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diff --git a/25373.txt b/25373.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8413465 --- /dev/null +++ b/25373.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2661 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Woodward's Graperies and Horticultural +Buildings, by George E. Woodward and F. W. Woodward + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Woodward's Graperies and Horticultural Buildings + +Author: George E. Woodward + F. W. Woodward + +Release Date: May 7, 2008 [EBook #25373] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GRAPERIES *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Janet Blenkinship and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net +(This file was produced from images generously made +available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + + + + + WOODWARD'S + + GRAPERIES + + AND + + Horticultural Buildings, + + BY + + GEO. E. & F. W. WOODWARD, + + ARCHITECTS & HORTICULTURISTS. + + NEW YORK: + + GEO. E. WOODWARD & CO., 31 BROAD STREET + + ORANGE JUDD COMPANY, 245 BROADWAY. + + Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1865, by + + GEO. E. & F. W. WOODWARD, + + In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, + for the Southern District of New York. + + + + +CONTENTS. + + PAGE. + + Introduction 7 + + Position of Houses 17 + + Forms of Houses 19 + + Heating by Flues 22 + + " " Steam 22 + + " " Tanks 27 + + " " Hot Water Pipes 33 + + Construction, &c. 35 + + Hot Beds 39 + + Cold Pit 44 + + Propagating Houses 46 + + DESIGN NO. 1. + + Propagating House 54 + + DESIGN NO. 2. + + Propagating House 57 + + DESIGN NO. 3. + + Propagating House 61 + + DESIGN NO. 4. + + Grapery and Forcing House 64 + + DESIGN NO. 5. + + Green-House 68 + + DESIGN NO. 6. + + Green-House and Grapery 70 + + DESIGN NO. 7. + + Cold Grapery 73 + + DESIGN NO. 8. + + Polyprosopic Roof 77 + + DESIGN NO. 9. + + Green-House 81 + + DESIGN NO. 10. + + Cold Grapery 85 + + DESIGN NO. 11. + + Plant-House 90 + + DESIGN NO. 12. + + Cold Graperies for City Lots 94 + + DESIGN NO. 13. + + Grapery 98 + + DESIGN NO. 14. + + Hot Grapery 102 + + DESIGN NO. 15. + + Extensive range of Horticultural Buildings 105 + + DESIGN NO. 16. + + Green-House 111 + + DESIGN NO. 17. + + "Lean-to" Grapery 115 + + DESIGN NO. 18. + + Green-House 119 + + DESIGN NO. 19. + + Large Range of Horticultural Buildings 123 + + DESIGN NO. 20. + + Green-House and Grapery combined 127 + + Orchard Houses 131 + + + * * * * * + + +WOODWARD'S + +Graperies and Horticultural Buildings. + + + * * * * * + + +INTRODUCTION. + + +It is less than twenty-five years since the first cold Grapery was +erected on the Hudson. Since the success of the culture of the delicious +varieties of the exotic Grape has been demonstrated, the number of +graperies has annually increased, and during the last ten years in a +very rapid ratio, until they have become recognized as possible and +desirable, among those even whose circumstances are moderate and +limited. The newly-awakened interest in this branch of culture is +manifested in the number and variety of books and other publications on +this subject, the space devoted to it in the agricultural and +horticultural journals, and especially in the increased number of +graperies and vineyards which have been erected and planted in the last +decade. There seems to be a general consciousness of the fact that, in +the struggle for wealth and the greed for wide possessions, as well as +in the inherent difficulties of our situation--thrown as we have been +upon a new and vast continent--we have too long neglected the culture of +the Vine, one of the most ancient and useful arts of life; an art which +has, in all ages, been the fruitful source of comfort and luxury, of +health and happiness, to the masses of mankind. The neglect of this +important and beautiful department of culture is the more remarkable, +since our country embraces every degree of latitude, and every variety +of climate and soil in which the grape is known to flourish. + +It having been demonstrated by years of experiment, resulting in every +case in utter failure, that the foreign grape cannot be successfully +grown in the open air in the United States--the States of the Pacific +excepted--we are obliged to confine our culture to glazed structures, +erected for the purpose, where an atmosphere similar to the vine-growing +regions of Europe can be maintained, and that bane of the foreign grape, +the mildew, avoided. + +The culture of choice foreign grapes under glass in this country dates +from before the War of Independence, from which time to this the +beautiful but perishable Chasselas, the delicious Frontignac, and the +luscious Hamburg, have been, here and there, carefully cultivated and +ripened. But these efforts have been chiefly confined to the vicinity of +large cities, and the management has mainly been kept in the hands of +foreign gardeners, who have imported themselves from the vine regions of +Europe, to instruct us in the arts and mysteries of grape-growing. + +That many of these are men of great practical experience in the art, we +know full well; but, however skillful they may have been in foreign +countries, their success in our climate has been achieved only by +discarding many of their preconceived ideas, and adapting their practice +to agree with the peculiarities of our climate. When the public shall +have learned that the culture of grapes under glass is only a plain and +simple pursuit or pastime, which any one of ordinary capacity can +comprehend and successfully carry out, then we shall have made a decided +and important advance. + +The American people are rather disposed to be self-reliant, and we may, +therefore, safely predict that, when we take hold, in real earnest, of +the business of grape culture, either under glass or in the open air, we +shall do it with our customary determination and energy, and that +success will just as surely follow as it has in other cases where +imported ideas have been improved upon and superseded. We have shown, we +think, in other fields of enterprise, that we may venture to rely upon +native-born talent, ingenuity and industry, to work out this problem +also, and that, by a practical demonstration, we shall, gradually and +surely, reach a point of success beyond what has been attained with all +the advantages of foreign aid. And this success will be equalled by the +simplicity of its methods. Grape-growing in this country is yet in its +infancy, and as respects the varieties best adapted to our soil and +climate, essentially experimental. As yet it has attracted any +considerable attention only of the more intelligent and far-seeing +portion of our population, but it is surely beginning to command the +regard and study of the larger number of our cultivators, and the +inevitable result will be that, in a few years, it must be an important +source of our country's wealth. + +The great obstacles among us to grape-growing under glass, especially to +persons of moderate or limited means, are the first cost of building, +planting, &c., and the necessity of regular and systematic care and +attention to the vines which must be given, during a short season +however, in order to insure success. To those who are influenced by the +consideration of such obstacles as these, it may be said that, even in +these times of high prices for all descriptions of labor and +material--if we except, perhaps, brain-work and intellectual +material--complete and substantial grape-houses can be erected at +moderate cost, and with proper management they can be made a source of +income and profit. As to the care and attention required, and the +regularity of the periods at which they must be bestowed, at the risk of +losing the crop, it can be easily demonstrated that these attentions and +duties can be perfectly comprehended and understood by several members +of the family, by the older children, and intelligent servants, so as to +be overseen and performed by one or another in the absence of the person +to whom the care is usually confided. Moreover, when one becomes +interested in the management of a grapery, the employment gets to be too +fascinating to allow of the thought of restricted action or irksome +labor. It soon comes to be regarded as a delightful as well as healthful +employment, whose duties are simple, and easily understood and +performed. + +The love of flowers is becoming quite a passion with many at the present +day. This is indicated by the multiplication of nurserymen, and the +rapid increase of their sales. Fifteen years ago the sales of flowering +plants were confined to a few city Florists; now the trade has become so +extensive, that large numbers are grown in our surrounding suburban +towns, to meet the demand, which at particular seasons, as the Christmas +and Easter holidays, for the decoration of our churches and other +purposes, reaches proportions that would surprise the uninitiated. One +cultivator has stated that during the fall of 1863 and winter of 1864 +he cut and sent from his establishment, 230,000 blooms of the various +flowers he cultivates, and he is but one of many engaged in the +cultivation of flowers for the bouquet makers of New York. An extensive +grower of pot plants, from information carefully gathered among his +fellow nurserymen, estimates that the plant trade of the vicinity of New +York reaches nearly the sum of $200,000 annually, and this for plants +mainly employed as "bedding plants," in the decoration of gardens and +city yards, leaving entirely out of the question, those for winter +culture at windows and in green houses, as well as the immense stock of +the growers themselves to supply the demand for cut flowers. The growing +taste for flowers may be observed in the constantly increasing demand +for decorative purposes, in our churches, at public festivals, and +private gatherings, and is especially apparent in the numerous depots +for their sale on our principal thoroughfares. Much of this is due to +the general diffusion of Horticultural literature, unveiling the +mysteries of plant culture, and demonstrating the simplicity of the +process. + +Small green-houses or conservatories attached to dwellings are now +frequently to be met with both in city and country: these are entered +from some one of the principal rooms of the house, and are an attractive +feature both within and without. + +The pleasure derived from such a source is a constantly increasing one, +which can only be estimated by those who may have the means for its +gratification. But little time and attention is needed, which, with a +proper acquaintance with the wants of the various plants, and some +experience in their cultivation (knowledge easily and quickly acquired +by those who have a genuine love for it), will enable us at any time +during the winter season to enjoy our flowers, send a bouquet to a +friend, or make use of them in adding to the attractions of home. Such +glass structures would afford pleasure to the ladies of the family, in +their moments of leisure, being of easy access from the dwelling, +without the necessity of exposure to the outer air, which would prevent +visits to larger buildings, remote from the house, and could be managed, +with occasional assistance in potting and arrangement, wholly by them. +Designs for houses of the above character will be found in the course of +the work, as well as those adapted as isolated buildings, to grounds of +moderate and large extent. + +In the construction of Horticultural buildings, the matter of economy is +an important and desirable consideration with many persons. But it +should be understood that a common, low-priced structure is not the best +economy, or the most desirable for a series of years. The dilapidated +appearance that soon over-takes cheap, make-shift constructions, +creates an impression that cannot be pleasing either to the spectator or +the proprietor. It is an excellent rule, that what is worth doing at +all, is worth doing well; and it is just as applicable to horticultural +buildings as to any undertaking in life. Rough hemlock lumber, rudely +put up and whitewashed, would be a cheap mode of construction, which +might be tolerated on a merely commercial place, but would illy +correspond with neatly-kept private grounds, however humble and +unpretentious they might be. The plan selected may be devoid of mere +ornament, which would increase the cost, without adding to the capacity +or usefulness, but the proportions should be satisfactory, the +arrangement convenient, the materials the very best of their kind, and +the workmanship well and faithfully performed. Rough work, open joints, +ill-fitting ventilators, ill-proportioned plans and forms, and a general +tumble-down appearance, is not the kind of economy we should recommend +to our readers or practice on our own place. One may choose between wood +and masonry for the foundation walls; between the several grades and +sizes of glass; between elaborate finish and ornament, and plain work; +in the matter of the various modes of heating, &c.; but whatever is +decided upon, let the plan and proportions be correct, and the materials +and work of good, honest description. + +In the various designs which we present our readers in this volume, +nearly all of which have been erected under our superintendence, and are +now in operation, the manner of construction can be judiciously +economical, or it may be elaborated to the most substantial and +ornamental structures of the class to which they belong. There is no +more reason for making these buildings of a temporary character, than +there is for putting up our barns and other outbuildings in a cheap and +unworkmanlike manner. The enjoyment of a country place naturally depends +very much on its neat and tasteful appearance, the completeness of all +its appointments, the order and good taste of all its arrangements. And +although we do not advocate extravagance, or needless cost in +ornamentation, which would be unsuitable to the purpose for which these +structures are designed, we think that true economy would indicate the +use of the best materials and workmanship requisite for substantial and +permanent buildings. Horticultural buildings are not intended for a few +years' use merely. Their profit, and the enjoyment they afford, will +last for many years, and may be transmitted, with the other improvements +of the country seat, as substantial and attractive appendages, indeed, +as real property, worth all the money they cost, to the future +proprietor. + +There is still much to be learned in the matter of exotic grape-growing +in this country, and, in fact, in the management of conservatories, +orchard-houses, and all descriptions of horticultural buildings, and all +classes of plants cultivated under glass. Whatever progress may have +been made abroad, where experiments are carried on upon a large and +costly scale, and often with eminent success, is of little or no value +to the American horticulturist. Our climate is very different in its +character and conditions from that of Europe, and especially that of +humid England. We have, what they lack, real sunshine, with clear skies. +Under the English methods of treatment, our graperies and green-houses +would speedily be ruined. Nor are we willing to accept as final and +conclusive the present best-known methods of vine culture. If there are +better modes of managing exotic or native vines, and of developing the +whole theory of grape culture, we shall be quite sure to find them out +in the wide sweep of experiment which we are boldly and patiently +undertaking in various parts of the country. + +We do not propose, in our present work, to enter upon the investigation +and discussion of the various theories of heat, light, color, radiation, +&c., which properly belong to scientific treatises on these subjects. We +intend to give only practical examples and results, from an extensive +professional experience, with numerous designs and plans of buildings, +most of which are now in successful operation, with the expectation +that this volume will contribute not only to the general information of +our horticulturists, and of gentlemen who are establishing themselves in +the country, but also to create and encourage a taste for this kind of +culture of exotic and delicate fruits, as well as the exquisite but +tender gems of the floral world. When we find that we can command, at +comparatively small cost of money and attention, the beautiful and +luscious fruits of southern and tropical climes--their rarest and +choicest flowers--the most delicious grapes, the finest peaches, +nectarines, and apricots, the fig, and the pineapple, if we will; and +that we can command these in abundance, to load and adorn our tables +daily, the time cannot be distant when horticultural buildings, of +various descriptions, will be found on all our country places or +attached to our city homes. + + +POSITION OF HOUSES. + +For lean-to or single-roofed structures used as forcing-houses for +grapes or other fruits or plants, a southern aspect is generally +preferred. Our own preference would be a position facing South-East, on +account of the advantage gained from the morning sun, which is so +favorable to the health and growth of all descriptions of plants. +Although an hour or two of the evening sun might be lost to a building +in this position, yet the rays are then comparatively feeble, and this +loss would be much more than compensated by the more genial morning +light. + +Cold Graperies, with span roofs, and glazed at both ends, are better +placed North and South,--that is, with the ends facing these points,--as +nearly as a due regard to the positions of other buildings in the +vicinity, and the general symmetry and apportionment of the grounds will +permit. Each side of the roof will thus receive an equal amount of +sun-light. For span-roofed Green-houses the rule is not so arbitrary, +the glass not being lined with foliage, as in the case of graperies, the +diffusion of light would not be materially obstructed. Under some +circumstances, Green-houses may be placed east and west, as when a +portion of the house is to be devoted to the purposes of propagation. +The north side can thus be advantageously used, being less exposed to +the sun's rays. Many plants requiring partial shade, would find there, +also, the most favorable conditions for their cultivation. + +Green-houses or Conservatories attached to dwellings, will answer in +almost any position that convenience may require, or the taste suggest, +as they are generally not so much intended for the growth of plants as +for their display when in bloom. The sun should shine upon them, +however, at least half the day. When they are intended for the growth of +plants, then the more sun-light they can have the better. + + +FORMS OF HOUSES. + +Until within a few years past, the straight-pitched roof, both single +and double, has been used almost exclusively in the construction of +glass houses. That there is an advantage in this form over some others, +on the score of expense, and because there is less skill required in the +builder, we admit, but there the advantage ends. The superiority of the +curvilinear form is now beginning to be very generally acknowledged, on +account of its being more graceful and pleasing to the eye, and because +of its superior adaptability to the growth of plants. When to the curved +roof is added the further improvement of circular ends, as illustrated +in some of the designs furnished in this work, we have secured forms of +houses that will admit double the light of the old-fashioned, heavy +sliding sash structures which were built twenty-five years ago. Happily +these old glass houses are fast falling into decay, and but few new ones +are erected on their model. + +Curvilinear roofs possess advantages over those of a straight pitch +which may be briefly summed up as follows: + +1. A larger run of roof for a given width of house, and consequently, +more and better diffusion of light. + +2. A greater power of reflecting the sun's rays, because of the +constantly varying angle at which they strike the glass. + +3. A greater amount of head room within the building, without the +necessity of high parapet walls, or perpendicular sides. + +4. Greater strength of the roof, enabling it to resist pressure from +accumulated snows, without the necessity of supporting columns under the +rafters, which are indispensible under a straight roof of considerable +span, to prevent its settling down, and the opening of joints in glass +and wood work, admitting the cold air from without. + +A good proportion for a grapery or conservatory, is twenty feet in width +by fifty feet in length. We think the width should never be much less +where the roof is of double pitch. Single pitched houses should not +exceed sixteen feet in width. + +Mistakes are frequently made in the erection of structures for the +growth of plants which, notwithstanding all the skill and art of +experienced gardeners, render it impossible to arrive at satisfactory +results. One of the most common of these is the excessive height of the +roof. Men of experience in the construction and use of glass houses, +have satisfied themselves that the lowest elevation which the uses and +purposes of the building will admit, is the best. The difference in +temperature between the floor and roof of a house twenty feet in height, +will vary from ten to fifteen degrees. It is obviously desirable that +there should be as little difference as possible in the temperature of +the air on the ground, among the lower parts of the plants, and in the +upper regions of the house. The nearer we can approach an equilibrium, +the better success will attend our efforts. Nurserymen generally, and +sometimes other cultivators, understand this, and they build their plant +houses with roofs of low pitch, affording scarcely room to stand upright +within them. Their plants are thus brought near the glass, and they grow +stocky and firm, presenting quite a different appearance from the +attenuated specimens frequently met with in private establishments. + + +HEATING. + +The proper heating of Horticultural buildings being an important feature +in their general management, and an essential condition of their +success, we shall consider the subject at some length, availing +ourselves of the practical experience of others, as well as of the +knowledge we have acquired in our own experiments and practice. + +Hot air stoves have been so generally condemned and discarded as a means +of heating glass structures, that we shall not discuss their faults or +merits, but confine ourselves to heating by flues, steam, and hot water +in pipes and tanks. + +FLUES.--Flues have been generally used in heating for many years, and +although the method is rude, imperfect and unsatisfactory, they possess +certain advantages on the score of economy, which will prevent their +total supercedure until some equally cheap and effective method shall be +found, to take their place. It cannot be questioned that houses of +moderate extent can be heated at much less expense for the original cost +of apparatus by the flue system than by any other now before the public. +Flues have the advantage over steam or hot water in their power to +generate heat and supply it to the green or hot house in a very short +space of time, and with this apparatus, the fires may be allowed to go +out on mild and bright days in winter, with the certainty that heat can +be easily and quickly commanded at nightfall. Steam cannot be generated +quickly, and the hot water apparatus requires considerable time to get +into full operation, with the usual amount of fuel. + +Among the serious objections to the use of flues, is the unequal +distribution of heat throughout the house; the parts near the furnace +being overheated, while at the chimney it is scarcely warm. This +difficulty can be partially obviated by the use of materials in the +construction of the flues, of different thicknesses,--being made thick +and heavy at the furnace, and gradually becoming thinner and lighter as +it extends towards the chimney. Again, flues generally require more fuel +than a hot water apparatus, and moreover, they are unsightly in an +ornamental house, and with the best care in their construction and +management, they do not give entirely satisfactory results. + +Earthenware drain-pipe is frequently employed for flues, and when care +is taken to prevent their cracking by the excessive heat near the +furnace, they answer the purpose very well. When properly secured at +their joints they prevent the escape of gaseous matter more perfectly +than brick flues. + +Flues should be elevated a few inches above the floor, and supported by +bricks, to allow all the radiating surface to act upon the atmosphere of +the house, and should have, in order to secure sufficient draft, a +gradual rise through their whole length from the furnace to the entrance +into the chimney. + +The furnace should be built inside the house at one end, with the fire +and ash-pit doors opening into a shed outside, to prevent any escape of +gas into the house while replenishing the fire. It will be necessary to +place the furnace low enough to allow a proper rise to the flue. If the +flue be made to rise immediately from the furnace about one foot, it may +then be carried fifty feet, with a rise of not more than six inches, and +the draft will then be sufficient. + +The dimensions of the flue may vary from 8 to 12 inches in width, and +from 12 to 18 inches in height, according to the space required to be +heated. The usual mode of construction, when bricks are used, is to lay +them crosswise and flat for the bottom and top, and to set them edgewise +for the sides. Tiles for the bottom and covering are an improvement upon +bricks: being thinner, the heat passes through them more readily, while +they still retain the heat sufficiently to equalize the temperature. +Tiles used for the top covering are sometimes made with circular +depressions for holding water for evaporation. + +STEAM.--The employment of steam for heating green houses, graperies, +&c., is almost entirely superceded by the hot water method. It will, +therefore, be necessary only to allude briefly to this part of our +subject. It occasionally happens that a conservatory attached to a +dwelling is heated by the same steam apparatus employed to heat the +latter, but we believe that a person who should advocate, at the present +day, the general adoption of steam as a means of heating horticultural +structures, would be regarded as belonging to a generation which has now +passed away. + +Steam travels through pipes with great rapidity, and parting with its +heat rapidly, it becomes quickly condensed, unless the boiler is of +large capacity and capable of furnishing a full supply. It is, at best, +an unsatisfactory mode of heating plant houses, for if from any cause +the water in the boiler is reduced below the boiling point, the steam in +the pipes is instantly condensed, and with it all heat, except that +remaining in the iron of the pipes, and the condensed steam, is +withdrawn. + +Hood, an English author on heating, quoted by McIntosh in his valuable +work the "Book of the Garden," thus compares the merits of steam and hot +water. "The weight of steam at the temperature of 212 deg. compared with the +weight of water at 212 deg., is about as 1 to 1694, so that a pipe that is +filled with water at 212 deg., contains 1694 times as much _matter_ as one +of equal size filled with steam. If the source of heat be withdrawn from +the steam pipes, the temperature will soon fall below 212 deg. and the steam +immediately in contact with the pipes will condense: but in condensing, +the steam parts with its _latent heat_ and this heat in passing from the +latent to the sensible state, will again raise the temperature of pipes. +But as soon as they are a second time cooled down below 212 deg. a further +portion of steam will condense, and a further quantity of latent heat +will pass into the state of heat of temperature, and so on until the +whole quantity of latent heat has been abstracted and the whole of the +steam condensed, in which state it will possess just as much heating +power as a similar bulk of water at the like temperature; that is, the +same as a quantity of water occupying 1-1694th part of the space that +the steam originally did. + +By experiments made by the above authority, it has been proved that a +given bulk of steam will lose as much of its heat in one minute as the +same bulk of hot water would in three hours and three quarters. And +further admitting that the heat of cast iron is nearly the same as that +of water, if two pipes of the the same calibre and thickness be filled, +the one with water and the other with steam each at 212 deg. of temperature, +the former will contain 4.68 times as much heat as the latter; +therefore if the steam pipe cools down to 60 deg. in one hour, the water +pipe will take four hours and a half to cool down to the same point. In +a hot water apparatus we have in addition to the above, the heat from +the water in the boiler, and of the heated material in and about the +furnace, which continues to give out heat for a long time after the fire +is totally extinguished; whereas in a steam apparatus, under the same +circumstances we have no source of heat except the pipes by which it is +conveyed--giving an advantage in favor of hot water over steam as +regards its power of heating hot houses, and maintaining heat after the +fire ceased to burn, in nearly the proportion of 1 to 7--that is, hot +water will circulate from six to eight times longer than steam under the +above circumstances." + +TANKS.--This mode of heating horticultural buildings has been used in +England for some years, and has, of late, obtained considerable +popularity in this country; mainly, however, for the purpose of +obtaining bottom heat. The tank method is more steady and reliable in +its operations in this respect, than heating by flues or pipes, but even +its most strenuous advocates must admit that for atmospheric heat hot +water pipes or flues must be employed in some shape or other, where the +tanks are covered with earth or sand beds for propagating purposes. +With slate or metallic covering they are sometimes used solely for +atmospheric heat, and are found to answer well. But if tanks are +constructed of substantial and enduring materials, they possess little +if any advantage, on the score of expense, over hot water pipes, while +they occupy much more room and are unsightly objects in a well ordered +green-house. + +Wooden tanks are frequently used where the heat is required to rise +perpendicularly from them. If constructed of good pine plank, well put +together with white lead, and thoroughly painted inside and out, they +will last for several years. Scarcely any heat will be radiated from the +sides and bottom of a wooden tank. Tanks of brick and cement would +answer better than those made of wood, if it were possible to make them +water-tight when supported by piers above the ground, as they are +usually built. But however carefully constructed, these materials are so +unyielding to the expansion and contraction they are subjected to, that +it is nearly impossible to prevent leakage for any length of time. A +large number of brick and cement tanks have come under our notice, and +we cannot call to mind a single one of them all that has not been a +continual source of vexation and expense to its owner, since its first +construction. + +The principle objections to tank heating, as usually employed, are an +excess of bottom heat and a deficiency of atmospheric heat, with a +superabundance of moisture when the vapor from the tank is not properly +excluded from the house. Tanks should be covered with some good +radiating material, as slate or metal. If slate is employed, the joints +should be carefully and effectually cemented. Boards are sometimes used +as a covering, but their radiating power is slight, and their decay +rapid. + +Soil or sand, to the depth of six to ten inches, is usually placed upon +the tanks, and used as a plunging bed for pots containing cuttings; or +the cuttings are sometimes inserted in the bed itself. + +Any arrangement by which vapor from the tanks is admitted to the roots +of plants is to be avoided, for however desirable a moist bottom heat +may be, it is found from experience that the soil is frequently rendered +a mass of puddle, in which no living roots can exist. + +A portion of the covering of the tank may be made moveable to allow +moisture to escape into the house when required. + +By means of the tank, bottom heat for propagating or other purposes, can +be very steadily and uniformly maintained, more so than by other modes, +and the changes of temperature of the outer air do not materially +affect it. But the case is different with regard to the air of the +house, which is frequently reduced below the freezing point, in severe +weather. If the bottom heat is of the required temperature, any attempt +to counteract the coldness of the air of the house by increasing the +fire, would produce an injurious excess of bottom heat. It is evident +that while the required supply of heat for the bottom is uniform, and +that for the top exceedingly irregular, both objects cannot be properly +secured except by a separate supply of heat for each. For these reasons +we would employ a hot water pipe or pipes, passing around the house, on +the same level with the tanks, supplied with a valve to regulate the +heat at pleasure, or a brick smoke flue constructed in the usual manner. + +Tanks are usually divided in the centre, thus forming channels for the +flow and return circulation side by side, equalizing the temperature +throughout their whole length. This form is sometimes departed from by +carrying the tank around the house, and connecting each end with the +boiler, but in this case, except in small houses, a uniform temperature +cannot be maintained, as the water will have lost several degrees of +heat before it has accomplished its circuit. Another arrangement is to +connect the remote end of the tank by an iron pipe for the return +circulation, passing under the tank the whole distance to the boiler. +This is not as perfect and effective an arrangement of pipes and tanks +as that before referred to, as in this case we do not have the heat from +the pipe under control. + +A writer in a late number of the "Gardeners' Monthly," gives the +following description of tanks erected by him to obviate excessive +moisture and radiate a portion of their heat into the atmosphere of the +house. + +"In the winter of 1863-4, I finished two span-roof houses, each 60 feet +in length, with water tanks three feet in width, running entirely around +on both sides of each house, and heated by a single furnace. The tanks +were made with wooden bottoms and sides, and covered with slate +carefully cemented. My design was to heat the houses entirely by the +tanks, by far the larger portion of the heat being given off from the +slate covering, and as a bottom heat for plants. As I understand the +various writers upon this subject, this is the approved plan. But I have +found considerable difficulty, and have been obliged to modify my plan +in various respects: + +In the first place, wooden tanks, with the top covered with sand, will +not give off heat sufficiently to keep up growth in houses of this size +during extremely cold weather. By protecting the houses with shutters, +this difficulty may be obviated. Crowding the fire, and raising the +water in the tanks to a high temperature, is a more objectionable +remedy. In this way the bottom heat is too strong. But my most serious +difficulty has arisen from excessive humidity. I put three inches of +sand over the whole slate surface of the tanks, using a part for +cuttings, and the rest, (say 100 running feet of the three feet wide +table), for standing pot plants upon the surface of the sand. The plants +dried rapidly, and required watering every morning. The result was, that +in watering the plants, and of course the sand on which they stood, to +some extent, it was like pouring water upon a flue, or upon hot pipes: a +constant steam was given off; all the moisture in the sand was rapidly +converted into steam; so, also the water in the pots was quickly +expelled. In order to heat the house sufficiently, the bottom heat +became too strong, and the plants were in too direct contact with it. In +cold days the house was in a perfect fog. It was ruinous to the plants. +The remedy was simple: more heat must be allowed to escape from the tank +into the house, without coming in contact with the sand-bed, and the +moist earth of the plants. Another slate floor was laid, an inch above +the tank slate, on which to put the sand and stand the plants. This hot +air chamber opens into the house on the back and front side of the tank. +Thus the whole radiating surface of the top of the tank may be directed +into the house, or may be confined as bottom heat, as may be found +necessary. By this plan, excessive humidity may be entirely obviated, +and the heat completely controlled, as wanted." + +HOT WATER PIPES.--It is generally conceded, among practical men, that +the circulation of hot water in iron pipes is the best known method of +heating plant houses. The property which heated water possesses of +retaining for a considerable length of time its heat and transmitting it +to the pipes at long distances from the boiler, renders it a most +effective agency for such purposes: A perfect control of the moisture of +the atmosphere, by means of evaporating pans attached to the pipes; +entire freedom from deleterious gases, sometimes escaping from flues, +and the substantial character and enduring qualities of the apparatus, +are important considerations in favor of this method of heating which +are not to be overlooked or underrated. + +It is true that a house of a given size cannot as soon be brought to the +required temperature after the fire is first lighted, as by other modes +of heating, but when once in full operation greater regularity is +maintained, and if the fire should by any neglect go out, heat is still +radiated, often for several hours, before the pipes become entirely +cold. + +For heating ornamental houses of glass, pipes are also to be +recommended on account of the little room they occupy and the neatness +of their appearance compared with the unsightly flues or tank. If +properly put up, the pipes never leak at the joints, as is the case +frequently with tanks, and scarcely need any repairs for years. The +first cost of apparatus for heating by hot water pipes exceeds that of +the other methods which we have named, but when we take into account its +great durability, economy of fuel, and the satisfactory results produced +in the growth of plants in houses heated in this manner, it must be +evident that this method is the cheapest in the end. + +It is generally supposed that the heat obtained from steam or hot water +pipes necessarily contains moisture. For those who have had any +experience in the use of these methods of heating, it is needless to say +that such is not the case. To obtain moisture evaporation of water in +some manner in the atmosphere must be effected. This is provided for by +attaching to the pipes evaporating pans filled with water, by which the +moisture can be perfectly regulated and controlled. The capacity of the +boiler and the length of the pipes should be in proportion to the size +of the house to be heated, bearing in mind that it is better to have a +reserve of heating power for extraordinary occasions. In such cases +economy in fuel will be secured, as the fires will not be required to +be kept constantly burning brightly. + +Fault is sometimes found with the apparatus when it lies entirely with +the proprietor of the establishment, who in his short-sighted economy, +has restricted the builder in the amount of pipe put into the apparatus. + + +CONSTRUCTION, &c. + +The general plan of Horticultural structures may be as perfect as +possible, but if the details are not well carried out, and especially if +the workmanship be not good, they will prove a source of never-ending +vexation and expense. Insecure foundations, ill-fitting doors and +ventilators, imperfect glazing, and inferior workmanship of every +description, are evils that skillful gardeners have to contend with, and +upon whom the consequences of such defects usually fall, when they +should be placed upon the shoulders of the constructor. + +Methods for building cheap Graperies and Green houses have often been +described, and we find many of these imperfect and temporary structures +scattered through the country. Such buildings may be cheap as respects +their first cost, but their durability is a question which should enter +into the calculations of their builders, as well as the consideration of +the original outlay. After a year or two we find them with open joints, +leaky roofs, and decaying foundations. The inferior and temporary +character of materials and workmanship is often a source of serious loss +to their owners, and every building of this description demonstrates the +mistaken and short-sighted economy of its projector. It is much wiser +and truer economy to expend at the outset, a sufficient amount of money +and care to make the structure permanent, and to obviate the necessity +of constant repairs. Experience has taught us that if they are well and +substantially built, these structures will endure for twenty years with +very few repairs except an occasional coat of paint. It need not be +demonstrated that the profit and gratification to be derived from a +well-built house far exceed those accruing from a cheap and imperfect +one, with escapes for the heat in winter, and inlets for cold air and +driving snow and rain. + +The foundations of Horticultural buildings should be of stone or brick, +both below and above the ground, if they are to be of a permanent +character. The superstructure should be of the best white pine and +thoroughly painted. In building curvilinear roofs the rafters and sash +bars should be sawed out in pieces to the regular curve. The rafters +being put together in sections, breaking joints are thus equally strong +throughout their length. The advantages of sawed bars over those bent in +the usual manner, are very great. The thrust of the roof is but slight, +and the house always remains in shape. With the bent bars the strain is +enormous, as may be seen in the settling of such houses at the ridge, +and expansion at the sides, besides the liability of breaking the glass +by the constantly varying strain of the bars. + +Iron has been frequently and strongly recommended in the construction of +horticultural buildings. It has been used, with very satisfactory +results in England, and doubtless it may there be found to be the best +and most economical material for such purposes. It has been tried also +in this country, but the experiment has not resulted so favorably. The +main difficulty is that, in this climate, the expansion and contraction +of the iron rafters and bars are so great that the glass is continually +and badly breaking, and it is very difficult to keep the joints tight +enough to repel the rain and the cold air. There can be no doubt that in +this country, wood is a better material than iron for these purposes. + +Thick and double thick glass has heretofore been used almost exclusively +for first class houses, but the high price of glass has of late, +compelled the use of a thinner article. It is generally believed that +thick glass will resist hail storms better than thin, but on this +question practical men differ in their opinions. It is contended, on the +other hand, that the elasticity of the thin panes resist a blow better +than the unyielding thick one, also that the latter is more likely to be +broken by the accumulation of water between the laps of the glass. + +We have found that the 8 by 10 size of single thick French window glass, +second or third quality, is sufficiently good for Horticultural +buildings, and we do not use any other, unless especially called for by +the proprietor. + +Glazing is often badly executed, half an inch lap, and sometimes more, +being often allowed to the glass, from the mistaken idea that rain, in a +driving storm, will find its way through. A lap of one-eighth of an inch +is amply sufficient in any case. The glass should be well "bedded" down +to the sash bar, in putty containing a portion of white lead, and well +secured with small iron nails or glaziers points. All putty should be +removed from the outside when the work is finished, and the sash bars +should then be painted with a heavy coat of thick paint which will close +up the joints and render them water tight. + +Ample ventilation should be provided both at the top and bottom of +houses, so that large quantities of air may be supplied when necessary, +as in ripening the wood of vines in graperies, and in "hardening off" +plants in green houses before removal to the open air. + +By reference to the numerous designs given in this work, the manner of +arranging the interior details, such as shelving, tables, walks, hot +water pipes, and the general features of construction and adaptation, +will be understood. + + +HOT-BEDS. + +The most simple form of Horticultural structures, and one known in +almost every garden, is the Hot-bed. To persons of experience in their +construction and management, we cannot hope to give any important +information, but having seen in many instances the operations of these +beds imperfectly performed, we offer a few simple suggestions and +directions which will be of advantage to the novice. + +The location of the bed should be, if possible, a sheltered one, +especially on the north side, while towards the east and south it should +be open. This shelter or protection is needed chiefly to prevent an +undue radiation of heat from the glass, and the entrance of a strong, +cold current of air when the sashes are lifted for ventilation. This +radiation is not only hurtful to the plants by causing sudden and +extreme changes of temperature, but, if allowed to proceed too far, will +cause the heat of the bed to "run out." Let the shelter, therefore, be +as thorough as possible. + +We have found the south side of a barn, or a tight board fence a good +location. The barn would be preferable, on account of its proximity to +the materials that furnish the source of heat--the manure pile. + +If the soil is wet, or of a heavy nature, it would be better that the +bed be made entirely upon the surface. If the situation is a dry one, +and the soil gravelly or sandy, then a pit may be excavated, of the size +of the intended frame, and three feet in depth. A hollow brick wall +should be built up from the bottom, six inches above the surface, if it +is intended that the bed should be permanent; otherwise the excavation +may be lined with boards, or if designed for only a season's use, it may +be left without any support. Hot-beds made under ground require less +material, are more lasting in their heat, and require less attention +than those built on the surface. On the contrary, should the heat fail +from any cause, beds built up on the surface possess the advantage of +being more easily renewed by the application of fresh fermenting +materials, or "linings" as they are usually termed. + +About the 20th of February is early enough, in this latitude, to gather +and prepare materials for the hot-bed. Fresh stable manure alone may be +used, though preference is generally given to a mixture, in equal +proportions, of manure and forest leaves. Place on the ground, (under a +shed if possible,) a layer of leaves one foot thick, and on this a foot +of manure, then leaves and manure alternately until the required +quantity is obtained. Let this heap remain four or five days, or until +it begins to heat, then turn over and thoroughly mix the leaves and +manure together, and throw them up into a compact, conical heap. In four +or five days more your materials will be ready for your bed. Mark off +your intended site, running as nearly east and west as practicable. Your +frame should be about six feet wide and of any required length. The +manure bed should extend a foot outside the frame on the sides and ends. +See Figure 1, in which _a_ is the manure heap. + +[Illustration: FIG. 1.] + +Build up the manure square and level, shaking, mixing, and beating it +with the back of the fork, to the height of about four feet, making the +centre somewhat higher than the sides, to allow for settling. The frame +should be of 1-1/4 inch pine, twenty inches high at the back, and +seventeen inches in front, and may be put together with hooks and +staples, so as to be removed and stored, when not in use. The sashes +should be six by three and a half feet, and the frame should have +cross-bars at every sash for support. It is well to have the frame +divided by partitions into two or three compartments, that one section +may receive more or less ventilation as the plants grown in them may +require. In three or four days the heat will be up in the bed, and then +it should be covered with six inches of fine garden mould, which should +be raked off level. When the soil is heated through, the seeds may be +sown. Ventilation should be given to let off the steam and vitiated air, +but with caution to avoid the loss of heat. Straw mats will be required +to cover the sashes at night, and should be regularly put on. If the +weather is very cold, shutters or boards in addition are necessary. If +care is exercised in the management, the heat will be maintained as long +as is desirable. + +Figure 2 represents the hot-bed partly beneath the surface. + +The frame in this case will be fifteen inches in height at the back, and +twelve inches in front, constructed in the same manner as that before +described. The materials and the general preparation of the bed is also +the same. A space of about eight inches should be left between the +surface of the mould and the glass, to allow for the growth of plants +before the sashes can be removed. Coarse litter should be put around the +frame, and up even with the top of it, to confine the heat. Beds should +be well covered before the sun has left them in the afternoon, and not +opened in the morning until the sun is well up. Seeds of vegetables for +early planting, and those of annual flowers may be sown, and cuttings of +green-house and bedding plants started in pots. Such a bed will also be +a favorable place for the propagation of grape eyes, in which an +experienced person will often succeed better by this humble means, than +with the best designed and most conveniently arranged propagating house. + +[Illustration: FIG. 2.] + + +THE COLD PIT. + +Many who have not the advantage of a green-house, wish to preserve over +the winter their half-hardy plants which have ornamented their garden +during the summer. These are generally consigned to the cellar to dry up +and be forgotten. In the darkness they loose their leaves, and when in +spring they are again brought to light many are dried up and dead. +Properly constructed cold pits offer superior advantages for the +protection of many plants of a half-hardy nature, and indeed some that +are usually considered tender here find a congenial location. Such a pit +should be permanent in its character, and located in a spot easy of +access to the house, that it may receive proper attention during the +winter. A convenient size, and one sufficient for an ordinary garden +would be ten feet long by five wide, varied somewhat from these +dimensions to suit size of glass in sashes. The pit should be excavated +four feet and a half below the surface, and a hollow wall of brick built +up to one foot above the surface. Six inches in depth of coarse gravel +should be placed in the bottom on which the pots containing the plants +rest. Shelves may be also placed around the sides for the smaller +plants. The wall above the ground should be "banked up" to within three +inches of the top and sodded. + +[Illustration: FIG. 3.--_Cold Pit._] + +Double sashes we have found give great protection and save attention in +covering the pit. The bars of these sashes are "rabbited" on both sides +and double glazed, thus enclosing a stratum of air affording a good +non-conductor of heat from within, or cold from without the pit. The +plants when first put in the pit will require to be watered and the +sashes opened during the day, until cold weather. But little water is +required during winter, as the plants are in a state of rest, and +partial dryness at the roots is of advantage. In very severe weather +straw mats would be required, but the double glass would keep out 10 to +15 degrees of frost. Some ventilation must be given on mild days when +the sun is bright to carry off the dampness, but in dull cold weather +all should be kept closed up. Camellias and Azaleas do admirably in such +quarters, and can be brought into the dwelling and flowered at any time +during the winter. Many plants grow with surprising luxuriance after +remaining dormant in such quarters all winter. As the season advances in +the spring ventilation must be given during the day, closing the sashes +at night until the weather becomes mild when they may be gradually +removed altogether. + + +PROPAGATING HOUSES. + +Cheap and effective propagating and plant houses, for Nurserymen, have +become of late years a necessity from the great increase of the trade in +flowering plants for the decoration of our gardens and green-houses, and +the very extensive demand for the new and superior varieties of the +native grape. PETER HENDERSON, Esq., of Jersey City, long known as an +extensive and successful propagator, in an article written for the +HORTICULTURIST, thus speaks of his house and management: + +"After many years of extensive practice, I have arrived at the +conclusion that cuttings of almost every plant cultivated by the florist +or nurseryman will readily and uniformly root, if the proper conditions +of TEMPERATURE and MOISTURE are given them. It matters little or +nothing how the cutting is made, or what may be the color or texture of +the sand or soil in which it is planted; these have little or nothing to +do with the formation of roots. But an absolute condition of +_invariable_ success is uniformity of temperature and moisture. To +attain this uniformity, the structure of the house is of vital +importance; and it is owing to the erroneous construction of buildings +for this purpose that so many have to deplore their want of success. I +will briefly describe the construction of the propagating pit we have in +use, and the manner of operations, which will best explain my views on +the matter. The pit, which faces north, is 65 feet in length by 8 in +width, and 3 feet high at back by 1 in front, the pathway being dug out +to give head-room in walking. The front bench is 3 feet wide, walk 2 +feet, and back bench 3 feet. All along the front bench run two wooden +gutters 9 inches wide by 3 inches deep, the water in which is heated by +a small conical boiler connected by two pieces of leaden pipe to the +gutters. Three inches above the water in the gutters is placed the slate +or flagging, (resting on cross slats of wood,) on which is two inches of +sand. By regular firing we keep a temperature _in the sand_ from 55 to +75 deg.; and as the pit has no other means of heating, except that given out +by the sand in the bench, the atmosphere of the house at night is only +from 40 deg. to 50 deg., or 25 degrees less than the "bottom heat." In the +daytime, (in order as much as possible to keep up this disparity between +the "top" and "bottom" heat,) a little air is given, and shading the +glass resorted to, to enable us to keep the temperature of the house +down. And here let me remark, that when propagation is attempted in +green-houses used for growing plants, (such houses facing south or +southeast,) the place usually used for the cuttings is the front table; +and it being injurious to the plants to shade the whole house, that part +over the cuttings alone is shaded; the consequence is, that the sun, +acting on the glass, runs the temperature of the house up, perhaps, to +80 deg., or _above_ that of the bottom heat, the cuttings wilt, and the +process of rooting is delayed, if not entirely defeated. All gardeners +know the difficulty of rooting cuttings as warm weather comes on. When +the thermometer marks 80 deg. in the shade fires are laid aside; and if the +rooting of cuttings is attempted, the sand or soil in which they are +planted will be 10 or 15 degrees _lower_ than the atmosphere, or the +opposite of the condition required for success. + +The advantage possessed by the gutter or tank, as a means of bottom +heat, over smoke flues or pipes, is in its giving a uniform moisture, +cuttings scarcely ever requiring water after being first put in, and +then only to settle the sand about them. Still, when this convenience +is not to be had, very good success may be attained by closing in the +flue or pipes, regularity in watering, and a rigid adherence to these +degrees of temperature. + +The propagating pit above described is used for the propagation of all +kinds of plants grown by florists, such as Camellias, Dahlias, Roses, +Verbenas, Fuchsias, Grape Vines, etc. The time required in rooting +cuttings of soft or young wood is from seven to ten days. Last season, +during the month of February, we took three crops of cuttings from it, +numbering in the aggregate forty thousand plants, without a loss of more +than one per cent. In fact, by this system we are now so confident of +success, that only the number of cuttings are put in corresponding with +the number of plants wanted, every cutting put in becoming a plant. + +In this narrative of our system of propagating, Mr. Editor, I have not +attempted to theorize. I give the plain statement of operations as we +practice them, thoroughly believing that the want of success in every +case must be owing to a deviation from these rules. Ignoring entirely +most of the maxims laid down in the books, such as "use a sharp knife," +and "cut at a joint," we use scissors mostly in lieu of a knife, and we +never look for a joint, unless it happens to come in the way. We are +equally skeptical as to the merits of favorite kinds and colors of +sands or other compounds used for the purpose. Of this we have reason to +be thankful, for a nicety of knowledge in this particular in the head of +a scientific (?) propagator may sometimes become an expensive affair. + +A friend of mine, a nurseryman from the far west, deeply impressed with +our superior horticultural attainments in the Empire City, hired a +propagator at a handsome salary, and duly installed him in his +green-house department; but, alas! all his hopes were blighted. John +failed--signally failed--to strike a single cutting; and on looking +about him for the cause, quickly discovered that the fault lay entirely +in the sand! but my gullible friend, to leave no stone unturned, +freighted at once two tons of silver sand from New York to Illinois! +Need I tell the result, or that John was soon returned to where the sand +came from?" + +During the past year, Mr. Henderson has erected an extensive range of +houses, after the following description and plan: + +"I have read and examined from time to time, with much interest, your +remarks and sketches of Plant Houses, and it is not to dissent from your +views that I now write, although it seems to me that your ideas run all +one side of the matter, for your designs and descriptions are almost +exclusively of an ornamental character, and adapted only for +conservatories or graperies, leaving the uninitiated commercial +nurseryman or florist to look in vain for something to suit his case. I +have said that your ideas seem to be one-sided, in describing only +ornamental erections; they seem also so in your uniformly recommending +the fixed roof principle. Now, for the purposes of the florist or +nurseryman, I think there is but little doubt that the advantage is with +the sash over the fixed roof. The difference in cost is trifling; +probably a little in favor of the fixed roof; but balanced against that +is, that your house, once erected on your favorite plan, you are +emphatically "fixed." It is not portable, (unless made in sections, +which is only a bad compromise with the sash plan,) and any alteration +requiring to be made, your roof is of but little or no value. But the +most serious objection to it is the difficulty with air. I have never +yet seen a house built on the fixed roof principle that had means of +giving air so that plants could be grown in a proper manner, and I could +name dozens who have been induced to build on this plan, that one year's +experience has given them much reason to regret. + +[Illustration: FIG. 4. _a, ground level.--b, bench or table on which to +stand plants, 4-1/2 feet wide.--c, 4 inch pipe, 3 in each house.--d, +pathway, 2 feet wide._] + +We are now adopting for plant houses, low, narrow, span-roofed +buildings, formed by 6 feet sashes, one on each side, the _ends_ of the +houses facing north and south. These we attach three together, on the +"ridge and furrow" system, as shown in sketch. This system presents +great advantages, and, by using no cap on the ridge piece, air is given +in the simplest and safest manner, by the sash being raised by an iron +bar 9 or 10 inches long, pierced with holes, which answers the double +purpose of giving air and securing the sash, when closed, from being +blown off by heavy winds. There is no necessity for the sashes being +hinged at the bottom, as might be supposed; all that is required being +to nail a cleet along the wall plate, fitted tight to the bottom of each +sash. Every alternate sash is nailed down; the other is used in giving +air in the manner described. + +The advantages of such erections are so obvious, that I need not +trespass much on your space to enumerate them. The plan can be adapted +to detached buildings already up, by erecting houses of the same length +alongside; or, in the erection of new houses, if not more than one is +wanted, it may be put up with a view to further extensions. I have had +four houses on this plan in operation for nearly two years, and I have +never before had so much satisfaction with any thing of the kind. +Intending next season to remove my green-houses from their present site, +all shall be put up after this style." + +Messrs. Parsons & Co., of Flushing have also built several houses +similar in design for the propagation of grape vines. These latter are +heated by brick flues and have proved very satisfactory. The vines are +grown in beds and not staked. Pot culture in the usual manner would +require greater height of roof. The only objection that we can see to +houses built in this manner is the accumulation of snow in the furrows. +Mr. Henderson assures us that this is not an objection of any moment in +this latitude, and that the expense attending the removal of snow is too +slight to be considered. + + +DESIGN No. 1. + +Figures 5 and 6 are a section and ground plan of a propagating house for +growing grape vines, but it might serve as well for other plants. The +length of the house is on an east and west line, giving a northern +exposure to the roof on one side, the opposite facing the south. A board +partition runs through the centre dividing the house into two. This +partition might be made movable, so that at any time the house could all +be thrown into one. The foundations are of stone projecting 6 inches +above the ground. Two and a half feet of vertical boarding, above which +is two feet of sash, give a height of four and a half feet above the +foundation for the side of the house. The side sashes are hinged for +ventilation. Top ventilation is afforded at the ridge by ventilators +raised by rods from the inside. The roof is on the fixed principle that +is composed of sash bars extending from plate to ridge, in which the +glass is set. In the north division a combination of the tank and flue +systems of heating is adopted, by which economy of fuel to a +considerable extent is effected. The boiler is so set that the back of +it and all the connecting pipes are inside of the house, only the fire +and ash pit doors project through the brick partition into the boiler +pit. Much heat is generally wasted from hot water boilers by the direct +connection of the chimney with the outer air, that might be saved by +means of a well constructed flue. It will be seen that the smoke from +the boiler is carried under the tank, in this instance through 8 inch +vitrified drain pipe. To prevent the cracking of the pipe near the +boiler the first 6 or 8 feet is laid with cast iron pipe. Wooden tanks +built on posts and elevated two feet above the floor furnish bottom +heat. These tanks are two feet six inches wide and six inches deep, +built of 1-1/4 inch pine, well put together with white lead and securely +nailed and screwed. A division through the centre separates the flow and +return water. Roofing slate of proper size is used to cover the top, the +joints of which are carefully cemented to prevent the escape of steam. +Sand is placed directly on the slate as a plunging material for the pots +containing cuttings. In the south division tanks are also used, but as +the plants are potted off when placed there, bottom heat is not so +necessary; the sand is dispensed with and the pots rest on a shelf or +table built about two inches above the tanks, allowing the heat radiated +from the slate to diffuse itself through the house. Slides in each tank +afford means of shutting off the water allowing each house to be worked +independently. The centre of house is occupied by an earth bed in which +the plants (after becoming well rooted in the small pots, to which they +are first transferred from the cutting pots) are carefully transplanted +and will form large and vigorous vines by the end of the season. + +[Illustration: FIG. 5.--_Section of Propagating House._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 6.--_Plan._] + + +DESIGN No. 2. + +In Figure 7 is given a perspective view of a propagating house of an +ornamental character. It is intended for forcing early vegetables, +strawberries, grapes in pots, and such general propagation of plants as +are needed on a country place of moderate extent. The curvilinear roof +gives beauty to the design as well as affording more head room inside +than the ordinary straight rafter. + +[Illustration: FIG. 7.--_Perspective View._] + +The pitch of the roof is quite flat, a straight line between the ends of +the rafter forming an angle of only 28 degrees with the horizon. It was +desirable to have the roof as low as was consistent with sufficient head +room, that the plants might be as near the glass as possible, without +the necessity of high staging in the centre. The house has the ends to +the east and west. At the west end is an ante-room, not shown in +perspective view, containing the boiler, seed drawers, desk, &c. On the +north side of house are beds for propagating plants, and the south side +is used for early vegetables, strawberries, &c. In the centre is a large +bed of earth used for grapes in pots, vegetables and plants. A portion +of the roof on the south side can be raised when it is desirable to +harden off the plants in spring. The foundation is of wood, locust posts +being used, with boards nailed upon both sides and coated with coal tar. +The house is forty one feet long and sixteen feet wide, and is heated by +a tank constructed as follows: brick piers are built three feet apart on +which are laid common blue flag stones six feet long and two feet wide. +The sides and divisions of the tanks are built of brick, and cemented +inside. One of Hitchings & Co.'s boilers furnishes the heat, and is +connected with the tank by two inch iron pipe. Above the tanks are the +propagating beds as shown in figure 8. The tank, with the exception of +that part across the end of the house is covered with beds and no +provision is made for other heat than that radiated from the sides, and +that portion left uncovered at the end. In the practical working of the +house, this has been found insufficient, and pipes have been introduced +for atmospheric heat, the tanks being still retained for bottom heat. + +[Illustration: FIG. 8.--_Section._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 9.--_Ground Plan._] + + +[Illustration: FIG. 10.--_Perspective View._] + +DESIGN No. 3. + +The following plan is similar to the one previously given, and was +erected for the same general purposes. It has, however, been found to +answer so well for a general green-house, that there is but little +forcing or propagation carried on. At the east end is the boiler pit, +seed room, &c.; the roof of which is of tongued and grooved boards bent +to the curve of the roof and battened. The foundation is of stone, and +the whole house of a substantial character. Bottom heat is furnished by +brick tanks built in the same manner as before described, the water in +which is heated by iron pipes running through the tanks (see section +_Fig._ 12.) The pipes being also used to heat a grapery near by on a +higher level, it was necessary to carry them thus. This arrangement for +bottom heat is not as good as when the water flows directly into the +tank from the boiler. There is a large bed in centre of house in which +pots of plants are plunged, and considerable shelving at ends of house. +Bottom ventilation is obtained by six inch earthen drain pipe, placed on +a level with the floor inside and running through the wall and up to +the surface of the ground outside, where they are covered with wooden +caps for regulating the amount of air required. Ventilators are placed +over the doors and in the opposite end of house, in addition to which, +the sash in the doors are hinged and can be opened when needful. + +[Illustration: FIG. 11.--_Ground Plan._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 12.--_Section._] + + +DESIGN No. 4. + +This design combines a grapery, and forcing, and propagating house in +one. _Figs._ 13, 14, 15, show side elevation, south front, and section +through the centre. The dimensions are twenty feet in width by forty +three feet in length, to which ten feet have since been added, enclosing +boiler pit C. and potting room not shown in sketch. The foundation is +built on locust posts with plank nailed upon both sides. Such +foundations we do not advocate, as they are a bill of expense, for +needful repairs, every four or five years, and the additional outlay for +permanent brick or stone foundations is money well invested. In the +present case, the owners wishes were carried out. On the ground plan, +that part designated A. is devoted to the growth of grapes. The border +is all inside of the house and is about three feet in depth. At the +dotted line a wall is built across the house to sustain the border, the +floor of B. being two feet lower. The central portion of B. is devoted +to grapes in pots. At the sides of B. are beds for propagating plants, +forcing vegetables, &c., furnished with bottom heat from brick tanks +which extend entirely around the house and heat the grapery part as +well. + +[Illustration: FIG. 13.--_Side Elevation._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 14.--_South Front._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 15.--_Section._] + +Pipes laid underground from the outside furnish fresh air when desired +and ventilation in the roof is also provided for. + +[Illustration: FIG. 16.--_Ground Plan._] + + +DESIGN No. 5. + +The following design is a house with a straight roof of low pitch, and +was built with considerate regard to cost, for which reason, among +others, the foundations are of wood, and side lights are omitted. The +sides are of inch and a half plank nailed to locust posts, the space +between the inside and outside lining being filled with charcoal dust. +Such foundations do very well at first, but the wood in contact with the +ground will decay in three or four years, and require repairs--though +locust posts will last for many years. + +This house is quite narrow, being only twelve feet wide. It has tables +on either side and a walk in the middle, through which is a row of light +posts to support climbing plants. Ventilation is effected at the ridge +by six ventilators. There are also ventilators over and in the doors. +The house is heated by two four inch pipes under the tables. The boiler +pit is located in a sunken shed outside, not shown in the plan. This +house has been used for growing such plants as are generally found in an +amateur's collection, and has given satisfactory results. + +[Illustration: FIG. 17.--_Perspective View._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 18.--_Ground Plan._] + + +DESIGN No. 6. + +Our next illustration is of a green-house and grapery combined, seventy +feet in length by twenty feet wide. It is divided by a glass partition +into two compartments, either of which can be heated at pleasure from +the same boiler, by means of cut-offs in the pipes. This house was +designed to be heated entirely by the tank system, but pipes were +afterwards substituted except for the propagating beds. This house is +located on a large village lot at Kingston, N. Y., near the dwelling, +and is in full view of the street. The exposure is all that could be +desired, and the protection from northerly winds perfect. A boiler pit +is located outside, at the side of the building, over which a handsome +summer-house is built which shields it entirely from view. The +foundation is of brick, and the whole workmanship is first class. The +side sashes are three feet high, and each alternate one is hung for +bottom ventilation. There are also the usual ventilators in the roof. + +[Illustration: FIG. 19.--_Ground Plan._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 20.--_Section._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 21.--_South Front._] + + +DESIGN No. 7. + +[Illustration: FIG. 22.--_Perspective._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 23.--_Section._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 24.--_Ground Plan._] + +This design is for a Cold Grapery of low cost. The object contemplated +is to secure a house that shall answer the purpose intended, and be a +complete working house in all its parts, without unnecessary expense. +The general outside appearance, Fig. 22, is similar to a plant house +before illustrated, the straight roof affording little opportunity for +architectural variety. By referring to Fig. 23, section, and Fig. 24, +ground plan, it will be observed that rafters to support the roof are +dispensed with, except two at each end to form the verge and finish. The +ridge and purlins are supported by light 2x3 inch posts, which rest upon +larger posts beneath the ground. This is a considerable saving, both in +material and workmanship. Posts set three feet into the ground form the +foundation for the sides and ends of the house. The sides are two feet +above the ground, and the entire structure is but ten feet in height, +enabling the gardener to reach nearly every part of the roof from the +ground. The posts may appear to be an objection, but in practice they +are found not to be so, but are useful to train the vines upon. Five +rows of vines are planted, two in the usual manner at the sides, and one +row along each line of posts. The object in planting thus, was to get +as much fruit as possible in the shortest space of time. These centre +vines will give several crops of good fruit before they will be much +interfered with by those trained upon the roof. 9x15 glass was used in +glazing, to lessen the expense of sash bars, the glass being laid the +15-inch way. This glass, being very true, has made a good roof, but +10x12 is as large a size as will usually be found to answer. This house +is distinguished from most of our other designs by the greater amount of +light admitted, owing to the absence of rafters and the less than usual +number of sash bars. The sides and ends are boarded perpendicularly, and +battened. Ventilators are provided on each side of the ridge and over +the doors, while the sashes hung in the doors furnish sufficient bottom +ventilation. It was desirable to have the house raised or appear higher +owing to the slight depression of the ground at the site, and for this +reason the border was all made above the surface two feet and a half in +height, composed largely of decayed sods, with an addition of muck, coal +and wood ashes and a small quantity of stable manure. It has been found +to work admirably, and preserve an even moisture throughout. Elevated +borders are highly recommended by some exotic grape growers, and our +experience with them is much in their favor. At present the inside +border is alone completed, as it was desirable to plant the vines, and +sufficient materials were not at hand to complete the whole. Vines were +planted the 1st of June, 1864. + + +DESIGN No. 8. + +THE POLYPROSOPIC ROOF. + +Polyprosopic is not a dictionary word, at least we cannot find it in our +two-volume large quarto edition of Webster, but Loudon makes use of it +to name a special form of roof sometimes made use of in the construction +of Horticultural buildings, the true meaning of which we believe is, +that the interior side or outline of the rafter is curvilinear and the +exterior formed of planes or faces. + +A very extensive practice in the design and erection of Horticultural +buildings of all classes and for all purposes, from the low priced +commercial shed to the finished crystal palaces, that adorn our finest +country seats, has led us to a more thorough investigation of this now +very important subject, and we have been enabled by a long practical +experience in the construction and practical management of Horticultural +buildings to reach conclusions relative to form, combination, heating +and management that could not be arrived at in any other manner. + +We have illustrated examples of the straight and curvilinear roofs, and +now give the polyprosopic roof, in which manner we have erected some +half dozen graperies and plant houses. + +[Illustration: FIG. 25.--_Perspective._] + +This particular form of hot houses was described by Mr. Loudon in his +encyclopedia of gardening some thirty years ago, and he says, "he +considers it to be the _ne plus ultra_ of improvement as far as air and +light are concerned." + +Mr. Leuchars in his practical treaties on hot-houses published some +twelve or fifteen years since, illustrates this form of house and says: +"It is by some considered superior to all other forms for winter +forcing." + +[Illustration: FIG. 26.--_Section._] + +Mr. James Cranston of Birmingham, England, has also adopted this form of +construction, which in many respects he considers ahead of all others. +It seems to have been very generally known and used by many builders of +glass-houses, and its numerous combinations of sliding, lifting, and +permanently fastened sash, has been public property for upwards of +thirty years. Although nearly approaching to the curvilinear, form it +lacks the graceful beauty of a continuous curved line, and as excessive +ventilation so necessary in the climate of England, is not required in +our dry sunny atmosphere, the lifting or sliding sash roof is not +considered so desirable as the continuous fixed roof, which is at once +the most beautiful and the most economical roof yet introduced. + +The principal advantage of the Polyprosopic roof, is its portability, +that is, it can be made in sashes, and transported to any portion of the +country, thus obviating the necessity of painting and glazing in the hot +atmosphere of the interior, or loss of time from storms, etc., on +outside work. The fixed roof house can be sent anywhere primed, but the +glazing and second coat of paint must be done after the erection of the +building; either house we think equally well adapted to growing +purposes, but as a matter of beauty and economy we give the preference +to the fixed curvilinear roof. + +The engraving is a view of a Plant House, erected by us for Mr. Geo. H. +Brown, on his beautiful estate of Millbrook, near Washington Hollow, +Duchess County, New York. The plan of the house gives two nearly equal +apartments, one to be used as a propagating and forcing house, and the +other as a conservatory or show house for plants and flowers. Both are +heated by the circulation of hot water and can be worked independently +of each other. Such houses add very much to the attractions of a country +estate, and impress a stranger with a higher degree of taste and +refinement, while the owner has added very much to his luxuries and +enjoyments. + + +DESIGN No. 9. + +[Illustration: FIG. 27.--_Perspective View._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 28.--_Ground Plan._] + +In this design we give a small Green House which has been erected in a +substantial and permanent manner. The Green House is quite small, being +only 20 by 30 feet. It is intended to keep bedding plants, Camellias, +Oranges, and similar things, during the winter, and also to propagate +such plants as may be wanted for bedding purposes on a place of moderate +dimensions. This house runs east and west. Its position was determined +partly by the nature of the ground, but mainly by the propagating bed. +_Fig._ 28 is the ground plan. The large compartment is nearly twenty +feet square. The potting-room, which is at the west end of the house, is +eight by ten feet, and is fitted up with desks, drawers, and other +necessary conveniences. The furnace pit, at the same end of the house, +is eight by eight feet, and contains ample room for coal. The house is +heated by two four-inch pipes. The large compartment has a side table +for plants. On the north side of the house there is a propagating bed, +the bottom heat for which is supplied by a hot-air chamber. This hot-air +chamber is formed by simply inclosing a portion of the iron pipes. In +the plan there is a large table in the centre of this compartment; but +this was not put in, the owner adopting the suggestion of setting his +large plants on the floor of the house; a very excellent plan in itself, +but which was subsequently very much marred by filling in the whole +floor of the house to the depth of six inches with coarse pebbles, to +the injury, we think, of the subsequent well-being of the house. The +idea was, an appearance of neatness, the preservation of the tubs, and +to prevent the roots from running through; but an inch of nice gravel +would have secured the first without the objections that lie against the +thick coat of pebbles, while the other objects will not be secured; for +the tubs will rot, and the roots will not thus be prevented from running +through the pots. This object must be secured by other means than +pebbles. The pebbles are unpleasant to walk on, become heated, and dry +off the house too rapidly, to the manifest injury of the plants. We +merely mention the subject, that our readers may avoid a similar error, +and save themselves the money thus needlessly spent. + +_Fig._ 72 is a perspective view of the house. The west end is boarded +and battened. This corresponds with the general design of the house, and +presents a neat finish. The sides, except the potting room, are of +glass, the sashes being about three feet high. Every other sash is hung +at the bottom, for the purpose of ventilation. The roof is a continuous +glazed roof, and is quite flat, which is a decided advantage to the +plants within. There are no ventilators in the roof, the top ventilation +being effected by means of the sashes over the doors at each end, which +are hung at the bottom for this purpose, and afford abundant ventilation +for a house the length of this one. There is an ornamental crest along +the ridge, and at each end a neat finial. + + +DESIGN No. 10. + +[Illustration: FIG. 29.--_Perspective View._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 30.--_Section._] + +Our next example is a Cold Grapery, erected at South Manchester, +Connecticut. + +_Fig._ 29 is the perspective view of the house, and _Fig._ 30 is a +section. The house is twenty feet wide and sixty feet long. In _Fig._ +30, _a_ is a stone wall, with a drain under it. _b_ is a hollow brick +wall. _d_, _d_, is the ground level of the house on the inside; the line +below _b_ is the level on the outside, but the earth is embanked +against the brick wall to within an inch of the sill. A small house is +shown at the north end which is used for tools, potting, &c. The border +is about three feet deep, and occupies the whole interior of the house. +There is no outside border. On the bottom is placed about one foot of +"tussocks" from a neighboring bog, which may in time decay. The border +is made up pretty freely of muck, with the addition of sand, loam, +charcoal dust, bone dust, etc. There is a row of vines, two feet and a +half apart, at each side of the house, at _d_, _d_. There are two other +rows at _e_, _e_. There are also a few vines at _c_, and at the ends of +the house. The rows at _d_, _d_, form fruiting canes half way up the +rafters; those at _e_, _e_, go to the roof with a naked trunk, and +furnish fruiting canes for the other half of the rafters. The fruiting +canes are thus very short, and easily managed. The house was planted in +the month of April, with such grapes as Black Hamburgh, Victoria +Hamburgh, Wilmot's Hamburgh, Golden Hamburgh, Muscat Hamburgh, Chasselas +Fontainebleau, Frontignans, Muscat of Alexandria, Syrian, Esperione, +Tokay, and some others. The plants were very small, and the wire worm +injured some of them so as to make it necessary to replant; but the +growth of those not injured was very good. A fine crop of Melons, +Tomatoes, Strawberries, etc., was taken from the house the first year. +The second year a few bunches of grapes were gathered, and every thing +went on finely. + +[Illustration: FIG. 31.--_Ground Plan._] + +This is the third year in which the house has been in operation. Our +last visit was in the early part of August, 1863, when we counted 734 +bunches of grapes, weighing from one to seven pounds each, the Syrian +being the grape which reached the last figure. Almost as many bunches +were thinned out. In some cases too many are left, but they look very +fine. The Muscats are extremely well set, and some of the bunches will +weigh fully three pounds. The Black Hamburghs look quite as well; but +the finest show of fruit is on the Esperione. The large number of +bunches is owing to the manner of planting; so many could hardly be +taken the third season from a house planted in the ordinary way. The +canes, it will be borne in mind, are now only fruited about half their +length. + +The exposure of this house is a very bleak one, and the climate cold +and fickle. In order to provide against a late spring frost, a coil of +one inch pipe was inclosed in brick work, with a fire chamber under it. +From this coil a single one inch pipe was carried around the house next +the side sashes. It is found to answer the purpose, having on one +occasion kept the frost out of the house, when the crop in the house of +a neighbor was destroyed. In many places, some resource of this kind is +necessary, and a small boiler with a single pipe will in most cases +prove sufficient. + + +DESIGN No. 11. + +The following illustration is of a Plant House attached to a dwelling, +and is quite different in its plan from those before given. It was +designed and erected for J. C. Johnston, Esq., of Scarborough, N. Y. + +It is built on the south side of the dwelling, and is entered from the +parlor as well as from the pleasure grounds. _Fig._ 32 is a perspective +view, which gives the reader a good idea of its general appearance, +though we can not help saying that in this case, at least, the picture +does not flatter; the house looks finer on the ground than in the +picture. The circular house on the southeast corner is strictly an +ornamental feature, and a very pretty one. + +[Illustration: FIG. 32.--_Perspective View._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 33.--_Ground Plan._] + +The interior arrangement is shown in the ground plan, _Fig._ 33. The +house is divided into two compartments, A and B. The last is intended +for growing and propagating plants. The house is heated by hot water +pipes, the boiler being placed in the cellar of the dwelling, which is +entered by the steps, _f_; _e_ is a propagating tank, fitted with +sliding sashes. It is quite large enough to propagate all the plants the +owner will want; _d_, _d_, are beds about a foot deep, with a moderate +bottom heat, for plunging pots in when desired; _w_ is the walk. This +compartment is to be used for bringing plants into bloom, after which +they are to be taken to the show room or conservatory, marked A in the +plan. The arrangement of this compartment is such, that all the plants +in it may be seen from the parlor door or window, the steps leading to +which are marked _b_; _a_, _d_, _d_, are tables; _c_ would make a pretty +little fountain, but it is intended at present to put it in the form of +a rustic basket, and fill it with ornamental plants. The effect can not +be otherwise than good. Climbing plants of various kinds will be trained +up the mullions and rafters of the circular house, and allowed to hang +in festoons from the roof. When the house is filled with flowering and +ornamental-leaved plants, with climbers dependent from the roof, the +effect will be charming. + + +DESIGN No. 12. + +COLD GRAPERIES FOR CITY LOTS. + +In this illustration is given three graperies, designed and constructed +by us for Mr. John H. Sherwood of this city, which are among the first, +if not the first erected in New York, as an elegant, substantial and +attractive addition to three very superb palatial residences on Murray +Hill, near 5th Avenue. These latter are buildings, such as, in style and +workmanship, very few persons in this country, outside of New York, have +seen, and such as but few of the first class builders of New York are +competent to erect. + +Centrally located in the aristocratic portion of a city noted for its +wealth, taste and influence, these Graperies will be carefully watched +as an index of what the future may do in the increased demand for houses +on city lots for Horticultural purposes. + +A full sized lot in the city of New York is twenty-five feet wide by one +hundred feet in depth. The ground attached to each dwelling in this case +is equal to two full sized lots, being twenty-five feet wide and two +hundred feet in depth. The dwellings front on Fortieth Street, behind +which are the yards, twenty by twenty-five feet; the Graperies, which +are twenty-five feet by forty feet; then the coach houses, which front +on, and are entered from, Thirty-ninth Street, thus using the whole +space. + +[Illustration: FIG. 34.--_Perspective._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 35.--_Ground Plan._] + +The graperies are intended to be used without heat; but whenever +desirable, heating apparatus can be easily introduced, and the grape +season materially lengthened. For practical purposes only, and on open +grounds, it would, perhaps, have been better to have built the houses +lower; but as grapes are usually fruited next to the glass, the +principal objection to high houses for grape culture is the extra labor +in getting up to the vines for pruning and training. These houses are +purposely built higher than is now usual, to give a finer effect from +the drawing-room windows, and to secure, as far as possible, the +influence of the sun's rays. + +By the use of glass houses on city lots, much enjoyment may be had by +all who have a desire to spend their time in growing fine fruits and +flowers. Pot vines and trees condense a vineyard and orchard into a +wonderfully small space, and border vines yield a harvest of glorious +fruit that surprise all not accustomed to seeing and eating such +luxuries. Our city lots, with rare exceptions, are well adapted to the +growth, under glass, of grapes and orchard fruit, and the forcing of +vegetables. There are many of them somewhat shaded during portions of +the day, yet the better protection is something of a compensation, and +besides that, it is still an open question whether sun-light is alone +essential in perfecting fruit; daylight in many cases does pretty well. + +The failure to receive the sun's rays the entire day would not deter us +one moment from the erection of a horticultural building. Those who grow +fruit where all conditions are most favorable to success, do not enjoy +the same pleasure nor attain the same skill as those who battle with +difficulties; success easily acquired has not the same value as success +which is reached by persistent effort against adverse circumstances. + +Unlike the garden of a country gentleman that blossoms and fruits and +passes away in a season, the horticultural building properly heated is a +perpetual pleasure, a garden the year round; vegetables and fruit and +flowers follow each other without intermission. + +Very much is due to the foresight and energy of Mr. Sherwood, in +inaugurating the introduction of horticultural structures of this class +in New York. Few gentlemen of wealth have had the same opportunity, and +few less would have the courage to take the first bold step in this +matter. It cannot, however, by horticulturists, be looked upon as an +experiment, however much those inexperienced in such matters may be +disposed to criticise. + +We are sure that Mr. Sherwood has done something that will advance the +cause of Horticulture, and equally sure that he will be successful in +the result. We shall feel much interested in his progress. + + +DESIGN No. 13. + +[Illustration: FIG. 36.--_Perspective._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 37.--_Ground Plan._] + +In our present illustration we have an example of what may be done with +a wall. It was necessary, for certain purposes, to cut away an +embankment, and build a sustaining wall. After this had been done, we +were asked if the wall could not be devoted to some useful purpose, and +it was determined to build a lean-to grapery against it. The chief +difficulty in the way was the wet and springy nature of the ground at +the level marked water line in _Fig._ 38. It was found, however, that it +could be drained; but at certain seasons of the year surface water would +accumulate from the overflow of a milldam. But there is generally +some way to overcome difficulties. In this case, the border was placed +inside the house, and well raised, with a firm concrete bottom between +the ground and water lines, and suitable drains connecting with the main +drain under the front wall, to secure the requisite degree of dryness +inside. Up to the present time we believe every thing has gone on very +favorably. We have no doubt that many other places, now deemed useless, +might be converted into good graperies at an expense that the results +would fully warrant. In case this was successful, it was the owner's +purpose to extend the house along the wall at the left; and it was +therefore deemed best to insert the valley at the angle, to save future +expense in tearing down the end of the house. + +[Illustration: FIG. 38.--_Section._] + +_Fig._ 36 is a perspective view of the house, which, in connection with +_Fig._ 38 will give the reader a good idea of the general arrangement. +_Fig._ 37 is a plan. + + +DESIGN No. 14. + +Our next illustration is a hot grapery. It is forty-one feet long and +twenty feet wide. _Fig._ 39 is a perspective view. It is covered with a +low, continuous, curvilinear roof, and is without side lights. The +omission of side lights materially lessens the cost of the house, and +secures additional warmth. In some cases, side lights serve no other +purpose than architectural effect. Graperies, propagating houses, and +plant houses generally may very well be constructed without them; some +of these houses, indeed, are very much better without them. + +In the present instance, to prevent what is called a "squatty" +appearance, and also to give additional headway, the side walls were +carried up some twenty inches above the ground line. The house is thus +made to assume a handsome appearance. Air is introduced into the house +at the sides, through underground wooden air chambers opening on the +inside near the walk. Instead of these wooden air chambers, we now use +six inch glazed pipes, as being more convenient and durable. It is an +effective and excellent mode of introducing fresh air, without letting +it directly on the plants. Ventilation is effected by the sash over the +end doors, and also by ventilators placed along the ridge board. + +[Illustration: FIG. 39.--_Perspective._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 40.--_Ground Plan._] + +_Fig._ 40 is the ground plan. At the north end a small room is +partitioned off for a boiler pit. On one side is a chest of drawers for +seeds, &c., and on the other some shelving. In connection with the +boiler pit is a coal bin, not, however, of very large capacity. The +house is heated by two four-inch pipes, the design being not to work the +house very early. The border is entirely inside the house, and is +composed principally of sod, muck, and gravel, with the addition of some +old manure and bone shavings. The vines have done well, annually +ripening a fine crop of fruit, and the house has in all respects proved +to be satisfactory. + + +DESIGN No. 15. + +This is a plan of a range of houses designed and built for Joseph +Howland, Esq., of Matteawan, N. Y. It is a large and imposing structure, +befitting the character of Mr. Howland's ample grounds. It stands at the +north end of the kitchen garden, and conceals it from the dwelling, from +which the range is in full view. A part of the structure on the right, +used as a green house, not shown in ground plan, was built some four or +five years ago with the old sliding sash roof, which was found so +unsatisfactory that at the time of the erection of the new portion, this +roof was removed and replaced with a curvilinear fixed roof to +correspond with the rest. + +It will be observed that the range is divided into two parts by a +road-way. The design of this was to enable the family to visit the +houses at any time in the carriage without exposure to the weather, and +enjoy the fruits, flowers, and temperature of tropical climates, without +the necessity of leaving their homes. + +The north side of the middle houses is covered with boards and battened. +End ventilation being impracticable here, top ventilation is increased +so as to meet all requirements. + +[Illustration: FIG. 41.--_Ground Plan._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 42.--_Double Gate._] + +_Fig._ 41 is the ground plan. On the right is the old green house, a +portion of the foundation of which is shown. This communicates with the +hot grapery and tool house, under which is a capacious root cellar. From +the covered road-way, all the parts of this extensive range are easily +accessible. Across the road-way, between the houses, is a handsome +double gate, a sketch of which is given in _Fig._ 42. + +Crossing the road-way, we enter the cold grapery. The foundation of this +rests on piers, the border being outside. There are hot-water pipes in +this compartment, to be used only to keep out frost. It may, however, be +used as a "second" hot grapery. Passing out of the cold grapery, we +enter what may be called the conservatory, its principal use being for +the show of ornamental plants; and to this end it has several +accessories which add much to its beauty. One of these which may be +noticed is a neat fountain in the centre; always a pretty feature +wherever it can be introduced. Another is a rustic niche or alcove in +the north wall, built of rough stones, over and through which the water +constantly trickles into a basin. Its full beauty will not be seen till +it has acquired age, and become covered with mosses and ferns. +Fortunately for the plants and for good taste, there is no shelving in +this house. Beds are formed of brick, with a neat coping, in which the +pots are set. This arrangement is much more effective than any manner +of staging could possibly be. + +[Illustration: FIG. 43.--_Interior View._] + +In order to give the reader an idea of the interior of this apartment, +we have prepared a perspective view of it. (See _Fig._ 43.) From this a +good conception can be formed of the appearance and arrangement of the +beds, fountain, &c. + +Returning through the cold grapery, we have on its north side a boiler +and potting room. The boiler pit is sunk beneath the floor of this room, +and has connected with it a coal bin and shoot. Communicating with the +potting-room is a propagating room, in the north end of the +conservatory, and divided from it by a solid partition. It is provided +with hot-water pipes for furnishing bottom heat. It will propagate all +the bedding and other plants needed on the place. It will thus be seen +that there are ample facilities for furnishing an abundant supply of +grapes and flowers. The house, as a whole, forms a marked feature of the +grounds. + + +DESIGN No. 16. + +The following design was prepared for Dr. Butler, of the Retreat for the +Insane at Hartford, Conn. The doctor had conceived the idea that a +green-house might be made to serve a very important part in the +treatment of the insane, having noticed the soothing influence of plants +upon his patients, more especially the females. We have no doubt that +his anticipations will be fully realized; for we can scarcely conceive +of anything better calculated to heal the "mind diseased," than daily +intercourse with these voiceless, but gladsome children of Nature. + +_Fig._ 44 is a perspective view of the house. It is twenty-four feet +wide and seventy-five long. It has a low, curved roof, and side sashes +three feet six inches high. We do not make these roofs low for the sake +of architectural effect, though this point is certainly gained; but +rather for the sake of the plants, a low roof, in this respect, +possessing incalculable advantages over one that is steep. When +attention is once generally fixed on this point, plant growers will not +be slow to acknowledge the superiority of the low roof. It has often +surprised us that gardeners will assume a great deal of unnecessary +labor for the sake of an old prejudice. Some of them are slow to +avail themselves of improvements that not only lessen their toils, +but bring greater certainty and pleasure to the pursuit of their +profession. Others, again, are quick enough to avail themselves of every +facility brought within their reach. We could wish that the latter class +might multiply rapidly. + +[Illustration: FIG. 44.--_Perspective View._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 45.--_Ground Plan._] + +One of the prettiest features about this house is its rounded ends. The +pitch of the roof and the width of the house are such, taken in +connection with the circular ends, that all the lines flow into each +other with the utmost harmony. These different parts were studied with +reference to producing this result, and we think it has been done with +some degree of success. The finials, the ornament along the ridge, and +the entrance door, are all in keeping with the rest of the structure. + +_Fig._ 45 is the ground plan. This presents some peculiarities. The +house being designed for the use of the insane, it was desirable to +place the heating apparatus out of their reach; the boiler is therefore +placed under ground. For this purpose a vault of sufficient size to hold +the boiler and several tons of coal, is built under ground in front of +the house. It is substantially built of brick, and arched over. The +smoke shaft is carried up through the roof, and finished above ground in +the form of a column or pedestal, surmounted with a vase, as seen in +_Fig._ 44. To harmonize the grounds, and conceal the purpose of this +column, another is placed on the opposite side of the path. In summer, +these vases will be filled with plants, and the columns are intended to +be covered with vines, thus making them subserve an ornamental purpose. +There are two entrances to the boiler vault, one from within by a +concealed trap-door, and the other from without. The house will be +heated by hot water pipes. + +There will be neither shelves nor tables in the house. The plants will +be set either on or in the ground, and the whole interior made to +resemble as much as possible a flower garden. The plants will thus be +easier seen, better enjoyed, and more appreciated than if placed either +on tables or staging. In any well-designed house, the plants look and +grow infinitely better upon flat tables; and a large class of plants +will grow even better upon the earthen floor of the house. + + +DESIGN No. 17. + +Our next example is a lean-to grapery for early forcing. It was designed +for a gentleman in Connecticut, and we believe has since been built. + +[Illustration: FIG. 46--_Perspective View._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 47.--_Ground Plan._] + +_Fig._ 46 is a perspective view. It runs east and west, and is designed +to correspond in a measure with another house on the place, though the +roof of this is much flatter. There are no side lights. Ventilation is +effected by openings along the ridge, and by the sashes over the doors, +which are hung for the purpose. The roof is continuous, and both ends of +the house are glazed. + +[Illustration: FIG. 48.--_Section._] + +_Fig._ 47 is the ground plan. The sills of the front or glass part rest +on brick piers, to allow the roots of the vines to run out, the border +being both in and outside the house. A wooden partition on the north +side of the walk divides the house into two unequal parts, the north +being used for a potting shed, tool house, etc. This apartment is +furnished with tables, etc., and is well lighted by windows at the side +and ends. A water tank is conveniently placed in the middle. In the +northwest corner is the boiler pit. This is sufficiently large to hold +coal, and is furnished with a shoot for throwing it down. The grapery is +to be heated by four rows of pipes, the object being to force early. + +_Fig._ 48 is a section, showing the arrangement of pipes, walk, etc. + + +DESIGN No. 18. + +Plant houses having a specific object in view, it is not possible to +indulge in a great variety of forms without sacrificing their utility, +or creating a great deal of room that can not be applied to any useful +purpose whatever. In this respect they differ in a marked manner from +dwelling-houses, which allow of great latitude in design and +construction. That some degree of picturesqueness, however, is +consistent with utility, we think will be apparent on examining the +design herewith presented. The plan was made for H. B. Hurlbut, Esq., of +Cleveland, Ohio. It is intended for a green-house and hot-house +combined. It is located near the dwelling and in sight of the public +highway. It is in the form of a cross. + +[Illustration: FIG. 49.--_Perspective View._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 50.--_Ground Plan._] + +_Fig._ 49 is a perspective view, as seen from the street. The porch or +front entrance is ornamented, but with an entire absence of heavy wood +work. The finials and crest along the ridge are light, and harmonize +with the general design. The valleys and angles break up the structure +in a very pleasing and effective manner, and the elevation, as a whole, +is one that will arrest attention. + +[Illustration: FIG. 51.--_Section._] + +_Fig._ 50 is the ground plan. Directly opposite the front entrance is a +fountain. There are two centre tables for plants, also others around the +sides of the house, not shown in the plan. This apartment will be used +principally for plants in bloom. The other apartment which will be kept +at a higher temperature, for the purpose of forcing plants into flower. +At the end, on the right-hand side, is the boiler-pit, which is +partitioned off. It is large enough to hold two or three tons of coal. +There is a coal-shoot on the outside. On the left is the potting-room. +This will be fitted up with a writing desk, and shelves and drawers for +books, seeds, etc. Every other side-sash is hung at the bottom for +ventilation. There are also ventilators on the top, and over the doors. +_Fig._ 51 is a sectional view of the house. + +There is scarcely any part of this structure that does not, at some time +during the day, receive a portion of the sun's rays; some more, some +less. A little judgment, therefore, on the part of the gardener who has +charge of the place, will enable him to grow well a large variety of +plants. + + +DESIGN No. 19. + +[Illustration: FIG. 52.--_Perspective._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 53.--_Ground Plan._] + +This design is of a plant-house of larger dimensions than any we have +heretofore given. Its form was determined by its location. _Fig._ 52 is +a perspective. + +The principal building runs east and west. This is divided by a brick +wall into two unequal parts, that facing the south being the largest. On +the north side we have first, at the west end, a small Camellia house. +It would be also adapted to Orchids, Caladiums, Begonias, Ferns, and all +plants requiring partial shade. Next we have a moderate sized +bed-room for the man who attends to the boilers, one of which is in the +next room. These two rooms are covered with boards bent to the curve of +the roof and battened instead of glass. On the south of these three +rooms is a hot grapery, to be used as a "second" house. Next, on the +east, is a house designated "Forcing House" in the plan. (See _Fig._ +53.) It should be "Hot House," as this room is not adapted to forcing +purposes. It is intended for plants that require a high temperature to +keep them in good health. East of this is a room, or a "potting shed." +Being covered with glass, it is well adapted to growing Mushrooms, +propagating plants, &c., all the room not being needed for potting +purposes. By the side of this room is another boiler room, and on the +south another Hot Grapery, to be used as a "first" house. Then, on the +east is the Cold Grapery, of goodly dimensions. Last of all we have a +Green-house of large size south of the Hot-house. Thus, under one roof, +we have all that is needed on a large place. We do not wish to be +understood as saying that it is always best to put these houses in this +particular shape; but where money is no particular object, and +architectural effect is sought for, this form gives an opportunity in +its broken outlines for considerable display. + + +DESIGN No. 20. + +Green-houses and Graperies are usually erected as separate structures. +While it is desirable that they should be so on extensive places where +much accommodation is required, in grounds of moderate extent many +advantages are gained by having the houses connected. Facility for +heating and management, protection of those houses requiring the most +heat, by those kept cold or at only moderate temperature, and the ease +with which all departments may be visited by the owner, are all obtained +by such an arrangement. In the present instance the Green-house occupies +a position east and west, and is protected on its north and most exposed +quarter by the Grapery. The boiler located as shown on the plan, +supplies heat to all the houses. The Grapery, not being intended as a +forcing or early house, has but one hot water pipe, which will afford +sufficient heat to enable the vines to be started two or three weeks +earlier in the spring, or if not desirable to anticipate their natural +growth, will prevent them receiving sudden checks from frosty nights, +which sometimes happen at the latter end of April and beginning of May, +after the vines have broken their buds. We can prolong the season also, +until about Christmas, in favorable years. Several of the late +ripening, and late keeping varieties of the Grape, are intended to be +grown. Lady Downes, Barbarossa, Frogmore St., Peters and others. These +by the addition of another pipe and proper care in management, could be +kept on the vines in fine condition until February, and perhaps March. + +[Illustration: FIG. 54.--_Perspective._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 55.--_Ground Plan._] + +The sill or wall plate of the Grapery, is but two feet above the border; +thus giving nearly the whole length of cane for fruiting upon the +rafter. Side lights are dispensed with bottom ventilation being afforded +by apertures through the brick wall, closed by shutters. The wall is +supported on stone lintels, resting on brick piers placed about five +feet apart, extending to the bottom of the border, allowing free access +for the vine roots to the outside. Ventilation at the top is effected by +means of sashes, hung in the roof at the ridge, which are raised and +lowered by an iron shaft running the length of the building, with elbow +attachments at each ventilator. A cord and lever at one end, works the +shaft, raising the whole of the ventilators at one operation. This is by +far the best method of ventilation, but more expensive than that +generally used. It is strong, effective, rarely requires repair, and the +sashes are never in danger of being blown open and broken by high winds. +The floor level of the Green-house is two feet below that of the +Grapery, in order that there may be sufficient height at the sides, to +place plants on the tables, and bring them near the glass. General +collections of plants cannot well be grown in one house; for this +reason, we have the house divided by a glass partition. By an +arrangement of valves in the hot water pipes, and independent +ventilation, a different temperature can be maintained in each. Plants +requiring a considerable degree of heat will find a congenial location +in the central house, while those in bloom, and others to which a cooler +atmosphere is more suitable, will be placed at the circular end of the +building. + +Three rows of heating pipe run around the Green-houses, which will give +ample heat in the coldest weather. A propagating table is provided by +enclosing a portion of the pipes in the central house. Beneath the floor +is a cistern of 3,000 gallons capacity, from which tanks holding 100 +gallons each are supplied by pumps. The Green-houses are entered through +a door and porch on the south, not shown in the engraving, also through +potting room and Grapery. The design of these houses gives an +opportunity for further addition if desired, by a wing on the south, +corresponding with the Grapery on the north. Such an extension would +improve the architectural appearance of the whole. An early Grapery +might be thus located and be heated from the same boiler. These houses, +lately designed and erected by us for John L. Rogers, Esq., of Newburgh, +N. Y., form a picturesque and attractive feature in his well kept +grounds, and will no doubt be a source of much enjoyment to their +owner. + + +ORCHARD HOUSES. + +Glass-houses devoted exclusively to the cultivation of such fruits as +are usually found in our orchards and gardens, would seem to be hardly +necessary erections in our climate, with its bright and genial sunshine. +But we must call to mind the almost total failure of the peach crop for +several years past, on account of the severity of the winter frost, in +sections of the country where this fruit was formerly cultivated with +the greatest success, and ripened in the fullest abundance and +perfection. We cannot forget, also, that it is next to impossible to +prevent the attacks of the curculio upon our smooth-skinned fruits,--the +Nectarine, Apricot and Plum--and the vast amount of vigilance and care +required to counteract the invasions of the various other insect pests +which visit us, and to obtain even a moderate crop, in many localities, +out of doors. And we must be willing to concede that the certain means +of securing even a limited supply of these delicious fruits, is worthy +of our careful consideration. + +Well managed Orchard houses will give us, without doubt or failure, the +Peach, the Apricot, the Nectarine, the Plum, the Fig, and many other +fruits in great perfection. With the addition of fire heat these may be +forced, and the fruit obtained much in advance of its natural season. + +In England, houses for the growth of these fruits, which will generally +not ripen in the open air of that climate, have been in successful use +for a number of years. In these houses the trees are planted in prepared +borders, which gives the roots liberty to ramble at will. The fruit thus +produced is very beautiful in appearance, and if abundant ventilation is +supplied, at the proper season, it is of tolerable flavor. The great +difficulty in this mode of culture, seems to be in not being able to +furnish adequate ventilation to the house at the period of ripening, to +enable the fruit to acquire its full flavor and perfection of delicacy +and richness. Another difficulty is the over vigorous growth of the +trees, and the care required to restrain them within proper bounds. + +An impetus was given to the erection of Orchard houses in England, by +Mr. Rivers, the celebrated nurseryman and fruit grower, by the +publication of his little work on the subject of Orchard houses, in +which he advocated the growth of trees in pots. By this system of pot +culture, we are enabled to remove the trees when the fruit begins to +color, and thus to ripen and perfect it in the open air. The over-growth +of wood is also restrained in this system of culture, the trees being +easily managed and controlled. Great success has, in many instances, +attended this mode of culture in this country. Although it is but a few +years since experiments were commenced here, some of our fruit growers +have acquired such skill and experience, as to enable them to realize +considerable profits from their investments in a money point of view, +besides demonstrating the practicability of the system. + +The majority of houses erected for this purpose among us, have been of +the cheapest possible description. While the culture was merely +experimental, this was all well enough; but now that the Orchard house +has taken its place among other Horticultural structures, the same +arguments we have urged against cheap Graperies will apply with equal +force to this class of buildings. + +The principal differences between the plans for Orchard houses and +Graperies are, first, the somewhat lower roof of the former, that the +pots containing the trees may stand upon the earth floor or border, +while the foliage may be brought as near as possible to the glass; and +secondly, the very ample ventilation required by the trees, at certain +periods of their growth, and in completing the "hardening off" process +of the wood, and leaves if the trees are to be removed to the open air. + +Fruit trees are frequently grown in pots in Graperies. After the vines +have expanded their leaves maturely, and obstructed the light, it +becomes necessary to remove the trees to the open air. The leaves and +new grown wood being very tender, the abrupt change to a different +climate is too great, and they suffer in consequence. In a well +constructed Orchard house, the means of ventilation should be so ample +that the trees may be gradually inured to the change; or if it is +desirable to let the trees remain within the house through the summer, +the access of the air must be so abundant as to give as nearly as +possible that flavor to the fruit which it would acquire if fully +exposed. + +_Fig._ 56 is a perspective view of a "lean-to" Orchard house, erected +some years since by J. S. Lovering, Esq. of which the following +description has been furnished to us: + +"Mr. Lovering's Orchard House is 165 feet long by 14 wide, is a lean-to, +points south, under shelter of a hill. Back wall 12 feet high, 8 feet +stone work; on top of wall 4 feet of wood, in which the back row of +ventilators (2 feet by 20 inches) work, hung on rollers, and all opened +and closed simultaneously by means of a wire representing a front door +pull. Front wall 4 feet high, made by nailing plowed and grooved planks +to locust posts, in which are cut the front ventilators, 4 feet 8 inches +long by 18 inches deep, and covered by a screen of gauze wire with board +shutters to close tight. The roof is made of 16 feet rafters, on which +rests 8 foot sash, immovable; the glass is first quality, 8 by 10. A +single row of supporters on one side of the wall completes the roof. The +interior is divided into three borders: the front border (3 feet 6 +inches wide) is raised 9 inches above the walk (which is 2 feet 6 inches +wide); the first back border is 3 feet wide, and raised 16 inches above +the walk; the second back border is raised 1 foot above the front one, +and is 4 feet wide. On this further back border are placed the largest +trees only, having the most head room--the smallest pots standing on the +front. The appearance of the house, when seen by the writer on the 7th +of April, 1860, was truly magnificent, being one dense mass of bloom, +(except some of the early kinds, on which the fruit was already set,) +resembling a green-house of Azaleas in full flower. Peaches, apricots, +nectarines, plums and figs are embraced in the assortment, and are grown +principally in 11-inch pots placed about three feet apart, every leaf +being fully exposed to the sun-light--vines being, of course, entirely +prohibited. + +[Illustration: FIG. 56.--_Perspective View._] + +Of the success of this mode of culture in America, no one who has +witnessed Mr. Lovering's house can have the shadow of a doubt. With him +it is no new experiment, having fruited pot trees in his cold graperies +for several years." + +_Fig._ 57 is a section of a "lean-to" form of house, showing arrangement +of trees and sunken walk to give sufficient head room. + +_Fig._ 58 represents perspective view of a span-roofed house, in which +ventilation is effected at the bottom and very freely at the ends. No +ventilators are placed in the roof as they were not in this case deemed +necessary. + +[Illustration: FIG. 57.--_Section._] + +_Fig._ 59 gives a view of the interior of the span-roofed house, in +which are shown the pots containing the trees. The span-roofed house we +consider better adapted to the growth of Orchard fruit than the +"lean-to" form, except where it is desired to force the fruit in advance +of its season, in which case the lean-to possesses the advantages of +better protection, and of being more easily heated from the smaller area +of glass exposed to radiation. These designs are of houses of a cheap +class, such as might be erected for merely experimental purposes. + +[Illustration: FIG. 58.--_Perspective._] + +[Illustration: FIG. 59.--_Interior View._] + +We consider the successful cultivation of Orchard fruit under glass, to +be a fact so well settled, that we should advise substantial structures +to be erected at the outset. Some of our numerous designs for graperies, +both of the curvilinear and straight roofed form, would, with slight +alteration in adding to the means of ventilation, be well adapted to +this purpose. This is especially the case with designs numbered 7, 8, +and 14. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Woodward's Graperies and Horticultural +Buildings, by George E. Woodward and F. W. 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