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diff --git a/25457-h/25457-h.html b/25457-h/25457-h.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..231e215 --- /dev/null +++ b/25457-h/25457-h.html @@ -0,0 +1,10715 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /><meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" /><meta name="DC.Creator" content="Alfred Korzybski" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Manhood of Humanity." /><meta name="DC.Date" content="May 13, 2008" /><meta name="DC.Language" content="English" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="Project Gutenberg" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/25457" /><meta name="DC.Rights" content="This text is in the public domain." /><title>The Project Gutenberg EBook of Manhood of Humanity. by Alfred Korzybski</title><style type="text/css">/* +The Gnutenberg Press - default CSS2 stylesheet + +Any generated element will have a class "tei" and a class "tei-elem" +where elem is the element name in TEI. +The order of statements is important !!! 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You may copy it, + give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project + Gutenberg License <a href="#pglicense" class="tei tei-ref">included with this + eBook</a> or online at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license" class="tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/license</a></p></div><pre class="pre tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">Title: Manhood of Humanity. + +Author: Alfred Korzybski + +Release Date: May 13, 2008 [Ebook #25457] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MANHOOD OF HUMANITY.*** +</pre></div> + </div> + <div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + + </div> + + <hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style="font-size: 173%; font-weight: 700">Manhood Of Humanity</span></p> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span style="font-size: 120%">The Science and Art of</span></p> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.44em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Human Engineering</span></p> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span style="font-size: 120%">By</span></p> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.44em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Alfred Korzybski</span></p> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">New York</p> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">E. P. Dutton & Company</p> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">681 Fifth Avenue</p> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">1921</p> + </div> + <hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Contents</span></h1> + <ul class="tei tei-index tei-index-toc"><li><a href="#toc1">Acknowledgement</a></li><li><a href="#toc3">Preface</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc5">Chapter I. Introduction</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc7">Chapter II. Childhood of Humanity</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc9">Chapter III. Classes of Life</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc11">Chapter IV. What Is Man?</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc13">Chapter V. Wealth</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc15">Chapter VI. Capitalistic Era</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc17">Chapter VII. Survival of the Fittest</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc19">Chapter VIII. Elements Of Power</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc21">Chapter IX. Manhood Of Humanity</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc23">Chapter X. Conclusion</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc25">Appendix I. Mathematics And Time-Binding</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc27">Appendix II. Biology And Time-Binding</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc29">Appendix III. Engineering And Time-Binding</a></li><li><a href="#toc31">Footnotes</a></li></ul> + </div> + </div> +<div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em"> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagevii">[pg vii]</span><a name="Pgvii" id="Pgvii" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc1" id="toc1"></a> +<a name="pdf2" id="pdf2"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Acknowledgement</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The author and the publishers acknowledge with gratitude +the following permissions to make use of copyright +material in this work: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Messrs. D. C. Heath & Company, for permission to quote +from <span class="tei tei-q">“Unified Mathematics,”</span> by Louis C. Karpinski, Harry +Y. Benedict and John W. Calhoun. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York and London, for +permission to quote from <span class="tei tei-q">“Organism as a Whole”</span> and <span class="tei tei-q">“Physiology +of the Brain,”</span> by Jacques Loeb. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Messrs. Harper & Brothers, for permission to quote from +<span class="tei tei-q">“From the Life, Imaginary Portraits of Some Distinguished +Americans,”</span> by Harvey O'Higgins. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Messrs. D. Appleton & Company, for permission to quote +from <span class="tei tei-q">“Corporation Finance,”</span> by E. S. Mead. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Messrs. J. B. Lippincott Company, for permission to +quote from <span class="tei tei-q">“Forced Movements,”</span> by Jacques Loeb. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Princeton University Press, for permission to quote from +<span class="tei tei-q">“Heredity and Environment,”</span> by Edwin Grant Conklin. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Columbia University Press, for permission to quote from +<span class="tei tei-q">“The Human Worth of Rigorous Thinking,”</span> by C. J. +Keyser. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, for permission +to quote from <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Journal of Experimental Medicine</span></span>, +Vol. 27. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The New School for Social Research, for permission to +quote from <span class="tei tei-q">“An Outline of the History of the Western +European Mind,”</span> by James Harvey Robinson. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Engineering Magazine Company, for permission to +quote from <span class="tei tei-q">“Mastering Power Production,”</span> by Walter N. +Polakov. +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="pageix">[pg ix]</span><a name="Pgix" id="Pgix" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc3" id="toc3"></a> +<a name="pdf4" id="pdf4"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Preface</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This book is primarily a study of Man and ultimately +embraces all the great qualities and problems +of Man. As a study of Man it takes into consideration +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">all</span></em> the characteristics which make Man what he +is. If some readers do note the absence of certain +expressions familiar to them, it does not mean that +the author does not feel or think as many other people—he +does—and very much so; but in this book +an effort has been made to approach the problem of +Man from a scientific-mathematical point of view, +and therefore great pains have been taken <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">not</span></em> to +use words insufficiently defined, or words with many +meanings. The author has done his utmost to use +such words as convey only the meaning intended, +and in the case of some words, such as <span class="tei tei-q">“spiritual,”</span> +there has been superadded the word <span class="tei tei-q">“so-called,”</span> not +because the author has any belief or disbelief in such +phenomena; there is no need for <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">beliefs</span></em> because some +such phenomena exist, no matter what we may think +of them or by what name we call them; but because +the word <span class="tei tei-q">“spiritual”</span> is not scientifically defined, and +every individual understands and uses this word in +a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">personal</span></em> and private way. To be <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">im</span></span>personal the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagex">[pg x]</span><a name="Pgx" id="Pgx" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +author has had to indicate this element by adding +<span class="tei tei-q">“so-called.”</span> I repeat once again that this book is +not a <span class="tei tei-q">“materialistic”</span> or a <span class="tei tei-q">“spiritualistic”</span> book—it is +a study of <span class="tei tei-q">“Man”</span> and therefore does and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">should</span></em> +include materialistic as well as spiritual phenomena +because only the complex of these phenomena constitutes +the complex of Man. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The problem has not been approached from the +point of view of any private doctrine or creed, but +from a mathematical, an engineering, point of view, +which is impersonal and passionless. It is obvious +that to be able to speak about the great affairs of +Man, his spiritual, moral, physical, economic, social +or political status, it must first be ascertained what +Man is—what is his real nature and what are the +basic laws of his nature. If we succeed in finding +the laws of human nature, all the rest will be a comparatively +easy task—the ethical, social, economic +and political status of Man should be in accord with +the laws of his nature; then civilization will be a +human civilization—a permanent and peaceful one—not +before. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is useless to argue if electricity be <span class="tei tei-q">“natural”</span> or +<span class="tei tei-q">“<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">super</span></em>natural,”</span> of <span class="tei tei-q">“material”</span> or of <span class="tei tei-q">“spiritual”</span> +origin. As a matter of fact we do not ask these +questions in studying electricity; we endeavor to find +out the natural laws governing it and in handling +live wires we do not argue or speculate about them—we +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagexi">[pg xi]</span><a name="Pgxi" id="Pgxi" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +use rubber gloves, etc. It will be the same with +Man and the great affairs of Man—we have, first +of all, to know what Man is. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Though this book has been written with scrupulous +care to avoid words or terms of vague meaning—and +though it often may seem coldly critical +of things metaphysical, it has not been written +with indifference to that great, perhaps the greatest, +urge of the human heart—the craving for spiritual +truth—our yearning for the higher potentialities of +that which we call <span class="tei tei-q">“mind,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“soul”</span> and <span class="tei tei-q">“spirit”</span>—but +it has been written with the deep desire to find the +source of these qualities, their scientific significance +and a scientific proof of them, so that they may be +approached and studied by the best minds of the +world without the digressions, and misinterpretations +that are caused by the color and the confusion +of personal emotions; and if the book be read with +care, it will be seen that, though the clarifying definition +of the classes of life has been chiefly used in +the book for its great carrying power in the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">practical</span></em> +world, its greatest help will ultimately be in guiding +the investigation, the right valuation and especially +the control and use of the higher human powers. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In writing this book I have been not only introducing +new ideas and new methods of analysis, but +I have been using a tongue new to me. The original +manuscript was very crude and foreign in form, and +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagexii">[pg xii]</span><a name="Pgxii" id="Pgxii" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +I am greatly indebted to various friends for their +patient kindness in correcting the many errors of my +poor English. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I am also under great obligations to Walter +Polakov, Doctor of Engineering, for his exceedingly +helpful suggestions, not only in giving me a thorough +criticism from the point of view of the Engineer, but +also in devoting his energies to organizing the first +<span class="tei tei-q">“Time-binding Club”</span> where these problems have +been discussed and criticized, with great practical +results. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +To all those who have read and criticized the +manuscript or helped otherwise—Professors E. H. +Moore, C. J. Keyser, J. H. Robinson, Burges Johnson, +E. A. Ross, A. Petrunkevitch; and Doctors J. +Grove-Korski, Charles P. Steinmetz, J. P. Warbasse; +Robert B. Wolf, Vice-President of the American +Society of Mechanical Engineers; Champlain L. +Riley, Vice-President of the American Society of +Heating and Ventilating Engineers; Miss Josephine +Osborn; to the authors, L. Brandeis, E. G. Conklin, +C. J. Keyser, J. Loeb, E. S. Mead, H. O'Higgins, +W. Polakov, J. H. Robinson, R. B. Wolf, for their +kind permission to quote them, I wish to express my +sincere appreciation. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I wish also to acknowledge the deepest gratitude +to my wife, formerly Mira Edgerly, who has found +in this discovery of the natural law for the human +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagexiii">[pg xiii]</span><a name="Pgxiii" id="Pgxiii" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +class of life, the solution of her life long search, and +who, because of her interest in my work, has given +me incomparably inspiring help and valuable criticism. +It is not an exaggeration to state that except +for her steady and relentless work and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">her time, +which saved my time</span></em>, this book could not have been +produced in such a comparatively short time. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Mr. Walter Polakov of New York City, Industrial +Counsellor and Industrial Engineer in New +York City, has kindly consented at my request to act, +with my authority, as my representative to whom +any further queries should be addressed in my absence +from America. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +To all other friends who have helped in many personal +ways I express thankfulness, as I wish also to +thank John Macrae, Esq., the Vice-President of E. +P. Dutton & Co., for his unusual attitude toward +publishing the book. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-ab"> +A. K.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">January 17, 1921</span></span><br /> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">New York City.</span></span> +</span> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page001">[pg 001]</span><a name="Pg001" id="Pg001" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> +<a name="toc5" id="toc5"></a> +<a name="pdf6" id="pdf6"></a> +<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Chapter I. Introduction. +Method and Processes of Approach to a New Concept of Life</span></h2> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">For a while he trampled with impunity on laws +human and divine but, as he was obsessed with the +delusion that two and two makes five, he fell, at last +a victim to the relentless rules of humble Arithmetic.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Remember, O stranger, Arithmetic is the first of +the sciences and the mother of safety.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Brandeis.</span></span> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is the aim of this little book to point the way +to a new science and art—the science and art of +Human Engineering. By Human Engineering I +mean the science and art of directing the energies +and capacities of human beings to the advancement +of human weal. It need not be argued in these times +that the establishment of such a science—the science +of human welfare—is an undertaking of immeasurable +importance. No one can fail to see that its +importance is supreme. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is evident that, if such a science is to be established +it must be founded on ascertained facts—it +must accord with what is <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">characteristic</span></em> of Man—it +must be based upon a just conception of what Man +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page002">[pg 002]</span><a name="Pg002" id="Pg002" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +is—upon a right understanding of Man's place in +the scheme of Nature. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +No one need be told how indispensable it is to +have true ideas—just concepts—correct notions—of +the things with which we humans have to deal; +everyone knows for example, that to mistake solids +for surfaces or lines would wreck the science and +art of geometry; anyone knows that to confuse fractions +with whole numbers would wreck the science +and art of arithmetic; everyone knows that to mistake +vice for virtue would destroy the foundation of +ethics; everyone knows that to mistake a desert +mirage for a lake of fresh water does but lure the +fainting traveler to dire disappointment or death. +Now, it is perfectly clear that of all the things with +which human beings have to deal, the most important +by far is Man himself—humankind—men, women +and children. It follows that for us human beings +nothing else can be quite so important as a clear, true, +just, scientific concept of Man—a right understanding +of what we as human beings really are. For it +requires no great wisdom, it needs only a little reflection, +to see that, if we humans radically misconceive +the nature of man—if we regard man as being +something which he is not, whether it be something +higher than man or lower—we thereby commit an +error so fundamental and far reaching as to produce +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page003">[pg 003]</span><a name="Pg003" id="Pg003" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +every manner of confusion and disaster in individual +life, in community life and in the life of the race. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The question we have, therefore, to consider first +of all is fundamentally: What is Man? What is a +man? What is a human being? What is the defining +or characteristic mark of humanity? To this +question two answers and only two have been given +in the course of the ages, and they are both of them +current to-day. One of the answers is biological—man +is an animal, a certain kind of animal; the other +answer is a mixture partly biological and partly +mythological or partly biological and partly philosophical—man +is a combination or <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">union</span></em> of animal +with something supernatural. An important part of +my task will be to show that both of these answers +are radically wrong and that, beyond all things else, +they are primarily responsible for what is dismal in +the life and history of humankind. This done, the +question remains: What is Man? I hope to show +clearly and convincingly that the answer is to be found +in the patent fact that human beings possess in varying +degrees a certain natural faculty or power or capacity +which serves at once to give them their appropriate +dignity as human beings and to discriminate them, +not only from the minerals and the plants but also +from the world of animals, this peculiar or characteristic +human faculty or power or capacity I shall +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page004">[pg 004]</span><a name="Pg004" id="Pg004" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +call the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">time-binding</span></em> faculty or <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">time-binding</span></em> power +or <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">time-binding</span></em> capacity. What I mean by time-binding +will be clearly and fully explained in the course of +the discussion, and when it has been made clear, the +question—What Is Man?—will be answered by saying +that man is a being naturally endowed with time-binding +capacity—that a human being is a time-binder—that +men, women and children constitute the +time-binding class of life. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There will then remain the great task of indicating +and in a measure sketching some of the important +ways in which the true conception of man as man +will transform our views of human society and the +world, affect our human conduct and give us a growing +body of scientific wisdom regarding the welfare +of mankind including all posterity. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The purpose of this introductory chapter is to +consider certain general matters of a preliminary +nature—to indicate the spirit of the undertaking—to +provide a short course of approach and preparation—to +clear the deck, so to speak, and make ready +for action. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There are two ways to slide easily through life: +Namely, to believe everything, or to doubt everything; +both ways save us from thinking. The majority +take the line of least resistance, preferring to +have their thinking done for them; they accept ready-made +individual, private doctrines as their own and +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page005">[pg 005]</span><a name="Pg005" id="Pg005" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +follow them more or less blindly. Every generation +looks upon its own creeds as true and permanent and +has a mingled smile of pity and contempt for the +prejudices of the past. For two hundred or more +generations of our historical past this attitude has +been repeated two hundred or more times, and unless +we are very careful our children will have the same +attitude toward us. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There can be no doubt that humanity belongs to +a class of life which to a large extent determines its +own destinies, establishes its own rules of education +and conduct, and thus influences every step we are +free to take within the structure of our social system. +But the power of human beings to determine their +own destinies is limited by natural law, Nature's law. +It is the counsel of wisdom to discover the laws of +nature, including the laws of human nature, and then +to live in accordance with them. The opposite is +folly. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A farmer must know the natural laws that govern +his wheat, or corn, or cow, as otherwise he will not +have satisfactory crops, or the quality and abundance +of milk he desires, whereas the knowledge of these +laws enables him to produce the most favorable conditions +for his plants and animals, and thereby to +gain the desired results. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Humanity must know the natural laws for humans, +otherwise humans will not create the conditions and +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page006">[pg 006]</span><a name="Pg006" id="Pg006" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the customs that regulate human activities which will +make it possible for them to have the most favorable +circumstances for the fullest human development in +life; which means the release of the maximum natural-creative +energy and expression in mental, moral, +material and spiritual and all the other great fields +of human activities, resulting in happiness in life and +in work—collectively and individually—because the +conditions of the earning of a livelihood influence and +shape all our mental processes and activities, the +quality and the form of human inter-relationship. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Every human achievement, be it a scientific discovery, +a picture, a statue, a temple, a home or a +bridge, has to be conceived in the mind first—the +plan thought out—before it can be made a reality, +and when anything is to be attempted that involves +any number of individuals—methods of coordination +have to be considered—the methods which have +proven to be the best suited for such undertakings +are engineering methods—the engineering of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">an idea</span></em> +toward a complete <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">realization</span></em>. Every engineer has +to know the materials with which he has to work +and the natural laws of these materials, as discovered +by observation and experiment and formulated by +mathematics and mechanics; else he can not calculate +the forces at his disposal; he can not compute the +resistance of his materials; he can not determine the +capacity and requirements of his power plant; in +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page007">[pg 007]</span><a name="Pg007" id="Pg007" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +short, he can not make the most profitable use of his +resources. Lately in all industries and particularly +during the late World War, which was itself a +gigantic industrial process, another factor manifested +itself and proved to be of the utmost importance: +namely, the human factor, which is not material but +is mental, moral, psychological. It has been found +that maximum production may be attained when and +only when the production is carried on in conformity +with certain psychological laws, roughly determined +by the analysis of human nature. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Except for productive human labor, our globe is +too small to support the human population now upon +it. Humanity must produce or perish. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Production is essentially a task for engineers; it +essentially depends upon the discovery and the application +of natural laws, including the laws of +human nature. It is, therefore, not a task for old +fashioned philosophical speculation nor for barren +metaphysical reasoning <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">in vacuo</span></span>; it is a scientific +task and involves the coordination and cooperation +of all the sciences. This is why it is an engineering +task. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +For engineering, rightly understood, is the coordinated +sum-total of human knowledge gathered +through the ages, with mathematics as its chief instrument +and guide. Human Engineering will +embody the theory and practice—the science and +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page008">[pg 008]</span><a name="Pg008" id="Pg008" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +art—of all engineering branches united by a common +aim—the understanding and welfare of mankind. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Here I want to make it very clear that mathematics +is not what many people think it is; it is not +a system of mere formulas and theorems; but as +beautifully defined by Professor Cassius J. Keyser, +in his book <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Human Worth of Rigorous Thinking</span></span> +(Columbia University Press, 1916), mathematics +is the science of <span class="tei tei-q">“Exact thought or rigorous +thinking,”</span> and one of its distinctive characteristics +is <span class="tei tei-q">“precision, sharpness, completeness of definitions.”</span> +This quality alone is sufficient to explain why people +generally do not like mathematics and why even some +scientists bluntly refuse to have anything to do with +problems wherein mathematical reasoning is involved. +In the meantime, mathematical philosophy +has very little, if anything, to do with mere calculations +or with numbers as such or with formulas; it +is a philosophy wherein precise, sharp and rigorous +thinking is essential. Those who deliberately refuse +to think <span class="tei tei-q">“rigorously”</span>—that is mathematically—in +connections where such thinking is possible, commit +the sin of preferring the worse to the better; they +deliberately violate the supreme law of intellectual +rectitude. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Here I have to make it clear that for the purpose +of Human Engineering the old concepts of matter, +space and time are sufficient to start with; they are +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page009">[pg 009]</span><a name="Pg009" id="Pg009" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +sufficient in much the same way as they have been +sufficient in the old science of mechanics. Figuratively +speaking Human Engineering is a higher order +of bridge engineering—it aims at the spanning of a +gap in practical life as well as in knowledge. The +old meanings of matter, space and time were good +enough to prevent the collapse of a bridge; the same +understanding of space and time as used in this book +will protect society and humanity from periodical +collapses. The old mechanics lead directly to such +a knowledge of the intrinsic laws governing the universe +as to suggest the new mechanics. Human +Engineering will throw a new light on many old +conceptions and will help the study and understanding +of matter, space and time in their relative meanings, +and perhaps will ultimately lead to an understanding +of their absolute meanings. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Philosophy in its old form could exist only in the +absence of engineering, but with engineering in existence +and daily more active and far reaching, the old +verbalistic philosophy and metaphysics have lost their +reason to exist. They were no more able to understand +the <span class="tei tei-q">“production”</span> of the universe and life than +they are now able to understand or grapple with +<span class="tei tei-q">“production”</span> as a means to provide a happier existence +for humanity. They failed because their venerated +method of <span class="tei tei-q">“speculation”</span> can not <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">produce</span></em>, and +its place must be taken by mathematical thinking. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page010">[pg 010]</span><a name="Pg010" id="Pg010" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Mathematical reasoning is displacing metaphysical +reasoning. Engineering is driving verbalistic +philosophy out of existence and humanity gains +decidedly thereby. Only a few parasites and <span class="tei tei-q">“speculators”</span> +will mourn the disappearance of their old +companion <span class="tei tei-q">“speculation.”</span> The world of producers—the +predominating majority of human beings—will +welcome a philosophy of ordered thought and +production. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The scientists, all of them, have their duties no +doubt, but they do not fully use their education if +they do not try to broaden their sense of responsibility +toward all mankind instead of closing themselves +up in a narrow specialization where they find +their pleasure. Neither engineers nor other scientific +men have any right to prefer their own personal +peace to the happiness of mankind; their place and +their duty are in the front line of struggling humanity, +not in the unperturbed ranks of those who keep +themselves aloof from life. If they are indifferent, +or discouraged because they feel or think that they +know that the situation is hopeless, it may be proved +that undue pessimism is as dangerous a <span class="tei tei-q">“religion”</span> +as any other blind creed. Indeed there is very little +difference in kind between the medieval fanaticism +of the <span class="tei tei-q">“holy inquisition,”</span> and modern intolerance +toward new ideas. All kinds of intellect must get +together, for as long as we presuppose the situation +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page011">[pg 011]</span><a name="Pg011" id="Pg011" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +to be hopeless, the situation will indeed be hopeless. +The spirit of Human Engineering does not know the +word <span class="tei tei-q">“hopeless;”</span> for engineers know that wrong +methods are alone responsible for disastrous results, +and that every situation can be successfully handled +by the use of proper means. The task of engineering +science is not only to know but to know how. Most +of the scientists and engineers do not yet realize that +their united judgment would be invincible; no system +or class would care to disregard it. Their knowledge +is the very force which makes the life of humanity +pulsate. If the scientists and the engineers +have had no common base upon which to unite, a +common base must be provided. To-day the pressure +of life is such that we cannot go forward without +their coordinating guidance. But first there must +be the desire to act. One aim of this book is to furnish +the required stimulus by showing that Human +Engineering will rescue us from the tangle of private +opinions and enable us to deal with all the problems +of life and human society upon a scientific basis. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +If those who know why and how neglect to act, +those who do not know will act, and the world will +continue to flounder. The whole history of mankind +and especially the present plight of the world show +only too sadly how dangerous and expensive it is to +have the world governed by those who do not know. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In paying the price of this war, we have been made +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page012">[pg 012]</span><a name="Pg012" id="Pg012" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +to realize that even the private individual can not +afford to live wrapped up in his own life and not +take his part in public affairs. He must acquire the +habit of taking his share of public responsibility. +This signifies that a very great deal of very simple +work, all pointing in the direction of a greater work, +must be done in the way of educating, not engineers +and scientific men only, but the general public to cooperate +in establishing the practice of Human Engineering +in all the affairs of human society and life. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In writing this book I have had to wrestle with +tremendous difficulties in expressing new thoughts +and in indicating new methods. The reader who +stops to criticize words or expressions because of +their more or less happy or unhappy use will miss +the whole point of the work. The reading of it +should be done with a view to seeing how much can +be found in it of what is new and good that may be +elaborated further, and put into better form. This +new enterprise is too difficult and too vast for the +unaided labor of one man—life is too short. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The method used in this book in analysing life +phenomena is essentially an engineering method, and +as physics and mechanics always suggest to mathematicians +new fields for analysis, it is not improbable +that Human Engineering will give mathematicians +new and interesting fields for research. The humblest +rôle of mathematicians in Human Engineering +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page013">[pg 013]</span><a name="Pg013" id="Pg013" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +may be likened to that of <span class="tei tei-q">“Public accountants”</span> who +put <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">in order</span></em> the affairs of business. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In relation to mathematics Bertrand Russell has +said: <span class="tei tei-q">“Logic is the youth of mathematics, mathematics +is the manhood of logic.”</span> This brilliant <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">mot</span></span> +of the eminent philosopher of mathematics is no +doubt just and is profoundly significant; the least it +can teach us is that it is useless to try to find a +dividing line between logic and mathematics, for no +such line exists; to seek for one serves merely to +betray one's ignorance of mathematical philosophy. +Elsewhere Mr. Russell says: <span class="tei tei-q">“The hope of satisfaction +to our more human desires, the hope of demonstrating +that the world has this or that ethical characteristic, +is not one which, so far as I can see, philosophy +can do anything whatever to satisfy.”</span> By +<span class="tei tei-q">“philosophy”</span> he means mathematical philosophy—a +philosophy that is rigorously scientific, not vaguely +speculative. I am entirely unable to agree with him +that such a philosophy can make no contribution to +ethics. On the contrary, I contend, and in this book +I hope to show, that by mathematical philosophy, +by rigorously scientific thinking, we can arrive at the +true conception of what a human being really is and +that in thus discovering the characteristic nature of +man we come to the secret and source of ethics. Ethics +as a science will investigate and explain the essential +nature of man and the obligations which the essential +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page014">[pg 014]</span><a name="Pg014" id="Pg014" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +nature of man imposes upon human beings. It will +be seen that to live righteously, to live ethically, is to +live in accordance with the laws of human nature; +and when it is clearly seen that man is a natural +being, a part of nature literally, then it will be seen +that the laws of human nature—the only possible +rules for ethical conduct—are no more <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">super</span></em>natural +and no more <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">man</span></em>-made than is the law of gravitation, +for example, or any other natural law. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is no cause for wonder that mathematical thinking +should lead to such a result; for Man is a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">natural</span></em> +being, man's mind is a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">natural agency</span></em>, and the results +of rigorous thinking, far from being artificial fictions, +are natural facts—natural revelations of natural +law. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I hope I have not given the impression, by repeated +allusion to mathematical science, that this +book is to be in any technical sense a mathematical +treatise. I have merely wished to indicate that the +task is conceived and undertaken in the mathematical +spirit, which must be the guiding spirit of Human +Engineering; for no thought, if it be non-mathematical +in spirit, can be trusted, and, although mathematicians +sometimes make mistakes, the spirit of +mathematics is always right and always sound. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Whilst I do not intend to trouble the reader with +any highly technical mathematical arguments, there +are a few simple mathematical considerations which +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page015">[pg 015]</span><a name="Pg015" id="Pg015" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +anyone of fair education can understand, which are +of exceedingly great importance for our purpose, +and to which, therefore, I ask the reader's best attention. +One of the ideas is that of an <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">arithmetical +progression</span></em>; another one is that of a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">geometrical +progression</span></em>. Neither of them involves anything +more difficult than the most ordinary arithmetic of +the secondary school or the counting house, but it +will be seen that they throw a flood of light upon +many of the most important human concerns. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Because we are human beings we are all of us +interested in what we call progress—progress in law, +in government, in jurisprudence, in ethics, in philosophy, +in the natural sciences, in economics, in the +fine arts, in the practical arts, in the production and +distribution of wealth, in all the affairs affecting the +welfare of mankind. It is a fact that all these great +matters are interdependent and interlocking; it is +therefore a fact of the utmost importance that progress +in each of the cardinal matters must keep abreast +of progress in the other cardinal matters in order to +keep a just equilibrium, a proper balance, and so to +maintain the integrity and continued prosperity of +the whole complex body of our social life; it is a +fact, a fact of observation, that in some of the great +matters progress proceeds in accordance with one +law and one rate of advancement and in others in +accordance with a very different law and rate; it is +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page016">[pg 016]</span><a name="Pg016" id="Pg016" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +a fact, a fact of observation and sad experience, a +fact attested by all history and made evident by reason, +that owing to the widely differing laws and rates +of progress in the great essential concerns of humanity, +the balance and equilibrium among the parts is +disturbed, the strain gradually increases until a violent +break ensues in the form of social conflicts, +insurrections, revolutions and war; it is a fact that +the readjustment that follows, as after an earthquake, +does indeed establish a kind of new equilibrium, +but it is an equilibrium born of violence, and +it is destined to be again disturbed periodically without +end, unless by some science and art of Human +Engineering progress in all the great matters essential +to human weal can be made to proceed in accordance +with one and the same law having its validity +in the nature of man. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Taken in combination, the facts just stated are so +extremely important that they deserve to be stated +with the utmost emphasis and clarity. To this end +I beg the reader to consider very carefully and side +by side the two following series of numbers. The +first one is a simple geometrical progression—denoted +by (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">GP</span></span>); the second one is a simple arithmetical +progression—denoted by (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">AP</span></span>): +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">GP</span></span>: 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, etc.;<br /> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">AP</span></span>: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, etc. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page017">[pg 017]</span><a name="Pg017" id="Pg017" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +For convenience of comparison I let them begin +with the same number and for simplicity I have +taken 2 for this initial term; observe that in the +(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">GP</span></span>) each term is got from the preceding term by +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">multiplying</span></span> by 2 and that +in the (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">AP</span></span>) each term +is got from its predecessor by adding 2; in the first +series the multiplier 2 is called the common <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ratio</span></span> and +in the second series the repeatedly added 2 is called +the common <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">difference</span></span>; it is again for the convenience +of comparison that I have chosen the same number +for both common ratio and common difference and +for the sake of simplicity that I have taken for this +number the easy number 2. Other choices would +be logically just as good. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Why have I introduced these two series? Because +they serve to illustrate perfectly two widely different +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">laws of progress</span></em>—two laws representing vastly different +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">rates</span></em> of growth, increase, or <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">advancement</span></em>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Do not fail to observe in this connection the following +two facts. One of them is that the magnitude +of the terms of any geometric progression whose +ratio (no matter how small) is 2 or more will overtake +and surpass the magnitude of the corresponding +terms of any arithmetical progression, no matter +how large the common difference of the latter may +be. The other fact to be noted is that the greater +the ratio of a geometric progression, the more +rapidly do its successive terms increase; so that the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page018">[pg 018]</span><a name="Pg018" id="Pg018" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +terms of one geometric progression may increase a +thousand or a million or a billion times faster than +the corresponding terms of another geometric progression. +As any geometric progression (of ratio +equal to 2 or more), no matter how slow, outruns +every arithmetic progression, no matter how fast, +so one geometric progression may be far swifter +than another one of the same type. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +To every one it will be obvious that the two progressions +differ in pace; and that the difference between +their corresponding terms becomes increasingly +larger and larger the farther we go; for instance, +the sum of the first six terms of the geometrical +progression is 126, whereas the sum of the first +six terms of the arithmetical progression is only 42, +the difference between the two sums being 84; the +sum of 8 terms is 510 for the (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">GP</span></span>) and 72 for +the (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">AP</span></span>), the difference between these sums (of only +8 terms each) being 438, already much larger than +before; if now we take the sums of the first 10 terms, +they will be 2046 and 110 having a difference of +1936; etc., etc. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Consider now any two matters of great importance +for human weal—jurisprudence for example, +and natural science—or any other two major concerns +of humanity. It is as plain as the noon-day +sun that, if progress in one of the matters advances +according to the law of a geometric progression and +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page019">[pg 019]</span><a name="Pg019" id="Pg019" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the other in accordance with a law of an arithmetical +progression, progress in the former matter will very +quickly and ever more and more rapidly outstrip +progress in the latter, so that, if the two interests +involved be interdependent (as they always are), a +strain is gradually produced in human affairs, social +equilibrium is at length destroyed; there follows a +period of readjustment by means of violence and +force. It must not be fancied that the case supposed +is merely hypothetical. The whole history of mankind +and especially the present condition of the world +unite in showing that far from being merely hypothetical, +the case supposed has always been actual and is +actual to-day on a vaster scale than ever before. My +contention is that while progress in some of the great +matters of human concern has been long proceeding +in accordance with the law of a rapidly increasing +geometric progression, progress in the other matters +of no less importance has advanced only at the rate +of an arithmetical progression or at best at the rate +of some geometric progression of relatively slow +growth. To see it and to understand it we have to +pay the small price of a little observation and a little +meditation. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Some technological invention is made, like that of +a steam engine or a printing press, for example; or +some discovery of scientific method, like that of +analytical geometry or the infinitesimal calculus; or +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page020">[pg 020]</span><a name="Pg020" id="Pg020" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +some discovery of natural law, like that of falling +bodies or the Newtonian law of gravitation. What +happens? What is the effect upon the progress of +knowledge and invention? The effect is stimulation. +Each invention leads to new inventions and each discovery +to new discoveries; invention breeds invention, +science begets science, the children of knowledge +produce their kind in larger and larger families; the +process goes on from decade to decade, from generation +to generation, and the spectacle we behold is that +of advancement in scientific knowledge and technological +power according to the law and rate of a +rapidly increasing geometric progression or logarithmic +function. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +And now what must we say of the so-called sciences—the +pseudo sciences—of ethics and jurisprudence +and economics and politics and government? +For the answer we have only to open our eyes and +behold the world. By virtue of the advancement +that has long been going on with ever accelerated +logarithmic rapidity in invention, in mathematics, in +physics, in chemistry, in biology, in astronomy and +in applications of them, time and space and matter +have been already conquered to such an extent that +our globe, once so seemingly vast, has virtually +shrunken to the dimensions of an ancient province; +and manifold peoples of divers tongues and traditions +and customs and institutions are now constrained +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page021">[pg 021]</span><a name="Pg021" id="Pg021" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +to live together as in a single community. +There is thus demanded a new ethical wisdom, a +new legal wisdom, a new economical wisdom, a new +political wisdom, a new wisdom in the affairs of government. +For the new visions our anguished times +cry aloud but the only answers are reverberated +echoes of the wailing cry mingled with the chattering +voices of excited public men who know not what to +do. Why? What is the explanation? The question +is double: Why the disease? And why no remedy +at hand? The answer is the same for both. And +the answer is that the so-called sciences of ethics and +jurisprudence and economics and politics and government +have not kept pace with the rapid progress +made in the other great affairs of man; they have +lagged behind; it is because of their lagging that the +world has come to be in so great distress; and it is +because of their lagging that they have not now +the needed wisdom to effect a cure. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Do you ask why it is that the <span class="tei tei-q">“social”</span> sciences—the +so-called sciences of ethics, etc.—have lagged +behind? The answer is not far to seek nor difficult +to understand. They have lagged behind, partly +because they have been hampered by the traditions +and the habits of a bygone world—they have looked +backward instead of forward; they have lagged behind, +partly because they have depended upon the +barren methods of verbalistic philosophy—they +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page022">[pg 022]</span><a name="Pg022" id="Pg022" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +have been metaphysical instead of scientific; they +have lagged behind, partly because they have been +often dominated by the lusts of cunning <span class="tei tei-q">“politicians”</span> +instead of being led by the wisdom of enlightened +statesmen; they have lagged behind, partly because +they have been predominantly concerned to protect +<span class="tei tei-q">“vested interests,”</span> upon which they have in the main +depended for support; the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">fundamental</span></em> cause, however, +of their lagging behind is found in the astonishing +fact that, despite their being by their very +nature most <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">immediately</span></em> concerned with the affairs +of mankind, they have not discovered what Man +really is but have from time immemorial falsely regarded +human beings either as animals or else as +combinations of animals and something supernatural. +With these two monstrous conceptions of the essential +nature of man I shall deal at a later stage of this +writing. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +At present I am chiefly concerned to drive home +the fact that it is the great <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">disparity</span></em> between the +rapid progress of the natural and technological +sciences on the one hand and the slow progress of +the metaphysical, so-called social <span class="tei tei-q">“sciences”</span> on the +other hand, that sooner or later so disturbs the +equilibrium of human affairs as to result periodically +in those social cataclysms which we call insurrections, +revolutions and wars. The reader should note +carefully that such cataclysmic changes—such +<span class="tei tei-q">“jumps,”</span> as we may call them—such violent readjustments +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page023">[pg 023]</span><a name="Pg023" id="Pg023" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +in human affairs and human relationships—are +recorded throughout the history of mankind. +And I would have him see clearly that, because the +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">disparity</span></em> which produces them increases as we pass +from generation to generation—from term to term +of our progressions—the <span class="tei tei-q">“jumps”</span> in question occur +not only with increasing violence but with increasing +frequency. This highly significant fact may be +graphically illustrated in the following figure: +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%"><img src="images/023-1.png" width="700" height="101" alt="A horizontal line, with numbers 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 above, and markings a', a, b, c, d in the corresponding locations below." title="Geometric evolution of the natural and technological sciences.—Peaceful progress." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Geometric evolution of the natural and technological sciences.—Peaceful + progress.</div></div> +<div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%"><img src="images/023-2.png" width="700" height="216" alt="A horizontal line, again marked with numbers 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, but with gaps between 6 and (unprinted) 7, 8 and (unprinted) 9, 10 and (unprinted) 11. Above are markings: A' above 2 and A above 4; B above 6 and C above 7; D above 8 and E above 9; F above 10 and G at the far right end. The steady progress areas, 2 to 4, 7 to 8, 9 to 10, are marked “Peaceful”, while the gaps are labeled “Jump, Revolution or War.”" title="Arithmetical evolution of the so-called social “sciences,” accelerated by violent “jumps.”—Non-peaceful social progress." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Arithmetical evolution of the so-called social <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center">“sciences,”</span> + accelerated by violent <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center">“jumps.”</span>—Non-peaceful social progress.</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">a'2</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">2a</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ab</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">bc</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">cd</span></span>, represent the geometrical law +of progression in the natural and technological +sciences (peaceful evolution). +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A'2</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">2A</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">AB</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">CD</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">EF</span></span>, represent the lagging +arithmetical law of progression in the so-called social +sciences (peaceful evolution). +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Both of these during the same periods of time. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page024">[pg 024]</span><a name="Pg024" id="Pg024" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">BC</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">DE</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">FG</span></span>, +represent revolutions or wars, with +the aftermath of revolution of ideas—the <span class="tei tei-q">“jump”</span>—violent +readjustment of ideas to facts—forced by +events. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ab</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">bc</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">cd</span></span>, +and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">AB</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">CD</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">EF</span></span>, take the same amount +of time, but the second progression being much +slower than the first one, the <span class="tei tei-q">“jumps”</span> or revolutions +occur at shorter intervals as time goes on and thus +more frequently force us to coordinate our ideas to +facts. Periods of peace or seeming peace alternate +more and more frequently with periods of violence; +the mentioned <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">disparity</span></em> of progress in peaceful times +is the hatching seed of future violence.<a id="noteref_1" name="noteref_1" href="#note_1"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">1</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page025">[pg 025]</span><a name="Pg025" id="Pg025" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +As a matter of fact these few mathematical considerations +can hardly be called mathematics or +mathematical philosophy; nevertheless, without +bringing attention to these very simple mathematical +ideas we should not be able to proceed any further +than in the past. Our life problems have always been +<span class="tei tei-q">“solved”</span> by verbalists and rhetorical metaphysicians +who cleverly played with vague words and who +always ignored the supremely important matter of +dimensions because they were ignorant of it. There +was no possible way to arrive at an agreement on +the significance of words, or even the understanding +of them. Let us take, for instance, such words as +<span class="tei tei-q">“good”</span> or <span class="tei tei-q">“bad”</span> or <span class="tei tei-q">“truth;”</span> volumes upon volumes +have been written about them; no one has reached +any result universally acceptable; the effect has been +to multiply warring schools of philosophy—sectarians +and partisans. In the meantime <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">something</span></em> +corresponding to each of the terms <span class="tei tei-q">“good,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“bad,”</span> +<span class="tei tei-q">“truth”</span> exists as matter of fact; but what that something +is still awaits scientific determination. If only +these three words could be scientifically defined, philosophy, +law, ethics and psychology would cease to +be <span class="tei tei-q">“private theories”</span> or verbalism and they would +advance to the rank and dignity of sciences. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Here I may quote a characteristic of life as expressed +by one of the <span class="tei tei-q">“heroes”</span> of my esteemed +friend Harvey O'Higgins, in his book, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">From the +</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page026">[pg 026]</span><a name="Pg026" id="Pg026" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-style: italic"> +Life, Imaginary Portraits of Some Distinguished +Americans</span></span> (Harper, N. Y.). +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Warren never philosophized; he handled facts as an +artisan handles his tools; but if he </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">had</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> philosophized, his +theory of life would probably have been something like this: +</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">There is no justice, there is no morality, in nature or in +natural laws; justice and morality are laws only of human +society. But society, natural life, and all civilization are +subject in their larger aspects to natural laws—which contradict +morality and outrage justice—and the statesman has +to move with those laws and direct his people in accordance +with them, despite the lesser by-laws of morality and justice.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> ”</span></span> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +If such are the creeds of <span class="tei tei-q">“distinguished people”</span> +anywhere, what better can we expect than that which +we see in the history of humanity? +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But the fact that the old philosophy, law, ethics, +psychology, politics and sociology could not solve the +practical problems of humanity, is not any reason +whatsoever why we should despair. The problems +can be solved. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +To follow the reasoning of this book, it is not +necessary to be a highly trained specialist; the only +qualifications required are candor, an open mind, +freedom from blinding prejudice, thoughtfulness, a +real desire for truth, and enough common sense to +understand that to talk of adding three quarts of +milk to three-quarters of a mile is to talk nonsense. +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page027">[pg 027]</span><a name="Pg027" id="Pg027" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> +<a name="toc7" id="toc7"></a> +<a name="pdf8" id="pdf8"></a> +<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Chapter II. Childhood of Humanity</span></h2> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The conclusion of the World War is the closing +of the period of the childhood of humanity. +This childhood, as any childhood, can be characterized +as devoid of any real understanding of values, +as is that of a child who uses a priceless chronometer +to crack nuts. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This childhood has been unduly long, but happily +we are near to the end of it, for humanity, shaken +by this war, is coming to its senses and must soon +enter its manhood, a period of great achievements +and rewards in the new and real sense of values +dawning upon us. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The sacred dead will not have died for naught; +the <span class="tei tei-q">“red wine of youth,”</span> the wanton waste of life, +has shown us the price of life, and we will have to +keep our oath to make the future worthy of their +sweat and blood. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Early ideas are not necessarily true ideas. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There are different kinds of interpretations of +history and different schools of philosophy. All of +them have contributed something to human progress, +but none of them has been able to give the world a +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page028">[pg 028]</span><a name="Pg028" id="Pg028" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +basic philosophy embracing the whole progress of +science and establishing the life of man upon the +abiding foundation of Fact. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Our life is bound to develop according to evident +or else concealed laws of nature. The evident laws +of nature were the inspiration of genuine science in +its cradle; and their interpretations or misinterpretations +have from the earliest times formed systems +of law, of ethics, and of philosophy. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Human intellect, be it that of an individual or +that of the race, forms conclusions which have to be +often revised before they correspond approximately +to facts. What we call progress consists in coordinating +ideas with realities. The World War has +taught something to everybody. It was indeed a +great reality; it accustomed us to think in terms of +reality and not in those of phantom speculation. +Some unmistakable truths were revealed. Facts and +force were the things that counted. Power had to +be produced to destroy hostile power; it was found +that the old political and economic systems were not +adequate to the task put upon them. The world had +to create new economic conditions; it was obliged +to supplement the old systems with special boards +for food, coal, railroads, shipping, labor, etc. The +World War emergency compelled the nations to organize +for producing greater power in order to conquer +power already great. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page029">[pg 029]</span><a name="Pg029" id="Pg029" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +If there is anything which this war has proved, it +is the fact that the most important asset a nation or +an individual can have, is the ability <span class="tei tei-q">“to do things.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“In Flanders Fields the poppies blow ...,”</span> that +is too true; they blow and they are strong and red. +But the purpose of this writing is not the celebration +of poetry, but the elucidation and right use of +facts. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Normally, thousands of rabbits and guinea pigs +are used and killed, in scientific laboratories, for +experiments which yield great and tangible benefits +to humanity. This war butchered millions of people +and ruined the health and lives of tens of millions. +Is this climax of the pre-war civilization to be passed +unnoticed, except for the poetry and the manuring +of the battle fields, that the <span class="tei tei-q">“poppies blow”</span> stronger +and better fed? Or is the death of ten men on the +battle field to be of as much worth in knowledge +gained as is the life of one rabbit killed for experiment? +Is the great sacrifice worth analysing? +There can be only one answer—yes. But, if truth +be desired, the analysis must be scientific. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In science, <span class="tei tei-q">“opinions”</span> are tolerated when and +only when facts are lacking. In this case, we have +all the facts necessary. We have only to collect them +and analyse them, rejecting mere <span class="tei tei-q">“opinions”</span> as cheap +and unworthy. Such as understand this lesson will +know how to act for the benefit of all. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page030">[pg 030]</span><a name="Pg030" id="Pg030" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +At present the future of mankind is dark. <span class="tei tei-q">“Stop, +look, and listen”</span>—the prudent caution at railroad +crossings—must be amended to read <span class="tei tei-q">“stop, look, +listen, and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">think</span></span>”</span>; not for the saving of a few lives +in railroad accidents, but for the preservation of the +life of humanity. Living organisms, of the lower +and simpler types, in which the differentiation and +the integration of the vital organs have not been +carried far, can move about for a considerable time +after being deprived of the appliances by which the +life force is accumulated and transferred, but higher +organisms are instantly killed by the removal of such +appliances, or even by the injury of minor parts of +them; even more easily destroyed are the more advanced +and complicated <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">social</span></em> organizations. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The first question is: what are to be the scientific +methods that will eliminate diverse opinions and +creeds from an analysis of facts and ensure correct +deductions based upon them? A short survey of +facts concerning civilization will help to point the +way. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Humanity, in its cradle, did not have science; it +had only the faculties of observation and speculation. +In the early days there was much speculative thinking, +but it was without any sufficient basis of facts. +Theology and philosophy flourished; their speculations +were often very clever, but all their primitive +notions about facts—such as the structure of the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page031">[pg 031]</span><a name="Pg031" id="Pg031" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +heavens, the form of the earth, mechanical principles, +meteorological or physiological phenomena—were +almost all of them wrong. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +What is history? What is its significance for +humanity? Dr. J. H. Robinson gives us a precise +answer: <span class="tei tei-q">“Man's abject dependence on the past gives +rise to the continuity of history. Our convictions, +opinions, prejudices, intellectual tastes; our knowledge, +our methods of learning and of applying for +information we owe, with slight exceptions, to the +past—often to the remote past. History is an expansion +of memory, and like memory it alone can +explain the present and in this lies its most unmistakable +value.”</span><a id="noteref_2" name="noteref_2" href="#note_2"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">2</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The savage regards every striking phenomenon or +group of phenomena as caused by some personal +agent, and from remotest antiquity the mode of thinking +has changed only as fast as the relations among +phenomena have been established.<a id="noteref_3" name="noteref_3" href="#note_3"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">3</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page032">[pg 032]</span><a name="Pg032" id="Pg032" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Human nature was always asking <span class="tei tei-q">“why”</span>? and not +being able to answer why, they found their answer +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page033">[pg 033]</span><a name="Pg033" id="Pg033" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +through another factor <span class="tei tei-q">“who.”</span> The unknown was +called, Gods or God. But with the progress of +science the <span class="tei tei-q">“why”</span> became more and more evident, +and the question came to be <span class="tei tei-q">“how.”</span> From the early +days of humanity, dogmatic theology, law, ethics, +and science in its infancy, were the monopolies of one +class and the source of their power.<a id="noteref_4" name="noteref_4" href="#note_4"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">4</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page034">[pg 034]</span><a name="Pg034" id="Pg034" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The first to break this power were the exact +sciences. They progressed too rapidly to be bound +and limited by obscure old writings and prejudices; +life and realities were their domain. Science brushed +aside all sophistry and became a reality. Ethics is +too fundamentally important a factor in civilization +to depend upon a theological or a legal excuse; +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page035">[pg 035]</span><a name="Pg035" id="Pg035" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +ethics must conform to the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">natural</span></em> laws of human +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">nature</span></em>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Laws, legal ideas, date from the beginning of +civilization. Legal speculation was wonderfully developed +in parallel lines with theology and philosophy +before the natural and exact sciences came +into existence. Law was always made by the few +and in general for the purpose of preserving the +<span class="tei tei-q">“existing order,”</span> or for the reestablishment of the +old order and the punishment of the offenders +against it. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Dogmatic theology is, by its very nature, unchangeable. +The same can be said in regard to the +spirit of the law. Law was and is to protect the +past and present status of society and, by its very +essence, must be very conservative, if not reactionary. +Theology and law are both of them static by their +nature.<a id="noteref_5" name="noteref_5" href="#note_5"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">5</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page036">[pg 036]</span><a name="Pg036" id="Pg036" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Philosophy, law and ethics, to be effective in a +dynamic world must be dynamic; they must be made +vital enough to keep pace with the progress of life +and science. In recent civilization ethics, because +controlled by theology and law, which are static, +could not duly influence the dynamic, revolutionary +progress of technic and the steadily changing conditions +of life; and so we witness a tremendous downfall +of morals in politics and business. Life progresses +faster than our ideas, and so medieval ideas, +methods and judgments are constantly applied to +the conditions and problems of modern life. This +discrepancy between facts and ideas is greatly responsible +for the dividing of modern society into different +warring classes, which do not understand each +other. Medieval legalism and medieval morals—the +basis of the old <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">social</span></em> structure—being by their +nature conservative, reactionary, opposed to change, +and thus becoming more and more unable to support +the mighty social burden of the modern world, must +be adjudged responsible in a large measure for the +circumstances which made the World War inevitable. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Under the flash of explosives some of the workings +of those antiquated ideas were exposed or +crushed. The World War has profoundly changed +economic conditions and made it necessary to erect +new standards of values. We are forced to realize +that evolution by transformation is a cosmic process +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page037">[pg 037]</span><a name="Pg037" id="Pg037" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and that reaction, though it may retard it, can not +entirely stop it.<a id="noteref_6" name="noteref_6" href="#note_6"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">6</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The idea that organic species are results of special +creation has no scientific standard whatever. There +is not one fact tending to prove special or separate +creation; the evidence, which is overwhelming, is all +of it on the other side. The hypothesis of special +creation is a mere fossil of the past. Evolution is +the only theory which is in harmony with facts and +with all branches of science: life is dynamic, not +static. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Philosophy, as defined by Fichte, is the <span class="tei tei-q">“science +of sciences.”</span> Its aim was to solve the problems of +the world. In the past, when all exact sciences were +in their infancy, philosophy had to be purely speculative, +with little or no regard to realities. But if +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page038">[pg 038]</span><a name="Pg038" id="Pg038" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +we regard philosophy as a Mother science, divided +into many branches, we find that those branches have +grown so large and various, that the Mother science +looks like a hen with her little ducklings paddling +in a pond, far beyond her reach; she is unable to +follow her growing hatchlings. In the meantime, +the progress of life and science goes on, irrespective +of the cackling of metaphysics. Philosophy does not +fulfill her initial aim to bring the results of experimental +and exact sciences together and to solve world +problems. Through endless, scientific specialization +scientific branches multiply, and for want of coordination +the great world-problems suffer. This failure +of philosophy to fulfill her boasted mission of scientific +coordination is responsible for the chaos in the +world of general thought. The world has no collective +or organized higher ideals and aims, nor +even fixed general purposes. Life is an accidental +game of private or collective ambitions and +greeds.<a id="noteref_7" name="noteref_7" href="#note_7"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">7</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page039">[pg 039]</span><a name="Pg039" id="Pg039" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Systematic study of chemical and physical phenomena +has been carried on for many generations +and these two sciences now include: (1) knowledge +of an enormous number of facts; (2) a large body +of natural laws; (3) many fertile working hypotheses +respecting the causes and regularities of natural +phenomena; and finally (4) many helpful theories +held subject to correction by further testing of the +hypotheses giving rise to them. When a subject is +spoken of as a science, it is understood to include +all of the above mentioned parts. Facts alone do +not constitute a science any more than a pile of +stones constitutes a house, not even do facts and laws +alone; there must be facts, hypotheses, theories and +laws before the subject is entitled to the rank of a +science. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The primal function of a science is to enable us +to anticipate the future in the field to which it relates. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page040">[pg 040]</span><a name="Pg040" id="Pg040" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Judged by this standard, neither philosophy nor its +kindred—the so-called social sciences—have in the +past been very effective. There was, for example, +no official warning of the coming of the World War—the +greatest of catastrophes. The future was not +anticipated because political philosophers did not +possess the necessary basis of knowledge. To be +just we must admit that philosophy has been but little +aided financially because it is commonly regarded as +unnecessary. The technical branches of science have +been strongly backed and generally supported by +those to whom they have brought direct profit; and +so they have had better opportunities for development. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Ethics in the stifling grip of myth and legalism +is not convincing enough to exercise controlling influence. +Such is the situation in which we find ourselves. +Being still in our childhood and thinking like +savages, we looked upon the World War as a personal +creation of a <span class="tei tei-q">“war-lord,”</span> because those interested +in it told us so. We neglected to use our common +sense and look deeper into its origins; to perform +for ourselves the duty which political philosophy +did not perform for us—the duty of thinking +in terms of facts and not in terms of metaphysical +speculations. Knowledge of facts would +have told us that the war lords were only the representatives +of the ruling classes. A system of social +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page041">[pg 041]</span><a name="Pg041" id="Pg041" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and economic order built exclusively on selfishness, +greed, <span class="tei tei-q">“survival of the fittest,”</span> and ruthless competition, +must cease to exist, or exist by means of war. +The representatives of this system determined to continue +to exist, and so war was the consequence. The +ruling classes carried the whole system under which +they lived to its logical conclusion and natural issue, +which is <span class="tei tei-q">“grab what you can.”</span> This motto is not +peculiar to any one country; it is the motto of our +whole civilization and is the inevitable outcome of +our stupid philosophy regarding the characteristic +nature of man and the proper potentialities of human +life. Where are we to find the true doctrines? +Where the true philosophy? If we go back over the +history of civilization, we find that in all <span class="tei tei-q">“sciences,”</span> +except the exact ones, private opinions and theories +have shaped our beliefs, colored our mental processes +and controlled our destinies; we see, for example, +pessimism opposed to optimism, materialism +to spiritualism, realism to idealism, capitalism to +socialism, and so on endlessly. Each of the disputatious +systems has a large number of followers and +each faction looks upon the others as deprived of +truth, common sense and knowledge. All of them +play with the words <span class="tei tei-q">“natural law”</span> which they ignorantly +presume to have as the basis and content of +their own particular doctrine. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is the same in the realm of religions; there are +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page042">[pg 042]</span><a name="Pg042" id="Pg042" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +approximately 291 million Confucianists, or Taoists, +261 million Roman Catholics, 211 million Mohammedans, +209 million Hindus, 177 million Protestants, +157 million Animists, 137 million Buddhists, +115 million Orthodox Christians—to speak only of +the most important religions. Each group, and they +are rather large groups, believes its theory or its +faith to be infallible and all the others to be false. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Bacon seems a bit remote, but the idols and +medieval fetishes which he so masterfully describes +are equally venerated to-day. +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%"> +(</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Novum Organum</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, by Francis Bacon.) +</span></p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%"> +34. </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Four species of idols beset the human mind, to which +(for distinction's sake) we have assigned names, calling the +first Idols of the Tribe, the second Idols of the Den, the +third Idols of the Market, the fourth Idols of the Theatre.</span></span> +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%"> +40. </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The information of notions and axioms on the foundation +of true induction is the only fitting remedy by which +we can ward off and expel these idols. It is, however, of +great service to point them out; for the doctrine of idols +bears the same relation to the interpretation of nature as +that of the confutation of sophisms does to common logic.</span></span> +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%"> +41. </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The idols of the tribe are inherent in human nature +and the very tribe or race of man; for man's sense is falsely +asserted to be the standard of things; on the contrary, all +the perceptions both of the senses and the mind bear reference +to man and not to the Universe, and the human mind resembles +these uneven mirrors which impart their own properties +to different objects, from which rays are emitted and +distort and disfigure them.</span></span> +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%"> +42. </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The idols of the den are those of each individual; +for everybody (in addition to the errors common to the race +</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page043">[pg 043]</span><a name="Pg043" id="Pg043" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%"> +of man) has his own individual den or cavern, which intercepts +and corrupts the light of nature, either from his own +peculiar and singular disposition, or from his education and +intercourse with others, or from his reading, and the +authority acquired by those whom he reverences and admires, +or from the different impressions produced on the mind, as +it happens to be preoccupied and predisposed, or equable and +tranquil, and the like; so that the spirit of man (according +to its several dispositions), is variable, confused, and, as it +were, actuated by chance; and Heraclitus said well that men +search for knowledge in lesser worlds, and not in the greater +or common world.</span></span> +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%"> +43. </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">There are also idols formed by the reciprocal intercourse +and society of man with man, which we call idols +of the market, from the commerce and association of men +with each other; for men converse by means of language, +but words are formed at the will of the generality, and there +arises from a bad and unapt formation of words a wonderful +obstruction to the mind. Nor can the definitions and explanations +with which learned men are wont to guard and +protect themselves in some instances afford a complete +remedy—words still manifestly force the understanding, +throw everything into confusion, and lead mankind into vain +and innumerable controversies and fallacies.</span></span> +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%"> +44. </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Lastly, there are idols which have crept into men's +minds from the various dogmas of peculiar systems of philosophy, +and also from the perverted rules of demonstration, +and these we denominate idols of the theatre: for we regard +all the systems of philosophy hitherto received or imagined, +as so many plays brought out and performed, creating +fictitious and theatrical worlds. Nor do we speak only of the +present systems, or of the philosophy and sects of the ancients, +since numerous other plays of a similar nature can be still +composed and made to agree with each other, the causes +of the most opposite errors being generally the same. Nor, +</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page044">[pg 044]</span><a name="Pg044" id="Pg044" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%"> +again, do we allude merely to general systems, but also to +many elements and axioms of sciences which have become +inveterate by tradition, implicit credence, and +neglect.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_8" name="noteref_8" href="#note_8"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">8</span></span></a> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Metaphysical speculation and its swarming progeny +of blind and selfish political philosophies, private +opinions, private <span class="tei tei-q">“truths,”</span> and private doctrines, +sectarian opinions, sectarian <span class="tei tei-q">“truths”</span> and sectarian +doctrines, querulous, confused and blind—such is +characteristic of the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">childhood</span></em> of humanity. The +period of humanity's <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">manhood</span></em> will, I doubt not, be +a scientific period—a period that will witness the +gradual extension of scientific method to all the interests +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page045">[pg 045]</span><a name="Pg045" id="Pg045" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of mankind—a period in which man will discover +the essential nature of man and establish, at +length, the science and art of directing human +energies and human capacities to the advancement +of human weal in accordance with the laws of +human nature. +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page046">[pg 046]</span><a name="Pg046" id="Pg046" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> +<a name="toc9" id="toc9"></a> +<a name="pdf10" id="pdf10"></a> +<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Chapter III. Classes of Life</span></h2> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The problems to be dealt with in this chapter +are not easy, but they are exceedingly important. +To classify phenomena correctly, they must +be correctly analysed and clearly defined. For the +sake of clearness I will use the simplest illustrations +and, avoiding as much as possible the difficulties of +technical terms, will use language easily to be understood +by every one. In some cases the words will +indeed have a technical meaning and it will be necessary +to exercise great care against the danger of +giving false impressions; for clear ideas are essential +to sound thinking. As a matter of fact our common +daily speech is ill adapted for the precise expression +of thought; even so-called <span class="tei tei-q">“scientific”</span> language is +often too vague for the purpose and requires further +refining. Some may say that it is useless and unnecessary +to lay so much stress on correct thinking +and precise expression; that it has no practical value; +for they say that <span class="tei tei-q">“business”</span> language is good enough +to <span class="tei tei-q">“talk business,”</span> or to put <span class="tei tei-q">“something over”</span> the +other fellow. But a little explanation will show that +precision is often of the greatest importance. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page047">[pg 047]</span><a name="Pg047" id="Pg047" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Humanity is a peculiar class of life which, in some +degree, determines its own destinies; therefore in +practical life <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">words</span></em> and +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">ideas</span></em> become <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">facts</span></em>—facts, +moreover, which bring about important practical +consequences. For instance, many millions of human +beings have defined a stroke of lightning as being +the <span class="tei tei-q">“punishment of God”</span> of evil men; other millions +have defined it as a <span class="tei tei-q">“natural, casual, periodical phenomenon”</span>; +yet other millions have defined it as an +<span class="tei tei-q">“electric spark.”</span> What has been the result of +these <span class="tei tei-q">“non-important”</span> definitions in practical life? +In the case of the first definition, when lightning +struck a house, the population naturally made no +attempt to save the house or anything in it, because +to do so would be against the <span class="tei tei-q">“definition”</span> which proclaims +the phenomenon to be a <span class="tei tei-q">“punishment for +evil,”</span> any attempt to prevent or check the destruction +would be an impious act; the sinner would be guilty +of <span class="tei tei-q">“resisting the supreme law”</span> and would deserve to +be punished by death. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Now in the second instance, a stricken building is +treated just as any tree overturned by storm; the +people save what they can and try to extinguish the +fire. In both instances, the behavior of the populace +is the same in one respect; if caught in the open +by a storm they take refuge under a tree—a means +of safety involving maximum danger but the people +do not know it. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page048">[pg 048]</span><a name="Pg048" id="Pg048" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Now in the third instance, in which the population +have a scientifically correct definition of lightning, +they provide their houses with lightning rods; +and if they are caught by a storm in the open they +neither run nor hide under a tree; but when the +storm is directly over their heads, they put themselves +in a position of minimum exposure by lying flat +on the ground until the storm has passed. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Such examples could be given without end, but +there is another example of sufficient vital importance +to be given here, as it has to do with our conception +of the social and economic system, and the +state. If our institutions are considered <span class="tei tei-q">“God-given”</span>—sacred +and therefore static—every reformer +or advocate of change should be treated as +a criminal or <span class="tei tei-q">“a danger to the existing order”</span> and +hanged or at least put in jail for life. But now, if +our institutions are <span class="tei tei-q">“man made,”</span> imperfect and often +foolish, and subject to change all the time steadily +and dynamically in obedience to some known or unknown +law; then of course all reactionaries would +be a <span class="tei tei-q">“danger to the natural order”</span> and they should +be treated the same way. The importance of definitions +can be seen in all other fields of practical life; +definitions create conditions. To know the world in +which we live, we have to analyse facts by help of +such facts as we know in daily practice and such facts +as are established in scientific laboratories where men +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page049">[pg 049]</span><a name="Pg049" id="Pg049" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +do not jump to conclusions. In some places it will +be necessary to make statements that will have to +await full justification at a later stage of the discussion. +This will be necessary to indicate the trend +of the analysis. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The aim of the analysis is to give us just conceptions, +correct definitions, and true propositions. The +process is slow, progressive, and endless. The problems +are infinitely many, and it is necessary to select. +Fortunately the solution of a few leads automatically +to the solution of many others. Some of the greatest +and most far-reaching scientific discoveries have been +nothing else than a few correct definitions, a few +just concepts and a few true propositions. Such, for +example, was the work of Euclid, Newton and +Leibnitz—a few correct definitions, a few just concepts, +a few true propositions; but these have been +extended and multiplied, sometimes by men of creative +genius, and often almost automatically by men +of merely good sense and fair talent. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The matter of definition, I have said, is very important. +I am not now speaking of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">nominal</span></em> definitions, +which for convenience merely give names to +known objects. I am speaking of such definitions +of phenomena as result from correct analysis of the +phenomena. Nominal definitions are mere conveniences +and are neither true nor false; but analytic +definitions are definitive <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">propositions</span></em> and are true +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page050">[pg 050]</span><a name="Pg050" id="Pg050" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +or else false. Let us dwell upon the matter a little +more. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the illustration of the definitions of lightning, +there were three; the first was the most mistaken +and its application brought the most harm; the second +was less incorrect and the practical results less +bad; the third under the present conditions of our +knowledge, was the <span class="tei tei-q">“true one”</span> and it brought the +maximum benefit. This lightning illustration suggests +the important idea of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">relative</span></em> truth and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">relative</span></em> +falsehood—the idea, that is, of degrees of +truth and degrees of falsehood. A definition may +be neither absolutely true nor absolutely false; but +of two definitions of the same thing, one of them +may be truer or falser than the other. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +If, for illustration's sake, we call the first <span class="tei tei-q">“truth”</span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A</span></span>, (alpha 1), +the second one <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> +(alpha 2), the third one +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">3</span></span> +(alpha 3), we may suppose that a genius +appears who has the faculty to surpass all the other +relative truths +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">1</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">3</span></span>, ... +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span> and gives us an +absolute or final truth, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">valid in infinity</span></span> +(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">infinity</span></span>) say a +final definition, that lightning is so ... and so ..., +a kind of energy which flows, let us say, through a +glass tube filled with charcoal. Then of course +this definition would immediately make obvious +what use could be made of it. We could erect +glass towers filled with charcoal and so secure an +unlimited flow of available free energy and our +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page051">[pg 051]</span><a name="Pg051" id="Pg051" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +whole life would be affected in an untold degree. +This example explains the importance of correct +definitions. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But to take another example: there is such a +thing as a phenomenon called the <span class="tei tei-q">“color”</span> red. +Imagine how it might be defined. A reactionary +would call it a <span class="tei tei-q">“Bolshevik”</span> +(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">1</span></span>); a Bolshevik +would say <span class="tei tei-q">“My color”</span> +(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span>); a color-blind person +would say <span class="tei tei-q">“such a thing does not exist”</span> +(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">3</span></span>); +a Daltonist would say <span class="tei tei-q">“that is green”</span> +(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">4</span></span>); a +metaphysician would say <span class="tei tei-q">“that is the soul of whiskey”</span> +(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">5</span></span>); +an historian would say <span class="tei tei-q">“that is the color of the ink with which human history has +been written”</span> (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">6</span></span>); +an uneducated person would say <span class="tei tei-q">“that is the color of blood”</span> +(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">7</span></span>); the modern +scientist would say <span class="tei tei-q">“it is the light of such and such wave length”</span> +(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">8</span></span>). +If this last definition be <span class="tei tei-q">“valid in infinity”</span> or not we do not know, +but it is, nevertheless, a <span class="tei tei-q">“scientific truth”</span> in the present +condition of our knowledge. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This final but unknown <span class="tei tei-q">“truth valid in infinity”</span> +is somehow perceived or felt by us as an ideal, for +in countless years of observation we have formed +a series of less and less false, more and more nearly +true <span class="tei tei-q">“ideas”</span> about the phenomenon. The <span class="tei tei-q">“ideas”</span> +are <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">reflexes</span></em> of the phenomenon, reflected in our +midst as in a mirror; the reflexes may be distorted, +as in a convex or concave mirror, but they suggest +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page052">[pg 052]</span><a name="Pg052" id="Pg052" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +an ideal reflex valid in infinity. It is of the utmost +importance to realize that the words which are used +to express the ideas and the ideals are <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">the materialization</span></span> +of the ideas and ideal; it is only by +words that we are enabled to give to other human +beings an exact or nearly exact impression which +we have had of the phenomenon. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It may be helpful to illustrate this process by an +example. Let us suppose that a man makes an +experiment of doing his own portrait from a mirror, +which may be plane, concave or convex. If he looks +into a plane mirror, he will see his true likeness; +even so, if he be a poor designer, he will draw the +likeness badly. Let us suppose that the man has +beautiful features but because the drawing is very +poor, it will not convey the impression that the +features of the original were beautiful. If this poor +designer were to look into and work from a concave +or convex mirror, the drawing of his likeness would +have practically no resemblance to his original +features. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +For correct analysis and true definitions of the +cardinal classes of life in our world it is necessary +to have some just ideas about dimensions or dimensionality. +The Britannica gives us some help in +this connection. I will explain briefly by an example. +Measurable entities of different kinds can not be +compared directly. Each one must be measured in +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page053">[pg 053]</span><a name="Pg053" id="Pg053" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +terms of a unit of its own kind. A line can have +only length and therefore is of one dimension: a surface +has length and width and is therefore said to +have two dimensions; a volume has length, width and +thickness and is, therefore, said to have three dimensions. +If we take, for example, a volume—say a +cube—we see that the cube has surfaces and lines and +points, but a volume is not a surface nor a line nor +a point. Just these dimensional differences have an +enormous unrealized importance in practical life, as +in the case of taking a line of five units of length +and building upon it a square, the measure of this +square (surface) will not be 5, it will be 25; and +the 25 will not be 25 linear units but 25 square or +surface units. If upon this square we build a cube, +this cube will have neither 5 nor 25 for its measure; +it will have 125, and this number will not be so many +units of length nor of surface but so many solid or +cubic units. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is as plain as a pike staff that, if we confused +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">dimensions</span></em> when computing lengths and areas and +volumes, we would wreck all the architectural and +engineering structures of the world, and at the same +time show ourselves stupider than block-heads. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +To analyse the classes of life we have to consider +two very different kinds of phenomena: the one +embraced under the collective name—Inorganic +chemistry—the other under the collective name—Organic +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page054">[pg 054]</span><a name="Pg054" id="Pg054" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +chemistry, or the chemistry of hydro-carbons. +These divisions are made because of the peculiar +properties of the elements chiefly involved in the +second class. The properties of matter are so distributed +among the elements that three of them—Oxygen, +Hydrogen, and Carbon—possess an ensemble +of unique characteristics. The number of +reactions in inorganic chemistry are relatively few, +but in organic chemistry—in the chemistry of these +three elements the number of different compounds is +practically unlimited. Up to 1910, we knew of more +than 79 elements of which the whole number of reactions +amounted to only a few hundreds, but among +the remaining three elements—Carbon, Hydrogen +and Oxygen—the reactions were known to be practically +unlimited in number and possibilities; this fact +must have very far reaching consequences. As far +as energies are concerned, we have to take them as +nature reveals them to us. Here more than ever, +mathematical thinking is essential and will help enormously. +The reactions in inorganic chemistry +always involve the phenomenon of heat, sometimes +light, and in some instances an unusual energy is +produced called electricity. Until now, the radioactive +elements represent a group too insufficiently +known for an enlargement here upon this subject. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The organic compounds being unlimited in number +and possibilities and with their unique characteristics, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page055">[pg 055]</span><a name="Pg055" id="Pg055" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +represent of course, a different class of phenomena, +but being, at the same time, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">chemical</span></em> they include +the basic chemical phenomena involved in all chemical +reactions, but being unique in many other respects, +they also have an infinitely vast field of unique +characteristics. Among the energetic phenomena of +organic chemistry, besides the few mentioned above +there are <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">new and unique</span></span> energetic phenomena +occurring in this dimension. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Of these phenomena, mention may be made of +the phenomenon <span class="tei tei-q">“life,”</span> the phenomenon of the <span class="tei tei-q">“instincts”</span> +and of the <span class="tei tei-q">“mind”</span> in general. These energetic +phenomena are unique for the unique chemistry +of the three unique elements. It is obvious that this +<span class="tei tei-q">“uniqueness”</span> is the reason why these phenomena +must be classified as belonging to or having a higher +dimensionality than belongs to the phenomena of inorganic +chemistry just as the uniqueness of the properties +of a volume as compared with surface properties +depends upon the fact that a volume has a +higher dimensionality than a surface. Just as this +difference of dimensions makes the whole difference +between the geometry of volumes and the geometry +of surfaces, the difference between the two chemistries +involves a difference of dimensionality. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The higher energies of the chemistries of the +higher dimensionality are very difficult to define; my +descriptions are no better than the description of +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page056">[pg 056]</span><a name="Pg056" id="Pg056" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +life given by Professor Wilhelm Roux, in his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Der +Kampf der Teile im Organismus</span></span>, Leipzig, 1881, +which are equally unsatisfactory. In want of a better, +I quote him. He defines a living being as a natural +object which possesses the following nine characteristic +autonomous activities: Autonomous change, +Autonomous excretion, Autonomous ingestion, Autonomous +assimilation, Autonomous growth, Autonomous +movement, Autonomous multiplication, Autonomous +transmission of hereditary characteristics +and Autonomous development. The words <span class="tei tei-q">“Autonomous +activities”</span> are important because they hint +at the dimensional differences of these energies. But +a better word should be found to define the dimensional +differences between the activities found in +inorganic chemistry and those found in organic +chemistry. We see it is a mistake to speak about +<span class="tei tei-q">“life”</span> in a crystal, in the same sense in which we +use the word life to name the curious <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">autonomous</span></span> +phenomenon of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">organic chemistry, which is of +another dimension</span></span> than the activities in inorganic +chemistry. For the so-called life in the crystals—the +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">not</span></em> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">autonomous</span></span> (or anautonomous) activities +of crystals—another word than life should be found. +In the theory of crystals the term life is purely +rhetorical: its use there is very injurious to sound +science. These old ideas of <span class="tei tei-q">“life”</span> in crystals are +profoundly unscientific and serve as one of the best +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page057">[pg 057]</span><a name="Pg057" id="Pg057" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +examples of the frequent confusion or intermixing +of dimensions—a confusion due to unmathematical, +logically incorrect ways of thinking. If crystals +<span class="tei tei-q">“live,”</span> then <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">volumes are surfaces</span></em>, and 125 cubic +units=25 square units—absurdities belonging to the +<span class="tei tei-q">“childhood of humanity.”</span> +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Crystals can grow in a proper solution, and can regenerate +their form in such a solution when broken or injured; +it is even possible to prevent or retard the formation of +crystals in a supersaturated solution by preventing </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">germs</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +in the air from getting into the solution, an observation which +was later utilized by Schroeder and Pasteur in their experiments +on spontaneous generation. However, the analogies +between a living organism and a crystal are merely superficial +and it is by pointing out the fundamental differences between +the behavior of crystals and that of living organisms that +we can best understand the specific difference between non-living +and living matter. It is true that a crystal can grow, +but it will do so only in a supersaturated solution of its own +substance. Just the reverse is true for living organisms. In +order to make bacteria or the cells of our body grow, solutions +of the split products of the substances composing them +and not the substances themselves must be available to the +cells; second, these solutions must not be supersaturated, on +the contrary, they must be dilute; and third, growth leads +in living organisms to cell division as soon as the mass of +the cell reaches a certain limit. This process of cell division +can not be claimed even metaphorically to exist in a crystal. +A correct appreciation of these facts will give us an insight +into the specific difference between non-living and living matter. +The formation of living matter consists in the synthesis +of the proteins, nucleins, fats, and carbohydrates of the cells, +from split products....</span></span> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page058">[pg 058]</span><a name="Pg058" id="Pg058" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The essential difference between living and non-living +matter consists then in this: the living cell synthesizes its +own complicated specific material from indifferent or non-specific +simple compounds of the surrounding medium, while +the crystal simply adds the molecules found in its supersaturated +solution. This synthetic power of transforming +small </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">building stones</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> into the complicated compounds +specific for each organism is the </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">secret of life</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> or rather one +of the secrets of life.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> (</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">The Organism as a Whole</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, by +Jacques Loeb.) +</span></p> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It will be explained later that one of the energetic +phenomena of organic chemistry—the <span class="tei tei-q">“mind,”</span> +which is one of the energies characteristic of this +class of phenomena, is <span class="tei tei-q">“autonomous,”</span> is <span class="tei tei-q">“self-propelling”</span> +and true to its dimensionality. If we +analyse the classes of life, we readily find that there +are three cardinal classes which are radically distinct +in function. A short analysis will disclose to us that, +though minerals have various activities, they are not +<span class="tei tei-q">“living.”</span> The plants have a very definite and well +known function—the transformation of solar energy +into organic chemical energy. They are a class of +life which appropriates one kind of energy, converts +it into another kind and stores it up; in that sense +they are a kind of storage battery for the solar +energy; and so I define <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">the plants as the chemistry-binding</span></span> +class of life. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The animals use the highly dynamic products of +the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">chemistry-binding</span></em> class—the plants—as food, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page059">[pg 059]</span><a name="Pg059" id="Pg059" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and those products—the results of plant-transformation—undergo +in animals a further transformation +into yet higher forms; and the animals are correspondingly +a more dynamic class of life; their energy +is kinetic; they have a remarkable freedom and +power which the plants do not possess—I mean the +freedom and faculty to move about in <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">space</span></em>; and so +I define <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">animals as the space-binding class of +life</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +And now what shall we say of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">human</span></em> beings? +What is to be our definition of Man? Like the animals, +human beings do indeed possess the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">space-binding</span></em> +capacity but, over and above that, human +beings possess a most remarkable capacity which is +entirely peculiar to them—I mean the capacity to +summarise, digest and appropriate the labors and +experiences of the past; I mean the capacity to use +the fruits of past labors and experiences as intellectual +or spiritual capital for developments in the +present; I mean the capacity to employ as instruments +of increasing power the accumulated achievements +of the all-precious lives of the past generations +spent in trial and error, trial and success; I mean the +capacity of human beings to conduct their lives in +the ever increasing light of inherited wisdom; I mean +the capacity in virtue of which man is at once the +heritor of the by-gone ages and the trustee of posterity. +And because humanity is just this magnificent +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page060">[pg 060]</span><a name="Pg060" id="Pg060" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +natural agency by which the past lives in the +present and the present for the future, I define +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">humanity</span></span>, in the universal tongue of mathematics +and mechanics, to be the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">time-binding class of +life</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +These definitions of the cardinal classes of life +are, it will be noted, obtained from direct observation; +they are so simple and so important that I cannot +over-emphasize the necessity of grasping them +and most especially the definition of Man. For these +simple definitions and especially that of Humanity +will profoundly transform the whole conception of +human life in every field of interest and activity; +and, what is more important than all, the definition +of Man will give us a starting point for discovering +the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">natural</span></em> laws of human nature—of the human +class of life. The definitions of the classes of life +represent the different classes as distinct in respect +to dimensionality; and this is extremely important +for no measure or rule of one class can be applied +to the other, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">without making grave mistakes</span></em>. For +example, to treat a human being as an animal—as +a mere space-binder—because humans have certain +animal propensities, is an error of the same type and +grossness as to treat a cube as a surface because it +has surface properties. It is absolutely essential to +grasp that fact if we are ever to have a science +of human nature. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page061">[pg 061]</span><a name="Pg061" id="Pg061" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We can represent the different classes of life in +three life coordinates. The minerals, with their inorganic +activities would be the Zero (0) dimension +of <span class="tei tei-q">“life”</span>—that is the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">lifeless</span></em> class—here represented +by the point <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">M</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The plants, with their <span class="tei tei-q">“autonomous”</span> growth, to +be represented by the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">one dimensional</span></span> line <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">MP</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The animals, with their <span class="tei tei-q">“autonomous”</span> capacity +to grow and to be active in space by the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">two dimensional</span></span> +plane <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">PAM</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The humans, with their <span class="tei tei-q">“autonomous”</span> capacity to +grow, to be active in space <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">and to be active in +time</span></span>, by the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">three dimensional</span></span> +region <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">MAPH</span></span>. +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%"><img src="images/061.png" width="600" height="341" alt="A drawing, like labeling the axes of a three-dimensional space. At the center is “(Minerals) M”. At the top of the Z axis is “H (Humans)”. At the end of the X axis is “P (Plants)”. At the end of the Y axis is “A (Animals)”." /></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Such diagrammatic illustrations must not be taken +too literally; they are like figures of speech—helpful +if understood—harmful if not understood. The +reader should reflect upon the simple idea of dimensions +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page062">[pg 062]</span><a name="Pg062" id="Pg062" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +until he sees clearly that the idea is not merely +a thing of interest or of convenience, but is absolutely +essential as a means of discriminating the cardinal +classes of life from one another and of conceiving +each class to be what it is instead of mixing +it confusedly with something radically different. It +will greatly help the reader if he will retire to the +quiet of his cloister and there meditate about as +follows. A line has one dimension; a plane has two; +a plane contains lines and so it has line properties—<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">one</span></em>-dimensional +properties—but it has other properties—<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">two</span></em>-dimensional +properties—and it is these +that are peculiar to it, give it its own character, +and make it what it is—a plane and not a line. +So animals have some plant properties—they +grow, for example—but animals have other properties—autonomous +mobility, for example,—properties +of higher dimensionality or type—and +it is these that make animals <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">animals</span></em> and not +plants. Just so, human beings have certain animal +properties—autonomous mobility, for example, +or physical appetites—but humans have other properties +or propensities—ethical sense, for example, +logical sense, inventiveness, progressiveness—properties +or propensities of higher dimensionality, level, +or type—and it is these propensities and powers +that make human beings <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">human</span></em> and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">not</span></em> animal. +When and only when this fact is clearly seen and +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page063">[pg 063]</span><a name="Pg063" id="Pg063" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +keenly realized, there will begin the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">science of man</span></em>—the +science and art of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">human nature</span></em>—for then +and only then we shall begin to escape from the age-long +untold immeasurable evils that come from regarding +and treating human beings as animals, as +mere binders of space, and we may look forward +to an ethics, a jurisprudence and economics, a governance—a +science and art of human life and society—based +upon the laws of human nature because +based upon the just conception of humanity as the +time-binding class of life, creators and improvers of +good, destined to endless advancement, in accord +with the potencies of Human Nature.<a id="noteref_9" name="noteref_9" href="#note_9"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">9</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page064">[pg 064]</span><a name="Pg064" id="Pg064" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Humanity is still in its childhood; we have +<span class="tei tei-q">“bound”</span> so little time in the course of the centuries, +which are so brief in the scheme of the universe. At +the bottom of every human activity, historical fact +or trend of civilization, there lies some doctrine or +conception of so-called <span class="tei tei-q">“truth.”</span> Apples had fallen +from trees for ages, but without any important results +in the economy of humanity. The fact that a +fallen apple hit Newton, led to the discovery of the +theory of gravitation; this changed our whole world +conception, our sciences and our activities; it powerfully +stimulated the development of all the branches +of natural and technological knowledge. Even in +the event of the Newtonian laws being proved to be +not quite correct, they have served a great purpose +in enabling us to understand natural phenomena in +a sufficiently approximate way to make it possible to +build up modern technology and to develop our +physical science to the point where it was necessary +and possible to make a correction of the Newtonian +laws. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A similar organic change in our conception of +human life and its phenomena is involved in the foregoing +definitions of the classes of life; they will replace +basic errors with scientific truths of fundamental +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page065">[pg 065]</span><a name="Pg065" id="Pg065" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +importance; they will form the basis for scientific +development of a permanent civilization in place of +the periodically convulsive so-called civilizations of +the past and present. To know the cause of evil and +error is to find the cure. +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page066">[pg 066]</span><a name="Pg066" id="Pg066" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> +<a name="toc11" id="toc11"></a> +<a name="pdf12" id="pdf12"></a> +<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Chapter IV. What Is Man?</span></h2> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Man has ever been the greatest puzzle to man. +There are many and important reasons for +this fact. As the subject of this book is not a theoretical, +academic study of man, of which too many +have already been written, I will not recount the +reasons, but will confine myself to the more pressing +matters of the task in hand, which is that of pointing +the way to the science and art of Human Engineering. +The two facts which have to be dealt with first, +are the two which have most retarded human progress: +(1) there has never been a true definition of +man nor a just conception of his rôle in the curious +drama of the world; in consequence of which there +has never been a proper principle or starting point +for a science of humanity. It has never been realized +that man is a being of a dimension or type different +from that of animals and the characteristic nature +of man has not been understood; (2) man has +always been regarded either as an animal or as a +supernatural phenomenon. The facts are that man +is not <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">super</span></em>natural but is literally a part of nature +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page067">[pg 067]</span><a name="Pg067" id="Pg067" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and that human beings are not animals. We have +seen that the animals are truly characterized by +their autonomous mobility—their space-binding capacity—animals +are space-binders. We have seen +that human beings are characterized by their creative +power, by the power to make the past live in the +present and the present for the future, by their capacity +to bind time—human beings are time-binders. +These concepts are basic and impersonal; arrived +at mathematically, they are mathematically correct. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It does not matter at all <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">how</span></em> the first man, the +first time-binder, was produced; the fact remains +that he was somewhere, somehow produced. To +know anything that is to-day of fundamental interest +about man, we have to analyse man in three coordinates—in +three capacities; namely, his chemistry, his +activities in space, and especially his activities in +time; whereas in the study of animals we have to +consider only two factors: their chemistry and their +activities in space. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Let us imagine that the aboriginal—original +human specimen was one of two brother apes, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A</span></span> +and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">B</span></span>; they were alike in every respect; both were +animal space-binders; but something strange happened +to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">B</span></span>; he became the first time-binder, a +human. No matter how, this <span class="tei tei-q">“something”</span> made the +change in him that lifted him to a higher dimension; +it is enough that in some-wise, over and above +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page068">[pg 068]</span><a name="Pg068" id="Pg068" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +his animal capacity for binding space, there was +superadded the marvelous new capacity for binding-time. +He had thus a new faculty, he belonged to +a new dimension; but, of course, he did not realize +it; and because he had this new capacity he was +able to analyze his brother <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A</span></span>”</span>; +he observed <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A</span></span> +is my brother; he is an animal; but he is my brother; +therefore, <span class="tei tei-hi"><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant: small-caps">I</span></em><span style="font-variant: small-caps"> am an animal</span></span>.”</span> +This fatal first conclusion, +reached by false analogy, by neglecting a +fact, has been the chief source of human woe for +half a million years and it still survives. The time-binding +capacity, first manifest in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">B</span></span>, increased more +and more, with the days and each generation, until +in the course of centuries man felt himself increasingly +somehow different from the animal, but he +could not explain. He said to himself, <span class="tei tei-q">“If I +am an animal there is also in me something higher, +a spark of some thing <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">super</span></em>natural.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +With this conclusion he estranged himself, as +something apart from nature, and formulated the +impasse, which put him in a cul-de-sac of a double +life. He was neither true to the <span class="tei tei-q">“supernatural”</span> +which he could not know and therefore, could not +emulate, nor was he true to the <span class="tei tei-q">“animal”</span> which he +scorned. Having put himself outside the <span class="tei tei-q">“natural +laws,”</span> he was not really true to any law and condemned +himself to a life of hypocrisy, and established +speculative, artificial, unnatural laws. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page069">[pg 069]</span><a name="Pg069" id="Pg069" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“How blind our familiar assumptions make us! +Among the animals, man, at least, has long been +wont to regard himself as a being quite apart from +and not as part of the cosmos round about him. +From this he has detached himself in thought, he has +estranged and objectified the world, and lost the +sense that he is of it. And this age-long habit and +point of view, which has fashioned his life and controlled +his thought, lending its characteristic mark +and color to his whole philosophy and art and learning, +is still maintained, partly because of its convenience, +no doubt, and partly by force of inertia +and sheer conservatism, in the very teeth of the +strongest probabilities of biological science. Probably +no other single hypothesis has less to recommend +it, and yet no other so completely dominates +the human mind.”</span> (Cassius J. Keyser, loc. cit.) +And this monstrous conception is current to-day: +millions still look upon man as a mixture of animal +and something supernatural. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There is no doubt that the engineering of human +society is a difficult and complicated problem of tremendous +ethical responsibility, for it involves the +welfare of mankind throughout an unending succession +of generations. The science of Human +Engineering can not be built upon false conceptions +of human nature. It can not be built on the conception +of man as a kind of animal; it can not be +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page070">[pg 070]</span><a name="Pg070" id="Pg070" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +built on the conception of man as a mixture of natural +and supernatural. It must be built upon the +conception of man as being at once natural and +higher in dimensionality than the animals. It must +be built upon the scientific conception of mankind as +characterized by their time-binding capacity and +function. This conception radically alters our whole +view of human life, human society, and the world. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It must be obvious to any one that time-binding +is the only natural criterion and standard for the +time-binding class of life. This mighty term—time-binding—when +comprehended, will be found to embrace +the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">whole</span></span> of the natural laws, the natural +ethics, the natural philosophy, the natural sociology, +the natural economics, the natural governance, to be +brought into the education of time-binders; then +really peaceful and progressive civilization, without +periodical collapses and violent readjustments, will +commence; not before. Everything which is really +<span class="tei tei-q">“time-binding”</span> <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">is in</span></em> the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">human dimension</span></span>; therefore, +it will represent every quality that is implied +in such words as—<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">good</span></em>, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">just</span></em>, +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">right</span></em>, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">beautiful</span></em>; while +everything that is merely space-binding will be classified +as <span class="tei tei-q">“animal”</span> and be thus assessed at its proper +value. Those ignorant <span class="tei tei-q">“masters of our destinies”</span> +who regard humans as animals or as monstrous +hybrids of natural and supernatural must be dethroned +by scientific education. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page071">[pg 071]</span><a name="Pg071" id="Pg071" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Humans can be literally poisoned by false ideas +and false teachings. Many people have a just horror +at the thought of putting poison into tea or coffee, +but seem unable to realize that, when they teach false +ideas and false doctrines, they are poisoning the +time-binding capacity of their fellow men and women. +One has to stop and think! There is nothing mystical +about the fact that ideas and words are energies +which powerfully affect the physico-chemical base of +our time-binding activities. Humans are thus made +untrue to <span class="tei tei-q">“human nature.”</span> Hypnotism is a known +fact. It has been proved that a man can be so +hypnotized that in a certain time which has been +suggested to him, he will murder or commit arson +or theft; that, under hypnotic influence, the personal +morale of the individual has only a small influence +upon his conduct; the subject obeys the hypnotic suggestions, +no matter how immoral they are. The +conception of man as a mixture of animal and supernatural +has for ages kept human beings under the +deadly spell of the suggestion that, animal selfishness +and animal greediness are their essential character, +and the spell has operated to suppress their +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">real human nature</span></span> and to prevent it from expressing +itself naturally and freely. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +On the other hand, when human beings are educated +to a lively realization that they are by <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">nature</span></em> +time-binding creatures, then they will spontaneously +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page072">[pg 072]</span><a name="Pg072" id="Pg072" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +live in accordance with their time-binding nature, +which, as I have said, is the source and support of +the highest ideals. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +What is achieved in blaming a man for being selfish +and greedy if he acts under the influence of a +social environment and education which teach him +that he is an animal and that selfishness and greediness +are of the essence of his nature? +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Even so eminent a philosopher and psychologist as +Spencer tells us: <span class="tei tei-q">“Of self-evident truths so dealt +with, the one which here concerns us is that a creature +must live before it can act ... Ethics has to +recognize the truth that egoism comes before altruism.”</span> +This is true for <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">animals</span></span>, because animals +die out from lack of food when their natural supply +of it is insufficient because they have <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">not the +capacity to produce artificially</span></span>. But it is not +true for the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">human dimension</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Why not? Because humans through their time-binding +capacity are first of all <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">creators</span></em> and so their +number is not controlled by the supply of unaided +nature, but only by men's artificial productivity, +which is <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">the materialization of their time-binding +capacity</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Man, therefore, by the very intrinsic character of +his being, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">must act first, in order to be able +to live</span></span> (through the action of parents—or society) +which is not the case with animals. The misunderstanding +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page073">[pg 073]</span><a name="Pg073" id="Pg073" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of this simple truth is largely accountable +for the evil of our ethical and economic systems or +lack of systems. As a matter of fact, if humanity +were to live in <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">complete</span></em> accord with the animal conception +of man, artificial production—time-binding +production—would cease and ninety per cent of +mankind would perish by starvation. It is just +because human beings are not animals but are time-binders—not +mere finders but creators of food and +shelter—that they are able to live in such vast +numbers. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Here even the blind must see the effect of higher +dimensionality, and this effect becomes in turn the +cause of other effects which produce still others, and +so on in an endless chain. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">we live because we +produce, because we are acting in time and +are not merely acting in space—because man +is not a kind of animal</span></span>. It is all so simple, if +only we apply a little sound logic in our thinking +about human nature and human affairs. If human +ethics are to be human, are to be in the human +dimension, the postulates of ethics must be changed; +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">for humanity in order to live must act first</span></span>; +the laws of ethics—the laws of right living—are +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">natural</span></em> laws—laws of human nature—laws having +their whole source and sanction in the time-binding +capacity and time-binding activity peculiar to man. +Human excellence is excellence in time-binding, and +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page074">[pg 074]</span><a name="Pg074" id="Pg074" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +must be measured and rewarded by time-binding +standards of worth. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Humanity, in order to live, must produce creatively +and therefore must be guided by applied +science, by technology; and this means that the so-called +social sciences of ethics, jurisprudence, psychology, +economics, sociology, politics, and government +must be emancipated from medieval metaphysics; +they must be made scientific; they must be +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">technologized</span></em>; they must be made to progress and +to function in the proper dimension—the human +dimension and not that of animals: they must be +made time-binding sciences. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Can this be done? I have no doubt that it can. +For what is human life after all? +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +To a general in the battlefield, human life is a +factor which, if properly used, can destroy the +enemy. To an engineer human life is an equivalent +to energy, or a capacity to do work, mental or muscular, +and the moment something is found to be a +source of energy and to have the capacity of doing +work, the first thing to do, from the engineer's point +of view, is to analyse the generator with a view to +discovering how best to conserve it, to improve it, +and bring it to the level of maximum productivity. +Human beings are very complicated energy-producing +batteries differing widely in quality and magnitude +of productive power. Experience has shown +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page075">[pg 075]</span><a name="Pg075" id="Pg075" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +that these batteries are, first of all, chemical batteries +producing a mysterious energy. If these batteries +are not supplied periodically with a more or +less constant quantity of some chemical elements +called food and air, the batteries will cease to function—they +will die. In the examination of the structure +of these batteries we find that the chemical base +is very much accentuated all through the structure. +This chemical generator is divided into branches +each of which has a very different rôle which it +must perform in harmony with all the others. The +mechanical parts of the structure are built in conformity +to the rules of mechanics and are automatically +furnished with lubrication and with chemical +supplies for automatically renewing worn-out parts. +The chemical processes not only deposit particles of +mass for the structure of the generator but produce +some very powerful unknown kinds of energies or +vibrations which make all the chemical parts function; +we find also a mysterious apparatus with a complex +of wires which we call brain glands, and nerves; +and, finally, these human batteries have the remarkable +capacity of reproduction. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +These functions are familiar to everybody. From +the knowledge of other physical, mechanical and +chemical phenomena of nature, we must come to the +conclusion, that this human battery is the most perfect +example of a complex engine; it has all the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page076">[pg 076]</span><a name="Pg076" id="Pg076" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +peculiarities of a chemical battery combined with a +generator of a peculiar energy called life; above all, +it has mental or spiritual capacities; it is thus +equipped with both mental and mechanical means for +producing work. The parts and functions of this +marvelous engine have been the subject of a vast +amount of research in various special branches of +science. A very noteworthy fact is that both the +physical work and the mental work of this human +engine are always accompanied by both physical and +chemical changes in the structure of its machinery—corresponding +to the wear and tear of non-living +engines. It also presents certain sexual and spiritual +phenomena that have a striking likeness to certain +phenomena, especially wireless phenomena, to electricity +and to radium. This human engine-battery +is of unusual strength, durability and perfection; and +yet it is very liable to damage and even wreckage, if +not properly used. The controlling factors are very +delicate and so the engine is very capricious. Very +special training and understanding are necessary for +its control. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The reader may wish to ask: What is the essence +of the time-binding power of Man? Talk of essences +is metaphysical—it is not scientific. Let me +explain by an example. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +What is electricity? The scientific answer is: electricity +is that which exhibits such and such phenomena. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page077">[pg 077]</span><a name="Pg077" id="Pg077" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Electricity means nothing but a certain +group of phenomena called electric. We are studying +electricity when we are studying those phenomena. +Thus it is in physics—there is no talk of +essences. So, too, in Human Engineering—we +shall not talk of the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">essence</span></em> of time-binding but only +of the phenomena and the laws thereof. What has +led to the development of electric appliances is +knowledge of electrical phenomena—not metaphysical +talk about the electrical essence. And what +will lead to the science and art of Human Engineering +is knowledge of time-binding phenomena—not +vain babble about an essence of time-binding power. +There is no mystery about the word time-binding. +Some descriptive term was necessary to indicate that +human capacity which discriminates human beings +from animals and marks man as man. For that use—the +appropriateness of the term time-binding +becomes more and more manifest upon reflection. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +What are the conditions of life upon this earth? +Is there war or peace in daily life? All living beings +require food; they multiply in a geometrical ratio; +and so the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">natural</span></em> productivity of the soil becomes +increasingly inadequate. The tendency to increase +in geometrical ratio is true of all life—vegetable, +animal and human, but the tendency is checked by +various counteracting influences, natural and artificial. +A short time ago these checks had so operated +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page078">[pg 078]</span><a name="Pg078" id="Pg078" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +to annul the law of increase as almost to stop the +growth of human population. It is only by the time-binding +capacity of man—by scientific progress and +technological invention—that the checks have been +overcome. And so in the last century the population +of Europe increased more than it had increased +in several centuries before. Impoverished soil, excessive +heat or cold, excessive moisture, the lack of rain-fall, +and many other factors are hostile to life. It +is evident, therefore, that human life must especially +struggle for existence; it must carry on a perpetual +contest for self preservation. It seems obvious that, +if there is perpetual war in every-day life, war +methods must be applied. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We have just passed through a tremendous world-wide +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">military</span></em> war and we developed special ways of +producing power to overcome the enemy. We were +thus driven to discover some of the hidden sources +of power and all of our old habits and ideas were +bent toward military methods and military technology. +The war of every-day life against hostile +elements is war for the subjugation of physical +nature and not for the conquest of people. It is a +war carried on by the time-binding power of men +pitted against natural obstacles, and its progressive +triumph means progressive advancement in human +weal. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The lesson of the World War should not be +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page079">[pg 079]</span><a name="Pg079" id="Pg079" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +missed through failure to analyse it. When nations +war with nations, the normal daily war of millions +and millions of individuals to subjugate natural resources +to human uses is interrupted, and the slow-gathered +fruits of measureless toil are destroyed. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But peaceful war, war for the conquest of nature, +involves the use of methods of technology and, what +is even more important, technological philosophy, +law and ethics. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +What I want to emphasize in this little book, is +the need of a thoroughgoing revision of our ideas; +and the revision must be made by engineering minds +in order that our ideas may be made to match facts. +If we are ill, we consult a physician or a surgeon, +not a charlatan. We must learn that, when there is +trouble with the producing power of the world, we +have to consult an engineer, an expert on power. +Politicians, diplomats, and lawyers do not understand +the problem. What I am advocating is that we +must learn to ask those who know how to produce +things, instead of asking those whose profession is +to fight for the division of things produced by nature +or by other human beings. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +As a matter of fact our civilization has been for +a long time disorganized to the point of disease. +Lately through the whirl of changing conditions, due +to the great release of power in the new-born giant +technology, the disorganization has become acute. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page080">[pg 080]</span><a name="Pg080" id="Pg080" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +The sick seldom know the cure for themselves. If +the cure is to be enduring, we have to go to the +source, and this can be done only by men familiar, +not only with effects but also with the causes. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Money is not the wealth of a nation, but production +is wealth; so <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">ordered production</span></em> is the main +object for humanity. But to have the maximum of +production, it is necessary to have production put +on a sound basis. No mere preaching of brotherly +love, or class hatred, will produce one single brick +for the building of the future temple of human victory—the +temple of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">human</span></em> civilization. Ordered +production demands analysis of basic facts. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This era is essentially an industrial era. To produce +we have to have: (1) raw material or soil; (2) +instruments for production—tools and machines; +and (3) the application of power. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The three requirements may be briefly characterized +and appraised as follows: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +(1) Raw material and soil are products of nature; +humanity simply took them and had the use +of them for nothing, because it is impossible to call +a prayer of thanksgiving (if any) addressed to a +<span class="tei tei-q">“creator”</span> as payment to gods or men. But raw +material and soil, in the conditions in which nature +produces them, are of very little immediate benefit +to humanity, because unfilled soil produces very +little food for humans, and raw material such as +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page081">[pg 081]</span><a name="Pg081" id="Pg081" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +wood, coal, oil, iron, copper, etc., are completely +useless to humanity until after human work is applied +to them. It is necessary to cut a tree for the +making of timber; it is necessary to excavate the +minerals, and even then, only by applying further +human work is it possible to make them available +for any human use. So, it is obvious that even raw +materials in the form in which nature has produced +them, are mostly of no value and unavailable for +use, unless reproduced through the process of +<span class="tei tei-q">“human creative production.”</span> Therefore, we may +well conclude that <span class="tei tei-q">“raw material”</span> must be divided +into two very distinct classes: (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">a</span></span>) raw material as +produced by nature—nature's free gift—which in +its original form and place has practically no use-value; +and (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">b</span></span>) raw material reproduced by man's +mental and muscular activities, by his <span class="tei tei-q">“time-binding”</span> +capacities. Raw materials of the second class have +an enormous use-value; indeed they make the existence +of humanity possible. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +As to the second requirement for production, +namely: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +(2) Tools and machines, it is obvious that +<span class="tei tei-q">“tools and machines”</span> are made of raw material by +human work, mental and muscular. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +And, finally: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +(3) The application of power. Different sources +of natural energy and power are known. The most +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page082">[pg 082]</span><a name="Pg082" id="Pg082" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +important available source of energy for this globe +is the sun—the heat of the sun. This solar heat is +the origin of water power, of wind power, and of +the power bound up in coal, of the chemistry, growth +and transforming agency of plants.<a id="noteref_10" name="noteref_10" href="#note_10"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">10</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page083">[pg 083]</span><a name="Pg083" id="Pg083" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +All foods which the animals as well as the humans +use are, already, the result of the solar energy transformed +into what may be called chemical energy. +Transformation of energies is building up of life. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is to be clearly seen that the only source of +energy which can be directly appropriated and used +by man or animal is vegetable food found in the +wilderness; no other sources of power are available +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page084">[pg 084]</span><a name="Pg084" id="Pg084" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +for <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">direct</span></em> use; they have first to be mastered +and directed by human brain. The same is true in +regard to the getting of animal food, the creation +of a water- or windmill, or a steam engine, or the +art of using a team of horses, or a bushel of wheat; +these are not available except by the use of the human +<span class="tei tei-q">“time-binding”</span> power. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This short survey of facts, known to everybody, +brings us to the conclusion that all problems of production +come ultimately to the analysis of +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +(1) Natural resources of raw material and natural +energy, freely supplied by nature, which, as we +have seen, in the form as produced by nature alone, +have very little or no value for humanity; +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +(2) The activity of the human brain (because +human muscles are always directed by the brain) +which gives value to the otherwise useless raw materials +and energies. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Hence, to understand the processes of production, +it is essential to realize that humanity is able to survive +only by virtue of the capacity of humans to exploit +natural resources—to convert the products of +nature into forms available for human needs. If +humanity had only the capacity of apes, depending +exclusively on wild fruits and the like, they would be +confined to those comparatively small regions of the +globe where the climate and the fertility of the soil +are specially favorable. But in the case supposed, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page085">[pg 085]</span><a name="Pg085" id="Pg085" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +humans would not be humans, they would not be +time-binders—they would be animals—mere space-binders. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There are other facts which must be kept constantly +in mind. One of them is that, in the world +in which we live, there are natural laws of inorganic +as well as organic phenomena. Another of the facts +is, as before said, that the human class of life has the +peculiar capacity of establishing the social laws and +customs which regulate and influence its destinies, +which help or hinder the processes of production +upon which the lives and happiness of mankind +essentially and fundamentally depend. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It must not be lost sight of in this connection that +the human class of life is a part and a product of +nature, and that, therefore, there must be <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">fundamental +laws which are natural for this class of life</span></em>. +A stone obeys the natural laws of stones; a liquid +conforms to the natural law of liquids; a plant, to +the natural laws of plants; an animal, to the natural +laws of animals; it follows inevitably that there <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">must</span></em> +be natural laws for humans. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But here the problem becomes more complicated; +for the stone, the plant and the animal do not possess +the intellectual power to create and initiate and so +must blindly obey the laws that are natural for them; +they are not free to determine their own destinies. +Not so with man; man has the capacity and he +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page086">[pg 086]</span><a name="Pg086" id="Pg086" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +can, through ignorance or neglect or mal-intent, +deviate from, or misinterpret, the natural laws for +the human class of life. Just therein lies the secret +and the source of human chaos and woe—a fact of +such tremendous importance that it cannot be over-emphasized +and it seems impossible to evade it +longer. To discover the nature of Man and the +laws of that <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">nature</span></em>, marks the summit of human +enterprises. For to solve this <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">problem is to open the +way to everything which can be of importance to +humanity</span></em>—to human welfare and happiness. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The great problem has been felt as a powerful +impulse throughout the ages of human striving, for +in all times it has been evident to thinkers that upon +the right solution of the problem must forever depend +the welfare of mankind. Many <span class="tei tei-q">“solutions”</span> +have been offered; and, though they have differed +widely, they agree in one respect—they have had a +common fate—the fate of being false. What has +been the trouble? The trouble has been, in every +instance, a radical misconception of what a human +being really is. The problem is to discover the natural +laws of the human class of life. All the <span class="tei tei-q">“solutions”</span> +offered in the course of history and those +which are current to-day are of two and only two +kinds—<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">zoological</span></em> and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">mythological</span></em>. The zoological +solutions are those which grow out of the false +conception according to which human beings are animals; +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page087">[pg 087]</span><a name="Pg087" id="Pg087" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +if humans are animals, the laws of human +nature are the laws of animal nature; and so the +social <span class="tei tei-q">“sciences”</span> of ethics, law, politics, economics, +government become nothing but branches of +zoology; as sciences, they are the studies of animal +life; as arts, they are the arts of managing and controlling +animals; according to this zoological philosophy, +human wisdom about human beings is animal +wisdom about animals. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The mythological <span class="tei tei-q">“solutions”</span> are those which +start with the monstrous conception according to +which human beings have no proper place in nature +but are mixtures of natural and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">super</span></em>natural—unions +or combinations of animality and divinity. +Such <span class="tei tei-q">“solutions”</span> contain no conception of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">natural</span></em> +law; scientifically judged, they are mythological +absurdities—muddle-headed chattering of crude and +irresponsible metaphysics—well-meaning no doubt, +but silly, and deadly in their effects upon the interests +of mankind, vitiating ethics, law, economics, politics +and government. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Such have been and still are the regnant philosophies +of human nature. What is the remedy? How +are the laws of human nature to be discovered? +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is evident that the enterprise, like all other +scientific enterprises, must be based upon and guided +by realities. It is essential to realize that the great, +central, dominant, all-embracing reality is the reality +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page088">[pg 088]</span><a name="Pg088" id="Pg088" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">human nature</span></em>. If we misconceive this fundamental +matter, the enterprise must fail; that is both +logically clear and clear in the sad light of history; +but if we conceive it aright, we may confidently expect +the enterprise to prosper. That is why, in the chapter +on <span class="tei tei-q">“The Classes of Life,”</span> I have laid so much +stress on the absolute necessity of conceiving Man +as being what he really is, and not something else. +And we have discovered what man is: we have discovered +that man is characterized by the capacity +or power to bind time, and so we have <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">defined</span></em> +humanity as the time-binding class of life. That concept +is fundamental. It contains the germ of the +science and art of Human Engineering. The problem +of discovering and applying the <span class="tei tei-q">“laws of human +nature”</span> is the problem of discovering and applying +to the conduct of life the laws of time-binding—of +time-binding activity—of time-binding <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">energy</span></em>. This +fact must be firmly seized and kept steadily in mind. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Energy, we have noted, is the capacity to do work. +In human economy work may be (1) <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">useful</span></em> or (2) +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">neutral</span></em> or (3) <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">harmful</span></em>. These words have no significance +except in human economy. The energy of +the human intellect is a time-binding energy, for it +is able to direct, to use, to transform other energies. +This time-binding energy is of higher rank—of +higher dimensionality—than the other natural +energies which it directs, controls, uses, and transforms. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page089">[pg 089]</span><a name="Pg089" id="Pg089" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +This higher energy—which is commonly +called the mental or spiritual power of man—<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">is</span></em> time-binding +because it makes past achievements live in +the present and present activities in time-to-come. It +is an energy that initiates; it is an energy that creates; +it is an energy that can understand the past and +foretell the future—it is both historian and prophet; +it is an energy that loads <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">abstract</span></em> time—the vehicle +of events—with an ever-increasing burden of intellectual +achievements, of spiritual wealth, destined for +the civilization of posterity. And what is the natural +law of the increase? What is the natural law of +human advancements in all great matters of human +concern? +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The question is of utmost importance both theoretically +and practically, for the law—whatever it be—is +a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">natural</span></em> law—a law of human nature—a law +of the time-binding energy of man. What <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">is</span></em> the +law? We have already noted the law of arithmetical +progression and the law of geometric progression; +we have seen the immense difference between +them; and we have seen that the natural law of +human progress in each and every cardinal matter +is a law like that of a rapidly increasing geometric +progression. In other words, the natural law of +human progress—the natural law of amelioration in +human affairs—the fundamental law of human +nature—the basic law of the time-binding energy +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page090">[pg 090]</span><a name="Pg090" id="Pg090" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +peculiar to man—is a Logarithmic law—a law of +logarithmic increase. I beg the reader not to let +the term bewilder him but to make it his own. It is +easy to understand; and its significance is mighty and +everlasting. Even its mathematical formulation can +be understood by boys and girls. Let us see how the +formulation looks. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Suppose <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">PR</span></span> to denote the amount of progress +made in some important field by a given generation—which +we may call the <span class="tei tei-q">“first”</span> generation; +where <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">R</span></span> denotes the common ratio—the ratio of +improvement—that is, the number by which the +progress of one generation must be multiplied to +give the amount of progress made by the next generation; +then the amount of progress made by the +second generation will be +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">PR</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">2</span></span></span>; that made by the +third generation will be +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">PR</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">3</span></span></span>; and so on; now denote +by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">T</span></span> the number of generations, counting the first +one and all that follow in endless succession. Then +the following series will show the law of human +progress in the chosen field: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">PR, +PR</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">2</span></span><span style="font-style: italic">, +PR</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">3</span></span><span style="font-style: italic">, +PR</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">4</span></span><span style="font-style: italic">, +PR</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">5</span></span><span style="font-style: italic">, ..., +PR</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">T</span></span><span style="font-style: italic">, +PR</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">T+1</span></span><span style="font-style: italic">, ...</span></span>; +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +notice how it goes; the first generation ends with PR; +the second generation starts with <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">PR</span></span>, adds +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">PR</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">2</span></span></span>, and +ends with <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">PR + PR</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">2</span></span></span>; +the third generation starts +with <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">PR + PR</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">2</span></span></span>, +adds <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">PR</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">3</span></span></span> +and ends with <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">PR + PR</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">2</span></span><span style="font-style: italic"> ++ PR</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">3</span></span></span>; +and so on and on; the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">gain</span></span> made in +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page091">[pg 091]</span><a name="Pg091" id="Pg091" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">T</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">th</span></span></span> generation is +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">PR</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">T</span></span></span>; +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">the total gain</span></span> made in +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">T</span></span> generations is +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">PR + PR</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">2</span></span><span style="font-style: italic"> ++ PR</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">3</span></span><span style="font-style: italic"> + ... ++ PR</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">T</span></span></span>; +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +this total gain is given by the formula, +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Total gain in T generations = (R ÷ R-1) (PR<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">T</span></span>-P). +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +If we take <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">R</span></span> to be 2 (which is a very small ratio, +requiring the progress of each generation to be +merely double that of the preceding one) and if we +take <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">T</span></span> to be (say) 10, then we see that the progress +made by the single 10th generation is <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">P</span></span> × +2<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">10</span></span>, which +is 1024 times the progress made in the <span class="tei tei-q">“first”</span> +generation; and we readily compute that the total +gain in 10 generations is 2046 times the progress +made in the <span class="tei tei-q">“first”</span> generation. Moreover, to gain +a just sense of the impressiveness of this law, the +reader must reflect upon the fact that it operates, +not merely on one field, but in all fields of human +interest. <span class="tei tei-q">“Operates in all fields”</span> I have just now +said; as a matter of fact, as before pointed out, it does +not so operate <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">now</span></em> in <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">all</span></em> fields nor has it ever done +so. My point is that it <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">will</span></em> so operate when we +once acquire sense enough to let it do so. That +sense we shall have when and only when we discover +that by nature we are time-binders and that +the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">effectiveness</span></em> of our time-binding capacity is not +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page092">[pg 092]</span><a name="Pg092" id="Pg092" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +only a function of time but is, as I have explained, +a logarithmic or exponential function of time—a +function in which time (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">T</span></span>) +enters as an <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">exponent</span></em>, +as in the expression <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">PR</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">T</span></span></span>, +so that we humans are, +unlike animals, naturally qualified not only to +progress, but to progress more and more rapidly, with +an always <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">accelerating acceleration</span></em>, as the generations +pass. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This great fact is to be at once the basis, the +regulator and guide in the science and art of Human +Engineering. Whatever squares with that law of +time-binding human energy, is right and makes for +human weal; whatever contravenes it, is wrong and +makes for human woe. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +And so I repeat that the world will have uninterrupted, +peaceful progress when and only when the +so-called social <span class="tei tei-q">“sciences”</span>—the life-regulating <span class="tei tei-q">“sciences”</span> +of ethics, law, philosophy, economics, religion, +politics, and government—are technologized; when +and only when they are made genuinely scientific in +spirit and method; for then and only then will they +advance, like the natural, mathematical and technological +sciences, in conformity to the fundamental +exponential law of the time-binding nature of man; +then and then only, by the equal pace of progress in +all cardinal matters, the equilibrium of social institutions +will remain stable and social cataclysms cease. +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page093">[pg 093]</span><a name="Pg093" id="Pg093" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> +<a name="toc13" id="toc13"></a> +<a name="pdf14" id="pdf14"></a> +<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Chapter V. Wealth</span></h2> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I beg the reader to allow me to begin this chapter +with a word of warning. The reader is aware +that Criticism—by which I mean Thought—may be +any one of three kinds: it may be purely destructive; +it may be purely constructive; or it may be both +destructive and constructive at the same time. +Purely destructive criticism is sometimes highly useful. +If an old idea or a system of old ideas be false +and therefore harmful, it is a genuine service to +attack it and destroy it even if nothing be offered +to take its place, just as it is good to destroy a rattlesnake +lurking by a human pathway, even if one does +not offer a substitute for the snake. But, however +useful destructive criticism may be, it is not an easy +service to render; for old ideas, however false and +harmful, are protected alike by habit and by the +inborn conservatism of many minds. Now, habit +indeed is exceedingly useful—even indispensable to +the effective conduct of life—for it enables us to do +many useful things automatically and therefore +easily, without conscious thinking, and thus to save +our mental energy for other work; but for the same +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page094">[pg 094]</span><a name="Pg094" id="Pg094" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +reason, habit is often very harmful; it makes us protect +false ideas automatically, and so when the destructive +critic endeavors to destroy such ideas by +reasoning with us, he finds that he is trying to reason +with automats—with machines. Such is the chief +difficulty encountered by destructive criticism. On +the other hand, purely constructive criticism—purely +constructive thought—consists in introducing new +ideas of a kind that do not clash, or do not seem to +clash, with old ones. Is such criticism or thought +easy? Far from it. It has difficulties of its own. +These are of two varieties: the difficulty of showing +people who are content with their present stock of +old ideas that the new ones are interesting or important; +and the great difficulty of making <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">new</span></em> ideas +clear and intelligible, for the art of being clear and +perfectly intelligible is very, very hard to acquire and +to practise. The third kind of criticism—the third +kind of thought—the kind that is at once both destructive +and constructive—has a double aim—that +of destroying old ideas that are false and that of +replacing them with new ideas that are true; and so +the third kind of criticism or thought is the most difficult +of all, for it has to overcome both the difficulty +of destructive criticism and that of constructive +thought. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The reader, therefore, if he will be good enough +to reflect a little upon the matter, can not fail to appreciate +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page095">[pg 095]</span><a name="Pg095" id="Pg095" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the tremendous difficulties which beset the +writing of this little book, for he must perceive, not +only that the work belongs to the third kind of +critical thought, but—what is much more—the errors +it aims to destroy are fundamental, world-wide and +old, while the true ideas it seeks to substitute for +them are fundamental and new. This great difficulty, +felt at <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">every</span></em> stage of this writing, is, for a +reason to be presently explained, greatly enhanced +and felt with especial keenness in the present chapter. +I therefore beg the reader to give me here +very special cooperation—the cooperation of open-mindedness, +candor and critical attention. It is essential +to keep in mind the nature of our enterprise as a +whole, which is that of pointing the way to the science +and art of Human Engineering and laying the foundations +thereof; we have seen Human Engineering, +when developed, is to be the science and art of so directing +human energies and capacities as to make +them contribute most effectively to the advancement +of human welfare; we have seen that this science and +art must have its basis in a true conception of human +nature—a just conception of what Man really is and +of his natural place in the complex of the world; +we have seen that the ages-old and still current conceptions +of man—zoological and mythological conceptions, +according to which human beings are either +animals or else hybrids of animals and gods—are +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page096">[pg 096]</span><a name="Pg096" id="Pg096" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +mainly responsible for the dismal things in human +history; we have seen that man, far from being an +animal or a compound of natural and supernatural, +is a perfectly natural being characterized by a certain +capacity or power—the capacity or power to bind +time; we have seen that humanity is, therefore, to be +rightly conceived and scientifically defined as the +time-binding class of life; we have seen that, therefore, +the laws of time-binding energies and time-binding +phenomena are the laws of human nature; +we have seen that this conception of man—which +must be the basic concept, the fundamental principle +and the perpetual guide and regulator of Human +Engineering—is bound to work a profound transformation +in all our views on human affairs and, in particular, +must radically alter the so-called social +<span class="tei tei-q">“sciences”</span>—the life-regulating <span class="tei tei-q">“sciences”</span> of ethics, +sociology, economics, politics and government—advancing +them from their present estate of pseudo sciences +to the level of genuine sciences and technologizing +them for the effective service of mankind. +I call them <span class="tei tei-q">“life-regulating,”</span> not because they play +a more important part in human affairs than do the +genuine sciences of mathematics, physics, chemistry, +astronomy and biology, for they are not more important +than these, but because they are, so to say, +closer, more immediate and more obvious in their +influence and effects. These life-regulating sciences +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page097">[pg 097]</span><a name="Pg097" id="Pg097" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +are, of course, not independent; they depend ultimately +upon the genuine sciences for much of their +power and ought to go to them for light and guidance; +but what I mean here by saying they are not +independent is that they are dependent upon each +other, interpenetrating and interlocking in innumerable +ways. To show <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">in detail</span></em> how the so-called +sciences will have to be transformed to make them +accord with the right conception of man and qualify +them for their proper business will eventually require +a large volume or indeed volumes. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In this introductory work I cannot deal fully with +one of those <span class="tei tei-q">“sciences”</span> nor in suitable outline with +each of them separately. I must be content here to +deal, very briefly, with one of them by way of illustration +and suggestion. Which one shall it be? +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Now among these life-regulating <span class="tei tei-q">“sciences”</span> there +is one specially marked by the importance of its subject, +by its central relation to the others and by its +prominence in the public mind. I mean Economics—the +<span class="tei tei-q">“dismal science”</span> of Political Economy. For that +reason I have chosen to deal with economics. In the +present chapter I shall discuss three of its principal +terms—Wealth, Capital and Money—with a view +to showing that the current meanings and interpretations +of these familiar terms must be very greatly +deepened, enlarged and elevated if they are to accord +with facts and laws of human nature and if the so-called +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page098">[pg 098]</span><a name="Pg098" id="Pg098" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<span class="tei tei-q">“science”</span> which employs them is to become +a genuine science properly qualified to be a branch +of Human Engineering. It is to be shown that the +meanings currently attached by political economists +and others to the terms in question belong to what +I have called the period of humanity's childhood; +and it is to be shown that the new meanings which +the terms must receive belong to the period of +humanity's manhood. It will be seen that the new +meanings differ so radically from the old ones as +to make it desirable for the sake of clarity to give +the new meanings new names. But this, however +scientifically desirable, is impracticable because the +old terms—wealth, capital, money—are so deeply +imbedded in the speech of the world. And here +comes into view the very special difficulty alluded to +above and which led me to request the reader's +special cooperation in this chapter. The difficulty +is not merely that of destroying old ideas that are +false; it is not merely that of replacing them with +true ideas that are new; it is that of causing people +habitually to associate meanings that are new and +true with terms associated so long, so universally, so +uniformly with meanings that are false. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The secret of philosophy, said Leibnitz, is to treat +familiar things as unfamiliar. By the secret of +<span class="tei tei-q">“philosophy”</span> Leibnitz meant the secret of what we +call science. Let us apply this wholesome maxim in +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page099">[pg 099]</span><a name="Pg099" id="Pg099" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +our present study; let us, in so far as we can, regard +the familiar terms—wealth, capital and money—as +unfamiliar; let us deal with them afresh; let us +examine openmindedly the facts—the phenomena—to +which the terms relate and ascertain scientifically +the significance the terms must have in a genuine +science of human economy. Examine <span class="tei tei-q">“the facts”</span> I +say—examine <span class="tei tei-q">“the phenomena”</span>—for bending facts +to theories is a vital danger, while bending theories +to facts is essential to science and the peaceful progress +of society. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Human beings have always had some sense of +values—some perception or cognition of values. In +order to express or measure values, it was necessary +to introduce units of measure, or units of exchange. +People began to measure values by means of agricultural +and other products, such as cattle, for example. +The Latin word for cattle was +<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">pecus</span></span>, and +the word <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">pecunia</span></span>, +which came to signify money, +accounts for the meaning of our familiar word pecuniary. +The earliest units for measuring became unsuited +to the increasing needs of growing trade, +<span class="tei tei-q">“business,”</span> or traffic. Finally a unit called money +was adopted in which the base was the value of some +weight of gold. Thus we see that money came to +mean simply the accepted unit for measuring, representing +and expressing values of and in wealth. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But what is wealth? I have said that the old +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page100">[pg 100]</span><a name="Pg100" id="Pg100" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +conceptions of wealth, capital and money—the conceptions +that are still current throughout the world—belong +to the period of humanity's childhood—they +are childish conceptions. I have said that they +must be replaced by scientific conceptions—by conceptions +fit for humanity's manhood. The change +that must be made in our conceptions of the great +terms is tremendous. It is necessary to analyse the +current conceptions of wealth, capital, and money—the +childish conceptions of them—in order to reveal +their falseness, stupidity and folly. To do this we +must enter the field of Political Economy—a field +beset with peculiar difficulties and dangers. All the +Furies of private interests are involved. One gains +the impression that there is little or no real desire +to gain a true conception—a scientific conception—of +wealth. Everybody seems to prefer an emotional +definition—a definition that suits his personal love +of wealth or his hatred of it. Many definitions of +wealth, capital and money are to be found in modern +books of political economy—definitions and books +belonging to humanity's childhood. For the purpose +of this writing they all of them look alike—they +sufficiently agree—they are all of them childish. +Mill, for example, tells us that wealth consists of +<span class="tei tei-q">“useful or agreeable things which possess exchangeable +value.”</span> Of capital one of the simplest definitions +is this: +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page101">[pg 101]</span><a name="Pg101" id="Pg101" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Capital is that part of wealth which is devoted to +obtaining further wealth.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +(Alfred Marshall, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Economics of +Industry</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.) +</span></p> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Walker (in his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Money, Trade and Industry</span></span>) +defines money as follows: +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Money is that which passes freely from hand to hand +throughout the community in final discharge of debts and +full payment for commodities, being accepted equally without +reference to the character or credit of the person who +offers it, and without the intention of the person who receives +it to consume it, or to enjoy it, or apply it to any other +use than, in turn, to tender it to others in discharge of debts +or full payment for commodities.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Political economy has many different schools of +thought and methods of classification. Its reasonings +are mainly speculative, metaphysical, and legalistic; +its ethics is zoological ethics, based on the +zoological conception of man as an animal. The +elements of natural logic and natural ethics are +absent. The sophisticated ideas about the subject +of political economy, bluntly do not correspond to +facts. Our primitive forefather in the jungle would +have died from hunger, cold, heat, blood poisoning +or the attacks of wild animals, if he had not used +his brain and muscles to take some stone or a piece +of wood to knock down fruit from trees, to kill an +animal, so as to use his hide for clothes and his meat +for food, or to break wood and trees for a shelter +and to make some weapons for defense and hunting. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page102">[pg 102]</span><a name="Pg102" id="Pg102" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">In the first stone which he (the savage) flings at the +wild animal he pursues, in the first stick that he seizes to +strike down the fruit which hangs above his reach, we see +the appropriation of one article for the purpose of aiding +in the acquisition of another and thus we discover the origin +of capital.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> (R. Torrens, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">An Essay on the Production of +Wealth</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.) +</span></p> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Our primitive forefather's first acquaintance with +fire was probably through lightning; he discovered, +probably by chance, the possibility of making fire by +rubbing together two pieces of wood and by striking +together two pieces of stone; he established one of +the first facts in technology; he felt the warm effect +of fire and also the good effect of broiling his food +by finding some roasted animals in a fire. Thus +nature revealed to him one of its great gifts, the +stored-up energy of the sun in vegetation and its +primitive beneficial use. He was already a time-binding +being; evolution had brought him to that +level. Being a product of nature, he was reflecting +those natural laws that belong to his class of life; +he had ceased to be static—he had become dynamic—progressiveness +had got into his blood—he was +above the estate of animals. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We also observe that primitive man produced +commodities, acquired experiences, made observations, +and that some of the produced commodities +had a use-value for other people and remained good +for use, even after his death. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page103">[pg 103]</span><a name="Pg103" id="Pg103" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The produced commodities were composed of raw +material, freely supplied by nature, combined with +some mental work which gave him the conception of +how to make and to use the object, and some work on +his part which finally shaped the thing; all of this +mental and manual work consumed an amount of +time. It is obvious that all of these elements are +indispensable to produce anything of any value, or of +any use-value. His child not only directly received +some of the use-values produced by him, but was +initiated into all of his experiences and observations. +(As we know, power, as defined in mechanics, +means the ratio of work done to the time used in +doing it.) +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +All those things are time-binding phenomena produced +by the time-binding capacity of man; but man +has <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">not</span></em> known that <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">this capacity</span></em> was his <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">defining +mark</span></em>. We must notice the strange fact that, from +the engineering point of view, humanity, though very +developed in some ways, is childishly undeveloped +in others. Humanity has some conceptions about +dimensions and talks of the world in which we live +as having three dimensions; yet even in its wildest +imagination it can not picture tangibly a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">fourth</span></em> +dimension; nay, humanity has not learned to grasp +the real meanings of things that are basic or fundamental. +All of our conceptions are relative and +comparative; all of them are based upon matters +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page104">[pg 104]</span><a name="Pg104" id="Pg104" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +which we do not yet understand; for example, we +talk of time, space, electricity, gravity, and so on, +but no one has been able to define them in terms of +the data of sensation; nevertheless—and it is a fact +of the greatest importance—we learn how to use +many things which we do not fully understand and +are not yet able to define. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In political economy the meagreness of our understanding +is especially remarkable; we have not yet +grasped the obvious fact—a fact of immeasurable +import for all of the social sciences—that with little +exception the wealth and capital possessed by a given +generation are not produced by its own toil but are +the inherited fruit of dead men's toil—a free gift +of the past. We have yet to learn and apply the +lesson that not only our material wealth and capital +but our science and art and learning and wisdom—all +that goes to constitute our civilization—were +produced, not by our own labor, but by the time-binding +energies of past generations. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Primitive man used natural laws without knowing +them or understanding them, but he was able to cause +nature to express itself, by finding a way to release +nature's stored up energy. Through the work of his +brain and its direction in the use of his muscles, he +found that some of his appliances were not good; +he made better ones, and thus slowly at first, the +progress of humanity went on. I will not enlarge +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page105">[pg 105]</span><a name="Pg105" id="Pg105" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +upon the history of the evolution of civilization +because it is told in many books. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the earliest times the religious, philosophical, +legal and ethical systems had not been invented. The +morale at that time was a natural morale. Humans +knew that they did not create nature. They did not +feel it <span class="tei tei-q">“proper”</span> to <span class="tei tei-q">“expropriate the creator”</span> and +legalistically appropriate the earth and its treasure +for themselves. They felt, in their unsophisticated +morale, that being called into existence they had a +natural right to exist and to use freely the gifts of +nature in the preservation of their life; and that is +what they did. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +After the death of a man, some of the objects produced +by him still survived, such as weapons, fishing +or hunting instruments, or the caves adapted for living; +a baby had to be nourished for some years by +its parents or it would have died. Those facts had +important consequences; objects made by someone +for some particular use could be used by someone +else, even after the death of one or more successive +users; again the experiences acquired by one member +of a family or a group of people were taught by +example or precept to others of the same generation +and to the next generation. Such simple facts are the +corner stones of our whole civilization and they are +the direct result of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">human capacity of time-binding</span></span>. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page106">[pg 106]</span><a name="Pg106" id="Pg106" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The world to-day is full of controversy about +wealth, capital, and money, and because humanity, +through its peculiar time-binding power, binds this +element <span class="tei tei-q">“time”</span> in an ever larger and larger degree, +the controversy becomes more and more acute. +Civilization as a process is the process of binding +time; progress is made by the fact that each generation +adds to the material and spiritual wealth which +it inherits. Past achievements—the fruit of bygone +time—thus live in the present, are augmented in the +present, and transmitted to the future; the process +goes on; time, the essential element, is so involved +that, though it increases arithmetically, its fruit, +civilization, advances geometrically. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But there is another peculiarity in wealth and +money: If a wooden or iron <span class="tei tei-q">“inch”</span> be allowed to +rot or rust quietly on some shelf, this <span class="tei tei-q">“inch”</span> does +not represent anything besides this piece of wood or +iron. But if we take the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">mental</span></span> value of an inch, +this unit of one of the measures of space, and use it, +with other quantities, in the contemplation of the +skies for the solving of an astronomical problem, it +gives a prophetic answer that, in a certain place there +is a star; this star, may be for years looked for in +vain. Was it that the calculation was wrong? No, +for after further search with telescopes of greater +power, the star is found and the calculation thus +verified. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page107">[pg 107]</span><a name="Pg107" id="Pg107" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is obvious that the <span class="tei tei-q">“unit”</span>—inch—has no value +by itself, but is very precious as a unit for measuring +the phenomenon of length, which it perfectly represents, +and that is why it was introduced. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is exactly the same with money if the term be +rightly understood. Understood aright, money, +being the measure and representative of wealth, is +in the main, the measure and the representative of +dead men's toil; for, rightly understood, wealth is +almost entirely the product of the labor of by-gone +generations. This product, we have seen, involves +the element of time as the chief factor. And so we +discover how money, properly understood, is connected +with time—the main function of money is to +measure and represent the accumulated products of +the labor of past generations. Hoarded money is +like an iron <span class="tei tei-q">“inch”</span> upon a shelf—a useless lump; +but when used as a measure and representative of +wealth rightly understood, money renders invaluable +service, for it then serves to measure and represent +the living fruit of dead men's toil. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +For this reason, it is useless to argue who is the +more important, the capitalist who has legal possession +of most of the material fruit of dead men's toil, +or the laborer who has legal possession of but little +of it. In the laborer, we do not now really look +for his physical muscular labor <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">alone</span></span>; for this is +replaced by mechanical or animal power as soon as +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page108">[pg 108]</span><a name="Pg108" id="Pg108" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +it can be. What we do need from labor, and what +we will always need, is his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">brain—his time-binding +power</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The population of the world may be divided into +different classes; if the classes are not here enumerated +in the customary way, it is because it is necessary +to classify human beings, as nearly as possible +according to their <span class="tei tei-q">“power-value.”</span> There is no assertion +that this is an ideal classification, but if someone +is moved to exclaim—<span class="tei tei-q">“what a foolish, unscientific +division!”</span>—I will answer by saying: <span class="tei tei-q">“I grant that +the division is foolish and unscientific; but <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">it is the +only division which corresponds to +facts in life</span></span>, and it is not the writer's fault. +By this <span class="tei tei-q">‘foolishness’</span> some good may be accomplished.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +From an engineer's point of view humanity is +apparently to be divided into three classes; (1) the +intellectuals; (2) the rich; and (3) the poor. This +division would seem to be contrary to all the rules +of logic, but it corresponds to facts. Of course some +individuals belong to two of the classes or even to +all three of them, an after-war product, but essentially, +they belong to the one class in proportion +to the characteristic which is the most marked in +their life; that is, in the sense of social classes—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">based +on magnitude of values</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +(1) The intellectuals are the men and women +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page109">[pg 109]</span><a name="Pg109" id="Pg109" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +who possess the knowledge produced by the labor +of by-gone generations but do not possess the material +wealth thus produced. In mastering and using +this inheritance of knowledge, they are exercising +their time-binding energies and making the labor of +the dead live in the present and for the future. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +(2) The rich are those who have possession and +control of most of the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">material</span></em> wealth produced by +the toil of bygone generations—wealth that is dead +unless animated and transformed by the time-binding +labor of the living. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +(3) The poor are those who have neither the +knowledge possessed by the intellectuals nor the +material wealth possessed by the rich and who, moreover, +because nearly all their efforts, under present +conditions, are limited to the struggle for mere existence, +have little or no opportunity to exercise their +time-binding capacity. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Let us now try to ascertain the rôle of the time-binding +class of life as a whole. We have by +necessity, to go back to the beginning—back to the +savage. We have seen what were the conditions +of his work and progress; we saw that for each successful +achievement he often had to wrestle with a +very large number of unsuccessful achievements, and +his lifetime being so limited, the total of his successful +achievements was very limited, so that he was +able to give to his child only a few useful objects and +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page110">[pg 110]</span><a name="Pg110" id="Pg110" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the sum of his experience. Generally speaking, each +successor did not start his life at the point where +his father started; he started somewhere near where +his father left off. His father gave, say, fifty years +to discover two truths in nature and succeeded in +making two or three simple objects; but the son does +not need to give fifty years to discover and create the +same achievements, and so he has time to achieve +something <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">new</span></em>. He thus adds his own achievements +to those of his father in tools and experience; this is +the mathematical equivalent of adding his parent's +years of life to his own. His mother's work and +experience are of course included—the name father +and son being only used representatively. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This stupendous fact is the definitive mark of +humanity—the power to roll up continuously the +ever-increasing achievements of generation after +generation endlessly. We have seen that this time-binding +power is an exponential power or function +of time. Time flows on, increasing in arithmetical +progression, adding generation unto generation; +but the results of human energies working in time +do not go on arithmetically; they pile up or roll up +more and more rapidly, augmenting in accordance +with the law of a more and more rapidly increasing +geometric progression. The typical term of the +progression is <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">PR</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">T</span></span></span> +where <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">PR</span></span> denotes the ending +progress made in the generation with which we +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page111">[pg 111]</span><a name="Pg111" id="Pg111" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +agree to start our reckoning, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">R</span></span> denotes the ratio +increase, and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">T</span></span> denotes the number of generations +after the chosen <span class="tei tei-q">“start.”</span> The quantity, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">PR</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">T</span></span></span> of +progress made in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tth</span></span> generation contains +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">T</span></span> as +an exponent, and so the quantity, varying as time +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">T</span></span> passes, is called an exponential function of the +time. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Nature is the source of all energy. Plants, the +lowest form of life, have a definite rôle to perform +in the economy of nature. Their function is the +forming of albuminoids and other substances for +higher purposes. All of their nitrates are high-explosives, +or low explosives, but explosives anyway. +They are powerful sources of some new +energy. Animal life uses these <span class="tei tei-q">“explosives”</span> as food +and is correspondingly more dynamic, but in animal +life time does not play the rôle it plays in human +life. Animals are limited by death permanently. If +animals make any progress from generation to generation, +it is so small as to be negligible. A beaver, +for example, is a remarkable builder of dams, but +he does not progress in the way of inventions or further +development. A beaver dam is always a beaver +dam. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Finally humanity, the highest known class of +life, has time-binding capacity as its characteristic, +its discriminant, its peculiar and definitive mark. +It is an unrealized fact that in this higher class of +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page112">[pg 112]</span><a name="Pg112" id="Pg112" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +life, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">the law of organic growth develops into the law +of energy-growth—the mind—the time-binding energy—an +increasing exponential function of time.</span></span> That +fact is of basic importance for the science and art +of Human Engineering. In mechanics we have the +well-known formula +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +(1) Work ÷ Time = Power. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We have seen that, in accordance with the law of +geometric progression, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">PR</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">T</span></span></span> +represents the progress +made—the work done—in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tth</span></span> generation +(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">T</span></span> +being counted from some generation taken as starting +point of reckoning); this progress, achievement, +or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">work</span></span>, being done in <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">one</span></em> generation, we have by (1) +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +(2) ( Work = PR<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">T</span></span> ) / ( Time = 1) = Power, +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +that is, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">PR</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">T</span></span></span> += Power; this means that the number +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">PR</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">T</span></span></span>, which +measures the work done in a given +generation, is also the measure of the power that +does the work. Now, the total work, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">W</span></span>, done in +the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">T</span></span> generations is +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +(3) <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">W = PR</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">1</span></span><span style="font-style: italic"> ++ PR</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">2</span></span><span style="font-style: italic"> ++ PR</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">3</span></span><span style="font-style: italic"> + ... ++ PR</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">T</span></span></span>; +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +that is, +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +(4) <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">W</span></span> = <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">R</span></span> ÷ (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">R</span></span>-1) +× (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">PR</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">T</span></span> +- <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">P</span></span>) +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page113">[pg 113]</span><a name="Pg113" id="Pg113" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It should be noticed that by (2) this expression for +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">W</span></span> may also be regarded as +the sum of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">T</span></span> different +powers <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">PR</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">PR</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">2</span></span></span>, etc., +each working during one and +only one generation; if we divided this sum by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">T</span></span>, +the quotient would be a power that would have to +act through <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">T</span></span> generations to produce <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">W</span></span>. The +reader should not fail to notice very carefully that +the expression (4) for <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">W</span></span> is an expression for the +total progress made—the total work done—the +total wealth produced—in the course of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">T</span></span> generations +and he should especially note how the expression +involves the exponential function of time (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">T</span></span>), +namely <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">PR</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">T</span></span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The formula makes mathematically evident the +time-binding capacity characteristic of the human +class of life. Properly understood, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">wealth</span></em> consists +of the fruits or products of this time-binding capacity +of man. Animals do not produce wealth; it is +produced by Man and only Man. The foregoing +basic formulation should lead to further similar +developments throwing much light upon the process +of civilization and serving to eliminate "private +opinion" from the conduct of human affairs. (In +this writing it is not important to look deeper into +these proposed series. The fact remains that <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">P</span></span>, as +well as <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">R</span></span>, are peculiarly increasing series of a geometrical +character—the precise form will be developed +in another writing.) +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page114">[pg 114]</span><a name="Pg114" id="Pg114" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Human achievements and progress, because cumulative, +are knocking out the barriers of time. This +fact is the vital and dynamic difference between animal +life and human life. As plants gather in and +store up solar energy into sheaves for the use and +growth of animal and man—so humans are gathering +and binding the knowledge of past centuries into +sheaves for the use and development of generations +yet unborn. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We have seen that the term wealth, rightly understood, +means the fruit of the time-binding work of +humanity. Wealth is of two kinds: one is material; +the other is knowledge. Both kinds have use-value. +The first kind perishes—the commodities composing +it deteriorate and become useless. The other is permanent +in character; it is imperishable; it may be lost +or forgotten but it does not wear out. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The one is limited in time; the other, unlimited in +time; the former I call <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">potential use-value</span></span>; the +latter, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">kinetic use-value</span></span>. Analysis will justify the +names. The energy of a body which is due to its +position, is called potential energy. The energy of +a body which is due to its motion, is called kinetic +energy. Here the material use-value has value +through its position, shape and so forth; it is immobile +if not used, and has not the capacity to progress. +Mental use-values are not static but permanently +dynamic; one thought, one discovery, is the impulse +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page115">[pg 115]</span><a name="Pg115" id="Pg115" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +to others; they follow the law of an increasing <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">potential</span></em> +function of time. (See <a href="#Appendix_II" class="tei tei-ref">app. II</a>.) This is why +these names correspond to the two names of the two +mentioned classes of energy. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Here I must return to the current conceptions of +wealth and capital, before cited. <span class="tei tei-q">“Wealth,”</span> we are +told, <span class="tei tei-q">“is any useful or agreeable thing which possesses +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ex</span></span>change<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">able value</span></span>.”</span> +And we are told that +<span class="tei tei-q">“Capital is that part of wealth which is devoted to +obtaining further wealth.”</span> I have said that such +conceptions—such definitions—of wealth and capital +are childish—they belong to the period of humanity's +childhood. That they are indeed childish conceptions +the reader can not fail to see if he will reflect +upon them and especially if he will compare them +with the scientific conception according to which +wealth consists of those things—whether they be +material commodities or forms of knowledge and +understanding—that have been produced by the +time-binding energies of humanity, and according to +which <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">nearly all the wealth of the world at any given +time</span></em> is the +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">accumulated fruit of the toil of past generations</span></em>—the +living work of the dead. It seems +unnecessary to warn the reader against confusing +the <span class="tei tei-q">“<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">making</span></em>”</span> of money by hook or crook, by trick +or trade, with the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">creating</span></em> of wealth, by the product +of labor. In calling the old conceptions childish, I +do not mean that they contain no element of truth +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page116">[pg 116]</span><a name="Pg116" id="Pg116" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +whatever; I mean that they are shallow, scientifically +or spiritually meagre, narrow in their vision, wrong +in their accent; I especially mean that they are dumb, +because they are blind, regarding the central matter +that wealth is the natural offspring of Time and +Human Toil. The old conceptions do indeed imply +that wealth and capital involve both potential and +kinetic use-values, and in so far they are right. But +how do such use-values arise? +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The potential use-values in wealth are created by +human work operating in time upon raw material +given by nature. The use-values are produced by +time-taking transformations of the raw materials; +these transformations are wrought by human brain +labor and human muscular labor directed by the +human brain acting in time. The kinetic use-values +of wealth are also created by human toil—mainly by +the intellectual labor of observation, experimentation, +imagination, deduction and invention, all consuming +the precious time of short human lives. It +is obvious that in the creation of use-values whether +potential or kinetic, the element of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">time</span></em> enters as an +absolutely essential factor. The fundamental importance +of time as a factor in the production of +wealth—the fact that wealth and the use-values of +wealth are literally the natural offspring of the +spiritual union of time with toil—has been completely +overlooked, not only by the economics, but by the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page117">[pg 117]</span><a name="Pg117" id="Pg117" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +ethics, the jurisprudence and the other branches of +speculative reasoning, throughout the long period of +humanity's childhood. In the course of the ages there +has indeed been much <span class="tei tei-q">“talk”</span> about time, but there +has been no recognition of the basic significance of +time as essential in the conception and in the very +constitution of human values. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is often said that <span class="tei tei-q">“Time is Money”</span>; the statement +is often false; but the proposition that Money +is Time is always true. It is always true in the profound +sense that Money is the measure and symbol +of Wealth—the product of Time and Toil—the +crystallization of the time-binding human capacity. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">it is thus true that money is a very precious +thing, the measure and symbol of work—in +part the work of the living but, in the main, +the living work of the dead.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Nature's laws are supreme; we cannot change +them; we can deviate from them for a while, but the +end is evil. That is the lesson we must learn from +the history of Humanity's childhood. False conceptions +of Man—ignorance of the laws of human +nature—have given us unscientific economies, unscientific +ethics, unscientific law, unscientific politics, +unscientific government. These have made human +history the history of social cataclysms—insurrections, +wars, revolutions—sad tokens not so much of +human lust as of human ignorance of the laws of +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page118">[pg 118]</span><a name="Pg118" id="Pg118" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +human nature. There is but one remedy, one hope—a +science and art of Human Engineering based +upon the just conception of humanity as the time-binding +class of life and conforming to the laws of +nature including the laws of human nature. +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page119">[pg 119]</span><a name="Pg119" id="Pg119" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> +<a name="toc15" id="toc15"></a> +<a name="pdf16" id="pdf16"></a> +<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Chapter VI. Capitalistic Era</span></h2> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The immortal work done by Descartes, Newton +and Leibnitz was to discover powerful methods +for mathematics—the only fit language for expressing +the laws of nature. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Human Engineering will be the science by which +the great social problems will be solved. For the +first time since the first day of man, humanity will +really understand its own nature and status; and +will learn to direct scientifically the living and the +non-living forces for construction, avoiding unnecessary +destruction and waste. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It may seem strange but it is true that the time-binding +exponential powers, called humans, do not +die—their bodies die but their achievements live forever—a +permanent source of power. All of our +precious possessions—science, acquired by experience, +accumulated wealth in all fields of life—are +kinetic and potential use-values created and left by +by-gone generations; they are humanity's treasures +produced mainly in the past, and conserved for our +use, by that peculiar function or power of man for +the binding of time. That the natural trend of life +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page120">[pg 120]</span><a name="Pg120" id="Pg120" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and the progress of the development of this treasury +is so often checked, turned from its natural course, +or set back, is due to ignorance of human nature, to +metaphysical speculation and sophistry. Those who, +with or without intention, keep the rate of humanity's +mental advancement down to that of an arithmetic +progression are the real enemies of society; for they +keep the life-regulating <span class="tei tei-q">“sciences”</span> and institutions +far behind the gallop of life itself. The consequence +is periodic social violence—wars and revolutions. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Let us carry the analysis of potential and kinetic +use-values a little further. All potential use-values +left to us by the dead are temporal and differ in +utility. Many potential use-values are found in +museums and have very limited value to-day in practical +life. On the other hand some roads or water-ways +built by the ancients have use-value to-day; and +an almost endless list of modern potential use-values +have or will have use-values for a long time to come, +such as buildings, improved lands, railroad tracks, +certain machines or tools; the use-value of some such +items of material wealth will last for more than one +generation. Kinetic use-values are permanent in +their character, for, though they may become antiquated, +they yet serve as the foundation for the developments +that supersede them, and so they continue +to live in that to which they lead. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I would draw attention at this point to one of the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page121">[pg 121]</span><a name="Pg121" id="Pg121" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +most important kinetic and potential use-values produced +by humanity—the invention of the steam +engine. Through this invention, humanity has been +able to avail itself, not only of the living fruits of +dead men's toil, but also of the inconceivably vast +amounts of solar energy and time bound up in the +growth of vegetable life and conserved for use in +the form of coal and other fuels of vegetable origin. +This invention has revolutionized our life in countless +directions. To be brief, I will analyse only the +most salient effects. Human Engineering has never +existed except in the most embryonic form. In +remote antiquity the conception and knowledge of +natural law was wholly absent or exceedingly vague. +Before the invention of the steam engine, people +depended mainly upon human powers—that is, upon +<span class="tei tei-q">“living powers”</span>—the powers of living men, and the +living fruits of the labor of the dead. Even then +there were manifold complications. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The invention of the steam engine released for +human use a new power of tremendous magnitude—the +stored-up power of solar energy and ages of +time. But we must not fail to note carefully that we +to-day are enabled to use this immense new power +of bound-up solar energy and time by a human invention, +a product of the dead. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The full significance of the last statement requires +reflection. The now dead inventor of the steam +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page122">[pg 122]</span><a name="Pg122" id="Pg122" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +engine could not have produced his ingenious invention +except by using the living powers of other dead +men—except by using the material and spiritual or +mental wealth created by those who had gone before. +In the inventor's intellectual equipment there was +actively present the kinetic use-value of <span class="tei tei-q">“bound-up-time,”</span> +enabling him to discover the laws of heat, +water, and steam; and he employed both the potential +and kinetic use-values of mechanical instruments, +methods of work, and scientific knowledge of his +time and generation—use-values of wealth created +by the genius and toil of by-gone generations. This +invention was not produced, let us say 6000 years +ago, because civilization was not then sufficiently advanced: +mathematically considered, the production +of this great use-value had to await all the accumulated +work of six thousand years of human ingenuity +and human labor. So, if we choose, the steam engine +may be considered a kinetic use-value in which the +factor of time is equal to something like 6000 years, +or let us say roughly 200 generations. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is obvious that, in one life time, even a genius +of the highest order, could not, in aboriginal conditions, +have invented and built a steam engine, when +everything, even iron, was unknown. Of course if +the same inventor could have had a life of several +thousands of years and could have consecutively followed +up all the processes, unhampered by the prejudices +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page123">[pg 123]</span><a name="Pg123" id="Pg123" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of those days, and been able to make all of +these inventions by himself, he would represent in +himself all the progress of civilization. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +By this illustration we see the profound meaning +of the words—the living powers of the dead; we see +the grave importance in human life of the factor +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">time</span></span>; we behold the significance of the time-binding +capacity of man. The steam engine is to be seen +anew, as in the main the accumulated production of +dead-men's work. The life of one generation is +short, and were it not for our human capacity to +inherit the material and spiritual fruit of dead men's +toil, to augment it a little in the brief span of our +own lives, and to transmit it to posterity, the process +of civilization would not be possible and our present +estate would be that of aboriginal man. Civilization +is a creature, its creator is the time-binding power +of man. Animals have it not, because they belong +to a lower type or dimension of life. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Sophistry avails nothing here; a child, left in the +woods, would be and remain a savage, matching his +wits with gorillas. He becomes a civilized man only +by the accumulation of, and acquaintance with dead +men's work; for then and only then can he start +where the preceding generation left off. This +capacity is peculiar to men; the fact can not be repeated +too often. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is untrue to say that <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A</span></span> started his life aided +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page124">[pg 124]</span><a name="Pg124" id="Pg124" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +exclusively by the achievements of (say) his father, +for his father's achievements depended on the +achievements of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">his</span></em> immediate predecessors; and so +on all the way back through the life of humanity. +This fact, of supreme ethical importance, applies to +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">all</span></em> of us; none of us may speak or act as if the +material or spiritual wealth we have were produced +by us; for, if we be not stupid, we must see that what +we call <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">our</span></em> wealth, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">our</span></em> civilization, everything we +use or enjoy, is in the main the product of the labor +of men now dead, some of them slaves, some of them +<span class="tei tei-q">“owners”</span> of slaves. The metal spoon or the knife +which we use daily is a product of the work of many +generations, including those who discovered the +metal and the use of it, and the utility of the spoon. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +And here arises a most important question: Since +the wealth of the world is in the main the free gift +of the past—the fruit of the labor of the dead—to +whom does it of right belong? The question can +not be evaded. Is the existing monopoly of the great +inherited treasures produced by dead men's toil a +normal and natural evolution? +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Or is it an artificial status imposed by the few +upon the many? Such is the crux of the modern +controversy. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is generally known that the invention of the +steam engine and other combustion engines which release +sun-power for mechanical use, has revolutionized +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page125">[pg 125]</span><a name="Pg125" id="Pg125" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the economic system; for the building of engines +in the scale of modern needs, it is necessary to concentrate +a great number of living men in one place, +to build factories, to set up machines used in producing +the engines, and all this requires the use of +vast amounts of money. That is why this era is +called the capitalistic era. But it is necessary to stop +here and analyse the factors of value in the engine +to be made and in the money used for the purpose of +making use of the stored-up energies of the sun. We +have found that the major part of the engine and all +factors connected with its production are the combined +power of dead men's labor. We have found +that wealth or capital and its symbol, money, are +also, in the main, the bound-up power of dead men's +labor; so that the only way to obtain the benefit in the +release of sun-power, is by using the product of the +toil of the dead. It is further obvious that only the +men or organizations that are able to concentrate the +largest amounts of money, representing the work of +the dead, can have the fullest use of the stored-up +energies of time and the ancient sun. Thus the +monopoly of the stored-up energies of the sun arises +from monopolizing the accumulated fruits of dead +men's toil. These problems will, in the future, be +the concern of the science and art of Human Engineering. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Let us glance briefly at the problems from another +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page126">[pg 126]</span><a name="Pg126" id="Pg126" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +angle. The power developed in the combustion of +one pound of coal is theoretically equal to 11,580,000 +foot pounds. But by our imperfect methods of utilization, +not more than 1,500,000 foot pounds are +made available. This is about the amount of +physical power exerted by a man of ordinary +strength during a day's work. Hence 300 pounds +of coal will represent the labor of a man for a +year. The current production of coal in the world +is about 500,000,000 tons (1906). If we suppose +that only half of this coal goes for mechanical use, +this will give us approximately the number as 1,600,000,000 +man-powers that are producers but not consumers. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Let us take a still broader view of resources; we +have approximately 1,600,000,000 living human +beings (all censuses available between 1902 and +1906); a wealth of approximately $357,000,000,000 +(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Social Progress</span></span>, 1906, page 221) which in our +analysis is dead men's work; and sun-power equal, +in work, to the work of our whole living population, +or equal to 1,600,000,000 sun man-powers. Taking, +for simplicity's sake, $35.70 as the average living expenses +per annum for each one of the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">world's</span></em> population, +we will have: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +(1) 1,600,000,000 living men. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +(2) 10,000,000,000 living man-powers of the +dead. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page127">[pg 127]</span><a name="Pg127" id="Pg127" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +(3) 1,600,000,000 sun man-powers. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Such classification needs a reflection: man is intrinsically +an increasing exponential power and always +produces two use-values—the potential and the +kinetic. All living men have in some degree this type +of power; <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">they are able to direct and use basic +powers</span></em>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +So we see that this world is really populated to-day +by three different populations, all of them +dynamic and active: to wit, 1,600,000,000 living +men; 10,000,000,000 living man-powers of the dead; +1,600,000,000 sun man-powers. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Thus it is obvious beyond any argument, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">that this +additional producing but not consuming</span></em> population, +has been produced mainly by the work of all our past +generations. It is said <span class="tei tei-q">“mainly”</span> because, if we were +the first generation, we would be just aboriginal savages +having nothing and progressing very slowly. +The reason why we progress very rapidly, in this +stage of civilization, is explained very clearly by the +mathematical law of a geometrical progression, with +an ever increasing number of terms, the magnitude +of the terms increasing more rapidly all the time.<a id="noteref_11" name="noteref_11" href="#note_11"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">11</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page128">[pg 128]</span><a name="Pg128" id="Pg128" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This fact is the reason why the old unscientific and +artificial social system requires and must undergo +profound transformation. Human progress, in +many directions, is so far advanced that social institutions +can not much longer continue to lag so far +behind. Static ethics, static jurisprudence, static +economics, and the rest must become dynamic; if +they do not continue to progress peacefully in accordance +with the law of the progress of science, they +will be forced by violent readjustments, recurring +with ever increasing frequency. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Here we have a problem of very high importance +and enormous magnitude. To serve 1,600,000,000 +living men, we have 11,600,000,000 dead man-powers +and all the sun man-powers—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">seven servants +to each living man, woman and child</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page129">[pg 129]</span><a name="Pg129" id="Pg129" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +included. It looks like the millennium. It would be so +if we but used all this power in a constructive way, +eliminating waste and controversy and all those factors +which hamper production and progress. The +present economic system does not realize even the +beginning of the magnitude of this truth and the +tremendous results which are to be achieved through +the adjustment of it. The problem will be solved by +Human Engineering, for this will establish the right +understanding of values and will show how to manage +world problems scientifically; it will give a scientific +foundation to Political Economy and transform +so-called <span class="tei tei-q">“scientific shop management”</span> into genuine +<span class="tei tei-q">“scientific world management.”</span><a id="noteref_12" name="noteref_12" href="#note_12"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">12</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There is a chasm between <span class="tei tei-q">“Capital”</span> and <span class="tei tei-q">“Labor,”</span> +but nature does not know <span class="tei tei-q">“Capital”</span> or <span class="tei tei-q">“Labor”</span> at all. +Nature knows only matter, energy, <span class="tei tei-q">“space,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“time,”</span> +potential and kinetic use-values, forces in all their +direct and indirect expression, the energies of living +men, living powers of dead men, and the bound-up +powers of Time and the ancient Sun. Nature made +man an increasing exponential function of time, a +time-binder, a power able to transform and direct +basic powers. Sometimes we hypocritically like to +delude ourselves, if our delusions are agreeable—and +profitable. We call human work <span class="tei tei-q">“manual +labor”</span> and we pretend that we need the laborer for +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page130">[pg 130]</span><a name="Pg130" id="Pg130" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +his muscular service, but when we thus speak, we are +thoughtless, stupid, or insincere. What we look for +in the worker is his <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">control</span></em> of his muscles; mechanical +work is or can be replaced almost entirely by +machinery. What we will never be able to replace +by machinery is a Man, because man belongs to the +level of a dimension above machinery. Engine-power, +sun man-power, and capital—mainly the +work of the dead—are inanimate; they become productive +only when quickened by the time-binding +energies of living men and women. Then only are +the results proportional to the ever growing magnitude +of exponential power. In nature's economy the +time-binders are the intelligent forces. There is none +else known to us, and from the engineer's point of +view, Edison and the simplest laborer, Smith or +Jones, are basically the same; their powers or capacities +are exponential, and, though differing in degree, +are the same in kind. This may seem optimistic but +all engineers are optimists. They deal only with fact +and truth. If they make mistakes, if their bridges +break down, then, no matter how clever their sophistry, +they are adjudged criminal. Like severity must +be made the rule and practice toward all those who +control the institutions and great affairs of human +society. Periodical break-downs must be prevented. +The engineers of human society must be held responsible, +as the bridge engineer is held to-day. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page131">[pg 131]</span><a name="Pg131" id="Pg131" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Things are often simpler than they appear at the +first glance. There may be fire and plenty of coal in +a stove, yet no heat; the fire does not burn well; an +engineer will remove the natural causes of obstruction +of the natural process; even such a simple thing +as the removal of ashes may solve the problem. It +seems simple enough. The truth is often clear and +simple, if only it be not obscured and complicated by +sophistry. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Capitalistic”</span> reasoning and <span class="tei tei-q">“Socialistic”</span> reasoning—Nature +does not know such things. Nature has +only one <span class="tei tei-q">“reasoning”</span> in all its functions. Our falsifying +of nature's laws makes the controversy. +Socialism exists as an <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ism</span></span> because Capitalism exists +as an <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ism</span></span>; the clash is only an expression of the +eternal law of action and reaction. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We are living in a world of wealth, a world enriched +by many generations of dead men's toil; between +the lust of the one to <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">keep</span></em> and the lust of +others to <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">get</span></em>, there is little to choose; such contentions +of lust against lust are <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">sub</span></em>-human—animalistic; +such ethics is zoological ethics—the righteousness of +tooth and claw; below the human dimensions of +life, utterly unworthy of the creative energy—the +time-binding capacity—of humanity. Socialism +feels keenly and sees dimly that human affairs are +not conducted in conformity with natural laws. +Capitalism neither sees it nor keenly feels it. Neither +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page132">[pg 132]</span><a name="Pg132" id="Pg132" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the one nor the other stops to investigate natural +laws—nature's laws—laws of human nature—scientifically. +They both of them use the same speculative +methods in their arguments, and there can be +no issue. Against one old-fashioned, speculative +argument, there is always a speculative answer. They +both speak about the truth, but their methods can +not find the truth nor their language express it. They +speak of <span class="tei tei-q">“justice,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“right”</span> and so forth, not knowing +that their conceptions of those terms are based +on a wrong understanding of values. There is one +and but one remedy, and that remedy consists in +applying scientific method to the study of the subject. +Sound reasoning, once introduced, will overrun +humanity as the fields turn green in the spring; +it will eliminate the waste of energy in controversies; +it will attract all forces toward construction +and the exploitation of nature for the common +weal. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There are capitalists and capitalists; there are +socialists and socialists. Among the capitalists there +are those who want wealth—mainly the fruit of dead +men's toil—for themselves. Among the socialists +there are those—the orthodox socialists—who seek +to disperse it. The former do not perceive that +the product of the labor of the dead is itself dead +if not quickened by the energies of living men. The +orthodox socialists do not perceive the tremendous +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page133">[pg 133]</span><a name="Pg133" id="Pg133" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +benefits that accrue to mankind from the accumulation +of wealth, if <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">rightly used</span></em>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Whether we be capitalists or socialists or neither, +we must learn that to prey upon the treasury left +by the dead is to live, not the life of a human being, +but that of a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">ghoul</span></em>. Legalistic title—documentary +ownership—does not alter the fact. Neither does +lust for the same. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +When we have acquired the just conception of +what a human being is we shall get away from the +Roman conception according to which a human being +is <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">instrumentum vocale</span></span>; +an animal, <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">instrumentum +semivocale</span></span>: and a tool, +<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">instrumentum mutum</span></span>. To +regard human beings as tools—as instruments—for +the use of other human beings is not only unscientific +but it is repugnant, stupid and short sighted. Tools +are made by man but have not the autonomy of their +maker—they have not man's time-binding capacity +for initiation, for self-direction, and self-improvement +In their own nature, tools, instruments, machines +belong to a dimension far lower than that of +man. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Talk of dimensions or dimensionality is by no +means theoretical rubbish. The right understanding +of dimensions is of life-and-death importance in practical +life. The intermixing of dimensions leads to +wrong conclusions in our thought and wrong conclusions +lead to disasters. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page134">[pg 134]</span><a name="Pg134" id="Pg134" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Consider the classes of life as representing three +dimensions (as explained in an earlier chapter), then +human production belongs essentially to the human +or as I call it the third dimension. With the base +of (say) 5, we produce in the third dimension a +result of 125 units, and so when humans are paid +but 25 units in accordance with the standards of the +second dimension (that of animals), humanity is +deprived of the benefit of 100 units of produced +wealth. That is an illustration of what a part dimensions +play in practical life. The reflective reader +may analyse for himself what effect these same rules +would have, if expressed and applied in the human +<span class="tei tei-q">“time-binding”</span> dimension, time being the supreme +test. The following table gives the visual shock: +</p> + +<table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class="tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><colgroup span="3"></colgroup><tbody><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1st Dimension</td><td class="tei tei-cell">2nd Dimension</td><td class="tei tei-cell">3rd Dimension</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">5</td><td class="tei tei-cell">25</td><td class="tei tei-cell">125</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">10</td><td class="tei tei-cell">100</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1,000</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">100</td><td class="tei tei-cell">10,000</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1,000,000</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1,000</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1,000,000</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1,000,000,000</td></tr></tbody></table> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This explains why the intermixing of dimensions +is the source of tremendous evil. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Who can now assert that the problem of dimensions +is one only of theory? It is not even a question +of limitation of mind, but it becomes a +question of limitation of eyesight, not to be able to +see the overwhelming differences between the laws +of development of the first, second, and the third +dimension. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page135">[pg 135]</span><a name="Pg135" id="Pg135" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Dollars, or pounds sterling, or other units of +money follow the same rules: the strength and in +fact the source of power of modern capitalism, is +found in just this difference in dimensions—in the +difference between what is given and what is taken, +in the difference between what is earned and what is +<span class="tei tei-q">“made.”</span> The problem of dimensions is, therefore, +a key which unlocks the secrets of the power of capitalism +and opens the door to a new civilization where +the understanding of dimensions will establish order +out of the chaos. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We have seen that kinetic and potential use-values, +produced mainly by the dead, are bound up in wealth, +which is measured and symbolized by money. This +being true, it is obvious that money is a measure and +symbol of power, of work done, of bound-up time. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">space</span></em>-binding <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">animal</span></em> standard of miscivilization +has brought us to an impasse—a blind alley—for +the simple physical reason that there is no more +space to <span class="tei tei-q">“bind.”</span> Practically all the habitable lands, +and practically all the natural resources, are already +divided among private legalistic owners. What hope +is there for the ever increasing population? +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But we have these 1,600,000,000 living men; +10,000,000,000 living man-powers of the dead; and +1,600,000,000 sun man-powers: that is indeed a tremendous +power to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">produce wealth for all, if +wisely directed</span></span>, but to-day it is ignorantly and +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page136">[pg 136]</span><a name="Pg136" id="Pg136" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +shamefully misdirected, because human beings are not +treated in accordance with their nature as the time-binding +class of life. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Much more is to be gained in exploiting nature +aimfully, all the time, with a full mobilization of our +living, dead, and sun-powers, than by exploiting man +all the time and nature occasionally. Selfishness and +ignorance—is it these that prevent full mobilization +of the producing powers of the world? +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Such as contribute most to human progress and +human enlightenment—men like Gutenberg, Copernicus, +Newton, Leibnitz, Watts, Franklin, Mendeleieff, +Pasteur, Sklodowska-Curie, Edison, Steinmetz, +Loeb, Dewey, Keyser, Whitehead, Russell, Poincaré, +William Benjamin Smith, Gibbs, Einstein, and many +others—consume no more bread than the simplest +of their fellow mortals. Indeed such men are often +in want. How many a genius has perished inarticulate +because unable to stand the strain of social conditions +where animal standards prevail and <span class="tei tei-q">“survival +of the fittest”</span> means, not survival of the <span class="tei tei-q">“fittest in +time-binding capacity,”</span> but survival of the strongest +in ruthlessness and guile—in space-binding competition! +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Wealth is produced by those who work with hand +or brain and by no others. The great mass of the +wealth of the world has been thus produced by generations +that have gone. We know that the greatest +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page137">[pg 137]</span><a name="Pg137" id="Pg137" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +wealth producers—immeasurably the greatest—have +been and are scientific men, discoverers and inventors. +If an invention, in the course of a few +years after it is made, must become public property, +then the wealth produced by the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">use</span></em> of the invention +should also become public property in the course +of a like period of years after it is thus produced. +Against this proposition no sophistry can avail. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +One of the greatest powers of modern times is +the Press; it commands the resources of space and +time; it affects in a thousand subtle ways the form +of our thoughts. It controls the exchange of news +throughout the world. Unfortunately the press is +often controlled by exploiters of the <span class="tei tei-q">“living powers +of the dead,”</span> and so what is presented as news is +frequently so limited, colored and distorted by selfish +interests as to be falsehood in the guise of truth. +Honest, independent papers are frequently starved +by selfish conspirators and forced to close down. +Thus the press, which is itself the product in the +main of dead men's toil, is made a means for the +deception and exploitation of the living. Indeed the +bitter words of Voltaire seem to be too true: <span class="tei tei-q">“Since +God created man in his own image, how often has +man endeavored to render similar service to God.”</span> +Those who want to use such <span class="tei tei-q">“God-like”</span> powers to +rule the world are modern Neros, who in their +wickedness and folly fancy themselves divine. To +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page138">[pg 138]</span><a name="Pg138" id="Pg138" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +deceive, and through deception, to exploit, rob and +subjugate living men and women, and to do it by +prostituting the living powers created by the dead, +is the work, I will not say of men, but of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">mad</span></em> men, +greedy, ignorant and blind. What is the remedy? +Revolution? Revolution is also mad. The only +remedy is enlightenment—knowledge, knowledge of +nature, knowledge of human nature, scientific education, +science applied to all the affairs of man—the +science and art of Human Engineering. +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page139">[pg 139]</span><a name="Pg139" id="Pg139" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> +<a name="toc17" id="toc17"></a> +<a name="pdf18" id="pdf18"></a> +<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Chapter VII. Survival of the Fittest</span></h2> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Humanity is a dynamic affair, nay, the most +dynamic known, because it is able to transform +and direct basic powers. Where power is produced +there must be an issue for it. Power must perforce +express itself in some form. Electricity produced in +the skies comes down in an often disastrous manner. +Electricity, produced aimfully, runs our railroads; +just so the enormous power produced by humanity +must be used aimfully, in a constructive way or it +will burst into insurrections, revolutions and wars. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Hitherto we have been guided by those bottomless +sciences having only mythological ideas of power—by +ideas moulded by personal ambitions, personal +interests, or downright ignorance. Periodically we +have had all the evils of the lack of a common aim +and scientific guidance. Power has been held by the +<span class="tei tei-q">“God-given”</span> or the <span class="tei tei-q">“cleverest”</span>; seldom has the +power been given to the <span class="tei tei-q">“fittest”</span> in the sense of the +most capable <span class="tei tei-q">“to do.”</span> Those who speak of the +<span class="tei tei-q">“survival of the fittest,”</span> as in the Darwinian theory +of animals, bark an animal language. This rule, +being natural only in the life of plants and animals +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page140">[pg 140]</span><a name="Pg140" id="Pg140" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and appropriate only to the lower forms of physical +life, cannot, except with profound change of meaning, +be applied to the time-binding class of life, without +disaster. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The modern vast accumulation of wealth for private +purposes, justifies itself by using the argument +of the <span class="tei tei-q">“survival of the fittest.”</span> Very well, where +there is a <span class="tei tei-q">“survival,”</span> there must be victims; where +there are victims, there has been fighting. Is this +what the users of this argument mean? Like the +Kaiser, they talk peace and make war. This method +of doing things is not in any way new. The world +has been accustomed to it for a very long while. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Personally I believe that most of the masters of +speculative semi-sciences, such as economics, law, +ethics, politics and government are honest in their +beliefs and speculations. Simply the right man believes +in the wrong thing; if shown the right way +out of the mess he will cease to hamper progress; he +will be of the greatest value to the new world built +by Human Engineers, where human capacities, exponential +functions of time, will operate naturally; +where economy, law, ethics, politics and government +will be <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">dynamic</span></em>, not <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">static</span></em>. There is a world of difference +between these two words. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The immediate object of this writing is to show +the way to directing the time-binding powers of mankind +for the benefit of all. Human technology, as an +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page141">[pg 141]</span><a name="Pg141" id="Pg141" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +art and science, does not yet exist; some basic principles +were required as a foundation for such a +science. Especially was it necessary to establish a +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">human</span></em> standard, and thus make it certain and clear +that <span class="tei tei-q">“space-binders”</span>—the members of the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">animal</span></em> +world—are <span class="tei tei-q">“outside of the human law”</span>—outside +the natural laws for the human class of life. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Present civilization is a very complicated affair; +although many of our social problems are very badly +managed, sudden changes could not be made without +endangering the welfare and life of all classes of +society. In the meantime, changes must be made +because the world can not proceed much longer under +pre-war conditions; they have been too well exposed +by facts for humanity to allow itself to be blindly +led again. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the World War humanity passed through a +tremendous trial and for those years was under the +strain of an extensive mobilization campaign. The +necessity of increasing power was manifest; the importance +of a common base or aim became equally +manifest. In this case the base, the common aim, +was found in <span class="tei tei-q">“war patriotism.”</span> This common base +enabled all the states to add up individual powers +and build maximum efficiency into a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">collective</span></em> +power. This expression is used, not only as a social +truth, but as a known mathematical truth. Those +high ideals, which were given <span class="tei tei-q">“Urbi et orbi”</span> in thousands +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page142">[pg 142]</span><a name="Pg142" id="Pg142" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of speeches and in millions of propaganda +papers, had a much greater educational importance +and influence than most people are aware of. People +have been awakened and have acquired the taste for +those higher purposes which in the past were available +only for the few. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Many old worn-out idols, ideas and ideals have +fallen; but what is going to take their place? We +witness an unrest which will not be eliminated until +something essential is done to adjust it. Calm often +betokens a coming storm. The coming storm is not +the work of any <span class="tei tei-q">“bad man,”</span> but it is the inevitable +consequence of a <span class="tei tei-q">“bad system.”</span> It is dangerous +to hide our heads in the sand, like an ostrich, and +fancy we are safe. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Survival of the fittest”</span> in the commonly used animal +sense is not a theory or principle for a <span class="tei tei-q">“time-binding”</span> +being. This theory is only for the physical +bodies of animals; its effect upon humanity is sinister +and degrading (see <a href="#Appendix_III" class="tei tei-ref">App. II</a>). We see the principle +at work all about us in criminal exploitation and +profiteering. As a matter of fact, the ages-long application +of this animal principle to human affairs +has degraded the whole human morale in an inconceivably +far-reaching way. Personal greed and selfishness +are brazenly owned as principles of conduct. +We shrug our shoulders in acquiescence and proclaim +greed and selfishness to be the very core of human +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page143">[pg 143]</span><a name="Pg143" id="Pg143" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +nature, take it all for granted, and let it pass at that. +We have gone so far in our degradation that the +prophet of capitalistic principles, Adam Smith, in his +famous <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Wealth of Nations</span></span>, arrives at the laws of +wealth, not from the phenomena of wealth nor from +statistical statements, but from the phenomena of +selfishness—a fact which shows how far-reaching in +its dire influence upon all humanity is the theory that +human beings are <span class="tei tei-q">“animals.”</span> Of course the effect +is very disastrous. The preceding chapters have +shown that the theory is false; it is false, not only +because of its unhappy effects, but it belies the characteristic +nature of man. Human nature, this time-binding +power, not only has the peculiar capacity +for perpetual progress, but it has, over and above +all animal propensities, certain qualities constituting +it a distinctive dimension or type of life. Not only +our whole collective life proves a love for higher +ideals, but even our dead <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">give</span></em> us the rich heritage, +material and spiritual, of all their toils. There is +nothing mystical about it; to call <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">such</span></span> a class a +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">naturally</span></em> selfish class is not only nonsensical but +monstrous. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This capacity for higher ideals does not originate +in some <span class="tei tei-q">“<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">super</span></em>natural”</span> outside factor; it is <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">not</span></em> of +extraneous origin, it is the expression of the time-binding +element which we <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">inherently</span></em> possess, independently +of our <span class="tei tei-q">“will”</span>; it is an inborn capacity—a +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page144">[pg 144]</span><a name="Pg144" id="Pg144" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">gift</span></em> of nature. We simply are made this way and +not in any other. There is indeed a fine sense in +which we can, if we choose, apply the expression—survival +of the fittest—to the activity of the time-binding +energies of man. Having the peculiar capacity +to survive in our deeds, we have an inclination +to use it and we survive in the deeds of our +creation; and so there is brought about the <span class="tei tei-q">“survival +in time”</span> of higher and higher ideals. The moment +we consider Man in his proper dimension—active +in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">time</span></span>—these things become simple, stupendous, +and beautiful. +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Note the radical character of the transformation to be +effected. The world shall no longer be beheld as an alien +thing, beheld by eyes that are not its own. Conception of +the whole and by the whole shall embrace </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">us</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> as </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">part</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">, really, +literally, consciously, as the latest term, it may be, of an +advancing sequence of developments, as occupying the highest +rank perhaps in the ever-ascending hierarchy of being, +but, at all events, as emerged and still emerging +</span><span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">natura +naturata</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> from some propensive source within. I grant that +the change in point of view is hard to make—old habits, +like walls of rock, tending to confine the tides of consciousness +within their accustomed channels—but it can be made +and, by assiduous effort, in the course of time, maintained. +Suppose it done. By that reunion, the whole regains, while +the part retains, the consciousness the latter purloined.... +In the whole universe of events, none is more wonderful +than the birth of wonder, none more curious than the +nascence of curiosity itself, nothing to compare with the +dawning of consciousness in the ancient dark and the gradual +</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page145">[pg 145]</span><a name="Pg145" id="Pg145" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%"> +extension of psychic life and illumination throughout a cosmos +that before had only </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">been</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">. An eternity of blindly acting, +transforming, unconscious existence, assuming at length, +through the birth of sense and intellect, without loss or break +of continuity, the abiding form of fleeting time.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> (C. J. +Keyser, loc. cit.) +</span></p> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It must be emphasized that the development of +higher ideals is due to the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">natural</span></em> capacity of humanity; +the impulse is simply time-binding impulse. +As we have seen, by analysing the functions of the +different classes of life, every class of life has an +impulse to exercise its peculiar capacity or function. +Nitrogen resists compound combinations and if +found in such combinations it breaks away as quickly +as ever it can. Birds have wings—they fly. Animals +have feet—they run. Man has the capacity of time-binding—he +binds time. It does not matter whether +we understand the very <span class="tei tei-q">“essence”</span> of the phenomenon +or not, any more than we understand the <span class="tei tei-q">“essence”</span> +of electricity or any other <span class="tei tei-q">“essence.”</span> Life shows +that man has time-binding capacity as a natural gift +and is naturally impelled to use it. One of the best +examples is procreation. Conception is a completely +incomprehensible phenomenon in its <span class="tei tei-q">“essence,”</span> +nevertheless, having the capacity to procreate +we use it without bothering about its <span class="tei tei-q">“essence.”</span> +Indeed neither life nor science bothers about <span class="tei tei-q">“essences”</span>—they +leave <span class="tei tei-q">“essences”</span> to metaphysics, +which is neither life nor science. It is sufficient for +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page146">[pg 146]</span><a name="Pg146" id="Pg146" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +our purpose that idealization is in fact a natural +process of time-binding human energy. And however +imperfect ethics has been owing to the prevalence +of animal standards, such merits as our ethics +has had witness to the natural presence of <span class="tei tei-q">“idealization”</span> +in time-binding human life. +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">It is thus evident that ideals are not things to gush over +or to sigh and sentimentalize about; they are not what would +be left if that which is hard in reality were taken away; +ideals are themselves the very flint of reality, beautiful no +doubt and precious, without which there would be neither +dignity nor hope nor light; but their aspect is not sentimental +and soft; it is hard, cold, intellectual, logical, austere. Idealization +consists in the conception or the intuition of ideals and +in the pursuit of them. And ideals, I have said, are of two +kinds. Let us make the distinction clearer. Every sort of +human activity—shoeing horses, abdominal surgery, or painting +profiles—admits of a peculiar type of excellence. No sort +of activity can escape from its own type but within its type +it admits of indefinite improvement. For each type there is +an ideal—a dream of perfection—an unattainable limit of +an endless sequence of potential ameliorations within the type +and on its level. The dreams of such unattainable perfections +are as countless as the types of excellence to which they +respectively belong and they together constitute the familiar +world of our human ideals. To share in it—to feel the lure +of perfection in one or more types of excellence, however +lowly—is to be human; not to feel it is to be sub-human. +But this common kind of idealization, though it is very important +and very precious, does not produce the great events +in the life of mankind. These are produced by the kind of +idealization that corresponds to what we have called in the +mathematical prototype, limit-begotten generalization—a kind +</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page147">[pg 147]</span><a name="Pg147" id="Pg147" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%"> +of idealization that is peculiar to creative genius and that, +not content to pursue ideals within established types of excellences, +creates new types thereof in science, in art, in philosophy, +in letters, in ethics, in education, in social order, in +all the fields and forms of the spiritual life of man.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> (Quoted +from the manuscript of the forthcoming book, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Mathematical +Philosophy</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, by Cassius J. Keyser.) +</span></p> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Survival of the fittest”</span> has a different form for +different classes of life. Applying animal standards +to time-binding beings is like applying inches to +measuring weight. As a matter or fact, we cannot +raise one class to a higher class, unless we add an +entirely new function to the former; we can only +improve their lower status; but if we apply the +reverse method, we can degrade human standards +to animal standards. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Animal standards belong to a class of life whose +capacity is <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">not</span></em> an <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">exponential</span></em> function of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Time</span></em>. +There is nothing theological or sentimental in this +fact; it is a purely mathematical truth. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is fatal to apply the <span class="tei tei-q">“survival of the fittest”</span> +theory in the same sense to two radically different +classes of life. The <span class="tei tei-q">“survival of the fittest”</span> for animals—for +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">space</span></em>-binders—is survival <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">in space</span></em>, which +means fighting and other brutal forms of struggle; +on the other hand, <span class="tei tei-q">“survival of the fittest”</span> for +human beings <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">as such</span></em>—that is, for <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">time-binders</span></em>—is +survival <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">in time</span></em>, which means intellectual or spiritual +competition, struggle for excellence, for making the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page148">[pg 148]</span><a name="Pg148" id="Pg148" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">best</span></em> survive. The-fittest-in-time—those who make +the best survive—are those who do the most in producing +values for all mankind including <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">posterity</span></em>. +This is the scientific base for natural ethics, and +ethics from which there can be no side-stepping, or +escape. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Therefore time-binders can not use <span class="tei tei-q">“<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">animal</span></em>”</span> logic +without degrading themselves from their proper +status as human beings—their status as established +by nature. <span class="tei tei-q">“Animal”</span> logic leads to <span class="tei tei-q">“animal”</span> ethics +and <span class="tei tei-q">“animal”</span> economics; it leads inevitably to +a brutalized industrial system in which cunning +contrives to rob the living of the fruit of the +dead. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Human</span></em> logic points to human ethics and human +economics; it will lead to a humanized industrial system +in which competition will be competition in science, +in art, in justice: a competition and struggle for +the attainment of excellence in human life. The time-binding +capacity, which manifests itself in drawing +from the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">past</span></span>, through the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">present</span></span> +for the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">future</span></span> +gives human beings the means of attaining a precious +kind of immortality; it enables them to fulfill the +law of their own class of life and to survive everlastingly +in the fruits of their toil, a perpetual blessing +to endless generations of the children of men. +This is the truth we instinctively recognize when we +call a great man <span class="tei tei-q">“immortal.”</span> We mean that he has +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page149">[pg 149]</span><a name="Pg149" id="Pg149" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +done deeds that <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">survive in time</span></em> for the perpetual +weal of mankind. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Human logic—mathematical logic, the logic <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">natural</span></em> +for man—will thus show us that <span class="tei tei-q">“good”</span> and +<span class="tei tei-q">“just”</span> and <span class="tei tei-q">“right”</span> are to have their significance +defined and understood entirely in terms of human +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">nature</span></em>. Human nature—not animal nature—is to +be the basis and guide of Human Engineering. Thus +based and guided, Human Engineering will eliminate +<span class="tei tei-q">“wild-cat schemers,”</span> gamblers and <span class="tei tei-q">“politicians.”</span> It +will put an end to industrial violence, strikes, insurrections, +war and revolutions. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The present system of social life is largely built +upon misconceptions or misrepresentations. For all +work we need the human brain, the human time-binding +power, yet we continue to call it <span class="tei tei-q">“hand-labor”</span> +and treat it as such. Even in mechanical science, +in the use of the term <span class="tei tei-q">“horse-power,”</span> we are incorrect +in this expression. How does this <span class="tei tei-q">“horse”</span> look +in reality? Let us analyse this <span class="tei tei-q">“horse.”</span> All science, +all mechanical appliances have been produced by +<span class="tei tei-q">“man”</span> and man alone. Everything we possess is the +production of either dead men's or living men's +work. The enslavement of the solar man-power is +purely a human invention in theory and practice. +Everything we have is evidently therefore a time-binding +product. What perfect nonsense to call a +purely human achievement the equivalent of so much +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page150">[pg 150]</span><a name="Pg150" id="Pg150" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<span class="tei tei-q">“horse-power”</span>! Of course it does not matter mathematically +what name we give to a unit of power; +we may call it a Zeus or a Zebra; but there is a very +vicious implication in using the name of an animal +to denote a purely human product. Everything in +our civilization was produced by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">man</span></span>; it seems only +reasonable that this unit of power which is the direct +product of Man's work, should be correctly named +after him. The educational effect would be wholesome +and tremendous. The human value in work +would be thus emphasized again and again, and respect +for human work would be taught, from the +beginning in the schools. This <span class="tei tei-q">“horse-power”</span> unit +causes us to forget the human part in it and it degrades +human work to the level of a commodity. +This is an example of the degrading influence of +wrong conceptions and wrong language. I said +<span class="tei tei-q">“educational”</span> because even our subconscious mind is +affected by this. (See <a href="#Appendix_II" class="tei tei-ref">App. II</a>.) +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Human Engineering will not interfere with any +scientific research; on the contrary, it will promote +it in many ways. Grown-ups, it is to be hoped, will +stop the nonsense of intermixing dimensions, for +which we chastise children. It is the same kind of +blundering as when we intermix phenomena—measuring +<span class="tei tei-q">“God”</span> by human standards, or human beings +by animal standards. The relationship, if any, between +these phenomena or the overlapping of different +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page151">[pg 151]</span><a name="Pg151" id="Pg151" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +classes, is interesting and important; but in +studying such relationships of classes, it is fatal to +mix the classes; for example, if we are studying the +relations between surfaces and solids, it is fatal to +mistake solids for surfaces; just so, too, if we stupidly +confuse humans with animals. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the reality of life, we are interested only in the +values of the function of the phenomena by themselves +and to arrive at right conclusions we have to +use units appropriate to the phenomena. The intermixing +of units gives us a wrong conception of the +values of each phenomenon; the results of our calculations +are wrong and the outcome is a misconception +of the process of human life. The fact once +realized, we will cease applying animal measures to +man; even theology will abandon the monstrous +habit. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Animal units and standards are to be applied to +animals, human standards to man, <span class="tei tei-q">“Divine”</span> standards +to <span class="tei tei-q">“God.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the dark ages, with the complete innocence or +misunderstanding of science, the <span class="tei tei-q">“why”</span> of things was +explained by the <span class="tei tei-q">“who”</span> of things; therein investigation +culminated; man was regarded as <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">homo sapiens</span></span> +and homo sapiens = animal × spark of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">super</span></span>natural; +this monstrous formula was accepted as a final +truth—as an answer to the question: What is Man? +This type of answer became in the hands of church +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page152">[pg 152]</span><a name="Pg152" id="Pg152" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and state a powerful instrument for keeping the +people in subjection. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The tendency of the masses to let others think for +them is not really a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">natural</span></em> characteristic—quite the +opposite. The habit of not thinking for one's self +is the result of thousands of years of subjection. +Those in authority, in general, used their ingenuity +to keep the people from thinking. The most vital +reason why many humans appear to be, and are often +called, <span class="tei tei-q">“stupid,”</span> is that they have been spoken to in +a language of speculation which they instinctively +dislike and distrust; thus there arose the proverb that +speech was made to conceal the truth. It is no wonder +that they appear <span class="tei tei-q">“stupid,”</span> the wonder is that +they are not more <span class="tei tei-q">“stupid.”</span> The truth is that they +will be found to be far less stupid when addressed +in the natural language of ascertainable fact. My +whole theory is based upon, and is in harmony with, +the natural feelings of man. The conceptions I introduce +are based on human <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">nature</span></em>. Natural language—so +different from the speech of metaphysical +speculation—will lead to mutual understanding and +the disappearance of warring factions. +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Discrimination, as the proverb rightly teaches, is the beginning +of mind. The first psychic product of that initial +psychic act is </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">numerical</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">: to discriminate +is to produce </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">two</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">, +the simplest possible example of multiplicity. The discovery, +or better the invention, better still the production, +best of all the creation, of multiplicity with its correlate of +</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page153">[pg 153]</span><a name="Pg153" id="Pg153" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%"> +number, is, therefore, the most primitive achievement or manifestation +of mind.... Let us, then, trust the arithmetic +instinct as fundamental and, for instruments of thought that +shall not fail, repair at once to the domain of number.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> (C. +J. Keyser, Loc. Cit.) +</span></p> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The thinking few knew the power there is in +<span class="tei tei-q">“thinking”</span>; they wanted to have it and to keep the +advantage of it for themselves; witness the late introduction +of public schools. Belief in the inferiority of +the masses became the unwritten law of the <span class="tei tei-q">“privileged +classes”</span>; it was forced upon, rubbed into, the +subconscious mind of the masses by church and state +alike, and was humbly and dumbly accepted by the +<span class="tei tei-q">“lower orders”</span> as their <span class="tei tei-q">“destiny.”</span> Ignorance was +proclaimed as a bliss. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +As time went on, this <span class="tei tei-q">“coefficient of ignorance”</span> +became so useful to some people and some classes of +people that no effort was spared to keep the world +in ignorance. It gave a legalistic excuse to imprison, +burn and hang people for expressing an opinion +which the ruling classes did not like. The elimination +from church, from school, from universities, of +any teacher, any professor or any minister who dared +to exemplify or encourage fearless investigation and +freedom of speech became very common. It is less +common in our generation, but there remains much +to win in the way of freedom. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Freedom, rightly understood, is the aim of Human +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page154">[pg 154]</span><a name="Pg154" id="Pg154" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Engineering. But freedom is not license, it is not +licentiousness. Freedom consists in <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">lawful</span></em> living—in +living in accord with the laws of human <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">nature</span></em>—in +accord with the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">natural</span></em> laws of Man. A plant +is free when it is not prevented from living and +growing according to the natural laws of plant life; +an animal is free when it is not prevented from living +according to the natural laws of animal life; +human beings are free when and only when they are +not prevented from living in accord with the natural +laws of human life. I say <span class="tei tei-q">“when not prevented,”</span> +for human beings will live <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">naturally</span></em> and, therefore, +in freedom, when they are not prevented from thus +living by ignorance of what human nature is and by +artificial social systems established, maintained, and +protected by such ignorance. Human freedom consists +in exercising the time-binding energies of man +in accordance with the natural laws of such natural +energies. Human freedom is thus the aim of Human +Engineering because Human Engineering is to be +the science of human nature and the art of conducting +human affairs in accordance with the laws of +human nature. Survival of the fittest, where <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">fittest</span></em> +means <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">strongest</span></em>, is a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">natural</span></em> law for brutes, for animals, +for the class of mere <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">space</span></em>-binders. Survival +of the fittest, where <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">fittest</span></em> means <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">best</span></em> in science and +art and wisdom, is a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">natural</span></em> law for mankind, the +time-binding class of life. +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page155">[pg 155]</span><a name="Pg155" id="Pg155" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> +<a name="toc19" id="toc19"></a> +<a name="pdf20" id="pdf20"></a> +<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Chapter VIII. Elements Of Power</span></h2> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the World War Germany displayed tremendous +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">power</span></em>. Restraining our emotions as much +as possible, let us endeavor to analyse that power +with mathematical dispassionateness. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Why did Germany display more power than any +other single nation? Because in the establishment of +her <span class="tei tei-q">“ethics,”</span> her political system, and her economic +structure, Germany availed herself, in larger measure +than any other nation, of scientific achievements +and scientific methods. It is a very common, very +erroneous, and very harmful belief that war was created +solely by a <span class="tei tei-q">“war-lord.”</span> Every idea or movement +doubtless originates with somebody but back of +such <span class="tei tei-q">“originations”</span> or initiations there are favoring +conditions, forces and impulsions. The stage is set +by life and the ages; the actor enters and the show +begins. In the instance in question, the stage was +set by our whole modern system of civilization. The +war lords were the <span class="tei tei-q">“Deus ex machina”</span>—the show +was a real one—a tragedy. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The true origin of this war must be looked for +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page156">[pg 156]</span><a name="Pg156" id="Pg156" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +in the economic field. Our economic system is the +very complicated result of all our creeds, philosophies +and social customs. It is therefore impossible +to understand the working of the economic forces +without understanding the foundation upon which +this system of forces is based. A short list of works +on the subject is given at the end of this book. A +plain statement here will be enough. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Germany was committed to a policy of indefinite +industrial expansion. This artificial expansion had +reached its limits. Germany was on the verge of +bankruptcy. Only a victorious war could avoid a +national catastrophe; she played her last card, and +lost despite her gigantic power, the greatest ever +displayed by any nation. The leading European +states were not able to overpower her for a long +time. This writing is not intended as an apology +for Germany, much less to praise her or her war +lords. German purposes were nationally narrow +and nationally selfish to the root; her methods were +inhuman but Germany displayed power; and without +the understanding of power, Human Engineering is +impossible. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is possibly a fault of the writer's military training, +but it seems to him that the <span class="tei tei-q">“General Staff”</span> +point of view has as much claim to consideration as +any other among the many different interpretations +of history—perhaps it has more. It is not the primary +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page157">[pg 157]</span><a name="Pg157" id="Pg157" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +aim of the general staff to <span class="tei tei-q">“fight,”</span> very far +from it. Their primary aim is <span class="tei tei-q">“victory”</span> and all the +better if victory be possible without a fight. Strategy, +brain-work, intelligence, knowledge of facts—these +are the chief weapons; brutal fighting is only a last +resort. It is highly important to bear that in mind. +Soldiers and engineers do not argue—they act. Germany +affords the first example of a philosophy or a +society having for its main purpose the generating +of power to <span class="tei tei-q">“do things.”</span> It seems only reasonable +and intelligent to analyse the history of the war +from the engineer's point of view, which, in this case, +happens to coincide with the military point of view. +It must be clearly understood that the modern general +staff, or military, point of view has very little or +nothing to do with the romance or poetry of war. +War to-day is a grim business—but <span class="tei tei-q">“business”</span> before +all else. It has to mobilize all the resources of a +nation and generate power to the limit of its +capacity. The conduct of war to-day is a technological +affair—its methods have to be engineering +methods. To crush an obstacle, there is need of a +giant hammer, and the more mass that can be given +it and the greater the force put behind it, the more +deadly will be the blow. Prior to the World War +technology had not been mobilized on so vast a scale +nor confronted with a task so gigantic. Mobilized +technology has revealed and demonstrated the fact +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page158">[pg 158]</span><a name="Pg158" id="Pg158" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +that it is possible to generate almost unlimited power +and has shown the way to do it; at the same time +it has demonstrated the measureless potency of engineering +and our utter helplessness without it. Technology +is comparatively a new science; by some it is +called a <span class="tei tei-q">“semi-science”</span> because it deals primarily +with the application of science to practical issues. +But when it became necessary <span class="tei tei-q">“to do things,”</span> an +engineer had to be called; the general staff had to +adopt his view, and all other practices and traditions +were bent to his ideas. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I have already repeatedly pointed out that the +progress of technology proceeds according to a law +like that of a rapidly increasing geometrical progression, +and I have stressed the danger of inattention +to any phenomena, force or movement that conforms +to such a law. We have only to recollect the story +of the simple but very greedy farmer who was very +happy to make a contract with a laborer for a +month's work, paying him only one cent the first day, +twice as much the second, twice for the third, and so +on to the end. Behold! The bill for the month ran +into millions of dollars and the farmer was ruined. +Such is the deadly secret of the geometrical progression. +Violent readjustments await any society whose +ethics, jurisprudence and the like do not keep pace +with the developments of engineering. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Engineers are the wizards who, using the results +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page159">[pg 159]</span><a name="Pg159" id="Pg159" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of scientific research, can subjugate or release the +concealed powers of nature. The supreme factor is +the use of the mind—the exponential function of time—the +time-binding energy of man. From that we +have to take our start because that is the source of +human power. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The German philosophy, as a whole, has its definite +place in the history of philosophy; and the first +thing to consider are those philosophic writers who +directly and indirectly have contributed to the building +up of German power. Hegel greatly affected the +building up of the German mind—strange as it may +seem; but Hegel was greatly under the influence of +the work of Fichte, and Fichte in turn under that of +Spinoza. All of them were, in a way, mathematicians +in their methods and philosophy, as much as +they could be in their time. I said <span class="tei tei-q">“strange,”</span> because +it is significant that the mathematical part of +their philosophy was just the part which built up the +German power. But if we look into it, it is not +strange. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It had to be so, because mathematical and mechanical +methods are the only ones by which power +can be understood and built. Hegel in 1805 lectured +on history of philosophy, pure mathematics and natural +law. It would be hard to find a better combination +for a philosophy of power. That is precisely +what this philosophy was. It influenced not only German +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page160">[pg 160]</span><a name="Pg160" id="Pg160" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +philosophy but even German theology, and +through these channels it sank deep into the national +consciousness. It affected every phase of life. An +immense cult of disciples arose. Each one added +something to that philosophy of power. One of the +most brilliant representatives of this movement is +Professor Oswald, who in his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Monist Sermons</span></span> gave +the famous advice: <span class="tei tei-q">“Do not waste energy but give it +value.”</span> The German understanding of the great +value of technology directly applied that principle to +their philosophy, law, ethics, politics, and so on. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +With increase of population, the problem of the +State becomes more and more pressing. There are +many theories about the state. For the purpose of +the moment it is important to realize that a state +is the governing center of an accumulation of human +beings—of time-binding powers—increasing exponential +functions of time. These powers, though +the same in kind, differ in degree and in respect of +individuality. If they are to be united so as to +constitute a whole, they must be given a common +aim; they must, so to speak, be reduced to a common +base; if they be respectively +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">X</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">m</span></span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Y</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">n</span></span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Z</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">p</span></span></span>, and +so on, we can not unite them and compute the whole +by adding the exponents; but if we give them a common +base—a common aim or purpose—then we can +readily represent the magnitudes of the whole constituted +by them; if we take <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">X</span></span> to be their common +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page161">[pg 161]</span><a name="Pg161" id="Pg161" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +aim or base, then, if <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Y</span></span> = <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">aX</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Z</span></span> = <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">bX</span></span>, and so on, we +shall have: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">X</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">m</span></span></span> × +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Y</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">n</span></span></span> × +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Z</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">p</span></span></span> ... = +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">X</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">m</span></span></span> × +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">a</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">n</span></span></span> × +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">X</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">n</span></span></span> × +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">b</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">p</span></span></span> × +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">X</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">p</span></span></span> ... += (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">a</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">n</span></span></span> × +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">b</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">p</span></span></span> +...)<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">X</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">m+n+p</span></span></span> ... +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The last expression, where the parenthetical coefficient +is the product of individualities, serves to +represent the united powers of all in terms of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">X</span></span>, +the common base, purpose or aim. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Let us look at the matter in another way. One +mechanical <span class="tei tei-q">“horse-power”</span> is less than the power of +one living horse. One living horse can do more +work than one mechanical horse-power, but in using +more than one living horse at one time we get less +work than by using the same number of mechanical +horse-powers; the reason is very obvious. The mechanical +horse-powers are the same in kind, equal, +and constant, but living horses differ in character, +they are not equal, and each one is a variable. Hence +mechanical horse-powers can be added or multiplied +arithmetically, but the powers of living horses can +not, except very roughly; the living horses of a team +interfere with each other; they do not pull together, +as we say, and energy is lost. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The German mathematical philosophy or theory +of the state did not express itself in just this way, +but the foregoing gives a clue to it. Germany united +the powers of living men and women and children; +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page162">[pg 162]</span><a name="Pg162" id="Pg162" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +it gave them a common base; it gave them one common +<span class="tei tei-q">“social”</span> mood and aim; they all became consolidated +in service of that which is called the State; +they studied and taught for the State; they worked, +lived and died for the State: the State was their idol, +King and God. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Such was the aim of German philosophy, theology, +law and science. The establishment of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">one aim</span></span> for +all was the decisive factor. It is obvious that if we +want to inspire 60 Millions of individuals with one +aim, this aim can not be private or personal. It +must be a higher aim, collective, general, impersonal, +in some way uniting and including all personal aims. +I shall call it simply a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">collective</span></span> aim. But collective +aims may differ profoundly in kind; out of personal +or egoistic aims there grows a series of collective +aims, increasing in generality, such as: (1) Family +aims; (2) association, congregation, club aims; (3) +class or professional aims; (4) national or race aims; +and finally (5) <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">human aims</span></span>—the natural aims for +the time-binding class of life. The fatal error of +German political philosophy was an error of aim—her +aim was too low—too narrow—the welfare of +a state instead of the welfare of Humanity. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the case of Germany, the national aim was +equivalent to the state aim. German philosophy +made the <span class="tei tei-q">“state”</span> equivalent to the <span class="tei tei-q">“good”</span> and equivalent +to <span class="tei tei-q">“power.”</span> Of course such philosophy influenced +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page163">[pg 163]</span><a name="Pg163" id="Pg163" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the whole national life in every detail; in consequence +Germany proclaimed herself the first nation +of the world, and this soon evolved into a plan for +the conquest of the world. The German General +Staff as an institution had, par excellence, as its aim +and first object, <span class="tei tei-q">“power,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“concentration of power”</span> +and <span class="tei tei-q">“efficiency.”</span> It took the leadership in all +branches of life and industry. Militarism and industrialism +are almost synonymous from the mechanical +point of view; they are both of them power. They +both have to use the same scientific methods and +in the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">present</span></em> conditions of the world they are dependent +upon each other, for war cannot be waged +without strong industries. Here we have to face +the fact that geometrically progressing industry can +not live without new markets, which under present +conditions have been largely acquired, directly or indirectly, +by the power of the army; and this has been +the case with Germany. If we curse Germany for +being a <span class="tei tei-q">“military nation”</span> we can, with no less justice, +curse her for being a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">completely</span></em> <span class="tei tei-q">“industrialized +nation.”</span> If we add to that her nationally selfish +and narrow national aim, we will readily understand +this <span class="tei tei-q">“world peach.”</span> Those who have tasted it know +something of its sweetness. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There is no need to go into further details. Special +books give us all the data. That which is of interest +is the impersonal fact that what was the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">strength</span></em> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page164">[pg 164]</span><a name="Pg164" id="Pg164" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">power</span></em> of Germany is the best possible illustration +we have had of what science and a sort of mathematical +philosophy are able to accomplish, even +when directed, not to the welfare of Humanity, but +to that of a relatively small group of people. The +above-cited political philosophies had a very pronounced +effect upon Marx. One of the branches of +socialism is the so-called state socialism. State socialists, +as the name indicates, believe that the state should +assume the most important functions in society. It +is obvious that in monarchical countries where <span class="tei tei-q">“god-given”</span> +rulers represent the state, such a theory is not +unwelcome, as it gives the rulers an opportunity to +show a sort of <span class="tei tei-q">“advanced liberalism,”</span> which serves +to strengthen their power. The astute Bismarck can +not be suspected of being a progressionist in the +modern sense but, being a product of German culture +and philosophy, all his ideals were those of a strong +state. He was a proclaimed advocate of state socialism. +Since 1879 at least, Bismarck was considered +almost the leading spirit of paternal state socialism. +He was a believer and promoter of the close relation +of the state and the railways, keeping always +in view a thorough nationalization which he finally +accomplished. This fact eliminated from German +public life all that phase of corruption which private +ownership of railroads brings in any country, the +railroad being the very life of any country. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page165">[pg 165]</span><a name="Pg165" id="Pg165" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +To sum up: Germany applied the most scientific +methods to build up her national power; she understood +the elements of <span class="tei tei-q">“power,”</span> for they were disclosed +to her by her science and her philosophy. She +applied technological methods in every part of her +civil life, and thus built her gigantic power. Her +industrial life followed the military way; her military +strength was built on industrial power. And +so the vicious circle. Germany adopted a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">collective</span></em> +aim instead of a personal individualistic aim, and +because of this broader aim, she was able to mobilize +and to keep mobilized all her moral, political and +industrial forces for long years before the war. The +direct effect of this system of continuous mobilization +was over-production. For this she desperately +needed new markets. The cheapest and quickest way +to acquire them, if they were not to be grabbed otherwise, +was to conquer them by a victorious war. Her +plans progressed according to the program, all except +the victory in the battle fields. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This war was a calamity of unprecedented magnitude +for the world and it is our duty to study it +dispassionately and learn the lesson of it, if we do +not want to be moral accomplices of this great modern +crime, by letting the world drift into an even +worse catastrophe. We have to arouse ourselves +from our inertia and go to the bottom of this problem +and analyse it ruthlessly, no matter whether the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page166">[pg 166]</span><a name="Pg166" id="Pg166" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +analysis be pleasant or not. We must value everyone +of our <span class="tei tei-q">“ten sacred dead”</span> at least as much as +we value one rabbit killed in scientific laboratories, +and take the lesson to heart or be prepared for a +repetition of world slaughter. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +If Human Engineering had been established long +ago our social system would have been different, our +civilization would have been much higher, this war +would have been avoided. We do not need to delude +ourselves. The World War was the result of badly +balanced social and economic forces. The world +needs other <span class="tei tei-q">“balances of power”</span> than such as are +devised by lawyers and politicians, by single-selfish +or group-selfish interests. Humanity is reaching out +for a science and art of human guidance based upon +a right understanding of human nature. +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page167">[pg 167]</span><a name="Pg167" id="Pg167" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> +<a name="toc21" id="toc21"></a> +<a name="pdf22" id="pdf22"></a> +<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Chapter IX. Manhood Of Humanity</span></h2> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In a previous chapter I have said that the World +War marks the end of one vast period in the +life of humankind and marks the beginning of +another. It marks the end of Humanity's Childhood +and the beginning of Humanity's Manhood. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Our human Past is a mighty fact of our world. +Many facts are unstable, impermanent, and evanescent—they +are here to-day, and to-morrow they +are gone. Not so with the great fact of our human +Past. Our past abides. +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">It is permanent. It can be counted on. It is nearly +eternal as the race of man. Out of that past we have come. +Into it we are constantly returning. Meanwhile, it is of +the utmost importance to our lives. It contains the </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">roots</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> +of all we are, and of all we have of wisdom, of science, of +philosophy, of art, of jurisprudence, of customs and institutions. +It contains the record or ruins of all the experiments +that man has made during a quarter or a half million +years in the art of living in this world.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> (Keyser, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Human +Worth of Rigorous Thinking</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.) +</span></p> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In our relation to the past there are three wide-open +ways in which one may be a fool. One of the +ways is the way of ignoring the past—the way of +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page168">[pg 168]</span><a name="Pg168" id="Pg168" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +remaining blankly ignorant of the human past as the +animals are blankly ignorant of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">their</span></em> past and so of +drifting through life as animals do, without reference +to the experience of bygone generations. Fools +of this type may be called drifting fools or Drifters. +Another way to be a fool—a very alluring way—is +that of falsifying the past by <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">idealizing</span></em> it—by stupidly +disregarding its vices, misery, ignorance, slothfulness, +and folly, and stupidly magnifying its virtues, +happiness, knowledge, achievements and wisdom; +it is the way of the self-complacent—the way +of those who, being comfortably situated and prosperous, +are opposed to change; the past, they say, +was wise for it produced the present and the present +is good—let us alone. Fools of this type may be +called idolatrous fools, worshiping the Past; or static +fools, contented with the Present; or cowardly fools, +opposed to change, fearful of the Future. A third +way to be a fool—which is also alluring—is the opposite +of the foregoing; it is the way of those who +falsify the past by stupidly and contemptuously disregarding +its virtues, its happiness, its knowledge, +its great achievements, and its wisdom, and by stupidly +or dishonestly magnifying its vices, its misery, +its ignorance, its great slothfulness, and its folly; +it is apt to be the way of the woeful, the unprosperous, +the desperate—especially the way of such as +find escape from the bore of routine life in the excitements +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page169">[pg 169]</span><a name="Pg169" id="Pg169" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of unrest, turbulence, and change; the past, +they say, was all wrong, for it produced the present +and the present is thoroughly bad—let us destroy it, +root and branch. Fools of this type may be called +scorning fools, Scorners of the Past; or destroying +fools, Destroyers of the Present; or dynamic fools, +Revelers in the excitements of Change. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Such are the children of folly: (1) Drifting fools—ignorers +of the past—disregarders of race experience—thoughtless +floaters on the shifting currents +of human affairs; (2) Static fools—idealizers of the +past—complacent lovers of the present—enemies of +change—fearful of the future; (3) Dynamic fools—scorners +of the past—haters of the present—destroyers +of the works of the dead—most <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">modest</span></em> of +fools, each of them saying: <span class="tei tei-q">“What ought to be begins +with <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Me</span></em>; I will make the world a paradise; but my +genius must be free; <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">now</span></em> it is hampered by the existing +<span class="tei tei-q">‘order’</span>—the bungling work of the past; I will +destroy it; I will start with chaos; we need light—the +Sun casts shadows—I will begin by blotting out +the Sun; then the world will be full of glory—the +light of my genius.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In striking contrast with that three-fold division +of Folly, the counsel of Wisdom is one, and it is +one with the sober counsel of Common Sense. What +is that counsel? What is the united counsel of wisdom +and common sense respecting the past? The +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page170">[pg 170]</span><a name="Pg170" id="Pg170" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +answer is easy and easy to understand. The counsel +is this: Do not ignore the past but study it—study +it diligently as being the mightiest factor among the +great factors of our human world; endeavor to view +the past justly, to contemplate it as it was and is, +to see it <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">whole</span></em>—to see it in true perspective—magnifying +neither its good nor its evil, neither its +knowledge nor its ignorance, neither its enterprise +nor its slothfulness, neither its achievements nor its +failures; as the salient facts are ascertained, endeavor +to account for them, to find their causes, their favoring +conditions, to explain the facts to understand +them, applying always the question <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Why?</span></em> Centuries +of centuries of cruel superstition—Why? Centuries +of centuries of almost complete ignorance of natural +law—Why? Centuries of centuries of monstrous +misconceptions of human nature—Why? +Measureless creations, wastings and destructions of +wealth—Why? Endless rolling cycles of enterprise, +stagnation, and decay—Why? Interminable alterations +of peace and war, enslavements and emancipations—Why? +Age after age of world-wide worship +of man-made gods, silly, savage, enthroned by myth +and magic, celebrated and supported by poetry and +the wayward speculations of ignorant "sages"—Why? +Age upon age of world-wide slow developments +of useful inventions, craftsmanship, commerce, +and art—Why? Ages of dark impulsive groping +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page171">[pg 171]</span><a name="Pg171" id="Pg171" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +before the slow discovery of reason, followed by centuries +of belief in the sufficiency of ratiocination unaided +by systematic observation and experiment—Why? +At length the dawn of scientific method and +science, the growth of natural knowledge, immeasurable +expansion of the universe <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">in Time</span></em> and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">in +Space</span></em>, belief in the lawfulness of Nature, rapidly +increasing subjugation of natural forces to human +control, growing faith in the limitless progressibility +of human knowledge and in the limitless perfectibility +of human welfare—Why? The widely diverse +peoples of the world constrained by scientific progress +to live together as in one community upon a +greatly shrunken and rapidly shrinking planet, the +unpreparedness of existing ethics, law, philosophy, +economics, politics and government to meet the +exigencies thus arising—Why? +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Such I take to be the counsel of wisdom—the simple +wisdom of sober common sense. To ascertain +the salient facts of our immense human past and then +to explain them in terms of their causes and conditions +is not an easy task. It is an exceedingly difficult +one, requiring the labor of many men, of many +generations; but it must be performed; for it is only +in proportion as we learn to know the great facts +of our human past and their causes that we are +enabled to understand our human present, for the +present is the child of the past; and it is only in proportion +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page172">[pg 172]</span><a name="Pg172" id="Pg172" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +as we thus learn to understand the present +that we can face the future with confidence and competence. +Past, Present, Future—these can not be +understood singly and separately—they are welded +together indissolubly as <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">one</span></em>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The period of humanity's childhood has been long—300,000 +to 500,000 years, according to the witness +of human relics, ruins and records of the caves and +the rocks—a stretch of time too vast for our imaginations +to grasp. Of that immense succession of +ages, except a minute fraction of it including our own +time, we have, properly speaking, no history; we +have only a rude, dim, broken outline. Herodotus, +whom we call <span class="tei tei-q">“the father of history”</span> proper, lived +less than 2500 years ago. What is 2500 years compared +with the whole backward stretch of human +time? We have to say that the father of human +history lived but yesterday—a virtual contemporary +of those now living. Our humankind groped upon +this globe for probably 400,000 years before the +writing of what we call history had even begun. If +we regard history as a kind of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">racial memory</span></em>, what +must we say of our race's memory? It is like that +of a man of 20 years whose recollection extends +back less than 3 months or like that of a man of 60 +years whose recollection fails to reach any event +of the first 59 years of his life. Owing to the work +of geologists, paleontologists, ethnologists and their +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page173">[pg 173]</span><a name="Pg173" id="Pg173" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +co-workers, the history of prehistoric man will grow, +just as we know to-day more about the life of mankind +in the time of Herodotus than Herodotus himself +knew. Meanwhile we must try to make the best +use of such historical knowledge of man as we now +possess. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Even if the story of humanity's childhood were +fully recorded in the libraries of the world, it would +not be possible in this brief writing to recount the +story in even the most summary fashion. Except the +tale of recent years, the story is known as I have +said, only in outline, rude, dim and broken, but for +the present purpose this will suffice. Countless multitudes +of details are lost—most of them doubtless +forever. But we need not despair. The really great +facts of our racial childhood—the massive, dominant, +outstanding facts—are sufficiently clear for our +guidance in the present enterprise. And what do we +know? +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We know that the period of our human childhood +has been inconceivably long; we know that in +the far distant time, the first specimens of humankind—the +initial members of the time-binding race +of man—were absolutely without human knowledge +of the hostile world in which they found themselves; +we know that they had no conception of what they +themselves were; we know that they had neither +speech nor art nor philosophy nor religion nor science +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page174">[pg 174]</span><a name="Pg174" id="Pg174" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +nor tools nor human history nor human tradition; +we know, though we to-day can hardly imagine +it, that their <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">sole</span></em> equipment for <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">initiating</span></em> the career +of the human race was that peculiar faculty which +made them human—the capacity of man for binding +time; we know that they actually did that work of +initiation, without any guidance or example, maxim +or precedent; and we know that they were able to do +it just because the power of initiation—the power to +originate—is a time-binding power. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +What else do we know of the earliest part of +humanity's childhood? We know that in that far-distant +age, our ancestors—being, not animals, but +human creatures—not only <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">began</span></em> to live in the +human dimension of life—forever above the level of +animals—but <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">continued</span></em> therein, taking not only the +first step, but the second, the third, and so on indefinitely; +we know, in other words, that they were +progressive creatures, that they made advancement; +we know that their progress was <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">natural</span></em> to them—as +natural as swimming is to fishes or as flying is to +birds—for both the impulse and the ability to progress—to +make improvement—to do greater things +by help of things already done—are of the very +nature of the time-binding capacity which makes +humans human. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We know that time-binding capacity—the capacity +for accumulating racial experience, enlarging it, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page175">[pg 175]</span><a name="Pg175" id="Pg175" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and transmitting it for future expansion—is the +peculiar power, the characteristic energy, the definitive +nature, the defining mark, of man; we know +that the mental power, the time-binding capacity, +of our pre-historic ancestors, was the same in <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">kind</span></em> +as our own, if not in degree; we know that it is +natural for this capacity, the highest known agency +of Nature, to produce ideas, inventions, insights, +doctrines, knowledge and other forms of wealth; +we know that progress in what we call civilization, +which is nothing but progress in the production and +right use of material and spiritual wealth, has been +possible and actual simply and solely because the +products of time-binding work not only <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">survive</span></em>, but +naturally tend to propagate their kind—ideas +begetting ideas, inventions leading to other inventions, +knowledge breeding knowledge; we therefore, +know that the amount of progress which a single +generation can make, if it have an adequate supply +of raw material and be unhampered by hostile circumstances, +depends, not only upon its native +capacity for binding time, but also—and this is of +the utmost importance—upon the total progress +made by preceding generations—upon the inherited +fruit, that is, of the time-binding toil of the dead; +accordingly we know that the amount of progress a +single generation can thus make is what mathematicians +call an increasing function of time, and not +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page176">[pg 176]</span><a name="Pg176" id="Pg176" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +only an increasing function but an increasing <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">exponential</span></em> +function of time—a function like +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">PR</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">T</span></span></span>, as +already explained; we know, too, that the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">total</span></em> +progress which <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">T</span></span> successive generations can thus +make is: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">R/R-1</span></span>(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">PR</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">T-P</span></span></span>) +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +which is also an increasing exponential function of +time; we know from the differential calculus that +these functions—which represent natural laws, laws +of human <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">nature</span></em>, laws of the time-binding energies +of man—are very remarkable functions—not only do +they increase with time but their <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">rates</span></em> of increase +are also exponential functions of time and so the +rates of increase themselves increase at rates which +are, again, exponential functions, and so on and on +without limit; that, I say, is a marvelous fact, and +it is for us a fact of immeasurable significance; for +it means that the time-binding power of man is such +that, if it be allowed to operate naturally, civilization—the +production and right use of material and +spiritual wealth—will not only grow towards infinity +(as mathematicians say), but will thus grow with +a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">swiftness</span></em> which is not constant but which itself +grows towards infinity with a swiftness which, again, +is not constant but increases according to the same +law, and so on indefinitely. We thus see, if we will +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page177">[pg 177]</span><a name="Pg177" id="Pg177" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +only retire to our cloisters and contemplate it, that +the proper life of man <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">as man</span></em> is not life-in-space +like that of animals, but is life-in-time; we thus see +that in distinctively human life, in the life of man +as man, the past is present and the dead survive +destined to greet and to bless the unborn generations: +time, bound-up time, is literally of the core +and substance of civilization. So it has been since +the beginning of man. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We know that the total progress made in the long +course of humanity's childhood, though it is absolutely +great, is relatively small; we know that, compared +with no-civilization, our present civilization is +vast and rich in many ways; we know, however, that, +if the time-binding energies of humanity had been +always permitted to operate unhampered by hostile +circumstances, they would long ere now have produced +a state of civilization compared with which +our present estate would seem mean, meagre, savage. +For we know that those peculiar energies—the civilization-producing +energies of man—far from being +always permitted to operate according to the laws +of their nature, have <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">never</span></em> been permitted so to +operate, but have always been hampered and are +hampered to-day by hostile circumstances. And, if +we reflect, we may know well enough what the +enemies—the hostile circumstances—have been and +are. We know that in the beginning of humanity's +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page178">[pg 178]</span><a name="Pg178" id="Pg178" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +childhood—in its babyhood, so to speak—there was, +as already said, no <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">capital</span></em> whatever to start with—no +material wealth—no spiritual wealth in the form +of knowledge of the world or the nature of man—no +existing fruit of dead men's toil—no bound-up +time—nothing but wild and raw material, whose +very location, properties and potencies had all to be +discovered; even now, because we have inherited so +much bound-up time and because our imaginations +have been so little disciplined to understand realities, +we can scarcely picture to ourselves the actual conditions +of that far-off time of humanity's babyhood; +still less do we realize that present civilization has +hardly begun to be that of enlightened men. We +know, moreover, that the time-binding energies of +our remote ancestors were hampered and baulked, +in a measure too vast for our imaginations, by immense +geologic and climatic changes, both sudden +and secular, unforeseen and irresistible—by earthquake +and storm, by age-long seasons of flood and +frost and heat and drought, not only destroying both +natural resources and the slowly accumulated products +of by-gone generations but often extinguishing +the people themselves with the centers and abodes of +struggling civilization. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Of all the hostile circumstances, of all the causes +which throughout the long period of humanity's +childhood have operated to keep civilization and +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page179">[pg 179]</span><a name="Pg179" id="Pg179" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +human welfare from progressing in full accord with +the natural laws of the time-binding energies of man, +the most potent cause and most disastrous, a cause +still everywhere in operation, remains to be mentioned. +I mean human ignorance. I do not mean +ignorance of physical facts and the laws of physical +nature for this latter ignorance is in large measure +the effect of the cause I have in mind. The ignorance +I mean is far more fundamental and far more +potent. I mean human ignorance of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Human Nature</span></em>—I +mean man's ignorance of what Man is—I mean +false conceptions of the rightful place of man in the +scheme of life and the order of the world. What +the false conceptions are I have already pointed out. +They are two. One of them is the conception according +to which human beings are animals. The other +one is the conception according to which human +beings have no place in Nature but are hybrids of +natural and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">super</span></em>natural, animals combined with +something <span class="tei tei-q">“divine.”</span> Both of them are characteristic +of humanity's childhood; both of them are erroneous, +and both of them have done infinite harm in +a thousand ways. Whose is the fault? In a deep +sense, it is the fault of none. Man started with no +capital—on knowledge—with nothing but his physical +strength and the natural stirring within of the +capacity for binding time; and so he had to grope. +It is not strange that he was puzzled by himself. It +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page180">[pg 180]</span><a name="Pg180" id="Pg180" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +is not strange that he thought himself an animal; +for he has animal propensities as a cube has surfaces, +and his animal propensities were so obtrusive, +so very evident to physical sense—he was born, grew, +had legs and hair, ate, ran, slept, died—all just like +animals—while his distinctive mark, his time-binding +capacity, was subtle; it was spiritual; it was not a +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">visible organ</span></em> but an <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">invisible function</span></em>; it was the +energy called intellect or mind, which the physical +senses do not perceive; and so I say it is not strange—it +is indeed very sad and very pathetic—but it is +not to be wondered at that human beings have falsely +believed themselves to be animals. So, too, of the +rival belief—the belief that humans are neither natural +nor supernatural but are both at once, at once +brutal and divine, hybrid offspring of beast and god. +The belief is monstrous, it is very pathetic and very +sad, but its origin is easy to understand; once invented, +it became a powerful instrument for evil men, +for impostors, but it was not invented by them; it +was only an erroneous result of an honest effort to +understand and to explain. For the obvious facts +created a real puzzle to be explained: On the one +hand, men, women and children—animal-hunting +and animal-hunted human beings—certainly resembled +animals physically in a hundred unmistakable +ways; on the other hand, it became more and +more evident that the same animal-resembling +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page181">[pg 181]</span><a name="Pg181" id="Pg181" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +human beings could do many things which animals +never did and could not do. Here was a puzzle, a +mystery. Time-binding curiosity demanded an explanation. +What was it to be? Natural science had +not yet arisen; critical conception—conception that +avoids the mixing of dimensions—was in the state of +feeble infancy. It is easy to understand what the +answer had to be—childish and mythical; and so it +was—humans are neither animals nor gods, neither +natural nor <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">super</span></em>natural, they are both at once, a +mixture, a mysterious union of animal with something +<span class="tei tei-q">“divine.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Such, then, are the two rival answers which, in the +long dark, groping course of humanity's childhood, +human beings have given to the most important of +all questions—the question: What is Man? I have +said that the answers, no matter how sincere, no +matter how honestly arrived at, are erroneous, false +to fact, and monstrous. I have said, and I repeat, +that the misconceptions involved in them have done +more throughout the by-gone centuries, and are +doing more to-day, than all other hindering causes, +to hamper and thwart the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">natural</span></em> activity of the +time-binding energies of man and thus to retard the +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">natural</span></em> progress of civilization. It is not merely +our privilege, it is our high and solemn duty, to +examine them. To perform the great duty is not an +easy task. The misconceptions in question have come +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page182">[pg 182]</span><a name="Pg182" id="Pg182" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +down to us from remote antiquity; they have not +come down singly, separately, clean-cut, clear and +well-defined; they have come <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">entangled</span></em> in the complicated +mesh of traditional opinions and creeds that +constitute the vulgar <span class="tei tei-q">“philosophy”</span>—the mental fog—of +our time. If we are to perform the duty of +examining them we have first of all to draw them +forth, to disengage them from our inherited tangle +of beliefs and frame them in suitable words; we have +next to bring ourselves to realize vividly and keenly +that the conceptions, thus disentangled and framed, +are in fact, whether they be true or false, at the +very heart of the social philosophy of the world; +we have in the third place to detect the fundamental +character of the blunder involved in them—to see +clearly and coldly wherein they are wrong and why +they are ruinous; we have, finally, to trace, if we can, +their deadly effects both in the course of human +history and in the present status of our human world. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The task of disengaging the two monstrous misconceptions +from the tangled skein of inherited beliefs +and framing them in words, I have already +repeatedly performed. Let us keep the results in +mind. Here they are in their nakedness: (1) +Human beings—men, women, and children—are +animals (and so they are natural): (2) human +beings are neither natural nor <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">super</span></em>natural, neither +wholly animal nor wholly <span class="tei tei-q">“divine,”</span> but are <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">both</span></em> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page183">[pg 183]</span><a name="Pg183" id="Pg183" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +natural and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">super</span></em>natural <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">at once</span></em>—a sort of mysterious +hybrid compound of brute and gods. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The second part of our task—which is the reader's +task as much as mine—is not so easy; and the reason +is evident. It is this: The false creeds in question—the +fatal misconceptions they involve—are so +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">familiar</span></em> to us—they have been so long and so deeply +imbedded in our thought and speech and ways of +life—we have been so thoroughly <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">bred</span></em> in them by +home and school and church and state—that we +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">habitually</span></em> and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">unconsciously</span></em> take them for granted +and have to be virtually <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">stung</span></em> into an awareness of +the fact that we do actually hold them and that they +do actually reign to-day throughout the world and +have so reigned from time immemorial. We have, +therefore, to shake ourselves awake, to <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">prick</span></em> ourselves +into a realization of the truth. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I assume that the reader is at once hard-headed, +rational, I mean, and interested in the welfare of +mankind. If he is not, he will not be a <span class="tei tei-q">“reader”</span> +of this book. He, therefore, knows that the third +task—the task of detecting and exposing the fundamental +error of the misconceptions in question—is +a task of the utmost importance. What is that error? +It is, I have said, an error in logic. But logical +errors are not all alike—they are of many kinds. +What is the <span class="tei tei-q">“kind”</span> of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">this</span></em> one? It is the kind that +consists in what mathematicians call <span class="tei tei-q">“confusion of +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page184">[pg 184]</span><a name="Pg184" id="Pg184" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +types,”</span> or <span class="tei tei-q">“mixing of dimensions.”</span> The answer can +not be made too clear nor too emphatic, for its importance +in the criticism of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">all</span></em> our thinking is great +beyond measure. There are millions of examples +that help to make the matter clear. I will again +employ the simplest of them—one so simple that a +child can understand it. It is a mathematical example, +as it ought to be, for the whole question of +logical types, or dimensions, is a mathematical one. +I beg the reader not to shy at, or run away from, +the mere word mathematical, for, although most of +us have but little mathematical <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">knowledge</span></em>, we all of +us have the mathematical <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">spirit</span></em>, for else we should +not be human—we are all of us mathematicians <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">at +heart</span></em>. Let us, then, proceed confidently and at once +to our simple example. Here is a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">surface</span></em>, say a +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">plane</span></em> surface. It has length and breadth—and so +it has, we say, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">two</span></em> dimensions; next consider a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">solid</span></em>, +say a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">cube</span></em>. It has length, breadth and thickness—and +so <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">it</span></em> has, we say, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">three</span></em> dimensions. Now we +notice that the cube <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">has</span></em> surfaces and so <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">has certain +surface properties</span></em>. Do we, therefore, say that a +solid <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">is</span></em> a surface? That the cube is a member of +the class of surfaces? If we did, we should be fools—type-confusing +fools—dimension-mixing fools. +That is evident. Or suppose we notice that solids +have certain <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">surface</span></em> properties and certain properties +that surfaces do <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">not</span></em> have; and suppose we say +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page185">[pg 185]</span><a name="Pg185" id="Pg185" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">surface</span></em> properties of solids are <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">natural</span></em> but the +other properties are so mysterious that they must +be <span class="tei tei-q">“<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">super</span></em>natural”</span> or somehow <span class="tei tei-q">“divine”</span>; and suppose +we then say that solids are unions, mixtures, +compounds or hybrids of surfaces and something +divine or <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">super</span></em>natural; is it not evident that, if we +did that, we should be again blundering like fools? +Type-confusing fools? Dimension-mixing fools? +That such would be the case any one can see. Let +us now consider animals and human beings, and let +us look squarely and candidly at the facts. To get +a start, think for a moment of plants. Plants are +living things; they take, transform and appropriate +the energies of sun, soil, and air, but they have <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">not</span></em> +the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">autonomous</span></em> power to move about in space; we +may say that plants constitute the lowest order or +class or type or dimension of life—the dimension +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">one</span></em>; plants, we see are binders of the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">basic</span></em> energies +of the world. What of animals? Like the plants, +animals, too, take in, transform and appropriate the +energies of sun, soil and air, though in large part +they take them in forms already prepared by the +plants themselves; but, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">unlike</span></em> the plants, animals +possess the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">autonomous</span></em> power to move about in +space—to creep or crawl or run or swim or fly—it +is thus evident that, compared with plants, animals +belong to a higher order, or higher class, or higher +type, or higher dimension of life; we may therefore +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page186">[pg 186]</span><a name="Pg186" id="Pg186" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +say that the type of animal life is a type of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">two</span></em> +dimensions—a two-dimensional type; I have called +them space-binders because they are distinguished, or +marked, by their autonomous power to move about +in space, to abandon one place and occupy another +and so to appropriate the natural fruits of many +localities; the life of animals is thus a life-in-space +in a sense evidently not applicable to plants. And +now what shall we say of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Man</span></em>? Like the animals, +human beings have indeed the power of mobility—the +autonomous power to move—the capacity for +binding space, and it is obvious that, if they possessed +no capacity of higher order, men, women and +children would indeed be animals. But what are +the facts? The facts, if we will but note them and +reflect upon them, are such as to show us that the +chasm separating human nature from animal nature +is even wider and deeper than the chasm between +animal life and the life of plants. For man improves, +animals do not; man progresses, animals do +not; man invents more and more complicated tools, +animals do not; man is a creator of material and +spiritual wealth, animals are not; man is a builder +of civilization, animals are not; man makes the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">past +live in the present and the present in the future</span></em>, +animals do not; man is thus a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">binder of time</span></em>, animals +are not. In the light of such considerations, if +only we will attend to their mighty significance, it +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page187">[pg 187]</span><a name="Pg187" id="Pg187" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +is as clear as anything can be or can become, that +the life of man—the time-binder—is as radically distinct +from that of animals—mere space-binders—as +animal life is distinct from that of plants or +as the nature of a solid is distinct from that of +a surface, or that of a surface from that of a line. +It is, therefore, perfectly manifest that, when we regard +human beings as animals or as mixtures of animal +nature with something mysteriously <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">super</span></em>natural, +we are guilty of the same <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">kind</span></em> of blunder as if we +regarded animals as plants or as plants touched by +<span class="tei tei-q">“divinity”</span>—the same <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">kind</span></em> of blunder as that of regarding +a solid as a surface or as a surface miraculously +transfigured by some mysterious influence from +outside the universe of space. It is thus evident that +our guilt in the matter is the guilt of a blunder that +is <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">fundamental</span></em>—a confusing of types, a mixing of +dimensions. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Nothing can be more disastrous. For what are +the consequences of that kind of error? Let the +reader reflect. He knows that, if our ancestors had +committed that kind of error regarding lines and +surfaces and solids, there would to-day be no science +of geometry; and he knows that, if there were no +geometry, there would be no architecture in the +world, no surveying, no railroads, no astronomy, no +charting of the seas, no steamships, no engineering, +nothing whatever of the now familiar world-wide +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page188">[pg 188]</span><a name="Pg188" id="Pg188" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +affairs made possible by the scientific conquest of +space. I say again, let the reader reflect; for if he +does not, he will here miss the gravity of a most +momentous truth. He readily sees, in the case supposed, +how very appalling the consequences would +have been if, throughout the period of humanity's +childhood, there had occurred a certain confusion +of types, a certain mixing of dimensions, and he is +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">enabled</span></em> to see it just because, happily, the blunder +was <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">not</span></em> made or, if made, was not persisted in, for, +if it had been made and persisted in, then the great +and now familiar things of which it would have deprived +the world would not be here; we should not +now be able even to imagine them, and so we could +not now compute even roughly the tremendous magnitude +of the blunder's disastrous consequences. Let +the reader not deviate nor falter nor stagger here; +let him shoulder the burden of the mighty argument +and bear it to the goal. He easily perceives the truly +appalling consequences that <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">would</span></em> have inevitably +followed from the error of confusing types—the +error of mixing dimensions—in the matter of lines +and surfaces and solids, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">if</span></em> that error had been +committed and persisted in throughout the centuries; +he <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">can</span></em> perceive those consequences just +because the error was <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">not</span></em> made and hence the +great things of which (had the blunder been made) +it would have deprived the world are here, so that +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page189">[pg 189]</span><a name="Pg189" id="Pg189" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +he can say: <span class="tei tei-q">“Behold those splendid things—the +science of geometry and its manifold applications +everywhere shining in human affairs—imagine all of +them gone, imagine the world if they had never been, +and you will have a measure of the consequences that +would have followed violation of the law of types, +the law of dimensions, in the matter of lines, surfaces +and solids.”</span> But, now, in regard to the exactly similar +error respecting the nature of man, the situation +is reversed; for this blunder, unlike the other one, +is not merely hypothetical; we have seen that it was +actually committed and has been actually persisted in +from time immemorial; not merely for years or for +decades or for centuries but for <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">centuries</span></em> of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">centuries</span></em> +including our own day, it has lain athwart the course +of human progress; age after age it has hampered +and baulked the natural activity of the time-binding +energies—the civilization-producing energies—of +humanity. How are we to estimate its consequences? +Let the reader keep in mind that the error is fundamental—a +type-confusing blunder (like that supposed +regarding geometric entities); let him reflect, +moreover, that it affects, not merely one of our human +concerns, but <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">all</span></em> of them, since it is an error regarding +the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">center</span></em> of them all—regarding the very <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">nature</span></em> +of man himself; and he will know, as well as anything +can be known, that the consequences of the +ages-old blunder have been and are very momentous +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page190">[pg 190]</span><a name="Pg190" id="Pg190" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and very terrible. Their measure is indeed beyond +our power; we cannot describe them adequately, we +cannot delineate their proportions, for we cannot +truly imagine them; and the reason is plain: it is that +those advancements of civilization, those augmentations +of material and spiritual wealth, all of the +glorious achievements of which the tragic blunder +has deprived the world, are none of them here; they +have not been produced; and so we cannot say, as in +the other case: <span class="tei tei-q">“Look upon these splendid treasures +of bound-up time, imagine them taken away, and +your sense of the appalling loss will give you the +measure required.”</span> It is evident that the glories of +which the misconceptions of human nature have deprived +manhood must long remain, perhaps forever, +in the sad realm of dreams regarding great and noble +things that might have been. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I have said that the duty of examining the misconceptions +imposes upon us four obligations. Three +of these we have performed: we have disengaged the +beliefs in question from the complicated tangle of +opinions in which they have come down to us from +remote antiquity; we have recognized the necessity +and the duty of virtually stinging ourselves into an +awareness of the fact that we have actually held +them for true and that from time immemorial they +have poured their virus into the heart of ethics, economics, +politics and government throughout the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page191">[pg 191]</span><a name="Pg191" id="Pg191" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +world; we have seen not only that the beliefs are +false but that their falseness is due to a blunder of +the most fundamental kind—the blunder of mixing +dimensions or confusing types. As already said, the +fourth one of the mentioned tasks is that of tracing, +if we can, the blunder's deadly effects both in human +history and in the present status of the world. We +have just reached the conclusion that this task cannot +be <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">fully</span></em> performed; for there can be no doubt, +as we have seen, that, if the blunder had not been +committed and persisted in, the world would now +possess a civilization so far advanced, so rich in the +spiritual fruits of time and toil, as to be utterly +beyond our present power to conceive or imagine it. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But, though we cannot perform the task fully, our +plight is far from hopeless. The World War has +goaded us into thinking as we never thought before. +It has constrained us to think of realities and especially +to think of the supreme reality—the reality +of Man. That is why the great Catastrophe marks +the close of humanity's childhood. The period has +been long and the manner of its end is memorable +forever—a sudden, flaming, world-wide cataclysmic +demonstration of fundamental ignorance—human +ignorance of human nature. It is just that tragic +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">demonstration</span></em>, brutal as an earthquake, pitiless as +fate or famine, that gives us ground for future hope. +It has forced us to think of realities and it is thought +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page192">[pg 192]</span><a name="Pg192" id="Pg192" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of reality that will heal the world. And so I say +that these days, despite their fear and gloom, are the +beginning of a new order in human affairs—the order +of permanent peace and swift advancement of human +weal. For we know at length what human beings +are, and the knowledge can be taught to men and +women and children by home and school and church +and press throughout the world; we know at length, +and we can teach the world, that man is neither an +animal nor a miraculous mixture of angel and beast; +we know at length, and we can teach, that, throughout +the centuries, these monstrous misconceptions +have made countless millions mourn and that they +are doing so to-day, for, though we cannot compute +the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">good</span></em> of which they have <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">deprived</span></em> mankind, +we can trace the dark ramifications of their positive +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">evil</span></em> in a thousand ways; we know at length, and we +can teach, that man, though he is not an animal, +is a natural being, having a definite place, a rank +of his own, in the hierarchy of natural life; we know +at length, and we can teach the world, that what +is <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">characteristic</span></em> of the human class of life—that +which makes us <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">human</span></em>—is the power to create +material and spiritual wealth—to beget the light of +reasoned understanding—to produce civilization—it +is the unique capacity of man for binding time, uniting +past, present and future in a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">single growing +reality</span></em> charged at once with the surviving creations +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page193">[pg 193]</span><a name="Pg193" id="Pg193" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of the dead, with the productive labor of the living, +with the rights and hopes of the yet unborn; we +know at length, and we can teach, that the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">natural</span></em> +rate of human progress is the rate of a swiftly increasing +exponential function of time; we know, and +we can teach, that what is good in <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">present</span></em> civilization—all +that is precious in it, sacred and holy—is +the fruit of the time-binding toil struggling blindly +through the ages against the perpetual barrier of +human ignorance of human nature; we know at +length, we can teach, and the world will understand, +that in proportion as we rid our ethics and social +philosophy of monstrous misrepresentations of +human nature, the time-binding energies of humanity +will advance civilization in accordance with their +natural law <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">PR</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">T</span></span></span>, +the forward-leaping function of time. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Such knowledge and such teaching will inaugurate +the period of humanity's manhood. It can be made +an endless period of rapid developments in True +civilization. All the developments must grow out +of the true conception of human beings as constituting +the time-binding class of life, and so the work +must begin with a campaign of education wide +enough to embrace the world. The cooperation of +all educational agencies—the home, the school, the +church, the press—must be enlisted to make known +the fundamental truth concerning the nature of man +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page194">[pg 194]</span><a name="Pg194" id="Pg194" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +so that it shall become the guiding <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">light</span></em> and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">habit</span></em> +of men, women, and children everywhere. Gradual +indeed but profound will be the transformations +wrought in all the affairs of mankind, but especially +and first of all in the so-called arts and sciences of +ethics, economics, politics and government. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The ethics of humanity's manhood will be neither +<span class="tei tei-q">“animal”</span> ethics nor <span class="tei tei-q">“<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">super</span></em>natural”</span> ethics. It will be +a natural ethics based upon a knowledge of the laws +of human nature. It will not be a branch of zoology, +the ethics of tooth and claw, the ethics of profiteering, +the ethics of space-binding beasts fighting for <span class="tei tei-q">“a +place in the sun.”</span> It will be a branch of humanology, +a branch of Human Engineering; it will be a +time-binding ethics, the ethics of the entirely natural +civilization-producing energies of humanity. Whatever +accords with the natural activity of those energies +will be <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">right</span></em> and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">good</span></em>; whatever does not, will +be <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">wrong</span></em> and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">bad</span></em>. <span class="tei tei-q">“Survival of the fittest”</span> in the +sense of the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">strongest</span></em> is a space-binding standard, +the ethical standard of beasts; in the ethics of +humanity's manhood survival of the fittest will mean +survival of the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">best</span></em> in competitions for excellence, +and excellence will mean time-binding excellence—excellence +in the production and right use of material +and spiritual wealth—excellence in science, in art, in +wisdom, in justice, in promoting the weal and protecting +the rights both of the living and of the unborn. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page195">[pg 195]</span><a name="Pg195" id="Pg195" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +The ethics that arose in the dark period of +humanity's childhood from the conception of human +beings as mysterious unions of animality and divinity +gave birth to two repulsive species of traffic—traffic +in men regarded as animals, fit to be slaves, and +traffic in the <span class="tei tei-q">“supernatural,”</span> in the sale of indulgences +in one form or another and the <span class="tei tei-q">“divine wisdom”</span> +of ignorant priests. It is needless to say that +in the natural ethics of humanity's manhood those +species of commerce will not be found. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +And what shall we say in particular of economics, +of <span class="tei tei-q">“industry,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“business as usual,”</span> and the <span class="tei tei-q">“finance”</span> +of <span class="tei tei-q">“normalcy”</span>? There lies before me an established +handbook of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Corporation Finance</span></span>, by Mr. E. +S. Mead, Ph.D. (Appleton, N. Y.), whose purpose +is not that of adverse criticism but is that of showing +the generally accepted <span class="tei tei-q">“sound”</span> bases for prosperous +business. I can hardly do better than to ask the +reader to ponder a few extracts from that work, +showing the established, and amazing theories, for +then I have only to say that in the period of humanity's +manhood the moral blindness of such <span class="tei tei-q">“principles,”</span> +their space-binding spirit of calculating selfishness +and greed, will be regarded with utter loathing as +slavery is regarded to-day. Behold the picture: +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Since the bondholder is solely interested in the security +of his principal, and regular payment of his interest, and +since both security and interest depend upon the permanence +</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page196">[pg 196]</span><a name="Pg196" id="Pg196" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%"> +of income, other things being equal the companies with the +most stable earnings or a market ... furnish the best +security for bonds. Stability of earnings depends upon (1) +the possession of a monopoly.... </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Monopoly is exclusive +or dominant control over a market. The more complete +this control, the more valuable is the monopoly.</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> The advantage +of monopoly lies in the fact that the prices of services +or commodities are controlled by the producers (</span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">meaning +owners—Author</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">), rather than by the consumer.... Monopolies +are of various origins. The most familiar are (1) +franchises, the right to use </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">public property</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> for +</span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">private purposes</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">, +for example, the furnishing of light, water and transportation, +(2) </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">control of sources of raw material</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> ... , (3) +patents, ... (4) high cost of duplicating plant.... In +manufacturing industries, for example, those enterprises +which </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">produce raw materials</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> and the </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">necessities of life</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> have +a more stable demand.... Railroads furnish perhaps the +best basis of bond issue because of the stability of the demand +for the transportation service ... the high cost of duplicating +the railroad plant, ... enables them to fix their +rates on freight and passenger traffic.... The security of +the creditors is here the profitableness of the business </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">which +is carried on in the factory</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">. Furthermore, a business is not +an aggregate of physical property but consists of physical +property—buildings, boilers, machine tools—plus an industrial +opportunity, plus the organization and ability to operate +business.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> (Italics indicated by the author.) +</span></p> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There we see the animal standards in their studied +perfection. Comment would be superfluous. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the period of humanity's manhood, the so-called +<span class="tei tei-q">“science”</span> of economics, the <span class="tei tei-q">“dismal science”</span> +of political economy, will become a genuine science +based upon the laws of the time-binding energies of +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page197">[pg 197]</span><a name="Pg197" id="Pg197" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +humanity; it will become the light of Human Engineering—promoter, +guardian, and guide of human +weal. For it will discover, and will teach that a +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">human</span></em> life, a time-binding life, is not merely a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">civilized</span></em> +life but a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">civilizing</span></em> life; it will know and will +teach that a civilizing life is a life devoted to the +production of potential and kinetic use-values—to the +creation, that is, of material and spiritual wealth; +it will know and will teach that wealth—both material +and spiritual wealth—is a natural phenomenon—offspring +of the marriage of Time and human +Toil; it will know and will teach that the wealth in +the world at any given moment is almost wholly the +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">inherited</span></em> fruit of time and the labor of the dead; +and so it will ask: To whom does the inheritance +rightly belong? Does it of right belong to Smith +and Brown? If so, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">why</span></em>? Or does it of right belong +to man—to humanity? If so, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">why</span></em>? And what does +<span class="tei tei-q">“humanity”</span> include? Only the living, who are relatively +few? Or both the living and unborn? The +Economics of humanity's manhood will not only ask +these questions but it will answer them and answer +them aright. In seeking the answers, it will discover +some obvious truths and many old words will acquire +new meanings consistent with the time-binding nature +of man. It will discover and will teach that the +time-binders of a given generation are <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">posterity</span></em> and +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">ancestry</span></em> at once—posterity of the dead, ancestry of +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page198">[pg 198]</span><a name="Pg198" id="Pg198" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +all the generations to come; it will discover and will +teach that in this time-binding double relationship +uniting past and future in a single living growing +Reality, are to be found the obligations of time-binding +ethics and the seat of its authority; economics +will know and will teach that <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">human</span></em> posterity—time-binding +posterity—can not inherit the fruits of +time and dead men's toil <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">as animals inherit the wild +fruits of the earth, to fight about them and to devour +them</span></em>, but only as <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">trustees</span></em> for the generations to +come; it will know and will teach that "capitalistic" +lust to <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">keep</span></em> for <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">self</span></span> and +<span class="tei tei-q">“proletarian”</span> lust to <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">get</span></em> +for <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">self</span></span> are both of them <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">space-binding</span></em> lust—animal +lust—beneath the level of time-binding life. +The economics of humanity's manhood will know and +will teach that the characteristic energies of man as +man are by <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">nature</span></em> civilizing energies, wealth-producing +energies, time-binding energies, the peaceful +energies of inventive mind, of growing knowledge +and understanding and skill and light; it will know +and will teach that these energies of existing men +united with one billion six hundred million available +<span class="tei tei-q">“sun-man”</span> powers united with the ten billion living +<span class="tei tei-q">“man-powers of the dead,”</span> if they be not wasted +by ignorance and selfishness, by conflict and competition +characteristic of beasts, are more than sufficient +to produce a high order of increasing prosperity +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page199">[pg 199]</span><a name="Pg199" id="Pg199" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +everywhere throughout the world; in the +period of its manhood economics will discover and +will teach that to produce world prosperity, cooperation—not +the fighting of man against man—but +the peaceful cooperation of all is both <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">necessary</span></em> and +sufficient; it will know and will teach that such cooperation +demands <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">scientific</span></em> leadership and a common +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">aim</span></em>; it will know, however, and will teach, for the +lesson of Germany is plain, that scientific knowledge +and a common aim are not alone sufficient; it will +know and teach and all will understand that the +common aim, the unifying principle, the basis of cooperation, +cannot be the welfare of a family nor that +of a province or a state or a race, but must be the +welfare of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">all</span></em> mankind, the prosperity of humanity, +the weal of the world—the peaceful production of +Wealth without the destruction of War. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In humanity's manhood, patriotism—the love of +country—will not perish—far from it—it will grow +to embrace the world, for your country and mine +will be the world. Your <span class="tei tei-q">“state”</span> and mine will be +the Human State—a Cooperative Commonwealth +of Man—a democracy in fact and not merely in +name. It will be a natural organic embodiment of +the civilizing energies—the wealth-producing energies—characteristic +of the human class of life. Its +larger affairs will be guided by the science and art +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page200">[pg 200]</span><a name="Pg200" id="Pg200" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of Human Engineering—not by ignorant and grafting +<span class="tei tei-q">“politicians”</span>—but by scientific men, by honest +men who <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">know</span></em>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Is it a dream? It <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">is</span></em> a dream, but the dream will +come true. It is a scientific dream and science will +make it a living reality. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +How is the thing to be done? No one can foresee +all the details, but in general outline the process is +clear. Violence is to be avoided. There must be a +period of transition—a period of adjustment. A +natural first step would probably be the establishment +of a new institution which might be called a +Dynamic Department—Department of Coordination +or a Department of Cooperation—the name is +of little importance, but it would be the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">nucleus</span></em> of +the new civilization. Its functions would be those +of encouraging, helping and protecting the people +in such cooperative enterprises as agriculture, manufactures, +finance, and distribution. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Department of Cooperation should include +various sections, which might be as follows: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +(1) <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Section of Mathematical Sociology</span></span> or +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Humanology</span></span>: composed of at least one sociologist, +one biologist, one mechanical engineer, and one mathematician. +Their work would be the development +of human engineering and mathematical sociology +or humanology; promoting the progress of science; +providing and supervising instruction in the theory +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page201">[pg 201]</span><a name="Pg201" id="Pg201" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of values and the rudiments of humanology for elementary +schools and the public at large. <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">The members +of the section would be selected by the appropriate +scientific societies for a term fixed by the selectors.</span></em> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +(2) <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Section of Mathematical Legislation</span></span>: +composed of (say) one lawyer, one mathematician, +one mechanical engineer, selected as above. Their +task would be to recommend legislation, to provide +means for eliminating <span class="tei tei-q">“Legalism”</span> from the theory +and practice of law, and to bring jurisprudence into +accord with the laws of time-binding human nature +and the changing needs of human society. Their +legislative proposals, if ratified in a joint session +of sections (1) and (2), would then be recommended +to the appropriate legislative bodies. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +(3) <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Educational Section</span></span>: composed of two +or three teachers, one sociologist, one mechanical +engineer, one mathematician, selected as above. +They would elaborate educational projects and revise +school methods and books; their decisions being subject +to the approval of the joint session of sections +(1), (2), and (3). +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +(4) <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Cooperative Section</span></span>: composed of +mechanical engineers, chemical engineers, production +engineers, expert bookkeepers, accountants, +business managers, lawyers and other specialists in +their respective lines. This section would be an <span class="tei tei-q">“Industrial +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page202">[pg 202]</span><a name="Pg202" id="Pg202" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Red Cross”</span> (Charles Ferguson) giving expert +advice when asked for by any cooperative +society. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +(5) <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Cooperative Banking Section</span></span>: composed +of financial experts, sociologists, and mathematicians; +its task being to help with expert advice new +cooperative people's banks. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +(6) <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Promoters' Section</span></span>: composed of engineers +whose duty would be to study all of the +latest scientific facts, collect data, and elaborate +plans. Those plans would be published, and no private +person, but only cooperative societies, would be +permitted by law to use them. The department +would also study and give advice respecting the general +conditions of the market and the needs in the +various lines of production. This section would regulate +the duplication of production. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +(7) <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Farming Section</span></span>: composed of specialists +in scientific and cooperative agriculture. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +(8) <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Foreign Section</span></span>: for inter-cooperative +foreign relations. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +(9) <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Commercial Section</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +(10) <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The News Section</span></span>: to edit a large daily +paper giving <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">true</span></em>, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">uncolored</span></em> news with a special +supplement relating to progress in the work of +Human Engineering. This paper would give daily +news about the whole cooperative movement, markets, +etc., etc. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page203">[pg 203]</span><a name="Pg203" id="Pg203" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +All men selected to the places for this work +should be the very best men in the nation. They +should be well paid to enable them to give their full +energy and time to their duties. All the selections +for this work should be made in the same manner +as mentioned above—through proven merits not +clever oratory. Such appointments should be considered +the highest honor that a country can offer +to its citizens. Every selection should be a demonstration +that the person selected was a person of the +highest attainments in the field of his work. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The outline of this plan is vague; it aims merely +at being suggestive. Its principal purpose is to +accentuate the imperative necessity of establishing a +national time-binding agency—a Dynamic Department +for stimulating, guiding and guarding the +civilizing energies, the wealth producing energies, +the time-binding energies, in virtue of which human +beings are human. For then and only then human +welfare, unretarded by monstrous misconceptions of +human nature, by vicious ethics, vicious economics +and vicious politics, will advance peacefully, continuously, +and rapidly, under the leadership of human +engineering, happily and without fear, in accord with +the exponential law—the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">natural</span></em> law—of the time-binding +energies of Man. +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page204">[pg 204]</span><a name="Pg204" id="Pg204" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> +<a name="toc23" id="toc23"></a> +<a name="pdf24" id="pdf24"></a> +<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Chapter X. Conclusion</span></h2> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">In Europe we know that an age is dying. Here it +would be easy to miss the signs of coming changes, but +I have little doubt that it will come. A realization of +the </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">aimlessness</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> of life lived to labor and to die, having +achieved nothing but avoidance of starvation, and the +birth of children also doomed to the weary treadmill, +has seized the minds of millions.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Sir Auckland Geddes, British Ambassador to the U. S. 1920.</span></span> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In conclusion let me say very briefly, as I said in +the beginning, that this little book has aimed to +be only a sketch. The Problem of Life is old. I +have endeavored to approach it afresh, with a new +method, in a new spirit, from a new point of view. +The literature of the subject is vast. It displays +great knowledge and skill. Much of it is fitted to +inform and to inspire such as really read with a +genuine desire to understand. Its weakness is due +to the absence of a true conception of what human +beings are. That is what I miss in it and it is that +lack of fundamental and central thought that I have +striven to supply. If I have succeeded in that, I +have no fear—all else will follow quickly, inevitably, +as a matter of course. For a fundamental conception, +once it is formed and expressed, has a strange +power—the power of enlisting the thought and cooperation +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page205">[pg 205]</span><a name="Pg205" id="Pg205" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of many minds. And no conception can +have greater power in our human world than a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">true</span></em> +conception of the nature of Man. For that most +important of truths the times are ripe; the world +is filled with the saddest of memories, with gloom, +forebodings and fear. Without the truth in this +matter, there can be no rational hope—history must +go on in its dismal course; but <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">with</span></em> the truth, there +is not only hope but certitude that the old order has +passed and that humanity's manhood dates from the +present day. That I have here presented the truth +in this matter—the true conception of the human +class of life—I have personally no doubt; and I have +no doubt that that conception is to be the base, the +guide, the source of light, of a new civilization. +Whether I am mistaken or not, time will decide. I +feel as Buckle felt in writing his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of Civilization</span></span>: +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Whether or not I have effected anything of real value ... +is a question for competent judges to decide. Of this, at +least, I feel certain, that whatever imperfections may be +observed, the fault consists, not in the method proposed, but +in the extreme difficulty of any single man putting into full +operation all the parts of so vast a scheme. It is on this +point, and on this alone, that I feel the need of great indulgence. +But, as to the plan itself, I have no misgivings. Of +defects in its execution I am not unconscious. I can only +plead the immensity of the subject, the shortness of a single +life and the imperfection of every single enterprise. I, therefore, +wish this work to be estimated, not according to the +</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page206">[pg 206]</span><a name="Pg206" id="Pg206" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%"> +finish of its separate parts, but according to the way in which +those parts have been fused into a complete and symmetrical +whole. This, in an undertaking of such novelty and magnitude, +I have a right to expect, and I would moreover, add, +that if the reader has met with opinions adverse to his own, +he should remember, that his views are, perhaps, the same +as those which I too once held, and which I have abandoned, +because, after a wider range of study, I found them unsupported +by solid proof, subversive of the interest of Man, and +fatal to the progress of his knowledge. To examine the +notions in which we have been educated, and to turn aside +from those which will not bear the test, is a task so painful, +that they who shrink from the sufferings should pause before +they reproach those by whom the suffering is undergone.... +Conclusions arrived at in this way are not to be overturned +by stating that they endanger some other conclusions; nor +can they be even affected by allegation against their supposed +tendency. The principles which I advocate are based upon +distinct arguments supported by well ascertained facts. The +only points, therefore, to be ascertained, are, whether the +arguments are fair, and whether the facts are certain. If +these two conditions have been obeyed, the principles follow +by an inevitable inference.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +And why have I sought throughout to follow the +spirit of mathematics? Because I have been dealing +with ideas and have desired, above all things else, +to be right and clear. Ideas have a character of their +own—they are right or wrong independently of our +hopes and passions and will. In the connection of +ideas there is an unbreakable thread of destiny. That +is why in his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mathematical Philosophy</span></span> Professor +Keyser has truly said: +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page207">[pg 207]</span><a name="Pg207" id="Pg207" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Mathematics is the study of Fate—not fate in a physical +sense, but in the sense of the binding thread that connects +thought with thought and conclusions with their premises. +Where, then, is our freedom? What do you love? Painting? +Poetry? Music? The muses are </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">their</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> fates. Whoso +loves them is free. Logic is the muse of Thought.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +No doubt mathematics is truly impersonal in +method; too impersonal maybe to please the sentimentalists +before they take the time to think; mathematical +analysis of life phenomena elevates our +point of view above passion, above selfishness in any +form, and, therefore, it is the only method which can +tell us genuine truths about ourselves. Spinosa even +in the 17th Century had well realized this fact and +although imperfect in many ways, his was an effort in +the right direction and this quoted conclusion may +well be a conclusion for ourselves in the 20th century: +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The truth might forever have remained hid from the +human race, if mathematics, which looks not to the final cause +of figures, but to their essential nature and the properties +involved in it, had not set another type of knowledge before +them.... When I turned my mind to this subject, I did +not propose to myself any novel or strange aim, but simply +to demonstrate by certain and indubitable reason, those things +which agree best with practice. And in order that I might +enquire into the matters of the science with the same freedom +of mind with which we are wont to treat lines and +surfaces in mathematics; I determined not to laugh or to +weep over the actions of men, but simply to understand them; +and to contemplate their affections and passions, such as love, +hate, anger, envy, arrogance, pity and all other disturbances +</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page208">[pg 208]</span><a name="Pg208" id="Pg208" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%"> +of soul not as vices of human nature, but as properties pertaining +to it in the same way as heat, cold, storm, thunder +pertain to the nature of the atmosphere. For these, though +troublesome, are yet necessary, and have certain causes +through which we may come to understand them, and thus, +by contemplating them in their truth, gain for our minds +much joy as by the knowledge of things that are pleasing to +the senses.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +If only this little book will <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">initiate</span></em> the scientific +study of Man, I shall be happy; for then we may +confidently expect a science and art that will know +how to direct the energies of man to the advancement +of human weal. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +What else? Many topics have not even been +broached. Time-binding energy—what may it not +achieve in course of the aeons to come? What light +may it not yet throw upon such fundamental phenomena +as <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Space</span></em>, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Time</span></em>, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Infinity</span></em>, and so on? What, +if any, are the limits of Time-binding? In it are +somehow involved all the higher functions of mind. +Is Time identical with Intelligence? Is either of +them the other's cause? Is Time <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">in</span></em> the Cosmos or +is the latter in the former? Is the Cosmos intelligent? +Many no doubt and marvelous are the fields +which the scientific study of man will open for +research. +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page209">[pg 209]</span><a name="Pg209" id="Pg209" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> +<a name="toc25" id="toc25"></a> +<a name="pdf26" id="pdf26"></a> +<a name="Appendix_I" id="Appendix_I" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Appendix I. Mathematics And Time-Binding</span></h2> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The purpose of this appendix is to give an expression of +some new ideas which evolve directly out of the fact +that humans are time-binders and which may serve as suggestions +for the foundation of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">scientific psychology</span></span>. The +problem is of exceeding difficulty to give expression to in any +form and therefore much more difficult to express in any +exact or correct form, and so I beg the reader's patience in +regard to the language because some of the ideas are in themselves +correct and sometimes very suggestive in spite of the +language used. I am particularly interested that mathematicians, +physicists and metaphysicians should read it carefully, +forgive me the form, and look into the suggestions, because +scientific psychology if such a science is to exist, would by +necessity have to be a branch of physics. I particularly beg +the mathematicians and physicists not to discard this appendix +with too hasty a judgment of <span class="tei tei-q">“Oh! metaphysics,”</span> and also +the metaphysicians not to do the same with an equally hasty +judgment <span class="tei tei-q">“Oh! mathematics.”</span> I hope that if this appendix +is sympathetically understood, mathematicians and physicists +will be moved to investigate the problem. If mathematicians +and physicists would be more tolerant toward metaphysics +and if metaphysicians would be moved to study mathematics, +both would find tremendous fields to work in. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Some scientists are very pedantic and therefore intolerant +in their pedantry and they may say <span class="tei tei-q">“the fellow should learn +first how to express himself and then ask our attention.”</span> My +answer is that the problems involved are too pressing, too +vital, too fundamental for humankind, to permit me to delay +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page210">[pg 210]</span><a name="Pg210" id="Pg210" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +for perhaps long years before I shall be able to present the +subject in a correct and satisfactory form, and also that the +problems involved cover too vast a field for a single man +to work it conclusively. It seems best to give the new ideas +to the public in a suggestive form so that many people may +be led to work on them more fully. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The old word <span class="tei tei-q">“metaphysics”</span> is an illegitimate child of +ignorance and an unnecessary word in the scientific study of +nature. Every phenomenon of nature can be classed and +studied in physics or chemistry or mathematics; the problem, +therefore, is not in any way <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">super</span></em>natural or <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">super</span></em>physical, +but belongs rather to an unknown or an undeveloped branch +of physics. The problem, therefore, may be not that of some +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">new</span></em> science, but rather that of a new branch of mathematics, +or physics, or chemistry, etc., or all combined. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is pathetic that only after many aeons of human existence +the dimensionality of man has been discovered and his +proper status in <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">nature</span></em> has been given by the definition +of <span class="tei tei-q">“time-binder.”</span> The old metaphysics, in spite of its being +far from exact, accomplished a great deal. What prevented +metaphysics from achieving more was its use of unmathematical +method, or, to be more explicit, its failure to understand +the importance of dimensions. Metaphysics used words +and conceptions of multi-dimensional meanings which of necessity +resulted in hopeless confusion, in <span class="tei tei-q">“a talking”</span> about +words, in mere verbalism. An example will serve to make +this clear. If we were to speak of a cow, a man, an automobile, +and a locomotive as <span class="tei tei-q">“pullers,”</span> and if we were not +to use any other names in connection with them, what would +happen? If we characterized these things or beings, by one +common characteristic, namely, <span class="tei tei-q">“to pull,”</span> havoc would be +introduced into our conceptions and in practical life; we +would try to milk an automobile or we would try to extract +gasoline from a cow, or look for a screw in a man, or we +would speculate about any or all of these things. Too obviously +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page211">[pg 211]</span><a name="Pg211" id="Pg211" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +nonsensical—but exactly the same thing happens, in a +much more subtle way, when we use such words as <span class="tei tei-q">“life in +a crystal”</span> or <span class="tei tei-q">“memory in animals”</span>; we are thus mentally +making a mistake no less nonsensical than the talk of <span class="tei tei-q">“milking +an automobile”</span> would be. Laymen are baffled by the +word dimension. They imagine that dimensions are applicable +only to space, which is three dimensional, but they are +mistaken; a moving object is four-dimensional—that is, it +has three dimensions as any object at rest, but, when the +object is moving, a fourth dimension is necessary to give its +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">position</span></em> at any one instant. We see, therefore, that a moving +body has four dimensions, and so on. As a matter of +fact, scientific psychology will very much need mathematics, +but a special <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">humanized</span></em> mathematics. Can this be produced? +It seems to me that it can. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is a well known fact that experimental sciences bring +us to face facts which require further theoretical elaboration; +in this way experimental sciences are a permanent source of +inspiration to mathematicians because new facts bring about +the need of new methods of analysis. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In this book a new and experimental fact has been disclosed +and analysed. It is the fact that humanity is a time-binding +class of life where the time-binding capacity or the +time-binding <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">energy</span></span> is the highest function of humanity, +including all the so-called mental, spiritual, will, etc., powers. +In using the words mental, spiritual, and will powers, I deliberately +accept and use them in the popular, ordinary sense +without further analysing them. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Once the word and concept <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Time</span></em> enters, the ground for +analysis and reasoning at once becomes very slippery. Mathematicians, +physicists, etc., may feel that the expression is just +a <span class="tei tei-q">“well adapted one,”</span> and they may not be very much +inclined to look closer into it or attentively to analyse it. +Theologians and metaphysicians probably will speculate a +great deal about it vaguely, with undefined terms and incoherent +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page212">[pg 212]</span><a name="Pg212" id="Pg212" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +ideas with incoherent results; which will not lead us +toward a scientific or true solution, but will keep us away +from the discovery of truth. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the meantime two facts remain facts: namely, mathematicians +and physicists have almost all agreed with Minkowski +<span class="tei tei-q">“that space by itself and time by itself, are mere +shadows, and only a kind of blend of the two exists in its +own right.”</span> The other fact—psychological fact—is that <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">time</span></em> +exists psychologically by itself, undefined and not understood. +One chief difficulty is always that humans have to sit in +judgment upon their own case. The psychological time as +such, is our own human time; scientific time as such, is also +our own human time. Which one of them is the best concept—which +one more nearly corresponds to the truth about +<span class="tei tei-q">“time”</span>? What is time (if any) anyway? Until now we +have gone from <span class="tei tei-q">“Cosmos”</span> to <span class="tei tei-q">“Bios,”</span> from <span class="tei tei-q">“Bios”</span> to +<span class="tei tei-q">“Logos,”</span> now we are confronted with the fact that +<span class="tei tei-q">“Logos”</span>—Intelligence—and +Time-binding are dangerously near to +akin to each other, or may be identical. Do we in this way +approach or go back to <span class="tei tei-q">“Cosmos”</span>? Such are the crucial +questions which arise out of this new concept of Man. One +fact must be borne in mind, that <span class="tei tei-q">“the principles of dynamics +appeared first to us, as experimental truths; but we have been +obliged to use them as definitions. It is by definition that +force is equal to the product of mass by acceleration, or that +action is equal to reaction.”</span> (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Foundation of Science</span></span>, +by Henri Poincaré); and mathematics also has its whole +foundation in a few axioms, <span class="tei tei-q">“self evident,”</span> but <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">psychological +facts</span></em>. It must be noted that the time-binding energy—the +higher or highest energies of man (one of its branches anyway, +for sake of discrimination let us call it <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">M</span></span>”</span>) when it +works properly, that is, mathematically, does <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">not</span></em> work +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">psychologically</span></em> but works +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">abstractly</span></span>: the higher the abstraction +the less there is of the psychological element and +the more there is, so to say, of the pure, impersonal time-binding +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page213">[pg 213]</span><a name="Pg213" id="Pg213" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +energy (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">M</span></span>). The definition of a man as a time-binder—a +definition based on facts—suggests many reflections. +One of them is the possibility that one of the functions +of the time-binding energy in its pure form, in the +highest abstraction (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">M</span></span>), works automatically—machine-like, +as it were, shaping <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">correctly</span></em> the product of its activity, +but whether <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">truly</span></em> is another matter. Mathematics does not +presume that its conclusions are true, but it does assert that +its conclusions are correct; that is the inestimable value of +mathematics. This becomes a very comprehensive fact if we +approach and analyse the mathematical processes as some +branch (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">M</span></span>) of the time-binding process, which they are; +then this process at once becomes impersonal and cosmic, +because of the time-binding involved in it, no matter what +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">time</span></em> is (if there is such a thing as time). +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Is the succession of cosmos, bios, logos, time-binding taking +us right back to cosmos again? Now if we put <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">psychological</span></em> +axioms into the time-binding apparatus, it will thrash out +the results <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">correctly</span></em>, but whether the results are <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">true</span></em> is +another question. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +To be able to talk about these problems I have to introduce +three new definitions, which are introduced only for +practical purposes. It may happen that after some rewording +these definitions may become scientific. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I will try to define <span class="tei tei-q">“truth”</span> and for this purpose I will +divide the concept <span class="tei tei-q">“truth”</span> into three types: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +(1) Psychological, or private, or relative truth, by which +I will mean such conceptions of the truth as any one +person possesses, but different from other types of truth +(α<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: sub">1</span></span>, +α<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: sub">2</span></span>, ... +α<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: sub">n</span></span>) +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +(2) Scientific truth (α<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: sub">s</span></span>), +by which I will mean a psychological +truth when it is approved by the time-binding faculties +or apparatus in the present stage of our development. +This scientific truth represents the <span class="tei tei-q">“bound-up-time”</span> in our +present knowledge; and finally, +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page214">[pg 214]</span><a name="Pg214" id="Pg214" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +(3) The absolute truth, which will be the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">final definition</span></em> +of a phenomenon based upon the final knowledge of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">primal +causation valid in infinity</span></em>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +For simplicity's sake I will use the signs +α<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: sub">1</span></span>, +α<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: sub">2</span></span>, ... +α<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: sub">n</span></span> for the +<span class="tei tei-q">“psychological,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“private,”</span> or <span class="tei tei-q">“relative”</span> truths, between +which, for the moment, I will not discriminate. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +α<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: sub">s1</span></span>, +α<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: sub">s2</span></span>, ... +α<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: sub">sn</span></span>, +will be used for scientific truths, and finally +α<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: sub">infinity</span></span> +for the absolute truth valid in infinity. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +To make it easier to explain, I will illustrate the suggestions +by an example. Let us suppose that the human time-binding +capacities or energies in the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">organic</span></em> chemistry correspond +to radium in the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">inorganic</span></em> chemistry; being of course +of different dimensions and of absolutely different character. +It may happen, for it probably is so, that the complex time-binding +energy has many different stages of development and +different kinds of <span class="tei tei-q">“rays”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">B</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">C</span></span>, ... <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">M</span></span>.... +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Let us suppose that the so-called mental capacities are the +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">M</span></span> rays of the time-binding energy; the <span class="tei tei-q">“spiritual”</span> +capacities, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A</span></span> rays; the <span class="tei tei-q">“will”</span> powers, the +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">B</span></span> rays; and so on. Psychological +truths will then be a function of all rays together, +namely <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">B</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">C</span></span> ... +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">M</span></span> ... or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">f</span></span> (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">B</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">C</span></span> ... <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">M</span></span> ...), +the character of any <span class="tei tei-q">“truth”</span> in question will largely depend +upon which of these elements prevail. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +If it were possible to isolate completely from the other +rays the <span class="tei tei-q">“mental”</span> process—the <span class="tei tei-q">“logos”</span>—the +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">M</span></span> rays—and +have a complete abstraction (which in the present could only +be in mathematics), then the work of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">M</span></span> could be compared +to the work of an impersonal machine which always gives +the same <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">correctly</span></em> shaped product <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">no matter what is</span></em> the +material put into it. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is a fact that mathematics is correct—impersonal—passionless. +Again, as a matter of fact, all the basic axioms +which underlie mathematics are "psychological axioms"; +therefore it may happen that these "axioms" are not of the +α<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: sub">infinity</span></span> +type but are of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">f</span></span> (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">B</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">C</span></span> ...) personal type and +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page215">[pg 215]</span><a name="Pg215" id="Pg215" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +this may be why mathematics cannot account for psychological +facts. If psychology is to be an <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">exact science</span></em> it must be +mathematical in principle. And, therefore, mathematics must +find a way to embrace psychology. Here I will endeavor to +outline a way in which this can be done. To express it +correctly is more than difficult: I beg the mathematical reader +to tolerate the form and look for the sense or even the feelings +in what I attempt to express. To make it less shocking +to the ear of the pure mathematician, I will use for the +<span class="tei tei-q">“infinitesimals”</span> the words <span class="tei tei-q">“very small numbers,”</span> for the +<span class="tei tei-q">“finite”</span> the words <span class="tei tei-q">“normal numbers”</span> and for the <span class="tei tei-q">“transfinite”</span> +the words <span class="tei tei-q">“very great numbers.”</span> Instead of using +the word <span class="tei tei-q">“number”</span> I will sometimes use the word <span class="tei tei-q">“magnitude”</span> +and under the word <span class="tei tei-q">“infinity”</span> I will understand the +meaning as <span class="tei tei-q">“limitless.”</span> The base of the whole of mathematics +or rather the starting point of mathematics was +<span class="tei tei-q">“psychological truths,”</span> axioms concerning normal numbers, +and magnitudes that were tangible for the senses. Here to +my mind is to be found the kernel of the whole trouble. The +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">base</span></em> of mathematics was <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">f</span></span> +(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">B</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">C</span></span> ... +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">M</span></span> ...); the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">work</span></em>, +or the development, of mathematics is <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">f</span></span> +(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">M</span></span>); this is the +reason for the <span class="tei tei-q">“ghosts”</span> in the background of mathematics. +The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">f</span></span> (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">M</span></span>) evolved from this +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">f</span></span> (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">B</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">C</span></span> ... <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">M</span></span> ...) <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">base</span></em> +a wonderful abstract theory absolutely correct for the normal, +the very small, and for the very great numbers. But the +rules which govern the small numbers, the normal, or psychological +numbers, and the great numbers, are not the same. +As a matter of fact, in the meantime, the physical world, +the psychological world, is composed exclusively of very great +numbers and of very small magnitudes (atoms, electrons, +etc.). It seems to me that, if we want really to understand +the world and man, we shall have to start from the beginning, +from 0, then take the next very small number as the first +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">finite</span></em> or <span class="tei tei-q">“normal number”</span>; then the old finites or the normal +numbers would become very great numbers and the old very-great +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page216">[pg 216]</span><a name="Pg216" id="Pg216" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +numbers would become the very great of the second +order and so on. Such transposed mathematics would become +psychological and philosophic mathematics and mathematical +philosophy would become philosophic mathematics. The +immediate and most vital effect would be, that the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">start</span></em> +would be made not somewhere in the middle of the magnitudes +but from the beginning, or from the limit <span class="tei tei-q">“zero,”</span> +from the <span class="tei tei-q">“0”</span>—from the intrinsic <span class="tei tei-q">“to be or not to be”</span>—and +the next to it would be the very first small magnitude, +the physical and therefore psychological continuum (I use +the words physical continuum in the way Poincaré used them) +would become a mathematical continuum in this new philosophic +mathematics. This new branch of philosophic, psychological +mathematics would be absolutely rigorous, correct and +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">true</span></em> in addition to which, maybe, it would change or enlarge +and make humanly tangible for the layman, the concept of +numbers, continuum, infinity, space, time and so on. Such +a mathematics would be the mathematics for the time-binding +psychology. Mathematical philosophy is the highest philosophy +in existence; nevertheless, it could be changed to a +still higher order in the way indicated here and become philosophic +or psychological mathematics. This new science, of +course, would not change the ordinary mathematics for +ordinary purposes. It would be a special mathematics for the +study of Man dealing only with the <span class="tei tei-q">“natural finites”</span> (the +old infinitesimals) and great numbers of different orders +(including the normal numbers), but starting from a real, +common base—from 0, and next to it very small number, +which is a common <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">tangible</span></em> base for <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">psychological</span></em> as well +as <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">analytical</span></em> truths. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This new philosophic mathematics would eliminate the +concept of <span class="tei tei-q">“infinitesimals”</span> as such, which is an <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">artificial</span></em> concept +and is not as a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">concept</span></em> an element of Nature. The so-called +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">infinitesimals are Nature's real, natural finites</span></em>. In +mathematics the infinitesimals were an analytical—an +<span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">M</span></span>”</span>—time-binding—necessity, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page217">[pg 217]</span><a name="Pg217" id="Pg217" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +because of our starting point. I +repeat once again that this transposition of our starting point +would not affect the normal mathematics for normal purposes; +it would build rather a new philosophic mathematics +rigorously correct where analytical facts would be also psychological +facts. This new mathematics would not only give +correct results but also <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">true</span></em> results. Keeping in mind <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">both</span></em> +conceptions of time, the scientific time and the psychological +time, we may see that the human capacity of <span class="tei tei-q">“Time-binding”</span> +is a very practical one and that this time-binding faculty is a +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">functional</span></em> name and definition for what we broadly mean +by human <span class="tei tei-q">“intelligence”</span>; which makes it obvious that time +(in any understanding of the term) is somehow very closely +related to intelligence—the mental and spiritual activities +of man. <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">All we know about </span><span class="tei tei-q">“time”</span><span style="font-style: italic"> will explain to us a +great deal about Man, and all we know about Man will +explain to us a great deal about time</span></em>, if we consider <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">facts</span></em> +alone. The <span class="tei tei-q">“ghosts”</span> in the background will rapidly vanish +and become intelligible facts for philosophic mathematics. +The most vital importance, nevertheless, is that taking zero +as the limit and the next to it very small magnitude for the +real starting point, it will give us a mathematical science from +a natural base where <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">correct</span></em> formulas will be also true formulas +and will correspond to psychological truths. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We have found that man is an exponential function where +time enters as an exponent. If we compare the formula for +organic growth <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">y==e</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">kt</span></span></span>, +with the formula <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">P +R</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">T</span></span></span>,”</span> we see +that they are of the same type and the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">law of organic growth</span></em> +applies to the human <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">time-binding energy</span></em>. We see, too, that +the time-binding energy is also <span class="tei tei-q">“<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">alive</span></em>”</span> and multiplying in +larger and larger families. The formula for the decomposing +of radium is the same—only the exponent is negative +instead of positive. This fact is indeed very curious and suggestive. +Procreation, the organic growth, is also some function +of time. I call <span class="tei tei-q">“time-linking”</span> for the sake of difference. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page218">[pg 218]</span><a name="Pg218" id="Pg218" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Whether the energy of procreation or that of +<span class="tei tei-q">“time-linking”</span> can be accounted for in units of chemical +energy taken up in food, I do not know. Not so with the +mind—this <span class="tei tei-q">“time-binding,”</span> higher exponential energy, <span class="tei tei-q">“able +to direct basic powers.”</span> If we analyse this energy, free from +any speculation, we will find that this higher energy which +is somehow directly connected with <span class="tei tei-q">“time”</span>—no matter what +time is—is able to <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">produce</span></em>, by transformation or by drawing +on other sources of energy, new energies unknown +to nature. Thus the solar energy transformed into coal +is, for instance, transformed into the energy of the drive +of a piston, or the rotary energy in a steam engine, and +so on. It is obvious that no amount of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">chemical</span></em> energy +in food can account for such an energy as the time-binding +energy. There is only one supposition left, namely, that the +time-binding apparatus has a source for its tremendous energy +in the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">transformation of organic atoms</span></em>, and—what is very +characteristic—the results are <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">time</span></em>-binding energies. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This supposition is almost a certainty because it seems to +be the only possible supposition to account for that energy. +This supposition, which seems to be the only supposition, +would bring us to face striking facts, namely, the transformation +of organic atoms, which means a direct drawing upon +the cosmic energy; and this cosmic energy—time—and intelligence +are somehow connected—if not indeed equivalent. +Happily these things can be verified in scientific laboratories. +Radium was discovered only a few years ago and is still +very scarce, but the results for science and life are already +tremendous because scientific methods were applied in the +understanding and use of it. We did not use any zoological +or theological methods, but just direct, correct and scientific +methods. There is no scarcity in <span class="tei tei-q">“human radium,”</span> but, to +my knowledge, physicists have never attempted to study this +energy from that point of view. I am confident that, if once +they start, there will be results in which all the so-called +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page219">[pg 219]</span><a name="Pg219" id="Pg219" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<span class="tei tei-q">“supernatural, spiritual, psychic”</span> phenomena, such as are not +fakes, will become scientifically understood and will be consciously +utilized. Now they are mostly wasted or only +played with. It may happen that the science of Man—as +the science of time-binding—will disclose to us the inner and +final secrets—the final truth—of nature, valid in infinity. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is very difficult to give in such a book as this an adequate +list of the literature which may help to orient the +reader in a general way in the great advance science has +made in the last few years. This book is a pioneer book in +its own way, and so there are no books dealing directly with +its subject. There are two branches of science and one art +which are fundamental for the further development of the +subject; these two sciences are (1) Mathematical philosophy +and (2) Scientific biology, the art is the art of creative engineering. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In mathematical philosophy there are to my knowledge only +four great mathematical writers who treat the subject as a +distinct science. They are two English scientists, Bertrand +Russell and A. N. Whitehead; one Frenchman, Henri Poincaré +(deceased); and one American, Professor C. J. Keyser. +Messrs. Russell and Whitehead approach the problems from +a purely logical point of view and therein lies the peculiar +value of their work. Henri Poincaré was a physicist (as +well as a mathematician) and, therefore, approaches the problems +somewhat from a physicist's point of view, a circumstance +giving his philosophy its particular value. Professor +Keyser approaches the problems from both the logical and +the warmly human points of view; in this is the great human +and practical value of his work. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +These four scientists are unique in their respective elaborations +and elucidations of mathematical philosophy. It is not +for me to advise the reader what selections to make, for if +a thorough knowledge of the subject is desired the reader +should read all these books, but not all readers are willing +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page220">[pg 220]</span><a name="Pg220" id="Pg220" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +to make that effort toward clear thinking (which in the +meantime will remain of the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">highest</span></em> importance in science). +Some readers will wish to select for themselves and to facilitate +their selection I will lay out a <span class="tei tei-q">“Menu”</span> of this intellectual +feast by giving in some cases the chapter heads. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +For many temporary reasons I was not able, before going +into print, to give a fuller list of the writings of those four +unique men; but there is no stroke of their pen but which +should be read with great attention—besides which there is +a very valuable literature about their work. +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> +<h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">(1) The purely mathematical foundation:</span></h3> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> +<h4 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Russell, Bertrand.</span></span></h4> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“The Principles of Mathematics.”</span> Cambridge University, +1903. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +(I am not giving any selections from the contents of +this book because this book should, without doubt, +be read by every one interested in mathematical +philosophy.) +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“The Problems of Philosophy.”</span> H. Holt & Co., N. Y., +1912. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Our Knowledge of the External World, as a Field for +Scientific Method in Philosophy.”</span> Chicago, 1914. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy.”</span> Macmillan, +N. Y. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Selection from contents: +Definition of number. The Definition of order. +Kinds of relations. Infinite cardinal numbers. Infinite +series and ordinals. Limits and continuity. +The axiom of infinity and logical types. Classes. +Mathematics and logic. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Mysticism and Logic.”</span> Longmans Green & Co. 1919. +N. Y. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Selection from contents: +Mathematics and the metaphysicians. On scientific +method in philosophy. The ultimate constituents +of matter. On the notion of cause. +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page221">[pg 221]</span><a name="Pg221" id="Pg221" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> +<h4 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Whitehead, Alfred N.</span></span></h4> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“An Introduction to Mathematics.”</span> Henry Holt & Co. +1911. N. Y. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“The Organization of Thought Educational and Scientific.”</span> +London, 1917. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Selections from contents: +The principles of mathematics in relation to elementary +teaching. The organization of thought. The +anatomy of some scientific ideas. Space, time, and +relativity. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Natural +Knowledge.”</span> Cambridge, 1919. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Selection from contents: +The traditions of science. The data of science. The +method of extensive abstraction. The theory of +objects. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“The Concept of Nature.”</span> Cambridge, 1920. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Selection from contents: +Nature and thought. Time. The method of extensive +abstraction. Space and motion. Objects. The +ultimate physical concepts. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Principia Mathematica.”</span> By A. N. Whitehead and +Bertrand Russell. Cambridge, 1910-1913. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This monumental work stands alone. <span class="tei tei-q">“As a work +of constructive criticism it has never been surpassed. +To every one and especially to philosophers and men +of natural science, it is an amazing revelation of how +the familiar terms with which they deal plunge their +roots far into the darkness beneath the surface of +common sense. It is a noble monument to the critical +spirit of science and to the idealism of our time.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Human Worth of Rigorous Thinking.”</span> C. J. Keyser. +</p> + +</div> + +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> +<h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">(2) The physicist's point of view:</span></h3> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> +<h4 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Poincaré, Henri.</span></span></h4> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“The Foundations of Science.”</span> The Science Press, +N. Y., 1913. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Selection from contents: +Science and hypothesis. Number and magnitude. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page222">[pg 222]</span><a name="Pg222" id="Pg222" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Space. Force. Nature. II. The value of science. +The mathematical sciences. The physical sciences. +The objective value of science. III. Science and +method. Science and the scientist. Mathematical reasoning. +The new mechanics. Astronomic science. +</p> + +</div> + +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> +<h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">(3) The human, civilizing, practical life, point of view:</span></h3> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> +<h4 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Keyser, Cassius J.</span></span></h4> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Science and Religion: The Rational and the Super-rational.”</span> +The Yale University Press. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“The New Infinity and the Old Theology.”</span> The Yale +University Press. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“The Human Worth of Rigorous Thinking.”</span> Essays +and Addresses. Columbia University Press, 1916. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Selection from contents: +The human worth of rigorous thinking. The human +significance of mathematics. The walls of the world; +or concerning the figure and the dimensions of the +Universe of space. The universe and beyond. The +existence of the hypercosmic. The axiom of infinity: +A new presupposition of thought. Research in American +Universities. Mathematical productivity in the +United States. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Mathematical Philosophy, the Study of Fate and Freedom. +Lectures for Educated Laymen.”</span> Forthcoming +Book. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Selection from contents of general interest: +The mathematical obligations of philosophy. Humanistic +and industrial education. Logic the muse of +thought. Radiant aspects of an over-world.—Verifiers +and falsifiers. Significance and nonsense.—Distinction +of logical and psychological. A diamond +test of harmony.—Distinction of doctrine and method.—Theoretical +and practical doubt.—Mathematical +philosophy in the rôle of critic. A world uncriticised—the +garden of the devil. <span class="tei tei-q">“Supersimian”</span> Wisdom. +Autonomous truth and autonomous falsehood. Other +Varieties of truth and untruth. Mathematics as the +study of fate and freedom. The prototype of reasoned +discourse often disguised as in the Declaration +of Independence, the Constitution of the United +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page223">[pg 223]</span><a name="Pg223" id="Pg223" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +States, the Origin of Species, the Sermon on the Mount.—Nature +of mathematical transformation. No transformation, +no thinking. Transformation law essentially +psychological, Relation function and transformation +as three aspects of one thing. Its study, +the common enterprise of science. The static and +the dynamic worlds. The problem of time and +kindred problems. Importation of time and suppression +of time as the classic devices of sciences.—The +nature of invariance. The ages-old problem of +permanence and change. The quest of what abides +in a fluctuant world as the binding thread of human +history. The tie of comradeship among the enterprises +of human spirit.—The concept of a group. +The notion simply exemplified in many fields, is +<span class="tei tei-q">“Mind”</span> a group. The philosophy of the cosmic +year.—Limits and limit processes omnipresent as +ideals and idealization, in all thought and human +aspiration. Ideals the flint of reality.—Mathematical +infinity, its dynamic and static aspects. Need of +history of the Imperious concept. The rôle of infinity +in a mighty poem.—Meaning of dimensionality. +Distinction of imagination and conception. Logical +existence and sensuous existence. Open avenues to +unimaginable worlds.—The theory of logical types. +A supreme application of it to definition of man, and +the science of human welfare.—The psychology of +mathematics and the mathematics of psychology. +Both of them in their infancy. Consequent retardation +of science. The symmetry of thought. The +asymmetry of imagination.—Science and engineering. +Science as engineering in preparation. Engineering +as science in action. Mathematics the guide of the +engineer. Engineering the guide of humanity. Humanity +the civilizing or Time-Binding class of life. +Qualities essential to engineering leadership. The +ethics of the art. The engineer as educator, as +scientist, as philosopher, as psychologist, as economist, +as statesman, as mathematical thinker—as a Man. +</p> + +</div> + +</div> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page224">[pg 224]</span><a name="Pg224" id="Pg224" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> +<a name="toc27" id="toc27"></a> +<a name="pdf28" id="pdf28"></a> +<a name="Appendix_II" id="Appendix_II" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Appendix II. Biology And Time-Binding</span></h2> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The life of one man is short, and to very few is it given +to achieve much in their lifetime. Extensive achievements +are made almost entirely by many men taking up the work +done by a discoverer. In such a case, we arrive at a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">complete</span></em> +<span class="tei tei-q">“truth,”</span> not by the production of one man but by a +chain of men, but the initial discovery not only has to be +produced but correctly defined before it can be used and +that is the important point to be made. What we do not +realize is the tremendous amount of mental work that is lost +by an incorrect use of words. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Human thought—that unique, subtle and yet most energetic +phenomenon of nature—is in the main wantonly wasted, +because we do not use, or take pains to use, suitable language; +at the same time, false definitions lead to consequences +not merely wasteful but positively harmful. When ideas and +facts are falsely defined, they tend to bring us to false conclusions, +and false conclusions lead us in wrong directions, +and life and knowledge greatly suffer in consequence. Our +progress is not a well ordered pursuit after truth, as pure +chance plays too large a part in it. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Until lately, logic was supposed to be the science of correct +thinking, but modern thought has progressed so far that the +old logic is not able to handle the great accumulated volume—the +great complicated mass of existing ideas and facts—and +so we are forced to look for another instrument much more +expedient and powerful. There is no need to establish a +new science to replace logic; we simply have to look closer +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page225">[pg 225]</span><a name="Pg225" id="Pg225" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +into the sciences at hand and realize the fact, which was +with us all the time, namely, that mathematics and mathematical +reasoning is nothing else than the true logic of nature—nature's +universal tongue—the one means of expression that +is the same for all peoples. This is not a play on words, +it is a fact which, after investigation, everybody must admit. +Everybody who wants to think logically must think mathematically +or give up any pretense of correct thinking—there +is no escape and all who refuse to investigate the justice of +this statement put themselves outside the pale of logically +thinking people. The application of rigorous thinking to life +will even revolutionize scientific methods by the introduction +of right definitions, correct classifications, just language, and +so will lead to trustworthy results. Very probably all our +doctrines and creeds will have to be revised; some rejected, +some rectified, some broadened; bringing about unanimity +of all sciences and thus greatly increasing their effectiveness +in the pursuit of truth. This application of mathematics to +life will even revolutionize mathematics itself. In App. I +it is suggested tentatively how this may be accomplished. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +As the seemingly ultimate and highest experimentally +known energy is the human time-binding energy, this new +concept may lead to a change in our present concepts of +matter, space and time, in much the same way as the discovery +of radium has affected them. This problem can be +solved only by <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">scientific</span></em> experiments with the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">time</span></em>-binding +energy. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In many, even in most, of the cases, the analysis of these +phenomena presents great technical difficulty, but why confuse +our minds by being afraid of, or being a slave of words? +If instead of calling wine <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">wine</span></em>, we called it by its chemical +formula, would this, in any way, change the quality of wine? +Of course not. All the <span class="tei tei-q">“qualities”</span> will remain because they +are facts, and cannot be altered by words. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A most pathetic picture of the havoc and chaos which +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page226">[pg 226]</span><a name="Pg226" id="Pg226" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +wrong use of words brings into life and science is exhibited +in all fields of thought by the endless and bitter fighting over +words not well defined. Mathematics has been able to make +its most stupendous achievements because of its method of +exact analysis of the continuum, dimensions, classes, relations, +functions, transfinite numbers, etc., and also of space +and time. Hitherto, not all of these conceptions in their +sharply defined form have had direct application to our daily +life or to our world conception. The thoughts expressed in +App. I may suggest this <span class="tei tei-q">“missing link”</span>—connecting mathematics +more intimately with life. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Modern science knows that all energies can be somehow +transformed from one kind to another and that all of them +represent one type of energetic phenomena, no matter what +is the origin of each. For example, a galvanic or chemical +battery produces the same kind of electricity as the mechanical +process of friction or the interaction of cosmic laws as +in the dynamo. In some instances, when our systems are suitably +adjusted, the transformations are reversible, that is, the +energy results in a chemical process—an accumulator; the +chemical process results in electricity—the galvanic battery; +motion results in electricity—the dynamo; electricity results +in motion—the electric motor; etc. We know all energies +are somehow related to each other, in that their transformation +is possible. The effects produced by the same type of +energy are absolutely the same—no matter what its origin. +The marvel of an electric lamp is the same marvel, whether +the origin of the electricity be chemical, mechanical or cosmic +as in the dynamo. The experiments in scientific biology +have proved this to be true in living organisms and just this +is the tremendous importance of the discoveries in scientific +biology. Light and other energies react on organisms in the +same way as the chemical reactions and these phenomena +are reversible. More than that, living complex organisms +have been produced which grew to maturity through a chemical +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page227">[pg 227]</span><a name="Pg227" id="Pg227" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +or mechanical treatment of the egg, and this has been +accomplished in the infancy of scientific biology! (See <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The +Organisms as a Whole</span></span>, by Jacques Loeb.) +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +All phenomena <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">in nature</span></em> are <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">natural</span></em> and should be approached +as <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">such</span></em>. The human mind is at least an energy +which can direct other energies; it is incorrect and misleading +to call it <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">super</span></em>natural. It is of course true that we do +not fully understand the nature of the human mind and we +shall learn to understand it when and only when we acquire +sense enough to recognize it as <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">natural</span></em>. If we persist in +saying and believing that the <span class="tei tei-q">“spiritual evidences cannot be +explained on a material base,”</span> this statement should be equally +applicable to electricity or radium. If this statement is false +for these phenomena, it is equally false for the mind or the +so-called spiritual and will powers. The scientific understanding +of these phenomena will not <span class="tei tei-q">“degrade”</span> these phenomena, +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">because that cannot be done. Facts remain facts and +no scientific explanation of a phenomenon can lower or degrade +that which is a fact.</span></em> Electricity is electricity and +nothing else, no matter what its origin; human time-binding +energies (embracing all faculties) are the highest of the +known energies—equally magnificent and astonishing—no +matter what the base; and the scientific understanding of them +will only <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">add</span></em> to our respect for them and for ourselves; it +will unmistakably help us to develop them indefinitely by +mathematical analysis. The <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">base</span></em> is not the phenomenon—sulphuric +acid and zinc <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">are not</span></em> electricity; time-binding +energies <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">are not</span></em> a pound of beefsteak, although a pound of +beefsteak may help to save life and be therefore <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">instrumental</span></em> +in the production of a poem or of a sonata; but by no means +can a beefsteak be taken for either of them. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I have attempted, with some measure of success I trust, +to solve these problems in science and life; the results are +astonishing, as they lead us to a much higher and more embracing +ethics than society has ever had. By this analysis +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page228">[pg 228]</span><a name="Pg228" id="Pg228" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +I prove that the understanding of this most stupendous but +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">natural</span></span> phenomenon of human life brings us to the scientifical +source of ethics and I prove that the so-called <span class="tei tei-q">“highest +ideals of humanity”</span> have nothing of <span class="tei tei-q">“sentimentalism”</span> or of +the <span class="tei tei-q">“<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">super</span></em>natural”</span> in them, +but are exclusively the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">fulfilment</span></em> +of the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">natural laws</span></em> for the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">human class of life</span></em>. +The recognition of the fact that the phenomena of the human mind +are natural and as such conform to natural law has the further +advantage over the <span class="tei tei-q">“supernatural”</span> attitude in that we +can no more evade a law of human nature than the law of +gravity; in other words, human ethics will have the validity +of natural law. With the supernatural attitude, it was simple +enough to avoid the issues of life, by a simple statement—<span class="tei tei-q">“I +do not believe”</span>—and that was enough to break all bonds and +be free from the <span class="tei tei-q">“supernatural morale”</span>—but to get away +from the <span class="tei tei-q">“natural morale”</span> and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">remain</span></em> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">human</span></span> is <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">impossible</span></span>. +Whereas, with an artificially formulated morale it +was easy enough to break away by a simple mental speculation, +and feel perfectly satisfied as long as one escaped the +jail; with a morale made clear that it is a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">natural law</span></span> for +the human class of life, the curtain of sophistry and speculation +is removed and everyone who breaks away from the +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">natural laws for humans, will know by himself, +that he is outside the law—for humans</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Engineers are not metaphysicians, their field is not one of +clever argument but one of proved facts; their work is not +to befog the air with cloudy expressions or sophistry, but to +create; their method is scientific and their tool is mathematics. +It is known that in remote antiquity, in some temples +electrical phenomena were known and were used to keep +the ignorant masses in awe and obedience. Shall we follow +the methods used by those magicians or shall we squarely +face facts? Shall we look upon life, and the usually so-called +mental, spiritual phenomena, etc., as <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">super</span></em>natural, simply +because we do not understand them? It seems evident that +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page229">[pg 229]</span><a name="Pg229" id="Pg229" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +everything which <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">exists in nature, is natural</span></em>, no matter how +simple or complicated a phenomenon it is; and on no occasion +can the so-called <span class="tei tei-q">“<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">super</span></em>natural”</span> be anything else than +a completely natural law, though it may, at the moment, be +above or beyond our present understanding. The attitude +of mind which admits the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">super</span></em>natural blinds and frustrates +any analysis or any attempt at analysis. The unprejudiced +analysis of the so-called <span class="tei tei-q">“supernatural”</span> does not <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">alter</span></em> any +part of the strange and high functions of it. The phenomena +of the human time-binding energy are and will remain the +most precious, subtle and highest of known functions, no +matter what the origin. <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Facts</span></em> may not be <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">denied</span></em> +or <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">falsified</span></em> +if analysis is to arrive at correct conclusions. The high +dimensionality of the human mind, the so-called spiritual and +will powers, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">are facts</span></em> and must be <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">accepted</span></em> as such. It is +about time to establish an exact science to deal with them. +The problems of animal life were approached without prejudice, +no supernatural <span class="tei tei-q">“spark”</span> was bothering us in our analysis—an +animal was an animal and nothing else—we did not +intermix dimensions, therefore we see that the <span class="tei tei-q">“social structure”</span> +of the animals on a farm never breaks down as they +are managed on a scientific base with an understanding of +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">their</span></em> proper standards. Animals to-day live more happily +than man. We don't allow animals to practice the <span class="tei tei-q">“survival +of the fittest,”</span> or <span class="tei tei-q">“competition,”</span> which is far too destructive. +Our present social system imposes these disastrous methods +upon man alone, and the result is that the hideous proverb +<span class="tei tei-q">“Homo homini lupus”</span> has become true. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In modern science facts are not wanting, we have first but +to know them. If we take, for example, sulphuric acid and +zinc and make what we call a galvanic battery, we see that +from two chemical substances a third—a salt—is made in +addition to which we have a peculiar energy produced called +electricity. Who does not know the marvelous properties +of this phenomenon? +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page230">[pg 230]</span><a name="Pg230" id="Pg230" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Scientific biology has made tremendous progress lately; +engineers cannot afford to ignore the facts established in laboratory +researches. The problem of <span class="tei tei-q">“life”</span> and of other energies, +hitherto considered <span class="tei tei-q">“<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">super</span></em>natural,”</span> is well in hand, and +proves to be none the less astonishing though entirely natural. +A number of scientists all over the world are working at this +problem and the scientific facts which they have established, +and which cannot now be denied, belong to-day to the realm +of practical life. Engineers, of course, have to know these +facts; mathematicians have to establish correct dimensions in +the study of all the sciences and people will have to study +mathematical philosophy; only then can the process of integration +in any phase of thought be made without mistakes. +There is no escape from that, if <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">truth</span></em> is what we really want. +But here one objection may be raised, an objection which +for some is a serious one indeed; namely, what will take the +place of the old philosophy, law and ethics, if human life +is nothing else than a physico-chemical process? To quote +Doctor Jacques Loeb from his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mechanistic Conception of +Life</span></span>: <span class="tei tei-q">“If on the basis of a serious survey, this question (<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">that +all life phenomena can be unequivocally explained in physico-chemical +terms</span></em>—Author) can be answered in the affirmative, +our social and ethical life will have to be put on a scientific +basis and our rules of conduct must be brought into harmony +with the results of scientific biology. Not only is the mechanistic +conception of life compatible with ethics, it seems the +only conception of life which can lead to an understanding of +the source of ethics.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I hope to have proved in this book that <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">scientific</span></em> ethics is +based on natural laws for the human class of life; that it is +based on the experimentally proved fact that Man is a Time-binder, +naturally active as such in time; and that this concept +or definition of Man is rigorously scientific and accounts +for the highest functions of man—the highest of the mental +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page231">[pg 231]</span><a name="Pg231" id="Pg231" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and spiritual perfections—without the need of +any <span class="tei tei-q">“<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">super</span></em>natural”</span> +hypothesis. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Scientific biology proves the fact that life and all of its +phenomena are the results of some special physico-chemical +processes, which manifest themselves in some peculiar energies, +of which the human mind is the highest known form. These +processes are known to be reversible, in that some of these +peculiar energies cause physico-chemical changes in their own +base; the process involved I propose to call biolysis, as I propose +to call biolyte the substances produced. These phenomena +have a parallel analogy in inorganic chemistry—in electricity—the +difference being only in the scale or dimension. +When an electric current is passed through a special battery +called an accumulator or reversible battery, chemical changes +occur, in that new compounds are formed which possess a +reversible capacity; namely, in reproducing the former materials—that +is, electricity is generated. This process of forming +chemical substances by the passing of an electrical current +is called electrolysis and the product so produced is called +electrolyte. At the same time it is a known fact that organic +chemistry is infinitely more complicated and variable than +inorganic chemistry. The energy produced by the reactions +of some organic chemical groups are, therefore, of a more +complicated character and of another dimension. One of +these energies of organic chemistry which lately has come into +the scope of scientific analysis is called life—its physico-chemical +base is the protoplasm, which <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">result</span></em> I call the +<span class="tei tei-q">“time-linking”</span> capacity or energy. This name is important +for the consequences it will bring about later on. The time-binding +capacity or energy of man (no matter what time +is—if it is), which is unique to man, is a most subtle complex; +it is the highest known energy and probably has many +subdivisions. Ears are sensitive to the vibration of the +air. Eyes are sensitive to the more subtle vibrations of +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page232">[pg 232]</span><a name="Pg232" id="Pg232" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +light; in a similar way, the time-binding apparatus is sensitive +to the most subtle energies; besides which it has the +capacity to register not only all of our sensations but also +the time-binding energies of other people; and it apparently +has the capacity to register the energies of the universe. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Here again we see the same continuity of phenomena; the +protoplasm as a complex organic physico-chemical unit which +has the peculiarity to <span class="tei tei-q">“live,”</span> to grow and multiply <span class="tei tei-q">“autonomously”</span> +and this same autonomous peculiarity <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">applies</span></em> to the +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">time-binding energy</span></em>; it grows and multiplies <span class="tei tei-q">“autonomously”</span> +in its own dimension. The time-binding energy is a complex +radiating energy somewhat like the emanations of radium +and it probably also has many different subdivisions. <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Note +that the transformation of the atom</span></em> or the transformation of +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">radio-active substances after passing different stages, is not +complete but probably ends in lead, whereas the transformation +which occurs in the production of the time-binding energy +probably is complete or nearly complete and is that which I +call the time-binding energy. (See </span><a href="#Appendix_I" class="tei tei-ref">App. I</a><span style="font-style: italic">.)</span></em> +All the higher +characteristics of man which it is customary to call the <span class="tei tei-q">“mental, +spiritual and will powers,”</span> etc., are embraced in this +exact definition of energy—in the capacity of time-binding. +A diagram will better explain the continuity, evolution and +mechanism of this time-binding energy. +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%"><img src="images/233.png" width="700" height="400" alt="A series of circles, connected by lines, the leftmost circle being C1, then next C2, and so on to C7. The first is connected to the second by line T1, the second to the third by T2, etc. Each circle after the first has within it an energy indication, E1, E2, etc." title="Biology and Time-Binding." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Biology and Time-Binding.</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">C</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: sub">1</span></span></span> +is the physico-chemical base (for simplicity I represent +the whole complex as one base) of the human time-binding +energy. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">T</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: sub">1</span></span></span> +is the thought produced by a physico-chemical +process (corresponding, for illustration's sake only, to electricity +produced by a galvanic battery). The thought +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">T</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: sub">1</span></span></span> +in turn produces a physico-chemical effect +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">E</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: sub">1</span></span></span> on the base +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">C</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: sub">1</span></span></span> +(corresponding for the same reason to electrolysis and +electrolyte in electricity). +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">C</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: sub">1</span></span></span> and +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">E</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: sub">1</span></span></span> combined, or +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">C</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: sub">2</span></span></span> produces +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">T</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: sub">2</span></span></span> +which again in turn affects the base and produces a physico-chemical effect +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">E</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: sub">2</span></span></span>, +this new combination produces the energy +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">T</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: sub">3</span></span></span>, +and so on ... theoretically without limits, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page234">[pg 234]</span><a name="Pg234" id="Pg234" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +as long as there is <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">any source</span></em> of energy upon which this +special energy can draw. This theory which I call the +<span class="tei tei-q">“spiral theory”</span> represents a suggestive working mechanism +of the time-binding energy and is in accord with the latest +scientific discoveries. It explains the processes of all the +mental and so-called spiritual energies which have been such +a puzzle to humanity, and it also explains other phenomena +which, until now, have had no scientific explanation whatever. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The animals are <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">not</span></em> time-binding, they have <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">not</span></em> the +capacity of the <span class="tei tei-q">“spiral”</span>; therefore, they have not autonomous +progress. At the same time, it will be obvious that if we +teach humans false ideas, we affect their time-binding capacities +and energies very seriously, by affecting in a wrong +way the physico-chemical base. This energy is so peculiar +that it embraces, if I may use the old expression, the highest +ideals (when the time-binding energy is unobstructed and is +allowed to work normally), and also the most criminal ideas +(when the time-binding energy is obstructed by false teachings +and in consequence works abnormally). We cannot make +animals moral or immoral because they have not this time-binding +capacity. Whereas human progress can be very +seriously affected by false ideas; in other words, the biolyte +of false teachings in the animal dimension must be very different +from the biolyte of true ideas in the human dimension. +Nature or nature's laws happily cannot be completely deviated +from or violated—the time-binding energy cannot be +completely suppressed in the time-binding class of life. The +false teachings that we are animals and essentially brutal and +selfish can, of course, degrade human nature not only down +to the animal level but lower still. Happily now science can +explain and prove how fundamentally fiendish in effect are +these teachings in the life and progress of human beings. +It will be a shock to those who teach, preach and practice +animal standards and in the same breath contradict themselves +in any talking about <span class="tei tei-q">“immortality”</span> and <span class="tei tei-q">“salvation”</span>; +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page235">[pg 235]</span><a name="Pg235" id="Pg235" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +a little thought makes it perfectly clear that <span class="tei tei-q">“animal standards”</span> +and <span class="tei tei-q">“salvation”</span> or <span class="tei tei-q">“immortality”</span> simply exclude each +other. With the natural law of time-binding realized, the +way is open to entering scientifically upon the problem of +immortality. The time-binding energies as well as <span class="tei tei-q">“life”</span> +follow the same type of exponential function. <span class="tei tei-q">“The constant +synthesis then of specific material from simple compounds +of a non-specific character is the chief feature by +which living matter differs from non-living matter.... This +problem of synthesis leads to the assumption of immortality +of the living cell, since there is no <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">a priori</span></span> reason why this +synthesis should ever come to a standstill of its own accord +as long as enough food is available and the proper outside +physical conditions are guaranteed.... The idea that the +body cells are naturally immortal and die only if exposed +to extreme injuries such as prolonged lack of oxygen or too +high a temperature helps to make one problem more intelligible. +The medical student, who for the first time realizes +that life depends upon that one organ, the heart, doing its +duty incessantly for the seventy years or so allotted to man, +is amazed at the precariousness of our existence. It seems +indeed uncanny that so delicate a mechanism should function +so regularly for so many years. The mysticism connected +with this and other phenomena of adaptation would disappear +if we would be certain that all cells are really immortal +and that the fact which demands an explanation is not the +continued activity but the cessation of activity in death. Thus +we see that the idea of the immortality of the body cell if +it can be generalized may be destined to become one of the +main supports for a complete physico-chemical analysis of life +phenomena since it makes the durability of organisms intelligible....”</span> +(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Organism as a Whole</span></span>, by Jacques Loeb.) +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The outlook for those who live and profess selfish, greedy, +<span class="tei tei-q">“space-binding animal standards”</span> is not very promising as +disclosed by the <span class="tei tei-q">“spiral,”</span> but unhappily we cannot help them; +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page236">[pg 236]</span><a name="Pg236" id="Pg236" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +only time-binding—only fulfilling the natural laws for +humans—can give them the full benefit of their natural +capacities by which they will be able to raise themselves above +animals and their fate. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The results obtained in scientific biological researches are +growing very rapidly and every advance in their knowledge +proves this theory to be true. If they differ in a few instances +it is not because the principles of this theory are wrong, but +because they intermix dimensions and use words not sufficiently +defined which always results in confusion and the +checking of the progress of science. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Most of the problems touched upon in this appendix from +a mathematical point of view are based upon laboratory facts. +We have only to collect them and there is little need of +imagination to see their general bearing. Since we have discovered +the fact that Man is a time-binder (no matter what +time is) and have introduced the sense of dimensionality into +the study of life phenomena in general, a great many facts +which were not clear before become very clear now. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I wrote this book on a farm without any books at hand +and I had been out of touch with the progress of science for +the five years spent in the war service and war duties. My +friend Dr. Grove-Korski, formerly at Berkeley University, +drew my attention particularly to the books of Dr. Jacques +Loeb. I found there a treasury of laboratory facts which +illustrate as nothing better could, the correctness of my theory. +I found with deep satisfaction that the new <span class="tei tei-q">“scientific biology”</span> +is scientific because it has used mathematical methods with +notable regard to dimensionality—they do not <span class="tei tei-q">“milk an automobile.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +For the mathematician and the engineer, the <span class="tei tei-q">“tropism +theory of animal conduct,”</span> founded by Dr. J. Loeb, is of +the greatest interest, because this is a theory which analyses +the functions and reactions of an organism <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">as a whole</span></em> and +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page237">[pg 237]</span><a name="Pg237" id="Pg237" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +therefore there is no chance for confusion of ideas or the +intermixing of dimensions. +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Physiologists have long been in the habit of studying not +the reactions of the whole organism but the reactions of isolated +segments; the so-called reflexes. While it may seem justifiable +to construct the reactions of the organism as a whole from +the individual reflexes, such an attempt is in reality doomed to +failure, since the reactions produced in an isolated element +cannot be counted upon to occur when the same element is part +of the whole, on account of the mutual inhibitions which the +different parts of the organism produce upon each other when +in organic connection; and it is, therefore, impossible to express +the conduct of a whole animal as the algebraic sum of the reflexes +of its isolated segments.... It would, therefore, be a misconception +to speak of tropism as of reflexes, since tropisms are +reactions of the organism as a whole, while reflexes are reactions +of isolated segments. Reflexes and tropisms agree, however, in +one respect, inasmuch as both are obviously of a purely physico-chemical +character.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Forced Movements—Tropism and Animal +Conduct.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> By Jacques Loeb. +</span></p> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I will quote here only a very few passages, but these books +are of such importance that every mathematician and engineer +should read them. They are, if I may say so, a <span class="tei tei-q">“mathematical +biology”</span>—the survey of a life long study of <span class="tei tei-q">“tropisms,”</span> +which is the name given to express <span class="tei tei-q">“forced movements”</span> +in organisms. They give the quintessence of laboratory experiments +as to what are the effects of different energies such +as light (heliotropism), electricity (galvanotropism), gravity +(geotropism), etc., in their reaction and influence upon the +movements and actions of living organisms. These experiments +are conclusive and the conclusions arrived at cannot +be overlooked or evaded. The tremendous practical results +of such scientific methods are based upon two principles, +namely: that, (1) the scientists must think mathematically, +their studies of the phenomena must be in <span class="tei tei-q">“systems”</span> as a +complex whole, and they must not intermix dimensions; (2) +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page238">[pg 238]</span><a name="Pg238" id="Pg238" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +they must see the danger and not be afraid of old words +with wrong meanings, but must use clear and rigorous thinking +to eliminate the prejudices in science—the poison of metaphysical +speculating with words, or verbalism. These books +give ample proofs of how misleading and obscuring are the +words used and how basically wrong are the conclusions +arrived at by such scientists as still persist in using the +anthropomorphic or teleological methods of analysis. If a sceptical +or doubtful reader is interested to see an ample proof +of how deadly is the effect which an incorrect or unmathematical +manner of thinking brings into science and life—he +also may be referred to these books. The following quotations +prove biologically that man is of a totally different +dimension—a totally different being than an animal. From +Dr. Conklin I quote only from his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Heredity and Environment</span></span> +and to save a repetition of the title of the book, I +will indicate the quotations by using only his name. (All +italics are indicated by A. K.) +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">It would be of the greatest importance to show directly +that the </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">homologous proteins of different species are different</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">. +</span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">This has been done</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> for hemoglobins of the blood by Reichert and +Brown, who have shown by crystallographic measurements +that the hemoglobins of any species are definite substances for +that species.... The following sentences by Reichert and +Brown seem to indicate that this may be true for the crystals of +hemoglobin. </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">The hemoglobins of any species are different substances +for that species.</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> But upon comparing the corresponding +substances hemoglobins in different species of a genus it is +generally found that they differ the one from the other to a +greater or less degree; the differences being such that when +complete crystallographic data are available the different </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">species +can be distinguished</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> by these </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">differences in their +hemoglobins</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.... +The facts thus far reported imply the suggestion that heredity +of the genus is determined by the proteins of a definite constitution +differing from the proteins of other genera. This constitution +of the proteins would therefore be responsible for the genus +heredity. The different species of a genus have all the same +genus proteins, but the proteins of each species of the same +genus are apparently different again in chemical constitution +</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page239">[pg 239]</span><a name="Pg239" id="Pg239" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%"> +and hence they may give rise to the specific biological or immunity +reactions.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">The Organism as a Whole</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, by Jacques Loeb. +</span></p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">All peculiarities which are characteristic of a race, species, +genus, order, class and phylum are of course inherited</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">, otherwise +there would be no constant characteristics of these groups and +no possibility of classifying organisms. The chief characters +of every living thing are unalterably fixed by heredity. Men +do not gather grapes of thorns nor figs of thistles. Every living +thing produces off-spring after its own kind, Men, horses, cattle; +birds, reptiles, fishes; insects, mollusks, worms; polyps, sponges, +micro-organisms,—all of the million known species of animals and +plants differ from one another because of inherited peculiarities, +</span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">because they have come from different kinds of germ cells</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Conklin. +</span></p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The entire organism consisting of structures and functions, +body and mind, develops out of the germ, and the organization +of the germ determines all the possibilities of development of +the mind no less than of the body, though the actual realization +of any possibility is dependent also upon environmental stimuli.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">... +Conklin. +</span></p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The development of the mind </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">parallels that of the body</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">; +whatever the ultimate relation of the mind and body may be, +there can be </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">no</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> reasonable </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">doubt</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> that the two develop together +from the germ. It is a curious fact that many people who are +seriously disturbed by scientific teaching as to the evolution or +gradual development of the human race accept with equanimity +the universal observation as to the development of the human +individual,—mind as well as body. The animal ancestry of +the race is surely no more disturbing to philosophical or religious +beliefs than the germinal origin of the individual, and yet the +latter is a fact of universal observation which cannot be relegated +to the domain of hypothesis or theory, and which can not be +successfully denied.... Now we know that the child comes +from the germ cells which are not made by the bodies of the +parents but have arisen by the division of the antecedent germ +cell. </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Every cell comes from a pre-existing cell</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> by a process of +division, and </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">every germ cell comes from a pre-existing germ cell</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">. +Consequently it is not possible to hold, that the body generates +germ cells, nor that the soul generates souls. The only possible +scientific position is that the </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">mind</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> or soul as well as the body +develops from the </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">germ</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">.</span></span> +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">No fact in human experience is more certain than that the +mind develops by gradual and natural processes from a simple +condition which can scarcely be called mind at all; no fact +in human experience is fraught with greater practical and philosophical +</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page240">[pg 240]</span><a name="Pg240" id="Pg240" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%"> +significance than this, and yet no fact is more generally +disregarded.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Conklin. +</span></p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Doubtless the elements of which </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">consciousness</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> develops are +</span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">present in the germ cells</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">, in the same sense that the elements of +the other psychic processes or of the organs of the body are +there present; not as a miniature of the adult condition, but +rather in the form of elements or factors, which by long series of +combinations and transformations, due to interactions with one +another and with the environment, give rise to the fully developed +condition.... It is an interesting fact that in man, and in +several other animals which may be assumed to have a sense of +identity, the nerve cells, especially those of the </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">brain</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">, +</span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">cease dividing</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> at an early age, and these identical cells persist throughout +the remainder of life.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">... +</span></p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The hen does not produce the egg, but the egg produces the +hen and also other eggs. Individual traits are not transmitted +from the hen to the egg, but they develop out of germinal +factors which are carried along from </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">cell to cell, and from generation +to generation</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">....</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The germ is the undeveloped organism which forms the +bond between successive generations; the person is the developed +organism which arises from the germ under the influence of +environmental conditions, the person develops and dies in each +generation; the germ-plasm is the continuous stream of living +substance which connects all generations. The person nourishes +and protects the germ, and in this sense the person is +merely the carrier of the germ-plasm, the </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">mortal trustee</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> of an +immortal substance.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Conklin. +</span></p> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This is what I call <span class="tei tei-q">“time-linking.”</span> (Author.) +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Through intelligence and social cooperation he is able to +control environment for particular ends, in a manner quite +impossible in other organisms.... Other animals develop +much more rapidly than man but that development sooner +comes to an end. The children of lower races of man develop +more rapidly than those of higher races but in such cases they +also cease to develop at an earlier age. The prolongation of the +period of infancy and of immaturity in the human race greatly +increases the importance of environment and training as </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">factors +of development</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Conklin. +</span></p> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Another sidelight given on the <span class="tei tei-q">“Spiral theory.”</span> (Author.) +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">In education also we are strangely blind to proper aims and +methods. Any education is bad which leads to the formation +</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page241">[pg 241]</span><a name="Pg241" id="Pg241" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%"> +of habits of idleness, carelessness, failure, instead of habits of +industry, thoroughness and success. Any religious or social +institution is bad which leads to habits of pious make-believe, +insincerity, slavish regard for authority and disregard for evidence, +instead of habits of sincerity, open-mindedness and independence....</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">All that man now is he has come to be without conscious +human guidance. If evolution has progressed from the am[oe]ba +to man without human interference, if the great progress from +ape-like men to the most highly civilized races has taken place +without conscious human control, the question may well be +asked: Is it possible to improve on the natural method of evolution? +It may not be possible to improve on the method of +evolution and yet by intelligent action it may be possible to +facilitate that method. </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Man can not change a single law of nature +but he can put himself into such relations to natural laws that he +can profit by them.</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Conklin. +</span></p> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This proves the great importance of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">knowing the natural +laws</span></span> for the human class of life, and making natural +time-binding impulses conscious, for then only will the spiral +give a logarithmical accumulation of the right kind, otherwise +the biolyte will be <span class="tei tei-q">“animal”</span> in substance as well as in +effect. Here it is immaterial how the first <span class="tei tei-q">“time-binder”</span> was +produced; the fact that he is of another dimension is of the +greatest importance. +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">From sands to stars, from the immensity of the universe to +the minuteness of the electron, in living things no less than in +lifeless ones, science recognizes everywhere the inevitable +sequence of cause and effect, the universality of natural processes, +the reign of natural law. </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Man also is a part of Nature, +a part of the great mechanism of the</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> universe, and all that he is +and </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">does is limited and prescribed by laws of nature</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">. Every human +being comes into existence by a process of development, every +step of which is determined by antecedent causes.... Our +anatomical, physiological, psychological possibilities were predetermined +in the </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">germ cells</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> from which we came....</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Conklin. +</span></p> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This shows the importance of keeping the study of humans +in their own dimensionality, and also the importance of finding +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page242">[pg 242]</span><a name="Pg242" id="Pg242" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">impersonal natural laws</span></span> for the human class of +life. Now it can be realized that all the so-called human +ideals are none else than the ever growing fulfillment of the +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">natural </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style="font-variant: small-caps">time-binding</span><span style="font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span><span style="font-variant: small-caps"> laws</span></span>. This understanding will +enable man to discover new <span class="tei tei-q">“time-binding”</span> laws for their +conduct, their business relations, their state, which will not +be a contradiction of the real, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">natural laws</span></span> but will be in +accord with them; then and only then human progress will +have a chance to develop peacefully. +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Adult characteristics are potential and not actual in the +germ, and their actual appearance depends upon many complicated +reactions of the germinal units with one another and +with the environment. In short, our actual personalities are +not predetermined in the germ cells, but our possible personalities +are.... The influence of environment upon the minds +and morals of men is especially great. To a large extent our +habits, words, thoughts; our aspirations, ideals, satisfactions; +our responsibility, morality, religion are the results of the +environment and education of our early years....</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Owing to this vastly greater power of memory, reflection +and inhibition man is much freer than any other animal. Animals +which learn little from experience have little freedom and +the more they learn the freer they become....</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Conklin. +</span></p> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It may be added here that the <span class="tei tei-q">“spiral theory”</span> explains how +our reactions can be accelerated and elaborated by ourselves, +and how truly we are the masters of our destinies. +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Because we can find no place in our philosophy and logic +for self determination shall we cease to be scientists and close +our eyes to the evidence? The first duty of science is to appeal +to fact and to settle later with logic and philosophy....</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Conklin. +</span></p> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There will be no difficulty in the settlement of facts with +the new philosophy of <span class="tei tei-q">“Human Engineering.”</span> +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The analysis of instinct from a purely physiological point of +view ultimately furnishes the data for a scientific ethics. +Human happiness is based upon the possibility of a natural and +harmonious satisfaction of the instincts.... It is rather +</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page243">[pg 243]</span><a name="Pg243" id="Pg243" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%"> +remarkable that we should still be under the influence of an +ethics which considers the human instincts in themselves low +and their gratification vicious. That such an ethics must have +had a comforting effect upon the orientals, whose instincts were +inhibited or warped through the combined effects of an enervating +climate, despotism and miserable economic conditions is +intelligible, and it is perhaps due to a continuation of the unsatisfactory +economic conditions that this ethics still prevails to +some extent.... Lawyers, criminologists and philosophers +frequently imagine that only want makes man work. This is +an erroneous view. We are instinctively forced to be active in +the same way as ants or bees. The instinct of workmanship +would be the greatest source of happiness if it were not for the +fact that our present social and economic organization allows +only a few to satisfy this instinct. Robert Mayer has pointed +out that any successful display or setting free of energy is a +source of pleasure to us. This is the reason why the satisfaction +of the instinct of workmanship is of such importance in the +economy of life, for the play and learning of the child, as well as +for the scientists or commercial work of the man.... We can +vary at will the instincts of animals. A number of marine +animals ... go away from the light, can be forced to go to +light in two ways, first by lowering the temperature and second +by increasing the concentration of the sea water, whereby the +cells of the animals lose water. This instinct can be again +reversed by raising the temperature or by lowering the concentration +of the sea water. I have found repeatedly that by the +same conditions by which phenomena of growth and organization +can be controlled the instincts are controlled also. This +indicates that there is a common basis for both classes of life +phenomena. This common base is the physical and chemical +character of the mixture of substances which we call protoplasm.... +</span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">The greatest happiness in life</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> can be obtained only if </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">all +instincts</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">, that of workmanship included, can be maintained at a +certain </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">optimal intensity</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">. But while it is certain that the individual +can ruin or diminish the value of its life by a onesided +development of its instincts, e.g., dissipation, it is at the same +time true that the </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">economic and social conditions can ruin or +diminish the value of life for a great number of individuals</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">. It +is no doubt true that in our present social and economic conditions +more than ninety per cent of human beings lead an existence +whose value is far below what it should be. They are +compelled by want to sacrifice a number of instincts especially +the most valuable among them, that of workmanship, in order +</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page244">[pg 244]</span><a name="Pg244" id="Pg244" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%"> +to save the lowest and most imperative, that of eating. If +those who amass immense fortunes could possibly intensify their +lives with their abundance, it might perhaps be rational to let +many suffer in order to have a few cases of true happiness. But +for an increase of happiness only that amount of money is of +service which can be used for the harmonious development and +satisfaction of inherited instincts. For this, comparatively little is +necessary. The rest is of no more use to a man than the surplus +of oxygen in the atmosphere. As a matter of fact, the only true +satisfaction a multimillionaire can possibly get from increasing +his fortunes, is the satisfaction of the instinct of workmanship +or the pleasure that is connected with a successful display of +energy. The scientist gets this satisfaction without diminishing +the value of life of his fellow being, and the same should be +true for the business man.... Although we recognize no metaphysical +free-will, we do not deny personal responsibility. We +can fill the memory of the young generation with such associations +as will prevent wrong doing or dissipation.... Cruelty +in the penal code and the tendency to exaggerate punishment +are sure signs of a low civilization and of an imperfect educational +system.... It seems to me that we can no more expect +to unravel the mechanism of associative memory by histological +or morphological methods than we can expect to +unravel the dynamics of electrical phenomena by microscopic +study of cross-sections through a telegraph wire or by counting +and locating the telephone connections in a big city. If we are +anxious to develop a dynamic of the various life-phenomena, +we must remember that the colloidal substances are the machines +which produce the life phenomena, but the physics of these +substances is still a science of the future.... Physiology gives +us no answer to the latter question. The idea of specific energy +has always been regarded as the terminus for the investigation +of the sense organs. Mach expressed the opinion that chemical +conditions lie at the foundation of sensation in general....</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Comparative Physiology of the Brain</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, by Jacques Loeb. +</span></p> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Here it may be added that the <span class="tei tei-q">“Instinct of Workmanship”</span> +in the animal class, becomes in the time-binding class of life +the instinct of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">creation</span></em>, and is nothing else than the expression +of the natural impulse of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Time-binding”</span> energy. In +the present social and economic system very few have a possibility +to satisfy this instinct; scientific management is or +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page245">[pg 245]</span><a name="Pg245" id="Pg245" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +may be satisfying the animal instinct of workmanship, but +it is not satisfactory to the instinct of creation. <span class="tei tei-q">“Time-binding”</span> +in its last analysis is creation and only such a social +and economic system as will satisfy this want—this natural +impulse—will satisfy Humans—the <span class="tei tei-q">“Time-binders”</span>—and +will bring about their fullest growth in work and happiness. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Laws Of Growth</span></span>”</span> (from <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Unified Mathematics</span></span>, by +Louis C. Karpinski, Ph.D.). <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Compound interest +function</span></span>.—The +function <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">S</span></span> = <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">P</span></span>(1 + +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i</span></span>)<span class="tei tei-hi"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">n</span></span></span> +is of fundamental importance +in other fields than in finance. Thus the growth of timber +of a large forest tract may be expressed as a function of this +kind, the assumption being that in a large tract the rate of +growth may be taken as uniform from year to year. In +the case of bacteria growing under ideal conditions in a +culture, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> with unlimited food supplied, the increase in the +number of bacteria per second is proportional to the number +of bacteria present at the beginning of that second. Any +function in which the rate of change or rate of growth at +any instant <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">t</span></span> is directly proportional to the value of the +function at the instant <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">t</span></span> obeys what has been termed the <span class="tei tei-q">‘law +of organic growth,’</span> and may be expressed by the equation,</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">y = ce</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">kt</span></span></span>, +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +wherein <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">k</span></span> +are constants determined by the physical +facts involved, and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">e</span></span> is a constant of +nature analogous to π. +The constant <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">k</span></span> is the proportionality constant and is negative +when the quantity in question decreases; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c</span></span> is commonly positive; +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">e</span></span> = 2.178.... +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“The values of the function of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">x, +ce</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">kx</span></span><span style="font-style: italic">, increase according to +the terms of a geometrical progression as the variable x increases +in arithmetical progression</span></span>....</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“The most immediate application of a function in which the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page246">[pg 246]</span><a name="Pg246" id="Pg246" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +growth is proportional to the function itself is to the air. The +decrease in the pressure of the air at the distance <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">h</span></span> above +the earth's surface is proportional to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">h</span></span>.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“The expression <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">P = 760 +e</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">-h/7990</span></span></span> gives the numerical value +of the pressure in millimeters of mercury for <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">h</span></span> measured in +meters. The negative exponent indicates that the pressure +decreases as <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">h</span></span> increases. In inches as units of length of the +mercury column, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">h</span></span> in feet,</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">P = 29.92e</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">-h/26200</span></span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This is known as Halley's law. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“The growth of bean plants within limited intervals and the +growth of children, again between quite restricted limits, +follow approximately the law of organic growth. Radium in +decomposing follows the same law; the rate of decrease at +any instant being proportional to the quantity. In the case +of vibrating bodies, like a pendulum, the rate of decrease of +the amplitude follows this law; similarly in the case of a noise +dying down and in certain electrical phenomena, the rate of +decrease is proportional at any instant to the value of the +function at the instant....</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Curve of Healing of a Wound.</span></span>—Closely +allied to the +formulas expressing the law of organic growth, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">y = +e</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">kt</span></span></span>, and +the law of <span class="tei tei-q">‘organic decay,’</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">y = +e</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">-kt</span></span></span>, is a recently discovered +law which connects algebraically by an equation and graphically +by a curve, the surface-area of a wound, with time expressed +in days, measured from the time when the wound +is aseptic or sterile. When this aseptic condition is reached, +by washing and flushing continually with antiseptic solutions, +two observations at an interval commonly of four days give +the <span class="tei tei-q">‘index of the individual,’</span> and this index, and the two +measurements of area of the wound-surface, enable the +physician-scientist to determine the normal progress of the +wound-surface, the expected decrease in area, for this wound-surface +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page247">[pg 247]</span><a name="Pg247" id="Pg247" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of this individual. The area of the wound is traced +carefully on transparent paper, and then computed by using +a mathematical machine, called a planimeter, which measures +areas.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“The areas of the wound are plotted as ordinates with the +respective times of observation measured in days as abscissas. +After each observation and computation of area the point so +obtained is plotted to the same axes as the graph which gives +the ideal or prophetic curve of healing.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“When the observed area is found markedly greater than +that determined by the ideal curve, the indication is that there +is still infection in the wound.... A rather surprising and +unexplained situation occurs frequently when the wound-surface +heals more rapidly than the ideal curve would indicate; +in this event secondary ulcers develop which bring the +curve back to normal....</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“This application of mathematics to medicine is largely due +to Dr. Alexis Carrel of the Rockefeller Institute of Medical +Research. He noted that the larger the wound-surface, the +more rapidly it healed, and that the rate of healing seemed +to be proportional to the area. This proportionality constant +is not the same for all values of the surface or we would +have an equation of the form,</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">S = +S</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: sub">1</span></span><span style="font-style: italic">e</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">-kt</span></span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +in which <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">S</span></span>, is the area at the time that the wound is rendered +sterile and observations to be plotted really begin.... +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“The data given are taken from the Journal of Experimental +Medicine, reprints kindly furnished by Major George +A. Stewart of the Rockefeller Institute. The diagrams are +reproduced from the issue of Feb. 1, 1918, pp. 171 and 172, +article by Dr. T. Tuffier and R. Desmarres, Auxiliary Hospital +75, Paris....</span> +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%"><img src="images/248.png" width="700" height="230" alt="A graph, showing the progress of healing of a surface wound of the right leg of a 31-year-old patient. It shows that as time passes, the wounded area decreases." title="Progress of healing of a surface wound of the right leg, patient's age 31 years." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Progress of healing of a surface wound of the right leg, patient's + age 31 years.</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Wave Motion.</span></span> General.—In nature there are two +types of recurrent motion, somewhat closely connected mathematically, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page249">[pg 249]</span><a name="Pg249" id="Pg249" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +in which repetition of motion occurs at regular intervals.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“One type of this motion, in cycles as we may say, repeats +the motion in one place, and is in a sense stationary. The +tuning fork in motion moves through the same space again +and again; a similar movement is the motion of a vibrating +string. Of this stationary type may be mentioned the heartbeats, +the pulse, the respiration, the tides, and the rotation +of a wheel about its axis.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“The second type of recurrent motion transmits or carries +the vibratory impulse over an extent of space as well as time. +The waves of the sea are of this character. Sound waves, +electrical vibrations or waves, and radiant energy vibrations +are transmitted by a process similar to that by which the +waves of the sea are carried.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Both of these types of motion are representable mathematically +by equations involving a sequence of trigonometric +functions. To the fundamental and basic function involved, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">y</span></span> = sin <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">x</span></span>, +we will direct our attention in the next section and +to simple applications in other sections of this chapter....</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Sound Waves.—If a tuning fork for note lower C is set +to vibrating, the free bar makes 129 complete, back-and-forth, +vibrations in one second. By attaching a fine point +to the end of the bar and moving under this bar at a uniform +rate, as it vibrates, a smoke-blackened paper, a sinusoidal +curve is traced on the paper. Our curve is traced by a bar +vibrating 50 times in 1 second.</span> +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%"><img src="images/249.png" width="500" height="57" alt="A graph, showing a wavy line. “Tuning fork vibrations recorded on smoked paper.”" title="Tuning fork vibrations recorded on smoked paper." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Tuning fork vibrations recorded on smoked paper.</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Corresponding to each movement of the vibrating rod there +is a movement of the air. As the bar moves to the right +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page250">[pg 250]</span><a name="Pg250" id="Pg250" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +it compresses the layer of air to its right and that <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">compression</span></em> +is immediately communicated to the layer of air to the +right; as the bar moves back and to the left, the pressure +on the adjacent air is released and a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">rarefaction</span></em> takes place. +In 1/50 of 1 second you have the air adjacent to the rod <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">compressed</span></em>, +back to normal, and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">rarefied</span></em>; during this time the +neighboring air is affected and the compression is communicated +a distance which is the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">wave length</span></em> of this given +sound wave. In 1 second this disturbance is transmitted +1100 feet at 44° Fahrenheit. The wave length for this sound +wave then is 1100/50 = 22 feet.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“The wave length is commonly designated by λ. +If <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">V</span></span> +is the velocity, and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">t</span></span> the time of one vibration, +λ = <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vt</span></span>.”</span> +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%"><img src="images/250.png" width="500" height="230" alt="A graph, showing five wavy lines, labeled “a”, “ou”, “r”, “E”, and “a”. “Vibration records produced by the voice: ‘a’ as in ‘ate’; ‘ou’ as in ‘about’; ‘r’ in ‘relay’; ‘e’ in ‘be’; and ‘a’ in ‘father’. The tuning fork record, frequency 50 per second, gives the vibration frequencies.”" title="“Vibration records produced by the voice: ‘a’ as in ‘ate’; ‘ou’ as in ‘about’; ‘r’ in ‘relay’; ‘e’ in ‘be’; and ‘a’ in ‘father’. The tuning fork record, frequency 50 per second, gives the vibration frequencies.”" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center">“Vibration records produced by the voice: <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center">‘a’</span> as in <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center">‘ate’</span>; + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center">‘ou’</span> as in <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center">‘about’</span>; <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center">‘r’</span> in <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center">‘relay’</span>; <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center">‘e’</span> in + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center">‘be’</span>; and <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center">‘a’</span> in <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center">‘father’</span>. The tuning fork record, + frequency 50 per second, gives the vibration frequencies.”</span></div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This last drawing may help to visualize the fact in what +manner wrong expressions and untrue teachings hamper the +true progress of humanity. Every word has its energy and +produces some physico-chemical effects in the time-binding +apparatus in accord with the idea which we associate with +the sound of the word. If we teach ideas which are untrue, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page251">[pg 251]</span><a name="Pg251" id="Pg251" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +then the physico-chemical effects produced are not proper—in +other words the human mind does <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">not work properly</span></span>, +that is, it does not work <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">naturally</span></em> or <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">normally</span></em> or true to the +human dimension. There is every reason why the standards +in our civilization are so low, because we have <span class="tei tei-q">“poisoned,”</span> +in a literal sense of the word, our minds with the physico-chemical +effects of wrong ideas. This correct <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">natural +approach</span></span> to the <span class="tei tei-q">“Time-binding”</span> energies will make it obvious +how unmeasured is the importance of the manner in +which we handle this subtle mechanism, as the poisoning with +wrong ideas or with careless or incorrect words does not in +any way differ in consequences from poisoning with any other +stupor-producing or wrongly stimulating poison. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Monographs on Experimental Biology and Physiology</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Loeb</span></span>, J.: <span class="tei tei-q">“Comparative Physiology of the Brain and Comparative +Psychology.”</span> New York, 1900. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Loeb</span></span>, J.: <span class="tei tei-q">“Studies in General Physiology.”</span> Chicago, 1905. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Loeb</span></span>, J.: <span class="tei tei-q">“The Dynamics of Living Matter.”</span> New York, +1906. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Loeb</span></span>, J.: <span class="tei tei-q">“The Mechanistic Conception of Life.”</span> Chicago, +1912. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Selection from contents: +I. The Mechanistic Conception of Life. +II. The Significance of Tropisms for Psychology. +III. Some Fundamental Facts and Conceptions concerning +the Comparative Physiology of the Central +Nervous System. +IV. Pattern Adaptation of Fishes and the Mechanism of +Vision. +V. On Some Facts and Principles of Physiological +Morphology. +VI. On the Nature of the Process of Fertilization. +VII. On the Nature of Formative Stipulation (Artificial +Parthenogenesis). +VIII. The Prevention of the Death of the Egg through the +Act of Fertilization. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page252">[pg 252]</span><a name="Pg252" id="Pg252" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +IX. The Rôle of Salts in the Preservation of Life. +X. Experimental Study of the Influence of Environment on Animals. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Loeb, J</span></span>.: The Organism as a Whole. G. P. Putnam's Sons. New York, 1916. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Selection from contents: +I. Introductory Remarks. +II. The Specific Difference between Living and Dead Matter and the +Question of the Origin of Life. +III. The Chemical Basis of Genus and Species: +1. The Incompatibility of Species not Closely Related. +2. The Chemical basis of Genus and Species and of Species Specificity. +IV. Specificity in Fertilization. +V. Artificial Parthenogenesis. +VI. Determinism in the Formation of an Organism from an Egg. +VII. Regeneration. +VIII. Determination of Sex, Secondary Sexual Characters and Sexual Instincts: +1. The Cytological Basis of Sex Determination. +2. The Physiological Basis of Sex Determination. +IX. Mendelian Heredity and its Mechanism. +X. Animal Instincts and Tropisms. +XI. The Influence of Environment. +XII. Adaptation to Environment. +XIII. Evolution. +XIV. Death and Dissolution of the Organism. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Loeb, J</span></span>.: <span class="tei tei-q">“Forced Movements, Tropisms, and Animal Conduct.”</span> +J. B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1918. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Selection from contents: +I. Introduction. +II. The Symmetry Relations of the Animal Body as the Starting Point +for the Theory of Animal Conduct. +III. Forced Movements. +IV. Galvanotropism. +V. Heliotropism. The Influence of One Source of Light. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page253">[pg 253]</span><a name="Pg253" id="Pg253" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +1. General Facts. +2. Direct Proof of the Muscle Tension Theory of +Heliotropism in Motile Animals. +3. Heliotropism of Unicellular Organisms. +4. Heliotropism of Sessile Animals. +VI. An Artificial Heliotropic Machine. +VII. Asymmetrical Animals. +VIII. Two Sources of Light of Different Intensity. +IX. The Validity of the Bunsen-Roscoe Law for the Heliotropic +Reactions of Animals and Plants. +X. The Effect of Rapid Changes in Intensity of Light. +XI. The Relative Heliotropic Efficiency of Light of Different +Wave Lengths. +XII. Change in the Sense of Heliotropism. +XIII. Geotropism. +XIV. Forced Movements Caused by Moving Retina +Images: Rheotropism: Anemotropism. +XV. Stereotropism. +XVI. Chemotropism. +XVII. Thermotropism. +XVIII. Instincts. +XIX. Memory Images and Tropisms. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A list of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">554 books on this subject</span></em>, in which any +reader interested will find a vast storehouse of exact +knowledge in this line. Author. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Conklin, Edwin Grant:</span></span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Heredity and Environment in the +Development of Men.”</span> Princeton University Press, +1915. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Selection from contents: +I. Facts and Factors of Development. +Introduction. +A. Phenomena of Development. +B. Factors of Development. +II. Cellular Basis of Heredity and Development. +A. Introductory. +B. The Germ Cells. +C. The Mechanism of Heredity. +D. The Mechanism of Development. +III. Phenomena of Inheritance. +A. Observations on Inheritance. +B. Statistical Study of Inheritance. +C. Experimental Study of Inheritance. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page254">[pg 254]</span><a name="Pg254" id="Pg254" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +IV. Influence of Environment. +A. Relative Importance of Heredity and Environment. +B. Experimental Modifications of Development. +C. Functional Activity as a Factor of Development. +D. Inheritance or Non-inheritance of Acquired +Characters. +E. Applications to Human Development: Euthenics. +V. Control of Heredity: Eugenics. +A. Domesticated Animals and Cultivated Plants. +B. Control of Human Heredity. +VI. Genetics and Ethics. +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Glossary of books on this subject; for those who +desire to be more fully acquainted with the subjects +of heredity and development. Author. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Morgan, T. H.</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“Physical Basis of Heredity.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">East, E. M.</span></span>, and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jones, D. F.</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Inbreeding and Outbreeding,”</span> +etc. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Parker, G. H.</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“The Elementary Nervous System.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Harvey, E. N.</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“The Nature of Animal Light.”</span> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page255">[pg 255]</span><a name="Pg255" id="Pg255" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> +<a name="toc29" id="toc29"></a> +<a name="pdf30" id="pdf30"></a> +<a name="Appendix_III" id="Appendix_III" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Appendix III. Engineering And Time-Binding</span></h2> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Arts of Engineering, by their very nature, are derived +from the work of dead men and destined to serve not +only the present but the future. They are freer than any +other human activity from the errors of intermixing dimensions +and from the fallacy of belief in individualistic accomplishment +and pride. The simple steel structure of a bridge, +familiar to us in every day life, is a clear reminder to us +all of the arts of Hephæstus and the bound-up knowledge +of countless generations of smiths and mechanics, metallurgists +and chemists, mathematicians and builders, teachers and engineers +who toiled for many thousands of years to make possible +the riveted steel beams which are the elements of modern +structure. These structures do not collapse unless the +natural laws for their construction are transgressed; which +seldom happens—for no one is entrusted with the work unless +he has bound up in his knowledge the accumulated experience +of the past; yet the transgressors of these natural laws are +punished with all the severity of the common law. When a +bridge is opened and tested, the written laws in some +countries and the unwritten in others, and the pride and the +sense of responsibility of the designer and builder of the +bridge demand that he, the creator of the bridge, be the +first to enter it and the last to leave it; and should the bridge +collapse, he has to take the immediate consequences of his +neglect of the time-binding laws. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Rarely are the affairs of engineering done with the entirely +selfish motive of merely acquiring immediate selfish gain, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page256">[pg 256]</span><a name="Pg256" id="Pg256" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +for even when this could be traced—this unworthy thought +disappears in the halo of the glory of the accomplishment. +Mr. Eiffel did not erect his tower to haunt Paris with the +sight of a steel skeleton towering over the city of daring +thoughts. His tower stands to-day as a mechanical proof of +mathematical formulas proving the possibility of erecting tall, +self-supporting structures and thereby serving future humanity. +The Time-binding capacity of humans creates and formulates +new values for the service of mankind. Again, no +student of the Arts of Engineering could ever forget himself +to the point of claiming his accomplishments, no matter how +marvelous, all to himself. No wondrous discovery of modern +electricity, not even the talking from one hemisphere to +another, is rightly the accomplishment of any one man, for +the origin of the discovery can be traced at least as far back +as the days of that barefooted shepherd boy Magnus, who first +observed the phenomena of magnetism. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In an attempt to trace and evaluate the time-binding faculties +manifested in the Arts of Engineering, one is at once +astonished, and bewildered, at the confusion and contradictions +unrealized in the mass of evidence, and how pathetic +and deplorable is the sight of hundreds of thousands of workers +in the field of engineering toil and creation who unconsciously +submit to the degradation, in silent consent, of seeing +their marvelous collective achievements chained to space-binding +aims. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Upon the completion of this book I was astonished that +there are such a small number of engineers who have the +intuitive feeling of the greatness of the assets at their command +and of the gravity of their liabilities concerning affairs +of humanity. I was eager to have my book read and analysed +by a few leading engineers. The late H. L. Gantt being no +more with us, I then turned to Walter N. Polakov, Doctor +of Engineering; Industrial Counselor; Chairman of Committee +on Service and Information, Fuels Section, A.S.M.E., +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page257">[pg 257]</span><a name="Pg257" id="Pg257" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and Robert B. Wolf, Vice-President of A.S.M.E. In them +I found, to the full, a very sympathetic understanding and +my esteem grew as I became more intimately acquainted with +the character of their work and their accomplishments. Both +have done a most remarkable work in their respective lines. +It will not be an exaggeration to say that their work, together +with the work of the late H. L. Gantt and Charles P. +Steinmetz, may be considered as the first—to my knowledge—corner-stones +of the science and art of Human Engineering, +and form the first few volumes and writings for the New +Library of the Manhood of Humanity. These books and +pamphlets are based on facts analysed scientifically, marking +the parting of the way of engineering thought from the past +subjection to speculative fetishes. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Of all the pure and applied sciences, engineering alone has +the distinction of being the first to have the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">correct</span></em> insight +into the human problem. The task of engineers was to convert +knowledge—brain work—<span class="tei tei-q">“bound-up time”</span>—into daily +bread by means of conserving time and effort. This concept +is naught else but the working out of the imperfect formulation +of the time-binding principle. It was inevitable, therefore, +that some engineers had already beaten the path in the +right direction. How straight and how far this sense of +dimensionality has led some of them in their practical work +may be seen from the work of Walter N. Polakov, in his +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mastering Power Production</span></span>, Engineering Magazine, N. Y., +1921. +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">It was not my intention to compile a text book on power +engineering; it was rather my care to avoid the treatment of +any technical subject which could be found elsewhere in engineering +literature; but I could not avoid trespassing in the +adjoining fields of psychology and economics, for without +familiarity with these sciences the mastery of power production +is a futile attempt.</span></span> +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">I do not hold that the principles upon which the method is +laid out are subject to choice or opinions, for they are based on +</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page258">[pg 258]</span><a name="Pg258" id="Pg258" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%"> +facts. Yet work of this character cannot be complete, or +examples may be illy chosen, for it deals with living and constantly +reshaping relations and applies to things in process of +development.</span></span> +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">If this work and its underlying idea will facilitate the solving +of some of the problems now in the course of rapid evolution in +our industrial relations, I shall feel that my own and my readers' +time have not been altogether lost.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Indeed the readers' time will not be lost. This book gives +an engineering, scientific—in the meantime practical—analysis +of all human problems. It is a deep and practical treatise +on all great questions concerning modern industrialism and +so-called economic problems and is a foundation for a new +scientific industrial philosophy. Another very clear outline +of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Principles of Industrial Philosophy</span></span> was given by Mr. +Polakov in his paper presented at the annual meeting of the +American Society of Mechanical Engineers, December 7-10, +1920. Anyone who has anything to do with industrial or +economic problems cannot afford to overlook the important +and fundamental work in this book. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is obvious that a scientific knowledge of facts, is of the +greatest importance for anyone who cares to approach any +problem in a serious way. Statistics which are up-to-date are +therefore of primary importance. I had the privilege of reading +the manuscript of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Quo Vadis America</span></span>, the forthcoming +book of Mr. Polakov, where a most valuable statistical picture +of facts in modern America is given and the astonishing conclusions +which are to be drawn therefrom. I can only regret +that in Europe we have not such a knowledge written down +concerning European conditions. If more such books had +been written and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">read</span></em> by the public, many crises and catastrophes +would have been avoided. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The outstanding contribution of Mr. Robert B. Wolf to +engineering was made in his study of physiology, biology, +psychology and philosophy as applied to engineering. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page259">[pg 259]</span><a name="Pg259" id="Pg259" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">If anyone wishes to inquire into the forces which have led +up to the individual development of mankind, he will find himself +at once plunged into the realm of psychology and mental +philosophy. I can heartily recommend such a course as immensely +profitable and of practical value.</span></span> +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The five important facts, however, that have to do with the +subject in hand are:</span></span> +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">1st.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> That the human body is +such a wonderful organization +because it is the product of the forces of creation, acting through +millions of years of evolution.</span></span> +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">2nd.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> That its capacity for +progress depends upon the maintenance +of the unity resulting from this creative evolution and +upon a conscious recognition of this unity.</span></span> +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">3d.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> That this unity +would not have been possible without the +development of the nervous system.</span></span> +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">4th.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> That the conscious +intelligent progress made by mankind +could not have reached its present level until in the process +of evolution a mechanism had been built up in the nervous system +itself capable of recording the various impressions which the +senses are constantly receiving.</span></span> +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">5th.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> That the recording of +past events, with the power of +consciously recalling them for the solution of problems immediately +confronting it, is absolutely essential to its development.</span></span> +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Now, what I want to point out is that inasmuch as man's +progress depends upon the perfect co-ordination of his forces to +produce unity of action, we have no right to expect an industrial +organization to make progress which it must do as a unit +without the establishment of a conscious co-ordinating mechanism +similar to the nervous system in the human body.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Individuality +in Industry.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> By Robert B. Wolf. +</span></p> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Doctor Charles P. Steinmetz has given in his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">America and +the New Epoch</span></span> a most correct engineering picture of the +political situation in the world, with a fine characterization +of the psychological peculiarities of the different races. +Although this book was written in 1916, that is, before the +end of the World War, it will be of permanent value; +because of its deep psychological analysis of the peoples and +their institutions which ultimately shape the development of +any nation and which do not change with victory or defeat. +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">My tribute to the memory of Gantt will be, not only the +homage of a friend and admirer, but the proof that his philosophy +</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page260">[pg 260]</span><a name="Pg260" id="Pg260" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%"> +is scientifically true. A rigorous proof is necessary, +because the word </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">service</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> belongs to that category of words, +the meaning of which can be completely reversed by the verb, +be it </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">give</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> or </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">take.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Gantt took </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">rendering service</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> as an +axiom; my observation, shared with many others, is that our +civilization had quite another axiom, </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">we preach give, we +practice take.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> The problem which interested me, was how to +find a way out of this contradiction that would be irrefutable. +If one of them is true and natural law for humans, then the +other is not; if our words are true, then our deeds are not true, +or if our deeds are true then the words are camouflage. I found +the solution, by applying mathematically rigorous thinking. +Mathematics, with its exact concept of dimensions, gave me the +method. The method we use in studying phenomena is analysis, +or speaking mathematically, differentiation. I soon found, that +the methods of differentiation are mostly correct, but our synthesis, +or process of integration made by the use of metaphysics +was faulty. The differentiation correctly lowered the dimensions, +but our faulty integration did not restore the original +dimensions. The investigation had to be made from the beginning, +by defining the phenomena of life, in a specific way, which +would not permit of any blunders in dimensions.</span></span> +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">I defined the classes of life by emphasizing their incontestable, +dimensional characteristics: plants are </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Chemistry-binding,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +animals are </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Space-binding,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Humans are </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Time-binding</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +classes of life.</span></span> +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">These definitions have the peculiarity that they make it +obvious, that: 1. The classes of life have different dimensions, +and that the intermixing of dimensions, as in mathematics it +makes a correct solution impossible, so in life, the results of such +elementary mistakes, produce tragic consequences.</span></span> +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">2. The old formula on which our civilization is built, +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">human</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +equal </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">animal</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> plus or multiplied by +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">spark of divinity</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +is basically and elementarily wrong, and is mathematical nonsense, +which is identical to such an absurdity as </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">x</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> square inches +equal </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">y</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> linear inches plus or multiplied by +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">z</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> cubic inches.</span></span> +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">3. A basically wrong formula on which our civilization +rests, is the cause of all the periodical collapses, wars and +revolutions.</span></span> +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">4. The old system was built on animal </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">space-binding</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +standards, and human </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">time-binding</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> impulses were, all the +time, in rebellion.</span></span> +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">5. As the theory of gravitation and the calculus made engineers +and mathematicians masters of inanimate nature, so these +</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page261">[pg 261]</span><a name="Pg261" id="Pg261" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%"> +tangible and incontestable definitions give them a positive base +which will enable them to approach and solve human living +problems, by establishing the mathematical fact that man is +man, not an animal.</span></span> +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">6. All of those who are blinded by traditions and refuse to +investigate, or to know these mathematical truths, are a danger +to humanity in directly helping to obscure issues, and in helping +to maintain the faulty structure which, as in the past, is bound +to collapse again and again in the future.</span></span> +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">7. The duty of mathematically thinking people is to throw +such light on this problem as will stop the stupid, or willfully +destructive, and show whether they are working for, or against, +mankind.</span></span> +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">8. For the </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">time-binding</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> class of life, it is obvious then +that in this dimension, </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">time-binding</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> is the natural law, and, +if understood and analysed, it is the highest human aim.</span></span> +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">9. Such </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">natural laws</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> as </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">survival of the fittest</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> for animals, +which is the </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">survival of the fittest in space,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> result in +fight, or the survival of the strongest; whereas such a law to be a +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">natural law for humans</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, must be in the human +dimension which obviously would be the </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Survival of the fittest +in </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">time</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> resulting in the survival of the best.</span></span> +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">10. All known facts must be brought to the light, to be +summed up, and correlated by mathematicians and engineers +with the strictest attention to dimensionality.</span></span> +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">11. All of our ideas have to be revised; the animal </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">space-binding</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +standards must be rejected as dangerous and destructive, +must be replaced by </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">time-binding</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> standards, which will +correspond to the natural impulses and </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">natural laws</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> for +humans.</span></span> +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">12. The minds of mathematicians and engineers are by education +the first to see the far reaching importance of the facts +disclosed by these definitions, and just this realization will bring +about the readjustment of values in life to a human dimension, +wherein pending revolutions and wars could be turned into evolution, +destruction into construction, discord into accord of a +common aim.</span></span> +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">We are the masters of our own destinies, the responsibility is +ours to correct the mistakes of our ancestors and to establish a +scientific philosophy, scientifically true laws, scientifically true +ethics, and a scientific sociology, which will form one unified +science of man and his function in the universe, a science which +I propose to call </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Human Engineering.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Gantt's methods +would be the first practical application toward this end.</span></span> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page262">[pg 262]</span><a name="Pg262" id="Pg262" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Gantt's concept of rendering service is scientifically true +because it is </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">time-binding,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> and therefore true for the human +class of life and in human dimension. This is why Gantt's +concepts have counted for so much and will survive </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">in time</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> ”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Discussion by Alfred Korzybski of Mr. W. N. Polakov's +paper </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Principles of Industrial Philosophy</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> presented at the +Annual Meeting of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, +New York, December 7-10, 1920. +</span></p> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +LITERATURE +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gantt, H. L.:</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Work, Wages, and Profits.”</span> The Engineering Magazine +Co., 1913. N. Y. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Industrial Leadership.”</span> Yale University Press. 1916. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Organizing for Work.”</span> Harcourt, Brace & Howe, 1919. N. Y. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Selection from Contents: The Engineer as the Industrial +Leader. Economics and Democracy. Democracy in +Production. Democracy in the Shop. Democracy +in Management. <span class="tei tei-q">“The Religion of Democracy.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Polakov, Walter N.</span></span>: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Mastering Power Production.”</span> The Engineering Magazine Co. 1921. N. Y. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Selection from Contents: The Descent of the Principle of +Production for Use. The Power Industry as an Economic +Factor. Mastering Labor Problems. (Conditions) +Autonomous Co-operation. Aims of Labor. Right to be +Lazy and the Right to a Job. Qualification of Men. The +Working Day. Fatigue. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">universal labor</span></span> +(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Corresponding +exactly to Time-binding—Author</span></span>). The Position +of an Engineer. Mastering Labor Problems. Compensation. +The Social Aspect. The Economic Aspect. +The Basis of Wages. Incentive Payments. Profit Sharing. +Premium Places. Rewarding Individual Efforts. +Two-rate wages. Energy as a Commodity. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Principles of Industrial Philosophy.”</span> Presented at the +Annual Meeting of the A. S. of M. E., December, 1920. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Equipment and Machinery.”</span> Y. M. C. A. Association Press. 1921. N. Y. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Organization and Management.”</span> Y. M. C. A. Association Press. 1921. N. Y. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Quo Vadis America?”</span> In preparation. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page263">[pg 263]</span><a name="Pg263" id="Pg263" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Steinmetz, Charles P.</span></span>: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“America and the New Epoch.”</span> Harper & Brothers. 1916. N. Y. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Selection from Contents: The Individualistic Era: From +Competition to Co-operation. England in the Individualistic +Era. Germany in the Individualistic Era. The +Other European Nations in the Individualistic Era. +America in the Individualistic Era. Evolution: Industrial +Government. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Incentive and Initiative.”</span> Y. M. C. A. Association Press. 1921. N. Y. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Wolf, Robert B.:</span></span> Pamphlets. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Individuality in Industry.”</span> Bulletin of the Society to +promote the Science of Management. Vol. I. No. 4. +August, 1915. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“The Creative Workman.”</span> Technical Association of the +Pulp and Paper Industry. 1918. N. Y. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Non-Financial Incentives.”</span> Presented at the Annual +Meeting of the A. S. of M. E. December, 1918. N. Y. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Modern Industry and the Individual.”</span> A. W. Shaw & Co. +1919. N. Y. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Securing the Initiative of the Workman.”</span> American Economic +Association. 1919. N. Y. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Creative Spirit in Industry.”</span> Y. M. C. A. Association +Press. 1921. N. Y. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +MISCELLANEOUS LIST OF BOOKS +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Von Bernhardi</span></span>, General F.: <span class="tei tei-q">“Germany and the Next War.”</span> +E. Arnold, London. 1912. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Brandeis, Louis</span></span>: <span class="tei tei-q">“Other People's Money and How the Bankers +Use it.”</span> F. A. Stokes, N. Y. 1914. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Thomas Farrow</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Walter Crotch</span></span>: +<span class="tei tei-q">“The Coming Trade +War.”</span> Chapman & Hall, London. 1916. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hueffer, Ford Maddox</span></span>: <span class="tei tei-q">“When Blood is Their Argument.”</span> +Hodder & Stoughton. 1915. N. Y. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hauser, Henry</span></span>: <span class="tei tei-q">“Germany's Commercial Grip on the World, +Her Business Methods Explained.”</span> E. Nash Co., London. +1917. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Laughlin, J. L.</span></span>: <span class="tei tei-q">“Credit of the Nations.”</span> Scribner's Sons, +N. Y. 1918. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page264">[pg 264]</span><a name="Pg264" id="Pg264" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Maetzu, Ramiro de</span></span>: <span class="tei tei-q">“Authority, Liberty and Function in the +Light of War.”</span> Geo. Allen and Unwin. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Delaisi, Francis</span></span>: French Opinion, <span class="tei tei-q">“The Inevitable War.”</span> +Small, Maynard & Co., Boston. 1915. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Neilson, Francis</span></span>: English Opinion, <span class="tei tei-q">“How Diplomats Make +War.”</span> B. W. Huebsch. 1916. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">By a German</span></span> (German Opinion). <span class="tei tei-q">“J'Accuse!”</span> Hodder & +Stoughton, London. 1915. +</p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-back" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 6.00em"> + <div id="footnotes" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc31" id="toc31"></a> + <a name="pdf32" id="pdf32"></a> + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Footnotes</span></h1> + <dl class="tei tei-list-footnotes"><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_1" name="note_1" href="#noteref_1">1.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To +digress a bit, it may be interesting to add, that population +and the need of people increase in a geometrical progression; +and also that the growth of individuals is limited by the +fact, that they have to absorb their food through surfaces +which as growth goes on increase only as <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">squares</span></em>, while the +bodies to be fed, being volumes, increase in size as <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">cubes</span></em> increase, +as the cubes of the same base grow faster than the squares, +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +2<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> = 4, +2<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">3</span></span> = 8, +3<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> = 9, +3<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">3</span></span> = 27, and so on, +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +it is obvious, that in the infancy of an organism only a part of +the food goes to maintain life, the larger part goes for growth; +when the organism becomes larger, the absorbing surfaces, +growing proportionally to the square, the food is spent to build +the mass of the volume of the body and is spent proportionally +to the cube. Suppose our organism has grown to a size twice +as large, its absorbing capacity has become four times larger, +its volume eight times larger. In case of 3 times, the difference +will be 9 and 27. It is obvious that at some point, all the +absorbed food will be used to maintain life and none will be +left for growth, and this last process will stop. This is another +example which explains how the theory of dimensions is vitally +important in life and shows why it is absolutely essential to +take account of dimensions in the study of life problems. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_2" name="note_2" href="#noteref_2">2.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">An Outline of +the History of the Western European Mind</span></span>, by +James Harvey Robinson. The New School for Social Research, +New York, 1919. This little volume gives condensed statements, +as in a nutshell, of the historical developments of the +human mind and contains a long list of the most substantial +modern books on historical questions. All the further historical +quotations will be taken from this exceptionally valuable little +book, and for convenience they will simply be marked by his +initials—J. H. R.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_3" name="note_3" href="#noteref_3">3.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">(J. H. R.) +<span class="tei tei-q">“Late appearance of a definite theory of progress. +Excessive conservatism of primitive peoples. The Greeks +speculated on the origin of things, but they did not have a conception +of the possibility of indefinite progress ... Progress +of man from the earliest time till the opening of the 17th century +almost altogether unconscious.... Fundamental weakness of +Hellenic learning. It was an imposing collection of speculation, +opinions, and guesses, which, however brilliant and ingenious +they might be, were based on a very slight body of exact knowledge, +and failed to recognize the fundamental necessity of +painful scientific research, aided by apparatus. There was no +steady accumulation of knowledge to offset the growing emotional +distrust of reason.... Unfulfilled promise of Hellenistic +science. Influence of slavery in checking the development of +science.... The deficiencies of Medieval culture. All the +weaknesses of the Hellenic reasoning, combined with those of +the Christian Fathers, underlay what appeared to be a most +logically elaborated and definitive system of thought. Defects +of the university education.... Little history of Natural +science, in our sense of the word, taught in the universities.... Copernicus, +<span class="tei tei-q">‘De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium.’</span> Libri +VI, 1543.... Copernicus' own introduction acknowledges +his debt to ancient philosophers. Still believed in fixed Starry +Sphere. His discovery had little immediate effect on prevailing +notions. Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) made it his chief +business to think out and set forth in Latin and Italian the +implications of the discovery of Copernicus.... Bruno burned +by the Inquisition at Rome.... Keppler (1571-1630) and +his discovery of the elliptical orbits of the planets. Galileo +(1564-1642). His telescope speedily improved so as to magnify +32 diameters. His attitude toward the Copernican theory, +which was condemned by Roman Inquisition 1616.... Galileo's +chief discoveries were in physics and mechanics. +Isaac Newton (1642-1727) proved that the laws of falling +bodies apply to the heavens. This made a deep impression +and finally the newer conceptions of the universe began to be +popularized.... Lord Bacon (1561-1626), the <span class="tei tei-q">‘Buccinator’</span> +of experimental and applied modern science.... His lively +appreciation of the existing obstacles to scientific advance; the +idols of the tribe, cave, market-place, and theatre.... Necessity +of escaping from the scholastic methods of <span class="tei tei-q">‘tumbling up +and down in our reasons and conceits,’</span> and studying the world +about us. Undreamed of achievements possible if only the +right method of research be followed ... the distrust of +ancient authority.... Descartes (1596-1650), ... he proposed +to reach the truth through analysis and clear ideas, on +the assumption that God will not deceive.... His fundamental +interest in mathematics.... His claim to originality and his +rejection of all authority.... Obstacles to scientific advance; +the universities still dominated by Aristotle; the theological +faculties; the censorship of the press exercised by both church +and state; ...”</span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_4" name="note_4" href="#noteref_4">4.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(J. H. R.) +<span class="tei tei-q">“Phases of religious complex. <span class="tei tei-q">‘Religious,’</span> a +vague and comprehensive term applied to: (1) certain classes +of emotions (awe, dependence, self-distrust, aspirations, etc.); +(2) Conduct, which may take the form of distinctive religious +acts (ceremonies, sacrifices, prayers, <span class="tei tei-q">‘good works’</span>) or the +observance of what in primitive conditions are recognized as +<span class="tei tei-q">‘taboos’</span>; (3) Priestly, or ecclesiastical organizations; (4) +Beliefs about supernatural beings and man's relations to them: +the latter may take the form of revelation and be reduced to +creeds and become the subject of elaborate theological speculations.</span> +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Association of religion with the supernatural; religion has +always had for its primary object the attainment of a satisfactory +adjustment to, or a successful control over, the supernatural.... The +cultural mind viewed as the product of a +long and hazardous process of accumulation.... Spontaneous +generation of superstitions. Prevalence of symbolism, mana, +animism, magic, fetishism, totemism; the taboo (cf. our modern +idea of <span class="tei tei-q">‘principle’</span>), the sacred, clean and unclean; <span class="tei tei-q">‘dream +logic’</span>—spontaneous rationalizing or <span class="tei tei-q">‘jumping at conclusions’</span>;... The +16th book of the Theodosian Code contains edicts +relating to the Church issued by the Roman Emperors during +the 4th and 5th centuries. They make it a crime to disagree +with the Church; they provide harsh penalties for heretical +teaching and writing, and grant privileges to the orthodox +clergy (exemptions from regular taxes and benefit of the clergy).... Christianity +becomes a monopoly defended by the state.... Psychological +power and attraction in the elaborate +symbolism and ritual of the church.... Allegory put an end +to all literary criticism.... Flourishing of the miraculous; +any unusual or startling occurrence attributed to the intervention +of either God or the Devil.... Older conceptions of +disease as caused by the Devil.... Our legal expression +<span class="tei tei-q">‘act of God’</span> confined to unforseeable natural disasters. How +with a growing appreciation for natural law and a chastened +taste in wonders, miracles have tended to become a source of +intellectual distress and bewilderment.... Protestants shared +with Roman Catholics the horror of <span class="tei tei-q">‘rationalists’</span> and <span class="tei tei-q">‘free-thinkers.’</span> +The leaders of both parties agreed in hampering +and denouncing scientific discoveries.... Witchcraft in its +modern form emerges clearly in the 15th century.... Great +prevalence of witchcraft during the 16th and 17th centuries in +Protestant and Catholic countries, alike.... Trial of those +suspected of sorcery. Tortures to force confession. The +witches' mark. Penalties, burning alive, strangling, hanging. +Tens of thousands of innocent persons perished.... Those +who tried to discredit witchcraft denounced as <span class="tei tei-q">‘Sadducees’</span> +and atheists.... The psychology of intolerance. Fear, vested +interests, the comfortable nature of the traditional and the +habitual. The painful appropriation of new ideas.... The +intolerance of the Catholic Church: a natural result of its state-like +organization and claims.... Its doctrine of exclusive +salvation and its conception of heresy both sanctioned by the +state. Doubt and error regarded as sinful.... Beginnings +of censorship of the press after the invention of printing, licensing +of ecclesiastical and civil authorities.... Protestants of +16th century accept the theory of intolerance.”</span></p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_5" name="note_5" href="#noteref_5">5.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">(J. H. R.) <span class="tei tei-q">“The +Socio-psychological foundations of conservatism: +Primitive natural reverence for the familiar and habitual +greatly reenforced by religion and law. Natural conservatism +of all professions. Those who suffer most from existing institutions +commonly, helplessly accept the situation as inevitable. +Position of the conservative; he urges the impossibility of altering +<span class="tei tei-q">‘human nature’</span> and warns against the disasters of revolution. +Conservatism in the light of history: History would seem +to discredit conservatism completely as a working principle in +view of the past achievements of mankind in the recent past +and the possibilities which opened before us.... Futility of +the appeal of the conservative to human nature as an obstacle +to progress.... Culture can not be transmitted hereditarily +but can be accumulated through education and modified indefinitely.”</span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_6" name="note_6" href="#noteref_6">6.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">(J. H. R.) +<span class="tei tei-q">“Formulation and establishment of the evolutionary +hypothesis. Discovery of the great age of the earth; ... +gradual development of the evolutionary theory.... +Darwin's <span class="tei tei-q">‘Origin of the Species,’</span> 1859. Herbert Spencer +(1820-1903).... Haeckel (1834-1919) and others clarify, +defend and popularize the new doctrine. Subsequent development +of the evolutionary doctrine by Mendel, Weisman, DeVries +and others. Weakening of the special creation theory by other +evidence such as archeology and biblical criticism. The significance +of the doctrine for intellectual history. Character of the +opposition to the evolutionary theory. Popular confusion of +<span class="tei tei-q">‘Darwinism’</span> with <span class="tei tei-q">‘evolution.’</span> Revolutionary effects of the +new point of view. Does away with conception of fixed species +(Platonic ideas) that had previously dominated speculation. +The genetic method adopted in all the organic sciences, including +the newer social sciences. Problem of adjusting history to the +discoveries of the past 50 years. Bearing of evolution on the +theory of progress. Organic evolution and social evolution.”</span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_7" name="note_7" href="#noteref_7">7.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">(J. H. R.) <span class="tei tei-q">“The +Deists and philosophers destroy the older +theological anthropology and reassert the dignity of man; the +growth of criticism and liberalism has made the analysis of +social institutions somewhat less dangerous; the general growth +of knowledge has reacted in a stimulating way upon the sciences +of society; the great increase in the number, complexity and +intensity of social problems has proved a strong incentive to +social science; The Darwinian hypothesis has rendered preposterous +any conception of a wholly static social system. However, +the modern social sciences in our capitalistic order meet +much the same resistance from the <span class="tei tei-q">‘vested interests’</span> that +theological radicalism encountered in the Middle Ages, and +social science has in no way approached the objectivity and +progressiveness of present day natural science.... Grave +effects of vested rights in hampering experiments and readjustments.... +Obstacles to readjustment presented by consecrated +traditions.... Influence of modern commercialism in the +inordinate development of organization and regimentation in +our present educational system. Psychological disadvantages +of our conventional examination system. As yet our education +has not been brought into close relation with prevailing conditions +of our ever increasing knowledge.... Excellent aims +and small achievements of sociology in practical results. +(<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Because of absolute lack of any scientific base.</span></em> Author.) General +nature of the problem of social reform: psychological +problems involved in social reform movements: violent resistance +of the group to that criticism of the existing institutions, +which must precede any effective social reform....”</span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_8" name="note_8" href="#noteref_8">8.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">(J. H. R.) +<span class="tei tei-q">“During the past two centuries the application +of the scientific discoveries to daily life has revolutionized +our methods of supplying our economic needs, our social and +intellectual life, and the whole range of the relations of mankind. +The impulse of invention, iron, coal, and steam essential to the +development of machinery on a large scale; machinery has in +turn begotten the modern factory with its vast organized labor, +the modern city and finally, our well nigh perfect means of +rapid human inter-communication. The tremendous increase +in the production of wealth and the growing interdependence of +nations has opened up a vast range of speculation in regard to +the betterment of mankind to the abolition or reduction of poverty, +ignorance, disease, and war.... Man advances from a +tool-using to a machine-controlling animal. The rise of the +factory system; the concentration and localization of industry; +increased division of labor and specialization of industrial processes. +The great increase in the volume of capital and in the +extent of investments; the separation of capital and labor and +the growth of impersonal economic relationship. Problems of +capital and labor; unemployment and the labor of women and +children; labor organizations. Increased productivity and the +expansion of commerce. Industrial processes become dynamic +and everchanging—a complete reversal of the old stability, repetition +and isolation.”</span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_9" name="note_9" href="#noteref_9">9.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It may +be contended by some that animals have been making +<span class="tei tei-q">“progress”</span> or some may say that animals also <span class="tei tei-q">“bind-time.”</span> +This use of words would again become mere verbalism, a mere +talking about words—mere speculation having nothing to do +with <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">facts</span></em> or with correct thinking, in which there is no intermixing +of dimensions. The peculiar faculty belonging exclusively +to humans which I designate as <span class="tei tei-q">“time-binding”</span> I have clearly +defined as an <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">exponential function</span></em> +of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">time</span></em> in the following chapter. +If people are pleased to talk about the <span class="tei tei-q">“progress”</span> of animals, +they can hardly fail to see clearly that it differs both in function +and in type or dimension from what is rightly meant by human +progress; human time-binding capacity lies in an entirely different +dimension from that of animals. So, if any persons wish +to talk of animal <span class="tei tei-q">“progress”</span> or animal <span class="tei tei-q">“time-binding,”</span> they +should invent a suitable word for it to save them from the +blunder of confusing types or mixing dimensions.</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This mathematical discrimination between classes, types, +dimensions is of the utmost importance in the natural sciences, +because of the transmutation of species. To adjust the Darwin +theory to dimensionality is a somewhat more difficult problem; +it involves the concept of the <span class="tei tei-q">“continuum”</span>; but with the +modern theory of de Vries, these things are self evident. If +animals really progress, which is doubtful because they are an +older form of life than humans and they have not shown any +noticeable progress to the knowledge of man, their progress is +so small in comparison with man's that it may be said, in mathematical +terms, to be <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">negligible</span></em> as an infinitesimal of higher order.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_10" name="note_10" href="#noteref_10">10.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It must +be remembered here that our world is, first of all, a +dynamic conglomeration of matter and energy, which to-day, as +well as in the first period of primitive organic life, took and takes +different known and unknown forms. One of these forms of +energy is the chemical energy, with its tendency to combinations +and exchanges. Different elements act in different ways. The +history of the earth and its life is simply the history of different +chemical periods, with different transformations of energy. A +strange fact is to be noticed about nitrogen. Nitrogen chemically +has an exceptional inertness toward most other substances, +but once it is a component part of a substance, almost all of these +combinations are a very powerful source of energy, and all of +them have a very strong effect upon organic life. Nitric acid +acts through oxidation, the substances are burned up by the +oxygen given off from the acid. Nitric acid occurs in nature, +in a combination called nitrates. From the soil the nitrates +pass into the plant. Nitrite of amyl acts upon our organs in a +most violent and spasmodic way. Nitrous oxide is the so-called +laughing gas.</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Alkaloids are compounds of a vegetable origin, generally of +complex composition and capable of producing marked effects +upon animals. They all contain nitrogen. Explosives which +are a chemical means of storing tremendous amounts of energy, +are mostly of some nitrogenous compound. Albumen is an +organic compound of great importance in life, which, besides +being the characteristic ingredient in the white of an egg, abounds +in the serum of the blood and forms an important part of the +muscles and brain. Albuminoids play the most vital rôle in +plant life and are an extensive class of organic bodies found in +plants and animals, as they are found to form the chief constituents +of blood, nerves. All albuminoids found in animals are +produced by the processes fulfilled in plants. Their exact +constitution is not known; analysis shows that they contain +approximately: Carbon 50-55%, Hydrogen 6.9-7.5%, Nitrogen +15-19%, Oxygen 20-24%, Sulphur 0.3-2.0%. Venous blood +contains in 100 volumes: Nitrogen, 13; Carbonic Acid, 71.6; +Oxygen, 15.3. Arterial blood: Nitrogen, 14.5; Carbonic Acid, +62.3; Oxygen, 23.2.</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-q">“Nitrogenous compounds in general, are extremely prone to +decomposition; their decomposition often involving a sudden +and great evolution of force. We see that substances classed +as ferments ... are all nitrogenous ... and we see that +even in organisms and parts of organisms where the activities +are least, such changes as do take place are initiated by a substance +containing nitrogen.... We see that organic matter is +so constituted that small incidental actions are capable of +initiating great reaction and liberating large quantities of power.... The +seed of a plant contains nitrogenous substances in a +far higher ratio than the rest of the plant; and the seed differs +from the rest of the plant in its ability to initiate ... extensive +vital changes—the changes constituting germination. Similarly +in the bodies of animals ... in every living vegetal cell +there is a certain part that contains nitrogen. This part initiates +these changes which constitute the development of the cell.... It +is a curious and significant fact that, in technology, we not +only utilize the same principle of initiating extensive changes +among comparatively stable compounds by the help of compounds +much less stable, but we employ for the purpose compounds +of the same general class. Our modern method of +firing a gun is to place in close proximity with the gunpowder +which we choose to decompose or explode, a small portion of +fulminating powder, which is decomposed or exploded with +extreme facility, and which on decomposing, communicates +the consequent molecular disturbances to the less easily decomposed +gunpowder. When we ask what this fulminating powder +is composed of, we find that it is a nitrogenous salt.”</span>—Spencer.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_11" name="note_11" href="#noteref_11">11.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Of +course, the geometric progression does not represent +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">precisely</span></em> the law of human progression; it is here employed +because it is familiar and serves, better perhaps than any other +simple mathematical means, to show <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">roughly</span></em> how human progress +goes on. The essential elements of a progression are the +first term <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">P</span></span> and the ratio <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">R</span></span> +and the number of the terms <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">T</span></span>; +in the human progression +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">PR</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">1</span></span><span style="font-style: italic">, +PR</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">2</span></span><span style="font-style: italic">, +PR</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">3</span></span><span style="font-style: italic">, ... +PR</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">T</span></span><span style="font-style: italic">, P</span></span> is the +starting status of the first generation, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">R</span></span> is the peculiar capacity +of humans to bind time and is a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">free gift</span></em> and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">law</span></em> +of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">nature</span></em>, +which it would be folly not to recognize and accept as such, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">T</span></span> is time, or number of generations. It is obvious that the +magnitude, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">PR</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">T</span></span></span>, +is entirely dependent on the magnitudes of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">PR</span></span>, +and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">T</span></span>. The existence of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">R</span></span> +and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">T</span></span> is independent of humans, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">R</span></span> being a law of nature, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">T</span></span> +a gift of nature, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">P</span></span> the starting status +of the initial generation. With <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">P = 0</span></span> or +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">R = 0</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">there would +be no progress</span></span> or progression at all; each term in the case +of human progression is mainly dependent upon the time and +the work done by the dead. The existence of +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">R</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">T</span></span> is entirely +beyond human control. Humans can control only the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">magnitude</span></span> +of those elements by education. Here comes the tremendous +responsibility of education. It is not necessary to +use much imagination to see that if humanity had always been +rightly educated, science would have long ago discovered the +natural forces and laws essential to human welfare, and human +misery would to-day be relatively small.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_12" name="note_12" href="#noteref_12">12.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See +<a href="#Appendix_III" class="tei tei-ref">Appendix III</a>.</dd></dl> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <div id="pgfooter" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"><pre class="pre tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MANHOOD OF HUMANITY.*** +</pre><hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><a name="rightpageheader33" id="rightpageheader33"></a><a name="pgtoc34" id="pgtoc34"></a><a name="pdf35" id="pdf35"></a><h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Credits</span></h1><table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr><th class="tei tei-label tei-label-gloss">May 13, 2008 </th></tr><tr><td class="tei tei-item"><table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Project Gutenberg TEI edition 1</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item"><span class="tei tei-respStmt"> + <span class="tei tei-name"> + Produced by Greg Weeks, La Monte H.P. 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