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diff --git a/25533.txt b/25533.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c2efa17 --- /dev/null +++ b/25533.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11975 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of History of the English People, Index, by +John Richard Green + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: History of the English People, Index + +Author: John Richard Green + +Release Date: May 20, 2008 [EBook #25533] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INDEX OF ENGLISH HISTORY *** + + + + +Produced by Paul Murray, Lisa Reigel, and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + HISTORY + + OF + + THE ENGLISH PEOPLE + + + BY + + JOHN RICHARD GREEN, M.A. + HONORARY FELLOW OF JESUS COLLEGE, OXFORD + + + INDEX + + + London + MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD. + NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN CO. + 1896 + + + _First Edition, 1879; Reprinted 1882, 1886, 1891._ + _Eversley Edition, 1896._ + + + + +INDEX + + + Abbot, George, Archbishop of Canterbury, iv. 341; + his Puritanism, v. 90; + protests against Lady Essex's divorce, 191; + pleads for help for the Elector Palatine, 218; + suspended, 255 + + Abelard, i. 283, 285 + + Abercromby, General, vii. 266 + + Abercromby, Sir Ralph, viii. 140, 165 + + Aberdeen sacked by Montrose, vi. 23 + + Aberffraw, princes of, ii. 46, 108 + + Abergavenny besieged by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 11 + + Abergavenny, Edward Neville, first Lord, iii. 114 + + Abergavenny, George Neville, tenth Lord, vii. 23 + + Abermenai, English fleet repulsed from, ii. 54 + + "Abhorrers," vi. 314 + + Abingdon, Abbey of, its relations with Oxford, i. 306-308 + + Abingdon, James Bertie, first Earl of, vii. 23 + + Aboukir, battle of, viii. 141 + + Acadia, strife of French and English in, vii. 242, 243 + + Accursi, Francesco, ii. 102 + + Aclea, battle of, i. 103 + + Acre, siege of, viii. 141 + + Acts of Parliament. _See_ Statutes + + Adam of Usk, ii. 178 + + Adamnan's _Life of St. Columba_, i. 8 + + Adams, John, vii. 281 + + Addington, Henry, viii. 156, 170. + _See_ Sidmouth + + Addison, Joseph, vii. 158, 159, 292 + + Adela, daughter of William the Conqueror, i. 214 + + Adelard of Bath, i. 282, 293 + + _Admonition to the Parliament_, iv. 296 + + Adrian IV., Pope, i. 250 + + Adrian VI., Pope, iii. 249 + + AElfheah, Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 142; + translation of, 145 + + AElfred, king of Wessex, i. 105; + his struggle with the northmen, 106, 107; + treaty with them, 107; + character, 107-110; + rule, 111, 112; + literary and educational work, 113-115; + organization of fleet and fyrd, 116; + second struggle with northmen, _ib._, 117; + death, 117; + Asser's _Life of_, 5; + _Sayings of_, 278, 280 + + AElfred, son of AEthelred II., i. 147, 148 + + AElfric, ealdorman of Central Wessex, i. 140 + + AElla, king of Deira, i. 52, 53 + + AElle, king of the South Saxons, i. 34 + + AEsc, king of Kent, i. 49 + + AEthelbald, king of Mercia, i. 90, 96 + + AEthelbald, king of Wessex, i. 103 + + AEthelberht, king of Kent, i. 56, 57, 59, 62, 65 + + AEthelberht, king of Wessex, i. 103 + + AEthelflaed, Lady of the Mercians, i. 117, 118 + + AEthelgifu, mother-in-law of King Eadwig, i. 136, 137 + + AEthelfrith, king of Northumbria, i. 60, 62 + + AEtheling, the, i. 11 + + AEthelred, king of Mercia, i, 89 + + AEthelred I., king of Wessex, i. 103-105 + + AEthelred II., King, i. 139-141 + + AEthelred, ealdorman of Mercia, i. 117 + + AEthelric, king of Bernicia, i. 52, 53, 60 + + AEthelstan, King, i. 119, 120 + + AEthelweard's _Chronicle_, i. 5 + + AEthelwine, ealdorman of East Anglia, i. 139, 140 + + AEthelwulf, king of Wessex, i. 103 + + Agenois, dispute about, ii. 197, 198, 209, 219 + + Agincourt, battle of, iii. 30-32 + + Agitators, Council of, vi. 52, 53, 57 + + Agriculture, changes in, under Elizabeth, iv. 278 + + Aidan, St., i. 69-71 + + Aids, feudal, ii. 104; + "free," 152, 153 + + Aiguillon + taken by the Earl of Derby, ii. 234; + besieged by John of France, _ib._, 235 + + Aislabie, Chancellor of the Exchequer, vii. 192 + + Aix-la-Chapelle, peace of, vi. 250; vii. 231 + + Albany, Robert, first Duke of, iii. 9, 16 + + Albany, Alexander, third Duke of, iii. 232; + Protector of Scotland, 235; + struggle with Margaret, 247, 248 + + Albemarle, Edward, Duke of, ii. 380; iii. 7. + _See_ Rutland + + Albemarle, George Monk, Duke of (_see_ Monk), vi. 193 + + Albemarle, Stephen, Count of, i. 192 + + Alberoni, Cardinal, vii. 186-188 + + Albigenses, ii. 7, 35 + + Albinus, friend of Baeda, i. 94 + + Alcwine, letters of, i. 4 + + Alderman of a gild, i. 299 + + Aldfrith, king of Northumbria, i. 91 + + Aldgate, Priory of Holy Trinity at, i. 223 + + Alencon, + William the Conqueror's vengeance on, i. 179; + reduced by Henry V., iii. 33 + + Alencon, Francis, Duke of. _See_ Anjou + + Alexander III., Pope, i. 235 + + Alexander I., Czar of Russia, viii. 164, 180, 198, 202 + + Alexander III., king of Scots, ii. 135 + + Alfred of Beverley, i. 246 + + Alfune founds St. Giles', Cripplegate, i. 223 + + Algiers bombarded by Blake, vi. 116 + + Allen, Dr. William, iv. 307, 310, 353, 354; + his _Defense of the English Catholics_, 354 + + Alleyn, Joseph, vi. 223 + + Alliance, Grand, vii. 49; + its success, 79, 80, 88; + breaks up, 89; + the second, 107; + Triple, vi. 249; vii. 185 + + Almanza, battle of, vii. 134 + + Alva, Ferdinand Alvarez, Duke of, iv. 225, 257, 258, 298, 300, 335 + + Amboise, + conspiracy of, iv. 175; + edict of, 217 + + America, + early settlements in, iv. 329, 330, 345; + Puritan emigration to, v. 308-314, 319, 320; + English colonies in, vii. 236; + their progress, 237; + slavery in, _ib._; + education in, 238; + their political condition, 239, 240; + relations with England, 241, 243, 244; + strife with the French, 249; + Pitt's policy in, 266; + relations with England after the Seven Years' War, 280-283; + Bute's policy towards, 310, 311; + Grenville's, 320, 321, 326; + English and American theories of their relation to England, 320-325; + renewed attempt at taxation of, viii. 3, 4, 14; + war with England, 22-26, 32; + French settlements in, vii. 232, 242, 243; + ceded to England, 307; + Spanish conquests in, iv. 329, 330; + English trade with, vii. 216; + United States of, declare their independence, viii. 24; + alliance with France, 28; + peace with England, 41; + importance of their independence, 42-44; + increase of their carrying trade through the Continental System, + 177; + embargo on trade with Europe, 182; + pass an Act of Non-Intercourse with England and France, 183; + repeal it, 184; + cease intercourse with Great Britain, 192; + war with England, 198, 203-205 + + Amherst, General, vii. 266, 267, 269 + + Amiens, + Mise of, ii. 68; + Peace of, viii. 167 + + Ancrum Moor, battle of, iv. 29 + + Anderida (Pevensey) destroyed by Saxons, i. 34 + + Andre, Bernard, his _Life of Henry VII._, iii. 83 + + Andredsweald, the, i. 33; + attacked by northmen, 116 + + Andrewes, Lancelot, Bishop of Winchester, v. 267 + + Aneurin, ii. 49, 53 + + Angeln, i. 9 + + Anglesea + conquered by Eadwine, i. 63; + reduced by an English fleet, ii. 109; + English routed in, 120 + + Angouleme + taken by Henry of Derby, ii. 234; + regained by John of Normandy, _ib._ + + Angoumois + restored to Edward III., ii. 266; + won by Du Guesclin, 287 + + Angus, Archibald Douglas, sixth (or ninth) Earl of, iii. 231; iv. 22, + 29, 52 + + Anhalt, Christian, Duke of, v. 177 + + Anjou, + documents for early history of, i. 7; + counts of, 208-213; + conquered by Philip Augustus, 269; + cession of, ii. 63 + + Anjou, Francis, Duke of, iv. 313, 316, 336-338, 348 + + Anjou, Henry, Duke of, iv. 297, 298. + _See_ Henry III., king of France + + Anjou, Rene, Duke of, iii. 61 + + Anlaf, the sea-king, i. 120 + + _Annales Angliae et Scotiae_, i. 274 + + _Annales Cambriae_, i. 7 + + Anne, daughter of James, Duke of York, vi. 309; vii. 28; + forsakes her father, 42; + relations with the Churchills, 109-111; + Queen, 112; + her "Bounty," 123; + resistance to the Whigs, 133; + temper and policy, 135, 136; + breaks with the Duchess of Marlborough, 138; + threat to the Electress Sophia, 144; + dismisses Oxford, 145; + dies, 146 + + Anne of Bohemia, wife of Richard II., ii. 348, 367 + + Anne of Cleves, wife of Henry VIII., iii. 351; iv. 17 + + Anselm, St., i. 193-196; + Archbishop of Canterbury, 196; + struggle with William Rufus, _ib._, 197; + recalled, 199; + crowns Matilda, 200; + supports Henry I., 201 + + Antonio, Don, claimant of Portugal, iv. 367 + + Antwerp, + its trade with England, iv. 257; + refugees from, 305, 324; + sacked, 310; + surrenders to Parma, 349 + + Appeal, Court of, i. 256 + + Appeals to the Pope, ii. 222; + protest of Edward III. against, 274; + forbidden, iii. 302; + from Scotland, Edward I.'s claim to, ii. 140 + + Appellant, the Lords, ii. 353, 354, 371 + + Aquitaine, + Henry Fitz-Empress's relations with, i. 226, 233; + revolts against Richard I., 263; + secured by Eleanor for John, 268; + submits to Philip Augustus, 270; + Edward III. does homage for, ii. 209; + granted him in full sovereignty, 266; + change in its attitude towards the English king, 280; + relations with Spain, 282; + rejects the hearth-tax, 285; + its barons appeal to France, _ib._; + regained by France, 287, 288; + granted by Richard II. to John of Gaunt, 369. + _See_ Guienne + + Archangel, discovery of, iv. 283 + + Archers, the English, ii. 241, 242; iii. 31 + + Architecture + under Edward I., ii. 105, 106; + domestic, its developement under Elizabeth, iv. 285-287 + + Arcola, battle of, viii. 123 + + Arcot seized by Clive, vii. 235 + + Argyle, Archibald Campbell, fourth Earl of, iv. 114 + + Argyle, Archibald Campbell, fifth Earl of, iv. 223, 230, 245, 260 + + Argyle, Archibald Campbell, eighth Earl and first Marquis of (_see_ + Lorne), v. 341; + his relations with Charles I., 363, 364; + defeated at Inverlochy, vi. 38; + restored to power, 63; + proclaims Charles II. king, 71; + death, 181; vii. 8 + + Argyle, Archibald Campbell, ninth Earl of, vii. 8, 9 + + Argyle, John Campbell, second Duke of, vii. 146, 183 + + Aristotle, Edmund Rich lectures on, i. 288, 293 + + Arkwright, Richard, viii. 60 + + Arles, kingdom of, i. 262 + + Arlington, Henry Bennet, Earl of (_see_ Bennet), + Secretary of State, vi. 245; + policy in Triple Alliance, 248, 250; + Charles's confidant in the Treaty of Dover, 258; + dismissed, 281 + + Arlotta, mother of William the Conqueror, i. 157 + + Armada, the Spanish, + its gathering, iv. 344; + sails, 356; + off the Lizard, 357; + its force, 360; + reaches Calais, 361; + its flight, 362; + ruin, 363; + its results, 364, 365; + the second, v. 60 + + Armagnac, Bernard, Count of, iii. 16, 17 + + Arminians, the, v. 114, 266 + + Arms, Assize of, i. 257 + + Army, the English, + its double character, ii. 240; + the feudal, its composition, ii. 239; + raised by the Parliament against Charles I., vi. 1; + of the Associated Counties, 8, 13, 18; + the New Model, 35-37; + its character and policy, 50-52; + seizes the king, 53; + its "Humble Representation," _ib._, 54; + marches on London, _ib._; + negotiates with the Parliament, 54; + with the king, 55; + enters London, 56; + resolves to bring Charles to account, 61; + invades Scotland, 62; + demands justice on the king, 64; + struggle with the Parliament, 65, 66; + mutiny in, 75; + petitions for a new Parliament, 87; + struggle with the Rump, 89; + recalls the Rump, 149; + drives it out again, 150; + relations with Monk, 150, 151; + its dissolution, 153; + Charles II.'s, 182, 183; vii. 4; + increased by James II., 11; + Catholic officers in, 14, 15; + Parliament's control over it established, vii. 61; + reduced under William III., 97; + increased again, 105, 107 + + Army Plot, v. 359, 360 + + Arnold, General, viii. 23 + + Arran, James Hamilton, second Earl of, iv. 26, 199 + + Arras, treaties of, iii. 56, 120, 170 + + Arteveldt, Jacques van, ii. 227, 233 + + Arteveldt, Philip van, ii. 349 + + Arthur, leader of the Britons, i. 34; + legends of, 246, 247; ii. 57 + + Arthur of Britanny, i. 247, 260, 268 + + Arthur, son of Henry VII., iii. 186, 187 + + Articles of Religion, 1536, iii. 333, 337, 338; + Five, iv. 156; + Forty-two, 59, 160; + Six, iii. 346; + repealed, iv. 48; + Thirty-nine, 59, 216; + magistrates and public officers compelled to subscribe to, 273; + subscription of ministers to, v. 156; + Three (Whitgift's), iv. 341, 342; v. 115, 116 + + Articles, Lords of the, iv. 228 + + Artillery, + first instance known of its use in field warfare, ii. 237; + results of its introduction, iii. 95, 96 + + Arundel, Thomas, Bishop of Ely, ii. 352; + Archbishop of Canterbury, 367, 370, 371, 373; + persecuting tendencies, iii. 4; + urges Richard II.'s death, 7; + prevents confiscation of Church property, 15, 21; + removed from the chancellorship, 25; + convicts Lord Cobham of heresy, 27 + + Arundel, Richard Fitz-Alan, fourth Earl of, ii. 353, 367, 370, 371 + + Arundel, Henry Fitz-Alan, twelfth Earl of, iv. 173, 267, 268 + + Arundel, Thomas Howard, fourteenth Earl of, v. 248 + + Arundell of Wardour, Henry, third Lord, vi. 256, 296; vii. 20 + + Ascham, Roger, iv. 134, 135 + + Ashdown, battle of, i. 105 + + Ashley, Anthony Ashley Cooper, Lord (_see_ Cooper), vi. 194; + opposes the Act of Uniformity, 208; + character, 216, 217; + policy, 218, 219; + Chancellor of the Exchequer, 245; + change in his attitude on the question of toleration, 252; + advises a dissolution, 253; + schemes of toleration, 259; + attitude towards war with Holland, 260. + _See_ Shaftesbury + + Assandun, battle of, i. 143 + + Assembly, the French National, viii. 86 + + Asser, i. 5, 113 + + Assize + of Arms, i. 257; + of Clarendon, 238; + of the Forest, 267; + of Northampton, 255 + + Astley, Sir Jacob, vi. 42 + + Aston, Sir Arthur, vi. 76 + + Athelney, + AElfred at, i. 106; + abbey at, 114 + + Athenree, battle of, ii. 376 + + Athlone captured by the English, iii. 329 + + Atterbury, Francis, Bishop of Rochester, vii. 167 + + Audley, James Touchet, Lord, iii. 74 + + Aughrim, battle of, vii. 73 + + Augsburg, + conference at, iv. 21; + treaty of, vii. 27 + + Augustine, St., Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 57-59 + + Austerlitz, battle of, viii. 173 + + Australia, vii. 278 + + Austria, Charles, Archduke of, iv. 193, 195 + + Austria, Don John of, iv. 310-312 + + Auxerre, battle near, iii. 39 + + Avaux, Count of, vii. 59 + + Avesbury, Robert of, ii. 177 + + Avignon, the Popes at, ii. 216, 217, 221, 224 + + Avowal, the, v. 268 + + Avranches taken by Henry V., iii. 33 + + Axholme, the Disinherited at, ii. 84, 85 + + Aylesford, battle of, i. 33 + + Aylmer, John, iv. 119 + + Ayrshire, rising in, vi. 62 + + + Babington, Anthony, iv. 351, 352 + + Bacon, Francis, v. 46-55; + his political career, 222-224; + last years, 225; + _Life of Henry VII._, iii. 83 + + Bacon, Sir Nicholas, iv. 152 + + Bacon, Roger, i. 293; ii. 14-19; + his _Opus Majus_, 19-21 + + Badajoz stormed, viii. 199 + + Badbury, battle of, i. 34 + + Badby, Thomas, iii. 22 + + Badlesmere, Lady, ii. 195 + + Baeda, i. 91-95; + his _History_, 4, 94 + + Baillie's _Letters_, v. 73 + + Bale, Bishop of Ossory, iv. 63, 109, 119, 128, 129 + + Ball, John, ii. 268, 269, 318, 319, 336 + + Balliol, Edward, + acknowledged as king of Scots at the English court, ii. 204; + seizes the crown, 210; + driven out, 211; + restored, 212; + withdraws to England, 213, 214; + resigns, 253 + + Balliol, John, + claimant of the Scottish crown, ii. 136; + king, 138; + resists Edward's claim to receive appeals, 140; + alliance with France, 160; + defies Edward, 161; + surrenders, _ib._; + released and goes to France, 170 + + Balmerino, Arthur Elphinston, sixth Lord, vii. 230 + + Bamborough + founded by Ida, i. 52; + attacked by Penda, 71 + + Bancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury, iv. 341; v. 156, 165 + + Bank of England founded, vii. 86; + suspends specie payments, viii. 126 + + Bankers, foreign, in England, under Edward I., ii. 106, 107; + expelled, 189 + + Bannockburn, battle of, ii. 192, 193 + + Bantry Bay, battle in, vii. 68 + + Baptists, rise of the, vi. 28 + + Barbour, John, ii. 177 + + Barbury Hill, battle of, i. 37 + + Bardolf, Thomas, Lord, iii. 18, 19 + + Bards, the Welsh, ii. 53, 56; iii. 11 + + Barebones, Praise-God, vi. 95 + + "Bargemen" of Oxford, i. 308 + + Barham Down, muster at, i. 333; ii. 74 + + Barillon, French ambassador in England, vi. 298 + + Barlow, Bishop of St. David's, iii. 336 + + Barnes, Robert, iii. 262 + + Barnet, battle of, iii. 142 + + _Barnwell, Annals of_, i. 174, 273 + + Barons, + their struggle with William I., i. 188-190; + with William Rufus, 191, 192; + with Henry I., 201, 202; + misdoings under Stephen, 220, 221; + Henry II.'s dealings with, 233; + change in their attitude towards crown and people, 325; + relations with John, 332, 338, 339, 343; + alliance with the Welsh against him, ii. 55; + meeting at St. Edmund's, i. 344; + at Brackley, 346; + rise in arms, _ib._, 347; + confer with John at Runnymede, 347; + excommunicated by Innocent III., 354; + call Lewis of France to their aid, 355; + feudal party among, ii. 4, 5; + refuse an aid to the Pope, 27; + refuse subsidies to Henry III., 34, 35; + their plan of reform, 37, 38; + league against Henry III., 59, 60; + expel the foreigners, 62; + their rule, _ib._, 63; + divisions among, 64; + rise in arms, 67; + submit to arbitration, 68; + victory at Lewes, 70, 71; + position after the war, 114; + relations with Edward I., 115-117; + decrease in numbers, 146, 147; + struggle with Edward I., 164-166; + relations with Edward II., 184, 190; + under Edward III., relations with the crown, 293; + with the Church, 294; + their decline, iii. 94-96; + effect of the French war on, 103, 104; + new race of, under Henry VIII., iv. 13, 41; + the northern, plot against Elizabeth, iv. 266, 267; + rise, 268; + defeated, 269; + "greater" and "lesser," ii. 145; + of the Exchequer, i. 206; + of London, 319 + + Barrier, the Dutch, vii. 102, 182 + + Barrow, Isaac, vi. 167 + + Bartholomew's Day, St., + the English, vi. 209; + the French, iv. 299 + + Basing House, siege of, vi. 42 + + Basle, treaty of, viii. 111 + + Bassano, battle of, viii. 123 + + Basset, Philip, ii. 66 + + Basset, Thomas, i. 345 + + Bastille, capture of the, viii. 83 + + Bastwick, John, v. 329 + + Bates's case, v. 161 + + Bath, the thegns of Wessex submit to Swein at, i. 143 + + Bath, Henry de, ii. 33 + + Battle Abbey, i. 164 + + Bauge, battle of, iii. 36 + + Bautzen, battle of, viii. 201 + + Bavaria, Maximilian, Duke of, v. 177, 219 + + Bavaria, Maximilian Emmanuel, Elector of, vii. 101, 102 + + Bavaria, Joseph, Electoral Prince of, vii. 92, 94 + + Baxter, Richard, + his address to Richard Cromwell, vi. 147; + his eminence as controversialist and pastor, 210; + his account of the expelled clergy, 222; + supports a scheme of comprehension, 252; + refuses the Indulgence, vii. 22; + his _Autobiography_, vi. 157 + + Bayeux + surrendered to Henry V., iii. 33; + northmen of, i. 155, 156 + + Baylen, surrender of French troops at, viii. 186 + + Bayonne submits to Charles VII., iii. 69 + + Beachy Head, battle of, vii. 75 + + Beaton, Cardinal, iv. 24, 33, 34 + + Beauchamp, Edward Seymour Lord, v. 66, 121 + + Beaufort, Edmund, Earl of Dorset, iii. 59; + Regent of France, 60. + _See_ Somerset + + Beaufort, Henry, Bishop of Winchester, + chancellor, iii. 25, 43; + struggle with Humphrey of Gloucester, 44; + Cardinal and Legate, _ib._; + supports Bedford, 55; + retires, 59 + + Beaufort, John. _See_ Somerset + + Beaufort, Margaret, iii. 165, 166, 172 + + Beaujeu, Anne of, iii. 170, 171 + + Beaumont, Henry I.'s palace of, at Oxford, i. 284, 307 + + Bec, school of, i. 159 + + Beckford, Alderman, vii. 256 + + Bedford + reduced by Eadward the Elder, i. 119; + castle of, besieged by Hubert de Burgh, ii. 5 + + Bedford, John, Duke of, iii. 38; + regent of France, 39; + alliance with Burgundy, _ib._; + victories in France, _ib._, 40; + difficulties, 44, 45; + rule in Normandy, 55; + death, 56 + + Bedford, John Russell, first Earl of, iv. 47. + _See_ Russell + + Bedford, Francis Russell, fourth Earl of, v. 358 + + Bedford, William Russell, fifth Earl of, vi. 1 + + Bedford, John Russell, fourth Duke of, vii. 242, 315, 317; viii. 4, 16 + + Bedloe, William, vi. 297 + + Beket, Gilbert, i. 225, 303 + + Beket, Thomas, i. 225; + agent of Archbishop Theobald, 226; + chancellor, 232; + Archbishop of Canterbury, 235; + rejects Constitutions of Clarendon, 236; + at council of Northampton, 237; + flight, _ib._; + struggle with Henry II., 239; + returns to England, 240; + murdered, 241; + canonized, _ib._; + Henry's penance at his shrine, 255; + his shrine desecrated, iii. 344 + + Belesme, Robert of, i. 201, 202; ii. 47 + + Bellahoe, battle of, iii. 329 + + Bellasys, John, first Lord, vi. 256, 296; vii. 20 + + Bellingham, Sir Edward, iv. 110 + + Bellingham, John, viii. 196 + + Benedict XII., Pope, ii. 218, 219 + + Benedict Biscop, i. 79, 91, 92 + + "Benedict of Peterborough," i. 174, 244 + + "Benevolences" + under Edward IV., iii. 152; + declared illegal, 168; + levied again, 171, 177; + extension under Wolsey, 244, 251; + resisted, 251, 252; + again demanded, iv. 34; + demanded by James I., v. 197, 198, 229; + by Charles I., 253 + + Bengal, Clive's successes in, vii. 261 + + Bennet, Henry, vi. 221. + _See_ Arlington + + Bensington, battle of, i. 98 + + Bentham, Jeremy, viii. 195 + + Beorn, nephew of Earl Godwine, i. 150, 151 + + Beornwulf, king of Mercia, i. 102 + + _Beowulf, Song of_, i. 24-26 + + Bergerac taken by Henry of Derby, ii. 234 + + Berkeley Castle, Edward II. murdered in, ii. 200 + + Berkley, Sir Robert, v. 331, 351 + + Berlin Decree, Napoleon's, viii. 176 + + Bernicia + conquered by the English, i. 52; + by Eadwine, 62; + recalls the line of AEthelfrith, 66; + struggle against Penda, 71, 72 + + Bernicians conquer Deira, i. 52, 53 + + Bertha of Paris, wife of AEthelberht of Kent, i. 57 + + Berwick + stormed by Edward I., ii. 160, 161; + Parliament at, 162; + captured by Bruce, 194; + by Edward III., ii. 211, 212; + its peculiar political position, 212; + recaptured by the Scots, 259, 263; + Pacification at, v. 337 + + Berwick, James FitzJames, Duke of, vii. 119, 134 + + Beverley, peasant revolt at, ii. 324 + + Bible, + Wyclif's translation of, ii. 178, 343; + Tyndale's, iii. 259-261; + its circulation forbidden, 290; + Coverdale's, 334, 335; + misuse of, 344; + its popularity, v. 82; + literary influence, 83, 84; + social influence, 84, 85; + religious influence, 85; + the Geneva, iv. 128; + forbidden, v. 296 + + "Bible-men," iii. 96 + + Bidassoa, battle on the, viii. 202 + + Bigod, Hugh, first Earl of Norfolk, i. 254 + + Bigod, Roger, second Earl of Norfolk, i. 343 + + Bigod, Roger, fourth Earl of Norfolk, ii. 45 + + Bigod, Roger, fifth Earl of Norfolk, ii. 164-166 + + Bigod, Hugh, Justiciar, ii. 60, 64, 66 + + Bigorre restored to Edward III., ii. 266 + + Billericay, villagers of, resist Richard II., ii. 332 + + Bilney, Thomas, iii. 262 + + Birinus, St., bishop in Wessex, i. 71 + + Birmingham, its rise, vii. 196 + + Bishoprics, new, erected under Henry VIII., iv. 13 + + Bishops + excluded from State offices, ii. 302; + denounce Oldcastle and the Lollards, iii. 27; + mode of appointment, 307, 308; + position under Henry VIII., 308; + under Edward VI., _ib._, iv. 60; + proposal to exclude them from the House of Lords, v. 354, 355, 371; + excluded, 377; + restored, vi. 204; + position under the Georges, vii. 171, 172; + the Seven, 30, 31; + in Scotland, their position under Knox, v. 137; + abolished, 140; + restored, 143, 166, 167 + + "Bishops' War," the, v. 341-343 + + _Black Book_, the, of 1536, iii. 310 + + Black Death, the, ii. 252-254, 266, 288; + its social results, 254, 255 + + Blackfriars, + Council at, ii. 339; + trial of Henry VIII.'s divorce at, iii. 276; + first public theatre at, v. 22 + + Blacklow Hill, Gaveston beheaded on, ii. 190 + + Blake, Robert, + his defence of Taunton, vi. 78; + commands the fleet against Rupert, _ib._; + fights with Tromp and Ruyter, 86, 88; + bombards Algiers, 116; + victory at Santa Cruz, 124; + outrage on his corpse, 201 + + Blanchard, Alan, iii. 33, 34 + + Blanche of Bourbon, wife of Pedro of Castille, ii. 282 + + Blanche-Taque, ford of, ii. 236 + + Blenheim, battle of, vii. 120-122 + + Blois, Charles of, claimant of Britanny, ii. 233, 248 + + Blondel, _De Reductione Normanniae_, ii. 179 + + "Bloody Circuit," the, vii. 10, 11 + + Bloreheath, battle of, iii. 74 + + Blount, Sir Thomas, ii. 200 + + Bluecher, Marshal, viii. 207, 210 + + Boat, an Old English, found in Sleswick, i. 27, 28 + + "Boatmen" of London, i. 308 + + Bohemia, Protestant rising in, v. 216-219 + + Bohun, Henry de, first Earl of Hereford, i. 343 + + Bohun, Humfrey de, third Earl of Hereford, ii. 164, 166 + + Bohun, Henry de, ii. 192 + + Boleyn, Anne, iii. 267, 270, 273, 288; + marries Henry VIII., 303; + crowned, _ib._; + beheaded, 323 + + Boleyn, George, iii. 267 + + Boleyn, Sir Thomas, iii. 267, 268. + _See_ Wiltshire + + Bolinbroke, Roger, iii. 58 + + Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, Viscount (_see_ St. John), vii. 140; + his scheme of a treaty of commerce, 142; + rivalry with Harley, 143; + his Schism Bill, _ib._; + appoints Jacobites to office, 145; + flies to the Pretender, 168; + becomes his Secretary of State, 183; + returns to England, 204; + withdraws again, _ib._ + + Bologna, University of, i. 282 + + Bombay ceded to England, vi. 192; vii. 232 + + Boniface, St., letters of, i. 4 + + Boniface VIII., Pope, ii. 163, 170, 217, 224 + + Boniface of Savoy, Archbishop of Canterbury, ii. 32, 72 + + Bonner, Bishop of London, iv. 74, 89, 95, 97; + sets up Bibles in St. Paul's, v. 82 + + Bordeaux, + Parliament of Gascony at, ii. 285; + Richard II. born at, 306; + surrenders to Charles VII., iii. 68, 71 + + Born, Bertrand de, i. 263 + + Borodino, battle of, viii. 200 + + Boroughbridge, battle of, ii. 195 + + Boroughs, + their developement after Norman Conquest, i. 177; + "farm" of, ii. 152; + representation in Parliament, 73, 121, 152-154; + reluctance to attend, 155; + restriction of franchise in, iii. 99-101; + new, created under the Tudors, iv. 234, 235; + change in character of their representatives, 234, 235; + qualification of members for, 235; + the Five, i. 117, 120. + _See_ Towns + + Borough-moot, the, i. 296 + + Boscawen, Admiral, vii. 266 + + Boston, outrage of barons on merchants at, ii. 116 + + Boston (Massachusetts), + its foundation, v. 310, 311; + occupied by British troops, viii. 14; + tea-riots at, 17, 18; + siege of, 22, 23 + + Bosworth Field, battle of, iii. 172 + + Bothwell, James Hepburn, Earl of, iv. 226, 229; + plots against Darnley, 242, 243; + contrives his death, 244; + charged with murder, _ib._; + marries Mary, 245; + flies, 246 + + Boulogne + captured by Henry VIII., iv. 30; + restored to France, 33, 57; + Napoleon's camp at, viii. 170, 171 + + Bourbon, Cardinal of, iv. 348, 369, 372 + + Bourbon, Charles, Duke of, iii. 246, 247, 269 + + Bouvines, + battle of, i. 342; + besieged by Flemings, ii. 234 + + Bow, the English, ii. 241, 242 + + Boxley, miraculous rood at, iii. 343 + + Boyle, Robert, vi. 166 + + Boyne, battle of the, vii. 71 + + "Boys," the, vii. 204, 226, 249 + + Brabant, John III., Duke of, ii. 227, 244 + + Brabant, John IV., Duke of, iii. 42, 43, 45 + + Brackley, barons meet at, i. 346 + + Braddock, General, vii. 245 + + Bradford on Avon, battle of, i. 87 + + Bradford, John, iv. 132 + + Bradshaw, John, vi. 66, 91, 101; + outrage on his corpse, 201 + + Bradwardine, Thomas, ii. 276 + + Bramber, Sir Nicholas, ii. 353 + + Bramham Moor, battle of, iii. 19 + + Brandywine, battle of, viii. 25 + + Braose, William de, i. 332 + + Breaute, Faukes de, ii. 4, 5 + + Brecknock + stormed by AEthelflaed, i. 118; + Mortimer routed at, ii. 88 + + Breda, + Declaration of, vi. 152; + Treaty of, 241, 243, 247 + + Breitenfeld, battle of, v. 275 + + Bremen, quarrel about, vii. 188, 189 + + Brentford captured by Prince Rupert, vi. 3 + + Breslau, treaty of, vii. 223 + + Brest + held by England, ii. 316; + restored to Britanny, 368 + + Bretigny, peace of, ii. 266 + + Brewer or Briwere, William, i. 345; ii. 6 + + Breze, Pierre de, iii. 121 + + Bribery, parliamentary, its beginnings, vi. 285, 300 + + Brice's day, St., massacre of, i. 141 + + Bridgeman, Sir Orlando, vi. 184 + + Bridgewater, John Egerton, first Earl of, v. 305 + + Bridgewater, Francis Egerton, third Duke of, viii. 55 + + Brigham, treaty of, ii. 135 + + Brihtnoth, ealdorman of East-Anglia, i. 139 + + Brindley, James, viii. 55, 56 + + Bristol, + its slave-trade, i. 250; + surrender to Henry of Lancaster, iii. 18; + Protestant martyrs at, iv. 96; + trade with Ireland, 282; + surrender to Rupert, vi. 12; + to the Parliament, 41; + prosperity under Walpole, vii. 196 + + Bristol, George Digby, second Earl of, vi. 221 + + Britain, + its condition under the Romans, i. 29, 30; + legions withdrawn from, 31; + attacked by Picts, Scots and Saxons, _ib._; + becomes England, 39, 138; + English conquest of, its peculiar character, 39-44; + authorities for, 3 + + Britain, Great, United Kingdom of, vii. 128 + + Britanny + submits to William the Conqueror, i. 158; + war of succession in, ii. 233, 248; + coast harried by an English fleet, iii. 16; + relations with France and England, 166, 171, 179, 180 + + Britanny, Anne of, iii. 179, 180 + + Britanny, John, Duke of, ii. 315 + + Britons + defeated by Jutes in Kent, i. 33; + their stubborn resistance, 40-42; + alliance with Penda, 66; + of Cumbria, defeated by AEthelfrith, 60, 61; + by Ecgfrith, 87; + of Strathclyde, their struggle with AEthelfrith, 60; + submit to Eadward the Elder, 119 + + Broc, Ranulf de, i. 241 + + Broglie, General, vii. 264 + + Brooke, Robert Greville, second Lord, v. 320, 354; vi. 7 + + Brooklyn, battle of, viii. 24 + + Brothers of the Pen, iii. 154 + + Brown, Robert, v. 117 + + Brown, William, martyr under Mary, iv. 95 + + Browne, Archbishop of Dublin, iii. 341, 342; iv. 62, 63 + + Browne, William, his _Pastorals_, v. 304 + + Brownists, v. 117, 308 + + Bruce, David, ii. 206; + king of Scotland, 210; + driven out, 211, 212; + goes to France, 213; + returns, 214, 229; + prisoner, 243; + released, 263; + dies, 286 + + Bruce, Edward, ii. 376 + + Bruce, Robert, claimant of Scotland, ii. 136 + + Bruce, Robert (Earl of Carrick), ii. 161, 170 + + Bruce, Robert, grandson of the claimant, ii. 172; + kills Comyn of Badenoch, 173; + crowned, _ib._; + put to flight, 174; + character and adventures, 183, 184; + his successes, 191-194; + disabled by leprosy, 204; + acknowledged as king by England, 206; + dies, 210 + + Bruges, + negotiations at, ii. 303; + gild of St. John at, iii. 154; + Caxton at, 155 + + Brunanburh, battle of, i. 120 + + Brune, General, viii. 140 + + Brunswick, Charles William, Duke of, viii. 101 + + Brunswick, Ferdinand, Prince of, vii. 263, 264, 302 + + _Brut, Chronicle of the_, Caxton's edition of, iii. 157 + + _Brut y Tywysogion_, i. 7 + + Brynglas, battle of, iii. 11, 13 + + Buchan, Isabel, Countess of, ii. 173 + + Buchan, constable of, iii. 39 + + Buchanan, George, v. 124 + + Buckingham, Henry Stafford, Duke of, iii. 163, 164, 166-168 + + Buckingham, Edward Stafford, Duke of, iii. 242 + + Buckingham, George Villiers, first Duke of (_see_ Villiers), v. 208; + relations with Bacon, 222, 225; + goes with Charles to Madrid, 232; + returns, 233; + his mastery over James, 235; + policy, 236-238; + relations with Charles I., 244; + failure of his plans, 247; + impeached, 250; + urges the forced loan, 255; + expedition to La Rochelle, 259; + slain, 265 + + Buckingham, George Villiers, second Duke of, vi. 163, 165; + in Cabal ministry, 245, 253; + negotiations with Lewis, 258; + dismissed, 281; + committed to the Tower, 288 + + Bulmer, Lady, iii. 325 + + Bungay, Friar, iii. 97 + + Bunker's Hill, battle of, viii. 22 + + Bunyan, John, v. 103, 104; vi. 262-265; + his _Pilgrim's Progress_, 265-267; + refuses the Indulgence, vii. 22 + + Buonaparte, Jerome, viii. 185 + + Buonaparte, Joseph, viii. 185, 186, 200 + + Buonaparte, Louis, viii. 185 + + Buonaparte, Napoleon, viii. 109, 113; + campaign in Italy, 122, 123, 125; + marches on Vienna, 125; + designs on India, 131; + conquers Malta and Egypt, 132; + campaign in Syria, 141; + victory at Aboukir, _ib._; + First Consul, 142; + victory at Marengo, _ib._; + his policy and aims, 146, 147, 158, 168-170. + _See_ Napoleon + + Burdett, Sir Francis, viii. 195 + + Burford, battle of, i. 96 + + Burgh, Hubert de, ii. 2-5, 29, 30 + + Burgh-upon-Sands, Edward I. dies at, ii. 174 + + "Burghers," i. 315 + + Burgos, siege of, viii. 200 + + Burgoyne, General, viii. 25, 26 + + Burgundy, Philip I., Duke of, ii. 265 + + Burgundy, Philip II., Duke of, ii. 286; iii. 5, 6, 12, 14 + + Burgundy, Philip III., Duke of, + alliance with Henry V., iii. 35; + relations with Brabant, 42, 43, 45; + withdraws his troops from siege of Orleans, 46; + sells Jeanne d'Arc to the English, 53; + joins Charles VII., 56, 122; + cedes Picardy to Lewis XI., 122; + mediates between Lewis and Edward, _ib._; + dies, 130 + + Burgundy, John, Duke of, iii. 16, 17; + relations with England and France, 23, 24, 32; + assassinated, 35 + + Burgundy, Charles the Bold, Duke of. _See_ Charles + + Burgundy, Mary of, iii. 146, 147, 150, 151, 170 + + "Burh," the old English, i. 294 + + Burke, Edmund, vii. 332-337; + supports the Declaratory Act, 338; + attacks the Chatham ministry, 341; + his scheme for reform of the constituencies, viii. 10; + his proposals for conciliating America rejected, 20; + his bill of Economical Reform, 64, 76; + refuses office under Shelburne, 65; + attitude towards the French Revolution, 87, 89; + share in the impeachment of Hastings, 90; + _Reflections_, _ib._; + quarrel with Fox, 92, 93; + _Appeal from the new to the old Whigs_, 93; + supports the government against France, 104; + _Letters on a Regicide Peace_, 116; + death, 126 + + Burleigh, William Cecil, Lord (_see_ Cecil), iv. 352; + protests against expulsion of Puritan clergy, 342; + his tract on _The Execution of Justice_, 5; + his ill-will to Spenser, v. 12; + death, 63 + + Burley, Sir Simon, ii. 353 + + Burnet, Gilbert, vi. 169; + bishop of Salisbury, vii. 65; + his _History of his own Time_, vi. 157 + + Burns, Robert, viii. 46 + + _Burton, Annals of_, i. 273 + + Burton, John, v. 329 + + Burton, Thomas, his _Diary_, v. 37 + + Busaco, battle of, viii. 190 + + Bute, John Stuart, third Earl of, vii. 302, 303; + Prime Minister, 306; + policy towards America, 310, 311; + fall, 314 + + Butler, Joseph, vi. 169 + + Butler, Samuel, vi. 162 + + Butler, the king's, origin of his office, i. 132 + + Buttington, battle of, i. 117 + + Byng, Admiral, vii. 248 + + Byron, Commodore, vii. 277 + + + "Cabal," the, vi. 246, 303 + + Cabinet, the, its origin, vi. 303 + + Cabot, Sebastian, iii. 189; iv. 283, 330 + + Cade, John, iii. 64-67 + + Cadiz, + Drake's expedition to, iv. 355; + English descents on, v. 60, 247; + blockaded by an English fleet, vii. 223 + + Cadwallon, king of the Britons, i. 66, 67 + + Caedmon, i. 77, 78 + + Caen + sacked by Edward III., ii. 235; + stormed by Henry V., iii. 33; + university at, 55 + + Caermarthen besieged by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 14 + + Caernarvon, castle built at, ii. 121 + + Cahors, bankers of, ii. 107, 130 + + Calabria, John, Duke of, iii. 126 + + Calais + besieged by Edward III., ii. 243; + surrenders, 244; + the six burgesses, 245-247; + ceded to Edward, 266; + threatened by the French, iii. 69, 70; + Warwick repulsed from, 135; + won by Guise, iv. 108; + restored to France, 158 + + Calamy, Edmund, v. 354; vi. 157 + + Calcutta, + its origin, vii. 232; + the Black Hole of, 261 + + Calvin, John, iv. 119, 123, 126 + + Calvinism, + system of, iv. 123-126; + its political tendency, 171; + in Scotland, accepted by Parliament, 187; + its establishment sanctioned by Mary Stuart, 245; + its growth in England, v. 86-89. + _See_ Presbyterianism + + Calvinists, + German, their position after Peace of Passau, v. 176, 177; + Scotch, suppress Catholicism by force, iv. 218 + + Cambray + occupied by Philip VI. of France, ii. 219; + besieged by Edward III., 220, 228; + negotiations at, iv. 145; + League of, iii. 206; + treaty of, 234 + + Cambridge, University of, + its charters burnt by townsfolk, ii. 324; + the New Learning at, iii. 201; + Erasmus at, _ib._, 212, 213; + resistance to benevolences at, 251; + Lutherans at, 262; + forced to approve Henry VIII.'s divorce, 292; + foreign Protestants at, iv. 51; + James II.'s dealings with, vii. 24 + + Cambridge, Edmund, first Earl of, ii. 287. + _See_ York + + Cambridge, Richard, second Earl of, iii. 30, 56, 57 + + Cambridge, Richard, third Earl of. _See_ York + + Camden, Charles Pratt, first Lord, vii. 340; viii. 15 + + Camden, John Jeffreys Pratt, second Earl, viii. 120. + + Camden, William, v. 4; + his _Life of Elizabeth_, iv. 3. + + Campeggio, Cardinal, iii. 272, 274, 277 + + Camperdown, battle of, viii. 127 + + Campian, Edmund, iv. 318, 320 + + Campo Formio, treaty of, viii. 125 + + Camulodunum (Colchester) reduced by East Saxons, i. 35 + + Canada, + French settlement in, vii. 242; + Montcalm in, 244; + conquered by the English, 269; + ceded to England, 307; + attacked by America, viii. 23, 203, 204; + self-government granted to, 92 + + Canals, introduction of, viii. 55, 56 + + Canning, George, viii. 71; + Foreign Secretary, 180; + his dealings with Denmark, _ib._; + Orders in Council, 181; + supports rising in Spain, 186, 187; + quarrel with Castlereagh, 188, 189; + resigns, 189; + presses for Catholic emancipation, 195 + + Canons + of 1604, v. 156; + Scotch, of 1636, 327 + + Canterbury, i. 57; + archbishopric founded at, 59; + becomes ecclesiastical centre of England, 83; + sacked by northmen, 142; + Theodore's school at, 92; + historians of, 243; + gild of Thanes at, 299; + Walloon refugees at, iv. 51; + Protestant martyrs in, 96; + Church of Huguenots at, 306 + + Cape of Good Hope ceded to England, viii. 112 + + Capel, Arthur, first Lord, vi. 72 + + Capel, Sir Henry, vi. 301 + + Capuchins, Order of, founded, iv. 101 + + Caradoc of Lancarvan, i. 7 + + Caraffa, Cardinal, iv. 31, 100, 101. + _See_ Paul IV. + + Carcassonne sacked by the Black Prince, ii. 260 + + Cardigan, + Norman conquest of, ii. 48; + royal garrisons driven from, 55 + + Carew, Sir Peter, iv. 82 + + Carham, battle at, i. 146 + + Carisbrook Castle, Charles I. prisoner at, vi. 59 + + Carlisle + becomes English, i. 87; + granted to see of Lindisfarne, 88; + ceded to David of Scotland, 217; + invested by the Scots, ii. 160; + Mary Stuart at, iv. 261 + + Carlisle, Merks, deposed Bishop of, iii. 8 + + Carlisle, Charles Howard, first Earl of, vi. 280 + + Carlos, Don, son of Philip II. of Spain, iv. 213, 221 + + Carlowitz, treaty of, vii. 97 + + Carnot, Lazare, viii. 122 + + Carolina, Colony of, vi. 259; vii. 236 + + Caroline of Anspach, wife of George II., vii. 200, 203 + + Carpenter, General, vii. 183 + + Carr, Robert. _See_ Rochester, Somerset + + Carteret, John, second Lord, vii. 222, 223. + _See_ Granville + + Carthagena, Vernon's defeat at, vii. 221 + + Cartwright, Thomas, iv. 294-296, 342; v. 58, 117 + + Carucage, i. 350 + + Casale seized by Lewis XIV., vi. 335 + + Cashel, synod at, i. 253 + + Cassel, battles of, ii. 216; vi. 289 + + Cassano, battle of, viii. 139 + + Castille, Constance of, second wife of John of Gaunt, ii. 287, 302 + + Castillon, Talbot defeated at, iii. 71 + + Castlebar, battle of, viii. 130 + + Castlemaine, Barbara Palmer, Countess of, vi. 221, 272; vii. 108. + _See_ Cleveland. + + Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Viscount, + arranges the union with Ireland, viii. 153; + quarrel with Canning, 188, 189; + Foreign Secretary, 197 + + Cateau-Cambresis, treaty of, iv. 155, 158, 159, 171 + + Catesby, Robert, v. 157, 158. + + Catharine of Aragon + marries Arthur Tudor, iii. 186, 187; + betrothed to Henry, 187, 188; + marries him, 207; + opposes the divorce, 269, 270, 276; + banished from the palace, 298; + her marriage annulled by Convocation, 303; + confirmed by Pope and Cardinals, 304 + + Catharine of Braganza, wife of Charles II., vi. 192 + + Catharine of France, wife of Henry V., iii. 24, 35, 165 + + Catharine of Medicis, + queen-regent of France, iv. 188; + her policy towards the Huguenots, 206-208; + treaty with them, 216, 217; + with England, 219; + meeting with Alva, 225; + negotiates with Elizabeth, 297; + unites with the Guises against the Huguenots, 299; + resumes her policy of toleration, 301 + + Catharine II., Empress of Russia viii. 84, 85, 95 + + Catholics, English, + their position under Elizabeth, iv. 149, 195, 196; + forbidden to join in Common Prayer, 214; + fined for recusancy, _ib._; + attitude towards Mary Stuart, 220; + their scheme for the succession, _ib._, 221; + plot against Elizabeth, 266, 267; + rise, 268; + defeated, 269; + attitude towards the Bull of Deposition, 270; + persecution of, 308, 309, 319-322; + new plots, 350; + Philip's and Allen's hopes of, 354; + their loyalty, 358, 359; + materials for their history, 5; + James I. gives them relief, v. 150; + begins to persecute them, 156, 157; + their plots, 157-159; + position under Charles II., vi. 185, 186, 220, 291, 293; + excluded from Parliament, 297; + admitted to office, etc., by James II., vii. 14, 15; + included in his Declaration of Indulgence, 22; + position under Walpole, 198; + projects for their emancipation, viii. 179, 195, 196; + Confederate, v. 366; vi. 15, 16; + Irish, Charles I.'s and Wentworth's dealings with, v. 364; + their condition in eighteenth century, viii. 33, 34, 117; + plans for their emancipation, 119, 120, 152-155 + + Catinat, Marshal, vii. 75 + + Cavaliers, v. 372 + + Cavendish, William, Lord, + head of the Country party, vi. 272; + takes office, 300; + opposes the Exclusion Bill, 308; + resigns, 315. + _See_ Devonshire. + + Cavendish's _Life of Wolsey_, iii. 83 + + Caxton, William, iii. 155-162 + + Ceadda or Chad, St., i. 73 + + Ceawlin, king of Wessex, i. 56 + + Cecil, Richard, viii. 47 + + Cecil, Robert, + his rivalry with Essex, v. 63; + treasurer, 172, 173; + proposes the "great contract," 179; + arranges the marriage of Princess Elizabeth, 210; + dies, 185, 211 + + Cecil, William, iv. 139-141; + his political standpoint, 141-143, 150; + advises Elizabeth to announce her accession to the Pope, 155; + his share in her Scottish policy, 173, 176, 259; + policy in Ireland, 240; + demands a Protestant alliance and the surrender of Mary, 263; + dealings with Norfolk, 266, 274. + _See_ Burleigh + + Cedd, brother of Ceadda, i. 74 + + Centwine, king of Wessex, i. 89 + + Cenwealh, king of Wessex, i. 87 + + Cenwulf, king of Mercia, i. 98, 101 + + Ceolfrid, founder of Jarrow, i. 91 + + Ceolred, king of Mercia, i. 90 + + Ceolwulf, king of Northumbria, i. 91 + + Ceorl, the English, i. 11 + + Cerdic, king of the West Saxons, i. 34, 49 + + Ceylon acquired by England, viii. 112 + + Chad, St. _See_ Ceadda + + Chalgrove Field, fight at, vi. 10 + + Chalus, Richard I. slain at, i. 267 + + Champeaux, William of, i. 285 + + Chancellor, Richard, iv. 282 + + Chancellor, the, i. 206; + his equitable jurisdiction, 256; ii. 112, 113; + right of appointing, claimed for Great Council, ii. 38; + made responsible to Permanent Council, 61; + his woolsack, 226; + of an university, i. 291, 292 + + Chancery, Court of, ii. 113 + + Chandos, Sir John, ii. 249 + + Chapel, the Royal, clerks of, i. 206 + + Chapman, George, v. 3, 42 + + Charford, battle of, i. 34 + + Charles (I.), son of James I., + schemes for his marriage, v. 211-214, 227, 230; + goes to Madrid, 231, 232; + returns, 233; + his character, 234; + marriage, 238, 241; + king, 242; + his policy, 243-245; + quarrel with Parliament of 1625, 246, 247; + with Parliament of 1626, 249, 250, 253; + demands a benevolence, 253; + levies a forced loan, 254; + dismisses Crewe, _ib._; + relations with France, 256-258; + with the Parliament of 1628, 260-263; + defends Buckingham, 264; + rejects the Avowal, 269; + dissolves Parliament again, 270, 272; + his plans of personal government, 273; + peace policy, 274, 275; + relations with Gustavus Adolphus, 275, 276; + financial measures, 276-280; + grants a charter to Massachusetts, 311; + position in 1635, 315, 316; + consults the judges about ship-money, 323; + dealings with Scotland, 325-328, 330-334; + gathers an army, 337; + pacification with the Scots, _ib._; + summons Wentworth home, 338; + relations with Richelieu, _ib._, 339; + negotiates with the Scots, 342; + summons Parliament again, 343; + relations with Montrose, 359; + assents to Strafford's attainder, 361; + to perpetuation of the Parliament, 362; + goes to Scotland, 363; + his promises to the Irish, 364; + returns to London, 367; + attempt to seize the five members, 373-375; + withdraws from London, 376; + levies forces by commissions of array, 377; + shut out from Hull, 378; + goes to York, _ib._; + raises his standard at Nottingham, vi. 2; + goes to Shrewsbury, _ib._; + defeated at Edgehill, 3; + goes to Oxford, _ib._; + besieges Gloucester, 13; + negotiations in Ireland, 15, 16; + successes in 1644, 22; + marches on London, 23; + defeated at Newbury, 24; + returns to Oxford, _ib._; + negotiates with the Parliament, 38; + storms Leicester and relieves Chester, _ib._; + routed at Naseby, 40, 41; + treaty with the Irish, 42; + goes to the Scotch camp, 46; + refuses the Parliament's terms, 48; + given up to it by the Scots, 49; + seized by the army, 53; + negotiates with the army, 55-57; + escapes, 58; + recaptured, 59; + negotiates with parliament and the Scots, _ib._, 63; + again seized by the army, 65; + trial, 67; + death, 68; + authorities for his reign, v. 72 + + Charles II. + recognized by Holland as king of England, vi. 70; + proclaimed in Scotland, 71; + invited to Ireland, _ib._; + his experiences in Scotland, 82; + crowned at Scone, _ib._; + invades England, 83; + defeated at Worcester, 84; + flies to France, _ib._; + issues a declaration from Breda, 152; + returns to England, _ib._; + his scientific tastes, 165; + character, 173-177; + policy, 177-180; + forms an army, 182, 183; + his position in England, 184; + ecclesiastical aims, 185, 186; + foreign relations, 187, 192; + marriage, 192; + first ministry, 193; + dealings with the regicides, 195; + relations with Clarendon, 213-215, 221; + issues a Declaration of Indulgence, 219; + policy in Holland, 228, 229; + refuses to dissolve Parliament, 241, 254; + banishes Clarendon, 243; + his new ministry, 245; + attitude towards toleration, 252, 259; + project for establishing Catholicism, 256; + treaties with Lewis, 257, 258; + issues second Declaration of Indulgence, 262; + withdraws it, 273; + relations with Shaftesbury, 275; + makes peace with the Dutch, 281; + makes another treaty with Lewis, 287; + negotiations with Lewis, 291; + position after peace of Nimeguen, _ib._, 293; + attitude during the Popish plot. 297; + plan for the succession of James, 307; + struggle with Shaftesbury, 311-313, 321; + recalls James, 315; + resists the Exclusion, 321; + dissolves the Parliament, 322; + turns again to France, _ib._, 323; + action in 1681, 323, 324; + persecutes Nonconformists, recalls James, and arrests Monmouth, 335; + his triumph, vii. 1; + policy in his last years, 2; + dealings with the towns, 3; + increases his Guards, 4; + sickness, _ib._; + death, 5; + authorities for his reign, vi. 157, 158 + + Charles IV., emperor, ii. 236, 348 + + Charles (V.), son of Philip of Austria, iii. 208; + relations with England and France, 232, 233; + king of Spain, 234; + treaties with Francis I., _ib._; + emperor, 240; + visits England, 241; + betrothed to Mary, 242; + war with Francis, _ib._; + league with Henry VIII. and the Pope, 243; + successes in Italy, 244, 248, 250; + treachery to Henry and Wolsey, 248, 249; + new alliance with Henry, 250; + expels Luther, 254; + marriage, 266; + relations with Lutherans, 275; + proposes alliance with France against Henry, 336; + his religious policy, iv. 18, 19; + proposes a general council, 20; + defeated in Hungary and Algiers, 24; + attacked by Francis, _ib._; + alliance with Henry, 27; + failure of his plans of reunion, 30-32; + treaty with France, 32; + attacks the League of Schmalkald, 36; + victory at Muhlberg, 50; + policy towards Protestants, 51; + persecutes them, 58; + ruin of his plans, 65; + treaty with Lutherans, _ib._; + relations with Mary Tudor, 79, 80; + abdicates, 98 + + Charles III., king of Spain, vii. 126, 131; + emperor (Charles VI.) 142, 199, 200, 220 + + Charles VII., emperor, vii. 223, 225 + + Charles IV., king of France, ii. 197, 198, 208 + + Charles (V.) of France, duke of Normandy, ii. 264, 265; + king, 281, 282, 285, 288 + + Charles VI., king of France, iii. 5, 26, 35, 39 + + Charles (VII.), Dauphin, iii. 26, 39, 46, 48; + crowned, 52; + received in Paris, 56; + Le Mans surrendered to, 62; + regains Normandy, _ib._; + conquers Guienne, 68, 69 + + Charles VIII., king of France, iii. 170; + annexes Britanny, 179, 180; + treaty with Henry VIII., 180; + invades Italy, 186, 206 + + Charles IX., king of France, iv. 188, 298, 299, 301 + + Charles the Bad, king of Navarre, ii. 258, 259 + + Charles II., king of Spain, vii. 90, 98 + + Charles IV., king of Spain, viii. 185 + + Charles XII., king of Sweden, vii. 183, 188, 189 + + Charles the Bald, king of the West Franks, i. 209. + + Charles the Simple, king of the West Franks, i. 155 + + Charles of Blois. _See_ Blois + + Charles the Bold, Count of Charolais, iii. 122, 125, 127, 128; + duke of Burgundy, 130; + league with Edward, _ib._; + marries Margaret of York, 131; + negotiates with the Lancastrians, 140; + helps Edward, 141; + attacks Lewis again, 145; + his German possessions, 146; + alliance with the emperor, _ib._, 147; + with England, 148; + besieges Neuss, _ib._, 149; + slain, 150 + + Charlestown, capture of, viii. 32 + + Charmouth, battle of, i. 103 + + Charter of Henry I., i. 198, 340, 341; + of Stephen, 216; + the Great, 348-352; + provisions for its execution, 353; + annulled by the Pope, 354; + reissued under Henry III., ii. 1, 3; + Langton's care for, 6; + confirmed by Henry, _ib._, 34; + Archbishop Peckham's appeal to, 118; + confirmed by Edward I., 165, 166, 170; + of the Forest, 165, 166, 170 + + Charter-house, the, in London, ii. 253; + its martyrs, iii. 320; v. 77 + + Chateau-Gaillard, i. 265, 266 + + Chatillon, Coligni, Cardinal of, iv. 207 + + Chatham, William Pitt, first earl of (_see_ Pitt), vii. 340, 341; + withdraws from public life, viii. 3; + from the ministry, 6; + proposes reform of the House of Commons, 9; + strives to avert war with America, 20, 26; + recalled to office, 29; + death, 30 + + Chaucer, Geoffrey, + his early life, ii. 358, 359; + early poems, 359-361; + offices, person, temper, 362, 363; + home at Westminster, 366; + _Canterbury Tales_, 361, 363-366; + Caxton's edition of, iii. 157 + + Chauntries, suppression of, iv. 34, 54 + + Cheke, Sir John, iv. 134 + + Cherbourg, + Henry of Lancaster at, ii. 259, 260; + held by England, 316; + surrendered to Navarre, 368; + to Charles VII., iii. 62 + + Cheshire, royalist rising in, vi. 150 + + Chester, + march of the West Saxons on, i. 38, 56; + conquered by AEthelfrith, 60, 61; + by William, 169; + raid of Llewelyn ap Gruffydd on, ii. 85; + blockade of, vi. 38 + + Chester, Ranulf, earl of, i. 345, 347; ii. 5 + + Chesterfield, defeat of the Disinherited at, ii. 87 + + Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope, fourth earl of, vii. 170, 203, + 226, 249 + + "Chevy Chase," iii. 182 + + Chichester, Stephen Berksted, Bishop of, ii. 71 + + Chichester, Adam Moleyns, Bishop of, murdered, iii. 63 + + Chichester, Sir Arthur, v. 287, 288 + + Child, Sir Josiah, vi. 169 + + Chili conquered by Spain, iv. 329 + + Chillingworth, William, vi. 134-137 + + Chinon, + Henry II. dies at, i. 258; + Charles VII. and Jeanne d'Arc at, iii. 48 + + Chippenham, northmen at, i. 106 + + Chippewa, battle of, viii. 204 + + Chivalry, influence of, ii. 94 + + Chotusitz, battle of, vii. 223 + + "Christian Brethren," iii. 262 + + Christianity + brought to England, i. 57; + progress in Kent, Essex, and East Anglia, 59; + reaction against, 65; + its struggle with heathenism, _ib._, 66, 70-73 + + Christina, sister of Eadgar the AEtheling, i. 199 + + _Chronica Angliae_, ii. 177 + + _Chronicle, the English_, i. 3-6, 115, 173, 203, 221, 278 + + _Chronicle of Queen Jane_, iv. 3 + + _Chronicon Scotorum_, i. 8 + + Church, English, + its foundation, i. 57-59; + organized by Theodore, 81-84; + its parish system, 84; + share in resistance to the Danes, 145; + William the Conqueror's dealings with, 187, 188; + the Red King's, 193; + decline of its political influence, 222; + revival during the anarchy, 224; + Henry II.'s dealings with, 235-237, 253; + relation of universities to, 292; + condition in early thirteenth century, ii. 7, 8; + its political teaching, 23; + beginnings of resistance to the Papacy, 27; + Edward I.'s policy towards, 118, 119; + papal demands on its revenues, etc., 222, 223; + under Edward III., relations with the Papacy, 273-275; + its wealth, 294; + despoiled by Pope and King, 296; + threatened in Parliament, 301; + proposals to confiscate its property, iii. 15, 21; + condition during Wars of the Roses, 96, 97; + reform of, demanded by Parliament, 290; + Henry VIII.'s dealings with, 296, 297, 301, 302; + Thomas Cromwell's dealings with, 295, 310-312; + spoliation of, under Henry VIII., iv. 13; + condition at Cromwell's fall, 14, 15; + spoliation under Edward VI., 66; + demands for restoration of its property, 102, 103; + Hooker's influence on, v. 113; + Puritan demands for its reform, 118; + the Long Parliament's dealings with, 352-355; + Oliver Cromwell's dealings with, vi. 111; + settlement after the Restoration, 199, 208-210; + James II.'s dealings with, vii. 18, 19, 24; + effects of the Revolution on, 63-66; + condition under the Georges, 169-172; + revival in, 205-211; viii. 46; + Irish, its missionary zeal, i. 68, 69; + later character, i. 80; + relations with the English Church, 250; + English and Irish divisions, iii. 338, 339; + accepts the King's Supremacy, 339, 340; + rejects religious change, 341; + condition under Elizabeth, iv. 314, 315; + Roman, its revival under Paul IV., iv. 99; + position at the accession of Pius V., 249; + of Scotland, Presbyterian. _See_ Kirk + + Churchill, Arabella, vii. 107, 108 + + Churchill, John, vii. 107-109; + his victory at Sedgemoor, 11, 109; + deserts James II., 42. + _See_ Marlborough. + + Cinque Ports + support party of Montfort, ii. 70, 85, 86; + their commerce, iv. 279; + Flemish exiles in, 305, 323; + mariners of, their victory off Dover, ii. 3; + their fights with the French, 141, 142; iii. 7 + + Cissa, king of the South Saxons, i. 34 + + Cistercians + settle in England, i. 222; + their wool, 350; ii. 107 + + Ciudad Rodrigo stormed, viii. 199 + + Clair-on-Epte, treaty of, i. 155 + + Clare submits to the English, iii. 329 + + Clare, Richard, first Earl of, ii. 48 + + Clare, Richard, sixth Earl of, i. 343 + + Clare, Richard of (Strongbow), i. 252 + + Clarence, George, Duke of, + intrigues with Warwick, iii. 133; + marries his daughter, 134; + revolts, _ib._, 135; + relations with Edward and Warwick, 137, 138, 141, 142; + impeachment and death, 163 + + Clarence, Lionel, Duke of, ii. 264, 293, 302 + + Clarence, Thomas, Duke of, iii. 24, 26, 36 + + Clarendon, Assize of, i. 238; + Constitutions of, 235; + Council of, _ib._ + + Clarendon, Edward Hyde, first Earl of (_see_ Hyde), vi. 193; + Lord Chancellor, _ib._, 205; + his political theory, 205-207; + his foreign policy, 213-215; + relations with Charles II., 221; + advises a dissolution, 241; + banished, 243; + his _History of the Rebellion_, v. 72; + _Life_, vi. 157 + + Clarendon, Edward Hyde, second Earl of, vii. 20, 76 + + Clark, John, iii. 262 + + Clarkson, Thomas, viii. 48 + + Clement IV., Pope, ii. 18 + + Clement V., Pope, ii. 172 + + Clement VI., Pope, ii. 229, 236 + + Clement VII., Pope, iii. 249; + prisoner, 269; + escapes, 272; + dealings with Henry VIII.'s divorce, 271, 272, 274, 275, 277, 278; + threatens Henry with excommunication, 302; + annuls Cranmer's proceedings, 304; + refuses to hold a Council, iv. 20 + + Clement VIII., Pope, iv. 372 + + Clement, Jacques, iv. 368 + + Clergy, their privileges, i. 234; + attacked by Henry II., 235-237; + papal demands on, ii. 27, 28, 42, 222; + relations with Edward I., 118, 120, 163; + summoned to Parliament, 157; + cease to attend, 158; + strife of regular and secular, 295; + bondage to Pope and king, _ib._, 296; + decay of their moral influence, 296, 297; + excluded from state offices, 302; + attacked by John of Gaunt and Wyclif, 308; + decline of their influence, iii. 96, 97; + Wolsey's struggle with, 246; + Thomas Cromwell's policy towards, 295; + charged with breach of Praemunire, 296; + submission, 297; + their enslavement, 301, 302, 311, 312; + allowed to marry, iv. 49; + their five articles of 1559, 156, 157; + Elizabeth's dealings with, 161, 162; + their position and character in her reign, 302-304; + growth of Puritanism among, 340; v. 89, 90; + required to subscribe all the Articles, 156; + struggle with James II., vii. 18, 19, 24, 30; + condition under the Georges, 171, 172; + character in the eighteenth century, viii. 47; + Puritan, expelled, iv. 342; v. 156; + Laud's dealings with, 295-297; + their final expulsion, vi. 209; + its results, 210-213; + their sufferings, 222, 223 + + Cleveland, Barbara Palmer, duchess of (_see_ Castlemaine), vi. 175 + + Cleves, quarrel about, v. 178 + + _Clericis Laicos_, bull, ii. 163 + + Clifford, Thomas, eighth Lord, iii. 74 + + Clifford, John, ninth Lord, iii. 78 + + Clifford, Sir Thomas (first Lord Clifford of Chudleigh), + commissioner of the Treasury, vi. 245, 261; + Lord Treasurer, 271; + resigns, 274 + + Clinton, Sir Henry, viii. 32 + + Clive, Robert, vii. 233; + seizes Arcot, 235; + victory at Plassey, 261, 262 + + Clonmell stormed by Cromwell, vi. 79 + + Closter-Seven, Convention of, vii. 249, 262 + + Clydesdale, persecution of Catholics in, iv. 218 + + Cnihtenagild at Aldgate, i. 223, 299 + + Cnut, king of Denmark, i. 143; + of England, 143-147 + + Cnut II., king of Denmark, i. 189 + + Coal, discovery of, viii. 56, 57 + + Coalition ministry, the, viii. 65-69 + + Cobham, Eleanor, iii. 43, 58, 97 + + Cobham, Edward Brooke, Lord, iii. 69 + + Cobham, John Oldcastle, Lord (_see_ Oldcastle), iii. 20, 23, 26, 28 + + Coinage, + new, under Edward I., ii. 119; + debasement of, under Henry VIII., iv. 35; + under Edward VI., 57, 66; + reform of, under William III., vii. 89 + + Coggeshall, Ralph of, i. 174 + + Coke, Sir Edward, v. 202, 248, 263 + + Colchester (Camulodunum) + reduced by East Saxons, i. 35; + Protestant martyrs of, iv. 144; + siege of, vi. 61; + surrender, 64 + + Colchester, Thomas Beche, abbot of, hanged, iii. 350 + + Coleman, Edward, vi. 293, 295, 298 + + Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, viii. 135 + + Colet, John, + his theology, iii. 191, 192; + lectures at Oxford, 192; + Dean of St. Paul's, 197; + founds school, 200; + address to Convocation, 202, 203; + charged with heresy, 203; + protected by Warham and Henry, 204; + protests against war, 210 + + Colepepper, Sir John, v. 375, 378 + + Colgan's _Lives of Irish Saints_, i. 8 + + Coligni, Admiral, iv. 209, 216, 299 + + Colman, bishop of Lindisfarne, i. 79, 80 + + Columba, St., i. 69; + Adamnan's _Life of_, 8 + + Columban, St., i. 68 + + Commendation, system of, i. 133, 321 + + Commerce. _See_ Trade + + Commines, Philippe de, his comments on England, iii. 85, 107 + + Commission, Court of High, + established, iv. 216; + its new powers in 1583, 340; + Laud's use of, v. 295; + its civil jurisdiction abolished, 363; + restored, vii. 18; + dissolved, 39 + + Committee of Public Safety, vi. 1, 13; + of the Two Kingdoms, 17 + + Commonalty, scheme for its representation, ii. 61, 73 + + Commons, the, + summoned to Parliament, ii. 73, 153, 154; + their right to share in all legislative action established, 196, + 202; + House of, fully constituted, 203; + petitions against papal encroachments, 225; + its advance under Edward III., 231, 232, 298; + shrinks from meddling with administration, 299; + increasing share in legislation, 301; + resists John of Gaunt's demands, 303; + its action in the Good Parliament, 305; + in Parliament of 1377, 311, 312; + struggle with Richard II., 370; + demands confiscation of Church lands, iii. 15, 21; + changes in its character during Wars of the Roses, 99; + struggle with Wolsey, 245; + petition to Henry, VIII., 290; + first detailed account of its proceedings, iv. 5; + opposes Northumberland's policy, 66; + struggle with Elizabeth, 238, 239; + advance under her, v. 56, 57; + relations with James I., 154, 155, 160-163, 179-182; + action in Parliament of 1621, 221, 222, 224, 225; + in that of 1625, 245-247; + in that of 1626, 250, 253; + draws up the Petition of Right, 260; + action in 1640, 340; + resolves on the trial of Charles I., vi. 66; + abolishes Monarchy, 68; + sets up a Commonwealth, _ib._; + passes the Exclusion Bill, 319; + rejects the Securities Bill, 320; + impeaches Fitzharris, 323; + its sovereignty, vii. 80; + position under William, III., 81; + relations with Marlborough, 123; + the Whigs' management of, 176; + proposals for its reform, viii. 9, 10, 63, 67, 75, 76, 195; + adopts Catholic emancipation, viii. 196. + _See_ Parliament + + Commonwealth + established in England, vi. 68, 69; + proclaimed in London, 73 + + "Commune," the, in towns, i. 318; ii. 69 + + Companies, trading, v. 161 + + Compiegne, Jeanne d'Arc taken prisoner at, iii. 53 + + "Complaint of the Commons of Kent," iii. 65, 66 + + Comprehension Bill, vii. 63 + + Compton, Bishop of London, vii. 18, 19, 28, 35 + + Compurgation, i. 239, 313 + + Comyn, John, regent of Scotland, ii. 170, 171 + + Comyn, John, of Badenoch, ii. 173 + + Conde, Louis I., Prince of, iv. 188, 209, 264, 267 + + Conde, Louis II., Prince of, vi. 190 + + Congregation, Lords of the, + their relations with Mary of Guise, iv. 168; + occupy Edinburgh, 169; + relations with Elizabeth, 170-174; + treaty with Francis and Mary, 176; + rise against Mary, 245, 246 + + Congress, + the first American, vii. 330; + at Philadelphia, viii. 19, 20, 22 + + Connaught + conquered by the English, iii. 329; + Wentworth's dealings with, v. 364, 365 + + Connecticut, + first settlement of, v. 319, 320; + refuses to join in war against England, viii. 203 + + Conquereux, battle of, i. 212 + + Conservators of the Peace, ii. 123 + + Consilt, battle of, ii. 54 + + Constable, Sir Robert, iii. 325 + + Constable, the king's, origin of his office, i. 132 + + Constance of Britanny, i. 247, 260 + + Constantine, king of Scots, i. 119, 120 + + Constantinople + captured by the Turks, iii. 189; + English exiles at, i. 167 + + "Constitutional Clubs," viii. 95, 100 + + Constitutions of Clarendon, i. 235 + + Contades, General, vii. 264 + + Continental System, viii. 175, 176; + its results, 177 + + Contract, the Great, v. 179 + + Convention + of 1660, vi. 152; + declares itself a Parliament, 194; + of 1689, vii. 44-47; + becomes a Parliament, 60; + the Constituent, vi. 94-98; + the French, viii. 101; + Scottish, of 1659, vi. 150; + of 1689, vii. 51. + _See_ Parliament + + Convocation, + provincial, of the clergy, ii. 158; + its legislative power taken away, iii. 301, 307; + of 1413, iii. 20; + of 1512, Colet's address to, 202, 203; + of 1531, 296, 297; + of 1532, 301; + of 1533, 303; + of 1604, its canons, v. 156; + of 1689, vii. 63; + of Perth, ii. 171 + + Conway, + castle built at, ii. 121; + captured by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 10; + recovered by Percy, 11 + + Cook, Captain, vii. 278 + + Cooper, Anthony Ashley, vi. 95; + his early life, 215, 216; + attacks Cromwell's memory, 148; + advises the return of excluded members of the Rump, 151; + Chancellor of the Exchequer, 194. + _See_ Ashley + + Cope, Sir John, vii. 228 + + Copenhagen, + battle of, viii. 163; + bombardment of, 180 + + Copper, export of, from Cornwall, iv. 279 + + Copy-holders, i. 323 + + Corfe, Eadward the Martyr slain at, i. 139 + + Cormac's _Glossary_, i. 8 + + Cornwal, John, ii. 357 + + Cornwall + conquered by Ecgberht, i. 102; + Royalist rising in, vi. 5, 6; + tin-mines in, i. 30; ii. 107; + export of tin from, iv. 279; + of copper, _ib._; + West Welsh of, become vassals of AEthelstan, i. 120 + + Cornwall, Henry, Earl of, i. 345 + + Cornwall, Richard, Earl of. _See_ Richard + + Cornwallis, Charles, second earl and first marquis, + captures Charlestown, viii. 32; + surrenders at York Town, _ib._; + Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 130, 138; + victories in India, 131 + + Coronation-stone, the Scottish, ii. 162 + + Coroners, i. 264; ii. 149 + + Corresponding Society, viii. 106 + + Cortes, Hernan, iv. 329 + + Corunna, + Drake's descent on, iv. 355; + siege of, 367, 368; + battle of, viii. 187 + + Cotentin, the, + conquered by William Longsword, i. 155; + ceded to Robert by Henry I., 201 + + Cotton, Bartholomew de, i. 274 + + Cotton, manufacture of, viii. 53, 59, 193 + + Council + of Agitators, vi. 52; + the Continual, ii. 114, 353; iii. 22, 23; + the Great, i. 256, 351; + changes in its character after Norman Conquest, ii. 144; + its importance under Henry II., 144, 145; + powers over taxation recognised by the Great Charter, 145; + mode of summons to, 146; + its composition under Henry III., _ib._; + claim to appoint ministers, 38; + demands for reform, 45; + its assembly regulated by Provisions of Oxford, 61; + becomes Parliament, 156; + the King's, i. 256; + its later developements, ii. 112; + criminal jurisdiction, iii. 178; + position under the Tudors, v. 186, 187; + set aside by James I., 187; + character after the Restoration, vi. 303; + reorganized by Temple, _ib._, 304; + of Nine, ii. 275; + of the North, v. 285, 363; + of Officers, vi. 49, 52, 64, 65; + its plan for a new Parliament, 74; + forces Richard Cromwell to dissolve Parliament, 149; + Permanent, of Fifteen, ii. 61; + the Privy, i. 256; + of State, under the Commonwealth, vi. 72; + broken up, 91; + new one formed, 94; + new, named by the Convention, 99; + its organization, 100 + + Councils, + Church, their political results, i. 84, 224; + Occasional, called by Edward III., ii. 292, 299; + Provincial, of 1282, 120 + + Counties, restriction of franchise in, iii. 101, 102 + + County court (shire-court), + preserved by William I., i. 185, 186; + towns represented in, ii. 73; + its composition and functions, 149; + principle of representation in, _ib._, 150; + election of knights of the shire in, 151, 152 + + Country Party, the, vi. 272, 298 + + Courcy, John de, ii. 374 + + Courtenay, Bishop of London, ii. 309; + Archbishop of Canterbury, 339-341, 346 + + Coutras, battle of, iv. 355 + + Covenant, + the Scottish, iv. 115, 116; + renewed in 1638, v. 333; + taken by the English Parliament, vi. 14, 16, 17; + forced on the army, 50; + taken by the Convention of 1660, 152; + burnt in Westminster Hall, 204 + + Coventry, + Parliament at, iii. 75; + Mary Stuart imprisoned at, iv. 269 + + Coventry, Sir William, vi. 245, 272 + + Coverdale, Miles, iii. 334 + + Cowell, John, v. 169 + + Cowley, Abraham, vi. 165 + + Cowling Castle, headquarters of the Lollards, iii. 20, 27 + + Cowper, William, Lord Keeper, vii. 125; + chancellor, 175 + + Cowper, William, poet, viii. 46 + + Cox, Richard, iv. 119 + + Crabbe, George, viii. 46 + + Craft-gilds, i. 316-318 + + Craggs, Secretary of State, vii. 192 + + Cranfield, Lord Treasurer, v. 229, 236 + + Cranmer, Thomas, iii. 272; + supports the king's divorce, 291; + proposes an appeal to the universities, _ib._; + Archbishop of Canterbury, 303; + crowns Anne Boleyn, _ib._; + tenders the oath of allegiance to More, 318, 319; + attitude towards Lutheranism, 336; + opposes persecution, 346; + drifts into Protestantism, iv. 48, 59, 127; + welcomes foreign refugees, 51; + his view of Episcopacy, 60; + remonstrates against Edward's "plan" for the succession, 70; + sent to the Tower, 75; + tried for treason, _ib._; + his political position, 103, 104; + share in the English Liturgy, 103; + convicted of heresy, 104; + death, 105; + Strype's _Life of_, 3 + + Crecy, battle of, ii. 237-239 + + Cremona, battle of, vii. 118 + + Crepy, treaty of, iv. 32, 33 + + Creton's _History of Richard II._, ii. 179 + + Crewe, Chief Justice, v. 254 + + Crompton, Samuel, viii. 60 + + Cromwell, Henry, vi. 109 + + Cromwell, Oliver, + his youth, v. 103; vi. 24, 25; + alleged scheme of emigration, v. 320; + share in Association of the Eastern Counties, vi. 8; + at Marston Moor, 19, 22; + quarrel with Manchester at Newbury, 24; + his person, 25; + regiment, 26; + temper, 27; + relations with Dissidents, 33, 36; + his policy, 34; + victory at Naseby, 40, 41; + pleads for religious liberty, 44, 45; + resigns his command, 53; + rejoins the army, _ib._; + negotiates with the king, 57; + opposes the ordinance against heresy, 60; + besieges the royalists in Pembroke, 61, 162; + victory at Preston, 62; + marches into Scotland, _ib._; + charged with treason, 63; + suppresses a revolt of the army, 75; + campaign in Ireland, 76, 77, 79; + returns, 79; + Lord-General, _ib._; + invades Scotland, _ib._; + victory at Dunbar, 80; + occupies Edinburgh, 82; + victory at Worcester, 84; + supports the demand for a new Parliament, 87; + drives out the Rump, 90, 91; + resigns his power to the Convention, 95; + his political and social views, 97, 98; + Protector, 100, 102; + his administration, 103; + quarrel with the Parliament of 1654, 102, 103, 105; + his military despotism, 106-108; + settlement of Scotland, 108, 109; + of Ireland, 109, 110; + of England, 111, 112; + foreign policy, 114-117; + struggle with Parliament of 1655, 119; + the Crown offered to, _ib._, 120; + refuses it, 121, 122; + inaugurated as Protector, 122; + successes abroad, 123, 124; + failure at home, 125; + his theory of the Christian State, 127, 128; + failing health, 143; + his "House of Lords," 144; + dissolves the Parliament, 145; + last illness, 146; + death, 147; + his corpse outraged, 201; + authorities for his history, v. 73 + + Cromwell, Richard, vi. 147, 149 + + Cromwell, Thomas, + his early life, iii. 282, 283; + relations with Wolsey, 283-285; + counsel to Henry about the divorce, 285; + his policy, 294, 295; + Lord Privy Seal, 304; + Vicar-General, 306; + dealings with the monasteries, 310, 311; + with the clergy, 311, 312; + his reign of terror, 312-315; + temper, 315, 316; + relations with the nobles, 321, 322; + reform of religion, 333; + Church policy in Ireland, 341, 342; + orders removal of images, 343; + dealings with Parliament, iv. 8, 9; + last struggle, iii. 347-351; + fall and death, 352; + results of his policy, iv. 7-14 + + Crotoy relieved by Talbot, iii. 56 + + Crowland, i. 86; + burnt by northmen, 104; + Chronicle of, ii. 179, 180 + + Croys, the, iii. 122, 125 + + Crusades, + their effect on learning, i. 282; + of Richard I., 261; + of Edward I., ii. 90; + Henry IV.'s project of, iii. 25; + Henry V.'s, 36, 38 + + Cuba + conquered by England, vii. 307; + restored to Spain, _ib._ + + Cudworth, Ralph, vi. 169 + + Culloden, battle of, vii. 230 + + Cumberland, William, Duke of, vii. 227, 230, 248, 251 + + Cumberland, Henry Clifford, first Earl of, iii. 323 + + Cumberland, Henry Clifford, second Earl of, iv. 162 + + Cumberland, George Clifford, third Earl of, iv. 353, 358 + + Cumbria, + British kingdom of, i. 60; + conquered by Ecgfrith, 87; + by Eadmund, 123; + granted to Malcolm, king of Scots, _ib._ + + Cup-thegn (butler), i. 132 + + "Customs" of the realm, i. 235 + + Customs duties, + Edward I.'s, ii. 107, 164, 172, 189; + granted to Edward IV. for life, 89, 152; + new, imposed by James I., v. 172; + granted to Charles I. for a year only, 246 + + Cuthbert, St., i. 74-76, 87, 88 + + Cuthwulf, king of the West Saxons, i. 37 + + Cynric, king of the West Saxons, i. 34, 49 + + + Dacres, William, third Lord, iv. 162 + + Dacres, Leonard, iv. 269 + + Daegsastan, battle of, i. 60 + + Dalaber, Anthony, iii. 262 + + Dalrymple, John, Master of Stair, vii. 52, 53 + + Danby, Thomas Osborne, Earl of, + Lord Treasurer, vi. 282; + his policy, 282-286; + duped by Charles, 287; + his bill for the security of the Church, 288; + foreign policy, 289, 290; + impeached, 299; + dismissed, 300; + released from the Tower, vii. 2; + warns William against James II., 28; + signs the invitation to William, 35; + prepares for a rising, 37; + raises Yorkshire, 41; + his policy in the Convention of 1689, 46; + Lord President, 67 + + Danegeld, i. 186, 207, 216, 350; ii. 104 + + Danelaw, the, i. 107; + its struggle with AElfred, 116, 117; + subdued by Eadmund, 120; + rises against Eadred, 123; + final submission, _ib._, 124; + Dunstan's policy towards, 137 + + Danes. _See_ Northmen + + Daniel, poet and historian, v. 4, 35 + + Darcy, Thomas, Lord (of Aston), iii. 323-325 + + Darien, colony of, vii. 89 + + Darnley, Henry Stuart, Lord, iv. 220, 221; + marries Mary Stuart, 224; + quarrels with her, 227; + share in Rizzio's murder, 228; + dissolves Parliament, 229; + reconciled to Mary, _ib._; + plots against him, 242, 243; + death, 244 + + Dartford, peasant revolt at, ii. 319 + + Dartmouth, + Breton descent on, iii. 16; + Warwick and Clarence land at, 138 + + Dartmouth, George Legge, first Lord, vii. 77 + + Daun, General, vii. 263, 302 + + Davenant, Sir William, v. 303 + + David I., king of Scots, i. 217; ii. 133; + his Laws, ii. 171 + + David II., king of Scots. _See_ Bruce + + David of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon, ii. 134, 136 + + David, brother of Llewelyn ap Gruffydd, ii. 119, 121 + + Davies, Sir John, v. 303 + + Davison, Secretary of State, iv. 352 + + Dean, Forest of, iron-mines in, i. 30 + + Deane, General, vi. 108 + + Debt, the National, vii. 87 + + "Defenders," viii. 119 + + Deira, + kingdom of, i. 36; + conquered by Bernicians, 52, 53; + submits to Oswald, 67; + to Penda, 71. + _See_ Northumbria + + Dekker, Thomas, v. 42 + + Delaware, colony of, vii. 236 + + Denham, Sir John, vi. 325 + + Denmark, + its monarchy founded, i. 128; + relations with Sweden and Hanover, vii. 188, 189; + joins leagues against England, viii. 162, 180; + its fleet captured, 180, 181 + + Deorham, battle of, i. 38, 61 + + Derby, + one of the Five Boroughs, i. 117; + conquered by AEthelflaed, 118; + Charles Edward at, vii. 228 + + Derby, Henry Plantagenet I., Earl of, ii. 234, 235, 243 + + Derby, Henry Plantagenet III., Earl of, ii. 353 + + Derby, Henry III. of Lancaster, Earl of. _See_ Henry IV. (king). + + Derby, Edward Stanley, third Earl of, iv. 267, 269 + + Derby, William Stanley, ninth Earl of, vii. 23 + + Derby, Earls of. _See_ Ferrars. + + Derbyshire, lead mines in, ii. 107 + + D'Erlon, General, viii. 208, 209 + + Dermod, king of Leinster, i. 251, 252 + + Derry, colonisation of, v. 289 + + Derwentwater, James Radcliffe, third Earl of, vii. 184 + + Desmond, Gerald Fitzmaurice (or Fitzgerald), fifteenth Earl of, iv. + 315, 316 + + Desmond, James Fitzgerald, seventeenth Earl of, v. 62 + + Despenser, Hugh, justiciar, ii. 64, 66, 87 + + Despenser, Hugh, the elder, ii. 194, 198. + + Despenser, Hugh, the younger, ii. 194, 195, 199 + + Dettingen, battle of, vii. 224 + + Devon + rises against William. I., i. 168; + against Somerset, iv. 55; + secured by Prince Maurice for Charles I., vi. 13; + rising in, under Monmouth, vii. 9 + + Devonshire, William Cavendish, fourth Earl of (_see_ Cavendish), vii. + 28; + signs the invitation to William III., 35; + prepares for a rising, 37; + heads the rising in the Midlands, 41 + + Devonshire, Thomas Courtenay, fifth Earl of, iii. 69 + + Devonshire, Thomas Courtenay, sixth Earl of, ii. 80 + + Devon, Edward Courtenay, Earl of, iv. 78 + + D'Ewes, Sir Symonds, iv. 5; v. 72 + + D'Eyvill, John, ii. 84 + + Dieppe burnt by the English fleet, i. 333 + + Digby, Sir Everard, v. 159 + + Digby, Sir Kenelm, vi. 168 + + Digges, Sir Dudley, v. 251, 253 + + Dioceses, English, + origin of their limits, i. 82, 83; + organized by Theodore, 83 + + Directory, the French, viii. 113 + + "Disinherited," the, ii. 84, 86-89 + + "Dissidence," growth of, vi. 30-32 + + D'Oillis, the, i. 284 + + Domesday Book, i. 186 + + Domfront taken by Henry V., iii. 33 + + Dominic, St., ii. 9 + + Dominicans (Black Friars) come to England, ii. 11 + + Domremy, home of Jeanne d'Arc, iii. 46 + + Donne, John, v. 303 + + Dorset, risings in, i. 168; vii. 9 + + Dorset, John Beaufort, Marquis of (Earl of Somerset), iii. 7 + + Dorset, Thomas Grey, second Marquis of, iii. 209 + + Dorset, Thomas Sackville, first Earl of, v. 22 + + Dorset, Charles Sackville, sixth Earl of, vii. 23 + + Douay, + English college at, iv. 307; + Oxford refugees at, 317 + + Douglas, Archibald, fourth Earl of, iii. 13, 14, 39 + + Douglas, Sir Archibald, Regent of Scotland, ii. 211 + + Douglas, James, ii. 184, 204, 205, 210 + + Douglas, house of, their struggle with the Scot kings, iii. 184 + + Dover, + tumult at, in 1051, i. 152; + resists Lewis of France, 355; ii. 2; + surrenders to Henry III., 83; + treaty of, vi. 257 + + Dowdall, Archbishop of Armagh, iv. 62 + + D'Oysel, French ambassador in Scotland, iv. 173 + + Drake, Francis, + his voyage round the world, iv. 333, 334; + expedition to the Spanish Main, 349; + to Cadiz and Corunna, 355; + in the fleet against the Armada, 361, 362; + expedition to Lisbon, 367 + + Drama, English, + its beginnings, v. 20-22; + developement under Elizabeth, 22-24; + after the Restoration, vi. 163, 164 + + Drayton's _Polyolbion_, v. 35 + + Dreux captured by Henry V., iii. 36; + battle of, iv. 210 + + Drogheda, massacre at, vi. 76, 77 + + Dryden, Sir Erasmus, vi. 325 + + Dryden, John, vi. 165, 324, 325; + founder of the school of critical poets, 326; + his tragedies, 327; + comedies, 328, 329; + _Annus Mirabilis_, 330; + attitude in politics and religion, 331; + _Absalom and Ahitophel_, 332-334; + influence on literature, vii. 154-157 + + Dublin, sieges of, i. 252; vi. 76 + + Dublin, John Allen, Archbishop of, murdered, iii. 328 + + Dubois, the Abbe, vii. 187 + + Dudley, Lord Guildford, iv. 69, 75, 84 + + Dudley, Lord Robert, iv. 193. + _See_ Leicester + + Dudley, Edmund, iii. 199 + + Dudo of St. Quentin, i. 6 + + Dumouriez, General, viii. 101, 107 + + Duncan, Admiral, viii. 127 + + Dundas, Henry, viii. 171 + + Dundee, John Graham of Claverhouse, Viscount, vii. 51, 52 + + Dunes, battle of the, vi. 124 + + Dunkirk + ceded to Cromwell, vi. 124; + sold to France, 214; + dismantled, vii. 142 + + Dunluce, ships of the Armada wrecked off, iv. 363 + + Dunning, John, Solicitor-General, viii. 15 + + Dunois, Count of, iii. 49, 50, 62 + + Dupleix, General, vii. 233-235 + + Duquesne, Fort, vii. 243, 245, 266 + + Duns Scotus, ii. 276 + + _Dunstable, Annals of_, i. 273 + + Dunstan, St., i. 120-123; + his struggle with Eadwig, 136; + Archbishop of Canterbury, 137; + policy and rule, _ib._, 138; + fall, 139; + _Lives of_, 6 + + Durham, + historians of, i. 243; + King John at, 340 + + Durie, John, v. 138 + + + Eadberht, king of Northumbria, i. 96, 97 + + Eadgar, King, i. 137, 138; + his Law, 144 + + Eadgar, king of Scots, i. 197 + + Eadgar, the AEtheling, i. 154, 165, 168, 170, 197 + + Eadgyth, wife of Eadward the Confessor, i. 150, 165 + + Eadmer, i. 173, 243 + + Eadmund, St., king of East Anglia, i. 104 + + Eadmund (the Magnificent), King, i. 120, 122, 123 + + Eadmund Ironside, King, i. 143; + his children, 144, 153 + + Eadred, King, i. 123, 136 + + Eadric, ealdorman of Mercia, i. 142-144 + + Eadward the Elder, King, i. 117-119, 305 + + Eadward the Martyr, King, i. 139 + + Eadward the Confessor, King, i, 149-153, 158, 160; + his Laws, 150, 199, 340; + _Life of_, 6 + + Eadwig, King, i. 136, 137 + + Eadwig, son of AEthelred II., i. 144 + + Eadwine, king of Northumbria, i. 62-64, 66 + + Eadwine, earl of Mercia, i. 160, 165, 167, 170 + + Eadwulf, earl of Northumbria, i. 146 + + Ealdorman, the, + his office, i. 48, 49; + becomes a delegate of the king, 131; + rises again to independence, 134; + replaced by the earl, 146 + + Ealdred, Archbishop of York, i. 166 + + Earl, the, i. 11, 50; + superseded by the thegn, 51 + + Earldoms, + the four great, i. 146; + abolished, 185 + + Earls supersede ealdormen, i. 146 + + East Anglia, + its conquest, i. 36; + Christianity in, 59; + subject to Mercia, 91; + revolts, 102; + conquered by the northmen, 104; + bridled by Eadward the Elder, 117, 118; + earldom of, 146; + Protestant martyrs in, iv. 96 + + "Easterlings," i. 303 + + Eastern Counties, Association of the, vi. 8, 13 + + East India Company, iv. 284; vii. 63, 232 + + East-Saxons, + their settlement, i. 35; + conversion, 59 + + Ebbsfleet, i. 31, 32, 58 + + Ecclesiastical Courts separated from civil Courts, i. 188 + + Ecgberht, king of Wessex, i. 101-103 + + Ecgfrith, king of Northumbria, i. 86-89 + + Ecgwine, Bishop of Worcester, i. 86 + + Eddi's _Life of Wilfrid_, i. 4 + + Edgecote, battle of, iii. 134 + + Edgehill, battle of, vi. 3 + + Edinburgh + founded, i. 63; + seat of the Scot kings, 147; + won by Bruce, ii. 191; + burnt by the English, iv. 28; + castle of, besieged by Henry IV., iii. 9; + treaty of, iv. 176; + riot at, against the new Liturgy, v. 328; + the Covenant signed at, 333; + rises against James VII., vii. 50; + "James the Eighth" proclaimed at, 228 + + _Edinburgh Review_, the, viii. 195 + + Edington, battle of, i. 107 + + Edith. _See_ Matilda + + Edmund Rich, St., i. 287-289; + Archbishop of Canterbury, ii. 33; + obtains dismissal of Peter des Roches, _ib._; + dealings with Llewelyn ap Jorwerth, 58; + retires to Pontigny, 42 + + Edmund Crouchback, Earl of Lancaster, son of Henry III., ii. 59, 82, + 87, 187, 188 + + Edmund, Earl of Woodstock, ii. 293 + + Edward (I.), son of Henry III., + defeated by the Welsh, ii. 59; + joins Earl Simon, 64, 65; + rejoins Henry, 65; + marches against Llewelyn, 67; + surrenders Windsor, _ib._; + attempts to surprise London, 70; + share in battle of Lewes, _ib._; + prisoner, 71; + escapes, 75; + seizes Gloucester, 76; + defeats the younger Simon, _ib._; + meets Simon at Evesham, 77; + attitude after the battle, 81; + marches against Axholme, 85; + negotiations for peace, _ib._; + captures Adam Gurdon, 87; + effects off his influence, 89; + goes on Crusade, 90; + King, _ib._; + his motto, 41; + his temper, 91-93; + influence of chivalry on, 94, 95; + spirit of legality, 96; + moral temper, 97; + military skill, _ib._, 98; + political genius, 98, 99; + constitutional aspect of his reign, 100, 101; + first measures, 102, 103; + progress of art and trade in his reign, 105-107; + brings Llewelyn to submission, 108, 109; + judicial reforms, 109-113; + policy towards the barons, 116, 117; + towards the Church, 118, 119; + conquest of Wales, 119-121; + legislation, 122-124; + visit to Aquitaine, 123; + expels the Jews, 131; + relations with Scotland, 135-140; + quarrel with France, 141, 142; + summons Scotch barons to war in Guienne, 143; + admits burgesses to Parliament, 154; + his scheme for representation of clergy in Parliament, 157; + storms Berwick, 160, 161; + Scotland submits to, 161, 162; + struggle with the clergy, 163; + exactions from merchants, 164; + quarrel with barons, 164, 165; + goes to Flanders, 165; + confirms the Charters, _ib._, 166, 170; + truce with France, 168; + victory at Falkirk, 169; + treaty with France, 170; + second conquest of Scotland, 171; + his "New Custom," 172; + absolved by the Pope from his oath to observe the Charters, _ib._; + his vow on the swan, 173, 174; + death, 174 + + Edward (II.), son of Edward I., ii. 173, 174; + character and policy, 184-186; + marriage, 186; + relations with Gaveston and the barons, 186-188; + struggle with the Ordainers, 188-191; + marches on Scotland, 191; + defeated at Bannockburn, 192, 193; + accepts the Ordinances, 194; + campaign of 1319, _ib._; + relations with the Despensers, 194, 195; + truce with Scotland, 196; + relations with France, 197, 198; + flies to Lundy Island, 198; + deposed, 199, 200; + murdered, 200; + authorities for his reign, 177 + + Edward (III.) of Windsor, son of Edward II., ii. 198; + proclaimed king, 199; + arrests Mortimer, 207; + relations with France, 208, 209; + acknowledged as suzerain by Edward Balliol, 211; + takes Berwick, _ib._; + receives Balliol's homage, 212; + declares war on France, 213; + number of his forces, 216; + continental alliances, 216-219; + Vicar-General of the Empire, 219; + negotiations with France, _ib._; + besieges Cambray, 220; + complains of papal exactions, 225; + alliance with Flemish towns, 226, 227; + besieges Tournay, 228; + losses in Scotland, 229, 230; + relations with Parliament, 230-233, 292, 299; + supports John of Montfort in Britanny, 233; + invades Normandy, 235; + marches on Paris, _ib._; + victory at Crecy, 237-239; + causes of his military success, 242, 243; + besieges Calais, 243; + his treatment of the six burgesses, 245-247; + the imperial crown offered to, 248; + his character, 249-251; + founds the Order of the Garter, 252; + rebuilds Windsor Castle, _ib._ + alliance with Charles of Navarre, 258; + with David Bruce, 263, 264; + ravages France, 265; + treaty with Burgundy, _ib._; + with the Regent of France, 266; + forbids entry of Papal bulls, 273; + policy in Spain, 287; + truce with Charles V., 288; + his evil rule, 290, 291; + compromise with the Pope, 296; + death, 311 + + Edward (IV.), Earl of March, iii. 75; + victory at Mortimer's Cross, 78; + King, 80; + his finance, 89, 152; + protection of trade, 106; + his temper, 112, 116-118; + relations with Lewis XI., 120, 121, 123, 124; + marriage, 124; + double-dealing with Lewis and Charles the Bold, 129, 130; + league with Charles, 130; + relations with Warwick, 131-135; + driven out, 139; + returns, 141; + victory at Barnet, 142; + marches against Margaret, 143; + defeats her at Tewkesbury, 144, 145; + new alliance with Charles against Lewis, 148; + invades France, 149; + makes peace with Lewis, 150; + his rule, 151-153; + death, 163 + + Edward V., King, iii. 163, 167; + More's _Life of_, 83, 218 + + Edward (VI.), son of Henry VIII., + born, iii. 326; + scheme for his marriage, iv. 26; + his temper, 67; + "plan" for the succession, 69, 70; + death, 70; + _Journal_, 3; + Hayward's _Life of_, _ib._; + his Grammar Schools, 62 + + Edward (the Black Prince) + proposed as Count of Flanders, ii. 233; + exploits at Crecy, 237, 238; + ravages Guienne, 259, 260; + campaign on the Loire, 260; + victory at Poitiers, 261-263; + invested with Aquitaine, 281; + supports Pedro the Cruel, 283; + victory at Navarete, 284; + imposes hearth-tax on Aquitaine, _ib._; + summoned by France to answer the Gascon appeal, 285; + storms Limoges, 286; + marriage, 293; + sickness, 286, 302; + action in the Good Parliament, 305; + death, 306 + + Edward, son of Henry VI., iii. 71, 137, 140, 145 + + Egypt + conquered by Buonaparte, viii. 132; + the French driven from, 165, 166 + + _Eikon Basilike_, vi. 72 + + Elba, Napoleon at, viii. 205 + + Eleanor of Castille, wife of Edward I., ii. 93 + + Eleanor of Poitou, wife of Henry II., i. 226; + her claims on Toulouse, 233; + turns against Henry, 254; + imprisoned, 255; + joins Richard in Sicily, 260; + secures Aquitaine for John, 268; + besieged at Mirebeau, _ib._; + dies, 270 + + Eleanor of Provence, wife of Henry III., ii. 32, 69, 72, 74 + + Eleanor, daughter of King John, ii. 36 + + Eliot, John, v. 195, 248, 249; + attacks Buckingham, 249-252; + sent to the Tower, 253; + released, _ib._; + proposes a Remonstrance, 262; + share in the Avowal, 268; + death, 273 + + Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VIII., iv. 46; + her classical scholarship, iii. 212; + Thomas Seymour's attempt to marry her, iv. 56; + sent to the Tower, 85, 136; + Parliament refuses to oust her from the succession, 89; + her person, 134; + scholarship, _ib._, 135; + relations with Mary, 136; + Philip's policy towards, 137, 138; + set free, 138; + accession, 146; + religious policy, 148-150, 152, 153; + coronation, 153; + refuses to marry Philip, 154; + relations with Paul IV., 155, 156; + her title acknowledged by Parliament, 156; + restores the Prayer-Book, 158, 159; + drops the title "Head of the Church," 160; + dealings with the clergy, 161, 162; + relations with Parker, 165, 166; + with the Scotch Lords of the Congregation, 170, 172-175; + treaty with Mary and Francis, 176; + character, 177-181; + statesmanship, 182-186; + supports the Huguenots, 189; + temporises with Pius IV., 192; + refuses to send envoys to Trent, 193, 194; + schemes for her marriage, 193, 195, 199; + refuses a safe-conduct to Mary Stuart, 200; + difficulties with Mary, 202-204; + treaty with the Huguenots, 209, 210; + with France, 219; + her changes in the system of the monarchy, 232; + policy in Ireland, 240; + drift of her religious policy, 247, 248; + difficulties with Mary and Alva, 257, 258; + demands Mary's release, 259; + refuses to recognize Murray's government, _ib._; + renews marriage negotiations with Austria, 260; + negotiates for Mary's restoration, 262; + her temporizing policy, 264; + bull of deposition against her, 265, 270; + her relations with England, 274, 275, 287-289; + checks the "liberty of prophesying," 290; + relations with Parliament, 292, 293; v. 56-58; + resists Puritan pressure, iv. 293, 294; + scheme for her marriage with Henry of Anjou, 297; + expels the "water-beggars," 298; + attitude towards the Netherlands, 300; + persecutes the Catholics, 308, 309; + alliance with the Netherlands, 311; + scheme for her marriage with Francis of Anjou, 313, 316, 337, 338; + dealings with the Catholics, 319, 320; + relations with Drake, 334; + confers new powers on the Ecclesiastical Commission, 340; + refuses Protectorate of the Netherlands, 349; + sends them aid, _ib._; + alliance with James VI., 350; + plots against her, _ib._; + signs the death-warrant of Mary Stuart, 352; + her victory over party disunion, 364, 365; + sends an expedition to Portugal, 367; + help to Henry IV., 371; + league with France and the Netherlands, v. 60; + her loneliness, 63; + waning popularity, 64, 65; + last days, 65, 66; + death, 67; + materials for her history, iv. 3-5 + + Elizabeth, Czarina of Russia, vii. 246, 306 + + Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV., iii. 133, 167, 168, 170, 171; + marries Henry VII., 175 + + Elizabeth, daughter of James I., v. 210 + + Elizabeth Woodville. _See_ Woodville + + Elizabeth of France, wife of Philip II. of Spain, iv. 372 + + Ellandun, battle of, i. 102 + + Elliott, General, viii. 31, 41 + + Elmet conquered by Eadwine, i. 63 + + Elmham's _Life of Henry V._, ii. 179 + + Ely + burnt by northmen, i. 104; + Cnut at, 145; + the AEtheling AElfred blinded at, 148; + surrenders to William, 170; + seized by the Disinherited, ii. 88 + + Emma of Normandy, wife of AEthelred II., i. 141, 156 + + "Emperor's men," the, i. 303 + + Empson, Sir Richard, iii. 199 + + Engla-land, i. 138 + + England, Old, i. 9 + + England, + character of its settlement, i. 44-48; + work of the northmen in, 129; + first use of the name, 138; + its peace under Cnut, 146; + prosperity under Eadward and Harold, 153; + effects of foreign rule on, 176-178, 278; + fusion of Normans and English in, 200, 281; + invaded by Robert of Normandy, 200, 201; + civil war in, 219, 220; + anarchy in, 220, 221; + revival of national feeling in, 280, 281; + Norman immigration to, 302; + effects of loss of Normandy on, 325, 326; + under Interdict, 330, 331; + Friars arrive in, ii. 11; + Provencals and Poitevins in, under Henry III. 32, 33; + early finance, 103; + relations with the Papacy, 26-28, 218, 219, 221-223, 225, 273-275, + 303; + social changes after the Black Death, 254, 255; + social strife in, 266-268, 289, 316, 317; + sufferings under Edward III., 290, 291; + constitutional, its beginnings, 100; + its freedom established, iii. 85; + moral and intellectual decay during Wars of the Roses, 97, 98, 115; + social condition in fifteenth century, 104-107; + agricultural changes in, 107, 108; + evictions and enclosures in, 109, 110; + definition of its foreign policy, 128; + intellectual progress under Edward IV., 153, 154; + the New Learning in, 191-196, 201; + relations with the Papacy under Henry VIII., 288, 289, 299, 300, + 302; + rejects Papal jurisdiction, 305; + foreign Protestants in, iv. 51, 58, 59, 305; + condition under Somerset, 54, 55; + religious disorder in, 61; + condition under Northumberland, 66; + religious changes in, under Mary, 75; + submits to Rome, 88, 89; + effects of the Reformation on, 121, 122; + attitude in Mary's later years, 134, 138, 139; + condition at her death, 146, 147; + religious chaos under Elizabeth, 162-165; + becomes Protestant, 166, 167, 247, 248; + its importance to the Papacy, 253, 254; + parties in, 263; + social condition under Elizabeth, 274-277, 283-287; + religious condition, 289-291, 302-305; + volunteers from, in the Netherlands, 324; + unites against the Armada, 358; + effect on, of the fight with Spain, 364; + its maritime warfare with Spain, 370, 371; + intellectual developement under Elizabeth, v. 1-11; + condition at her death, 75, 76; + growth of wealth and social advance, 77; + rise of the squires, 78; + growth of national spirit in, _ib._, 79; + growth of the religious spirit in, 81; + foreign rule of the Stuarts in, 148, 149; + James I.'s proposal for its union with Scotland, 154; + change in its attitude towards the crown, 171, 172, 183, 184; + condition under Charles I., 280-282, 315, 316; + declared a Commonwealth, vi. 68, 69; + scheme of union with Holland, 81; + with Scotland, 85; + with Ireland, 86; + war with Holland, _ib._, 88; + condition under Cromwell and the major-generals, 106-108; + progress of the Puritan ideal in, 125-128; + scientific movement in, 131-133; + Latitudinarians in, 133-137; + modern, its beginnings, 160-161; + intellectual progress after the Restoration, 163-171; + union with Scotland and Ireland dissolved, 180; + Restoration settlement of, 196-198; + quarrel with the Dutch, 223, 224; + war with Holland, 225-226, 238, 239, 261; + attitude towards Lewis XIV., 228; + its diplomacy under Charles II., 247, 248; + declares war against Lewis XIV., vii. 49; + alliance with Holland, 102, 104, 105; + Union with Scotland, 127, 128; + its European position after the Revolution, 147, 148; + its European policy, 149-151; + its intellectual influence, 151-153; + character of political controversy in, 161; + strength and weakness of public opinion in, 162-164; + social condition under the Georges, 170, 171; + alliance with France and Holland, 187; + condition under Walpole, 195-198; + alliance with France and Prussia, 199; + quarrel with Spain for trade in America, 216, 217; + declares war, 218; + intercourse with India, 232; + relations with America, 240, 241, 243, 244; + treaty with Frederick II., 247, 248; + war with France, 248, 249, 264; + becomes a world-power, 274-277; + annexations in the Pacific, 278, 279; + its empire, 279; + relations with America after the Seven Years' War, 280-283; + results of the Revolution in, 286, 287; + intellectual advance in the eighteenth century, 292, 293; + war with Spain, 306; + conquests in the West Indies, 307; + its gains by the treaty of Paris, _ib._; + English and American theories of its relation to America, 321-325; + growing influence of public opinion in, viii. 1, 2, 10, 11; + war with America, 22-26, 32, 41; + relations with Ireland, 33; + position after the American war, 45; + religious movement in, 46, 47; + industrial progress, 53-60; + growing influence of the trading class in, 61; + its condition as compared to the rest of Europe, 80; + alliance with Prussia and Holland, 85; + attitude towards the French Revolution, 87, 88, 93-95; + panic in, 103-106; + war with France, 108, 109; + its colonial acquisitions in 1795, 112; + condition during the French war, 114; + its dogged temper, 115, 116; + effects of the war on its industry and trade, 157, 158; + League of Neutrals against her, 159, 160; + declares war against Buonaparte, 170; + effects of the Continental System on its industry and trade, 177; + condition during the French war, 192-195; + war with America, 198, 203-205; + last strife with Napoleon, 207-211. + _See_ English People + + Engle, the, + their early home, i. 9, 10; + settle in East Anglia and the north, 36; + conquer Bernicia, 52. + _See_ English, Mercians, South-Engle + + English people, + their life in Old England, i. 10-22; + religion, 22-24; + temper, 24-26; + love of the sea, 27; + character of their conquests, 39-44; + of their settlement, 44-48; + changes in organization after the conquest, 48-52; + tendencies towards unity, 53-55, 61, 83, 130; + union under Ecgberht, 103; + fusion of northmen with, 126, 127; + effects of struggle with the northmen on, 129, 130; + tendencies towards disintegration, 133, 134; + effects of foreign rule on, 176-178; + fusion of Normans with, 200, 281; + support William Rufus, 191, 192; + support Henry I., 201, 202; + revival of national feeling, 280, 281; + attitude under George III., vii. 312-314; + new life in America, viii. 43, 44. + _See_ England + + Episcopacy + abolished in Scotland, v. 140; + restored, 143, 166, 167; + again abolished, 335; + proposal to abolish it in England, 354 + + Erasmus, Desiderius, iii. 193, 194; + his relations with Warham, 196, 212; + teaches Greek at Cambridge, 201; + protests against war, 211; + his _Praise of Folly_, 199, 219; + edition of St. Jerome, 212, 213; + of the New Testament, 213, 215; + his theology, 214; + defends the New Learning against Luther, 256 + + Eric, king of Sweden, i. 128 + + Essayists, the English, vii. 158-160 + + Essex + settled by the East Saxons, i. 35; + submits to Wulfhere, 85; + peasant revolt in, ii. 321; + Protestantism in, under Mary, iv. 144; + royalist rising in, vi. 59 + + Essex, Arthur Capel, first earl of, + commissioner of the Treasury, vi. 301; + supports Shaftesbury and the Exclusion, 315, 319; + plots with Monmouth, etc., 336; + death, 337 + + Essex, Robert Devereux, second earl of, v. 43, 62, 63 + + Essex, Robert Devereux, third earl of, + marries Frances Howard, v. 190; + divorced, 191; + resists a forced loan, 255; + captain-general of the Parliamentary army, vi. 1; + movements in 1642, 2, 3; + captures Reading, 5; + his inactivity, 6, 8-10; + retires to Uxbridge, 12; + relieves Gloucester, 13, 14; + movements in 1644, 19, 22, 23; + retires, 35 + + Essex, Earls of. _See_ Fitz-Peter, Mandeville + + Essex, Frances, Countess of. _See_ Howard + + Estates of the realm, various groupings of, in Parliament, ii. 202, + 203 + + Etherege, Sir George, vi. 157 + + Eugene of Savoy, Prince, vii. 118, 120, 121, 131, 134 + + Euphuism, v. 5 + + Eustace, Count of Boulogne, i. 152, 167 + + Eustace, son of King Stephen, i. 226, 227 + + Eustace the Monk, ii. 2 + + Eva, daughter of Dermod of Leinster, i. 252 + + Evelyn's _Diary_, vi. 157 + + Evesham + founded, i. 86; + battle of, ii. 77, 78 + + Evreux, Charles of, ii. 315 + + Exchange, the Royal, founded, iv. 280 + + Exchequer, Court of, i. 206; ii. 109; + Richard Fitz-Neal's _Dialogue_ on, i. 174, 244; + closed, vi. 261 + + Excise, + Walpole's scheme of, vii. 195, 201, 202; + revived by Pitt, viii. 77 + + Exeter, + northmen at, i. 106; + Welsh driven from, 120; + subdued by William I., 167, 168; + tailors' gild at, 318; + William of Orange received at, vii. 40 + + Exeter, Henry Holland, duke of, iii. 140, 142 + + Exeter, John Holland, duke of (Earl of Huntingdon), iii. 7, 8 + + Exeter, Edward Courtenay, marquis of, iii. 322, 348, 350 + + Exton, Sir Piers, iii. 8 + + Exclusion Bill, the, vi. 307, 308, 319, 320 + + Eylau, battle of, viii. 175 + + + Fabyan's _Chronicle_, ii. 179 + + Fairfax, Edward, his version of Tasso, v. 2 + + Fairfax, Ferdinando, second Lord, vi. 4 + + Fairfax, Sir Thomas, + his victory at Nantwich, vi. 18; + commander-in-chief of the New Model army, 35, 36; + victory at Naseby, 40, 41; + in the west, 41; + marches on Oxford, 46; + suppresses royalist rising in Kent, 61; + Colchester surrenders to, 64; + marches on London, 65; + suppresses mutiny, 75; + superseded by Cromwell, 79; + joins Monk, 151 + + Falaise, + birthplace of William the Conqueror, i. 157; + treaty of, ii. 140; + reduced by Henry V., iii. 33 + + Falconberg, William Neville, Lord, iii. 113 + + Falkirk, battles of, ii. 168, 169; vii. 229 + + Falkland, Lucius Cary, second viscount, + his plans of Church reform, v. 354; + abandons Strafford's impeachment, 356; + his political position, 368; + becomes Charles's minister, 375; + joins Charles at York, 378; + death, vi. 14; + influence on religious thought, 133 + + Family Compact, the, vii. 215 + + "Farm" of a borough, ii. 152 + + Farmer, Anthony, vii. 25 + + Farmers, rise of, ii. 240 + + Farne, islet of, i. 71 + + Fastolfe, Sir John, iii. 46, 162 + + Fawkes, Guido, v. 158, 159 + + Feckenham, Abbot of Westminster, iv. 106 + + Felton, John, v. 264, 265 + + Ferdinand (I.), Archduke of Austria, iii. 208, 243; iv. 19; + Emperor, 98; v. 174, 175 + + Ferdinand (II.), Archduke of Austria, v. 213; + king of Bohemia, 216; + Emperor, 217 + + Ferdinand V., king of Aragon, iii. 186, 187, 207; + forms the Holy League, 209; + seizes Navarre, _ib._; + dies, 234 + + Ferdinand VII., king of Spain, viii. 185 + + Ferrar, Bishop of St. David's, iv. 91 + + Ferrars, Robert, fourth earl of Derby, i. 254 + + Ferrars, Robert, eighth earl of Derby, ii. 87 + + Feudalism, + tendency to, in England after Danish wars, i. 133, 135, 136; + the Conqueror's dealings with, 181-185; + antagonism of the universities to, 289-291; + revives under Henry III., ii. 4, 5; + its military basis, 239; + ruin, iii. 92-94 + + Fielding, Henry, vii. 297 + + Fifth-monarchy men, vi. 182 + + Filmer, Sir Robert, vi. 171 + + Finance, + early English, ii. 103; + William I.'s system of, i. 186 + + Finch, Sir John, + Chief-Justice, v. 331; + Lord Keeper, 351 + + First of June, battle of the, viii. 111 + + Fisher, John, Bishop of Rochester, iii. 201; + his reply to Luther, 257: + quarrel with the Commons, 290; + sent to the Tower, 319; + beheaded, 321 + + Fitzgerald, Lord Edward, viii. 121, 128 + + Fitzgerald, Lord Thomas, iii. 328 + + Fitz-Hamo, Robert, ii. 48 + + Fitzharris, Edward, vi. 323 + + Fitz-Maurices, the, Earls of Desmond, ii. 377 + + Fitz-Maurice, James, iv. 315 + + Fitz-Neal, Richard, bishop of London and treasurer, i. 174, 223; + his _Dialogue on the Exchequer_, 174, 244 + + Fitz-Osbern, Roger, i. 189 + + Fitz-Osbern, William, i. 167, 168, 183 + + Fitz-Peter, Geoffry, Earl of Essex and justiciar, i. 267, 338, 339, + 341 + + Fitz-Ralf, Richard, Chancellor of Oxford, ii. 295 + + Fitz-Stephen, Robert, i. 252 + + Fitz-Urse, Reginald, i. 241 + + Fitz-Walter, Robert, + captain of the Londoners, i. 305; + conspires against John, 335; + leader of the barons, 343; + "Marshal of the Army of God and Holy Church," 346; + counsels alliance with France, 355; + besieges Lincoln, ii. 2 + + Fitz-Warenne or Fitz-Warin, Fulk (the third), i. 343; ii. 42 + + Fitz-Warenne, Fulk (the fifth), ii. 116 + + Fitzwilliam, William, fourth Earl, viii. 104, 120 + + Five Boroughs, the, i. 117, 120 + + "Five members," the, v. 373-376 + + Flambard, Ranulf, i. 192, 199. + + Flamsteed, John, vi. 166 + + Flanders, + its wool trade with England, ii. 107, 226; + interdict in, 219, 224; + alliance with Edward III., 226, 227; + civil strife in, 233; + joins Edward again, 244; + struggle with France, 349; + English gild of Merchant Adventurers in, iii. 155; + decay of its trade, iv. 281; + refugees from, in England, 305, 323; + attacked by France, vi. 124 + + Flanders, Lewis le Male, Count of, ii. 244, 286 + + Flanders, Margaret of, ii. 286 + + Fleet, English, + created by AElfred, i. 116; + successes under John, 333, 337; + under Hubert de Burgh, ii. 2, 3; + repulsed from Abermenai, 54; + reduces Anglesea, 109; + victory at Sluys, 228; + defeated by Spaniards, 313; + harries the coast of Britanny, iii. 16; + Henry VIII.'s, iv. 28, 29; + Elizabeth's, 360; + its fight with the Armada, 361, 362; + declares for Charles I., vi. 59; + re-created by Vane, 78; + increased under William III., vii. 105, 107; + blockades Cadiz and threatens Naples, 223; + its share in the war with France, viii. 111, 127, 133; + blockades Malta, 162, 165; + attacks Copenhagen, 163, 180 + + Fleetwood, General, vi. 121, 145, 150 + + Flemings + in Pembrokeshire, ii. 48, 55; + settle in England under Edward III., 226; + besiege Bouvines, 234; + attack France, 244 + + Fletcher, Giles, v. 304 + + Fletcher, Phineas, v. 304 + + Fleurus, battles of, vii. 75; viii. 109 + + Flint, + Richard II. taken prisoner at, ii. 381; + castle captured by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 11 + + Flodden, battle of, iii. 210 + + Flood, Henry, viii. 37 + + Florence, + revival of letters at, iii. 189; + commercial treaty with, iv. 282 + + Florence of Worcester, i. 6, 173, 280 + + Florida, + Huguenot colony in, iv. 330; + ceded to England, vii. 307; + to Spain, viii. 41 + + Flushing pledged to Elizabeth, iv. 349 + + Foliot, Gilbert, his letters, i. 173 + + Folk, the, i. 19 + + "Folk-land," i. 47 + + Folk-moot, the, i. 19, 20. + + Fontenoy, battle of, vii. 227 + + Ford, John, v. 303 + + Forests, + Assize of the, i. 267; + Charter of the, ii. 165, 166, 170; + Law of the, 34; + commission of, under Charles I., v. 277; + New, disafforested by Great Charter, i. 352 + + Forster, Thomas, vii. 184 + + Fort St. George (Madras), vii. 232 + + Fort William (Calcutta), vii. 232 + + Fort William (Inverness-shire), vii. 52 + + Fortescue, Sir Faithful, vi. 3 + + Fortescue, Sir John, iii. 86 + + Fotheringay, Mary Stuart beheaded at, iv. 352 + + Fougeres sacked by the English, iii. 62 + + Fourmigny, battle of, iii. 62 + + _Four Masters, Annals of the_, i. 7 + + Fox, Edward, Bishop of Hereford, iii. 336 + + Fox, Richard, Bishop of Winchester, iii. 202, 216, 230, 285 + + Fox, Charles James, + leader of the Whigs, viii. 63, 64; + his jealousy of Shelburne, 65; + his India Bill, 67, 68; + his joy at the capture of the Bastille, 84; + supports the Prince's claim to the Regency, _ib._; + his Libel Act, 92; + supports Pitt in giving self-government to Canada, 92; + Burke's quarrel with him, _ib._; + returns to office, 174; + death, 178 + + Foxe's _Book of Martyrs_, iv. 3 + + France, + war of William the Conqueror with, i. 190; + invaded by Otto of Germany, 338; + regency offered to Simon of Montfort, ii. 40; + relations with Scotland, 141, 170, 171, 197, 213; + treaty with Edward I., 170; + claim of Edward III. to the throne, 208; + Edward III. declares war with, 213; + greatness at opening of Hundred Years' War, 215, 216; + relations with the papacy, 217, 224; + condition after battle of Poitiers, 264; + ravaged by Edward III., 265; + Edward III. renounces his claims on, 266; + renewal of war with, 285; + invaded by John of Gaunt, 287; + relations with Scotland and Flanders, 349; + truces with Richard II., 354, 368; + relations with Henry IV., iii. 6; + with the Percies, 12, 14; + with Owen Glyndwr, 15, 18; + civil war in, 16; + relations with the Council of Henry IV., 23, 24; + truce with, 26; + Henry V.'s claims on, 28, 29; + treaty with him, 35, 36; + political position at close of Hundred Years' War, 119; + relations with Maximilian and England, 170, 171; + growth of its power, 205, 206; + attacked by English, Germans, and Spaniards, 247; + Mary Tudor's war with, iv. 108; + relations with Scotland under Mary of Guise, 169-173; + growth of the Huguenots in, 174, 206-208; + Huguenot rising in, 209; + massacre of Protestants in, 299; + parties in, on death of Henry III., 369; + re-united under Henry IV., 373; + league with England and the Netherlands, v. 60; + alliance with Holland, 316; + growth of its power, vi. 113, 114; + treaty with Cromwell, 117; + its growing prosperity, 187-189; + alliance with England and Holland, vii. 187; + alliance with England and Prussia, 199; + position after Treaty of Utrecht, 212; + union with Spain, 213, 214; + supports her against England, 219; + alliance with Prussia, 221; + claims on America and India, 232; + war with England, 248, 249, 264, 265; + withdraws from India and America, 307; + policy in American war, viii. 28; + league with America and Spain, 30; + Pitt's treaty of commerce with, 79; + condition in the eighteenth century, 81, 82; + volunteers from, in Washington's army, 83; + revolution in, _ib._, 86, 95, 96, 101; + attitude towards England, 97-100; + attacked by the Coalition, 101; + royalty abolished in, _ib._; + attacks Holland, 102; + declares war on England, 103; + reverses in 1793, 107; + successes, 109, 110; + Directory in, 113; + dealings with Ireland, 121, 123-125; + attacks Austria and Italy, 122; + conquers Switzerland, 134, 135; + takes Rome, 136; + relations with Russia, _ib._, 137; + conquers Italy, 139; + forced to evacuate it, 140; + Consulate in, 142; + position after the Peace of Luneville, 144, 145; + driven from Egypt, 165, 166; + invaded by the Allies, 202; + the Bourbons return to, 203; + Napoleon's last struggle in, 206; + literature of, its influence on Chaucer, ii. 359, 360 + + Franchise, restriction of, iii. 99-102 + + Francis of Assisi, St., ii. 9, 12, 13 + + Francis II., Emperor, viii. 96 + + Francis I., king of France, iii. 232; + campaign in Italy, 233; + treaties with Maximilian and Charles, 234; + with Henry VIII., 235; + meeting with Henry, 241; + struggle with Henry and Charles, 247; + defeats in Italy, 248, 250; + prisoner, 250; + treaties with Henry, 266, 270; + released, 267; + intrigues with Lutherans and Papacy, iv. 22; + attacks Charles, 24; + negotiations with Scotland, _ib._; + treaty with Charles, 32; + with Henry, 33; + sends explorers to America, 330 + + Francis (II.), of France, + marries Mary Stuart, iv. 53, 169; + king, 174; + treaties with Elizabeth and the Scots, 176; + death, 188 + + Franciscans (Grey Friars) in England, ii. 11 + + Frankfort, + English Protestants at, iv. 118, 119; + their "troubles," 127, 128 + + Franklin, Benjamin, + his plan for the defence of the American colonies, vii. 243; + sent as their agent to England, 326; + counsels submission to the Stamp Acts, 330; + relations with Chatham, viii. 20; + mission to France, 28 + + Frank-pledge, i. 238, 322 + + Frederick II., Emperor, i. 293; ii. 7, 27 + + Frederick III., Emperor, iii. 146, 147 + + Frederick, Elector Palatine, + marries Elizabeth of England, v. 210; + king of Bohemia, 217; + driven out, 220, 226 + + Frederick II., king of Prussia, vii. 220; + alliance with France, 221; + victory at Chotusitz, 223; + Silesia ceded to, _ib._; + seizes Prague, 225; + driven from Bohemia, _ib._; + victory at Hohenfriedburg, 227; + treaty with England, 247, 248; + seizes Dresden, 248; + victory at Prague, _ib._; + defeated at Kolin, _ib._; + victories at Rossbach, Leuthen and Zorndorf, 263; + defeated at Hochkirch and Kunersdorf, _ib._; + at Plauen, 264; + campaign of 1760, 302; + share in partition of Poland, viii. 85; + death, _ib._ + + Frederick, Prince of Wales, vii. 218 + + Free Companies, the, ii. 281, 282 + + Freeholders succeed the villeins, ii. 333 + + Freeman, the English, i. 11, 12; + sinks into the villein, 133, 321 + + Freteval, + Henry II. and Thomas reconciled at, i. 240; + Richard I. surprises Philip's treasure at, 263 + + Friars, the, ii. 10-14; + Lord Bacon's comment on, 21; + their political influence, 22, 23; + character and effect of their preaching, 24; + attempt conversion of Jews, 127; + oppose Wyclif, 335 + + Friedland, battle of, viii. 175 + + Frisians in AElfred's fleet, i. 116 + + "Frith" of Wedmore, i. 107 + + Frobisher, Martin, iv. 331, 361 + + Froissart, Jean, ii. 178 + + Fuentes d'Onore, battle of, viii. 191 + + Fyrd, the, i. 116, 161, 257; ii. 103, 122, 240 + + + Gage, General, viii. 19 + + Gaimar, Geoffrey, i. 174, 247 + + Gainsborough, Swein dies at, i. 143 + + Gall, St., i. 68 + + Gardiner, Stephen, iii. 272, 279; + Bishop of Winchester, 298; + expelled from the Council, 348; + supersedes Norfolk in the king's counsels, iv. 24; + excluded from the regency, 46; + imprisoned, 54; + Chancellor, 74; + proposes Mary's marriage with Courtenay, 78; + his aversion to the Spanish match, 80; + attitude towards Rome, 87; + tract _On True Obedience_, _ib._; + change in his attitude, 88; + threat to the Protestant refugees, 119; + desires "to go roundly to work" with Elizabeth, 137; + death, 98 + + Garnet, Henry, Provincial of the Jesuits, v. 159 + + Garter, Order of the, founded, ii. 252 + + Gascony, + Simon of Montfort's rule in, ii. 38-40; + seized by Charles IV., 197; + restored to Edward III., 266; + resists the hearth-tax, 285; + barons appeal to France against the Black Prince, _ib._; + its final loss, iii. 70, 71 + + Gates, General, viii. 26 + + Gauden, Dr., vi. 72 + + Gaunt, Elizabeth, vii. 11 + + Gaunt, John of. _See_ John + + Gavel-kind, i. 324 + + Gaveston, Piers, ii. 186-188, 190 + + Gay, John, vii. 161 + + Gemblours, battle of, iv. 312 + + Geneva, Calvin at, iv. 126 + + Genoa annexed by Napoleon, viii. 172 + + Genoese at battle of Crecy, ii. 236, 238 + + Geoffry, Archbishop of York, i. 330 + + Geoffry of Britanny, son of Henry II., i. 247, 254, 257 + + Geoffry of Monmouth, i. 246; ii. 57 + + George I., King, vii. 146; + his temper, 173; + foreign policy, 187-189; + death, 200 + + George, Duke of Cambridge (George II.), vii. 144; + his character, 173; + King, 200; + his foreign policy, 221, 223, 226, 247; + victory at Dettingen, 224; + death, 283 + + George III., King, vii. 283; + his character and aims, 284, 285; + importance of his action, 285, 286; + his power, 300; + relations with Pitt, 305, 316, 328, 331, 339; + with the Whigs, 305, 316, 328, 339; + with Parliament, 309; + urges the expulsion of Wilkes, viii. 6; + renews the quarrel with America, 13; + his personal government, 16, 17; + his rejoicing at the quarrel with America, 19; + madness, 84, 196; + refuses emancipation to Catholics, 154, 155, 179 + + George, Prince of Wales (George IV.), Regent, viii. 84, 196 + + Georgia, colony of, vii. 236, 237 + + Gerald of Wales, i. 174, 245, 246, 275, 285 + + Germany, + its relations with the Papacy, ii. 218; + growth of Protestantism in, iv. 31; v. 175; + Catholic reaction in, 176; + attacked by Lewis XIV., vii. 38, 48, 118 + + Gervase of Canterbury, i. 174 + + _Gesta Stephani_, i. 173 + + Gesith, the, i. 50 + + Gewissas, i. 34 + + Ghent, + Charters confirmed at, ii. 166; + revolt at, 233; + John of Gaunt born at, 293; + reduced by the French, 349; + Pacification of, iv. 310, 311 + + Gibbon, Edward, viii. 46 + + Gibraltar + ceded to England, vii. 142; + besieged by the Spaniards, 199; + Elliott's defence of, viii. 31, 41 + + Gifford, Bonaventure, vii. 26 + + Gilbert, Sir Humphry, iv. 345 + + Gilbert, William, discovers terrestrial magnetism, vi. 131 + + Gilbert, William, papal emissary in Ireland, iv. 317 + + Gildas, i. 3 + + Gilds, i. 298-300, 304; + of English Merchant Adventurers in Flanders, iii. 155; + of St. John at Bruges, 154; + of the Staple, ii. 304; + of tailors, i. 318; + of weavers, 317; + Ordinances of, 274; + suppression of, iv. 54. + _See_ Craft-gilds, Merchant-gild + + Ginkell, General, vii. 73 + + Giraldus Cambrensis. _See_ Gerald + + Girondists, viii. 96 + + Glamis, Patrick Lyon, Master of, v. 124 + + Glamorgan + conquered by Robert Fitz-Hamo, ii. 48; + by Llewelyn ap Gruffydd, 58 + + Glamorgan, Edward Somerset, Earl of, vi. 16 + + Glanvill, Ranulf de, i. 255, 259; + his treatise on law, 174, 244 + + Glastonbury, + St. Dunstan at, i. 121, 123; + Arthur's tomb at, 247; ii. 57 + + Glastonbury, Richard Whiting, abbot of, hanged, iii. 350 + + Glencoe, massacre of, vii. 53, 54 + + Glendower. _See_ Glyndwr + + Gloucester, + northmen at, i. 106; + Henry III. crowned at, ii. 1; + seized by Edward, 76; + besieged by Charles I., vi. 13; + relieved, 14; + Parliament at, ii. 289, 315 + + Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of, iii. 33; + his marriage with Jacqueline, 38, 42; + Regent of England, 40; + set aside, 41; + Protector, _ib._; + his love of literature, 40, 41; + character, 41; + recovers Hainault, 42; + struggle with Beaufort, 44; + represses Lollard risings, 96; + retires, 58, 59; + arrest and death, 61; + his library, 161 + + Gloucester, Richard, Duke of. _See_ Richard + + Gloucester, Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of, ii. 351, 352; + head of Continual Council, 353; + struggle with Richard II., _ib._, 354; + withdraws from Court, 370; + arrested, _ib._; + dies, 371 + + Gloucester, Richard de Clare, Earl of, ii. 64-66 + + Gloucester, Gilbert de Clare, Earl of, + supports Simon de Montfort, ii. 67, 70, 71; + quarrels with him, 75; + his policy after Evesham, 81, 85, 86, 88; + occupies London, 89; + marries Johanna of Acre, 123 + + Gloucester, Robert, Earl of. _See_ Robert + + Gloucester, Thomas Spenser, Earl of, iii. 7 + + Godolphin, Sidney, vi. 315; + takes office, vii. 98; + Lord Treasurer, 112, 113; + supports Occasional Conformity, 123; + dismissed, 139 + + Glyndwr, Owen, iii. 9-12, 14, 15, 18, 19, 22 + + Godfrey, Sir Edmondsbury, vi. 294, 295 + + Godwine, Earl of Wessex, i. 146-153 + + "Goliath, Bishop," i. 248 + + Gondomar, Count of, v. 226, 229 + + Goodman, Godfrey, Bishop of Gloucester, v. 298 + + Goodman, Christopher, iv. 130, 131 + + Goodrich, Bishop of Ely, iii. 336 + + Gorm, king of Denmark, i. 128 + + Government, + Act of, vi. 122; + Instrument of, 99, 102, 105 + + Gower, Caxton's edition of, iii. 157 + + Gowrie, William Ruthven, first Earl of, v. 128, 138 + + Grafton, Augustus Henry Fitzroy, third Duke of, vii. 170, 340; viii. + 4, 15 + + Grafton's _Chronicle_, iii. 83 + + Grammont, Count, _Memoirs_ of, vi. 157 + + Granby, John Manners, Marquis of, viii. 15 + + Grantmesnil, Ivo of, i. 201 + + Granville, John Carteret, second Earl (_see_ Carteret), vii. 225, 226 + + Grasse, Admiral de, viii. 40 + + Grattan, Henry, + demands repeal of Poynings' Act, viii. 37; + leads the Protestants in the Irish Parliament, 79; + strives for its reform, 117, 118, 120 + + Gravelines, battle of, iv. 108 + + "Greater and lesser folk," i. 318 + + Greek, + study of, at Canterbury, i. 92; + revival of, in fifteenth century, iii. 189, 190, 194, 195, 200 + + Greene, General, viii. 32 + + Greene, Robert, v. 8, 25, 26, 30, 31 + + Greenvil, Sir Bevil, vi. 5, 6 + + Greenway, Oswald, v. 159 + + Greenwich, AElfheah martyred at, i. 142 + + Gregory the Great (Pope), + his interview with English slaves, i. 53; + sends Augustine to England, 57; + his _Pastoral Book_ translated by AElfred, 114 + + Gregory VII., Pope, i. 187 + + Gregory IX., Pope, ii. 27 + + Gregory XIII., Pope, iv. 299; + urges Philip to attack Elizabeth, 301; + heads the Catholic movement, 306; + plans a descent on Ireland, 315; + sends Jesuits to England, 317 + + Grenada conquered by England, vii. 307 + + Grenville, William Wyndham, Lord, viii. 155; + leader of the Old Whigs, 156; + refuses office, 171; + accepts it, 174; + his Orders in Council, 178; + fall of his ministry, 179 + + Grenville, George, + adherent of Pitt, vii. 247, 250; + deserts him, 303, 328; + head of the Admiralty, 311; + prime minister, 314; + character and policy, 316, 317, 320; + death, viii. 16 + + Grenville, Sir Richard, iv. 370, 371 + + Gresham, Sir Thomas, iv. 280 + + Gresham College, meetings of the Royal Society at, vi. 165 + + Grew, Nehemiah, vi. 167 + + Grey, John de, Bishop of Norwich, i. 329 + + Grey of Ruthin, Reginald, third Lord, iii. 10 + + Grey of Wilton, William, thirteenth Lord, iv. 175 + + Grey of Wilton, Arthur, fourteenth Lord, v. 12 + + Grey, Lady Catharine, iv. 70, 238; v. 121 + + Grey, Lady Jane, iv. 69; + proclaimed queen, 70; + imprisoned, 71; + trial, 75; + beheaded, 84; + _Chronicle of_, 3 + + Grey, Lord Leonard, iii. 330 + + Grey, Sir John, iii. 124 + + Grey, Sir Thomas, iii. 30 + + Grimbald, Abbot of Winchester, i. 113 + + Grimston, Sir Harbottle, v. 324 + + Grindal, Edmund, + Protestant exile, iv. 119, 132; + tutor of Elizabeth, 134; + Archbishop of Canterbury, 290; v. 17; + Strype's _Life of_, iv. 4 + + Grindecobbe, William, ii. 330, 332 + + Grocyn, William, iii. 190, 197, 256 + + Grosseteste, Robert, bishop of Lincoln, + his letters, i. 274; + his Constitutions, ii. 8; + lectures at Oxford, 14; + friendship with Bacon, 18; + remonstrates against policy of Henry III., 34; + friendship with Simon de Montfort, 41 + + Grouchy, Marshal, viii. 208, 210 + + Gruffydd ap Llewelyn, prince of Wales, ii. 47 + + Gruffydd ap Conan, prince of North Wales, ii. 54 + + Guader, Ralf de, i. 189 + + Gualchmai, ii. 52, 54 + + Gualo, legate, ii. 1 + + Guesclin, Bertrand du, ii. 281, 283-287 + + Guienne + seized by Philip the Fair, ii. 142; + restored to Edward III., 266; + the Black Prince's ravages in, 259; + attacked by Du Guesclin, 285; + attacked by Armagnac, iii. 16; + conquered by Charles VII., 68, 69. + _See_ Aquitaine + + Guineas, the first, vi. 223 + + Guise, Francis, Duke of, iv. 108, 174, 208, 210, 216 + + Guise, Henry, Duke of, iv. 355, 356, 367 + + Guise, Mary of. _See_ Mary + + Guisnes + ceded to Edward III., ii. 266; + meeting of Henry VIII. and Francis I. at, iii. 241; + surrendered to France, iv. 108 + + Gunpowder, effects of its introduction, iii. 95 + + Gunpowder Plot, the, v. 158, 159 + + Gurdon, Sir Adam, ii. 86, 87, 94 + + Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, v. 275, 276 + + Guthlac, St., i. 86 + + Guthrum, king of East Anglia, i. 104, 106 + + Guy, Bishop of Amiens, i. 6 + + Gwent, the, i. 34 + + Gwent (in Wales) rises against Eadward the Elder, i. 118 + + Gwynn, Nell, vi. 176; vii. 5 + + Gyrth, son of Godwine, i. 164 + + Gyrwas, i. 117 + + Gytha of Hordaland, i. 128 + + + Hainault, Jacqueline, Countess of, iii. 38, 42, 43 + + Hainault, William I., Count of, ii. 198, 217 + + Hainault, William II., Count of, ii. 220 + + Hakluyt's _Voyages_, v. 10 + + Hale, Sir Matthew, vi. 85, 96, 200 + + Hales, Sir Edward, vii. 15 + + Hales, John, theologian, vi. 134, 136, 137 + + Hales, John, leader of Peasant Revolt, ii. 319 + + Halidon Hill, battle of, ii. 211 + + Halifax (Nova Scotia), its foundation, vii. 242 + + Halifax, George Savile, first Viscount, Earl, and Marquis of, vi. 280; + correspondence with Barillon, 298; + takes office, 301; + against the exclusion of James, 307; + plans for the succession, 308; + throws out the Exclusion Bill, 320; + his Bill of Securities, _ib._; + his Limitation Bill, 323; + advises calling a new Parliament, 334; + dismissed from the Privy Council, vii. 14; + joins William III., 43; + prays him to accept the Crown, 47; + Lord Privy Seal, 67; + opposes the war and the Bank, 88; + death, 182 + + Halifax, George Montague, second Earl of, vii. 242-244 + + Hall, Joseph, Bishop of Norwich and satirist, v. 303 + + Halle's _Chronicle_, iii. 83 + + Halley, Edmund, vi. 166 + + Hamilton, James, third Marquis and first Duke of, v. 275, 334-336, + 364; + supports Charles I., vi. 58, 59; + defeated at Preston, 62; + executed, 72 + + Hamilton, William, second Duke of, vi. 82, 84 + + Hamilton, James, of Bothwellhaugh, iv. 271; v. 122 + + Hamilton, General Gustavus, vii. 58 + + Hamilton, Colonel, vii. 53 + + Hammond, Colonel, vi. 59 + + Hampden, Griffith, v. 320 + + Hampden, John, + his youth, v. 320; + in Parliament of 1621, 321; + resists forced loan, _ib._, 255; + in Parliament of 1628, 321; + his home, 321, 322; + character, 322; + friends and kindred, _ib._; + refuses to pay ship-money, 323; + trial of his case, 324, 330, 331; + judgement against him annulled, 352; + one of the "five members," 373; + urges the abolition of Episcopacy, vi. 14; + member of Committee of Public Safety, 1; + his "Greencoats," 6, 7; + his services in the war, 6-8; + fight at Chalgrove, 10; + death, 11; + burial, 12 + + Hampden, John, the younger, vi. 336 + + Hampton Court, + Wolsey's palace at, iii. 236, 253; + treaty of, iv. 209; + conference on religion at, v. 152 + + Hanover, convention of, vii. 231 + + Harald Fairhair, king of Norway, i. 128, 129 + + Harald Hardrada, king of Denmark, i. 161, 162 + + Harald Harefoot, king of England, i. 147 + + Hardwicke, Philip Yorke, first Earl of, vii. 203, 245 + + Hardyng's _Chronicle_, ii. 179 + + Harfleur taken by Henry V., iii. 30 + + Hargreaves, John, viii. 59 + + Harley, Robert, vii. 102; + Secretary of State, 124; + intrigues against Marlborough, 132; + dismissed, 138; + returns to office, 139; + rivalry with Bolingbroke, 143; + countenances the South Sea bubble, 192. + _See_ Oxford + + Harold, son of Godwine, Earl of East Anglia, i. 150; + governor of the realm under Eadward, 153; + campaign in Wales, _ib._, ii. 47; + his oath to William, i. 159; + king, 160; + struggle with Tostig and Harald Hardrada, 161, 162; + slain at Senlac, 165 + + Harrington's version of Ariosto, v. 2 + + Harrison, General, vi. 90, 91, 195 + + Harry, Blind, i. 275 + + Harthacnut, king, i. 147, 148 + + Harvey, Gabriel, v. 11, 12 + + Harvey, William, v. 52, 55; vi. 131 + + Haselrig, Arthur, + one of the Five Members, v. 373; + charges against him, vi. 85; + opposes the dissolution of the Rump, 89; + in Parliament of 1654, 101; + denies the legality of the government, 102; + demands the dismissal of Fleetwood and Lambert, 150 + + Hasting, i. 116, 117 + + Hastings, battle of, i. 162-165 + + Hastings, John, second Lord, claimant of Scotland, ii. 136 + + Hastings (of Ashby), William, first Lord, iii. 163, 164 + + Hastings, Henry, Lord, iv. 70. + _See_ Huntingdon + + Hastings, Warren, viii. 31, 50, 51 + + Havana conquered by England, vii. 307 + + Havre + surrendered to Elizabeth, iv. 210; + capitulates to France, 217 + + Hawarden Castle captured by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 11 + + Hawke, Admiral, vii. 265 + + Hawkesbury, Robert Banks Jenkinson, Lord, viii. 157. + _See_ Liverpool + + Hawkins, John, iv. 283, 361 + + Hawley, General, vii. 229 + + Haxey, Sir Thomas, ii. 370 + + Hayward's _Life of Edward VI._, iv. 3; + his _Annals_, _ib._, 4 + + Heathenism, its struggle with Christianity in England, i. 65, 66, + 70-73 + + Heathfield, battle of the, i. 66 + + Heaven's Field, battle of, i. 67 + + Hebrides, Northmen in the, i. 129 + + Hemingford or Heminburh, Walter of, ii. 177 + + Hengest, i. 31, 49 + + Henrietta Maria of France, wife of Charles I., v. 241, 376; vi. 4 + + Henrietta, Duchess of Orleans, vi. 192, 257 + + Henry I., King, i. 198; + charter and marriage, _ib._, 199; + relations with the English people, 198, 200-202; + with the barons, 202; + conquers Normandy, _ib._; + dealings with Wales, ii. 48; + his rule, i. 203-205; + administration, 205, 206; + death, 214; + literature at his court, 246; + his charter produced by Langton, 340; + his charter to London, 304; + to Oxford, 309; + "Laws" of, 339 + + Henry (II.) Fitz-Empress, i. 226; + comes to England, 227; + treaty with Stephen, _ib._; + king, 228; + person and character, 229-231; + results of his rule, 231; + first measures, 232; + Welsh war, _ib._; ii. 53, 54; + extent of his continental dominions, i. 232, 233; + war of Toulouse, 233; + relations with the barons, _ib._; + with the Church, 235-237, 253; + struggle with Thomas, 236, 237, 239, 240; + penance at his shrine, 255; + legal reforms, 235-239, 255, 256; + reforms of the King's Court, ii. 110, 111; + visits Arthur's tomb at Glastonbury, i. 247; ii. 57, 58; + dealings with Ireland, i. 250, 251, 253; + rebellions against him, 254, 255; + receives homage of Scotland, i. 255; ii. 134; + reorganizes the fyrd, 257; + revolt of his sons, _ib._; + introduces taxation of personal property, _ib._; + death, 258; + charter to Oxford, 309 + + Henry III., King, + crowned, ii. 1; + crowned again, 5; + character and policy, 25, 26; + relations with Rome, 26, 27, 59; + campaigns in Britanny and Poitou, 29; + quarrel with Hubert de Burgh, _ib._; + personal government, 31; + marriage, 32; + foreign favourites, _ib._, 33; + misrule, 34; + confirms Charter, _ib._; + second campaign in Poitou, 35; + quarrels with Simon of Montfort, 39, 40; + contributes to Matthew Paris's _Chronicle_, 44; + goes to France, 64; + forbids summoning of Parliament, _ib._; + gets the Provisions of Oxford annulled by the Pope, 65; + tries to surprise Simon at Southwark, 69; + prisoner, 71; + vengeance after Evesham, 79, 83; + dies, 90 + + Henry (IV.), Earl of Derby, son of John of Gaunt, ii. 351; + one of the Lords Appellant, 353; + position and policy, 369; + supports Richard II., 370; + Duke of Hereford, 372; + quarrel with Norfolk, _ib._; + exiled, _ib._; + returns, 373, 379; + captures Richard II. at Flint, 381; + king, iii. 2; + relations with Parliament, 3, 4; + with the Church, 4; + with France, 6; + with the lords, 7; + plot against him, 8; + marches against Scotland, 9; + against Owen Glyndwr, 10, 11; + imprisons James of Scotland, 15, 16; + epilepsy, 22; + struggle with council and Parliament, 23-25; + vow of crusade, 25; + death, _ib._ + + Henry (V.), son of Henry of Lancaster, ii. 378; + his campaigns in Wales, iii. 10, 17, 18, 22; + person and character, 17, 18; + friendship with Oldcastle, 20, 27; + policy, 22; + struggle with the council, 24, 25; + king, 25; + coronation, 26; + first measures, _ib._; + action against Lollards, 27; + claims French crown, 28; + plot against him, 30; + takes Harfleur, _ib._; + victory at Agincourt, 30-32; + alliance with Burgundy, 32; + conquers Normandy, 33, 34; + marriage and treaty with France, 35; + enters Paris, 36; + captures Dreux, _ib._; + repulsed from Orleans, _ib._; + besieges Meaux, _ib._; + his plans, 37, 38; + death, 36; + _Life of_, by Titus Livius, iii. 41; + authorities for his reign, ii. 179 + + Henry VI., king, iii. 39; + crowned at Paris, 55; + his court at Rouen, _ib._; + struggle with York, 68-70; + idiotcy, 71; + recovers, 72; + prisoner, 74, 75; + escapes to Scotland, 80; + recaptured, 123, 127; + sent to the Tower, 127; + restored, 139; + imprisoned again, 142; + death, 145; + library, 161; + authorities for his reign, ii. 179, 180 + + Henry (VII.) Tudor, iii. 145; + early life, 165, 166; + expedition to England, 167; + goes to France, 171; + lands at Milford Haven, _ib._; + victory at Bosworth, 172; + person and character, 173; + title to the crown, 174, 175; + marriage, 175; + his government, 176-178; + expedition to France, 179, 180; + dealings with Ireland, 181, 182; + with Scotland, 184, 185; + with Spain, 186-188; + patronage of Caxton, 161; + chapel at Westminster, 174; + death, 198; + _Lives of_, 83 + + Henry (VIII.), son of Henry VII., + betrothed to Catharine of Aragon, iii. 187; + king, 198; + person and tastes, _ib._, 199; + protects the New Learning, 202, 204; + temper, 204; + policy towards France, 205, 207; + marries Catharine, 207; + relations with Ferdinand, _ib._; + attempt on France, 209, 210; + treaty with Lewis XII., 232; + with Charles, 233; + relations with Charles, 235; + treaty with Francis, _ib._; + seeks the Empire, 240; + designs on France, _ib._; + interview with Charles, 241; + with Francis, _ib._; + league with Charles and the Pope, 243; + financial difficulties, _ib._, 244, 251, 252; + new alliance with Charles, 250; + supports the Papacy, 255; + his _Assertion of the Seven Sacraments_, _ib._; + named "Defender of the Faith," _ib._; + protects Latimer, 263, 265; + treaties with France, 266, 270; + joins the Holy League, 266; + seeks a divorce, 268, 272; + relations with Anne Boleyn, 267, 270, 273, 274, 276; + with Parliament, 288; + forbids the circulation of Tyndale's Bible, 290; + appeals to the Universities about his divorce, 292; + claims to be "Head of the Church," 296; + banishes Catharine from his house, 298; + league with France, 302; + threatened with excommunication, _ib._; + marries Anne Boleyn, 303; + takes title of "Supreme Head of the Church," 306; + Cromwell's hold over him, 313, 314; + marries Jane Seymour, 326; + dealings with Ireland, 327, 328, 330-333; + turns to the Lutherans, 335, 336; + his Articles of Religion, 337, 338; + attitude towards Protestantism, 345; + excommunicated, 350; + marries Anne of Cleves, 351; + divorces Anne and marries Catharine Howard, iv. 17; + marries Catharine Parr, 24; + dealings with Scotland, 25-29; + alliance with Charles, 27; + campaign in France, 30; + treaty with Francis, 33; + financial difficulties, 34; + offers aid to the League of Schmalkald, 36; + drift of his religious policy, 37; + address to Parliament in 1545, 38; + his scheme for union of England and Scotland, 52; + death, 45; + will, 46, 69 + + Henry V., Emperor, i. 208 + + Henry VI., Emperor, i. 262 + + Henry II., king of France, iv. 53, 65, 174 + + Henry III., king of France (_see_ Anjou), iv. 301, 348, 356, 367, 368 + + Henry, king of Navarre, iv. 348, 355, 367; + king of France (Henry IV.), 368; + victory at Ivry, 369; + besieges Paris, _ib._; + besieges Rouen, 371; + conversion, 372; + assassinated, v. 178 + + Henry, son of Henry II., + betrothed to Margaret of France, i. 233; + crowned, 240; + rebels, 254, 257; + dies, 257 + + Henry of Almaine, ii. 87 + + Henry, Bishop of Winchester, i. 224, 225 + + Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony, i. 264 + + Henry, son of David I. of Scotland, ii. 134 + + Henry of Essex, ii. 54 + + Henry of Trastamara, ii. 282-284, 287 + + Herbert, Arthur, + carries the invitation to William III., vii. 35; + Earl of Torrington, 68, 75 + + Herbert, George, v. 113, 303 + + Herbert, Philip, Lord, vi. 101 + + Herbert, Sir Thomas, v. 72 + + Hereford, Humfrey de Bohun, Earl of. _See_ Bohun + + Hereford, Henry, Duke of. _See_ Henry IV. + + Hereward, i. 170 + + Herford, Nicholas, ii. 336, 339, 341, 343 + + Herrick, Robert, v. 303 + + Herrings, battle of the, iii. 46 + + Hertford, Edward Seymour, Earl of, iv. 41; + expedition to Scotland, _ib._, 29; + head of the "new men," 45, 46; + sends aid to the German Protestants, 50. + _See_ Somerset + + Hertford, Edward Seymour, first Earl of, v. 121 + + Hertfordshire, royalist rising in, vi. 59 + + Hexham, + battle of, iii. 123; + chroniclers of, i. 173, 243 + + Heywood, Thomas, v. 42 + + Heyworth Moor, meeting of Yorkshire freeholders at, v. 378 + + Higden, Ralph, ii. 356; + Caxton's edition of, iii. 157 + + Highlands, + rising in, under Montrose, vi. 23; + under Dundee, vii. 52; + under Mar, 183; + under Charles Edward, 228; + conquest of, 230, 231 + + Hild, abbess of Streoneshealh, i. 77 + + Hilsey, Bishop of Rochester, iii. 336 + + History, English, + its beginning, i. 31; + compilation of, under AElfred, 115; + new school of, under Henry II., 173, 174, 244; + revival under Elizabeth, v. 3, 4; + municipal, materials for, i. 274 + + Hoard, the, at Winchester, i. 180, 188 + + Hobbes, Thomas, vi. 138-141, 170 + + Hoby, Sir Edward, v. 57 + + Hoche, General, viii. 121, 123, 124 + + Hochkirch, battle of, vii. 263 + + Hohenfriedburg, battle of, vii. 227 + + Hohenlinden, battle of, viii. 143 + + Holinshed's _History_, iii. 83 + + Holland, + its alliance with France, v. 316; + recognizes Charles II., vi. 70; + relations with the Commonwealth, 81; + war with England, 86, 88; + alliance with Cromwell, 116; + relations with Charles II., 186, 187; + quarrel with England, 223, 224; + war, 225, 226, 238, 239, 242; + policy of Lewis XIV. towards, 251; + war with England, 261, 268; + attacked by Lewis, 268; + declares war against him, vii. 49; + acknowledges Philip V. as king of Spain, 101; + alliance with England, 102, 105; + with England and France, 187; + with England and Prussia, viii. 85; + attacked by France, 102; + conquered, 110; + made a kingdom for Louis Buonaparte, 185; + annexed by Napoleon, 199 + + Holland, Henry Rich, first Earl of, vi. 62, 72 + + Hollis, Denzil, v. 373; + member of Committee of Public Safety, vi. 1; + his policy in 1646, 48, 49; + ecclesiastical policy, 50; + his expulsion demanded, 54; + takes office under Charles II., 301; + his _Memoirs_, v. 72 + + Holmby House, Charles I. seized at, vi. 53 + + Holy Island (Lindisfarne), i. 69 + + Homildon Hill, battle of, iii. 12 + + _Homilies, Book of_, iv. 59 + + Honorius III., Pope, ii. 1 + + Hood, Samuel, first Baron and Viscount, viii. 109 + + Hooke, Robert, vi. 166 + + Hooker, Richard, v. 110-112 + + Hooper, Bishop of Gloucester, iv. 61, 91, 120 + + Hopton, Sir Ralph, vi. 5, 6 + + Horder (treasurer), the, i. 132 + + Horne, Robert, iv. 119 + + Horsa, i. 31 + + Horse-thegn (constable), i. 132 + + Hospitals, suppression of, iv. 34 + + Hotham, Sir John, v. 378 + + Hough, John, President of Magdalen College, Oxford, vii. 25, 26 + + Hounslow, camp at, vii. 16 + + Howard of Effingham, Charles, second Lord, iv. 358, 360, 361 + + Howard of Escrick, Edward, first Lord, v. 343 + + Howard of Escrick, William, third Lord, vi. 336 + + Howard, John, viii. 48-50 + + Howard, Catharine, iv. 17, 24 + + Howard, Frances, Countess of Essex, v. 190-193; + of Somerset, 193, 205-207 + + Howard, Sir Robert, iii. 286 + + Howards, the, iii. 286 + + Howe, Richard, first Earl, viii. 111 + + Howe, John, vi. 210; + refuses the Indulgence, vii. 22 + + Howe, General Sir William, viii. 23, 25 + + Howel Dda, Laws of, ii. 46 + + Howden, Roger of, i. 174, 244 + + Hrolf the Ganger, i. 154, 155 + + Hubert Walter, Bishop of Salisbury, i. 262; + Archbishop of Canterbury and justiciar, _ib._; + his administration, 264; + puts down tumult in London, 320; + resigns justiciarship, 267; + opposes John, 328; + dies, 329 + + Hubertsberg, treaty of, vii. 306 + + Huddleston, Father John, vii. 4 + + Hugh, St., Bishop of Lincoln, i. 174, 267 + + Hugh, St. (martyr), of Lincoln, ii. 127 + + Hugh the Wolf, Earl of Chester, ii. 47 + + Huguenots, iv. 174-176; + supported by Elizabeth, 189; + growth of their power, 206-208; + rising of, 209; + treaty with Elizabeth, _ib._, 210; + with Catharine, 217; + defeated at Jarnac, 267; + at Montcontour, 268; + massacre of, 299; + refugees at Canterbury, 306; + settle in Florida, iv. 330; + persecuted by Lewis XIV., vi. 317, 335; vii. 13; + fly to England, 14 + + Hull, Charles I. refused admittance to, v. 378 + + Humbert, General, viii. 130 + + Hundred, the, i. 19, 47 + + Hundred-court, the, i. 20; + preserved by William I., 185, 186; + grand jury elected in, 264 + + Hundred-Rolls, ii. 117 + + Hundred Years' War, + its beginning, ii. 213; + change in its character, iii. 29; + its effects, ii. 214, 215; iii. 103, 104 + + Huntingdon + reduced by Eadward, i. 119; + granted to David of Scotland, ii. 134 + + Huntingdon, Henry Hastings, third Earl of (_see_ Hastings), iv. 268 + + Huntingdon, John Holland, Earl of (Duke of Exeter), iii. 7, 8 + + Huntingdon, Henry of, i. 4, 173, 243 + + Huntly, Alexander Gordon, fourth Earl of, iv. 199, 205 + + Huntly, George Gordon, fifth Earl of, iv. 226 + + Huntly, George Gordon, sixth Earl of, v. 139, 140 + + Huntly, George Gordon, second Marquis of, v. 336, 337 + + Hus-carls, + Cnut's, i. 144, 146; + Harthacnut's, 148; + Harold's, 163, 164 + + Huss, John, ii. 349 + + Hussey, John, Lord, iii. 322, 325 + + Hutchinson, Colonel, v. 81, 97; + _Memoirs of_, 72 + + Hutten, Ulrich von, iii. 256 + + Hwiccas, i. 66 + + Hyde, Anne, vi. 221 + + Hyde, Edward, v. 362; + organizes the Royalist party in Parliament, 367; + joins Charles I. at York, 378; + Chancellor of the Exchequer, vi. 205. + _See_ Clarendon + + Hyde, Lawrence, vi. 315, 334 + + Hyder Ali, viii. 131 + + + Iceland colonized by Northmen, i. 129 + + Ida the Flame-bearer, i. 52 + + Impositions of James I., v. 160 + + Income-tax, viii. 137 + + Independents, v. 308; + emigrate to America, _ib._, 310; + return, vi. 28; + their petition to Charles II., 200 + + India, + AElfred's intercourse with, i. 109, 113; + English settlements in, vii. 232; + French attack on, 233; + Portuguese settlements in, 232; + French withdraw from, 307; + Warren Hastings' rule in, viii. 31, 32, 50; + Fox's scheme for its government, 67, 68; + Buonaparte's designs on, 131, 132 + + Indulgence, + first Declaration of, vi. 219, 220; + second, 262, 273; + third, vii. 22; + fourth, 29, 30 + + Ine, king of Wessex, i. 89, 90 + + Ingelger of Anjou, i. 209 + + Innocent III., Pope, + quashes elections to Canterbury, i. 329; + appoints Stephen Langton, 330; + lays England under interdict, _ib._; + sentences John to deposition, 333; + annuls the Charter, excommunicates the barons, and suspends Langton, + 354 + + Interdict + in England, i. 330, 331; + in Flanders, ii. 219, 224 + + "Interim," the, iv. 51 + + Inquisition, the, iv. 31, 101 + + Inverlochy, battle of, vi. 38 + + Iona, i. 69 + + Ireland, + materials for early history of, i. 7, 8; + its condition after the Danish invasions, 249, 250; + slave-trade with Bristol, 250; + bull for conquest of, 251; + Anglo-Norman invasion of, 252; + Henry II. in, 253; + Gerald de Barri's treatises on, 245, 285; + students from, at Oxford, 291; + condition after the Norman invasion, ii. 373-375; + barons of, rise against John, i. 332, 333; + John in, ii. 375, 376; + Gaveston in, 187; + Edward Bruce's expedition to, 376; + condition under Edward III., 377; + Richard II. in, 367, 378; + Henry VII.'s dealings with, iii. 181, 182; + condition under Henry VIII., 326, 327; + conquest of, 328-330; + Henry's government of, 330-333; + effects of Cromwell's ecclesiastical policy in, 339-342; + attempts to force the Reformation on, iv. 62, 63; + condition under Mary, 109-111; + trade with Bristol, iv. 282; + condition under Elizabeth, 314, 315; + rising in, 315, 316; + condition after the fall of Smerwick, v. 61; + rising in, under Hugh O'Neill, 62; + condition under James I., 287, 288; + Wentworth's rule in, 290-292, 364; + rising in, 365; + Charles I.'s dealings with, vi. 16; + success of Ormond's diplomacy in, 71; + Royalist successes in, 75; + Cromwell's campaign in, 76, 77, 79; + proposal for its union with England, 84, 86; + its first representation in the English Parliament, 99; + Cromwell's conquest and settlement of, 109, 110; + first union with England, 110; + union dissolved, 180; + condition under Charles II., 181, 182; + under James II., vii. 17, 55-59; + war in, between James and William, 70-72; + William's conquest of, 73, 74; + relations with England, viii. 33; + condition in eighteenth century, 34-36; + demand for independence, 37, 38; + made independent, 39; + Pitt's dealings with, 78, 117, 118; + peasant risings in, 119; + Hoche's descent on, 124; + panic in, _ib._, 125; + revolt in, 129; + second union with England, 139 + + Ireton, Henry, + supports the Independents, vi. 45; + his influence with the army, 51; + policy, 54, 56, 57, 81; + Irish campaign and death, 109; + his corpse outraged, 201 + + Irishmen, United, viii. 118-120, 127, 128 + + Iron, + manufactures of, iv. 279; + mines, i. 30; ii. 107; + trade in eighteenth century, viii. 54, 57 + + Isabel I., queen of Castille, iii. 186, 187 + + Isabella of Angouleme, wife of King John, ii. 33 + + Isabella of France, wife of Edward II., ii. 186, 197, 198, 207, 208 + + Isabella of France, wife of Richard II., ii. 368 + + Isabella, daughter of Philip II. of Spain, iv. 372; v. 121 + + Islip, Archbishop of Canterbury, ii. 290 + + Italy, + the Renascence in, iii. 189, 190; + northern, conquered by Charles VIII. of France, 206; + by Francis I., 233; + by Buonaparte, viii. 122, 123, 125 + + _Itinerarium Cambriae_, i. 274 + + _Itinerarium Regis Ricardi_, i. 174 + + Ivar the Boneless, i. 104 + + Ivry, battle of, iv. 369 + + + "Jack the Carter," ii. 318 + + "Jack the Miller," ii. 318 + + "Jack Trewman," ii. 318 + + Jackson, General, viii. 205 + + Jacobins, viii. 96 + + Jacobites, vii. 68; + their plots, 102, 103, 105; + relations with the Tories, 166-168; + rise in 1715, 183, 184; + in 1745, 228-230 + + Jacquerie, the, ii. 265 + + Jamaica conquered by the English, vi. 117 + + James (I.), son of Robert III. of Scotland, iii. 15; + prisoner in England, 16; + king, _ib._, 183; + murdered, 184 + + James IV., king of Scots, iii. 184, 185, 210 + + James V., king of Scots, iii. 248; iv. 23, 25, 26 + + James (VI.) of Scotland, + born, iv. 231; + crowned, 259; + relations with Lennox and the Guises, 346; + alliance with Elizabeth, 350; + relations with Essex and Robert Cecil, v. 63; + king of England, 122; + his early life, 122-124; + character and purpose, 124, 125; + struggle with the nobles, 128; + with the Kirk, 133, 134, 139-143; + his _Basilikon Doron_, 143; + enters London, 146; + person and character, 146-148; + policy, 144, 149, 150; + gives relief to the Catholics, 150; + refuses Puritan demands, 152, 153; + proposes union with Scotland, 154; + takes title of King of Great Britain, 155; + his impositions, 160, 161; + struggle with the Assembly and the Kirk, 164-166; + with English law, 168; + his _True Law of Free Monarchy_, 169; + his theory of monarchy, _ib._, 170; + financial straits, 172; + struggle with Parliament, 179-182; + his own minister, 185, 186; + sets aside the council, 187; + his favourites, 188, 189; + backs the divorce of Lady Essex, 190, 191, 193; + immorality of his court, 193, 194; + summons Parliament, 195; + dissolves it, 196; + revives benevolences, 197, 198, 229; + checks the growth of London, 198, 199; + increases the peerage, 200; + relations with the judges, 201, 202; + dismisses Coke, 202; + policy towards Spain, 211, 212; + towards Germany and Bohemia, 218, 219; + revives monopolies, 222; + quarrel with Parliament, 228, 229; + tears its Protestation, 229; + overborne by Buckingham, 235; + death, 239; + letters of, iv. 4; + authorities for his reign, v. 71 + + James, duke of York (King James II.), vi. 182; + Lord Admiral, 193; + marries Anne Hyde, 221; + fight with Opdam off Lowestoft, 225; + conversion, 255; + fight with De Ruyter, 268; + owns himself a Catholic and resigns his office, 274; + second marriage, 278; + exempted from the act excluding Catholics from Parliament, 297; + sent to Brussels, 300; + plans for excluding him from the succession, 306; + recalled, 310; + goes to Scotland, _ib._; + again recalled, 315, 335; + king, vii. 5; + his character, _ib._, 6; + first measures, 6, 7; + increases the army, 11; + relations with France, 12; + refuses to let William visit England, _ib._; + dealings with the Catholics and the Parliament, 14, 15; + with the judges, 15; + establishes a camp at Hounslow, 16; + restores the High Commission, 18; + struggle with the Tory nobles, 19-21; + issues Declarations of Indulgence, 22, 29; + attempts to pack Parliament, 23, 29; + dealings with the Universities, 24-26; + relations with William of Orange, 26-28; + struggle with the seven bishops, 30, 31; + reinforces his army with Irish troops, 33; + sides with Lewis against the Empire and Holland, 36; + reverses his policy, 39; + flight, 42-44; + received as king by Lewis, 49; + policy in Ireland, 55; + lands at Kinsale, 56; + his rule at Dublin, 58, 59; + returns to France, 71; + his plans, 77; + death, 106; + his _Autobiography_, vi. 157, 158 + + James, William, ii. 340 + + Jamestown, foundation of, v. 308 + + Jarnac, battle of, iv. 267 + + Jarrow, i. 91, 92; + plundered by northmen, 101 + + Jeanne d'Arc, iii. 46-55; + _Proces de_, ii. 179 + + Jeffreys, George, Chief-Justice, vii. 10, 19; + Lord Chancellor, 31 + + Jehan le Bel, ii. 178 + + Jemappes, battle of, viii. 101 + + Jena, battle of, viii. 174 + + Jenkins's ear, vii. 217 + + Jenkinson, Charles (first earl of Liverpool), vii. 311 + + Jenkinson's Travels, v. 9 + + Jersey, Charles II. in, vi. 78 + + Jerusalem, + AElfred's intercourse with, i. 113; + taken by Saladin, 257 + + Jervis, Admiral, viii. 127 + + Jesuits, + Order of, founded, iv. 31, 101; + missionaries in England, 317-320, 353; + banished, v. 156; + return, vii. 16; + in England, materials for their history, iv. 5 + + Jewel, John, iv. 119, v. 106 + + Jews in England, i. 187, ii. 125, 130, 284, 307; + expelled, ii. 131; + return, vi. 112 + + Joan of Arc. _See_ Jeanne + + Joan, daughter of Edward II., ii. 206 + + Joan of Kent, wife of the Black Prince, ii. 293, 306 + + Jocelin of Brakelond, i. 174 + + Johanna, daughter of King John, ii. 54 + + Johanna, daughter of Edward I., ii. 123 + + John of Beverley, St., i. 77 + + John, son of Henry II., i. 258; + Lord of Ireland, ii. 374; + struggle with Longchamp, i. 260, 261; + with Hubert Walter, _ib._; + king, 268; + victory at Mirebeau, _ib._; + loses his French dominions, 269; + his character, 326-328; + prepares for war with France, 328; + Welsh rise against him, 333; + his continental alliances, _ib._, 334; + campaigns in Wales, ii. 54, 55; + struggle with the Church, i. 329-331; + relations with the baronage, 332, 338; + sentenced by the Pope to deposition, 333; + becomes the Pope's vassal, 337; + absolved, 338; + struggle with Langton, 340, 341; + goes to France, 342; + defeat and return, 343; + struggle with the barons, 344-347; + assents to Great Charter, 348, 353; + gets it annulled by the Pope, 354; + takes Rochester and marches on the north, _ib._; + struggle with Lewis of France, 355; + divides the Pale into counties, ii. 376; + charter to Oxford, i. 309; + death, 356; + his submission to the Pope repudiated by Parliament, ii. 275 + + John, king of Bohemia, ii. 236, 239 + + John, duke of Normandy, ii. 234, 235; + king of France, 258; + Normandy rises against, 259; + campaign against the Black Prince, 260, 261; + prisoner, 262, 263; + death, 281 + + John of Austria, Don, iv. 310-312 + + John of Cambridge, prior of St. Edmund's, ii. 329 + + John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, ii. 287, 293, 294; + position and policy, 302, 303; + corrupt administration, 303; + opposed by the Good Parliament, 305-307; + action after its dismissal, 307; + attacks Wykeham, 308; + supports Wyclif, 309; + withdraws from court, 311; + expedition to St. Malo, 315; + turns against Wyclif, 337, 341; + goes to Spain, 350; + intercedes for the Lords Appellant, 354; + patron of Chaucer, 359; + Aquitaine granted to, 369; + death, 373 + + John the Litster, ii. 325, 331 + + John of London, pupil of Roger Bacon, ii. 16 + + John of Northampton, mayor of London, ii. 345, 350 + + John the Old Saxon, i. 113 + + John of Salisbury, i. 173, 174, 250, 282, 283, 285 + + Johnson, Samuel, vii. 204, 217; viii. 11 + + Jonson, Ben, v. 42 + + Joseph II., emperor, viii. 81, 85, 86 + + Journalism, developement of, in the eighteenth century, vii. 298 + + Juana of Castille, wife of Philip of Austria, iii. 186, 208 + + Judges, + limitations of their powers, ii. 110, 111; + circuits of, i. 207; + organized by Henry II., 256; + regulated by the Great Charter, 350 + + Julius II., Pope, iii. 187, 188, 209, 274 + + Julius III., Pope, iv. 86 + + Junius, viii. 9 + + Junto, the, vii. 85 + + Jurors, two classes of, i. 238; + their functions in the Shire Court, ii. 149 + + Jury, + trial by, its origin, i. 238; + the Grand, _ib._; + mode of its election, 264; + petty, 239 + + Justice + in Old England, i. 12, 13, 49; + Henry II.'s organization of, 256; + administration of, in towns, 297; + provisions for, in Great Charter, 350, 352 + + Justices of the Peace, ii. 123 + + Justiciar, the, i. 206; + barons claim right of electing, ii. 38, 60; + made responsible to Permanent Council, 61 + + Jutes, the, + their early home, i. 10; + land in Thanet, 31, 32; + their victories in Kent, 33; + settlements in Wight and along Southampton Water, 85 + + Juxon, bishop of London and treasurer, v. 298 + + + Ken, Thomas, bishop of Bath and Wells, vii. 4 + + Kenilworth, + the younger Simon de Montfort defeated at, ii. 76; + Richard of Cornwall prisoner at, 80: + its garrison refuse to surrender, 86; + surrender, 89; + Edward II. in ward at, 199; + Henry VI. at, iii. 66; + Ban of, ii. 87-89; + "Round Table" of, 95 + + Kent, + conquest of, i. 33; + its rise under AEthelberht, 56; + conversion, 59; + relations with Eadwine, 64; + conquered by Ine, 90; + submits to Mercia, 91, 98; + revolts against Offa, 98; + against William I., 167; + risings in, ii. 319; iii. 64; + Complaint of the Commons of, iii. 65, 66; + resists benevolences, 251; + Protestant martyrs in, iv. 96; + iron manufactures in, 279; + royalist rising in, vi. 59, 61 + + Kent, West, kingdom of, i. 83 + + Kent, Edmund, earl of, son of Edward I., ii. 206, 207 + + Kent, Joan of, ii. 293, 306 + + Kent, Thomas Holland, earl of (duke of Surrey), iii. 7, 8 + + Kent, the Nun of, iii. 319 + + Kerry, rising in, iv. 315 + + Ketel of St. Edmund's, i. 313 + + Kildare, Gerald Fitzgerald, eighth Earl of, iii. 175, 181, 182 + + Kildare, Gerald Fitzgerald, ninth Earl of, iii. 328 + + Killiecrankie, battle of, vii. 52 + + Killigrew, Tom, vi. 175 + + Kilmarnock, William Boyd, fourth Earl of, vii. 230 + + Kilsyth, battle of, vi. 41 + + King, the, i. 48; + nature and limits of his power, 49, 132; + his "comrades," 50-52; + increase of his importance through struggle with northmen, 131; + his household officers become officers of state, 132; + relations with England after loss of Normandy, 326; + his revenue, ii. 103; + relations with Parliament, 181-183; + position at opening of Wars of the Roses, iii. 85, 86; + the Convention's settlement of his position, vi. 197; + in Council, i. 256; ii. 110, 111. + _See_ Monarchy + + King's Bench, court of, ii. 109 + + King's County, English settlement of, iv. 111 + + King's Court, the, i. 186; + its organization under Henry I., 206; + under Henry II., 255; ii. 110, 111; + regulated by Great Charter, i. 350; + divided into three tribunals, ii. 109 + + Kirk, the Scottish, + its organization, v. 131, 132; + relations with the people and the king, 132-136; + its triumph, 140; + new struggle with James, 164-166; + dealings of Charles I. and Laud with, 326, 328, 330, 331; + re-established, 335; vii. 54 + + Kirk o' Field, iv. 244 + + Knighthood, + compulsory, under Edward I., ii. 118, 164; + under Charles I., v. 277 + + Knights, + their complaint against the barons, ii. 62; + right of attendance at the Great Council, 145; + growth of their importance after the Barons' War, 147; + relations with the Crown, _ib._, 148; + of the shire, summoned to Parliament, 66, 71, 73, 150, 151; + result of their election in county court, 151, 152; + relations with the Lords, 202; + grouped together with the burgesses as "the Commons," 203; + petition for due election of, 300 + + Knolles's _History of the Turks_, v. 4 + + Knollys, Sir Francis, iv. 119, 215 + + Knox, John, iv. 113-115, 119, 128; + denounces Mary Tudor, 130; + resists Mary Stuart, 201, 212, 218; + breaks with Murray, 218; + defies Mary, 220; + calls for her death, 259; + his character and influence, v. 130, 131; + his Liturgy, 327; + his _History of the Reformation_, iv. 4 + + Knyghton, Henry, ii. 177, 179 + + Kolin, battle of, vii. 248 + + Kunersdorf, battle of, vii. 263 + + + Labour-rents, i. 322, 323; + commutation of, 324; + attempts to revive, ii. 257, 266, 267 + + Labourdonnais besieges Madras, vii. 233 + + Labourers, + their position after the Black Death, ii. 255; + condition under Richard II., 314; + in fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, iii. 109-111; + under Elizabeth, iv. 275, 276 + + Lacy, Henry de, ii. 188 + + Lacy, Robert de, i. 201 + + Laet, the, i. 14, 15 + + Lafayette, Marquis de, viii. 83 + + Lagos, battle off, vii. 273 + + La Hire, iii. 49 + + La Hogue, battle of, vii. 78 + + Lake, Gerard, first viscount, viii. 130 + + Lambert, General, + his campaign against Hamilton, vi. 62; + pursuit of Charles II., 83; + resigns his command, 121; + relations with Monk, 150, 151; + escape and defeat, 152; + exempted from pardon, 195 + + Lambeth, + Harthacnut dies at, i. 148; + treaty of, ii. 3; + the archbishop's chapel at, its transformations, v. 90; + Laud's restoration of, 299, 300 + + Lancashire, reluctance of its boroughs to send members to Parliament, + ii. 155 + + Lancaster, Blanche of, ii. 287 + + Lancaster, Edmund, Earl of. _See_ Edmund + + Lancaster, Henry, Earl of, ii. 199, 203, 206 + + Lancaster, Henry, first Duke of (_see_ Derby), ii. 258-260, 266 + + Lancaster, Henry of (King Henry IV.) _See_ Henry + + Lancaster, Thomas, Earl of, ii. 188, 191, 193-195 + + Lancelot, legend of, i. 247 + + Land-tenure + in Old England, i. 14; + after Norman Conquest, 322-324; + Edward I.'s legislation concerning, ii. 124, 125 + + Land-tax, i. 186, 207, 350; ii. 103 + + "Landless man," the, i. 322, 323 + + _Lanercost, Chronicle of_, i. 273 + + Lanfranc, abbot of Bec, i. 159; + Archbishop of Canterbury, 187; + crowns William II., 191 + + Langdale, Sir Marmaduke, vi. 40 + + Langland, William, ii. 178, 179, 269-272 + + Langport, battle of, vi. 41 + + Langside, battle of, iv. 261 + + Langton, Simon, i. 355 + + Langton, Stephen, Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 330; + comes to England, 338; + relations with John and the Charter, 340, 341; + suspended, 354; + goes to Rome, _ib._; + returns, ii. 3; + supports Hubert de Burgh, 5; + his care for the Charter, 6; + death, 26 + + Langton, Thomas, Bishop of Winchester, iii. 196 + + Language, English, + its literary revival in thirteenth century, i. 174; + effects of Norman Conquest on, 278; + Henry III.'s proclamation in, ii. 62; + first used in opening Parliament, 300, 356; + ordered to be used in law courts, 356; vii. 201; + supersedes French, ii. 356, 357; + changes in, in Caxton's time, iii. 159, 160; + replaces Latin in church service, iv. 49; + Welsh, ii. 50 + + Lansdowne, William Fitzmaurice, first marquis of (_see_ Shelburne) + viii. 115 + + Lansdowne Hill, battle of, vi. 6 + + Lathom House, siege of, vi. 19 + + Latimer, William Latimer, fourth Lord, ii. 304, 306 + + Latimer, George Neville, first Lord, iii. 114 + + Latimer, John Neville, third Lord, iii. 323 + + Latimer, Hugh, iii. 262-265; + Bishop of Worcester, 336; + imprisoned, 347; + forced to resign, _ib._; + denounces Warwick's government, iv. 57; + sent to the Tower, 74; + burnt, 92 + + Latimer, William, iii. 201 + + Latitudinarians, the, vi. 133-137, 168 + + Laud, William, Bishop of St. David's, v. 293; + his views and character, 245, 292-294; + Bishop of London, 266; + Archbishop of Canterbury, 295; + dealings with the Puritans, 295-297; + revives the Bishops' Courts, 298; + restores Lambeth Chapel, 299, 300; + revives ritual, 300; + dealings with Prynne, 306, 329; + relations with Wentworth, 318; + dealings with Scotland, 325-327; + arrested, 351 + + Lauderdale, John Maitland, second Earl and first Duke of, vi. 181, + 245, 259 + + Lauffeld, battle of, vii. 231 + + Lauzun, Count of, vii. 71, 72 + + Law, + common, ii. 110, 113; + ecclesiastical, new code of, iv. 60; + English, Glanvill's treatise on, i. 174, 244; + of the Forest, ii. 34; + Roman, revived study of, i. 282; + in England, 283; + influence of its imperial theories, ii. 95, 96 + + "Lawmen" of the Five Boroughs, i. 118 + + Laws, + Old English, two classes of, i. 5; + first put in writing, 59; + of AEthelred, i. 138; + of David of Scotland, ii. 171; + of Eadgar, i. 144; + of Eadward the Confessor, 150, 199, 340; + of Henry I., 339; + of Howel Dda, ii. 46 + + Layamon, i. 174, 279 + + League + of Cambray, iii. 206; + the Catholic, in Germany, v. 177, 232; + the Holy, iii. 209, 210, 266; + in France, iv. 348, 355, 356; + of Neutrals, viii. 162-164; + of Schmalkald, iii. 336; iv. 36, 50; + of the Public Weal, iii. 122, 125, 126 + + Learning, + the New, iii. 194-198, 201, 202; + its protest against war, 210; + attitude after Wolsey's fall, 289, 291 + + Leicester, + one of the Five Boroughs, i. 117; + surrenders to AEthelflaed, 118; + condition under its earls, 297; + regains right of compurgation, 313-315; + stormed by Charles I., vi. 38 + + Leicester, Robert de Beaumont, Earl of, i. 254 + + Leicester, Robert Dudley, Earl of (_see_ Dudley), iv. 205, 349, 357; + v. 58, 63 + + Leighton, John, v. 305 + + Leinster, kingdom of, i. 251, 252 + + Leipzig, battle of, viii. 202 + + Leith + sacked by the English, iv. 29; + siege of, 175, 176 + + Leland, John, v. 4 + + Lennox, Esme Stuart, Duke of, iv. 346; v. 123 + + Lennox, Matthew Stuart, Earl of, iv. 227, 244; v. 123 + + Lennox, Margaret, Countess of, iv. 220, 221 + + Leo X., Pope, iii. 249, 253, 254 + + Leofa, slayer of Eadmund the Magnificent, i. 123 + + Leofric, Earl of Mercia, i. 150, 152 + + Leopold II., Emperor, viii. 95, 96 + + Leopold V., Duke of Austria, i. 261 + + Lepanto, battle of, iv. 297 + + Leslie, Alexander, v. 335, 337. + _See_ Leven + + Leslie, David, vi. 79, 80, 83, 84 + + "Lesser barons." _See_ Knights + + Levant Company, v. 161 + + Leven, Alexander Leslie, first Earl of (_see_ Leslie), vi. 18 + + Lever, Thomas, iv. 119, 128, 132 + + Lewes, + battle of, ii. 70, 71; + Mise of, 71; + Protestant martyrs at, iv. 96 + + Lewis of Bavaria, Emperor, ii. 217-219, 221, 229, 235, 248 + + Lewis d'Outremer, king of France, i. 210 + + Lewis VII., king of France, i. 233, 254 + + Lewis (VIII.) of France, + the English crown offered to, i. 355; + successes in England, _ib._; + defeated, ii. 2; + withdraws, 3 + + Lewis IX., king of France, ii. 35, 40, 68, 90 + + Lewis XI., king of France, iii. 119; + relations with Edward IV., 120, 121; + with Burgundy, _ib._; + with Margaret of Anjou, 121; + negotiations with Warwick, 122, 123; + struggle with League of the Public Weal, 126, 127; + again seeks treaty with Edward, 128; + Edward's negotiations with, 129; + league against, 130; + attacks Britanny, 132; + captured and released by Charles, _ib._; + stirs Warwick against Edward, 136; + reconciles Warwick and Margaret, 137; + alliance with Henry VI., 139; + treaty with Edward, 150; + seized Picardy, Artois, etc., _ib._; + war with Maximilian, 151; + treaty with him, 170; + refuses to recognize Richard III., 169; + death, _ib._ + + Lewis XII., king of France (_see_ Orleans), iii. 206, 232 + + Lewis XIII., king of France, v. 256 + + Lewis XIV., king of France, vi. 188-189; + his policy, 190, 191; + alliance with Charles II., 192; + relations with England and Holland, 227; + sends his fleet to join the Dutch, 239; + attacks Flanders, 247; + his offers to Spain, 249; + treaty with her, 250; + policy towards Holland, 251; + treaties with Charles, 257, 258; + attacks Holland, 268; + position after Peace of Nimeguen, 291, 316; + persecutes the Huguenots, 317, 335; + new agreement with Charles, 323; + seizes Strassburg, Casale, and Luxemburg, 335; + relations with James II., vii. 12; + revokes the Edict of Nantes, 13; + relations with James and Holland, 36, 38; + attacks Germany, 38, 48; + receives James II. at St. Germain, 49; + war declared against, by England and Holland, _ib._; + his fleet, 68; + sends troops to Ireland, 71; + his successes, 75, 76; + turn of his fortune, 79, 80; + treaty with William, 90, 91; + seizes the Dutch Barrier, 102; + acknowledges James's son as king of England, 106; + attacks Germany again, 118, 119; + his losses, 131, 134; + offers terms, 134, 135; + death, 183, 185 + + Lewis XV., king of France, vii. 185, 225 + + Lewis XVI., king of France, viii. 28; + summons the States-General, 83; + a Constitution forced on, 86; + attempts flight, 95; + imprisoned, 101; + executed, 103 + + Lewis XVIII., king of France, viii. 206, 211 + + Lexington, skirmish at, viii. 22 + + Leyva, Alonzo da, iv. 363 + + _Liber Albus_ of London, i. 274 + + _Liber de Antiquis Legibus_, i. 274 + + _Liber Custumarum_ of London, i. 274 + + Lichfield, diocese of, i. 83 + + Liege taken by Marlborough, vii. 117 + + Liegnitz, battle of, vii. 302 + + Ligny, battle of, viii. 207 + + Lilburne, John, vi. 28, 75, 78 + + Lille reduced by Marlborough, vii. 134 + + _Lillibullero_, vii. 33 + + Lilly, William, iii. 200 + + Limerick, siege of, vii. 72, 73 + + Limitation Bill, vi. 323 + + Limoges + welcomes Du Guesclin, ii. 285; + stormed by the Black Prince, 286 + + Limousin restored to Edward III., ii. 266 + + Linacre, Thomas, iii. 190, 197, 256 + + Lincoln, + one of the Five Boroughs, i. 117; + battles of, 219; ii. 2; + relieved by John, i. 356; + Jews at, ii. 126, 127 + + Lincolnshire + surrendered to Ecgfrith by Wulfhere, i. 86; + rising in, iii. 323 + + Lindesay of the Byres, Patrick, sixth Lord, iv. 225, 228, 230 + + Lindisfarne, i. 69, 79, 87, 97 + + Lindiswaras, i. 73, 117 + + Linen manufacture, Irish, its foundation, v. 291 + + Lisbon, Drake's and Norris's expedition to, iv. 367, 368 + + Lisle, Alice, vii. 11, 66 + + Lisle, John Dudley, Lord, iv. 41, 46. + _See_ Warwick + + Litany, the English, iv. 40 + + Literature, English, + its beginnings, i. 77, 93, 96; + decay during struggle with Danes, 113; + AElfred's influence on, 114, 115; + after Norman Conquest, 242, 243, 246, 278; + under Henry II., 174, 244-249; + under John, 278, 279; + popular, during Peasant Revolt, ii. 318, 319; + Wyclif's influence on, 338; + revival in fourteenth century, 357, 358; + effects of the Renascence on, v. 1-3; + developement under Elizabeth, 3-11; + after the Revolution, 154; + in poetry, 156, 157; + in prose, 157-161, 292, 293; + beginning of a new developement with Dryden, 333; + Welsh, ii. 49-54. + _See_ Drama + + Lithsmen of London, i. 300 + + Liturgy, + the English, iv. 49; + Knox's, v. 327; + the Scottish (Laud's), of 1636, _ib._; + rejected, 328. + _See_ Prayer-Book + + Liverpool, its rise, vii. 196 + + Liverpool, Robert Banks Jenkinson, second Earl of, viii. 196. + _See_ Hawkesbury + + "Livery," ii. 311, 355; iii. 105 + + Llewelyn ap Gruffydd, prince of North Wales, ii. 58; + alliance with Montfort, 67, 76; + raid upon Chester, 85; + defeats Mortimer at Brecknock, 88; + submits, 89; + refuses homage to Edward I., 108; + submission and marriage, 109; + last revolt and death, 119, 120 + + Llewelyn ap Jorwerth, prince of North Wales, ii. 5, 54-58, 108 + + Llywarch Hen, ii. 49, 53 + + Loans, forced, + under Richard II., ii. 372; + demanded by Wolsey, iii. 244; + by Charles I., 254, 255 + + _Loch Ce, Annals of_, i. 7 + + Lochleven, Mary Stuart imprisoned at, iv. 257, 258 + + Locke, John, vi. 170, 171, 259 + + Logic, study of, at Oxford, i. 288 + + Lollardry, ii. 339; + suppressed at Oxford, 341; + its later phases, 344-348; + influence in Bohemia, 349; + attitude under Henry IV., iii. 19, 21; + sympathy of the Commons with, 21; + rising under Oldcastle, 27; + suppression of, 27, 28; + its lingering existence, 96, 258; + legal prohibitions of, rescinded, iv. 48; + its influence in Scotland, 111 + + Lodi, battle of, viii. 122 + + London, + Middle-Saxons settle round, i. 54; + subject to the East-Saxons, 59; + to Mercia, 85; + beginnings of its commercial greatness, 138; + resists Swein, 142; + submits to him, 143; + to the Conqueror, 165; + its election of Stephen, 215; + expels Matilda, 219; + its share in religious revival, 222, 223; + Normans in, 303; + Henry I.'s charter to, 304; + relations with Oxford, 308, 309; + strife of classes in, 318-320; + meeting of barons at, 340; + joins the barons against John, 346; + its liberties secured by Great Charter, 352; + barons blockaded by John in, 355; + defies the Pope, _ib._; ii. 8; + Franciscans settle in, 12; + Archbishop Boniface driven from, 32; + supports Earl Simon, 67, 69, 70; + its charter annulled, 82; + its mayor imprisoned, 83; + occupied by Gilbert of Gloucester, 89; + supports Wyclif, 309, 310; + threatened by revolted peasants, 321, 322; + its Lollardry, 345; + welcomes Henry of Lancaster, 379; + Richard II. brought captive to, 381; + betrayed to Edward IV. by Archbishop Neville, iii. 142; + its petition to Richard III., 168; + evades Wolsey's demand for a benevolence, 251; + Protestants in, 347; + Walloons in, iv. 51; + unfavourable to Jane Grey's succession, 71; + its Protestant sympathies, _ib._, 75; + attitude in Wyatt's rising, 83-85; + Protestant martyrs in, 96, 144; + supplies sent from, to refugees abroad, 119; + its commerce under Elizabeth, 280; + Flemish settlers in, 281; + traders of, send help to the Prince of Orange, 324; + its contribution for defence against the Armada, 358; + its advance under Elizabeth, v. 77; + its increase checked, 198, 199, 277; + its welcome to Prince Charles, 233; + colonizes Derry, 289; + sides with the Parliament against Charles I., 372, 375, 376; + fortified by the Parliament, vi. 4; + train-bands of, at battle of Newbury, 14; + Independents and Baptists in, 28; + petitions against toleration, 37; + rises against the Parliament, 56; + Plague at, 226; + Fire at, 239; + supports the Exclusion Bill, 308; + riots in, 322, 323; + supports Shaftesbury, 334; + turns against him, 335, 336; + Huguenot refugees in, vii. 14; + Methodists in, 208; + supports Pitt, 256, 305; + supports Wilkes, 319; viii. 6, 8, 12; + petitions to George III., 16, 20; + supports the younger Pitt, 69; + riot in, 113; + "barons" of, i. 319; + "boatmen" of, 308; + St. Paul's Cathedral in, 223; + Dooms of, 300; + Gilds of, 299; + "lithsmen" of, 300; + merchants of, _ib._; + Merchant Adventurers of, iv. 283, 284; + materials for its municipal history, i. 274; + portreeves of, i. 303; + first theatres in, v. 22, 23; + Tower of, i. 166; + weavers of, 317, 318; + Witenagemots at, i. 152, 153 + + Londonderry + colonized, v. 289; + siege of, vii. 57, 58 + + Longchamp, William, Bishop of Ely and justiciar, i. 260, 261, 264 + + "Lord" and "man," + their mutual relations, i. 133; + and villeins, i. 323-325 + + Lords, House of, + origin of its judicial character, i. 256; + its composition under the Houses of Lancaster and York, iii. 94, 99; + under Henry VIII., iv. 13, 14; + rejects proposals of the Commons to confiscate Church property, iii. + 15, 22; + its dealings with the Duke of York's claim to the Crown, 77; + assents to bills for Church reform, 291; + its address to the Pope, 297; + increase in its numbers under the Stuarts, v. 199, 200; + relations with Crown and Commons in 1641, 360; + charges Cromwell with treason, vi. 63; + rejects the ordinance for the trial of Charles I., 66, 67; + abolished, 67, 69; + Cromwell's substitute for, 144; + the Bishops restored to, 204; + rejects the Exclusion Bill, 320; + proposal to limit its numbers, vii. 190, 191; + its dealings with Wilkes, 318; + rejects Chatham's bill for repeal of the Stamp Acts, viii. 19, 20; + refuses Catholic emancipation, 196 + + Lorne, Archibald Campbell, Lord, v. 326. + _See_ Argyle + + Lorraine annexed by France, vii. 215 + + Lorraine, the Cardinal of, iv. 267 + + Lothian ceded to Malcolm I., i. 147 + + Loughborough, Alexander Wedderburn, first Lord, viii. 154 + + Louisburg, capture of, vii. 266 + + Louisiana, + French settlement in, vii. 242; + ceded to England, 307 + + Louviers captured by Henry V., iii. 33 + + Lovat, Simon Fraser, thirteenth Lord, vii. 230 + + Lovelace, John, third Lord, vii. 42 + + Lowestoft, battle of, vi. 225 + + Lowlands, alleged grant of, by Cnut to the Scots, ii. 132 + + Lucy, Geoffrey de, i. 345 + + Lucy, Richard de, i. 343, 344 + + Luddite riots, viii. 194 + + Ludlow, General, vi. 109; + his _Memoirs_, v. 72 + + Lumley, John, Lord, iv. 267, 268 + + Lumley, Richard, second Viscount, vii. 35, 37 + + Luneville, Peace of, viii. 143 + + Luther, Martin, iii. 253-257 + + Lutherans + in England, iii. 262; + their progress on the Continent, 275; + importation of their books forbidden, 304; + Henry VIII.'s alliance with, 336; + growth in Germany, iv. 31; + refuse to send representatives to Trent, 35, 36; + reject Henry VIII.'s advances, 36; + defeated at Muhlberg, 50; + take refuge in England, 51; + again invited to Trent, 193; + position after Peace of Passau, v. 176 + + Lutterworth, Wyclif at, ii. 343, 344 + + Luttrell, Colonel, viii. 8 + + Luttrell's _Diary_, vi. 158 + + Lutzen, battle of, viii. 201 + + Luxemburg + seized by Lewis XIV., vi. 335; + restored to Spain, vii. 91 + + Luxemburg, Francis Henry de Montmorency, Duke of, vii. 75, 79, 80 + + Luxemburg, Jacquetta of, iii. 124 + + Lydgate, John, iii. 17, 40; + Caxton's edition of, 157 + + Lyly, John, v. 5 + + Lymne, its fall, i. 33 + + Lynn, + King John at, i. 356; + its charter annulled, ii. 79 + + Lyons, Richard, ii. 304, 306, 323 + + Lyttelton, Lord Keeper, v. 378 + + Lyttelton, George, first Lord, vii. 249 + + + _Mabinogion_, i. 7; ii. 50, 51 + + Macclesfield, Fitton Gerard, third Earl of, vii. 37 + + Machyn's _Diary_, iv. 3 + + Mackay, General, vii. 52 + + Madison, James, President of the United States, viii. 198 + + Madras, + its origin, vii. 232; + razed by Labourdonnais, 233 + + Magdalen of Valois, queen of Scots, iv. 23 + + Magdeburg, siege of, iv. 64 + + Magesaetas, i. 66 + + Magna Carta. _See_ Charter, the Great + + Mahrattas, vii. 234, 235; viii. 31 + + Maidstone, Protestant martyrs at, iv. 96 + + Maine + conquered by counts of Anjou, i. 212; + by William of Normandy, 158, 213; + by Philip Augustus, 269; + ceded to France, ii. 63 + + "Maintenance," ii. 311; iii. 105 + + Mainwaring, Dr. Roger, v. 254, 267 + + Major-Generals, Cromwell's, vi. 107, 118, 119 + + Malcolm I., king of Scots, i. 123 + + Malcolm II., king of Scots, i. 146 + + Malcolm III., king of Scots, i. 170, 197 + + Maldon, battle of, i. 139 + + Malet, Robert, i. 201 + + Malet, William, i. 343 + + "Malignants," vi. 47, 83, 99, 194, 201 + + Malmesbury, James Harris, first Lord, viii. 121, 123 + + Malmesbury, William of, i. 4, 6, 173, 243, 244 + + Malplaquet, battle of, vii. 136 + + Malta + conquered by Buonaparte, viii. 132; + blockaded by a British fleet, viii. 162; + surrenders, 165 + + "Maltote," ii. 166 + + Man, Isle of, conquered by Eadwine, i. 63 + + Manchester seized by Eadward the Elder, i. 119; + its rise, vii. 196 + + Manchester, Edward Montagu, second Earl of (_see_ Mandeville), + head of the Association of the Eastern Counties, vi. 8, 13, 18; + quarrels with Cromwell, 24, 34; + retires, 35 + + Mandeville, Geoffrey de, Earl of Essex, i. 343 + + Mandeville, Edward Montagu, Viscount, v. 354, 358. + _See_ Manchester + + Manor, the, i. 322-323 + + Mans, Le, + seized by Geoffrey Martel, i. 212; + rebels against William Rufus, 197; + Henry II. besieged in, 258; + surrendered to Charles VII., iii. 62 + + Mansel, John, ii. 8 + + Mansfield, Count, v. 239 + + Mansfield, William Murray, first Earl of, vii. 259 + + Mansion, Colard, iii. 155 + + Mantes, William the Conqueror wounded at, i. 190 + + Manton, Thomas, vi. 252 + + Mantua, + siege of, viii. 123; + surrenders to Buonaparte, 125 + + Manufactures, + growth of, under Elizabeth, iv. 278-280; + in Yorkshire, their rise, v. 281; + English, in eighteenth century, viii. 53, 54, 59, 60; + altered conditions of, 193, 194; + of linen, in Ireland, v. 291; + of silk, at Spitalfields, vii. 14 + + Manumissions, sale of, to the king's serfs, i. 325 + + Map, Walter, i. 174, 247-249 + + Mar, John Erskine, sixth Earl of, vii. 145, 183 + + March, Edward, Earl of. _See_ Edward IV. + + March, Roger Mortimer, first Earl of. _See_ Mortimer + + March, Roger Mortimer, fourth Earl of, ii. 378 + + March, Edmund Mortimer, fifth Earl of, iii. 2, 13, 14, 28, 30 + + Marchers, the Lords, ii. 67, 75, 80-82, 85 + + Mardyke, capture of, by the French, vi. 124 + + Mare, Sir Peter de la, ii. 306, 307, 311 + + Marengo, battle of, viii. 142 + + Maria Theresa of Austria, vii. 199; + queen of Hungary, 220; + her struggle with Frederick the Great, 221, 223, 225, 246 + + Margaret of Anjou, wife of Henry VI., iii. 61; + her policy, 72, 74; + flies to Scotland, 75; + victory at St. Albans, 79; + defeated at Towton, 80; + appeals to Lewis XI., 121; + defeated at Hexham, 123; + reconciled with Warwick, 137; + lands at Weymouth, 143; + captured at Tewkesbury, 145 + + Margaret, wife of Malcolm III., king of Scots, i. 170 + + Margaret, daughter of Henry VII., wife of James IV. of Scotland, iii. + 185; + her second marriage, 231; + strife with Albany, 232, 235, 247, 248; + with her husband, iv. 22 + + Margaret, the "Maid of Norway," ii. 135 + + Margaret of York, + schemes for her marriage, iii. 128-130; + marries Charles the Bold, 131; + patroness of Caxton, 155; + supports Lambert Simnel, 176; + supports Perkin Warbeck, 180 + + Margaret Beaufort. _See_ Beaufort + + Marignano, battle of, iii. 233 + + Marisco. _See_ Marsh + + Marlborough, Parliament at, ii. 89 + + Marlborough, John Churchill, Earl of (_see_ Churchill), vii. 50, 110; + campaign in Ireland, 72, 73; + plans of treason, 77; + relations with William III. and Anne, 111, 112; + Captain-General, 112; + relations with the allies, 113, 114; + his temper, 115, 116; + his military genius, 117; + campaign in 1702, _ib._; + difficulties with the Dutch, 118; + Duke, _ib._; + campaign of 1704, 119-122; + supports Occasional Conformity, 123; + relations with the Tories, _ib._, 124; + with the Whigs, 125; + troubles with the Allies, 125; + campaign of 1706, 126, 127; + difficulties at home, 131-133; + campaign of 1708, 134; + of 1709, 136; + attacked by the Tories, 138, 140; + his fall, 141; + imbecility, 182 + + Marlborough, Sarah Jennings, Duchess of, vii. 110, 111, 133, 136, 138 + + Marlowe, Christopher, v. 26, 27, 29, 31, 35 + + Marmont, General, viii. 199 + + "Marprelate, Martin," iv. 5, 342, 343 + + Marseilles besieged by Charles V., iii. 248, 249 + + Marsh, Adam, i. 274; ii. 14, 40, 41 + + Marshal, William, first Earl of Pembroke, + opposes John, i. 328, 329; + character and position, 345; + counsels John to accept the Charter, 347; + his fidelity to John, ii. 1; + "governor of king and kingdom," 2; + death, 3 + + Marshal, William, second Earl of Pembroke, i. 343; ii. 36 + + Marshal, Richard, third Earl of Pembroke, ii. 33, 34 + + Marshall, Stephen, v. 354 + + Marston, John, v. 42 + + Marston Moor, battle of, vi. 19 + + Martinengo, Papal nuncio, iv. 193 + + Martinico conquered by England, vii. 307; + restored to France, _ib._ + + Marvell, Andrew, vi. 329 + + Mary, daughter of Henry VIII., + betrothed to the Dauphin, iii. 235; + to Charles V., 242, 250; + refuses to conform to Protestantism, iv. 58; + proclaimed queen, 71; + enters London, 74; + person and character, _ib._; + her aim, 75, 76; + schemes for her marriage, 78-80; + relations with Parliament, 81, 85; + revolt against her, 82-84; + marriage, 86; + persecutions, 91, 95, 96, 144; + disappointment, 98; + relations with Paul IV., 102, 103, 106; + refounds abbeys, 106; + war with Franco, 108; + dealings with Ireland, 109, 111; + effect of her persecutions, 118; + Protestant denunciations of, 130, 131; + death, 145 + + Mary, daughter of James, Duke of York, vi. 282; + plan for her marriage, 283; + married, 290; + refuses to reign alone, vii. 46; + declared queen, 47; + death, 88 + + Mary Stuart + born, iv. 25; + proposal for her marriage with Edward VI., 26, 28; + crowned, 28; + marries the Dauphin, 53, 169; + her claims to the English crown, 79, 153; + treaties with Elizabeth and the Lords, 176; + returns to Scotland, 196, 201; + person and character, 196-198; + policy, 199-201, 208, 211, 212; + relations with Elizabeth, 205; + scheme of marriage with Leicester, _ib._; + with Don Carlos, 206, 213, 221; + relations with Knox and the Calvinists, 218; + turns to the Lennoxes, 222; + proposes to marry Darnley, 223; + expels Murray, 225; + demands to be recognized as Elizabeth's successor, 226; + her plans for Scotland and England, _ib._; + quarrel with Darnley, 227; + captured, 229; + escapes to Dunbar, _ib._; + returns, 230; + birth of her son, 231; + relations with Darnley and Bothwell, 242, 243; + sanctions the establishment of Protestantism, 245; + marries Bothwell, _ib._; + captured by the Lords, 246; + prisoner at Lochleven, 257, 258; + forced to resign, 259; + escapes, 260; + defeated at Langside, 261; + flies to Carlisle, _ib._; + refuses to clear herself, 262; + plans for her marriage with Arran, 263; + for her marriage with Norfolk, _ib._, 265; + plots with Norfolk, 265, 271, 272; + given in charge to Lord Huntingdon, 268; + imprisoned at Coventry, 269; + scheme of marriage with Don John, 310; + joins Babington's plot, 351; + trial and death, 352; + bequeaths her claims to Philip, 353; + materials for her history, 4 + + Mary of Guise, queen of Scotland, iv. 23, 25, 28; + Regent, 112; + relations with the Protestants, 118, 168; + with France, 170; + death, 176 + + Mary of Modena, wife of James II., vi. 278; vii. 29, 34 + + Mary, daughter of Henry VII., iii. 232; iv. 46 + + Maserfeld, battle of the, i. 71 + + Masham, Mrs., vii. 132 + + Massachusetts, + first settlement in, v. 310; + first charter granted to, 311; + protests against English taxation, vii. 326; + proposes a congress, 330; + its assembly dissolved, viii. 14; + resists the tea-duty, 15; + its charter altered, 18; + takes up arms against England, 19; + repudiates English government, 23; + refuses to join in war against England, 203, 204 + + Massena, General, viii. 140, 189-191 + + Massey, Dean of Christ Church, Oxford, vii. 25 + + Massinger, Philip, v. 303 + + Matilda of Flanders, wife of William the Conqueror, i. 159 + + Matilda or Maud (Edith), wife of Henry I., i. 198-200, 246 + + Matilda or Maud, daughter of Henry I., i. 208, 213, 219, 220 + + Matthias, Emperor, v. 177, 213, 217 + + Maud. _See_ Matilda + + Maunay, Sir Walter, ii. 234, 246, 253 + + Maurice, Bishop of London, i. 223 + + Maurice, Prince, vi. 13, 19, 22 + + Maximilian I. of Austria, iii. 147; + marries Mary of Burgundy, 151; + war with Lewis XI., _ib._; + treaty with him, 170; + supports Perkin Warbeck, 180; + relations with France, 232-234; + death, 239; + policy towards Luther, iv. 18 + + May's _History of the Long Parliament_, v. 72 + + Mayenne, Charles of Lorraine, Duke of, iv. 367, 372 + + _Mayflower_, the, v. 309 + + Mayne, Cuthbert, iv. 309 + + Maynooth stormed, iii. 328, 329 + + Mayor of a town, + successor of portreeve, i. 303; + right of electing, 315; + of Oxford, 310 + + Mazarin, Cardinal, vi. 114, 117, 190 + + Measures, uniformity of, enacted by Great Charter, i. 352 + + Meaux taken by Henry V., iii. 36 + + Medina Sidonia, Duke of, iv. 360, 362 + + Medway, the Dutch in the, vi. 242 + + Melfort, John Drummond, first Earl of, vii. 17 + + Melrose, + Cuthbert at, i. 75; + _Chronicle_ of, 273; + English raid on, iv. 29 + + Melville, Andrew, v. 133, 136, 138, 164, 165 + + Menou, General, viii. 164, 166 + + Meonwaras, i. 85 + + Merchade, i. 265 + + Merchant Adventurers, + English, in Flanders, iii. 155; + of London, iv. 283, 284 + + Merchant Associations, iv. 233, 283 + + Merchant-gild, the, i. 297, 300; + struggle with craft-gilds, 316-318; + of London, 319 + + Mercia + under Penda, i. 66, 70-73; + submits to Oswiu, 73; + becomes Christian, _ib._; + its revival under Wulfhere, 78, 85; + struggle with Wessex, 90-91; + greatness under Offa, 97, 98; + struggle with Wales, ii. 46; + civil strife in, i. 101; + conquered by Ecgberht, 102; + attacked by northmen, 104; + conquered by them, 105; + English, under ealdorman AEthelred, 117; + annexed to Wessex, 118; + revolts against Eadwig, 137; + submits to Cnut, 143; + earldom of, 146 + + Mercians, their settlement, i. 37 + + Meres, Francis, v. 32, 41, 42 + + Merlin, + legend of, i. 247; + prophecies of, ii. 57, 119 + + Merton, school of, i. 225 + + Methodists, vii. 204-207, 210, 211; + their influence, viii. 46 + + Meulan captured by John of Bedford, iii. 39 + + Meulan, Robert, count of, i. 201 + + Mexico conquered by Cortes, iv. 329 + + Michiel, Giovanni, iv. 3 + + Middle English + settle round Leicester, i. 37; + become Christian, 72 + + Middle Saxons, i. 54 + + Middlesex elects Wilkes, viii. 5, 7 + + Middleton, Thomas, v. 42 + + Milan Decree, Napoleon's, viii. 181 + + Mile-end, meeting of Richard II. and the Kentishmen at, ii. 322 + + Milford Haven, Richard II. lands at, ii. 380 + + Millenary Petition, v. 151 + + Milton, John, + his early life, v. 98-101; + life at Horton, 302, 303; + early poems, 304; + _Comus_, 305, 306; + _Lycidas_, 332; + views on Church reform, 355; + change in his ecclesiastical views, vi. 32; + his sonnet on the Vaudois, 123; + his _Defence of the English People_, 231; + his later life, 232, 233; + _Paradise Lost_, 234-237; + _Areopagitica_, 305 + + Minden, battle of, vii. 264 + + Mines in England, i. 30; ii. 107; viii. 57 + + Minorca + ceded to England, vii. 142; + lost, 248; + restored, 307; + ceded to Spain, viii. 41 + + Mirebeau, Arthur of Britanny captured at, i. 268 + + Mise + of Amiens, ii. 68; + of Lewes, 71 + + Model, New. _See_ Army + + _Modus Tenendi Parliamentum_, i. 275 + + Mogul Empire, the, vii. 234 + + Monaco, soldiers of, at Crecy, ii. 236 + + Monarchy, + growth of its strength, iii. 88, 89; + new policy, 89; + causes of its power, 111; + its position at Thomas Cromwell's death, iv. 7; + changes in its system under Elizabeth, 232; + James I.'s theory of, v. 169-171; + change in its relations to the country, 183, 184; + abolished, vi. 68; + proposal to restore it, 119-121; + restored, 152; + character after the Restoration, 172, 173, 183, 184; + character since the Revolution, vii. 60; + its insignificance under the House of Hanover, vii. 172-175. + _See_ King + + Monasteries, suppression of, iii. 310, 311, 346; iv. 13 + + Monasticism, + revival of, under Henry I. and Stephen, i. 222; + its condition in the sixteenth century, iii. 309-310 + + Monk, George, + subdues the Highlands, vi. 108; + commander in Scotland, 150; + gathers a Convention at Edinburgh, _ib._; + leads his army to London, 151; + restores Charles II., 152; + Duke of Albemarle, 193; + fight with De Ruyter, 238 + + Monmouth, James, Duke of, vi. 176, 309; + schemes for his succession, 309, 310; + comes to court, 312; + ordered to leave London, _ib._; + returns, 314; + his progresses, 316, 322; + arrested, 335; + flight, 337; + finds refuge at the Hague, vii. 8; + his attempt on England, 9; + defeat and death, 10 + + Monmouth, Humfrey, iii. 258 + + Monopolies, + sale of, by Edward III., ii. 291; + abolished by Elizabeth, v. 58; + revived by James I., 222; + by Charles I., 279 + + Mons + surprised by Lewis of Nassau, iv. 298; + captured by Lewis XIV., vii. 76 + + Montacute, Henry Pole, Lord, iii. 349, 350 + + Montagu, John Neville, first Lord, iii. 113; + victory at Hexham, 123; + relations with Edward IV., 137, 138; + joins Warwick and Clarence, 139; + joins Warwick again, 142; + slain, _ib._ + + Montagu, Ralph, vi. 299 + + Montague, Anthony Browne, first Viscount, iv. 267 + + Montague, Charles, vii. 85; + founds the Bank of England, 86; + Chancellor of the Exchequer, 88; + reforms the currency, 89; + dismissed, 98; + impeached, 105 + + Montague, Dr. Richard, v. 245, 246; + bishop of Chichester, 267, 298 + + Montcalm, Marquis of, vii. 244, 268, 269 + + Montcontour, battle of, iv. 268, 298 + + Monteagle, William Parker, fourth Lord, v. 159 + + Montereau, Duke John of Burgundy assassinated at, iii. 35 + + Montfort, Amaury of (brother of Earl Simon), ii. 35 + + Montfort, Amaury of (son of Earl Simon), ii. 83 + + Montfort, Eleanor of, ii. 109 + + Montfort, Henry of, ii. 81 + + Montfort, John of, Duke of Britanny, ii. 233 + + Montfort, Richard of, ii. 83 + + Montfort, Simon IV. of, earl of Leicester, ii. 35 + + Montfort, Simon V. of, ii. 35; + marriage, 36; + earl of Leicester, _ib._, 37; + relations with the barons, _ib._; + heads reforming party, 37, 38; + protests against papal exactions, 38; + Seneschal of Gascony, 38-40; + quarrel with Henry III., 40; + regency of France offered to, _ib._; + character, 40-42; + returns to England, 59; + swears to Provisions of Oxford, 63; + negotiations with France, _ib._; + breach with Gloucester, 64; + goes to France, 66; + returns, 67; + alliance with Llewelyn, _ib._; + heads the barons in arms, _ib._; + rejects the Mise of Amiens, 68, 69; + victory at Lewes, 70, 71; + his rule, 71; + summons the commons to Parliament, 73, 153; + quarrel with Gloucester, 75; + last campaign, 76, 77; + death, 78; + his corpse mutilated, 80; + his adherents disinherited, 82, 83; + miracles at his tomb, 83 + + Montfort, Simon, the younger, + taken prisoner, ii. 70; + defeated by Edward, 76; + advances to Alcester, 77; + falls back to Kenilworth, 80; + releases his prisoners, _ib._; + goes to Axholme, 84; + surrenders to Edward, 85; + flies over sea, 86 + + Montgomery, Roger of, ii. 47 + + Montreal taken by Amherst, vii. 269 + + Montreuil besieged by the English, iv. 30 + + Montrose, James Grahame, fifth earl and first marquis of, v. 337, 342; + relations with Charles I., 359, 364; + raises the Highlands for the king, vi. 23; + his victories, _ib._, 38, 41; + defeat at Philiphaugh, _ib._; + executed, 78 + + Moore, Sir John, viii. 186, 187 + + Moot, the, i. 17, 18 + + Morat, battle of, iii. 150 + + Moray, Thomas Randolph, Earl of, ii. 213. + _See_ Randolph + + More, Hannah, vii. 170; viii. 47 + + More, Thomas, + his person and character, iii. 216, 217; + first appearance in Parliament, 218; + his home-life, _ib._, 219; + returns to court, 219; + his lectures on "The City of God," 197; + _Life of Edward the Fifth_, 83, 218; + _Utopia_, 189, 220-228; + Speaker of the Commons, 245; + his reply to Luther, 257; + Chancellor, 286, 289; + resigns, 299; + summoned to take the oath of succession, 317; + refuses, 318; + sent to the Tower, 319; + beheaded, 321; + his reverence for Parliament, iv. 9; + Roper's _Life of_, iii. 83 + + More, Thomas de la, ii. 177 + + Moreau, General, viii. 122, 142, 143 + + _Moriae Encomium_, iii. 219 + + Morice, Sir William, Secretary of State, vi. 194 + + Morkere, Earl of Northumbria, i. 160, 165, 167, 170 + + Mornington, Richard Wellesley, second Earl of, viii. 132. + _See_ Wellesley + + Morrison, Robert, vi. 167 + + Mortemer, battle of, i. 158 + + Mortimer, Anne, iii. 56 + + Mortimer, Edmund, Earl of March. _See_ March + + Mortimer, Sir Edmund, iii. 13 + + Mortimer, Roger, + supporter of Henry III., ii. 64, 72, 85; + defeated by Llewelyn, 88; + head of regency, 102 + + Mortimer, Roger, conspires against Edward II., ii. 198; + Earl of March, 206; + fall, 207 + + Mortimer's Cross, battle of, iii. 78 + + Morton, John, Bishop of Ely and Archbishop of Canterbury, iii. 167, + 285; + his "fork," 177 + + Morton, James Douglas, fourth Earl of, iv. 114; + Chancellor of Scotland, 224; + aids Darnley against Mary, 228; + flies, 230; + recalled, 243; + joins Argyle against Mary, 245; + beheaded, 346 + + Morton, Dr. Nicholas, iv. 265, 268 + + Moscow, Napoleon's expedition to, viii. 200 + + Mount Badon, battle of, i. 34 + + Mountjoy, Charles Blount, eighth Lord, v. 62 + + Mountnorris, Francis Annesley, Lord, v. 290 + + Moveables, taxation of, + under Henry II., i. 257; + under Richard I., 350 + + Mowbray, Robert, Earl of Northumberland, i. 192 + + Mowbray, Roger, i. 254 + + Muhlberg, battle of, iv. 50 + + Munster, + the Fitz-Maurices in, ii. 377; + English conquest of, iii. 329; + revolt in, v. 62 + + Muenster, Bernard van Galen, Bishop of, vi. 227 + + Murimuth, Adam of, i. 274; ii. 177 + + Murray, James Stuart, first earl of (_see_ Stuart), iv. 199; + his policy, _ib._, 200, 201, 205; + opposes the Darnley marriage, 223; + plots with Elizabeth, 224; + rises against Mary, _ib._; + defeated, 225; + returns, 229; + pleads for Morton's recall, 243; + goes to France, 244; + Regent of Scotland, 259; + defeats Mary at Langside, 260, 261; + his charges against Mary, 262; + murdered, 271; v. 122 + + Murray, Sir Robert, vi. 166 + + Mysore, sultans of, viii. 131 + + + Nalson's historical collections, v. 72 + + Namur + surrendered to Lewis XIV., vii. 79; + taken by the Allies, 88 + + Nanci, battle of, iii. 150 + + Nantes, Edict of, revoked, vii. 13 + + Nantwich, battle at, vi. 18 + + Naples + threatened by an English fleet, vii. 223; + attacked by Austria, 224 + + Napoleon, Emperor of the French (_see_ Buonaparte), + his scheme for invading England, viii. 170, 171; + victories at Ulm and Austerlitz, 173; + at Jena, 174; + at Eylau and Friedland, 175; + his Berlin Decree, 176; + Milan Decree, 181; + masters Spain, 185; + military successes there, 187; + victory at Wagram, 188; + seeks the alliance of America, 192; + marches on Russia, 198, 200; + retreats, 200, 201; + last victories, 201; + fall, 203; + at Elba, 205; + re-enters France, 206; + raises an army, 207; + victory at Ligny, _ib._; + defeat at Waterloo, 208-210; + exile to St. Helena, 211 + + Narbonne sacked by the Black Prince, ii. 260 + + Naseby, battle of, vi. 40 + + Nash, Thomas, v. 8 + + Nassau, Lewis, Count of, iv. 298 + + Navarete, battle of, ii. 284 + + Navarre, Anthony of Bourbon, king of, iv. 206 + + Navy. _See_ Fleet + + Nectansmere, battle of, i. 89 + + Neerwinden, battles of, vii. 80; viii. 107 + + Nelson, Horatio, viii. 133, 172, 173 + + Nennius, i. 3 + + Netherlands, + their importance to Philip II., iv. 255; + rise against him, 256, 297, 298; + alliance with Elizabeth, 311; + English sympathy with, 323, 324; + choose the Duke of Anjou for their sovereign, 336-338; + Parma's successes in, 347; + prevent Parma joining the Armada, 359; + league with France and England, v. 60; + submit to Philip V. of Spain, vii. 101; + Marlborough's campaigns in, 117, 126, 127; + invaded by Lewis XV., vii. 225; + war in, 227, 231; + conquered by France, viii. 109 + + Neufmarche, Bernard of, ii. 47 + + Neuss besieged by Charles the Bold, iii. 147-149 + + Neville, Alexander, Archbishop of York, ii. 353 + + Neville, Anne, iii. 137, 140 + + Neville, Cecily, Duchess of York, iii. 73 + + Neville, George, Chancellor, iii. 113, 123; + Archbishop of York, 113; + deprived of the seals, 130; + betrays London to Edward, 142 + + Neville, Ralph, Earl of Westmoreland, ii. 379 + + Neville, house of, iii. 73, 112, 113 + + Neville's Cross, battle of, ii. 243 + + New Amsterdam, vi. 243 + + Newark, + king John dies at, i. 356; + siege of, vi. 19 + + Newburgh, William of, i. 174 + + Newbury, battles of, vi. 14, 23, 24 + + Newcastle-on-Tyne + founded, i. 189; + occupied by the Scots, v. 342; + besieged by the Scots, vi. 23; + Charles I. and the Scots at, 48; + Parliament at, ii. 160 + + Newcastle, William Cavendish, first Earl, Marquis and Duke of, vi. 4, + 18, 19 + + Newcastle, John Holies, Duke of, vii. 134 + + Newcastle, Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of, vii. 218; + head of the ministry, 246; + refuses subsidy to Russia, 247; + jealous of Pitt, 250; + resigns, _ib._; + joins Pitt in forming a ministry, 251; + opposes Pitt, 304; + retires, 305 + + New England, + its settlement, v. 310-314; + return of Independents from, vi. 28; + its progress, vii. 237, 238 + + New Forest, William the Red slain in the, i. 198 + + Newgate, Friars at, ii. 12 + + New Holland, vii. 277 + + New Jersey, vii. 236 + + "New men," the, i. 325 + + New Orleans, English attempt on, viii. 205 + + New River, the, v. 77 + + New South Wales, vii. 278 + + Newton, Isaac, vi. 167 + + Newton, John, viii. 47 + + Newtown Butler, battle of, vii. 58 + + New York, vi. 243, vii. 236; + its Assembly suspended, viii. 4, 14 + + New Zealand, vii. 278 + + Ney, Marshal, viii. 208, 210 + + Niagara, Fort, vii. 243, 244, 267 + + Nicholas, Sir Edward, vi. 194, 244 + + Nigel, Bishop of Ely and treasurer, i. 218, 219 + + Nile, battle of the, viii. 133 + + Nimeguen, Peace of, vi. 291 + + "Nithing," i. 151, 192 + + Noailles, Duc de, vii. 224 + + Nonconformity, rise of, vi. 27 + + Nonconformists, + their position after 1662, vi. 212, 213; + attitude in 1665, 229; + persecution of, _ib._, 230; + the Cabal's dealings with, 251, 252; + renewed persecution of, 335; + position under James II., vii. 22; + under William III., 64; + under Anne, 123; + under Walpole, 198 + + Nonjurors, vii. 65 + + Nootka Sound, dispute about, viii. 88 + + Norfolk, rising of John the Litster in, ii. 325, 331 + + Norfolk, John Howard, first Duke of, iii. 286 + + Norfolk, Thomas Howard, second Duke of (_see_ Surrey), iii. 287 + + Norfolk, Thomas Howard, third Duke of (_see_ Surrey), iii. 270, 287; + his policy, 291, 294; + puts down Pilgrimage of Grace, 324; + arrests Cromwell, 352; + returns to power, iv. 17; + hostility to Protestants, _ib._; + marches against Scotland, 23, 24; + sent to the Tower, 45; + leads the royal guard against Wyatt, 83 + + Norfolk, Thomas Howard, fourth Duke of, iv. 173; + plots with Mary Stuart, 265, 266; + sent to the Tower, 268; + released, 271; + again plots with Mary, _ib._, 272; + arrest and death, 274 + + Norfolk, Henry Howard, seventh Duke of, vii. 21, 42 + + Norfolk, Thomas Mowbray, first Duke of (_see_ Nottingham), ii. 372, + 378 + + Norfolk, John Mowbray, third Duke of, iii. 80 + + Norfolk, Thomas, Earl of, son of Edward I., ii. 206, 207 + + Norfolk, Earls of. _See_ Bigod + + Norham, Parliament at, ii. 136 + + Norman, prior of Holy Trinity, Aldgate, i. 223 + + Normandy, + its relation to English history, i. 154; + settlement of northmen in, 127, 141, 155; + relations with France, 155, 156; + with English kings, 156; + AEthelred II. in, 143, 156; + condition under William the Conqueror, 158, 159; + pledged by Robert to William Rufus, 197; + conquered by Henry I., 202; + invaded by Lewis VII., 254; + by Philip Augustus, 263; + laid under interdict, 263; + conquered by Philip, 269; + ceded by Henry III., ii. 63; + invaded by Edward III., 235; + conquered by Henry V., iii. 33, 34; + Bedford's rule in, 55; + regained by Charles VII., 62; + historians of, i. 6 + + Normans, + their settlement, i. 155; + temper, _ib._, 158; + in England under Eadward the Confessor, 151; + their flight, 153; + fusion with the English, 200, 281; + settlers in London, 303; + in Wales, ii. 48 + + Norris, Sir John, iv. 367, 368 + + North, Francis, Lord Keeper, vii. 10 + + North, Frederick, Lord, viii. 16, 28, 33 + + Northallerton, battle of, i. 217 + + Northampton + reduced by Eadward the Elder, i. 119; + John's deposition proclaimed at, 333; + John and Langton at, 340; + Essex musters the Parliamentary army at, vi. 2; + Assize of, i. 255; + battle of, iii. 75; + councils at, i. 237; ii. 120; + treaty of, ii. 205 + + Northampton, William Bohun, Earl of, ii. 237 + + Northampton, George Compton, fourth Earl of, vii. 23 + + Northampton, Henry Howard, Earl of, v. 191 + + Northampton, William Parr, first Marquis of, iv. 47 + + North folk, i. 42 + + North Foreland, battles off the, vi. 238, 239 + + Northmen, + their temper, i. 100; + attack Britain, 101; + settle in Ireland, 103; + victorious at Charmouth, _ib._; + defeated at Aclea, _ib._; + conquer Northumbria and East Anglia, 104; + attack Wessex, 105; + defeated at Ashdown, _ib._; + invade Mercia, _ib._; + Alfred's struggle with, 106, 107, 116, 117; + attack Wessex, 118; + character of their attack, i. 125, 126; + fusion with English, 126, 127; + their work in England, 129; + settle in Iceland, the Orkneys and Hebrides, _ib._; + again threaten England, 139; + victory at Maldon, _ib._; + bought off by AEthelred, 140; + mercenaries in England, massacred, 141; + settlement in Gaul. _See_ Normandy, Normans + + Northumberland + granted to Henry of Scotland, ii. 134; + lead-mines in, i. 30 + + Northumberland, John Dudley, Duke of (_see_ Warwick), iv. 65, 67-69, + 71 + + Northumberland, Henry Percy, first Earl of, ii. 378, 380; iii. 12-14, + 18, 19 + + Northumberland, Henry Percy, second Earl of, iii. 28, 73, 74 + + Northumberland, Henry Percy, third Earl of, iii. 80 + + Northumberland, Henry Percy, fourth Earl of, iii. 138, 172 + + Northumberland, Thomas Percy, seventh Earl of, iv. 268, 269, 274 + + Northumberland, Henry Percy, ninth Earl of, iv. 353, 358 + + Northumbria, kingdom of (Bernicia and Deira), i. 53, 60; + greatness under Eadwine, 62-63; + accepts Christianity, 64-65; + greatness under Oswald, 67; + Irish missionaries in, 69; + struggle with Penda, 70-73; + Cuthbert's mission-work in, 75, 76; + monasteries in, 76, 77; + religious strife in, 78-80; + its power under Ecgfrith, 86, 87; + struggle with the Picts, 88, 89; + with Mercia, 89; + schools and learning in, 91; + repulses AEthelbald, 96; + anarchy in, 97; + submits to Ecgberht, 102; + conquered by northmen, 104; + submits to Eadward the Elder, 119; + incorporated with Wessex and Mercia by AEthelstan, _ib._; + rises against him, 120; + against Eadmund, _ib._; + against Eadwig, 137; + earldom of, 146; + revolts against Tostig, 160; + against William I., 168; + northern, conquered by the Scots, 146 + + Norway, its monarchy founded, i. 128, 129 + + Norwich, + French settlers in, i. 303; + clothiers of, resist benevolences, iii. 251; + rising at, against Somerset, iv. 55; + centre of the worsted trade, 279 + + Nothelm, friend of Baeda, i. 94 + + Nottingham, + AEthelred I.'s treaty with the northmen at, i. 104; + one of the Five Boroughs, 117; + submits to Eadward the Elder, 119; + Edward III. arrests Mortimer at, ii. 207; + Charles I. raises his standard at, vi. 2 + + Nottingham, Daniel Finch, second Earl of, vii. 28, 88, 124 + + Nottingham, Thomas Mowbray, second Earl of, ii. 353, 370. + _See_ Norfolk + + Nottingham, John Mowbray, fourth Earl of, iii. 18 + + Nova Scotia, + French settlers driven from, vii. 242; + ceded to England, 307 + + Novi, battle of, viii. 140 + + Nowell, Alexander, Dean of St. Paul's, iv. 165 + + Noy, William, v. 317 + + Noyon, treaty of, iii. 234 + + + Oates, Titus, vi. 294-297; vii. 66 + + Ockham, William, ii. 276 + + Odo, Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 137 + + Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, i. 167, 183, 189, 191 + + Offa, king of Mercia, i. 96-98; ii. 46 + + Oglethorpe, General, vii. 236 + + O'Hara, General, viii. 109 + + Ohio Company, vii. 242 + + Olaf, king of Norway, i. 140 + + Oldcastle, Sir John, ii. 345; iii. 19. + _See_ Cobham + + Olivares, Count of, v. 233 + + Olney, treaty of, i. 143 + + O'Neal, Sir Phelim, v. 365 + + O'Neill, Hugh, vi. 79 + + O'Neill, Hugh, second Earl of Tyrone, v. 61, 62 + + O'Neill, Owen Roe, vi. 71 + + O'Neill, Shane, iv. 240, 241 + + Opdam, Admiral, vi. 225 + + Orange, William I., Prince of, iv. 264, 297, 300, 312, 338, 347 + + Orange, William II., Prince of, vi. 70 + + Orange, William III., Prince of. _See_ William + + "Orangemen," viii. 119, 120 + + "Ordainers," the Lords, ii. 188 + + Ordeal, trial by, i. 239 + + Orderic, i. 6, 173 + + Orders in Council, + Lord Grenville's, viii. 178; + Canning's, 181; + repealed, 197 + + Ordinance, + Self-Denying, vi. 35; + for suppression of blasphemies and heresies, vi. 60 + + Ordinances + changed into statutes, ii. 298; + of 1311, 189, 191, 194, 195 + + Orkneys, Northmen in the, i. 129 + + Orleans, + Henry V. repulsed from, iii. 36; + siege of, 45, 46; + relieved, 50, 51 + + Orleans, Charles, Duke of, iii. 24, 26, 28 + + Orleans, Lewis I., Duke of, iii. 5, 6, 12, 16, 17 + + Orleans, Lewis II., Duke of, iii. 170. + _See_ Lewis XII. + + Orleans, Philip II., Duke of, Regent of France, vii. 185, 213 + + Ormond, James Butler, twelfth Earl of, vi. 16; + invites Charles II. to Ireland, 71; + besieges Dublin, 76; + Duke, 182, 193; + Lord Steward, 193; + retires, 244; + returns to the Council, 278; + supports Parliamentary government, vii. 1 + + Ormond, James Butler, second Duke of, + Warden of the Cinque Ports, vii. 145; + joins the Pretender, 168; + tries to stir up a rising, 184; + commands a Spanish fleet, 187 + + Orosius, AElfred's translation of, i. 114 + + Orthez, battle of, viii. 202 + + Orvieto, Edward I. visits the Pope at, ii. 102 + + Osbern's _Lives of English Saints_, i. 243 + + Osgod Clapa, i. 148 + + Osney, + abbey of, i. 284; + annals of, 273 + + Oswald, king of Bernicia, i. 67, 69-71 + + Oswiu, king of Northumbria, i. 72, 73, 78-81, 86 + + Otterbourne's _Chronicle_, ii. 179 + + Otto of Saxony, king of the Germans, i. 264; + his alliance with John, 334, 337; + invades France, 338, 342 + + Oudenarde, battle of, vii. 134 + + Overbury, Sir Thomas, v. 192 + + Oxford, + first mention of, i. 305; + submits to Swein, 143; + siege of, 220; + condition after Norman conquest, 306, 307; + in the twelfth century, 283-285; + relations with Abbey of Abingdon, 306, 308; + with London, 308, 309; + mayor substituted for reeve, 310; + town-life, _ib._, 311; + barons swear fealty to Henry Fitz-Empress at, 227; + Richard I. born at, 259; + Friars settle in, ii. 12; + Charles I. at, vi. 3, 4; + blockade of, 19; + "bargemen" of, i. 308; + charters, 309; + church of St. Martin, 283, 306, 310; + of St. Mary, 287, 288; + Jews at, 307; ii. 127-129; + merchant-gild, i. 308; + Parliament at, ii. 60; v. 246; vi. 226, 322, 323; + Portmannimote of, i. 306, 309; + Port-meadow, 296, 306; + Provisions of, ii. 61; + University of, i. 285-287; + Gerald of Wales at, 285; + a papal legate mobbed at, 287; ii. 42; + study of Aristotle at, i. 288, 293, 294; + foreign students at, 291; + revival of theology at, ii. 14; + Roger Bacon at, 16, 17; + attitude towards English liberty in thirteenth century, 22; + Wyclif at, 276; + ordered to condemn and arrest him, 310; + condemns him, 337; + displaces his opponents, _ib._; + Wykeham's College at, 308; + Lollardry at, 339-341; + Duke Humphrey bequeaths his library to, iii. 40, 161; + decay of scholarship at, 98; + revival of Greek at, 190, 194, 202; + Cardinal College at, 202, 262, 265; + Lutheranism at, 262, 263; + forced to approve Henry VIII.'s divorce, 292; + opposes the royal supremacy, iv. 162; + religious changes in, 304; + Catholic refugees from, at Douay, 317; + protests against the Millenary Petition, v. 152; + declares for passive obedience, 170; vii. 1; + James II.'s dealings with, 25, 26; + Jacobitism in, 184; + Methodists at, 205; + supports the younger Pitt, viii. 69 + + Oxford, Robert de Vere, third Earl of. _See_ Vere + + Oxford, Robert de Vere, ninth Earl of. _See_ Vere + + Oxford, John de Vere, twelfth Earl of, iii. 142, 177 + + Oxford, Edward de Vere, seventeenth Earl of, iv. 318, 353, 358 + + Oxford, Aubrey de Vere, twentieth Earl of, vii. 23 + + Oxford, Robert Harley, Earl of (_see_ Harley), vii. 145 + + + Packenham, General, viii. 205 + + Palatinate, + war in the, v. 220; + the Elector driven from, 226; + reconquered by Gustavus of Sweden, 276 + + Pale, the English, + in Ireland, ii. 374; + divided into counties, 376 + + Pampeluna, siege of, viii. 202 + + Pandulf, Cardinal, i. 333, 337, 344; ii. 3, 6 + + Papacy, the, + its relations with England under Henry III., ii. 1, 26-28, 59; + English protests against its exactions, 38, 42; + its relations with the Empire, 217, 218; + with France, _ib._, 224; + with England under Edward III., 218, 219, 221-223, 273-275, 303; + complaints of King and Parliament against, 225; + private arrangements with Edward III., 296; + beginning of its struggle with Luther, iii. 253; + England's relations with, under Henry VIII., 288, 289, 297, 299, + 300; + appeals to, forbidden, 302; + judicial and financial connexion with, broken, _ib._; + its jurisdiction transferred to the Crown, 305, 306; + submission to, under Mary, iv. 88, 89; + its revival under Paul IV., 99, 100; + relations with Elizabeth, 155; + position and policy under Pius V., 250-253; + under Gregory XIII., 306, 313 + + Paris + rises against the Regent Charles, ii. 264; + threatened by Edward III., 265; + Henry VI. crowned at, iii. 55; + welcomes Charles VII., 56; + besieged by Henry IV. (of France), iv. 369; + relieved by Parma, 370; + rising in, viii. 83; + surrenders to the Allies, 203; + Peace of, vii. 307; + University of, i. 225, 282, 285, 290 + + Paris, Matthew, i. 273; ii. 43, 44 + + Parish system, its introduction, i. 84 + + Parker, Matthew, Archbishop of Canterbury, iv. 165; + his historical collections, v. 4; + Strype's _Life of_, iv. 4 + + Parker, Bishop of Oxford, vii. 25, 26 + + Parkhurst, John, iv. 119 + + Parliament, + its origin, ii. 156; + first scheme for representation of Commonalty in, 61; + its summons forbidden by Henry III., 64; + knights summoned to, 66, 150, 151; + Commons summoned to, 73; + representation of boroughs in, _ib._, 120, 121, 152-154; + finally constituted in 1295, 156; + attempt to include the clergy in, 157; + fixed at Westminster, 158; + Edward I.'s plan for representation of Scotland in, 171; + relations with the Crown, 181-183; + protests against papal exactions, 38, 222, 223, 225; + demands the dismissal of Gaveston, 187; + deposes Edward II., 199; + growth of its power, 201; + internal developement, _ib._, 202; + grouping of Estates in, 202, 203; + confirms recognition of Scotch independence, 205; + progress under Edward III., 230-232; + two Houses, 231; + repudiates John's submission to Rome, 275; + Edward III.'s relations with, 292; + its assent made necessary for subsidies on wool, 298; + English language first used in opening, 300, 356; + petition for due election of knights to serve in, 300; + acknowledges Richard II.'s claim to the succession, 307; + refuses to enfranchise serfs, 335; + struggle with Richard II., 352; + deposes him, iii. 1; + recognizes Henry IV., 2; + its relations with him, 3, 4, 22, 23; + importance at opening of Wars of the Roses, 86; + relations with York and Lancaster, 91, 92; + suspension under Edward IV., 91, 152; + recognizes Henry VII., 174; + Henry VIII.'s relations with, 288; + asks for Church reform, 290; + forbids appeals to Rome, 302; + Cromwell's dealings with, iv. 8, 9; + More's reverence for, 9; + developement under Henry VIII., 9-11; + temper under Edward VI., 66; + packing of, 67, 234; + relations with Mary, 77, 81, 85; + advance under Elizabeth, 233-239; v. 56-58; + "Admonition to," iv. 296; + suspension under Charles I., 272; + Pym's theory of, 346, 347; + schemes of the Convention for its reform, vi. 99; + first representation of Scotland and Ireland in, _ib._, 101; + new constitution of, in 1657, 122; + its strength and its weakness, 301, 302; + secures control over taxation and the army, vii. 61; + annual assembly, 62; + control over trade, 63; + the Whigs' management of, 176; + its duration fixed at seven years, 185; + relations with the people after the Revolution, 286-288; + need for its reform, 289-292; + George III.'s dealings with, 308, 309; + its dealings with Wilkes, 318; + publication of its debates, viii. 11; + composition after Union with Ireland, 139; + at Berwick, ii. 162; + at Coventry, iii. 75; + at Gloucester, ii. 289, 315; + at Marlborough, 89; + at Newcastle, 160; + at Norham, 136; + at Oxford, 60; v. 246; vi. 226, 323; + at St. Albans, ii. 66; + at Shrewsbury, 121, 371; + at Winchester, 66, 80, 82; + at York, 195; + the Addled, v. 196; + the Barebones, vi. 95; + the Cavalier, 201-204, 207; + moves to Oxford, 226; + its attitude towards France, 228; + relations with Charles, 240, 241; + rejects a scheme of Protestant comprehension, 252; + its distrust of the Cabal, 253; + grants a subsidy for the fleet, 260; + action in 1673, 271-274; + in 1674, 280, 281; + Danby's dealings with, 284-286; + action in 1678, 290; + dissolved, 299; + the Convention, vi. 194; + its dealings with the regicides, 195, 196; + settlement of the nation, 196-198; + of the Church, 199, 200; + dissolved, 200, 201; + the Club, iii. 91; + the Good, ii. 177, 304-307; + Long, its assembly, v. 349; + proceedings in 1640, 350, 351; + in 1641, 352-357, 362, 363, 369-371, 373-379; + raises an army, 377; vi. 1; + alliance with Scotland, 14, 15; + takes the Covenant, 16; + its ecclesiastical policy, 29, 30; + negotiates with Charles, 38; + attitude towards religious liberty, 45, 46; + proposes terms to the king, 47; + sets up Presbyterianism, 50; + negotiates with the Army, 54; + dealings with heresy, 60; + negotiates again with Charles, 63; + struggle with the Army, 65, 66; + its ruin, 67; + the Merciless, ii. 354; + the Rump, vi. 66; + its unwillingness to dissolve, 74, 77, 81, 84, 87; + struggle with the army, 89; + driven out, 90, 91; + recalled, 149; + driven out again, 150; + second return and dissolution, 151; + the Short, v. 340, 341; + the Wonderful, ii. 354; + of 1246, 38; + of 1248, _ib._; + of 1254, 73; + of 1257, 59; + of 1258, 60; + of 1259, 64; + of 1260, _ib._; + of 1261, 66; + of 1264, 71; + of 1265, 72, 73, 75, 80, 82, 153; + of 1266, 87; + of 1267, 89; + of 1275, 103, 107; + of 1283, 121; + of 1289, 123; + of 1295, 143, 154, 156, 157, 160; + of 1296, 160; + of 1309, 187; + of 1311, 189; + of 1313, 191; + of 1322, 195, 196; + of 1327, 199; + of 1328, 205; + of 1340, 231; + of 1341, 232; + of 1351, 256, 273; + of 1354, 299; + of 1365, 274; + of 1371, 301; + of 1376, 289; + of 1377, 310, 311; + of 1378, 289, 312, 315; + of 1379, 289, 316; + of 1380, 316; + of 1381, 334; + of 1385, 352; + of 1386, _ib._; + of 1388, 353; + of 1397, 370; + of 1398, 371; + of 1399, iii. 1; + of 1404, 15; + of 1413, 25; + of 1426, 91; + of 1447, 61; + of 1450, 68; + of 1451, _ib._; + of 1454, 72; + of 1455, 74; + of 1461, 118; + of 1484, 168; + of 1485, 174; + of 1515, 221; + of 1523, 244; + of 1529, 284, 288; + its action in 1531, 297; + in 1534, 305; + of 1539, 345; + of October 1553, iv. 75; + of November 1554, 88; + of 1559, 156, 157; + of 1563, 214, 215; + of 1570, 272; + of 1571, 292; + of 1581, 319; + of 1604, v. 153-155, 157, 160-163; + of 1610, 179-182; + of 1614, 195, 196; + of 1621, 220, 221, 225, 227-229; + of 1624, 235; + of 1625, 245-247; + of 1626, 249, 253; + of 1628, 259-264, 268-271; + of 1640, _see_ Parliament, Long and Short; + of 1654, vi. 101-106; + of 1655, 117, 123; + reassembles in 1658, 143; + its strife with Cromwell, 144; + dissolved, 145; + of 1659, 148, 149; + of 1660, _see_ Parliament, the Convention; + of 1661, _see_ Parliament, the Cavalier; + of 1679, vi. 299, 300, 304-306, 308; + of 1680, 312, 319, 320; + of 1681, 322-324; + of 1685, vii. 7, 9, 14, 15, 23; + of 1687, 23; + of 1689, 60-67, 69; + of 1690, 69, 88; + of 1695, 88, 89; + of 1699, 97, 98; + of 1701, 101-105, 107; + of 1702, 107; + of 1705, 125; + of 1714, 168; + of 1768, viii. 4, 7, 8, 11, 12; + of 1784, 69; + Irish, of 1634, v. 291, 292; + its condition in eighteenth century, viii. 35; + rejects free trade with England, 79, 118; + action in question of the Regency, 138; + Scottish, accepts Calvinism, iv. 187; + the Drunken, vi. 180; + of 1543, iv. 26, 28; + of 1563, 218; + of 1566, 228, 229; + of 1568, 260; + of 1703, vii. 127. + _See_ Commons, Lords, Statutes + + Parma, Alexander Farnese, prince of, iv. 312, 337, 347, 348; + prepares to invade England, 356; + his difficulties, 357, 359; + raises the siege of Paris, 370; + of Rouen, 371; + dies, 373 + + Parpaglia, Papal Legate, iv. 191, 192 + + Parr, Catharine, iv. 24, 56 + + Parry, William, iv. 350 + + Parsons, Robert, iv. 318, 320, 345 + + Partition Treaty, the first, vii. 93; + second, 96 + + Passau, treaty of, iv. 65; v. 175 + + _Paston Letters_, ii. 180; iii. 104, 154 + + Paterson, William, vii. 86 + + Patrick, St., i. 68 + + "Patriots," the, vii. 203, 204, 218 + + Paul III., Pope, iii. 350; iv. 21, 35, 51, 64 + + Paul IV., Pope (_see_ Caraffa), iv. 99, 101; + his demands on England, 102, 145; + on Elizabeth, 155, 156; + death, 160 + + Paul, emperor of Russia, viii. 137, 160-163 + + Paulinus, St., i. 64, 67 + + Pavia, battle of, iii. 250 + + Peasant Revolt, the, ii. 319-332; + its results, 333-335 + + Peckham, Archbishop of Canterbury, ii. 118 + + Pecock, Bishop of Chichester, iii. 96 + + Pedro the Cruel, king of Castille, ii. 282-284 + + Peerage, increase of, + under James I., v. 200; + under Charles I., _ib._; + under Charles II., 201. + _See_ Lords + + Peerage Bill, vii. 190, 191 + + "Peep o' Day Boys," viii. 119 + + Pelham, Henry, vii. 218, 226, 246, 250 + + Pembroke + surprised by the Royalists, vi. 59; + besieged by Cromwell, 61; + surrenders, 62 + + Pembroke, William Herbert, first Earl of, iv. 65, 66, 70, 108, 268 + + Pembroke, William Herbert, third Earl of, v. 43 + + Pembroke, Thomas Herbert, eighth Earl of, vii. 23 + + Pembroke, Earls of. _See_ Clare, Marshal, Tudor, Valence + + Pembrokeshire, Flemish and English settlement in, ii. 48 + + Pencrych, Richard, ii. 357 + + Penda, king of Mercia, i. 66, 70-73 + + Pengwern becomes Shrewsbury, i. 98 + + Peninsular War, viii. 186-188, 190, 191, 199, 200, 202 + + Penn, William, vi. 335 + + Pennsylvania, settlement of, vi. 335; vii. 236 + + Penry, John, iv. 343 + + Pepys, Roger, vi. 203 + + Pepys, Samuel, vi. 174; + his _Diary_, 157 + + Perceval, Spencer, viii. 189, 195, 196 + + Perche, Thomas, count of, ii. 2 + + Percies, the, ii. 378, 379; iii. 12 + + Percy, Henry (Hotspur), ii. 378; + constable of North Wales, iii. 10; + recovers Conway, 11; + defeats the Scots at Homildon Hill, 12; + plots against Henry IV., 13; + slain, 14 + + Percy, Thomas, v. 158 + + Perigord restored to Edward III., ii. 266 + + Perrers, Alice, ii. 304, 306, 307 + + Perth, + Convocation at, ii. 171; + Protestant riot at, iv. 169 + + Perth, James Drummond, fourth Earl of, vii. 17 + + Peru conquered by Pizarro, iv. 329 + + Peter the Great, Czar of Russia, vii. 189 + + Peter of Savoy, ii. 32 + + Peterborough + founded, i. 86; + burnt by northmen, 104 + + Peterborough, John Mordaunt, first Earl of, vii. 37 + + Peterborough, Charles Mordaunt, second Earl of, vii. 126, 131, 133 + + Peters, Hugh, vi. 28, 66 + + Petition + of the Commons to Henry VIII., iii. 290; + the Millenary, v. 151; + of Right, 260, 261; + accepted by Charles I., 263 + + Petitions + to the king in Parliament, ii. 159; + changed into Statutes, iii. 90; + Triers of, ii. 159 + + "Petitioners" and "Abhorrers," vi. 314 + + Petrarch, his influence on Chaucer, ii. 360 + + Petre, Father Edward, vii. 20 + + Petty, Sir William, vi. 132, 169 + + Pevensey, William the Conqueror lands at, i. 162 + + Phelips, Sir Robert, v. 247, 248 + + Philadelphia, Congress at, viii. 19 + + Philip I., king of France, i. 190 + + Philip Augustus, king of France, + leagues with Richard against Henry II., i. 258; + quarrels with Richard, 259, 260; + plots with John, 261; + struggle with Richard, 263, 264; + conquers Normandy, 268, 269; + conquers Aquitaine, 270; + charged by the Pope to depose John, 333 + + Philip III., king of France, ii. 102 + + Philip IV., the Fair, king of France, + his relations with Scotland, ii. 141, 160; + seizes Guienne, 142; + truce with Edward, 168; + treaty, 170; + relations with the papacy, _ib._, 217, 224; + his _Royal Book_, iii. 161 + + Philip VI., of Valois, king of France, ii. 209; + relations with Pope and Emperor, 218; + attacks the Agenois and occupies Cambray, 219; + withdraws, 220; + supports Charles of Blois in Britanny, 233; + offers to restore Aquitaine, 235; + defeated at Crecy, 237-239; + fails against Edward and the Flemings, 244 + + Philip, son of Charles V. (Philip II. of Spain), iv. 79, 80; + king of Naples, 86; + marries Mary, _ib._; + person and manners, _ib._; + policy in England, 89, 90; + lord of Burgundy and king of Spain, 98; + leaves England, _ib._; + returns, 107; + war with France, 108; + policy towards Elizabeth, 137, 138, 154, 159, 175; + hopes for her conversion, 190; + compels Pius IV. to recall Parpaglia, 192; + urges Elizabeth to send envoys to Trent, 194; + sends help to the Guises, 209; + delays the Bull for deposition of Elizabeth, 214; + turns towards Mary Stuart, 222; + relations with Mary and the Pope, 254, 255; + difficulties in the Netherlands, 255, 256; + refuses to join the French against England, 268; + his rule, 326-328; + character, 328; + policy, _ib._, 329; + king of Portugal, 335; + assembles the Armada, 344; + despatches it, 356; + designs on France, 369; + sends troops to the Leaguers, 371; + sends a second Armada, v. 60; + supports Irish rising, 62 + + Philip IV., king of Spain, vi. 190 + + Philip, Duke of Anjou, vii. 99, 100; + king of Spain (Philip V.), 101, 141, 142, 186 + + Philip, Archduke of Austria, iii. 170, 186, 208 + + Philiphaugh, battle of, vi. 41 + + Philippa of Hainault, wife of Edward III., ii. 198, 245-247 + + Philippines, + the, conquered by England, vii. 307; + restored to Spain, _ib._ + + Philpot, John, ii. 312 + + Picardy + ceded to Burgundy, iii. 120; + restored to France, 122 + + Pichegru, General, viii. 110 + + Pickering, Sir Gilbert, vi. 325 + + Picts, the, i. 30; + defeated by Hengest and Horsa, 32; + own Ecgfrith's supremacy, 88; + defeat him at Nectansmere, 89 + + _Piers the Ploughman_, ii. 178, 269-272 + + Pilgrim Fathers, the, v. 308-310 + + Pilgrimage of Grace, iii. 323 + + Pillnitz, conference at, viii. 96 + + Pinkie Cleugh, battle of, iv. 53 + + Pitt, William, vii. 204, 220; + opposes treaty with Russia, 247; + his relations with Walpole and the Pelhams, 249-251; + his lofty spirit, 251-255; + patriotism, 255-257; + eloquence, 257-259; + statesmanship, 259, 260; + supports Frederick II., 262, 263; + his place among English statesmen, 275, 276; + rejects peace with France and supports Frederick, 302; + plans of war in 1761, 303; + resigns, 304; + relations with George III. and the Whigs, 316; + denounces the Stamp Act, 327; + recalled to office, 328; + again withdraws, 329; + supports American resistance, 331; + demands repeal of the Stamp Act, 331; + his policy towards America, 337; + attacks the Declaratory Act, 338; + forms a ministry, 339, 340. + _See_ Chatham + + Pitt, William, the younger, viii. 52, 62; + his Reform Bill, 63, 64; + Chancellor of the Exchequer, 65; + new scheme for parliamentary reform, 67; + First Lord of the Treasury, 69; + his temper, 70-72; + statesmanship, 72-74; + his plans of parliamentary reform, 75, 76; + finance, 77; + treaty of commerce with France, 79; + advocates abolition of slave-trade, _ib._; + resists the prince's claim to the regency, 84; + attitude towards the French Revolution, 84, 86, 88, 89, 91, 95; + supports Fox's Libel Act, 92; + gives a constitution to Canada, _ib._; + endeavours to maintain peace, 102, 103; + position after the declaration of war, 104, 105; + his financial difficulties, 113, 114; + negotiations with France, 121, 126; + introduces the Income-Tax, 137; + effects union with Ireland, 138, 139; + his position during the war, 148-151; + revives plans for Catholic emancipation in Ireland, 152-155; + retires, 148, 155; + opposes Russia, 161; + returns to office, 170; + subsidizes a league against Napoleon, 172; + death, 173, 174 + + Pittsburg, vii. 266 + + Pius II., Pope, iii. 162 + + Pius IV., Pope, + his policy, iv. 190, 191; + recalls the council to Trent, 192, 193; + forbids attendance of Catholics at English Church service, 214 + + Pius V., Pope, iv. 226, 250; + relations with Philip II., 254, 256; + sends envoys to the English Catholics, 264; + issues a Bull for deposition of Elizabeth, 265; + sanctions the plans of Mary and Norfolk, 272 + + Pius VI., Pope, viii. 136 + + Pizarro, Francisco, iv. 329 + + Place Bill, vii. 62, 82 + + Plassey, battle of, vii. 261, 262 + + Plattsburg, English attempt on, viii. 205 + + Plauen, battle of, vii. 264 + + Pleas, + Common, Court of, ii. 109; + of the Crown, i. 264; ii. 109 + + Plymouth (Massachusetts), its foundation, v. 310 + + Poinet, Bishop of Winchester, iv. 119, 129, 131 + + Poitiers + captured by Henry of Derby, ii. 235; + battle of, 261-263 + + Poitou, + Henry III.'s campaign in, ii. 35; + ceded to France, 63; + recovered by Henry of Derby, 243; + restored to Edward III., 266; + won by Du Guesclin, 287 + + Poland, + contested election to the throne of, vii. 214; + partitions of, viii. 85, 108 + + Pole, Sir Geoffrey, iii. 349 + + Pole, John de la, Earl of Lincoln, iii. 176 + + Pole, Michael de la, Earl of Suffolk, ii. 350-353 + + Pole, Reginald, iii. 333, 349; iv. 20; + his attainder reversed, 88; + received as Legate, _ib._; + chief minister, 98, 99; + suspected by the Pope, 102; + deprived of the legation, 145; + dies, 165 + + Pole, Sir Richard, iii. 349 + + Pole, William de la. _See_ Suffolk + + "Politicals," the, iv. 139, 141-143 + + Poll-tax, ii. 311; + renewed under Richard II., 316; + resistance to, 319, 321; + in 1641, v. 363 + + Pont-de-l'Arche seized by Henry V., iii. 33 + + Pontefract, + Thomas of Lancaster executed at, ii. 195; + Richard II. imprisoned at, iii. 7; + Pilgrimage of Grace at, 323, 324 + + Ponthieu, + Harold wrecked on coast of, i. 159; + Charles IV. demands homage of Edward II. for, ii. 197; + granted in full sovereignty to Edward III., 266; + seized by Charles V., 285 + + Pontigny, St. Edmund of Canterbury at, ii. 42 + + Pontlevoi, battle of, i. 212 + + Pontoise, + negotiations between France and England at, iii. 35; + relieved by Talbot, 56 + + Poor Laws, Elizabeth's, iv. 276, 277 + + Pope, Alexander, vii. 204, 217, 294-297 + + Popish Plot, the, vi. 294-298, 311, 313 + + Porter, John, v. 82 + + Portland, Breton descent on, iii. 16 + + Portland, William Henry Cavendish Bentinck, third Duke of, viii. 104, + 180, 189 + + Portland, Richard Weston, Earl of. _See_ Weston + + Port Mahon taken by the French, vii. 248 + + Portmannimote, the, i. 296; + of Oxford, 306, 309 + + Porto Bello, capture of, vii. 219 + + Portreeve, the, i. 315; + of London, 303 + + Portsmouth, + Robert of Normandy lands at, i. 200; + Bishop Moleyns of Chichester slain at, iii. 63 + + Portsmouth, Louise de Querouaille, Duchess of, vi. 176, 315, 321; vii. + 5 + + Portugal + annexed to Spain, v. 335; + its colonies, 330, 336; + revolts, vi. 190, 192; + joins the Grand Alliance, vii. 119; + conquered by Napoleon, viii. 185; + Wellesley's campaigns in, 186-188, 190, 191 + + Portugal, Don Antonio of, iv. 367 + + "Post-nati," v. 162, 163 + + Powell, Vavasour, vi. 223 + + Powys + conquered by Offa, i. 97; + annexed by Llewelyn ap Jorwerth, ii. 55 + + Poynings, Sir Edward, iii. 181 + + Pragmatic Sanction, the, vii. 199, 200 + + Prague + seized by Frederick II., vii. 225; + battles of, v. 220; vii. 248 + + Prayer, Book of Common, iv. 49, 59; + set aside, 76; + adopted in Scotland, 118; + retained in Essex, 144; + restored, 158; + declared schismatic by the Pope, 214; + bill for its reform, 292; + restored again, vi. 208; + Scottish, of 1636, v. 327, 328 + + Preachers, "poor," ii. 317, 335; + unlicensed, forbidden by Convocation, iii. 20, 21 + + Presbyterianism in England + under Elizabeth, iv. 294, 296; + attempts to establish it, v. 58; + its relations with Puritanism, 59, 60; + established in Scotland, 137, 138, 140, 335; + the Long Parliament's relations with, 354, 355; vi. 14, 50; + re-established in Scotland, vii. 54 + + Presbyterians, + their hostility to the sectaries, vi. 45; + dominant position after the Restoration, 193; + Clarendon's policy towards, 207; + Charles II.'s, 209 + + Press, + censorship of, iv. 343; + liberty of, established, vi. 305; + growth of its power, viii. 11-13 + + Preston, + battle of, vi. 62; + surrender of Jacobites at, vii. 184 + + Prestonpans, battle of, vii. 228 + + "Pride's Purge," vi. 65 + + "Priests, Simple," ii. 317, 339 + + Primers, English, iv. 40 + + Printing, introduction of, iii. 155 + + Prior, Matthew, vii. 138 + + Privy Seals, Elizabeth's, iv. 233 + + Proclamations, James I.'s use of, v. 168, 172 + + "Protector," office of, offered to Oliver Cromwell, vi. 100 + + Protestantism, + its area at accession of Pius V., iv. 249, 250; + in England, its advance under Edward VI., 59; + effects of its spread among the people, 121, 122; + growth under Elizabeth, 292, 302-305; + position at her death, v. 107-109; + in Germany, growth after Peace of Passau, 175; + progress in Scotland, iv. 168, 169 + + Protestants, English, + More's dealings with, iii. 289; + their outrages, 343-345; + their position after Cromwell's fall, iv. 15, 16; + their outrages, 91, 97; + martyrdoms, 91-96, 144; + growth of extreme views among, 119, 120; + attitude towards the royal supremacy, 122; + position under Elizabeth, 149; + refugees, their leaning to Calvinism, 127; + strife among, _ib._, 128; + their writings, 128, 129, 133; + foreign, in England, 51, 74, 305; + German, Union of, v. 177 + + Protestation of the Parliament to James I., v. 228, 229 + + Provisions + of Oxford, ii. 61; + of Westminster, 62; + annulled by the Pope, 65; + by Mise of Amiens, 68 + + Prussia, + its alliance with England and France, vii. 199; + attacked by Napoleon, viii. 174; + rises against him, 201 + + Prynne, John, v. 305, 306, 329, 352 + + Pucklechurch, Eadmund the Magnificent slain at, i. 123 + + Puiset, Hugh, Bishop of Durham, i. 260 + + Pulteney, William, vii. 204 + + Puritanism, + its beginnings, iv. 132, 133, 339; + its relations with Presbyterianism, v. 59, 60; + with Calvinism, 86-88; + growth among the people, 88, 89; + among the clergy, 89, 90; + relation to politics, 91-93; + influence on society, 94-95; + on conduct, 95-97; + its relation to culture, 97, 98; + its narrowness, 101, 102; + its extravagance, 102-104; + its persecution of witches, 106, 107; + its doctrinal bigotry, 115; + hatred of sectaries, 116-118; + wish for reforms, 118, 119; + its ideal of the State, vi. 127, 128; + its political failure, 129; + reaction from, _ib._, 130, 142, 143, 162-165; + its fall, 153; + its after-results, 154; + its epic, 235-237 + + Puritans, + Elizabeth's relations with, iv. 339, 340; + their temper at her death, v. 109, 110; + appeal to James I., 151; + Laud's dealings with, 295-297; + their panic, 301, 302; + migration to America, 310-314, 319, 320; + Charles II.'s dealings with, vi. 208, 209 + + "Purveyance," ii. 290, 298 + + Pym, John, v. 262, 344, 345; + his political theory, 346, 347; + genius, 347, 348; + carries Strafford's impeachment, 350; + proposals for Church reform, 354; + one of the "five members," 373; + member of Committee of Public Safety, vi. 1; + resists the abolition of Episcopacy, 14; + agrees to the adoption of the Covenant, 14, 15; + dies, 17; + outrage on his corpse, 201 + + + Quakers, + persecution of, vi. 230, 231; + their settlement in Pennsylvania, 335 + + Quarles, Francis, v. 303 + + Quebec, capture of, vii. 267, 268 + + Queen's County, English settlement of, iv. 111 + + Queensberry, William Douglas, first Duke of, vii. 19 + + Quiberon, battle of, vii. 265 + + Quinci, Saher de, Earl of Winchester, i. 343 + + "Quo warranto," ii. 117 + + + Rachentege, i. 221 + + Radnor captured by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 10 + + Raedwald, king of East Anglia, i. 59, 62 + + Rahere founds St. Bartholomew's Priory, i. 223 + + Raikes, Robert, viii. 47 + + Raleigh, Sir Walter, + discovers Virginia, iv. 345; v. 307; + sent to the Tower, 215; + last expedition, _ib._, 216; + death, 216; + his _History of the World_, 4; + _Lives of_, iv. 5 + + Ralph Niger, i. 174 + + Ramillies, battle of, vii. 126 + + Randolph, Sir Thomas, ii. 204, 210. + _See_ Moray + + Rastadt, treaty of, vii. 141 + + Ratae (Leicester), i. 37 + + Ratisbon, conference at, iv. 101 + + Ravenspur, + Henry of Lancaster lands at, ii. 379; + Edward IV. lands at, iii. 141 + + Ray, John, vi. 167 + + Reading, John Cook, abbot of, hanged, iii. 350 + + Redman, Robert, his _Life of Henry V._, ii. 179 + + Reeves + of towns, i. 296; + of royal demesnes, summoned to council at St. Albans, 339 + + Reformation + in England, iv. 58-60; + in Ireland, 62, 63. + _See_ Calvinism, Calvinists, Huguenots, Lutherans, Protestantism, + Protestants + + Reginald, sub-prior of Canterbury, chosen archbishop, i. 329 + + Religion + of the old English people, i. 22-24; + Christian, _see_ Christianity, Church; + revival in twelfth century, 222 + + Remonstrance, + the Grand, v. 369, 370; + of the Council of officers, vi. 64; + on the State of the Realm, v. 262, 264 + + Renascence, the, iii. 188-190, 195; + its influence on English literature, v. 1-3 + + Reole, La, captured by Henry of Derby, ii. 234 + + Representation, + principle of, in old England, i. 20; + parliamentary, its origin, ii. 149, 150 + + Representation, Humble, of the army, vi. 53 + + Repyngdon, follower of Wyclif, ii. 340, 341 + + Requesens, governor of the Netherlands, iv. 300, 301, 310 + + Reresby's _Memoirs_, vi. 157 + + "Reserves," Papal, ii. 28 + + Revolution, + the English, its effect on the monarchy, vii. 60; + on Parliament, 62; + on the Church, 63, 64; + the French, _see_ France + + Reynolds, Edward, Bishop of Norwich, vi. 200 + + Rhode Island, settlement of, v. 313 + + Rhys ap Tewdor, Prince of South Wales, i. 246; ii. 48 + + Rich, Edmund. _See_ Edmund + + Richard (I.), + born at Oxford, i. 259; + rebels against Henry II., 254, 258; + crowned, 259; + releases the Scot-king from homage, ii. 134; + crusade, i. 259, 261; + prisoner, 261; + homage to the emperor, 262; + return, _ib._; + exactions for his ransom, 350; + character, 263; + struggle with Philip Augustus, _ib._, 264; + builds Chateau-Gaillard, 265-267; + death, 267, 268 + + Richard (II.), son of the Black Prince, ii. 303; + his claim to the succession questioned, 306; + acknowledged by Parliament, 307; + king, 311; + dealings with the Peasant Revolt, 322-324, 331, 332; + his person, character, and policy, 350, 351; + opposition to the Parliament, 352; + struggle with Gloucester, 353, 354; + his rule, 354, 355; + campaign in Ireland, 367, 378; + change in his temper, 368; + marries Isabella of France, _ib._; + quarrel with the Commons, 370, 371; + tyranny, 372; + seizes Lancastrian estates, 373; + second expedition to Ireland, 379; + return, 380; + betrayed to Henry of Lancaster, 381; + deposed, iii. 1; + prisoner at Pomfret, 7; + death, 8; + burial, 28; + authorities for his reign, ii. 178, 179 + + Richard (III.), Duke of Gloucester, + patron of Caxton, iii. 161, 163; + expedition to Scotland, 163; + Protector, 164; + King, _ib._; + rising against him, 167; + his policy, 168, 169, 171; + death, 172 + + Richard, Earl of Cornwall, ii. 36; + heads reforming party among the barons, 37; + king of the Romans, 71; + taken prisoner, _ib._; + spared, by the younger Simon, 80; + intercedes for him, 85 + + Richard the Fearless, Duke of Normandy, i. 155, 156 + + Richard Fitz-Neal. _See_ Fitz-Neal + + Richard of Devizes, i. 174 + + Richardson, Chief-Justice, v. 297 + + Richardson, Samuel, vii. 297 + + Richelieu, Cardinal, v. 274, 338, 339 + + Richelieu, Duke of, vii. 248 + + Richmond, Edmund Tudor, Earl of, iii. 165 + + Richmond, Margaret, Countess of. _See_ Beaufort + + Ridley, Bishop of London, iv. 91 + + Ridolfi, Robert, iv. 265, 272, 273 + + Right, + Claim of, vii. 51; + Petition of, v. 260, 261, 263 + + _Rights, Book of_, i. 8 + + Rights, Declaration of, vii. 46, 47, 60 + + Rishanger, chronicler, i. 273, 274 + + Rising, Castle, Queen Isabella imprisoned at, ii. 207 + + Rivers, Sir Richard Woodville, first earl (_see_ Woodville), iii. 127, + 134 + + Rivers, Anthony Woodville, second earl (_see_ Scales), iii. 161-163 + + Rivoli, battle of, viii. 125 + + Rizzio, David, iv. 222, 226, 228 + + Robartes, Richard, first Lord, v. 200 + + Robartes, John, second Lord, vi. 220, 301 + + Robert I., king of Scots. _See_ Bruce + + Robert (II.), Steward of Scotland, ii. 213; + king, 286 + + Robert III., king of Scots, iii. 7, 15, 16 + + Robert (the Magnificent), Duke of Normandy, i. 157 + + Robert, son of William the Conqueror, i. 190; + Duke of Normandy, 191; + pledges Normandy to Rufus, 197; + goes on crusade, _ib._; + returns, 198; + invades England, 200, 201; + defeated at Tenchebray, 202 + + Robert, Earl of Gloucester, i. 216, 217, 219, 220 + + Robespierre, Maximilien, viii. 96 + + Robinson, John, v. 308 + + Rochelle, La, + protests against severance from France, ii. 280; + surrendered to France, 287; + attempt to relieve it, 291; + revolts, v. 256; + siege of, _ib._; + English expeditions to, 259, 263; + surrenders, 266, 274 + + Roches, Peter des, Bishop of Winchester and justiciar, i. 341, 347; + ii. 32, 34 + + Rochester + surrenders to William the Red, i. 192; + to John, 354; + diocese of, i. 83 + + Rochester, Robert Carr, Viscount, v. 190-193. + _See_ Somerset + + Rochester, Laurence Hyde, Earl of (_see_ Hyde), vii. 2, 20, 98 + + Rochester, John Wilmot, second Earl of, vi. 162 + + Rockingham, Charles Watson Wentworth, second Marquis of, + prime minister, vii. 329, 331; + relations with Burke, 332; + resigns, 339; + draws away from Chatham, viii. 16; + returns to office, 38; + opposes reform, 64; + death, 65 + + Rocroi, battle of, vi. 190 + + Rodney, Admiral, viii. 40 + + Roger, Bishop of Salisbury and justiciar, i. 215, 218, 219 + + Roger (the Poor), chancellor, i. 218 + + Rogers, John, iv. 91, 95 + + _Roland, Song of_, i. 163 + + Romance, growth of, i. 246, 247 + + Romances, + the French, ii. 357; + their influence on Chaucer, 360 + + Rome, + disappearance of its influence in England, i. 41, 44, 45; + returns with Augustine, 58, 59; + AElfred's intercourse with, 113; + stormed by the Duke of Bourbon, iii. 269 + + Romorantin taken by the Black Prince, ii. 261 + + Romsey, Abbey of, i. 199 + + Rookwood of Euston Hall, iv. 308 + + Roper's _Life of More_, iii. 83 + + Rosbecque, battle of, ii. 349 + + Roses, Wars of the, + their beginning, iii. 77; + their results, 86, 87 + + Ross, General, viii. 204 + + Rossbach, battle of, vii. 263 + + Rostopchin, Count, viii. 162 + + Roucoux, battle of, vii. 231 + + Rouen, + William I. dies at, i. 190; + besieged by Lewis VII., 254, 255; + Arthur murdered at, 268; + siege of, by Henry V., iii. 33, 34; + Jeanne d'Arc burnt at, 54; + Henry VI.'s court at, 55; + besieged by Henry IV. of France, iv. 371; + relieved by Parma, _ib._ + + Rouergue restored to Edward III., ii. 266 + + "Roundheads," v. 372 + + Roundway Down, battle of, vi. 6 + + Royal Society, its beginnings, vi. 132, 165, 166 + + Rudolf II., Emperor, v. 177 + + Runnymede, i. 347 + + Rupert, Prince, + captures Brentford, vi. 3; + his raid on Buckinghamshire, 9, 10; + Bristol surrenders to, 12; + defeated at Marston Moor, 19, 22; + commands royalist ships, 71, 78; + struggle with Blake, 78; + sea-fights with the Dutch, 238, 277; + returns to the Council, 278; + his "drops," 166 + + Rushworth's collection of State papers, v. 72 + + Russell, John, Lord, iv. 47, 56. + _See_ Bedford + + Russell, William, Lord, + head of the Country party, vi. 272; + correspondence with Barillon, 298; + takes office, 300; + supports the Exclusion, 306; + resigns, 315; + beheaded, 337; + his attainder reversed, vii. 66 + + Russell, Edward, + signs the invitation to William III., vii. 35; + goes to the Hague, 37; + commands the fleet, 77; + victory at La Hogue, 78; + member of the Junto, 85, 88; + resigns, 98; + impeached, 105 + + Russia, + its alliance with Maria Theresa, vii. 246; + treaty with George II., 247; + invaded by Napoleon, 198, 200 + + Russia Company, iv. 284 + + Ruthin burnt by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 10 + + Ruthven, Patrick, third Lord, iv. 225, 228, 230 + + Rutland, Edward, Earl of (Duke of Albemarle), iii. 7, 8. + _See_ Albemarle + + Rutland, Edmund, Earl of, iii. 78 + + Rutland, John Manners, ninth Earl of, vii. 23 + + Ruyter, Admiral De, + his fights with Blake, vi. 88, 115; + with Monk and Rupert, 238; + with the Duke of York, 268 + + Rye-House plot, vi. 337 + + Rygge, Robert, chancellor of Oxford, ii. 340 + + Ryswick, Peace of, vii. 90, 91 + + + Sacheverell, Dr., vii. 137 + + Sackville, Lord John, vii. 265 + + Saeberht, king of the East Saxons, i. 59 + + St. Albans, + risings of townsfolk at, ii. 84, 322, 325, 330-332; + battles at, iii. 73, 74, 78; + chroniclers of, i. 174, 273; ii. 43, 177; + council at, i. 339; + Parliament at, ii. 66 + + St. Andrews, Cardinal Beaton murdered at, iv. 33 + + St. Asaph's, John Trevor, bishop of, iii. 10 + + St. Cloud, battle of, iii. 23 + + St. Domingo + discovered, iv. 329; + English descent on, vi. 117 + + St. Edmundsbury, + abbey of, i. 104; + town of, 311-313; + battle near, 254; + meeting of barons at, 344; + strife of town and abbey, ii. 325-330 + + St. John, Henry, vii. 124; + his political writings, 138; + returns to office, 139; + intrigues against Marlborough, 140. + _See_ Bolingbroke + + St. John, Oliver, v. 341, vi. 81 + + St. Leger, Sir Anthony, iv. 62 + + St. Lucia conquered by England, vii. 307 + + St. Malo, John of Gaunt defeated at, ii. 315 + + Saintonge + restored to Edward III., ii. 266; + won by Du Guesclin, 287 + + St. Pierre, Eustache de, ii. 245 + + St. Pol, Waleran, count of, iii. 6 + + St. Quentin, battle of, iv. 108 + + St. Ruth, General, vii. 73 + + St. Vincent, Cape, battles of, viii. 40, 127 + + St. Vincent, island of, conquered by England, vii. 307 + + Saladin tithe, i. 257 + + Salamanca, battle of, viii. 199, 200 + + Salisbury, + cathedral at, ii. 106; + Protestant martyrs at, iv. 96 + + Salisbury, Margaret, countess of, iii. 349 + + Salisbury, Robert Cecil, first earl of. _See_ Cecil + + Salisbury, James Cecil, third earl of, vi. 288 + + Salisbury, William Longsword, earl of, i. 337, 342, 343, 345 + + Salisbury, William de Montacute, second earl of, ii. 306, 345, 352 + + Salisbury, John de Montacute, third earl of, ii. 380; iii. 8, 9 + + Salisbury, Thomas de Montacute, fourth earl of, iii. 45 + + Salisbury, Richard Neville, earl of, iii. 73, 74, 75, 78, 112 + + Salt-springs in Worcestershire, ii. 107 + + Sancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury, vii. 30, 45, 65 + + Sanders, Nicholas, iv. 316 + + Sandwich, Edward Montagu, first earl of, vi. 193, 214 + + _San Graal_, poem of the, i. 174, 247 + + San Sebastian, siege of, viii. 202 + + Santa Cruz, Blake's victory at, vi. 124 + + Saratoga, Burgoyne's surrender at, viii. 26 + + Sardinia + conquered by Spain, vii. 187; + the duke of Savoy made king of, 188 + + Sarsfield, Patrick, vii. 72, 73 + + Sarum, Old, captured by the West Saxons, i. 37 + + Saunders, Lawrence, iv. 91 + + Sautre, William, iii. 5 + + Savile, Sir Henry, v. 229 + + Savile, Sir John, v. 284 + + Savoy + joins the Grand Alliance, vii. 119; + joins the Triple Alliance, 187, 188 + + "Savoy," the, ii. 32, 263, 321; + conference at, vi. 204 + + Saxe, Marshal, vii. 226, 231 + + Saxons, + their early home, i. 10; + attack Britain, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34. + _See_ East Saxons, Middle Saxons, South Saxons, West Saxons + + Saxony, Frederic III., elector of, iii. 254 + + Saxony, Maurice, Duke of, iv. 50, 51, 64 + + Say and Sele, James Fiennes, first Lord, iii. 66 + + Saye and Sele, William Fiennes, first Viscount, v. 320, 354, 358; vi. + 194 + + Scales, Anthony Woodville, Lord, iii. 130, 131. + _See_ Rivers + + Scarborough, + Piers Gaveston besieged in, ii. 190; + peasant revolt at, 324 + + Schmalkald, League of, iii. 336; iv. 36, 50 + + Scholasticism, ii. 21, 22; + its political influence, 22, 23 + + Schomberg, duke of, vii. 70, 71 + + Schools, + English language supersedes French in, ii. 356, 357; + founded by AElfred, i. 114; + under Henry VIII., iii. 200, 201; + under Edward VI., 201; iv. 62; + under Elizabeth, iii. 201; + at Bec, i. 159; + at Canterbury, 92; + at Jarrow, 91; + at York, _ib._; + of the Friars, ii. 14; + Sunday, viii. 47 + + Science, physical, + Roger Bacon's plea for, ii. 20; + its beginnings in England, iii. 190; vi. 131, 132, 166, 167 + + Scone, + crowning-place of the Scottish kings, ii. 162; + Robert Bruce crowned at, 173; + Edward Balliol crowned at, 210; + Charles II. crowned at, vi. 82. + + Scotland, + its relations with William the Conqueror, i. 189; + with William Rufus, 197; + three divisions of the kingdom, ii. 131; + relations with England in eleventh and twelfth centuries, 132-134; + English claims to its homage, 134, 135; + claimants of the crown, 136; + Edward I. acknowledged as its overlord, 137; + question of appeals from, 140; + relations with France during Hundred Years' War, 141, 197, 213; + submits to Edward I., 161; + rises against him, 167-170; + its overlordship claimed by the Pope, 170; + Edward's first conquest and settlement of, 171, 172; + his plan for its representation in English Parliament, 171; + rises again, 173; + Bruce's successes in, 191-193; + truce with England, 196; + renewed strife, 204; + its independence recognized, 205; + struggle with Edward III., 210-214; + David Bruce's plans for the succession, 264; + relations with Henry IV., iii. 7, 9; + with Owen Glyndwr, 11; + condition after Neville's Cross, 182, 183; + relations with France and England, 184; + with Henry VII., 185; + condition after 1524, iv. 22, 23; + league with France, 23; + relations with Henry VIII., 26-28; + Hertford's invasion of, 29; + Somerset's relations with, 52, 53; + Protestantism in, 111, 112, 115, 117; + condition under Mary of Guise and the Lords of the Congregation, + 168, 169; + strife of religions in, 218; + unites against Mary, 245; + condition during minority of James VI., v. 122, 124; + work of the Stuarts in, 125, 126; + political effect of the Reformation in, 127; + character and rise of the people, 129, 130, 135; + proposal for its union with England, 154; + relations with Charles I., 325-328, 330, 333, 334; + revolution in, 334, 335; + rising in, 337; + seeks help of France, 338, 339; + struggle with Charles, 341, 342; + pacification, 363; + Charles I. in, _ib._, 364; + treaty with the English Parliament, vi. 14, 16; + first union with England, 85, 108; + its first representation in the English Parliament, 99, 101; + condition under Cromwell, 108, 109; + its union with England dissolved, 180; + Covenant abolished and Episcopacy restored in, 181; + policy of Lauderdale in, 259; + condition under James II., vii. 16, 17; + William III. recognized as king in, 51; + Jacobite risings in, 52, 183, 228-230; + Presbyterianism restored in, 54; + union with England, 127-129 + + Scots, i. 31; + submit to Eadward the Elder, 119; + league with Cumbrians and Welsh against AEthelstan, 119, 120; + alliance with Eadmund, 123; + conquer northern Northumbria, 146; + cession of Lothian to, its results, 147; + invade England, 217, 254; + their mode of warfare, ii. 204, 205; + recapture Berwick, 259, 263; + defeated at Homildon Hill, iii. 12; + besiege York, vi. 18; + besiege Newcastle, 23; + give up Charles I. to the Parliament, 49; + invade England again, 62; + defeated at Preston, _ib._ + + Scrope, Henry, Lord, iii. 30 + + Scrope, Richard, Archbishop of York, iii. 18 + + Scutage, i. 233, 257, 344, 350, 351; ii. 104 + + "Sea-dogs," the, iv. 331-333 + + Sectaries, + their rise, v. 117; + in London, vi. 28 + + Sedgemoor, battle of, vii. 10 + + Sedley, Sir Charles, vi. 163 + + Selden, John, v. 306, 322 + + Seminary priests, the, iv. 307-309, 354; + banished, v. 156 + + Senlac, i. 162, 163 + + Serfs, manumission of, i. 325. + _See_ Villeins + + Seven Years' War, + its beginning, vii. 248; + its importance, 273-275; + its end, 307 + + Seville, Treaty of, vii. 200 + + Seymour, Sir Edward, vi. 253 + + Seymour, Jane, iii. 326, 351 + + Seymour, Thomas, Lord, iv. 47, 56 + + Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley, Cooper, first earl of (_see_ Ashley + Cooper), + Lord Chancellor, vi. 271; + speech on the war, 272; + relations with the king, 275; + change of policy, 276, 277; + dismissed, 278; + his plans, 279, 280; + committed to the Tower, 288; + released, 295; + attitude towards the Popish plot, 295-297; + correspondence with Barillon, 298; + President of the Council, 300; + supports the Exclusion, 306, 307; + project for Monmouth's succession, 309, 310; + dismissed again, 311; + revives the plot, 312, 313; + struggle with Charles, 313-315, 321, 324; + arrested, 324; + bill of his indictment thrown out, 334; + popularity in London, _ib._; + flight and death, 336 + + Shakspere, William, + his early life, v. 27-31; + first plays, 31-35; + historical plays, 35-36, 38-40; + attitude towards religion, 37, 38; + political sympathies, 39, 40; + prosperity, 41, 42; + gloom, 42-44; + last plays, 45, 46; + demand for his works in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, + vii. 292 + + Sharp, Rev. Dr., vii. 18 + + Shaxton, bishop of Salisbury, iii. 336, 347 + + Shelburne, William Fitzmaurice, second earl of, + President of the Board of Trade, vii. 315-319; + protests against the prosecution of Wilkes, 318; + resigns, 319; + advocates repeal of the Stamp Act, 331, 338; + takes office under Chatham, 340; + resigns office, viii. 6; + heads a ministry, 65; + makes peace with America, _ib._; + resigns, 66. + _See_ Lansdowne + + Sheldon, Archbishop of Canterbury, vi. 162 + + Sheriffmuir, battle of, vii. 183 + + Sheriffs, + their position under William I., i. 185; + appointment regulated by Provisions of Oxford, ii. 61; + functions in the shire-court, 149; + disqualified from serving in Parliament, 300 + + Ship-money, v. 317; + Laud's developement of, 318; + Hampden's resistance to, 323; + its legality asserted by the judges, _ib._; + trial of Hampden's case, 324, 330; + judgement on, 331; + declared illegal, 352 + + Shires, i. 185; + restriction of franchise in, iii. 101, 102; + the six, of York, i. 295 + + Shire-court. _See_ County Court + + Shire-reeves, i. 131 + + Shirley, James, v. 303 + + Shore, Jane, iii. 117 + + Shrewsbury (Pengwern), i. 98; + castle at, 168; + reduced by Llewelyn ap Jorwerth, ii. 55; + Parliament at, 121, 371; + battle of, iii. 14; + Charles I. at, vi. 2 + + Shrewsbury, John Talbot, first Earl of (_see_ Talbot), iii. 70, 71 + + Shrewsbury, Charles Talbot, twelfth Earl and first Duke of, vii. 23, + 28; + signs the invitation to William, 35; + sends him funds, 37; + Secretary of State, 67; + negotiates with James, 77; + member of the Junto, 88; + President of the Council, 146 + + Shropshire ravaged by the Welsh, iii. 19 + + Sicily, + crown of, offered to Edmund of England, ii. 59; + ceded to Savoy, vii. 142, 186; + conquered by Spain, 187 + + Sidmouth, Henry Addington, first Viscount (_see_ Addington), viii. + 174, 179, 183 + + Sidney, Algernon, + supports the Independents, vi. 45; + relations with Lewis XIV., 229, 298; + holds meetings with Monmouth, etc., 336; + beheaded, 337; + his attainder reversed, vii. 66 + + Sidney, Sir Henry, iv. 241 + + Sidney, Sir Philip, v. 6, 7, 11, 12 + + Sikhs, the, vii. 234 + + Simeon of Durham, i. 6, 173, 243 + + Simnel, Lambert, iii. 176 + + Siward, Earl of Northumbria, i. 150, 152, 153 + + Sixtus V., Pope, iv. 353 + + Skeffington, Lord Deputy in Ireland, iii. 328 + + Skelton, John, iii. 273; iv. 43 + + Slanning, Sir Nicholas, vi. 6 + + Slave-trade + at Bristol, i. 250; + negro, its beginning, iv. 283; + in the eighteenth century, viii. 52; + proposals for its abolition, _ib._, 79; + abolished, 178, 179 + + Slavery + in Old England, i. 16, 17; + dies out, 321, 322 + + Sluys, sea-fight off, ii. 228 + + Smerwick, slaughter of its garrison, iv. 316 + + Smith, Adam, viii. 73 + + Smith, John, settler of Virginia, v. 307 + + Smith, Sir Sidney, viii. 141 + + Smithfield, + Priory of St. Bartholomew at, i. 223; + Archbishop Boniface's visitation of, ii. 32 + + Smollett, Tobias, vii. 297 + + Snowdon, Lords of, ii. 53 + + Solway Moss, battle of, iv. 25 + + Somers, John, vii. 46; + member of the Junto, 85; + Lord Keeper, 88; + retires, 98; + impeached, 105; + arranges the Union with Scotland, 128; + President of the Council, 133; + of the Royal Society, vi. 166; + death, vii. 182 + + Somerset + conquered by West Saxons, i. 90; + rises against William I., 168; + lead-mines in, 30 + + Somerset, John Beaufort, Earl of, (Marquis of Dorset), iii. 7 + + Somerset, John Beaufort, first Duke of, iii. 59 + + Somerset, Edmund Beaufort, second Duke of (_see_ Beaufort), + Regent of France, iii. 62; + recalled, 67; + arrested, 68; + released, _ib._; + captain of Calais, 69; + committed to the Tower, 71, 72; + released, 72; + slain, 74 + + Somerset, Henry Beaufort, third Duke of, iii. 78, 80, 126 + + Somerset, Edmund Beaufort, fourth Duke of, iii. 140, 143-145 + + Somerset, Robert Carr, Earl of (_see_ Rochester), v. 193, 204-207 + + Somerset, Edward Seymour, Duke of (_see_ Hertford), iv. 46; + Protector, 47; + his policy, 48, 53, 54; + relations with Scotland, 52; + victory at Pinkie Cleugh, 513; + revolts against, 55; + his misrule, 56; + fall, 57; + beheaded, 65 + + Somerset, Charles Seymour, sixth Duke of, vii. 21, 146 + + Somerset, Frances, Countess of. _See_ Howard + + Somerset, Margaret, Duchess of, iii. 161 + + Somerton captured by AEthelbald, i. 91 + + Somerville, plotter, iv. 350 + + Soranzo's _Despatches_, iv. 3 + + Sophia, Electress of Hanover, vii. 103, 144 + + Soult, Marshal, viii. 188, 200, 202 + + Southampton, Thomas Wriothesley, first Earl of (_see_ Wriothesley), + iv. 47 + + Southampton, Henry Wriothesley, third Earl of, v. 41, 43 + + Southampton, Thomas Wriothesley, fourth Earl of, vi. 193, 244 + + South-Engle, i. 37, 119 + + Southey, Robert, viii. 135 + + South-folk, i. 42 + + South-Saxons, kingdom of, i. 34 + + South Sea Bubble, vii. 192 + + Southwark + burnt by William the Conqueror, i. 165; + Bishop Beaufort's palace at, attacked, iii. 44 + + Spain, + its relations with Aquitaine and France, ii. 281, 282; + Edward III.'s policy in, 282, 283, 287; + its growth under Ferdinand and Isabel, iii. 186; + its greatness under Philip II., iv. 325-327; + possessions in the New World, 329; + ruin of its power, 366; + its relations with James I., v. 212-214, 226, 227, 230-233; + decline, vi. 113, 190; + Cromwell's war with, 117; + relations with Charles II., 187; + with Lewis XIV., 249, 250; + joins the Grand Alliance, vii. 49; + dispute for the succession in, 90, 92-94, 98, 99; + English descent on, 118; + Peterborough's campaign in, 126; + attempts to regain its lost possessions, 186-188; + end of the succession quarrel, 188; + relations with Austria, 199, 200; + with France, 213-216; + efforts to regain monopoly of trade in America, 216, 217; + war with England, 219, 306; + cedes Florida, 307; + league with France and America, viii. 30; + mastered by Napoleon, 185; + rises against him, 186; + Wellesley's campaigns in, 187, 188, 199, 200; + the French driven from, 202 + + Speed's _Chronicle_, v. 4 + + Spencer, George John, second Earl, viii. 104, 156 + + Spenser, Edmund, v. 11-19 + + Spice Islands conquered by England, viii. 112 + + Spinola, Ambrogio, v. 219, 220 + + Spires, Diet of, iv. 19 + + _Sports, Book of_, v. 296 + + Spottiswood, Archbishop of St. Andrews, v. 326 + + Sprigge's _Anglia Rediviva_, v. 73 + + Spurs, battle of the, iii. 210 + + Stafford fortified by AEthelflaed, i. 118 + + Stafford, William Howard, Viscount, vi. 321 + + Stafford, Henry, iii. 166 + + Stafford, Sir Humphrey, iii. 66 + + Stafford, Thomas, iv. 107 + + Stair, John Dalrymple, second Earl of, vii. 229 + + Stamford, + one of the Five Boroughs, i. 117; + submits to Eadward the Elder, 119 + + Stamford Bridge, battle of, i. 162 + + Stamford, Henry Grey, first Earl of, vi. 5 + + Standard, + battle of the, i. 217; + Harold's, at Senlac, 163, 164; + of Wessex, the Golden Dragon, 96, 163 + + Stanhope, James, first Earl, vii. 182, 190, 192 + + Stanley, Thomas, Lord, iii. 171, 172 + + Stanley, Sir William, iii. 172 + + Staple, Gild of the, ii. 304; + reform of, under Richard II., 355 + + Star-Chamber, Court of, i. 256; ii. 112; iii. 178; + regulates the Press, iv. 343; + developement under Charles I., v. 278; + Laud's use of, 329; + its civil jurisdiction abolished by Long Parliament, 363 + + States-General, the French, viii. 83; + become a National Assembly, 86 + + Statutes + substituted for Ordinances, ii. 298, 299; + Petitions changed into, iii. 90; + of Apparel, 65; + of Appeals, 302; + of Occasional Conformity, vii. 123; + repealed, 184: + Conventicle, vi. 220; + Corporation, 207; + Declaratory, vii. 338; + of Economical Reform, viii. 64. 76; + of First-fruits, iii. 302, 304; + Five Mile, vi. 229; + of Grace, vii. 69; + Habeas Corpus, vi. 305, 306; + suspended, vii. 184; viii. 105, 113; + of Heresy, iii. 4, 5; + repealed, iv. 61; + re-enacted, 89; + of Indemnity and Oblivion, vi. 194, 196, 204; + of Kilkenny, ii. 377; + of Labourers, 255; + attempts to enforce, 289, 313; + demand for their repeal, iii. 65; + of Libel, viii. 92; + of Liveries, iii. 118, 177; + of Maintenance, ii. 355; iii. 105; + of Merchants, ii. 122; + Mutiny, vii. 61, 62; + of Mortmain, ii. 118, 119; + Navigation, vi. 86; vii. 310; + Poor Laws, iv. 276, 277; + Poynings', iii. 181; + repealed, viii. 37, 39; + of Praemunire, ii. 274, 355; + of Provisors, 273, 275, 355; + "Quia Emptores," 124, 151; + "de Religiosis," 118; + of Rights, vii. 60; + Schism, 143; + repealed, 184; + of Security, 129; + Septennial, 185; + of Settlement, 103, 127; + Stamp, 326, 327; + American resistance to, 330; + Pitt and Shelburne demand its repeal, 331; + repealed, 338; + of Succession, iii. 317; iv. 45, 67; + of Supremacy, iii. 305; iv. 157; + Test, iv. 215, 273, 308; vi. 273; + James II.'s endeavours to procure its repeal, vii. 22, 23; + Toleration, 64; + of Treason, ii. 292; iii. 314, 319; + Triennial, v. 352; vii. 88; + of Union with Scotland, 128; + of Union with Ireland, viii. 139; + of Uniformity, iv. 159; vi. 208; + of Uses, ii. 355; + of Wales, 121; + of Westminster, the first, 103; + second, 122; + third, 124; + of Winchester, 122; + against Witchcraft, v. 105, 106 + + Steam-engine, invention of the, viii. 57-59 + + Steel Yard, the, iv. 282 + + Steele, Richard, vii. 158 + + Steinkirk, battle of, vii. 79 + + Stephen of Blois, i. 214; + chosen king, 215; + crowned, 216; + his charter, _ib._; + revolts against him, 216, 217; + quarrel with the Church, 218, 219; + struggle with Matilda, 219, 220; + proposes to crown his son, 226; + treaty with Henry, 227; + death, 228 + + Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 161, 187 + + Stillingfleet, Edmund, vi. 252; vii. 19 + + Stirling, + battle of, ii. 168; + surrenders to Edward, 171; + invested by Bruce, 191; + Lords of the Congregation muster at, iv. 245 + + Stoke, battle of, iii. 176 + + Stokes, Peter, ii. 340 + + Stow, battle of, vi. 42 + + Stowe's _Chronicle_, v. 4 + + Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, Earl of (_see_ Wentworth), + his war policy, v. 340-342; + impeached, 350; + trial, 356; + attainder, 357; + death, 361 + + Stralsund, siege of, v. 274 + + Strassburg seized by Lewis XIV., vi. 335 + + Stratford-on-Avon, Shakspere's home at, v. 28, 41, 46 + + Stratford-le-Bow, Protestant martyrs at, iv. 144 + + Stratford, Archbishop of Canterbury, ii. 232 + + Strathclyde, + its struggle with AEthelfrith, i. 60; + submits to Eadward the Elder, 119 + + Streoneshealh. _See_ Whitby + + Strickland, member of Parliament in 1571, iv. 292 + + Strode, one of the "five members," v. 373 + + Strongbow. _See_ Clare, Richard of + + Strype's historical collections, iii. 84; iv. 3, 4 + + Stuart, Arabella, v. 121 + + Stuart, Charles Edward, vii. 227-230 + + Stuart, Esme. _See_ Lennox + + Stuart, James Francis, son of James II., vii. 34, 35; + known as the "Old Pretender," 103; + acknowledged as king by Lewis XIV., 106; + attainted, 107; + withdraws to Lorraine, 143; + plans a rising in Scotland, 183; + proclaimed as "James VIII." at Edinburgh, 228 + + Stuart, Lord James, Prior of St. Andrews, iv. 114, 199. + _See_ Murray + + Stuarts, the, + their work in Scotland, v. 125, 126; + their lack of sympathy with England, 148, 149 + + Stubbs, John, iv. 337, 338 + + Stukely, Sir Thomas, iv. 315 + + Suchet, General, viii. 191 + + Sudbury, Archbishop of Canterbury, ii. 320, 323 + + Suffolk, Charles Brandon, Duke of, + his campaign in France, iii. 247; + policy at home, 270, 277; + President of the Council, 286; + marriage, iv. 46, 69 + + Suffolk, Frances Grey, Duchess of, iv. 69 + + Suffolk, Henry Grey, Duke of, iv. 65, 69, 82, 84 + + Suffolk, Thomas Howard, first Earl of, v. 191, 204 + + Suffolk, Michael de la Pole, Earl of. _See_ Pole + + Suffolk, William de la Pole, Earl of, iii. 59, 61-63 + + Sunderland, Robert Spencer, second Earl of, vi. 301; + opposes the Exclusion, 307, 310; + urges Charles II. to yield to it, 319, 321; + relations with Charles, vii. 2; + with James II., 12; + betrays James to William, 37; + urges the calling of a Parliament, 39; + dismissed, 40; + character, 82; + his ministerial system, 83, 84, 98 + + Sunderland, Charles Spencer, third Earl of, + ambassador at Vienna, vii. 125; + Secretary of State, 131; + his policy, 132; + dismissed, 139; + in the Stanhope ministry, 190 + + Surajah Dowlah, vii. 261, 262 + + Surrey, rising in, iii. 64 + + Surrey, Thomas Holland, Duke of (Earl of Kent), iii. 7, 8 + + Surrey, Henry Howard, Earl of, iv. 42-45 + + Surrey, Thomas Howard, second Earl of, iii. 210. + _See_ Norfolk + + Surrey, Thomas Howard, third Earl of, iii. 244, 248. + _See_ Norfolk + + Surrey, Earls of. _See_ Warenne + + Sussex + accepts Wulfhere's overlordship, i. 85; + conquered by Ine, 90; + rising in, iii. 64; + Protestant martyrs in, iv. 96; + ironworks in, iv. 279. + _See_ South Saxons + + Sussex, Thomas Ratcliffe, third Earl of, iv. 111, 240, 241, 269 + + Swan, Edward I.'s vow on the, ii. 95, 173, 174 + + Sweden united under King Eric, i. 128 + + Swein I., king of Denmark, i. 140-143 + + Swein II., Estrithson, king of Denmark, i. 167 + + Swein, son of Earl Godwine, i. 150, 151, 152 + + Swereford, Alexander de, ii. 43 + + Swift, Jonathan, vi. 158; vii. 138 + + Swineshead, abbey of, i. 356 + + Swinford, Catherine, ii. 369; iii. 59 + + Sydenham, Thomas, vi. 166 + + + Table, the Round, + legends of, i. 247; + of Edward I., ii. 95; + of Edward III., 249, 290 + + "Tables," the, v. 331, 333 + + Taillebourg, battle of, ii. 35 + + Taillefer, i. 163 + + Tailors' gild at Exeter, i. 318 + + Talavera, battle of, viii. 188 + + Talbot, John, Lord, iii. 56, 63. + _See_ Shrewsbury + + Taliesin, ii. 53, 57 + + Tallard, Marshal, vii. 120 + + Talleyrand, Maurice de, viii. 206 + + Tamworth fortified by AEthelflaed, i. 118 + + Tancred, king of Sicily, i. 260 + + Tangier + ceded to England, vi. 192; + English garrison withdrawn from, vii. 4 + + Taunton + founded by Ine, i. 89; + Blake's defence of, vi. 78; + Monmouth at, vii. 9 + + Taxation + under the Norman kings, ii. 104; + under Richard I., i. 264, 350; + under John, 330, 322, 351; + regulated by Great Charter, 351; ii. 105, 145; + under Edward III., 291; + Wolsey's plans of, iii. 245, 246; + character under Elizabeth, iv. 233; + Parliament regains control over, vii. 60, 61; + during the French war, viii. 114, 137; + arbitrary, abolished, v. 352; + indirect, its introduction and growth, ii. 105; + of personal property, i. 257; ii. 105; + of boroughs, 152, 153; + of wool, 107; + of America, schemes for, vii. 311, 326; viii. 3, 4, 14; + papal, of the clergy, ii. 42 + + Taylor, Jeremy, vi. 134-137, 326 + + Taylor, Rowland, iv. 92-94 + + Teignmouth burnt by the French, vii. 76 + + Temple, Richard Grenville, second Earl, vii. 250, 304, 328, 339 + + Temple, Sir Peter, v. 323 + + Temple, Sir William, + ambassador at Brussels, vi. 227; + at the Hague, 249; + Secretary of State, 301; + reorganizes the council, 302-304; + opposes the Exclusion, 307, 311; + retires from politics, 315; + assents to the Exclusion, 319; + his _Memoirs_, 157 + + Tenchebray, battle of, i. 202 + + Testament, the New, Erasmus's edition of, iii. 213, 215 + + Tewkesbury, battle of, iii. 144, 145 + + Thames entered by northmen, i. 116 + + Thanes, gild of, at Canterbury, i. 299 + + Thanet, + Jutes land in, i. 31, 32; + Augustine lands in, 57, 58 + + Thanet, Thomas Tufton, sixth Earl of, vii. 23 + + Theatre, first public, in London, v. 22 + + Thegns, i. 50-52; + of the royal household, 132 + + Theobald, Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 223; + legate, 225; + his policy, 226, 227; + study of law in his court, 283; + retires from politics, 232; + dies, 234 + + Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 81, 83, 84; + his school at Canterbury, 92 + + Theology, revived study of, in thirteenth century, ii. 13, 14 + + "Theow," the, i. 322 + + Thirty Years' War, its beginning, v. 217, 219; + its end, vi. 113 + + Thomas of Canterbury, St. _See_ Beket + + "Thorough," Stafford's, v. 292 + + Throckmorton, Sir Nicholas, iv. 175 + + Thurlow's _State Papers_, v. 73 + + Thurstan, Archbishop of York, i. 217 + + Ticonderoga, Fort, vii. 244, 266, 267 + + Tilbury, muster at, iv. 357, 359 + + Tillotson, John, vi. 169, 252; vii. 19; + Archbishop of Canterbury, 65 + + Tilly, Count, v. 232 + + Tilsit, peace of, viii. 175 + + Tin, + export of, from Cornwall, iv. 279; + mines, i. 30; ii. 107 + + Tippermuir, battle of, vi. 23 + + Tippoo, Sultan of Mysore, viii. 131, 140 + + Tithes, introduction of, i. 84 + + Tithing, i. 322 + + Titus Livius, his _Gesta Henrici V._, ii. 179; iii. 41 + + Tone, Wolfe, viii. 120 + + Torbay, William of Orange lands at, vii. 40 + + Torgau, battle of, vii. 302 + + "Tories," + origin of the name, vi. 315; + their policy in 1689, vii. 45, 46; + attack Marlborough, 138; + their helplessness, 166, 167; + withdraw from politics, 167, 168; + return, 299; + oppose the abolition of the slave-trade, viii. 179; + govern during the war with Napoleon, _ib._, 180 + + Torres Vedras, Wellington's defence of, viii. 190 + + Torrington, Arthur Herbert, Earl of. _See_ Herbert + + Tortulf the Forester, i. 209 + + Tostig, Earl of Northumbria, 153, 160-162 + + Toulon, revolt of, viii. 109 + + Toulouse, + battle of, viii. 202; + war of, i. 233, 234 + + Touraine + conquered by the Angevins, i. 212; + by Philip Augustus, 269; + ceded to France, ii. 63 + + Tournaments under Edward III., ii. 251 + + Tournay besieged by Edward III., ii. 228 + + Tours + won by Geoffry Martel, i. 212; + by Philip Augustus, 258; + council of, 235 + + Tourville, Admiral, vii. 75, 78 + + Towns, English, + their origin, i. 294, 295; + early constitution, 296; + common lands, _ib._; + relation to their lords, _ib._, 297; + administration of justice in, 297, 313; + emancipation, 300-302; + struggle of classes in, 315-318; + their liberties secured by Great Charter, 352; + settlement of Friars in, ii. 10, 11; + support Simon de Montfort, 68, 69; + represented in county court, 73; + representatives of, summoned to Parliament, _ib._; + taxation of, 152, 153; + forced labour in, 257; + strikes and combinations in, 267; + support the House of York, iii. 76; + restriction of franchise in, 99-101; + Charles II.'s dealings with, vii. 3. + _See_ Boroughs + + Townshend, Charles, second Viscount, + Secretary of State and Prime Minister, vii. 182, 189; + resigns, 190; + returns to office, 191; + Secretary again under Walpole, 193; + turned out, 203 + + Townshend, Charles, vii. 247; + takes office under Pitt, 250; + deserts him, 303; + President of Board of Trade, 310; + refuses office under Grenville, 315; + accepts it again under Chatham, 341; + Chancellor of the Exchequer, viii. 3; + death, 4 + + Townshend's _Journal of Parliamentary Proceedings_, iv. 5 + + Township, the Old English, i. 11 + + Towton, battle of, iii. 79, 80 + + Trade, English, + under Eadgar, i. 138; + growth after Norman Conquest, 177; + regulated by Great Charter, 352; + under Edward I., ii. 106, 107, 122; + Richard's II.'s care for, 355; + increase in fifteenth century, iii. 106; + Edward's IV.'s laws for protection of, _ib._; + growth under Richard III., iv. 282; + under Henry VII., _ib._; + under Elizabeth, 279-283; v. 77; + struggle of the Commons for its freedom, 57, 58; + Parliament gains control over, vii. 63; + foreign, regulated by Statute of Staples, ii. 292; + extension under Charles I., v. 281; + effects of the Continental System on, viii. 177; + effect of the American embargo on, 183; + growth during the French war, 194; + with English colonies in America, monopoly of, vii. 195, 241; + with India, vii. 232; + with Spanish America, 192, 216; + Board of, established, 89. + _See_ Iron, Tin, Wool, Slave + + Trade and Plantations, Board for, vii. 240 + + Trade-gilds, i. 316-318 + + Trafalgar, battle of, viii. 173 + + "Trail-bastons," ii. 116 + + Treasurer, the, + origin of his office, i. 132; + right of appointing, claimed for Great Council, ii. 38 + + Treaties, commercial, + with Florence, iv. 282; + with France, viii. 79 + + Trent, Council of, iv. 32, 35, 36; + dispersed, 51; + reassembles, 64; + breaks up again, 65; + reassembled again, 192 + + Tresham, Francis, v. 159 + + Tresilian, Chief-Justice, ii. 353 + + Trevanion, Sir John, vi. 6 + + Trevisa, John of, ii. 357 + + Trichinopoly, Clive's relief of, vii. 235 + + Triploe Heath, meeting of the army at, vi. 52 + + Tristram, + story of, i. 247; + rimes of, ii. 360 + + Trivet's _Annals_, i. 274 + + Trokelowe's _Annals_, ii. 177 + + Tromp, Martin, vi. 86, 88, 115 + + Tromp, Cornelius, vi. 277 + + Troyes, treaty of, iii. 35 + + Trussel, Sir William, ii. 199 + + Tudor, Edmund. _See_ Richmond + + Tudor, Henry. _See_ Henry VII. + + Tudor, Jasper, Earl of Pembroke, iii. 132, 143, 165 + + Tudor, Owen, iii. 165 + + "Tulchan-bishops," v. 137 + + "Tun," the, i. 11, 295 + + Tunstall, Cuthbert, iii. 256 + + Turenne, Marshal, vi. 124 + + Turgot, annalist of Durham, i. 243 + + Turin, siege of, vii. 131 + + Turkey, schemes for its partition, viii. 161, 162 + + Turks capture Constantinople, iii. 189 + + Turner, Sir James, v. 73 + + Tyburn, Roger Mortimer beheaded at, ii. 207 + + Tyler, Walter, ii. 319, 321, 323 + + Tyndale, William, iii. 258, 259 + + Tyrconnell, Richard Talbot, first Earl and Duke of, vii. 17, 55-57 + + Tyrone, rising in, v. 62 + + Tyrone, Con O'Neill, first Earl of, iv. 110, 240 + + + Udall, John, iv. 343 + + Ulm, capitulation of, viii. 173 + + Ulster, + John de Courcy in, ii. 374; + rising in, under Hugh O'Neill, v. 61, 62; + colonization of, 288, 289 + + Universities, + rise of, i. 282; + their cosmopolitan spirit, 290; + democratic constitution, 291; + relations with the Church, 292, 293; + Friars at, ii. 13; + revival of theology at, _ib._, 14; + English, their decline during Wars of the Roses, iii. 98; + the New Learning at, 201, 202; + Henry VIII.'s appeal to, 291, 292; + decline under Edward VI., iv. 62; + James II.'s dealings with, vii. 24-26 + + Urban V., Pope, ii. 275 + + Uriconium burnt by the West Saxons, i. 38 + + Usher, Archbishop of Armagh, v. 290, 353; vi. 199 + + Utrecht, + treaty of, vii. 141; + Union of, iv. 312 + + Uxbridge, negotiations at, vi. 38 + + + Vacarius, i. 283, 285 + + Valence, Aymer de, Bishop of Winchester, ii. 33 + + Valence, Aymer de, Earl of Pembroke, ii. 174, 183 + + Valence, William de, Earl of Pembroke, ii. 33 + + Val-es-Dunes, battle of, i. 158 + + Valois, Charles of, ii. 208 + + Vane, Sir Harry, the elder, vi. 102 + + Vane, Sir Harry (the younger), + leader of the Independents, v. 354; vi. 45; + negotiates with Scotland, 14, 108; + opposes ordinance against heresy, 60; + re-creates a navy, 78; + his policy, 86, 89; + attacks the Protectorate, 148; + exempted from pardon, 195; + executed, 204 + + Vannes, Henry of Lancaster sails from, ii. 373 + + Varangians, i. 167 + + Varaville, battle of, i. 158 + + Vassy, massacre of Protestants at, iv. 208 + + Vaudois, massacre of, vi. 123 + + Vendome, Louis Joseph, Duke of, vii. 134 + + Venner, leader of Fifth-Monarchy men, vi. 182 + + Verden, quarrel about, vii. 188, 189 + + Vere, Robert de (third Earl of Oxford), i. 343 + + Vere, Robert de (ninth Earl of Oxford), ii. 350, 351, 353; + Duke of Ireland, 377 + + Vere, Sir Horace, v. 219 + + Vergil, Polydore, ii. 180 + + Verneuil, battle of, iii. 39 + + Verney, Sir Edmund, v. 369 + + Verney, Sir Ralph, v. 72 + + Vernon, Admiral, vii. 219, 221 + + Vervins, treaty of, v. 60, 62 + + Vesci, Eustace de, i, 335, 347 + + Vienne, John de, ii. 349 + + Village, the English, i. 10, 11; + its organization after the Norman Conquest, 322 + + Villars, Marshal, vii. 134 + + Villenage + unknown in Kent, ii. 320; + demand for its abolition in the eastern counties, 321; + dies out, 333; iii. 65 + + Villeneuve, Admiral, viii. 172 + + Villeins, i. 133, 321-323; + their relations with the lord, 323-325; + rise into yeomen, ii. 240, 241; + attempts to check their enfranchisement, 256, 257, 266, 267, 335; + revolt of, _see_ Peasant Revolt + + Villeroy, Duke of, vii. 125, 126 + + Villiers, George, v. 207-210. + _See_ Buckingham + + Vimiera, battle of, viii. 187 + + Vinegar Hill, battle of, viii. 130 + + Virginia discovered, iv. 345; + settled, v. 307, 308; + heads resistance to the Stamp Act, vii. 330; + remonstrates against taxation, viii. 14; + adheres to England, 20 + + Vitoria, battle of, viii. 202 + + Voltaire, his visit to England, vii. 152 + + Volunteers, the Irish, viii. 37 + + + Wace, i. 174, 247 + + Wake, Baldwin, ii. 84, 86 + + Wakefield, battle of, iii. 78 + + Walcourt, skirmish at, vii. 50 + + Walcheren, English expedition to, viii. 188 + + Walden, Roger, Archbishop of Canterbury, ii. 371 + + Wales, + sources of its early history, i. 7; + its struggle with Mercia, ii. 46; + subject to the West Saxon kings, _ib._; + Harold's campaign in, i. 153, ii. 47; + William I.'s, i. 189, ii. 47; + William II.'s, i. 198, ii. 48; + Henry I.'s dealings with, 48; + Henry II.'s campaigns in, i. 232; ii. 53, 54; + Gerald de Barri's account of, i. 245, 274; + John's campaigns in, ii. 54, 55; + national revival in, 49-58; + Edward's first campaign in, 59; + outbreaks in, 65, 66; + Edward I.'s annexations in, 109; + conquest of, 119-121; + incorporated with England, 121; + revolts, 142, 143; iii. 9-12; + students from, at Oxford, i. 291; + Council of, v. 168. + _See_ Welsh + + Walker, Obadiah, vii. 25 + + Wall, the Roman, i. 30 + + Wallace, William, ii. 167-169, 171 + + Wallenstein, v. 274 + + Waller, Edmund, vi. 325 + + Waller, Sir William, + defeated at Lansdowne Hill and Roundway Down, vi. 6; + his reception by the Parliament, 13; + joins Essex, 18, 19; + defeated at Cropredy bridge, 22; + retires, 35 + + Wallingford, treaty of, i. 227 + + Wallington, Nehemiah, v. 72, 73, 94 + + Wallis, Dr. John, vi. 132 + + Wallis, Captain, vii. 277 + + Walloons, fugitive Protestant, in England, iv. 51, 58 + + Walpole, Robert, vii. 134; + his temper, 178; + policy, 179-181; + in the Townshend ministry, 182; + resigns, 190; + defeats the Peerage Bill, 191; + returns to office, _ib._; + head of the Government, 192, 193; + his peace policy, 193, 194; + finance, 195, 196; + his policy of inaction, 197; + towards Catholics and Nonconformists, 198; + relations with George II., 200; + Excise Bill, 195, 201-203; + his jealousy of his colleagues, 203; + strives to avoid war, 215, 217; + loss of his power, 218; + consents to war with Spain, _ib._; + plans of alliance with Russia and Prussia, 220; + fall, 222; + rejects the project for an American Excise, 241 + + Walsingham, Sir Francis, iv. 119; v. 63 + + Walsingham's _History_, i. 274; ii. 177, 179; iii. 98 + + Walter of Coutances, Archbishop of Rouen, i. 260, 261, 266 + + Walter of Coventry, i. 273 + + Walters, Lucy, vi. 176 + + Walworth, William, ii. 312, 323 + + Wanborough, battle of, i. 90 + + Warbeck, Perkin, iii. 180, 181, 184, 185, 187 + + Ward, Dr. Seth, vi. 132 + + Wareham, northmen encamp at, i. 106 + + Warenne, William, sixth Earl of, i. 345 + + Warenne and Surrey, John, seventh Earl of, ii. 117 + + Warenne and Surrey, John, eighth Earl of, ii. 162, 168 + + Warham, William, Archbishop of Canterbury, + his patronage of the New Learning, iii. 196-198; + protects Colet, 204; + helps Erasmus, 212, 215; + the seals offered to, 289; + death, 303 + + Warner's _Albion's England_, v. 35 + + Warwick, Guy Beauchamp, second Earl of, ii. 187, 190 + + Warwick, Thomas Beauchamp, fourth Earl of, ii. 353, 370, 371 + + Warwick, John Dudley, Earl of (_see_ Lisle), iv. 47; + puts down revolt in Norfolk, 56; + Protector, 57. + _See_ Northumberland + + Warwick, Richard Neville, Earl of, iii. 73, 75; + defeated at St. Albans, 79; + victor at Towton, _ib._, 80; + his greatness, 112, 113, 118; + character, 114, 115; + policy, 119, 122; + negotiations with Lewis XI., 123, 124; + rivalry with the Woodvilles, 127; + mission to France, 129; + estranged from Edward, 131; + submits to him, 132; + intrigues with Clarence, 133; + revolts, 134, 135; + repulsed from Calais, 135; + difficulties with Burgundy, 136; + alliance with the Lancastrians, 137; + lands at Dartmouth, 138; + restores Henry VI., 139; + slain, 142 + + Warwick, Edward Plantagenet, Earl of, iii. 175, 187 + + Warwick, Robert Rich, second Earl of, + resists a forced loan, v. 255; + plans to emigrate, 319; + put in command of the fleet, 378 + + Warwick, Sir Philip, v. 72 + + Washington, George, + his attack on Duquesne, vii. 243; + takes it, 266; + his influence in Virginia, viii. 15; + his character, 21, 22; + his defence of Boston, 23; + evacuates New York, etc., 24; + his campaign of 1777, 25; + forces Cornwallis to surrender, 32 + + Washington city burnt by the English, viii. 204 + + "Water-beggars," the, iv. 298 + + Waterford besieged by Cromwell, vi. 77 + + Waterloo, battle of, viii. 208-211 + + Watling Street, i. 120 + + Watt, James, viii. 58 + + _Waverley, Annals of_, i. 273 + + Waynflete, Bishop of Winchester, iii. 66 + + Weald, iron-mines in the, ii. 107 + + Wearmouth, + Benedict Biscop's abbey at, i. 91, 92; + plundered by northmen, 101 + + Weavers, + gild of, i. 317; + Flemish, in England under Edward III., ii. 226 + + Wedmore, Peace of, i. 107 + + Weights, uniformity of, enacted by Great Charter, i. 352 + + Welles, Sir Robert, iii. 135 + + Wellesley, Sir Arthur, + his campaigns in Spain and Portugal, viii. 186, 188. + _See_ Wellington + + Wellesley, Richard, Marquis (_see_ Mornington), viii. 140; + his devotion to Pitt, 71; + words on Pitt's death, 174; + Foreign Secretary, 189 + + Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, first Viscount and Duke of (_see_ + Wellesley), + his campaigns in Spain and Portugal, viii. 190, 191, 199, 200, 202; + enters France, 202; + campaign in Belgium, 207-211 + + Welsh, the, + defeated by Cenwealh, i. 87; + by Offa, 97; + league with Scots and Cumbrians against AEthelstan, 119; + rise against AEthelred II., 139; + subdued by Harold, 153; ii. 47; + rise against William I., i. 167; + against John, 333, 334; ii. 55; + national revival, 49-58; + ravage Shropshire, iii. 19; + Oxford students join Owen Glyndwr, 11; + North, tributary to AEthelstan, i. 119, 120; + West, become vassals of AEthelstan, i. 120; + driven from Exeter, _ib._ + _See_ Britons, Wales + + Welwood's _Memoirs_, vi. 158 + + Wendover, Roger of, i. 273; ii. 43 + + Wentworth, Paul, iv. 238 + + Wentworth, Peter, v. 56 + + Wentworth, Thomas, + member for Yorkshire, v. 195, 260, 282-284; + policy and character, 285-287; + Deputy in Ireland, 290; + his rule there, 290-292, 364, 365; + returns, 338. + _See_ Strafford + + Wenzel of Bohemia, king of the Romans, ii. 348 + + Wesley, Charles, vii. 207 + + Wesley, John, vii. 207-210 + + Wessex, + its power under Ceawlin and Cuthwulf, i. 56; + fall, _ib._; + attacked by Eadwine, 63; + subdued, 64; + greatness under Ine, 89, 90; + civil strife in, 90; + subject to Mercia, _ib._, 91; + rises against AEthelbald, 96; + anarchy in, 97; + greatness under Ecgberht, 102; + attacked by northmen, 103, 105, 106; + revival under AElfred, 107, 112, 113; + submits to Swein, 143; + to Cnut, _ib._; + its Golden Dragon standard, 96, 163; + earldom of, 146. + _See_ West Saxons + + Westfold, Harald of, i. 128 + + West Indian Company, vi. 223 + + West Indies, English conquests in, vii. 307 + + Westminster, Eadward the Confessor's abbey at, i. 149; + rebuilt by Henry III. ii. 25; + completed under Edward I., 106; + William I. crowned at, i. 166; + the Scotch coronation stone removed to, ii. 162; + refounded by Mary, iv. 106; + Henry VII.'s chapel in, iii. 174; + Assembly of Divines at, vi. 30; + Caxton's press at, iii. 156; + chapel of St. Stephen at, ii. 290; + Chaucer's home at, 366; + the Jerusalem Chamber at, iii. 25; + Parliament fixed at, ii. 158; + Provisions of, 62; + Statutes of, 103, 122, 124 + + "Westminster, Matthew of," ii. 43 + + Westmoreland, Ralph Neville, first Earl of, iii. 14, 18 + + Westmoreland, Ralph Neville, fourth Earl of, iii. 323 + + Westmoreland, Henry Neville, fifth Earl of, iv. 162 + + Westmoreland, Charles Neville, sixth Earl of, iv. 268, 269 + + Weston, Lord Treasurer, v. 265; + Earl of Portland, 276; + revives monopolies, 279; + success of his financial measures, 280; + death, 315 + + Westphalia, + kingdom of, viii. 185; + treaty of, vi. 113, 187 + + West Saxons, + foundation of their kingdom, i. 34; + defeated by Arthur, _ib._; + defeated in a raid upon Chester, 38; + take Old Sarum, 37; + conquer Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire, _ib._; + victory at Deorham, 38, 61; + burn Uriconium, 38; + driven back across Thames, 85; + advance to south-west, 87; + defeated at Bensington, 98. + _See_ Wessex + + Wexford, massacre at, vi. 77; + revolt at, viii. 129 + + Wharton, Philip, fourth Lord, v. 343; vi. 288; + member of the Junto, viii. 85; + Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 133; + death, 181 + + Whethamstede, Abbot of St. Albans, iii. 40 + + "Whiggamore Raid," vi. 62 + + "Whigs," + origin of the name, vi. 62, 315; + their policy in 1689, vii. 45; + struggle with Marlborough and Anne, 132, 133; + refuse peace, 136; + dismissed from office, 139; + invite Marlborough's aid, 145; + their relations with the Church, 169; + with the Crown, 172, 174; + with Parliament, 175, 176; + fidelity to the principles of the Revolution, 177; + relations with public opinion, 289; + with Pitt, 301; + the "Old," viii. 104; + in Scotland, their outrages, vii. 16 + + White, Sir Thomas, iv. 157 + + Whitefield, George, vii. 205, 209 + + Whitehall built, iii. 236 + + Whitelock, Bulstrode, v. 306, 322, 323; + his _Memoirs_, 72 + + _White Ship_, wreck of the, i. 207, 208 + + Whitby (Streoneshealh), + Hild's abbey at, i. 77; + synod of, 79, 80; + its effect on England, 80, 81 + + Whitgift, Archbishop of Canterbury, iv. 341, 343; v. 58; + his Articles, iv. 341, 342; v. 115, 116; + Strype's _Life of_, iv. 4 + + Whittingham, Dean of Durham, iv. 127 + + Wight, Isle of, annexed to Sussex, i. 85 + + Wilberforce, William, viii. 48, 52 + + Wilfrid, St., i. 79, 92; + Eddi's _Life of_, 4 + + Wilkes, John, vii. 249; + his services to the Constitution, 313; + attacks the Government in the _North Briton_, 314, 317, 318; + arrested, 318; + prosecuted for libel, _ib._; + flies to France, _ib._; + returned for Middlesex, viii. 5; + imprisoned, 6; + struggle with the Government, 7; + with the House of Commons, _ib._, 8; + his proposal for Parliamentary reform, 75 + + Wilkins, Dr. John, vi. 132, 166 + + William the Conqueror, + duke of Normandy, i. 157; + visits England, 158; + subdues Maine and Britanny, _ib._; + his claim on England, 160; + lands at Pevensey, 162; + exploits at Senlac, 163, 164; + chosen king, 165; + crowned, 166; + returns to Normandy, 167; + risings against him, _ib._, 168; + his vengeance on the north, 168, 169; + march on Chester, 169, 179; + master of England, 170; + receives the Scot king's fealty, _ib._; + his character, 178, 179; + rule, 179-181; + dealings with feudalism, 181-185; + with Old English judicial and administrative organization, 185; + finance, 186; + dealings with the Church, 187, 188; + with Wales, 189; ii. 47; + suppresses slave-trade at Bristol, i. 250; + last war and death, 190 + + William the Red, + king, i. 191; + revolts against him, _ib._, 192; + his rule, 192; + dealings with the barons, 193; + with the Church, _ib._; + with Anselm, 196; + with Normandy and Scotland, 197; + with Wales, 198; ii. 48; + death, i. 198 + + William III., + Prince of Orange, vi. 225; + his youth, 269; + repels the French invasion of Holland, 270, 277; + his diplomatic success, 277; + plans for his marriage, 283; + defeated at Cassel, 289; + marriage, 290; + plans the Grand Alliance, 317; + policy in England, _ib._, 318; + visits England, 334; + shelters Monmouth, vii. 8; + forbidden to visit England, 12; + relations with James II., 26-28; + invited to England, 35; + his preparations, 37; + lands at Torbay, 40; + his advance, 42; + enters London, 44; + calls a Convention, _ib._; + declines to be Regent, 46; + the Crown offered to, 47; + he accepts it, 48; + his foreign aims, _ib._; + dealings with Scotland, 51; + signs the warrant for the massacre of Glencoe, 53; + relations with Parliament, 62, 63, 66, 69; + campaign in Ireland, 71; + goes to Flanders, 76; + defeated at Steinkirk, 79; + struggle with the Commons, 81, 82; + treaty with Lewis, 90, 91; + policy as to the Spanish succession, 92, 93; + his unpopularity, 95; + forced to send home his Dutch guards, 97; + forms a new Grand Alliance, 107; + his relations with Marlborough and Anne, 110; + death, 112 + + William the AEtheling, i. 207 + + William the Lion, king of Scots, i. 255, 259; ii. 134 + + William Longsword, duke of Normandy, i. 155 + + William, son of Robert of Normandy, i. 203, 208, 213, 214 + + William of Jumieges, i. 6 + + William of the Long Beard, i. 319, 320 + + Williams, Bishop of Lincoln, v. 255, 353, 371 + + Williams, Roger, v. 312, 313 + + Willis, Thomas, vi. 166 + + Willoughby, Hugh, iv. 282; v. 9 + + Wiltshire, rising in, iii. 67 + + Wiltshire, Thomas Boleyn, Earl of, iii. 291. + _See_ Boleyn + + Wiltshire, William Scrope, Earl of, iii. 18 + + Winceby, skirmish at, vi. 33 + + Winchelsey, Archbishop of Canterbury, + opposes Edward I., ii. 163, 165, 170; + head of the "Ordainers," 188 + + Winchester + surrendered to William the Conqueror, i. 165; + welcomes Stephen, 215; + battle at, 220; + pillaged by the younger Simon de Montfort, ii. 82; + marriage of Philip and Mary at, iv. 86; + AElfred's abbey at, i. 113; + Wykeham's college at, ii. 307; + the royal hoard at, 180, 188; + Parliament at, ii. 66, 80, 82 + + Winchester, William Paulet, first marquis of, iv. 65 + + Winchester, John Paulet, fifth marquis of, vi. 42 + + Winchester, Charles Paulet, sixth marquis of, vii. 37 + + Windebank, Secretary of State, v. 351 + + Windham, William, viii. 104, 156, 171 + + Windsor Castle + seized by John, i. 261; + surrendered by Edward to the barons, ii. 67; + rebuilt by Edward III., 252 + + Winter, Admiral De, viii. 127 + + Winthrop, John, v. 311, 313 + + Winwaed, battle of, i. 72, 73 + + Wippedsfleet, battle of, i. 33 + + Wishart, George, iv. 112 + + Witchcraft, + belief in, v. 105; + statute against, 105, 106; + Puritan action against, 106, 107 + + Witenagemot, the, i. 19, 132, 134, 135 + + Wither, George, v. 303 + + Witt, John de, vi. 242, 249, 268, 269 + + Wolsey, Thomas, + his rise, iii. 230; + policy, 231; + greatness, 236; + his industry, 237; + legate, 238; + negotiations with Francis and Charles, 240, 243; + hopes of the Papacy, 240, 241, 249; + revives benevolences, 244, 251; + demands a forced loan, 244; + struggle with the Commons, 245; + with the clergy, 246; + his power shaken, 253; + attitude towards Lutheranism, 261, 263; + founds Cardinal College, 202, 263; + action in the king's divorce, 269, 270; + embassy to France, 271; + negotiations with the Pope, _ib._, 272; + his unpopularity, 273; + commissioner for the divorce, 272; + his fall, 279, 280; + suppresses monasteries, 311; + arrested, 292; + death, 293; + Cavendish's _Life of_, 83 + + Woodstock, Edmund, earl of, ii. 293 + + Woodstock, Thomas of, ii. 293. + _See_ Gloucester + + Woodville, Elizabeth, wife of Edward IV., iii. 124, 167, 168, 171, 176 + + Woodville, Sir Richard, iii. 124. + _See_ Rivers + + Woodward, John, vi. 167 + + Wool, + grants of, by Parliament to the king, ii. 230; + taxation of, 107, 164, 298; + trade in, under Edward I., 107; + under Edward III., 226; + monopolized by him, 229; + in the eighteenth century, viii. 53 + + Woolsack, the Lord Chancellor's, ii. 226 + + Worcester, + rising at, under Harthacnut, i. 148; + threatened by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 18 + + Worcester, Thomas Percy, earl of, iii. 13, 14 + + Worcester, John Tiptoft, earl of, iii. 162 + + Worcester, William of, ii. 179; iii. 40 + + Worcestershire, salt springs in, ii. 107 + + Wordsworth, William, viii. 135 + + Worms, + diet at, iii. 254; + Tyndale at, 260 + + Worsted trade, iv. 279 + + Wriothesley, Lord Chancellor, iv. 46. + _See_ Southampton + + Wulfhere, king of Mercia, i. 78, 85-87 + + Wulfstan, St., bishop of Worcester, i. 192, 250 + + Wulfstan explores the coast of Esthonia, i. 113 + + Wurmser, General, viii. 123 + + Wyatt, Sir Thomas, the elder, iv. 42 + + Wyatt, Sir Thomas, the younger, iv. 82, 84, 85 + + Wycherly, William, vi. 157, 163 + + Wyclif, John, ii. 275-277; + his treatise _De Dominio Divino_, 278, 279; + commissioner for negotiations with the Pope, 303; + his denunciation of Church property, 308, 309; + summoned to trial for heresy, 309, 310; + his "Simple Priests," 317; + denies Transubstantiation, 337; + condemned at Oxford, _ib._; + at Blackfriars, 339; + his English tracts, 338, 356; + petition to king and Parliament, 342; + his _Fasciculi Zizamorum_, 178; + _Trias_, _ib._; + his Bible, 178, 343; + cited to Rome, 343; + death, 344 + + Wykeham, William of, bishop of Winchester, ii. 302, 305, 307-309 + + Wykes's _Chronicle_, i. 274 + + Wyndham, Sir William, vii. 168, 184 + + Wolfe, General, vii. 267, 268 + + + Yeoman, the English, ii. 240, 241 + + Yonge's (Walter) _Diary_, v. 71 + + York, + capital of Roman Britain, i. 36; + occupied by William I., 167; + stormed by rebels, 168; + massacre of Jews at, ii. 129; + provincial council at, 120; + Parliament at, 195; + held for Elizabeth by Lord Sussex, iv. 269; + Charles I. at, v. 337, 378; + besieged by Manchester, Fairfax, and Leven, vi. 18; + surrenders, 22; + its common pastures, i. 296; + school at, 91; + six shires of, 295; + four wards, 296 + + York, Edmund of Langley, Duke of (_see_ Cambridge), + supports Richard II., ii. 370; + regent, 379 + + York, Edward, duke of (_see_ Albemarle, Rutland), iii. 15 + + York, Frederick, duke of, viii. 108, 110, 140 + + York, Richard, duke of (_see_ Cambridge), iii. 30; + Regent of France, 56, 57; + recalled, 60; + sent to Ireland, 62, 63; + returns, 67; + struggle with Henry VI., 68-70; + Protector of the Realm, 72; + marriage, 73; + rises in arms, _ib._; + Protector again, 74; + raises his standard at Ludlow, _ib._; + flies to Ireland, 75; + victory at Northampton, _ib._; + his claims to the crown, 75-77; + slain, 78 + + York House (Whitehall) built, iii. 236 + + Yorkshire, + Pilgrimage of Grace in, iii. 322; + rise of manufactures in, v. 281 + + York Town, Cornwallis's surrender at, viii. 32 + + Young, member for Bristol in 1450, iii. 68 + + + Zaragoza, siege of, viii. 187 + + Zorndorf, battle of, vii. 263 + + _Zuerich Letters_, the, iv. 4 + + Zutphen, battle of, iv. 349 + + +_Printed by_ R. & R. CLARK, LIMITED, _Edinburgh_. + + + + +Transcriber's Notes: + + +This is the index for the 8 volume set of History of the English People. +It was included at the end of Volume VIII in the original. For ease in +accessibility, it has been removed and produced as a separate volume. + +Words in italics in the original are surrounded by _underscores_. + +The following corrections have been made to the text: + + Page 213: AEthelflaed{original has AEtheflaed}, Lady of the + Mercians + + Page 222: under the entry, Burgundy, Philip III., withdraws + his troops from siege of Orleans{original has Orleans} + + Page 237: under the entry, Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VIII., + Parliament refuses to oust her from the succession{original + has sucession} + + Page 244: Gilbert, William, discovers terrestrial{original has + terrestial} magnetism + + Page 282: Southampton, Thomas Wriothesley{original has + Wroithesley}, fourth Earl of + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of History of the English People, Index, by +John Richard Green + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INDEX OF ENGLISH HISTORY *** + +***** This file should be named 25533.txt or 25533.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/5/5/3/25533/ + +Produced by Paul Murray, Lisa Reigel, and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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