initial commit of ebook 25527HEADmain

88 files changed, 6213 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6833f05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+* text=auto
+*.txt text
+*.md text
diff --git a/25527-8.txt b/25527-8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4694e47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2006 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Australia The Dairy Country, by 
+Australia Department of External Affairs
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Australia The Dairy Country
+
+Author: Australia Department of External Affairs
+
+Release Date: May 19, 2008 [EBook #25527]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AUSTRALIA THE DAIRY COUNTRY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Nick Wall and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+     DEPARTMENT OF EXTERNAL AFFAIRS, MELBOURNE.
+
+
+     AUSTRALIA: _The_ Dairy Country
+
+
+     Dairy Farmers are specially invited and assisted to come to
+     Australia because it is considered that in a progressive young
+     Country with so much Territory adapted for Dairying such Settlers
+     will advance the interest of the Country and of themselves.
+
+
+     PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE MINISTER OF STATE FOR EXTERNAL
+     AFFAIRS, MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA . . . . 1915.
+
+
+     By Authority: McCARRON, BIRD & CO., Printers. 479 Collins Street,
+     Melbourne.
+
+
+[Illustration: Note the Shedding is of very light description.]
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+                                             PAGE
+
+     Bacon-Curing                             48
+     Bee Farming                              21
+     Breeds of Cattle in Use                  33
+     Butter Exported                          11
+     Cheese-making                            47
+     Clearing Land                            45
+     Condensed Milk                           36
+     Conditions of Selection                  45
+     Co-op. Factories, Facilities given       36
+     Cost of Starting a Farm                  27, 34
+     Dairy Herds                              47
+     Experiences of Farmers                   35
+     Facilities Offered to Dairymen           31, 38, 42
+     Gov'mnt. Assistance to the Farmer        31
+     Grasses                                  35
+     Growth of the Industry                   10
+     Labour Conditions                         5
+     Land for Dairy Farming                   26, 31, 32, 43
+     Land, Price of                           26, 33, 43
+     Monetary Aid to Settlers                 25
+     New South Wales                          26-27
+     Pig Raising                              14
+     Poultry Farming                          20
+     Profit per Cow                           33, 40
+     Queensland                               31-36
+     Seasons                                   7
+     South Australia                          37-40
+     Share System of Dairying                 22
+     Size of Average Herd                     34
+     State Supervision                        12
+     Stock, Price of                          33
+     Tasmania                                 44-48
+     Victoria                                 27-31
+     Western Australia                        40-44
+     Winter Feed                              35
+
+
+
+
+     Information Concerning AUSTRALIA
+     may be obtained on application to--
+
+
+     IN AMERICA:
+
+     AUSTRALIAN PAVILION,
+     PANAMA PACIFIC EXHIBITION.
+
+     NIEL NIELSEN, Esq.,
+     Trade and Immigration Commissioner for New South Wales,
+     419 Market Street, San Francisco.
+
+     F. T. A. FRICKE, Esq.,
+     Land and Immigration Agent for Victoria,
+     687 Market Street, San Francisco.
+
+
+     IN LONDON:
+
+     The High Commissioner for
+     THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA,
+     72 Victoria Street, Westminster, London, S.W.
+
+
+     IN AUSTRALIA:
+
+     THE SECRETARY,
+     DEPARTMENT OF EXTERNAL AFFAIRS,
+     Collins and Spring Streets, Melbourne.
+
+
+
+
+The suitability of Australia as a country for the dairyman is referred
+to in the report of the Scottish Agricultural Commission,[A] who toured
+the States of the Commonwealth in 1910-11, in the following terms:--
+
+[Illustration: An up-to-date Milking Yard.]
+
+     "The practice of dairying, in a limited domestic sense, as applied
+     to the milking of a few cows and the making of a little butter and
+     cheese for family use, is as old as the history of mankind, and in
+     that restricted meaning dairying has been carried on in Australia
+     since the arrival of the first settlers. But the industry as
+     existing there to-day is a vastly different matter, being already
+     of great importance, and promising rapid and extensive development.
+     It is a young industry, so recently out of its infancy that if this
+     report had been written fifteen years ago the section on dairying
+     might have been almost as brief as the famous chapter on snakes in
+     Ireland.
+
+[Illustration: Cream Carts at the Factory.]
+
+     "The live stock brought to Sydney by Captain Phillip in 1788, and
+     sent to propagate their kind at Farm Cove, consisted of one bull,
+     four cows, one calf, and seven pigs. Their descendants in 1908
+     included about ten and a-half millions of cattle, of which nearly
+     two millions were dairy cows. This is about one cow for every two
+     persons in the Commonwealth, which seems a large proportion, but as
+     it means only one cow for every two square miles in Australia,
+     there is ample room for expansion. In Great Britain we have about
+     twenty-six cows for every square mile, and only one cow for every
+     fifteen people. These figures indicate that in proportion to its
+     population Australia is much more of a dairying country than Great
+     Britain, but that in proportion to its area, it has developed the
+     industry much less extensively, and is still capable of making
+     enormous growth. Until within comparatively recent years there was
+     little dairying anywhere in the Commonwealth, and what little there
+     was appears to have been carried on by somewhat primitive methods.
+     Modern developments, the spread of scientific knowledge, the
+     fostering care of Government, and, above everything, the advent of
+     the separator, of the milking machine, and of the freezer have
+     changed all that. To-day the industry is prospering and full of
+     promise....
+
+     "There is no denying the fact that every State in the Commonwealth
+     has extensive districts where dairying could be carried on very
+     profitably. Indeed there must be very few parts of the world where
+     Nature does so much to help and so little to hinder the provident
+     and industrious producer of milk.
+
+     "The most important advantage of all is undoubtedly the climate,
+     and that, like many another thing of value, is a good servant, but
+     a bad master. It would not be easy to overstate the benefit a
+     dairyman receives from being relieved of the need for housing,
+     hand-feeding, and tending his cows during a long winter. His cows
+     are healthier, their feeding costs less, there is no cleaning of
+     byres, no washing of floors, no preparing of food, no never-ending
+     carting of turnips, no filling of sheds with hay or straw. His
+     anxiety, his work, and his expense are reduced by half, through the
+     simple agency of a friendly climate. And yet this same climate is
+     also his most dangerous enemy.
+
+     "There are certainly also adverse influences which must not be
+     forgotten, but a careful examination of the whole position will
+     probably lead to the conclusion that Australia is, on the whole, a
+     good dairyman's country.
+
+     "The advantages include:--(1) Cheap land, (2) cheap cows, (3)
+     inexpensive buildings, (4) a climate permitting cows to be in the
+     open all the year round, (5) a convenient market and a fair price
+     at the factories, (6) helpful Government supervision.
+
+     "The disadvantages are:--(1) Dear and scarce labour, (2) an
+     inferior stock of milk cows, (3) occasional dry seasons, and (4)
+     the farmer's inexperience and ignorance of scientific dairying."
+
+These several points are touched on in this pamphlet in the chapters
+dealing with the individual States, but some general remarks are offered
+here in regard to the four points mentioned as operating
+disadvantageously.
+
+(1) _Dear and Scarce Labour._--Every young country at times experiences
+the difficulty of procuring sufficient skilled assistance to keep pace
+with the rapid expansion of its industries. Australia is no exception.
+Dairy farmers there have not always been able to obtain experienced
+milkers. The farmer with children old enough to assist him is at a great
+advantage, and some of the most successful dairy farms in the
+Commonwealth are worked mainly by the owners and their families. But
+where the herd is too large, or the family too small, the milking
+machine, which is really a valuable aid to the dairyman, has been
+pressed into use, with satisfactory results.
+
+[Illustration: A fine herd of Holsteins.]
+
+There is no doubt that rapid as has been the expansion of this industry
+in Australia, its development has been distinctly retarded by the want
+of reliable milkers.
+
+But what is the farmer's bane is the farm labourer's boon. The scarcity
+of labour has checked the farmer's operations, but it gives the man
+seeking employment a wider field.
+
+Competent milkers readily find employment at $4.80 to $6.00 per week and
+keep. In every important district good dairy hands also have facilities
+extended to them for entering into arrangements for dairying on shares,
+with profit to themselves (see pp. 16-18).
+
+(2) _An Inferior Stock of Milk Cows._--The fact that while in many
+districts there are to be found dairy herds averaging barely 300 gallons
+per cow per annum, with a butter fat percentage of little over 3.5,
+carried on the same class of land as herds which average over 500
+gallons per cow, with over 4 per cent. butter fat, will enable any dairy
+farmer to realise how much room there is for improvement in this
+thriving young industry, and what scope there is for the man accustomed
+to get the best results from his land and his herd. But the Governments
+of the respective States afford special facilities by way of importing
+and placing at the disposal of farmers stud cattle of the highest
+standards. Private persons are also doing a great deal in importing and
+breeding high-class animals. Herd-testing associations are becoming more
+numerous. Farmers are learning that it is profitable to keep milk
+records and to cull out of their herds the cows that do not give payable
+yields, and pronounced advancement is being made in this direction.
+
+(3) _Occasional Dry Seasons._--The effects of dry spells, which
+sometimes occur even in the best-watered dairying districts, can be
+greatly minimised by the conservation of fodder, by cheap and easy
+methods of silage. So rich is the country in succulent natural grasses,
+and so congenial is the climate, that farmers exhibit a tendency to rely
+too much on the bounty of the seasons. This is what the Scottish
+Commission meant when they referred to the friendly climate as being the
+dairyman's most dangerous enemy. It is true that in normal years milch
+cows may depasture the whole year long on the natural pastures, and on
+this food alone yield milk of magnificent flavour, producing butter and
+cheese of the highest quality. But there should be put by to supplement
+the natural fodder during dry times a supply of food either as hay or
+silage. The experts of the various agricultural departments strongly
+advocate the use of the silo, but the advice has not yet been generally
+adopted.
+
+As the loss in the silo is insignificant, it can be realised how cheaply
+ample stores of the best class of stand-by fodder can be conserved.
+Silos to hold 100 tons cost about $480.00 to construct, and a cutter and
+elevator about $144.00. To this would have to be added the cost of a
+horse-works or engine, but until a settler is in a position to indulge
+in the most up-to-date outfit, he can follow the usual practice of
+serving his greenstuff in the form of stack silage, which entails a very
+moderate outlay.
+
+[Illustration: Silos, Victoria.]
+
+Many crops excellent for silage are easily grown, and the cultivation
+areas need never be idle for a day at any time of the year. As one crop
+becomes fit to use, the land can be replanted irrespective of weather
+conditions. For instance, in spring (September) maize or sorghum can be
+sown, either over the whole area at once or at intervals of a week or a
+month up to January. In three to three and a-half months, during which
+time the pastures are at their best, and there is no need for
+supplementary fodder, the first of the areas will be ready for use as
+green fodder, or for conversion into silage to serve as a cheap and
+juicy winter fodder. In many districts as soon as the earliest-sown
+maize crop is harvested a second maize or sorghum crop is planted, and
+by the time that is ready to cut, barley and vetches or field peas can
+be planted to come in to supplement the stores of winter fodder.
+
+[Illustration: A fine growth of Sorghum--Victoria.--An excellent fodder
+crop.]
+
+Maize is harvested for silage when the cobs are well filled, and the
+grain is beginning to glaze; at this stage a normal crop will yield
+about 20 tons greenstuff per acre. Sorghum will produce about 15 tons,
+and barley and vetches or peas about 10 tons per acre. Wheat and oats
+are often grown in order to be cut for hay, and make an excellent
+fodder.
+
+Another most valuable crop to the dairyman is lucerne, which will keep
+in a well-built stack for an indefinite time.
+
+(4) _The Farmer's inexperience and ignorance of Scientific
+Dairying._--To this last point the Scottish Commissioners furnish a
+reply in their report.
+
+[Illustration: A typical Australian Dairy Farm.]
+
+"A great many," the report states, "of those engaged in producing milk
+have had no training in the business. If a man can milk a cow, or is
+willing to learn, he thinks himself quite able to run a dairy farm. In
+time, if he is intelligent and observant, he becomes as expert at his
+trade as if he had never done anything else; but his experience has
+certainly cost him a good deal. The men who are neither intelligent nor
+observant learn little from experience, and their dairy methods leave
+much to be desired. It is they who breed their cows anyhow, who keep no
+kind of milk records, who think it economy to bring in their cows to the
+calving as hard as wood, who depend entirely on pasture for food, who
+make no provision for drought, who have nothing to learn from anybody,
+and who are keeping the reputation of the Australian cow at a level much
+below respectability. By-and-by, no doubt, this type of man will become
+scarcer. The State Governments are doing what is possible to spread
+abroad scientific knowledge in dairying matters, and a younger
+generation is growing up that has been made familiar both with the
+practice and the theory of milk production. When their time comes it is
+certain they will make dairying highly profitable. The fact that, with
+an average milk yield of 'something under 250 gallons per annum,' the
+industry as a whole is in a prosperous condition affords the most
+remarkable testimony possible to the excellence of Australia as a
+dairyman's country. What will happen when the average doubles itself,
+and attains, as it surely will, the moderate figure of 500 gallons per
+annum?"
+
+
+A Phenomenal Growth.
+
+Starting out with splendid natural advantages--a wide range of soils of
+great fertility, indigenous grasses of high food value, and a congenial
+climate--the dairying industry in Australia has made phenomenal strides.
+
+The establishment throughout the chief districts of co-operative
+factories, owned and managed by the farmers themselves, and the
+introduction of cold storage greatly stimulated its growth. During the
+last decade its advancement has been remarkable. The Australian dairy
+industry is based on the world's markets. Every year the demand in
+various countries for Australian and other dairy and farmyard products
+increases, and the large home market is also expanding.
+
+The facilities for supervision, handling, and transportation are
+improving, and Australian dairymen to-day obtain high prices in both
+local and outside markets for their produce. It is stated that in South
+Australia dairymen who delivered good cream were able to secure from the
+factories an average of $0.22 per lb. from the butter made therefrom.
+
+The following table shows at once the advance of the dairying industry
+(including poultry farming and bee culture):--
+
+                                       TEN YEARS.
+    +-------------------------+----------------+----------------+---------+
+    |                         |      1902.     |      1912.     |Increase.|
+    +-------------------------+----------------+----------------+---------+
+    |Dairy Cows          No   | 1,113,911      |  2,086,885     | 87.34 % |
+    |Pigs                No   |   777,289      |    845,255     |  8.88 % |
+    |Hives               No   |    80,111      |    167,441     |109.01 % |
+    |Production (quantity)--  |                |                |         |
+    |  Butter                 |79,572,327 lbs. |187,194,161 lbs.|135.25 % |
+    |  Cheese                 |10,005,787 lbs. | 16,160,491 lbs.| 61.50 % |
+    |  Bacon and Ham          |30,608,345 lbs. | 54,192,175 lbs.| 77.05 % |
+    |  Honey                  | 2,873,763 lbs. |  8,007,492 lbs.|178.63 % |
+    |  Beeswax                |    68,243 lbs. |    130,959 lbs.| 91.90 % |
+    +-------------------------+----------------+----------------+---------+
+
+                                       FIVE YEARS.
+    +-------------------------+----------------+----------------+---------+
+    |                         |      1907.     |      1912.     |Increase.|
+    +-------------------------+----------------+----------------+---------+
+    |Production (total value) |$74,803,200.00  |$97,344,000.00  | 30.13 % |
+    +-------------------------+----------------+----------------+---------+
+
+                                       TEN YEARS.
+    +-------------------------+----------------+----------------+---------+
+    |                         |      1902.     |      1912.     |Increase.|
+    +-------------------------+----------------+----------------+---------+
+    |Exports (Value)--        |                |                |         |
+    |  Butter                 | 1,820,371.20   | 16,044,681.60  |         |
+    |  Cheese                 |    20,592.00   |     27,648.00  |         |
+    |  Condensed Milk         |    55,689.60   |     92,308.80  |         |
+    |  Bacon and Hams         |    37,060.80   |    328,814.40  |         |
+    |  Lard                   |     6,100.80   |    177,902.40  |         |
+    |  Frozen Pork            |    70,339.20   |     79,972.80  |         |
+    |  Honey                  |     7,891.20   |      9,235.20  |         |
+    |  Other items            |   269,246.40   |     78,859.20  |         |
+    |-------------------------+----------------+----------------+---------+
+    |        Total            |$2,287,291.20   |$16,839,422.40  |636.21 % |
+    +-------------------------+----------------+----------------+---------+
+
+[Illustration: In the Butter Factory.]
+
+The United Kingdom purchases the great bulk of Australian butter--about
+88 per cent.--but considerable quantities also go to Canada, Ceylon,
+China, the Dutch East Indies, Egypt, Hongkong, the Islands of the
+Pacific, Japan, Philippine Islands, the Straits Settlements and South
+Africa.
+
+Besides the co-operative factories there are many proprietary concerns,
+and the farmer is benefited by the keen competition between them. The
+establishments in the Commonwealth where the manufacture of butter,
+cheese, and condensed milk is carried on number several hundreds. They
+are distributed throughout all the States, but they are larger and more
+numerous in New South Wales, Victoria, and Queensland.
+
+[Illustration: In the Cheese Factory.]
+
+Cream separation and butter-making are often carried on together under
+the co-operative system. The creation of large central butter factories,
+supplied by numerous separating establishments or "creameries," has
+resulted in a considerable reduction in the cost of manufacture, since
+improved appliances, such as refrigerators, may be profitably worked at
+the larger establishments. The product is also of a more uniform
+quality. The number of farmers who adhere to hand processes is rapidly
+diminishing. Formerly the average quantity of milk used per lb. of
+hand-made butter was about 3 gallons, but separator butter requires only
+about 2.6 gallons.
+
+
+State Supervision.
+
+Each of the State Agricultural Departments exercises considerable
+supervision in regard to the industry. Dairy experts are employed to
+give instruction in approved methods of production, to examine animals,
+to inspect the buildings used for milking, separating and butter-making,
+and to examine the marketable produce. A high standard of dairy hygiene,
+cleanliness of _personnel_ and _materiel_ and purity of produce have
+also been insisted upon under State laws. Financial assistance has been
+given to facilitate the economic handling of dairy products, and much
+benefit has resulted, the advances having generally been promptly
+repaid.
+
+For the maintenance of the purity and quality of Australian butter and
+other dairy produce, the Commerce Act passed by the Commonwealth
+Government requires that each of these articles shall conform to certain
+standards. Butter intended for shipment oversea must be covered with a
+true trade description, and that the following information should appear
+on each box:--The word "Australia," the name of the State in which it
+was produced, net weight, manufacturer's or exporter's name or
+registered brand, and the words "pure creamery butter," "pastry butter,"
+"milled butter" (that is, butter which is a mixture or blend of two or
+more butters ordinarily packed alone and under separate names or
+brands), or "repacked butter," as the case may require. Other matters
+may be added, but must be true, and not liable to mislead. Margarine
+must be so stamped or marked. All butter and other dairy products
+intended for export must be sent for inspection to appointed places. The
+inspecting officer issues a certificate on the authorised form that it
+is up to the standard.
+
+The regulations now in force contain important provisions in regard to
+the standard for export dairy products. By means of these provisions
+purity and quality are guaranteed. Trade is also facilitated, since
+quantities of butter are purchased solely on the certificate issued,
+without inspection. The standard for butter, the most important dairy
+article, is as follows:--Butter which contains only--No fat other than
+butter fat, not more than 16 per cent. of water, 3 per cent. of casein,
+0.5 per cent. of boric acid, 4 per cent. of salt, or less than 82 per
+cent. of butter fat; or any colouring matter deemed by the Minister for
+Trade and Customs to be harmless.
+
+[Illustration: Lucerne Hay.]
+
+
+Subsidiary Industries.
+
+_Pig-Raising._--Not least among the rural industries awaiting a far
+wider development in Australia is that of pig raising. For very many
+years the number of these animals raised in the different States showed
+no appreciable increase, though of more recent years improvements in
+this direction have been noticeable. Yet the rate of progress is quite
+unequal to the requirements of local demand and of the export business.
+
+Pig raising for years has been a kind of subsidiary industry to
+dairying, and as such has seldom received the attention warranted by the
+returns yielded. To some extent it has been the ease with which these
+profits have been obtained that has brought about the condition of
+affairs existent to within a few years ago. Pig raising now, instead of
+being regarded merely as an adjunct to dairying, is being looked upon
+much in the same light as is a main line whether connected with dairying
+or general farming. This is indicated by the fact that where previously
+any description of boar or sow was good enough to produce a litter, now
+both farmers and dairymen are using chiefly the pedigree stock, and are
+giving attention to the different crosses most likely to give the
+largest litters suitable for bacon production, which can be brought into
+condition for market in the quickest time. The introduction of these
+businesslike methods has naturally resulted in greater gains, and has
+further given a stimulus to the pig-raising industry.
+
+The policy of closer settlement which is entering freely into the rural
+development of the various States is furthermore causing farmers and
+settlers to give more careful attention to any side industry which can
+be made to return a good margin of profit on the labour expended. In
+other words, the modern farmer is becoming more alive to the business
+possibilities of what may be termed specialised production. It is in
+this fact that the future development of the pig-raising industry
+depends. A dairyman, general farmer, irrigationist, and even the
+fruitgrower finds the pig of inestimable value in using up the waste
+produce, and turning it into a commodity which will return high interest
+in a remarkably short space of time.
+
+This turn of events is making itself felt in other directions.
+Bacon-curing establishments and co-operative factories are coming into
+existence where formerly supplies would never have justified their
+presence, and the result is that those who have suitable classes of pigs
+to dispose of find no difficulty in turning them over at lucrative
+prices.
+
+This, however, can only be regarded as a commencement in the turn of
+affairs, for with the increased demand and added facilities of
+marketing, the sound establishment of the industry is each year becoming
+more assured.
+
+[Illustration: 1. A Modern Piggery.]
+
+[Illustration: 2. Feeding pigs with corn grown on the farm.]
+
+As an instance of the value of this side line to the settler, the
+experience of a Victorian irrigated block owner, as related in the
+columns of the Melbourne "Argus," is worth recording. Writing from
+Rochester, Vic., the local correspondent reported as follows:--"The pig
+industry is becoming of great and growing importance on our irrigation
+holdings, and that settlers are recognising its great value as an
+adjunct to dairying is proved by the fact that there are now on the
+settlements four times as many pigs as there were a year ago. A leading
+auctioneer estimates that, with improved facilities, the sales in
+Rochester would in the near future amount to 1000 a month. The methods
+adopted on the irrigation farm of Messrs. Jacob and Kennedy, at
+Nannulla, show that pig raising is a leading factor in their success.
+Mr. Jacob demonstrated that $192 per acre a year can be realised from
+pigs reared almost wholly on lucerne, for half an acre suffices for the
+sustenance of a brood sow and her progeny of about 20 per annum till
+they are fit for market. Well-bred animals pay best, especially in the
+case of the sire, for which a Yorkshire is recommended. Mr. Jacob is
+prepared to submit his books and returns to those interested, as he did
+to the writer.... It has to be observed that pig raising does not
+require either the capital or experience demanded in the case of sheep."
+
+These facts relate in a general way to the industry as it is possible to
+be carried on in all parts of the Commonwealth. A dairy man or mixed
+farmer finds that the carrying on of his work at a maximum of profit
+involves the growth of a number of different crops with which to
+supplement the rations of his dairy herd. Peas, barley, wheat, maize,
+pumpkins, carrots, mangolds, lucerne, rape, and other crops are more or
+less used for a succession. Each one of these is of special value from
+the pig-raiser's standpoint. Both peas and barley have a high value for
+fattening purposes, and some of the successful breeders maintain that
+the addition of wheat contributes largely towards rapid development.
+Similarly the root crops play an important part in the general rations,
+whereas lucerne and rape make an admirable pasture for the running of
+stores and breeding sows. General experience has shown that when pigs
+which are being fattened for market have the run of a good pasture of
+these crops they do better and fatten on much less food. Consequently
+with some one or another or several of these crops to supplement the
+skim milk provided by the dairying operations, no more favourable
+conditions could well exist for the development of this adjunct to the
+dairying industry.
+
+With suitable root and pasture crops there is no reason why pig raising
+should remain merely as an offshoot of dairying and farming operations.
+It is sufficiently remunerative even when all food has to be purchased
+on the open market to justify attention being devoted to raising alone.
+But such circumstances do not enter into the operation of the industry
+as managed in Australia. The close proximity of separating factories
+would in many districts make it possible for a breeder to entirely
+ignore the dairying side of the question. From these sources such
+supplies of skim milk as were considered an advisable supplement to the
+ordinary rations might easily be obtained. With only very limited
+supplies of skim milk pig raising and fattening affords wide scope for
+the investments of men with limited capital. F. C. Grace, of
+Warrnambool, Victoria, who recently went into the matter of the cost of
+producing pork, indicates the possibilities of the bacon industry in a
+report furnished to the State Department of Agriculture. In this account
+he states:--"Over 6 tons of live pork have been produced, and the
+average cost per pound for all rations with pigs of all ages has been 4
+cents. The actual selling price has been 10 cents per pound, but a
+number of the pigs were sold as studs, somewhat above market price.
+Taking the average of all pigs sold in the open yards for bacon
+purposes, about 4-1/2 tons, the selling price was 10 cents per pound--a
+margin of over 6 cents per pound over and above the cost of feed."
+
+This statement is of interest as showing the position of the industry
+when everything has been paid for at well above market rates for the
+produce, and in a degree serves to emphasise the much-improved position
+of the breeder who, with root crops and pasture land, is able to
+dispense with the costs incurred in purchasing foods for fattening
+purposes on the open market.
+
+[Illustration: A Happy Family.]
+
+Throughout the Commonwealth there is a difference of opinion regarding
+the relative value of the manner in which the predominating breeds, the
+Berkshire and Yorkshire, are crossed in raising pigs for market. This no
+doubt will always exist, owing to predilection of breeders towards
+particular types, and to the relative merits resulting from the various
+crosses. The main point is that both breeds are wonderfully well suited
+to Australian conditions, and that they are prolific. Brood sows will,
+if kept in an ordinarily thrifty condition, farrow two litters of pigs
+in the year, which will number from eight to twelve pigs to the litter.
+If anything, the predominating cross favours the use of the Yorkshire
+boar with the Berkshire sow. The cross has this advantage that the
+litters will consist of all white pigs. The boar used should be pure and
+the sow of good type, preferably three-quarter bred. The average litter
+from such a cross is eight. These, if kept until about five months, will
+weigh out at about 140 lbs., and at 12 cents per lb., the ruling price,
+will return approximately $16.80 apiece, or $268.80 per year from each
+sow. In some instances as many as five litters may be obtained during a
+period of two years, but when this is done too much is taken out of the
+mother.
+
+Another aspect worth considering in the choice of crossing these two
+breeds is that the Yorkshire sow is a better mother than the Berkshire,
+and the litters produced are larger. In this case there is a lack of
+uniformity in the colour of the litters, a fact which no doubt must
+often cause slight depreciation when the marketing of large numbers of
+pigs is taken into consideration. From experience in the Commonwealth
+the middle Yorkshire of a pure strain is more favoured for breeding
+purposes. He is a quicker grower, of hardy constitution, and as a rule a
+better shaped pig for market requirements.
+
+[Illustration: Typical Dairy Country.]
+
+But while there are differences of opinion in the matter of breeds for
+crossing purposes, it is clear that this subject has never been
+exhaustively determined. For example, while there are advocates for the
+maintenance of pure strains, and the crossing of the Tamworth with both
+the black and white pigs, the large white Yorkshire is practically an
+unknown quantity. Both in Great Britain and in Denmark this breed has
+done more to establish the bacon industry than any other breed. Its
+value is indorsed by experience at Dookie College, where the only pure
+strain of the breed in Victoria is located. The Berkshire sow used with
+the large white boar produces a shapely offspring, which takes on the
+short snout of the sow with the pure white colouring of the boar. The
+cross is a longer pig than the Berkshire, cleaner in the shoulder, but
+with much the same conformation elsewhere. A common plan is to use all
+the longest and deepest sows of the first cross for breeding baconers.
+The pure large Yorkshire is not as economical as the Berkshire if
+growing pigs for the pork trade, as it takes longer to mature. The sows,
+however, average about ten to the litter, and some have fifteen or
+sixteen. Only the fine-haired ones seem to scald, otherwise they stand
+the sun as well as the Berks. They are good doers under a wide range of
+conditions, prolific, vigorous, and more likely to do well under the
+rough circumstances to which they are accustomed on most farms than the
+more delicate Berkshires. When sold at the same time as other breeds and
+crosses, they always top the market; and a half-truck realised over
+$20.00 per head when sold in Melbourne under six months old.
+
+So far as Australian experience has gone there is everything to indicate
+that pig raising, while an extremely profitable occupation, has not yet
+attained the results which may be expected to follow as more attention
+is given to the choice of breeds, the selection of the hogs, and
+fecundity on the part of the sow. These are all matters which from the
+ordinary farming standpoint have never been gone into thoroughly. That
+pig raising will pay and does yield handsome returns is admitted, yet
+when so many avenues of improvement are open, it cannot be said that the
+industry is receiving the attention it deserves. Up to the present
+farmers and dairymen have been chiefly concerned with raising the pigs,
+disposing of them perhaps at two months, or, as more often is the case,
+of keeping them on till four months, when they are topped off and sent
+to market to bring what can be realised. Many send away their pigs too
+fat, and few engaged in the general branches of agriculture really give
+the animals full attention over the growing period.
+
+[Illustration: Dam, Western Australia.]
+
+With the advent of the factories which are springing up in all the
+States, this condition of things will no doubt give place to better
+methods. In the first place breeders will be assured of markets for all
+the pigs produced, and, secondly, the differences in values of prime
+baconers will direct more attention to the greater profits for this
+class of produce.
+
+[Illustration: A well-established Dairy Farm, New South Wales Coast.]
+
+That there is opportunity for a great increase in pig raising is shown
+by the fact that Great Britain pays annually to foreign countries
+$91,200,000.00 for pig products. Statistics show that two great sources
+of supply to the British market (United States and Canada) are gradually
+but surely declining, and before long must cease altogether on account
+of the rapid increase in population, and the consequent increased food
+requirements in those countries. In Denmark we cannot expect to see any
+great increase in production, as the limit also has been nearly reached.
+Holland and Sweden are the only other European countries from which we
+may anticipate competition. The rapid growth of the population in
+Central Europe increases the food requirements of those countries, where
+there is already a short supply of animal foods generally. The present
+condition of the industry shows that there is a possibility of the
+Commonwealth building up a large export trade, even though local demands
+are increasing, at prices which are higher than they were ten or twelve
+years ago, when the number of pigs in the Commonwealth was scarcely a
+thousand head more than at the present time. At the Franco-British
+Exhibition the grand champion prize against the world was secured by
+Australia for pig products in the form of frozen pork, as well as in
+hams and bacon.
+
+_Poultry-farming._--The fact that Australian hens and ducks have broken
+all records in laying competitions serves to indicate the suitability of
+the country for poultry-raising. On general farms, where the birds live
+on food that may otherwise be wasted, poultry are a source of
+considerable profit. The opinion of the Scottish Commission was that
+"Australia possesses natural conditions of almost unequalled value for
+the profitable keeping of poultry. In climate, soil, shelter, and in
+natural food she has the essential attributes to success."
+Poultry-farming is carried on together with wheat or dairying or pig
+farming, but in many places the raising of poultry is carried on as a
+single line. Poultry for consumption is extensively reared, and the
+egg-producing qualities of the birds have also been greatly improved by
+careful breeding. Egg collecting circles have been formed in some
+country districts, to develop (under Government supervision and with
+Government aid until the organisation is self-supporting) the industry
+on co-operative lines. A member of the circle is elected to act as
+secretary, and he receives all the eggs from the members, tests, packs,
+and forwards them to the metropolitan depot for shipment. Only clean and
+fresh eggs are to be delivered to the secretary under penalty of fine
+and expulsion from the circle. Another method of collecting and
+marketing the eggs is through the local butter factories, where eggs are
+delivered by the suppliers of milk and cream a number of times each
+week.
+
+[Illustration: Government Farm.--Pens at Burnley, Victoria, for
+Egg-laying Competition.]
+
+_Bee-farming._--Bee-farming has ordinarily been an adjunct to the
+agricultural or dairying industries, and can hardly yet be said to have
+been organised as a distinct industry. There are many prosperous bee
+farms in the Commonwealth. The indigenous flora is rich in nectar, and
+the quantities of honey stored in single hives are astonishingly large,
+sometimes reaching 400 lbs.
+
+[Illustration: White Leghorns.]
+
+With the farmyard and dairy products of the Commonwealth standing now at
+over $96,000,000.00 per annum, the industry may be said to be well in
+its infancy.
+
+Under the large irrigation projects being carried out in several of the
+States there are splendid opportunities opening up for the carrying on
+of all these industries, either separately or in conjunction.
+
+
+Share Farming.
+
+The system of farming on shares is common in several branches of
+Australian farming, including dairying. To the intelligent and
+industrious man with a limited amount of capital, the system offers many
+opportunities for success. Practical dairymen, and especially those with
+children over fourteen years of age, may obtain a farm on shares. The
+arrangements made between landlords and their tenants on shares are not
+uniform. They differ considerably in individual cases, but the following
+broad outlines of the arrangements made between the parties may be set
+down as having a more or less universal application.
+
+As a general rule the landlord provides--
+
+     (a) The land cleared and fenced into convenient paddocks.
+     (b) The dairy herd.
+     (c) Cowbails and piggeries.
+     (d) All necessary utensils and implements.
+     (e) Dwelling.
+
+On the other hand, the tenant supplies--
+
+     (a) All the labour--milks the cows, separates the cream and carts
+          it to the nearest butter factory.
+     (b) His own horse and cart.
+     (c) Cultivates sufficient land to grow green fodder for the winter.
+
+In some instances the share farmer buys his own dairy utensils, but in
+the greater number of cases the landowner provides them and keeps them
+in repair. The sharing of the profits depends largely upon the character
+of the farm. As a general rule the tenant receives from one-third to
+one-half of the proceeds of all cream or butter sold. He also receives
+from one-third to one-half the value of the pigs raised, and from $1.20
+to $1.80 per head for each calf reared to the age of six months. A man
+is generally given as many cows to milk as he can conveniently manage
+and care for.
+
+[Illustration: In the Cheese Factory.]
+
+There are cases which can be pointed to where a tenant farmer after even
+paying for assistance, makes a profit of from $67.20 to $96.00 every
+month.
+
+It is not possible to state definitely the size of herd that any
+individual can manage, but it is by no means uncommon to see a herd of
+forty head, with from twenty-five to thirty cows in milk at a time,
+managed comfortably by a man and his wife and one sturdy boy or girl of
+fifteen or sixteen years of age. The average returns from a fairly good
+herd, in the majority of districts, may be stated at $4.80 per head per
+month, and as each cow will be milking for seven to eight months at
+least, and there will be the calves and ample separated milk for a good
+many pigs, it will be seen that there is at least a fair living to be
+made, especially when it is remembered that the share dairy farmer,
+under the ordinary arrangements, is living rent free and under
+conditions which enable him to keep household expenses at a minimum.
+
+The conditions regarding cropping and keeping the farm implements in
+repair and caring for the dairy herd are not onerous, and are such as no
+good tenant could object to.
+
+[Illustration: An Extensive Milking Shed.]
+
+Men who contemplate undertaking this class of farming should submit the
+fullest possible details of their experience and qualification to enable
+the officers of the Government Information Bureau to make arrangements
+which will permit of settlement immediately on arrival. It is needless
+to remind experienced dairymen that any owner of dairy cows naturally
+feels it necessary to know a good deal about anyone to whom he is to
+entrust the sole management of a good herd.
+
+[Illustration: Young Dairy Stock.]
+
+
+Monetary Aid to Settlers.
+
+Besides aiding the settler in the various ways already mentioned, viz.,
+by providing the expert personal instruction and advice of officers of
+the Agricultural Departments, in regard to feeding, breeding,
+management, and other matters, by the importation of high-class stud
+cattle, and making them available at cheap rates for herd improvement,
+and in the granting of facilities for the transportation and marketing
+of his produce, the Governments of the Australian States assist the
+dairyman with loans of cheap money. The Advances to Settlers' Board or
+Agricultural Bank in each of the States, lend money to settlers for the
+purpose of repaying existing debts, for building homes, for purchasing
+stock, or for improving and developing their holdings. The sums which
+may be advanced and the terms and conditions of the loans vary in
+different States. Broadly speaking, however, a settler may obtain on the
+security of his land or of his improvements sums ranging from $120.00 to
+$9600.00 at rates of interest varying from 4 per cent. to 6 per cent. on
+easy terms of repayment extending over a long period of years up to, as
+in the States of New South Wales and South Australia, thirty-one years.
+
+
+
+
+NEW SOUTH WALES.
+
+
+In the coastal districts of New South Wales and throughout a vast extent
+of the northern and central tableland districts dairy farming is a
+profitable and constantly-expanding industry.
+
+In the older settled district of Illawarra, comprising the greater
+portion of the south coast district, dairying has been the main industry
+for many years, and there is not much first-class land unoccupied. There
+is, however, in this district ample scope for tenant farmers and for
+dairying on shares on several large estates where the experienced man of
+small means with children old enough to help in the work can make a good
+living, and save with the object of later on obtaining a farm of his
+own. In the north coast district the strides being made in dairying are
+phenomenal. There is a fair amount of first-class unimproved bush
+country available for settlement on the upper reaches of the Tweed and
+Richmond Rivers, and large estates have been subdivided by private
+owners, and offered for sale on very easy terms at from $19.20 to $28.80
+per acre. Many farmers who find that better returns can be obtained by
+carrying a decreased number of specially good cows on a small area
+intensively worked are ready to dispose of areas, so that a new-comer
+with capital necessary to acquire land in this highly-favoured district
+can soon be suited. Owing to the big returns from dairying in the best
+parts of the settled portions of the north coast, land values are high,
+ranging to over $96.00 per acre.
+
+Suitable areas of Crown lands are brought forward from time to time in
+districts adapted for dairying at prices, as a rule, lower than the
+lands in private subdivisions.
+
+In the central and north coast district there are several large private
+subdivisions of excellent dairy land. In the tableland districts, where
+the rainfall averages 30 in. per annum, dairy farming has taken firm
+hold. Private owners are also cutting up tracts of splendid
+partially-improved land, and offering it at from $19.20 to $28.80 per
+acre, on liberal terms.
+
+The natural grasses of New South Wales, especially in the well-watered
+districts along the coast, grow in great luxuriance, and are rich in
+milk-producing qualities. In many districts imported grasses, such as
+Rhodes, Paspalum dilatatum, and Philaris, rye grass and red clover have
+been introduced, and soon become well established. In the most
+favourable portions of the State farmers are able to depend almost
+solely on the grazing qualities of their farms, although the experts of
+the Department strongly assert the wisdom of growing winter feed.
+
+New South Wales has many fine herds of all the approved breeds. The
+Jersey is perhaps the most popular, but there are also many good herds
+of Ayrshires, Guernseys, Holsteins, and other approved breeds.
+
+The co-operative system flourishes in New South Wales. Every important
+centre has its own co-operative butter, cheese or bacon factory. The
+Byron Bay Co-operative Company, situated in the heart of the rich north
+coast district, has an enormous turnover in the neighbourhood of
+$4,800,000.00 sterling each year, and is at least one of the largest
+concerns of its kind in the world.
+
+[Illustration: Calm II.--Champion Jersey Cow.]
+
+To stock a dairy farm of 100 acres, the detailed cost of stock and plant
+necessary to make a good start, exclusive of a bull, is given by
+practical farmers as follows:--
+
+                                                                    $
+     30 Cows at $31.20                                          936.00
+     10 Heifers, springing, at $24.00                           240.00
+     2 Plough Horses at $86.40                                  172.80
+     Harness for plough horses                                   31.20
+     Pigs--2 sows at $10.08; one hog at $15.60                   35.28
+     Separator, cans, buckets, etc.                             240.00
+     Cart and harness                                            86.40
+     Plough, $21.60; harrow, $14.40; cultivator, $12.00          48.00
+     Sundry tools, etc.                                          24.00
+                                                              --------
+                                                              $1813.68
+
+     Including the bull the cost might roughly be put down at $1920.00
+
+
+
+
+VICTORIA.
+
+
+For the past twenty years dairy farming in Victoria has been steadily
+advancing. The industry has proved very successful, so that thousands of
+farmers are not only making a comfortable living from it, but in many
+cases it has raised hard-working families into positions of comparative
+wealth. The principal markets supplied are those of Great Britain,
+South Africa, India, and the East. At present the industry is only in
+its infancy. It is capable of almost unlimited expansion. So far,
+farmers have confined their attention almost exclusively to butter, but
+the first steps have also been successfully taken to manufacture cheese
+and condensed milk, and to open up a regular market for fresh pork,
+hams, and bacon.
+
+[Illustration: How the Dairy Fodder Question is Settled in Australia.]
+
+A large portion of Victoria is suitable for dairy farming on account of
+the suitability of soil for the production of pasture and fodder crops,
+and the mild climatic conditions. For the most part the cows are fed
+solely on the natural pastures, little provision either in the way of
+food or shelter being thought necessary. Progressive farmers, however,
+find that it pays them to grow fodder for their herd and to shelter the
+animals in the winter, and anyone beginning in Victoria is advised to
+make up his mind to cultivate a certain area of his land from the first,
+instead of trusting to grazing alone.
+
+[Illustration: Shorthorn Cattle.]
+
+The southern half of Victoria is divided, roughly speaking, into the
+Western District and Gippsland. Two-thirds of the dairy cows are kept in
+these portions of the State. The Western District is famed for its rich
+soil of volcanic origin. Every town and hamlet has its butter factory.
+
+Gippsland is a district of rolling hills and downs, and of a
+comparatively heavy rainfall. Many parts were once covered with dense
+forests, but these are rapidly passing away before the pioneer.
+Practically every railway station has become a centre of the dairying
+industry, and cans of cream are always in evidence on the platforms.
+Owing to its suitable climate Gippsland has become the centre of maize
+growing in the State, and much of this crop reaches the market in the
+form of butter and pork.
+
+In the north the summers are warmer and drier, but the soil is perhaps
+even more prolific than in the southern parts of Victoria. Large areas
+are suitable for dairy farming under ordinary conditions, and extensive
+water storage works have been provided for the irrigation of large
+tracts of country which is being made available in suitable areas for
+dairying under very liberal conditions.
+
+The manufacturing and marketing of the butter is carried on, to a very
+large extent, on a co-operative basis, the factories being owned and
+managed by the farmers who supply the cream. Two hundred factories are
+scattered throughout the State, the largest of them producing upwards of
+40 tons of butter per week in the height of the season. Where the farm
+is close to the factory the milk is taken to the creamery, where it is
+separated, and the corresponding quantity of skim milk is returned to
+the farmer. In other cases the farmer owns his separator, the milk is
+passed through the machine as soon as the cows are milked, and the cream
+is sent to the factory by road or rail every day or two, according to
+the size of the farm.
+
+[Illustration: Dairy Factory--Refrigerating Butter Train.]
+
+
+Government Assistance to the Farmer.
+
+Every branch of the producing interests is steadily fostered by the
+Government of Victoria in a way that may sound strange to the British
+farmer. Besides the facilities for acquiring farms and homes, the
+Government employs dairy supervisors, who assist the farmer with
+information and advice on matters relating to the farm and herd. The
+produce is conveyed by the railways (which belong to the Government) at
+special low rates. It is received into the Government cool stores, where
+it is graded and frozen ready for export. The State has contracts with
+the principal lines of steam-ships, securing regular despatch, a minimum
+temperature, and a very low rate of freight for the British markets. It
+costs less to send butter from a farm in Victoria to London than it does
+to send it from a farm in Ireland.
+
+[Illustration: "Miss Prim," Champion Ayrshire Cow.]
+
+
+
+
+QUEENSLAND.
+
+
+Queensland as a Dairying Country.
+
+Queensland, especially in its southern portions and along its coastal
+areas, is particularly well adapted for dairying. Large areas of
+magnificent soil exist, such as the Darling Downs, Lockyer, Stanley,
+Rosewood, Fassifern, Logan, Albert, Wide Bay, Burnett, and other
+districts, which, in addition to being well watered by rivers and
+creeks, enjoy a perfect winter climate. It is in these localities that
+dairying principally flourishes.
+
+While in Southern Queensland and on some of the northern tablelands it
+is desirable to rug milch cows during the winter months, up north, along
+the eastern coastland, it is not necessary.
+
+Along the eastern seaboard, which is well watered by running rivers and
+creeks, the Blackall Range is becoming an important dairy centre. This
+district lies to the north of Brisbane, and is a mountainous region
+containing exceedingly fertile soil.
+
+Further north again, on the coast, there are large areas in the Burnett,
+Gladstone, Rockhampton, and Bowen districts suitable for dairying, and
+in these localities it is rapidly extending. Despite this, there still
+remain immense tracts as yet untouched by the dairy farmer, which are
+capable of being successfully brought under the Butter Industry.
+Considerable portions of the northern tablelands, and parts of Central
+Queensland, are also suitable for dairying, and a beginning has already
+been made in these localities. Large numbers of dairy cattle are being
+imported into the Atherton district in the North.
+
+As yet, only a fractional part of the country able to support a large
+dairying population has been touched.
+
+
+Dairy Land and Stock.
+
+The class of land chiefly used for dairying is open forest country,
+plain scrub land, and rich alluvial flats. The scrub lands have first to
+be cleared by felling the scrub and burning it off when dry. When
+cleared, scrub soils are more prolific than any other. Cost of clearing
+is about $7.20 to $9.60 per acre, and in some cases more.
+
+[Illustration: Ayrshire Dairy Cows Grazing.]
+
+The price varies according to locality. Remoteness or proximity to
+market have to be considered. It is essential for the dairy farmer to be
+near a railway. The intending settler can either select Crown lands from
+the Government, at prices varying from $0.60 to $4.80 and upwards, or if
+he has some capital he can purchase a freehold farm. Good dairy freehold
+land can be bought from $14.40 to $24.00 per acre, but close to the
+railway in the older farming districts it reaches up to $96.00 per acre.
+
+[Illustration: "Ladylike," Ayrshire Dairy Cow.]
+
+In ordinary times $24.00 to $38.40 is paid for a good average cow;
+heifers up to $21.60. Similar prices rule, generally speaking, in regard
+to all the States. An ordinary cow would earn from $2.40 to $4.20; and a
+good cow from $4.80 to $6.00 a month, whilst in profit, on an eight
+months' average milking.
+
+
+Dairy Breeds in Use.
+
+The milking breeds most in use in Queensland are the Ayrshire, Jersey,
+and Milking Shorthorns. Herds of Holsteins, Guernseys, and other breeds
+have also been established. Some fine specimens of these dairy cattle
+are to be seen throughout the State, and at the large annual shows of
+pure-bred stock, held at Brisbane, Toowoomba, and other centres.
+
+The Queensland Agricultural College, a State institution, breeds
+high-class dairy bulls for sale to farmers, and herds are being also
+raised on the State Farms.
+
+Cows should bring in not less than $3.00 per month, or be turned out as
+useless. The average is about $3.72. Up-to-date men will not keep a cow
+who does not average this for her milking.
+
+
+Cost of Starting on 160 Acres.
+
+This, of course, varies with the circumstances of the case, and depends
+largely on whether a man has the capital to push forward his operations,
+or is content to gradually get his land into working order. A man with
+$720.00 to $1032.00 could make a good start. If the land was taken up at
+$2.40 per acre from the Crown, his first year's deposit would be $18.24,
+and he would have sufficient to fence the land, buy some cows, and put
+up some sort of a house. Necessarily a settler does not spend much on
+his house at first until he has made some money. On the other hand, many
+of the most prosperous farmers in Queensland have started with only a
+few pounds, sufficient to pay their first year's rent. By fencing his
+land himself, the settler can save a good deal of expense. And by
+working for neighbouring farmers, he can gradually acquire money to buy
+stock from time to time.
+
+On the other hand, if he wishes to begin straight away, and has a little
+money, he can get assistance from the Agricultural Bank, a Government
+institution, which advances $0.60 in the $ towards improvements, and
+$0.50 in the $ for stock, machinery, and implements, charging 5 per
+cent. simple interest.
+
+              COST OF STARTING A DAIRY FARM ON 160 ACRES.
+                                                                $
+     Rent--1st year's deposit and survey fee                  18.24
+     Fencing--2 miles at 96.00 per mile
+       (posts 12 feet apart and 3 barbs)                     192.00
+     12 Cows at $28.80 per cow                               345.60
+     2 Horses at $72.00                                      144.00
+     Plough                                                   28.80
+     Harness                                                  24.00
+     Swingle bars and chains                                   6.00
+     House--24 × 12 feet, slabbed and floored,
+       at $4.80 per foot                                     115.20
+     Milking-shed                                             24.00
+     Yard                                                     48.00
+     30-gallon Separator                                      60.00
+     Cart (second-hand)                                       24.00
+
+Some small items, such as rations, milk-room, tinware, &c., have not
+been included in the estimate. If the fencing were erected personally,
+the cost would be materially reduced. If the settler built his own
+house, it would cost him little more than his own labour and the iron
+for the roof.
+
+Many beginners put up cheap sapling yards for a start, and at a nominal
+cost. This would materially reduce this estimate.
+
+
+The Average Herd.
+
+The average herd is about thirty head, but many farmers milk from 80 to
+150 cows daily. The number of cows that could be kept on an average farm
+of, say, 160 acres depends entirely on the land, and the amount of
+cultivation or area under artificial grasses. From thirty to eighty head
+would be about a fair estimate that good land would carry.
+
+One dairy farmer in the West Moreton, who landed in Queensland
+twenty-five years ago with $0.36 in his pocket, now has 160 acres of
+freehold, of which he cultivates 50 acres for feed for his cows and
+pigs. He began by working for his neighbours for the first few years,
+and thus gained both cash and experience. He now milks thirty to fifty
+cows the whole year round, and he makes from $720.00 to $864.00 a year
+from his pigs. His income from all sources is from $1920.00 to $2400.00
+per annum. Six or seven years ago he paid $5280.00 for the place, but
+to-day he would not take $14,400.00 for it, and there is not a penny of
+debt on the property.
+
+[Illustration: An up-to-date Milking Shed.]
+
+
+Grasses.
+
+The natural grasses of Queensland are sufficient in ordinary seasons
+during the summer months for the dairy stock, but no farmer can
+successfully carry on dairy operations in dry times, or in winter, by
+means of the grass alone. He requires to supplement the grass by growing
+fodder for the winter months.
+
+Splendid results have been obtained by sowing artificial grasses, such
+as Paspalum dilatatum, Rhodes, Prairie, Guinea, and Giant Couch grasses.
+
+
+Winter Feed.
+
+Barley, lucerne, wheat, rye, sorghum, &c., can be grown for winter feed.
+On land which will grow lucerne, a certain supply of fodder can be
+conserved. Lucerne (or alfalfa, as it is called in America), once
+planted, will last from five to ten years.
+
+The butter factories were first started by proprietary companies, and
+their cream depots were scattered all over the farming districts.
+Competition was exceedingly keen, and in some of the townships there
+were four or five rival cream depots, all endeavouring to get the
+biggest shares of the cream.
+
+[Illustration: Jersey Cows.]
+
+Of late, a number of co-operative factories run by the farmers have
+started, and proved very successful, enabling their shareholders to get
+a higher price for their cream than hitherto. They are admirably
+managed, are essentially popular institutions, and have done splendid
+work.
+
+The farmers establish, manage, and work them, and the profits, instead
+of going into the pockets of the middlemen, are distributed among the
+shareholders.
+
+
+State Aid to Co-operative Factories.
+
+Under a vote by Parliament the State makes advances to farmers to
+establish co-operative dairy factories. The loans extend over a period
+of fourteen years, and 4 per cent. interest is charged.
+
+
+Condensed Milk.
+
+The Preserved and Condensed Milk Industry promises to become important
+in the near future. Six factories are now in operation.
+
+Messrs. Nestle and Co., the world-renowned firm, have invested
+$480,000.00 in their Preserved Milk Industry in Queensland. It speaks
+well for a country when an old-world firm such as this is prepared to
+invest so largely.
+
+
+
+
+SOUTH AUSTRALIA.
+
+
+A large area of South Australia is eminently adapted to successful
+dairying, and while the summer is dry, rendering it necessary to make
+provision for succulent feed for several months, the temperate nature of
+the climate enables the dairyman to keep his cows in the open right
+through the year, the natural shelter in timber country being
+sufficient, except on a limited number of days of extreme wet and cold.
+Stall feeding for weeks at a time is unknown; the necessary shelter
+sheds can be cheaply provided, while the labour of feeding is, under
+these conditions, reduced to a minimum. In the northern districts
+conditions are not so favourable as in the south, but even here dairying
+can be profitably carried on; the fact that land is much cheaper
+compensates for the shorter period during which the natural herbage
+supplies practically all the feed required. In some of the driest of our
+farming areas dairying has largely replaced wheat-growing, and, although
+the yield per cow is naturally not so high as under more favourable
+conditions, still low rents and large areas of natural pasture enable
+the farmer to make a fair profit.
+
+[Illustration: The Cream Cart, North Coast, N.S.W.]
+
+The Dairy Industry, though of considerable magnitude, has not made as
+much progress as was anticipated. This is probably due to the fact that
+wheat-growing and sheep-breeding combined offer greater attractions to
+the farmer. These industries require a great deal less labour than
+dairying, besides which the work is not so continuous. So long as highly
+profitable returns can be obtained from the production of cereals and
+the breeding of lambs, the Dairying Industry is hardly likely to make
+the progress that would otherwise be possible, though there has of late
+years been steady and continued development in the industry, especially
+in the northern districts. In the south and south-east, where conditions
+are more suitable, there has, on the other hand, been very little
+extension.
+
+Large quantities of butter are exported to Broken Hill and West
+Australia throughout the year, while during the spring months shipments
+are made to Great Britain.
+
+Butter is exported in increasing quantities to Great Britain each year.
+In normal years from 1400 to 1600 tons are shipped.
+
+Cheese is not made on such an extensive scale proportionately to butter;
+indeed, in some seasons sufficient for local consumption is not
+produced. Practically all the cheese is manufactured on the Cheddar
+system, and an article of very high quality is produced in the best
+factories.
+
+Special facilities are afforded by the railways for the conveyance of
+perishable goods, and cream is forwarded by the dairyman to the city
+factories from districts 300 miles distant. Payment is usually made on
+the butter-fat percentages; and in order to afford suppliers an
+opportunity of checking the returns received from private factories the
+Government established a butter factory in connection with the export
+freezing works at Port Adelaide. At this factory every can of cream is
+sampled, and the quantity of butter it will produce is ascertained by
+the usual methods, and the supplier is paid accordingly.
+
+A considerable number of butter factories have been erected in South
+Australia, and the butter produced is generally of high quality. The
+butter made from the milk of cows grazing on the natural herbage of the
+country is of splendid quality and colour. Hand separators are in
+general use, the cream being sent to the factories for treatment. The
+percentage of butter-fat in the milk of cows grazing on the natural
+pastures is unusually high.
+
+Practically the whole of the midland, central, and south-east districts,
+excepting that portion east of the Murray, are suitable for dairying
+practice when carried out on systematic lines. The prices for such land
+for dairying would range from $24.00 to $240.00 per acre according to
+location, soil, and rainfall. No special terms are offered by the
+Government for the occupation of dairy lands. Most of the repurchased
+estates are in districts suitable for dairying, and these are allotted
+under covenant to purchase. The purchase money is paid off in seventy
+half-yearly instalments (the first ten bearing interest only at the rate
+of 4 per cent. on purchase money). Purchase money may be completed at
+any time after nine years. Reliable particulars of successful dairying
+are difficult to obtain. It is safe to say that there are many hundreds
+of dairymen making comfortable livings throughout the State.
+
+[Illustration: Fodder Crops--Lucerne, Mangels, Rape.]
+
+Capital may be safely expended for dairy practice, especially by careful
+and intelligent men who have families, and they may depend upon making a
+good living, especially when they combine dairy practice with
+pig-raising. There are many instances where gross returns are obtained
+of from $38.40 to $72.00 per cow per annum, and this in districts where
+the milk is sold to the local co-operative or private factories, but
+where they are situated within forty miles of Adelaide, and are able to
+take advantage of a good train service, they can deliver their milk to
+the capital and obtain gross returns equal to about $76.80 to $96.00 per
+cow per annum.
+
+[Illustration: Interior of a Cheese Factory.]
+
+
+
+
+WESTERN AUSTRALIA.
+
+
+The Dairying Industry has not developed as rapidly as other branches of
+farming in the State during recent years. The cause of this is
+attributable to various reasons, one of the number of which has been the
+difficulty of obtaining suitable farm labourers. The majority of young
+men who have embarked in farming in the Western State during the last
+decade have favoured the lightly-timbered belts more suitable for wheat
+and sheep raising in preference to the heavily-timbered land suitable
+for dairying situated in the coastal districts of the south-west. That
+there is in the State an enormous area of land which is eminently
+adaptable to the growing of fodders necessary for successful dairying
+has been amply demonstrated. Since 1905 indefatigable efforts to advance
+the Dairying Industry have been made. An estate at Brunswick, in the
+vicinity of Bunbury, about 100 miles south of Perth, was purchased by
+the Government, and 800 acres of it was vested in the Department of
+Agriculture for the purpose of a State Dairy Farm, on lines that could
+be copied by a practical dairy farmer; also--
+
+     (1) For supplying stud stock of the best strains procurable at
+          reasonable prices to dairy farmers.
+     (2) To demonstrate that with the assistance of irrigation a small
+          acreage of land can be made to carry a large number of stock.
+     (3) Where a variety of fodder crops can be introduced, and
+          experimented with so as to ascertain their value for feeding-off,
+          both in a green state for curing into hay or for preserving into
+          big silos in a succulent form.
+
+Capacious cow and calf stables, suitable sheds, and piggeries were
+designed and constructed as an example to be followed in starting an
+up-to-date dairy farm. A herd of dairy cows, of some of the best
+Ayrshire strains in Australia, was collected, as well as a fine number
+of Berkshire pigs, purchased from the most successful breeders and
+importers. Three large tub silos, capable of holding 250 tons of fodder,
+were erected in which to store winter-grown crops as well as the summer
+crops under irrigation.
+
+[Illustration: "Crown Prince," Guernsey Bull.]
+
+An irrigation scheme was carried out, and the results have been most
+successful. The following dairy fodder crops have yielded
+prolifically:--Oats, rye, maize, sorghum, pearl millet, vetches, field
+peas, cow peas, lucerne, mustard, Jersey kale, field cabbage, turnips,
+swedes, mangel wurzel, silver beet, buckwheat, potatoes, linseed, pig
+melon, paspalum, Italian canary grass. The irrigation plant is capable
+of dealing with 80 acres of land in the summer months. Some of the land
+thus treated is the rich dark alluvial on the river bank, while a
+portion is on the higher clay plateau, and consists of land typical of
+many thousands of acres in the same locality. The land in its virgin
+state was timbered with red gum and flooded gum, and cost about $38.40
+an acre to grub and clear, and on such land with irrigation in the
+summer two heavy crops a year can be depended on.
+
+[Illustration: Milking Shed.]
+
+Shortly after the State Farm was established the Government purchased
+over 500 dairy cows in the eastern States, and these were sold to
+Western Australian farmers in lots of ten at cost price on two-year
+terms, with 5 per cent. interest added.
+
+The Government engaged a highly-qualified dairy expert in the person of
+Mr. Kinsella, of New Zealand, to visit the districts most likely to give
+attention to the dairying industry in the immediate future, and by means
+of personal interviews, addresses, leaflets, and concisely-written
+pamphlets, Mr. Kinsella did valuable work in distributing information
+and directing the beginner on the right road to successful dairying. Mr.
+Kinsella subsequently severed his connection with the department, and he
+has been recently succeeded by Mr. Abernethy, who has obtained the very
+highest diplomas in England in connection with dairying. Mr. Abernethy
+recently arrived from Great Britain, and has now entered upon his
+duties, and it is confidently believed that his efforts will result in a
+number of farmers being induced to embark in the industry on sound and
+practical lines. The new selector will also have the benefit and the
+advice of the Director of Agriculture, Mr. McNulty, on all matters
+concerning his soil, his stock, and the marketing of his produce.
+
+
+Lands for Dairy Farming.
+
+With a view to settling practical farmers with limited means on the rich
+and heavily-timbered lands in the southern portion of the State the
+Government have a large number of surveyors at work surveying the land
+into suitable sized blocks, ranging from 200 to 700 acres each. Main
+roads have been cleared to serve these areas, and a proposal to clear 10
+acres on each block for the plough is now under consideration. Railways
+will be pushed through this country as rapidly as possible. The annual
+average rainfall over this country averages from 35 in. to 40 in., and
+the land contains some of the richest soil in the State.
+
+
+Price of Land.
+
+The price of land ranges from about $4.80 to $19.20 an acre, and each
+new selector over sixteen years of age will have the right to
+practically a free grant of 160 acres, additional land being available
+at approximately the prices quoted, the payments for which will be
+spread over twenty years without interest. The selector will also have
+the privilege of borrowing from the State Agricultural Bank for
+ringbarking, clearing, water conservation, and subsequently for stock
+and implements, the loan being repaid over a term of thirty years, for
+the first five years of which interest only at the rate of 5 per cent.
+per annum will be payable. Prior to the blocks being thrown open the
+prices will be advertised and the amount of loan the bank is prepared to
+advance to suitable applicants on each block will be fixed.
+
+[Illustration: Devon Cattle in Australia.]
+
+[Illustration: Prime Herd of Jerseys.]
+
+
+Butter Factories.
+
+At the present time there are three butter factories operating in the
+State, and no doubt when the Dairying Industry has developed
+sufficiently a number of co-operative factories will be started.
+
+The men who decide to devote their energies to the Dairying Industry
+will have the advantage of a magnificent local market to start on, as at
+the present time Western Australia is sending something like $4800.00 a
+day to the eastern States for dairy produce.
+
+
+
+
+TASMANIA.
+
+
+The conditions of Tasmania are eminently favourable for dairy farming.
+Up till recent years the industry did not receive much attention, but
+now that a start has been made butter production is advancing rapidly.
+
+
+The Land Required.
+
+The foundation of the Dairying Industry is grass, and to get grass, good
+land and plenty of moisture is required. Therefore anyone proposing to
+go into this business should endeavour to secure the very best land
+obtainable. There is a large quantity available, especially in the
+north-western and north-eastern parts of the island. There is a great
+deal also in the southern districts. Information can always be obtained
+from the Lands Department and the district surveyors, and no difficulty
+should be experienced by the intending dairy farmer in finding land
+suitable for his purpose. The more open parts of the State, such as the
+midlands and the east coast, where there is natural grass, have largely
+passed into private hands, and later selectors have had to take up,
+clear, and lay down in pasture the more heavily-timbered portions. This,
+however, is not altogether the handicap it appears at first sight, as
+the returns from the very rich scrub lands are by far the highest. It is
+easy to judge of the quality of land by the indigenous timber upon it.
+Rich land, suitable for laying down in grass, is covered with a dense
+growth of sassafras, tree-fern, musk, and pear tree, with large blue or
+swamp gums, and an underbush of what are known as cathead ferns.
+Stringy-bark trees mean a poorer soil, and any land bearing them should
+be avoided if possible.
+
+Any person of eighteen years of age and upwards may select an area not
+exceeding 200 acres of first-class land, provided he does not hold land
+on credit under any previous Act. He is required to pay a cash deposit
+of $0.04 an acre at the time of sale, an instalment of $0.06 an acre for
+each of the two following years, $0.24 an acre annually for the next
+four years, $0.36 an acre for the next four years, and $0.48 per acre
+for the next eight years. The survey fee is paid, one-fifth in cash and
+the balance by four equal annual payments, with interest added, unless
+the selector elects to pay it off at once, when interest is remitted.
+Every encouragement short of giving the fee simple of the land away for
+nothing is afforded the intending settler, and he can acquire a freehold
+on easier terms in Tasmania than anywhere else.
+
+[Illustration: Ayrshire Herd, New South Wales.]
+
+
+Clearing the Land.
+
+Clearing a selection for dairy farming is a very different operation
+from the clearing required for fruit-growing. Where the land is to be
+laid down in pasture, no ploughing has to be done, consequently the
+cost is very much less. In clearing land for grass it is the best plan
+to first of all "ring" all the eucalyptus trees. This consists in
+cutting a ring round the tree with axes through the bark and sapwood, or
+alburnum, into the brown wood beneath. The crude sap, bearing in
+solution the various organic matters which the roots have extracted from
+the soil, ascends by the outer layer of wood immediately beneath the
+bark to the leaves, where it is elaborated into plant food. When this
+layer is cut through, the food supply is immediately stopped, and the
+tree dies. The operation of ringing is best done during the winter, when
+the sap is down, and if properly performed at the right time the tree
+always dies very soon. If possible, the ringing should be done a year or
+two before the general clearing is commenced, as all the dead leaves,
+small branches, and dead bark have time to fall, and are then burned off
+with the rest of the scrub. The next operation is to cut down all the
+brushwood and smaller growths with bill-hooks, and then the rest of the
+scrub is felled with axes, and allowed to lie until quite dry, when it
+is burned off. A good burn should leave very little to be cleared up,
+but sometimes, where there is such vegetation as sassafras or fallen
+tree-ferns, a good deal of "picking-up" has to be done. This means that
+all the unburnt timber on the ground has to be rolled together and
+burnt. Tree-ferns should not be felled, as they do not burn well. The
+best way of killing them is to cut off the fronds just below where they
+spring from the stem. Some knack is required to cut in just the right
+place, but it is easily acquired. There are certain precautions to be
+observed in burning-off, which the settler should make himself
+acquainted with. Information on this point and in regard to any matters
+of practical interest to the beginner will be furnished gladly and
+without charge by experienced officers of the Department of Agriculture.
+
+[Illustration: Clearing the Land.]
+
+As soon as the land is burnt off the grass may be sown upon it. No
+cultivation is usually given, the grass-seed being sown upon the ashes
+remaining from the burnt scrub, which forms very effective manure.
+Cocksfoot is the grass par excellence for this work, as it is very hardy
+and nutritious, and not attacked by insect pests to the same extent as
+others. Sometimes a mixture of cocksfoot, English rye-grass, and white
+clover is used, or the two grasses alone are planted. Local information
+is the best guide obtainable as to what it is best to plant. Dairying
+thus becomes practicable in a year or two, and returns are received much
+sooner than from any other branch of agriculture. It will, of course, be
+necessary to clear a certain amount of the selection for cultivation, so
+that crops may be grown, and it is often better and cheaper in the end
+to devote the poorer and less heavily timbered parts of the holding to
+this purpose, and buy manure. Some selectors clean up a part of the
+ground of roots and logs, leaving all the big ringed timber standing,
+and plough it up. It requires some skill to steer a plough under these
+conditions, but very good crops can be grown in this way.
+
+
+Butter Factories.
+
+Properly equipped butter factories are situated at Launceston (2),
+Deloraine, Burnie, Emu Bay, Wynyard, Stanley, Smithton, Wilmot,
+Ringarooma, Derby, and Pyengana. In the south there are only two of any
+magnitude, one in Hobart, and the other at Bream Creek. A well-equipped
+factory has been established on King Island, in Bass Straits, a locality
+that has been found very suitable for dairying.
+
+
+Dairy Herds.
+
+The dairy herds of the State until a few years ago were of a somewhat
+nondescript type, very few farmers having realised the necessity of
+improving the butter-yielding capacity of their stock. Recently,
+however, great improvements have taken place, as the dairying industry
+has advanced, until now many Tasmanian dairymen own herds of the highest
+standard. The work of improving the milking strains of cattle is in the
+hands of the farmers themselves, but advice and assistance are always
+obtainable from the Government Dairy Expert.
+
+
+Cheese-making.
+
+This is a highly profitable branch of dairy farming, and the product is
+so small in bulk compared with its value that it is eminently portable.
+Cheese-making can therefore be carried on under conditions where other
+forms of production would be difficult. Some skill and knowledge are
+required, but the Dairy Expert regularly gives lectures and
+demonstrations on the subject in all the principal agricultural centres,
+so that any intelligent person can easily obtain all the information he
+requires.
+
+The principal cheese factories in the State are situated at St. Mary's,
+Pyengana, Emu Bay, Devonport, and Circular Head.
+
+The cheese produced is very good in quality, and a considerable export
+trade will soon be developed in it.
+
+
+Bacon-curing.
+
+The production of hams and bacon is one of the collateral industries
+connected with dairying, as the skim-milk and waste products form a very
+valuable food for fattening pigs. Excellent bacon is produced in
+Tasmania, and a good deal is exported, but not nearly what might be
+produced.
+
+[Illustration: Group of Prize Bulls.]
+
+
+Dairy Factories.
+
+It is the introduction of the dairy factory system that has solved the
+problem of success or failure for the dairy farmer. These institutions
+are becoming fairly numerous throughout the State, and are all equipped
+with the most modern machinery and managed by expert men. The farmer
+nearly always, nowadays, has his cream separator, and all he has to take
+to the factory is the cream, which does not occupy much space, while the
+skimmed milk remains on the farm for feeding pigs or calves. Some of the
+dairy factories in the State are proprietary, but others are on the
+co-operative system, under which the farmers are the owners, and share
+in the general profits, as well as being paid for their cream.
+
+
+McCARRON, BIRD & CO., Printers, 479 Collins Street, Melbourne.
+
+
+
+
+[Footnote A: The personnel of the Commission was as follows:--Sir T.
+Carlaw Martin, Edinburgh (Chairman); Sir John R. G. Sinclair, Bart.,
+Barrock House, Wick (Vice Chairman); Dr. J. H. Wilson, F.R.S.E., St.
+Andrew's University; Dr. Shirra Gibb Boon, Lauder; William Barber, M.A.,
+Tererran, Moniaive; J. McHutchen Dobbie, Campend, Dalkeith; James
+Dunlop, Kilmarnock; R. B. Greig, F.R.S.E., Cults; William Henderson,
+Lawton, Coupar-Angus; James Keith, Pitmeddan, Udny; E. E. Morrison,
+M.A., Bonnington, Siravithie; and Alex. M. Prain, Errol (Secretary).]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Australia The Dairy Country, by 
+Australia Department of External Affairs
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AUSTRALIA THE DAIRY COUNTRY ***
+
+***** This file should be named 25527-8.txt or 25527-8.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/2/5/5/2/25527/
+
+Produced by Nick Wall and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/25527-8.zip b/25527-8.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2740bfe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-8.zip
diff --git a/25527-h.zip b/25527-h.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4bf9fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h.zip
diff --git a/25527-h/25527-h.htm b/25527-h/25527-h.htm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ea35cf4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/25527-h.htm
@@ -0,0 +1,2185 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Australia: The Dairy Country, by The Department of External Affairs.
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css">
+/*<![CDATA[  XML blockout */
+<!--
+    p {  margin-top: .75em;
+         text-align: justify;
+         margin-bottom: .75em;
+         }
+    h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {
+         text-align: center; /* all headings centered */
+         clear: both;
+         }
+    hr { width: 33%;
+	 margin-top: 2em;
+	 margin-bottom: 2em;
+         margin-left: auto;
+         margin-right: auto;
+         clear: both;
+       }
+
+    table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;}
+
+    body{margin-left: 10%;
+         margin-right: 10%;
+        }
+
+    .pagenum  { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */
+            /*  visibility: hidden;  */
+                position: absolute;
+                left: 92%;
+                font-size: smaller;
+                text-align: right;
+              } /* page numbers */
+
+    .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;}
+    .padding{margin-left: 10%; }
+
+    .bb       {border-bottom: solid 2px;}
+    .bl       {border-left: solid 2px;}
+    .bt       {border-top: solid 2px;}
+    .br       {border-right: solid 2px;}
+    .bbox     {border: solid 2px;}
+
+    .center   {text-align: center;}
+    .smcap    {font-variant: small-caps;}
+
+    .figcenter   {margin: auto; text-align: center;}
+
+    .footnotes        {border: dashed 1px;}
+    .footnote         {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;}
+    .footnote .label  {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;}
+    .fnanchor         {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;}
+
+
+    // -->
+    /* XML end  ]]>*/
+    </style>
+  </head>
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Australia The Dairy Country, by 
+Australia Department of External Affairs
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Australia The Dairy Country
+
+Author: Australia Department of External Affairs
+
+Release Date: May 19, 2008 [EBook #25527]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AUSTRALIA THE DAIRY COUNTRY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Nick Wall and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/icover.jpg" alt="Illustration of the front cover" /></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2>DEPARTMENT OF EXTERNAL AFFAIRS, MELBOURNE.</h2>
+
+
+<h1>AUSTRALIA: <i>The</i> Dairy Country</h1>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><div class="center">Dairy Farmers are specially invited and assisted to come to
+Australia because it is considered that in a progressive young
+Country with so much Territory adapted for Dairying such Settlers
+will advance the interest of the Country and of themselves.</div></div>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><div class="center">PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE MINISTER OF STATE FOR EXTERNAL
+AFFAIRS, MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA . . . . 1915.</div></div>
+
+
+<h3>By Authority: McCARRON, BIRD &amp; CO., Printers. 479 Collins Street, Melbourne.</h3>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i002.jpg"><img src="images/i002-400.jpg" alt="" /></a></div>
+<div class="center">Note the Shedding is of very light description.</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Table of Contents">
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>PAGE</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Bacon-Curing</td><td align='right'><a href="#BACON_CURING">48</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Bee Farming</td><td align='right'><a href="#BEE_FARMING">21</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Breeds of Cattle in Use</td><td align='right'><a href="#BREEDS_OF">33</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Butter Exported</td><td align='right'><a href="#BUTTER_EXPORTED">11</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Cheese-making</td><td align='right'><a href="#CHEESE_MAKING">47</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Clearing Land</td><td align='right'><a href="#CLEARING_LAND">45</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Condensed Milk</td><td align='right'><a href="#CONDENSED_MILK">36</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Conditions of Selection</td><td align='right'><a href="#COND_SEL">45</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Co-op. Factories, Facilities given</td><td align='right'><a href="#CO_OP">36</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Cost of Starting a Farm</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#COST_STARTINGB">34</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Dairy Herds</td><td align='right'><a href="#DAIRY_HERDS">47</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Experiences of Farmers</td><td align='right'><a href="#EXP_FARMERS">35</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Facilities Offered to Dairymen</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#FACILITIES_B">38</a>, <a href="#FACILITIES_C">42</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Gov'mnt. Assistance to the Farmer</td><td align='right'><a href="#GOV_ASSTCE">31</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Grasses</td><td align='right'><a href="#GRASSES">35</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Growth of the Industry</td><td align='right'><a href="#GROWTH_INDUS">10</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Labour Conditions</td><td align='right'><a href="#LABOUR_CONDS">5</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Land for Dairy Farming</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#LAND_DAIRY_C">32</a>, <a href="#LAND_DAIRY_D">43</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Land, Price of</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#LAND_DAIRY_C">33</a>, <a href="#LAND_PRICE_C">43</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Monetary Aid to Settlers</td><td align='right'><a href="#MONETARY_AID">25</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>New South Wales</td><td align='right'><a href="#NEW_SOUTH_WALES">26-27</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pig Raising</td><td align='right'><a href="#PIG_RAISING">14</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Poultry Farming</td><td align='right'><a href="#POULTRY_FARMING">20</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Profit per Cow</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Queensland</td><td align='right'><a href="#QUEENSLAND">31-36</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Seasons</td><td align='right'><a href="#SEASONS">7</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>South Australia</td><td align='right'><a href="#SOUTH_AUSTRALIA">37-40</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Share System of Dairying</td><td align='right'><a href="#SHARE_SYSTEM">22</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Size of Average Herd</td><td align='right'><a href="#SIZE_HERD">34</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>State Supervision</td><td align='right'><a href="#STATE_SUPERVISION">12</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Stock, Price of</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tasmania</td><td align='right'><a href="#TASMANIA">44-48</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Victoria</td><td align='right'><a href="#VICTORIA">27-31</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Western Australia</td><td align='right'><a href="#WESTERN_AUSTRALIA">40-44</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Winter Feed</td><td align='right'><a href="#WINTER_FEED">35</a></td></tr>
+
+</table></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class='center'><h3>
+Information Concerning AUSTRALIA<br />
+may be obtained on application to&mdash;<br /></h3>
+</div>
+
+<div class="padding"><span class="smcap">In America: <br /></span></div>
+
+<div class='center'>
+    AUSTRALIAN PAVILION,<br />
+    PANAMA PACIFIC EXHIBITION.
+<br /> <br />
+    NIEL NIELSEN, Esq.,<br />
+    Trade and Immigration Commissioner for New South Wales,<br />
+    419 Market Street, San Francisco.
+<br /><br />
+    F. T. A. FRICKE, Esq.<br />
+    Land and Immigration Agent for Victoria,<br />
+   687 Market Street, San Francisco.<br /></div>
+
+<div class="padding"><span class="smcap">In London:</span></div>
+
+<div class='center'>
+The High Commissioner for<br />
+THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA,<br />
+72 Victoria Street, Westminster, London, S.W.<br /></div>
+
+<div class="padding"><span class="smcap">In Australia:</span></div>
+
+<div class='center'>
+THE SECRETARY,<br />
+DEPARTMENT OF EXTERNAL AFFAIRS,<br />
+Collins and Spring Streets, Melbourne.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p>The suitability of Australia as a country for the dairyman is referred
+to in the report of the Scottish Agricultural Commission,<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> who toured
+the States of the Commonwealth in 1910-11, in the following terms:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i003.jpg"><img src="images/i003-400.jpg" alt="" /></a></div>
+<div class="center">An up-to-date Milking Yard.</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The practice of dairying, in a limited domestic sense, as applied
+to the milking of a few cows and the making of a little butter and
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span>cheese for family use, is as old as the history of mankind, and in
+that restricted meaning dairying has been carried on in Australia
+since the arrival of the first settlers. But the industry as
+existing there to-day is a vastly different matter, being already
+of great importance, and promising rapid and extensive development.
+It is a young industry, so recently out of its infancy that if this
+report had been written fifteen years ago the section on dairying
+might have been almost as brief as the famous chapter on snakes in
+Ireland.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i004.jpg"><img src="images/i004-400.jpg" alt="" /></a></div>
+<div class="center">Cream Carts at the Factory.</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The live stock brought to Sydney by Captain Phillip in 1788, and
+sent to propagate their kind at Farm Cove, consisted of one bull,
+four cows, one calf, and seven pigs. Their descendants in 1908
+included about ten and a-half millions of cattle, of which nearly
+two millions were dairy cows. This is about one cow for every two
+persons in the Commonwealth, which seems a large proportion, but as
+it means only one cow for every two square miles in Australia,
+there is ample room for expansion. In Great Britain we have about
+twenty-six cows for every square mile, and only one cow for every
+fifteen people. These figures indicate that in proportion to its
+population Australia is much more of a dairying country than Great
+Britain, but that in proportion to its area, it has developed the
+industry much less extensively, and is still capable of making
+enormous growth. Until within comparatively recent years there was
+little dairying anywhere in the Commonwealth, and what little there
+was appears to have been carried on by somewhat primitive methods.
+Modern developments, the spread of scientific knowledge, the
+fostering care of Government, and, above everything, the advent of
+the separator, of the milking<a name="LABOUR_CONDS" id="LABOUR_CONDS"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> machine, and of the freezer have
+changed all that. To-day the industry is prospering and full of
+promise....</p>
+
+<p>"There is no denying the fact that every State in the Commonwealth
+has extensive districts where dairying could be carried on very
+profitably. Indeed there must be very few parts of the world where
+Nature does so much to help and so little to hinder the provident
+and industrious producer of milk.</p>
+
+<p>"The most important advantage of all is undoubtedly the climate,
+and that, like many another thing of value, is a good servant, but
+a bad master. It would not be easy to overstate the benefit a
+dairyman receives from being relieved of the need for housing,
+hand-feeding, and tending his cows during a long winter. His cows
+are healthier, their feeding costs less, there is no cleaning of
+byres, no washing of floors, no preparing of food, no never-ending
+carting of turnips, no filling of sheds with hay or straw. His
+anxiety, his work, and his expense are reduced by half, through the
+simple agency of a friendly climate. And yet this same climate is
+also his most dangerous enemy.</p>
+
+<p>"There are certainly also adverse influences which must not be
+forgotten, but a careful examination of the whole position will
+probably lead to the conclusion that Australia is, on the whole, a
+good dairyman's country.</p>
+
+<p>"The advantages include:&mdash;(1) Cheap land, (2) cheap cows, (3)
+inexpensive buildings, (4) a climate permitting cows to be in the
+open all the year round, (5) a convenient market and a fair price
+at the factories, (6) helpful Government supervision.</p>
+
+<p>"The disadvantages are:&mdash;(1) Dear and scarce labour, (2) an
+inferior stock of milk cows, (3) occasional dry seasons, and (4)
+the farmer's inexperience and ignorance of scientific dairying."</p></div>
+
+<p>These several points are touched on in this pamphlet in the chapters
+dealing with the individual States, but some general remarks are offered
+here in regard to the four points mentioned as operating
+disadvantageously.</p>
+
+<p>(1) <i>Dear and Scarce Labour.</i>&mdash;Every young country at times experiences
+the difficulty of procuring sufficient skilled assistance to keep pace
+with the rapid expansion of its industries. Australia is no exception.
+Dairy farmers there have not always been able to obtain experienced
+milkers. The farmer with children old enough to assist him is at a great
+advantage, and some of the most successful dairy farms in the
+Commonwealth are worked mainly by the owners and their families. But
+where the herd is too large, or the family too small, the milking
+machine, which is really a valuable aid to the dairyman, has been
+pressed into use, with satisfactory results.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i006.jpg"><img src="images/i006-400.jpg" alt="" /></a></div>
+<div class="center">A fine herd of Holsteins.</div>
+
+<p>There is no doubt that rapid as has been the expansion of this industry
+in Australia, its development has been distinctly retarded by the want
+of reliable milkers.</p>
+
+<p>But what is the farmer's bane is the farm labourer's boon. The scarcity
+of labour has checked the farmer's operations, but it gives the man
+seeking employment a wider field.</p>
+
+<p>Competent milkers readily find employment at $4.80 to $6.00 per week and
+keep. In every important district good dairy hands also have facilities
+extended to them for entering into arrangements for dairying on shares,
+with profit to themselves (see pp. 16-18).</p>
+
+<p>(2) <i>An Inferior Stock of Milk Cows.</i>&mdash;The fact that while in many
+districts there are to be found dairy herds averaging barely 300 gallons
+per cow per annum, with a butter fat percentage of little over 3.5,
+carried on the same class of land as herds which average over 500
+gallons per cow, with over 4 per cent. butter fat, will enable any dairy
+farmer to realise how much room there is for improvement in this
+thriving young industry, and what scope there is for the man accustomed
+to get the best results from his land and his herd. But the Governments
+of the respective States afford special facilities by way of importing
+and placing at the disposal of farmers stud cattle of the highest
+standards. Private persons are also doing a great deal in importing and
+breeding high-class animals. Herd-testing associations are becoming more
+numerous. Farmers are learning that it is profitable to keep milk
+records and to cull out of their herds the cows that do not give payable
+yields, and pronounced advancement is being made in this direction.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><a name="SEASONS" id="SEASONS"></a>(3) <i>Occasional Dry Seasons.</i>&mdash;The effects of dry spells, which
+sometimes occur even in the best-watered dairying districts, can be
+greatly minimised by the conservation of fodder, by cheap and easy
+methods of silage. So rich is the country in succulent natural grasses,
+and so congenial is the climate, that farmers exhibit a tendency to rely
+too much on the bounty of the seasons. This is what the Scottish
+Commission meant when they referred to the friendly climate as being the
+dairyman's most dangerous enemy. It is true that in normal years milch
+cows may depasture the whole year long on the natural pastures, and on
+this food alone yield milk of magnificent flavour, producing butter and
+cheese of the highest quality. But there should be put by to supplement
+the natural fodder during dry times a supply of food either as hay or
+silage. The experts of the various agricultural departments strongly
+advocate the use of the silo, but the advice has not yet been generally
+adopted.</p>
+
+<p>As the loss in the silo is insignificant, it can be realised how cheaply
+ample stores of the best class of stand-by fodder can be conserved.
+Silos to hold 100 tons cost about $480.00 to construct, and a cutter and
+elevator about $144.00. To this would have to be added the cost of a
+horse-works or engine, but until a settler is in a position to indulge
+in the most up-to-date outfit, he can follow the usual practice of
+serving his greenstuff in the form of stack silage, which entails a very
+moderate outlay.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i007.jpg"><img src="images/i007-400.jpg" alt="" /></a></div>
+<div class="center">Silos, Victoria.</div>
+
+<p>Many crops excellent for silage are easily grown, and the cultivation
+areas need never be idle for a day at any time of the year.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> As one crop
+becomes fit to use, the land can be replanted irrespective of weather
+conditions. For instance, in spring (September) maize or sorghum can be
+sown, either over the whole area at once or at intervals of a week or a
+month up to January. In three to three and a-half months, during which
+time the pastures are at their best, and there is no need for
+supplementary fodder, the first of the areas will be ready for use as
+green fodder, or for conversion into silage to serve as a cheap and
+juicy winter fodder. In many districts as soon as the earliest-sown
+maize crop is harvested a second maize or sorghum crop is planted, and
+by the time that is ready to cut, barley and vetches or field peas can
+be planted to come in to supplement the stores of winter fodder.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i008.jpg"><img src="images/i008-400.jpg" alt="" /></a></div>
+<div class="center">A fine growth of Sorghum&mdash;Victoria.&mdash;An excellent fodder
+crop.</div>
+
+<p>Maize is harvested for silage when the cobs are well filled, and the
+grain is beginning to glaze; at this stage a normal crop will yield
+about 20 tons greenstuff per acre. Sorghum will produce about 15 tons,
+and barley and vetches or peas about 10 tons per acre. Wheat and oats
+are often grown in order to be cut for hay, and make an excellent
+fodder.</p>
+
+<p>Another most valuable crop to the dairyman is lucerne, which will keep
+in a well-built stack for an indefinite time.</p>
+
+<p>(4) <i>The Farmer's inexperience and ignorance of Scientific
+Dairying.</i>&mdash;To this last point the Scottish Commissioners furnish a
+reply in their report.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i009.jpg"><img src="images/i009-400.jpg" alt="" /></a></div>
+<div class="center">A typical Australian Dairy Farm.</div>
+
+<p>"A great many," the report states, "of those engaged in producing milk
+have had no training in the business. If a man can milk a cow, or is
+willing to learn, he thinks himself quite able to run a dairy farm. In
+time, if he is intelligent and observant, he becomes as expert at his
+trade as if he had never done anything else; but his experience has
+certainly cost him a good deal. The men who are neither intelligent nor
+observant learn little from experience, and their dairy methods leave
+much to be desired. It is they who breed their cows anyhow, who keep no
+kind of milk records, who think it economy to bring in their cows to the
+calving as hard as wood, who depend entirely on pasture for food, who
+make no provision for drought, who have nothing to learn from anybody,
+and who are keeping the reputation of the Australian cow at a level much
+below respectability. By-and-by, no doubt, this type of man will become
+scarcer. The State Governments are doing what is possible to spread
+abroad scientific knowledge in dairying matters, and a younger
+generation is growing up that has been made familiar both with the
+practice and the theory of milk production. When their time comes it is
+certain they will make dairying highly profitable. The fact that, with
+an average milk yield of 'something under 250 gallons per annum,' the
+industry as a whole is in a prosperous condition affords the most
+remarkable testimony pos<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>sible to the excellence of Australia as a
+dairyman's country. What will happen when the average doubles itself,
+and attains, as it surely will, the moderate figure of 500 gallons per
+annum?"</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3><a name="GROWTH_INDUS" id="GROWTH_INDUS"></a>A Phenomenal Growth.</h3>
+
+<p>Starting out with splendid natural advantages&mdash;a wide range of soils of
+great fertility, indigenous grasses of high food value, and a congenial
+climate&mdash;the dairying industry in Australia has made phenomenal strides.</p>
+
+<p>The establishment throughout the chief districts of co-operative
+factories, owned and managed by the farmers themselves, and the
+introduction of cold storage greatly stimulated its growth. During the
+last decade its advancement has been remarkable. The Australian dairy
+industry is based on the world's markets. Every year the demand in
+various countries for Australian and other dairy and farmyard products
+increases, and the large home market is also expanding.</p>
+
+<p>The facilities for supervision, handling, and transportation are
+improving, and Australian dairymen to-day obtain high prices in both
+local and outside markets for their produce. It is stated that in South
+Australia dairymen who delivered good cream were able to secure from the
+factories an average of $0.22 per lb. from the butter made therefrom.</p>
+
+<p>The following table shows at once the advance of the dairying industry
+(including poultry farming and bee culture):&mdash;</p>
+
+<h4><span class='smcap'>Ten Years</span></h4>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="3" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='center'>1902</td><td align='center'>1912</td><td align='center'>Increase.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='right'></td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Dairy Cows (No)</td><td align='right'>1,113,911</td><td align='right'>2,086,885</td><td align='right'>87.34 %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pigs (No)</td><td align='right'>777,289</td><td align='right'>845,255</td><td align='right'>8.88 %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hives (No)</td><td align='right'>80,111</td><td align='right'>167,441</td><td align='right'>109.01 %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Production (quantity)&mdash;</td><td align='right'></td><td align='right'></td><td align='left'></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Butter</span></td><td align='right'>79,572,327 lbs.</td><td align='right'>187,194,161 lbs.</td><td align='right'>13.525 %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cheese</span></td><td align='right'>10,005,787 lbs.</td><td align='right'>16,160,491 lbs.</td><td align='right'>61.50 %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Bacon and Ham</span></td><td align='right'>30,608,345 lbs.</td><td align='right'>54,192,175 lbs.</td><td align='right'>77.05 %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Honey</span></td><td align='right'>2,873,763 lbs.</td><td align='right'>8,007,492 lbs.</td><td align='right'>178.63 %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Beeswax</span></td><td align='right'>68,243 lbs.</td><td align='right'>130,959 lbs.</td><td align='right'>91.90 %</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h4><span class='smcap'>Five Years.</span></h4>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="3" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='center'>1907.</td><td align='center'>1912.</td><td align='center'>Increase.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Production (total value)</td><td align='right'>$74,803,200.00</td><td align='right'>$97,344,000.00</td><td align='right'>30.13 %</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p>
+<h4><a name="BUTTER_EXPORTED" id="BUTTER_EXPORTED"></a><span class='smcap'>Ten Years</span></h4>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="3" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='center'>1902</td><td align='center'>1912</td><td align='center'>Increase.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Exports (Value)&mdash;</td><td align='center'></td><td align='center'></td><td align='center'></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Butter</span></td><td align='right'>$1,820,371.20</td><td align='right'>$16,044,681.60</td><td align='center'></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cheese</span></td><td align='right'>$20,592.00</td><td align='right'>$27,648.00</td><td align='center'></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Condensed Milk</span></td><td align='right'>$55,689.60</td><td align='right'>$92,308.80</td><td align='center'></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Bacon and Hams</span></td><td align='right'>$37,060.80</td><td align='right'>$328,814.40</td><td align='center'></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Lard</span></td><td align='right'>$6,100.80</td><td align='right'>$177,902.40</td><td align='center'></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Frozen Pork</span></td><td align='right'>$70,339.20</td><td align='right'>$79,972.80</td><td align='center'></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Honey</span></td><td align='right'>$7,891.20</td><td align='right'>$9,235.20</td><td align='center'></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Other items</span></td><td align='right'>$269,246.40</td><td align='right'>$78,859.20</td><td align='center'></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Total</span></td><td align='right'>$2,287,291.20</td><td align='right'>$16,839,422.40</td><td align='right'>636.21%</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i011.jpg"><img src="images/i011-400.jpg" alt="" /></a></div>
+<div class="center">In the Butter Factory.</div>
+
+<p>The United Kingdom purchases the great bulk of Australian butter&mdash;about
+88 per cent.&mdash;but considerable quantities also go to Canada, Ceylon,
+China, the Dutch East Indies, Egypt, Hongkong, the Islands of the
+Pacific, Japan, Philippine Islands, the Straits Settlements and South
+Africa.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the co-operative factories there are many proprietary concerns,
+and the farmer is benefited by the keen competition between them. The
+establishments in the Commonwealth where the manufacture of butter,
+cheese, and condensed milk is carried on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> number several hundreds. They
+are distributed throughout all the States, but they are larger and more
+numerous in New South Wales, Victoria, and Queensland.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i012.jpg"><img src="images/i012-400.jpg" alt="" /></a></div>
+<div class="center">In the Cheese Factory.</div>
+
+<p>Cream separation and butter-making are often carried on together under
+the co-operative system. The creation of large central butter factories,
+supplied by numerous separating establishments or "creameries," has
+resulted in a considerable reduction in the cost of manufacture, since
+improved appliances, such as refrigerators, may be profitably worked at
+the larger establishments. The product is also of a more uniform
+quality. The number of farmers who adhere to hand processes is rapidly
+diminishing. Formerly the average quantity of milk used per lb. of
+hand-made butter was about 3 gallons, but separator butter requires only
+about 2.6 gallons.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3><a name="STATE_SUPERVISION" id="STATE_SUPERVISION"></a>State Supervision.</h3>
+
+<p>Each of the State Agricultural Departments exercises considerable
+supervision in regard to the industry. Dairy experts are employed to
+give instruction in approved methods of production, to examine animals,
+to inspect the buildings used for milking, separating and butter-making,
+and to examine the marketable produce. A high standard of dairy hygiene,
+cleanliness of <i>personnel</i> and <i>materiel</i> and purity of produce have
+also been insisted upon under State laws. Financial assistance has been
+given to facilitate<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> the economic handling of dairy products, and much
+benefit has resulted, the advances having generally been promptly
+repaid.</p>
+
+<p>For the maintenance of the purity and quality of Australian butter and
+other dairy produce, the Commerce Act passed by the Commonwealth
+Government requires that each of these articles shall conform to certain
+standards. Butter intended for shipment oversea must be covered with a
+true trade description, and that the following information should appear
+on each box:&mdash;The word "Australia," the name of the State in which it
+was produced, net weight, manufacturer's or exporter's name or
+registered brand, and the words "pure creamery butter," "pastry butter,"
+"milled butter" (that is, butter which is a mixture or blend of two or
+more butters ordinarily packed alone and under separate names or
+brands), or "repacked butter," as the case may require. Other matters
+may be added, but must be true, and not liable to mislead. Margarine
+must be so stamped or marked. All butter and other dairy products
+intended for export must be sent for inspection to appointed places. The
+inspecting officer issues a certificate on the authorised form that it
+is up to the standard.</p>
+
+<p>The regulations now in force contain important provisions in regard to
+the standard for export dairy products. By means of these provisions
+purity and quality are guaranteed. Trade is also facilitated, since
+quantities of butter are purchased solely on the certificate issued,
+without inspection. The standard for butter, the most important dairy
+article, is as follows:&mdash;Butter which contains only&mdash;No fat other than
+butter fat, not more than 16 per cent. of water, 3 per cent. of casein,
+0.5 per cent. of boric acid, 4 per cent. of salt, or less than 82 per
+cent. of butter fat; or any colouring matter deemed by the Minister for
+Trade and Customs to be harmless.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i013.jpg"><img src="images/i013-400.jpg" alt="" /></a></div>
+<div class="center">Lucerne Hay.</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>Subsidiary Industries.</h3>
+
+<p><a name="PIG_RAISING" id="PIG_RAISING"></a><i>Pig-Raising.</i>&mdash;Not least among the rural industries awaiting a far
+wider development in Australia is that of pig raising. For very many
+years the number of these animals raised in the different States showed
+no appreciable increase, though of more recent years improvements in
+this direction have been noticeable. Yet the rate of progress is quite
+unequal to the requirements of local demand and of the export business.</p>
+
+<p>Pig raising for years has been a kind of subsidiary industry to
+dairying, and as such has seldom received the attention warranted by the
+returns yielded. To some extent it has been the ease with which these
+profits have been obtained that has brought about the condition of
+affairs existent to within a few years ago. Pig raising now, instead of
+being regarded merely as an adjunct to dairying, is being looked upon
+much in the same light as is a main line whether connected with dairying
+or general farming. This is indicated by the fact that where previously
+any description of boar or sow was good enough to produce a litter, now
+both farmers and dairymen are using chiefly the pedigree stock, and are
+giving attention to the different crosses most likely to give the
+largest litters suitable for bacon production, which can be brought into
+condition for market in the quickest time. The introduction of these
+businesslike methods has naturally resulted in greater gains, and has
+further given a stimulus to the pig-raising industry.</p>
+
+<p>The policy of closer settlement which is entering freely into the rural
+development of the various States is furthermore causing farmers and
+settlers to give more careful attention to any side industry which can
+be made to return a good margin of profit on the labour expended. In
+other words, the modern farmer is becoming more alive to the business
+possibilities of what may be termed specialised production. It is in
+this fact that the future development of the pig-raising industry
+depends. A dairyman, general farmer, irrigationist, and even the
+fruitgrower finds the pig of inestimable value in using up the waste
+produce, and turning it into a commodity which will return high interest
+in a remarkably short space of time.</p>
+
+<p>This turn of events is making itself felt in other directions.
+Bacon-curing establishments and co-operative factories are coming into
+existence where formerly supplies would never have justified their
+presence, and the result is that those who have suitable classes of pigs
+to dispose of find no difficulty in turning them over at lucrative
+prices.</p>
+
+<p>This, however, can only be regarded as a commencement in the turn of
+affairs, for with the increased demand and added facilities of
+marketing, the sound establishment of the industry is each year becoming
+more assured.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i015.jpg"><img src="images/i015-400.jpg" alt="" /></a></div>
+<div class="center">A Modern Piggery.</div>
+<div class="center">Feeding pigs with corn grown on the farm.</div>
+
+<p>As an instance of the value of this side line to the settler, the
+experience of a Victorian irrigated block owner, as related in the
+columns of the Melbourne "Argus," is worth recording. Writing from
+Rochester, Vic., the local correspondent reported as follows:&mdash;"The pig
+industry is becoming of great and growing importance on our irrigation
+holdings, and that settlers are recognising its great value as an
+adjunct to dairying is proved by the fact that there are now on the
+settlements four times as many pigs as there were a year ago. A leading
+auctioneer estimates that, with improved facilities, the sales in
+Rochester would in the near future amount to 1000 a month. The methods
+adopted on the irrigation farm of Messrs. Jacob and Kennedy, at
+Nannulla, show that pig raising is a leading factor in their success.
+Mr. Jacob demonstrated that $192 per acre a year can<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> be realised from
+pigs reared almost wholly on lucerne, for half an acre suffices for the
+sustenance of a brood sow and her progeny of about 20 per annum till
+they are fit for market. Well-bred animals pay best, especially in the
+case of the sire, for which a Yorkshire is recommended. Mr. Jacob is
+prepared to submit his books and returns to those interested, as he did
+to the writer.... It has to be observed that pig raising does not
+require either the capital or experience demanded in the case of sheep."</p>
+
+<p>These facts relate in a general way to the industry as it is possible to
+be carried on in all parts of the Commonwealth. A dairy man or mixed
+farmer finds that the carrying on of his work at a maximum of profit
+involves the growth of a number of different crops with which to
+supplement the rations of his dairy herd. Peas, barley, wheat, maize,
+pumpkins, carrots, mangolds, lucerne, rape, and other crops are more or
+less used for a succession. Each one of these is of special value from
+the pig-raiser's standpoint. Both peas and barley have a high value for
+fattening purposes, and some of the successful breeders maintain that
+the addition of wheat contributes largely towards rapid development.
+Similarly the root crops play an important part in the general rations,
+whereas lucerne and rape make an admirable pasture for the running of
+stores and breeding sows. General experience has shown that when pigs
+which are being fattened for market have the run of a good pasture of
+these crops they do better and fatten on much less food. Consequently
+with some one or another or several of these crops to supplement the
+skim milk provided by the dairying operations, no more favourable
+conditions could well exist for the development of this adjunct to the
+dairying industry.</p>
+
+<p>With suitable root and pasture crops there is no reason why pig raising
+should remain merely as an offshoot of dairying and farming operations.
+It is sufficiently remunerative even when all food has to be purchased
+on the open market to justify attention being devoted to raising alone.
+But such circumstances do not enter into the operation of the industry
+as managed in Australia. The close proximity of separating factories
+would in many districts make it possible for a breeder to entirely
+ignore the dairying side of the question. From these sources such
+supplies of skim milk as were considered an advisable supplement to the
+ordinary rations might easily be obtained. With only very limited
+supplies of skim milk pig raising and fattening affords wide scope for
+the investments of men with limited capital. F. C. Grace, of
+Warrnambool, Victoria, who recently went into the matter of the cost of
+producing pork, indicates the possibilities of the bacon industry in a
+report furnished to the State Department of Agriculture. In this account
+he states:&mdash;"Over 6 tons of live pork have been produced, and the
+average cost per pound for all rations with pigs of all ages has been 4
+cents. The actual selling price has been 10 cents per pound, but a
+number of the pigs were sold as studs, somewhat above market price.
+Taking the average of all pigs sold in the open yards for bacon
+purposes,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> about 4-1/2 tons, the selling price was 10 cents per pound&mdash;a
+margin of over 6 cents per pound over and above the cost of feed."</p>
+
+<p>This statement is of interest as showing the position of the industry
+when everything has been paid for at well above market rates for the
+produce, and in a degree serves to emphasise the much-improved position
+of the breeder who, with root crops and pasture land, is able to
+dispense with the costs incurred in purchasing foods for fattening
+purposes on the open market.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i017.jpg"><img src="images/i017-400.jpg" alt="" /></a></div>
+<div class="center">A Happy Family.</div>
+
+<p>Throughout the Commonwealth there is a difference of opinion regarding
+the relative value of the manner in which the predominating breeds, the
+Berkshire and Yorkshire, are crossed in raising pigs for market. This no
+doubt will always exist, owing to predilection of breeders towards
+particular types, and to the relative merits resulting from the various
+crosses. The main point is that both breeds are wonderfully well suited
+to Australian conditions, and that they are prolific. Brood sows will,
+if kept in an ordinarily thrifty condition, farrow two litters of pigs
+in the year, which will number from eight to twelve pigs to the litter.
+If anything, the predominating cross favours the use of the Yorkshire
+boar with the Berkshire sow. The cross has this advantage that the
+litters will consist of all white pigs. The boar used should be pure and
+the sow of good type, preferably three-quarter bred. The average litter
+from such a cross is eight. These, if kept until about five months, will
+weigh out at about 140 lbs., and at 12 cents per lb., the ruling price,
+will return approximately $16.80 apiece, or $268.80 per year from each
+sow. In some instances as many as five litters may be obtained<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> during a
+period of two years, but when this is done too much is taken out of the
+mother.</p>
+
+<p>Another aspect worth considering in the choice of crossing these two
+breeds is that the Yorkshire sow is a better mother than the Berkshire,
+and the litters produced are larger. In this case there is a lack of
+uniformity in the colour of the litters, a fact which no doubt must
+often cause slight depreciation when the marketing of large numbers of
+pigs is taken into consideration. From experience in the Commonwealth
+the middle Yorkshire of a pure strain is more favoured for breeding
+purposes. He is a quicker grower, of hardy constitution, and as a rule a
+better shaped pig for market requirements.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i018.jpg"><img src="images/i018-400.jpg" alt="" /></a></div>
+<div class="center">Typical Dairy Country.</div>
+
+<p>But while there are differences of opinion in the matter of breeds for
+crossing purposes, it is clear that this subject has never been
+exhaustively determined. For example, while there are advocates for the
+maintenance of pure strains, and the crossing of the Tamworth with both
+the black and white pigs, the large white Yorkshire is practically an
+unknown quantity. Both in Great Britain and in Denmark this breed has
+done more to establish the bacon industry than any other breed. Its
+value is indorsed by experience at Dookie College, where the only pure
+strain of the breed in Victoria is located. The Berkshire sow used with
+the large white boar produces a shapely offspring, which takes on the
+short snout of the sow with the pure white colouring of the boar. The
+cross is a longer pig than the Berkshire, cleaner in the shoulder, but
+with much the same conformation elsewhere. A common plan is to use all
+the longest and deepest sows of the first cross for breeding baconers.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>
+The pure large Yorkshire is not as economical as the Berkshire if
+growing pigs for the pork trade, as it takes longer to mature. The sows,
+however, average about ten to the litter, and some have fifteen or
+sixteen. Only the fine-haired ones seem to scald, otherwise they stand
+the sun as well as the Berks. They are good doers under a wide range of
+conditions, prolific, vigorous, and more likely to do well under the
+rough circumstances to which they are accustomed on most farms than the
+more delicate Berkshires. When sold at the same time as other breeds and
+crosses, they always top the market; and a half-truck realised over
+$20.00 per head when sold in Melbourne under six months old.</p>
+
+<p>So far as Australian experience has gone there is everything to indicate
+that pig raising, while an extremely profitable occupation, has not yet
+attained the results which may be expected to follow as more attention
+is given to the choice of breeds, the selection of the hogs, and
+fecundity on the part of the sow. These are all matters which from the
+ordinary farming standpoint have never been gone into thoroughly. That
+pig raising will pay and does yield handsome returns is admitted, yet
+when so many avenues of improvement are open, it cannot be said that the
+industry is receiving the attention it deserves. Up to the present
+farmers and dairymen have been chiefly concerned with raising the pigs,
+disposing of them perhaps at two months, or, as more often is the case,
+of keeping them on till four months, when they are topped off and sent
+to market to bring what can be realised. Many send away their pigs too
+fat, and few engaged in the general branches of agriculture really give
+the animals full attention over the growing period.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i019.jpg"><img src="images/i019-400.jpg" alt="" /></a></div>
+<div class="center">Dam, Western Australia.</div>
+
+<p>With the advent of the factories which are springing up in all the
+States, this condition of things will no doubt give place to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> better
+methods. In the first place breeders will be assured of markets for all
+the pigs produced, and, secondly, the differences in values of prime
+baconers will direct more attention to the greater profits for this
+class of produce.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i020.jpg"><img src="images/i020-400.jpg" alt="" /></a></div>
+<div class="center">A well-established Dairy Farm, New South Wales Coast.</div>
+
+<p>That there is opportunity for a great increase in pig raising is shown
+by the fact that Great Britain pays annually to foreign countries
+$91,200,000.00 for pig products. Statistics show that two great sources
+of supply to the British market (United States and Canada) are gradually
+but surely declining, and before long must cease altogether on account
+of the rapid increase in population, and the consequent increased food
+requirements in those countries. In Denmark we cannot expect to see any
+great increase in production, as the limit also has been nearly reached.
+Holland and Sweden are the only other European countries from which we
+may anticipate competition. The rapid growth of the population in
+Central Europe increases the food requirements of those countries, where
+there is already a short supply of animal foods generally. The present
+condition of the industry shows that there is a possibility of the
+Commonwealth building up a large export trade, even though local demands
+are increasing, at prices which are higher than they were ten or twelve
+years ago, when the number of pigs in the Commonwealth was scarcely a
+thousand head more than at the present time. At the Franco-British
+Exhibition the grand champion prize against the world was secured by
+Australia for pig products in the form of frozen pork, as well as in
+hams and bacon.</p>
+
+<p><a name="POULTRY_FARMING" id="POULTRY_FARMING"></a><i>Poultry-farming.</i>&mdash;The fact that Australian hens and ducks have broken
+all records in laying competitions serves to indicate the suitability of
+the country for poultry-raising. On general farms, where the birds live
+on food that may otherwise be wasted, poultry are a source of
+considerable profit. The opinion of the Scottish Commission was that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>
+"Australia possesses natural conditions of almost unequalled value for
+the profitable keeping of poultry. In climate, soil, shelter, and in
+natural food she has the essential attributes to success."
+Poultry-farming is carried on together with wheat or dairying or pig
+farming, but in many places the raising of poultry is carried on as a
+single line. Poultry for consumption is extensively reared, and the
+egg-producing qualities of the birds have also been greatly improved by
+careful breeding. Egg collecting circles have been formed in some
+country districts, to develop (under Government supervision and with
+Government aid until the organisation is self-supporting) the industry
+on co-operative lines. A member of the circle is elected to act as
+secretary, and he receives all the eggs from the members, tests, packs,
+and forwards them to the metropolitan depot for shipment. Only clean and
+fresh eggs are to be delivered to the secretary under penalty of fine
+and expulsion from the circle. Another method of collecting and
+marketing the eggs is through the local butter factories, where eggs are
+delivered by the suppliers of milk and cream a number of times each
+week.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i021.jpg"><img src="images/i021-400.jpg" alt="" /></a></div>
+<div class="center">Government Farm.&mdash;Pens at Burnley, Victoria, for
+Egg-laying Competition.</div>
+
+<p><a name="BEE_FARMING" id="BEE_FARMING"></a><i>Bee-farming.</i>&mdash;Bee-farming has ordinarily been an adjunct to the
+agricultural or dairying industries, and can hardly yet be said to have
+been organised as a distinct industry. There are many prosperous bee
+farms in the Commonwealth. The indigenous flora is rich in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> nectar, and
+the quantities of honey stored in single hives are astonishingly large,
+sometimes reaching 400 lbs.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i022.jpg"><img src="images/i022-400.jpg" alt="" /></a></div>
+<div class="center">White Leghorns.</div>
+
+<p>With the farmyard and dairy products of the Commonwealth standing now at
+over $96,000,000.00 per annum, the industry may be said to be well in
+its infancy.</p>
+
+<p>Under the large irrigation projects being carried out in several of the
+States there are splendid opportunities opening up for the carrying on
+of all these industries, either separately or in conjunction.</p>
+
+<hr />
+<h3><a name="SHARE_SYSTEM" id="SHARE_SYSTEM"></a>Share Farming.</h3>
+
+<p>The system of farming on shares is common in several branches of
+Australian farming, including dairying. To the intelligent and
+industrious man with a limited amount of capital, the system offers many
+opportunities for success. Practical dairymen, and especially those with
+children over fourteen years of age, may obtain a farm on shares. The
+arrangements made between landlords and their tenants on shares are not
+uniform. They differ considerably in individual cases, but the following
+broad outlines of the arrangements made between the parties may be set
+down as having a more or less universal application.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>As a general rule the landlord provides&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+(a) The land cleared and fenced into convenient paddocks.<br />
+(b) The dairy herd.<br />
+(c) Cowbails and piggeries.<br />
+(d) All necessary utensils and implements.<br />
+(e) Dwelling.<br />
+</div>
+
+<p>On the other hand, the tenant supplies&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+(a) All the labour&mdash;milks the cows, separates the cream and carts it to the nearest butter factory.<br />
+(b) His own horse and cart.<br />
+(c) Cultivates sufficient land to grow green fodder for the winter.<br />
+</div>
+
+<p>In some instances the share farmer buys his own dairy utensils, but in
+the greater number of cases the landowner provides them and keeps them
+in repair. The sharing of the profits depends largely upon the character
+of the farm. As a general rule the tenant receives from one-third to
+one-half of the proceeds of all cream or butter sold. He also receives
+from one-third to one-half the value of the pigs raised, and from $1.20
+to $1.80 per head for each calf reared to the age of six months. A man
+is generally given as many cows to milk as he can conveniently manage
+and care for.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i023.jpg"><img src="images/i023-400.jpg" alt="" /></a></div>
+<div class="center">In the Cheese Factory.</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>There are cases which can be pointed to where a tenant farmer after even
+paying for assistance, makes a profit of from $67.20 to $96.00 every
+month.</p>
+
+<p>It is not possible to state definitely the size of herd that any
+individual can manage, but it is by no means uncommon to see a herd of
+forty head, with from twenty-five to thirty cows in milk at a time,
+managed comfortably by a man and his wife and one sturdy boy or girl of
+fifteen or sixteen years of age. The average returns from a fairly good
+herd, in the majority of districts, may be stated at $4.80 per head per
+month, and as each cow will be milking for seven to eight months at
+least, and there will be the calves and ample separated milk for a good
+many pigs, it will be seen that there is at least a fair living to be
+made, especially when it is remembered that the share dairy farmer,
+under the ordinary arrangements, is living rent free and under
+conditions which enable him to keep household expenses at a minimum.</p>
+
+<p>The conditions regarding cropping and keeping the farm implements in
+repair and caring for the dairy herd are not onerous, and are such as no
+good tenant could object to.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i024.jpg"><img src="images/i024-400.jpg" alt="" /></a></div>
+<div class="center">An Extensive Milking Shed.</div>
+
+<p>Men who contemplate undertaking this class of farming should submit the
+fullest possible details of their experience and qualification to enable
+the officers of the Government Information Bureau to make arrangements
+which will permit of settlement immediately on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> arrival. It is needless
+to remind experienced dairymen that any owner of dairy cows naturally
+feels it necessary to know a good deal about anyone to whom he is to
+entrust the sole management of a good herd.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i025.jpg"><img src="images/i025-400.jpg" alt="" /></a></div>
+<div class="center">Young Dairy Stock.</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3><a name="MONETARY_AID" id="MONETARY_AID"></a>Monetary Aid to Settlers.</h3>
+
+<p>Besides aiding the settler in the various ways already mentioned, viz.,
+by providing the expert personal instruction and advice of officers of
+the Agricultural Departments, in regard to feeding, breeding,
+management, and other matters, by the importation of high-class stud
+cattle, and making them available at cheap rates for herd improvement,
+and in the granting of facilities for the transportation and marketing
+of his produce, the Governments of the Australian States assist the
+dairyman with loans of cheap money. The Advances to Settlers' Board or
+Agricultural Bank in each of the States, lend money to settlers for the
+purpose of repaying existing debts, for building homes, for purchasing
+stock, or for improving and developing their holdings. The sums which
+may be advanced and the terms and conditions of the loans vary in
+different States. Broadly speaking, however, a settler may obtain on the
+security of his land or of his improvements sums ranging from $120.00 to
+$9600.00 at rates of interest varying from 4 per cent. to 6 per cent. on
+easy terms of repayment extending over a long period of years up to, as
+in the States of New South Wales and South Australia, thirty-one years.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<h3><a name="NEW_SOUTH_WALES" id="NEW_SOUTH_WALES"></a>NEW SOUTH WALES.</h3>
+
+
+<p>In the coastal districts of New South Wales and throughout a vast extent
+of the northern and central tableland districts dairy farming is a
+profitable and constantly-expanding industry.</p>
+
+<p>In the older settled district of Illawarra, comprising the greater
+portion of the south coast district, dairying has been the main industry
+for many years, and there is not much first-class land unoccupied. There
+is, however, in this district ample scope for tenant farmers and for
+dairying on shares on several large estates where the experienced man of
+small means with children old enough to help in the work can make a good
+living, and save with the object of later on obtaining a farm of his
+own. In the north coast district the strides being made in dairying are
+phenomenal. There is a fair amount of first-class unimproved bush
+country available for settlement on the upper reaches of the Tweed and
+Richmond Rivers, and large estates have been subdivided by private
+owners, and offered for sale on very easy terms at from $19.20 to $28.80
+per acre. Many farmers who find that better returns can be obtained by
+carrying a decreased number of specially good cows on a small area
+intensively worked are ready to dispose of areas, so that a new-comer
+with capital necessary to acquire land in this highly-favoured district
+can soon be suited. Owing to the big returns from dairying in the best
+parts of the settled portions of the north coast, land values are high,
+ranging to over $96.00 per acre.</p>
+
+<p>Suitable areas of Crown lands are brought forward from time to time in
+districts adapted for dairying at prices, as a rule, lower than the
+lands in private subdivisions.</p>
+
+<p>In the central and north coast district there are several large private
+subdivisions of excellent dairy land. In the tableland districts, where
+the rainfall averages 30 in. per annum, dairy farming has taken firm
+hold. Private owners are also cutting up tracts of splendid
+partially-improved land, and offering it at from $19.20 to $28.80 per
+acre, on liberal terms.</p>
+
+<p>The natural grasses of New South Wales, especially in the well-watered
+districts along the coast, grow in great luxuriance, and are rich in
+milk-producing qualities. In many districts imported grasses, such as
+Rhodes, Paspalum dilatatum, and Philaris, rye grass and red clover have
+been introduced, and soon become well established. In the most
+favourable portions of the State farmers are able to depend almost
+solely on the grazing qualities of their farms, although the experts of
+the Department strongly assert the wisdom of growing winter feed.</p>
+
+<p>New South Wales has many fine herds of all the approved breeds. The
+Jersey is perhaps the most popular, but there are also many good herds
+of Ayrshires, Guernseys, Holsteins, and other approved breeds.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The co-operative system flourishes in New South Wales. Every important
+centre has its own co-operative butter, cheese or bacon factory. The
+Byron Bay Co-operative Company, situated in the heart of the rich north
+coast district, has an enormous turnover in the neighbourhood of
+$4,800,000.00 sterling each year, and is at least one of the largest
+concerns of its kind in the world.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i027.jpg"><img src="images/i027-400.jpg" alt="" /></a></div>
+<div class="center">Calm II.&mdash;Champion Jersey Cow.</div>
+
+<p>To stock a dairy farm of 100 acres, the detailed cost of stock and plant
+necessary to make a good start, exclusive of a bull, is given by
+practical farmers as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="3" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='center'>$</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>30 Cows at $31.20</td><td align='right'>936.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>10 Heifers, springing, at $24.00</td><td align='right'>240.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2 Plough Horses at $86.40</td><td align='right'>172.80</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Harness for plough horses</td><td align='right'>31.20</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pigs&mdash;2 sows at $10.08; one hog at $15.60</td><td align='right'>35.28</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Separator, cans, buckets, etc.</td><td align='right'>240.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Cart and harness</td><td align='right'>86.40</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Plough, $21.60; harrow, $14.40; cultivator, $12.00</td><td align='right'>48.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sundry tools, etc.</td><td align='right'>24.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='right' style="border-top: 1px solid black;">$1813.68</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<div class="center">Including the bull the cost might roughly be put down at $1920.00</div>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i028.jpg"><img src="images/i028-400.jpg" alt="" /></a></div>
+<div class="center">How the Dairy Fodder Question is Settled in Australia.</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3><a name="VICTORIA" id="VICTORIA"></a>VICTORIA.</h3>
+
+
+<p>For the past twenty years dairy farming in Victoria has been steadily
+advancing. The industry has proved very successful, so that thousands of
+farmers are not only making a comfortable living from it, but in many
+cases it has raised hard-working families into positions of comparative
+wealth. The principal markets supplied<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> are those of Great Britain,
+South Africa, India, and the East. At present the industry is only in
+its infancy. It is capable of almost unlimited expansion. So far,
+farmers have confined their attention almost exclusively to butter, but
+the first steps have also been successfully taken to manufacture cheese
+and condensed milk, and to open up a regular market for fresh pork,
+hams, and bacon.</p>
+
+<p>A large portion of Victoria is suitable for dairy farming on account of
+the suitability of soil for the production of pasture and fodder crops,
+and the mild climatic conditions. For the most part the cows are fed
+solely on the natural pastures, little provision either in the way of
+food or shelter being thought necessary. Progressive farmers, however,
+find that it pays them to grow fodder for their herd and to shelter the
+animals in the winter, and anyone beginning in Victoria is advised to
+make up his mind to cultivate a certain area of his land from the first,
+instead of trusting to grazing alone.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i029.jpg"><img src="images/i029-400.jpg" alt="" /></a></div>
+<div class="center">Shorthorn Cattle.</div>
+
+<p>The southern half of Victoria is divided, roughly speaking, into the
+Western District and Gippsland. Two-thirds of the dairy cows are kept in
+these portions of the State. The Western District is famed for its rich
+soil of volcanic origin. Every town and hamlet has its butter factory.</p>
+
+<p>Gippsland is a district of rolling hills and downs, and of a
+comparatively heavy rainfall. Many parts were once covered with dense
+forests, but these are rapidly passing away before the pioneer.
+Practically every railway station has become a centre of the dairy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>ing
+industry, and cans of cream are always in evidence on the platforms.
+Owing to its suitable climate Gippsland has become the centre of maize
+growing in the State, and much of this crop reaches the market in the
+form of butter and pork.</p>
+
+<p>In the north the summers are warmer and drier, but the soil is perhaps
+even more prolific than in the southern parts of Victoria. Large areas
+are suitable for dairy farming under ordinary conditions, and extensive
+water storage works have been provided for the irrigation of large
+tracts of country which is being made available in suitable areas for
+dairying under very liberal conditions.</p>
+
+<p>The manufacturing and marketing of the butter is carried on, to a very
+large extent, on a co-operative basis, the factories being owned and
+managed by the farmers who supply the cream. Two hundred factories are
+scattered throughout the State, the largest of them producing upwards of
+40 tons of butter per week in the height of the season. Where the farm
+is close to the factory the milk is taken to the creamery, where it is
+separated, and the corresponding quantity of skim milk is returned to
+the farmer. In other cases the farmer owns his separator, the milk is
+passed through the machine as soon as the cows are milked, and the cream
+is sent to the factory by road or rail every day or two, according to
+the size of the farm.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i030.jpg"><img src="images/i030-400.jpg" alt="" /></a></div>
+<div class="center">Dairy Factory&mdash;Refrigerating Butter Train.</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3><a name="GOV_ASSTCE" id="GOV_ASSTCE"></a>Government Assistance to the Farmer.</h3>
+
+<p>Every branch of the producing interests is steadily fostered by the
+Government of Victoria in a way that may sound strange to the British
+farmer. Besides the facilities for acquiring farms and homes, the
+Government employs dairy supervisors, who assist the farmer with
+information and advice on matters relating to the farm and herd. The
+produce is conveyed by the railways (which belong to the Government) at
+special low rates. It is received into the Government cool stores, where
+it is graded and frozen ready for export. The State has contracts with
+the principal lines of steam-ships, securing regular despatch, a minimum
+temperature, and a very low rate of freight for the British markets. It
+costs less to send butter from a farm in Victoria to London than it does
+to send it from a farm in Ireland.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i031.jpg"><img src="images/i031-400.jpg" alt="" /></a></div>
+<div class="center">"Miss Prim," Champion Ayrshire Cow.</div>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<h3><a name="QUEENSLAND" id="QUEENSLAND"></a>QUEENSLAND.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Queensland as a Dairying Country.</p>
+
+<p>Queensland, especially in its southern portions and along its coastal
+areas, is particularly well adapted for dairying. Large areas of
+magnificent soil exist, such as the Darling Downs, Lockyer, Stanley,
+Rosewood, Fassifern, Logan, Albert, Wide Bay, Burnett, and other
+districts, which, in addition to being well watered by rivers and
+creeks, enjoy a perfect winter climate. It is in these localities that
+dairying principally flourishes.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>While in Southern Queensland and on some of the northern tablelands it
+is desirable to rug milch cows during the winter months, up north, along
+the eastern coastland, it is not necessary.</p>
+
+<p>Along the eastern seaboard, which is well watered by running rivers and
+creeks, the Blackall Range is becoming an important dairy centre. This
+district lies to the north of Brisbane, and is a mountainous region
+containing exceedingly fertile soil.</p>
+
+<p>Further north again, on the coast, there are large areas in the Burnett,
+Gladstone, Rockhampton, and Bowen districts suitable for dairying, and
+in these localities it is rapidly extending. Despite this, there still
+remain immense tracts as yet untouched by the dairy farmer, which are
+capable of being successfully brought under the Butter Industry.
+Considerable portions of the northern tablelands, and parts of Central
+Queensland, are also suitable for dairying, and a beginning has already
+been made in these localities. Large numbers of dairy cattle are being
+imported into the Atherton district in the North.</p>
+
+<p>As yet, only a fractional part of the country able to support a large
+dairying population has been touched.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3><a name="LAND_DAIRY_C" id="LAND_DAIRY_C"></a>Dairy Land and Stock.</h3>
+
+<p>The class of land chiefly used for dairying is open forest country,
+plain scrub land, and rich alluvial flats. The scrub lands have first to
+be cleared by felling the scrub and burning it off when dry. When
+cleared, scrub soils are more prolific than any other. Cost of clearing
+is about $7.20 to $9.60 per acre, and in some cases more.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i032.jpg"><img src="images/i032-400.jpg" alt="" /></a></div>
+<div class="center">"Ayrshire Dairy Cows Grazing.</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The price varies according to locality. Remoteness or proximity to
+market have to be considered. It is essential for the dairy farmer to be
+near a railway. The intending settler can either select Crown lands from
+the Government, at prices varying from $0.60 to $4.80 and upwards, or if
+he has some capital he can purchase a freehold farm. Good dairy freehold
+land can be bought from $14.40 to $24.00 per acre, but close to the
+railway in the older farming districts it reaches up to $96.00 per acre.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i033.jpg"><img src="images/i033-400.jpg" alt="" /></a></div>
+<div class="center">"Ladylike," Ayrshire Dairy Cow.</div>
+
+<p>In ordinary times $24.00 to $38.40 is paid for a good average cow;
+heifers up to $21.60. Similar prices rule, generally speaking, in regard
+to all the States. An ordinary cow would earn from $2.40 to $4.20; and a
+good cow from $4.80 to $6.00 a month, whilst in profit, on an eight
+months' average milking.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3><a name="BREEDS_OF" id="BREEDS_OF"></a>Dairy Breeds in Use.</h3>
+
+<p>The milking breeds most in use in Queensland are the Ayrshire, Jersey,
+and Milking Shorthorns. Herds of Holsteins, Guernseys, and other breeds
+have also been established. Some fine specimens of these dairy cattle
+are to be seen throughout the State, and at the large annual shows of
+pure-bred stock, held at Brisbane, Toowoomba, and other centres.</p>
+
+<p>The Queensland Agricultural College, a State institution, breeds
+high-class dairy bulls for sale to farmers, and herds are being also
+raised on the State Farms.</p>
+
+<p>Cows should bring in not less than $3.00 per month, or be turned out as
+useless. The average is about $3.72. Up-to-date men will not keep a cow
+who does not average this for her milking.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3><a name="COST_STARTINGB" id="COST_STARTINGB"></a> Cost of Starting on 160 Acres.</h3>
+
+<p>This, of course, varies with the circumstances of the case, and depends
+largely on whether a man has the capital to push forward his operations,
+or is content to gradually get his land into working order. A man with
+$720.00 to $1032.00 could make a good start. If the land was taken up at
+$2.40 per acre from the Crown, his first year's deposit would be $18.24,
+and he would have sufficient to fence the land, buy some cows, and put
+up some sort of a house. Necessarily a settler does not spend much on
+his house at first until he has made some money. On the other hand, many
+of the most prosperous farmers in Queensland have started with only a
+few pounds, sufficient to pay their first year's rent. By fencing his
+land himself, the settler can save a good deal of expense. And by
+working for neighbouring farmers, he can gradually acquire money to buy
+stock from time to time.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, if he wishes to begin straight away, and has a little
+money, he can get assistance from the Agricultural Bank, a Government
+institution, which advances $0.60 in the $ towards improvements, and
+$0.50 in the $ for stock, machinery, and implements, charging 5 per
+cent. simple interest.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Cost of Starting a Dairy Farm on 160 Acres</span></h4>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="3" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='center'>$</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rent&mdash;1st year's deposit and survey fee</td><td align='right'>18.24</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fencing&mdash;2 miles at 96.00 per mile (posts 12 feet apart and 3 barbs)</td><td align='right'>192.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>12 Cows at $28.80 per cow</td><td align='right'>345.60</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2 Horses at $72.00</td><td align='right'>144.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Plough</td><td align='right'>28.80</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Harness</td><td align='right'>24.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Swingle bars and chains</td><td align='right'>6.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>House&mdash;24 × 12 feet, slabbed and floored, at $4.80 per foot</td><td align='right'>115.20</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Milking-shed</td><td align='right'>24.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Yard</td><td align='right'>48.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>30-gallon Separator</td><td align='right'>60.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Cart (second-hand)</td><td align='right'>24.00</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Some small items, such as rations, milk-room, tinware, &amp;c., have not
+been included in the estimate. If the fencing were erected personally,
+the cost would be materially reduced. If the settler built his own
+house, it would cost him little more than his own labour and the iron
+for the roof.</p>
+
+<p>Many beginners put up cheap sapling yards for a start, and at a nominal
+cost. This would materially reduce this estimate.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3><a name="SIZE_HERD" id="SIZE_HERD"></a>The Average Herd.</h3>
+
+<p>The average herd is about thirty head, but many farmers milk from 80 to
+150 cows daily. The number of cows that could be kept on an average farm
+of, say, 160 acres depends entirely on the land, and the amount of
+cultivation or area under artificial grasses. From thirty to eighty head
+would be about a fair estimate that good land would carry.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><a name="EXP_FARMERS" id="EXP_FARMERS"></a>One dairy farmer in the West Moreton, who landed in Queensland
+twenty-five years ago with $0.36 in his pocket, now has 160 acres of
+freehold, of which he cultivates 50 acres for feed for his cows and
+pigs. He began by working for his neighbours for the first few years,
+and thus gained both cash and experience. He now milks thirty to fifty
+cows the whole year round, and he makes from $720.00 to $864.00 a year
+from his pigs. His income from all sources is from $1920.00 to $2400.00
+per annum. Six or seven years ago he paid $5280.00 for the place, but
+to-day he would not take $14,400.00 for it, and there is not a penny of
+debt on the property.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i035.jpg"><img src="images/i035-400.jpg" alt="" /></a></div>
+<div class="center">An up-to-date Milking Shed.</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3><a name="GRASSES" id="GRASSES"></a>Grasses.</h3>
+
+<p>The natural grasses of Queensland are sufficient in ordinary seasons
+during the summer months for the dairy stock, but no farmer can
+successfully carry on dairy operations in dry times, or in winter, by
+means of the grass alone. He requires to supplement the grass by growing
+fodder for the winter months.</p>
+
+<p>Splendid results have been obtained by sowing artificial grasses, such
+as Paspalum dilatatum, Rhodes, Prairie, Guinea, and Giant Couch grasses.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3><a name="WINTER_FEED" id="WINTER_FEED"></a>Winter Feed.</h3>
+
+<p>Barley, lucerne, wheat, rye, sorghum, &amp;c., can be grown for winter feed.
+On land which will grow lucerne, a certain supply of fodder can be
+conserved. Lucerne (or alfalfa, as it is called in America), once
+planted, will last from five to ten years.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The butter factories were first started by proprietary companies, and
+their cream depots were scattered all over the farming districts.
+Competition was exceedingly keen, and in some of the townships there
+were four or five rival cream depots, all endeavouring to get the
+biggest shares of the cream.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i036.jpg"><img src="images/i036-400.jpg" alt="" /></a></div>
+<div class="center">Jersey Cows.</div>
+
+<p><a name="CO_OP" id="CO_OP"></a>Of late, a number of co-operative factories run by the farmers have
+started, and proved very successful, enabling their shareholders to get
+a higher price for their cream than hitherto. They are admirably
+managed, are essentially popular institutions, and have done splendid
+work.</p>
+
+<p>The farmers establish, manage, and work them, and the profits, instead
+of going into the pockets of the middlemen, are distributed among the
+shareholders.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>State Aid to Co-operative Factories.</h3>
+
+<p>Under a vote by Parliament the State makes advances to farmers to
+establish co-operative dairy factories. The loans extend over a period
+of fourteen years, and 4 per cent. interest is charged.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3><a name="CONDENSED_MILK" id="CONDENSED_MILK"></a>Condensed Milk.</h3>
+
+<p>The Preserved and Condensed Milk Industry promises to become important
+in the near future. Six factories are now in operation.</p>
+
+<p>Messrs. Nestle and Co., the world-renowned firm, have invested
+$480,000.00 in their Preserved Milk Industry in Queensland. It speaks
+well for a country when an old-world firm such as this is prepared to
+invest so largely.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<h3><a name="SOUTH_AUSTRALIA" id="SOUTH_AUSTRALIA"></a>SOUTH AUSTRALIA.</h3>
+
+
+<p>A large area of South Australia is eminently adapted to successful
+dairying, and while the summer is dry, rendering it necessary to make
+provision for succulent feed for several months, the temperate nature of
+the climate enables the dairyman to keep his cows in the open right
+through the year, the natural shelter in timber country being
+sufficient, except on a limited number of days of extreme wet and cold.
+Stall feeding for weeks at a time is unknown; the necessary shelter
+sheds can be cheaply provided, while the labour of feeding is, under
+these conditions, reduced to a minimum. In the northern districts
+conditions are not so favourable as in the south, but even here dairying
+can be profitably carried on; the fact that land is much cheaper
+compensates for the shorter period during which the natural herbage
+supplies practically all the feed required. In some of the driest of our
+farming areas dairying has largely replaced wheat-growing, and, although
+the yield per cow is naturally not so high as under more favourable
+conditions, still low rents and large areas of natural pasture enable
+the farmer to make a fair profit.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i037.jpg"><img src="images/i037-400.jpg" alt="" /></a></div>
+<div class="center">The Cream Cart, North Coast, N.S.W.</div>
+
+
+<p>The Dairy Industry, though of considerable magnitude, has not made as
+much progress as was anticipated. This is probably due to the fact that
+wheat-growing and sheep-breeding combined offer greater attractions to
+the farmer. These industries require a great deal less labour than
+dairying, besides which the work is not so continuous. So long as highly
+profitable returns can be obtained from the production of cereals and
+the breeding of lambs, the <a name="FACILITIES_B" id="FACILITIES_B"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> Dairying Industry is hardly likely to make
+the progress that would otherwise be possible, though there has of late
+years been steady and continued development in the industry, especially
+in the northern districts. In the south and south-east, where conditions
+are more suitable, there has, on the other hand, been very little extension.</p>
+
+<p>Large quantities of butter are exported to Broken Hill and West
+Australia throughout the year, while during the spring months shipments
+are made to Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p>Butter is exported in increasing quantities to Great Britain each year.
+In normal years from 1400 to 1600 tons are shipped.</p>
+
+<p>Cheese is not made on such an extensive scale proportionately to butter;
+indeed, in some seasons sufficient for local consumption is not
+produced. Practically all the cheese is manufactured on the Cheddar
+system, and an article of very high quality is produced in the best
+factories.</p>
+
+<p>Special facilities are afforded by the railways for the conveyance of
+perishable goods, and cream is forwarded by the dairyman to the city
+factories from districts 300 miles distant. Payment is usually made on
+the butter-fat percentages; and in order to afford suppliers an
+opportunity of checking the returns received from private factories the
+Government established a butter factory in connection with the export
+freezing works at Port Adelaide. At this factory every can of cream is
+sampled, and the quantity of butter it will produce is ascertained by
+the usual methods, and the supplier is paid accordingly.</p>
+
+<p>A considerable number of butter factories have been erected in South
+Australia, and the butter produced is generally of high quality. The
+butter made from the milk of cows grazing on the natural herbage of the
+country is of splendid quality and colour. Hand separators are in
+general use, the cream being sent to the factories for treatment. The
+percentage of butter-fat in the milk of cows grazing on the natural
+pastures is unusually high.</p>
+
+<p>Practically the whole of the midland, central, and south-east districts,
+excepting that portion east of the Murray, are suitable for dairying
+practice when carried out on systematic lines. The prices for such land
+for dairying would range from $24.00 to $240.00 per acre according to
+location, soil, and rainfall. No special terms are offered by the
+Government for the occupation of dairy lands. Most of the repurchased
+estates are in districts suitable for dairying, and these are allotted
+under covenant to purchase. The purchase money is paid off in seventy
+half-yearly instalments (the first ten bearing interest only at the rate
+of 4 per cent. on purchase money). Purchase money may be completed at
+any time after nine years. Reliable particulars of successful dairying
+are difficult to obtain. It is safe to say that there are many hundreds
+of dairymen making comfortable livings throughout the State.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i039.jpg"><img src="images/i039-400.jpg" alt="" /></a></div>
+<div class="center">Fodder Crops&mdash;Lucerne, Mangels, Rape.</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Capital may be safely expended for dairy practice, especially by careful
+and intelligent men who have families, and they may depend upon making a
+good living, especially when they combine dairy practice with
+pig-raising. There are many instances where gross returns are obtained
+of from $38.40 to $72.00 per cow per annum, and this in districts where
+the milk is sold to the local co-operative or private factories, but
+where they are situated within forty miles of Adelaide, and are able to
+take advantage of a good train service, they can deliver their milk to
+the capital and obtain gross returns equal to about $76.80 to $96.00 per
+cow per annum.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i040.jpg"><img src="images/i040-400.jpg" alt="" /></a></div>
+<div class="center">Interior of a Cheese Factory.</div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<h3><a name="WESTERN_AUSTRALIA" id="WESTERN_AUSTRALIA"></a>WESTERN AUSTRALIA.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The Dairying Industry has not developed as rapidly as other branches of
+farming in the State during recent years. The cause of this is
+attributable to various reasons, one of the number of which has been the
+difficulty of obtaining suitable farm labourers. The majority of young
+men who have embarked in farming in the Western State during the last
+decade have favoured the lightly-timbered belts more suitable for wheat
+and sheep raising in preference to the heavily-timbered land suitable
+for dairying situated in the coastal districts of the south-west. That
+there is in the State an enormous area of land which is eminently
+adaptable to the growing of fodders necessary for successful dairying
+has been amply demonstrated. Since 1905 indefatigable efforts to advance
+the Dairying Industry have been made. An estate at Brunswick,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> in the
+vicinity of Bunbury, about 100 miles south of Perth, was purchased by
+the Government, and 800 acres of it was vested in the Department of
+Agriculture for the purpose of a State Dairy Farm, on lines that could
+be copied by a practical dairy farmer; also&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+(1) For supplying stud stock of the best strains procurable at reasonable prices to dairy farmers.<br />
+(2) To demonstrate that with the assistance of irrigation a small acreage of land can be made to carry a large number of stock.<br />
+(3) Where a variety of fodder crops can be introduced, and experimented with so as to ascertain their value for feeding-off,
+both in a green state for curing into hay or for preserving into
+big silos in a succulent form.<br />
+</div>
+
+<p>Capacious cow and calf stables, suitable sheds, and piggeries were
+designed and constructed as an example to be followed in starting an
+up-to-date dairy farm. A herd of dairy cows, of some of the best
+Ayrshire strains in Australia, was collected, as well as a fine number
+of Berkshire pigs, purchased from the most successful breeders and
+importers. Three large tub silos, capable of holding 250 tons of fodder,
+were erected in which to store winter-grown crops as well as the summer
+crops under irrigation.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i041.jpg"><img src="images/i041-400.jpg" alt="" /></a></div>
+<div class="center">"Crown Prince," Guernsey Bull.</div>
+
+
+<p>An irrigation scheme was carried out, and the results have been most
+successful. The following dairy fodder crops have yielded
+prolifically:&mdash;Oats, rye, maize, sorghum, pearl millet, vetches, field
+peas, cow peas, lucerne, mustard, Jersey kale, field cabbage, turnips,
+swedes, mangel wurzel, silver beet, buckwheat, potatoes, linseed, pig
+melon, paspalum, Italian canary grass. The<a name="FACILITIES_C" id="FACILITIES_C"></a>0<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> irrigation plant is capable
+of dealing with 80 acres of land in the summer months. Some of the land
+thus treated is the rich dark alluvial on the river bank, while a
+portion is on the higher clay plateau, and consists of land typical of
+many thousands of acres in the same locality. The land in its virgin
+state was timbered with red gum and flooded gum, and cost about $38.40
+an acre to grub and clear, and on such land with irrigation in the
+summer two heavy crops a year can be depended on.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i042.jpg"><img src="images/i042-400.jpg" alt="" /></a></div>
+<div class="center">Milking Shed.</div>
+
+<p>Shortly after the State Farm was established the Government purchased
+over 500 dairy cows in the eastern States, and these were sold to
+Western Australian farmers in lots of ten at cost price on two-year
+terms, with 5 per cent. interest added.</p>
+
+<p>The Government engaged a highly-qualified dairy expert in the person of
+Mr. Kinsella, of New Zealand, to visit the districts most likely to give
+attention to the dairying industry in the immediate future, and by means
+of personal interviews, addresses, leaflets, and concisely-written
+pamphlets, Mr. Kinsella did valuable work in distributing information
+and directing the beginner on the right road to successful dairying. Mr.
+Kinsella subsequently severed his connection with the department, and he
+has been recently succeeded by Mr. Abernethy, who has obtained the very
+highest diplomas in England in connection with dairying. Mr. Abernethy
+recently arrived from Great Britain, and has now entered upon his
+duties, and it is confidently believed that his efforts will result in a
+number of farmers being induced to embark in the industry on sound and
+practical lines. The new selector<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> will also have the benefit and the
+advice of the Director of Agriculture, Mr. McNulty, on all matters
+concerning his soil, his stock, and the marketing of his produce.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3><a name="LAND_DAIRY_D" id="LAND_DAIRY_D"></a>Lands for Dairy Farming.</h3>
+
+<p>With a view to settling practical farmers with limited means on the rich
+and heavily-timbered lands in the southern portion of the State the
+Government have a large number of surveyors at work surveying the land
+into suitable sized blocks, ranging from 200 to 700 acres each. Main
+roads have been cleared to serve these areas, and a proposal to clear 10
+acres on each block for the plough is now under consideration. Railways
+will be pushed through this country as rapidly as possible. The annual
+average rainfall over this country averages from 35 in. to 40 in., and
+the land contains some of the richest soil in the State.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3><a name="LAND_PRICE_C" id="LAND_PRICE_C"></a>Price of Land.</h3>
+
+<p>The price of land ranges from about $4.80 to $19.20 an acre, and each
+new selector over sixteen years of age will have the right to
+practically a free grant of 160 acres, additional land being available
+at approximately the prices quoted, the payments for which will be
+spread over twenty years without interest. The selector will also have
+the privilege of borrowing from the State Agricultural Bank for
+ringbarking, clearing, water conservation, and subsequently for stock
+and implements, the loan being repaid over a term of thirty years, for
+the first five years of which interest only at the rate of 5 per cent.
+per annum will be payable. Prior to the blocks being thrown open the
+prices will be advertised and the amount of loan the bank is prepared to
+advance to suitable applicants on each block will be fixed.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i043.jpg"><img src="images/i043-400.jpg" alt="" /></a></div>
+<div class="center">Devon Cattle in Australia.</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i044.jpg"><img src="images/i044-400.jpg" alt="" /></a></div>
+<div class="center">Prime Herd of Jerseys.</div>
+
+<hr />
+<h3>Butter Factories.</h3>
+
+<p>At the present time there are three butter factories operating in the
+State, and no doubt when the Dairying Industry has developed
+sufficiently a number of co-operative factories will be started.</p>
+
+<p>The men who decide to devote their energies to the Dairying Industry
+will have the advantage of a magnificent local market to start on, as at
+the present time Western Australia is sending something like $4800.00 a
+day to the eastern States for dairy produce.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr  />
+<h3><a name="TASMANIA" id="TASMANIA"></a>TASMANIA.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The conditions of Tasmania are eminently favourable for dairy farming.
+Up till recent years the industry did not receive much attention, but
+now that a start has been made butter production is advancing rapidly.</p>
+
+<hr />
+<h3><a name="COND_SEL" id="COND_SEL"></a>The Land Required.</h3>
+
+<p>The foundation of the Dairying Industry is grass, and to get grass, good
+land and plenty of moisture is required. Therefore anyone proposing to
+go into this business should endeavour to secure the very best land
+obtainable. There is a large quantity available, especially in the
+north-western and north-eastern parts of the island. There is a great
+deal also in the southern districts. Information can always be obtained
+from the Lands Department and the district surveyors, and no difficulty
+should be experienced by the intending dairy farmer in finding land
+suitable for his purpose. The more open parts of the State, such as the
+midlands and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> the east coast, where there is natural grass, have largely
+passed into private hands, and later selectors have had to take up,
+clear, and lay down in pasture the more heavily-timbered portions. This,
+however, is not altogether the handicap it appears at first sight, as
+the returns from the very rich scrub lands are by far the highest. It is
+easy to judge of the quality of land by the indigenous timber upon it.
+Rich land, suitable for laying down in grass, is covered with a dense
+growth of sassafras, tree-fern, musk, and pear tree, with large blue or
+swamp gums, and an underbush of what are known as cathead ferns.
+Stringy-bark trees mean a poorer soil, and any land bearing them should
+be avoided if possible.</p>
+
+<p>Any person of eighteen years of age and upwards may select an area not
+exceeding 200 acres of first-class land, provided he does not hold land
+on credit under any previous Act. He is required to pay a cash deposit
+of $0.04 an acre at the time of sale, an instalment of $0.06 an acre for
+each of the two following years, $0.24 an acre annually for the next
+four years, $0.36 an acre for the next four years, and $0.48 per acre
+for the next eight years. The survey fee is paid, one-fifth in cash and
+the balance by four equal annual payments, with interest added, unless
+the selector elects to pay it off at once, when interest is remitted.
+Every encouragement short of giving the fee simple of the land away for
+nothing is afforded the intending settler, and he can acquire a freehold
+on easier terms in Tasmania than anywhere else.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i045.jpg"><img src="images/i045-400.jpg" alt="" /></a></div>
+<div class="center"> Ayrshire Herd, New South Wales.</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3><a name="CLEARING_LAND" id="CLEARING_LAND"></a>Clearing the Land.</h3>
+
+<p>Clearing a selection for dairy farming is a very different operation
+from the clearing required for fruit-growing. Where the land is to be
+laid down in pasture, no ploughing has to be done, conse<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>quently the
+cost is very much less. In clearing land for grass it is the best plan
+to first of all "ring" all the eucalyptus trees. This consists in
+cutting a ring round the tree with axes through the bark and sapwood, or
+alburnum, into the brown wood beneath. The crude sap, bearing in
+solution the various organic matters which the roots have extracted from
+the soil, ascends by the outer layer of wood immediately beneath the
+bark to the leaves, where it is elaborated into plant food. When this
+layer is cut through, the food supply is immediately stopped, and the
+tree dies. The operation of ringing is best done during the winter, when
+the sap is down, and if properly performed at the right time the tree
+always dies very soon. If possible, the ringing should be done a year or
+two before the general clearing is commenced, as all the dead leaves,
+small branches, and dead bark have time to fall, and are then burned off
+with the rest of the scrub. The next operation is to cut down all the
+brushwood and smaller growths with bill-hooks, and then the rest of the
+scrub is felled with axes, and allowed to lie until quite dry, when it
+is burned off. A good burn should leave very little to be cleared up,
+but sometimes, where there is such vegetation as sassafras or fallen
+tree-ferns, a good deal of "picking-up" has to be done. This means that
+all the unburnt timber on the ground has to be rolled together and
+burnt. Tree-ferns should not be felled, as they do not burn well. The
+best way of killing them is to cut off the fronds just below where they
+spring from the stem. Some knack is required to cut in just the right
+place, but it is easily acquired. There are certain precautions to be
+observed in burning-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span>off, which the settler should make himself
+acquainted with. Information on this point and in regard to any matters
+of practical interest to the beginner will be furnished gladly and
+without charge by experienced officers of the Department of Agriculture.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i046.jpg"><img src="images/i046-400.jpg" alt="" /></a></div>
+<div class="center">Clearing the Land.</div>
+
+<p>As soon as the land is burnt off the grass may be sown upon it. No
+cultivation is usually given, the grass-seed being sown upon the ashes
+remaining from the burnt scrub, which forms very effective manure.
+Cocksfoot is the grass par excellence for this work, as it is very hardy
+and nutritious, and not attacked by insect pests to the same extent as
+others. Sometimes a mixture of cocksfoot, English rye-grass, and white
+clover is used, or the two grasses alone are planted. Local information
+is the best guide obtainable as to what it is best to plant. Dairying
+thus becomes practicable in a year or two, and returns are received much
+sooner than from any other branch of agriculture. It will, of course, be
+necessary to clear a certain amount of the selection for cultivation, so
+that crops may be grown, and it is often better and cheaper in the end
+to devote the poorer and less heavily timbered parts of the holding to
+this purpose, and buy manure. Some selectors clean up a part of the
+ground of roots and logs, leaving all the big ringed timber standing,
+and plough it up. It requires some skill to steer a plough under these
+conditions, but very good crops can be grown in this way.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>Butter Factories.</h3>
+
+<p>Properly equipped butter factories are situated at Launceston (2),
+Deloraine, Burnie, Emu Bay, Wynyard, Stanley, Smithton, Wilmot,
+Ringarooma, Derby, and Pyengana. In the south there are only two of any
+magnitude, one in Hobart, and the other at Bream Creek. A well-equipped
+factory has been established on King Island, in Bass Straits, a locality
+that has been found very suitable for dairying.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3><a name="DAIRY_HERDS" id="DAIRY_HERDS"></a>Dairy Herds.</h3>
+
+<p>The dairy herds of the State until a few years ago were of a somewhat
+nondescript type, very few farmers having realised the necessity of
+improving the butter-yielding capacity of their stock. Recently,
+however, great improvements have taken place, as the dairying industry
+has advanced, until now many Tasmanian dairymen own herds of the highest
+standard. The work of improving the milking strains of cattle is in the
+hands of the farmers themselves, but advice and assistance are always
+obtainable from the Government Dairy Expert.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3><a name="CHEESE_MAKING" id="CHEESE_MAKING"></a>Cheese-making.</h3>
+
+<p>This is a highly profitable branch of dairy farming, and the product is
+so small in bulk compared with its value that it is eminently portable.
+Cheese-making can therefore be carried on under conditions where other
+forms of production would be difficult.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> Some skill and knowledge are
+required, but the Dairy Expert regularly gives lectures and
+demonstrations on the subject in all the principal agricultural centres,
+so that any intelligent person can easily obtain all the information he
+requires.</p>
+
+<p>The principal cheese factories in the State are situated at St. Mary's,
+Pyengana, Emu Bay, Devonport, and Circular Head.</p>
+
+<p>The cheese produced is very good in quality, and a considerable export
+trade will soon be developed in it.</p>
+
+<hr />
+<h3><a name="BACON_CURING" id="BACON_CURING"></a>Bacon-Curing</h3>
+
+<p>The production of hams and bacon is one of the collateral industries
+connected with dairying, as the skim-milk and waste products form a very
+valuable food for fattening pigs. Excellent bacon is produced in
+Tasmania, and a good deal is exported, but not nearly what might be
+produced.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/i048.jpg"><img src="images/i048-400.jpg" alt="" /></a></div>
+<div class="center">Group of Prize Bulls.</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>Dairy Factories.</h3>
+
+<p>It is the introduction of the dairy factory system that has solved the
+problem of success or failure for the dairy farmer. These institutions
+are becoming fairly numerous throughout the State, and are all equipped
+with the most modern machinery and managed by expert men. The farmer
+nearly always, nowadays, has his cream separator, and all he has to take
+to the factory is the cream, which does not occupy much space, while the
+skimmed milk remains on the farm for feeding pigs or calves. Some of the
+dairy factories in the State are proprietary, but others are on the
+co-operative system, under which the farmers are the owners, and share
+in the general profits, as well as being paid for their cream.</p>
+
+
+<div class="center"><span class="smcap">McCarron, Bird &amp; Co.</span>., Printers, 479 Collins Street, Melbourne.</div>
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a><p>The personnel of the Commission was as follows:&mdash;Sir T.
+Carlaw Martin, Edinburgh (Chairman); Sir John R. G. Sinclair, Bart.,
+Barrock House, Wick (Vice Chairman); Dr. J. H. Wilson, F.R.S.E., St.
+Andrew's University; Dr. Shirra Gibb Boon, Lauder; William Barber, M.A.,
+Tererran, Moniaive; J. McHutchen Dobbie, Campend, Dalkeith; James
+Dunlop, Kilmarnock; R. B. Greig, F.R.S.E., Cults; William Henderson,
+Lawton, Coupar-Angus; James Keith, Pitmeddan, Udny; E. E. Morrison,
+M.A., Bonnington, Siravithie; and Alex. M. Prain, Errol (Secretary).</p></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Australia The Dairy Country, by 
+Australia Department of External Affairs
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AUSTRALIA THE DAIRY COUNTRY ***
+
+***** This file should be named 25527-h.htm or 25527-h.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/2/5/5/2/25527/
+
+Produced by Nick Wall and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+
+</pre>
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i002-400.jpg b/25527-h/images/i002-400.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e548c46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i002-400.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i002.jpg b/25527-h/images/i002.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..672ee39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i002.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i003-400.jpg b/25527-h/images/i003-400.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..be910a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i003-400.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i003.jpg b/25527-h/images/i003.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c4fa061
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i003.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i004-400.jpg b/25527-h/images/i004-400.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..87331df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i004-400.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i004.jpg b/25527-h/images/i004.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6c98b0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i004.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i006-400.jpg b/25527-h/images/i006-400.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2cd5140
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i006-400.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i006.jpg b/25527-h/images/i006.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9d034d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i006.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i007-400.jpg b/25527-h/images/i007-400.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..045570b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i007-400.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i007.jpg b/25527-h/images/i007.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cab8ed8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i007.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i008-400.jpg b/25527-h/images/i008-400.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5dea9f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i008-400.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i008.jpg b/25527-h/images/i008.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..97a6bda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i008.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i009-400.jpg b/25527-h/images/i009-400.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d05916c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i009-400.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i009.jpg b/25527-h/images/i009.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..307ac61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i009.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i011-400.jpg b/25527-h/images/i011-400.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1dbcf9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i011-400.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i011.jpg b/25527-h/images/i011.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..22310a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i011.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i012-400.jpg b/25527-h/images/i012-400.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ded4e92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i012-400.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i012.jpg b/25527-h/images/i012.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..27e088d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i012.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i013-400.jpg b/25527-h/images/i013-400.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3af9626
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i013-400.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i013.jpg b/25527-h/images/i013.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..55cc44f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i013.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i015-400.jpg b/25527-h/images/i015-400.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3186bae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i015-400.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i015.jpg b/25527-h/images/i015.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8ec2ff8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i015.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i017-400.jpg b/25527-h/images/i017-400.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d6f304d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i017-400.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i017.jpg b/25527-h/images/i017.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2ce2568
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i017.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i018-400.jpg b/25527-h/images/i018-400.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a665468
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i018-400.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i018.jpg b/25527-h/images/i018.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5721cfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i018.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i019-400.jpg b/25527-h/images/i019-400.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cc9c47a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i019-400.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i019.jpg b/25527-h/images/i019.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..00d5740
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i019.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i020-400.jpg b/25527-h/images/i020-400.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0f22a2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i020-400.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i020.jpg b/25527-h/images/i020.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bfe7ddc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i020.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i021-400.jpg b/25527-h/images/i021-400.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ad5305e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i021-400.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i021.jpg b/25527-h/images/i021.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7321500
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i021.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i022-400.jpg b/25527-h/images/i022-400.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..13a0532
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i022-400.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i022.jpg b/25527-h/images/i022.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..537bf3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i022.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i023-400.jpg b/25527-h/images/i023-400.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e1ccb96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i023-400.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i023.jpg b/25527-h/images/i023.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7204bc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i023.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i024-400.jpg b/25527-h/images/i024-400.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..27bb0ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i024-400.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i024.jpg b/25527-h/images/i024.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..26df7aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i024.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i025-400.jpg b/25527-h/images/i025-400.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..77cedd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i025-400.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i025.jpg b/25527-h/images/i025.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..712936b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i025.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i027-400.jpg b/25527-h/images/i027-400.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b4966d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i027-400.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i027.jpg b/25527-h/images/i027.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9535ce2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i027.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i028-400.jpg b/25527-h/images/i028-400.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..239727e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i028-400.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i028.jpg b/25527-h/images/i028.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5ea5a8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i028.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i029-400.jpg b/25527-h/images/i029-400.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bc6e868
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i029-400.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i029.jpg b/25527-h/images/i029.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..86c0bf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i029.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i030-400.jpg b/25527-h/images/i030-400.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4867f4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i030-400.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i030.jpg b/25527-h/images/i030.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4de66e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i030.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i031-400.jpg b/25527-h/images/i031-400.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dacb8bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i031-400.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i031.jpg b/25527-h/images/i031.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..22e4a3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i031.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i032-400.jpg b/25527-h/images/i032-400.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..be58c83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i032-400.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i032.jpg b/25527-h/images/i032.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5181a3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i032.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i033-400.jpg b/25527-h/images/i033-400.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5e40fa4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i033-400.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i033.jpg b/25527-h/images/i033.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..62fbaa1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i033.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i035-400.jpg b/25527-h/images/i035-400.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b97ea05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i035-400.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i035.jpg b/25527-h/images/i035.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..66f236b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i035.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i036-400.jpg b/25527-h/images/i036-400.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c63626
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i036-400.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i036.jpg b/25527-h/images/i036.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e956812
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i036.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i037-400.jpg b/25527-h/images/i037-400.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5120df3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i037-400.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i037.jpg b/25527-h/images/i037.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5e60c2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i037.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i039-400.jpg b/25527-h/images/i039-400.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cc4d5fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i039-400.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i039.jpg b/25527-h/images/i039.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3a2c737
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i039.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i040-400.jpg b/25527-h/images/i040-400.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cf30c7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i040-400.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i040.jpg b/25527-h/images/i040.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7ead917
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i040.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i041-400.jpg b/25527-h/images/i041-400.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b6752ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i041-400.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i041.jpg b/25527-h/images/i041.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bc44ff7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i041.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i042-400.jpg b/25527-h/images/i042-400.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3992a4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i042-400.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i042.jpg b/25527-h/images/i042.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b7d936c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i042.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i043-400.jpg b/25527-h/images/i043-400.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d86a9ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i043-400.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i043.jpg b/25527-h/images/i043.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b464219
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i043.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i044-400.jpg b/25527-h/images/i044-400.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..29ec7cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i044-400.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i044.jpg b/25527-h/images/i044.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..db49e46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i044.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i045-400.jpg b/25527-h/images/i045-400.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..06c4711
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i045-400.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i045.jpg b/25527-h/images/i045.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1aac5ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i045.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i046-400.jpg b/25527-h/images/i046-400.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0af6c93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i046-400.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i046.jpg b/25527-h/images/i046.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d2319f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i046.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i048-400.jpg b/25527-h/images/i048-400.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4ba0434
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i048-400.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/i048.jpg b/25527-h/images/i048.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..93db20d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/i048.jpg
diff --git a/25527-h/images/icover.jpg b/25527-h/images/icover.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4ad79a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527-h/images/icover.jpg
diff --git a/25527.txt b/25527.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd21c50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2006 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Australia The Dairy Country, by
+Australia Department of External Affairs
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Australia The Dairy Country
+
+Author: Australia Department of External Affairs
+
+Release Date: May 19, 2008 [EBook #25527]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AUSTRALIA THE DAIRY COUNTRY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Nick Wall and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+     DEPARTMENT OF EXTERNAL AFFAIRS, MELBOURNE.
+
+
+     AUSTRALIA: _The_ Dairy Country
+
+
+     Dairy Farmers are specially invited and assisted to come to
+     Australia because it is considered that in a progressive young
+     Country with so much Territory adapted for Dairying such Settlers
+     will advance the interest of the Country and of themselves.
+
+
+     PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE MINISTER OF STATE FOR EXTERNAL
+     AFFAIRS, MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA . . . . 1915.
+
+
+     By Authority: McCARRON, BIRD & CO., Printers. 479 Collins Street,
+     Melbourne.
+
+
+[Illustration: Note the Shedding is of very light description.]
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+                                             PAGE
+
+     Bacon-Curing                             48
+     Bee Farming                              21
+     Breeds of Cattle in Use                  33
+     Butter Exported                          11
+     Cheese-making                            47
+     Clearing Land                            45
+     Condensed Milk                           36
+     Conditions of Selection                  45
+     Co-op. Factories, Facilities given       36
+     Cost of Starting a Farm                  27, 34
+     Dairy Herds                              47
+     Experiences of Farmers                   35
+     Facilities Offered to Dairymen           31, 38, 42
+     Gov'mnt. Assistance to the Farmer        31
+     Grasses                                  35
+     Growth of the Industry                   10
+     Labour Conditions                         5
+     Land for Dairy Farming                   26, 31, 32, 43
+     Land, Price of                           26, 33, 43
+     Monetary Aid to Settlers                 25
+     New South Wales                          26-27
+     Pig Raising                              14
+     Poultry Farming                          20
+     Profit per Cow                           33, 40
+     Queensland                               31-36
+     Seasons                                   7
+     South Australia                          37-40
+     Share System of Dairying                 22
+     Size of Average Herd                     34
+     State Supervision                        12
+     Stock, Price of                          33
+     Tasmania                                 44-48
+     Victoria                                 27-31
+     Western Australia                        40-44
+     Winter Feed                              35
+
+
+
+
+     Information Concerning AUSTRALIA
+     may be obtained on application to--
+
+
+     IN AMERICA:
+
+     AUSTRALIAN PAVILION,
+     PANAMA PACIFIC EXHIBITION.
+
+     NIEL NIELSEN, Esq.,
+     Trade and Immigration Commissioner for New South Wales,
+     419 Market Street, San Francisco.
+
+     F. T. A. FRICKE, Esq.,
+     Land and Immigration Agent for Victoria,
+     687 Market Street, San Francisco.
+
+
+     IN LONDON:
+
+     The High Commissioner for
+     THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA,
+     72 Victoria Street, Westminster, London, S.W.
+
+
+     IN AUSTRALIA:
+
+     THE SECRETARY,
+     DEPARTMENT OF EXTERNAL AFFAIRS,
+     Collins and Spring Streets, Melbourne.
+
+
+
+
+The suitability of Australia as a country for the dairyman is referred
+to in the report of the Scottish Agricultural Commission,[A] who toured
+the States of the Commonwealth in 1910-11, in the following terms:--
+
+[Illustration: An up-to-date Milking Yard.]
+
+     "The practice of dairying, in a limited domestic sense, as applied
+     to the milking of a few cows and the making of a little butter and
+     cheese for family use, is as old as the history of mankind, and in
+     that restricted meaning dairying has been carried on in Australia
+     since the arrival of the first settlers. But the industry as
+     existing there to-day is a vastly different matter, being already
+     of great importance, and promising rapid and extensive development.
+     It is a young industry, so recently out of its infancy that if this
+     report had been written fifteen years ago the section on dairying
+     might have been almost as brief as the famous chapter on snakes in
+     Ireland.
+
+[Illustration: Cream Carts at the Factory.]
+
+     "The live stock brought to Sydney by Captain Phillip in 1788, and
+     sent to propagate their kind at Farm Cove, consisted of one bull,
+     four cows, one calf, and seven pigs. Their descendants in 1908
+     included about ten and a-half millions of cattle, of which nearly
+     two millions were dairy cows. This is about one cow for every two
+     persons in the Commonwealth, which seems a large proportion, but as
+     it means only one cow for every two square miles in Australia,
+     there is ample room for expansion. In Great Britain we have about
+     twenty-six cows for every square mile, and only one cow for every
+     fifteen people. These figures indicate that in proportion to its
+     population Australia is much more of a dairying country than Great
+     Britain, but that in proportion to its area, it has developed the
+     industry much less extensively, and is still capable of making
+     enormous growth. Until within comparatively recent years there was
+     little dairying anywhere in the Commonwealth, and what little there
+     was appears to have been carried on by somewhat primitive methods.
+     Modern developments, the spread of scientific knowledge, the
+     fostering care of Government, and, above everything, the advent of
+     the separator, of the milking machine, and of the freezer have
+     changed all that. To-day the industry is prospering and full of
+     promise....
+
+     "There is no denying the fact that every State in the Commonwealth
+     has extensive districts where dairying could be carried on very
+     profitably. Indeed there must be very few parts of the world where
+     Nature does so much to help and so little to hinder the provident
+     and industrious producer of milk.
+
+     "The most important advantage of all is undoubtedly the climate,
+     and that, like many another thing of value, is a good servant, but
+     a bad master. It would not be easy to overstate the benefit a
+     dairyman receives from being relieved of the need for housing,
+     hand-feeding, and tending his cows during a long winter. His cows
+     are healthier, their feeding costs less, there is no cleaning of
+     byres, no washing of floors, no preparing of food, no never-ending
+     carting of turnips, no filling of sheds with hay or straw. His
+     anxiety, his work, and his expense are reduced by half, through the
+     simple agency of a friendly climate. And yet this same climate is
+     also his most dangerous enemy.
+
+     "There are certainly also adverse influences which must not be
+     forgotten, but a careful examination of the whole position will
+     probably lead to the conclusion that Australia is, on the whole, a
+     good dairyman's country.
+
+     "The advantages include:--(1) Cheap land, (2) cheap cows, (3)
+     inexpensive buildings, (4) a climate permitting cows to be in the
+     open all the year round, (5) a convenient market and a fair price
+     at the factories, (6) helpful Government supervision.
+
+     "The disadvantages are:--(1) Dear and scarce labour, (2) an
+     inferior stock of milk cows, (3) occasional dry seasons, and (4)
+     the farmer's inexperience and ignorance of scientific dairying."
+
+These several points are touched on in this pamphlet in the chapters
+dealing with the individual States, but some general remarks are offered
+here in regard to the four points mentioned as operating
+disadvantageously.
+
+(1) _Dear and Scarce Labour._--Every young country at times experiences
+the difficulty of procuring sufficient skilled assistance to keep pace
+with the rapid expansion of its industries. Australia is no exception.
+Dairy farmers there have not always been able to obtain experienced
+milkers. The farmer with children old enough to assist him is at a great
+advantage, and some of the most successful dairy farms in the
+Commonwealth are worked mainly by the owners and their families. But
+where the herd is too large, or the family too small, the milking
+machine, which is really a valuable aid to the dairyman, has been
+pressed into use, with satisfactory results.
+
+[Illustration: A fine herd of Holsteins.]
+
+There is no doubt that rapid as has been the expansion of this industry
+in Australia, its development has been distinctly retarded by the want
+of reliable milkers.
+
+But what is the farmer's bane is the farm labourer's boon. The scarcity
+of labour has checked the farmer's operations, but it gives the man
+seeking employment a wider field.
+
+Competent milkers readily find employment at $4.80 to $6.00 per week and
+keep. In every important district good dairy hands also have facilities
+extended to them for entering into arrangements for dairying on shares,
+with profit to themselves (see pp. 16-18).
+
+(2) _An Inferior Stock of Milk Cows._--The fact that while in many
+districts there are to be found dairy herds averaging barely 300 gallons
+per cow per annum, with a butter fat percentage of little over 3.5,
+carried on the same class of land as herds which average over 500
+gallons per cow, with over 4 per cent. butter fat, will enable any dairy
+farmer to realise how much room there is for improvement in this
+thriving young industry, and what scope there is for the man accustomed
+to get the best results from his land and his herd. But the Governments
+of the respective States afford special facilities by way of importing
+and placing at the disposal of farmers stud cattle of the highest
+standards. Private persons are also doing a great deal in importing and
+breeding high-class animals. Herd-testing associations are becoming more
+numerous. Farmers are learning that it is profitable to keep milk
+records and to cull out of their herds the cows that do not give payable
+yields, and pronounced advancement is being made in this direction.
+
+(3) _Occasional Dry Seasons._--The effects of dry spells, which
+sometimes occur even in the best-watered dairying districts, can be
+greatly minimised by the conservation of fodder, by cheap and easy
+methods of silage. So rich is the country in succulent natural grasses,
+and so congenial is the climate, that farmers exhibit a tendency to rely
+too much on the bounty of the seasons. This is what the Scottish
+Commission meant when they referred to the friendly climate as being the
+dairyman's most dangerous enemy. It is true that in normal years milch
+cows may depasture the whole year long on the natural pastures, and on
+this food alone yield milk of magnificent flavour, producing butter and
+cheese of the highest quality. But there should be put by to supplement
+the natural fodder during dry times a supply of food either as hay or
+silage. The experts of the various agricultural departments strongly
+advocate the use of the silo, but the advice has not yet been generally
+adopted.
+
+As the loss in the silo is insignificant, it can be realised how cheaply
+ample stores of the best class of stand-by fodder can be conserved.
+Silos to hold 100 tons cost about $480.00 to construct, and a cutter and
+elevator about $144.00. To this would have to be added the cost of a
+horse-works or engine, but until a settler is in a position to indulge
+in the most up-to-date outfit, he can follow the usual practice of
+serving his greenstuff in the form of stack silage, which entails a very
+moderate outlay.
+
+[Illustration: Silos, Victoria.]
+
+Many crops excellent for silage are easily grown, and the cultivation
+areas need never be idle for a day at any time of the year. As one crop
+becomes fit to use, the land can be replanted irrespective of weather
+conditions. For instance, in spring (September) maize or sorghum can be
+sown, either over the whole area at once or at intervals of a week or a
+month up to January. In three to three and a-half months, during which
+time the pastures are at their best, and there is no need for
+supplementary fodder, the first of the areas will be ready for use as
+green fodder, or for conversion into silage to serve as a cheap and
+juicy winter fodder. In many districts as soon as the earliest-sown
+maize crop is harvested a second maize or sorghum crop is planted, and
+by the time that is ready to cut, barley and vetches or field peas can
+be planted to come in to supplement the stores of winter fodder.
+
+[Illustration: A fine growth of Sorghum--Victoria.--An excellent fodder
+crop.]
+
+Maize is harvested for silage when the cobs are well filled, and the
+grain is beginning to glaze; at this stage a normal crop will yield
+about 20 tons greenstuff per acre. Sorghum will produce about 15 tons,
+and barley and vetches or peas about 10 tons per acre. Wheat and oats
+are often grown in order to be cut for hay, and make an excellent
+fodder.
+
+Another most valuable crop to the dairyman is lucerne, which will keep
+in a well-built stack for an indefinite time.
+
+(4) _The Farmer's inexperience and ignorance of Scientific
+Dairying._--To this last point the Scottish Commissioners furnish a
+reply in their report.
+
+[Illustration: A typical Australian Dairy Farm.]
+
+"A great many," the report states, "of those engaged in producing milk
+have had no training in the business. If a man can milk a cow, or is
+willing to learn, he thinks himself quite able to run a dairy farm. In
+time, if he is intelligent and observant, he becomes as expert at his
+trade as if he had never done anything else; but his experience has
+certainly cost him a good deal. The men who are neither intelligent nor
+observant learn little from experience, and their dairy methods leave
+much to be desired. It is they who breed their cows anyhow, who keep no
+kind of milk records, who think it economy to bring in their cows to the
+calving as hard as wood, who depend entirely on pasture for food, who
+make no provision for drought, who have nothing to learn from anybody,
+and who are keeping the reputation of the Australian cow at a level much
+below respectability. By-and-by, no doubt, this type of man will become
+scarcer. The State Governments are doing what is possible to spread
+abroad scientific knowledge in dairying matters, and a younger
+generation is growing up that has been made familiar both with the
+practice and the theory of milk production. When their time comes it is
+certain they will make dairying highly profitable. The fact that, with
+an average milk yield of 'something under 250 gallons per annum,' the
+industry as a whole is in a prosperous condition affords the most
+remarkable testimony possible to the excellence of Australia as a
+dairyman's country. What will happen when the average doubles itself,
+and attains, as it surely will, the moderate figure of 500 gallons per
+annum?"
+
+
+A Phenomenal Growth.
+
+Starting out with splendid natural advantages--a wide range of soils of
+great fertility, indigenous grasses of high food value, and a congenial
+climate--the dairying industry in Australia has made phenomenal strides.
+
+The establishment throughout the chief districts of co-operative
+factories, owned and managed by the farmers themselves, and the
+introduction of cold storage greatly stimulated its growth. During the
+last decade its advancement has been remarkable. The Australian dairy
+industry is based on the world's markets. Every year the demand in
+various countries for Australian and other dairy and farmyard products
+increases, and the large home market is also expanding.
+
+The facilities for supervision, handling, and transportation are
+improving, and Australian dairymen to-day obtain high prices in both
+local and outside markets for their produce. It is stated that in South
+Australia dairymen who delivered good cream were able to secure from the
+factories an average of $0.22 per lb. from the butter made therefrom.
+
+The following table shows at once the advance of the dairying industry
+(including poultry farming and bee culture):--
+
+                                       TEN YEARS.
+    +-------------------------+----------------+----------------+---------+
+    |                         |      1902.     |      1912.     |Increase.|
+    +-------------------------+----------------+----------------+---------+
+    |Dairy Cows          No   | 1,113,911      |  2,086,885     | 87.34 % |
+    |Pigs                No   |   777,289      |    845,255     |  8.88 % |
+    |Hives               No   |    80,111      |    167,441     |109.01 % |
+    |Production (quantity)--  |                |                |         |
+    |  Butter                 |79,572,327 lbs. |187,194,161 lbs.|135.25 % |
+    |  Cheese                 |10,005,787 lbs. | 16,160,491 lbs.| 61.50 % |
+    |  Bacon and Ham          |30,608,345 lbs. | 54,192,175 lbs.| 77.05 % |
+    |  Honey                  | 2,873,763 lbs. |  8,007,492 lbs.|178.63 % |
+    |  Beeswax                |    68,243 lbs. |    130,959 lbs.| 91.90 % |
+    +-------------------------+----------------+----------------+---------+
+
+                                       FIVE YEARS.
+    +-------------------------+----------------+----------------+---------+
+    |                         |      1907.     |      1912.     |Increase.|
+    +-------------------------+----------------+----------------+---------+
+    |Production (total value) |$74,803,200.00  |$97,344,000.00  | 30.13 % |
+    +-------------------------+----------------+----------------+---------+
+
+                                       TEN YEARS.
+    +-------------------------+----------------+----------------+---------+
+    |                         |      1902.     |      1912.     |Increase.|
+    +-------------------------+----------------+----------------+---------+
+    |Exports (Value)--        |                |                |         |
+    |  Butter                 | 1,820,371.20   | 16,044,681.60  |         |
+    |  Cheese                 |    20,592.00   |     27,648.00  |         |
+    |  Condensed Milk         |    55,689.60   |     92,308.80  |         |
+    |  Bacon and Hams         |    37,060.80   |    328,814.40  |         |
+    |  Lard                   |     6,100.80   |    177,902.40  |         |
+    |  Frozen Pork            |    70,339.20   |     79,972.80  |         |
+    |  Honey                  |     7,891.20   |      9,235.20  |         |
+    |  Other items            |   269,246.40   |     78,859.20  |         |
+    |-------------------------+----------------+----------------+---------+
+    |        Total            |$2,287,291.20   |$16,839,422.40  |636.21 % |
+    +-------------------------+----------------+----------------+---------+
+
+[Illustration: In the Butter Factory.]
+
+The United Kingdom purchases the great bulk of Australian butter--about
+88 per cent.--but considerable quantities also go to Canada, Ceylon,
+China, the Dutch East Indies, Egypt, Hongkong, the Islands of the
+Pacific, Japan, Philippine Islands, the Straits Settlements and South
+Africa.
+
+Besides the co-operative factories there are many proprietary concerns,
+and the farmer is benefited by the keen competition between them. The
+establishments in the Commonwealth where the manufacture of butter,
+cheese, and condensed milk is carried on number several hundreds. They
+are distributed throughout all the States, but they are larger and more
+numerous in New South Wales, Victoria, and Queensland.
+
+[Illustration: In the Cheese Factory.]
+
+Cream separation and butter-making are often carried on together under
+the co-operative system. The creation of large central butter factories,
+supplied by numerous separating establishments or "creameries," has
+resulted in a considerable reduction in the cost of manufacture, since
+improved appliances, such as refrigerators, may be profitably worked at
+the larger establishments. The product is also of a more uniform
+quality. The number of farmers who adhere to hand processes is rapidly
+diminishing. Formerly the average quantity of milk used per lb. of
+hand-made butter was about 3 gallons, but separator butter requires only
+about 2.6 gallons.
+
+
+State Supervision.
+
+Each of the State Agricultural Departments exercises considerable
+supervision in regard to the industry. Dairy experts are employed to
+give instruction in approved methods of production, to examine animals,
+to inspect the buildings used for milking, separating and butter-making,
+and to examine the marketable produce. A high standard of dairy hygiene,
+cleanliness of _personnel_ and _materiel_ and purity of produce have
+also been insisted upon under State laws. Financial assistance has been
+given to facilitate the economic handling of dairy products, and much
+benefit has resulted, the advances having generally been promptly
+repaid.
+
+For the maintenance of the purity and quality of Australian butter and
+other dairy produce, the Commerce Act passed by the Commonwealth
+Government requires that each of these articles shall conform to certain
+standards. Butter intended for shipment oversea must be covered with a
+true trade description, and that the following information should appear
+on each box:--The word "Australia," the name of the State in which it
+was produced, net weight, manufacturer's or exporter's name or
+registered brand, and the words "pure creamery butter," "pastry butter,"
+"milled butter" (that is, butter which is a mixture or blend of two or
+more butters ordinarily packed alone and under separate names or
+brands), or "repacked butter," as the case may require. Other matters
+may be added, but must be true, and not liable to mislead. Margarine
+must be so stamped or marked. All butter and other dairy products
+intended for export must be sent for inspection to appointed places. The
+inspecting officer issues a certificate on the authorised form that it
+is up to the standard.
+
+The regulations now in force contain important provisions in regard to
+the standard for export dairy products. By means of these provisions
+purity and quality are guaranteed. Trade is also facilitated, since
+quantities of butter are purchased solely on the certificate issued,
+without inspection. The standard for butter, the most important dairy
+article, is as follows:--Butter which contains only--No fat other than
+butter fat, not more than 16 per cent. of water, 3 per cent. of casein,
+0.5 per cent. of boric acid, 4 per cent. of salt, or less than 82 per
+cent. of butter fat; or any colouring matter deemed by the Minister for
+Trade and Customs to be harmless.
+
+[Illustration: Lucerne Hay.]
+
+
+Subsidiary Industries.
+
+_Pig-Raising._--Not least among the rural industries awaiting a far
+wider development in Australia is that of pig raising. For very many
+years the number of these animals raised in the different States showed
+no appreciable increase, though of more recent years improvements in
+this direction have been noticeable. Yet the rate of progress is quite
+unequal to the requirements of local demand and of the export business.
+
+Pig raising for years has been a kind of subsidiary industry to
+dairying, and as such has seldom received the attention warranted by the
+returns yielded. To some extent it has been the ease with which these
+profits have been obtained that has brought about the condition of
+affairs existent to within a few years ago. Pig raising now, instead of
+being regarded merely as an adjunct to dairying, is being looked upon
+much in the same light as is a main line whether connected with dairying
+or general farming. This is indicated by the fact that where previously
+any description of boar or sow was good enough to produce a litter, now
+both farmers and dairymen are using chiefly the pedigree stock, and are
+giving attention to the different crosses most likely to give the
+largest litters suitable for bacon production, which can be brought into
+condition for market in the quickest time. The introduction of these
+businesslike methods has naturally resulted in greater gains, and has
+further given a stimulus to the pig-raising industry.
+
+The policy of closer settlement which is entering freely into the rural
+development of the various States is furthermore causing farmers and
+settlers to give more careful attention to any side industry which can
+be made to return a good margin of profit on the labour expended. In
+other words, the modern farmer is becoming more alive to the business
+possibilities of what may be termed specialised production. It is in
+this fact that the future development of the pig-raising industry
+depends. A dairyman, general farmer, irrigationist, and even the
+fruitgrower finds the pig of inestimable value in using up the waste
+produce, and turning it into a commodity which will return high interest
+in a remarkably short space of time.
+
+This turn of events is making itself felt in other directions.
+Bacon-curing establishments and co-operative factories are coming into
+existence where formerly supplies would never have justified their
+presence, and the result is that those who have suitable classes of pigs
+to dispose of find no difficulty in turning them over at lucrative
+prices.
+
+This, however, can only be regarded as a commencement in the turn of
+affairs, for with the increased demand and added facilities of
+marketing, the sound establishment of the industry is each year becoming
+more assured.
+
+[Illustration: 1. A Modern Piggery.]
+
+[Illustration: 2. Feeding pigs with corn grown on the farm.]
+
+As an instance of the value of this side line to the settler, the
+experience of a Victorian irrigated block owner, as related in the
+columns of the Melbourne "Argus," is worth recording. Writing from
+Rochester, Vic., the local correspondent reported as follows:--"The pig
+industry is becoming of great and growing importance on our irrigation
+holdings, and that settlers are recognising its great value as an
+adjunct to dairying is proved by the fact that there are now on the
+settlements four times as many pigs as there were a year ago. A leading
+auctioneer estimates that, with improved facilities, the sales in
+Rochester would in the near future amount to 1000 a month. The methods
+adopted on the irrigation farm of Messrs. Jacob and Kennedy, at
+Nannulla, show that pig raising is a leading factor in their success.
+Mr. Jacob demonstrated that $192 per acre a year can be realised from
+pigs reared almost wholly on lucerne, for half an acre suffices for the
+sustenance of a brood sow and her progeny of about 20 per annum till
+they are fit for market. Well-bred animals pay best, especially in the
+case of the sire, for which a Yorkshire is recommended. Mr. Jacob is
+prepared to submit his books and returns to those interested, as he did
+to the writer.... It has to be observed that pig raising does not
+require either the capital or experience demanded in the case of sheep."
+
+These facts relate in a general way to the industry as it is possible to
+be carried on in all parts of the Commonwealth. A dairy man or mixed
+farmer finds that the carrying on of his work at a maximum of profit
+involves the growth of a number of different crops with which to
+supplement the rations of his dairy herd. Peas, barley, wheat, maize,
+pumpkins, carrots, mangolds, lucerne, rape, and other crops are more or
+less used for a succession. Each one of these is of special value from
+the pig-raiser's standpoint. Both peas and barley have a high value for
+fattening purposes, and some of the successful breeders maintain that
+the addition of wheat contributes largely towards rapid development.
+Similarly the root crops play an important part in the general rations,
+whereas lucerne and rape make an admirable pasture for the running of
+stores and breeding sows. General experience has shown that when pigs
+which are being fattened for market have the run of a good pasture of
+these crops they do better and fatten on much less food. Consequently
+with some one or another or several of these crops to supplement the
+skim milk provided by the dairying operations, no more favourable
+conditions could well exist for the development of this adjunct to the
+dairying industry.
+
+With suitable root and pasture crops there is no reason why pig raising
+should remain merely as an offshoot of dairying and farming operations.
+It is sufficiently remunerative even when all food has to be purchased
+on the open market to justify attention being devoted to raising alone.
+But such circumstances do not enter into the operation of the industry
+as managed in Australia. The close proximity of separating factories
+would in many districts make it possible for a breeder to entirely
+ignore the dairying side of the question. From these sources such
+supplies of skim milk as were considered an advisable supplement to the
+ordinary rations might easily be obtained. With only very limited
+supplies of skim milk pig raising and fattening affords wide scope for
+the investments of men with limited capital. F. C. Grace, of
+Warrnambool, Victoria, who recently went into the matter of the cost of
+producing pork, indicates the possibilities of the bacon industry in a
+report furnished to the State Department of Agriculture. In this account
+he states:--"Over 6 tons of live pork have been produced, and the
+average cost per pound for all rations with pigs of all ages has been 4
+cents. The actual selling price has been 10 cents per pound, but a
+number of the pigs were sold as studs, somewhat above market price.
+Taking the average of all pigs sold in the open yards for bacon
+purposes, about 4-1/2 tons, the selling price was 10 cents per pound--a
+margin of over 6 cents per pound over and above the cost of feed."
+
+This statement is of interest as showing the position of the industry
+when everything has been paid for at well above market rates for the
+produce, and in a degree serves to emphasise the much-improved position
+of the breeder who, with root crops and pasture land, is able to
+dispense with the costs incurred in purchasing foods for fattening
+purposes on the open market.
+
+[Illustration: A Happy Family.]
+
+Throughout the Commonwealth there is a difference of opinion regarding
+the relative value of the manner in which the predominating breeds, the
+Berkshire and Yorkshire, are crossed in raising pigs for market. This no
+doubt will always exist, owing to predilection of breeders towards
+particular types, and to the relative merits resulting from the various
+crosses. The main point is that both breeds are wonderfully well suited
+to Australian conditions, and that they are prolific. Brood sows will,
+if kept in an ordinarily thrifty condition, farrow two litters of pigs
+in the year, which will number from eight to twelve pigs to the litter.
+If anything, the predominating cross favours the use of the Yorkshire
+boar with the Berkshire sow. The cross has this advantage that the
+litters will consist of all white pigs. The boar used should be pure and
+the sow of good type, preferably three-quarter bred. The average litter
+from such a cross is eight. These, if kept until about five months, will
+weigh out at about 140 lbs., and at 12 cents per lb., the ruling price,
+will return approximately $16.80 apiece, or $268.80 per year from each
+sow. In some instances as many as five litters may be obtained during a
+period of two years, but when this is done too much is taken out of the
+mother.
+
+Another aspect worth considering in the choice of crossing these two
+breeds is that the Yorkshire sow is a better mother than the Berkshire,
+and the litters produced are larger. In this case there is a lack of
+uniformity in the colour of the litters, a fact which no doubt must
+often cause slight depreciation when the marketing of large numbers of
+pigs is taken into consideration. From experience in the Commonwealth
+the middle Yorkshire of a pure strain is more favoured for breeding
+purposes. He is a quicker grower, of hardy constitution, and as a rule a
+better shaped pig for market requirements.
+
+[Illustration: Typical Dairy Country.]
+
+But while there are differences of opinion in the matter of breeds for
+crossing purposes, it is clear that this subject has never been
+exhaustively determined. For example, while there are advocates for the
+maintenance of pure strains, and the crossing of the Tamworth with both
+the black and white pigs, the large white Yorkshire is practically an
+unknown quantity. Both in Great Britain and in Denmark this breed has
+done more to establish the bacon industry than any other breed. Its
+value is indorsed by experience at Dookie College, where the only pure
+strain of the breed in Victoria is located. The Berkshire sow used with
+the large white boar produces a shapely offspring, which takes on the
+short snout of the sow with the pure white colouring of the boar. The
+cross is a longer pig than the Berkshire, cleaner in the shoulder, but
+with much the same conformation elsewhere. A common plan is to use all
+the longest and deepest sows of the first cross for breeding baconers.
+The pure large Yorkshire is not as economical as the Berkshire if
+growing pigs for the pork trade, as it takes longer to mature. The sows,
+however, average about ten to the litter, and some have fifteen or
+sixteen. Only the fine-haired ones seem to scald, otherwise they stand
+the sun as well as the Berks. They are good doers under a wide range of
+conditions, prolific, vigorous, and more likely to do well under the
+rough circumstances to which they are accustomed on most farms than the
+more delicate Berkshires. When sold at the same time as other breeds and
+crosses, they always top the market; and a half-truck realised over
+$20.00 per head when sold in Melbourne under six months old.
+
+So far as Australian experience has gone there is everything to indicate
+that pig raising, while an extremely profitable occupation, has not yet
+attained the results which may be expected to follow as more attention
+is given to the choice of breeds, the selection of the hogs, and
+fecundity on the part of the sow. These are all matters which from the
+ordinary farming standpoint have never been gone into thoroughly. That
+pig raising will pay and does yield handsome returns is admitted, yet
+when so many avenues of improvement are open, it cannot be said that the
+industry is receiving the attention it deserves. Up to the present
+farmers and dairymen have been chiefly concerned with raising the pigs,
+disposing of them perhaps at two months, or, as more often is the case,
+of keeping them on till four months, when they are topped off and sent
+to market to bring what can be realised. Many send away their pigs too
+fat, and few engaged in the general branches of agriculture really give
+the animals full attention over the growing period.
+
+[Illustration: Dam, Western Australia.]
+
+With the advent of the factories which are springing up in all the
+States, this condition of things will no doubt give place to better
+methods. In the first place breeders will be assured of markets for all
+the pigs produced, and, secondly, the differences in values of prime
+baconers will direct more attention to the greater profits for this
+class of produce.
+
+[Illustration: A well-established Dairy Farm, New South Wales Coast.]
+
+That there is opportunity for a great increase in pig raising is shown
+by the fact that Great Britain pays annually to foreign countries
+$91,200,000.00 for pig products. Statistics show that two great sources
+of supply to the British market (United States and Canada) are gradually
+but surely declining, and before long must cease altogether on account
+of the rapid increase in population, and the consequent increased food
+requirements in those countries. In Denmark we cannot expect to see any
+great increase in production, as the limit also has been nearly reached.
+Holland and Sweden are the only other European countries from which we
+may anticipate competition. The rapid growth of the population in
+Central Europe increases the food requirements of those countries, where
+there is already a short supply of animal foods generally. The present
+condition of the industry shows that there is a possibility of the
+Commonwealth building up a large export trade, even though local demands
+are increasing, at prices which are higher than they were ten or twelve
+years ago, when the number of pigs in the Commonwealth was scarcely a
+thousand head more than at the present time. At the Franco-British
+Exhibition the grand champion prize against the world was secured by
+Australia for pig products in the form of frozen pork, as well as in
+hams and bacon.
+
+_Poultry-farming._--The fact that Australian hens and ducks have broken
+all records in laying competitions serves to indicate the suitability of
+the country for poultry-raising. On general farms, where the birds live
+on food that may otherwise be wasted, poultry are a source of
+considerable profit. The opinion of the Scottish Commission was that
+"Australia possesses natural conditions of almost unequalled value for
+the profitable keeping of poultry. In climate, soil, shelter, and in
+natural food she has the essential attributes to success."
+Poultry-farming is carried on together with wheat or dairying or pig
+farming, but in many places the raising of poultry is carried on as a
+single line. Poultry for consumption is extensively reared, and the
+egg-producing qualities of the birds have also been greatly improved by
+careful breeding. Egg collecting circles have been formed in some
+country districts, to develop (under Government supervision and with
+Government aid until the organisation is self-supporting) the industry
+on co-operative lines. A member of the circle is elected to act as
+secretary, and he receives all the eggs from the members, tests, packs,
+and forwards them to the metropolitan depot for shipment. Only clean and
+fresh eggs are to be delivered to the secretary under penalty of fine
+and expulsion from the circle. Another method of collecting and
+marketing the eggs is through the local butter factories, where eggs are
+delivered by the suppliers of milk and cream a number of times each
+week.
+
+[Illustration: Government Farm.--Pens at Burnley, Victoria, for
+Egg-laying Competition.]
+
+_Bee-farming._--Bee-farming has ordinarily been an adjunct to the
+agricultural or dairying industries, and can hardly yet be said to have
+been organised as a distinct industry. There are many prosperous bee
+farms in the Commonwealth. The indigenous flora is rich in nectar, and
+the quantities of honey stored in single hives are astonishingly large,
+sometimes reaching 400 lbs.
+
+[Illustration: White Leghorns.]
+
+With the farmyard and dairy products of the Commonwealth standing now at
+over $96,000,000.00 per annum, the industry may be said to be well in
+its infancy.
+
+Under the large irrigation projects being carried out in several of the
+States there are splendid opportunities opening up for the carrying on
+of all these industries, either separately or in conjunction.
+
+
+Share Farming.
+
+The system of farming on shares is common in several branches of
+Australian farming, including dairying. To the intelligent and
+industrious man with a limited amount of capital, the system offers many
+opportunities for success. Practical dairymen, and especially those with
+children over fourteen years of age, may obtain a farm on shares. The
+arrangements made between landlords and their tenants on shares are not
+uniform. They differ considerably in individual cases, but the following
+broad outlines of the arrangements made between the parties may be set
+down as having a more or less universal application.
+
+As a general rule the landlord provides--
+
+     (a) The land cleared and fenced into convenient paddocks.
+     (b) The dairy herd.
+     (c) Cowbails and piggeries.
+     (d) All necessary utensils and implements.
+     (e) Dwelling.
+
+On the other hand, the tenant supplies--
+
+     (a) All the labour--milks the cows, separates the cream and carts
+          it to the nearest butter factory.
+     (b) His own horse and cart.
+     (c) Cultivates sufficient land to grow green fodder for the winter.
+
+In some instances the share farmer buys his own dairy utensils, but in
+the greater number of cases the landowner provides them and keeps them
+in repair. The sharing of the profits depends largely upon the character
+of the farm. As a general rule the tenant receives from one-third to
+one-half of the proceeds of all cream or butter sold. He also receives
+from one-third to one-half the value of the pigs raised, and from $1.20
+to $1.80 per head for each calf reared to the age of six months. A man
+is generally given as many cows to milk as he can conveniently manage
+and care for.
+
+[Illustration: In the Cheese Factory.]
+
+There are cases which can be pointed to where a tenant farmer after even
+paying for assistance, makes a profit of from $67.20 to $96.00 every
+month.
+
+It is not possible to state definitely the size of herd that any
+individual can manage, but it is by no means uncommon to see a herd of
+forty head, with from twenty-five to thirty cows in milk at a time,
+managed comfortably by a man and his wife and one sturdy boy or girl of
+fifteen or sixteen years of age. The average returns from a fairly good
+herd, in the majority of districts, may be stated at $4.80 per head per
+month, and as each cow will be milking for seven to eight months at
+least, and there will be the calves and ample separated milk for a good
+many pigs, it will be seen that there is at least a fair living to be
+made, especially when it is remembered that the share dairy farmer,
+under the ordinary arrangements, is living rent free and under
+conditions which enable him to keep household expenses at a minimum.
+
+The conditions regarding cropping and keeping the farm implements in
+repair and caring for the dairy herd are not onerous, and are such as no
+good tenant could object to.
+
+[Illustration: An Extensive Milking Shed.]
+
+Men who contemplate undertaking this class of farming should submit the
+fullest possible details of their experience and qualification to enable
+the officers of the Government Information Bureau to make arrangements
+which will permit of settlement immediately on arrival. It is needless
+to remind experienced dairymen that any owner of dairy cows naturally
+feels it necessary to know a good deal about anyone to whom he is to
+entrust the sole management of a good herd.
+
+[Illustration: Young Dairy Stock.]
+
+
+Monetary Aid to Settlers.
+
+Besides aiding the settler in the various ways already mentioned, viz.,
+by providing the expert personal instruction and advice of officers of
+the Agricultural Departments, in regard to feeding, breeding,
+management, and other matters, by the importation of high-class stud
+cattle, and making them available at cheap rates for herd improvement,
+and in the granting of facilities for the transportation and marketing
+of his produce, the Governments of the Australian States assist the
+dairyman with loans of cheap money. The Advances to Settlers' Board or
+Agricultural Bank in each of the States, lend money to settlers for the
+purpose of repaying existing debts, for building homes, for purchasing
+stock, or for improving and developing their holdings. The sums which
+may be advanced and the terms and conditions of the loans vary in
+different States. Broadly speaking, however, a settler may obtain on the
+security of his land or of his improvements sums ranging from $120.00 to
+$9600.00 at rates of interest varying from 4 per cent. to 6 per cent. on
+easy terms of repayment extending over a long period of years up to, as
+in the States of New South Wales and South Australia, thirty-one years.
+
+
+
+
+NEW SOUTH WALES.
+
+
+In the coastal districts of New South Wales and throughout a vast extent
+of the northern and central tableland districts dairy farming is a
+profitable and constantly-expanding industry.
+
+In the older settled district of Illawarra, comprising the greater
+portion of the south coast district, dairying has been the main industry
+for many years, and there is not much first-class land unoccupied. There
+is, however, in this district ample scope for tenant farmers and for
+dairying on shares on several large estates where the experienced man of
+small means with children old enough to help in the work can make a good
+living, and save with the object of later on obtaining a farm of his
+own. In the north coast district the strides being made in dairying are
+phenomenal. There is a fair amount of first-class unimproved bush
+country available for settlement on the upper reaches of the Tweed and
+Richmond Rivers, and large estates have been subdivided by private
+owners, and offered for sale on very easy terms at from $19.20 to $28.80
+per acre. Many farmers who find that better returns can be obtained by
+carrying a decreased number of specially good cows on a small area
+intensively worked are ready to dispose of areas, so that a new-comer
+with capital necessary to acquire land in this highly-favoured district
+can soon be suited. Owing to the big returns from dairying in the best
+parts of the settled portions of the north coast, land values are high,
+ranging to over $96.00 per acre.
+
+Suitable areas of Crown lands are brought forward from time to time in
+districts adapted for dairying at prices, as a rule, lower than the
+lands in private subdivisions.
+
+In the central and north coast district there are several large private
+subdivisions of excellent dairy land. In the tableland districts, where
+the rainfall averages 30 in. per annum, dairy farming has taken firm
+hold. Private owners are also cutting up tracts of splendid
+partially-improved land, and offering it at from $19.20 to $28.80 per
+acre, on liberal terms.
+
+The natural grasses of New South Wales, especially in the well-watered
+districts along the coast, grow in great luxuriance, and are rich in
+milk-producing qualities. In many districts imported grasses, such as
+Rhodes, Paspalum dilatatum, and Philaris, rye grass and red clover have
+been introduced, and soon become well established. In the most
+favourable portions of the State farmers are able to depend almost
+solely on the grazing qualities of their farms, although the experts of
+the Department strongly assert the wisdom of growing winter feed.
+
+New South Wales has many fine herds of all the approved breeds. The
+Jersey is perhaps the most popular, but there are also many good herds
+of Ayrshires, Guernseys, Holsteins, and other approved breeds.
+
+The co-operative system flourishes in New South Wales. Every important
+centre has its own co-operative butter, cheese or bacon factory. The
+Byron Bay Co-operative Company, situated in the heart of the rich north
+coast district, has an enormous turnover in the neighbourhood of
+$4,800,000.00 sterling each year, and is at least one of the largest
+concerns of its kind in the world.
+
+[Illustration: Calm II.--Champion Jersey Cow.]
+
+To stock a dairy farm of 100 acres, the detailed cost of stock and plant
+necessary to make a good start, exclusive of a bull, is given by
+practical farmers as follows:--
+
+                                                                    $
+     30 Cows at $31.20                                          936.00
+     10 Heifers, springing, at $24.00                           240.00
+     2 Plough Horses at $86.40                                  172.80
+     Harness for plough horses                                   31.20
+     Pigs--2 sows at $10.08; one hog at $15.60                   35.28
+     Separator, cans, buckets, etc.                             240.00
+     Cart and harness                                            86.40
+     Plough, $21.60; harrow, $14.40; cultivator, $12.00          48.00
+     Sundry tools, etc.                                          24.00
+                                                              --------
+                                                              $1813.68
+
+     Including the bull the cost might roughly be put down at $1920.00
+
+
+
+
+VICTORIA.
+
+
+For the past twenty years dairy farming in Victoria has been steadily
+advancing. The industry has proved very successful, so that thousands of
+farmers are not only making a comfortable living from it, but in many
+cases it has raised hard-working families into positions of comparative
+wealth. The principal markets supplied are those of Great Britain,
+South Africa, India, and the East. At present the industry is only in
+its infancy. It is capable of almost unlimited expansion. So far,
+farmers have confined their attention almost exclusively to butter, but
+the first steps have also been successfully taken to manufacture cheese
+and condensed milk, and to open up a regular market for fresh pork,
+hams, and bacon.
+
+[Illustration: How the Dairy Fodder Question is Settled in Australia.]
+
+A large portion of Victoria is suitable for dairy farming on account of
+the suitability of soil for the production of pasture and fodder crops,
+and the mild climatic conditions. For the most part the cows are fed
+solely on the natural pastures, little provision either in the way of
+food or shelter being thought necessary. Progressive farmers, however,
+find that it pays them to grow fodder for their herd and to shelter the
+animals in the winter, and anyone beginning in Victoria is advised to
+make up his mind to cultivate a certain area of his land from the first,
+instead of trusting to grazing alone.
+
+[Illustration: Shorthorn Cattle.]
+
+The southern half of Victoria is divided, roughly speaking, into the
+Western District and Gippsland. Two-thirds of the dairy cows are kept in
+these portions of the State. The Western District is famed for its rich
+soil of volcanic origin. Every town and hamlet has its butter factory.
+
+Gippsland is a district of rolling hills and downs, and of a
+comparatively heavy rainfall. Many parts were once covered with dense
+forests, but these are rapidly passing away before the pioneer.
+Practically every railway station has become a centre of the dairying
+industry, and cans of cream are always in evidence on the platforms.
+Owing to its suitable climate Gippsland has become the centre of maize
+growing in the State, and much of this crop reaches the market in the
+form of butter and pork.
+
+In the north the summers are warmer and drier, but the soil is perhaps
+even more prolific than in the southern parts of Victoria. Large areas
+are suitable for dairy farming under ordinary conditions, and extensive
+water storage works have been provided for the irrigation of large
+tracts of country which is being made available in suitable areas for
+dairying under very liberal conditions.
+
+The manufacturing and marketing of the butter is carried on, to a very
+large extent, on a co-operative basis, the factories being owned and
+managed by the farmers who supply the cream. Two hundred factories are
+scattered throughout the State, the largest of them producing upwards of
+40 tons of butter per week in the height of the season. Where the farm
+is close to the factory the milk is taken to the creamery, where it is
+separated, and the corresponding quantity of skim milk is returned to
+the farmer. In other cases the farmer owns his separator, the milk is
+passed through the machine as soon as the cows are milked, and the cream
+is sent to the factory by road or rail every day or two, according to
+the size of the farm.
+
+[Illustration: Dairy Factory--Refrigerating Butter Train.]
+
+
+Government Assistance to the Farmer.
+
+Every branch of the producing interests is steadily fostered by the
+Government of Victoria in a way that may sound strange to the British
+farmer. Besides the facilities for acquiring farms and homes, the
+Government employs dairy supervisors, who assist the farmer with
+information and advice on matters relating to the farm and herd. The
+produce is conveyed by the railways (which belong to the Government) at
+special low rates. It is received into the Government cool stores, where
+it is graded and frozen ready for export. The State has contracts with
+the principal lines of steam-ships, securing regular despatch, a minimum
+temperature, and a very low rate of freight for the British markets. It
+costs less to send butter from a farm in Victoria to London than it does
+to send it from a farm in Ireland.
+
+[Illustration: "Miss Prim," Champion Ayrshire Cow.]
+
+
+
+
+QUEENSLAND.
+
+
+Queensland as a Dairying Country.
+
+Queensland, especially in its southern portions and along its coastal
+areas, is particularly well adapted for dairying. Large areas of
+magnificent soil exist, such as the Darling Downs, Lockyer, Stanley,
+Rosewood, Fassifern, Logan, Albert, Wide Bay, Burnett, and other
+districts, which, in addition to being well watered by rivers and
+creeks, enjoy a perfect winter climate. It is in these localities that
+dairying principally flourishes.
+
+While in Southern Queensland and on some of the northern tablelands it
+is desirable to rug milch cows during the winter months, up north, along
+the eastern coastland, it is not necessary.
+
+Along the eastern seaboard, which is well watered by running rivers and
+creeks, the Blackall Range is becoming an important dairy centre. This
+district lies to the north of Brisbane, and is a mountainous region
+containing exceedingly fertile soil.
+
+Further north again, on the coast, there are large areas in the Burnett,
+Gladstone, Rockhampton, and Bowen districts suitable for dairying, and
+in these localities it is rapidly extending. Despite this, there still
+remain immense tracts as yet untouched by the dairy farmer, which are
+capable of being successfully brought under the Butter Industry.
+Considerable portions of the northern tablelands, and parts of Central
+Queensland, are also suitable for dairying, and a beginning has already
+been made in these localities. Large numbers of dairy cattle are being
+imported into the Atherton district in the North.
+
+As yet, only a fractional part of the country able to support a large
+dairying population has been touched.
+
+
+Dairy Land and Stock.
+
+The class of land chiefly used for dairying is open forest country,
+plain scrub land, and rich alluvial flats. The scrub lands have first to
+be cleared by felling the scrub and burning it off when dry. When
+cleared, scrub soils are more prolific than any other. Cost of clearing
+is about $7.20 to $9.60 per acre, and in some cases more.
+
+[Illustration: Ayrshire Dairy Cows Grazing.]
+
+The price varies according to locality. Remoteness or proximity to
+market have to be considered. It is essential for the dairy farmer to be
+near a railway. The intending settler can either select Crown lands from
+the Government, at prices varying from $0.60 to $4.80 and upwards, or if
+he has some capital he can purchase a freehold farm. Good dairy freehold
+land can be bought from $14.40 to $24.00 per acre, but close to the
+railway in the older farming districts it reaches up to $96.00 per acre.
+
+[Illustration: "Ladylike," Ayrshire Dairy Cow.]
+
+In ordinary times $24.00 to $38.40 is paid for a good average cow;
+heifers up to $21.60. Similar prices rule, generally speaking, in regard
+to all the States. An ordinary cow would earn from $2.40 to $4.20; and a
+good cow from $4.80 to $6.00 a month, whilst in profit, on an eight
+months' average milking.
+
+
+Dairy Breeds in Use.
+
+The milking breeds most in use in Queensland are the Ayrshire, Jersey,
+and Milking Shorthorns. Herds of Holsteins, Guernseys, and other breeds
+have also been established. Some fine specimens of these dairy cattle
+are to be seen throughout the State, and at the large annual shows of
+pure-bred stock, held at Brisbane, Toowoomba, and other centres.
+
+The Queensland Agricultural College, a State institution, breeds
+high-class dairy bulls for sale to farmers, and herds are being also
+raised on the State Farms.
+
+Cows should bring in not less than $3.00 per month, or be turned out as
+useless. The average is about $3.72. Up-to-date men will not keep a cow
+who does not average this for her milking.
+
+
+Cost of Starting on 160 Acres.
+
+This, of course, varies with the circumstances of the case, and depends
+largely on whether a man has the capital to push forward his operations,
+or is content to gradually get his land into working order. A man with
+$720.00 to $1032.00 could make a good start. If the land was taken up at
+$2.40 per acre from the Crown, his first year's deposit would be $18.24,
+and he would have sufficient to fence the land, buy some cows, and put
+up some sort of a house. Necessarily a settler does not spend much on
+his house at first until he has made some money. On the other hand, many
+of the most prosperous farmers in Queensland have started with only a
+few pounds, sufficient to pay their first year's rent. By fencing his
+land himself, the settler can save a good deal of expense. And by
+working for neighbouring farmers, he can gradually acquire money to buy
+stock from time to time.
+
+On the other hand, if he wishes to begin straight away, and has a little
+money, he can get assistance from the Agricultural Bank, a Government
+institution, which advances $0.60 in the $ towards improvements, and
+$0.50 in the $ for stock, machinery, and implements, charging 5 per
+cent. simple interest.
+
+              COST OF STARTING A DAIRY FARM ON 160 ACRES.
+                                                                $
+     Rent--1st year's deposit and survey fee                  18.24
+     Fencing--2 miles at 96.00 per mile
+       (posts 12 feet apart and 3 barbs)                     192.00
+     12 Cows at $28.80 per cow                               345.60
+     2 Horses at $72.00                                      144.00
+     Plough                                                   28.80
+     Harness                                                  24.00
+     Swingle bars and chains                                   6.00
+     House--24 x 12 feet, slabbed and floored,
+       at $4.80 per foot                                     115.20
+     Milking-shed                                             24.00
+     Yard                                                     48.00
+     30-gallon Separator                                      60.00
+     Cart (second-hand)                                       24.00
+
+Some small items, such as rations, milk-room, tinware, &c., have not
+been included in the estimate. If the fencing were erected personally,
+the cost would be materially reduced. If the settler built his own
+house, it would cost him little more than his own labour and the iron
+for the roof.
+
+Many beginners put up cheap sapling yards for a start, and at a nominal
+cost. This would materially reduce this estimate.
+
+
+The Average Herd.
+
+The average herd is about thirty head, but many farmers milk from 80 to
+150 cows daily. The number of cows that could be kept on an average farm
+of, say, 160 acres depends entirely on the land, and the amount of
+cultivation or area under artificial grasses. From thirty to eighty head
+would be about a fair estimate that good land would carry.
+
+One dairy farmer in the West Moreton, who landed in Queensland
+twenty-five years ago with $0.36 in his pocket, now has 160 acres of
+freehold, of which he cultivates 50 acres for feed for his cows and
+pigs. He began by working for his neighbours for the first few years,
+and thus gained both cash and experience. He now milks thirty to fifty
+cows the whole year round, and he makes from $720.00 to $864.00 a year
+from his pigs. His income from all sources is from $1920.00 to $2400.00
+per annum. Six or seven years ago he paid $5280.00 for the place, but
+to-day he would not take $14,400.00 for it, and there is not a penny of
+debt on the property.
+
+[Illustration: An up-to-date Milking Shed.]
+
+
+Grasses.
+
+The natural grasses of Queensland are sufficient in ordinary seasons
+during the summer months for the dairy stock, but no farmer can
+successfully carry on dairy operations in dry times, or in winter, by
+means of the grass alone. He requires to supplement the grass by growing
+fodder for the winter months.
+
+Splendid results have been obtained by sowing artificial grasses, such
+as Paspalum dilatatum, Rhodes, Prairie, Guinea, and Giant Couch grasses.
+
+
+Winter Feed.
+
+Barley, lucerne, wheat, rye, sorghum, &c., can be grown for winter feed.
+On land which will grow lucerne, a certain supply of fodder can be
+conserved. Lucerne (or alfalfa, as it is called in America), once
+planted, will last from five to ten years.
+
+The butter factories were first started by proprietary companies, and
+their cream depots were scattered all over the farming districts.
+Competition was exceedingly keen, and in some of the townships there
+were four or five rival cream depots, all endeavouring to get the
+biggest shares of the cream.
+
+[Illustration: Jersey Cows.]
+
+Of late, a number of co-operative factories run by the farmers have
+started, and proved very successful, enabling their shareholders to get
+a higher price for their cream than hitherto. They are admirably
+managed, are essentially popular institutions, and have done splendid
+work.
+
+The farmers establish, manage, and work them, and the profits, instead
+of going into the pockets of the middlemen, are distributed among the
+shareholders.
+
+
+State Aid to Co-operative Factories.
+
+Under a vote by Parliament the State makes advances to farmers to
+establish co-operative dairy factories. The loans extend over a period
+of fourteen years, and 4 per cent. interest is charged.
+
+
+Condensed Milk.
+
+The Preserved and Condensed Milk Industry promises to become important
+in the near future. Six factories are now in operation.
+
+Messrs. Nestle and Co., the world-renowned firm, have invested
+$480,000.00 in their Preserved Milk Industry in Queensland. It speaks
+well for a country when an old-world firm such as this is prepared to
+invest so largely.
+
+
+
+
+SOUTH AUSTRALIA.
+
+
+A large area of South Australia is eminently adapted to successful
+dairying, and while the summer is dry, rendering it necessary to make
+provision for succulent feed for several months, the temperate nature of
+the climate enables the dairyman to keep his cows in the open right
+through the year, the natural shelter in timber country being
+sufficient, except on a limited number of days of extreme wet and cold.
+Stall feeding for weeks at a time is unknown; the necessary shelter
+sheds can be cheaply provided, while the labour of feeding is, under
+these conditions, reduced to a minimum. In the northern districts
+conditions are not so favourable as in the south, but even here dairying
+can be profitably carried on; the fact that land is much cheaper
+compensates for the shorter period during which the natural herbage
+supplies practically all the feed required. In some of the driest of our
+farming areas dairying has largely replaced wheat-growing, and, although
+the yield per cow is naturally not so high as under more favourable
+conditions, still low rents and large areas of natural pasture enable
+the farmer to make a fair profit.
+
+[Illustration: The Cream Cart, North Coast, N.S.W.]
+
+The Dairy Industry, though of considerable magnitude, has not made as
+much progress as was anticipated. This is probably due to the fact that
+wheat-growing and sheep-breeding combined offer greater attractions to
+the farmer. These industries require a great deal less labour than
+dairying, besides which the work is not so continuous. So long as highly
+profitable returns can be obtained from the production of cereals and
+the breeding of lambs, the Dairying Industry is hardly likely to make
+the progress that would otherwise be possible, though there has of late
+years been steady and continued development in the industry, especially
+in the northern districts. In the south and south-east, where conditions
+are more suitable, there has, on the other hand, been very little
+extension.
+
+Large quantities of butter are exported to Broken Hill and West
+Australia throughout the year, while during the spring months shipments
+are made to Great Britain.
+
+Butter is exported in increasing quantities to Great Britain each year.
+In normal years from 1400 to 1600 tons are shipped.
+
+Cheese is not made on such an extensive scale proportionately to butter;
+indeed, in some seasons sufficient for local consumption is not
+produced. Practically all the cheese is manufactured on the Cheddar
+system, and an article of very high quality is produced in the best
+factories.
+
+Special facilities are afforded by the railways for the conveyance of
+perishable goods, and cream is forwarded by the dairyman to the city
+factories from districts 300 miles distant. Payment is usually made on
+the butter-fat percentages; and in order to afford suppliers an
+opportunity of checking the returns received from private factories the
+Government established a butter factory in connection with the export
+freezing works at Port Adelaide. At this factory every can of cream is
+sampled, and the quantity of butter it will produce is ascertained by
+the usual methods, and the supplier is paid accordingly.
+
+A considerable number of butter factories have been erected in South
+Australia, and the butter produced is generally of high quality. The
+butter made from the milk of cows grazing on the natural herbage of the
+country is of splendid quality and colour. Hand separators are in
+general use, the cream being sent to the factories for treatment. The
+percentage of butter-fat in the milk of cows grazing on the natural
+pastures is unusually high.
+
+Practically the whole of the midland, central, and south-east districts,
+excepting that portion east of the Murray, are suitable for dairying
+practice when carried out on systematic lines. The prices for such land
+for dairying would range from $24.00 to $240.00 per acre according to
+location, soil, and rainfall. No special terms are offered by the
+Government for the occupation of dairy lands. Most of the repurchased
+estates are in districts suitable for dairying, and these are allotted
+under covenant to purchase. The purchase money is paid off in seventy
+half-yearly instalments (the first ten bearing interest only at the rate
+of 4 per cent. on purchase money). Purchase money may be completed at
+any time after nine years. Reliable particulars of successful dairying
+are difficult to obtain. It is safe to say that there are many hundreds
+of dairymen making comfortable livings throughout the State.
+
+[Illustration: Fodder Crops--Lucerne, Mangels, Rape.]
+
+Capital may be safely expended for dairy practice, especially by careful
+and intelligent men who have families, and they may depend upon making a
+good living, especially when they combine dairy practice with
+pig-raising. There are many instances where gross returns are obtained
+of from $38.40 to $72.00 per cow per annum, and this in districts where
+the milk is sold to the local co-operative or private factories, but
+where they are situated within forty miles of Adelaide, and are able to
+take advantage of a good train service, they can deliver their milk to
+the capital and obtain gross returns equal to about $76.80 to $96.00 per
+cow per annum.
+
+[Illustration: Interior of a Cheese Factory.]
+
+
+
+
+WESTERN AUSTRALIA.
+
+
+The Dairying Industry has not developed as rapidly as other branches of
+farming in the State during recent years. The cause of this is
+attributable to various reasons, one of the number of which has been the
+difficulty of obtaining suitable farm labourers. The majority of young
+men who have embarked in farming in the Western State during the last
+decade have favoured the lightly-timbered belts more suitable for wheat
+and sheep raising in preference to the heavily-timbered land suitable
+for dairying situated in the coastal districts of the south-west. That
+there is in the State an enormous area of land which is eminently
+adaptable to the growing of fodders necessary for successful dairying
+has been amply demonstrated. Since 1905 indefatigable efforts to advance
+the Dairying Industry have been made. An estate at Brunswick, in the
+vicinity of Bunbury, about 100 miles south of Perth, was purchased by
+the Government, and 800 acres of it was vested in the Department of
+Agriculture for the purpose of a State Dairy Farm, on lines that could
+be copied by a practical dairy farmer; also--
+
+     (1) For supplying stud stock of the best strains procurable at
+          reasonable prices to dairy farmers.
+     (2) To demonstrate that with the assistance of irrigation a small
+          acreage of land can be made to carry a large number of stock.
+     (3) Where a variety of fodder crops can be introduced, and
+          experimented with so as to ascertain their value for feeding-off,
+          both in a green state for curing into hay or for preserving into
+          big silos in a succulent form.
+
+Capacious cow and calf stables, suitable sheds, and piggeries were
+designed and constructed as an example to be followed in starting an
+up-to-date dairy farm. A herd of dairy cows, of some of the best
+Ayrshire strains in Australia, was collected, as well as a fine number
+of Berkshire pigs, purchased from the most successful breeders and
+importers. Three large tub silos, capable of holding 250 tons of fodder,
+were erected in which to store winter-grown crops as well as the summer
+crops under irrigation.
+
+[Illustration: "Crown Prince," Guernsey Bull.]
+
+An irrigation scheme was carried out, and the results have been most
+successful. The following dairy fodder crops have yielded
+prolifically:--Oats, rye, maize, sorghum, pearl millet, vetches, field
+peas, cow peas, lucerne, mustard, Jersey kale, field cabbage, turnips,
+swedes, mangel wurzel, silver beet, buckwheat, potatoes, linseed, pig
+melon, paspalum, Italian canary grass. The irrigation plant is capable
+of dealing with 80 acres of land in the summer months. Some of the land
+thus treated is the rich dark alluvial on the river bank, while a
+portion is on the higher clay plateau, and consists of land typical of
+many thousands of acres in the same locality. The land in its virgin
+state was timbered with red gum and flooded gum, and cost about $38.40
+an acre to grub and clear, and on such land with irrigation in the
+summer two heavy crops a year can be depended on.
+
+[Illustration: Milking Shed.]
+
+Shortly after the State Farm was established the Government purchased
+over 500 dairy cows in the eastern States, and these were sold to
+Western Australian farmers in lots of ten at cost price on two-year
+terms, with 5 per cent. interest added.
+
+The Government engaged a highly-qualified dairy expert in the person of
+Mr. Kinsella, of New Zealand, to visit the districts most likely to give
+attention to the dairying industry in the immediate future, and by means
+of personal interviews, addresses, leaflets, and concisely-written
+pamphlets, Mr. Kinsella did valuable work in distributing information
+and directing the beginner on the right road to successful dairying. Mr.
+Kinsella subsequently severed his connection with the department, and he
+has been recently succeeded by Mr. Abernethy, who has obtained the very
+highest diplomas in England in connection with dairying. Mr. Abernethy
+recently arrived from Great Britain, and has now entered upon his
+duties, and it is confidently believed that his efforts will result in a
+number of farmers being induced to embark in the industry on sound and
+practical lines. The new selector will also have the benefit and the
+advice of the Director of Agriculture, Mr. McNulty, on all matters
+concerning his soil, his stock, and the marketing of his produce.
+
+
+Lands for Dairy Farming.
+
+With a view to settling practical farmers with limited means on the rich
+and heavily-timbered lands in the southern portion of the State the
+Government have a large number of surveyors at work surveying the land
+into suitable sized blocks, ranging from 200 to 700 acres each. Main
+roads have been cleared to serve these areas, and a proposal to clear 10
+acres on each block for the plough is now under consideration. Railways
+will be pushed through this country as rapidly as possible. The annual
+average rainfall over this country averages from 35 in. to 40 in., and
+the land contains some of the richest soil in the State.
+
+
+Price of Land.
+
+The price of land ranges from about $4.80 to $19.20 an acre, and each
+new selector over sixteen years of age will have the right to
+practically a free grant of 160 acres, additional land being available
+at approximately the prices quoted, the payments for which will be
+spread over twenty years without interest. The selector will also have
+the privilege of borrowing from the State Agricultural Bank for
+ringbarking, clearing, water conservation, and subsequently for stock
+and implements, the loan being repaid over a term of thirty years, for
+the first five years of which interest only at the rate of 5 per cent.
+per annum will be payable. Prior to the blocks being thrown open the
+prices will be advertised and the amount of loan the bank is prepared to
+advance to suitable applicants on each block will be fixed.
+
+[Illustration: Devon Cattle in Australia.]
+
+[Illustration: Prime Herd of Jerseys.]
+
+
+Butter Factories.
+
+At the present time there are three butter factories operating in the
+State, and no doubt when the Dairying Industry has developed
+sufficiently a number of co-operative factories will be started.
+
+The men who decide to devote their energies to the Dairying Industry
+will have the advantage of a magnificent local market to start on, as at
+the present time Western Australia is sending something like $4800.00 a
+day to the eastern States for dairy produce.
+
+
+
+
+TASMANIA.
+
+
+The conditions of Tasmania are eminently favourable for dairy farming.
+Up till recent years the industry did not receive much attention, but
+now that a start has been made butter production is advancing rapidly.
+
+
+The Land Required.
+
+The foundation of the Dairying Industry is grass, and to get grass, good
+land and plenty of moisture is required. Therefore anyone proposing to
+go into this business should endeavour to secure the very best land
+obtainable. There is a large quantity available, especially in the
+north-western and north-eastern parts of the island. There is a great
+deal also in the southern districts. Information can always be obtained
+from the Lands Department and the district surveyors, and no difficulty
+should be experienced by the intending dairy farmer in finding land
+suitable for his purpose. The more open parts of the State, such as the
+midlands and the east coast, where there is natural grass, have largely
+passed into private hands, and later selectors have had to take up,
+clear, and lay down in pasture the more heavily-timbered portions. This,
+however, is not altogether the handicap it appears at first sight, as
+the returns from the very rich scrub lands are by far the highest. It is
+easy to judge of the quality of land by the indigenous timber upon it.
+Rich land, suitable for laying down in grass, is covered with a dense
+growth of sassafras, tree-fern, musk, and pear tree, with large blue or
+swamp gums, and an underbush of what are known as cathead ferns.
+Stringy-bark trees mean a poorer soil, and any land bearing them should
+be avoided if possible.
+
+Any person of eighteen years of age and upwards may select an area not
+exceeding 200 acres of first-class land, provided he does not hold land
+on credit under any previous Act. He is required to pay a cash deposit
+of $0.04 an acre at the time of sale, an instalment of $0.06 an acre for
+each of the two following years, $0.24 an acre annually for the next
+four years, $0.36 an acre for the next four years, and $0.48 per acre
+for the next eight years. The survey fee is paid, one-fifth in cash and
+the balance by four equal annual payments, with interest added, unless
+the selector elects to pay it off at once, when interest is remitted.
+Every encouragement short of giving the fee simple of the land away for
+nothing is afforded the intending settler, and he can acquire a freehold
+on easier terms in Tasmania than anywhere else.
+
+[Illustration: Ayrshire Herd, New South Wales.]
+
+
+Clearing the Land.
+
+Clearing a selection for dairy farming is a very different operation
+from the clearing required for fruit-growing. Where the land is to be
+laid down in pasture, no ploughing has to be done, consequently the
+cost is very much less. In clearing land for grass it is the best plan
+to first of all "ring" all the eucalyptus trees. This consists in
+cutting a ring round the tree with axes through the bark and sapwood, or
+alburnum, into the brown wood beneath. The crude sap, bearing in
+solution the various organic matters which the roots have extracted from
+the soil, ascends by the outer layer of wood immediately beneath the
+bark to the leaves, where it is elaborated into plant food. When this
+layer is cut through, the food supply is immediately stopped, and the
+tree dies. The operation of ringing is best done during the winter, when
+the sap is down, and if properly performed at the right time the tree
+always dies very soon. If possible, the ringing should be done a year or
+two before the general clearing is commenced, as all the dead leaves,
+small branches, and dead bark have time to fall, and are then burned off
+with the rest of the scrub. The next operation is to cut down all the
+brushwood and smaller growths with bill-hooks, and then the rest of the
+scrub is felled with axes, and allowed to lie until quite dry, when it
+is burned off. A good burn should leave very little to be cleared up,
+but sometimes, where there is such vegetation as sassafras or fallen
+tree-ferns, a good deal of "picking-up" has to be done. This means that
+all the unburnt timber on the ground has to be rolled together and
+burnt. Tree-ferns should not be felled, as they do not burn well. The
+best way of killing them is to cut off the fronds just below where they
+spring from the stem. Some knack is required to cut in just the right
+place, but it is easily acquired. There are certain precautions to be
+observed in burning-off, which the settler should make himself
+acquainted with. Information on this point and in regard to any matters
+of practical interest to the beginner will be furnished gladly and
+without charge by experienced officers of the Department of Agriculture.
+
+[Illustration: Clearing the Land.]
+
+As soon as the land is burnt off the grass may be sown upon it. No
+cultivation is usually given, the grass-seed being sown upon the ashes
+remaining from the burnt scrub, which forms very effective manure.
+Cocksfoot is the grass par excellence for this work, as it is very hardy
+and nutritious, and not attacked by insect pests to the same extent as
+others. Sometimes a mixture of cocksfoot, English rye-grass, and white
+clover is used, or the two grasses alone are planted. Local information
+is the best guide obtainable as to what it is best to plant. Dairying
+thus becomes practicable in a year or two, and returns are received much
+sooner than from any other branch of agriculture. It will, of course, be
+necessary to clear a certain amount of the selection for cultivation, so
+that crops may be grown, and it is often better and cheaper in the end
+to devote the poorer and less heavily timbered parts of the holding to
+this purpose, and buy manure. Some selectors clean up a part of the
+ground of roots and logs, leaving all the big ringed timber standing,
+and plough it up. It requires some skill to steer a plough under these
+conditions, but very good crops can be grown in this way.
+
+
+Butter Factories.
+
+Properly equipped butter factories are situated at Launceston (2),
+Deloraine, Burnie, Emu Bay, Wynyard, Stanley, Smithton, Wilmot,
+Ringarooma, Derby, and Pyengana. In the south there are only two of any
+magnitude, one in Hobart, and the other at Bream Creek. A well-equipped
+factory has been established on King Island, in Bass Straits, a locality
+that has been found very suitable for dairying.
+
+
+Dairy Herds.
+
+The dairy herds of the State until a few years ago were of a somewhat
+nondescript type, very few farmers having realised the necessity of
+improving the butter-yielding capacity of their stock. Recently,
+however, great improvements have taken place, as the dairying industry
+has advanced, until now many Tasmanian dairymen own herds of the highest
+standard. The work of improving the milking strains of cattle is in the
+hands of the farmers themselves, but advice and assistance are always
+obtainable from the Government Dairy Expert.
+
+
+Cheese-making.
+
+This is a highly profitable branch of dairy farming, and the product is
+so small in bulk compared with its value that it is eminently portable.
+Cheese-making can therefore be carried on under conditions where other
+forms of production would be difficult. Some skill and knowledge are
+required, but the Dairy Expert regularly gives lectures and
+demonstrations on the subject in all the principal agricultural centres,
+so that any intelligent person can easily obtain all the information he
+requires.
+
+The principal cheese factories in the State are situated at St. Mary's,
+Pyengana, Emu Bay, Devonport, and Circular Head.
+
+The cheese produced is very good in quality, and a considerable export
+trade will soon be developed in it.
+
+
+Bacon-curing.
+
+The production of hams and bacon is one of the collateral industries
+connected with dairying, as the skim-milk and waste products form a very
+valuable food for fattening pigs. Excellent bacon is produced in
+Tasmania, and a good deal is exported, but not nearly what might be
+produced.
+
+[Illustration: Group of Prize Bulls.]
+
+
+Dairy Factories.
+
+It is the introduction of the dairy factory system that has solved the
+problem of success or failure for the dairy farmer. These institutions
+are becoming fairly numerous throughout the State, and are all equipped
+with the most modern machinery and managed by expert men. The farmer
+nearly always, nowadays, has his cream separator, and all he has to take
+to the factory is the cream, which does not occupy much space, while the
+skimmed milk remains on the farm for feeding pigs or calves. Some of the
+dairy factories in the State are proprietary, but others are on the
+co-operative system, under which the farmers are the owners, and share
+in the general profits, as well as being paid for their cream.
+
+
+McCARRON, BIRD & CO., Printers, 479 Collins Street, Melbourne.
+
+
+
+
+[Footnote A: The personnel of the Commission was as follows:--Sir T.
+Carlaw Martin, Edinburgh (Chairman); Sir John R. G. Sinclair, Bart.,
+Barrock House, Wick (Vice Chairman); Dr. J. H. Wilson, F.R.S.E., St.
+Andrew's University; Dr. Shirra Gibb Boon, Lauder; William Barber, M.A.,
+Tererran, Moniaive; J. McHutchen Dobbie, Campend, Dalkeith; James
+Dunlop, Kilmarnock; R. B. Greig, F.R.S.E., Cults; William Henderson,
+Lawton, Coupar-Angus; James Keith, Pitmeddan, Udny; E. E. Morrison,
+M.A., Bonnington, Siravithie; and Alex. M. Prain, Errol (Secretary).]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Australia The Dairy Country, by
+Australia Department of External Affairs
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AUSTRALIA THE DAIRY COUNTRY ***
+
+***** This file should be named 25527.txt or 25527.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/2/5/5/2/25527/
+
+Produced by Nick Wall and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/25527.zip b/25527.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c70ece6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/25527.zip
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d20caca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #25527 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25527)