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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Addresses on the Revised Version of Holy
+Scripture, by C. J. Ellicott
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Addresses on the Revised Version of Holy Scripture
+
+
+Author: C. J. Ellicott
+
+
+
+Release Date: May 9, 2008  [eBook #25412]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ADDRESSES ON THE REVISED VERSION
+OF HOLY SCRIPTURE***
+
+
+Transcribed from the 1901 Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge
+edition by David Price, email ccx074@pglaf.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Addresses on the Revised
+Version of Holy
+Scripture.
+
+
+                                    BY
+                          C. J. ELLICOTT, D.D.,
+
+                          BISHOP OF GLOUCESTER,
+            AND HON. FELLOW OF ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE.
+
+          PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE TRACT COMMITTEE.
+
+                                 LONDON:
+                SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE,
+       NORTHUMBERLAND AVENUE, W.C.; 43 QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, E.C.
+                       BRIGHTON: 129 NORTH STREET.
+                     NEW YORK: E. & J. B. YOUNG & CO.
+                                  1901.
+
+
+
+
+PREFATORY NOTE.
+
+
+The following Addresses form the Charge to the Archdeaconry of
+Cirencester at the Visitation held at the close of October in the present
+year.  The object of the Charge, as the opening words and the tenor of
+the whole will abundantly indicate, is seriously to suggest the question,
+whether the time has not now arrived for the more general use of the
+Revised Version at the lectern in the public service of the Church.
+
+                                                         C. J. GLOUCESTER.
+
+_October_, 1901.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+                                                                      PAGE
+            ADDRESS I.  EARLY HISTORY OF REVISION                        5
+                ,, II.  LATER HISTORY OF REVISION                       17
+               ,, III.  HEBREW AND GREEK TEXT                           48
+                ,, IV.  NATURE OF THE RENDERINGS                        81
+                 ,, V.  PUBLIC USE OF THE VERSION                      117
+
+
+
+
+
+ADDRESS I.
+EARLY HISTORY OF REVISION.
+
+
+As there now seem to be sufficient grounds for thinking that ere long the
+Revised Version of Holy Scripture will obtain a wider circulation and
+more general use than has hitherto been accorded to it, it seems
+desirable that the whole subject of the Revised Version, and its use in
+the public services of the Church, should at last be brought formally
+before the clergy and laity, not only of this province, but of the whole
+English Church.
+
+Twenty years have passed away since the appearance of the Revised Version
+of the New Testament, and the presentation of it by the writer of these
+pages to the Convocation of Canterbury on May 17, 1881.  Just four more
+years afterwards, viz. on April 30, 1885, the Revised Version of the Old
+Testament was laid before the same venerable body by the then Bishop of
+Winchester (Bp. Harold Browne), and, similarly to the Revised Version of
+the New Testament, was published simultaneously in this country and
+America.  It was followed, after a somewhat long interval, by the Revised
+Version of the Apocrypha, which was laid before Convocation by the writer
+of these pages on February 12, 1896.
+
+The revision of the Authorised Version has thus been in the hands of the
+English-speaking reader sixteen years, in the case of the Canonical
+Scriptures, and five years in the case of the Apocrypha--periods of time
+that can hardly be considered insufficient for deciding generally,
+whether, and to what extent, the Revised Version should be used in the
+public services of the Church.
+
+I have thus thought it well, especially after the unanimous resolution of
+the Upper House of the Convocation of Canterbury, three years ago {6},
+and the very recent resolution of the House of Laymen, to place before
+you the question of the use of the Revised Version in the public services
+of the Church, as the ultimate subject of this charge.  I repeat, as the
+ultimate subject, for no sound opinion on the public use of this version
+can possibly be formed unless some general knowledge be acquired, not
+only of the circumstances which paved the way for the revision of the
+time-honoured version of 1611, but also of the manner in which the
+revision was finally carried out.  We cannot properly deal with a
+question so momentous as that of introducing a revised version of God's
+Holy Word into the services of the Church, without knowing, at least in
+outline, the whole history of the version which we are proposing to
+introduce.  This history then I must now place before you from its very
+commencement, so far as memory and a nearly life-long connexion with the
+subject enable me to speak.
+
+The true, though remote fountain-head of revision, and, more
+particularly, of the revision of the New Testament, must be regarded as
+the grammar written by a young academic teacher, George Benedict Winer,
+as far back as 1822, bearing the title of a Grammar of the Language of
+the New Testament.  It was a vigorous protest against the arbitrary, and
+indeed monstrous licence of interpretation which prevailed in
+commentaries on Holy Scripture of the eighteenth and nineteenth
+centuries.  It met with at first the fate of all assaults on prevailing
+unscientific procedures, but its value and its truth were soon
+recognized.  The volume passed through several successively improved
+editions, until in 1855 the sixth edition was reached, and issued with a
+new and interesting preface by the then distinguished and veteran writer.
+This edition formed the basis of the admirable and admirably supplemented
+translation of my lamented and highly esteemed friend Dr. Moulton, which
+was published in 1870, passed through a second edition six years
+afterwards, and has, since that time, continued to be a standard grammar,
+in an English dress, of the Greek Testament down to this day.
+
+The claim that I have put forward for this remarkable book as the
+fountain-head of revision can easily be justified when we call to memory
+how very patently the volume, in one or another of its earlier editions,
+formed the grammatical basis of the commentaries of De Wette and Meyer,
+and, here in England, of the commentary of Alford, and of critical and
+grammatical commentaries on some of St. Paul's Epistles with which my own
+name was connected.  It was to Winer that we were all indebted for that
+greater accuracy of interpretation of the Greek Testament which was
+recognized and welcomed by readers of the New Testament at the time I
+mention, and produced effects which had a considerable share in the
+gradual bringing about of important movements that almost naturally
+followed.
+
+What came home to a large and increasing number of earnest and
+truth-seeking readers of the New Testament was this--that there were
+inaccuracies and errors in the current version of the Holy Scriptures,
+and especially of the New Testament, which plainly called for
+consideration and correction, and further brought home to very many of us
+that this could never be brought about except by an authoritative
+revision.
+
+This general impression spread somewhat rapidly; and soon after the
+middle of the last century it began to take definite shape.  The subject
+of the revision of the Authorised Version of the New Testament found a
+place in the religious and other periodicals of the day {10a}, and as the
+time went on was the subject of numerous pamphlets, and was alluded to
+even in Convocation {10b} and Parliament {10c}.  As yet however there had
+been no indication of the sort of revision that was desired by its
+numerous advocates, and fears were not unnaturally entertained as to the
+form that a revision might ultimately take.  It was feared by many that
+any authoritative revision might seriously impair the acceptance and
+influence of the existing and deeply reverenced version of Holy
+Scripture, and, to use language which expressed apprehensions that were
+prevailing at the time, might seriously endanger the cause of sound
+religion in our Church and in our nation.
+
+There was thus a real danger, unless some forward step was quickly and
+prudently taken, that the excitement might gradually evaporate, and the
+movement for revision might die out, as has often been the case in regard
+of the Prayer Book, into the old and wonted acquiescence of the past.
+
+It was just at this critical time that an honoured and influential
+churchman, who was then the popular and successful secretary of the
+Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, Rev. Ernest Hawkins,
+afterwards Canon of Westminster, came forward and persuaded a few of us,
+who had the happiness of being his friends, to combine and publish a
+version of one of the books of the New Testament which might practically
+demonstrate to friends and to opponents what sort of a revision seemed
+desirable under existing circumstances.  After it had been completed we
+described it "as a _tentamen_, a careful endeavour, claiming no finality,
+inviting, rather than desiring to exclude, other attempts of the same
+kind, calling the attention of the Church to the many and anxious
+questions involved in rendering the Holy Scriptures into the vernacular
+language, and offering some help towards the settlement of those
+questions {12}."
+
+The portion of Scripture selected was the Gospel according to St. John.
+Those who undertook the revision were five in number:--Dr. Barrow, the
+then Principal of St. Edmund's Hall, Oxford; Dr. Moberly, afterwards
+Bishop of Salisbury; Rev. Henry Alford, afterwards Dean of Canterbury;
+Rev. W. G. Humphry, Vicar of St. Martin's in the Fields; and lastly, the
+writer of this charge.  Mr. Ernest Hawkins, busy as he was, acted to a
+great extent as our secretary, superintended arrangements, and encouraged
+and assisted us in every possible manner.  Our place of meeting was the
+library of our hospitable colleague Mr. Humphry.  We worked in the
+greatest possible harmony, and happily and hopefully concluded our
+Revision of the Authorised Version of the Gospel of St. John in the month
+of March, 1857.
+
+Our labours were introduced by a wise and attractive preface, written
+mainly by Dr. Moberly, in the lucid, reverent, and dignified language
+that marked everything that came from the pen of the late Bishop of
+Salisbury.
+
+The effect produced by this _tentamen_ was indisputably great.  The work
+itself was of course widely criticized, but for the most part favourably
+{13}.  The principles laid down in the preface were generally considered
+reasonable, and the possibilities of an authoritative revision distinctly
+increased.  The work in fact became a kind of object lesson.
+
+It showed plainly that there _were_ errors in the Authorised Version that
+needed correction.  It further showed that their removal and the
+introduction of improvements in regard of accuracy did not involve,
+either in quantity or quality, the changes that were generally
+apprehended.  And lastly, it showed in its results that _scholars_ of
+different habits of thought could combine in the execution of such a work
+without friction or difficulty.
+
+In regard of the Greek text but little change was introduced.  The basis
+of our translation was the third edition of Stephens, from which we only
+departed when the amount of external evidence in favour of a different
+reading was plainly overwhelming.  As we ourselves state in the preface,
+"our object was to revise a version, not to frame a text."  We should
+have obscured this one purpose if we had entered into textual criticism.
+
+Such was the tentative version which prepared the way for authoritative
+revision.
+
+More need not be said on this early effort.  The version of the Gospel of
+St. John passed through three editions.  The Epistles to the Romans and
+Corinthians appeared in 1858, and the first three of the remaining
+Epistles (Galatians, Ephesians, and Philippians) in 1861.  The third
+edition of the Revision of the Authorised Version of St. John was issued
+in 1863, with a preface in which the general estimate of the revision was
+discussed, and the probability indicated of some authoritative procedure
+in reference to the whole question.  As our little band had now been
+reduced to four, and its general aim and object had been realized, we did
+not deem it necessary to proceed with a work which had certainly helped
+to remove most of the serious objections to authoritative revision.  Our
+efforts were helped by many treatises on the subject which were then
+appearing from time to time, and, to a considerable extent, by the
+important work of Professor, afterwards Archbishop, Trench, entitled "On
+the Authorised Version of the New Testament in connexion with some recent
+proposals for its revision."  This appeared in 1858.  After the close of
+our tentative revision in 1863, the active friends (as they may be
+termed) of the movement did but little except, from time to time, confer
+with one another on the now yearly improving prospects of authoritative
+revision.  In 1869 Dean Alford published a small handy revised version of
+the whole of the Greek Testament, and, a short time afterwards, I
+published a small volume on the "Revision of the English Version," in
+which I sought to show how large an amount of the fresh and vigorous
+translation of Tyndale was present in the Authorised Version, and how
+little of this would ever be likely to disappear in any authoritatively
+revised version of the future.  Some estimate also was made of the amount
+of changes likely to be introduced in a sample portion of the Gospels.  A
+few months later, a very valuable volume ("On a Fresh Revision of the New
+Testament") was published by Professor, afterwards Bishop, Lightfoot,
+which appeared most seasonably, just as the long-looked-for hope of a
+revision of the Authorised Version of God's Holy Word was about to be
+realized.
+
+All now was ready for a definite and authoritative commencement.  Of
+this, and of the later history of Revision, a brief account will be given
+in the succeeding Address.
+
+
+
+
+ADDRESS II.
+LATER HISTORY OF REVISION.
+
+
+We are now arrived at the time when what was simple tentative and
+preparatory passed into definite and authoritative realization.
+
+The initial step was taken on February 10, 1870, in the Upper House of
+the Convocation of Canterbury.  The Bishop of Oxford, seconded by the
+Bishop of Gloucester, proposed the subjoined resolution, which it may be
+desirable to give in the exact words in which it was presented to the
+House, as indicating the caution with which it was framed, and also the
+indirectly expressed hope (unfortunately not realized) of the concurrence
+of the Northern Convocation.  The resolution was as follows:
+
+    "That a committee of both Houses be appointed, with power to confer
+    with any committee that may be appointed by the Convocation of the
+    Northern Province, to report upon the desirableness of a revision of
+    the Authorised Version of the New Testament, whether by marginal
+    notes or otherwise, in those passages where plain and clear errors,
+    whether in the Hebrew or Greek text originally adopted by the
+    translators, or in the translations made from the same, shall on due
+    investigation be found to exist."
+
+In the course of the debate that followed the resolution was amended by
+the insertion of the words "Old and," so as to include both Testaments,
+and, so amended, was unanimously accepted by the Upper House, and at once
+sent down to the Lower House.  After debate it was accepted by them, and,
+having been thus accepted by both Houses, formed the basis of all the
+arrangements, rules, and regulations which speedily followed.
+
+Into all of these it is not necessary for me to enter except so far as
+plainly to demonstrate that the Convocation of Canterbury, on thus
+undertaking one of the greatest works ever attempted by Convocation
+during its long and eventful history, followed every course, adopted
+every expedient, and carefully took every precaution to bring the great
+work it was preparing to undertake to a worthy and a successful issue.
+
+It may be well, then, here briefly to notice, that in accordance with the
+primary resolution which I have specified, a committee was appointed of
+eight members of the Upper House, and, in accordance with the regular
+rule, sixteen members of the Lower House, with power, as specified, to
+confer with the Convocation of York.  The members of the Upper House were
+as follows: the Bishops of Winchester (Wilberforce), St. Davids
+(Thirlwall), Llandaff (Ollivant), Salisbury (Moberly), Ely (Harold
+Browne, afterwards of Winchester), Lincoln (Wordsworth; who soon after
+withdrew), Bath and Wells (Lord Arthur Hervey), and myself.
+
+The members of the Lower House were the Prolocutor (Dr. Bickersteth, Dean
+of Lichfield), the Deans of Canterbury (Alford), Westminster (Stanley),
+and Lincoln (Jeremie); the Archdeacons of Bedford (Rose), Exeter
+(Freeman), and Rochester (Grant); Chancellor Massingberd; Canons
+Blakesley, How, Selwyn, Swainson, Woodgate; Dr. Jebb, Dr. Kay, and Mr. De
+Winton.
+
+Before, however, this committee reported, at the next meeting of
+Convocation in May, and on May 3 and May 5, the following five
+resolutions, which have the whole authority of Convocation behind them,
+were accepted unanimously by the Upper House, and by large majorities in
+the Lower House:
+
+    "1.  That it is desirable that a revision of the Authorised Version
+    of the Holy Scriptures be undertaken.
+
+    2.  That the revision be so conducted as to comprise both marginal
+    renderings and such emendations as it may be found necessary to
+    insert in the text of the Authorised Version.
+
+    3.  That in the above resolutions we do not contemplate any new
+    translation of the Bible, nor any alteration of the language, except
+    where, in the judgement of the most competent scholars, such change
+    is necessary.
+
+    4.  That in such necessary changes, the style of the language
+    employed in the existing version be closely followed.
+
+    5.  That it is desirable that Convocation should nominate a body of
+    its own members to undertake the work of revision, who shall be at
+    liberty to invite the co-operation of any eminent for scholarship, to
+    whatever nation or religious body they may belong."
+
+These are the fundamental rules of Convocation, as formally expressed by
+the Upper and Lower Houses of this venerable body.  The second and third
+rules deserve our especial attention in reference to the amount of the
+emendations and alterations which have been introduced during the work of
+revision.  This amount, it is now constantly said, is not only excessive,
+but in distinct contravention of the rules which were laid down by
+Convocation.  A responsible and deeply respected writer, the late Bishop
+of Wakefield, only a few years ago plainly stated in a well-known
+periodical {21} that the revisers "largely exceeded their instructions,
+and did not adhere to the principles they were commissioned to follow."
+This is a very grave charge, but can it be substantiated?  The second and
+third rules, taken together, refer change to consciously felt necessity
+on the part of "the most competent scholars," and these last-mentioned
+must surely be understood to be those who were deliberately chosen for
+the work.  In the subsequently adopted rule of the committee of
+Convocation the criterion of this consciously felt necessity was to be
+faithfulness to the original.  All then that can justly be said in
+reference to the Revisers is this,--not that they exceeded their
+instructions (a very serious charge), but that their estimate of what
+constituted faithfulness, and involved the necessity of change, was, from
+time to time, in the judgement of their critic, mistaken or exaggerated.
+Such language however as that used in reference to the changes made by
+the Revisers as "unnecessary and uninstructive alterations," and
+"irritating trivialities," was a somewhat harsh form of expressing the
+judgement arrived at.
+
+But to proceed.  On the presentation of the Report it was stated that the
+committee had not been able to confer with the Northern Convocation, as
+no committee had been appointed by them.  It was commonly supposed that
+the Northern President (Abp. of York) was favourable to revision, but the
+two Houses, who at that time sat together, had taken a very different
+view {22}, as our President informed us that he had received a
+communication from the Convocation of York to the effect that--"The
+Authorised Version of the English Bible is accepted, not only by the
+Established Church, but also by the Dissenters and by the whole of the
+English-speaking people of the world, as their standard of faith; and
+that although blemishes existed in its text such as had, from time to
+time, been pointed out, yet they would deplore any recasting of its text.
+That Convocation accordingly did not think it necessary to appoint a
+committee to co-operate with the committee appointed by the Convocation
+of Canterbury, though favourable to the errors being rectified."
+
+This obviously closed the question of co-operation with the Northern
+Convocation.  We sincerely regretted the decision, as there were many
+able and learned men in the York Convocation whose co-operation we should
+have heartily welcomed.  Delay, however, was now out of the question.
+The working out of the scheme therefore had now become the duty of the
+Convocation that had adopted, and in part formulated, the proposed
+revision.
+
+The course of our proceedings was then as follows:
+
+After the Report of the committee had been accepted by the Upper House,
+and communicated to the Lower House, the following resolution was
+unanimously adopted by the Upper House (May 3, 1870), and in due course
+sent down to the Lower House:
+
+    "That a committee be now appointed to consider and report to
+    Convocation a scheme of revision on the principles laid down in the
+    Report now adopted.  That the Bishops of Winchester, St. Davids,
+    Llandaff, Gloucester and Bristol, Ely, Salisbury, Lincoln, Bath and
+    Wells, be members of the committee.  That the committee be empowered
+    to invite the co-operation of those whom they may judge fit from
+    their biblical scholarship to aid them in their work."
+
+This resolution was followed by a request from the Archbishop that as
+this was a committee of an exceptional character, being in fact an
+executive committee, the Lower House would not appoint, as in ordinary
+committees, twice the number of the members appointed by the Upper House,
+but simply an equal number.  This request, though obviously a very
+reasonable request under the particular circumstances, was not acceded to
+without some debate and even remonstrance.  This, however, was overcome
+and quieted by the conciliatory good sense and firmness of the
+Prolocutor; and, on the following day, the resolution was accepted by the
+Lower House, and the Prolocutor (Bickersteth) with the Deans of
+Canterbury (Alford) and Westminster (Stanley), the Archdeacon of Bedford
+(Rose), Canons Blakesley and Selwyn, Dr. Jebb and Dr. Kay, were appointed
+as members of what now may be called the Permanent Committee.
+
+This Committee had to undertake the responsible duty of choosing experts,
+and, out of them and their own members, forming two Companies, the one
+for the revision of the Authorised Version of the Old Testament, the
+other for the revision of the Authorised Version of the New Testament.
+Rules had to be drawn up, and a general scheme formed for the carrying
+out in detail of the whole of the proposed work.  In this work it may be
+supposed that considerable difficulty would have been found in the choice
+of biblical scholars in addition to those already appointed by
+Convocation.  This, however, did not prove to be the case.  I was at that
+time acting as a kind of informal secretary, and by the friendly help of
+Dr. Moulton and Dr. Gotch of Bristol had secured the names of
+distinguished biblical scholars from the leading Christian bodies in
+England and in Scotland from whom choice would naturally have to be made.
+When we met together finally to choose, there was thus no lack of
+suitable names.
+
+In regard of the many rules that had to be made for the orderly carrying
+out of the work I prepared, after careful conference with the Bishop of
+Winchester, a draft scheme which, so far as I remember, was in the sequel
+substantially adopted by what I have termed the Permanent Committee of
+Convocation.  When, then, this Committee formally met on May 25, 1870,
+the names of those to whom we were empowered to apply were agreed upon,
+and invitations at once sent out.  The members of the Committee had
+already been assigned to their special companies; viz. to the Old
+Testament Company, the Bishops of St. Davids, Llandaff, Ely, Lincoln (who
+soon after resigned), and Bath and Wells; and from the Lower House,
+Archdeacon Rose, Canon Selwyn, Dr. Jebb, and Dr. Kay: to the New
+Testament Company, the Bishops of Winchester, Gloucester and Bristol, and
+Salisbury; and from the Lower House, the Prolocutor, the Deans of
+Canterbury and Westminster, and Canon Blakesley.
+
+Those invited to join the Old Testament were as follows:--Dr. W. L.
+Alexander, Professor Chenery, Canon Cook, Professor A. B. Davidson, Dr.
+B. Davies, Professor Fairbairn, Rev. F. Field, Dr. Gensburg, Dr. Gotch,
+Archdeacon Harrison, Professor Leathes, Professor McGill, Canon Payne
+Smith, Professor J. J. S. Perowne, Professor Plumptre, Canon Pusey, Dr.
+Wright (British Museum), Mr. W. A. Wright of Cambridge, the active and
+valuable secretary of the Company.
+
+Of these Dr. Pusey and Canon Cook declined the invitation.
+
+Those invited to join the New Testament Company were as follows:--Dr.
+Angus, Dr. David Brown, the Archbishop of Dublin (Trench), Dr. Eadie,
+Rev. F. J. A. Hort, Rev. W. G. Humphry, Canon Kennedy, Archdeacon Lee,
+Dr. Lightfoot, Professor Milligan, Professor Moulton, Dr. J. H. Newman,
+Professor Newth, Dr. A. Roberts, Rev. G. Vance Smith, Dr. Scott (Balliol
+College), Rev. F. H. Scrivener, the Bishop of St. Andrews (Wordsworth),
+Dr. Tregelles, Dr. Vaughan, Canon Westcott.
+
+Of these Dr. J. H. Newman declined, and Dr. Tregelles, from feeble health
+and preoccupation on his great work, the critical edition of the New
+Testament, was unable to attend.  It should be here mentioned that soon
+after the formation of the company, Rev. John Troutbeck, Minor Canon of
+Westminster, afterwards Doctor of Divinity, was appointed by the Company
+as their secretary.  A more accurate, punctual, and indefatigable
+secretary it would have been impossible for us to have selected for the
+great and responsible work.
+
+On the same day (May 25, 1870,) the rules for the carrying out of the
+revision, which, as I have mentioned, had been drawn up in draft were all
+duly considered by the committee and carried, and the way left clear and
+open for the commencement of the work.  These rules (copies of which will
+be found in nearly all the prefaces to the Revised Version hitherto
+issued by the Universities) were only the necessary amplifications of the
+fundamental rules passed by the two Houses of Convocation which have been
+already specified.
+
+The first of these subsidiary rules was as follows:--"To introduce as few
+alterations as possible in the text of the Authorised Version
+consistently with faithfulness."  This rule must be read in connexion
+with the first and third fundamental rules and the comments I have
+already made on those rules.
+
+The second of the rules of the committee was as follows:--"To limit, as
+far as possible, the expression of such alterations to the language of
+the Authorised and earlier English versions."  This rule was carefully
+attended to in its reference to the Authorised Version.  I do not however
+remember, in the revision of the version of the New Testament, that we
+often fell back on the renderings of the earlier English versions.  They
+were always before us: but, in reference to other versions where there
+were differences of rendering, we frequently considered the renderings of
+the ancient versions, especially of the Vulgate, Syriac, and Coptic, and
+occasionally of the Gothic and Armenian.  To these, however, the rule
+makes no allusion.
+
+The third rule speaks for itself:--"Each Company to go twice over the
+portion to be revised, once provisionally, the second time finally, and
+on principles of voting as hereinafter is provided."
+
+The fourth rule refers to the very important subject of the text, and is
+an amplification of the last part of the third fundamental rule.  The
+rule of the committee is as follows:--"That the text to be adopted be
+that for which the evidence is decidedly preponderating; and that when
+the text so adopted differs from that from which the Authorised Version
+was made, the alteration be indicated in the margin."  The subject of the
+text is continued in the fifth rule, which is as follows:--"To make or
+retain no change in the text on the second final revision by the Company
+except _two-thirds_ of those present approve of the same, but on the
+first revision to decide by simple majorities."
+
+The sixth rule is of importance, but in the New Testament Company (I do
+not know how it may have been in the Old Testament Company) was very
+rarely acted upon:--"In every case of proposed alteration that may have
+given rise to discussion, to defer the voting thereupon till the next
+meeting, whensoever the same shall be required by one-third of those
+present at the meeting, such intended vote to be announced in the notice
+for the next meeting."  The only occasion on which I can remember this
+rule being called into action was a comparatively unimportant one.  At
+the close of a long day's work we found ourselves differing on the
+renderings of "tomb" or "sepulchre" in one of the narratives of the
+Resurrection.  This was easily and speedily settled the following
+morning.
+
+The seventh rule was as follows:--"To revise the headings of chapters and
+pages, paragraphs, italics, and punctuation."  This rule was very
+carefully attended to except as regards headings of chapters and pages.
+These were soon found to involve so much of indirect, if not even of
+direct interpretation, that both Companies agreed to leave this portion
+of the work to some committee of the two University Presses that they
+might afterwards think fit to appoint.  Small as the work might seem to
+be if only confined to the simple revision of the existing headings, the
+time it would have taken up, if undertaken by the Companies, would
+certainly have been considerable.  I revised, on my own account, the
+headings of the chapters in St. Matthew, and was surprised to find how
+much time was required to do accurately and consistently what might have
+seemed a very easy and inconsiderable work.
+
+The eighth rule was of some importance, though, I think, very rarely
+acted upon: "To refer, on the part of each Company, when considered
+desirable, to divines, scholars, and literary men, whether at home or
+abroad, for their opinions."  How far this was acted on by the Old
+Testament Company I do not know.  In regard of the New Testament Company
+the only instance I can remember, when we availed ourselves of the rule,
+was in reference to our renderings of portions of the twenty-seventh
+chapter of the Acts of the Apostles.  In this particular case we sent our
+sheets to the Admiralty, and asked the First Sea Lord (whom some of us
+knew) kindly to tell us if the expressions we had adopted were nautically
+correct.  I believe this friendly and competent authority did not find
+anything amiss.  It has sometimes been said that it would have been
+better, especially in reference to the New Testament, if this rule had
+been more frequently acted on, and if matters connected with English and
+alterations of rhythm had been brought before a few of our more
+distinguished literary men.  It may be so; though I much doubt whether in
+matters of English the Greek would not always have proved the dominant
+arbiter.  In matters of rhythm it is equally doubtful whether much could
+have been effected by appealing to the ears of others.  At any rate we
+preferred trusting to our own, and adopted, as I shall afterwards
+mention, a mode of testing rhythmical cadence that could hardly have been
+improved upon.
+
+The concluding rule was one of convenience and common sense: "That the
+work of each Company be communicated to the other, as it is completed, in
+order that there may be as little deviation from uniformity in language
+as possible."
+
+All preliminaries were now settled.  The invitations were issued, and,
+with the exceptions of Canon Cook, Dr. Pusey, and Dr. Newman, were
+readily accepted.  Three or four names (Principal Douglas, Professor
+Geden, Dr. Weir, and, I think, Mr. Bensley), were shortly added to those
+already mentioned as invited to join the Old Testament Company, and, in
+less than a month after the meeting of the committee on May 25, both
+Companies had entered upon their responsible work.  On June 22, 1870,
+both Companies, after a celebration of the Holy Communion, previously
+announced by Dean Stanley as intended to be administered by him in
+Westminster Abbey, in the Chapel of Henry VII, commenced the
+long-looked-for revision of the Authorised Version of God's Holy Word.
+The Old Testament Company commenced their work in the Chapter Library;
+the New Testament Company in the Jerusalem Chamber.
+
+The number of the members in each Company was very nearly the same, viz.
+twenty-seven in the Old Testament Company, and, in nominal attendance,
+twenty-six in the New Testament Company.  In the former Company, owing to
+the longer time found necessary for the work (fourteen years), there were
+more changes in the composition of the Company than in the case of the
+latter Company, which completed its work three years and a half before
+its sister Company.  At the close of the work on the New Testament
+(1880), the numbers in each Company were twenty-six and twenty-five; but
+owing to various reasons, and especially the distance of many of the
+members from London, the number in actual and regular attendance was
+somewhat reduced as the years went onward.  How it fared with the Old
+Testament Company I cannot precisely state.  Bishop Harold Browne, after
+his accession to the See of Winchester, was only able to attend twice or
+three times after the year 1875.  In that year Bishop Thirlwall died, and
+Bishop Ollivant ceased to attend, but remained a corresponding member
+till his death in 1882.  Vacancies, I am informed, were filled up till
+October 1875, after which date no new members were added.  The Company,
+however, worked to the very end with great devotion and assiduity.  The
+revision occupied 794 days, and was completed in eighty-five sessions,
+the greater part of which were for ten days each, at about six hours a
+day.
+
+I can speak a little more exactly in reference to the New Testament
+Company.  The time was shorter, and the changes in the composition of the
+Company were fewer.  At the end of the work a record was made out of the
+attendances of the individual members {35}, from which it was easy to
+arrive at the average attendance, which for the whole time was found to
+be as much as sixteen each day.  The number of sessions was 101 of four
+days each, and one of three days, making a total of 407 days in all.
+More than 1,200 days were thus devoted to the work of the revision of the
+Authorised Versions of both Testaments.  The first revision, in the case
+of the New Testament lasted about six years; the second, two years and a
+half.  The remaining two years were spent in the consideration of various
+details and reserved questions, and especially the consideration of the
+suggestions, on our second revision, of the American Revisers, of whose
+work and connexion with the English Revisers it will now be convenient to
+speak.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+The idea of a connexion with America in the great work of revision was
+nearly as early as the movements in Convocation of which an account has
+been given.  It appears that, in the session of Convocation in July,
+1870, it was moved in the Lower House by Lord Alwyne Compton (afterwards
+and now Bishop of Ely) that the committee of Convocation should be
+instructed to invite the co-operation of some American divines.  This was
+at once agreed to by both Houses, and measures were taken to open
+communications with America.  The correspondence was opened by the acting
+Chairman of the New Testament Company (the present writer) in a letter to
+Dr. Angus (dated July 20, 1870 {36}) who was about to visit the United
+States, empowering him to prepare the way for definite action on the part
+of American scholars and divines.  This he did in a letter ("Historical
+Account," p. 31) sent round to American scholars, and especially by
+communication with Dr. Philip Schaff of the Bible House at New York, who,
+from the first, had taken the deepest interest in the movement.  This
+active and enterprising scholar at once took up the matter, and operated
+so successfully that, as he himself tells us in his valuable and accurate
+"Companion to the Greek Testament and the English Version" (New York,
+1883), a committee of about thirty members was formally organized Dec. 7,
+1871, and entered upon active work on Oct. 4, 1872, after the first
+revision of the Synoptical Gospels had been forwarded by the New
+Testament Company.
+
+Our Old Testament Company was no less active and co-operative.  As they
+tell us in the Preface prefixed to their revision, "the first revision of
+the several books of the Old Testament was submitted to the consideration
+of the American Revisers, and, except in the case of the Pentateuch
+(which had been twice gone through prior to co-operation) the English
+Company had the benefit of their criticisms and suggestions before they
+proceeded to the second revision.  The second revision was in like manner
+forwarded to America, and the latest thoughts of the American Revisers
+were in the hands of the English Company at their final review."  Both
+our English Companies bear hearty testimony to the value derived from the
+co-operation.  In the case of the New Testament Company, the "care,
+vigilance, and accuracy" which marked the work of their American brethren
+is distinctly specified.
+
+But little more need be said of the American Companies.  They were soon
+fully organized, and, so far as can be judged by the results of their
+work, carefully and judiciously chosen.  The Old Testament Company
+consisted of fifteen members, Dr. Green, Professor in Princeton, being
+Chairman: the New Testament Committee consisted of sixteen members, three
+of those who had at first accepted having been obliged, from ill-health
+and stress of local duties, to resign.  Dr. Woolsey, Ex-President of Yale
+College, was Chairman, and Bishop Lee, of the Diocese of Delaware, one of
+the most faithful and valuable participators in the work, a member of the
+Company.  Dr. Philip Schaff, Professor of Sacred Literature in the Union
+Theological Seminary, New York, was also a member, and was President of
+the whole undertaking, Dr. George Day of Yale College, a member of the
+Old Testament Company, being the general secretary.  The two Companies
+met every month (except July and August) in two rooms in the Bible House,
+New York, but without any connexion with the Bible Society, which, as in
+England, could only circulate the Authorised Version.
+
+The American Committee, Dr. Schaff tells us, included representatives of
+nine different denominations, viz. Episcopalians, Presbyterians,
+Congregationalists, Baptists, Methodists and, to the extent of one
+member, Lutherans, Unitarians, and Society of Friends.  The Episcopal
+Church of America was applied to by Bishop Wilberforce with the request
+that they would take part in the revision: this was declined.  The
+American Church however, as we have already shown, was not wholly
+unrepresented in the work.  The whole Committee was obviously much more
+mixed than the English Committee; but it must not be forgotten that
+though the English Companies were chosen by Episcopalians, and
+Episcopalians, as was natural, greatly preponderated, nearly one-third of
+the two Companies were not members of the Church of England.  If we
+assume that each Company consisted at any given time of twenty-five
+members, which, as we have seen, would be approximately correct, the
+non-Episcopal members will be found to have been not less than sixteen,
+viz. seven Presbyterians, four Independents or Congregationalists, two
+Baptists, two Wesleyans, and one Unitarian.  Be this however as it may,
+it is certain that by the great blessing, we may humbly say, of God the
+Holy Ghost, the greatest possible harmony prevailed in the work both here
+and in America.  Here, as is well known, this was the case; and in
+America, to quote one only out of many similar witnesses, one who was
+himself a reviser, and the only pastor in the Company (the Old Testament
+Company), thus gives his experience, "Never, even once, did the _odium
+theologicum_ appear.  Nothing was said at any time that required
+retraction or apology {41}."
+
+This brief notice of our American brethren may close with one further
+comment.  Their work began, like ours, with reliance on financial aid
+from the many who would be sure to be interested in such an important and
+long-desired work.  Help in our case was at once readily proffered, but
+very soon was found not to be necessary, owing to our disposal of
+copyright to the Presses of the two Universities.  With the American
+Revisers it was otherwise.  During the whole twelve years all the
+necessary expenses of travelling, printing, room-rent, and other
+accessories were, as Dr. Schaff mentions, cheerfully contributed by
+liberal donors from among the friends of biblical revision.  There
+remained, however, a grave difficulty.  It was plainly impossible that
+such distinguished men as those who formed the two American Companies
+could simply act the part of friendly critics of what was sent over to
+them without being recognized as fellow revisers in the full sense of the
+words.  How, however, formally to establish this parity of position was
+found to be very difficult, owing to our connexion with the Presses, who
+had trade rights which had properly to be guarded.  The result was much
+friendly negotiation for several months, but without any definite
+adjustment {42a}.  At last, by the wise and conciliatory action of the
+Presses an agreement was arrived at in August, 1877 {42b}, by which we on
+this side of the Atlantic were bound not only to send over the various
+stages of our work to our American brethren and carefully to consider all
+their suggestions, but also to sanction the publication in every copy of
+the revision of a list of all the important passages, in regard of text
+and renderings, upon which the English and American Revisers could not
+finally agree.  The American Revisers on their part undertook not to
+publish any edition of their own for fourteen years.
+
+The fourteen years have now passed away, but prior to the expiration of
+the time the long-needed marginal references were completed, and in
+September, 1898, were attached to the pages of all the larger English
+copies of the Revised Version of the Holy Scripture, with a short account
+of the sources from which they were derived, and of the circumstances of
+their delayed publication.  As they were somewhat closely connected with
+the labours of two of the members of the New Testament Company, and had
+received the general approval of that Company, I had real pleasure in
+presenting to both Houses of Convocation on Feb. 10, 1899, the completed
+body of references, and, in them, the very last portion of every part of
+the work of the Company with which I had so long been connected.
+
+The appearance of the references was very seasonable, as it enabled the
+Universities to acquire copyright for any of the editions _with these
+references_ which they might publish, or cause to be published in
+America.  The University Press of Oxford has, I know, acted on this
+right, but whether in conjunction with the Cambridge University Press or
+independently I am not able to say.  The right at any rate remains, and
+in the sequel may be of greater importance in America than we may now
+suppose, as it may tend to discourage the spread of altered editions of
+the revision, which from time to time might be brought forward by
+irresponsible publishers {44}.
+
+One subject still remains to be noticed in this portion of my address
+which cannot be passed over--the revision of the Apocrypha.  This the
+English revisers were pledged to the University Presses to complete,
+before our connexion with them could be rightfully concluded.  This
+revision, as we know, has been completed, though perhaps not in a manner
+that can be considered as completely satisfactory, owing to the want of a
+co-ordinating authority.  The arrangement, of which a full and clear
+account will be found in the preface to the published volume, was briefly
+as follows.  On March 21, 1879, as the New Testament Company was fast
+approaching the completion of its labours, it was agreed that the Company
+should be divided into three portions, each consisting of eight members,
+to which the names of the London, Westminster, and Cambridge Companies
+were to be respectively assigned.  The portion of the work that each of
+the three Companies was to take was settled by lot.  To the London
+Company, of which I was a member, the book of Ecclesiasticus was
+assigned; to the Westminster Company, the first book of Maccabees, and
+subsequently the books Tobit and Judith; and to the Cambridge Company,
+the second book of Maccabees and the Wisdom of Solomon.
+
+On the completion of their work, the Old Testament Company assigned to a
+special committee chosen out of their number the remaining books of the
+Apocrypha, viz. 1 and 2 Esdras, the remainder of Esther, Baruch, Song of
+the Three Children, Susanna, Bel and the Dragon, and the Prayer of
+Manasses.
+
+It was agreed that each Company and the above-named committee should go
+through their work twice, but without the two-thirds condition, and that
+each body should send its work when completed round to the rest.  The
+times, however, at which the portions were completed were by no means,
+even approximately, the same.  The London Company completed its work in
+May, 1883.  The Westminster Company finished the first book of Maccabees
+in November, 1881, and the books of Tobit and Judith in October, 1882.
+The Cambridge Company completed its revision of the second book of
+Maccabees in December, 1889, and of the Book of Wisdom, which underwent
+three revisions, in November, 1891.  The revision of the remaining books,
+undertaken by the Old Testament Company, does not seem to have been
+completed till even two or three years later.  This interval of ten or
+twelve years involved in some of the books, especially in reference to
+Ecclesiasticus, the clear necessity for further revision.  This compelled
+me, with the help of my valued friend Dr. Moulton, to go over the work of
+my former Company on my own responsibility, my coadjutors in the work
+having been either called away by death or too seriously ill to help me.
+
+It was thus with some sense of relief that, on the request of those
+connected with the publication of the volume, I presented the Revised
+Version of the Apocrypha to the two Houses of Convocation on February 12,
+1896.
+
+The rise and progress of the desire for a revision of the Authorised
+Version of Holy Scripture has now been set forth as fully as the limits
+of these Addresses permit.  What now remains to be specified is what may
+be called the internal history of this Revision, or, in other words, the
+nature and procedure of the work, with such concluding comments as the
+circumstances of the present may appear to suggest.
+
+
+
+
+ADDRESS III.
+HEBREW AND GREEK TEXT.
+
+
+We now pass from what may be called the outward history of the Revision
+to the inward nature and character of the work of the Revisers, and may
+naturally divide that work into two portions--their labours as regards
+the original text, and their labours in regard of rendering and
+translation.
+
+I.  First, then, as regards the original text of the Old Testament.
+
+Here the work of the Old Testament Company was very slight as compared
+with that of the New Testament Company.  The latter Company had, almost
+in every other verse, to settle upon a text--often involving much that
+was doubtful and debatable--before they proceeded to the further work of
+translating.  The Old Testament Company, on the contrary, had ready to
+hand a _textus receptus_ which really deserved the title, and on which,
+in their preface, they write as follows: "The received, or, as it is
+commonly called, the Massoretic text of the Old Testament Scriptures has
+come down to us in manuscripts which are of no very great antiquity, and
+which all belong to the same family or recension.  That other recensions
+were at one time in existence is probable from the variations in the
+Ancient Versions, the oldest of which, namely, the Greek or Septuagint,
+was made, at least in part, some two centuries before the Christian era.
+But as the date of knowledge on the subject is not at present such as to
+justify any attempt at an entire reconstruction of the text on the
+authority of the Versions, the Revisers have thought it most prudent to
+adopt the Massoretic text as the basis of their work, and to depart from
+it, as the Authorised Translators had done, only in exceptional cases."
+
+That in this decision the Revisers had exercised the sound judgement
+which marks every part of their work cannot possibly be doubted by any
+competent reader.  The Massoretic text has a long and interesting
+history.  Its name is derived from a word, Massora (tradition), that
+reminds us of the accumulated traditions and criticisms relating to
+numerous passages of the text, and of the manner in which it was to be
+read, all which were finally committed to writing, and the ultimate
+result of which is the text of which we have been speaking.  That the
+formation of the written Massora was a work of time seems a probable and
+reasonable supposition.  A very competent writer {50} tells us that this
+formation may have extended from the sixth or seventh to the tenth or
+eleventh century.  From the end of this Massoretic period onward the same
+writer tells us that the Massora became the great authority by which the
+text given in all the Jewish manuscripts was settled.  All our
+manuscripts, in a word, are Massoretic.  Any that were not so were not
+used, and allowed to perish, or, as it has been thought, were destroyed
+as not being in strict accordance with the recognized standards.  Whether
+we have sustained any real critical loss by the disappearance of the
+rejected manuscripts it is impossible to say.  The fact only remains that
+we have no manuscript of any portion of the Old Testament certainly known
+to be of a date prior to A.D. 916.  The Massora, it may be mentioned,
+appears in two forms--the _Massora parva_ and the _Massora magna_.  The
+former contains the really valuable portion of the great work, viz., the
+variation technically named K'ri (_read_), and placed in the margin of
+the Hebrew Bibles.  This was to be substituted for the corresponding
+portion in the text technically named C'thib (_written_), and was
+regarded by the Massoretes themselves as the true reading.  The _Massora
+magna_ contained the above, and other matter deemed to be of importance
+in reference to the interpretation of the text.
+
+The Revisers inform us that they have generally, though not uniformly,
+rendered the C'thib in the text, and left the K'ri in the margin, with
+the introductory note, "Or, according to another reading," or, "Another
+reading is."  When they adopted the K'ri in the text of their rendering,
+they placed the C'thib in the margin if it represented a variation of
+importance.
+
+These things, and others specified in the preface, should be carefully
+attended to by the reader as enabling him to distinguish between the
+different characters of the alternative renderings as specified in the
+margin.  Those due to the Massoretes, or, in other words, the K'ris, will
+naturally deserve attention from their antiquity.  They are not, however,
+when estimated with reference to the whole of the sacred volume, very
+numerous.  In the earliest printed bible they were 1,171 in number, but
+this is generally considered erroneous in excess, 900 being probably much
+nearer the true estimate.
+
+We cannot leave the subject of the Hebrew text without some reference to
+the emendation of it suggested by the Ancient Versions.  But little, I
+believe, of a systematic character has, as yet, been accomplished.  The
+Revisers mention that they have been obliged, in some few cases of
+extreme difficulty, to depart from the Massoretic text and adopt a
+reading from the Ancient Versions.  I regret to observe that it is stated
+by one of those connected with the forthcoming American revision of the
+Old Testament version that in nearly one hundred cases the marginal
+references to the Ancient Versions will be omitted.  Reasons are given,
+but these could hardly have escaped the knowledge and observation of the
+learned men by whom the references were inserted.  The Revisers also
+mention that where the Versions appeared to supply a very probable,
+though not so absolutely necessary, correction as displacement of the
+Massoretic text, they have still felt it proper to place the reading in
+the margin.
+
+This recognition of the critical importance of the Ancient Versions by
+the Revisers, though obviously in only a limited number of cases, seems
+to indicate the great good that may be expected from a more complete and
+systematic use of these ancient authorities in reference to the current
+text of the Old Testament.  At present the texts implied in them have, I
+believe, never yet been so closely analysed as to enable us to form any
+just estimate of their real critical value.  They have been used by
+editors, as in the case of Houbigant, but only in a limited and partial
+manner.  Lists, I believe, are accessible of all the more important
+readings suggested or implied by the Versions; but what is needed is far
+more than this.  In the first place we require much more trustworthy
+texts of the Versions themselves than are at present at our disposal.  In
+the case of the Septuagint we may very shortly look forward to a
+thoroughly revised text; and a similar remark may probably be made in
+reference to the Vulgate, but I am not aware that much has been done in
+the case of the Syriac {53}, and of other versions to which reference
+would have to be made in any great critical attempt, such as a revision
+of the _textus receptus_ of the Old Testament.
+
+If, however, a first need is trustworthy editions of the Versions, a
+second need appears to be a fuller knowledge of the Hebrew material, late
+in regard of antiquity though it may be, than was, at any rate, available
+till very recently.  The new edition of the text of the Hebrew Bible by
+Dr. Ginsburg, with its learned and voluminous introduction, may, and
+probably does, supply this fuller knowledge; but as in regard of these
+matters I can speak only as a novice, I can only reproduce the statement
+commonly made by those who have a right to speak on such subjects, that
+the collation of the Hebrew manuscripts that we already possess has been
+far from complete.  There appears to have been the feeling that they all
+lead up to the Massoretic text, and that any particular variations from
+it need not be treated over-seriously; and yet surely we must regard it
+as possible that some of these negligible variations might concur with,
+and by their concurrence add weight to, readings already rendered
+probable by the suggestive testimony of the Ancient Versions.  It may be
+right for me to add that the whole question was raised in 1886 by Dr.
+Green and Dr. Schaff in a circular letter addressed to distinguished
+Hebrews in Germany and elsewhere.  The answers are returned in German
+{55}, and are translated.  They are most of them interesting, though not
+very encouraging.  The best of them seems to be the answer of Professor
+Strack, of Berlin.
+
+But here I must pause.  The use made by the Revisers of these ancient
+documents has called out the foregoing comments, and has awakened the
+hope, which I now venture to express, that the critical use of the
+Versions may be expanded, and form a part of that systematic revision of
+the text of the Old Testament which will not improbably form part of the
+critical labours of the present century.
+
+II.  We may now turn to the New Testament, and to the revision of the
+_textus receptus_ of the New Testament which our rules necessitated, and
+which formed a very important and, it may be added, a very anxious part
+of our revision.
+
+And here, at the very outset, one general observation is absolutely
+necessary.
+
+It is very commonly said, and I fear believed by many to be true, that
+the text adopted by the Revisers and afterwards published (in different
+forms) by the two University Presses, hardly differs at all from the
+afterwards published text of the two distinguished scholars and critics,
+one of whom was called from us a few years ago, and the other of whom
+has, to our great sorrow, only recently left us.  I allude, of course, to
+the Greek Testament, now of world-wide reputation, of Westcott and Hort.
+What has been often asserted, and is still repeated, is this, that the
+text had been in print for some time before it was finally published, and
+was in the hands of the Revisers almost, if not quite, from the very
+first.  It was this, so the statement runs, that they really worked upon,
+and this that they assimilated.
+
+Now this I unhesitatingly declare, as I shall subsequently be able to
+prove, is contrary to the facts of the case.  It is perfectly true that
+our two eminent colleagues gave, I believe, to each one of us, from time
+to time, little booklets of their text as it then stood in print, but
+which we were always warned were not considered by the editors themselves
+as final.  These portions of their text were given to us, not to win us
+over to adopt it, but to enable us to see each proposed reading in its
+continuity.  How these booklets were used by the members of the Company
+generally, I know not.  I can only speak for myself; but I cannot
+suppress the conviction that I was acting unconsciously in the same
+manner as the great majority of the Company.  I only used the booklets
+for occasional reference.  In preparing the portion of the sacred volume
+on which we were to be engaged in the next session of the Company, I took
+due note of the readings as well as of the renderings, but I formed my
+judgement independently on the evidence supplied to me by the notes of
+the critical edition, whether that of Tischendorf or Tregelles, which I
+then was in the habit of using.  This evidence was always fully stated to
+the Company, nearly always by Dr. Scrivener, and it was upon the
+discussion of this evidence, and not on the reading of any particular
+editor, on which the decision of the Company was ultimately formed.  We
+paid in all cases great attention to the arguments of our two eminent
+colleagues and our experienced colleague, Dr. Scrivener; but each
+question of reading, as it arose, was settled by the votes of the
+Company.  The resulting text, as afterwards published by the Oxford
+University Press, and edited by Archdeacon Palmer, was thus the direct
+work of the Company, and may be rightly designated, as it will be in
+these pages, as the Revisers' text.
+
+It is of considerable importance that this should be borne in mind; for,
+in the angry vituperation which was directed against the Revisers' text,
+it was tacitly assumed that this text was practically identical with that
+of Westcott and Hort, and that the difficulties which are to be found in
+this latter text (and some there certainly are) are all to be found in
+the text of the Revisers.  How very far such an assumption is from the
+true state of the case can easily be shown by a simple comparison of one
+text with the other.  Let us take an example.  I suppose there are very
+few who can entertain the slightest doubt that in Acts xii. 35, St. Luke
+tells us that Barnabas and Saul returned _from_ Jerusalem after their
+mission was over, and took with them (from Jerusalem) St. Mark.  Now what
+is the reading of Westcott and Hort?--"to Jerusalem" with the Vatican
+Manuscript, and a fair amount of external support.  We then turn at once
+to the Revisers' text and find that _from_ ([Greek text]) is maintained,
+in spite of the clever arguments which, in this case, can be urged for an
+intrinsically improbable reading, and, most likely, were urged at the
+time, as I observe that the Revisers have allowed the "to" to appear in a
+margin.
+
+I regret that I have never gone through the somewhat laborious process of
+minutely comparing the Revisers' text with the text of Westcott and Hort,
+but I cannot help thinking that the example I have chosen is a typical
+one, and does show the sort of relations between the two texts, when what
+a recent and competent writer (Dr. Salmon, of Trinity College, Dublin)
+considers to be the difficulties and anomalies and apparent perversities
+in the text of Westcott and Hort are compared with the decisions of the
+Revisers {59}.  There are, I believe, only sixty-four passages in the
+whole revision, in which the text of the Revisers, when agreeing with the
+text of Westcott and Hort, has not also the support of Lachmann, or
+Tischendorf, or Tregelles.
+
+I observe that the above-named writer expresses his satisfaction that the
+Revised Version has not superseded the Authorised Version in our Churches
+{60a}, and that things which were read at Rome in the second century may
+still be read in our own Churches in the nineteenth century.  This,
+perhaps, is a strong way of expressing his aversion to the text of
+Westcott and Hort, but it is not perfectly clear that the Revisers' text
+has "so closely" followed the authority of these two eminent critics as
+to be open, on Dr. Salmon's part, to the same measure of aversion.  Until
+more accurate evidence is forthcoming that the Revisers have shown in
+their text the same sort of studied disregard of Western variations as is
+plainly to be recognized in the text of Westcott and Hort, I can only
+fall back on my persuasion, as one who has put to the vote these critical
+questions very many times, that systematic neglect of Western authority
+cannot fairly be brought home to the Revisers.  It is much to be
+regretted then, that in the very opening chapter of his interesting
+volume, Dr. Salmon roundly states that Westcott and Hort exercised a
+"predominating influence" on their colleagues in the revision on the
+question of various readings {60b}, and that "more than half of their
+brother members of the Committee had given no special attention to the
+subject."  Now, assuming that the word "Committee" has been here
+accidentally used for the more usual term Company, I am forced to say
+that both statements are really incorrect.  I was permitted by God's
+mercy to be present at every meeting of the Company except two, and I can
+distinctly say that I never observed any indication of this predominating
+influence.  We knew well that our two eminent colleagues had devoted many
+years of their lives to the great work on which they were engaged; and we
+paid full deference to what they urged on each reading as it came before
+us, but in the end we decided for ourselves.  For it must not be
+forgotten that we had an eminent colleague (absent only eight times from
+our 407 meetings) who took a very different view of the critical evidence
+to that of Westcott and Hort, and never failed very fully, and often very
+persuasively, to express it.  I am of course alluding to my old friend
+Dr. Scrivener.  It was often a kind of critical duel between Dr. Hort and
+Dr. Scrivener, in which everything that could be urged on either side was
+placed before the Company, and the Company enabled to decide on a full
+knowledge of the critical facts and reasonings in reference to the
+reading under consideration.
+
+Now it is also not correct to say of the Company that finally decided the
+question, that more than half "had given no special attention to the
+subject."  If this refers to the matter _subsequently_ put forward by Dr.
+Hort in the introductory volume to Westcott and Hort's Greek Testament,
+to the clever and instructive genealogical method, and to the numberless
+applications of it that have given their Greek Testament the pre-eminence
+it deservedly holds--if this be the meaning of the Provost's estimate of
+the critical knowledge of the Company, I should not have taken any
+exception to the words.  But if "the subject" refers to the general
+critical knowledge at the time when the Company came together, then I
+must gently protest against an estimate of the general critical
+capabilities of the Company that is, really and truly, incorrect.  All
+but three or four are now resting with God, and among these twenty they
+were not few who had a good and full knowledge of the New Testament
+textual criticism of the generation that had just passed away.  Among
+them were not only the three experts whom I have mentioned, but editors
+of portions of the New Testament such as Bishop Lightfoot and others,
+principals of large educational colleges both in England and Scotland,
+and scholars like Dean Scott, who were known to take great interest in
+questions of textual criticism.  A few of these might almost be
+considered as definitely experts, but all taken together certainly made a
+very competent body to whose independent judgement the settlement of
+difficult critical questions could be safely committed.
+
+And, as I venture to think, the text which has been constructed from
+their decisions, their resultant text as it might be called, will show
+that the Revisers' text is an independent text on which great reliance
+can be placed.  It is the text which I always use myself in my general
+reading of the New Testament, and I deliberately regard it as one of the
+two best texts of the New Testament at present extant; the other being
+the cheap and convenient edition of Professor Nestle, bearing the title
+"Novum Testamentum Graece, cum apparatu critico ex editionibus et libris
+manu scriptis collecto.  Stuttgart, 1898."  This edition is issued by the
+Wurtemberg Bible Society, and will, as I hear, not improbably be adopted
+by our own Bible Society as their Greek Testament of the future.
+
+The reason why I prefer these two texts for the general reading of the
+sacred volume is this, that they both have much in common with the text
+of Westcott and Hort, but are free from those peculiarities and, I fear I
+must add, perversities, which do here and there mark the text of that
+justly celebrated edition.  To Doctors Westcott and Hort all faithful
+students of the New Testament owe a debt of lasting gratitude which it is
+impossible to overestimate.  Still, in the introductory volume by Dr.
+Hort, assumptions have been made, and principles laid down, which in
+several places have plainly affected the text, and led to the maintenance
+of readings which, to many minds, it will seem really impossible to
+accept.  An instance has been given above on page 58, and this is by no
+means a solitary instance.
+
+Having now shown fairly, I hope, and clearly the thoroughly independent
+character of the text which I have called the Revisers' text, I will pass
+onward, and show the careful manner in which it was constructed, and the
+circumstances under which we have it in the continuous form in which it
+has been published by the Press of the University of Oxford.
+
+To do this, it will be necessary to refer to the rule under which we were
+directed to carry out this portion of our responsible work.  We had two
+things to do--to revise the Authorised Version, and also to revise under
+certain specified limitations the Greek text from which the Authorised
+Version was made; or, in other words, the fifth edition of Beza's Greek
+Testament, published in the year 1698.  The rule under which this second
+portion of our work was to be performed was as follows: "That the text to
+be adopted be that for which the evidence is decidedly preponderating;
+and [let this be noted] that when the text so adopted differs from that
+from which the Authorised Version was made, the alteration be indicated
+in the margin."  Such was the rule in regard of the text, and such was
+the instruction as to the mode of notifying any alterations that it might
+have been found necessary to make.
+
+Let us deal first with the direction as to notifying the alterations.
+Now as it was soon found practically impossible to place all the
+alterations in a margin which would certainly be needed for alternative
+renderings, and for such matters as usually appear in a margin, we left
+the University Presses to publish, in such manner as they might think
+most convenient, the deviations from the Greek text presumed to underlie
+the Authorised Version.  The Cambridge University Press entrusted to Dr.
+Scrivener the publication of the Received Text with the alterations of
+the Revisers placed at the foot of the page.  The Oxford University Press
+adopted the more convenient method of letting the alterations form part
+of the continuous text (the readings they displaced being at the foot of
+the page), and entrusted the editing of the volume to Archdeacon Palmer
+(one of our Company) who, as we know, performed the duty with great care
+and accuracy.  Hence the existence of what I term throughout this address
+as the Revisers' text.
+
+We can now turn to the first part of the rule and describe in general
+terms the mode of our procedure.  It differs very slightly from the mode
+described in the preface of the Revisers of the Old Testament.  The verse
+on which we were engaged was read by the Chairman.  The first question
+asked was, whether there was any difference of reading in the Greek text
+which required our consideration.  If there was none, we proceeded with
+the second part of our work, the consideration of the rendering.  If
+there was a reading in the Greek text that demanded our consideration it
+was at once discussed, and commonly in the following manner.  Dr.
+Scrivener stated briefly the authorities, whether manuscripts, ancient
+versions, or patristic citations, of which details most of us were
+already aware.  If the alteration was one for which the evidence was
+patently and decidedly preponderating, it was at once adopted, and the
+work went onward.  If, however, it was a case where it was doubtful
+whether the evidence for the alteration _was_ thus decidedly
+preponderating, then a discussion, often long, interesting, and
+instructive, followed.  Dr. Hort, if present (and he was seldom absent;
+only forty-five times out of the 407 meetings) always took part, and
+finally the vote was taken, and the suggested alteration either adopted
+or rejected.  If adopted, due note was taken by the secretary, and, if it
+was thought a case for a margin, the competing reading was therein
+specified.  If there was a plain difficulty at coming to a decision, and
+the passage was one of real importance, the decision was not uncommonly
+postponed to a subsequent meeting, and notice duly given to all the
+members of the Company.  And so the great work went on to the end of the
+first revision; the members of the Company acquiring more and more
+knowledge and experience, and their decisions becoming more and more
+judicial and trustworthy.
+
+Few, I think, on reading this simple and truthful description, could fail
+to place some confidence in results thus patiently and laboriously
+arrived at.  Few, I think, could forbear a smile when they call to mind
+the passionate vituperation which at first was lavished on the critical
+efforts of the Revisers of the text that bears the scarcely correct name
+of the _textus ab omnibus receptus_.
+
+But what I have specified was only the first part of our responsible
+work.  By the memoranda of agreement between the English Companies and
+the American Committee, it had to be communicated to the American Company
+of the Revisers of the Authorised Version of the New Testament, among
+whom were some whose names were well and honorably known in connexion
+with textual criticism.  Our work, with the American criticisms and
+suggestions, had then to undergo the second revision.  The greater part
+of the decisions relating to the text that were arrived at in the first
+revision were accepted as final; but many were reopened at the second
+revision, and the critical experience of the Company, necessarily
+improved as it had been by the first revision, finally tested by the
+two-thirds majority the reopened decisions which at the first revision
+had been carried by simple majorities.  The results of this second
+revision were then, in accordance with the agreement, communicated to the
+American Company; but, in the sequel, as will be seen in the lists of the
+final differences between ourselves and the American Company, the
+critical differences were but few, and, so far as I can remember, of no
+serious importance.
+
+The critical labours of the Revisers did not however terminate with the
+second revision.  The cases were many where the evidence for the readings
+either adopted or retained in the text was only slightly stronger than
+that of readings which were in competition with it.  Of this it was
+obviously necessary that some final intimation should be given to the
+reader, as the subsequent discovery of additional evidence might be held
+by a competent critic to invalidate the right of the adopted reading to
+hold its place in the text.  This intimation could only be given by a
+final marginal note, for which, as we know, by the arrangement of the
+University Presses (see p. 66), our page was now available.
+
+These notes were objected to by one of our critics as quite unprecedented
+additions; but it will be remembered that there are such notes in the
+margin of the Authorised Version, though of course few in number
+(thirty-five, according to Dr. Scrivener), textual criticism in 1611
+being only in its infancy.
+
+The necessity for the insertion of such notes was clearly shown in a
+pamphlet that appeared shortly after the publication of the Revised
+Version, and was written by two members of the Company.  The three cases
+in which these notes appeared certainly to be required were thus stated
+by the two writers: "First, when the text which seemed to underlie the
+Authorised Version was condemned by a decided preponderance of evidence,
+but yet was ancient in its character, and belonged to an early line of
+transmission.  Secondly, when there were such clear tokens of corruption
+in the reading on which the Authorised Version was based, or such a
+consent of authority against it, that no one could seriously argue for
+its retention, but it was not equally clear which of the other competing
+readings had the best claim to occupy the vacant place.  In such a case
+there was not, in truth, decidedly preponderant evidence, except against
+the text of Beza, and some notice of this fact seemed to be required by
+critical equity.  The third and last case was when the text which, as
+represented in the Authorised Version, was retained because the competing
+reading had not decidedly preponderant evidence (though the balance of
+evidence was in its favour), and so could not under the rule be admitted.
+In such a case again critical equity required a notice of the facts in
+the margin."
+
+This quotation, I may remark in passing, is not only useful in explaining
+when and where marginal notes were demonstrably needed, but also in
+showing how carefully such questions were considered, and how
+conscientiously the rules were observed under which our work was to be
+carried out.
+
+Such were the textual labours of the Company.  They were based on, and
+were the results of, the critical knowledge that had been slowly acquired
+during the 115 years that separated the early suggestions of Bentley from
+the pioneer text of Lachmann in 1831; and, in another generation, had
+become expanded and matured in the later texts of Tischendorf, and still
+more so in the trustworthy and consistent text of our countryman
+Tregelles.  The labours of these three editors were well known to the
+greater part of the Revisers and generally known to all; and it was on
+these labours, and on the critical methods adopted by these great
+editors, that our own text was principally formed.  We of course owed
+much to the long labours of our two eminent colleagues, Dr. Westcott and
+Dr. Hort.  Some of us know generally the principles on which they had
+based their yet unpublished text, and were to some extent aware of the
+manner in which they had grouped their critical authorities, and of the
+genealogical method, which, under their expansion of it, has secured for
+their text the widespread acceptance it has met with both at home and
+abroad.
+
+Of these things some of us had a competent knowledge, but the majority
+had no special knowledge of the genealogical method.  They did know the
+facts on which it was based--the ascertained trustworthiness of the
+ancient authorities as compared with the later uncial, and the cursive
+manuscripts, the general characteristics of these ancient authorities,
+the alliances that were to be traced between some of them, and the
+countries with which they were particularly connected.  This the majority
+knew generally as a part of the largely increased knowledge which the
+preceding forty or fifty years, and the labours of Lachmann, Tischendorf,
+and (so far as he had then published) Tregelles, had placed at the
+disposal of students of the Greek Testament.  It was on this general
+knowledge, and not on any portions of a partly printed text, that the
+decisions of the Company were based; these decisions, however, by the
+very nature of the case and the use of common authorities, were
+constantly in accordance with the texts of Lachmann, Tischendorf, and
+Tregelles, and so with the subsequently printed text of Westcott and
+Hort.
+
+Such a text, thus independently formed, and yet thus in harmony with the
+results of the most tested critical researches of our times, has surely
+great claims on our unreserved acceptance, and does justify us in
+strongly pleading that a version of such a text, if faithfully executed,
+should, for the very truth's sake, be publicly read in our Churches.
+
+That the Revised Version has been faithfully executed, will I hope be
+shown fully and clearly in the succeeding chapter.  For the present my
+care has been to show that the text of which it is a version, and which I
+have called the Revisers' Text because it underlies their revision, and,
+as such, has been published by the Oxford University Press, is in my
+judgement the best balanced text that has appeared in this country.  I
+have mentioned with it (p. 63) the closely similar text of the well-known
+Professor Nestle, but as I have not gone through the laborious task of
+comparing the text, verse by verse, with that of the Revisers, I speak
+only in reference to our own country.  I have compared the two texts in
+several crucial and important passages--such for example as St. John i.
+18--and have found them identical.  Bishop Westcott, I know, a short time
+before his lamented death, expressed to the Committee of the Bible
+Society his distinct approval of their adopting for future copies of the
+Society's Greek Testament Professor Nestle's text, as published by the
+Wurtemberg Bible Society.
+
+I have now, I trust, fairly shown the independence of the Revisers' Text,
+and have, not without reason, complained of my friend Provost Salmon's
+estimate of its dependence on the text and earnestly exerted influence of
+Dr. Hort and Dr. Westcott.  Of course, as I have shown, there is, and
+must be, much that is identical in the two texts; but, to fall back on
+statistics, there are, I believe, more than two hundred places in which
+the two texts differ, and in nearly all of them--if I may venture to
+express my own personal opinion--the reading of the Revisers' Text is
+critically to be preferred.  Most of these two hundred places seem to be
+precisely places in which the principles adopted by Westcott and Hort
+need some corrective modifications.  Greatly as I reverence the unwearied
+patience, the exhaustive research, and the critical sagacity of these two
+eminent, and now lamented, members of our former Company, I yet cannot
+resist the conviction that Dr. Salmon in his interesting Criticism of the
+Text of the New Testament has successfully indicated three or more
+particulars which must cause some arrest in our final judgement on the
+text of Westcott and Hort.
+
+In the first case it cannot be denied that, in the introductory volume,
+Dr. Hort has shown too distinct a tendency to elevate probable hypotheses
+into the realm of established facts.  Dr. Salmon specifies one, and that
+a very far-reaching instance, in which, in the debatable question whether
+there really was an authoritative revision of the so-called Syrian text
+at about A.D. 350, Dr. Hort speaks of this Syrian revision as a _vera
+causa_, as opposed to a hypothetical possibility.  This tendency in a
+subject so complicated as that of textual criticism must be taken note of
+by the student, and must introduce some element of hesitation in the
+acceptance of confidently expressed decisions when the subject-matter may
+still be very plainly debatable.
+
+In the second place, in the really important matter of the nomenclature
+of the ancient types of text which, since the days of Griesbach, and to
+some extent before him, have been recognized by all critical scholars, it
+does not seem possible to accept the titles of the fourfold division of
+these families of manuscripts which have been adopted by Westcott and
+Hort.  Griesbach, as is well known, adopted the terms Western,
+Alexandrian, and Constantinopolitan, for which there is much to be said.
+Westcott and Hort recognize four groups.  To the first and considerably
+the largest they give the title of Syrian, answering to some extent to
+the Constantinopolitan of Griesbach; to the second they continue the
+title of Western; to the third they give the title of Alexandrian, though
+of a numerically more restricted character than the Alexandrian of
+Griesbach; to the fourth, an exceedingly small group, apparently
+consisting of practically not more than two members, they give the title
+of Neutral, as being free alike from Syrian, Western, and Alexandrian
+characteristics.  On this Neutral family or group Westcott and Hort lay
+the greatest critical stress, and in it they place the greatest reliance.
+Such is their distribution, and such the names they give to the families
+into which manuscripts are to be divided and grouped.
+
+The objections to this arrangement and to this nomenclature are, as Dr.
+Salmon very clearly shows, both reasonable and serious.  In the first
+place, the title Syrian, though Dr. Salmon allows it to pass, is very
+misleading, especially to the student.  It is liable to be confounded
+with the term Syriac, with which it has not and is not intended to have
+any special connexion, and it fails to convey the amplitude of the family
+it designates.  If it is to be retained at all, it must be with the
+prefix suggested by Dr. Schaff--the group being styled as the
+Graeco-Syrian.  But this is of slight moment when compared with the
+serious objections to the term Neutral, as this term certainly tends in
+practice to give to two manuscripts or even, in some cases, to one of
+them (the Codex Vaticanus), a preponderating supremacy which cannot be
+properly conceded when authorities of a high character are found to be
+ranged on the other side.  There are also other grave objections which
+are convincingly put forward by Dr. Salmon in the chapter he has devoted
+to the subject of the nomenclature of the two editors.
+
+We shall be wise therefore if we cancel the term Neutral and use the term
+Older Alexandrian, as distinguished from the later Alexandrian, and so
+fall back on the threefold division of Alexandrian (earlier and later),
+Graeco-Syrian, and Western, though for this last-mentioned term a more
+expressive designation may perhaps hereafter be found.
+
+The third drawback to the unqualified acceptance of the text of Westcott
+and Hort is their continuous and studied disregard of Western
+authorities; and this, notwithstanding that among these authorities are
+included the singular and not unfrequently suggestive Codex Bezae--of
+which Dr. Blass has lately made so remarkable a use--the Old Latin
+Version, the Graeco-Latin manuscripts, and, to some extent, the Old
+Syriac Version, all of them authorities to which the designation of
+Western is commonly applied.  To this grave drawback Dr. Salmon has
+devoted a chapter to which the attention of the student may very
+profitably be directed.  Here I cannot enter into details, but of this I
+am persuaded, that if there should be any fresh discovery of textual
+authorities, it is by no means unlikely that they may be of a Western
+character, and if so, that many decisions in the text of Westcott and
+Hort will have to be modified by some editor of the future.  At any rate,
+taking the critical evidence as now we find it, we cannot but feel that
+Dr. Salmon has made out his case, and that in the edition of which now we
+are speaking there has been an undue, and even a contemptuous, disregard
+of Western authorities.
+
+Here I must close this address, yet not without expressing the hope that
+I may have induced some of you, my Reverend Brethren, to look into these
+things for yourselves.  Do not be deterred by the thought that to do so
+you must read widely and consult many authorities.  This is really not
+necessary for the acquiring of an intelligent interest in the text of the
+Greek Testament.  With a good edition (with appended critical
+authorities), whether that of Tischendorf or of Tregelles, and with
+guidance such as that which you will find in the compendious _Companion
+to the Greek Testament_ of Dr. Schaff, you will be able to begin, and
+when you have seriously begun, you will not be, I am persuaded, very
+likely to leave off.
+
+
+
+
+ADDRESS IV
+NATURE OF THE RENDERINGS
+
+
+From the text we now turn to the renderings, and to the general
+principles that were followed, both in the Old and in the New Testament.
+The revision of the English text was in each case subject to the same
+general rule, viz. "To introduce as few alterations as possible into the
+Text of the Authorised Version consistently with faithfulness"; but,
+owing to the great difference between the two languages, the Hebrew and
+the Greek, the application of the rule was necessarily different, and the
+results not easily comparable the one with the other.
+
+It will be best then to consider the renderings in the two Testaments
+separately, and to form the best estimate we can of their character and
+of their subordination to the general rule, with due regard to the widely
+different nature of the structure and grammatical principles of the two
+languages through which God has been pleased to reveal His truth to the
+children of men.
+
+I.  We begin then with the Revised Version of the Old Testament, and
+naturally turn for general guidance to the Preface of those who were
+engaged in the long, diversified, and responsible work.  Their general
+principles as to departures from the Authorised Version would appear to
+be included in the following clearly-specified particulars.  They
+departed from the Authorised Version (_a_) where they did not agree with
+it as to the meaning or construction of a word or sentence; (_b_) where
+it was necessary, for the sake of uniformity, to render such parallel
+passages as were identical in Hebrew by the same English words; (_c_)
+where the English of the Authorised Version was liable to be
+misunderstood by reason of its being archaic or obscure; (_d_) where the
+rendering of an earlier English version seemed preferable; and (_e_)
+where, by an apparently slight change, it was possible to bring out more
+fully the meaning of a passage of which the translation was substantially
+accurate.
+
+These principles, which I have been careful to specify in the exact words
+of the Revisers, will appear to every impartial reader to be fully in
+harmony with the principle of faithfulness; and will be found--if an
+outsider may presume to make a passing comment--to have been carried out
+with pervasive consistency and uniformity.
+
+The Revisers further notice certain particulars of which the general
+reader should take full note, so much of the random criticisms of the
+revised text (especially in the New Testament) having been due to a
+complete disregard in each case of the Preface, and of the reasons given
+for changes which long experience had shown to be both reasonable and
+necessary.
+
+The first particular is the important question of the rendering of the
+word "JEHOVAH."  Here the Revisers have thought it advisable to follow
+the usage of the Authorised Version, and not to insert the word uniformly
+in place of "LORD" or "GOD," which words when printed in small capitals
+represent the words substituted by Jewish custom for the ineffable Name
+according to the vowel points by which it is distinguished.  To this
+usage the Revisers have steadily adhered with the exception of a very few
+passages in which the introduction of a proper name seemed to be
+required.  In this grave matter, as we all probably know, the American
+Company has expressed its dissent from the decision of the English
+Company, and has adopted the proper name wherever it occurs in the Hebrew
+text for "the LORD" and "GOD."  Most English readers will agree with our
+Revisers.  It may indeed be said, now that we can read the American text
+continuously, that there certainly are many passages in which the proper
+name seems to come upon eye or ear with a serious and appropriate force;
+still the reverence with which we are accustomed to treat what the
+Revisers speak of as "the ineffable Name" will lead most of us to
+sacrifice the passages, where the blessed name may have an impressive
+force, to the reverential uniformity of our Authorised Version, and to
+the latent fear that frequent iteration might derogate from the solemnity
+with which we instinctively clothe the ever-blessed name of Almighty God.
+
+The next particular relates to terms of natural history.  Here changes
+have only been made where it was certain that the Authorised Version was
+incorrect, and highly probable that the word substituted was right.
+Where doubt existed, the text was left unchanged, but the alternative
+word was placed in the margin.  In regard of other terms, of which the
+old rendering was certainly wrong, as in the case of the Hebrew term
+_Asherah_ (probably the wooden symbol of a goddess), the Revisers have
+used the word, whether in the singular or plural, as a proper name.  In
+the case of the Hebrew term "Sheol" (corresponding to the Greek term
+"Hades"), variously rendered in the Authorised Version by the words
+"grave," "pit," and "hell," the Revisers have adopted in the historical
+books the first or second words with a marginal note, "Heb. _Sheol_," but
+in the poetical books they have reversed this arrangement.  The American
+Revisers, on the contrary, specify that in all cases where the word
+occurs in the Hebrew text they place it unchanged in the English text,
+and without any margin.  The case is a difficult one, but the English
+arrangement is to be preferred, as the reader would not so plainly need a
+preliminary explanation.
+
+The last case that it here seems necessary to allude to is the change
+everywhere of the words "the tabernacle of the congregation" into "the
+tent of meeting," as the former words convey an entirely wrong sense.
+These and the use of several other terms are carefully noted and
+explained by the Revisers, and will, I hope, induce every careful reader
+of their revision to make it his duty to study their prefatory words.
+The almost unavoidable differences between them and the American
+Revisers, as to our own language, are alluded to by them in terms both
+friendly and wise, and may be considered fully to express the sentiments
+of the New Testament Company, by whom the subject is less precisely
+alluded to.
+
+In passing from the Preface to the great work which it introduces, I feel
+the greatest difficulty, as a member of a different Company, in making
+more than a few very general comments.  In fact, I should scarcely have
+ventured to do even this, had I not met with a small but very instructive
+volume on the revision of the Authorised Version of the Old Testament
+written by one of the American Revisers, and published at New York some
+fifteen or sixteen years ago.  The volume is entitled--perhaps with
+excusable brevity--_A Companion to the Revised Old Testament_.  The
+writer was Rev. Dr. Talbot W. Chambers, of the Collegiate Reformed Dutch
+Church of New York, from whose preface I learn that he was the only
+pastor in the Company, the others being professors in theological
+seminaries, and representing seven different denominations and nine
+different institutions.  The book is written with great modesty, and as
+far as I can judge, with a good working knowledge of Hebrew.  The writer
+disclaims in it the position of speaking in any degree for the Company of
+which he was a member, but mentions that his undertaking was approved of
+by his colleagues, and received the assistance, more or less, of all of
+them.  He was a member of the Company during the last ten years of its
+labours.
+
+I can recommend this useful volume to any student of the Old Testament
+who is desirous to see a selected list of the changes made by the
+Revisers in the Pentateuch, Historical Books, Poetical Books, and
+Prophetical Books.  These changes are given in four chapters, and in most
+cases are accompanied by explanatory comments, which from their tenor
+often seem to be reminiscences of corporate discussion.  I mention these
+particulars as I am not aware of any similar book on the Old Testament
+written by any one of the English Company.  If there is such a book, I do
+sincerely hope the writer will forgive me for not having been so
+fortunate as to meet with it.
+
+The remaining comments I shall venture to make on the rendering of the
+Old Testament will rest on the general knowledge I have acquired of this
+carefully-executed and conservative revision, and on some consideration
+of the many illustrations which Dr. Chambers has selected in his
+interesting manual.  The impression that has long been left on my mind by
+the serious reading of the Old Testament in the Revised Version is that
+not nearly enough has been said of the value of the changes that have
+been made, and of the strong argument they furnish for the reading of the
+Revision in the public services of the Church.  Let any serious person
+read the Book of Job with the two English versions in parallel columns,
+and form a sober opinion on the comparison--his judgement I am confident
+will be, that if the Revision of this Book be a fair sample of the
+Revision generally, our congregations have a just right to claim that the
+Revised Version of the Old Testament should be publicly read in their
+churches.  Ours is a Bible-loving country, and the English Bible in its
+most correct form can never be rightly withheld from our public
+ministrations.
+
+I shall now close this portion of the present Address with a few comments
+on the four parts of the Revision to which I have already alluded--the
+Pentateuch, and the Historical, Poetical, and Prophetical Books of the
+Old Testament.
+
+What the careful reader of Genesis will not fail to observe is the number
+of passages in which comparatively small alterations give a new light to
+details of the sacred narrative which, in general reading, are commonly
+completely overlooked.  A new colouring, so to speak, is given to the
+whole, and rectifications of prevailing conceptions not unfrequently
+introduced, either in the text or, as often happens, by means of the
+margin, where they could hardly have been anticipated.  The prophecy of
+Jacob as to the future of his children (chap. xlix) will supply an
+instance.  In the character of Reuben few of us would understand more
+than general unsteadiness and changefulness in purpose and in act, but a
+glance at the margin will show that impulse and excitability were plainly
+elements in his nature which led him into the grievous and hateful sin
+for which his father deposed him from the excellency of a first-born.
+
+What has been said of the Book of Genesis is equally applicable to the
+remainder of the Pentateuch.  The object throughout is elucidation, not
+simply correction of errors but removal of obscurity, if not by changes
+introduced into the printed text, yet certainly always by the aid of the
+margin; as, for example, in the somewhat difficult passage of Exodus
+xvii. 16, where really, it would seem, that the margin might rightly have
+had its place in the text.  Sometimes the correction of what might seem
+trivial error, as in Exodus xxxiv. 33, gives an intelligible view of the
+whole details of the circumstance specified.  Moses put on the veil after
+he had ceased speaking with them.  While he was speaking to them he was
+speaking as God's representative.  In Numbers xi. 25 the correction of a
+mistranslation removes what might otherwise lead to a very grave
+misconception, viz. that the gift of prophecy was continuous in the case
+of the whole elderhood.  In the chapters relating to Balaam,
+independently of the alterations that are made in the language of his
+remarkable utterances, the mere fact of their being arranged rhythmically
+could not fail to cause the public reader, almost unconsciously, to
+change his tone of voice, and to make the reading of the prophecy more
+distinct and impressive.  Among many useful changes in Deuteronomy one
+may certainly be noticed (chap. xx. 19), in which the obscure and
+difficult clause in regard of the tree in the neighbourhood of the
+besieged city is made at any rate intelligible.
+
+In the historical books attention may be particularly called to the Song
+of Deborah and Barak, in which there are several important and
+elucidatory corrections, and in which the rhythmic arrangement will be
+felt to bear force and impressiveness both to reader and to hearer.  In
+the remaining Books changes will be found fewer in number and less
+striking; but occasionally, as for example in 1 Kings xx. 27, we come
+across changes that startle us by their unlooked-for character, but
+which, if correct, add a deeper degradation to the outpoured blood of
+Ahab in the pool of Samaria.
+
+Of the poetical Books, I have already alluded to the Book of Job and to
+the high character of the Revision.  The changes in this noble poem are
+many, and were especially needed, for the rendering of the Book of Job
+has always been felt to be one of the weakest portions of the great work
+of the Revisers of 1611.  Illustrations I am unable to give, in a cursory
+notice like the present, but I may again press the Revisers' version of
+this deeply interesting Book on the serious attention of every earnest
+student of the Old Testament.
+
+It is difficult to say much on the Revised Version of the Book of Psalms,
+as Coverdale's Version, as we have it in our Prayer Book, so completely
+occupies the foreground of memory and devotional interest, that I fear
+comparatively few study the Bible Version or the careful and conservative
+work of the Revisers.  This Revision, however, of the version of the Book
+of Psalms deserves more attention than it appears to have received.  Not
+only will the faithful reader find in it the necessary corrections of the
+version of 1611, but clear guidance as to the meaning of the sometimes
+utterly unintelligible renderings of the version of the Great Bible which
+still holds its place in our Prayer Books.  To take two examples: let the
+reader look at the Authorised Version and Prayer Book Version of Psalm
+lxviii. 16, and of lxxxiv. 5, 6, and contrast with both the rendering of
+the Revised Version.  This last-mentioned rendering will be found, as I
+have said, to correct the Authorised Version, and (especially in the
+second passage) to remove what is unintelligible in the Prayer Book
+version.  It may thus be used by the Prayer Book reader of the Psalms as
+a ready and easily accessible means of arriving at the real meaning of
+the many ambiguities and obscurities which long familiarity with the
+Prayer Book Version has led him to pass over without any particular
+notice.  The revision of the Prayer Book Version has been long felt to be
+a very real necessity.  To read and to hear read in the daily services of
+the Church what, in parts, cannot be understood can never be spiritually
+good for reader or hearer.  And yet, such is the really devout
+conservatism of the bulk of our congregations, that though a careful
+revision, sympathetically executed, has been strongly urged by some of
+our most earnest scholars and divines, it is more than doubtful whether
+such a revision ever will be carried out.  If this be so, it only remains
+for us so to encourage, in our schools and in our Bible classes, the
+efficient explanatory help of the Revised Version.  If this is steadily
+done, nearly all that is at present obscure or unintelligible in the
+Prayer Book Version will no longer remain so to the greater part of our
+worshippers.
+
+Of the remaining Poetical Books the revision of the Authorised Version of
+the Song of Solomon must be specially noticed.  In the common version the
+dramatic element is almost entirely lost, the paragraphs are imperfectly
+noted, and obscurities not a few the inevitable consequence.  In a large
+degree these serious imperfections are removed, and the whole tenor of
+this exquisite poem made clear to the general reader.  The margin will
+show the great care bestowed on the poem by the Revisers; and the fewness
+and trifling nature of the changes maintained by the American Company
+will also show, in a confessedly difficult Book, the somewhat remarkable
+amount of the agreement between the two Companies.  On the Prophetical
+Books I do not feel qualified to speak except in very general terms; and
+for illustrations must refer the reader to the large list of the
+corrected renderings, especially of the prophecy of Isaiah, in the useful
+work of Dr. Chambers, who has devoted at least eleven pages to the
+details of the Revisers' work on the Evangelist of the Old Covenant.  The
+impression which the consideration of these details leaves on the mind of
+the reader will be, I am confident, the same as that which is I believe
+felt by all professed Hebrew scholars who have examined the version, viz.
+that it is not only faithful and thorough, but often rises to a very high
+level of poetic utterance.  Let any one read aloud in the Revised Version
+the well-known passage, chap. xiv. 12-23, already nobly rendered in the
+Old Version, and ask himself if the seemingly slight and trivial changes
+have not maintained this splendid utterance at a uniform height of
+sustained and eloquent vigour.
+
+In the prophecies of Jeremiah and Ezekiel the changes are less striking
+and noticeable, not however from any diminished care in the work of
+revision, but from the tenor of the prophecies being less familiar to the
+general reader.  Four pages of instructive illustrations are supplied by
+Dr. Chambers in the case of each of the two prophecies.  The more
+noticeable changes in Daniel and Hosea are also specified by Dr.
+Chambers, but the remainder of the minor prophets, with perhaps the
+exception of Habakkuk, are passed over with but little illustrative
+notice.  A very slight inspection however of these difficult prophecies
+will certainly show two things--first, that the Revisers of 1611 did
+their work in this portion of Holy Scripture less successfully than
+elsewhere; secondly, that the English and American Revisers--between whom
+the differences are here noticeably very few--laboured unitedly and
+successfully in keeping their revision of the preceding version of these
+prophecies fully up to the high level of the rest of their work.
+
+II.  I now pass onward to the consideration of the renderings in the
+Revised Version of the New Testament.
+
+The object and purpose of the consideration will be exactly the same, as
+in the foregoing pages, to show the faithful thoroughness of the
+Revision, but the manner of showing this will be somewhat different to
+the method I have adopted in the foregoing portion of this Address.  I
+shall not now bring before you examples of the faithful and suggestive
+accuracy of the revision, for to do this adequately would far exceed the
+limits of these Addresses; and further, if done would far fall short of
+the instructive volume of varied and admirably arranged illustrations
+written only four years ago by a member of the Company {96}, now, alas,
+no longer with us, of which I shall speak fully in my next Address.
+
+What I shall now do will be to show that the principles on which the
+version of the New Testament was based have been in no degree affected by
+the copious literature connected with the language of the Greek Testament
+and its historical position which has appeared since the Revision was
+completed.  It is only quite lately that the Revisers have been
+represented as being insufficiently acquainted, in several particulars,
+with the Greek of the New Testament, and in a word, being twenty years
+behind what is now known on the subject {97}.  Such charges are easily
+made, and may at first sight seem very plausible, as the last fifteen or
+twenty years have brought with them an amount of research in the language
+of the Greek Testament which might be thought to antiquate some results
+of the Revision, and to affect to some extent the long labours of those
+who took part in it.  The whole subject then must be fairly considered,
+especially in such an Address as the present, in which the object is to
+set forth the desirableness and rightfulness of using the version in the
+public services of the Church.
+
+But first a few preliminary comments must be made on the manner and
+principles in which the changes of rendering have been introduced into
+the venerable Version which was intrusted to us to be revised.
+
+The foremost principle to be alluded to is the one to which we adhered
+steadily and persistently during the whole ten years of our labour--the
+principle of faithfulness to the original language in which it pleased
+Almighty God that His saving truth should be revealed to the children of
+men.  As the lamented Bishop of Durham says most truly and forcibly in
+his instructive "Lessons on the Revised Version of the New Testament
+{98a};" "Faithfulness, the most candid and the most scrupulous, was the
+central aim of the Revisers {98b}."  Faithfulness, but to what?
+Certainly not to "the sense and spirit of the original {98b}," as our
+critics contended must have been meant by the rule,--but to the original
+in its plain grammatical meaning as elicited by accurate interpretation.
+This I can confidently state was the intended meaning of the word when it
+appeared in the draft rule that was submitted to the Committee of
+Convocation.  So it was understood by them; and so, I may add, it was
+understood by the Company, because I can clearly remember a very full
+discussion on the true meaning of the word at one of the early meetings
+of the Company.  Some alteration had been proposed in the rendering of
+the Greek to which objection was made that it did not come under the rule
+and principle of faithfulness.  This led to a general, and, as it proved,
+a final discussion.  Bishop Lightfoot, I remember, took an earnest part
+in it.  He contended that our revision must be a true and thorough one;
+that such a meeting as ours could not be assembled for many years to
+come, and that if the rendering was plainly more accurate and more true
+to the original, it ought not to be put aside as incompatible with some
+supposed aspect of the rule of faithfulness.  Proposals were often set
+aside without the vote being taken, on the ground that it was not "worth
+while" to make them, and in a trivial matter to disturb recollection of a
+familiar text; but the non-voting resulted from the proposal being
+withdrawn owing to the mind of the Company being plainly against it, and
+not from any direct appeal to the principle of faithfulness.  If the
+proposal was pressed, the vote of the Company was always taken, and the
+matter authoritatively settled.
+
+The contention, often very recklessly urged, that the Revisers
+deliberately violated the principles under which the work was committed
+to them is thus, to use the kindest form of expression, entirely
+erroneous.  I have dwelt upon this matter because when properly
+understood it clears away more than half of the objections that have been
+urged against our Revision.  Of the remainder I cannot but agree with
+good Bishop Westcott that no criticism of the Revision--and the
+criticisms were of every form and kind "pedantry, spiritless literality,
+irritating triviality, destroyed rhythm," and so forth--no criticism ever
+came upon us by surprise.  The Revisers, as the Bishop truly says, heard
+in the Jerusalem Chamber all the arguments against their conclusions they
+have heard since; and he goes on to say that no restatement of old
+arguments had in the least degree shaken his confidence in the general
+results.  Such words from one now, alas, no longer with us, but whose
+memory we cherish as one of the most wide-minded as well as truth-seeking
+of the biblical scholars of our own times, may well serve to reassure the
+partially hesitating reader of the Revised Version of its real
+trustworthiness and fidelity.  But we must not confine our attention
+simply to the renderings that hold a place in the text of the Revised
+Version.  We must take into our consideration a very instructive portion
+of the work of the Revisers which is, I fear, utterly neglected by the
+general reader--the alternative readings and renderings that hold a place
+in the margin, and form an integral portion of the Revision.  Though we
+are now more particularly considering the renderings, I include here the
+marginal readings, as the relation of the margins to the Version could
+hardly be fully specified without taking into consideration the margin in
+its entirety.  As readers of the Preface to the New Testament (very few,
+I fear, to judge by current criticisms) will possibly remember,
+alternative readings and renderings were prohibited in the case of the
+Authorised Version, but, as we know, the prohibition was completely
+disregarded, some thirty-five notes referring to readings, and probably
+more than five hundred to alternative renderings.  In the fundamental
+rules of Convocation for the Revision just the opposite course was
+prescribed, and, as we know, freely acted on.
+
+These alternative readings and renderings must be carefully considered,
+as in the case of renderings much light is often thrown on the true
+interpretation of the passage, especially in the more difficult portions
+of the New Testament.  Their relation however to the actually accepted
+Version must not be exaggerated, either in reference to readings or
+renderings.  I will make plain what I mean by an example.  Dr. Westcott
+specifies a reading of importance in John i. 18 where he states that the
+reading in the margin ("God only begotten") did in point of fact express
+the opinion of the majority of the Company, but did not appear in the
+text of the Version because it failed to secure the two-thirds majority
+of those present at the final revision.  This, perhaps, makes a little
+too much of an acceptance at a somewhat early period of the labours of
+the Company.  So far as I remember the case, the somewhat startling
+alteration was accepted at the first revision (when the decision was to
+be by simple majorities), but a margin was granted, which of course
+continued up to the second revision.  At that revision the then text and
+the then margin changed places.  Dr. Hort, I am well aware, published an
+important pamphlet on the subject, but I have no remembrance that the
+first decision on the reading was alluded to, either at the second
+revision or afterwards, in any exceptional manner.  It did but share the
+fate of numberless alterations at the first revision that were not
+finally confirmed.
+
+The American Revisers, it will be observed, agree as to the reading in
+question with their English brethren; and the same too is the judgement
+of Professor Nestle in his carefully edited Greek Testament to which I
+have already referred.
+
+I have dwelt upon this particular case, because though I am especially
+desirous to encourage a far greater attention to the margin than it has
+hitherto received, I am equally desirous that the margin should not be
+elevated above its real position.  That position is one of subordination
+to the version actually adopted, whether when maintaining the older form
+or changing it.  It expresses the judgement of a legal, if not also of a
+numerical, minority, and, in the case of difficult passages (as in Rom.
+ix. 4), the judgement of groups which the Company, as a whole, deemed
+worthy of being recorded.  But, not only should the margin thus be
+considered, but the readings and renderings preferred by the American
+Committee, which will often be found suggestive and helpful.  These, as
+we know, are now incorporated in the American Standard Edition of the
+Revised Bible; and the result, I fear, will be that the hitherto familiar
+Appendix will disappear from the smaller English editions of the Revised
+Version of the Old and New Testament.  It is perhaps inevitable, but it
+will be a real loss.  All I can hope is that in some specified English
+editions of the Old and New Testament each Appendix will regularly be
+maintained, and that this token of the happy union of England and America
+in the blessed work of revising their common version of God's holy Word
+will thus be preserved to the end.
+
+But we must now pass onward to considerations very closely affecting the
+renderings of the Revised Version of the Greek Testament.
+
+I have already said that very recently a new and unexpected charge has
+been brought against the Revisers of the Authorised Version.  And the
+charge is no less than this, that the Revisers were ignorant in several
+important particulars of the language from which the version was
+originally made that they were appointed to revise.
+
+Now in meeting a charge of this nature, in which we may certainly notice
+that want of considerate intelligence which marks much of the criticism
+that has been directed against our revision, it seems always best when
+dealing with a competent scholar who does not give in detail examples on
+which the criticism rests, to try and understand his point of view and
+the general reasons for his unfavourable pronouncement.  And in this case
+I do not think it difficult to perceive that the imputation of ignorance
+on the part of the Revisers has arisen from an exaggerated estimate of
+the additions to our knowledge of New Testament Greek which have
+accumulated during the twenty years that have passed away since the
+Revision was completed.  If this be a correct, as it is certainly a
+charitable, estimate of the circumstances under which ignorance has been
+imputed to us in respect of several matters relating to the Greek on
+which we were engaged, let us now leave our critics, and deal with these
+reasonable questions.  First, what was the general knowledge, on the part
+of the Revisers, of the character and peculiarities of New Testament
+Greek?  Secondly, what is the amount of the knowledge relative to New
+Testament Greek that has been acquired since the publication of the
+revision? and thirdly, to what extent does this recently acquired
+knowledge affect the correctness and fidelity of the renderings that have
+been adopted by the Revisers?  If these three questions are plainly
+answered we shall have dealt fully and fairly with the doubts that have
+been expressed or implied as to the correctness of the revision.
+
+First, then, as to the general knowledge which the revisers had of the
+character and peculiarities of the Greek of the New Testament.
+
+This question could not perhaps be more fairly and correctly dealt with
+than by Bishop Westcott in the opening words of his chapter on Exactness
+in Grammatical Detail, in the valuable work to which I have already
+referred.  What he states probably expresses very exactly the general
+view taken by the great majority, if not by all, of the Revisers in
+regard of the Greek of the New Testament.  What the Bishop says of the
+language is this: "that it is marked by unique characteristics.  It is
+separated very clearly, both in general vocabulary and in construction,
+from the language of the LXX, the Greek Version of the Old Testament,
+which was its preparation, and from the Greek of the Fathers which was
+its development {106}."
+
+If we accept this as a correct statement of the general knowledge of the
+Revisers as to the language of the Greek Testament, we naturally ask
+further, on what did they rely for the correct interpretation of it.  The
+answer can readily be given, and it is this: Besides their general
+knowledge of Greek which, in the case of the large majority, was very
+great, their knowledge of New Testament Greek was distinctly influenced
+by the grammatical views of Professor Winer, of whose valuable grammar of
+the Greek Testament one of our Company, as I have mentioned in my first
+Address, had been a well-known and successful translator.  Though his
+name was not very frequently brought up in our discussions, the influence
+his grammar exerted among us, directly and indirectly, was certainly
+great; but it went no further than grammatical details.  His obvious
+gravitation to the idea of New Testament Greek forming a sort of separate
+department of its own probably never was shared, to any perceptible
+extent, by any one of us.  We did not enter very far into these matters.
+We knew by every day's working experience that New Testament Greek
+differed to some extent from the Greek to which we had been accustomed,
+and from the Septuagint Greek to which from time to time we referred.
+But further than this we did not go, nor care to go.  We had quite enough
+on our hands.  We had a very difficult task to perform, we had to revise
+under prescribed conditions a version which needed revision almost in
+every verse, and we had no time to enter into questions that did not then
+appear to bear directly on our engrossing and responsible work.
+
+But now it must be distinctly admitted that recent investigation and, to
+a certain extent, recent discoveries have cast so much new light on New
+Testament Greek that it becomes a positive duty to take into
+consideration what has been disclosed to us by the labours of the last
+fifteen years as to New Testament Greek, and then fairly to face the
+question whether the particular labours of the Revisers have been
+seriously affected by it.  Let us bear in mind, however, that it may be
+quite possible that a largely increased knowledge of the position which
+what used to be called Biblical Greek now occupies may be clearly
+recognized, and yet only comparatively few changes necessitated by it in
+syntactic details and renderings.  But let us not anticipate.  What we
+have now to do is to ascertain the nature and amount of the disclosures
+and new knowledge to which I have alluded.
+
+This may be briefly stated as emanating from a very large amount of
+recent literature on post-classical Greek, and from a careful and
+scientific investigation of the transition from the earlier
+post-classical to the later, and thence to the modern Greek of the
+present time.  Such an investigation, illustrated as it has been by the
+voluminous collection of the Inscriptions, and the already large and
+growing collection of the Papyri, has thrown indirectly considerable
+light on New Testament Greek, and has also called out three works, each
+of a very important character, and posterior to the completion of the
+Revision, which deal directly with the Greek of the New Testament.  These
+three works I will now specify.
+
+The first, which is still in progress, and has not, I think, yet received
+a translator, is the singularly accurate, and in parts corrective,
+edition of Winer's "Grammar" by Prof. Schmiedel.  The portion on the
+article is generally recognized as of great value and importance.
+
+The second work is the now well-translated "Bible Studies" of Dr.
+Deissmann of Heidelberg {109}.  This remarkable work, of which the full
+title is "Contributions, chiefly from Papyri and Inscriptions, to the
+History of the Language, the Literature, and the Religion of Hellenistic
+Judaism, and Primitive Christianity," contains not only a clear estimate
+of the nature of New Testament Greek, but also a large and instructive
+vocabulary of about 160 words and expressions in the New Testament, most
+of which receive in varying degrees illustration from the Papyri, and
+other approximately contemporary sources.  It must be noted, however,
+that the writer himself specifies that his investigations "have been, in
+part, arranged on a plan which is polemical {110a}."  This avowal must,
+to some extent, affect our full acceptance of all the results arrived at
+in this striking and laborious work.
+
+The third work is a "Grammar of New Testament Greek" by the well-known
+and distinguished scholar, Dr. Blass, and is deserving of the fullest
+attention from every earnest student of the Greek Testament.  It has been
+excellently translated by Mr. St. John Thackeray, of the Education
+Department {110b}.  It is really hardly possible to speak too highly of
+this helpful and valuable work.  Its value consists in this--that it has
+been written, on the one hand, by an accomplished classical scholar, and,
+on the other hand, by one who is thoroughly acquainted with the
+investigations of the last fifteen years.  As his Introduction clearly
+shows, he fully accepts the estimate that is now generally entertained of
+the Greek of the New Testament, viz. that it is no isolated production,
+as regards language, that had no historic relation to the Greek of the
+past or of the future.  It was not, to any great extent, derived from the
+Greek _translations_ of the Old Testament--often, as Dr. Blass says,
+slavishly literal--nor from the literary language of the time, but was
+the spoken Greek of the age to which it belonged, modified by the
+position and education of the speaker, and also to some extent, though by
+no means to any large extent, by the Semitic element which, from time to
+time, discloses itself in the language of the inspired writers.  This
+last-written epithet, which I wittingly introduce, must not be lost sight
+of by the Christian student.
+
+Dr. Blass quite admits that the language of the Greek Testament may be
+rightly treated in connexion with the discoveries in Egypt furnished by
+the Papyri; but he has also properly maintained elsewhere {111} that the
+books of the New Testament form a special group _to be primarily
+explained by itself_.  Greatly as we are indebted to Dr. Deissmann for
+his illustrations, especially in regard of vocabulary, we must read with
+serious caution, and watch all attempts to make Inscriptions or Papyri do
+the work of an interpretation of the inner meaning of God's Holy Word
+which belongs to another realm, and to the self-explanations which are
+vouchsafed to us in the reverent study of the Book--not of Humanity (as
+Deissmann speaks of the New Testament) {112} but of--Life.
+
+I have now probably dealt sufficiently with the second of the three
+questions which I have put forward for our consideration.  I have stated
+the general substance of the knowledge which has been permitted to come
+to us since the revision was completed.  I now pass onward to the third
+and most difficult question equitably to answer, "To what extent does
+this newly-acquired knowledge affect the correctness and fidelity of the
+revision of the Authorised Version of the New Testament?"  It is easy
+enough to speak of "ignorance" on the part of the Revisers, especially
+after what I have specified in the answer to the question on which we
+have just been meditating; but the real and practical question is this,
+"If the Revisers had all this knowledge when they were engaged on their
+work, would it have materially affected their revision?"
+
+To this more limited form of the question I feel no difficulty in
+replying, that I am fully and firmly persuaded that it would _not_ have
+materially affected the revision; and my grounds for returning this
+answer depend on these two considerations: first, that the full knowledge
+which some of us had of Winer's Grammar, and the general knowledge that
+was possessed of it by the majority, certainly enabled us to realize that
+the Greek on which we were engaged, while retaining very many elements of
+what was classical, had in it also not only many signs of post-classical
+Greek, but even of usages which we now know belong to later developments.
+These later developments, all of which are, to some extent, to be
+recognized in the Greek Testament, such as the disappearance of the
+optative, the use of [Greek text] with the subjunctive in the place of
+the infinitive, the displacement of [Greek text], the interchange of
+[Greek text] and [Greek text], of [Greek text] and [Greek text], the use
+of compound forms without any corresponding increase of meaning, the
+extended usage of the aorist, the wider sphere of the accusative, and
+many similar indications of later Greek--all these were so far known to
+us as to exercise a cautionary influence on our revision, and to prevent
+us overpressing the meaning of words and forms that had lost their
+original definiteness.
+
+My second reason for the answer I have given to the question is based on
+the accumulating experience we were acquiring in our ten years of labour,
+and our instinctive avoidance of renderings which in appearance might be
+precise, but did in reality exaggerate the plain meaning intended by the
+Greek that we were rendering.  Sometimes, but only rarely, we fell into
+this excusable form of over-rendering.  Perhaps the concluding words of
+Mark xiv. 65 will supply an example.  At any rate, the view taken by
+Blass {114} would seem to suggest a less literal form of translation.
+
+When I leave the limited form of answer, and face the broad and general
+question of the extent to which our recently-acquired knowledge affects
+the correctness and fidelity of the revision, I can only give an answer
+founded on an examination of numerous passages in which I have compared
+the comments of Dr. Blass in his Grammar, and of Dr. Deissmann in his
+"Bible Studies with the renderings of the Revisers."  And the answer is
+this, that the number of cases in which any change could reasonably be
+required has been so small, so very small, that the charge of any real
+ignorance, on the part of the Revisers, of the Greek on which they were
+engaged, must be dismissed as utterly and entirely exaggerated.  We have
+now acquired an increased knowledge of the character of the Greek of the
+New Testament, and of the place it holds in the historical transition of
+the language from the earlier post-classical to the later developments of
+the language, but this knowledge, interesting and instructive as it may
+be, leaves the principles of correctly translating it practically intact.
+In this latter process we must deal with the language of the Greek
+Testament as we would deal with the language of any other Greek book, and
+make the book, as far as we have the means of doing so, its own
+interpreter.
+
+Having thus shown in broad and general terms, as far as I have been able
+to do so, that we may still, notwithstanding the twenty years that have
+passed away, regard the Revised Version of the Greek Testament as a
+faithfully executed revision, and its renderings such as may be accepted
+with full Christian confidence, I now turn to the easier, but not less
+necessary, duty of bringing before you some considerations why this
+Version and, with it, the Revised Version of the Old Testament, should be
+regularly used in the public services of our Mother Church.
+
+
+
+
+ADDRESS V.
+PUBLIC USE OF THE VERSION.
+
+
+We have now traced the external, and to some extent the internal history
+of Revision from the time, some fifty years ago, when it began to occupy
+the thoughts of scholars and divines, down to the present day.
+
+We have seen the steady advance in Church opinion as to its necessity;
+its earliest manifestations, and the silent progress from what was
+tentative and provisional to authoritative recognition, and to carefully
+formulated procedures under the high and venerable sanction of the two
+Houses of the Convocation of Canterbury.  We have further seen how the
+movement extended to America, and how some of the best scholars and
+divines of that Christian country co-operated with those of our own
+country in the arduous and responsible work of revising their common
+heritage, the Version of God's most Holy Word, as set forth by authority
+290 years ago.  We have noted too, that in this work not less than one
+hundred scholars and divines were engaged--for fourteen years in the case
+of the Old Testament, and for ten years in the case of the New
+Testament--and that this long period of labour and study was marked by
+regularly appointed and faithfully kept times of meeting, and by the
+interchange with the Revisers on the other side of the Atlantic of
+successive portions of the work, until the whole was completed.
+
+And this Revision, as we have seen, has included a full consideration of
+the text of the original languages as well as of the renderings.  In the
+Old Testament, adherence to the Massorite Text has left only a very
+limited number of passages in which consideration of the ancient Version
+was deemed to be necessary; but, in the New Testament, as we well know,
+questions of textual criticism occupied a large portion of the time and
+attention of the Revisers, both here and in America.  In regard of the
+renderings, we have seen the care and thoroughness with which the
+Revision was carried out, the marginal notes in both Testaments showing
+convincingly, especially on the more difficult passages, how every
+rendering that could be regarded as in any degree probable received its
+full share of consideration.  Finally, it must not be forgotten that, in
+the case of the New Testament, the serious question whether the research
+in New Testament Greek since the Revision was completed has, to any
+appreciable extent, affected the suggestive light and truth of really
+innumerable corrections and changes--this too has been faced, and the
+charge fairly met, that just conclusions drawn from the true nature of
+the Greek, gravely affecting interpretation, have been ignored by the
+Revisers.
+
+So much of the latter part of the last Address has been taken up with
+this necessary duty of showing that the changes in renderings cannot be
+invalidated by _a priori_ considerations founded on the alleged
+insufficient knowledge, on the part of the Revisers, of the nature of the
+Greek they were translating, that I have not cited examples of the
+light-giving and often serious nature of the changes made in the
+Authorised Version.  This I regretted at the time; but a little
+consideration showed me that it was much better for the cause in which I
+am engaged that I should refer you for illustrations of the nature and
+value of the renderings in the Revised Version of the New Testament to a
+singularly fruitful and helpful volume, published only four years ago,
+and so subsequently to the researches in New Testament Greek of which I
+have spoken.  This volume was written by a member of our Company--now,
+alas, no longer with us--whose knowledge of the Greek language, whether
+of earlier or of later date, no one could possibly doubt.  I allude to
+the "Lessons of the Revised Version of the New Testament," by Dr.
+Westcott, a volume that has not yet received the full attention which its
+remarkable merits abundantly claim, for it.
+
+Of this volume I shall speak more fully later on in this Address, my
+object now being to set forth the desirableness, I might even say the
+duty, of using the Revised Version in the Public Services of the Church.
+
+After the summary I have just given of the external history of this great
+movement, does not the question come home to us, Why has all this been
+done?  For what have the hundred labourers in the great work freely given
+their time and their energies during the four and twenty years (speaking
+collectively) that were spent on the work?  For what did the venerable
+Convocation of our Province give the weight of its sanction and authority
+when it drew up the fundamental rules in accordance with which all has
+been done?  Can there be any other answer than this?  All has been done
+to bring the truth of God's most Holy Word more faithfully and more
+freshly home to the hearts and consciences of our English-speaking
+people.  And if this be so, how are ministers of this Holy Word to answer
+the further question, When we are met together in the House of God to
+hear His word and His message of salvation to mankind, how hear we it?
+In the traditional form in which it has been heard for wellnigh three
+hundred years, or in a form on which, to ensure faithfulness and
+accuracy, such labour has been bestowed as that which we are now
+considering?  It seems impossible to hesitate as to our answer.  And yet
+numbers do hesitate; and partly from indifference, partly from a vague
+fear of disquieting a congregation, partly, and probably chiefly, from a
+sense of difficulty as to the rightful mode of introducing the change,
+the old Version is still read, albeit with an uneasy feeling on the part
+of the public reader; the uneasy feeling being this, that errors in
+regard of Holy Scripture ought not to remain uncorrected nor obscurities
+left to cloud the meaning of God's Word when there is a current Version
+from which errors are removed, and in which obscurities are dissipated.
+Why should not such a Version be read in the ears of our people?
+
+This is the question which I am confident many a one of you, my dear
+friends, when you have been reading in your church--say the
+Epistles--have often felt very distinctly come home to you.  Why should
+such a Version not be read in the ears of our people?  Has it been
+forbidden?  No, thank God; full liberty, on the contrary, has been left
+to us by the living voice of the synod of this Province that it may be
+read, subject to one reasonable limitation.  Was it not the unanimous
+judgement of the Upper House of the Convocation of our Province,
+confirmed by the voice of the Lower House {122}--"That the use of the
+Revised Version of the Bible at the lectern in the public services of the
+Church, where this is desired by clergy and people, is not open to any
+well-founded objection, and will tend to promote a more intelligent
+knowledge of Holy Scripture"?  And further, was not this adopted by the
+Lay House of our Province, even when a few doubting voices were heard
+{123}, and an interpretation given to the word "use," in the form of a
+rider, which, I can confidently say, never entered into the minds or
+thoughts of the members of the Upper House?  Indeed, though I do not wish
+to criticise the decision of the House of Laymen, their appended words of
+interpretation fall to the ground.  If "use" is to mean "occasional
+employment of Lessons from the Revised Version, where, in the interest of
+more accurate translation, it is desirable," can any Lessons be found
+where the interest of more accurate translation is not patently
+concerned?  If this be so, what meaning can we assign to "occasional
+employment"?
+
+We see then plainly, if we are to be guided by the judgement of the
+venerable body to whom the authoritative inception of Revision is alone
+to be assigned, that the way to its use in the Public Services of the
+Church is open to us all--_where such use is desired by clergy and
+people_.  Now let us take these words seriously into our consideration.
+They clearly mean, however good the Version may be, that there is to be
+no sudden and precipitate use of the Revised Version in the appointed
+Lessons for the day on the part of the minister of any of our parishes.
+If introduced, its introduction must not be simply when it is desired by
+the clergyman, but when it is also desired by his people.  So great a
+change as the displacement of the old and familiar Authorised
+Version--for it amounts to this--in the public reading of Holy Scripture
+in the Services of the Church, in favour of an altered form of the old
+Version (though confessedly so altered that the general hearer would
+hardly ever recognize the displacement)--so great a change ought not to
+be made without the knowledge, and further, the desire of the
+congregation.
+
+But how is the desire for the change to be ascertained?  So far as I can
+see, there can be only one real and rightful way of bringing about the
+desire and the manifestation of it, and that is by first of all showing
+simply and plainly how, especially in the New Testament, the alterations
+give life, colouring and reality to the narratives of Evangelists, force
+and lucidity to the reasonings of Apostles, and, what is of still more
+vital importance, deeper insight into our relations to our saving Lord,
+clearer knowledge of His blessed life and work here on earth, and
+quickened perceptions of our present and our future, and, to a very real
+extent, of the holy mysteries of the life of the world to come.  When
+changes of text and of renderings are shown, and they can be shown, to
+bear with them these fuller revelations of God's Holy Word, there will be
+no lack of desire, and of the manifestation of it, in any congregation,
+for the public use of a Version through which such disclosures as I have
+specified can be brought home to the truth-seeking believer.
+
+My fixed opinion therefore is this, that though, after a long and careful
+consideration of the subject, I do sincerely desire that the Revised
+Version should be introduced into the churches of this diocese, I do also
+sincerely desire that it should not be introduced without a due
+preparation of the congregation for the change, and some manifestation of
+their desire for the change.  There will probably be a few churches in
+our diocese in which the Revised Version is used already, and in regard
+of them nothing more will be necessary than, from time to time, in
+occasional addresses, to allude to any important changes that may have
+appeared in the Lessons and recent readings of Holy Scripture, and thus
+to keep alive the thoughtful study of that which will be more and more
+felt to be, in the truest sense of the words, the Book of Life.  But, in
+the great majority of our churches--though in many cases there may have
+been passing desires to read and to hear God's Word in its most truthful
+form--no forward steps will have been taken.  It is in reference then to
+this great majority of cases that I have broken my long silence, and,
+before my ministry closes, have resolved to bring before you the whole
+history of the greatest spiritual movement that has taken place since the
+Reformation; and also to indicate the untold blessings the Revision will
+bear to those who avail themselves of it in all reverent earnestness and
+devotion.
+
+Thus far I hope I have made it plain that any forward steps that may be
+taken can only hopefully be taken when, both in the case of pastor and
+people, due preparation shall have been made for what, in the sequel,
+will be found to be an enduring spiritual change in the relation of the
+soul of the devout hearer or reader to the Book of Life.  He will learn
+not only faithfully to read the inspired Word, but inwardly to love it.
+
+But what shall we regard as due preparation in the case of pastor and
+people?  This question, I can well believe, has already risen in the
+hearts of many who are now hearing these words, and to the best answer to
+it that I am able to give you I will gladly devote the remainder of this
+present Address.  Let us first consider how any one of you really and
+truly desirous to prepare his congregation for the hearing of God's Word
+in the form known as the Revised Version--how such a one should prepare
+himself for the responsible duty.  Prayer for himself and his
+congregation in this great spiritual matter should ever be his first
+preparation.  After this his next care should be to provide himself with
+such books as will be indispensable for faithful preparation.  First and
+foremost, let him provide himself with a copy of what is called the
+Parallel Bible, the Authorised Version being on the left-hand side of the
+page, and the Revised Version on the right.  Next let it be his duty to
+read closely and carefully the Preface to the Old Testament and the
+Preface to the New Testament.  Had this been done years ago, how much of
+unfair criticism should we all have been spared?  The next step will be
+to obtain some competent guide-book to explain the meaning of the
+different changes of rendering, the alterations due to readings having
+been separately noted.  The guide-book, whether in the case of the Old or
+of the New Testament, should, in my judgement, be a volume written by a
+Reviser, as he would have a knowledge, far beyond what could be obtained
+by an outsider, of the reasons for many of the departures from the
+Authorised Version.
+
+In regard of the Old Testament I have said in my last Address that I do
+not myself know of any guide-book, written by a Reviser, save the
+interesting volume by Dr. Talbot Chambers, to which I have been indebted
+for much that, being a member of another Company, I could not have
+brought forward without his assistance.  In regard of the New Testament,
+however, it is otherwise.  There is a useful volume by my old friend and
+former colleague the late Prebendary Humphry; but the volume which I most
+earnestly desire to name is the volume already mentioned, and entitled
+"Some Lessons of the Revised Version of the New Testament," by the late
+Bishop of Durham.  This book is simply indispensable for any one desirous
+of preparing himself for the duty of introducing the Revised Version of
+the New Testament into the Public Services of his parish.  It is one of
+those rare and remarkable books that not only give the needed
+explanation, but also cast a light on the whole spiritual results of the
+change, and constantly awaken in the reader some portion of the
+enthusiasm with which the Bishop records changes that many an earnest and
+devout reader might think belonged only to the details of grammatical
+accuracy.  I thus cannot forbear quoting a few lines in which the Bishop,
+after alluding to the change in Matt. xxviii. 19, _into_ (not _in_) _the
+name of the Father and of the Holy Ghost_, and the change in Rom. vi. 23,
+_eternal life in_ (not _through_) _Christ Jesus our Lord_, thus speaks
+from his inmost soul: "Am I wrong in saying that he who has mastered the
+meaning of those two prepositions now truly rendered--'_into_ the name,'
+'_in_ Christ'--has found the central truth of Christianity?  Certainly I
+would gladly have given the ten years of my life spent on the Revision to
+bring only these two phrases of the New Testament to the heart of
+Englishmen."  Is it too much to say that a volume written by a guide such
+as this is simply indispensable for any one who prepares himself for
+introducing to his people--the government of whose souls has been
+committed to him--the Revised Version of the New Testament of our Lord
+and Master Jesus Christ.
+
+With the help that I have specified any one of you, my dear friends,
+might adequately prepare himself for the duty and responsibility of
+taking the next step, the preparation of his congregation for hearing the
+Word of God in the form that most nearly approaches in our own language
+what prophets, evangelists, and apostles have written for our learning
+under the inspiration of God.  This preparation may be carried on in many
+forms, by pastoral visitations, through our Bible classes, through the
+efforts of our mission preachers in the holy seasons, but obviously most
+hopefully and persuasively by the living voice of the faithful pastor in
+his public ministrations in the pulpit of his church.  Parishes differ so
+much in spiritual culture that probably no method of preparation could be
+specified that would be equally applicable to all.  Still in the case of
+our country parishes I am persuaded our preparation must come from the
+pulpit and in a manner carefully thought out and prearranged.  Let me
+give some indication of a mode of bringing the subject forward in a
+country parish that would call out the desire for the regular use of the
+Revised Version in the reading of the Lessons for the day.
+
+Let us suppose a month set apart for the preparation.  On the first
+Sunday let an account be given of the circumstances, and especially the
+authority under which the Revision came into existence.  On the second
+Sunday let illustrations be given of the nature of the Revision from
+those parts in Bishop Westcott's "Lessons of the Revised Version of the
+New Testament" which made the deepest impression during the study of that
+suggestive and spiritual volume.  On the third Sunday let comments be
+made on the most striking of the changes in the two appointed Lessons for
+the day from the Old Testament.  Here the preacher may find some
+difficulty, as want of knowledge of Hebrew or of the right interpretation
+of the passage in which the alteration is made might prevent his clearly
+stating the reasons for it.  In such cases a good modern Commentary on
+the Old Testament would probably supply the needed assistance.  The most
+available Commentary I know of for the purpose is the one published by
+Messrs. Cassells, and now sold at the low price--for both Testaments--of
+thirty-five shillings.  On the fourth Sunday, the preacher's subject
+should be the most striking of the changes in the two appointed Lessons
+from the New Testament.  For this there would be abundant help supplied
+by the volume of Bishop Westcott, and, if needed, by the Commentary on
+the New Testament to which I have alluded.
+
+Now I sincerely believe that if this very simple and feasible plan were
+carried out in any parish, two results would certainly follow: first,
+that the Revised Version would be desired and welcomed; secondly, that an
+interest in God's Holy Word would be called out in the parish and its
+Bible classes that would make a lasting impression on the whole spiritual
+life of the place.  We have many faults, but we are a Bible-loving
+nation, and we have shown it in many crises of our history; and thus, I
+am persuaded, in a change such as I have suggested, the old love would be
+called out afresh, and would display itself in a manner we might never
+have expected.
+
+I feel now that I have said all that it may be well for me to have laid
+before you.  I have used no tone of authority; I have not urged in any
+way the introduction of the Revised Version, or that the plan of
+introducing it should be adopted by any one among you.  I have contented
+myself with having shown that it is feasible; and I have definitely
+stated my opinion that, if it were to be adopted, it is in a high degree
+probable that a fresh interest in the Holy Scriptures would be awakened,
+and the love of God's Holy Word again found to be a living reality.
+
+Perhaps the present time may be of greater moment in regard of the study
+of Holy Scripture, and especially of the language of the Greek Testament,
+than we may now be able distinctly to foresee.  I mentioned in my last
+Address the large amount of research, during the last fifteen years, in
+reference to the Greek of the New Testament and the position which the
+sacred volume, considered simply historically and as a collection of
+writings in the Greek language of the first century after Christ, really
+does hold in the general history of a language which, in its latest form,
+is widely spoken to this very day.  I mentioned also what seemed to be
+the most reasonable opinion, viz. that the Greek of the New Testament was
+the spoken Greek of the time, neither literary Greek nor the Greek of the
+lower class, but Greek such as men would use at that time when they had
+to place in the definiteness of writing the language which passed from
+their lips in their converse with their fellow-men.  Now, that advantage
+will be taken of this, and that it will be used to show that the
+spiritual deductions that we draw from the written words cannot be fully
+relied on, because old distinctions have been obscured or obliterated, is
+what I fear, in days such as these, will often be used against the
+faithful reading, marking, and learning of the Written Word.  But we
+shall hear them, I hope, with the two true conclusive answers ever
+present in the soul, the answer of plain human reasoning, and the deeper
+answer which revelation brings seriously home to us.  In regard of the
+first answer, does not plain common sense justify us in maintaining that
+the writers meant what they _wrote_, and that when they used certain
+Greek words in the mighty message they were delivering to their
+fellow-men and to all who should hereafter receive it, they did mean that
+those words were to be understood in the plain and simple meaning that
+every plain reader would assign to them.  They were not speaking; they
+were writing; and they were writing what they knew was to be for all
+time.  Thus to take an example from the passages above referred to of
+which Bishop Westcott makes such impressive use, who can doubt, with any
+fair show of reason--however frequent may be the interchange of the
+particular prepositions in the first century--that, in those passages,
+when St. Matthew wrote [Greek text] he did mean _into_; and that when St.
+Paul used [Greek text], he did mean _in_, in the simplest sense of the
+word?
+
+But to the devout Christian we have a far deeper answer than the answer
+we have just considered.
+
+In the first place, does not the manifold wisdom of God reveal itself to
+our poor human thoughts in His choice of a widespread spoken language,
+just by its very diffusion readily lending itself to the reception of new
+words and new thoughts as the medium by which the Gospel message was
+communicated to the children of men?  Just as the particular period of
+Christ's manifestation has ever been reverently regarded as a revelation
+of the manifold nature of the eternal wisdom, so may we not see the same
+in the choice of a language, at a particular period of its development,
+as the bearer of the message of salvation to mankind?  Surely this is a
+manifestation of the Divine wisdom which must ever be seen and felt
+whenever the outward character of the Greek of the New Testament is dwelt
+upon by the truth-seeking spirit of the reverent believer.
+
+And is there not a second thought, far too much lost sight of in our
+investigation of the written word of the New Testament--that just as the
+writers had their human powers quickened and strengthened by the Holy
+Ghost for the full setting forth of the Gospel message by their spoken
+words, so in regard of their written words would the same blessed
+guidance be vouchsafed to them?  And if so, is it not right for us, not
+only to draw from their words all that by the plain laws of language they
+can be understood to convey to us, but also to do what has been done in
+the Revised Version, and to find the nearest equivalent our language
+supplies for the words in the original?
+
+These thoughts might be carried much further, but enough has been said to
+justify the minute care that has been taken in the renderings of the
+written word of the New Testament by the Revisers, and further, the
+validity of the deductions that may be drawn from their use of one word
+rather than another, especially in the case of words that might seem to
+be practically synonymous.  It may be quite true that, in the current
+Greek of the time, many of the distinctions that were valid in an earlier
+period of the language were no longer observed; and of this we find many
+indications in the Greek Testament.  But it must be remembered that we
+also find in the Greek Testament a vastly preponderating portion of what
+is grammatically correct according to the earlier standard, and often
+clear indications that what was so written must have been definitely
+meant by the writer.  Is it not then our clearest duty, remembering
+always that what we are translating is the Gospel message, to do what the
+Revisers did, to render each passage in accordance with the recognized
+meaning of the words, and in harmony with the plain tenor of the context?
+
+I now close these words and these Addresses with the solemn prayer to
+Almighty God that in this great matter, and in the use of that which the
+living voice of our synod permits us to use, we may be guided by God the
+Holy Ghost, through Jesus Christ, our ever-blessed and redeeming Lord and
+God.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+[As the use at the lectern of the Revised Version in the Public Service
+of the Church may be thought likely to involve expense, I may mention
+that the small pica edition of the Bible, at 10_s._ 6_d._ net, and of the
+Apocrypha separately, at 7_s._ 6_d._, will be found sufficient in most
+churches.  The folio edition in buckram of the Bible with Apocrypha will,
+I understand, be two guineas, net.  Application however should be made to
+the University Press of Oxford or of Cambridge, or to the Christian
+Knowledge Society.]
+
+                           OXFORD: HORACE HART
+                        PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY
+
+
+
+
+Works by the same Author.
+
+
+ARE WE TO MODIFY FUNDAMENTAL DOCTRINE?  Small post 8vo, cloth boards,
+1_s._
+
+CHRISTUS COMPROBATOR; or, The Testimony of Christ to the Old Testament.
+Small post 8vo, cloth boards, 2_s._
+
+FOUNDATIONS OF SACRED STUDY.  Part I.  Small post 8vo, cloth boards,
+2_s._; Part II, 2_s._ 6_d._
+
+MODERN UNBELIEF: its Principles and Characteristics.  Small post 8vo,
+cloth boards, 1_s._ 6_d._
+
+OUR REFORMED CHURCH AND ITS PRESENT TROUBLES.  Small post 8vo, cloth
+boards, 6_d._
+
+SALUTARY DOCTRINE.  Small post 8vo, cloth boards, 1_s._ 6_d._
+
+SPIRITUAL NEEDS IN COUNTRY PARISHES.  Small post 8vo, cloth boards, 1_s._
+
+THE BEING OF GOD (Six Addresses on).  Small post 8vo, cloth boards, 1_s._
+6_d._
+
+                SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE.
+                   LONDON: NORTHUMBERLAND AVENUE, W.C.
+
+
+
+
+Footnotes:
+
+
+{6}  The following Resolution was passed unanimously by the Upper House
+of the Convocation of Canterbury on Feb. 10, 1899, after the presentation
+of the Report of the Committee (well worthy of being read) by the Bishop
+of Rochester.  The Report is numbered 329, and, with other Reports of
+Convocation, is sold by the National Society:--
+
+    "That in the opinion of this House the use of the Revised Version at
+    the lectern in the public service of the Church, where this is
+    desired by clergy and people, is not open to any well-founded
+    objection, and will tend to promote a more intelligent knowledge of
+    Holy Scripture."
+
+{10a}  Among others may be named the _Edinburgh Review_ for 1855 on
+Paragraph Bibles, in which it was said that it was now high time for
+another revision (p. 429); the _Christian Remembrancer_ for 1856 on the
+Revision of the Authorised Version (an interesting article); the
+_Quarterly Review_ for 1863, intimating that as yet we were not ripe for
+any authorised text or translation; the _Edinburgh Review_ for 1865; and
+the _Contemporary Review_ for 1868, a careful and elaborate article,
+contending that the work must be done by a Commission.
+
+{10b}  In February, 1856, when Canon Selwyn gave notice of proposing a
+petition on the subject to the Upper House.  The proposal in a somewhat
+different form a year afterwards was disposed of by a characteristic
+amendment of Archdeacon Denison.
+
+{10c}  On July 22, 1856, Mr. Heywood, one of the members, I think, for
+North Lancashire, in rather an interesting speech, moved for an Address
+to the Crown to issue a Royal Commission on the subject.  The motion was
+rejected, Sir George Grey expressing his conviction that the feeling of
+the country was not in accordance with the motion.
+
+{12}  Preface to the Revision of the Authorised Version of the Gospel
+according to St. John by Five Clergymen, p. xii.  As I remark afterwards,
+this preface proved to be very attractive, and by its moderation greatly
+helped the cause.  The book has long since gone out of print, but if any
+reader of this note should come across it, this preface will be found
+well worth reading, as it will show what was in the minds of many beside
+the Five Clergymen five and forty years ago.
+
+{13}  See Schaff, _Companion to Greek Testament and English version_, p.
+367, note (New York, 1883).
+
+{21}  The _Expositor_ for October, 1892, pp. 241-255.  The article was
+answered by me in the same periodical two months later.
+
+{22}  The account of the discussion in the Convocation of York (Feb. 23,
+1870) will be found in _The Guardian_ of March 2, 1870.  In the comments
+of this paper on the action or rather inaction of the Northern
+Convocation a very unfavourable opinion was expressed, in reference to
+the manner in which the Southern Convocation had been treated.  But these
+things have long since been forgotten.
+
+{35}  It may be interesting to give this list, as it slightly affects
+matter that will be alluded to afterwards in reference to the Greek text.
+The attendances were as follows: The Chairman, 405; Dr. Scrivener, 399;
+Prebendary Humphry, 385; Principal Newth, 373; Prof. Hort, 362; Dean
+Bickersteth (Prolocutor), 352; Dean Scott, 337; Prof. Westcott, 304; Dean
+Vaughan, 302; Dean Blakesley, 297; Bishop Lightfoot, 290; Archdeacon Lee,
+283; Dr. Moulton, 275; Archdeacon Palmer, 255; Dean Stanley, 253; Dr.
+Vance Smith, 245; Principal Brown, 209; Principal Angus, 199; Prof.
+Milligan, 182; Prof. Kennedy, 165; Dr. Eadie, 135; Bishop Moberly, 121;
+Bishop Wordsworth (St. Andrews), 109; Dr. Roberts, 94; Archbishop Trench,
+63; Dean Merivale (resigned early), 19; Dean Alford (died soon after
+commencement), 16; Bishop Wilberforce, 1.
+
+{36}  This letter will be found in a very valuable _Historical Account of
+the Work of the American Committee of Revision_ (New York, 1885), p. 30.
+This _Historical Account_ was prepared by a special Committee appointed
+for the purpose in May, 1884, and was based on documents and papers
+arranged with great care by Dr. Philip Schaff, the President of the
+American Committee, and printed privately.  These two volumes, the
+_Historical Account_ and the _Documentary History_, contain the fullest
+details of the whole transactions between the American Committee and the
+English Companies and also the University Presses.
+
+{41}  Talbot W. Chambers, _Companion to the Revised Old Testament_ (Funk
+and Wagnalls, New York and London, 1885), Preface, p. ix.
+
+{42a}  A full account of the negotiation and copies of the letters which
+passed between the American Revisers and our own Revisers will be found
+in Part 2, p. 81 sqq. of the _Documentary History_, above referred to in
+the note at p. 36.
+
+{42b}  A full account of this agreement and copies of the correspondence
+with the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge will be found in Part 3, p.
+91 sqq. of the _Documentary History_.
+
+{44}  Since the above was written, information reaches me that an
+_American Standard Revision of the Bible_ either just has been, or
+shortly will be, published, which though not simply an incorporation of
+the recorded American preferences, as long specified in our copies of the
+Revision, is a publication resting on authority, and likely to put a stop
+to what is unauthorised.  As the reader may like to know a little about
+this _American Standard Revision of the Bible_, I will, at the risk of a
+long note, mention what I have ascertained up to the present time.  The
+survivors of the Old Testament Company (Dr. Osgood and others) with the
+three surviving members of the New Testament Company (Dr. Dwight, Dr.
+Riddle, and Dr. Thayer--very powerful helpers) have co-operated in
+bringing out a new edition of the Revision as it has been hitherto
+current in America.  It will contain about _twice as many_ deviations
+from the English Revised Version as appear in the original Appendices;
+but, in regard of them, the survivors give this important assurance, that
+"the survivors have not felt at liberty to make new changes of moment
+which were not favourably passed upon (_sic_) by their associates, at one
+stage or another of the original preparation of the work."  They specify
+that the original Appendix was prepared in haste and did not, in a
+satisfactory manner, express the real views of the Committee.  They claim
+to have drawn up a body of improved marginal references, to have wholly
+removed archaisms, to have supplied running headings, to have modified
+what they consider unwieldy paragraphs, to have lightened what they
+regard as clumsy punctuation, and by typographical arrangements, such as
+by leaving a line blank, to have indicated the main transitions of
+thought in the Epistles and Apocalypse.  These and other characteristics
+will be found specified in the American _Sunday School Times_ for August
+11, 1901, in an article apparently derived from those interested.  Till
+we see the book we must suspend our judgement.
+
+{50}  See an article by Rev. J. F. Thrupp in Smith's _Dictionary of the
+Bible_, vol. ii. art. Old Testament.
+
+{53}  Since the above was written a critical edition of the four Peshitto
+Gospels has been published by the Oxford University Press, based on the
+labours of the late Philip Edward Pusey, and Rev. G. H. Gwilliam, of
+Hertford College.
+
+{55}  The title of the pamphlet, which contains twelve letters from
+distinguished German Professors, with translations, is _The Revision of
+the Old Testament_ (New York, Scribner's Sons, 1886).
+
+{59}  The title of Dr. Salmon's interesting volume is _Some Thoughts on
+the Textual Criticism of the New Testament_ (Murray, London, 1897).
+
+{60a}  Salmon, p. 157.
+
+{60b}  Ibid., p. 12.
+
+{96}  See below, pp. 98, 120.
+
+{97}  See the Preface to Dr. Rutherford's _Translation of the Epistle to
+the Romans_, p. xi sq. (Lond. 1900).
+
+{98a}  Hodder & Stoughton (Lond. 1897).
+
+{98b}  Page 18.
+
+{106}  See page 32.
+
+{109}  _Bible Studies_, by Dr. G. Adolf Deissmann, Authorised Translation
+(Clark, Edinburgh, 1901).
+
+{110a}  Page 175.
+
+{110b}  London, Macmillan, 1898.
+
+{111}  _Theologische Literaturzeitung_, xix (vol. for 1894), p. 338.
+
+{112}  _Bible Studies_, p. 84 Transl.  See, however, the translator's
+note, p. 173, where the use of the term is explained.
+
+{114}  _Grammar of New Testament Greek_, section 38. 5, p. 118 (Transl.).
+
+{122}  See _Chronicle of Convocation_ for February 10, 1899, p. 71 sqq.
+
+{123}  At the May Meeting of the present year.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ADDRESSES ON THE REVISED VERSION OF
+HOLY SCRIPTURE***
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