i>chelup</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dysentery, <i>chirit-darah</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "vocabE" id = "vocabE">E.</a></h5>
+
+<p>Each, <i>masing-masing</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ear, <i>telinga</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ear-ring, <i>kĕrabu</i>, <i>anting-anting</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(worn by unmarried girls), <i>subang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Early, <i>siang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Earnest-money, <i>panjar</i>, <i>chinkĕram</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Earth, <i>tanah</i>, <i>bumi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Earthenware, <i>tembikar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Earthquake, <i>gumpa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Earth-oil, <i>miniak tanah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Earthworm, <i>chaching</i>.</p>
+
+<p>East, <i>mata-hari naik</i>, <i>timur</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Easy, <i>mudah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Eat, to, <i>makan</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(of a royal personage), <i>santap</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ebb, <i>surut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ebony, <i>kayu-arang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Eclipse, <i>grahana</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Economical, <i>jimat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Edge, <i>tepi</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(sharp), <i>mata</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Educate, to, <i>pelehra</i>, <i>ajar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Eel, <i>bĕlut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Egg, <i>tĕlor</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Egg-plant, <i>tĕrong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Elbow, <i>siku</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">153</span>
+<p>Elder brother, <i>abang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Elder sister, <i>kakak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Eldest child, <i>sulong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Elephant, <i>gajah</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(howdah), <i>kop</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(goad), <i>kuasa</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(driver), <i>gambala gajah</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(paniers), <i>rengka</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(hobbles), <i>sengkăla</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(tusk), <i>gading</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(trunk), <i>belalei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Elephantiasis, <i>untut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Embankment, <i>batas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Embark, to, <i>naik kapal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Embrace, to, <i>peluk</i>, <i>dakap</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Embroider, to, <i>soji</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Emerald, <i>zamrud</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Emissary, <i>penyuroh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Empty, <i>kosong</i>, <i>hampa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Employment, <i>per-karja-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Enclosed, <i>ber-keliling</i>.</p>
+
+<p>End, <i>ka-sudah-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Endeavour, to, <i>choba</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Endure, to, <i>tahan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Enemy, <i>musoh</i>, <i>satru</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Enmity, <i>binchi-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Enough, <i>sudah</i>, <i>chukup</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Enigma, <i>tekak-teki</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Enquire, to, <i>tanya</i>, <i>păreksa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Entangled, <i>ter-sangkut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Enter, to, <i>masok</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Entertain, to (offer hospitality), <i>men-jamu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Entertainment (feast), <i>jamu-an</i>, <i>kanduri</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Entrails, <i>isi-pĕrut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Envelop, to, <i>balut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Envy, <i>dingki</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Epilepsy, <i>sawan-babi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Equal, <i>sama</i>, <i>sa-tara</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Equally, <i>sama-rata</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Equip, to, <i>langkap</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Erase, to, <i>kikis</i>, <i>parang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Erect, to, <i>mem-bangket-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Escape, to, <i>lari</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(flee from danger), <i>melari-kan niawa</i>, <i>membawa diri</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Escort to, <i>antar-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Establish, to, <i>me-letak-kan</i>, <i>men-diri-kan</i>,
+<i>tegoh-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Esteem, to (prize), <i>endah-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Estimate, <i>nilai</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Estuary, <i>kuala</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Eternity, <i>kakal</i>, <i>baḳa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Even (of numbers), <i>ganap</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(level), <i>rata</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Even, likewise, <i>juga</i>, <i>pun</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Evening, <i>pĕtang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ever, <i>pernah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Evidence, <i>ka-niata-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Evil, <i>jahat</i>, <i>nakal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Evil, calamity, <i>mara-bahaya</i>, <i>bala</i>, <i>chelaka</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ewe, <i>kambing-betina</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Exalt, to, <i>per-tinggi-kan</i>, <i>mem-besar-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Examine, to, <i>păreksa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Example, <i>teladan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Exceed, to, <i>lampau</i>, <i>lalu-i</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Except, <i>hania</i>, <i>me-lain-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Excess, surplus, <i>ka-lebeh-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Exchange, to, <i>tukar-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Expect, to, <i>me-nanti-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Expensive, <i>mahal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Extend, to, <i>panjang-kan</i>, <i>lanjut-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Extensive, <i>lapang</i>, <i>luas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Extinguish, to, <i>padam-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Eye, <i>mata</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(ball), <i>biji-mata</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(brow), <i>kĕning</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(lid), <i>kĕlopak-mata</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "vocabF" id = "vocabF">F.</a></h5>
+
+<p>Fable, <i>cheritra</i>, <i>hakayat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Face, <i>muka</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fade, to <i>layu</i>, <i>ber-layu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fail, to (in business), <i>jatoh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Faint, weak, <i>leteh</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(swoon), <i>pengsan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fair, just, <i>betul</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Faith, <i>iman</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fall, to, <i>jatoh</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to cause to fall), <i>jatoh-kan</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to drop spontaneously), <i>luroh</i>, <i>gugur</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to tumble down), <i>rĕbah</i>, <i>tumbang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>False, <i>bohong</i>, <i>dusta</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">154</span>
+<p>Famed, <i>megah</i>, <i>mashur</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Family, <i>isi-rumah</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(stock, lineage), <i>bangsa</i>, <i>kaum</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Famine, <i>ka-lapar-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fan, <i>kipas</i>; to fan, <i>kirap</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Far, <i>jauh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Farewell, <i>salamat tinggal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Farm (of public revenues), <i>pajak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fast (quickly), <i>lakas</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(swift), <i>laju</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(abstinence), <i>puasa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fasten, to, <i>ikat</i>, <i>tambat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fat (plump), <i>gumok</i>, <i>tumbun</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(grease), <i>lemak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fate, <i>nasib</i>, <i>ajal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Father, <i>bapa</i>, <i>ayah</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(step), <i>bapa-tiri</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(in-law), <i>mentuah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fathom, <i>depa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fatigued, <i>panat</i>, <i>lelah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fault, <i>salah</i>, <i>ka-salah-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Favour, <i>kasih-an</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(royal), <i>karunia</i>, <i>anugrah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fear, <i>takut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Feast, <i>kanduri</i>, <i>per-jamu-an.</i></p>
+
+<p>Feather, <i>bulu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Features, <i>paras</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fee, <i>upah</i>, <i>faidah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Feeble, <i>lemah</i>, <i>leteh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Feed, to, <i>bĕri makan</i>, <i>suap-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Feel, to (touch), <i>raba</i>, <i>jamah</i>, <i>jabat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Feint, <i>pura-pura</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fell, to, <i>tĕbang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Female, <i>perampuan</i>, <i>betina</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fence, <i>pagar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fern, <i>paku</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ferry, <i>tambang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ferryboat, <i>prahu tambang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Festival, <i>hari-besar</i>, <i>hari-raya</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fetch, to, <i>ambil</i>, <i>bawa</i>, <i>jemput</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fever, <i>demam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Field, <i>padang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(wet rice), <i>sawah</i>, <i>bendang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fierce, <i>garang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fig, <i>buah ara</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fight, to, <i>ber-kalahi</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(of animals), <i>ber-laga</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(of cocks), <i>sabong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>File, <i>kikir</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fill, to, <i>penoh-kan</i>, <i>isi-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Filter, to, <i>tapis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fin, <i>sirip</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Find, to, <i>dapat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fine (elegant), <i>bagus</i>, <i>elok</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(not coarse), <i>halus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fine (amercement), <i>denda</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Finger, <i>jari</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Finish, to, <i>habis-kan</i>, <i>menyudah-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Finished, <i>habis</i>, <i>sudah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fire, <i>api</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fire-fly, <i>kĕlip-kĕlip</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Firewood, <i>kayu-api</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Firm, <i>kukuh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>First, <i>mula-mula</i>, <i>pertama</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fish, <i>ikan</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(fish, to), <i>panching</i>, <i>memanching</i>, <i>mengail</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(with artificial bait), <i>kachor</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fish-hook, <i>kail</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(line), <i>tali-kail</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fist, <i>tinju</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fit, <i>patut</i>, <i>harus</i>, <i>wajib</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(seizure), <i>pitam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Flag, <i>bandera</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(staff), <i>tiang-bandera</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Flame, <i>niala</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Flannel, <i>kain-panas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Flash, <i>kilat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Flat, <i>cheper</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(level), <i>rata</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Flay, to, <i>kupas</i>, <i>kelupas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Flea, <i>kutu anjing</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fleece, <i>bulu-kambing</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fleet, <i>angkat-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Flesh, <i>daging</i>, <i>isi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fling, to, <i>baling</i>, <i>lempar</i>, <i>lotar</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(down), <i>champak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Flint, <i>batu api</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Float, to, <i>timbul</i>, <i>hanyut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Flock, <i>kawan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Flog, to, <i>pukul</i>, <i>gasak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Floor, <i>lantei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Flour, <i>tepong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Flow, to, <i>leleh</i>, <i>meleleh</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(as a river), <i>alir</i>, <i>mengalir</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(of the tide), <i>pasang</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">155</span>
+<p>Flower, <i>bunga</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fly, <i>lalat</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(horse-), <i>pikat</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(eye-), <i>kakoroh</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(fly, to), <i>terbang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Foam, <i>buih</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fog, <i>kabut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fold (a pen), <i>kandang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(fold, to), <i>lipat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Follow, to, <i>ikut</i>, <i>turut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Food, <i>makan-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Foolish, <i>bodoh</i>, <i>gila</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Foot, <i>kaki</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(sole of the), <i>tapak kaki</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Football, <i>sepak raga</i>.</p>
+
+<p>For, <i>akan</i>, <i>pada</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(because), <i>karana</i>.</p>
+
+<p>For fear, lest, <i>takut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Forbid, to, <i>larang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Force, <i>kuasa</i>, <i>kuat</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to use &mdash;), <i>kuat-kan</i>, <i>kĕras-i</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ford, to (wade), <i>merandau</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fordable, shallow, <i>changkat</i>, <i>tohor</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Foreigner, <i>orang dagang</i>, <i>anak dagang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Forehead, <i>dahi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Foreskin, <i>kulup</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Forest, <i>rimba</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Forfeited, <i>luchut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Forget, to, <i>lupa</i>, <i>lupa-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Forgive, to, <i>ampun-kan</i>, <i>ma‘af-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Forgiveness, <i>ampun</i>, <i>ma‘af</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fork, <i>garfu</i>, <i>penyuchuk</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Form, <i>rupa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Former times, <i>dahulu kala</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fornication, <i>ber-kendak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Forsake, to, <i>tinggal-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fort, <i>kota</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fortunate, <i>mujur</i>, <i>tuah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fortune, <i>untong</i>, <i>nasib</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Foundation, <i>kaki tembok</i>, <i>alas rumah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Founder, to, <i>karam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fountain, spring, <i>mata ayer</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fowl, <i>hayam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fragment, <i>sa-patah</i>, <i>sa-kĕrat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Frankincense, <i>kaminiau</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Free, <i>bebas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Freed, <i>mardahika</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Freeze, to, <i>băku</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Frequent, <i>kĕrap</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fresh, new, <i>baharu</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(of water), <i>tawar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Friend, <i>sahabat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fright, <i>ka-takut-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Frighten, <i>menyakut-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fringe, <i>jala-jala</i>, <i>daun budi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Frog, <i>katak</i>, <i>kodok</i>.</p>
+
+<p>From, <i>deri</i>, <i>deri-pada</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Front, <i>hadap-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Froth, <i>buih</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fruit, <i>buah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fry, to, <i>goreng</i>, <i>rendang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fulfil, to, <i>sampei-kan</i>, <i>semporna-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Full, <i>pĕnuh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Full-moon, <i>pernama bulan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fun, <i>lawak-lawak</i>, <i>ber-suka-suka-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fund, capital, <i>modal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Funnel, <i>chorot</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Furnace, <i>dapur</i>, <i>ralau</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "vocabG" id = "vocabG">G.</a></h5>
+
+<p>Gain, <i>laba</i>, <i>faidah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gale, <i>ribut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gall, <i>ampadu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gamble, to, <i>judi</i>, <i>men-judi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Game, <i>per-main-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Game-cock, <i>hayam sabong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gaol, <i>panjara</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gape, to, <i>nganga</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Garden, <i>kabun</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(flower), <i>taman</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Garlic, <i>bawang puteh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gasp, to, <i>menguap</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gate, <i>pintu</i>, <i>kerbang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gate-keeper, <i>penunggu-pintu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gather, to (pluck), <i>kutib</i>, <i>petik</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(pick up), <i>pungut</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(assemble), <i>ber-kumpul</i>, <i>ber-impun</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gaze, to, <i>renong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gem, <i>permata</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Generous, <i>morah-hati</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gentle, <i>lembut</i>, <i>manis</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">156</span>
+<p>Get, to, <i>dapat</i>, <i>men-dapat-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Get up, to, <i>bangket</i>, <i>bangun</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ghost, <i>hantu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Giddy, <i>pening</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gift, <i>hadia</i>, <i>pem-bĕri-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gild, to, <i>chelop</i>, <i>sador</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gills, of a fish, <i>isang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gimlet, <i>gurdi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ginger, <i>halia</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Girdle, <i>tali-pinggang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Girl, <i>budak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Girth, <i>tali-pĕrut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Give, to, <i>bĕri</i>, <i>kasih</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(back), <i>pulang-kan</i>, <i>membalik-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gizzard, <i>ampedal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Glad, <i>suka</i>, <i>suka-chita</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Glass, <i>kacha</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Glean, to, <i>pungut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Glitter, to, <i>kilau</i>, <i>mengilau</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Glorious, <i>mulia</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Glory, <i>ka-mulia-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Glove, <i>sarong tangan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Glue, <i>perĕkat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Glutton, <i>gelujuh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gnat, <i>agas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Go, to, <i>pergi</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(in), <i>masuk</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(out), <i>terbit</i>, <i>kaluar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Goat, <i>kambing</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Goblin, <i>bota</i>.</p>
+
+<p>God, <i>Allah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gold, <i>mas</i>, <i>amas</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(leaf), <i>mas kartas</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(dust), <i>mas urei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Goldsmith, <i>tukang mas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gong, <i>tawa-tawa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Good, <i>baik</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Goods, <i>barang-barang</i>, <i>benda</i>, <i>harta</i>,
+<i>dagang-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Goose, <i>angsa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gore, to, <i>tandok</i>, <i>menandok</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gospel, <i>injil</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gourd, <i>labu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Govern, to, <i>memerentah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Government, <i>perentah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gown, <i>kabaya</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Grace, <i>karunia</i>, <i>anugrah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Grain, <i>biji</i>, <i>butir</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Grammar, <i>nahu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Grandchild, <i>chuchu</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(great), <i>chichit</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Grandparent, <i>datoh</i>, <i>nenek</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(great), <i>moyang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Granite, <i>batu bukit</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Grapes, <i>buah anggur</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Grasshopper, <i>belalang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Grasp, to, <i>genggam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Grass, <i>rumput</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Grate, to (rasp), <i>kukur</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Grave, a, <i>ḳubur</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gravel, <i>batu-lada</i>, <i>batu-kĕlikir</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gravy, <i>kuah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Grease, <i>lemah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Great, <i>besar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Greedy, <i>gelujuh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Green, <i>hijau</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Green-pigeon, <i>punei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Grief, <i>duka-chita</i>, <i>ka-susah-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Grieved, <i>susah-hati</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Grind, to, <i>kisar</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(on a flat surface), <i>giling</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to sharpen), <i>asah</i>, <i>chanei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Grinder, molar tooth, <i>gerham</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Grinding-stone, <i>batu-giling</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gripes, colic, <i>mulas</i>, <i>senak pĕrut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Groan, to, <i>mengĕrang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Grope, to (feel in the dark), <i>raba</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gross, coarse, <i>kasar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ground, soil, <i>tanah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Grow, to, <i>tumboh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Growl, to, <i>men-dĕring</i>, <i>men-dĕram</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Grudge, <i>sakit-hati</i>, <i>kechil-hati</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gruel, <i>kanji</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Grumble, to, <i>sungut</i>, <i>ber-sungut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Guard, to, <i>tunggu</i>, <i>kawal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Guava, <i>jambu-biji</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Guide, <i>pandu</i>, <i>pertulus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Guilt, <i>ka-salah-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Guilty, <i>salah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gulf, <i>teluk</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gum, <i>getah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gums, the, <i>gusi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gun, <i>bedil</i>, <i>snapang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(cannon), <i>mariam</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(swivel), <i>lela</i>, <i>rantaka</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">157</span>
+<p>Gunpowder, <i>ubat-bedil</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gunwale, <i>rubing</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gutter, <i>saluran-ayr</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "vocabH" id = "vocabH">H.</a></h5>
+
+<p>Habit, custom, <i>‘adat</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(in the habit of), <i>biasa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hair, <i>rambut</i>, <i>bulu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hair-pin, <i>chuchuk-sanggul</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Half, <i>tengah</i>, <i>sa-tengah</i>, <i>sa-paroh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Halt, crippled, <i>tempang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to stop on a journey), <i>singgah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Halve, to, <i>bahagi dua</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hammer, <i>pemukul</i>, <i>pengĕtok</i>, <i>martel</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hammer, to, <i>kĕtok</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hamper, a, <i>kĕranjang</i>, <i>raga</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hand, <i>tangan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Handful, <i>sa-genggam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Handkerchief, <i>sapu-tangan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Handle, of a weapon, <i>hulu</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(of a jar), <i>telinga</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Handsome, <i>bagus</i>, <i>elok</i>, <i>hebat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Handwriting, <i>tapak-tangan</i>, <i>khat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hang, to, (suspend), <i>gantong</i>, <i>meng-gantong-kan</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to be suspended), <i>ber-gantong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Happen, to, <i>jadi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Happy, <i>senang</i>, <i>salamat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hard, <i>kĕras</i>, <i>tegar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hardship, <i>ka-sukar-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Harlot, <i>sundal</i>, <i>jalang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Harpoon, <i>sarampang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Harrow, <i>sikat</i>, <i>garu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hasp, <i>kuku</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Haste, <i>gopoh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hat, <i>topi</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(conical leaf hat), <i>terendah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hatch, to, <i>meng-gĕram</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hatchet, <i>bĕliong</i>, <i>kapak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hate, to, <i>binchi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Haul, to, <i>tarik</i>, <i>hela</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Have, to, <i>ada</i>, <i>ber-uleh</i>, <i>menaroh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Haze, <i>kabut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Head, <i>kapala</i>, <i>hulu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Headache, <i>sakit-kapala</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Health, <i>sihat niaman</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Heap, <i>kumpul-an</i>, <i>tambun</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hear, to, <i>dengar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Heart, <i>hati</i>, <i>jantong</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(of timber), <i>tĕras</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to have the heart to), <i>sampei hati</i>, <i>dapat hati</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Heat, <i>hangat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Heave, to, <i>bongkar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Heaven, <i>surga</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(Muhammadan), <i>janat-al-naim</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Heavy, <i>bĕrat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hedge, <i>pagar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Heel, <i>tumit</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Heel, to (incline), <i>singet</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Heir, <i>waris</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hell, <i>naraka</i>, <i>patala</i>, (Muhammadan), <i>jahanam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Helm, <i>kamudi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Help, to, <i>tulong</i>, <i>menulong</i>, <i>bantu</i>,
+<i>mem-bantu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hem, <i>kelim</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hen, <i>ibu-hayam</i>, <i>hayam-betina</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Here, <i>sini</i>, <i>di-sini</i>, <i>kamari</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Heritage, <i>pusaka</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hiccup, <i>sedu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hide, to, <i>sembunyi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hide, skin, <i>belulang</i>, <i>kulit</i>.</p>
+
+<p>High, <i>tinggi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hill, <i>bukit</i>, <i>changkat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hillock, <i>busut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hilt, <i>hulu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hinder, to, <i>tegah</i>, <i>larang</i>, <i>sangkut</i>,
+<i>tahan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hire, to (engage), <i>upah</i>, <i>meng-upah-kan</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(rent), <i>penyewa</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to rent), <i>sewa</i>, <i>menyewa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>History, <i>cheritra</i>, <i>hakayat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hiss, to, <i>ber-siul</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hit, to, <i>kĕna</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hoarse, <i>garok</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hoe, <i>changkol</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hoist, to, <i>angkat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hold, to, <i>pegang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hold, of a ship, <i>peta</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hole, <i>lobang</i>, <i>liang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Holiday, <i>hari-raya</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">158</span>
+<p>Hollow, <i>lekok</i>, <i>geronggong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Homicide, murder, <i>pem-bunoh-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hone, <i>batu-asah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Honest, <i>betul</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Honesty, <i>puteh-hati</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Honey, <i>madu</i>, <i>manis-an lebah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Honour, <i>ka-mulia-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hoof, <i>kuku</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hook, <i>penggait</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(elephant-goad), <i>kuasa</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(fish-), <i>mata-kail</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hoop, <i>simpei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hope, <i>harap</i>, <i>asa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hopeless, <i>putus-harap</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Horizon, <i>kaki-langit</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Horn, <i>tandok</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(of the rhinoceros), <i>sumboh</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(feeler), <i>sungut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hornet, <i>tabu-an</i>, <i>naning</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Horrible, <i>ngĕri</i>, <i>hebat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Horse, <i>kuda</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Horse-mango, <i>bachang</i>, <i>machang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Horse-race, <i>ber-lomba kuda</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hot, <i>panas</i>, <i>hangat</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(acrid), <i>pedas</i>, <i>pedis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hour, <i>jam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>House, <i>rumah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Household, <i>isi-rumah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hovel, <i>pondok</i>, <i>teratak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>How, <i>bagei-mana</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Howdah, <i>kop</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(panniers), <i>rengkah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>However, <i>tetapi</i>, <i>akan-tetapi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>How much? how many? <i>bĕr-apa</i>, <i>bĕr-apa baniak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>How long? <i>bĕr-apa lama</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hug, to, <i>peluk</i>, <i>dakap</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hum, to, <i>sering</i>, <i>menyering</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Humane, <i>morah-hati</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Humble, <i>rendah</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to humble oneself), <i>me-rendah-kan diri</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Humpback, <i>bongkok</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hungry, <i>lapar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hunt, to, <i>buru</i>, <i>mem-buru</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hurricane, <i>ribut</i>, <i>tufan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hurry, <i>gopoh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hurt, to, <i>sakit-kan</i>, <i>menyakit-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Husband, <i>laki</i>, <i>swami</i>, <i>rumah-tangga</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Husk, <i>kulit</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(of cocoanut), <i>sabut</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(of rice), <i>sekam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hut, <i>pondok</i>, <i>teratak</i>, <i>jambar</i>,
+<i>lengkok</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "vocabI" id = "vocabI">I.</a></h5>
+
+<p>Ice, <i>ayar băku</i>, <i>ayer batu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Idea, <i>‘aḳal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Idiot, <i>bodoh</i>, <i>gila</i>, <i>korang-‘aḳal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Idle, <i>malas</i>, <i>segan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Idol, <i>berhala</i>.</p>
+
+<p>If, <i>kalau</i>, <i>jikalau</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ignite, to, <i>chuchuk</i>, <i>pasang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ignorant, <i>babal</i>, <i>bodoh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ill, <i>sakit</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(of a royal personage), <i>gĕring</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ill-bred, <i>korang-adab</i>, <i>be-adab</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ill-humoured, <i>masam-muka</i>, <i>peny-ĕbal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Illicit, <i>larang</i>, <i>churi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Illustrious, <i>mulia</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Image, <i>rupa</i>, <i>gambar</i>, <i>bangun</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Imagine, to, <i>sangka</i>, <i>agak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Imitate, to, <i>tiru</i>, <i>turut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately, <i>sakarang ini</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Immortal, <i>kakal</i>, <i>baḳa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Impatient, <i>korang-sabar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Impertinent, <i>kasar</i>, <i>sombong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Important, <i>besar</i>, <i>bĕrat</i>, <i>matan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Impossible, <i>tiada akan</i>, <i>ta’kan</i>, <i>mustahil</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Impound, to, <i>kandang-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Imprison, to, <i>kurong-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Improve, to, <i>baik-i</i>, <i>mem-baik-i</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Impudent, <i>muka-tebal</i>, <i>muka-papan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Incense, <i>kaminian</i>, <i>istanggi</i>, <i>dupa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Incest, <i>sumbang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Incline, to (bend), <i>chondong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Increase, to, <i>ber-tambah</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to add), <i>tambah-kan</i>, <i>me-lebeh-kan</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(subs.), <i>tambah-an</i>, <i>ka-lebeh-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Indebted, <i>ber-hutang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>India-rubber, <i>gĕtah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Indian-corn, <i>jagong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Indigo (plant), <i>tarum</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(dye), <i>nila</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Indignant, <i>hangat-hati</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">159</span>
+<p>Indulge, to, <i>kasih</i>, <i>pandang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Industrious, <i>rajin</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Infectious, <i>jangkit</i>, <i>ber-jangkit-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Infidel, <i>kafir</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Infirm, <i>lemah</i>, <i>leteh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Inform, to, <i>bĕri-tahu</i>, <i>me-ma‘alum-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Informer, <i>penudoh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Inhabit, to, <i>duduk</i>, <i>diam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Inhabitants, <i>isi-negri</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Inheritance, <i>pusaka</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Inhuman, <i>bingis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Injure, to, <i>rosak-kan</i>, <i>binasa-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ink, <i>dawat</i>, <i>tinta</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Inkstand, <i>tampat-dawat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Inland, <i>hulu</i>, <i>darat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Inquire, to, <i>tanya</i>, <i>păreksa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Insect, <i>benatang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Insert, to, <i>masok-kan</i>, <i>sĕlip</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Insignia, regalia, <i>perkakas-ka-raja-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Insipid, <i>tawar</i>, <i>maung</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Instant, <i>sa’at</i>, <i>sa-kejap</i>, <i>sa-buntar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Instead, <i>ganti</i>, <i>alih-alih</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Instruct, to, <i>ajar</i>, <i>meng-ajar-kan</i>,
+<i>meng-aji-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Instructor, <i>guru</i>, <i>pengajar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Instrument, <i>alat</i>, <i>perkakas-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Intend, to, <i>mahu</i>, <i>handak</i>, <i>niat-hati</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Intercept, to (cut off), <i>kĕpong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Interest, <i>bunga</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Interior, <i>dalam</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(of a country), <i>hulu</i>, <i>darat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Interfere, to, <i>masok-mulut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Interpret, to, <i>salin-kan</i>, <i>turun-kan bahasa lain</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(into Malay), <i>jawi-kan</i>, <i>men-jawi-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Interpreter, <i>juru-bahasa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Interval, <i>selang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Intestines, <i>isi-pĕrut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Intoxicated, <i>mabuk</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Inundation, <i>ayer bah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Invade, to, <i>langgar</i>, <i>me-langgar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Invent, to, <i>meng-ada-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Invention, <i>hikmat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Invisible, <i>baṭin</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Invite, to, <i>panggil</i>, <i>sila-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Invulnerable, <i>kebal</i>, <i>pĕlias</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Iron, <i>besi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Irony, <i>sindir</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Island, <i>pulau</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Issue, to, <i>terbit</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Itch (the), <i>kudis</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to), <i>gatal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ivory, <i>gading</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "vocabJ" id = "vocabJ">J.</a></h5>
+
+<p>Jack-fruit, <i>nangka</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Jackal, <i>sri-gala</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Jacket, <i>baju</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Jar, <i>tempayan</i>, <i>buyong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Jargon, <i>bahasa kachau-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Jasmine, <i>malati</i>, <i>melur</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Jealous, <i>chemburu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Jealousy, <i>chemburu-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Jetty, <i>jambatan</i>, <i>pelantar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Jew, <i>Yahudi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Jewel, <i>permata</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Join, to, <i>hubong</i>, <i>meng-hubong-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Joint, <i>buku</i>, <i>ruas</i>, <i>sendi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Joke, <i>lawah</i>, <i>gurau</i>, <i>saluroh</i>, <i>gonja</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Journey, <i>per-jalan-an</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(by sea), <i>pelaiar-an</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(provisions for a), <i>bakal</i>, <i>bekas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Joy, <i>ka-suka-an</i>, <i>suka-hati</i>,
+<i>ber-suka-suka-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Judge, <i>hakim</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Judgment, <i>sangka</i>, <i>rasa</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to deliver), <i>putus hukum</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(day of), <i>hari-kiamat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Jug, a, <i>buyong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Juggle, to, <i>sulap</i>, <i>balik-mata</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Juggler, <i>penyulap</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Juice, <i>ayer</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(of plants), <i>getah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Jump, to, <i>lompat</i>, <i>ber-lompat</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(down), <i>terjun</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Junk, <i>jong</i>, <i>wangkang</i>, <i>top</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Just, <i>‘adil</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Just now, <i>tadi</i>, <i>baharu-ini</i>, <i>baharu-tadi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Justice, <i>ka-‘adil-an</i>.</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">160</span>
+<h5><a name = "vocabK" id = "vocabK">K.</a></h5>
+
+<p>Keel, <i>lunas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Keep, to, <i>simpan</i>, <i>menyimpan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Keepsake, <i>tanda hayat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Kernel, <i>isi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Kettle, <i>cherek</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Key, <i>anak kunchi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Kick, to, <i>sepak</i>, <i>tendang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Kid, <i>anak kambing</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Kidneys, <i>buah pinggang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Kill, to, <i>bunoh</i>, <i>membunoh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Kiln, <i>tenur</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Kind, affectionate, <i>ber-kasih</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Kind, sort, <i>bangsa</i>, <i>jenis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Kindle, to, <i>chuchuk</i>, <i>pasang-api</i>, <i>
+pĕlakat-api</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Kindred <i>kaum</i>, <i>kulawarga</i>.</p>
+
+<p>King, <i>raja</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Kiss, to, (smell), <i>chium</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Kitchen, <i>dapor</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Kite, (bird), <i>halang</i>, <i>lang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(paper), <i>wau</i>, <i>layang-layang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Kitten, <i>anak kuching</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Knee, <i>lutut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Kneel, to, <i>berdiri-lutut</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(as an elephant), <i>tĕrum</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Knee-pan, <i>tempurong-lutut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Knife, <i>pisau</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Knitting, <i>aniam</i>, <i>rajut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Knock, to, <i>kĕtok</i>, <i>pukul</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Knot, <i>simpul</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Know, to, <i>tahu</i>, <i>kenal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Knuckle, <i>buku-jari</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "vocabL" id = "vocabL">L.</a></h5>
+
+<p>Labour, <i>karja</i>, <i>usaha</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Labourer, <i>kuli</i>, <i>orang-gaji</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lad, <i>budak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ladder, <i>tangga</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ladle, <i>sendok</i>, <i>gayong</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to ladle out), <i>chedok</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lady, <i>tuan</i>, <i>siti</i>, <i>inche</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lace, gold or silver, <i>renda</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lake, <i>tasek</i>, <i>danau</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lamb, <i>anak-biri</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lame, <i>tempang</i>, <i>chapik</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lament, to, <i>ratap</i>, <i>meratap</i>, <i>menangis</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(regret), <i>menyesal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lamp, <i>palita</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lance, <i>lembing</i>, <i>tombak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Land, <i>tanah</i>, <i>darat</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(padi-land), <i>sawah</i>, <i>tanah bendang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(garden-land), <i>tanah kampong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lancet, <i>taji</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lane, <i>lurong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Language, <i>bahasa</i>, <i>chara</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lantern, <i>tanglong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lap, <i>pangku</i>, <i>riba</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Larboard, <i>kiri</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Large, <i>besar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Last, to, <i>tahan</i>, <i>menahan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Last, hindmost, <i>yang belakang</i>, <i>sa-kali</i>,
+<i>akhir</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(last night), <i>sa-malam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Late, <i>akhir</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(at night), <i>jauh malam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lath, <i>kasau</i>, <i>lantei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lattice-work, <i>gisi-gisi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Laugh, to, <i>tertawa</i>, <i>gelak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Laugh at, to, (deride), <i>menggonja-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Law, <i>hukum</i>, <i>undang-undang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lawn, <i>halaman</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lawful, <i>halal</i>, <i>harus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lawyer, <i>wakil</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lay, to, (set down), <i>bubok</i>, <i>letak</i>,
+<i>me-letak-kan</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(wager), <i>ber-taroh</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(an egg), <i>ber-telor</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lazy, <i>malas</i>, <i>segan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lead (the metal), <i>timak hitam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lead, to (by the hand), <i>pimpin</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(guide), <i>tunjuk-kan</i>, <i>pandu-kan</i>, <i>hantar-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Leaf, <i>daun</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(of paper), <i>halei</i>, <i>lei</i>, <i>kajang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Leaky, <i>bochor</i>, <i>tiris</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lean, thin, <i>kurus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lean, to (rest against), <i>sandar</i>, <i>menyandar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Leap, to, <i>lompat</i>, <i>me-lompat</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(down), <i>terjun</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Learn, to, <i>belajar</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(religion), <i>mengaji</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Learned, <i>pandei</i>, <i>‘alim</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">161</span>
+<p>Leather, <i>kulit</i>, <i>belulang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Leave, permission, <i>izin</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Leave (to quit), <i>tinggal-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Leech, <i>lintah</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(forest), <i>pachat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Leeward, <i>di-bawah angin</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Left, <i>kiri</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Left (remaining), <i>sisa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Leg, <i>kaki</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(thigh), <i>paha</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(from knee to ankle), <i>betis</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(calf), <i>jantong-betis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lend, to, <i>bĕri-pinjam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Length, <i>panjang</i>, <i>lanjut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lengthways, <i>bujur</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Leprosy, <i>kusta</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Less, <i>korang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Let (to allow), <i>biar</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(hire), <i>bĕri-sewa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Let off, to (fire-arms), <i>pasang</i>, <i>chuchuh</i>,
+<i>me-letup-kan</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(forgive, discharge), <i>ampun-kan</i>, <i>me-lepas-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Letter, <i>surat kirim-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Level, <i>rata</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Liar, <i>pem-bohong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Liberal, <i>morah-hati</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Liberate, to, <i>lepas-kan</i>, <i>mardahika-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lick, to, <i>jilat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lid, <i>tudong</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(eye-), <i>kelopak-mata</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lie, falsehood, <i>bohong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lie down, to, <i>baring</i>, <i>tidor</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Life, <i>niawa</i>, <i>jiwa</i>, <i>hayat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lift, to, <i>angkat</i>, <i>meng-angkat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Light, bright, <i>chahya</i>, <i>tĕrang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(not heavy), <i>ringan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Light (to kindle), <i>chuchuh</i>, <i>pasang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to guide with a torch), <i>suloh</i>, <i>menyuloh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lighter, <i>tongkang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lightning, <i>kilat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Like, <i>bagei</i>, <i>saperti</i>, <i>laksana</i>,
+<i>sa-umpama</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Like, to, <i>suka</i>, <i>gamar</i>, <i>ber-kenan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Likeness, <i>rupa</i>, <i>gambar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Limb, <i>angguta</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lime, <i>kapur</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(quicklime), <i>tohor</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(birdlime), <i>getah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lime, lemon, <i>limau-asam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Line, (string), <i>tali</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(row), <i>baris</i>, <i>nirei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lineage, <i>ka-turun-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Linen, <i>kain-rami</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lining, <i>alas</i>, <i>lapis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lion, <i>singa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lip, <i>bibir</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Liquid, <i>chayer</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Listen, to, <i>men-dengar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Litter, <i>usong-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Little, <i>kechil</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Little finger, <i>kelingking</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Liver, <i>limpah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Livelihood, <i>ka-hidop-an</i>, <i>pen-cha-hari-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lizard, <i>chichak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Load, <i>baban</i>, <i>pikul-an</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(cargo), <i>muat-an</i>, <i>sarat-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Loaf, <i>ketul</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lobster, <i>hudang-galah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lock, <i>kunchi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Locust, <i>bilalang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lodge, to, <i>tumpang</i>, <i>menumpang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(for a night), <i>ber-malam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Loft, <i>para</i>, <i>loteng</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Log, <i>batang</i>, <i>puntong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lonely, <i>sunyi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Long, <i>lama</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Long, to, <i>dendam</i>, <i>rindu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Look, to, <i>pandang</i>, <i>tengok</i>, <i>lihat</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(look up), <i>tengadah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Looking-glass, <i>chermin</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Loom, <i>perkakas-tenun</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Loose, <i>longgar</i>, <i>kendor</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lord, <i>tuan</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(deity), <i>tuhan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lose, to, <i>hilang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to suffer defeat), <i>alah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lotos, <i>teratei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Loud, <i>riyuh</i>, <i>kuat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Love, <i>kasih-an</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(love, to), <i>kasih</i>, <i>ber-kasih</i>, <i>berahi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Low, <i>rendah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Low-water, <i>ayer-surut</i>, <i>ayer mati</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">162</span>
+<p>Loyal, <i>setia</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Luck, <i>untong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Luckily, <i>sa-baik-baik-nia</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lucky, <i>mujur</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lullaby, <i>lagu pengulik</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lump, <i>ketul</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lunatic, <i>orang-gila</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lungs, <i>paru-paru</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lust, <i>hawa</i>, <i>nafsu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lute, <i>kechapi</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "vocabM" id = "vocabM">M.</a></h5>
+
+<p>Mace, <i>bunga-pala</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Machine, <i>pesawat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mad, <i>gila</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Maggot, <i>hulat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Magic, <i>‘ilmu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Magistrate, <i>hakim</i>, <i>tuan polis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Magnet, <i>besi-bĕrani</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Maimed, <i>kudong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mainmast, <i>tiang-agong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Maintain, to, <i>pelehra</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Maize, <i>jagong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Majesty, <i>baginda</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Make, to, <i>buat</i>, <i>membuat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Male (man), <i>laki-laki</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(animal), <i>jantan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Malice, <i>dingki</i>, <i>kechil-hati</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Malignant, <i>ber-dingki</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Man, <i>orang</i>, <i>laki-laki</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Man-of-war, <i>kapal pĕrang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Manage, to, <i>perentah</i>, <i>memerentah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mane, <i>gambong</i>, <i>jambul</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mange, <i>kudis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mango, <i>mampelam</i>, <i>mangga</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(horse-), <i>machang</i>, <i>bachang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mangostin, <i>manggis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Manifest, to, <i>menyata-kan</i>, <i>mene-rang-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mankind, <i>manusia</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Manner, <i>bagei</i>, <i>macham</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Manure, <i>baja</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Many, <i>baniak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Map, <i>peta</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Marble, <i>pualam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mare, <i>kuda-betina</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Margin, <i>tepi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mark, <i>tanda</i>, <i>‘alamat</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to shoot at), <i>tuju-an</i>, <i>sasar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Market, <i>pasar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Marriage, <i>kawin</i>, <i>nikah</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to demand in), <i>pinang</i>, <i>meminang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to give in), <i>nikah-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Married, <i>ber-kawin</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(having a wife), <i>ber-bini</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(having a husband), <i>ber-laki</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Marrow, <i>otak-tulang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Marsh, <i>paya</i>, <i>redang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mash, to, <i>pipis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mason, <i>tukang-batu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mast, <i>tiang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Master, <i>tuan</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(of a ship), <i>juragan</i>, <i>nakhoda</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mat, <i>tikar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Match, <i>goris-api</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to suit), <i>padan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Matchlock, <i>satinggar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mate, of a ship, <i>malim</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Matter (affair), <i>perkara</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(pus), <i>nanah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mattress, <i>tilam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>May, <i>buleh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Meal (repast), <i>makan-an</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(flour), <i>tepong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mean, <i>hina</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to understand), <i>harti</i>, <i>meng-harti</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Meaning (sense), <i>ma‘ana</i>, <i>harti</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, <i>dalam antara itu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Means (by all), <i>hubaya</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Measure, to, <i>hukur</i>, <i>sukat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Measurement, <i>hukur-an</i>, <i>sukat-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Meat, <i>daging</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Medicine, <i>ubat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Meek, <i>manis</i>, <i>lemah-lumbut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Meet, to, <i>jumpa</i>, <i>ber-jumpa</i>, <i>temu</i>,
+<i>ber-temu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Melon (water), <i>temikei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Melt, to, <i>lebor</i>, <i>hanchur-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Member, <i>angguta</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Memory, <i>ingat-an</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">163</span>
+<p>Mend, to, <i>baik-i</i>, <i>mem-baik-i</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mendicant, <i>faḳir</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mention, to, <i>sebut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Merchandise, <i>dagang-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mercury, <i>rasa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mercy, <i>rahamat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Meridian (noon), <i>rambang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Merit, <i>pahala</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mesh (of a net), <i>mata</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Message, <i>pasan-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Messenger, <i>penyuroh</i>, <i>pesuroh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Method (arrangement), <i>atur-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Middle, <i>tengah</i>, <i>per-tengah-an</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(middle finger), <i>jari-hantu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Middling, <i>sedang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Midwife, <i>bidan</i>, <i>dukun</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Might, <i>gagah</i>, <i>kuasa</i>, <i>ḳoderat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mighty, <i>ḳuat</i>, <i>ber-kuasa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mild, <i>manis</i>, <i>lumbut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mildew, <i>lapuk</i>, <i>kulat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Milk, <i>susu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mill, <i>kisar-an</i>, <i>giling-an.</i></p>
+
+<p>Million, <i>juta</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mimic, to, <i>ajuk</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mince, to, <i>chachah</i>, <i>chinchang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mind (sense), <i>‘aḳal</i>, <i>budi</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(inclination), <i>ka-handak</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(never mind), <i>tiada apa</i>, <i>ta’ apa</i>, <i>ta’ usah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mine, <i>gali-an</i>, <i>lombong</i>, <i>tebok</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Miner, <i>kuli tebok</i>, <i>tukang gali</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Minister, <i>mantri</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Minute (small), <i>halus</i>, <i>seni</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(moment), <i>sa‘at</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mire, <i>lumpur</i>, <i>lechah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mirror, <i>chermin</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Miscarriage, <i>gugur-an</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(of an elephant), <i>sanglong</i>. <!-- how many elephant miscarriages
+does it take for a language to develop a specific word for it? --></p>
+
+<p>Mischief, <i>benchana</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Miserly, <i>kikir</i>, <i>kikil</i>, <i>chikil</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Misery, <i>hal ka-sukar-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mist, <i>kabut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mistake, <i>salah</i>, <i>silap</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mistress, <i>tuan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Misunderstand, to, <i>salah-mengarti</i>, <i>salah-dengar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mix, to, <i>champur</i>, <i>kachau</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mock, <i>olok</i>, <i>pupuh</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to deride), <i>sindir</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mode, <i>pri</i>, <i>chara</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Model, <i>teladan</i>, <i>achu-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Modest, <i>ber-malu</i>, <i>sopan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Moment, <i>sa-buntar</i>, <i>sa-kejap</i>, <i>sa‘at</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Money, <i>wang</i>, <i>duit</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(ready-money<ins class = "correction" title = "close parenthesis missing">),</ins>
+<i>wang tunei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Monkey, <i>monyet</i>, <i>kĕra</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Monsoon, <i>musim</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Month, <i>bulan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Moon, <i>bulan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Morass, <i>paya</i>, <i>redang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>More, <i>lebeh</i>, <i>lagi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Morning, <i>pagi</i>, <i>dina-hari</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Morrow, <i>esok</i>, <i>besok</i>, <i>ka-esok-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Morsel, <i>sa-suap</i>, <i>sa-mulut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mortal, <i>fana</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mortar, <i>lesong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mortgage, to, <i>gadei</i>, <i>chagar</i>, <i>sandar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mosque, <i>masjid</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mosquito, <i>niamok</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Moss, <i>lumut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Most, <i>ter-lebeh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mother, <i>mak</i>, <i>ibu</i>, <i>bonda</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(adoptive), <i>ma-angkat</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(step-mother), <i>ma-tiri</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(mother-in-law), <i>mentuah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mould, earth, <i>tanah</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(mildew), <i>lapuk</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(matrix), <i>achu-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mouldy, <i>basi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mount, to, <i>naik</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mountain, <i>gunong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mourn, to, <i>tangis-kan</i>, <i>menangis-kan</i>, <i>ratap</i>,
+<i>meratap</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mouse, <i>tikus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mouse-deer, <i>pelanduk</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Moustache, <i>misei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mouth, <i>mulut</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(of a river), <i>kuala</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mouthful, <i>sa-suap</i>, <i>sa-mulut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Move, to, (intrans.), <i>ber-ubah</i>, <i>ber-gĕrak</i>,
+<i>kesak</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(trans.), <i>gĕrak-kan</i>, <i>meng-gĕrak-kan</i>, <i>alih-kan</i>,
+<i>meng-alih-kan</i>, <i>meng-ubah-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Much, <i>baniak</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">164</span>
+<p>Mud, <i>lumpur</i>, <i>sulut</i>, <i>lechah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Muddy, turbid, <i>kĕrok</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mug, <i>kindi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Multiply, to, <i>per-baniak-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Murder, to, <i>bunoh</i>, <i>mem-bunoh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Murmur, to, <i>sungut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Muscle, <i>urat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mushroom, <i>chendawan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Music, <i>bunyi-bunyi-an</i>, <i>lagu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Musk, <i>kasturi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Musk-rat, <i>chenchurut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Musket, <i>snapang</i>, <i>bedil</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Muslin, <i>kain khasa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Must, <i>handak</i>, <i>harus</i>, <i>dapat-tiada</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mustard, <i>sesawi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Muster (to summon), <i>kĕrah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mutiny, <i>belut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mystery, <i>rahusia</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "vocabN" id = "vocabN">N.</a></h5>
+
+<p>Nail, <i>paku</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(of the fingers or toe), <i>kuku</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(finger-nail worn purposely long), <i>changei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Naked, <i>telanjang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Name, <i>nama</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(title), <i>gĕlar-an</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to name), <i>gelar-kan</i>, <i>nama-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Nape of the neck, <i>tangkok</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Napkin, <i>kain basah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Narrate, to, <i>cheritra-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Narrow, <i>sumpit</i>, <i>simpit</i>, <i>sesak</i>,
+<i>ginting</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Nation, <i>bangsa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Nature, <i>tabi‘at</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Navel, <i>pusat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Navigate, to, <i>me-layar-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Navigation (science of), <i>‘ilmu-pe-layar-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Neap-tide, <i>ayer surut</i>, <i>ayer mati</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Near, <i>dekat</i>, <i>hampir</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Neat, <i>chantek</i>, <i>chermat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Necessary, <i>wajib</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Necessity, desire, <i>hajat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Neck, <i>batang leher</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(throat), <i>leher</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Needle, <i>jarum</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Neglect, <i>lalei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Neighbour, <i>orang rumah sa-bĕlah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Nephew, <i>anak-penakan</i>, <i>anak su dara</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Nerve, <i>urat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Nest, <i>sarang</i>, <i>sarang-burong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Net (casting), <i>jala</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(seine), <i>pukat</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(landing), <i>sauh-sauh</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(snare), <i>jaring</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Net, to, <i>serat</i>, <i>menyerat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Net-work, <i>serat-an</i>, <i>jala-jala</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Never, <i>ta’pernah</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(never mind), <i>ta’apa</i>, <i>ta’usah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>New, <i>baharu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>New-moon, <i>sa-hari bulan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>News, <i>khabar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Next (in time), <i>lepas itu</i>, <i>kemdian</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(in place), <i>sa-bĕlah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Nice (pleasant), <i>sedap</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Niece, <i>anak-penakan</i>, <i>anak-sudara</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Night, <i>malam</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to pass the), <i>ber malam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Night-jar, <i>tetegok</i>, <i>punggok</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Nimble, <i>chepat</i>, <i>pantas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Nip (to pinch), <i>pichit</i>, <i>chubit</i>, <i>ketam</i>,
+<i>sepit</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Nippers (pincers), <i>penyepit</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Nitre, <i>sendawa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Noble, <i>bangsawan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Nod, to, <i>meng-antok</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Noise, <i>gadoh</i>, <i>gempar</i>, <i>bising</i>, <i>riau</i>.</p>
+
+<p>None, <i>satu pun tidak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Nonsense, <i>sia-sia</i>, <i>ta’ka-tahu-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Noon, <i>rambang</i>, <i>tengah-hari</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Noose, <i>jerat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>North, <i>utara</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Nose, <i>hidong</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(bridge of the), <i>batang</i>, <i>hidong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Nosegay, <i>karangan-bunga</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Nostril, <i>liang hidong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Notch, <i>takuk</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(gap, dent), <i>sumbing</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing, <i>apa pun tidak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Notice, to, <i>per-hati-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding, <i>tetapi</i>, <i>lamun-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Nourish, to, <i>pelehra-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Now, <i>sakarang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(now and then), <i>kadang kadang</i>, <i>ter-kadang</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">165</span>
+<p>Number (quantity), <i>baniak</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(a numeral), <i>angka</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Nurse, a, <i>inang</i>, <i>pengasoh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Nurse (to rear, cherish), <i>pelehra</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(give suck), <i>menetek-kan</i>, <i>menyusu-kan</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(a sick person), <i>dukun</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Nut, <i>kachang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Nutmeg, <i>buah pala</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Nymph, <i>bidyadari</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "vocabO" id = "vocabO">O.</a></h5>
+
+<p>Oakum, <i>pakul</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Oar, <i>dayong</i>, <i>pengayuk</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Oath, <i>sumpah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Obey, to, <i>turut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Obscene, <i>charut</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to use obscene language), <i>men-charut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Obscure, <i>kĕlam</i>, <i>gĕlap</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Observe (watch), <i>intei</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(notice), <i>per-hati-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Obstinate, <i>degil</i>, <i>bantak</i>, <i>kras ka-pala</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Obstruct, to, <i>sekat-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Occasion, <i>paksa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Occupied (busy), <i>‘aral</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Occur, to, <i>jadi</i>, <i>jatoh</i>, <i>tiba</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ocean, <i>laut-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Odd (of numbers), <i>gasal</i>, <i>ganjil</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Odds and ends, <i>rinchik-rinchik</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Offer, to, <i>unjuk</i>, <i>tawar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Office, (employment), <i>pegang-an</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(place of business), <i>gedong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Offspring, <i>anak-pinak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Often, <i>kĕrap-kĕrap</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Oil, <i>minyak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Old, <i>tuah</i>, <i>lama</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(decayed), <i>burok</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Olden time, <i>dahulu-kala</i>, <i>zaman dahulu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Omen, evil, <i>pemali</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Once, <i>sa-kali</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Only, <i>sahaja</i>, <i>hania</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Onion, <i>bawang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Open, <i>ter-buka</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(extensive), <i>lapang</i>, <i>luas</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to open), <i>buka</i>, <i>mem-buka</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Opening (chink), <i>chelah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Opinion, <i>rasa</i>, <i>pe-rasa-an</i>, <i>sangka</i>, <i>kira</i>,
+<i>pikir-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Opium, <i>apiun</i>, <i>madat</i>, <i>chandu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Opportunity, <i>paksa</i>, <i>dan</i>, <i>sampat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Oppose, to, <i>lawan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Oppression, <i>anyaya</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Oppressive, <i>zalim</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Orange, <i>limau-manis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Order (arrangement), <i>atur-an</i>, <i>per-atur-an</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(class), <i>pangkat</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to command), <i>suroh</i>, <i>menyuroh</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(of a royal personage), <i>titak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Orifice, <i>liang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Origin, <i>asal</i>, <i>pangkal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ornament, <i>per-hias-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Orphan, <i>piatu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Other, <i>lain</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Otter, <i>anjing-laut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ottoman, <i>petarana</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ought, <i>patut</i>, <i>harus</i>, <i>handak-lah</i>,
+<i>mahu-lah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Out, <i>luar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Outcast, <i>bangsat</i>, <i>ter-buang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Outcry, <i>gempar</i>, <i>engar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Outhouse, <i>bangsal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Outward, visible, <i>zahir</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Oval, <i>bulat-bujur</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Oven, <i>dapor</i>, <i>tenur</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Over (upon), <i>atas</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(ended), <i>sudah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Overcast (darkened), <i>ber-tedoh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Overflow, to, <i>limpah</i>, <i>me-limpah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Overladen, <i>sarat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Overlook, to, <i>jaga</i>, <i>men-jaga</i>, <i>tunggu</i>,
+<i>menunggu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Overseer, <i>tandil</i>, <i>mandor</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Overturn, to, <i>balik</i>, <i>mem-balik-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Overturned, to be, <i>ber-balik</i>, <i>ter-balik</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Owe, to, <i>ber-hutang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Owl, <i>burong-hantu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Owner, <i>tuan</i>, <i>yang ampunya</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ox, <i>lumbu</i>, <i>sapi</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(wild), <i>si-ladang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Oyster, <i>teram</i>, <i>siput</i>.</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">166</span>
+<h5><a name = "vocabP" id = "vocabP">P.</a></h5>
+
+<p>Pace (step), <i>jangka</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pack, to, <i>kemas</i>, <i>bungkus-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Paddle, a, <i>kayuh</i>, <i>pengayuh</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to row with), <i>mengayuh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pain, <i>sakit</i>, <i>sakit-an</i>, <i>ka-sakit-an</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(anxiety), <i>per-chinta-an</i>, <i>susah-hati</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Paint, <i>chat</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to paint), <i>sapu-chat</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(a painter), <i>tukang-chat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pair, <i>jodo</i>, <i>pasang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Palace, <i>astana</i>, <i>meligei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pale, <i>puchat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Paling, <i>pagar</i>, <i>gisi-gisi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Palm of the hand, <i>tapak-tangan</i>, <i>telapak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Palpitation, <i>dabar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Palsy, <i>tepok</i>, <i>basal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pan (earthen), <i>pasu</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(iron), <i>kuali</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pant, to, <i>mangah</i>, <i>menguap</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Paper, <i>ḳarṭas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Parable, <i>per-upama-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Parasol, <i>payong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Parcel, <i>bungkus</i>, <i>bungkus-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pardon, <i>ampun</i>, <i>ma‘af</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to pardon), <i>ampun-kan</i>, <i>ma‘af-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pare, to, <i>raut</i>, <i>me-raut</i>, <i>hiris</i>,
+<i>meng-hiris</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Parents, <i>ibu-bapa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Parrot, <i>nuri</i>, <i>bayan</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(small green parroquet), <i>serindit</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Parry, to, <i>tangkis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Part, <i>bahagi-an</i>, <i>sa-kĕrat</i>, <i>sa-paroh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Particle, <i>butir</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Partner, <i>kawan</i>, <i>kongsi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Partnership, in, <i>sa-modal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pass, to, <i>lalu</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(miss), <i>selisih</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(as coin), <i>laku</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Passion (anger), <i>marah</i>, <i>hangat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Passionate, <i>hati panas</i>, <i>lakas marah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Past, <i>sudah</i>, <i>yang telah sudah</i>, <i>yang telah
+lalu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Paste, <i>pe-rĕkat</i>, <i>bubur</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pastry, <i>penganan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pat, to, <i>tepuk</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Patch, <i>tampal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Patience, <i>sabar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pattern, <i>teladan</i>, <i>chonto</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pawn, to, <i>gadei</i>, <i>meng-gadei</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(a pledge), <i>sandar-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pay, to, <i>bayar</i>, <i>mem-bayar</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(by instalments), <i>ansur</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Payment, <i>bayar-an</i>, <i>pem-bayar-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pea, <i>kachang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Peace, <i>sajehtra</i>, <i>santosa</i>, <i>ka-senang-an</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to make peace), <i>ber-damei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Peacock, <i>mĕrak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Peak, <i>puchuk</i>, <i>kamunchak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pearl, <i>mutiara</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Peck, to, <i>patok</i>, <i>pagut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pedlar, <i>orang ber-jajah</i>, <i>orang kelon-tong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Peel, to, <i>kupas</i>, <i>kelupas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Peep, to, <i>intei</i>, <i>meng-intei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pelican, <i>undan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pelt, to, <i>lotar</i>, <i>me-lontar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pellucid, <i>hening</i>, <i>jerneh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pen, <i>ḳalam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pen (enclosure), <i>kandang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Penalty, <i>denda</i>, <i>siḳsa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Penetrate, to, <i>lut</i>, <i>melut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Penitence, <i>taubat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Penknife, <i>pisau-lipat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>People, <i>orang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pepper, <i>lada</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(black), <i>lada-hitam</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(Chili), <i>lada-merah</i>, <i>lada-china</i>, <i>chabei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Perceive, to, <i>rasa</i>, <i>per-hati-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Perch, to, <i>hinggap</i>, <i>tengger</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Percolate, to, <i>tiris</i>, <i>meniris</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Perfect, <i>semporna</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Perfectly, <i>betul</i>, <i>benar</i>, <i>sakali</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Perfume, <i>bau-bau-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Perfumed, <i>harum</i>, <i>wangi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps, <i>antah</i>, <i>barangkali</i>, <i>mudah-mudah-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Peril, <i>bahaya</i>, <i>mara-bahaya</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Perjury, <i>dusta</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Permanent, <i>kekal</i>, <i>kukuh</i>, <i>tetap</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Permission, <i>izin</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Permit, to, <i>bĕri</i>, <i>kasih</i>, <i>biar</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">167</span>
+<p>Perpetual, <i>sanantiasa</i>, <i>yang tiada ber-ka-putus-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Persecute, to, <i>anyaya-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Persevere, to, <i>ber-usaha</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Person, <i>orang</i>, <i>marika</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Perspiration, <i>peluh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Perverse, <i>bantah</i>, <i>angkara</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pestle, <i>alu</i>, <i>antan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Petition, <i>per-minta-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pheasant, <i>pegar</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(argus pheasant), <i>kuang</i>, <i>kuwau</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Phlegm, <i>dahak</i>, <i>hingus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pick (to gather), <i>kutib</i>, <i>petik</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(pick up), <i>pungut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pickles, <i>achar</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(pickled fish or meat), <i>pe-kasam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Piebald, pied, <i>bĕlang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Piece, <i>sa-patah</i>, <i>su-kĕrat</i>, <i>sa-patong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pier, <i>jambatan</i>, <i>pangkalan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pierce, to, <i>chuchuk</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Piety, <i>‘ibadat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pig, <i>babi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pigeon, <i>merpati</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pile (stake), <i>panchang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to heap up), <i>susun-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pillage, to, <i>samun</i>, <i>rampas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pillar, <i>tiang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pillow, <i>bantal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pillow-case, <i>sarong-bantal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pimple, <i>bisul-lada</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pin, <i>piniti</i>, <i>jarum-penyĕmat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pincers, <i>sepit</i>, <i>penyepit</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pinch (a small quantity), <i>sa-jumput</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to pinch), <i>chubit</i>, <i>pichit</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pinchbeck, <i>suasa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pineapple, <i>nanas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pink, <i>kasumbah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pipe (conduit), <i>panchur-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pipeclay, <i>tanah-mala</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pirate, <i>perompak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pit, <i>lobang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pitch, <i>gala-gala</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to pitch as a ship), <i>anggu</i>, <i>meng-anggu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pitcher, <i>buyung</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pith, <i>ampulur</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pity, <i>kasih-an</i>, <i>bĕlas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Place, <i>tampat</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to place), <i>bubok</i>, <i>taroh</i>, <i>letak</i>,
+<i>me-letak-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Plague (pestilence), <i>hawar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Plain, <i>padang</i>, <i>medan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Plait, to, <i>aniam</i>, <i>pintal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Plane, <i>kĕtam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Plank, <i>papan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Plant, <i>pokok</i>, <i>tanam-an</i>, <i>tumboh-tumboh-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Plantain, <i>pisang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Plantation, <i>kabun</i>, <i>ladang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Plate (earthenware), <i>piring</i>, <i>pinggan</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(metal), <i>cheper</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Play, to, <i>main</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pleasant, <i>sedap</i>, <i>lezat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pleased, <i>suka</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pledge, <i>chagar</i>, <i>sandar-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Plenty, <i>baniak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Plough, <i>tanggala</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Plover, <i>kedidi</i>, <i>chicheoh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pluck (to gather), <i>petik</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(pluck out), <i>chabut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Plump, <i>tumbun</i>, <i>pejal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Plunge, to, <i>terjun</i>, <i>sĕlam</i>, <i>menyĕlam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Plunder, to, <i>samun</i>, <i>rampas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pocket, <i>saku</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Point, <i>hujong</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to point), <i>tunjok</i>, <i>menunjok</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Poison, <i>rachun</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Poisonous, <i>bisa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Poke (to thrust), <i>chuchuk</i>, <i>jolok</i>, <i>chungkil</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pole, <i>batang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(for propelling a boat), <i>galah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Polecat, <i>musang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Polite, <i>adab</i>, <i>bastari</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pollute, to, <i>chamar-kan</i>, <i>kotor-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pomegranate, <i>buah-dalima</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pond, <i>kulam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ponder, to, <i>kenang</i>, <i>pikir</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pool, <i>lubok</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Poop, <i>burit-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Poor, <i>miskin</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Porcelain, <i>tembikar</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">168</span>
+<p>Porcupine, <i>landak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pork, <i>daging-babi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Porpoise, <i>lomba-lomba</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Portion, <i>bahagi-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Position (situation), <i>ka-duduk-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Possess, to, <i>milik</i>, <i>taroh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Possible, <i>buleh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Post, <i>panchang</i>, <i>tiang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pot (earthenware), <i>priuk</i>, <i>bĕlanga</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(iron), <i>kuali</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(water), <i>buyung</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(flower), <i>pasu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Potato, <i>ubi benggala</i>, <i>ubi china</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pouch, <i>pundi-pundi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pound (pen), <i>kandang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pound, to, <i>tumbok</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pour, to, <i>tuang</i>, <i>tumpah</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(water over a person bathing), <i>jurus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Powder, <i>serbuk</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(dust), <i>lumat</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(gunpowder), <i>ubat bedil</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Power, <i>kuasa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Praise, <i>puji</i>, <i>puji-an</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to praise), <i>memuji</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Prawn, <i>hudang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pray, to, <i>sembahyang</i>, <i>do‘a</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Precious, <i>endah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Predestination, <i>ajal</i>, <i>taḳdir</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Predict, to, foretell, <i>tenung</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pregnant, <i>bunting</i>, <i>mengandong</i>, <i>ḥamil</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Prepare, to, <i>sedia-kan</i>, <i>langkap-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Present (to be), <i>ada</i>, <i>hazir</i>, <i>berhadap</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Present (gift), <i>hadia</i>, <i>pem-bĕri-an</i>, <i>tanda-hayat</i>
+(lit. “token of life”).</p>
+
+<p>Presently, <i>sa-buntar lagi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Press, to, <i>apit-kan</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(press down), <i>tekan</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(squeeze out), <i>pĕrah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Presumption, <i>angkara</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pretend, to, <i>achu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pretence, <i>pura-pura</i>, <i>buat-buat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pretty, <i>bagus</i>, <i>chantek</i>, <i>molek</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Prevent, to, <i>tegah</i>, <i>larang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Price, <i>harga</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(of a slave), <i>penebus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Prick, to, <i>chuchuk</i>, <i>tikam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Prickle, <i>duri</i>;</p>
+<p>prickly, <i>ber-duri</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Priest. (Muhammadan), <i>imam</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(Christian), <i>padri</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Prince, <i>putra</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Princess, <i>putri</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Principal, <i>pokok</i>, <i>modal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Print, to, <i>chap</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Prison, <i>panjara</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Private (secluded), <i>sunyi</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(parts), <i>ka-malu-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Privy, <i>jamban</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Prize (booty), <i>rampas-an</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to value highly), <i>endah-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Procession, <i>arak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Proclaim, to, <i>menyata-kan</i>, <i>mashur-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Prodigal, <i>pemburus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Profit, <i>laba</i>, <i>untong</i>, <i>faidah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Prohibit, to, <i>larang-kan</i>, <i>tegah-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Prohibited, <i>larang-an</i>, <i>haram</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Prolong, to, <i>lanjut-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Prominent (projecting), <i>jungur</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Promise, a, <i>per-janji-an</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to promise), <i>janji</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Prone (lying face downwards), <i>tiharap</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pronounce, to, <i>sebut</i>, <i>menyebut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Proof, <i>ka-nyata-an</i>, <i>saksi-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Proper, <i>patut</i>, <i>harus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Property, <i>harta</i>, <i>benda</i>, <i>had</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Prophet, <i>nabi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Prosecute, to, <i>dawa</i>, <i>men-dawa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Prostitute, <i>sundal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Prostrate, <i>menyiharap</i>, <i>pelanting</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Protect, to, <i>lindong-kan</i>, <i>pelehra-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Proud, <i>sombong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Prove, to, <i>nyata-kan</i>, <i>me-nyata-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Proverb, <i>‘ibarat</i>, <i>tamsil</i>, <i>bidal</i>, <i>per
+upama-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Provisions, <i>băkal</i>, <i>băkas</i>, <i>pelabur</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Provoke, to, <i>usik</i>, <i>mengusik</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Prudence, <i>ka-bija-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Prudent, <i>cherdek</i>, <i>bijak</i>, <i>chermat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Prune, to, <i>ranchong</i>, <i>me-ranchong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Psalm, <i>zabur</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">169</span>
+<p>Pull, to, <i>tarik</i>, <i>menarik</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(drag), <i>hela</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(pull up), <i>chabut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pulley, <i>kapi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pulse, <i>nadi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pump, <i>bomba</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pumpkin, <i>labu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pungent, <i>pedas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Punish, to, <i>siksa-kan</i>, <i>sakit-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Punishment, <i>siksa</i>, <i>ka-sakit-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pupil (of the eye), <i>biji mata</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(scholar), <i>murid</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Puppy, <i>anak-anjing</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pure (clear), <i>jerneh</i>, <i>hening</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Purgative, <i>pen-chahar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Purple, <i>ungu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Purpose, <i>ka-handak</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(on purpose), <i>sangaja</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Purse, <i>unchang</i>, <i>pundi-pundi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pursue, to, <i>hambat</i>, <i>kejar</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(wild animals), <i>buru</i>, <i>mem-buru</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pus, <i>nanah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Push, to, <i>tolak</i>, <i>sorong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Put, to, <i>taroh</i>, <i>bubok</i>, <i>letak</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(put on), <i>pakei</i>, <i>kĕna-kan</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(put off, postpone), <i>tangguh</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(put out fire), <i>padam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Putrid, <i>busuk</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Puzzle (enigma), <i>tekak-teki</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "vocabQ" id = "vocabQ">Q.</a></h5>
+
+<p>Quail, <i>puyuh</i>, <i>pikau</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Quake, to, <i>kĕtar</i>, <i>mengĕtar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Quality, <i>sifat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Quantity, <i>baniak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Quarrel, <i>per-bantah-an</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to quarrel), <i>ber-kalahi</i>, <i>ber-tingkar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Quarter (fourth part), <i>suku</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(of a slaughtered animal), <i>paha</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Queen, <i>permeisuri</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Quench, to, <i>padam-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Question, <i>sual</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to question), <i>pareksa</i>, <i>sual-kan</i>, <i>tanya</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Quick, <i>lakas</i>, <i>chepat</i>, <i>bangat</i>, <i>lantas</i>,
+<i>pantas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Quicksilver, <i>rasa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Quid (of betel), <i>sepah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Quiet, <i>diam</i>, <i>sunyi</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(silent), <i>sengap</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Quit (to forsake), <i>tinggal-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Quite, <i>sakali</i>, <i>sa-mata-mata</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "vocabR" id = "vocabR">R.</a></h5>
+
+<p>Race (lineage), <i>bangsa</i>, <i>asal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Races (contest), <i>lomba</i>, <i>ber-lomba</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Radish, <i>lobak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Raft, <i>rakit</i>, <i>lantin</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rafter, <i>kasau</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rag, <i>perchah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ragged, <i>koyak-rabak</i>, <i>chompang-champing</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Railing, <i>pagar</i>, <i>kilik-kilik-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rain, <i>hujan</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to rain, rainy), <i>ber-hujan</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(drizzle), <i>rinteh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rainbow, <i>palangi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Raise, to, <i>angkat</i>, <i>bangun-kan</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(with a lever), <i>tuwas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Raisins, <i>kismis</i>, <i>buah-anggor</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rake, <i>peng-garu</i>, <i>sikat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Range (to dispose in order), <i>meng atur-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rank (row, line), <i>baris</i>, <i>saf</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(station in life), <i>pangkat</i>, <i>martabat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rank (rancid), <i>hanyir</i>, <i>basi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ransom, to, <i>tebus</i>, <i>menebus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rape, <i>rugul</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rapid, <i>dĕras</i>, <i>laju</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rapids (in a river), <i>jeram</i>, <i>chigar</i>, <i>riyam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rare, <i>jarang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rat, <i>tikus</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(musk-rat), <i>chenchurut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rattan, <i>rautan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rave, to (in delirium), <i>meng-igau</i>, <i>ber-igau-igau</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Raw, <i>mantah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ray (of light), <i>sinar</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(a fish, the skate), <i>pari</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Razor, <i>pisau-chukur</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Reach, to (with the hand), <i>chapei</i>, <i>men-chapei</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(attain), <i>sampei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Read, to, <i>bacha</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ready, <i>sedia</i>, <i>siap</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Really, <i>sunggoh</i>, <i>sa-sunggoh-nia</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">170</span>
+<p>Reap, to, <i>ketam</i>, <i>tuwei</i>, <i>menuwei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rear (to bring up), <i>pelehra</i>, <i>me-melehra-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Reason (cause), <i>karana</i>, <i>sebab</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(understanding), <i>budi</i>, <i>‘aḳal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rebellious, <i>derhaka</i>, <i>belut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rebuke, to, <i>ajar</i>, <i>tegor</i>, <i>tengking</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Receive, to, <i>terima</i>, <i>menerima</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(take), <i>sambut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Reckon, to, <i>hitong</i>, <i>bilang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Recline, to, <i>baring</i>, <i>sandar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Recollect, to, <i>ingat</i>, <i>sedar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Recover (to get well), <i>ber-semboh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Red, <i>merah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Redeem, to, <i>tebus</i>, <i>menebus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Red-lead, <i>sadalinggam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Reduce, to, <i>korang-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Reed, <i>buluh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Reef, <i>karang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Reflect, to, <i>kenang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Refuse, to, <i>sangkal</i>, <i>anggan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Refuse (rubbish), <i>hampas</i>, <i>sampah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Regalia, <i>perkakaska-raja-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Regard (to gaze at), <i>intei</i>, <i>renong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Region, <i>benua</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Regret, to, <i>sesal</i>, <i>menyesal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Reign, <i>ka-raja-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rein (bridle), <i>tali-kang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Reject, to, <i>tolak-kan</i>, <i>buang</i>, <i>champak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rejoice (to be glad), <i>ber-suka</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(gladden), <i>menyuka-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Relapse, <i>balik-sakit</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Relate, to, <i>cheritra-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Relations (kindred), <i>sudara</i>, <i>ibu-bapa</i>, <i>puwah</i>,
+<i>ḳaum</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Release, to, <i>lepas-kan</i>, <i>me-lepas-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Relieve guard, to, <i>gilir</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Religion, <i>agama</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Reluctant, <i>segan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Remain, to, <i>diam</i>, <i>tinggal</i>, <i>ber-hinti</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Remainder, <i>baḳi</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(leavings), <i>sisa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Remedy, <i>penawar</i>, <i>ubat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Remember, to, <i>ingat</i>, <i>meng-ingat</i>, <i>kenang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Remove, to, (intrans.), <i>pindah</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(trans.), <i>men-jauh-kan</i>, <i>ubah-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rent (hire), <i>sewa</i>, <i>penyewa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Repair, to, <i>baik-i</i>, <i>mem-per-baik-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Repeat, to, <i>ulang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Repent, to, <i>taubat</i>, <i>sesal</i>, <i>menyesal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Replace, to, <i>ganti</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Reply, to, <i>sahut</i>, <i>menyahut</i>, <i>men-jawab</i>, <i>balas
+jawab</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Report, to, <i>khabar-kan</i>, <i>bĕri tahu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Report (rumour), <i>khabar</i>, <i>bunyi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Reprimand, to, <i>mengajar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Reprobate, <i>bangsat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Repudiate, to, <i>cherei-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Request, to, <i>minta</i>, <i>pinta</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Resembling, <i>akan-akan</i>, <i>sa-rupa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Reside, to, <i>tinggal</i>, <i>diam</i>, <i>duduk</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Resign, to, <i>serah-kan</i>, <i>pulang-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Resin, <i>damar</i>, <i>getah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Resist, to, <i>lawan</i>, <i>me-lawan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Respect, <i>hormat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Responsible for, to be, <i>sanggup</i>, <i>tanggong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rest, <i>per hinti-an</i>, <i>ka-senang-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rest (remainder), <i>baḳi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Restore (to give back), <i>pulang-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Restrain, to, <i>tahan</i>, <i>menahan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Result, <i>ka-sudah-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Retire (to retreat), <i>undur</i>, <i>ber-undur</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Retired (secluded), <i>sunyi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Retribution, <i>pem-balas-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Return, to, <i>pulang</i>, <i>balik</i>, <i>kambali</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(retaliate), <i>balas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Revenge, <i>balas</i>, <i>damdam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Revenue, <i>hasil</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Reverence, <i>sembah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Reverse, to, <i>mem-balik-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Revile, to, <i>hujat-kan</i>, <i>me-maki</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Revive, to, <i>sedar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Reward, <i>upah</i>, <i>pahala</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rheumatism, <i>sakit tulang</i>, <i>sakit-angin</i>,
+<i>sengal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rhinoceros, <i>badak</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(rhinoceros-bird), <i>enggang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rib, <i>rusuk</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">171</span>
+<p>Ribbon, <i>fitah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rice, <i>bĕras</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(boiled), <i>nasi</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(in the husk), <i>padi</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(parched), <i>bertih</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rice-field, <i>sawah</i>, <i>bendang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(upland), <i>umah</i>, <i>ladang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rich, <i>kaya</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Riches, <i>ka-kaya-an</i>, <i>harta</i>, <i>benda</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Riddle, <i>tekak-teki</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ride, to, <i>naik</i>, <i>tunggang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ridge (rising ground), <i>permatang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(of a roof), <i>bumbong-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ridicule, to, <i>sindir</i>, <i>gonja</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Right (proper), <i>betul</i>, <i>benar</i>, <i>patut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Right-hand, <i>kanan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rightly, <i>sa-betul-nia</i>, <i>sa-patut-nia</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rigid (stiff), <i>tegar</i>, <i>kinchang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rim, <i>tepi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rind, <i>kulit</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ring (to sound), <i>derang</i>, <i>ber-derang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ring, <i>chinchin</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(ornamental hoop on weapons, &amp;c.), <i>simpei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ripe, <i>masak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rise, to, <i>bangun</i>, <i>bangkit</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(spring up), <i>timbul</i>, <i>tumboh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>River, <i>sungei</i>, <i>ayer</i>, <i>batang-hari</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(river-brink), <i>baroh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rivulet, <i>anak-sungei</i>, <i>anak-ayer</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Road, <i>jalan</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(path), <i>lurong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Roadstead, <i>labuh-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Roam, to, <i>jajah</i>, <i>hanyut</i>, <i>ulang-pergi-datang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Roar, to, <i>menganguh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Roast, to, <i>panggang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rob, to, <i>rompak</i>, <i>rampas</i>, <i>samun</i>, <i>rebut</i>,
+<i>churi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Robe (gown), <i>kabaya</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rock, <i>batu</i>, <i>karang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rock, to (intrans.), <i>ayun</i>, <i>ber-ayun</i>, <i>goyang</i>,
+<i>ber-goyang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(trans.), <i>ayun-kan</i>, <i>meng-ayun-kan</i>, <i>goyang-kan</i>,
+<i>meng-goyang-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Roe (of fish), <i>telor-ikan</i>, <i>telor-tĕru-buk</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Roll up, to, <i>gulong</i>, <i>meng-gulong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rolling, <i>guling</i>, <i>goleh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Roof, <i>bumbong</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(of the mouth), <i>lalangit</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Room, <i>bilek</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(space), <i>legah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Roost, to, <i>hinggap</i>, <i>tenggir</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Root, <i>akar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rope, <i>tali</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rose, <i>mawar</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(rose-water), <i>ayer-mawar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rot, to, <i>reput</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rotten, <i>burok</i>, <i>busuk</i>, <i>reput</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rough, <i>kesap</i>, <i>kesat</i>, <i>kĕrutu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Round, <i>bulat</i>, <i>buntar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Roundabout, <i>keliling</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rouse, to, <i>bangun-kan</i>, <i>gĕrak-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Row, to, <i>dayong</i>, <i>ber-dayong</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(with paddles), <i>kayuh</i>, <i>ber-kayuh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rub, to, <i>gosok</i>, <i>sapu</i>, <i>urut</i>, <i>genyek</i>,
+<i>gesek</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rubbish, <i>sampah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ruby, <i>dalima</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rudder, <i>kamudi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rude, <i>kasar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ruin, to, <i>binasa</i>, <i>mem-binasa-kan</i>, <i>rosak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rule, to, <i>pĕrentah</i>, <i>memerentah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ruling-line, <i>benang-arang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rump, <i>punggong</i>, <i>pangkal-paha</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Run, to, <i>lari</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(as water), <i>me-leleh</i>, <i>meng-alir</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Run against (collide), <i>himpit</i>, <i>timpah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rupee, <i>rupiyah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rush at, to, <i>terkam</i>, <i>menerkam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rust, <i>karat</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "vocabS" id = "vocabS">S.</a></h5>
+
+<p>Sack, <i>karong</i>, <i>goni</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sacrifice, to, <i>mem-pĕlas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sad, <i>susah-hati</i>, <i>duka-chita</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Saddle, <i>zin</i>, <i>palana</i>, <i>sela</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Safe, <i>salamat</i>, <i>sajehtra</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Saffron, <i>kuniet</i>, <i>kumkuma</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sagacious, <i>cherdek</i>, <i>bijak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sago, <i>sagu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sail (of a vessel), <i>layar</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to sail), <i>ber-layar</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">172</span>
+<p>Sailor, <i>matros</i>, <i>khalasi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Saint, <i>wali</i>, <i>oulia</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Salary, <i>gaji</i>, <i>upah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sale, <i>jual-bĕli</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Saliva, <i>ayer liyor</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Salt, <i>garam</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(in taste), <i>masin</i>, <i>asin</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Saltpetre, <i>sendawa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Salutation, <i>tabek</i>, <i>salam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Salute, to, <i>bĕri salam</i>, <i>minta tabek</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Same, <i>sama</i>, <i>sarupa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sand, <i>pasir</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sandbank, <i>beting</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sandalwood, <i>chandana</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sap, <i>getah</i>, <i>aris</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sash, <i>salendang</i>, <i>tali-pinggang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Satisfied, <i>puas</i>, <i>kiniang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sauce, <i>kuah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Saucer, <i>piring</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Savage, <i>liyar</i>, <i>buas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Save, to, <i>simpan</i>, <i>mengimpan</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(be sparing), <i>jimat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Savoury, <i>sedap</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Saw, <i>gergaji</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Say, to, <i>kata</i>, <i>mengata-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Scald, to, <i>chelor</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Scale (of a fish), <i>sisik</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Scales, <i>daching</i>, <i>naracha</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Scar, <i>parut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Scarce, <i>jarang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Scarf, <i>salendang</i>, <i>salimpei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Scarlet, <i>merah-tuah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Scatter, to, <i>tabur</i>, <i>menabur-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Scent, <i>bau</i>, <i>bau-bau-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Scheme, <i>jalan</i>, <i>hikmat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Scholar (pupil), <i>murid</i>.</p>
+
+<p>School, <i>tampat-belajar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Science, <i>‘ilmu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Scissors, <i>gunting</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Scold, to, <i>maki</i>, <i>ber-tingkar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Score, <i>kodi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Scorpion, <i>kala-jengking</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Scrape, to, <i>kikis</i>, <i>parang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Scraper, <i>kukur-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Scratch, to, <i>garu</i>, <i>chakar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Scream, to, <i>tampik</i>, <i>ber-tĕriak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Screen, <i>tirei</i>, <i>bidei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Screen (to protect), <i>me-lindong-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Screw, <i>paku pulas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Scull, <i>tengkorak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Scum, <i>buih</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Scurf, <i>kedal</i>, <i>kurap</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sea, <i>laut</i>, <i>laut-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Seal (signet), <i>chap</i>, <i>matrei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sealing-wax, <i>lak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Seam, <i>jahit-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sea-shore, <i>pantei</i>, <i>tepi-laut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sea-sick, <i>mabuk-ombak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Season, <i>musim</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Search, to, <i>chahari</i>, <i>bongkar</i>, <i>men-chahari</i>,
+<i>siasat</i>, <i>salongkar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Seat, <i>ka-duduk-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sea-weed, <i>bunga-karang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Secret, <i>rahusia</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Secrete, to, <i>sembunyi-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Secretly, <i>churi-churi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Security, bail, <i>aku-an</i>, <i>tanggong-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>See, to, <i>tengok</i>, <i>lihat</i>, <i>pandang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Seed, <i>biji</i>, <i>bĕnih</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Seed-plot, nursery, <i>semai</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Seek, to, <i>chahari</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Seize, to, <i>pegang</i>, <i>tangkap</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Seldom, <i>jarang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Select, to, <i>pilih</i>, <i>memilih</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Self, <i>diri</i>, <i>sendiri</i>, <i>kendiri</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sell, to, <i>jual</i>, <i>men-jual</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Send, to, <i>kirim</i>, <i>hantar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sense, <i>‘aḳal</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(meaning), <i>ma‘ana</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Senses (the five), <i>pancha-indra</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sentence, to, <i>hukum-kan</i>, <i>putus-kan hukum</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sentry, <i>penungguh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Separate, to, <i>asing-kan</i>, <i>cherei-kan</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(distinguish), <i>per-lain-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sepoy, <i>sipahi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Serious, <i>bĕrat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Serpent, <i>ular</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Servant, <i>budak</i>, <i>orang-gaji</i>, <i>pen-jawat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Serve (to wait on), <i>me-layan</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">173</span>
+<p>Service (employment), <i>pegang-an</i>, <i>tanggong-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Serviceable, <i>ber-guna</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Set (to place, put), <i>letak</i>, <i>buboh</i>, <i>taroh</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to set out, depart), <i>berangkat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Settle, to, <i>sĕlăsi</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to fix, decide), <i>tetap-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Several, <i>baniak juga</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Severe, <i>kĕras</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sew, to, <i>jahit</i>, <i>menjahit</i>, <i>jaib</i>,
+<i>men-jaib</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shade, <i>tĕdoh</i>, <i>naung</i>, <i>per-naung-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shadow, <i>bayang</i>, <i>bayang-bayang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shady, <i>ber-tedoh</i>, <i>ber-lindong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shaft (of a weapon), <i>hulu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shake, to, <i>goyang</i>, <i>gonchang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(hands), <i>jabat tangan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shallow, <i>chetek</i>, <i>tohor</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(of a plate or vessel), <i>cheper</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sham, <i>pura-pura</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shame, <i>malu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shape, <i>rupa</i>, <i>sifat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Share, <i>habu-an</i>, <i>bahagi-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shark, <i>hiyu</i>, <i>ikan hiyu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sharp, <i>tajam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sharpen, to, <i>asah</i>, <i>chanai</i>, <i>tajam-kan</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(by paring or cutting), <i>ranchong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shatter, to, <i>rĕmok</i>, <i>rĕdam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shave, to, <i>chukor</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sheath, <i>sarong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shed, <i>bangsal</i>, <i>pondok</i>, <i>teratak</i>,
+<i>jambar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sheep, <i>kambing biri-biri</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sheet, <i>kain selimut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shell, <i>siput</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(rind or covering), <i>kulit</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(cocoanut), <i>tempurong</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(missile), <i>priuk-api</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shepherd, <i>gambala</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shew, to, <i>tunjok</i>, <i>unjok</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shield, <i>pĕrisai</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shift (to change), <i>alih</i>, <i>mengalih</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shin, <i>tulang-kĕring</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shine, to, <i>ber-sinar</i>, <i>ber-kilat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ship, <i>kapal</i>, <i>prahu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shipwrecked, <i>karam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shirt, <i>kameja</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shiver, to, <i>gatar</i>, <i>mengatar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shoal, <i>beting</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shock (start), <i>kĕjut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shoe, <i>kasut</i>, <i>sapatu</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(-horn), <i>pengijah-kasut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shoot, to, <i>tembak</i>, <i>menembak membedil</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(an arrow), <i>panah</i>, <i>memanah</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(sprout), <i>tumboh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shop, <i>kedei</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to keep a), <i>ber-kedei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shore (beach), <i>pantei</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to go on shore), <i>naik di darat</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(prop), <i>sokong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Short, <i>pendek</i>, <i>pandak</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(in quantity), <i>korang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shot, small, <i>kachang-kachang</i>, <i>pengabur</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shoulder, <i>bahu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shout, <i>sorak</i>, <i>sĕru</i>, <i>tampik</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shove, to, <i>tolak</i>, <i>sorong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shower, <i>hujan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shred, to, <i>hiris</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shriek, to, <i>mekik</i>, <i>pekik</i>, <i>men-jerit</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shrill, <i>nyaring</i>, <i>ranang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shrimp, <i>hudang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shrink, to, shrivel, <i>kechut</i>, <i>kerukut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shroud, <i>kapan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shut, to, <i>tutop</i>, <i>katop</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(the eyes), <i>pejam</i>, <i>kejam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shy, <i>liyar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sick (ill), <i>sakit</i>, <i>gĕring</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(sea-sick), <i>mabuk-ombak</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to vomit), <i>muntah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sickle, <i>sabit</i>, <i>pengetam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Side, <i>rusuk</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(one&mdash;), <i>sa-bĕlah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sieve, <i>nyiru</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sift, to, <i>ayak</i>, <i>ayak-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sigh, to, <i>keluh</i>, <i>mengeluh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sight, <i>peng-lihat-an</i>, <i>pandang-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sign (token), <i>‘alamat</i>, <i>tanda</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sign, to, <i>turun tanda tangan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Signature, <i>tanda tangan</i>, <i>khat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Signet, <i>chap</i>, <i>matrei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Signification, <i>ma‘ana</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Silent, <i>diam</i>, <i>sengap</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">174</span>
+<p>Silk, <i>sutra</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Silly, <i>bodoh</i>, <i>bingong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Silver, <i>perak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Similar, <i>sama</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Simply, <i>sahaja</i>, <i>chuma</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sin, <i>dosa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Since, <i>sa-peninggal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sincere, <i>suchi hati</i>, <i>ekhlas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sinew, <i>urat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sing, to, <i>nyanyi</i>, <i>me-nyanyi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Single, solitary, <i>tunggal</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(alone), <i>sa’orang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sink, to, <i>tinggalam</i>, <i>karam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sinuous (winding), <i>kelo-kelo</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sip, to, <i>hisap</i>, <i>hirup</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sister, <i>sudara perampuan</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(elder), <i>kakah</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(younger), <i>adek</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(in-law), <i>ipar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sit, to, <i>duduk</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(with the legs crossed), <i>ber-sila</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(with the feet hanging down), <i>ber-juntei</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(resting on the left arm with the left leg under the right),
+<i>ber-tempuh</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to squat), <i>ber-jongkok</i>, <i>ber-tenggong</i>,
+<i>menyeranggong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Site, <i>tampat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Size, <i>besar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Skein, <i>tukal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Skate, <i>ikan-pari</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Skewer, <i>penyuchuk</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Skill, <i>ka-pandei-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Skin, <i>kulit</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(hide), <i>belulang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Skin (to flay), <i>kupas</i>, <i>kelupas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Skip, to, <i>me-lompat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Skirt (of a garment), <i>puncha</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sky, <i>langit</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Slab (of tin), <i>keping</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(small), <i>jung-kong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Slack, <i>kundor</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Slander, <i>fitnah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Slanting, <i>miring</i>, <i>chondong</i>, <i>singet</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Slap, <i>tampar</i>, <i>tempiling</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Slave, <i>hamba</i>, <i>sahaya</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sleep, to, <i>tidor</i>, <i>lena</i>, <i>ber-adu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sleeve, <i>tangan-baju</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Slender, <i>nipis</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(in the waist), <i>ramping</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Slice, to, <i>hiris</i>, <i>meng-hiris</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Slice, a, <i>sa’potong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Slip, to, <i>tĕgălichik</i>, <i>kalichik</i>, <i>gelinchir</i>,
+<i>kelinchir</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Slippery, <i>lichin</i>, <i>linchin</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Slit, to, <i>bĕlah</i>, <i>mem-bĕlah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Slow, <i>lambat</i>, <i>perlahan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Small, <i>kĕchil</i>, <i>halus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Small-pox, <i>chachar</i>, <i>ka-tumboh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Smart, to, <i>pedih</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Smear, to, <i>lumur</i>, <i>lumas</i>, <i>chalit</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Smell, <i>bau</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to smell), <i>chium</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Smelt, to, <i>lĕbur</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Smile, to, <i>sinnyum</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Smith, <i>tukang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Smoke, <i>asap</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Smooth, <i>lichin</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(level), <i>rata</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Smother, <i>lemas-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Snail, <i>unam</i>, <i>kelambui</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Snake, <i>ular</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Snare, <i>rachik</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Snarl, to, <i>kerennyut</i>, <i>kerising</i>, <i>gerennying</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Snatch, to, <i>rebut</i>, <i>me-rebut</i>, <i>sentak</i>,
+<i>rampas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sneer, to, <i>sindir</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sneeze, to, <i>bersin</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Snipe, <i>tetiru</i>, <i>berkik</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Snivel, <i>ingus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Snore, to, <i>mengĕrok</i>, <i>dengkor</i>, <i>melengkor</i>.</p>
+
+<p>So, <i>bagini</i>, <i>bagitu</i>, <i>damikian</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Soak, to, <i>rendam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Soap, <i>sabun</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Soar (to fly), <i>melayang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sob, to, <i>isak</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(sobbing), <i>ter-isak-isak-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Society (community), <i>jumaha</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Soft, <i>lemak</i>, <i>lumbut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Solder, <i>patĕri</i>, (to solder), <i>patĕri-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Soldier, <i>sipahi</i>, <i>soldado</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sole (of the foot), <i>tapak-kaki</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(fish), <i>ikan lidah</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">175</span>
+<p>Sometimes, <i>kadang-kadang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Son, <i>anak laki-laki</i>, <i>anak-jantan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Song, <i>nyanyi</i>, <i>lagu</i>, <i>gurindam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Soon, <i>sa-buntar-lagi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Soot, <i>arang-para</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sop, to, <i>chichah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sore (ulcer), <i>puru</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(wound), <i>luka</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(painful), <i>sakit</i>, <i>pedih</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sorrow, <i>ka-duka-an</i>, <i>duka-chita</i>, <i>ka-susah-an</i>,
+<i>susah-hati</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sorry, <i>susah-hati</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sort, <i>bagei</i>, <i>macham</i>, <i>rupa</i>, <i>jenis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Soul, <i>nyawa</i>, <i>jiwa</i>, <i>ruḥ</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sound (noise), <i>bunyi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sour, <i>asam</i>, <i>masam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>South, <i>selatan</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(south-east), <i>tang-gara</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(south-west), <i>barat-daya</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sow, to, <i>tabur</i>, <i>menabur</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Space, <i>lapang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Spade, <i>peng-gali</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Span, <i>jingkal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sparing (parsimonious), <i>kikir</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Spark, <i>bunga-api</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sparrow, <i>burong-pipit</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Speak, to, <i>ber-chakap</i>, <i>ber-kata</i>, <i>ber-tutur</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to speak to, address), <i>tegor</i>, <i>siapa-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Spear, <i>lembing</i>, <i>tombak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Speck, <i>titik</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Speckled, <i>rintik</i>, <i>be-rintik</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Spectacles, <i>chermin-mata</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Spell (incantation), <i>mantra</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Spell, to, <i>eja</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Spend, to, <i>bĕlanja</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Spices, <i>rampak-rampak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Spider, <i>laba-laba</i>, <i>lawa-lawa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Spill, to, <i>tumpah</i>, <i>menumpah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Spin, to, <i>pintal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Spinach, <i>bayam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Spinster, <i>bujang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Spirit (soul), <i>nyawa</i>, <i>ruh</i>, <i>samangat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Spirits (ardent), <i>arak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Spit (skewer), <i>penyuchuk</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Spit, to, <i>ludah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Spite, <i>sakit-hati</i>, <i>kechil-hati</i>, <i>dingki</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Splash, to, <i>perchik</i>, <i>memerchik</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Spleen, <i>limpa-kechil</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Splinter, <i>serupih</i>, <i>tatal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Split, to, <i>bĕlah</i>, <i>mem-bĕlah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Spoil, to, <i>rosak</i>, <i>binasa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Spoon, <i>sendok</i>, <i>suduk</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sponge, <i>bunga-karang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Spotted, <i>ber-rintik</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Spout, <i>panchur</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sprain, <i>salah-urat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Spray (driving rain), <i>tempias</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Spread, to (a mat, cloth, &amp;c.), <i>hampar</i>,
+<i>bentang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(as fire or infection), <i>jangkit</i>, <i>ber-jangkit</i>,
+<i>melarat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Spring (of water), <i>mata-ayer</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Spring (to germinate), <i>tumboh</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(issue forth), <i>timbul</i>, <i>terbit</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sprinkle, to, <i>perchik</i>, <i>memerchik</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to water), <i>seram</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sprout, <i>tunas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Spur, <i>taji</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Spy, <i>solo</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to spy), <i>intei</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(spy-glass), <i>tĕropong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Squander, to, <i>mem-boros-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Square, <i>ampat-pesagi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Squat down, to, <i>ber-jungkok</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Squeeze, to, <i>apit</i>, <i>tindih</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(wring, squeeze out), <i>pĕrah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Squint, <i>juling</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Squirrel, <i>tupei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stab, to, <i>tikam</i>, <i>menikam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stable (firm), <i>kukuh</i>, <i>tĕtap</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(for horses), <i>bangsal-kuda</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stagger, to, <i>chondong-ruyong</i>, <i>layah-siak</i>,
+<i>me-ruyong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stagnant, <i>tenang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stairs, <i>tangga</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stake, post, <i>panchang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stake (to wager), <i>ber-taroh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stale (musty), <i>basi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stalk, <i>tangkei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stammer, to, <i>gagap</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stamp (to trample), <i>injak</i>, <i>jijak</i>, <i>pijak</i>,
+<i>terajang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(impress), <i>chap-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stand, to, <i>ber-diri</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">176</span>
+<p>Star, <i>bintang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stare, to, <i>renong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Startled, <i>ter-kejut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Starve, to, <i>mati-lapar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Station (rank), <i>pangkat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stay (to dwell), <i>tinggal</i>, <i>diam</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(wait), <i>nanti</i>, <i>tangguh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Steady, <i>tetap</i>, <i>tegoh</i>, <i>kukuh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Steal, to, <i>churi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Steam, <i>hawap</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to cook by), <i>kukus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Steel, <i>baja</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Steep, <i>tega</i>, <i>terjal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Steep (to dip), <i>chelop</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Steer, to, <i>pegang kamudi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Steersman, <i>juru-mudi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Step (stride), <i>langkah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stepfather, <i>bapa tiri</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stern (of a vessel), <i>burit-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stew, to, <i>tumis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stick (walking), <i>tongkat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stick (to adhere), <i>lekat</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to be obstructed), <i>sangkut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stiff, <i>kaku</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sting, to, <i>singat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stingy, <i>kikir</i>, <i>chikil</i>, <i>bakhil</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stink, <i>bau-busuk</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stir, to, <i>gĕrak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stitch, <i>jerumat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stockade, <i>kubu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stocking, <i>sarong-kaki</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stocks, <i>pasong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stomach, <i>pĕrut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stone, <i>batu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stool, <i>bangko</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stoop, to, <i>tundok</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stop (to cease), <i>ber-hinti</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(hinder), <i>tahan</i>, <i>tegah</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(intercept), <i>ampang</i>, <i>adang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(stop up, plug), <i>sumbat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stopper, <i>penyumbat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Store, warehouse, <i>gĕdong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stork, <i>bangau</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Storm, <i>ribut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Story, <i>cheritra</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(of a house), <i>tingkat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Straight, <i>betul</i>, <i>lurus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Strain (to filter), <i>tapis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Strait (of the sea), <i>selat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Strange (curious), <i>pelik</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(wonderful), <i>‘ajaib</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stranger, <i>orang-dagang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Strangle, to, <i>pujut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stray (wandering), <i>jalang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to lose the way), <i>sesat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stream (river), <i>sungei</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(current), <i>harus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Street, <i>jalan</i>, <i>lorong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Strength, <i>kuasa</i>, <i>ḳuat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Strengthen, to, <i>menegoh-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stretch (to spread out), <i>bentang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(the limbs), <i>melunjur</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(in yawning), <i>mengelisah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Strew, to, <i>hambur-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Strict, <i>kĕras</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stride, <i>langkah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Strike, to, <i>pukul</i>, <i>gasak</i>, <i>palu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>String, <i>tali</i>, <i>utas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Strip, to, <i>tanggal-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Striped, <i>bĕlang</i>, <i>ber-choring</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stripped (naked), <i>telanjang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stroke, <i>sa’kali pukul</i>, <i>sa’kali takuk</i>.<a class = "tag"
+name = "vocab_tag2" id = "vocab_tag2" href = "#vocab_note2">2</a></p>
+
+<p>Stroke, to, <i>raba</i>, <i>urut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Strong, <i>ḳuat</i>, <i>gagah</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(violent), <i>kĕras</i>, <i>dĕras</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Struggle, to, <i>lawan</i>, <i>ber-gumul</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stubborn, <i>kapala-kĕras</i>, <i>degil</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Studious (diligent), <i>rajin</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Study (learning), <i>pelajar-an</i>, <i>pengan-an</i>;
+<span class = "pagenum">177</span></p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to study), <i>bel-ajar</i>, <i>meng-aji</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stumble (to trip, knock against something), <i>antuk ter-antuk</i>,
+<i>sen-tuk</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stump (of a tree), <i>tunggul</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stupid, <i>bodoh</i>, <i>bingong</i>, <i>babal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Stupefied, <i>bius</i>. (See <i>note</i>, p. 112.)</p>
+
+<p>Subject (subordinate to), <i>ta‘aluk</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(matter, purport), <i>fasal</i>, <i>buku</i>, <i>bunyi</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(citizen), <i>ra‘iyat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Submit, to, <i>tunduk</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(refer for decision), <i>sĕmbah-kan</i>, <i>menyĕmbah-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Substitute, <i>ganti</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Subtract, to, <i>tolak</i>, <i>chabut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Succeed (to take the place of), <i>meng-ganti</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to answer), <i>jadi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Succession (inheritance), <i>pusaka</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Such, <i>bagini</i>, <i>bagitu</i>, <i>yang dami-kian</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Suck, to, <i>hisap</i>, <i>hirup</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(the breast), <i>mam susu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Suddenly, <i>sa-kunyong-kunyong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Suet, <i>lemak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Suffer (to endure), <i>tahan</i>, <i>tanggong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sufficient, <i>chukup</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sugar, <i>gula</i>, <i>shakar</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(moist), <i>gula-pasir</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(sugar-candy), <i>gula-batu</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(sugar-cane), <i>tebu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Suicide, <i>bunoh-diri</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Suit (cause), <i>bichara</i>, <i>da‘wa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Suitable, <i>padan</i>, <i>patut</i>, <i>harus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sulky, <i>muka-masam</i>, <i>merajuk</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sulphur, <i>bălirang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sumatra, <i>pulau-percha</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Summit, <i>merchu</i>, <i>puchuk</i>, <i>kamunchak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Summon (to call out the peasantry), <i>kĕrah</i>,
+<i>mengĕrah</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to cite), <i>panggil</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sun, <i>mata-hari</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sunrise, <i>mata-hari naik</i>, <i>terbit-mata-hari</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sunset, <i>mata-hari turun</i>, <i>masok mata-hari</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sundry, <i>ber-bagei-bagei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Supercargo, <i>tukang peta</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Superintend, to, <i>pĕrentah</i>, <i>memĕ-rentah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Supine (lying face upwards), <i>telentang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Supple, <i>lemah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Supplies, <i>bakal</i>, <i>pelabur</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Support, to, <i>tahan</i>, <i>tanggong</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(prop), <i>sokong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sure, <i>tuntu</i>, <i>tetap</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Surety (security), <i>aku-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Surfeited, <i>jemu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Surpass, to, <i>lalu</i>, <i>lampau</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Surplus, <i>ka-lebeh-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Surprised, <i>heiran</i>, <i>ter-chengang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Surrender, to, <i>sĕrah-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Surround, to, <i>kepong</i>, <i>mengeliling kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Suspect, to, <i>menaroh shak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Suspicion, <i>shak hati</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Swaddle, to, <i>bĕdong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Swallow (a bird), <i>layang-layang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to swallow), <i>tĕlan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Swamp, <i>paya</i>, <i>redang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Swear, to, <i>sumpah</i>, <i>ber-sumpah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sweat, <i>pĕluh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sweep, to, <i>sapu</i>, <i>menyapu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sweet, <i>manis</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(fragrant), <i>harum</i>, <i>wangi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sweetheart, <i>kakasih</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sweetmeats, <i>manis-an</i>, <i>halwa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sweet potatoes, <i>keledek</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Swell, to, <i>bengkak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Swift, <i>laju</i>, <i>lantas</i>, <i>dĕras</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Swim, to, <i>berĕnang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Swindle, to, <i>tipu</i>, <i>kechek</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Swing, a, <i>buayan</i>, <i>indul</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to swing), <i>melenggang</i>, <i>ayun</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Swoon, to, <i>pengsan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Swoop, to, <i>sambar</i>, <i>menyambar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sword, <i>pedang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sympathise, <i>ber-serta</i>.</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">178</span>
+<h5><a name = "vocabT" id = "vocabT">T.</a></h5>
+
+<p>Table, <i>meja</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tablecloth, <i>kain-meja</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tack (to sew), <i>jahit</i>, <i>jaib</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(nautical term), <i>beluk</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tail, <i>ekor</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tailor, <i>tukang-jaib</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Take, to, <i>ambil</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(away), <i>angkat</i>, <i>bawa-pergi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tale, <i>cheritra</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Talk, to, <i>ber-chakap</i>, <i>ber-kata-kata</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Talkative, <i>mulut-panjang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tall, <i>tinggi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tamarind, <i>asam-jawa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tame, <i>jinak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tangled, <i>kusut</i>, <i>ter-kusut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tap, to, <i>tepuk</i>, <i>ketok</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tap-root, <i>umbi</i>, <i>akar-susu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Target, <i>sasar</i>, <i>sasar-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Taste, <i>rasa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tasteless, <i>tawar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tax, <i>chukei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tea, <i>teh</i>, <i>cha</i>, <i>daun-teh</i>, <i>daun-cha</i>,
+<i>ayer-teh</i>, <i>ayer-cha</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Teapot, <i>teh-kwan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Teach, to, <i>ajar</i>, <i>meng-ajar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Teak, <i>kayu jati</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Teal, <i>bĕlibis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tear, to, <i>koyak</i>, <i>charik</i>, <i>rabit</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tears, <i>ayer-mata</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tease, to, <i>usik</i>, <i>sakat</i>, <i>menyakat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Teeth, <i>gigi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Telescope, <i>tĕropong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tell, to, <i>khabar-kan</i>, <i>bilang</i>, <i>bĕri-tahu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Temper, <i>pĕrangei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tempest, <i>ribut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Temples, the, <i>pĕlipis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tend, to, <i>tunggu</i>, <i>jaga</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tender (to offer), <i>unjuk-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tendon, <i>urat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tenor (purport), <i>bunyi</i>, <i>harti</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Terrible, <i>ngĕri</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Test, to, <i>choba</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(metals), <i>uji</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tether to, <i>tambat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Thatch, <i>atap</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Then, <i>waktu itu</i>, <i>tatkala itu</i>, <i>pada masa itu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>There, <i>sana</i>, <i>situ</i>, <i>di-sana</i>, <i>di-situ</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore, <i>karana itu</i>, <i>sebab itu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Thick, <i>tĕbal</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(in consistency), <i>kental</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(turbid), <i>kĕroh</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(close together), <i>kĕrap</i>, <i>lebat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Thief, <i>penchuri</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Thigh, <i>paha</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Thimble, <i>sarong-jari</i>, <i>didal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Thin, <i>nipis</i>, <i>halus</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(lean), <i>kurus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Thing, <i>barang</i>, <i>bĕnda</i>, <i>mata-bĕnda</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Think, to, <i>fikir</i>, <i>pikir</i>, <i>kira</i>,
+<i>sangka</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Thirst, thirsty, <i>haus</i>, <i>dahaga</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Thorn, <i>duri</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Though, <i>wolo</i>, <i>lamun-kan</i>, <i>masa-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Thought, <i>pikir-an</i>, <i>pe-rasa-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Thrash, to, <i>balun</i>, <i>godam</i>, <i>gasak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Thread, <i>bĕnang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Threaten, to, <i>ugut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Thrifty, <i>jimat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Throat (outside), <i>leher</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(inside), <i>rungkong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Throb, to, <i>dĕbar</i>, <i>ber-dĕbar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Throne, <i>takhta</i>, <i>singgahsana</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Through, <i>tĕrus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Throw, to, <i>lempar</i>, <i>baling</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(away), <i>champak</i>, <i>buang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Thumb, <i>ibu-jari</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Thunder, <i>guntur</i>, <i>guroh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Thunderbolt, <i>panah-halilintar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tickle, to, <i>gĕli</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tide (flood), <i>ayer-pasang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(ebb), <i>ayer-surut</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(current), <i>harus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tie, to, <i>ikat</i>, <i>tambat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tier (row), <i>baris</i>, <i>pangkat</i>, <i>saf</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tiger, <i>harimau</i>, <i>rimau</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tight, <i>tĕgang</i>, <i>ketat</i>, <i>chekang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tiles (roofing), <i>ginting</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Timber, <i>kayu</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(balk), <i>balak</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(tree), <i>pokok-kayu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Time, <i>waktu</i>, <i>katika</i>, <i>masa</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(opportunity), <i>sampat</i>, <i>dan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Timid, <i>takut</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">179</span>
+<p>Tin, <i>timah</i>, <i>timah-puteh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tinder, <i>rabok</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tinsel, <i>pĕrada</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tipsy, <i>mabuk</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tired, <i>pĕnat</i>, <i>lĕlah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Title, <i>gĕlar-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Toad, <i>kangkong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Toast, to, <i>panggang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tobacco, <i>tembakau</i>.</p>
+
+<p>To-day, <i>hari-ini</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Toddy, <i>tuak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Toe, <i>jari-kaki</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Together, <i>sama</i>, <i>sama-sama</i>, <i>serta</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Token, <i>‘alamat</i>, <i>tanda</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Toll, <i>chukei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tomb, <i>ḳubur</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(place of visitation), <i>kăramat</i>.<a class = "tag" name =
+"vocab_tag3" id = "vocab_tag3" href = "#vocab_note3">3</a></p>
+
+<p>To-morrow, <i>esok</i>, <i>besok</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(morning), <i>besok-pagi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tone, <i>bunyi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tongs, <i>penyĕpit</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tongue, <i>lidah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tools, <i>pekakas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tooth, <i>gigi</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(-pick), <i>pen-chunkil-gigi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Top, <i>kapala</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(summit), <i>puchuk</i>, <i>kamunchak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Torch, <i>damar</i>, <i>suluh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Torment, <i>sangsara</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Torrent, <i>ayer-dĕras</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(of tears), <i>sebak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tortoise, <i>kora-kora</i>, <i>labi-labi</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(-shell), <i>sisik-pennyu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Torture, <i>tuwas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Toss, to, <i>me-lanting</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Total, <i>jumlah</i>, <i>kumpul-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Touch, to, <i>chekoh</i>, <i>jabat</i>, <i>suntoh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Touchstone, <i>batu-uji</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tow, to, <i>tunda</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Towards, <i>ara ka-</i>, <i>hala ka-</i>, <i>tuju ka-</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Towel, <i>sapu-tangan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Town, <i>negri</i>, <i>bandar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Toy, <i>per-main-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Trace, <i>băkas</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(foot-mark), <i>băkas-kaki</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Trade, <i>per-nyaga-an</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to carry on), <i>ber-nyaga</i>, <i>menyaga</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Trader, <i>sudagar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tradition, <i>cheritra orang tuah-tuah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Trample, to, <i>pijak</i>, <i>jijak</i>, <i>terajang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Transcribe, to, <i>salin-kan</i>, <i>turun-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Translate, to, <i>salin</i>, <i>tarjamah</i>, <i>turun-kan</i>,
+<i>pindah-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Transplant, to, <i>alih</i>, <i>pindah-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Transparent, <i>jerneh</i>, <i>hening</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Transverse, <i>lentang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Trap, <i>perangkap</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(bird-), <i>rachik</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(set with a spear or sharp stake for larger animals),
+<i>belantik</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Trappings, <i>per-hias-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tray, <i>dulang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(round), <i>talam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tread, to, <i>pijak</i>, <i>jijak</i>, <i>injak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Treasury, <i>khazanah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Treaty, <i>per-janji-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tree, <i>pokok</i>, <i>pohun</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(a dead tree), <i>punggor</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(a fallen tree), <i>rĕbah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tremble, to, <i>kĕtar</i>, <i>mengĕtar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Trench, <i>parit</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tribe, <i>suku</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Trick (to cheat), <i>kichau</i>, <i>kechek</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Trickle, <i>titik</i>, <i>menitik</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Trim (to arrange), <i>andam</i>, <i>meng-andam</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(balance), <i>timbang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Troop (company, flock), <i>kawan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Trouble, <i>ka-susah-an</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(misfortune, calamity), <i>bala</i>, <i>malang</i>,
+<i>mara-bahaya</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(difficulty), <i>ka-sukar-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Trough, <i>palong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Trousers, <i>saluar</i>, <i>sarual</i>, <i>chalana</i>.</p>
+
+<p>True, <i>bĕnar</i>, <i>sungguh</i>, <i>bĕtul</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Trunk (of a tree), <i>batang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(of an elephant), <i>belalei</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">180</span>
+<p>Trust (to confide), <i>harap</i>, <i>perchaya</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Try, to, <i>choba</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(judicially), <i>păreḳsa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tub, <i>tong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tumble, to, <i>jatoh</i>, <i>rebah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tune, <i>lagu</i>, <i>ragam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Turban, <i>sarban</i>, <i>dastar</i>, <i>tangkolo</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Turn (to go round), <i>ber-pusing</i>, <i>ber-paling</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to cause to move round), <i>mem-pusing</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(over), <i>balik-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Turtle, <i>pennyu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tusk, <i>siong</i>, <i>taring</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(of an elephant), <i>gading</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Twig, <i>dahan</i>, <i>ranting</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Twinkle, to, <i>kĕjap</i>, <i>kĕlip</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Twilight (morning), <i>dina-hari</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(evening), <i>senja-kala</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Twin, <i>kambar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Twine (cord), <i>tali-rami</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Twist, to, <i>pulas</i>, <i>pintal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tyrannical, <i>zalim</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "vocabU" id = "vocabU">U.</a></h5>
+
+<p>Ugly, <i>uduh</i>, <i>buruk</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ulcer, <i>puru</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Umbrella, <i>payong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Uncertain, <i>ta’ tuntu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Uncle, <i>bapa-sudara</i>, <i>pa-penakan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Uncover, <i>buka</i>, <i>mem-buka</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Under, <i>bawah</i>, <i>di-bawah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Understand, <i>mengarti</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Underwood, <i>bĕlukar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Undress, to, <i>tanggal kain baju</i>, <i>buka pakei-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Unfortunate, <i>chelaka</i>, <i>nasib ta’ baik</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Unhappy, <i>susah-hati</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Unite, to, <i>hubong</i>, <i>rapat-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Universe, <i>‘alam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Unless, <i>hania</i>, <i>melain-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Unload, to, <i>bongkar</i>, <i>punggah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Unlucky, <i>chelaka</i>, <i>malang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Unmannerly, <i>kasar</i>, <i>be-adab</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Unmarried, <i>bujang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Untie, to, <i>rungkei</i>, <i>luchut-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Until, <i>sampei</i>, <i>hingga</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Untrue, <i>bohong</i>, <i>dusta</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Up, <i>atas</i>, <i>di-atas</i>, <i>ka-atas</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(up to, as high as), <i>arah</i>, <i>ḥad</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Upside down, <i>ter-balik</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Urine, <i>ayer-kinching</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Usage, <i>‘adat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Use, <i>guna</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to use), <i>pakei</i>, <i>per-guna-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Useful, <i>ber-guna</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Utter, to, <i>sebut</i>, <i>meng-uchap</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "vocabV" id = "vocabV">V.</a></h5>
+
+<p>Vacant, <i>kosong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Vagabond, <i>bangsat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Vain, conceited, <i>kachak</i>, <i>bisi</i>, <i>sombong</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(fruitless), <i>sia-sia</i>, <i>chuma</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Valiant, <i>gagah</i>, <i>bĕrani</i>, <i>perkasa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Valley, <i>lembah</i>, <i>lurah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Valuable, <i>endah</i>, <i>ber-harga</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Value (to appraise), <i>nilai</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Vanish, to, <i>linyap</i>, <i>ghraib</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Vanquish, to, <i>alah-kan</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(vanquished), <i>alah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Vapour, <i>hawap</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Variegated, <i>pancha-warna</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(striped), <i>ber-choring</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Various, <i>ber-bagei-bagei</i>, <i>ber-jenis-jenis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Vary (to alter), <i>ubah</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(differ), <i>ber-lain</i>, <i>ber-beda</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Vast, <i>luas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Vegetables, <i>sayur</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Veil, <i>kain-selubong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Veiled, <i>ber-selubong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Vein, <i>urat-darah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Velvet, <i>beludu</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(of a deer’s antlers), <i>saput</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Vengeance, <i>balas</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(animosity, desire of vengeance), <i>damdam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Venom, <i>bisa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Verandah, <i>serambi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Verily, <i>sa-sunggoh-nia</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Vermin (insect), <i>tuma</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Verse, <i>sloka</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(text), <i>ayat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Vex, to, <i>usik</i>, <i>menyusah-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Victory, <i>jaya</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">181</span>
+<p>Village, <i>kampong</i>, <i>dusun</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Vinegar, <i>chuka</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Violate, to, <i>rugul</i>, <i>me-rugul</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Virgin, <i>anak-dara</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Visit, to, <i>ber-tandang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Vizier, <i>wazir</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Voice, <i>suara</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Volcano, <i>gunong ber-api</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Volume, <i>jilit</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Vomit, to, <i>muntah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Voracious, <i>gĕlujuh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Vow, <i>niat</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to fulfill a vow), <i>bayar niat</i>, <i>lepas niat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Vowel-points, <i>baris</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Voyage, <i>pe-layar-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Vulgar, <i>hina</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Vulture, <i>hering</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "vocabW" id = "vocabW">W.</a></h5>
+
+<p>Wade, to, <i>meng-arung</i>, <i>me-randai</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wages, <i>gaji</i>, <i>upah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wail, to, <i>ratap</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Waist, <i>pinggang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(waist-belt), <i>tali-pinggang</i>, <i>tali-pending</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Waist-buckle, <i>pending</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wait, to, <i>nanti</i>, <i>tangguh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wake, to, <i>jaga</i>, <i>ber-jaga</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Waken, to, <i>men-jaga-kan</i>, <i>bangun-kan</i>,
+<i>gĕrak-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Walk, to, <i>jalan</i>, <i>ber-jalan</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(on all fours), <i>me-rangkak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Walking-stick, <i>tongkat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wall, <i>dinding</i>, <i>tembok</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wallow, to, <i>meng-gĕlumang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wander, to, <i>ber-hanyut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Want (necessity), <i>ka-korang-an</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to want), <i>handak</i>, <i>mahu</i>, <i>ber-ka-handak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wanton, <i>gatal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>War, <i>pĕrang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ward off, to, <i>tangkis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Warehouse, <i>gĕdong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Warm, <i>panas</i>, <i>hangat</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to warm oneself at a fire), <i>ber-diang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wash, to, <i>basoh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wasp, <i>tabuan</i>, <i>peningat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Waste (to squander), <i>burus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Watch, <i>jam</i>, <i>harloji</i>, <i>urulis</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to watch), <i>jaga</i>, <i>tunggu</i>, <i>kawal</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(expectantly), <i>me-langut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Water, <i>ayer</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Waterfall, <i>ayer-terjun</i>, <i>ayer-lata</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Water-melon, <i>temikei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Waterpot, <i>buyong</i>, <i>kindi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wave, <i>ombak</i>, <i>gelumbang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to wave), <i>kirap</i>, <i>kĕlebat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wax, <i>lilin</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(sealing wax), <i>lak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Weak, <i>lĕmah</i>, <i>leteh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wealth, <i>ka-kaya-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Weapon, <i>senjata</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wear, to, <i>pakei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Weary, <i>leteh</i>, <i>lesu</i>, <i>pĕnat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Weather (climate), <i>angin</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Weave, to, <i>tĕnun</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Web (spider’s), <i>sarang-laba-laba</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wedge, <i>baji</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Week, <i>juma‘at</i>, <i>minggu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Weep, to, <i>tangis</i>, <i>menangis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Weigh, to, <i>timbang</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(anchor), <i>bongkar-sauh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Weighty, <i>bĕrat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Welcome, to, <i>tegor</i>, <i>meng-elu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Well, <i>tĕlaga</i>, <i>pĕrigi</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(-born), <i>bang-sawan</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(-bred), <i>bastari</i>, <i>ber-budi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>West, <i>barat</i>, <i>mata-hari-jatoh</i>, <i>maghrib</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wet, <i>basah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Whale, <i>paus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wheat, <i>gandum</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wheel, <i>roda</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Whet, to, <i>asak</i>, <i>chanai</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Whetstone, <i>batu-asah</i>.</p>
+
+<p>While, <i>sĕdang</i>, <i>salagi</i>, <i>sambil</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Whip, <i>chabuk</i>, <i>chamti</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Whiskers, <i>misei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Whisper, to, <i>bisek</i>, <i>ber-bisek</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Whistle, to, <i>siul</i>.</p>
+
+<p>White, <i>puteh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Whole, <i>sumua</i>, <i>chukup</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">182</span>
+<p>Wick, <i>sumbu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wicked, <i>jahat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wide, <i>lebar</i>, <i>luas</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(not closed), <i>renggang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Widow, <i>janda</i>, <i>balu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Widower, <i>balu laki-laki</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wife, <i>bini</i>, <i>istri</i>, <i>perampuan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wild, <i>liar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Will, <i>ka-handak</i>, <i>harap</i>, <i>harap-hati</i>,
+<i>ka-handak-hati</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(testament), <i>wasiyat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Willing, <i>sudi</i>, <i>suka</i>, <i>mahu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Win, to, <i>mĕnang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wind, <i>angin</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to wind), <i>balut</i>, <i>lilit</i>, <i>putar</i>, <i>pusing</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Window, <i>jandela</i>, <i>tingkap</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Windpipe, <i>rungkong</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wine, <i>anggur</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wing, <i>sayap</i>, <i>kepak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wink, to, <i>kejap</i>, <i>kelip</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Winnow, to, <i>tampik</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wipe, to, <i>sapu</i>, <i>menyapu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wire, <i>kawat</i>, <i>dawei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wisdom, <i>ka-pandei-an</i>, <i>bijaksana</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wise, <i>pandei</i>, <i>bijak</i>, <i>cherdek</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wish, to, <i>handak</i>, <i>mahu</i>, <i>harap</i>, <i>niat-hati</i>,
+<i>ber-ka-handak</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Withdraw, to, <i>undur</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wither, to, <i>layu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Withhold, to, <i>tahan</i>, <i>tahan-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Witness, <i>saḳsi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Woe, <i>duka</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Woman, <i>perampuan</i>, <i>betina</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Womb, <i>pĕrut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wonder, to, <i>ber-chengang</i>, <i>heiran</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wonderful, <i>‘ajaib</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wood, <i>kayu</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(a wood), <i>hutan</i>, <i>bĕlukar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Woodpecker, <i>belatok</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wood-pigeon, <i>tekukur</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wool, <i>bulu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Word, <i>sa’patah chakap</i>, <i>per-kata-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Work, <i>karja</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(to work), <i>buat karja</i>, <i>karja-kan</i>, <i>mengarja-kan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Workman, <i>tukang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>World, <i>dunia</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Worm, <i>chaching</i>, <i>hulat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Worship, to, <i>sembahyang</i>, <i>puja</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Worth, <i>harga</i>, <i>laku</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Worthy, <i>mustehik</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wound, <i>luka</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(open), <i>liang</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wrap, to, <i>balut</i>, <i>bungkus-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wrecked, <i>karam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wrench open, to, <i>umpil</i>, <i>sungkit</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wrestle, to, <i>ber-gumul</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Write, to, <i>tulis</i>, <i>menulis</i>, <i>menyurat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wrinkle, wrinkled, <i>kĕrut</i>, <i>kerukut</i>, <i>keretut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wrist, <i>peng-gĕlang-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Writer, <i>juru-tulis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wrong, <i>salah</i>, <i>silap</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name = "vocabY" id = "vocabY">Y.</a></h5>
+
+<p>Yam, <i>ubi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Yard, <i>ela</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Yawn, to, <i>meng-uwap</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Year, <i>tahun</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Yearly, <i>sa-tahun-tahun</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Yearn, to, <i>rindu</i>, <i>dendam</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Yeast, <i>ragi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Yellow, <i>kuning</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday, <i>kalmarin</i>;</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+(the day before &mdash;), <i>kalmarin dahulu</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Yet, <i>lagi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Yoke, <i>koh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Yolk (of an egg), <i>kuning-telor</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Young, <i>muda</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Youth, a, <i>budak</i>.</p>
+
+</div> <!-- end div vocab -->
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "vocab_note1" id = "vocab_note1" href =
+"#vocab_tag1">1.</a>
+Pronounced <i>prĕnggan</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_note2" id = "vocab_note2" href =
+"#vocab_tag2">2.</a>
+There is no word in Malay which corresponds with our word “stroke” or
+“blow,” the idea of distinguishing the blow struck from the act of
+striking not having suggested itself to the native mind. “So many blows”
+must be translated, “struck so many times.” He was sentenced to twenty
+stripes with a rattan, <i>Kĕna hukum di-atas-nia gasak dengan rotan
+dua-puloh kali</i>. So-and-so can cut down a <i>nibong</i> tree in three
+strokes, <i>Kalau si-anu tebang pokok nibong takuk tiga kali
+tumbang</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "vocab_note3" id = "vocab_note3" href =
+"#vocab_tag3">3.</a>
+<i>Kăramat</i>, a tomb, place, person, or thing of reputed sanctity; a
+corruption of the words <i>ka rahmat</i>, “to the mercy,” which occur in
+the phrase, <i>Sudah pulang ka rahmat Allah</i>, “Has returned to the
+mercy of God,” <i>i.e.</i>, has died.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h5>Printed by <span class = "smallcaps">Ballantyne, Hanson &amp;
+Co.</span><br>
+<ins class = "correction"
+title = "10th edition has ‘at Paul’s Work, Edinburgh’">Edinburgh &amp;
+London</ins></h5>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Manual of the Malay language, by 
+William Edward Maxwell
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE ***
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diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
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+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
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+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #25604 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25604)